WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
15030DTL05/70
           Urban Soil Erosion
                   and
           Sediment Control
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR • FEDERAL WATER QUALITY ADMINISTRATION

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                  WATER  POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES

The Mater Pollution Control  Research Reports describe the results and progress
in the control  and abatetnent of pollution of our Nation's waters.  They provide
a central source of Information on the research, development and demonstration
activities  of the Federal  Water Quality Administration, Department of the
Interior, through in-house research and grants and contracts with the Federal,
State, and  local agencies, research Institutions, and industrial organizations,

Triplicate  tear-out abstract cards are placed Inside the back cover to facili-
tate  information retrieval.   Space is provided on the card  for  the user's
accession nurnber and for additional key words.  The abstracts utilize the
WRSIC system.

Water Pollution Control  Research Reports will be distributed to requesters as
supplies permit.  Requests should be sent to the Project Reports  System,
Office of Research and Development, Departn«nt of the Interior,  Federal Water
Quality Administration, Washington, D.C.   20242.

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 URBAN SOIL  EROSION AND  SEDIMENT CONTROL



                  by the


     NATIONAL ASSOCIATION  OF COUNTIES

             RESEARCH FOUNDATION

      1001 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.

       Washington, D. C.   20036
      U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
    FEDERAL WATER QUALITY  ADMINISTRATION
             Program #15030 BTL

                  May 1970
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
             Washington, D.C. 20102 - Price $1

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              FWQA Review Notice
This report has been reviewed by the Federal
Water Qualtiy Administration and approved
for publication.  Approval does not signify
that the contents necessarily reflect the
views and policies of the Federal Water
Quality Administration, nor does mention of
trade names or commercial products constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.

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                           ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the causes and the extent of
urban and suburban soil erosion and sediment problems, and to describe
ways in which local communities can organize and implement effective
sedimentation control programs.  An evaluation is provided on the state-
of-the-art of urban sedimentation control, and a series of research
needs in the sedimentation field is cited.

In addition, this report includes the "Community Action Guidebook for
Soil Erosion and Sediment Control" which describes methods by which
local governments can organize, plan, finance, staff, and implement urban
sedimentation control programs.  Aspects of areawide approaches,  legal
authority, and public support for sedimentation control are discussed,
and an action plan is outlined.

It was found that soil erosion and sediment in developing areas is
extensive, and that these problems pose significant threats to both soil
and water resources.  While many technical means for controlling
sedimentation problems already exist, new administrative approaches are
needed which accommodate the diversity of interests and pressures also
associated with urban and suburban development.

Establishing control over urban and suburban sedimentation problems was
found to require the involvement of several local groups and agencies,
such as planning commissions, departments of public works, conservation
districts, sanitation districts, and flood control districts.  The pattern
of involvement varied considerably throughout the nation.  A task force
management approach was considered to be successful in several instances.

This report is submitted in fulfillment of Grant 15030 DTL between the
Federal Water Quality Administration and the National Association of
Counties Research Foundation.

KEY WORDS:    Sedimentation, Soil Erosion, Sediment, Urban Runoff, Water-
shed Management, Drainage Control
                               iii

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                            CONTENTS


Section                                                          Page


1.  Introduction	    l

2.  State of the Art	    3

3.  Community Action Guidebook for Soil Erosion and
      Sediment Control 	    25

4.  Research Needs	    27

5.  Acknowledgements	    35

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                          SECTION I
                         INTRODUCTION
Sediment, in terms of sheer volume, ranks above domestic sewage,
industrial wastes and chemicals as a major cause of water pollution.
Annual sediment deposits in the nation's reservoirs, approximately
850,000 acre feet, are nearly five times the total volume excavated
in building the entire Panama Canal.  This amount pre-empts water
storage capacity sufficient to provide an annual water supply for
5,500,000 people.  Suspended solids, carried to the nation's streams
by surface runoff, are estimated to be at least 700 times the volume
of suspended solids in sewage discharge.  In addition to filling
stream channels, reservoirs, and estuaries, sediment causes expen-
sive additional treatment of water supplies and reduces the oxygen
content of water needed to assimilate wastes.

Sediment sources and amounts continually change with changing pat-
terms of living.  The nation's bourgeoning population growth has
been reflected most vividly in expanding urban and suburban areas.
Sediment yields from land undergoing redevelopment, development,
and construction in these areas can be as much as five to 500 times
greater than in rural areas.

This report is designed to present  a survey of the scope and magni-
tude of the urban and suburban sediment problem, to indicate the
current level of public action being taken to control it, to intro-
duce a community action guidebook for control, and to outline research
needs.  This report, including recommendations and conclusions, is
presented in three major parts:  a state-of-the-art, the "Community
Action Guidebook for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control," and research
needs.  The "state-of-the-art" is designed to introduce the present
state of development of non-agricultural soil erosion and sediment
control.  The approach employed to provide structure to the discussion
involves consideration of four separate factors of the problem:  admin-
istration, legal, technical, and economic aspects.  No attempt is made
to address any one factor comprehensively or in detail.  Rather, the
objective is to provide a preliminary description of significant devel-
opments, including a limited number of illustrative examples.

The action guidebook appearing in the third section of the report is
largely non-technical in nature, prepared from an overall policy-making
point of view and designed around the concept that it would be a guide
for realistic erosion and sediment control programs at the local and
community level.  It discusses state and local enabling legislation
requirements; the role of the federal government; the role of state
governments and regional agencies; and the elements of a viable erosion
and sediment control program, including:  planning, organization,

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staffing, financing, financial and technical assistance, operations,
and public acceptance and support.

It was produced after' a careful analysis of material existing in the
subject field, and extensive use of interviews and contacts with leaders
in this field, employed by federal, state and local government, and by
private organizations.   Fifteen field examinations were conducted to
better understand problem areas and avenues of success.

The guidebook was prepared so as to allow review of its development by
participants of the National Conference on Sediment Control held during
September 1969.  It was subsequently revised in conformance with recom-
mendations generated by the participants.

Establishing control over urban and suburban sedimentation problems was
found to require the involvement of several local groups and agencies.
Effective sedimentation control programs, therefore, must be able to
delineate and accommodate this diversity of involvement.  The theoret-
ical approach employed  in the guidebook to solve the problem involved
two basic concepts:  definition of the geographical scope of the problem
in terms of drainage or subdrainage areas, and secondly, the task force
management concept.

The third and final section is a listing of some of the needs for re-
search in urban and suburban sedimentation control that were detected
during the investigations connected with preparation of this report.

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                          SECTION II

                       STATE OF THE ART

Administration of Sedimentation Control

There is generally a lack of agreement with regard to the extent of
the sedimentation problem in the United States.  This disparity is
reflected in the literature on sedimentation which provides little
consistency in citation of figures and facts related to such items
as sediment yields, erosion factors, sediment transport, sediment
damage, and the effect of sediment on water quality.

In large part, the lack of adequate sedimentation estimates is due to
the inherent technical difficulties associated with measuring erosion
losses and sediment yields, and in analyzing the effect that sediment
has on water quality.  In addition, the lack of knowledge about sedi-
mentation may be traced to the fact that the field of sedimentation
has not received as much attention as have the more classic pollutants,
such as BOD and sewage solids.  The lack of comprehensive inquiry into
the sedimentation field has made it necessary to estimate erosion losses
and sediment yields on the basis of extrapolations made from investi-
gations of more limited scope.

Despite the lack of comprehensive research, however, the research that
is being conducted indicates that sedimentation problems arising from
the country's massive suburban and urban growth are extensive.  Sedi-
ment from the nation's highway construction and maintenance amounts
to an estimated 56 million tons each year.  Stream channel erosion
contributes about 500 million tons of sediment to streams annually.
Approximately 850,000 acre-feet of sediment are deposited in the
nation's reservoirs each year.

Overall, it is estimated that the total amount of sediment moving into
the nation's rivers, lakes, estuaries, reservoirs, streams, and other
water bodies is four billion cubic yards annually.

Specific sedimentation studies conducted in suburbanizing areas indi-
cate that sediment yields from these areas may be as much as 500 times
as great as is normal in agricultural areas.  For example, a study
conducted in Kensington, Maryland, a growing Washington, D. C. suburb,
states that given certain conditions, "it is reasonable to assume that
the streams draining the area around metropolitan Washington will trans-
port 20 million tons of sediment to the Potomac River in the next 20
years."1  This report notes that it is plausible to expect 10 tons
1 H. P. Guy, "Residential Construction and Sedimentation at Kensington,
   Maryland."  Reprint from proceedings of the Federal Inter-Agency
   Sedimentation Conference, 1963.  Miscellaneous Publication No.  970,
   Agriculture Research Service, issued June 1965.  (U.S. Department
   of Interior Geological Survey) p. 37.

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of sediment to be created for each person added to the city's
population.  Other studies similarly suggest that under certain
common hydrologic, geologic and soils conditions, very high sedi-
ment yields can be expected during the suburbanization process.

Some knowledge has been acquired with regard to the many effects
that sediment has on water quality.  In some instances, sediment is
known to interfere with life Cycles of aquatic animals and organisms.
For example, sediment sometimes covers the spawning beds of shellfish,
which inhibits their survival.  In addition, sediment particles have
been reported to carry pesticides and other toxic materials into
waterbodies where they affect aquatic life.

By clogging sewer lines and stotm drainage systems, sediment inter-
feres with waste water treatment operations.  Sediment, by causing
stagnant streams and waterbodies, and by interfering with water or-
ganisms, is also reported to reduce the capacity of water to purify
itself.

Soil erosion is not the only source of sediment.  Recent research
into urban drainage problems finds that significant sediment yields
result  from storm water runoff in developed urban areas.  In one
study,  "street litter" was found to be a significant water pollution
source  in  the test cases cited.  The dirt and dust component of street
litter  (other components consist of such refuse as grass clippings,
twigs,  discarded cans, leaves, etc.) was found to vary from 0.4 to
5.2 pounds per day per 100 feet of curb.2  This study recommended,
among other suggestions, that improved street cleaning techniques be
developed  and that more effective regulations and ordinances be estab-
lished  and enforced with regard to street cleanliness.  In addition,
this study suggests that the full dimensions of the water pollution
threat  posed by urban storm water runoff have not been adequately
investigated.

Research  into the many problems associated with sedimentation  has not
been comprehensive.  The findings of  the research conducted thus far,
however, are  important because they suggest that sediment is seriously
affecting  both  the quality of water,  and the quantity of water supplies.
These findings also indicate that because of the massive and prolonged
process of suburban development occurring in this country, sedimentation
problems are  likely to continue, both during and after construction,
unless  effective  control procedures are developed and implemented.

The administrative aspects of urban and suburban sedimentation control
have not,  in general, been systematically explored or defined  by either
federal, state  or local governments.  In part,  the lack of administrative
 2 U.S.  Department of Interior,  Federal Water  Pollution Control
    Administration, Water Pollution Aspects of Urban Runoff,  by the
    American Public Works Association.  Water  Pollution Control
    Research Series WP-20-11 (January, 1969),  p.  2.

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experience in the field of urban and suburban sedimentation may be
attributed to the fact that soil erosion and sediment have tradition-
ally been regarded as problems associated with rural activities in
general and agricultural activities in particular.  The historical
emphasis on the rural nature of sedimentation is reflected in the
elaborate and decentralized administrative structure that has de-
veloped within the United States Department of Agriculture to assist
farmers in soil erosion control (as well as in other agriculturally
related problems).  The Soil Conservation Service provides individual
technical assistance to farmers through soil conservation districts
(sometimes called soil and water conservation districts or conser-
vation districts) which have been established in nearly every county
in the nation.

No administrative apparatus exists to serve areas that are undergoing
suburban and urban development, although many such areas, having re-
cently been converted from rural uses, continue to receive assistance
from conservation districts.

The role of federal agencies with regard to the administrative aspects
of sedimentation control takes the form of establishing legal standards
which regulate water quality.  The Federal Water Quality Administration,
U.S. Department of the Interior^; for example, declares turbidity to
be a pollutant where it interferes with the beneficial uses of water.
In effect, this has made it legally possible to include turbidity within
the criteria for establishing state water quality standards.  However,
the impact that such legislation may have on local communities ha,s not
been thoroughly investigated.

At the local level, very little experience has been accumulated with
urban and suburban sedimentation control programs.  The most notable
of the urban and suburban sedimentation control efforts which have been
established as discreet control programs have not employed administrative
approaches typically used for controlling soil erosion in rural areas
where land ownership is more permanent, land usage more stable, and where
competitive interests are less intense than in areas undergoing devel-
opment.  Administration of sedimentation control programs in urban areas
is complex because:

     land ownership is frequently temporary or in transition,
     making it difficult to place legal accountability on
     offending parties;

     such control, to be effective, must be included within
     ongoing political and administrative processes such as
     planning and zoning, and in local laws, all of which are
     subject to a diversity of pressures;

     t>uch control must be premised on the "public interest",
     which is often difficult to define;

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      such control, to be effective, needs to be based on
      physical drainage characteristics which seldom coincide
      with political boundaries;

      the role and jurisdictions of many local agencies, such
      as sanitation agencies, departments of public works,
      planning commissions, conservation districts, and others
      in connection with sedimentation control are not well
      defined in most communities.   Most significantly, these
      agencies in most localities have little experience in
      working together, within a uniform administrative frame-
      work, to establish control over sedimentation problems;

      the activities associated with the causes of urban and
      suburban sedimentation, such as homebuilding, highway
      construction, and construction of public facilities
      and utilities, are more complex than sedimentation
      from agricultural activites.   The logistical complex-
      ities of urban and suburban construction and development
      activities requires sophisticated administrative approaches
      which accommodate the reasonable exigencies of development
      and construction patterns, yet which lead to effective
      sedimentation control.

The Task Force Approach.  Several localities have established
relatively effective sedimentation control programs in which a
task force administrative format has been employed.  Under this
format, representatives of various agencies and groups meet
periodically to develop an organized program for sedimentation
control.  The role and authority of each agency and group in the
control program is set forth and each agency accepts responsibility
for a designated aspect of control.

Montgomery County, Maryland instituted one of the first sedimentation
control programs using the task force approach.  Involved in the task
force were such groups and agencies as the department of public works,
the soil conservation district, the Washington Suburban Sanitary
Commission, the Washington Metropolitan Council of Governments, the
U.S. Geological Survey, the Suburban Maryland Homebuilders Association,
the Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin, the Maryland
National Capitol Park and Planning Commission, and the Montgomery-
Prince George's Engineers Society.   This task force developed a con-
trol program in which various local agencies were assigned specific
responsibilities with regard to sedimentation control.

It should be noted that the task force approach is an administrative
approach which is useful only when it is supported by appropriate
local legislation, or administrative rulings and codes.  Legislation,
or administrative rulings and codes are needed to assign specific
sedimentation control responsibilities to local agencies.

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Although the task force approach has proven useful in several notable
instances, such as in Montgomery County, it has not been widely used
throughout the country; nor has its effectiveness been demonstrated
in areas having sedimentation problems which differ significantly
from those in Montgomery County.  The need for multi-agency involve-
ment, and a spirit of cooperation, would appear to be essential
components of the task force approach.

Planning.  The relationship between sedimentation control efforts and
local planning processes is not well defined.  Most significantly, it
is not well understood by local leaders how sedimentation control prin-
ciples, measures and provisions are related to various types and levels
of local planning.

At the present time, very little information has been compiled with
regard to the sedimentation planning activities that are being carried
out by local and state agencies.  Specifically, there is a lack of
information concerning the means by which various local government
agencies, such as departments of public works, planning agencies,
sanitary agencies, and others can coordinate their sedimentation con-
trol planning activities.

Little information is available with regard to sedimentation control
planning on an areawide basis.  In particular, little attention has
been given to refining the role that areawide planning agencies, such
as councils of governments, economic development districts, and simi-
lar multi-jurisdictional bodies can assume in sedimentation control
efforts.  Inasmuch as  the prevailing consensus in current conservation
literature endorses areawide  (drainage area) approaches to soil and
water conservation, the desirability of developing appropriate respon-
sibilities for areawide agencies should be considered.

In many  areas of  the country, the fragmented condition of local
government responsibilities makes planning for storm drainage systems
on an areawide  (drainage area) basis difficult.  In many counties, for
example, it is difficult to develop and implement comprehensive drainage
policies and standards because  the jurisdiction of the county does not
extend into incorporated areas of the county.  The existence of numerous
special  purpose districts also hampers an areawide planning approach.

Terms, Concepts and Information Distribution.  One of the fundamental
problems in establishing control over sedimentation problems is the
confusion which exists in the terminology employed in the sedimentation
field.  Whereas the technical terminology associated with sedimentation
can be and is employed with relative consistency and rigor, the terms
associated with the administrative aspects of sedimentation problems
and programs are frequently ambiguous and are not used with consistency
in reference to the concepts  to which they allude.

Ambiguity of terms, and of concepts, has led to some confusion with re-
gard  to  what specific  steps should be taken  to organize and implement

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sedimentation control programs at the local level.  An example of
terms and concepts which are not adequately defined is the dis-
tinction that may be made between sedimentation control "principles",
sedimentation control "measures", and sedimentation control "pro-
visions".  These terms are often used in local ordinances, codes,
and administrative rulings to set forth the administrative and
operational requirements of local agencies in sedimentation control
programs.  The many alternative ways in which these terms may be
interpreted has a bearing on the efficiency with which the control
program operates, and may interfere with effective enforcement.

One of the first efforts to compile a glossary of terms for compre-
hensive resource conservation has been made by the Soil Conservation
Society of America.  This glossary, an updated and expanded version
of an earlier report, is titled "Resource Conservation Glossary".
It is published by the Soil Conservation Society of America, (1970),
and is intended for use by professionals, laymen, and students.

One of the difficulties associated with establishing local sedimen-
tation control programs is the lack of information at the local level
of government.  No comprehensive information dissemination program
exists which is capable of distributing needed information to local
Jurisdictions which have sedimentation problems.  Consequently, local
leaders are often unaware of what can be done to establish sedimen-
tation control.  Of particular significance is the lack of information
with regard to federal and state water quality standards, and how
these standards relate to local sedimentation control efforts.  Also,
it is frequently unclear as to what federal and state financial and
technical assistance is available to local sedimentation control
efforts.

Legal Aspects of Sedimentation Control

Causes of water pollution fall into two broad categories—untreated
or inadequately treated wastes from easily identifiable sources such
as municipal and industrial wastes; and wastes from diffuse or non-
point sources such as sediment and street debris washed into water
courses from a heavy rain.

Current federal action in the water pollution control field is directed
at the more obvious and more manageable forms of pollution, e.g., con-
trol of pollution from cities with inadequate waste treatment facilities
or none at all, and major industrial plants which either have unsatis-
factory treatment or no treatment at all.

This emphasis is reflected in existing federal anti-pollution legislation.
In connection with combating sediment as a pollutant, federal agencies
must now rely on the same tools as are available in the struggle against
other forms of pollution.  The Federal Water Pollution Act of 1956, the
Water Quality Act of 1965, the Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966, and
the Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 provide the major muscle in

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this effort.

To date, the most notable federal administrative action to effect sedi-
ment control is Executive Order 11507 through authority of the Water
Pollution Control Act.  The order requires application of control
measures on all federally aided development and construction operations
where there is a significant potential for the reduction of pollution
due to sediment.  This should be most significant in connection with
sediment problems resulting from urban and suburban highway construction.

In compliance with the Water Quality Act, water quality standards, along
with plans for implementing and enforcing them, have been established by
all 50 states and are fully or partially approved by the Secretary of
the Interior.  Thus, they are federal as well as state standards. A
characteristic of the standards crucial to sediment pollution control is
their flexibility.  Flexibility was allowed so that the standards could
be changed to conform to changing conditions, and to the application of
new technologies as they are introducted.  However, flexibility may be
the cause of the current neglect in sediment pollution control efforts.
Not one  state, for example, has set forth specific criteria on suspended
solids in the water quality standards they have submitted.  This is a
disturbing  situation when it is considered that sediment has become a
major pollutant of our waters.

Among the U.S. Department of the Interior's activities for controlling
sediment pollution is a  continuing effort urging states to give special
attention to land erosion in their compliance programs.  Many of the
states  are  working with  the Soil Conservation Service  to develop sound
land management practices to keep sediment out of their waterways.  This,
however, is not enough.  A better approach is to enact laws to regulate
and prevent erosion from non-agricultural development  and construction
activities.  This is  the approach taken by Maryland.   A recently enacted
law (Chapter  245, Maryland Laws of 1970) makes statewide sedimentation
control mandatory by  requiring  state  and local government agencies  to
implement sedimentation  control measures during  their  development and
construction activities; and by authorizing  county  governments to enact
regulations to  control private  development and construction activities.
Major provisions  from the Maryland law follow:

            Chapter  245

            AN ACT providing for  a sediment  control program applicable
            statewide requiring review AND APPROVAL by the appropriate
            soil  conservation district  and IN  SOME  CASES BY THE Department
            of Natural Resources  of PLANS FOR  certain  activities  dis-
            turbing  land.

            SEC.  3.   And be  it  further  enacted,  That new Sections  105
            through  110  inclusive, be and  they are  hereby  added  to
            Article  96A  of  the Annotated Code  of Maryland  (1957  Edition.

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1961 Replacement Volume and 1969 Cumulative Supplement),
title "Water Resources," to follow Immediately after
Section 104 thereof and to be under the nev subtitle
"Sediment Control" and to read as follows:

   Sediment Control

   105

      The General Assembly of the State of  Maryland hereby
   determines and finds that the lands and  waters comprising
   the watersheds of the State are great natural assets and
   resources; that as a result of erosion and sediment de-
   position on lands and in waters within the watersheds of
   the State, said waters are being polluted and despoiled
   to such a degree that fish, marine life, and recreational
   use of the waters are being adversely affected.  IN ORDER
   TO PROTECT THE NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE  STATE, THE SECRE-
   TARY OF NATURAL RESOURCES IS DIRECTED TO ADOPT CRITERIA
   AND PROCEDURES TO BE USED BY THE COUNTIES AND THE LOCAL
   SOIL CONSERVATION DISTRICTS TO IMPLEMENT SOIL AND SHORE
   EROSION CONTROL PROGRAMS.  SUCH PROCEDURES MAY PROVIDE
   FOR THE REVIEW AND APPROVAL OF MAJOR GRADING, SEDIMENT
   AND EROSION CONTROL PLANS BY THE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL
   RESOURCES.

   106

       (A)  Before land is cleared, graded, transported,  or
   otherwise disturbed for purposes including, but not limited
   to the construction of buildings, the mining of minerals,
   the development of golf courses, and the construction of
   roads and streets by any private person, partnership,  cor-
   poration, MUNICIPAL CORPORATION, COUNTY  OR STATE AGENCY
   within the State of Maryland, the proposed earth change
   shall first be SUBMITTED TO AND approved by the appropriate
   soil conservation district	LAND clearing, soil
   movement and construction shall be CARRIED OUT in accord-
   ance with the written recommendations of the said soil
   conservation districts regarding the control of erosion
   and siltation and the elimination of pollution.

       (C)  THE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES SHALL ASSIST
   THE SOIL CONSERVATION DISTRICTS IN THE PREPARATION OF*A
   UNIFIED SEDIMENT CONTROL PROGRAM AND IN  THE IMPLEMENTATION
   OF SAID PROGRAM PURSUANT TO THIS SUBTITLE.

       (D)  NOTWITHSTANDING THE PROVISIONS  OF THIS SECTION,
   THE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES SHALL REVIEW AND AP-
   PROVE ALL LAND CLEARING, SOIL MOVEMENT AND CONSTRUCTION
   ACTIVITY UNDERTAKEN BY ANY AGENCY OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT.
                               10

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107

    The provisions of this subtitle shall not apply to
AGRICULTURAL LAND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES, THE CONSTRUCTION
OF AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES OR TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF
SINGLE-FAMILY RESIDENCES AND/OR THEIR ACCESSORY BUILDINGS
ON LOTS OF TWO ACRES OR MORE.  Regardless of planning,
zoning or subdivision controls, no permits shall be issued
by any county OR MUNICIPALITY for grading or for the con-
struction of any building, other than those MATTERS
exempted above, unless such grading or construction is
in accordance with plans approved as provided in this
subtitle.

108

     ....  (A)  THE COUNTIES AND MUNICIPALITIES SHALL
HAVE THE POWER AND AUTHORITY TO ISSUE GRADING AND BUILDING
PERMITS AS OTHERWISE PROVIDED BY LAW.  NO GRADING OR
BUILDING PERMIT SHALL BE ISSUED UNTIL THE DEVELOPER SUB-
MITS A GRADING AND SEDIMENT CONTROL PLAN DESIGNED BY A
PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER REGISTERED IN THE STATE OF MARYLAND,
APPROVED BY  THE APPROPRIATE SOIL CONSERVATION DISTRICT,
AND  THE DEVELOPER CERTIFIES THAT ALL LAND CLEARING, CON-
STRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT WILL BE DONE PURSUANT TO THE
SAID PLAN.   CRITERIA FOR SEDIMENT CONTROL AND FOR REFERRAL
OF AN APPLICANT TO THE APPROPRIATE SOIL CONSERVATION DIS-
TRICT SHALL  BE ACCEPTABLE TO THE SOIL CONSERVATION DISTRICT
AND  THE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES.  THE COUNTY AGENCY
RESPONSIBLE  FOR ON-SITE INSPECTION AND ENFORCEMENT OF THE
PROVISIONS OF THIS SUBHEADING SHALL MAKE A FINAL INSPECTION
AND  FORWARD  ITS REPORT TO THE APPROPRIATE SOIL CONSERVATION
DISTRICT.  NOTICE OF VIOLATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF THIS
SUBTITLE  SHALL BE FILED WITH THE DEPARTMENT  OF NATURAL RE-
SOURCES, AS  WELL AS WITH THE APPROPRIATE COUNTY AGENCY.

     (B)   EACH COUNTY SHALL ADOPT GRADING AND BUILDING
ORDINANCES,  OR PORTIONS THEREOF, WHICH ARE NECESSARY  TO
CARRY OUT  THE PROVISIONS OF  THIS SUBTITLE.   THE DEPARTMENT
OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND THE APPROPRIATE SOIL CONSERVATION
DISTRICT  SHALL ASSIST THE  SEVERAL COUNTIES IN THE DEVELOP-
MENT OF  SUCH ORDINANCES OR NECESSARY PORTIONS THEREOF.  THE
PROVISIONS OF THIS  SUBSECTION  SHALL BE CARRIED OUT PRIOR TO
MARCH 1,  1971.  PRIOR TO MARCH 1, 1971, ESTABLISHED ORDI-
NANCES AND PROCEDURES SHALL  BE USED BY THE COUNTIES TO
CARRY OUT  THE PROVISIONS OF  THIS SUBTITLE.

109

     Any violation of this  subheading  shall be deemed  a
                   11

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             misdemeanor,  and the person,  partnership,  or  corporation
             who  is found  guilty of  such violation shall be  subject
             to a fine not exceeding five  thousand dollars ($5,000.00)
             or one year's imprisonment for each and every violation.
             Any  agency whose approval is  required under this  sub-
             heading or any person in interest may seek an injunction
             against any person, partnership,  or corporation,  whether
             public or private,  violating  or threatening violation  of
             any  provisions of this  subheading.

             110

                 	 FOR THE PURPOSES OF THIS SUBHEADING,  THE
             BUREAU OF PUBLIC WORKS  OR SIMILAR MUNICIPAL AGENCY  IS
             EMPOWERED AND DIRECTED  TO ACT IN THE PLACE OF THE APPRO-
             PRIATE SOIL CONSERVATION DISTRICT IN MUNICIPALITIES WHICH
             ARE  NOT WITHIN A SOIL CONSERVATION DISTRICT.

             SEC. 8.  And  be it  further enacted, That all  laws or parts
             of laws, public general or public local, inconsistent  with
             the  provisions of this  Act, are hereby repealed to  the ex-
             tent of any such inconsistency.

An example of a Maryland county  ordinance  which carries out the  above
provisions of Chapter 245, Maryland  Laws of 1970 follows:

          SEDIMENT CONTROL ORDINANCE-Montgomery County, Maryland
          (Amendment to the Subdivision Ordinance, Chapter 104,  as
          Codified in 1965 Montgomery County Code)

          A new subsection is added  to Sec. 104-24 Preliminary
          Subdivision Plan-Approval  Procedure, to be known as
          Sec. 104-24(i),  as follows:

          Sec. 104-24

             (i)   Sediment Control.   The approval of all preliminary
             plans will include provisions for erosion and sediment
             control, in accordance  with the Montgomery County Sediment
             Control Program, adopted by the County Council June 29,
             1965.

                1.  The board in its consideration of each preliminary
                plan shall condition its approval upon the execution
                of erosion and sediment control measures,  as recom-
               mended by  the Montgomery Soil Conservation District,
                by the developer during clearing and grading operations.
                2.  One copy of each approved preliminary plan will
                be referred to the Montgomery Soil Conservation
                District for review  and recommendation as to adequate
                erosion and sediment control measures to prevent
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               damage to other properties.
               3.  The installation and maintenance of the recom-
               mended erosion and sediment control measures shall
               be accomplised in accordance with the procedures
               for Public Works Agreement as specified in Sec.
               104-26(g), and in accordance with standards and
               specifications on file with the Montgomery Soil
               Conservation District.
               4.  Permission for clearing and grading prior to re-
               cording of plats may be obtained under temporary
               easements or other conditions satisfactory to the
               Department of Public Works and the Montgomery Soil
               Conservation District.
               5.  In the event developer proceeds to clear and
               grade prior to recording of plats, without satis-
               fying conditions specified under Sec. 4, the Board
               may revoke the approval of the preliminary plan.

         Amend Article 1, Section 23-2, General Requirements  (of
         subdivision plans) by the addition of a new paragraph to
         be known as 23-2(1) to read as follows:

             (1)  Erosion and Sediment Control Measures.
                 Adequate control of erosion and sedimentation of
                 both a  temporary and permanent nature shall be
                 provided during all phases of clearing, grading
                 and construction as approved by the Director.

         Amend Section  23-8, Preliminary  Plats - Preparation by
         the  addition of a new paragraph  to be known as 23-8(g)
         to read as  follows:

             (g)  Preliminary plats  shall  include:  a)  statement
                  that Erosion and  Sediment  control methods  shall
                  be  provided prior  to  any clearing, grading or
                  construction.

         Amend Article  2 of  Chapter 23 by the addition of  a new
         paragraph to Section 23-12.   Final Plats  - Approval  to  be
         known as  23-12(c)  to  read as  follows  (plats  shall be
         approved  only  if):

             (c)   Plans  and  specifications for  the control  of  erosion
                  and sedimentation, if such controls  are  deemed
                  necessary,  have been  submitted  and  approved  by
                  the Director  of Public Works  or his  agent.  This
                  approval shall be concurrent with the approval  of
                  the aforesaid plans and specifications,  and  become
                  a part thereof.

Local ordinances aimed at controlling erosion and sediment presently
lack specific criteria on permissible levels of  suspended solids  and


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sediment loads.  One reason for this appears to be the current need
for developing inspection techniques through which turbidity and sedi-
ment can be reliably traced to their point-of-origin sources.  This is
difficult because most silt and sediment problems stem from several
diffuse or non-point sources.

Rather than set water quality standards, local ordinances are designed
to insure the application of needed erosion control measures.  In all
cases studied by NACORF, erosion control provisions were incorporated
into existing regulations (e.g., building codes, grading ordinances,
subdivision regulations, etc.) rather than being written as a separate,
self-contained document.  A significant finding is that of those local
governments found to have adopted legal provisions, less than half
cover temporary as well as permanent erosion control.  Thus, a most
critical period - the grading and construction stage - is in many
areas of the county without regulations.

In addition to inadequate legal provisions, many local governments ap-
plying or in need of erosion and sediment control measures suffer for
lack of areawide jurisdiction.  For the purposes of this report, area-
wide may be defined as a physical area, the boundaries of which are
determined by  natural water drainage areas.  This definition implies
no specific geographic size except that which is determined by the
drainage area.  Thus, an areawide unit may or may not cross political
jurisdictional boundaries.

Where areawide control is needed and at the same time involves several
 political jurisdictions, intergovernmental cooperation for a coordi-
nated and comprehensive control program is necessary.  Often, however,
 enabling  legislation is needed to enter into intergovernmental agree-
ments by  state political subdivisions pursuing  such programs.  Legal
 authority for  intra-county, as well as for intercounty,  agreements,
 needs consideration by state and local officials.  Examples  of parties
 to intra-county agreements include  the county,  incorporated  areas  of
 the county  and special districts.

 Improvements  are  needed in federal, state and  local  sedimentation  leg-
 islation which will provide protection against  activities which
 constitute  temporary  infraction of  control provisions.   (See Maryland
 House Bill  509, page G22, Community Action Guidebook for Soil Erosion
 and Sediment  Control.)  This  is of  particular  importance in  sedimen-
 tation control because much  of  the  sediment pollution damage occurs
 within short  time frames, such  as during  flash storms,  or during rainy
 seasons.

 Technical Aspects of  Sedimentation  Control

 Much remains outside the  current  boundaries  of research information
 and cost analysis with regard to  sedimentation.  Silting and discol-
 oring of streams  by sediments is  a  major  problem but sedimentation
 also produces other pollution by  acting as carrying agent for such
                                        14

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 pollutants  as  pesticides,  nutrients,  and  bacteria,  as well as
 decomposable organics  and  natural  toxicants.   Solutions  to these
 problems  is a  matter of  involving  the individual  land owner, the
 appropriate social  institutions, and  technology,  in an effort to
 provide the land use practices  needed to  fix  land in place.  The
 U.S. Department of  Agriculture  currently  spends about $200 million
 a year on programs  designed for soil  conservation;  about 20 percent
 of  these  funds is spent  on urban sedimentation problems.  USDA offi-
 cials feel  much research remains to be done in the  way of quantifying
 the problem and its remedial costs.

 An  example  of  current  research  being  conducted to quantify the scope
 of  non-agricultural sediment problems is  the  sedimentation and hy-
 drology study  of the Rock  Creek and Anacostia  river  basins in Maryland
 and the District of Columbia.   The main purpose of  the study is to
 determine the  differences  in stream sediment loads resulting from use
 of various  erosion  reduction techniques on land undergoing urban devel-
 opment.   The project was initiated in July of 1965 and is scheduled to
 terminate June 1975.   The  area  being  studied is within the rapidly
 developing  upper reaches of the Anacostia River and Rock Creek basins
which are tributary to the Potomac River in Washington,  D.  C.

 The approach being  used to carry out  the study involves comparing
 sediment yields among basins subjected to various erosion control mea-
 sures such  as  provision of sediment trapping reservoirs  or  seeding of
 stripped land.  However, measurements will be made for some basins
upon which  no  sediment controls have been imposed.  The  effects of
different housing densities on  sediment production also  is  being
 studied.   Other objectives of the study include:

          Evaluation of amounts of  sediment released into streams
          before, during and after  active urban development in  re-
          lation to aspects of upstream land use,  such as size  of
          areas being developed and quantity of land stripped of
          vegetation.   Included is  an account of  the effect of
          variations in associated  precipitation  distribution on
          the sediment  loads from the different areas under ob-
          servation.

          Analysis  of data  to  ascertain if there  are significant
          changes in stream-flow characteristics  such as  peak dis-
          charge  and sustained  low  flow magnitudes.

In addition to sediment yields  from urban and suburban development,
is equally severe sediment pollution resulting from highway
construction.   An example of studies designed to  quantify
the magnitude of  this problem is the current analysis of  highway
construction activities in five water-sheds in Cumberland County,
Pennsylvania.   A  description of this study, which began  in  the  fall
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of 1969 and is to last for five years, appeared in
the Pennsylvania Soil and Water Conservation Commission's
August 1969 publication of Teamwork;
   The streams,  four  of which  lie  in the  construction
   area of a portion  of Interstate 81, will be monitored
   electronically, visually, and by laboratory analysis
   in a project  to study  erosion control  methods  that
   will be tested with the construction of the super
   highway.

   The project will be conducted jointly  by the State  Soil
   and Water Conservation Commission, Water Resources  Di-
   vision of the U.S. Geological Survey and the Pennsylvania
   Department of Highways.  The Soil Conservation Service
   is serving in an advisory capacity on  this project.

   Computers and sampling equipment to measure water flow,
   volume, stream velocity, and suspended sediment in  the
   water will be available in  each testing area.   Regular
   checks will be made to determine stream conditions  prior
   to construction of Route 81.  The sampling will continue
   for a full year after  construction is  completed in  late
   1971.

   The stream not located in the immediate construction area
   will be used  as a  "control" and the monitoring results will
   be compared with those for  streams in  the construction area.

   Three erosion-control  measures  have been proposed for the
   study.   They  are:

      1)   Mulching and seeding during the first planting
   season that the highway slope is completed.  This is con-
   sidered a standard highway  practice but often  is applied
   only after considerable earth-moving has occurred.

      2)   Mulching as soon as  possible after earth-moving be-
   gins and standard  seeding during the first planting season
   that the slope is  completed.

      3)   The use of  structural features, such as temporary
   desilting basins or diversion terraces, or an  advanced
   erosion control measure, such as an erosion inhibiting
   chemical applied to exposed slopes.  These measures would
   be combined with the establishment of  vegetative cover .  .  .
   As a result of the survey,  a complete  report on the ability
   of each measure to prevent  sediment from entering a stream
   is anticipated.
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The research experience gained from studies of runoff and sediment
characteristics of urban and highway construction indicates a need
for developing new measurement techniques for the non-agricultural
setting.  Methods applicable to rural areas are not universally ap-
plicable to the less constant variables in urban areas.  Urban
construction, for example, may be started and completed in about
two years.  This time span for collecting information is much different
from agricultural areas where characteristically stable land use allpws
ten years or more to collect representative data.  Moreover, the rela-
tively small areas under study in urban construction make the amount
of time during runoff less for data collecting than that available for
large rural areas.  Thus, an automatic and semi-automatic measuring
system for urban areas needs to be developed.

Another environmental difference between agricultural and urban areas
is that erosion and sediment transport during urban construction usually
occurs on exposed non-vegetated subsoils.  This adverse condition is
further compounded by very steep and compacted slopes.  Agricultural
areas, on the other hand, involve topsoils, natural slopes, loose til-
lage and extensive vegetative cover.  Thus, research methods are needed
that differentiate overland runoff that carries sediment from that of
subsurface runoff when study involves drainage basins incorporating
agricultural as well as developing urban areas.

Factors Affecting Sediment Yields.  Probably  the most important key
to  the  rate  and magnitude of non-agricultural development and con-
struction activity  is  the rate of population  growth.  One method  that
is  currently employed  to measure the extent of future development in
a given geographical area is  to divide current population density per
square  mile  into  projected population figures.

Once projected population growth is established,  the present and  future
development  and  construction  that  this growth will affect can be  ex-
pected  to take place according to  the land's  drainage pattern.  Although
it affects the direction of  transportation routes, its major impact is
on the  design of  underground  sewer  systems.   The  drainage pattern also
influences land  use.   Flood  plains, for  example,  may be  zoned for re-
creational use only in order  to maintain natural  surface runoff
velocities and to prevent harmful  inundation.

The effect of  growth in terms of  sediment pollution may  be  determined
by its  relationship to the  course  of natural  streams.  Where advancing
development  is taking  place along  the narrow dimension of a stream  the
 sediment load  can be expected to  remain  constant.  On  the  other hand,
where growth is  encroaching  on the major axis or  width of a stream
basin,  sediment pollution can be  expected to  heavily increase  as  the
 construction ring passes over the  basin.

 Soils of an area are important because  their  particle  size, percolation
 and infiltration rates affect the  extent of  raindrop  splash erosion,
 sheet erosion, amount  of surface  runoff,  and  fill and  gully erosion.
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The soil's natural fertility determines the rate which vegetation
can be restored once stripped.  In the Southwest, restoration may
take ten years or more.

Surface runoff is the key variable in determining the amount of sedi-
ment movement.  Where soils are impervious or saturated, continued
precipitation will become the transporting agent of sediment.

Sediment movement from construction sites will depend on the season
of the year because precipitation intensity fluctuates seasonally and
because of seasonal differences in construction activity.  A determi-
nation of seasonal runoff differences is, therefore, useful in making
rational planning decisions for construction activity.  The method
used in making such a determination in the Potomac River Basin in-
volved subtracting the estimated base or ground-water flow at several
streams in the area from their total flow for the years 1949-60 to
provide a monthly record of the surface runoff.  (In selecting lo-
cations within an area for precipitation measurement, consideration
should be given to differences in soil percolation and infiltration
rates.)

The seasonal disparities evident in precipitation intensity and in
construction activity can be expected to indicate more precipitation
and construction during warmer months than cold.  Studies by USGS show
that at several locations of storm sediment discharges in Atlantic
Coast streams was twice as great for warm months than for cold, the
seasonal differences can be expected to be even more severe at graded
construction sites where the soil is more compacted than the common
soils found in rural drainage basins.

Approaches to Sediment Control.  The "areawide approach" to control
runoff, erosion and sediment transport involves studies of all land
and drainageways from which water and sediment can reach and impair
downstream facilities.  It is premised on control or treatment of en-
tire drainage or subdrainage areas.  This procedure allows the planner
to develop a comprehensive system of control measures for a drainage
area as a self contained unit without adverse effects to intermediate
and downstream property.  The areawide approach is in contrast to the
segmented approach which often limits corrective action and control
to a random application of uncorrelated practices.

The Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin outlined the
factors to be considered when following the "areawide11 concept in
designing sedimentation control programs:

          1)  The drainage pattern with respect to steepness,
              length and orientation of slopes and the density
              and capacity of channel systems.
          2)  The geology, soils, and the kind of land use.
          3)  The rainfall and run-off data.
          4)  The sediment transportation and deposition.
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         5)  Alternate remedial measures Including cost studies
             for proposed works of improvement.

         It is general practice under the drainage-area (areawide)
         approach to utilize data in these categories to evaluate
         the following conditions:

         1)  The existing condition of the drainage area, or the
             base to which a proposed project is applied.  In the
             case of forthcoming urbanization of a rural area, such
             evaluation must anticipate the "untreated" urban con-
             dition.
         2)  With planned vegetative measures, minor structural
             measures, and projected land use adjustments super-
             imposed on  the existing condition .  . .
         3)  With planned vegetative measures, minor structural
             measures and projected land use adjustments on which
             major  structural measures are imposed if needed.
              (Condition  2, above, plus major structural measures.)

         The three  drainage area  conditions are always evaluated  in
         the order  given above.   This logical  order  insures that  the
         measures having the first effect on run  off be evaluated
         first and  those having  the last effect be evaluated  last.
         In some cases,  the second or third conditions may be further
         subdivided in order to  evaluate a particular group of mea-
         sures.  Here again, measures having the  first effect on  run
         off and sediment transport are evaluated first.

         Final project formulation,  including  the selection of reme-
         dial measures,  is based on  the results  of the above  analysis
          evaluation through comparison  of  the  costs  of proposed  seg-
         ments of remedial programs  to  the benefits  to be derived
         from the reduction of floodwater  and  sediment damage.  An
          economic evaluation  of this  nature  is vital to  the acceptance
          of remedial programs  for control  of  sediment and floodwater
          in a drainage area.

The segmented approach seldom provides the  level  of control  desirable
because it  normally treats the obvious points of  damage without addres-
sing all the basic and underlying causes of the problem.  However, the
many vegetative and minor structural measures of  the segmented approach
can be effectively employed to reduce sediment from construction sites
where public opinion is not favorable for the more comprehensive area-
wide approach.  A beneficial  application of the segmented approach can
especially be made to urban and suburban housing developments.  Streets
can be located so as to minimize cut and fill banks and the  exposure of
subsoil.  Residential lots can be left in their natural contour without
unnecessary disturbance of existing vegetation or design to  provid
vegetated bench terraces rather than the usual practice of  developing
these sites on  terrain which includes extensive areas of uniform and
                               19

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highly erodible slopes.  Grading can be done incrementally as
construction progresses rather than all at once leaving large areas
of exposed soils for periods of up to years in many cases.  Control
of the size of construction sites and the sequence of letting building
permits and contracts will limit the extent and time of exposed soil.

Control Measures and Practices.  Significant progress has been made
in applying conventional erosion and sediment control measures and
practices to the urban and suburban setting.  A brief description of
some of these follows:

       1)  Non-critical area vegetation - Non-critical areas are those
           of good soils on moderate slopes.  The establishment and
           maintenance of good vegetative cover in these areas is
           relatively simple as compared to "critical areas."  Non-
           critical areas can usually be stabilized by utilizing the
           standard plants and establishment techniques recommended
           by local agencies or landscaping services.  Soil tests
           should be made as a basis for adding the plant food neces-
           sary for plant establishment and maintenance.

       2)  Critical area vegetation stabilization - Critical areas
           are those in which cutting, filling, and grading soils
           with heavy equipment often result in the exposure of
           soils and subsoils.  Certain conditions resulting from
           such exposure, such as acidity, low fertility, compaction,
           or dryness or wetness which are unfavorable to plant growth,
           often prevail.  Excessively long slopes and steep grades
           are often encountered or created.  Water disposal struc-
           tures are normally subjected to hydraulic forces requiring
           both special establishment techniques and grasses which
           have high resistance to scouring.  However, plants and
           techniques are available to provide both temporary and
           permanent protective cover on these difficult sites.  These
           are:

              Temporary Measures - These involve seeding with fast
              growing annuals such as rye, ryegrass, sudan grass, or
              other locally adopted vegetation which provide quick
              protection yet can be worked into the soil when the site
              is prepared for final seeding of a permanent species.
              An alternative method is the application of mulch for
              immediate protection.  At the proper time, mulch can be
              removed, worked into the soil, or successfully overseeded
              with permanent grass and legume species.  Materials that
              may be used as a mulch include straw, fiberglass, wood
              chips, or fiber, and mechanically sprayed asphalt wood
              fiber slurry, and plastics or other synthetics.

              Permanent Vegetation - For both sodding and seeding,
              there is a fairly wide choice of grasses, legumes, and
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    other plants for use on critical areas.  The final
    choice of species should be determined by weighing
    such factors as adaptability, use, aesthetic require-
    ments, a degree of maintenance that can be expected
    and other special considerations.

3)  Diversions - A diversion consists of a channel or
    ditch and a ridge constructed across a sloping land
    surface on the contour, or with predetermined grades
    to intercept and divert surface runoff before it gains
    sufficient volume and velocity to create harmful erosion.
    The water is collected and conveyed laterally along the
    diversion at slow velocity and discharged into a pro-
    tected area or outlet channel.

4)  Bench terrace - Bench terraces are relatively flat
    surfaces constructed on sloping land or embankments
    to planned dimensions and grades.  Bench terraces are
    applied along the contour with the length and width
    controlled by the natural terrain and the required
    erosion limitations.  Contour benches may be installed
    across a slope and may be designed for widths which
    will permit construction of a row or tier of housing
    units.

5)  Outlet channels - This measure consists of the con-
    struction of designed channels for the disposal of
    storm runoff from diversions, bench terraces and other
    structures.  The design is based on the runoff from
    predicted storm events and includes the vegetative or
    structural measures required to protect the channel
    from scouring and erosion.

6)  Water stabilization structures - Waterway erosion con-
    trol methods include structural devices to dissipate the
    energy of flowing water by holding the waterway slopes
    and velocities within non-scouring limits.  Drop struc-
    tures, and concrete or other lining could be utilized
    in an open waterway to control water velocity.

7)  Bank erosion structures - Methods commonly used to con-
    trol bank erosion in main stream channels include riprap,
    rock cribs, groins, jetties, fencing, piling, etc.  The
    purpose of these measures in to install a barrier that
    will withstand the erosive forces exerted by flowing
    water or to create a bank roughness that will reduce the
    erosive power by dissipating energy of the water as it
    moves along the bank line.

8)  Stream channel construction - It is often impractical to
    attempt control of an existing meandering channel.  In
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             this case, channel straightening, realignment, or the
             construction of a new channel to designed cross-section
             and grade is necessary.  In doing this, however, the
             danger exists of creating a new erosion cycle.  The
             design must include considerations regarding the sta-
             bility of the bed and banks of the proposed channel
             under the predicted runoff conditions.

         9)  Sediment basins - The construction of an earth fill type
             dam downstream from a development area serves to regulate
             runoff and trap sediment.  The sediment can be removed
             mechanically as the storage space behind the dam becomes
             filled, or sufficient space may be built into the struc-
             ture to provide storage for its useful life.  The whole
             structure can be removed after stability is reached in
             the development area or it can be retained and maintained
             to enhance the area.

Major Structural Measures.  As a part of areawide (or drainage-wide)
water management, erosion and sediment control may call for major capi-
tal  improvements that also serve other objectives of water management,
e.g., flood control, recreation, and water supply and storage.  Appli-
cation of these measures will depend on:

       1)  the multiple of objectives to be achieved in a drainage or
           subdrainage area and

       2)  evaluation of each measure in terms of costs versus bene-
           fits when applied toward achievement of these objectives.

Major improvements include flood and sediment detention structures,
debris basins, storm sewers, open channel linings, reservoirs, irri-
gation systems, and drop-inlet structures.

Recently, high velocity conveyance channels have been used to control
flood flows through developed areas.  In addition to flood control,
these devices reduce the necessary channel width and eliminate a
channel erosion problem.  The procedure is to construct a lined channel,
usually concrete, designed for sufficient depth to carry critical flows.
Critical flow is defined as the state of flow at which the specific
energy is a minimum for a given discharge.

Economic Aspects of Sedimentation Control

Insufficient consideration has been given to the economics involved
in sedimentation control.  On one hand, not enough information is
available by which to determine, on a sound basis, the actual costs
which stem from soil erosion and sediment problems.  On the other
hand, little substantive research has been conducted which would pro-
vide criteria by which to judge the economic benefits which are derived
from sedimentation control.  Many such benefits are aesthetic in nature
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(i.e., "clean" lakes, mud-free playgrounds, etc.) and it is difficult
to determine the economic value of such intangible benefits.

An important element lacking in making determinations concerning the
economics of sedimentation is a method by which to judge the desira-
bility (in cases where aesthetics are involved) and the effectiveness
of using cost-benefit analysis in the field of sedimentation control.
In many situations where conventional cost-benefit analysis prohibits
•application of control provisions, it may be desirable to explore the
use of less expensive control methods which have not been excluded
under the cost benefit ratios.

Urban and suburban areas in general have had little experience in
connection with negotiating for federal and state sources of financial
and technical assistance for sedimentation control.  Most federal
assistance programs in this field are either directed predominantly
to rural ar'eas, or apply to sedimentation problems only as being an-
cillary to other programs, such as drainage and flood control.

Similarly, local areas have had little experience in cost-sharing
approaches to sedimentation control financing.  Cost-sharing for fi-
nancing control is feasible between state and local governments,
between urban and suburban communities, and between private developers
and local governments.  Developing equitable cost-sharing formulas may
be difficult in some instances because it is often difficult to deter-
mine  the true cost of applying control devices.  For example, very
little research has been conducted to determine what the cost is to
developers for applying sedimentation control to subdivision develop-
ments.  In addition, it is difficult to determine the cost to local
governments for inspecting such developments.  Other information that
is needed on basic cost factors include the current cost of removing
sediment from waterbodies, and the current cost of conducting basic
watershed research, such as the cost of soil surveys and soil mapping.

It is also difficult to determine the cost involved in adopting alter-
native approaches to conventional construction patterns in an effort
to control sedimentation.  For example, it has not been determined
what  the most economical procedure is for installing final drainage
systems in new subdivisions, under conditions conducive to minimizing
sedimentation problems.
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                           SECTION III
                 COMMUNITY ACTION GUIDEBOOK FOR
                SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL
The following Community Action Guidebook has been written expressly
'for local government officials who, as a result of urban and suburban
growth and development, are confronted with soil erosion and sediment
problems.  The guidebook describes various procedures that local offi-
cials can undertake to organize and implement sedimentation control
programs.

The theme of this publication is that the growing soil and water
problems in developing areas can be controlled if the proper manage-
ment approaches are organized and put into action.  This conviction
is based on evidence gathered from empirical field studies where sig-
nificant success in controlling sedimentation problems has been
achieved.

The guidebook represents an attempt to investigate those features of
on-going programs which are believed to be important to achieving
effective sedimentation control, and to provide this information to
other communities throughout the nation.  The guidebook is divided into
ten chapters, with each chapter addressing a specific aspect of control.
A brief  description of each chapter follows:

Chapter  1—Introduction.   The initial chapter attempts to explain the
nature and extent of the sedimentation problems facing this nation's
growing  suburban areas.  Emphasis in this chapter is placed on the
fact  that sediment yields  in this country are astonishingly high, and
that  the twin problems of  erosion and sediment should be viewed as
constituting a major threat to environmental quality.

Chapter  2—Organization.   In the second chapter, some of the approaches
which may be used in setting up and administering control problems are
described.  There are  two  major organizational features of control
programs which might be noted.  First, programs should be organized  so
that  they have the capability of effectively controlling problems as
they  exist.  The nature and extent of these problems should be a basic
consideration when determining organizational patterns.  Second, control
programs should be organized in such a way as to include all interested
and relevant groups and agencies.

Chapter  3—Areawide Approaches.  The next chapter describes some of  the
areawide approaches that have been used with varying degrees of success
throughout the nation.  The areawide organizations discussed here in-
clude councils of government, flood control districts, conservation
agencies, watershed organizations, areawide planning agencies, and
river basin organizations.
                                 25

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Chapter 4—Legal Authority.  This chapter discusses the fact that
effective local control depends largely upon whether or not local
communities possess the necessary enabling legislation.  Without this
authority, local governments cannot acquire land, -develop facilities,
spend public funds, or regulate development activities.

Chapter 5—Planning.  If communities are to enjoy orderly growth and
at the same time prevent deterioration of their soil and water resources,
they will need to make wise decisions related to the ways in which these
resources are used.  This chapter defines what is meant by erosion and
sediment planning, and points out the ways in which such planning can
help to avoid serious hazards.

Chapter 6—Public Acceptance and Support.  In this chapter the impor-
tance of developing community acceptance of erosion and sediment control
programs is discussed, and techniques and procedures that may be used
in conducting education programs are described.

Chapter 7—Finance.  Chapter seven is designed to illustrate how erosion
and sediment control, as an integral part of an overall water management
program, can be financed.  It includes information on various approaches
to funding control programs such as the use of bonds, assessments, tax
sources, capital planning, and a number of other financial aspects.  Fi-
nancial and technical assistance available to local control programs is
also discussed.

Chapter 8—Staffing.  The success of control measures may depend largely
upon how effectively the entire program is carried out by the personnel
involved.  The chapter on staffing attempts to describe some of the per-
sonnel requirements that such programs may need and discusses some of
the training and recruitment procedures that may be used in developing
personnel capabilities.

Chapter 9—Operations.  This chapter has been devoted to a description
of some of the operational approaches that are being used to control
erosion and sedimentation.  This chapter also provides information on
various control devices which can be installed, including storm drain-
age systems, outlet channels, terraces, diversions, and others.

Chapter 10—Action Plan.  The final chapter summarizes sedimentation
control concepts, principles, and techniques and converts them into
a general plan of action for local, state, and federal officials.

The "Community Action Guidebook for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control"
has been distributed to over 20,000 local officials as an insert in the
May 1970 issue of the American County, the magazine of the National
Association of Counties (the pagination of the Guide appears according
to its position within the magazine).  In addition, several thousand
copies of the guide have been disseminated to local officials through
other means of distribution, and a limited number of copies will be
available from NACORF upon request.
                                       26

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 Community Action  Guidebook for
Soil  Erosion and Sediment Control
                    by
                  Mel D. Powell
                 William C. Winter
                William P. Bodwitch
    NACORF • National Association of Counties Research Foundation
        1001 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036

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                                                                                    FOREWORD
                   national
            association of
                  counties
     research foundation
                    federal
           water pollution
                    control
            administration
  The research tor this publication
was performed in accordance with
Grant Number 15030  DTL  with  the
U. S. Department of Interior, Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration.
  Erosion and sediment, once thought of as  rural problems, are causing
extensive damage to the soil and water resources of developing communi-
ties. Sediment  caused  by careless development and  construction  has
become one of the Nation's most serious  sources of water pollution.

  The  National  Association of Counties Research  Foundation (NACORF),
under  contract  with the  U. S. Department of the  Interior,  Federal  Water
Pollution Control Administration, has  developed this guidebook to assist
local officials in their efforts  to control growing sedimentation problems.
Specifically, this guidebook will help local officials to organize, plan, finance,
staff, and implement  comprehensive  sedimentation control programs. In
addition, it serves the all-important  function of  helping local officials  and
administrators understand what is basically a technical  problem; and con-
versely, it will help soil and water experts and technicians understand the
administrative aspects of sedimentation control.  This mutual understanding
will be necessary if effective control is to  be achieved.

  Environmental problems have become critical, and cooperation between
all levels of government will be required in a massive effort to restore  and
maintain environmental  quality. The skills, knowledge  and enthusiasm of
local officials will be a key factor in this effort.  We hope  this guidebook
will assist local officials in making wise management decisions, consistent
with the growing concern for  environmental quality.
                                                                                      Bernard F. Hillenbrand
                                                                                         Executive Director
  The Community Action Guidebook for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control
has  been developed  by the National  Association of Counties  Research
Foundation under a grant from the U. S. Department of the Interior, Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration. The purpose of the guidebook is to
promote  the  concept of soil and water management in general, and to
develop an understanding of sedimentation control principles in particular.

  The concepts and principles presented are based on a year of research,
including visits to federal and state agencies and fourteen visits to local
sedimentation control programs  across the United States. The material,  in
essence,  describes a model approach which,  with appropriate modifica-
tions, may be used by many local governments to control their sedimenta-
tion problems.

   Successful sedimentation control, in  the final analysis, will be dependent
upon cooperation  between local governments, and between various levels
of government. We urge the readers of this guidebook to make a commit-
ment to sound principles of soil  and water management and to provide the
initiative, energy, and cooperation needed for effective sedimentation control.
                                                        David D. Dominick
                                                           Commissioner

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             Community  Action  Guidebook

    for  Soil  Erosion  and  Sediment  Control
                                           By
                            Mel D. Powell, Ph.D., Project Director
                            William C. Winter, Research Associate
                            William P. Bodwitch, Research Assistant

                                        Contents
                                                                                     Page

A Survey of the Problem   	2

Organizing an Erosion and Sediment Control Program   	7

Areawide Approaches  	^

Legal Authority   	18

Planning for Sedimentation Control	26

Public Acceptance and Support  	32

Finance  	36

Personnel   	^'

Implementation and Control	->2

Action Guide for Erosion and Sediment Control   	59

Appendix   	"2


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In addition to the funding and  management of the project by the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, the
research and preparation of this guidebook was assisted by the contribution of ideas and concepts of members of the
Sediment Conference Steering Committee. NACORF is grateful to Carl Johnson, Director of the Interstate Commission on
the Potomac River Basin, who served as Chairman of the Committee; and to Darwin Wright, John Churchill, FWPCA, and
Paul Howard, A/S Public Land Management, of the U.S. Department of the Interior; Norman Berg, Edward Keil, Hubert
Kelly, Soil Conservation Service, Clarence Britt, Agriculture Research Service, William Whyte, Office of Information, of the
U.S. Department of Agriculture; David Unger,  National  Association  of Conservation Districts; and George White, U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development. Darwin Wright, FWPCA, served as project officer.

PHOTO CREDITS - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service                        March, 1970

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  chapter  me
                                     Survey  of  the  Problem
  The  growth  of American suburbia has  received  its
impetus from a combination of forces, including American
wealth, the  automobile  and the  initiative, energy  and
technical expertise of American industry. More and more, it
is being  recognized that  these  forces  have propelled
suburban  development  forward  without  sufficient
consideration being given  to the impact that such growth is
having on man's relationship with his natural environment.
   In the nation's developing suburban areas,  and  urban
areas, extensive alteration of the landscape and intensive
use of the land have resulted in serious imbalances between
soil  and water. As  a result, erosion  and  sediment,  once
thought of as exclusively rural  problems,  have become
serious problems in urban  and suburban America.
   Despite the fact  that  suburban erosion and sediment
cause extensive pollution of water bodies, cost  millions
annually in  damages to homes, roads and recreational areas,
and in some areas even threaten  domestic water supplies,
very few  localities in the  nation have  organized  and
implemented erosion and sediment control measures. The
purpose of  this  chapter  is  to  describe  the  nature of
man-made erosion and sediment problems in  urban  and
suburban areas, and  to discuss why it is important for local
communities  to  organize erosion  and sediment control
programs.

         DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM

   Sedimentation involves the processes by which mineral
or organic matter is  detached, transported or deposited by
moving water, wind or gravity. The detachment process is
erosion, and the detached particles being  transported or
deposited are considered sediment.
   The amount of sediment yielded on a national scale is
astonishingly high. It is estimated that the total amount of
sediment  moving into the nation's rivers,  lakes, estuaries,
reservoirs,  streams and other water  bodies reaches  four
billion cubic yards each year.' Sediment yields from large
watersheds in many  parts of the country range  from three
to ten  tons  per acre per year.  In addition, the nation's
roadsides produce  over  56  million  tons of sediment
annually.^ The President's Task Force on the Quality of the
Environment reported  that stream channel erosion  moves
sediment into streams at the rate of about 500 million tons
a year.-'  In the nation's reservoirs, annual deposits of
sediment are estimated to exceed  850,000 acre-feet.  4 This
is approximately equivalent to the  combined land area of
Rhode Island and Washington, D.C., one foot deep.
  Erosion and  sediment are expensive problems.  It is
estimated that each year over one-half billion cubic yards of
sediment  are  dredged  from  waterways.^  The  U.S.
Department of Agriculture reports the total cost of such
sediment damage and  dredging to be approximately 500
million  dollars.  In addition,  it  costs approximately  16
million  dollars each year just to remove sediment from
irrigation ditches. These figures do not  take into account
the damages to soil ($800 million annually in agricultural
areas), and to homes, roads, businesses, bridges, yards, and
recreational areas.6

Sources of Sediment

   Soil erosion, the displacement of soil by the force of
moving water, wind, or gravity, accounts for  the greatest
bulk  of suspended materials  in  the nation's waters. In
addition to the fact  that  most sediment is derived from
eroded soil, such erosion is a serious  and costly problem in
itself.  Soil erosion has been referred to as a silent thief
which robs  topsoil from farms, leaves gaping scars in
landscapes, undermines  houses,  roads  and  bridges,  and
contributes to flooding. Soil erosion  and sediment are twin
problems, linked by the pull of gravity. It is not possible to
separate the problem of sediment damage from the problem
of soil erosion. Damage is inflicted at the scene where soil is
eroded,  where  it is washed downstream,  and  where
sediment remains suspended or comes to rest.
   Efforts to control sediment pollution must be concerned
not only with treatment  of water which is already affected
by sediment, but also with controlling the massive amounts
of soil being washed into waterways  each day. The control
of soil erosion is a key element in upgrading the quality of
the nation's water  resources.
   Efforts  to  control  soil  erosion should focus on three
broad categories  of land disturbance. First, it  should be
recognized that a significant proportion of soil erosion is of
the "natural" or geological type.  Natural erosion occurs as
the  result of interaction among various environmental
elements. Land untouched by  man is susceptible to erosion
caused by wind, precipitation, and moving water.
   Man's agricultural, forestry and mining activities produce
another type of erosion.  In the United States, an estimated
three billion tons of soil are washed from cultivated and
overgrazed ranges  each  year.7  Sediment  yields  from
agricultural lands in watersheds along the lower Mississippi,
for example, average  about ten tons per acre per year. In
the Southeast, sediment yields average about seven tons per
acre per year. It  is suggested  by  some  sources that about
one  ton per  acre  per year is an acceptable sediment yield
rate from croplands.^ Therefore,  even though  considerable
success has been achieved in controlling agricultural erosion

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through  scientific  farming  methods  such as  contour
farming,  strip  cropping  and terracing, the amount of soil
eroding  from agricultural lands continues  to be extensive.
  A third cause of soil erosion is associated  with suburban
development. At the present time, more than  4,000 acres of
agricultural land are being converted to other uses daily,
such as houses, roads  and highways, schools, businesses,
industries, and other improvements.^ Development on such
a massive  scale requires  extensive  disturbance  of land
involving the movement of millions of tons of topsoil and
vegetation. As a consequence  of such development, natural
watershed drainage  patterns  are often disrupted  without
providing appropriate compensation.
  Evidence  being   made  available  by current  research
suggests that sediment yields in areas undergoing suburban
development can be as much as five to 500 times greater
than in  rural areas. 10 A report published  in 1963 by the
Interstate  Commission on   the  Potomac   River  Basin
estimated  that  sediment from urban developments  in the
Potomac Basin ran  as high as 50 times that yielded from
agricultural  lands.   In  some  urbanizing areas  along the
Potomac,  the sediment yield  was as much as 39  tons and
more per acre  per year.1'  The 14,870 square miles of land
draining  into   the  Potomac  river  basin,  for  example,
contribute two and one-half million tons of sediment to the
Potomac estuary each year.
                     Erosion in suburbanizing communities may be 500 times greater
                     than in rural areas.
            Sedimentation in Suburbia
                                  FAIRFAX COUNTY, VIRGINIA
   Located  adjacent  to the growing
 Washington,  D.C  metropolitan area,
 Fairfax  County,  Virginia  has  expe-
 rienced   extensive   suburbanization
 during the last ten years. During this
 time,  Fairfax  County  has  changed
 from  a   rural  to  a  predominately
 suburban area.
   The  suburbanization  process   in
 Fairfax County has been characterized
 by massive movement of topsoil, and
 the replacement of natural vegetation
 by streets,  highways, buildings, and
 many other changes. As a result,  many
 areas within  the  county  have been
 inflicted   with  serious  sedimentation
 problems.  One such area is the Lake
 Barcroft  Community  where local citi-
 zens and groups have waged an uphill
 struggle for  several  years  to protect
 their   135-acre  lake  from  massive
 sediment  loads.   The   lake,   which
 constitutes an  aesthetic and recrea-
 tional  community  asset, was found
 several years ago to  be filling in with
 soil  washed  from  unprotected con-
 struction sites upstream.
   Sediment  studies  conducted  on
 Lake  Barcroft  explain   why citizens
 viewed the future of their lake with
 alarm. Technical studies revealed that
 each  square  mile of suburban con-
 struction  upstream  contributed  an
 average of 25,000 tons of sediment to
 the lake.  The deterioration of the lake
 was a threat to its recreational value,
 as well as to the property values.
   Concerned  citizens  and groups  in
 the community organized to combat
 the   sedimentation  problem.   Initial
 efforts   to  stop  sediment   at   its
 source-upstream  construction  sites-
 were  stymied, however,  because no
 legal  provisions   existed  by   which
 sediment producing activities could be
 regulated.  To  save  the  lake,  local
 citizens  and groups  were forced  to
 dredge large loads of sediment. The
 Lake  Barcroft  Community  Associa-
 tion,  in cooperation with other active
 groups,   has  raised  and  spent over
 $300,000  to  remove  sediment from
 the lake  and to  construct improved
 drainage.   Currently,   about  15,000
 cubic yards of sediment  are dredged
from  Lake Barcroft every three years.
  Not content to dredge sediment on
 a  permanent  basis,  local  leaders
mounted  an  effort to  place  legal
responsibility for sediment damage on
the parties causing soil  to erode.  This
effort,  involving   teamwork   among
several local groups, culminated in the
adoption  of  official  erosion  and
sediment  control  measures  by  the
county government in 1966.
   The Fairfax County  sediment  con-
trol program is considered by many to
be one of the most effective  of  such
local  programs  in the nation.  It is
grounded in county law, and is staffed
and  operated   by   existing   local
agencies,   including   the  Northern
Virginia  Soil and Water Conservation
District,  and the County  Department
of Public Works,  the County Planning
Commission, and  the Department of
County Development.
   The experience of Fairfax  County
clearly illustrates  how suburbanization
can   produce  costly   sedimentation
problems, and how these problems can
be brought under control. The  Chapter
on Legal Authority includes a  descrip-
tion  of  how  the  Fairfax  County
sedimentation  control   program  is
operated.
                                                                                                              G3

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   Even after development, erosion and sediment continue
 to plague suburbia. In areas of intense suburban growth, it
 is common for flat surfaces such  as roads,  roofs, parking
 lots, and lawns to replace natural vegetation by close to 100
 per cent. As a result, more water runs much faster off the
 entire  suburban  area  frequently  causing  downstream
 flooding and erosion.
    In addition, a type of sediment, sometimes referred to as
 "sanitation debris," is prevalent  in all urban and urbanizing
 areas. Sanitation debris, or "street litter," consists of dirt
 and dust,  leaves,  twigs,  grass  clippings, tin cans, tree
 branches, material eroded from buildings and  sidewalks,
 fallout of air pollution particles, household refuse and other
 streetwash.  Such litter becomes  sediment pollution when it
 is carried into waterbodies by storm runoff, thawing, or by
 street washing operations.
    The  fact that  street  litter  constitutes a major source of
 water  pollution  is not widely known.  A recent  study
 reports that the average amount  of street  Utter in  those
 areas examined varied from  0.5 to eight  pounds per 100
 feet of curbing per day. * 2
    The  huge  sediment yields in suburbia  clearly illustrate
 that suburban development does not take place in a void,
 but instead occurs within watersheds where  soil and  water
 interact with  intensive force. One inch of rain, for example,
 falling on a one square mile surface  has a total weight of
 about 70,000 tons. 13  This means that a watershed which
 receives 20 inches of rain a year will receive an  impact of
 about 1.4 million tons of water  weight per square mile per
 year.  When soil  is exposed to this force, the  resulting
 damage can be expensive and irreversible.

 Effects of Sediment

    Sediment has many harmful effects on water which serve
 both to impair water quality and to reduce the quantity of
 available water supplies.
    By  interfering with  the penetration of sunlight,  some
 types of sediment particles reduce the capacity  of  water
 organisms to absorb waste materials. As a result, the ability
 of water to purify itself is impaired. The oxygen content of
 water  is  also  reduced  by sediment particles,  which
 endangers the survival of aquatic  life such as fish and plants.
 In  several areas of the- country, excessive silt has covered
 the spawning  beds of fish, causing a decline  in water-based
 industries.
    Sediment also  threatens public health and  safety  by
 carrying radioactive substances, nitrates, pesticides, and
 other  toxic  materials  into  public water  supplies.  In
 addition, harmful bacteria often cling to, or are absorbed
 by, sediment  particles  which pose health dangers to  water
 users. Excessive sedimentation produces stagnant streams,
 lakes and ponds which may endanger community health. In
 the Southeast, for example, many years of effort to control
 mosquito breeding have been lost because  sediment has
 filled  drainage  channels. Public  safety is frequently
 endangered  due  to the many floods occuring each year
 because  sediment has choked flood prevention reservoirs,
 leaving little space for storm waters.
   Excessive sediment also interferes with water treatment
 operations. In the many urban areas having combined storm
 and   sanitary  sewer  systems,  increased  runoff  from
 rainstorms  often overburdens treatment facilities, and,
 consequently, untreated  sewage is carried past treatment
 plants  into rivers. In many such  areas, increased runoff
 caused by  suburban growth has made storm  water and
 sewer systems completely inadequate. This problem  is far
 more  extensive  than  is  generally  realized.  The  Soil
 Conservation Society of America reports that "suspended
 solids reaching  the  nation's  streams  by way  of surface
 runoff are estimated to be at least 700 times the volume of
 sewage discharges."14 In terms of volume, sediment ranks
 above sewage, industrial wastes, and chemical pollution
 combined.
   Sediment also damages  recreational waters,  thereby
 decreasing facilities at a time when the demand for outdoor
 recreation is expected to triple within 30 years. Sediment
 inflicts millions of dollars of damage on homeowners in  the
 form of cleanup and repair costs and in decreased property
 values. During storms, sediment in rushing streams alters
 normal drainage flow which in turn damages trees and other
 plant life. After storms, sediment can be observed  covering
 streets, filling drainage channels and clogging sewer  lines.
   The  cost of water  treatment increases when sediment
 interferes with water supplies. The annual cost of removing
 excess turbidity from public water supplies is estimated to
 be 14 million dollars.15 Suspended sediment can also cause
 damage  to power producing  equipment which  in  turn
 causes higher electricity costs.
   One of the more serious effects of sediment is that it
 causes a considerable amount of water to be displaced in
 the nation's water supply reservoirs.  The cost  of storage
 space  lost to sediment  is high — about  50 million dollars
 annually.16 More importantly, about 850,000 acre feet of
 storage space  is lost at a time when the need for potable
 water supplies is expected to double within 30 years.

              CONTROLLING URBAN
            AND SUBURBAN SEDIMENT
   The causes of urban soil erosion differ considerably from
 the causes of agricultural erosion. In agricultrual areas, soil
 erosion occurs during the activities involved in food and
 fiber  production   and  by other agricultural  activities.  In
 urban  areas, the causes of erosion and sediment are much
 more  complex,   involving  the activities  of  numerous
 organizations  and  different  levels  of  government.
 Homebuilding, for example, is one of the primary causes of
 urban  sediment,  and homebuilding operations  involve a
 complex  series  of  logistical,  administrative,  and  legal
 considerations.  The  construction of highways and other
 public  facilities  have equally  complex  operational
 considerations which  make urban sediment  far  more
 difficult to control than agricultural erosion.

 Technical Means Are Available

   Many  of the   technical  means  by  which  suburban
 sediment and erosion can be controlled are available. While
 soil erosion cannot  be completely controlled,  there are
documented  cases where the  application of  technical
G4

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measures  has decreased  erosion  and  thereby  reduced
sediment by a significant  amount. Current research and
experimentation suggest that many of the same techniques
used successfully to control erosion in agricultural areas are
similarly  effective  in  urban  areas.  The  Chapter  on
Implementation  and  Control  discusses  some  of  these
techniques. What is most urgently needed at this time is the
development  and adoption of the  organization procedures
which can muster and apply the technical knowledge that is
available.
Erosion and Sediment Are Local Problems
   Erosion  and sediment inflict heavy damages upon local
governments, businesses and citizens.  The financial costs to
local communities caused by these  problems have  been
staggering in many areas. These costs are born by the local
communities  either  through  higher  taxes  or  direct
expenditures to  repair damage to private property. Many of
these costs are unnecessary in that through proper planning
and organization, much of the damage can be orevented.
   Increasingly, it  is  being recognized  that  local officials
must assume their share  of the responsibility for managing
the  natural resources of  their  community. The federal and
state   governments  can  and do offer guidelines  and
assistance  to local  areas. However,  the  bulk  of  the
responsibility for  proper management of the environment
must   come  from  local  leaders,  concerned  citizens,
professional  conservationists, businesses, industries,  and
most importantly, local officials. The role of local officials
is important in  this connection because they are primarily
responsible for making the policy decisions with  regard to
how local  resources are allocated and used. As the demand
on local resources, such as land, increases, the demand for
wise decisions with regard to their use will also  increase.
                     SUMMARY

  This chapter explains, in general terms,  the nature and
extent of the erosion and sediment problems facing this
nation's  growing  urban and  suburban  areas.  There  are
several important points which deserve to  be emphasized.
  An important characteristic of the sedimentation process
is that, although the  problem is widespread in the United
States, not all areas are affected in the same way or to the
same  extent. Many areas undergoing suburban development
have  experienced erosion or  sediment  problems- only to a
limited degree, while in other areas they are very serious
and costly.  Types of problems also vary. Some areas, such
as portions  of the West Coast, may be  primarily  concerned
with  mud  slides, whereas other  localities may have  no
erosion problem, but instead receive heavy sediment loads
from   localities upstream.  Still  other  areas  experience
problems with sediment pollution from mining activities.
  In  addition, it  is important that the soil erosion  and
sediment problem  in this country should be  viewed as
constituting  a  substantial  portion  of  the  overall
deterioration  of  our environment. Although  it  is  not
universally  recognized  as  such,  sediment  is a  pollutant.
Many authorities clearly indicate that sediment has several
of  the  same effects  on water  as  do  the  more  widely
recognized  pollutants. In  connection  with this,   it  is
important to note that sediment pollution  is a much more
extensive problem than is generally recognized.  Moreover,
as the nation's population climbs to a predicted 300 million
by   the  year  2000,  sediment  pollution caused  by
development, redevelopment, and  construction activities
will  increase on a massive scale, unless effective control
programs are implemented.
  Streambank erosion caused by careless development quickly becomes pollution.
                                                                                                               G5

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    1. Environmental Currents, "Sediment is the Nation's Main Water Pollution Burden." Environmental Sci. and Techno!., 2, 993 (1968),
         Cited in "Bottom Deposits," Journal Federal Water Pollution Control Federation, Annual Literature Review, 41 (June, 1969),
         1093.

    2. D.A. Williams,  "A No-Man's Land in Erosion Control," Soil Conservation,  U.S. Department of Agriculture, XXXII (April, 1967),
         215.

    3. Ibid.

    4. Position Statement by Sub-Committee to Develop Position Statement, Cornelius A. VanDoren, Chairman. Soil Conservation Society
         of America, (No Date), p. 1.

    5.  "Sediment: It's  Filling  Harbors, Lakes  and Roadside  Ditches," Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture
         Information Bulletin No. 324, December, 1967, 3.

    6. American Water Resources Association. Proceedings of the Second Annual American Water Resources Conference (University of
         Chicago, November, 1966), p.82.

    7. W.E. Bullard, "Effects of Land Use on Water Resources," Journal  Water Pollution Control Federation, (April, 1966), 646.

    8. American Water Resources Association. Proceedings of the Second Annual American Water Resources Conference (University of
         Chicago, November, 1966) p. 80.

    9. Address by Assistant Secretary of the Interior, Carl L. Klein before the  National Conference on Sediment Control, Washington, D.C.,
         September, 1969.

    10. Position Statement by    Sub-Committee  to Develop Position Statement,  Cornelius A. Van Doren,  Chairman. Soil Conservation
         Society of America, (No Date), p. 1.

    11. A Program for Sediment Control in  the  Washington Metropolitan Region. Interstate Commission on  the Potomac River Basin,
         Technical Bulletin 1963-1 (Washington, D.C., 1963), p. 18.

    12. U.S. Department  of Interior, Federal Water Pollution  Control Administration, Water Pollution Aspects of  Urban Runoff, Final
         Report on The Causes and Remedies of Water Pollution from Surface Drainage of Urban Areas-Research Project No. 120, by the
         American Public Works Association. Water Pollution Control Research Series WP-20-11 (January, 1969), p. 2.

    13. Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin,  "Urban Sediment Can be Controlled," Proceedings of Winter Meeting (College
         Park, Maryland, February,  1966) p. 19.

    14. Position Statement by Sub-Committee to Develop Position Statement, Cornelius A. VanDoren, Chairman. Soil Conservation Society
         of America, (No Date) p. 1.

   15. American Water Resources Association. Proceedings of the Second Annual American Water Resources Conference (University of
         Chicago, November, 1966), p. 82.

   16. Ibid.
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                                                                                                chapter  two
        Organizing  an Erosion  and Sediment  Control  Program
  Despite the  fact  that  erosion  and  sediment  cause
extensive pollution of water bodies, cost millions annually
in damages to homes, roads and recreational areas, and in
some areas even threaten domestic water supplies, very few
localities in  the  nation have  organized and  implemented
erosion  and  sediment  control  measures. Organizing  an
erosion  and sediment control program in  suburban  and
urban areas is a difficult task.  There are several reasons for
this, the primary one being that controlling soil erosion
requires that certain limitations be placed  on various kinds
of land use. This procedure involves issues that are political
and administrative as well as scientific and technical.
  Some  areas experiencing heavy sediment yields have,
nevertheless,  succeeded  in bringing the problem .under
control  to a substantial  extent.  This  suggests that  the
problem of controlling erosion and sediment is not  lack of
technical capability,  but  instead  is a  matter  of  human
initiative, and of determining how technical knowledge can
be organized,  financed,  administered,  and  implemented.
The  purpose of this  chapter  is to discuss  some  of the
organizational problems associated with  controlling erosion
and  sediment and to describe some of the methods by
which control efforts can be organized at the local level.

                   ORGANIZING
        FOR SEDIMENTATION CONTROL
  The purpose of organizing for  erosion  and sediment
control  is  to  provide a  consistent, comprehensive,  and
effective method of controlling erosion and sediment while,
at the same time, causing  as little disruption as possible to
normal  suburban  and  urban  development  and
redevelopment. The organized approach stands in contrast
to control efforts  which  do not coordinate all activities.
groups,  individuals, and agencies which have a bearing on
the erosion and sediment problem.
  Sedimentation control  programs  may  be  organized in
many different ways. Regardless of the organizational form
used, control programs should consider two  basic factors.
  The first  condition to  be considered is the nature and
extent of erosion and sediment problems. This means that
research  must be conducted to  determine where and how
much soil is being eroded, what the effects of sediment are,
and what control measures can be taken.
  Another basic factor which must be considered when
organizing a  sedimentation control program  is what legal
guidelines — federal, state and local -  are relevant. Local
governments  need  to  determine what  authority  exists
before organizing, and if  local  authority to organize  is
lacking, it will  be  necessary to obtain  it  through  state
enabling legislation. For more  information  on  legal
guidelines, see the Chapter on Legal Authority.
         THE TASK FORCE APPROACH

  Establishing  control  over   suburban  and  urban
sedimentation  may be difficult because a control program
affects many  different groups  within a metropolitan or
suburban setting.  Efforts  to control erosion and sediment
may  affect land  use,  land-use  planning,  construction
activities, drainage control policies, and the zoning process.
Developers,  conservation  agencies, citizens groups, water
management organizations,  local  and state governments,
and  in cases  where  inter-state waters are affected, the
federal government will all have an interest in, or may be
affected by, a sedimentation control program.
   By organizing a task force, composed of representatives
of these groups, it is possible to develop a control program
which will  encourage the  involvement of many community
interests.  This approach, referred to  as  the  task  force
approach, has been used  successfully  by  several  counties,
and it offers several advantages.
   First,  by  involving  as many  groups  as  possible, the
chances are lessened that the program will separate those
who  cause  sedimentation problems from those  who are
attempting to correct them. In  most cases, these  positions
are not clear, and, in many  cases,  they are interchangeable;
that is,  those  who create sediment, such as homebuilders,
may also be attempting to control  sediment, and those who
are  responsible  for  controlling sediment, such as local
governments, are  also causing it. Thus, a value of the task
force approach is  that it helps to promote a unified and
realistic  recognition of  the  nature  of the erosion and
sediment problem.
   Another reason for obtaining  involvement  of diverse
groups  in  the control program  is  that  the  manpower
resources available  to  the  program can  be  increased by
utilizing  personnel from various participating groups. To be
effective,  a  sediment  control   program  requires
professionally  trained  personnel,  such as soil  scientists,
agronomists,  hydrology experts, and  engineers. The  task
force approach makes available personnel trained in various
disciplines  when  they  are needed.  For  example, soil
scientists and other technically trained personnel are often
available on  a cooperative  basis  from local conservation
districts; and  hydrology  experts  are  available  from state
departments  of water resources; departments  of  public
works are normally staffed  with professional engineers,  as
are the  homebuilding organizations; and planning agencies
can  contribute professional planners  from their  staffs.
Citizens groups are also sources of manpower and can carry
out  important responsibilities  in  connection with  public
education programs.
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  With this trained manpower available, the task force can
coordinate  and carry out  much  of the initial research
needed to develop a control program; such as research on
the physical  and legal factors discussed above. Another
reason for encouraging involvement is to  reduce resistance.
When several groups work together to solve erosion  and
sediment problems, the resulting control program is likely
to be more  effective. This is so  because when a  group
participates in the planning and organization of a program,
they are less likely to object to the implementation of the
program.

   THE ROLE  OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN
  ORGANIZING THE TASK FORCE PROGRAM
    (1) formal recognition by local elected officials
        of  the need  for erosion  and sediment
        control;
    (2) formulation  of administrative and  legal
        controls;
    (3) assignment of  specific  responsibilities to
        local agencies;
    (4) provisions  for  on-site  inspection  of
        sedimentation  control  efforts, including
        provisions for  maintenance   of  control
        devices;
    (5) program evaluation.

  Each of these aspects  is  discussed in more detail below.
   Establishing control over erosion and sediment involves
 making decisions with regard to how local resources are to
 be planned, allocated and used. Specifically,  a sediment
 control program will frequently affect land use policy, the
 quality of water resources, and will require the use of local
 funds to support the control effort.
   A sedimentation control program therefore represents a
 form of soil and water resource management which must be
 regarded as an important responsibility of local government
 officials. The primary responsibility of local officials is to
 develop the organizational and procedural forms for gaining
 control  over  erosion and sediment,  and to  assume a
 leadership  role  in  the  control program.  The following
 information describes some  of the important aspects of
 organizing a control program on a task force basis.
   Development  of  a comprehensively  organized program
 should include the following five aspects:
A Formal Recognition

  Formal recognition of the need for erosion and sediment
control by local elected officials  serves several purposes,
each of which is  important  to effective  control. First,
formal recognition represents  an  official statement that
erosion and sediment  problems do exist. In order for local
agencies to effectively control  erosion and  sediment, they
will  need   the  support of  local officials  who have  the
responsibility  for  making  policy decisions  related   to
land-use activities.  Second,  a  formal  recognition by local
officials serves the  purpose of  establishing the position of
the  "public interest" in  favor of erosion and  sediment
control. This, in effect, forms the justification for specific
legislation  designed to control erosion and  sediment. A
third purpose served  by a formal recognition of control is
related to timing.  Once erosion occurs, and sediment is
                                   SEDIMENT CONTROL RESOLUTION

                                            COUNTY COUNCIL
                                 MONTGOMERY COUNTY, MARYLAND
     WHEREAS. The people of the county have recognized
 the problems of soil erosion by creating the Montgomery
 Soil Conservation District,  now  operating a  voluntary
 conservation program in the open areas of the county, and
     WHEREAS. The shifting of land use in Montgomery
 County  from agriculture  to  urban and  suburban
 development has substantially increased silt and sediment
 problems on the lands and in the streams and lakes in the
 county and in the Potomac River, and
     WHEREAS. Sediment from  developments has been
 declared a pollutant within the meaning of Art. 96A Ann.
 Code of Maryland 1957 Ch. 73, Laws of Md. 1964 entitled,
 "Water Resources", (a legal opinion by the office of the
 Attorney General of Maryland) and
     WHEREAS. Property owners suffering  unreasonable
 damage from sediment deposition or flooding of property
 at downstream  sites as a result of disturbance of watershed
 areas upstream often must seek protection  by the courts
 against such damages.
NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED:
  1.  That  it is the policy  of Montgomery County,
      Maryland, to provide for control of soil erosion
      particularly in the urbanizing areas of the county
      by the  adoption and implementation  of  a
      Sediment  Control Program  for developments on
      the public and private lands of the county.

  2.  That the various departments and branches of the
      county  government  are directed  to develop
      policies and  procedures  and  to  implement this
      program and  the Builders Advisory Committee is
      requested  to work with the county agencies and
      the builders to assist in this work.

  3.  That   the landowners and  developers of
      Montgomery  County are urged to cooperate in
      this program  and  to abide by its procedures and
      regulations.
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yielded, prevention is impossible, and costly repairs usually
result. A formal recognition of control serves to notify the
general  public that, henceforth, efforts will be made  to
control erosion and sediment.
  A formal recognition of the need for control is not in
itself normally legally binding. It closely  resembles  an
official  policy  statement  which  establishes a  non-legal
position that local officials vote to assume. Such a position,
however, can serve as  a basis for subsequently establishing
specific legal responsibilities.
Formulation of Administrative and Legal Controls
  It is not usually possible to develop a sedimentation con-
trol  program  within  a  short  period  of time. Hastily
                   developed provisions may be ineffective if they are either
                   too  demanding  or  not demanding enough.  One
                   characteristic of successful control programs now in opera-
                   tion  is  that  the  legal  provisions and administrative
                   procedures  which  constitute  the backbone  of  control
                   programs have not been abruptly imposed but instead have
                   been  developed to their present form over a long period of
                   time.
                      Compliance with  sediment control legislation will  be
                   difficult to enforce unless the community is aware of and
                   understands the need for regulation. A period of time will
                   be needed  for the members of the community to become
                   acquainted with the control program  and how  it affects
                   them. This  time  period   can  also  be  used   to  make
       Organizing a Program
   Contiguous  with  the  District of
 Columbia, Montgomery County,
 Maryland  is  experiencing a large
 measure  of the expanding suburban
 development  of the  Washington
 Metropolitan area.  Development  has
 produced the problem of excessive
 erosion of soil with losses ranging up
 to 2,300 tons per square mile per year
 in  some watersheds;  while   smaller
 areas lose soil at many  times this rate.
 This is due to the rolling topography,
 the intensity of rainfall, the  erodibility
 of the  soils,  and  the  extent and
 duration  of exposure  of  bare  soils
 during development.
   Control for  the resulting sediment
 began  receiving serious   county
 attention with initiation of the Rock
 Creek  Watershed  Project  in  June,
 1964.  The project  was  designed to
 create two multipurpose lakes through
 the construction of two dams. Prior to
 construction  of the second dam,
 Maryland  Soil  Conservation   Service
 officials  became acquainted  with
 serious damage caused by sediment to
 Lakes  Barer oft and Accotink  in
 Fairfax  County,  Virginia.  The
 similarity of these lakes to the planned
 multipurpose lakes of the Rock Creek
 Watershed Project was noted.  In an
 effort to prevent similar damage in the
 Rock  Creek  Watershed Project,  the
 Soil  Conservation  Service  requested
 the  Montgomery  County  Council to
 state its  zoning  and erosion  control
 enforcement  intentions in  the
 watershed  above both  dams as  a
 condition  to federal funding  of the
 second   dam.  Subsequently,  the
 County  Council appointed a sediment
                            MONTGOMER Y COUNTY, MAR YLAND
control  task force consisting of the
following agencies:

    1.   Suburban  Maryland
        Home  Builders
        A ssociation,
        representing land
        developers  and  the
        building industry;
    2.   Mary land-National
        Capital  Park  and
        Planning  Commission,
        the  bi-county  agency
        responsible  for  the
        preparation  of Master
        Plans  and  the
        administration  of
        zoning and subdivision
        regulations;
    3.   Montgomery  Soil
        Conservation  District,
        the agency charged with
        the  responsibility for
        the promotion  of wise
        land  use and adequate
        land  treatment  for
        erosion control;
    4.   Washington  Suburban
        Sanitary  Commission, a
        bi-county  agency
        responsible  for
        providing sewer  and
        water facilities.


   In  the  Spring of  1965,  the  task
force presented a voluntary  sediment
control  program  to the  County
 Council.  On  June  29,  1965,  the
sediment  control program developed
by the  task  force  became county
policy  by adoption of Montgomery
 County  Council  Resolution
 No. 5-1954. County department heads
 were  charged with responsibility  for
 developing  in-house  policies  and
 procedures designed to implement this
 program.  The  Council  solicited  the
 voluntary cooperation of the building
 industry.
   Experience  with the  voluntary
 program  indicated the  need  for
 improving  compliance  with  its
 principles during private construction
 activities.   Thus,  two  years after
 sediment control  became a  stated
 county  policy  it  also  became
 mandatory through adoption by  the
 County Council of amendment (i) to
 sectionl 04-24  of  the  "Subdivision
 Regulations  for  the
 Maryland-Washington  Regional
 District within Montgomery County.  "
 The  amendment designates   the
 Montgomery  Soil  Conservation
 District as the  technical authority in
 the  program and  the  county
 department of public works as  the
 agency  responsible for ensuring that
 developers install  sediment  control
 measures approved by the district.
   Formal review of the first full year
 of operation  of  the  mandatory
 program  by the task force resulted in
further education efforts and a general
 tightening up of enforcement  efforts.
 This  was followed by  additional
 training for inspection personnel  of
 the  county  department  of  public
 works,  with a view toward promoting
a better understanding of the technical
principles  of erosion and sediment
control,  and  an  improvement  in
enforcement.
                                                                                                            G9

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adjustments  in  the  program to  meet  unanticipated
problems. Accordingly,  it may prove helpful to launch the
program on a voluntary basis in order that various parties
can make  appropriate  adjustments. Legal provisions  and
administrative procedures can then be made more firm at a
later date when initial difficulties have been worked out. A
balanced  and  flexible  approach  at  this  stage of  the
program's  development  may   be  important  to  overall
success.
   For many types of urban and suburban erosion, controls
may be implemented by  placing appropriate stipulations
within  subdivision regulations.  These  stipulations set in
motion a series of administrative and operational activities
designed  to control  sediment  yields  by limiting erosion
from   subdivision  construction  sites.  Some local
governments  have curtailed erosion and sediment from
housing  developments by   stipulating  within their
subdivision regulations that  homebuilders  must include
within their  preliminary subdivision  plans  adequate
conservation provisions. The preliminary plans are reviewed
by  appropriate local  agencies  for  approval  and
recommendation. In this  way,  protection against erosion
and sediment is built into the subdivision planning process
and protection can be provided  before construction begins.
   It may be necessary to make use of grading regulations in
 cases where grading of land will contribute to the erosion
 and sediment  problem. The bulk of urban  and  suburban
 sediment  is derived  from land that is graded,  then  left
 exposed   for  weeks,  months,  or  even  years  before
 construction begins. Timing of the phases.of construction is
 an extremely  important  factor in preventing erosion. A
 basic principle of prevention is to leave a minimum amount
 of land exposed for the shortest  time practical.
   Grading regulations  may  also be used to regulate such
 practices as construction during rainy seasons; the depth to
 which  grading operations may cut  the soil; the  use of
 borrow pits; filling and sloping operations; and may require
 that grading be  carried out with respect for topographical
 features  and  natural   vegetative  cover. Normally,  the
administration of grading regulations is a function of the
 department of public works.
   In addition  to subdivision and grading regulations, other
administrative and legal  methods that  local governments
 can use  to help  control sedimentation include drainage
 regulations, land-use planning, and certain types of zoning.
 Drainage regulations can be used to  ensure that adequate
 storm drainage systems are provided in all new subdivisions.
 It is  important that  these drainage systems be capable of
accommodating the changed hydrology of the watershed as
development progresses.
   Planning and zoning  are closely related to sedimentation
control  efforts.  Most importantly, land-use planning and
zoning need to be premised on soil and water capabilities.
Because the  relationship  between sedimentation control
efforts and planning and zoning is complex, it is discussed
in more detail in the Chapter on Planning For Erosion and
Sediment Control.
Assignment of Responsibilities
   Once appropriate regulations  are adopted, they will need
to be  implemented   by assigning  administrative
Here, soil erosion caused by water is a result of the construction of a
new school on sloping land, with no provision for erosion of for
sediment control.

responsibilities  to  local  agencies.  The  administrative
assignments may  differ from place to place in accordance
with  physical,  historical,  legal, political,  organizational,
financial, and demographic variations.
   Under  the  task  force   approach, responsibility   for
administering controls is shared  by several local agencies. A
frequently  used  approach  is  to  require  that  the  local
planning  commission  review  the  subdivision  plans to
evaluate   the  probable  effectiveness  of  erosion  control
measures  proposed by the  builder. Frequently,  copies of
the subdivision plans are made available to the department
of public works where they are reviewed for erosion control
(as well  as for other  items) by professional engineers. In
some control  programs,  subdivision   plans  are   also
forwarded to local conservation districts where soils experts
and other  professionals review proposed control measures
and  make recommendations  for  improvement when
necessary.  Other local agencies, such as  sewer and water
agencies, are sometimes also included in the review process.
This process is illustrated in  Figure 1.
   There  are sources of erosion and sediment other  than
those which are caused by private developers. Construction
and use  of public  facilities, suoh as sewers and public
buildings  and  especially highways are major causes of
suburban  and urban soil erosion. To be effective, a control
program will need to control these as well as others.
   Highway erosion is widespread in the United States, and
various technical means have  been  developed  to   help
control this costly problem.  In many instances, highway
departments can receive technical assistance from  local
conservation agencies. This  is sometimes arranged  by
intergovernmental agreements  between  appropriate  local
agencies. Intergovernmental agreements can also be used in
efforts to  control  erosion from   construction of public
facilities,  such  as schools and other  public buildings,  and
sewers. In addition, intergovernmental agreements can be
employed  to  coordinate municipal and  county  erosion
control efforts.  This  aspect  of  a  control  program  is
discussed in the Chapter on Legal Authority.
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    Figure 1
                                    How Subdivision Plans May Be Reviewed for
                                           Erosion and Sediment Control •
                                              Federal — State Standards
                                                  Local Government
                                  Statement of policy in support of soil erosion and sediment
                                  control (may be legislated into county code)
                                      Subdivision regulations require erosion and
                                      sediment measures in subdivision plans
   Planning Commission
   Reviews plans for erosion and
   sediment control
           Department of Public Works

           Reviews plans for erosion and sediment
           control and issues grading permit
                Conservation District
                Reviews plans for erosion and
                sediment control
        Sewer and Water Agency

        Reviews plans for drainage control
    The chart illustrates how, in the task force approach, various local agencies share erosion and sediment responsibilities with regard
  to subdivision developments. Note that  responsibilities may be assigned in whole,  or in part, in accordance with the  specific
  capabilities possessed by each agency. This process should not be permitted to cause unnecessary delay in review schedules. (Chart is
  illustrative only, as structures may vary throughout the United States)
   In order to achieve comprehensive erosion and sediment
control, sediment from public as well as private causes will
need to be curtailed. It is important that public agencies set
an example by  controlling sediment caused  by their  own
construction activities. The financing of private and public
control is discussed in the chapter on Finances.
On-Site Inspection and Maintenance

  Providing a capability  to conduct on-site inspections of
development and construction activities is an important
function  of local government. The inspection function
provides, assurance that on-site activities are proceeding in
compliance with approved  plans, and applicable rules and
regulations.
  With regard to erosion and sediment control, inspection
ensures  that  erosion  and sediment control measures,
specified in approved project plans, are properly provided,
and  that  unanticipated  sedimentation  problems  are
compensated for.  The inspection function for  erosion and
sediment  control  may   be  made  part  of  the  normal
 inspection  procedures of  the  local government, utilizing
 existing  agencies  and personnel.  Crucial,  however,  to
 effective on-site inspection is proper personnel training in
 various aspects of sedimentation control.
   Maintenance of control measures should also be provided
 for  in the  program.  When developing an  organizational
 structure  for  sedimentation   control,  maintenance re-
 sponsibilities  should  be   made a  part  of  the general
 maintenance operations of the  local government, utilizing
 existing agencies and personnel. Again it  should  be noted
 that training of personnel will  be  essential. For  more in-
 formation on  personnel  training,  and  on various
 maintenance operations, see the Chapter on  Personnel and
 the Chapter on  Implementation and Control, respectively.

 Program Evaluation

   Another  important component of a  control program is
perodic evaluation of its overall  effectiveness. An objective
assessment  of  the program's effectiveness can lead  to a
determination  of what modifications may be needed to
improve erosion and sediment control.
                                                                                                                  Gil

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  The  evaluation  process  should  address  at  least  the
following items:

    (1) Estimation of  how  much  erosion  and
        sediment have been  reduced as a result of
        the program, and an  analysis of how far the
        program  has gone   toward  reaching  its
        objectives.
    (2) What  are the strong  and weak parts of the
        program.
    (3) What  are  the   operational needs  of the
        program during  the next evaluation period.
    (4) What  organizational  or administrative
         improvements are needed.

   It may  be desirable for local  government officials to
encourage  the  participation of various groups in carrying
out  the  evaluation  process.  An  "evaluation committee"
could be formed which could  be assigned responsibility for
conducting periodic  evaluations. The evaluation committee
should  have  members  skilled in  both the technical and
administrative  aspects  of sedimentation  control.  The
committee  might  include  local elected  officials,  the
sedimentation  task  force members,  representatives from
conservation  groups such as  the Isaac  Walton League,
citizens' organizations, and other interested groups.
   Too often, the evaluation phase of program, is regarded
as  being  unimportant.  In  programs  dealing with
environmental  control, however,  it  is essential that  the
political,  administrative and  technical  factors  which
contribute to success (or  failure)  be identified. In erosion
and  sediment  control  programs,  the  evaluation  results
should lead to periodic updating and improvement  of the
program, allowing it  to adjust to meet the changing needs
of the soil and water conditions in the watershed.
  Adequate financing for the control program is important.
Sufficient  funding should  be  provided  for control  of
sedimentation from private  and  public sources, and  funds
should be allocated for all phases of the program, including
administration,  planning, operations,  inspection and
evaluation. Financial  and technical  assistance is  available
from  several  sources,  at the local, state and federal levels..
For  more  information on finance see the  Chapter on
Finances.

                     SUMMARY
   Suburban and urban  sedimentation  is a relatively  new
 problem in the United States. Additional technical research
 is needed  in several areas, such as in the field of sediment
 measuring  techniques,  developing -accurate  cost-benefit
 analyses,  assessing the total  impact  of suburbanization on
 watershed hydrology, and in other important  technical
 areas.  Generally,  however,  technical  knowledge  has
 advanced  beyond   organizational  knowledge.  What  is
 required   now   is  a  general  understanding  of  how
 organizational forms can be developed and implemented to
 effectively  deploy  control  measures.  This  chapter  has
 attempted  to  describe  some considerations involved in
 organizing  a  control  program and  has  discussed some
 specific organizational structures that may be suitable, with
 modifications, to a variety of local situations.
   The task force approach to organization outlined above
 represents only  one  pattern that  may be employed in
 efforts  to  control sediment. The  experiences  of several
 communities using the task force approach, indicate that it
 is  an attractive  organizational  format  which  helps to
 promote the community involvement and cooperation  that
 is necessary for effective  sedimentation control.
 The ditch running along side this road was not large enough to carry the spring flow of water.
G 12

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                                                                                               chapter three
                                    Areawide  Approaches
   Erosion  and  sediment are  twin problems  which are
areawide in  scope. In most cases, soil erosion affects a
specific geographical plot and can therefore be considered a
local  problem. Sediment, however, is mobile  and often
inflicts  damage during transport and at sites far from its
original source.  This chapter  discusses  several areawide
aspects  of  erosion  and  sediment, and describes some
existing  areawide  organizational  patterns  that may  be
involved in sedimentation control.

               FUNDAMENTALS OF
          THE AREAWIDE APPROACH
   Due to the variety of this nation's physical, political,
legal  and   demographic  characteristics,  no absolute
definition of areawide is possible.  For the purpose of this
report,  however, areawide may be defined as  a physical
area,  the boundaries of which  are determined by natural
water drainage patterns.  This definition implies no specific
geographic  size except that  which is determined by  the
water drainage area. Thus, an areawide unit may or may not
cross  political boundaries. An  areawide approach might
include  parts of several states, a metropolitan area, several
counties, or one county.
   The watershed is the basic  building block of the areawide
approach. This  is true  for several  reasons,  the  most
important  being  that   the characteristics  of a  given
watershed determine  the direction and  speed of water
drainage flow. The watershed, therefore,  is  the  basic
geographical unit which  determines the nature and extent
of erosion and sediment  problems.  Soil types, topography,
and the disruptive activities of man are  also  important
determinants.

Advantages of the Areawide Approach

   One of the major advantages of the areawide approach is
that it promotes control over an area equal to the scope of
the problem  as it  exists. Using the areawide approach, a
control  program can be  tailored to the physical (drainage
area)  dimensions of the  problem rather than to political
jurisdictions.
   Depending upon the scope of the problem, programs of a
strictly  local nature may not be  capable of establishing
control  over all  aspects  of erosion and sediment.   For
example, local communities may  spend  large sums  of
money to dredge sediment carried to them from upstream
sources, but unless upstream erosion is controlled, sediment
damage  may  occur on  a  permanent  basis.  Removing
sediment should not be interpreted  as controlling sediment
damage.
   The basic advantage of the areawide approach is that, in
many  cases,  it results in more effective control over the
total erosion and sediment problem. The areawide approach
offers  several additional advantages,  briefly  described as
follows.
   Economic  efficiency. Although  little research had been
done  on  the  economics  of erosion  and sediment, it is
feasible to expect  that  areawide  control  programs may
result in significant  savings. Overlapping operations may be
avoided, and, in some cases, the areawide approach provides
an opportunity  for  cost-sharing. In  addition, federal
assistance  is often geared to areawide programs.
   Uniform operational procedures The areawide approach
can make  it possible to apply uniform operational controls
to on-site  sediment-producing activities within a large area.
This   should  enhance  overall  sedimentation control
effectiveness by ensuring that the benefits derived from the
use of proper operations in one area will not be offset by
inadequately  protected  activities in another  area.  In
addition,  consistency  in  the application of operational
control mechanisms  will  make  it  easier  to  judge  the
effectiveness of specific control measures.
   Administrative efficiency. Under the areawide approach,
uniform administrative procedures  can be developed  which
will  help  to avoid overlapping  administrative functions.
Responsibilities  for  carrying out  various aspects  of the
control  program,  such   as planning, inspection  and
maintenance, and others, can be  systematically assigned.
This approach will simplify the task of developing a central
source of information (research  and development results,
reports, etc.) on  the  sedimentation problems in the area,
which  is likely to promote a better  understanding of the
erosion  and  sediment  control   program,  and  on  the
adjustments needed to achieve more effective control.
   Planning.  Planning  for control  on  an areawide basis is
preferred over fragmented  planning. Fragmented planning
cannot accommodate the interrelated nature of watersheds
and is likely to omit  problems  of erosion and sediment
having their  source outside the  planning area. Areawide
planning is more  comprehensive and therefore, is likely to
lead to more effective control.

Disadvantages of the Areawide Approach

   Accountability.  The  question  of  fiscal  and political
accountability is usually considered when areawide agencies
are assigned  functions  which affect  local communities.
Experience has  shown,  however,  that this  problem is
surmountable, and accountability can be maintained as long
as a spirit of multi-jurisdictional cooperation exists.
                                                                                                           G 13

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     Developing Areawide Information
                          SANTA CLARA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
   In 1950, Santa Clara County was an
 agriculturally oriented community of
 291,000. Today it is an urban complex
 of over one million.  Local planners
 estimate   that  the  population  will
 increase another one million by 1990.
   The county is located within Santa
 Qara Valley which is bordered on the
 west by the Santa Cruz Mountains and
 on  the east by  the Black Mountains.
 The increasing population has pushed
 and  continues  to  push  residential
 development up from the valley floor
 into the hilly and mountainous areas.
 Development, however,  has fostered
 several environmental   problems
 including hillside erosion.
   A major step toward controlling this
 problem,  and thereby  protecting
 watersheds and  natural water courses,
 was the preparation and publication of
a  "Hillside Development  Guide"-a
manual on soil and water conservation
problems  associated with building on
hilly terrain of  the county.  Detailed
guidelines are  given on the needs of
domestic and  fire-control  water
supplies,  building foundation stability,
sewage disposal, and erosion hazards as
related to soil resources.
   The guide  brought  together
information  and  recommendations
from  various  governmental  agencies
including Santa  Clara   County
Departments of Planning, Health, and
Public  Works; County Fire  Marshal;
Cooperative Extension  Service;  Soil
Conservation   Service;  California
Division  of Forestry; and planning
departments of the cities of San Jose,
Saratoga, and Palo Alto.
  Nonagricultural and engineering
interpretations  of soils are based on
criteria  developed  through  the
cooperation of the  county's soil
conservation  district  with
representatives of private  engineering,
planning,  and landscape architectural
firms.
  As a  result of  this joint  effort,
consultants  now  view  the  soil
conservation  district as  an associate
and cooperator rather than a potential
competitor  in  planning,  engineering,
and landscaping phases  of  hillside
development.
  In 1967, the California State Senate
Fact  Finding  Committee  on  Local
Government, included the guide in its
annual  report-a  report  distributed
statewide to city and county planning
officials as an example of cooperative
planning and development.
    Legal authority.  Most areawide organizations lack  the
 legal authority to implement  programs. This is a serious
 obstacle when local communities do not make an effort to
 support acceptable  areawide programs. It should be noted
 that any agency whether areawide or local, will need proper
 legal authority to participate  in  a  control program. The
 Chapter on Legal Authority discusses this in more detail.


            AREAWIDE ORGANIZATIONS

    Areawide erosion and sediment control programs do not
 normally exist as autonomous operational or administrative
 units. Instead, erosion and sediment control programs are
 usually  made operational by  assigning specific control
 responsibilities to one or more areawide agencies already
 having similar duties. Examples of such areawide agencies
 might  include  councils of governments,  flood  control
 districts,   regional  or  county planning  commissions,
 conservation districts, sewer and water agencies and  river
 basin  agencies.   Erosion  and  sediment  control
 responsibilities, in whole, or in  part, may be  assigned to
 these agencies in accordance  with  their  relationship to
 erosion  and sediment problems, and in accordance  with
 their manpower capabilities and jurisdictional authority.
 The  following is a brief  description  of  some areawide
 organizations and a discussion  of  how they may share
 erosion and sediment control responsibilities.
 Special Districts
   Special  districts  are  organized  entities  possessing  a
 structural form, an official name, perpetual succession, the
 right to sue and be sued, to enter into contracts, and obtain
 and dispose of property. Their  officers are publicly elected
                     or appointed by public officials. Moreover, they normally
                     have considerable fiscal and  administrative  independence
                     from general purpose governments.
                       The  legal authority  of special districts to build, acquire,
                     and operate works of improvement for controlling surface
                     runoff  and  sedimentation may be provided for in some
                     state constitutions  containing  provisions enabling their
                     creation. Such provisions normally are not self executing
                     and  further legislation  is necessary before a  district is
                     created.
                       While special districts can  be a useful tool for providing
                     services,   they  usually  have  drawbacks. Two major
                     drawbacks are:

                         (1) A  lack of mandatory  coordination  with
                             other governmental  programs and Activities.
                         (2) A tendency to perpetuate themselves after
                             they  have  provided a service  that is not
                             handled by an existing gQvernment.

                       A type of special district which avoids these drawbacks is
                     the dependent  district. In California, flood control districts
                     are illustrative. These districts have provided leadership in
                     coordinating the activities of local agencies with the federal
                     government in connection with the flood control program
                     of the  U.S.  Army Corps  of Engineers  and  the  Soil
                     Conservation  Service  of  the  U.S.  Department   of
                     Agriculture; and in coordinating district activities with
                     state, county, city, and private agencies in so far as storm
                     drain  bond  issues  and flood  control  programs  are
                     concerned.
                       Generally, flood  control districts  are  concerned with
                     overall  water  management  in  relation  to  flood water
                     control, water  supply, water  distribution (water pipelines,
G14

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etc.)  and water usage. In fulfilling these responsibilities,
flood control districts may  perform one or more of the
following  activities:   water  drainage   planning;  drainage
policy coordination;  financing drainage systems; and the
construction,  operation  and  maintenance  of  drainage
facilities.  In addition, flood  control districts may conduct
research related to present and future  water supplies and
needs.
   Sanitation  districts and  drainage  districts are  also
concerned with sediment. Sewage  pollution is interrelated
with  sediment pollution  because sediment interferes with
sewage  flow  by  filling  sewer  drainage  channels.  In
metropolitan centers having combined sewer systems, storm
water runoff frequently  overburdens sewage treatment
facilities,  causing  untreated  wastes to  be discharged  into
rivers.
   Sanitation agencies may have responsibilities over a wide
range  of  functional   areas,  including operation  and
maintenance of water drainage systems, sewage treatment
and  disposal, and drainage  system  planning.  Sanitation
agencies may be  funded by either government  support,
taxing authority, or by user charges.
   In  the many areas of the country where sanitary districts
are distinct from water drainage systems, drainage district
agencies have the  responsibility for drainage  management
and control. These districts may also play an important role
in the sediment control program. Another type of special
district, the  irrigation district, is concerned  with erosion
and  sediment  and may  also  contribute  significantly to
sedimentation control programs.
   One type of special district that is particularly concerned
with  sedimentation  control  is  the  conservation  district
(variously  know  as   soil conservation,   soil  and  water
conservation,  natural  resources,  and  natural  resources
conservation districts). Over  3,000 of  these districts have
been  created  under the provisions of state law, and they
include most  of the land in  the nation. Most conservation
districts  have  boundaries  coterminous  with  those  of
counties,  and  many  are organically  related  to  county
governments, either by law or cooperative  agreement.
   Conservation  district powers vary trom state,  to state.
Among other duties,  they may be charged specifically with
the  following responsibilities:  controlling and  preventing
soil  erosion;  conserving  and developing  water resources;
assisting in the control of floods; preventing impairment of
dams, reservoirs, and  navigation  channels; and  in general,
helping to protect, conserve, and develop natural resources.
  Traditionally,  conservation  districts have been concerned
primarily  with  serving agricultural areas  in preventing
deterioration of  croplands improving timber, wildlife, and
water  resources  in  rural areas. Over  the  years, however,
conservation  districts  have  expanded   their  programs  to
offer assistance in solving suburban soil and water problems
as well. New  state legislation in many states specifically
provides for  such assistance and gives representation  to
urban areas on district governing boards.
  Many  of the operational techniques   for  controlling
agricultural  erosion   have been  successfully  applied  to
suburban and  urban soil erosion problems. Memorandums
of agreement  between conservation districts and  other
federal,  state and local agencies permit  the district to offer
a wide  range  of technical and  other  services to the area
within its boundaries. Districts  can also coordinate  their
activities with programs  in neighboring areas to achieve
comprehensive treatment of various resource problems.

Areawide Planning Agencies

  The recent growth in  the  number of planning bodies,
both  local and  areawide,  is a testament  to  the  value of
planning and its increased  acceptance  by communities
throughout the nation. Areawide planning agencies can play
an important  part in sedimentation control by conducting
technical research, and by promoting areawide coordination
of sediment control efforts.
  Councils of governments (voluntary agencies composed
of local governments) are becoming more involved as agents
of coordination for  sedimentation control in metropolitan
areas.  The  Metropolitan  Washington  Council  of
Governments,  for  example,  has  organized  a  Regional
Sediment  Control Advisory Committee which is active in
researching the sediment control activities and needs in the
Washington,  D.C. metropolitan  area.  The St.  Louis Area
Council of Governments  has received assistance  from the
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to
conduct a series of soil surveys to determine what kind of
erosion and   sediment  control  measures  might  be  most
useful in that area.
  Areawide  planning  agencies  may  also  be  assigned
responsibility  for carrying out public  education programs,
and  may  also  help  to  coordinate  intergovernmental
activities  related  to  areawide  erosion  and  sediment
problems.  For  example,  councils of governments might
serve  as a forum for the task force approach described in
the   Chapter on  Organization.  In  addition,  areawide
planning agencies  often maintain   technical  personnel
qualified  to  conduct  erosion  and  sediment  research.
Flood water lifted pavement intact from  roadbed and dropped
it  on  the berm.
                                                                                                               G 15

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                 UNITS OF LOCAL
      GENERAL PURPOSE GOVERNMENTS

   Most sedimentation problems are areawide (i.e., involving
 entire watersheds) in scope. Because their jurisdiction is
 normally areawide and  because  they  possess a "middle
 range" of administrative capabilities, county government
 may prove to be the level of government best suited to
 provide  the leadership  needed in  sedimentation  control
 programs.
   Elected  county officials can  take  the initiative in
 establishing  sedimentation control  by calling for  a  task
 force of representatives from appropriate county agencies,
                   other  concerned  public  agencies  operating  within  the
                   county,  private  industry,  conservation  groups, and
                   landowners,  to develop recommendations  for an areawide
                   sedimentation control program; by making sedimentation
                   control a stated  county  policy; and  by soliciting  the
                   voluntary  cooperation  of  the building industry. County
                   department  heads  can  help  to implement sedimentation
                   control  by  developing  administrative  policies and
                   procedures designed to  accommodate recommendations of
                   the task force. Briefly stated, local officials can best aid the
                   development of an effective control program by becoming
                   personally involved, and by giving guidance and support to
                   other  groups and  agencies  engaged  in sedimentation
                   control.
      Developing Areawide Drainage Control
   Monroe  County consists of a 660
 square mile area in northcentral New
  York,  bordering on  Lake  Ontario.
 Much of the land in Monroe County
 remains  in  agricultural use,  but
 suburban development is spreading at
 a rapid rate from Rochester, the area's
 major city.
   Monroe  County  lies  in  the  Great
 Lakes Plains,  where the  topography
 consists of rolling terrain interspersed
 with hills and some steep slopes. Soils
 in the area are generally erodible, and
 under the stresses of suburban growth,
 thousands of tons of soil have been
 washed into local streams.
   Both erosion and sediment have
 presented problems in  the Rochester
 metropolitan area.  Erosion has been
 extensive,  and,  in   some areas,
 expensive homes are threatened by
 erosion of supportive  soils.  A local
 conservationist estimated that erosion
 problem* in one community will cost
 from  'A - 2% million dollars to correct.
   Sediment,  too,  has caused serious
 damage.  Sediment  from  subdivision
 construction has deposited in many of
 the local streams,  and each year the
 Corps  of  Engineers  dredges an
 estimated  235,000  cubic yards of
 sediment from  the Genessee  River
 which  flows through  the  county,
 emptying into Lake Ontario.
   Erodible  soils,   intensive
 development, high  sediment, yields,
 and the fact  that significant portions
 of  the county  are  susceptible to
 flooding  hazards,  have made  it
 necessary for the area to carefully plan
 its future drainage systems. Due to the
decentralized  nature  of local
government  in  New  York  State,
however, areawide planning has been
difficult.
  Like  other  New  York  State
Counties,  Monroe' County is  divided
into  several  independent  towns.
Areawide planning is difficult  because
each of the County's nineteen towns
conducts its own planning and zoning
program. Despite this decentralization,
however,  areawide  erosion  and
sediment control is being advanced by
several  important  coordinated
activities between the county and the
towns.
  An  example  of  this areawide
activity is the current effort to develop
a regional storm drainage system that
would  institute  uniform drainage
requirements in  subdivisions  in  all
towns  within   the  county.   Tltis
ordinance,  entitled the  Monroe
County Storm Drainage Control Law,
would help to blend town drainage
formats with an areawide program of
drainage control.  One section of the
proposed law  requires  subdivision
developers  to  include  plans for
controlling flood hazards,  which are
defined as "the threat of flood damage
to lands, structures and their contents
by  virtue of over-flow  water,
inundation, soil erosion and deposition
of silt, urban development occupation
of known or potential flood plains. "
This  law  also  contains  review
procedures which permits the  County
Department of Public Works to review
subdivison plans to ensure that proper
drainage  is planned  for and
MONROE COUNTY, NEW YORK


  implemented.
    Recognizing  the  need  to closely
  coordinate  the  provisions of this law
  with other activities, Section  HI of the
  law, in part, states:


      It  is  intended  that  these
      purposes be carried out in
      accordance with  applicable
      Common  Law  Rules  of
      Drainage and  such  rules,
      regulations and  technical
      criteria as will be prescribed.
      It is also intended that these
      purposes be integrated with
      all federal, state, county  and
      local  public  works,
      conservation  measures,
      pollution control measures,
      watershed management
      measures  and  proposed
      urban  developments  not
      inconsistent  with   the
      primary purposes  of  this
      law.


     Flooding and erosion have been and
  continue to be serious problems in the
  Monroe  County  area.  Both  these
  problems,  however,  are  being
  approached on a realistic basis.  The
  proposed drainage law  represents an
  economical  and practical  method of
  achieving areawide drainage control. In
  addition, most of the  towns in the
  county  are  achieving more  effective
  erosion control  by  guiding  their
  respective  planning  and zoning
  programs according to  a  soils study
  completed several years ago.
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Soil erosion can pollute water downstream.
            RIVER BASIN AGENCIES
                     SUMMARY
  Through a combination of state and federal efforts, river
basin authorities or commissions have been  organized in
many  of  the  nation's river  basin  areas.  River  basin
authorities are created by  state legislatures,  or,  in cases
where more than one state is involved, by federal-state and
inter-state agreement.
  River  basin  authorities  may be  authorized  to accept
grants and loans from the federal government, issue revenue
bonds, charge  fees  for  their  services, and acquire land.
However, these general powers  granted to basin authorities
vary considerably throughout the country.
  The river basin approach is  distinct from the areawide
approach in  that  it represents a larger geographic scope.
River basin authorities operate  on a regional rather than on
an areawide or local scale, and, generally, have the capacity
to  conduct  basin-wide  research  and analysis, which is
helpful in identifying erosion and sediment problems which
affect entire river basins. In addition, river basin authorities
may assist  in developing a unified approach
  This chapter has attempted  to explain how soil erosion
and  sediment control  programs can be developed  on an
areawide basis. Several kinds of areawide organizations are
described  and their relationship  to erosion and  sediment
control is discussed.
  The  areawide  approach  to  overall  soil and  water
management promises  effective  control  in most cases
because technical measures and research can be uniformly
applied  where  needed,  which, in  turn,  may   result in
economic  efficiency  as well.  On  the  other hand,  the
areawide approach is characterized by a lack of experience
with the political, legal, and administrative forms which are
necessary in order that available technical knowledge can be
effectively applied to sedimentation problems.
  Because  they often  constitute the jurisdictional level
most  consistent with watershed drainage systems, county
governments represent  a logical administrative level  which
can develop  and coordinate  comprehensive sedimentation
control programs.
                                                                                                              G17

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 chapter  four
                                           Legal  Authority
    Any  program designed  to serve the  public needs to be
  rooted  in  law.  Without  a  legal foundation, program
  effectiveness is merely a word and program accomplishment
  is only an illusion. This is true whether one is considering
  health, education, welfare or a state highway program. It is
  also true  of sedimentation control programs. This chapter
  attempts to explain the legal authority needed for areawide
  sedimentation control.
    Legal authority for controlling soil erosion and sediment
  is made available to local  government by state legislatures,
  i.e.. state  enabling  legislation,  in the  form of either a
  specific grant of  power or  a delegated state-wide general
  power. The type and extent of enabling legislation needed
  for  sedimentation control can be evaluated  by weighing
  certain  basic  considerations,  namely: what are  the
  community's  existing  general powers;  what  authority is
  needed to  organize for  areawide sedimentation control;
  what type of financial arrangement for  the program would
  be equitable in terms of allocation of costs; and what legal
  and  administrative  controls  are  available  for  needed
  enforcement of the program.

       AUTHORITY NEEDED TO ORGANIZE
    The  appropriate organizational structure  for sediment
  control depends  on the  nature  of  the local sediment
  problem,  the  existing structure and capabilities of local
  government, and  the  activities  of  other levels  of
  government. Since these factors vary among states, there is
  no one model organization which may be adapted by  all
  areas. However, in determining an effective organizational
  structure the following criteria should be considered:

      (1) Authority  to  plan  effectively all the
          physically related  parts of a  drainage or
          subdrainage area;
      (2) Acceptance of responsibility for providing
          needed  structural  and  vegetative
          sedimentation control measures throughout
          the drainage area  being served;
      (3) Authority to finance the application and
          maintenance of sedimentation  control
          measures economically;
     (4) Authority to adopt legal and administrative
         regulations  to control  development and
         construction activities;
     (5) Responsiveness to  public control through
         the democratic process.
   Several entities have evolved at the local level which may
participate in a local program. These may include special
purpose organizations such as conservation districts, water
conservancy districts, drainage districts, and flood control
districts. None of these, however, is designed to provide the
comprehensive, areawide services which are necessary for a
program   fulfilling  the above criteria.  An  areawide
sedimentation control  program  requires, in addition  to
these existing agencies,  the cooperation of units of local
general purpose governments.
   Essential to organizing coordinated areawide programs is
the  legal  authority  to enter  into  intergovernmental
agreements. Intergovernmental agreements can be  entered
into with  procedural  changes  that  do  not  involve
modifications  in  the  structure  or  basic  functional
responsibilities of  the  cooperating  agencies.
Intergovernmental  agreements  are  possible  through
informal  understandings; through  formal  joint action
pursuant  to the general authority  of  the  cooperating
jurisdictions or to specific statutory and charter provisions;
or   by  binding  legal  arangements  based on  formal
agreements or contracts.
   Intergovernmental  agreements may be viewed as being
applicable to two types of intergovernmental relationships:

     (1) interlocal or horizontal relationships among
        units of local government;
     (2) the vertical interaction among various levels
        of government.

  With  authority  to  enter  into  intergovernmental
agreements  for  both  horizontal  and  vertical
intergovernmental cooperation, local government can  take
the initiative in creating sedimentation control programs.,
Many   counties  presently  implementing sedimentation
control  programs have  employed a  task  force approach,
utilizing   several  existing  agencies,  including those
mentioned above, rather than placing all responsibility in a
new  and  specially created department  or agency. Such
coordinated  efforts  may  be  achieved  through
memorandums  of  understanding  that  serve  to   gain
cooperation among county agencies (e.g., departments  of
public  works and planning)  and other concerned local,
state, and  federal government agencies operating within the
county.
  Authority should also  be available to enter into informal
and  formal agreements with  incorporated areas  of the
county. Authority  to  contract or  sign  memorandums
designating the county as the responsible agency for review
and  approval of conservation plans and on-site inspections
in municipalities  is a power which may be essential  to
G 18

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 coordinated county-wide sedimentation control.
   Where watersheds incorporate more than  one  county,
 total  watershed  control  can  be  achieved  with  a
 multi-county approach.  With  authorization  to enter into
 agreements  with other  counties (as well  as with  other
 concerned  public   agencies), counties   strengthen  their
 position for securing available state  and federal assistance,
 much of which is geared for local programs of an areawide
 nature. An example  of a multi-county watershed project is
 the Sugar  Creek Watershed project involving  Mecklenburg
 County, North Carolina and Lancaster and York Counties,
 South Carolina. These counties and their respective  soil and
 water conservation districts have  submitted, as the local
 sponsoring organizations, an application to the Department
 of Agriculture  for  assistance  under  the  Watershed
 Protection and Flood Prevention Act of  1954 (P.L.  566).
 Upon  approval for  assistance,  the  local sponsoring
 organizations must prepare a watershed work plan, setting
forth the responsibilities of each organization for carrying
 out the  project,  which must be  agreed  to by all the local
 sponsoring organizations and  the Secretary  of Agriculture
 (through the Soil Conservation  Service) or the  Congress.
 (For  further information on P.L. 566 assistance and  other
 assistance programs, see the Chapter on Finance.)

              FINANCING PROGRAMS

   The   costs  to   local  government  for   financing
 sedimentation control become significant when  a  control
 program  is premised  on control or treatment of an entire
 watershed drainage area(s). Although the costs for applying
 sedimentation  control  measures at  development  and
 construction sites is normally assumed by the developer as a
 part of the  total project cost, comprehensive watershed or
 areawide  programs  may  also require off-site  structural
 improvements  and   open  space  acquisitions  and   their
 maintenance. Financing off-site sediment  control measures
 is a  local  government responsibility.  Unreasonable  legal
 limitations can severely constrain local government's ability
 to  meet  its financial responsibilities. However, many  of
 these limitations can be overcome by the legislative process.
   In some  states, for example,  the  incurrence of  debt
 through bonding arrangements requires a referendum vote
 of all  electors or  property holding electors. The Advisory
 Commission on  Intergovernmental  Relations  opposes
 referendums of this kind, advocating, instead, the vesting of
 legal  authorization in local units  of government to  issue
 bonds subject only to a referendum initiated by a petition
 of voters. If a petition signed by a sufficient number  of
 voters forces a vote,  the  Commission recommends  that a
 simple majority be required to pass the bond issue.

General  Obligation Bonds

  These bonds are secured by the full faith and credit  of
the community and a  pledge of its taxing power rather  than
by a special fund  and therefore carry a relatively low risk
expense. They are also exempted from federal income taxes
              MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING

                           between the

          Bucks County Soil and Water Conservation District

                             and the

                 Bucks County Planning Commission

                           Introduction
The Bucks County Soil and Water Conservation District, hereafter
referred  to  as  the  District,  has been established and organized
pursuant to the Pennsylvania  Soil and Water Conservation District
Act of 1945 as amended. Under this Act the Commonwealth has
established Districts for the purpose of conserving its soil resources
including the prevention and control of soil erosion.
The Bucks County Planning  Commission, hereafter referred to as
the Commission,  has  been  established by  the  Bucks County
Commissioners  and  is now acting under the  power  of Act 247,
effective since January 1, 1969.

                    Statement of Purpose

In view of the need for erosion and  sediment  control  in  the
urbanizing areas of the County and the feasibility of erosion control
measures, and  in view of the compatible objectives and mutual
interest of the District and the Commission,  these two parties wish
to establish a basis for  cooperation and assistance and therefore
hereby enter into this Memorandum of Understanding.

Within the limits of their authority and resources; the District will:

  1. Review development plans submitted to it by the Commission
    and make  recommendations for  soil and water management
    measures to  the Commission and  to  the developer  and;or
    municipalities that may  be involved. Such recommendations
    will be made within thirty days after the plans are received by
    the District.
  2. Engage  in  an educational and  informational  program to
    acquaint municipalities and developers  with  soil and water
    management measures that may be applicable to their activities
    and familiarize these people with the program  of the District.
  3. Upon receiving a  request  from the developer,  will provide
    technical assistance in the design and layout of soil and water
    management measures.
 Within the limits of their authority and resources;
                    the Commission will:

  1. Make written request to the District for .assistance on those
    development plans that the Commission believes require soil
    and water management measures.
  2. Provide for staff review and careful consideration of District
    recommendations  for soil  and water management, prior to
    approval of development  plans. Where ever feasible,  the
    District recommendations will  be included as a  part of the
    plan.
  3. Assist Municipal Planning Authorities in developing subdivision
    regulations insofar as soil and water management measures may
    appear to be a desirable part of these  regulations.

   It is mutually agreed that:

   In the event the District is unable to furnish recommendations
 within the 30 day period the Commission will proceed without the
 recommendations of the District. The Commission will  notify the
 local municipality that the District recommendations will be  forth
 coming at a later date.
   This memorandum shall be effective when signed by both parties.
 It may be terminated or modified at anytime by agreement by both
 parties, and may be terminated by either party by  giving sixty (60)
 days notice in writing to the other party.
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 on the interest  provided their investors. Because of these
 reasons, general  obligation  bonds  generally carry low
 interest rates. However, given its need for a general election,
 the  disadvantage of   this  type  of bonding  is  its
 unattractiveness for proposed projects not having apparent
 community-wide benefits.  Thus a proposed sediment basin
 in  one watershed may not  be  supported  by the voters
 residing in another.

 Special Assessment Bonds

   These bonds are appropriate for financing improvements,
 e.g.,  storm drain facilities and debris basins that benefit
 specific property. They are payable from assessments levied
 on the properties benefited, and become a  lien on such
 properties. They provide  the benefiting property holder
 with the option of making payments on his assessment over
 a period of time or paying  it all at once.

 Revenue Bonds

   Revenue bonds are issued  to finance revenue producing
 projects and are  payable from the revenues received from
 these projects. One feature of these bonds is that they are
 not  normally subject to  state constitutional  or statutory
 debt  limits. They  are usually acceptable to the general
 public since only the users pay costs thus avoiding increases
 in the general  tax rate.  Their  disadvantage  compared to
 general obligation bonds, is a higher interest rate. However,
 in some states  local governments have been able to offset
 this  disadvantage by pledging to secure payments with the
 issuance of general obligation bonds should receipts from
 users' charges   fall  short.  Revenue bonds   may  prove
 appropriate for water supply  dams  and  reservoirs, with
 assessments based on water consumption rates.

 Flexibility in  Refunding and Refinancing

   A community may wish to recall a bond issue before its
 maturity date to liquidate its debt or to take  advantage of
 lower interest rates. This situation may develop where taxes
 or other revenue sources of the community have produced
 greater funds than anticipated,  where market  conditions
 affecting  interest  rates change  favorably, or where the
 community's credit improves. While authorization to sell
 callable bonds  is desirable, it should be noted that such
 bonds sometimes have higher legal ceilings on interest rates.

 Miscellaneous Authority

   Other considerations to  be weighed in assessing desirable
 legal authority include:

    (1)  Authority  to obtain  property  by gift,
        purchase, or eminent domain. In connection
        with eminent  domain, it  should  be noted
        that many needed projects have incurred
        long and costly delays waiting conclusion of
        purchase price negotiations. This potential
        problem  can  be  avoided  in  those  states
       granting  local governments the power of
       "prior  right  of entry"  as  ancillary  to
       eminent  domain.  Prior  right of entry
       authorizes entry upon the property prior to
       final  acquisition and  permits  immediate
       construction activity. The power of eminent
       domain should  be  used  as a  last resort.
       Frequent  use  may  cause adverse public
       opinion.  It is advisable to plan ahead for
       needed  open space and  construction sites
       and to acquire the necessary land  through
       the  Federal  Advance-Land   Acquisition
       Program, or by purchase, or leasing.
   (2) Authority to  acquire facilities owned  by
       private  individuals and  firms.  Many
       development   projects require  temporary
       sedimentation  control  structures during
       construction which  may  also  serve  as
       permanent  installations. It  would  be
       desirable for  local communities to have the
       authority  to  acquire  these within  a
       reasonable time after a development project
       is  completed  in  order   to  ensure  their
       maintenance. A formal  procedure  may be
       needed  to  facilitate  equitable purchase
       prices.
   (3) Authority to accept grants.

                LEGAL CONTROLS
Federal

   Water quality maintenance, through the construction of
sewage  systems  and  waste-treatment  works,  has
traditionally been  a responsibility of local government. The
federal government became  significantly involved when, in
1956,  Congress  enacted  the  Federal  Water  Pollution
Control Act, which defined the role in enforcing abatement
of pollution of interstate waters. The  Act was amended in
1961 to further strengthen  its enforcement procedures and
extend federal jurisdiction  to abate  both interstate  and
intrastate pollution of interstate or navigable  waters.  The
Water Quality Act of 1965 left intact these enforcement
procedures  while  adding  a  new  major  enforcement
provision. Under this provision all states were required to
enact water quality standards for their interstate waters by
June 30, 1967 (subject to review and approval of the
Secretary of the Interior), or by default have the standards
established by the federal government. The state standards
must "enhance the quality" of waters, and be accompanied
by a plan for their implementation and enforcement.
  All  the states have  complied with  the June  30, 1967
deadline (however, as of January, 1970, 23 approved states'
standards included unresolved exceptions). Moreover, by
fiscal 1970, 40  states  also  adopted comparable  standards
for  their intrastate  waters and others  have stated  an
intention to do so.
  Federal and  state water quality  standards declare that
turbidity  is  a  pollutant  where it  interferes with  the
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 beneficial uses  of water.  Since a  major contributor  to
 turbidity is sediment, it is expected that  all the states will
 declare  sediment a pollutant where it interferes with  the
 beneficial uses of any state waters. Maryland and Wisconsin
 have, in fact, already done so.
   In  addition,  Executive  Order  11258, issued in  1966,
 through authority of the  Water Quality Act  requires  all
 federal departments to  review federal and federally  aided
 operations as to any significant potential  for abatement of
 water pollution by sediment. The respective departments
 may prescribe remedial measures as necessary.  The Order
 should be of particular significance in terms of sediment
 reduction  in connection with urban and surburban highway
 construction.

 State Control

   State  water  pollution  control  legislation  developed
 traditionally   out of the authority  of  state health
 departments to  preserve public  health. In conjunction with
 this, there was  a  piecemeal  lodging of concurrent water
 pollution control authority in several other departments of
 state governments such as those dealing  with  agriculture,
 fish and wildlife, and mines and minerals which also had an
 interest  in water pollution control aside from public health
 considerations.  The  modern  approach to the  problem is
 reflected in recent  state statutes  whose objective  is  to
 preserve and improve water  quality for all legitimate uses
 and do  this through a  board that represents all  affected
 interests in the state. Accompanying this has been a shifting
 emphasis from the mere abatement of existing pollution to
 the policy of preventing  pollution in its incipiency.
   In the early  statutes, the administrative approach was
 largely  negative in character. That  is, when  a particular
 action  was found  to cause  pollution, the  administrative
 agency  was  authorized to  take  steps  to  abate  such
 pollution.  A Suggested State  Water Pollution Control Act
 prepared  by   the  Federal Water Pollution  Control
 Administration (FWPCA), follows the more recent statutes
 by  authorizing  a   board which  represents all affected
 interests in the  state to develop a comprehensive program
 to deal with the problem in  all waters of the state. Under
 this approach,  the board, having  determined permissive
 limits of waste discharges into the waters of the state, uses
 its enforcement procedure to abate existing pollution and
 restore the quality of  polluted waters, while through a
 system   of permits  it  prevents any increase  in waste
 discharges which would impair desired water uses.
   The  Act is  designed  to  give  the board discretion in
 administration  of the program and makes its jurisdiction
 complete over  all  waters  of  the  state. It  avoids  such
 exemptive  practices  as  excluding particular industries  or
 geographic areas, and legislative classification of particular
 streams for specified water uses.
   Water quality standards. Under  the provisions of the
 Water  Quality  Act,  federally approved  state  standards
(which  may   be   expressed  in   terms of  treatment
requirements; or in terms of  volume, strength or kinds of
waste discharges) may be applied either to interstate waters
or to the source .of pollutant discharge. While states have
jurisdiction to develop standards in both these  areas (the
pollution source  and  interstate  waters),  the  federal
government has authority to review and approve  standards
with regard only to interstate waters. However, control over
the  quality of interstate waters  allows  the FWPCA  to
directly effect  the  quality of  pollutant discharges, when
such discharges cause the quality of interstate waters to be
below federally approved standards.
   The  Suggested  State  Water Pollution Control Act gives
state agencies permissive authority to fix standards of water
quality such as to protect the public health and welfare and
the present and prospective future use of state waters for all
legitimate purposes. Standard setting on a case-by-case basis
is thus made possible.  Standards once  promulgated have a
definite legal effect and  their  violation is made unlawful.
Their  adoption  must  be preceded by  a public hearing
conducted by the  state board, for which due notice must be
given.
   Except in four  states (Florida, Minnesota, Montana, and
Washington),  existing  state standards relating  to turbidity,
silt, and sediment  are  nonquantitative  and  narrative  in
form.1  They  are generally  based  upon  a  criterion that
prohibits deposits that  would  interfere with  the assigned
use  of the water. For example, Colorado standards state
that Colorado water shall be:

     Free from substances attributable to municipal
     or industrial wastes, or other controllable sources
     that  will  either settle   to  form  unsightly,
     putrescent, or odorous bottom deposits or will
     interfere with the classified use of the water.

   Should  Colorado  waters  receive  sediment  deposits
interferring with  the designated use of those waters, the
state,  presumably, is authorized to  enforce abatement  of
such deposits.  Since the sediment sources  in most cases are
extremely difficult to trace, abatement appears to be most
feasible through the use of areawide preventative programs
involving comprehensive planning and  enforcement  rather
than through a piecemeal, after-the-fact, approach.
   In setting a course of action for local officials, it  should
be  noted  that  much  can be contributed in  the area  of
research.  Research determining  the  natural or reasonable
level of turbidity  and sediment  for all local  waterways is
especially  needed  for  the purpose  of  establishing criteria
that determine acceptable limits of sediment transport from
future  development projects. Such information, combined
with  appropriate  inspections  of waterways  adjacent  to
development projects, could provide more objectivity for
determining legal  liability, and  thereby, serve as  the basis
for meaningful state water quality standards.
  A permit system, such as that contained in the Suggested
State Water Pollution  Control  Act, might require local
development activities to be preceded by an examination of
development and  construction   plans,  specifications, and
other data, before  any wastes stemming  from such activities
are discharged in any waters of  the state. This  would allow
the  state control agency  to  prohibit sedimentation
altogether or to grant conditional approval on the basis  of
natural  sediment and turbidity levels and the existing levels
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  before construction.
    Enforcement.  A  variety of  enforcement  methods is
  provided by the  suggested Act.  One  method makes it
  unlawful to cause  any pollution of the waters of the state
  or to violate  any  order  issued  by the  water pollution
  control agency,  including  an  order establishing a
  classification of waters or  standards  of water  quality.
  Pollution of waters of the state is declared to be a public
                     nuisance  and  is,  therefore,  subject  to  abatement  in
                     accordance  with the  state's practice  of abatement  of
                     nuisances.
                       Violation of  provisions  of the  Act of any order  or
                     determination by the control agency, or failure to perform
                     any  duty  imposed  by the  Act, is  declared to  be  a
                     misdemeanor. In addition, the state  attorney general has
                     the  duty to bring an action for an injunction against any
                    An Example of State Legislative Action - Maryland   Excerpts from House Bill No. 509
  Section 105
          The  General Assemly  of the
   State of Maryland hereby determines
   and finds that the lands and waters
   comprising the watersheds of the State
   are great natural assets and resources;
   that  as  a  result  of  erosion  and
   sediment  deposition  on lands  and
   waters  within  the watersheds of the
   State,  said waters are being polluted
   and despoiled  to such a degree that
   fish, marine life, and recreational use
   of the  waters are  being  adversely
   affected and curtailed.

   Section 106

      a.)  Before land is cleared, graded,
   transported,  or otherwise disturbed for
   purposes including, but not limited to
   the construction  of buildings,  the
   mining of minerals, the development
   of golf courses, and the construction
   of roads and streets by any person,
   partnership,  corporation,  municipal
   corporation  or State agencies within
   the State of Maryland,  the proposed
   earth change shall first be submitted to
   and approved by  the appropriate  soil
   conservation district.  Land clearing,
   soil movement and construction shall
   be carried out  in accordance with the
   written recommendations of the said
   soil conservation district regarding the
  control of erosion and siltation....
      c.)   The Department of Natural
  Resources   shall   assist   the  soil
  conservation    districts    in     the
  preparation   of a  unified   sediment
  control    program   and    in    the
  implementation   of  said   program
  pursuant to this subtitle.  Furthermore
  nothing in this subtitle shall affect the
 responsibilities of the Department of
  Water Resources under Article 96A of
 the  Annotated   Code  of Maryland
  1964 Replacement Volume and 1969
 Supplement}.
    d.)     Notwithstanding   the
 provisions   of   this   Section,   the
 Department  of  Natural  Resources,
 shall  review  and  approve  all  land
 clearing,    soil    movement    and
 construction  activity undertaken by
 any agency of State government.

 Section 107

     The provisions of this subheading
 shall  not apply  to  agricultural  land
 management    practices,    the
 construction of agricultural structures
 or to  the construction of single-family
 residences   and;or  their   accessory
 buildings on lots of two acres or more.
 Regardless  of planning,  zoning  or
 subdivision controls, no permits  shall
 be issued by any county for grading or
 for the construction of any building,
 other  than those  exempted  above,
 unless such grading or construction is
 in accordance with plans approved as
 provided in this subheading.

 Section 108

     a.)  Each  of the  counties  shall
 have the power and authority to issue
 grading  and  building  permits.   No
 county shall issue a grading or building
 permit under the provisions of Section
 106 until the developer submits a plan
 of  development   approved  by   the
 appropriate soil conservation district,
 and   after  certification    by   the
 developer  that  any  land  clearing,
 construction  or development will be
 done  pursuant to said  plan. Criteria,
for  referral of an  applicant  for a
grading  or  building  permit to  the
appropriate soil conservation district,
which   have  been  developed  by  a
county  shall be  acceptable to  the
responsible  county agency or agencies,
the soil conservation district and the
Department of Natural Resources.  The
County agency responsible for on-site
inspection and enforcement of  the
provisions of  this  subheading shall
 make a final inspection and forward its
 report    to   the   appropriate   soil
 conservation    district.   Notice   of
 violation  of the  provisions  of  this
 subtitle  shall   be  filed  with   the
 Department of Natural Resources, as
 well as with the appropriate county
 agency.
     b.)  Each  county shall  develop
 grading  and  building  ordinances,  or
 portions therof, which are necessary to
 carry   out  the  provisions  of   this
 subtitle.  The Department of Natural
 Resources   and   appropriate    soil
 conservation  district  shall assist  the
 several counties in the development of
 such ordinances or necessary portions
 therof.   The    provisions   of   this
 subsection shall be carried out prior to
 March  1, 1971.  Prior to March  1,
 1971,   established  ordinances  and
 procedures  shall  be  used  by   the
 counties to carry out the provisions of
 this subtitle.

 Section 109

     Any violation of this subheading
 shall be deemed a misdemeanor, and
 the person, partnership, or corporation
 who is found guilty of such violation
 shall be subject too fine not exceeding
 five  thousand  ($5,000.00)  or  one
 year's  imprisonment   for  each  and
 every  violation.  Any  agency  whose
 approval   is  required  under   this
 subheading or any person in interest
 may seek an injunction  against  any
 person,   partnership,  or corporation,
 whether  public or private, violating or
 threatening violation of any provisions
 of this subheading.

 Section 110

     The   Department   of   Natural
 Resources    is    empowered    to
promulgate regulations for the unified
administration  and enforcement  of
 this subtitle.
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person violating any provision of the Actor any order of the
agency.
  Administrative action is the principal method of making
the program effective. The agency is empowered to issue
orders against alleged  polluters after  adequate opportunity
for hearing. Such orders,  if  not  appealed  to  the court,
become final and are  enforceable in much the same way as
the judgement  of the  court. The  same  administrative
hearing procedure is  employed in the case  of revocation,
denials, or modifications of permits.
  State water  pollution control agencies. The authority for
control activity among our states is vested in three general
categories:

    (1)  State health  agencies-20 states;
    (2)  A specific  agency created  by  statute  and
         placed  organizationally   within the  state
         health agency-10 states;
    (3)  Independent  agencies, established  outside
         the state health  department-20 states.

(A list of addresses for these agencies can be  found in
the appendix.)

   Definition of pollution. The most important definition in
the suggested  Act is that  of pollution. It  is designed to
protect all  legitimate  uses of water in the state. To this end,
pollution as  defined includes both  discharges  of wastes
actually  or potentially harmful to such  uses, and also the
altering of the properties of the water in such a  way as to
be harmful, including changes in turbidity.
   This definition must be read with  subsequent sections of
the Act authorizing the setting of water quality  standards.
Discharges  which are  consistent with  such standards are not
considered  pollution for purposes of the Act.
   The suggested Act, therefore, gives immediate legal effect
to  the agency's action on classifying waters and  setting
standards,  without   requiring the  agency  to   hold  its
enforcement powers  in abeyance until  such action can be
completed.

Local Control

  As  state standards relating to  sediment  pollution are
established, local governments will have an idea of what is
required  of them in order  to upgrade or  maintain  the
quality of  interstate  waters  in their respective  states. In
effect, all local jurisdictions will be placed in the position of
adopting local standards equal to  their respective state
standards,  or  have   them imposed   by  state  authority.
Therefore,  in order to be prepared to meet the expected
development of more rigorous state standards, and thereby
avoid  the  possibility of forfeiting  the right to  control
land-use  activities within  their  boundaries,  local
governments  should begin  to  develop  sound  land-use
regulations to  prevent  sediment  from  entering  their
waterways.
   Control  over  public improvements. Accelerated erosion
and sediment can result as much from public development
and construction projects as it can from private ones. Local
officials should not expect cooperation forthcoming from
the private sector (developers, contractors, and landowners)
to control erosion  and sediment when control is lacking
over government activities. Moreover, local government can
be held liable for sediment damages (steming from public
properties) suffered by private  landowners. In a summary
of  the  judicial  interpretations of  this  legal  aspect, the
Committee  on  Condemnation and  Condemnation
Procedure of the American Bar Association has stated:

     If the  constitution of the State  in which  the
     (damaged) property was located provided for the
     payment of compensation  only if property had
     been  taken for  a  public  purpose, the  courts
     awarded  compensation  to the  owner  if  the
     damages were substantial enough to amount to a
     taking. In the States where an owner had to be
     compensated if his  property  had either been
     taken  or  damaged for a public use, the courts
     only  had  to  find  that  there  had  been  some
     damaging in order to award him  compensation.

   County officials  can begin   providing  the  needed
leadership  to  effect  sedimentation  control  in their
communities by working to make erosion and  sediment
control a  stated policy of all public agencies operating
within  their jurisdictions. For  example, park  and road
agencies should incorporate erosion control techniques in
the  design  and maintenance,  as  well as  applying them
during the  construction  period, of their projects. (In  the
long  run,  these efforts will  result in lower maintenance
cost).
   When a  local government contracting agency enters into
an agreement with a private contractor for construction of
public improvements, provisions for sedimentation control
should be included  in the contract.  These provisions should
recognize the importance of adhering to the sedimentation
control  principles outlined   in  the  Chapter  on
Implementation and  Control.  The   contract agreement
should  be entered into only after  the appropriate  county
agency  or  agencies have  reviewed and approved  the type,
extent, and time  of  application  of  needed  erosion and
sediment  control  measures specified  in the  contractor's
proposed  project plan.
   Control over private development and construction. In
broad terms, local  controls over  private development and
construction activities include:

     (1) Control over sewer use;
     (2) Control of water pollutants:
     (3) Control over land  uses  hazardous to  the
         general health and welfare;
     (4) Control over construction practices harmful
         to the general health and welfare.

   These controls can be designed both to regulate activities
which adversely affect water and related land resources, and
to provide orderly community development. Local controls
are  normally  implemented through one of the following'
types of  ordinances, codes,  regulations or administrative
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        Sedimentation Control Ordinance
                                                                   MONTGOMER Y COUNTY, MAR YLAND
     In the Spring,  1965, a sediment control task force, formerly appointed by the Montgomery County Council, completed
  development of a proposed sedimentation control program for the county. The  Council subsequently made the program
  stated county policy and solicited the voluntary cooperation of the building industry. Two years later (6/27/67), the council
  made sedimentation control mandatory through adoption of an amendment to the county's subdivision regulations Chapter
  104, as codified in the Montgomery County Code. This amendment, which represents the county's sedimentation control
  ordinance, follows:

  Amend Sec. 104-24 Preliminary Subdivision Plan -Approval Procedure by adding new subsection (i) as follows:

    (i)   Sediment Control. The approval of all preliminary plans and extensions of previously approved plans shall include
        provisions  for  erosion and sediment  control,  in  accordance  with the Montgomery County Sediment Program
        adopted by the County Council June 29,1965.
      (I)  The Board,  in its consideration of each preliminary plan or  extension of previously approved plan shall
           condition its approval upon the execution by the subdivider of erosion and sediment control measures  to be
           specified by the Board after receiving recommendations from the Montgomery Soil Conservation District.
      (2)  One copy of each approved preliminary plan or extension of previously approved plan shall be referred to the
           Montgomery  Soil Conservation District for review and recommendation as to adequate erosion and sediment
           control measures to prevent damage  to other properties.
      (3)  The installation and maintenance of the specified erosion and sediment control measures shall be accomplished
           in accordance with standards and specifications on file with the Montgomery Soil Conservation District.
      (4)  Permits for clearing and grading prior to the recordation of plats shall be obtained from the Department of
           Public Works subject to the granting of temporary easements and other conditions deemed necessary by the
           Department in order  to inspect and enforce the performance of the specified  erosion and sediment control
           measures provided for in sub-section (1) above.
           In  the event the subdivider proceeds to clear and grade prior to recording of plats  without  satisfying the
           conditions specified under Sec.  4, the Board may revoke the approval of the preliminary plan or extension of
           previously approved plan.
(5)
  Amend Article 1, Section 23-2 General Requirements (of subdivision plans J by the addition of a new paragraph to be known
  as 23-2 (1J to read as follows:

      (1)  Erosion and Sediment Control Measures.
           Adequate control of erosion and sedimentation of both a temporary and permanent nature shall be provided during
           all phases of clearing, grading and construction as approved by the Director.
  Amend Section 23-8, Preliminary Plats - Preparation by the addition of a new paragraph to be known as 23-8(g) to read as
  follows: (Preliminary plats shall include a)
      (g)  Statement  that Erosion  and Sediment control  methods  shall  be provided  prior to any  clearing, grading or
           construction.
  Amend Article 2 of Chapter 23 by the addition of a new paragraph to Section 23-12. Final Plats - Approval to be known as
  23-12(c) to read as follows: (Plats shall be approved only if)
      (c) Plans and specifications for the control of erosion and sedimentation, if such controls are  deemed necessary, have
          been submitted and approved by the Director of Public Works or his agent. This approval shall be concurrent with
          the approval of the aforesaid plans and specifications, and become a part thereof.
  rulings:
       (1)  A  zoning ordinance which recognizes such
           physical limitations as soil permeability, soil
           stability, topography, natural drainage, as
           well  as  existing  and  future man-made
           factors,  such as reservoirs, debris  basins,
           major highways, etc;
      (2)  A  subdivision  control  law  designed  to
           protect the  public health and welfare by
          preventing the  installation of inadequate
                                                         (3)
 storm  sewage facilities and  surface water
 drainage (e.g., The Los  Angeles County
 subdivision ordinance, requires subdivides
 to provide drainage improvements according
 to documented drainage standards to reduce
 flooding and economic loss due  to  storm
 water  within  and  outside  of  the
subdivision);
A grading  ordinance  that  includes
procedures  for   minimizing  erosion  and
sediment;
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      (4) A  Flood plain ordinance that limits  the
          extent and intensity of development;
      (5) A building  code with  special  reference to
          soil stability and drainage;
      (6) Regulations on sewerage.

    An effective  approach  for  implementing  community
  plans, designed with environmental conservation in mind, is
  to make adequate provisions for accommodating such plans
  in zoning  ordinances. An example of this type of zoning
  control  is a zoning provision  calling for hillside cluster
  development. Cluster developments have the  benefit of
  restricting the area of construction while building according
  to the  existing topography. This reduces the net sediment
  yields  normally  experienced  in  conventional  row-type
  development projects by allowing for adjacent vegetational
  downslope areas that catch  sediment before it empties into
  relatively large channels that are difficult to control.
    In addition to zoning, other legal means appropriate for
  controlling private  development  activities  include
  subdivision,  drainage, and  grading ordinances.  In broad
  terms,  ordinances can require  subdividers and builders to
  submit  preliminary  and  tentative  maps  of  proposed
  subdivisions  including their physical  features;' have  maps
  reviewed and approved by county officials; make street and
  drainage improvements;  specify grading and erosion control
  standards  provide  easements;  provide  flood  control
  facilities;  require  topographic,  soils  and  geologic
  information; and require a  statement  or diagram showing
  land  proposed   to be  devoted  to residential, industrial,
  public or other uses, and the minimum lot sizes thereof.
    Such ordinances also may require posting of performance
  bonds and cash escrows. This would reduce the risk of cases
  where the lack  of public funds prevent local governments
  from providing immediate remedial measures to correct the
  incomplete or inadequate  application  of  needed
  sedimentation  control  measures by  developers or  their
  contractors.
    A good example of local legislation designed to  control
  erosion and  sediment may be found in the Fairfax County,
  Virginia, Erosion Control Ordinance of 1967. Its language is
  brief and written directly into the County Code by adding
  scope to existing regulations rather than being written as a
  separate,  self-contained   document.  Developers  were
  previously required  to  conform  to the provisions of the
  code  and  thus  must  merely  assume certain  specific
  additional responsibilities.
    This is how the ordinance works in Fairfax County:

    (1) The department of county development  will
        not approve  plans or issue  a construction
        permit   unless  a   builder's  plans  meet
         ordinance requirements;
     (2)  Developers are required to  submit a soil
         conservation plan which the county reviews
         and approves.  A bond, and in some cases a
         cash escrow, is required to guarantee that
         the approved soil conservation plan will be
         carried out by the developers;
     (3)  On-site inspection by department of county
         development  personnel  evaluates
         compliance of developers with the approved
         plan;
     (4)  If a developer fails to comply, his escrow is
         used   by  the  county to  take  needed
         emergency  conservation  measures.
         Meanwhile, the developer would be required
         to increase his cash escrow.

     A testimony to this system is the  fact that the escrow
provision has not yet been invoked. The system provides a
reasonable  procedure,  and  responsible  developers  have
found  that the  conservation protection called for can be
provided :at relatively little cost. ($50 per building lot is the
current estimated  cost  by the Suburban Maryland Home
Builders Association.)

                    SUMMARY

   The legal basis for local control of sedimentation is state
enabling  law. Without  this  authority, local governments
cannot regulate  development activities to control surface
water  runoff and  soil erosion. To  ensure that   local
governments  have the necessary powers, state  legislation
should allow political subdivisions to  manage soil erosion
and  sediment in coordination with other conservation and
water management programs.
   Under the Water Quality Act of 1965, all the states were
given option of preparing water quality standards for  their
interstate waters or  possibly  have the  federal government
do  it for them. All 50 states elected to draft  their own
water quality standards.
   As  a  result  of federal  and state  standards,   local
governments have  an idea of what is required of them in
order to upgrade  or maintain  the  quality  of interstate
waters in their respective  states.  Since sedimentation is a
major  source  of water pollution, local jurisdictions are
placed in the position of adopting local  standards to control
their erosion and sediment problems, or possibly forfeit the
right to control  land-use activities within their boundaries.
  This chapter  has attempted  to emphasize those  legal
considerations that are essential if local communities are to
take the   initiative  in  establishing  and enforcing  local
standards of erosion and sediment control.
                                                    Footnotes
1. U.S. Department of Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, "Suspended Solids," compilation of state pollution standards, in
      "Water Quality Standards Summary," June, 1969.

2. 1966 Report of Committee on Condemnation and Condemnation Procedure, David R. Levin, Chairman. Section of Local Government Law of
      the American Bar Association, 1966. P. p. 84.
                                                                                                               G25

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chapter five
                         Planning  for   Sedimentation   Control
   Growing  communities  need  to  plan  for orderly
 development.  Such  planning usually falls  into  the three
 general  categories  of  land-use  planning,  transportation
 planning, and public facilities and utilities planning. These
 plans  would  include  such activities  as  subdivision
 development,  open  space preservation, construction  of
 highways, streets, parking lots, mining operations, and the
 construction of sewerage systems, public buildings, water
 .supply systems, and other public facilities.
   In many communities, the  plans for development and
 construction activities have not  contained provisions for
 controlling erosion  and sediment.  A  major  purpose  of
 sedimentation  control  planning is  to develop control
 provisions  which  can be  introduced into  plans  for
 construction  and development  activities  in  order that
 sedimentation  problems from these  sources can  be
 controlled. Such provisions should  provide sedimentation
 control  during development  and construction as well as
 when facilities are completed  and  in use.  In cases  where
 normal  operations  such  as  mining activities,  cause
 sedimentation  problems,  control is desirable  during and
 possibly  after the mining process. The purpose of this
 chapter  is to describe  the basic information  needed for
 developing sedimentation control provisions, and to explain
 how these provisions can be incorporated into various levels
 of planning.
   Soil erosion and sediment control planning consists of
 several basic steps, outlined as follows:

       1.  Determining the  level at which sedimentation
          planning will take place.
       2.  Conducting watershed research.
       3.  Developing erosion  and   sediment  control
          provisions (or a control strategy).
       4.  Implementing  control  strategy  by
          incorporating  control  provisions into the
          plans for all activities which produce erosion
          and sediment, including activities which are
          likely to cause sedimentation in  the future.
       5.  Following through on  control provisions  at
          the  project level.
      6.  Conducting evaluations of the success of the
          control  program and providing for  revision
          and updating, as required.

            LEVELS OF EROSION AND
        SEDIMENT CONTROL PLANNING
  Like  other kinds  of planning activities,  erosion and
sediment control  planning may take place at several levels
and may be conducted by a number of different agencies.
This chapter  is primarily concerned  with four levels  of
sedimentation control planning, all  of which, in practice,
are interrelated. These levels of planning may be referred to
as areawide planning, community or local planning, project
planning and  regional planning. These planning levels are
described below.

Areawide Planning

   Areawide  sedimentation planning  is  premised  on
 geographic  factors,  such  as watershed  characteristics,
 instead of on strictly  political boundaries. Thus, depending
 upon  physical  characteristics,  areawide  planning  may
 include mutual planning efforts on the part of one or more
 counties (if watershed characteristics are  interrelated within
 the area encompassed by the county or counties) or a joint
 planning effort by a county (or counties) and one or more
 municipalities.
   Areawide  sedimentation  control planning  may  be
 conducted by a number of different  agencies which have
 areawide planning capabilities. These might include councils
 of governments,  flood  control   districts,  county  and
 multi-county planning  bodies,   conservation  districts.
 sanitation agencies, watershed agencies, drainage districts
 and others.  The erosion  and sediment control  planning
 function should be conducted by the agency or agencies
 best suited to the task. In practice, planning responsibilities
 are usually shared by several of these agencies. A method of
 coordinating these efforts is essential.

 Local  or Community  Planning
   Local planning refers to planning activity conducted for
 a specific municipality, county, or other jurisdiction, or for
 parts of such entities. Local planning is usually  smaller in
 scope than is areawide palnning, and may  not address the
 entire  geographic scale  of the  physical problem. Local
 sedimentation control planning may be  necessary in cases
 where  areawide  control  planning is  unavailable, an  in
 instances where areawide planning does exist, local planning
 may be utilized as an unput into  the areawide control
 activity.
   Community level sedimentation control planning may be
 carried out by  local agencies such as municipal planning
 commissions.  In addition,  most  areawide agencies  offer
 planning  services  to  local communities  when  legal
 arrangements  permit.  Thus,  planning  for local  control
 programs  may  be  conducted by   county   planning
 commissions when the county's jurisdiction parallels  the
G26

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areawide  problem,  or  by  multi-county planning
organizations  such as  councils of  governments, or  by
conservation districts, and others.
   Chapter Three has emphasized that areawide approaches,
including  areawide  planning  approaches,  offer  more
effective control  over erosion  and  sediment than  do
fragmented  or  isolated  efforts.  Local  or  community
planning efforts should therefore be coordinated as closely
as  possible  with  areawide  planning.  Both  areawide and
community  sedimentation control  planning  are concerned
with the same substance,  i.e., watershed research and the
development  of a sedimentation control  strategy.  The
difference between the two  is a matter  of scope, not
substance.
   Close articulation between local and areawide planning is
crucial  during   the  period  when  plans  are  to  be
implemented. While the areawide planning function can be
carried  out  by a number of  areawide  agencies,  the
implementation of such plans requires that they become an
integral part of many other community plans.

Regional Planning

   Regional erosion and sediment control planning refers to
planning activities  conducted over a large area, such as river
basins, or sub-state districts. Planning al this level is being
conducted  in some  areas  by  river  basin authorities or
commissions. River basin research helps to tie  together the
trends and  needs of watersheds within river basins, and can
yield  knowledge about how river  basins  are  affected by
erosion and sediment.

Project  Plans

   The basic objective of sedimentation control planning is
 to eliminate or curtail erosion of  soil  and thereby reduce
 sediment yields. To  achieve this objective, each individual
activity  or project which produces erosion  and sediment
will need to implement specific erosion control measures.
   Project planning represents a method by which areawide
and  community  planning  may  be  implemented.  For
example, if community or areawide sedimentation control
planning reveals that a proposed housing development site
has soils that are  particularly susceptible to  erosion, the
project plans for  that  development  should  call  for
appropriate erosion prevention measures, such as sediment
basins, proper grading and seeding, construction of berms,
and other possible technical measures. The technical apsects
of  project  planning  are described in more  detail in the
Chapter on Implementation and Control.

           WATERSHED RESEARCH
         THE BASIS OF  EROSION AND
        SEDIMENT CONTROL PLANNING

  In most cases, erosion and  sediment control planning will
constitute only a  part  of overall  resource  planning and
management.  All resource conservation efforts,  however,
require that  a solid base  of data  be  accumulated before
management  strategy is developed. For areas experiencing
suburban and urban development,  or for those which will
         :^.

So/7 survey information on the seasonal high-water table would have
told developers that this location was undesirable for home-building.
experience it in  the  future, erosion and sediment control
planning should  provide at least  the following watershed
data.

Hydrologic,  Soils, and Geologic  Information

   Hydrologic  information includes such items as rainfall
and  runoff data;  temperature changes (thaws—freezing);
capacity of streams  and rivers; condition and  capacity of
existing  storm drainage systems; and  sediment transport
and deposition.
   Soils information  would include data such as soil  types;
soil erodibility, types of vegetative coverage; and  stability
of existing or proposed slopes.
   Geologic  information would indicate the existence of
geological hazards  which may  be defined as any condition
in earth whether naturally occurring or artificially  created,
which  is  dangerous  or potentially dangerous  to life or
property due to movement, failure, or shifting of earth.

Developmental  Information

   The value of hydrologic. soils, and geologic  information
is that it  can reveal where and to what extent  erosion and
sediment  problems exist. To be most effective in presenting
sedimentation, this information should  be compared with
various kinds of developmental information.  In this way, it
is possible to foresee what impact anticipated development
will  have on  the  soil and  water relationships within
watersheds,  and various conservation measures  can then be
planned for in advance of development.
   Developmental  information  relevant  to  erosion
sediment control would include the following:

    (1) Population  data-present  population,
        anticipated  growth  and  movement;
        employment  and  commuting  patterns
and
                                                                                                            G  27

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          (changes and  trends); population density,
          educational needs; and other data.
      (2) Public  facilities and uftV/ftes-anticipated
          construction and improvement of sewer and
          drainage systems;  schools, parks, fire and
          police   stations, libraries, hospitals,  water
          supply facilities, and others.
      (3) Land-use daft?—including residential (present
          housing  patterns and  needs; anticipated
          construction-its size,  location and type, and
          its probable effect on  watershed hydrology);
          industrial growth  and change; commercial
          development;  and  other  recreational and
          institutional developments.
      (4) Transportation  dara-includes  information
          on  present and future transportation trends,
          such as automobile usage; road and highway
          construction; airport  facilities; mass transit
          facilities; railroad and pedestrian facilities.
                            THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL
                        DATA TO DEVELOPMENTAL PLANNING

                       The lists cited above  make reference to information of
                    two  types.  The  first,  geologic,  soils  and  hydrologic
                    information,  refers to the basic physical environment of
                    man; while the second,  developmental information, refers
                    to the activities of man.  The purpose of relating the two is
                    to  determine  what inmpact suburban and/or  urban
                    development  is  likely to have  on  the environment, and
                    conversely, the limitations that the environment is likely to
                    place on development.
                       Soil surveys illustrate  the importance  of  physical
                    resource facts. For many years, conservationists and other
                    experts have stressed the importance of soil  studies to
                    proper land-use planning. Most  people are unaware of the
                    fact  that soils are characterized by a variety of strengths
                    and weaknesses  which affect their suitability for various
                    uses. Briefly stated, different soils behave in different ways.
       Using Soil Studies in Land-Use Planning
                           SOUTHEASTERN WISCONSIN REGION
     The Southeastern Wisconsin Region
  consists  of seven counties covering
  2,689  square miles.  The  region  is
  located west of Lake Michigan, and
  north  of the  Illinois  -  Wisconsin
  Border.  The  seven  counties  -
  Kenosha,  Milwaukee,  Ozaukee,
  Racine,  Walworth,  Washington  and
  Waukesha - comprise about 5 percent
  of the state's land area, yet as one of
  the fastest growing areas in the nation,
  it  contains  over  40  percent of the
  state's total population.
    The population of the region, which
  is estimated currently at 1.6 million
  people,  is  growing  at  the rate of
  33,000  persons  per year  and  is
  expected to  reach 2.7 million by the
  year  1-990.  A  most  significant
  demographic trend has been the swift
  and  intensive growth of suburban
  communities.  Between 1950 - 1963,
  land devoted to urban use increased by
  almost  150 percent. If current trends
  continue, over 15 square miles of land
  will be converted from rural to urban
  uses each year, and by 1990, over 400
  square  miles  of land   will  have
  undergone this conversion.
    The  Southeastern  Wisconsin
  Regional  Planning Commission,  the
  'ocal conservation  districts, planning
 agencies, local governments and other
  'ocal groups have recognized that this
 type of development pattern had very
  mportant effects on the region's
 environmental problems, such as water
 supply  and  flooding,  and water
 pollution.
   Because  of the  vast  amount of
 building underway,  it  was  not
 surprizing that a major problem of soil
 erosion and sediment developed.  Soil
 characteristics vary sharply within the
 region and many local groups became
 concerned  that  the building boom
 would  cause irreparable  damage to
 land,  and  that  development  on
 unsuitable soils would result in serious
 sedimentation, flooding,  and septic
 tank problems during and  after the
 construction phase.

   Accordingly,  in   1963  the
 Southeastern  Wisconsin  Regional
 Planning  Commission  (SEWRPC), in
 cooperation   with  the Soil
 Conservation  Service  of  the  U.S.
 Department of Agriculture, initiated a
 two-year  study designed to  provide
 detailed  soil surveys  for the  entire
 region.  The study completed a project
 started  but  interrupted years  before,
 and provides soils data on all of the
 region's  acreage.  The  survey  was
completed in 1966, and the results are
published  in SEWRPC Planning Report
No.  8,  The  Soils of  Southeastern
Wisconsin.  The  completed  survey
provides such information as depth of
water  tables,  the  location and
capabilities of various soil types, where
 soils  are  susceptible  to swelling,
 shrinkage,  frost action,  erosion,  and
 topographical data.
   The real significance of this data is
 that it has  been put to use. Although
 the regional soil survey was originally
 intended for use in regional planning,
 it became  obvious  that the survey
 would be useful to local communities
 within the region. Accordingly, to help
 assure full use  of the survey,  the
 SEWRPC negotiated a memorandum
 of understanding with the  U.S.  Soil
 Conservation  Service,  and local
 agencies  to  help familiarize local
 communities with the  soil survey^ and
 its uses.  The survey  has  been well
 received, and as a result,  much of the
 region's  land-use  planning  is  now
 conducted on  the  basis of soils
 information.
   Local officials who are familiar with
 the  project maintain  that the  soil
 survey,  which costs about $0.30 per
 acre,  was a  very  sound  capital
 investment.  For  example,   the
 executive director of The Southeastern
 Wisconsin  Regional  Planning
 Commission estimated that the  soil
 survey will  save approximately $300
 million in the cost of residential land
 development in the region during the
 next 25 years.  In addition, the  soil
 survey, because it is used in planning,
is  helping to preserve  soil and water
resources.
G28

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Some  types of soils slip and slide easily  while others are
relatively stable. Some types absorb  water and septic tank
seepage while others do not have this capacity. Some types
of soil do  not erode easily, while other  types will erode
under  slight force.
  The failure to recognize the  importance  of soil types
during urbanization has been extremely costly. The tonnage
of soil washed away from construction sites has  been
enormous,  and  the cases  where septic tanks have failed
because of unsuitable soils are too numerous to count. In
all, many  millions  of dollars worth of damage is caused
annuaHy because land-use planning at the local level has not
been related to soil  capabilities.
   New methods of incorporating soils data  into maps are
being  used by  a  growing number  of planning  agencies
throughout the country. Such soil maps can indicate which
soils   are  suitable   for  various  types of  uses,  such  as
recreation  areas, highways, homebuilding,  open spaces,
septic tanks, etc.
   Soil studies are of little  use unless they are made part of
the overall planning  function;  knowledge  of local soils
should precede  plans for disturbing  the soil  or building on
it. Accordingly, all  agencies involved in water and land-use
planning  should  possess  the  capability of conducting
comprehensive soil  studies, or if they do not, they should
obtain this capability through  agreements  with  agencies
having the trained  manpower, or  through professional
consultants.
                  PLANNING A
        SEDIMENT CONTROL STRATEGY
   The  purpose  of  conducting  research  and  collecting
 watershed  data is to formulate a strategy, based on facts,
 for  controlling erosion and sediment.  (It is important  to
 remember  that  watershed   research  is  useful  to   for
 comprehensive conservation planning  and it  is not used
 exclusively  for   erosion   and  sediment  control.) Once
 hydrologic, soils, and geologic data is available, it needs  to
 be analyzed in connection with the patterns of suburban
 and urban development taking place.
   When these  two types  of information  are brought
 together for analysis, some general outlines for developing
 sedimentation control measures should become  apparent.
 For example, when  soil types within a rapidly growing area
 are  found   to highly erodible, the land-use plans for  that
 area should take into account the potential danger  of
 erosion and provide  for appropriate precautionary measures
 for  any activities permitted in that area.

          IMPLEMENTATION OF PLANS

   The  planning  function  is normally  separate  from  the
 actual implementing of plans. Whereas planning  may  be
 carried out by a number of different  groups and agencies,
 the authority to implement plans is  normally  vested in
 elected officials.
Sedimentation problems are caused by public, as well as private
activities.
  Erosion and sediment control provisions in construction
and development plans may be implemented in a number of
different ways,  depending upon local  variations  in legal
authority. Local plans may be implemented through the use
of legal mechanisms such as subdivision, drainage, grading
and zoning regulations.
  Provisions  in  subdivisions,  grading and  drainage
regulations for  sedimentation control essentially involve a
regulatory  procedure which makes issuance of construction
and grading permits contingent on local government review
and approval of developers' project plans. In this way, each
development and  construction project,  whether it  is a
highway, a subdivision development, or a public facility or
utility, is required  to introduce appropriate sedimentation
control measures in  its planning stages. The  criteria for
approval include  control measures called for in areawide or
community plans applicable to the project under review.
These control measures can be developed from such basic
principles as:


      (1)  fitting development plans to climatic factors,
          topography, soils and vegetative cover;
      (2)  reducing  the  area  and  the  duration  of
          exposed soils;
      (3)  retaining and protecting natural vegetation
          wherever feasible;
      (4)  covering  disturbed  soils  with  mulch or
          vegetation;
      (5)  mechnically retarding  runoff  and  erosion,
          and trapping  sediment in runoff water  and;
      (6)  providing  effective  accommodation  for
          increased runoff caused by changed soil and
          surface  conditions  during and  after
          development.

   Zoning is another legal vehicle  which can be used to
 implement erosion and sediment control. Zoning may be
 used to restrict the uses of land to those activities for which
 the geology, hydrology and soils of the area are considered
 suitable.  Flood plain zoning, for example, is often used to
 limit development in flood risk areas to projects which can
                                                                                                               G29

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 absorb high levels of water water runoff.
   Planning for  erosion and  sediment  control  is  not
 implemented by  the  publication of a planning document.
 Instead, implementation is effected when control provisions
 are incorporated (by policy  statement,  ordinances, rules
 and regulations) into the many on-going planning processes
 within  a jurisdiction. In  graphic  form this  concept is
 illustrated in figure 2.
      EVAULATION AND REVISION OF THE
                CONTROL PROGRAM

    The long-term  success of the control program depends
 upon its  ability  to adjust  to changing circumstances and
 needs.  If the  physical characteristics  or  erosion  and
 sediment  conditions are altered,  as  they will  be under
 changing  land-use patterns, the control program will need
 to compensate  for  the changing needs of the watershed
 area.
    Continual evaluation of the control program is needed in
 order that is effectiveness can be determined. In this way,
 the program can be modified to meet new demands, or to
 adjust to  unmet  needs. It is desirable, therefore, that  an
              evaluation function be provided tor  within  the  program's
              requirements, and  that  the  evaluation function be  made
              part of the planning - action process. This  concept is
              illustrated in figure 3.

                 PLANNING FOR TOTAL DRAINAGE AREA
                 Emphasis throughout this chapter ha.s been placed on the
               value of planning on the basis of watershed characteristics.
               In addition, emphasis  has been placed on planning for
               sedimentation control in growing suburban and urban areas.
                 It is  recognized, however,  that in many cases a water
               drainage area may consist of rural as well as suburban and
               urban  locations.  Planning should  not  neglect  sediment
               problems  having their source  in  rural  sectibns  of the
               drainage area because eroded agricultural soil may carry
               potent pollutants, such as insecticides, into water bodies
               needed for urban and suburban uses. Erosion from sections
               of the drainage area which have been subjected to mining
               operations may  also  consitute serious toxic threats to
               domestic  water  supplies.  Therefore,  the importance of
               comprehensive drainage area  planning and control is again
               stressed.
   Figure 2
                            Areawide or Community Plans with Sedimentation Control Provisions
             Land Use
       residential
       industrial
       commercial
       recreational
       surface mining
       other
highway
streets
railroads
airports
pedestrian
       Implemented by zoning
       ordinances, subdivision, grading,
       and drainage  rules and
       regulations, and/or codes
       and ordinances
Implemented by administrative
policy statements and regulations
and intergovernmental
agreements
                                                      Project Plans
                                                                                     Public Facilities and Utilities
waterchannels
underground facilities
waterimpoundments
service
recreational
Implemented by administrative
policy statements and regulations
and intergovernmental
agreements
                                            Sedimentation Control Specifications
G30

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  Figure 3
          Task Force
           Approach
                             THE PLANNING-ACTION-EVALUATION PROCESS
                                                 Formulation of Control
                                                      Provisions
Collection
 of Data
                                             Revised and
                                               Updated
                                          Watershed Research
                                                     mplementation
                                                     of Provisions
                                                      Evaluation
                                                      of Program's
                                                      Effectiveness
                    SUMMARY

  This  chapter  has attempted to describe the primary
features of planning for soil erosion and sediment control.
A major purpose of sedimentation control planning is to
provide basic information about  erosion and sediment; to
identify the nature  and extent of erosion and sediment, to
determine their sources and causes; to assess the  costs and
damages inflicted  by  erosion  and  sediment;  and  to
determine how and to what extent these problems can be
controlled.
  By analysing and interpreting  basic watershed data, the
planning function  can help to develop a  realistic control
strategy  which can be applied in the form of  a  general
sedimentation  control  program.  Implementation  of the
control program is not a function of planning, but is instead
a legal and administrative  function  which is  carried out
             through local  ordinances, regulations, and administrative
             assignments.
               Sedimentation control can be planned at various levels
             and by  different  agencies but  is most likely be effective
             when it is geared to natural drainage systems as they are
             affected by suburban and urban development. Erosion and
             sediment  planning  is  concerned with, and  should be
             directed to, all activities, public or private, which produce
             sedimentation  or  which are  affected  by  erosion  and
             sediment.  Thus, erosion and  sediment  control planning
             should be  made an integral part of a community's planning
             process.
                In many cases numerous local agencies  will  possess the
             capability  to make  valuable contributions  to the planning
             activity. It is important to make maximum use of these
             capabilities and to  ensure that all planning activities are
             coordinated with one another.
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           SIX
                            Public  Acceptance  and  Support
    Establishing  control  over  sedimentation problems will
 frequently  involve  spending public funds  and  placing
 restrictions on public and private activities. Comprehensive
 control may require, for example, that private developers
 avoid sediment producing activities, or  that flood control
 operations be funded by public bonding.
    Programs  of this type require that  the public have a
 general understanding  of why  funding and controls are
 necessary and  that the public  be willing to accept and
  support such measures. The  purpose of this  chapter is to
  describe some  basic  features of  public  support for
  sedimentation control,  and  to outline some  of the
  techniques  that may be used to develop  and carry out a
  public support  program.

                  BASIC FEATURES

    The  question may be  raised  as to whether or not the
  public  can  realistically  be asked  to organize in support of
  erosion and sediment  control.  Not  all segments of the
  public  are  affected equally  by these problems.  In  areas
  where  erosion  and  sediment, in themselves, constitute a
  direct  and  major  threat  to   the  community, public
  mobilization directed specifically at these problems may be
  desirable. As  pointed  out  in  other  chapters  of  this
 handbook,  erosion  and  sediment control  programs are
  ususally  viewed as  being a  part of  more comprehensive
  conservation  programs,  such  as total watershed
 management efforts. For  the purpose of  this report  then,
 public acceptance and support programs may be viewed as
 being applicable, in whole or in part,  to total watershed
 management and  resource conservation efforts of which
 sedimentation control is a part.
    Whether for   political,   social,  or  economic  ends,
 Americans are  prone to organize into groups. While many
 people  dp not  join  formal organizations,  most Americans
 belong  to one kind of group or  another, and  many belong
 to several groups. Thus, when discussing public support, it
 is well to keep in mind  that the term "public" may refer to
 people  in general, or it may refer to people in organized
 groups. For the purposes of this  chapter, the term "public"
 shall include both categories.
    In view of the fact that public policy in this country is
 often determined  by how effectively various groups and
 citizens articulate  their demands, it should  come as no
 surprise that support for, and opposition to, erosion and
 sediment  control decisions  will  stem  from  a variety of
 different  groups. It might be expected, therefore, that
 homeowners experiencing erosion,  sediment, or  flood
 damage  will support remedial measures.  The task  is to
develop the support of that part of the public which is not
aware that erosion and sediment are inflicting damage on it
as well, in the form of indirect costs and environmental
deterioration. Efforts to build and maintain public support,
therefore, should be concerned with two principal targets.
On one hand, these efforts should seek to take advantage of
the support offered by various groups, and, in addition to
this, should be directed at developing support of the general
public.
        DEVELOPING PUBLIC SUPPORT

   Public support is built upon an understanding of the
nature of the problem facing the community. Generally,
the public cannot be expected to support a program, the
purposes and urgency of which have not been explained.
Building public support is a process, not a single campaign.
As such, efforts to build support must start at the bottom
and develop a basic community awareness of the problem.

Public Information Program

   One of the most effective ways to develop community
support for erosion and sediment control is to institute a
public information program. The community is more likely
to accept   such  a  control  program,  even if necessary
inconveniences and expenditures are required, if it is fully
informed as to why such action is needed. The process of
developing  a comprehensive public information program
should include the following steps.

    (1) Define the problem. Before the public can be
        expected to  support  a control program, it
        will need to understand what the problem is.
        It is desirable that soil and water problems
        within local watersheds be clearly identified.
        This responsibility  may be carried out by
        professionals  in the field of soil and water
        management  who  are  normally  available
        from  local agencies  such as conservation
        districts, departments  of local governments
        and other organizations. Whenever possible,
        technical information  should  be converted
        into general language.
    (2) Obtain  agreement on  the  part  of  the
        decision-makers  and  civic  leaders  that
        identified problems need to be solved. Local
        officials,  citizens groups,  business  and
        industrial representatives must be oriented
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         towards and  committed  to soil and  water
         management.
     (3) Identify the various groups  which will likely
         support  or oppose the control effort. The
         program can then be geared  toward  potential
         swing  groups, towards converting  opposing
         groups, and towards reinforcing those groups
         already supporting the program.
     (4) Identify the  most  effective  methods by
         which  various groups and the general public
         can  be  "reached"  and develop an  overall
         s-trategy  with  regard  to  information
         distribution. This also  may include making
         provisions  for  coordinating  the  entire
         information program.
  In most  communities there are public as well as private
agencies, groups, and organizations which are experienced
in conducting effective information  programs. Departments
of local  governments have waged many successful public
information  programs, as  have  agencies  within   state
governments.   Local,  state  and   federal  conservation
organizations  have conducted   such  programs  for  many
years.  These organizations include state water resources
agencies, conservation district,  the  Agricultural  Extension
Service, the Soil Conservation Service, and others. Sources
of private assistance should  not be overlooked.

Carrying Out the Information Program

  In connection with sedimentation problems, the general
purpose  of a  public information program is to transmit
information and  knowledge to the public. Presumably, after
receiving this information,  the public will be more aware of
the problem and more concerned about  correcting it. It is
important,  therefore, that  the  strategy for informing the
public  be carefully planned and executed. In order to build
a balanced  program, capable of consistent  performance, it
will be necessary to recognize some person or organization
as the coordinator or leader.
  Whether  an information  campaign is carried forward by
local groups, an  agency  of local or state government, or by
special consultants, the  objectives are to build community
awareness,  acceptance,  and  support. Some  methods by
which the program may be  carried out are discussed below.
  News  Media.  Newspapers, radio,  television and  other
news  media  are  among the best avenues for conveying
information to  the  public and  molding public opinion.
They  are   interested  in   news  and  will  not  transmit
propaganda or  publicity. The  key  to having the  help of
newspapers, radio and  TV is to provide the editors and
broadcasters   with news,  and  with information  on
newsworthydevelopments. Use of the news media should be
carried out systematically,  rather than on an unplanned,
piecemeal basis.
  The  Citizens Committee. Citizens committees can play a
major role  in public education programs. These committees
can be very  effective agents of  community  action  when
they are well organized and well staffed and when  they
focus on specific  tasks. In most cases,  conservation and
water quality are community issues  that are especially well
Some members of the public liave more serious erosion problems
than others.
handled by  citizens committees, and their support in such
programs can be of immeasurable help.
   Citizens groups should keep three basic considerations in
mind.  First, the key to success is the power to persuade.
Effective  persuasion  requires  that  the  group be  well
equipped  with  a solid arsenal of  information Second, the
group  should be as broadly based  as possible, possessing as
much  representative power as the depth and range  of its
constituency permits.  Third, the  citizen  committee or
group  should  be  objective  in  its approach and  avoid
antagonisms.
   In addition  to citizens committees created for specific
purposes,  a  variety of  other local  citizens groups are
normally  ready and  willing to  cooperate  in efforts to
promote community resource management. Garden clubs
and federated women clubs have been used frequently in
such efforts, and with good results. Chambers of comrrterce
are frequently  enlisted  to give promotional support. In
addition,  the  League  of  Women   Voters  in  most
communities is a particularly  energetic and effective group.
These  groups,  through  their various  subcommittees,  can
help with the information program.
  Speakers Bureaus. Speakers bureaus have become major
educational tools. Through  "pools" of speakers, a program
can make  its activities known  to civic clubs, schools, garden
clubs,  and many  other  community organizations seeking
speakers.
  Through the bureau approach,  speakers can be drawn
from a variety  of backgrounds and professions, including
public  officials, educators,  doctors, lawyers and technical
experts in a  number of fields. In some cases, it may be wise
to send  "teams"  of speakers so  that  the problem in
question  can  be  covered  from  various angles such as
political, engineering, legal, financial, etc.
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   Public Hearings.  Public  hearings and discussion groups
 are also effective mechanisms of information dissemination.
 Actually, hearings and  discussions should be viewed as a
 learning experience,  in that  they  serve to  provide  an
 education process. Hearings and discussions  can also serve
 as sounding boards for public opinion, so that information.
 and education flows in both directions.
    Public hearings discussions and speeches can be enhanced'
 through the  use  of movies, pictures, slides, and other
 audio-visual  techniques.  Many  local agencies,  such  as
 conservation districts and  public works departments, have
  collections  of appropriate pictures  and slides that are
 available for  various events. Before-and-after  pictures  of
 various problems are especially convincing.
    Printed Material. An ample supply  of well-documented,
  attractive  printed  material can,  if properly  distributed,
  become  a  central  feature  of  the  public information
  program. Illustrated maps, charts, and fact sheets are widely
               respected  as being an effective method of reaching the
               public. Citizens groups are frequently helpful in preparing
               and  distributing these materials, and in  arranging public.
               exhibits.
                 Field  Trips.  Field trips are excellent ways of conveying
               information on resource conservation to interested groups.
               Examples of the  problem(s) and the procedures used for
               the solution can be seen. A more thorough understanding
               often is obtained this way rather than through other efforts
               at  public  education.  Local  civic  groups,  businessmen,
               students, and many others may benefit from field trips.
                  Citizen Involvement as a Mechanism of Support. It seems
               to be human nature that people are  less willing to criticize
               those programs which they  have helped to develop. Many
               communities have found that when citizens are involved in
               a  project  (any kind of  project) they are more likely to
               support it. Involvement can be a key source of support.
                  The question arises as to  when is it best for citizens to
         Environment in the Schools

     Fox  Chapel  Bureau  is  a small
   suburban  community  located  near
   Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In this small
   community  of a  little  over seven
   square miles, citizens have taken an
   active interest  in the conservation of
   local resources and natural beauty.
     In  1949,  a  Conservation  Council,
   consisting of a union of garden clubs
   was  formed to  help promote
   community interest in  maintaining a
   clean environment.  This groups is now
   toiown as the Conservation Council of
   the Fox Chapel Area.
     In  the  7960V,  threats  to  the
   environment, such  as erosion,
   insecticides, and  stream pollution
   began to accelerate. Recognizing these
   threats as long-range environmental
   problems,  the  Conservation  Council
   began promoting  a  program  of
   environmental  and  ecological
   education  in the  Fox  Chapel Area
   District Schools. The basic purpose of
   the program  is to educate an entire
  generation  of citizens to understand
  their  relationship  to  their
  environment,  and to sentitize  them to
  the need for a clean, habitable place to
  live.
    A  succession of approaches  for
  institutionalizing  environmental
  education  were made, including  the
  following steps:

     1.  Disseminating
         information  to	
     administrative  staffs,
     and  school  boards of
     public  and  private
     schools in the district,
     through letters, articles,
     lectures and films.
 2.   Campaigning  for
     retention   of  land
     adjacent to  schools
     (which had been put up
     for  sale)   by  attending
     school board  meetings,
     arranging interpretive
     nature   walks   with
     school administrators
     and  board  members,
     and  by   bringing in
     eminent   conservation
     authorities as
     consultants.
 3.   Sponsoring scholarships
     to audubon camps for
     key  teachers and upper
     classmen in high school.
 4.   Conducting  panel
     discussions and lectures
     to   parent-school
     organizations  and
     garden clubs.
5.   Conducting a workshop
    with invited consultants
    and a film  on school site
    development  for
    outdoor education.
6.  Supporting   the
    appointment of a new
    school superintendent
FOX CHAPEL, PENNSYL VANIA

              with a special concern
              for environment.
           7.  Introducing  the  new
              superintendent to  the
              Conservation  Council
              program and  keeping
              him informed of  its
              action.
           &  Supporting a  key
              biology teacher, making
              possible a year of study
              related to developing
              environmental
              education  curriculum.
         In 1969, the school board of the
       Fox Chapel Area School District voted
       to  approve the additon  of  a
       kindergarten  through   twelfth  grade
       curriculum  in  environmental and
       ecological  education with the chief
       high school biology   teacher  being
       appointed  coordinator  of  this
       program.
         High school upper classmen now use
       local parks and  nature preserves for
       their studies.   They   also  assist  in
       guidance of  the youngest children  in
       outdoor  exploration  and
       interpretation.  This park-school
       program will be used  in the summer
       recreation  experience of neighborhood
       children. The Conservation Council  of
       the  Fox  Chapel Area hopes  the
       program will serve as  a pilot project
       which will be adopted by other school
       districts.
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 become involved.  The answer, based on the experiences of
 some communities, is at the very beginning of the program,
 in the planning phase. The planning phase is the point at
 which the best citizen understanding of the purpose and
 scope  of the  program  can be  developed.  Many crucial
 decisions  have to made in the  planning phase  which will
 help determine the future of the program. Early citizen
 involvement, in the  form of advisory  committees, public
 hearings, and through the public information program, can
 help reduce resistance at a later time.
   Local leaders need  to get other key leaders involved at
 the very beginning. Public  officials, for example, who must
 make  key  policy  decisions concerning the  program's
 implementation,  should become  intimatley  involved,  for
 much depends upon their understanding and support of the
 program.

 Schools and the Environment

   Americans need to know about, and  learn to appreciate,
 the mutually  dependent relationship they share with the
 natural resources that  sustain  them. They need to consider
 the impact they are having on their environment. Schools
 represent  the  most  effective  instrument  of long-range
 conservation  education. About one-fourth of the nation's
 population-over   50 million  people-are  high  school  or
 elementary school students.
   In  school  science courses', such as geography, biology,
 geology,  health, and others, there is a need to teach the
 physical  characteristics  of watershed  drainage, resource
.conservation and  how   the  various  natural   elements,
 including man, depend upon each other for survival. In this
 connection, the watershed provides a living laboratory for
 science students of all ages.
   Economics  and  math  classes  can  study resource
 conservation  from   a  different point  of  view.  Such
 approaches might  include  studies of cost-benefit concepts
 and other conservation management techniques.
   In a long range sense, the social studies curriculum may
 be charged with the most  profound responsibilities. Social
 studies  courses  must  share  a   major  responsibility for
 transmitting, from one generation to the next, the cultural
 codes,  mores,  social values, and  attitudes by which the
 nation lives and  the objectives  towards  which it  strives.
 Thus, social  studies  courses  should  teach that resource
 management must be placed high in the nation's system of
 priorities. Social studies classes could, for example, concern
themselves  with   the  values held  by institutions  that
determine how natural resources are  used. History classes
could study how the use of natural resources has influenced
the  economic,  cultural,  and  aesthetic  development  of
communities, states, and the nation.
  Seven out  of ten of today's students live in  urban  or
suburban areas.  The  schools  that educate these students
must start developing a conservation-oriented urban citizen.
Such  a  wide-range program  must start with the  proper
education of teachers.  The  colleges and universities need to
develop  principles of  conservaton education that  can  be
taught  to future teachers. This  means that  conservation
must be made a part of college, high school, and elementary
school instruction programs.
  L'sing sound conservation  principles during development can
  promote environmental qualitv.


                       SUMMARY
   This  chapter "has  attempted  to  explain why  public
support  for  sedimentation  control is  important  and has
provided a general outline of some of the procedures and
methods that may be  used  to develop public support. In
many cases,  it may be  unrealistic to mount a full-scale
public   information   program designed  exclusively for
erosion  and  sediment control.  Instead, such a  program
should be geared toward  building public awareness of, and
concern for, comprehensive watershed management.
   Many groups are likely to be involved in building public
support  for  resource  conservation  and  management
programs. It  is desirable  therefore, that various efforts to
develop and  carry out  public information  programs be
coordinated.  Preferably,   a  leader  should  be chosen to
discharge the  coordinating function.
   Environmental  quality is a grave  problem which is
receiving more and more national attention, and as the
nation advances into  the 1970's  it may be  reasonable to
expect that  programs seeking to  improve environmental
quality  will  receive  considerable public  support.  Local
officials, therefore, will not only need to help build public
support  for  environmental  programs,  but  they  will  also
need to ensure that public support is effectively used.
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chapter  seven
   This chapter  is designed to present the financial basis for
 public  erosion  and  sediment  control  programs.  For
 purposes of this report, however, discussion of finances is
 not meant. to relate exclusively to erosion and sediment
 control  operations. As pointed out in other chapters of this
 guidebook,  erosion  and  sediment control  programs are
 usually  considered as being a part of more comprehensive
 conservation efforts, such as total watershed management
 programs. This is true because most operations for  erosion
 and sediment control also serve other objectives of areawide
 water purification. Therefore, this chapter may be viewed
 as being applicable, in whole or in part, to total watershed
 conservation efforts.
    This  chapter is divided into four parts: the basic factors
 of a financial program,  sources  of  revenue,  purchasing
 techniques,  and financial and technical assistance. The first
 three parts are presented in outline form to expedite review
 of basic information.

  BASIC FACTORS OF A FINANCIAL PROGRAM
    A community's ability  to secure ready  funds from
  banking firms or bond houses to fund public improvement
  projects related  to sedimentation control depends on  at
  least three basic factors: adequate legal  authority, credit
  quality, and proper comprehensive financial planning.
  Leg?! Authority Needed

      (1) To  enter   into  contracts  and
          intergovernmental agreements
      (2) To incur indebtedness
      (3) To levy taxes
      (4) To refund for lower interest rates
      (5) To  issue  liens   against  property  for
          delinquent taxes
      (6) To increase or eliminate debt limitations
      (7) To accept  grants-in-aid
      (8) To pass supplemental appropriations

 Credit Quality

      (1)  The economic base  of the local jurisdiction
      (2)  The  nature  of the institutional and legal
          means  available  for  protecting  bond
          investors
      (3)  The genera] administrative and management
          performance of local public officials
Comprehensive Financial Planning

    (1) Program goals and objectives
    (2) Projected projects costs (i.e. cost analysis)

            (a) Planning costs
            (b) Principal and interest payments
            (c) Capital  improvements costs (i.e.
                capital improvement budgeting)
            (d) Operation  and maintenance costs
             SOURCES OF REVENUE

  Sediment control  programs  can  be financed  through
traditional local government funding methods, and through
private sources. The former include appropriations from the
general fund, special assessments, bonding, and federal and
state  assistance.  The  latter  is  derived  from  private
developers or their contractors. Federal and state assistance
is  discussed  later  in this chapter  in the  section titled
Financial and Technical Assistance.

General Tax Fund

    (1) Property taxes
    (2) Local income taxes

 Special  District   Assessments
     (1) Usually based  on front footage  or area
         served rather than property value
     (2) May be levied against all properties in the
         district  including  property  normally
         exempted from tax
     (3) Jurisdktional forms

              (a) drainage  basin
              (b) Subdivision development
              (c) County
              (d) Intergovernmental  service district

 Bonding

     (1) General obligation bonds

              (a) Usually carry low interest rates
              (b) Generally must be approved by
                 public referendum
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            (c) Secured by ad valorem taxes levied
                upon the entire community
            (d) Appropriate  for  financing
                construction  (e.g.,  reservoirs,
                storm drains, and  water channel
                improvements) and the acquisition
                of land

    (2)  Special assessment bonds

            (a) Payable  from  special  assessments
                on  the property benefited by the
                bond funded project
            (c) Appropriate  for funding  facilities
                for special service areas which are
                under the   control  of  county
                 officials
     (3)  Revenue bonds
            (a) Are  used  for "self-liquidating"
                projects  where a direct  service  is
                provided on a use or service charge
                basis
            (b) Do   not  compete  with other
                projects for the tax revenue
            (c) Generally do not come under debt
                limitations
            (d) Are  not  secured  by  the faith,
                credit and  taxing power of the
                local government
            (e) Generally   have   relatively  high
                interest rate
            (f) Might have protective covenants in
                the  bond issue which  will be too
                rigid and inflexible in the future


Contributions from Developers

  It should be recognized that most erosion and sediment
control  measures  can be  funded  by  developers  and
contractors as a part of their normal construction activities.
Sediment control programs in several Maryland and Virginia
counties, for example, require developers  to  provide all
necessary temporary and permanent  control measures. The
measures required include  vegetation and minor structural
improvements.   (However,  the  cost  of   major
improvements-dams,  open  channel linings, reservoirs,
etc.-is normally funded through local, state, federal, or
intergovernmental multipurpose projects.) For information
on legal mechanisms used to implement these programs see
the Chapter on Legal Authority.

           PURCHASING TECHNIQUES

   Equipment needed  for sediment control operations very
often is  available as  part  of the conventional equipment
found  in most  community inventories. However, when an
additional  piece  of  equipment  is  needed,  such as  a
hydroseeder  or mulcher,  several alternative purchasing
techniques may be considered.
Pay-As-You-Go-Financing

    (1)  Based on accumulation of funds in advance
         of purchases or make purchases within the
         limits of funds on hand.
    (2)  Major  advantage:  absence  of long  term
         interest  rate   charges   and  uncertainties
         attending  subsidies, grants-in-aid, or bond
         issues
    (3)  Major  disadvantage: it  may  be  better  to
         borrow now  and  pay   later, because  of
         inflation

Intergovernmental Agreements

    (1)  May be used to supplement equipment, as
         necessary,  anywhere  within an  areawide
         scope
    (2)  Can be entered into  with special  purpose
         organizations,  especially conservation
         districts which  often have sediment control
         equipment available on loan
Leases
    (D
    (2)
    (3)
    (4)
Can  be  employed  between  local
governments or between a local government
and a private firm
Require no capital investment
Allow  flexibility for  meeting changing
conditions  in terms of the amount or type
of equipment needed
Disadvantages include:  leasing costs are
normally much higher than any borrowing
rate; and rental  payments do not produce
any equity in  equipment
 FINANCIAL AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

   Aid to local government programs takes the form of
 advisory, technical, and  informational assistance; as well as
 grants, loans, advances, and guarantees.

 Federal Assistance
   Federal technical assistance is  largely investigative and
 advisory  in  nature supplemented by published articles,
 reports, and surveys. This form of assistance is available to
 local government through  their state officials or through
 regional and local federal offices.
   Federal  financial assistance  to  local  government is
 primarily in the form of grants-in-aid and  shared revenue.
 According  to  theVice  President's Handbook  for  Local
 Officials, it has been estimated for 1968 that $17.2 billion,
 or 98.7 percent of total  expenditures for aid took the form
 of grants. Shared revenue is estimated at $223 million, or
 1.3  percent.  Apart from these types of federal  aid other
 expenditures affecting local government finances include
 contractual  payments  or  grants to  public educational
 institutions for research, and the training of manpower in
 specialized areas.
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  Matching  provisions,  requirements  causing  states  or
localities to share in program costs, are a part of most grant
programs. Cost sharing requirements generally take one of
two forms: they may be variable matching which takes into
account  differing  financial  abilities  between  states  or
localities,  or  they  may  be  fixed-ratio matching  which
requires  all recipients  to  pay the  same  percentage  of
program costs.

Federal  Assistance  and  Research Programs

    Federal  assistance and  research for  soil  erosion  and
 sediment control projects are not easily ascertainable. This
 is  true  for  a  variety  of reasons, including:  a lack of
 programs  directly related to sediment control; a multitude
 of programs that appear to  be indirectly concerned with
 sediment  control;  current  emphasis  on  more   easily
 identifiable sources of pollution; vague language regarding
 the  applicability  to   urbanizing  areas  of  programs
 traditionally  active  in  rural  sectors;  and  the  lack of
 comprehensive  and  informative descriptions of existing
 programs.
     Accordingly,  the  programs outlined  below may  not
  include  all  federal assistance available or  they may be
  incomplete in terms  of eligibility standards. Local officials,
  therefore, should contact the nearest  field representative
  Tor those programs for which they may be eligible in order
  to  receive  comprehensive  consultation on  all possible
  eligibility and cost-sharing requirements.
     Programs are listed according to administering executive
  departments, and to department subdivisions which may be
  contacted for  information  in addition to  that  provided
  below.  Addresses for department subdivisions follow the
  last  of a  subdivisions' listed programs. Addresses for the
  departments' area  or regional offices are  provided  in the
  appendix.  Program  titles  are followed  by parentheses
 containing  citations   of  that  program's  authorizing
 legislation.
  1.   Department of Agriculture

       (1)  National  Cooperative Soil Survey  Program (16
            U.S.C. 590a-590f)

            This  program,  carried  on in cooperation with  state
            agricultural  experiment  stations  and  other  agencies,
            provides  soils  information  essential  for developing
            sedimentation control planning provisions. The different
            kinds of soil are  studied, mapped, and interpreted. These
            soil  surveys  are  then published.  Modern soil surveys
            provide information about the properties of  soil to a
            depth  of  about  6  feet. They show wetness, overflow
            hazard, depth to rock (within 6 feet),  hard pans, other
            layers,-erodibi!ity, and  the hazard of soil slippage  on
            slopes. Through soil survey maps and interpretations, the
            suitability  or  limitations of soils for certain uses can be
           shown.

           Examples of printed information available:

          List of Published Soil Surveys
          Know the Soil You Build On, AIB 320
          Know Your Soil. AIB 26 7
(2) Watershed  Development  and  Flood Prevention
    Program
    (Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act;
    16U.S.C. 1004,1005 [SuppVj)

     This program provides technical and financial assistance
     to states and  their  political subdivisions in planning,
     designing, and  installing watershed improvement works;
     in sharing costs of flood prevention, irrigation, drainage,
     and  sedimentation control;  fish  and wildlife
     developments,  and public recreation; and in extending
     long-term credit to help local interests with their share of
     the costs. Flood prevention measures  are  eligible  for
     federal funds  covering  full cost  of construction and
     engineering. Costs for non-agricultural water management
     measures such  as municipal or industrial water supplies
     are assumed entirely by local interests.

     Any  state,  county, municipal,  or  other  nonprofit
     organization  with authority to carry out, maintain, and
     operate  water supply improvements  may  sponsor a
     watershed project.
     The watershed project area must be smaller than 250,000
     acres and  must not include any single structure with a
     total capacity of  more than 25,000 acre-feet. Project
     benefits must be in excess of costs.

     Examples of printed information available:

     What the Soil Conservation Service Does, SCS-C1-3
     Local-State-Federal Watershed Projects, SCS-CI-4
     Watershed Loans, PA-406
     Multiple-Purpose Watershed Projects, PA-575

 (3) Soil and Water  Conservation Program (16 U.S.C.
     590a-590f)

     This  program  offers technical assistance required by
     landowners to solve land and water problems. The Soil
     Conservation  Service, principally  through conservation
     districts, gives on-site help in developing, applying and
     maintaining sound soil and watei conservation plans, and
     helps  groups  of  individuals and organizations  with
     programs for entire watersheds.

     The  trained  conservationists include:  soil  scientists;
     agricultural, irrigation,  hydraulic,  drainage, and
     cartographic engineers; economists;  and specialists  in
     woodland, agronomy, biology, range management, plant
     materials, geology and sedimentation. SCS  technicians
     assist in the application of  the more difficult practices
     called  for in the  conservation plan, such as  layout for
     contouring, the designing and supervising  of construction
     of drainage and  water-disposal  systems,  irrigation
     systems, terrace systems, diversions and waterways.

     Technical assistance, designed to  help  solve planning
     problems  involving  soil, water and related resources, is
     available to individual and group landowners. In certain
     programs  (Watershed Protection and Flood  Prevention,
     Resource  Conservation  and Development, and the Great
     Plains Conservation Program), financial assistance is also
     available for specified work.
      Examples of printed information available:

      Soil Conservation Service, PA-818
      What the Soil Conservation Service Does, SCS-CI-3
      Soil Conservation at Home AIB 321
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        Our American Land,  AIB 321
        Sediment, AIB 325
        Published Soil Surveys

         For more information  regarding the  above  programs,
         contact:
         Soil Conservation Service
         U.S. Department of Agriculture
         Washington, D.C.. 20250
                     or:
         Local Soil Conservation Service Office
                     or:
         Local Soil Conservation District
    (4)     Soil  and
(16U.S.C. 590a-590f)
Water  Conservation  Research
       The Agricultural Research Service conducts research on soil
       and water conservation  including erosion and pollution
       control,  sedimentation   and hydrology.  This  program
       provides technical information for federal, state and local
       agencies and private engineers working on sediment control
       programs.

       This program  provides grants of up  to 50 percent of the
       cost of public facilities including water and sewer systems,
       and flood control projects.  Severely depressed areas that
       cannot match federal funds may  receive supplementary
       grants to bring federal contribution up to 80 percent of the
       project cost.
       Examples of printed information available:

        Predicting Rainfall-Erosion  Losses from Cropland
        East  of the  Rocky  Mountains,  Agriculture
        Handbook 282

        Summary of Reservoir Sediment Deposition Surveys
        made in the United States  through 1965,  USDA
        Misc. Pub. 1143
        For more information contact:
        Soil and Water Conservation Research Division
        Agricultural Research Service
        U.S.  Department of Agriculture
        Bettsvitle, Maryland 20705
  II. Department of Commerce

      Economic Development - Grants and Loans for Public
      Works and Development  Facilities (Public  Works and
      Economic Development Act of 1965; 42 U.S.C.  3121)
           This program provides grants of up to 50 percent of the
           cost of  public  facilities  including  water  and  sewer
           systems,  and flood  control projects. Severely depressed
           areas that  cannot  match  federal  funds may  receive
           supplementary grants to bring federal  contribution up to
           80 percent of the project cost.
           Loans  are  also  available  for  public  works and
           development facility projects. These loans may pay the
           full cost  of a project and may run for as long as 40 years,
           the interest  being determined by  government borrowing
           costs. A community that is unable to raise its share of the
           eligible project cost may receive a grant for 50 percent or
           more of the project's cost  and a  federal loan  for the
           remainder of the cost.
           States and local subdivisions thereof, Indian tribes, and
           private or public non-profit organizations or  associations
           representing a  redevelopment  area  or  an economic
           development center are eligible.
          Examples of printed information available:

          EDA Handbook
          Building Communities with Jobs, EDA
          Grants and Loans for Public Works and Development
          Facilities, EDA
          Areas Eligible for Financial Assistance
          Guides for  Overall Economic Development Programs
          Economic Development Directory of Approved Projects

          For more information, contact:

          Economic Development Administration
          U.S. Department of Commerce
          Washington, D.C. 20230

          Economic  Development Administration Area Offices
          (See appendix for addresses)
III.       Department of Defense
                                             (1)  Flood  Plain  Management  Services  Program (33
                                                  U.S.C. 707a)

                                                  This  program  includes  preparation of  flood plain
                                                  information reports and special reports on flood hazards,
                                                  and technical services and guidance toward reduction of
                                                  flood  damage potentials. Services include interpretation
                                                  of basic data  and assistance in planning  for  land-use
                                                  regulations, for possible flood modification  structures,
                                                  and  for application  of flood  concepts. Non-federal
                                                  interests are  encouraged  to provide mapping, aerial
                                                  photography, stream  flow records, and related assistance.

                                                    Examples of printed information available:
                                                    Flood Plain Management and Flood Plain Management
                                                    Services
                                                   Guidelines for Reducing Flood Damages

                                             (2)  Limited  Water Resources  Development  Projects
                                                  (33 USC 426 g, 701a, 577, 603a,701r)

                                                  This program provides the Chief Engineers  with general
                                                  authority to undertake flood control, navigation, and
                                                  beach  erosion  control projects of limited  scope. Federal
                                                  assistance includes studies of the problem involved, and
                                                  construction   of  restorative  and  protective  works.
                                                  Cooperation  requirements for non-federal  interests  are
                                                  the  same as for the above program  and in addition,  the
                                                  following as appropriate:

                                                      (a)  Small Flood Control Projects-all  project costs
                                                           in excess of the federal limit of $1 million;
                                                       (b)  Small Navigation Projects-all project costs in
                                                           excess of the federal limit of $500,000;
                                                       (c)  Small  Beach Erosion 'Control Projects-all .
                                                           project costs in excess of the federal limit of
                                                           $500,000; and
                                                       (d) Snagging and  Clearing  Projects for Flood
                                                           Control-all project  costs  in  excess of  the
                                                           federal limit of $100,000; and
                                                       (e)  Protection  of Essential  Highways, Highway
                                                           Bridge  Approaches,  and  Public  Works-all
                                                           project costs in excess of the  federal limit of
                                                           $50,000.

                                                  For more information regarding theses programs, contact
                                                  the nearest U.S. Army Division or District Engineer or:

                                                  Director of Civil Works
                                                  Office of the Chief Engineer
                                                  Department of the Army-
                                                  Washington, D.C. 20315

                                                                                                  G39

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     Financing  Major Control Measures
                                    ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO
  Albuquerque's age-old erosion and
sediment problems are the direct result
of  wind and  infrequent  but intense
summer rains.  The latter  swell the
arroyos which lead from the east and
west mesas to the city located below
in the Rio Grande River Valley.
   To control the waters running off
the mesas and  ponding in  the river
valley, local citizens sought assistance
from   the  U.S.  Corps of Engineers
 which (along with the U.S. Bureau of
 Reclamation) has  responsibility for
 controlling floods in the Rio  Grande
 River. As the Corps of Engineers could
 not  undertake  corrective  measures
 without there being a local sponsoring
 agency,  public pressure resulted  in
 legislative  action   by  the  state
 legislature (March,  1962) creating the
 Albuquerque  Metropolitan   Arroyo
 Ffaod Control Authority.
    The first objective of the Authority
 was to adopt a plan for controlling
 arroyo floods. After  public  hearings
 and  the investigation  of many
 xhemes,  the so-called "Twin-Ditch"
 plan was adopted as  the official plan
 of the Authority. Briefly,  the plan
 called for two open concrete lined
 channels  known  as the "North"and
 the "South"channels, parallel and on
 the east side of the  Rio  Grande, to
 intercept the arroyos before they flow
into  the  city,  and discharge  them
downstream into the Rio Grande.

  Other major tasks of the Authority
  were to:

   1. Acquire  all  needed right
      of ways.
   2. Remove  or  relocate  all
      existing utilities.
   3. Design and  construct  all
      needed roads and bridges.
   4. Make a cash contribution
      to  the U.S.  Government
      of the construction of
      the North Channel equal
      to 3.4% of the  total cost
      of this Channel.
   5. Make a cash contribution
      to  the U.S.  Government
      for the construction
      of  the   South  Channel
      equal to 3.4% of the total
      cost of this Channel.

  To secure the large sums of money
needed to fulfill these obligations, the
enabling act establishing the Authority
gave  it the  bonding  power  with  a
statutory limit of  $J2,500,000 on the
amount  of debt  that  could be
outstanding at any one time. A bond
resolution was passed (July 20,  1963)
calling  for  the issuance  of general
obligation  bonds  in  the amount  of
$9,500,000, and a date was selected
for an  election  to approve the bond
issue. After approval by the voters, the
Authority, assured of funds, adopted a
resoulution pledging cooperation  with
the  Federal  Government  in flood
control work.  Th'e resolution received
an  endorsement of acceptance by the
District Engineer of the Albuquerque
U.S.  Army Engineer  District,   thus
clearing the way to receive financial
assistance through the  U.S. Corps  of
Engineers.
  Also, following  approval   by  the
voters of the bond issue, a. test suit was
filed  in  order  to  prove  the
constitutionality of the legislative act
which created the  Authority.   This
latter step  was deemed necessary as a
prerequisite to advertising and selling
the bond issue.  A favorable  decision
was  rendered in  both  the  District
Court of Bemalillo  County  and, on
appeal,  in  the State Supreme Court.
The last hurdle  was thereby cleared,
allowing the passage and adoption of a
1965 Bonds Public Sale Resolution by
the Board  of Directors on  November
4, 1964. The bonds were subsequently
sold to the lowest bidding financial
institution  which called for an over-all
interest rate of 3.1% per annum  over
the  13-year life  of the bond issue.
 IV. Department  of  Housing  and  Urban  Development
     (HUD)
    (1) Advance Acquisition of Land (Housing and  Urban
        Development  Act of 1965,  sed. 704, as amended,
        42 U.S.C. 3104)
         This program provides grants for the advance acquisition
         of  land  that  communities will  need  for  future
         construction of public works  and  facilities. Grants are
         made in amounts not to exceed the reasonable interest
         cost of financing the acquisition of land for a period of
         up to five years in advance of its use for approved public-
         purposes.  In unusual circumstances HUD may allow a
         period of more than five years. The approved use of the
         land must  be consistent with the comprehensively
         planned development of the area.

         Cities, towns, counties, States, Indian tribes, or a public
         agency or instrumentality of one or more-municipalities
         established to finance capital improvements are eligible..
         Application- is made to the HUD Regional Office  serving
         the area in which the land is located.
                         (2)  Public  Water and  Sewer Facilities (Housing and
                             Urban  Development  Act of 1965,  sec.702,  as
                             amended, 42 U.S.C. 3101)

                             This program provides grants covering up to SO percent
                             of land and construction costs for new water and sewer
                             facilities basic efficient and orderly areawide .community
                             growth and development.  The  facilities  must  be
                             consistent with a program for  a coordinated areawide
                             water and  sewer facilities system which  is part of the
                             comprehensively  planned development of the area.  A
                             grant may be up  to 90 percent, under certain conditions,
                             for communities with population under 10,000. Cities,
                             towns,  counties,  Indian tribes, or  public agencies or
                             instrumentalities  of one or more state's, or one or more
                             municipalities established to finance specific  capital
                             improvement projects are eligible.

                      (3)   Open Space Land Program (Housing Act of 1961, as
                            amended, 42 U.S.C. l'500-1500e)
                             This program provides grants to  help communities
                             acquire and develop land to help provide needed park,
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    recreation,  conservation,  scenic,  and  historic  areas.
    Acquisition and development of open space land must be
    in  accord  with  local and  areawide  comprehensive
    planning. A giant to acquire developed land in a built-up
    urban  area may be made  only if there  is no suitable
    undeveloped land in the same area.
    A grant may be awarded up to 50  percent of the cost of
    acquiring the needed land. Further grants for developing
    land acquired under the program may be made up to 50
    percent of improvement costs.
    Eligible acquisition costs include those for acquiring land
    and  certain  structures,  demolition  of  inappropriate
    structures, and real estate services. Eligible improvement
    costs include basic facilities (e.g., landscaping) but not
    major  construction. State  and local  public bodies  with
    authority to acquire and preserve open space land and to
    contract for federal funds are eligible.

(4)  New  Communities (HUD Act  of 1968,  42 U.S.C.
     3901  et seq.)

     Bonds, debentures, notes, or other obligations issued by
     private developers to finance the  cost of  acquiring and
     developing land for new communities may be guaranteed
     by HUD. Within  a  limit  of  $50 million for any one
     community, and based on HUD's estimate of value and
     cost, the guaranteed  amount  may be up to whichever is
     less: 80 percent of the value of the property when land
     development is completed; or the sum of 75 percent of
     the value  of the land before development is completed;
     and   90  percent  of  the  actual   cost  of the  land
     development (not including buildings).

     Supplemental grants of up to 20 percent of facility cost
     are authorized  for new community water and sewer or
     open-space facilities  assisted  with other federal grants.
     The  total federal grant amount  may  not  exceed  80
     percent of facility cost.

     Approved  private developers may  receive guarantees.
     States  and  localities providing  a new  community
     development with federally assisted water and sewer and
     open space facilities may receive supplemental grants.
 (5) Public Works Planning Advances (Housing Act of
     1954, sec. 702, as amended, 40 U.S.C. 462)

     A program to help communities plan for essential public
     works and community facilities. Interest-free advances
     are made to  cover  the cost of feasibility studies and of
     preparing engineering and architectural plans for needed
     public works. This planning aid may be used for all types
     of public  works except  public  housing. Examples of
     public  works that  can  qualify  are water  and  sewer
     systems, public buildings,  health facilities,  recreational
     projects, and bridges. The planning advance  is repayable
     to HUD when construction of the planned  public work
     begins. The  eligible applicant  may be  any  non-federal
     public agency that  is legally authorized  to plan, finance,
     and  construct  the proposed  project.  Such  agencies
     include  states,  counties,  other political subdivisions,
     special  districts,  regional and metropolitan  public
     agencies, and Indian tribes.

 (6) Public  Facility   Loans  Program  (Housing
     amendments of 1955,42 U.S.C. 1491-1497)
      This program provides long-term loans  (up to 40 years)
      covering up to  100 percent cost of a variety of public
    works projects including the construction of water  and
    sewage  facilities,  recreation  facilities  street
    improvements,  public  buildings  (except  schools),  and
    other public works. Loan aid is available only for those
    parts  of  a  project not covered by aid provided under
    other federal agency programs.
     Those   eligible  for  funding include  local  units of
     government  or  state  instrumentalities (cities,  towns,
     villages,  townships,  counties, public  corporations or
     boards,  sanitary  or water  districts,  or  Indian  tribes)
     having the  legal authority to build public works and issue
     bonds to pay for  them. The applicant community must
     have  a  population  of  under  50,000.  In designated
     redevelopment  areas population  may be up to  150,000,
     while areas near research and development installations of
     the National Aeronautics and Space Administration are
     not  subject to a population limit. A non-profit private
     corporation  serving  a   community under 10,000
     population also is eligible for assistance but for water and
     sewer facilities only.
(7)  Planned  Areawide Development  (Demonstration
     Gties  and  Metropolitan  Development  Act  of
     1966, 42 U.S.C. 3331-3339)

     A program  of supplementary grants to encourage states
     and  localities to cooperate in  the  development and
     implementation   of  effective  areawide  comprehensive
     planning and programing in multijurisdictional areas.

     Grants of up to 20 percent of project costs are authorized
     to supplement federal grants made under any of 10 other
     federal grant  programs  for  the  following  types  of
     projects:  basic  water  and  sewer  facilities,   libraries,
     hospitals  and medical facilities, sewage treatment works,
     highways, airport development, urban masstransportation
     facilities and equipment, acquisition and development of
     land  for  open  space,  urban  beautification  and
     improvement,   historic preservation, acquisition  and
     development of  lands  and  waters for  recreational
     purposes,  and public  works  and  facilities  in
     redevelopment areas. The total federal contribution may
     not exceed  80 percent of project costs.

     The applicant may  be any state or local public body
     which

          (a)  has,   within  the  current  one-year period,
              received  a grant under  one of  the specified
              federal programs for  a  project located in  a
               "qualified multijurisdictional area," and
          (b)  demonstrates that it is assisting in carrying out
               areawide  comprehensive  planning  and
               programing.

     A  "qualified jurisdictional area"  is an  area which is
     determined by HUD to evidence superior performance in
     developing  and implementing  an  effective  areawide
     comprehensive planning system.


 (8) Comprehensive Planning Assistance (Housing Act
     of 1954, Sec. 701, as amended, 40 U.S.C. 461)

     Grants  of  up  to  two-thirds  (three-fourths, in some
     instances)  of the cost of a planning project are made to
     supplement  state  and  local  funds  for  comprehensive
     planning  for  areas having  common  or  related
     development problems.  Eligible activities include  the
     preparation of development plans, policies, and strategies;
                                                                                                                       G41

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           implementation  measures;  and  the  coordination  of
           related  plans  and activities being carried on at various
           levels of government. Activities include land development
           patterns,  physical  facility  "heeds,  such  as housing,
           transportation  planning  recreation  and   community
           facilities, the  development of human resources, and the
           development and protection of natural resources.

           Applicants  may be  State  agencies  designated by  the
           Governor;  metropolitan,  nonmetropolitan, and regional
           planning agencies, including  councils  of governments;'
           counties, cities, local development districts; Indian tribal
           bodies; and interstate regional commissions.

           For more information regarding the above HUD programs,
           contact:
           Assistant Regional Administrator
           for Metropolitan Development
           HUD Regional Office
           (See appendix for addresses)

        (9) Code  Enforcement Grants (Housing Act of 1949,
            Sec.   117, as added by Sec. 31l[al 42 U.S.C
            1468) Housing and Urban Development Act of
            7965 Sec. 311 (a), 42 U.S.C.  1468)
    mapping,  geologic  mapping,  geologic  and  mineral
    resources surveys and  mapping, and  water resources
    investigations are planned, conducted,  and financed  in
    cooperation with state and local governments.
    Plans for cooperative programs are initiated jointly and
    are designed to contribute to national program objectives
    and responsibilities and at the same time to serve state or
    local needs.

    A clause  in the  annual  appropriation  for the Survey
    requires  that  cooperating state and local governments
    must contribute at least one-half the cost of cooperative
    topographic mapping or water resources investigations.

    Examples of printed information available:

    Maps, atlases,  bulletins, water supply papers, and
    other  documents;  also a series  of nontechnical
    leaflets addressed lay readers.
    For more information, contact:

    Director, Geological Survey
    U.S. Department of the Interior
    Washington, D.C. 20242
            A program to aid development of concentrated code
            enforcement programs  and  to  provide  adequate
            supporting facilities and and services for the purpose of
            helping  communities restore  the  stability of
            neighborhoods and prevent blight.

            Grants  of  up  to  two-thirds of  program  cost  for
            municipalities  over  50,000  population  and  up to
            three-fourths of program cost for municipalities 50,000
            or under in population are made for planning, reviewing,
            and  administering  concentrated  code  enforcement
            programs in selected local areas. Eligible project expenses
            include  planning,  administration,  and  public
            improvements, such as necessary streets, sidewalks, curbs,
            street lighting, tree planting, and similar improvements.
            Direct federal three  percent  rehabilitation loans and
            rehabilitation grants are  available to eligible owners and
            tenants of property in  the area.

            Eligible applicants may  be cities,  municipalities, and
            counties  having  legal  authority  to enforce housing,
            building,  and  related codes. The community  must have a
            current  certified   Workable  Program  for Community
            Improvement,  must have adopted  and be enforcing a
            comprehensive system  of codes that  meet minimum
            standards,  must   agree  to  maintain  normal  levels of
            expenditures  for   code   enforcement  exclusive  of  an
            expenditures required  for the project area, must provide
            relocation assistance to  all  those displaced  by  project
            activities, and  must provide at local expense all public
            facilities that are necessary to accomplish the purpose of
            (he program.
            For more  information,  contact:

           Assistant Regional Administrator for Renewal Assistance
           HUD regional office (See Appendix for address)

 V    Department of the Interior

     (1)  Geologic,   Mineral,  Water  Resource,   and
          Topographic Surveys, Investigations, and Research
          Program (43 U.S.C. 31,41, 50)

          Many of the Geological Survey's programs in topographic
(2)  Water  Pollution  Control-Training  Grants  and
     Research  Fellowships  Program    Federal Water
     Pollution Control Act as amended, 33U.S.C. 466,
     et. seq.)
     The purpose of this program is to increase substantially
     the  number  and  quality  of  trained professionals,
     sub-professionals, and others engaged in water pollution
     control activities.

     This is done  through  training  grants and  research
     fellowships. Training grants provide  partial  support to
     assist public and other institutions to establish, expand,
     or improve training opportunities for individuals planning
     courses in practice, administration, research, or teaching
     in  the field  of water  pollution  control.  Research
     fellowships  provide  support  to highly qualified
     individuals  pursuing  advanced degrees  in  disciplines
     directly  related  to  and  leading  to careers in  water
     pollution control.

     Public and  private universities, colleges or institutions,
    junior colleges,  technical  institutes, and  educational
     organizations  are  eligible.  Local  officials  should
    encourage their educational organizations to apply if they
    have not already done so.

    Research fellowships are available  to eligible individuals.
    Those  interested should  apply through  the following
    address or any  listed local office.

    For more information, contact:

    Training Grants Branch
    Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
    U. S. Department of the Interior
    Washington, D.C. 20240
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(3)     Water  Pollution  Control—Research
         Development and Demonstration Program
         (Federal  Water  Pollution  Control Act
          as amended,  33 U.S.C.,  466, et seq.)
     The purpose of  this program is  to develop new and
     improved  methods for  the prevention and control  of
     water pollution. Contracts  and grants are  made for this
     purpose in the following specific areas:

     (a)  storm and combined sewers,
     (b)' advanced  waste  treatment  and  joint  treatment
         systems for municipal and industrial wastes,
     (c)  methods for  prevention of pollution by  industry,
         including, but not limited to, treatment of industrial
         wastes,
     (d)  practicable means of treating water-borne wastes to
         remove the maximum  possible amounts of physical,
         chemical and biological pollutants to  restore water
         quality for repeated reuse,
     (e)  improved  methods to identify  and  measure the
         effects of  pollutants on water uses, including those
         pollutants   created  by  new technological
         development,
     (f)  methods to  evaluate the effects on water quality
         and uses of augmented streamflows to control water
          pollution  not  susceptible  to other  means  of
          abatement.

     In both categories (a) and  (b), no grant may exceed  75
     percent of the  project cost, and  projects must have the
     approval of  the  state  water  pollution control agency.
     Under category (c), grants may not be in  excess of  $1
     million or  70 percent of the project cost.  There are  no
     matching requirements for contracts.

     Under  these  grants,  the  technical feasibility and
     applicability  of  the  method  used  must be  technically
     evaluated as an  integral part of the project.

     Contracts may  be awarded to public or private agencies
     and institutions  and  to individuals. Giants for  general
     research and development,  and projects in areas (a), (b),
     (c), and (0  above, may be  made  to public or private
      agencies, institutions and to individuals. Grants in areas
      (d)  and  (e)  above  may  be  awarded  to  States,
      municipalities  or intermunicipal or  interstate agencies
      concerned with water pollution control.

      Examples of printed information available:

      Water Pollution Aspects of Urban Runoff,
        FWPCA publication WP-20-15
     A Program to Combat Storm Water Pollution,
        FWPCA Publication WP-18
      dean Water Fact Sheet
        FWPCA Publication
      Federal Grants for Clean Water,
       FWPCA Publication

      For more information, contact:

      Office of Research and Development
      Project Coordination
      Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
      U.S.  Department of the Interior
      Washington, D.C. 20240
(4)  Real  Property  for  Public  Parks,  Public
     Recreational Areas,  and Public Purposes Program
     (43 U.S.C.  869  [1940]  43 U.S.C. 869 to 869-3
     [Supp. VD

     State and local grants in the public land states that agree
     to  dedicate new parks  for  use by all Americans will be
     able to purchase recreation  areas from the National Land
     Regions for $2.50 and acre or lease them for $.25 an acre
     per year.

     Examples of printed information available:
     Community Recreation and the Public Domain
      May 1963, U.S.D.I.
     Federal Assistance in Outdoor Recreation
      Publication No. I.N.A.C.
 (5)   Real  Property  for   Residential,  Commercial,
      Agricultural,  Industrial  or  Public  Uses or
      Development  Program,  (Public  Sale Act of 1964,
      43 U.S.C. 1421)
     This program provides for transfer of title federal lands
     that are required  for orderly community growth  and
     development,  or  are  chiefly  valuable for public  uses.
     Federally owned public domain land may be available for
     use, lease or purchases to qualified governmental agencies
     at the appraised fair market value.

     Examples of printed information available:

     Fact Sheet on Historical Preservation
     Fact Sheet on Land and Water Conservation
     Federal Assistance in Outdoor Recreation
      For more information regarding programs (4) and (5),
       contact:
     Bureau of Land Management
     U.S. Department of the Interior
     Washington, D.C. 20240

 (6) Outdoor Recreation Financial Assistance Program
     ( Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965;
     16 U.S.C. 460 L-to 460L-11; 23 U.S.C. note)

     Financial assistance  is available  to  states  and  their
     political  subdivisions for  planning,  acquiring,  and
     developing all types  of outdoor recreation  areas  and
     facilities. Grants  are made on a 50-50 matching basis for
     approved projects.  Basic program objectives are:

     (a)  Development  of projects  in  areas  where
          concentration of people live.
     (b)  Projects must be available  for use by the general
          public.
     (c)  Development of basic rather than elaborate facilities
          is favored.
     (d)  Projects  furnishing  a  broad  range of  outdoor
          recreation uses and experiences are preferred.
     Approved  projects,  include multipurpose metropolitan
     parks, snow  ski areas, urban playgrounds, golf courses,
     swimming  pools,  hiking  and  bicycling paths,  nature
     interpretation areas,  fishing piers,  marinas, and  boat
     launching ramps.
      States and, through them, local levels of government may
      apply   for a grant-in-aid  for  an  approved  outdoor
      recreation  project.  All  project  proposals  must  be
      submitted to  the  Bureau through the state liasion officer.
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         To  be eligible, the state  must develop and  maintain  a
         current comprehensive statewide outdoor recreation plan.
         Projects  must  be  in  accord  with  and  meet  the
         high-priority needs identified in the state plan. The state
         liaison officer has the initial responsibility of determining
         which  projects to support and  the order in which to
         request funds.

         For more information, contact:

         Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
         U. S. Department of the Interior
         Washington, D.C. 20240

         Regional Director, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
         (See appendix for addresses)

         State Liaison Officer
     (7)  Small  Reclamation  Project   Loans  for  Water
          Resources Projects (43 U.S.C. 422)

          This program provides lands and grants for construction
          of rehabilitation of water resource development projects
          which must be primarily for irrigation and be located in
          the 17 western-most contiguous states or Hawaii.  The
          projects may  also cover other purposes including flood
          control,  abating  water  pollution,  fish  and  wildlife
          enhancement, and recreational  development. Loans are
          fully  reimbursable  and grants  can  be made  only for
          approved  flood control, fish and wildlife,  and recreation
          purposes.

          Non-federal organizations  in  the  17   western-most
          contiguous states or  Hawaii  which are qualified or which
          can  qualify  to  contract  with  the   United States
          Government under federal reclamation laws are eligible.

          A  descriptive brochure may  be requested  from  the
          Bureau of Reclamation.

          For more information, contact:

         Bureau of Reclamation
         U.S. Department of the Interior
         Washington, D.C. 20240
VI.   Department of Transportation

          Airport  Development   Program  (Federal-Airport
          Act, 1946, as amended)
         This  program  provides financial  aid,  conveyance  of
         federal land, and other assistance to public agencies in the
         planning, acquisition, and development of public airports
         and heliports.

         Property interests in federal  lands as well as federal
         grants, are  are available for projects that are essential to
         the operation and safety of airports.

         Grants can be made for land acquisition; site preparation;
         drainage  work,  either  on  or  off  the  airport  site;
         construction, alteration, and repair of runways; taxiways,
         aprons, and  roads within  airport  boundaries; erosion
         control; seeding and sodding; and  certain  other on-site
         and off-site work.
S e d i mentation
expenditures.
               problems  sometimes  require  major  capita!
       The federal government generally provides 50 percent of
       the  cost  and the local  public authority  provides the
       remaining 50 percent.

       State, county, municipal, and other public agencies are
       eligible if their  airport requirements are shown  in the
       National Airport Plan.
       Apply to:

       FAA Area Offices or FAA Regional Offices
       (See appendix for addresses)

       Federal Aviation Administration
       U.S. Department of Transportation
       Washington, D.C. 20590

VII.  Appalachian Regional Commission

      Appalachian  Regional  Development  Program
      (Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965,
      40 App U.S.C. 1-405)
      This economic  development  program  established
      activities which  will contribute  to  the growth  of  the
      Appalachian region. These programs include application
      of  land  treatment  and  erosion  control  measures;
      operation of a comprehensive water resources survey, and
      construction and equipping of public facilities.

      States, political subdivisions, local development agencies
      and districts,  non-profit corporations and private citizens
      in Appalachia are eligible.

      Apply to:

      Appalachian Regional Commission
      1666 Connecticut Avenue
      Washington, D.c. 20235
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  Many 01 the foregoing programs provide support for soil
erosion  and  sediment control as one of a  multitude of
purposes.  In  some of  the  programs, abatement  of
sedimentation is a supplemental or secondary provision to
other stated objectives. Therefore, with most assistance and
research programs sedimentation control will need  to be
approached  as one of a package of community objectives
requiring  comprehensive  planning  and  coordinated
implementation. (See the Chapter on Planning for further
information  on the  relationship between planning  and
assistance programs.)

               STATE ASSISTANCE

  Commensurate  with  the  growing awareness of  the
potential  hazards  of  sedimentation  to  environmental
quality is the increasing availability and magnitude of state
aid. One major source of state  assistance is that provided by
the   state   soil  and  water  conservation  committees,
commissions, boards, and councils that administer the laws
under which conservation districts are created.
  In  1970,  for example, the  funds appropriated through
these agencies in support of conservation  district programs
reached $31  million.  Over  half  of these funds are used to
carry out  responsibilities  in  connection with  watershed
programs.  Others  are  used  for   direct assistance  for
conservation districts,  soil  survey  reports and
interpretations, and river basin planning.
  In  Kentucky,  the  Division  of  Soil  and  Water
Conservation,  an  agency  of the   State  Department of
Natural Resources, has a stated policy objective of assisting
Kentucky's  Soil  and Water  Conservation  Districts  and
Watershed  Conservancy  Districts  with   financial,
promotional, educational, and administrative  assistance in
developing and operating a complete conservation program
throughout  the state. In terms of financial aid, the Division
assists local  districts with  loans  for  the  purchase of
specialized earthmoving equipment. The fund for the loans
was  created by the state's legislature  in  1948 with an
appropriation of   $400,000  which  was   increased to
$600,000 in 1960, and to  $850,000 in 1968. The Division
also administers a $125,000 fund each year for district aid
to Kentucky's 121 soil conservation districts.
   In  Wisconsin,  where  sediment  has  been declared  a
pollutant, $72,000 has been made available annually to the
State's 72   conservation  districts.  This  is  matched by
$313,000  from  county  funding  through  conservation
districts. Most of these funds  are spent on erosion control,
including, for  example, the purchase of  hydro-seeders for
roadside use.
   Local officials should contact their respective state water
pollution  control   agency,  and   state  soil and  water
conservation agency for information concerning assistance.
(See appendix for addresses)

               LOCAL ASSISTANCE

   Local  special   purpose  organizations,  especially
conservation districts, should  not be overlooked as one of
the  best  sources  of technical assistance for  sediment
control. In cooperation with the Soil Conservation Service,
conservation districts prepare soil surveys which determine
use capabilities and treatment needs of local  soils; help
make plans for land use according to survey results; issue
erosion control guide standards; and aid in the planning and
application of control techniques. This service is available
to landowners and developers and their engineers as part of
the consultative technical assistance offered by districts.
  One method for securing conservation district services,
particularly in  connection with preparation of technical
guides, is  the use of a  county technical  action panel.
Composed of appropriate county and conservation  district
personnel, panels can serve as centers for issuing practical
erosion  and  sediment  control  guidelines  for  use  by
developers,  contractors,  school boards,  and all relevant
government agencies operating at the local level.
   In  addition  to  conservation  districts,  other  special
purpose organizations that local officials should contact for
information concerning technical assistance include flood
control  districts,  water  conservancy districts, drainage
districts, and sanitation districts.

              PRIVATE ASSISTANCE

   Numerous local  and  national   private  organizations
 provide  support  for  local sedimentation control  efforts.
 They provide assistance  through support  for  local  bond
 issues, and by providing information through publications,
 newsletters, and films. The Consulting Engineers Council of
 America,  and the American Society of Civil Engineers, issue
 guidelines on how to select a consultant and can provide  a
 list  of  member consultants  in local areas. The National
 Association of County  Engineers can provide information
 regarding  existing  sedimentation control techniques, and
 can serve  as a clearing house for translating and transmitting
 knowledge of improved  techniques as they are developed.
   The   League  of  Women  Voters  and  the   General
 Federation of Women's  Clubs have been  very active in
 support  of land and water  conservation efforts  through
 educational and  data  collection  programs. The  former
 organization,  for  instance, developed a  slide  show and
 supplied  speakers  for  civic groups  on urban erosion and
 sedimentation in support  of a Fairfax County., Virginia soil
 conservation program.
   The Investment Bankers Association of America  and the
Bond Buyer provide literature on the preparation and sale
 of local bond issues.
   The local Chamber  of  Commerce  and  the National
 Association of Home Builders provide industry's point of
view on the sediment problem. The National Association of
Home  Builders  also  issues  reports  on methods  for
identifying soil erosion problems in  connection with land
acquisitions and  on  the  basic techniques for sediment
control.
   Conservation groups can also be approached  for help in
increasing community awareness of the environmental and
monetary  costs  of sedimentation and  in gaining citizen
support for necessary bond  issues. Local officials should
enlist the  support and ideas of groups such as the American
Fisheries Society, the Conservation Society of America.the
                                                                                                              G45

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    Obtaining  Financial  and  Technical
     Assistance for Soil Surveys
                                  ST. LOUIS COUNTY, MISSOURI
  It  is  becoming increasingly
important that growing  counties use
 oils  data  as  a  guide  in  land-use
 planning.  However,  few  county
governments possess the technical and
financial capabilities to  conduct soil
studies. St. Louis County, Missouri has
 ound  that . cooperation  and
coordination  can  help  obtain
assistance in conducting  such studies.
   The  St.  Louis  Metropolitan Area,
with a population of 2,310,000 is the
ninth largest metropolitan  area in the
nation. It  includes portions  of two
states, seven counties, the  Gty of St.
 Louis, and  163 smaller municipalities.
As  a  major  component  of the
 metropolitan area, rapidly growing St.
 Louis County  has an  estimated 1969
 population of 968,000.
   The building  boom  in  St.  Louis
 County has been swift and intensive,
 with about 3,500 new  homes being
built every year.  The construction of
shopping  centers, schools,  and other
public facilities has accompanied home
building. The building boom has taken
place  within  the county's  many
watersheds where, unfortunately, the
soils have proven to be highly erodible.
   The  county  has  recently
participated in an areawide effort to
obtain soil studies for  the county, as
well as for the  entire metropolitan
area.  The  East-West  Gateway
Coordinating Council (the St.  Louis
area council of governments} has acted
as the coordinating agency to obtain
federal funds  to conduct soil studies
for  the  area,  including  St.  Louis
County. The purpose of the project is
to provide  jurisdictions  in the area
with  information  on  soil  slippage
characteristics,  soil  credibility,
shrinkage, permeability, etc.
   The   East-West   Gateway
Coordinating  Council  received
financial assistance for  the project
from  a number  of sources,  including
the Department of Housing and Urban
Development  (HUD)   701
comprehensive planning program.
   In  addition,  the  Council is  the
coordinating  agency for  the many
organizations  that  have  expressed
interest in or offered assistance to the
program. These  organizations include
public works agencies,  the  University
of Missouri,   the  U.S.  Geological
Survey, planning commissions, the Soil
Conservation Service, and funds  were
also contributed by the Missouri and
Illinois State Geological Survey.
   The St. Louis area's experience with
soil surveys  is important because  it
demonstrates  that, when  properly
coordinated,  local,  state and federal
resources can be  employed to  meet
local and areawide needs.
 Sport Fishing Institute.the Izaak Walton League, and  the
 National Resources Council.
      One  of  the  best  sources for  new  ideas  on  the
 abatement of sedimentation is the annual meeting of the
 National Watershed Conference. Comprised of more than
 27 of the nation's leading industrial, urban, agricultural,
 and conservation organizations, the Conference provides a
 forum for the discussion of ways and means of expediting,
 broadening and improving local watershed programs.  For
 additional   information  on  Conference  activities  and
 participation write or call:

         National Watershed Conference
         1025 Vermont Avenue, N.W.
         Washington, D.C.

                     SUMMARY

     Erosion and sediment control, as an integral  part of
 overall water management programs, is a necessary public
 service which must be adequately  financed. There are two
 basic financial decisions:

     (1)  how to finance capital requirements; and
     (2)  how to meet operating costs.

     If  the local  government  decides  to  provide major
 sediment control  measures (i.e., major structural  devices
                      and open  space lands),  then  it  faces the  problem of
                      financing capital requirements.  If a more  limited and
                      segmented  approach  is  used, local government  is still
                      responsible  for  providing needed remedial measures and
                      maintenance.
                         Since  the  program  must  be  financed  within the
                      constraints of state laws and local charters, these should be
                      thoroughly examined during the planning process.  Local
                      governments can pay for the program through the following
                      methods: federal and state assistance, taxes,  bond issues,
                      and developer contributions. The local capital improvement
                      budget should schedule the financing of all major sediment
                      control facilities, equipments, and land acquisitions.
                         With use of appropriate  purchasing  techniques,  a
                      sediment control program can be operated on an areawide
                      basis  and thereby,  allow for economies  of operation to
                      benefit each jurisdiction involved.
                         A significant  feature of  financial  and  technical
                      assistance for sediment control is that there is an absence of
                      programs specifically designed to aid local sediment control
                      operations. Instead, assistance is normally available through
                      programs which include  sediment control  as  only one of
                      several eligible activities.
                         It should be noted that  not  all the benefits from
                      sedimentation control programs are measurable  in dollars.
                      Many  are  intangible, such as  improved  aesthetic and
                      recreational quality, which are not easily quantifiable yet
                      very essential to continued public health and welfare.
G46

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                                                                                                  chapter  eight
                                                 Personnel
   Elsewhere  in the  guidebook,  reference  is made  to
 implementing sedimentation control programs through the
 use of a task force of local agencies, instead of creating a
 separate and autonomous control agency. When staffing for
 programs using  the task force approach, the nature of most
 personnel management concerns will depend on the current
 personnel  practices of  existing agencies.  However, three
 basic elements  may  be evaluated  despite  local practices.
 These are: personnel skills appropriate for  carrying out the
 program, training aspects, and methods of recruitment.


                PERSONNEL SKILLS

  The following analysis of personnel skills  appropriate for
carrying out a control program will be  made both in terms
of  professional  disciplines  and in  terms  of program
functions.

 Professionals  and non-professionals

   Analysis of the  number and  types of personnel needed
 for local control programs reveals no obvious pattern that
 can be used as a model staff. Rather, personnel needs will
 depend upon factors  that may vary significantly  between
 local jurisdictions. These  factors  include:  the  current
 training and experience of existing personnel; the training
 available for existing personnel; the geological, hydrological
 and  topological nature  of the problem; the  program's
 eligibility for technical assistance; the extent of laws, codes,
 and  regulations to be  administered;  and   the  extent  of
 cooperation between public agencies and developers.
   Although a complete staff model  is not  feasible, several
 types of personnel that  appear to  be basic  for effective
 sedimentation control may  be  noted. These include soil
 scientists,  planners,  soil  conservationists,   soil  engineers,
 on-site  inspectors  and  hydrologists.  Soil scientists can
 classify and map soils which permits predictions on items
 such  as:  erodibility  by  wind  and  water; adequacy  of
 different  locations for sewage  disposal; droughtiness and
 the   need   for  supplemental irrigation; slippage  hazard;
 presence of salts, alkalinity, or acidity  that would inhibit
 plant  growth;  potential  flood hazards  under  natural
 conditions; and  suitability for alternate land-uses.
   Planners  with  knowledge  of  control   principles  are
 essential for  developing land-use plans and project plans.
 (For  a discussion  of planning, refer  to the Chapter on
 Planning)
   Soil  conservationists can  provide  erosion and sediment
 control  guidelines  for  builders, developers,  and  private
 citizens and help to  implement these guidelines  through
consultation  on  specific  control measures  and practices.
Soil conservationists may be defined as generalists in  soil
and water conservation with knowledge of agronomy  and
forestry,  and of the engineering techniques in designing
erosion and sediment control structures.
   Hydrologists  can  study and  compile  data  on  the
interrelationships  between  surface  water  runoff  and
receiving water courses (streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, etc.),
sediment  transport and  deposition,  erosion of shorelines,
turbidity, and flood hazards.
   A soil  engineer  is a civil engineer  experienced in  soil
mechanics. His experience may be employed to investigate
and report on the  stability of existing or  proposed slopes;
exercise  control  over  the installation and  compaction of
fills; recommend soil  bearing values;  and  provide design
criteria and calculations for special earth structures such as
buttress fills. The soil engineer  is specifically identified in
many grading ordinances  in  California where the State
Health and Safety  Code  requires each city and county to
enact an   ordinance requiring  a preliminary soil  report,
prepared by a soil engineer registered by the  slate.
   Inspection  personnel include   soil  engineers,  civil
engineers  with training in hydrology, soil conservationists,
and  non-professional  personnel trained in sedimentation
control measures and techniques.  Local governments in
California supplement the  staffs of their local inspection
agencies by requiring developers and contractors to employ
a  soil engineer, registered with the state, with the duty of
providing permanent on-site supervision and  inspection, and
reporting   on the  progress of  construction  and grading
activities  in terms of compliance with  previously  approved
plans.
Functional Needs

   Analyzing personnel skills from a functional  approach
(See the  list below) indicates the number of roles that can
be assumed by the same personnel. For example, planners,
engineers,  and  conservationists  all may  be involved in
comprehensive planning, community project planning, and
in the administration of ordinances, codes, and regulations.
   It  also demonstrates the  adaptability of sedimentation
control  functions to  on-going operations in as much as
these functions are normally carried out by most general
purpose  governments in  providing community services.
Therefore, most control  functions can be carried out by
existing  personnel  with  adequate  training  in control
principles and  techniques. This should particularly be  true
in connection  with  the  nonprofessional  functions  of
support services and maintenance.
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   The following list illustrates the scope of manpower skills
 both  in  terms  of  program  functions  and  in  terms of
 professional background, that may be employed to carry
 out sedimentation  control  operations. It should be noted
 that programs staffing needs will not require the personnel
 listed more than on a part-time basis.
 Function                    Professional Title
  Comprehensive Planning
  Project Planning
  Administration of Ordinances,
  Codes, and Regulations
  (includes inspection)
   Legal Services

   Support Services
planner
economist
soil scientist
water pollution control engineer

planner
soil engineer
engineering geologist
conservationist
agronomist
landscape (environmental)
architect
water pollution control engineer
civil engineer (with hydro logical
knowledge)
planner
soil engineer
engineering geologist
conservationist

county or municipal attorney

non-professionals including clerical
workers, lab assistants and
engineering aides
                                   Inspection
                                   Maintenance
                                   Review and Evaluation
                        soil engineers, civil engineers with
                        training in hydrology, conservationists,
                        and non-professionals

                        non-professionals
                        includes those involved in per-
                        forming the above functions
                 ORIENTATION

   It must be emphasized, however, that given the pressure
of urban development and  the greater  visibility of other
environmental problems, sedimentation control may receive
insufficient consideration by relevant personnel unless they
 receive  proper  orientation  and training. Both in-house as
 well as outside formal training may be needed.

In-house training

   In-house training can be effected through official policy
announcements  requiring group instruction supplemented
by literature and  outside  consultation.  Literature can be
obtained  from local  conservation  districts,  from  the
National  Association  of  Home  Builders,  the   Soil
Conservation Service,  the  Bureau of Public Roads of the
Federal Highway Administration, and the U.S. Department
of Transportation. Consulting  service,  free  of charge,  is
available  from  state  Soil Conservation  Service  agencies
  An in-house training program (two to three hours a week) could be organized as follows:
  Date

  first week
             Subject

             I. Orientation

               a. Statement of the problem
               b. Basic principles of sedimentation
                  control
                      Maybe
                      Presented by

                      state conservationist (SCS)
                      state water pollution control engineer
                      geologist
                      state hydrologist
  second week
            II. Seeds and Seeding

               a. Temporary
               b. Permanent
                                                                                        state agronomist (SCS)
                                                                                        conservation district conservationist
  third week
           III.  Establishment of Vegetation on
               Critical Areas
                      field specialist (SCS)
  fourth week
               a.  Cut and Fill Slopes
               b.  Waterways
               c.  Vegetative Stabilization

           IV.  Erosion Control Structures

              . a.  Waterways and Diversions
               b.  Sediment Basins
               c.  Grade Stabilization
                  Structures
                      soils engineer
                      state conservationist (SCS)
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through local conservation districts and from state natural
resources departments.
  Among the  personnel that should attend this program
are:  directors  of  participating  local  agencies;  planners;
engineers;  special district  representatives; maintenance
personnel;  directors  of inspection personnel;  inspection
personnel; private developers; private contractors, and their
construction superintendents; grading  and  labor foremen;
grading equipment operators;  and private engineers  and
architects.
              OPPORTUNITIES FOR
           PROFESSIONAL TRAINING

   Where training requires formal instruction and laboratory
 experience  beyond  in-house  capabilities  (hydrology,
 engineering, chemistry, etc.), arrangements should be made
 with state and federal water pollution control agencies for
 possible assistance.
         Orientation and Training
    Baltimore  County,  being  located
  within  the metropolitan area of the
  city of Baltimore, is experiencing rapid
  suburban  growth.  Sediment from
  construction and  development
  activities,  has  polluted  county
  waterways,   silted  and damaged
  adjacent properties and clogged storm
  and sewer systems. To minimize these
  effects,  the  county  initiated a
  sedimentation control program  in
  1968,  applicable to  all  public  and
  private development activities.
     A basic element of the Baltimore
   County program was a seminar and a
   series  of  training  sessions  on
   sedimentation  control prior  to
   implementation of the program.  The
   seminar introduced the general aspects
   of the program to representatives of all
   public  agencies  and  private
   organizations who  would be affected
   by it.  The seminar included speakers
   from  private  industry and  John
   Hopkins  University as well as  from
   county  agencies  and the   Soil
    Conservation  Service. Topics  of
    discussion included:
        (J) general  background on
             the program
         (2) the purpose  of the
             seminar
         (3) the transition  of
             sedimentation  control
             practices from rural to
             urban areas
                  A recent  NACORF survey  indicated that 45  states
                (Arkansas, Louisiana, Nevada, Texas, and Virginia being the
                exceptions) were conducting training and seminar programs
                for local government water pollution control administrative
                and planning personnel.  Since sediment is potentially a
                pollutant  under every state  water pollution  control act,
                local officials should  contact their respective state water
                pollution  control  agency for further  information  (see
                appendix  for addresses of state water pollution control
                agencies).
                   At the  federal level, the Federal Water Pollution Control
                Administration  (FWPCA)  supplements  state training
                programs  by offering  courses in water pollution control at
                five locations in the  United States: The Robert A. Taft
                Sanitary Engineering Center in Cincinnati, Ohio; the Robert
                 S.  Kerr Water  Research  Center in Ada,  Oklahoma; the
                 Southeast Water Laboratory  in Athens, Georgia; the Pacific
                 Northwest  Laboratory  In  Corvallis,  Oregon;  and  the
                                                                BALTIMORE COUNTY, MARYLAND
  (4) con trol  through
      vegetative means
  (5) engineering criteria used
      in control
  (6) local  sedimentation
      control problems
  (7) implementation of the
      control program
  (8) how  the  Montgomery
      County,  Maryland
      control  program
      operates
   (9) reaction of Montgomery
      County  Builders  and
      developers  to  the
      control program
      a summary
   The  training  sessions,  which
followed the seminar, were designed to
introduce  concerned  county  and
private  operating  personnel  to  the
program 's administrative and technical
aspects. The sessions were held on four
consecutive  Fridays for  two hours
each Friday. The subjects presented at
the sessions were as follows:
  (1) first  week - seeds and
      seeding
  (2) s e c o n d   week  -
      establishment  of
      vegation  on  critical
      structures
   (3) thrid week  -  erosion
      control structures
   (4) fou r th   week
      implementation of the
      program

  A unique feature of the seminar and
sessions  was  the  wide range of
representatives from private and public
organizations  solicited to . attend.
These included: developers and  their
engineers,   construction
superintendents, foremen, and heavy
equipment operators;  consulting
engineers; county maintenance and
inspection personnel; county planners;
county  engineers; and representatives
from  the Maryland  Highway Builders
Association,   the  Maryland  Home
Builders  Association and the Soil
Conservation District.
   The wide public and private interest
 participation  produced several
 significant results:
     (1) it  prepared  the
         community for
         sediment control before
         it was implemented;
     (2) it served to involve and
         encourage  the
         cooperation of private
         industry in providing
         sedimentation  control;
         and
      (3) it provided an exchange
          of ideas  which proved
          to be significant  in
          connection with a more
          workable program.
                                                                                                            G49

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 Hudson - Delaware Basin Office in Edison, New Jersey.
    According to the FWPCA Bulletin of Courses, July, 1969
 to December 1976:

    The  objective  of the training  program is to provide
 specialized training in the causes, prevention, and control of
 water pollution. Training not generally available elsewhere
 is featured  in specialized subjects, in  the field and  in the
 laboratory. It is  expected that this  training will lead to
 rapid application  of new research findings, increase skills of
 technical  and  professional  personnel, and train  new
 employees  recruited from other professional or technical
 areas in the  special  skills  required  in water  pollution
 control.  Scientists, engineers, and recognized authorities
 from other FWPCA programs, other government agencies,
 universities, and industry, supplement  the training staff by
  serving as guest lectures and special consultants.
    Most  training  is  conducted  in the form  of  highly
  technical,  short-term,  courses of  one or  two  week's
  duration. The scope and level of these courses is designed to
  meet specific  practical features  of  ... water quality
  management and water pollution control.

    No  tutition or registration fee  is charged.  However,
  students must arrange their own transportation and housing
  while attending courses. For  the Bulletin of Courses and an
  application from, write:


         Director, National Training Cente:
         Federal Water Water Pollution
         Control Administration
         U.S. Department of the Interior
         4676 Columbia Parkway
         Cincinnati, Ohio 45226
    FWPCA  also provides grants and fellowships in order to
  substantially  increase the number of trained professional
 and sub-professionals engaged in pollution control. Training
  grants  are  available  to  educational institutions for
  developing, improving, or expanding training opportunities
  for  individuals  taking courses  in operations,  research,
  administration, or teaching  in the field of water pollution
  control.
    Institutions eligible for  training grants are public and
  private  universities,  colleges,  junior  colleges,  technical
  institutes and educational  organizations.  In areas  where
  training opportunities are lacking, county officials should
 assume responsibility for  obtaining grants  for their local
 educational institutions.
   Fellowships  are  provided   for  qualified  individuals
 pursuing advanced degrees in'disciplines directly related to
 and leading to careers in water pollution control.
   Applications should be made to any listed local office or:


        Training Grants Branch
        FWCPA
        U.S.  Department of Interior
        Washington, D.C. 20240
                   RECRUITMENT
   Recruitment  can be approached in terms of fulfilling
 staff needs in three separate areas: permanent professional
 staff, professional needs for short-term projects, and overall
 non-professional  needs.  Basic  professional needs for
 permanent  program  operations  include  planners,  soil
 scientists, soil engineers, hydrologists, and conservationists
 with a  background  in  agronomy.  Most  counties  and
 municipalities  can  fill  these  positions with  existing
 personnel by tailoring sedimentation control programs to
 the  on-going operations  of public agencies within  their
jurisdictions. With adequate training, local  planning and
 engineering departments can provide the staffing needed for
 program planning functions and for technical review and
 approval of land use plans. Conservationists, agronomists,
 soil  engineers, and  soil  scientists  are normally available
 through  intergovernmental working agreements with  local
 conservation  districts  while agreements with local  flood
control  or  sanitation districts  can provide hydrological
assistance.
   Where professional  staff needs  cannot  be filled  by
 existing  personnel, recruitment can  be conducted through
 several  outside  sources,  including  university placement
 bureaus, professional  journals.,  professional  associations,
 and  federal  agencies.  While many  schools provide option
 courses  in  watershed management,  the  University  of
 Arizona  (Tucson) and  Colorado State University, offer a
 comprehensive "water  specialist"  curriculum as a major
 field of  study. Graduates are equipped with knowledge of
 soils, hydrology, plant  physiology and  taxometry,  and
 mathematics.   Local  officials  can write  for further
 information to:
      Department of National Resources
      Colorado State University
      Fort Collins, Colorado

      Watershed Management Department
      University of Arizona
      Tucson, Arizona


   Local  officials may also locate candidates by contacting
 both state  and regional offices of federal agencies. Offices
 where inquiries may be made include the state offices of
 the  Bureau of Land Management, Department of Interior
 (western states and Alaska only), the Soil Conservation
 Service, Department of Agriculture, and the regional offices
 of the Forest Service, Department of Agriculture.
   Besides permanent staffing needs,  temporary personnel
needs may arise  in connection  with  short term program
projects.  Staffing  needs  of  this  nature can   most
conveniently  be  filled  by  applying  to state and federal
agencies  that have interests in the project. At the state level
application can be made  to the Soil Conservation Service
through  local  conservation districts and to  respective
departments  of natural resources. Federal agencies offering
professional assistance include:
G50

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 The access to this development site is washed out, clogging drainage systems in the area.
  Department of Interior-Bureau of Indian Affairs

  Department of Interior-United States Geological Survey

  Department of Interior-FWPCA

  Department of Interior-Bureau of Reclamation

  Department of Agriculture-Soil Conservation Service

  Applachian Regional Commission

  (For  further  information  regarding assistance  programs
administered  by these agencies see the Chapter on Finance).
  The third type  of personnel  to  be  considered  when
recruiting is nonprofessional  or support personnel.  Local
agencies,  which  are  part  of the  task force  of  agencies
carrying  out the control  program, are normally able to
provide  support  services  without  need  for  additional
personnel. However, should additional personnel be needed,
a  most  appropriate and  growing  source  for eligible
candidates  is  two-year  college programs. Lab  assistants,
engineering  aids, and inspection personnel can effectively
be recruited  from  these  programs.  Local officials should
contact local junior colleges or community colleges or two
year agriculture and technical institutes.

                      SUMMARY
   In  most local jurisdictions, personnel exist  that can be
trained for performing the tasks  involved in carrying out
sedimentation  control programs.  The  Soil Conservation
Service,  the  Federal  Water  Pollution  Control
Administration, and  respective  state  natural  resources
agencies can help in providing the needed training.
   Where manpower needs require recruitment of personnel
in  addition  to  existing  staff levels,  intergovernmental
working  agreements  with state  and  federal  agencies
operating at the local level, as well as hiring new personnel,
may  be  considered.  Conservation  districts  and  water
management  agencies  can  provide  needed  technical
manpower,  as  a  form  of  technical  assistance, for
carryingout program operations.
                                                                                                                G51

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 chapter  nine
                               Implementation  and   Control
   Action  can  be taken  at  the local  level  to  control
 sedimentation in  non-agricultural areas. In combination
 with appropriate land-use  planning, control measures that
 have been successfully employed in rural areas can be
 effectively applied to developing areas.
   This  chapter  will  attempt  to outline  some  of the
 operational  aspects  of local  soil erosion  and sediment
 control programs. These operations will be discussed in five
 sections:

     (1)  review of development plans for  appropriate
         erosion control measures
     (2)  application of control techniques
     (3)  major structural measures
     (4) inspection and
     (5)  maintenance

           REVIEW OF PROJECT PLANS

    In order to achieve effective control over erosion and
  sediment, it is imperative that  provisions for such control
  be incorporated in areawide, community, and project plans.
  Provisions for  control should  be made for at least  the
  following development activities:

     (1) Transportation facilities  such as  highways,
         railroads, streets and trails;
     (2) Subdivisions or lot development;
     (3) Industrial and commericial developments;
    (4) Surface mining operations (e.g., sand,gravel,
        coal, rock, and soil);
    (5) Service or  recreational  facilities  such  as
        shopping centers,  schools,  airports,  and
        parks;
    (6) Utilities,  particularly  underground
        installations;
    (7) Water  impoundments  and  waterway
        construction or improvement.

  The  necessary  control  measures for  these  activities
should be specified in all development and construction
project  plans if they  are to  be  implemented  effectively
during grading and  construction  operations. Review and
approval of control measure specifications in project plans
should be made by the local government prior to  issuance
of  grading  and  construction permits.  Review  should
determine whether  project  plans properly conform  to
areawide and community plans, to sedimentation control
principles and to  standards of good design and technique.
Local agencies  normally  responsible for reviewing other
aspects of project plans can provide  the review necessary
for control specifications.
For further  information on  areawide  and community
planning, see the  Chapter on Planning For Sedimentation
Control.
  The review procedure should not  be exclusively limited
• to private development projects. Public developments, such
as transportation facilities, schools, parks, etc., also require
     Instructions for Temporary Control Specifications
       LOS ANGELES COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
   Grading for subdivisions in unincorporated areas of Los Angeles County is regulated under Chapter Ten of the Los Angeles
 County Building Code.  Section 7013 of these regulations requires as a form of permanent protection against erosion, the
 planting and irrigation of constructed earth slopes. If the earthmoving work occurs during the rainy season, (November
 1-April 1) special requirements for temporary drainage and erosion control, including desilting facilities for storm waters
 leaving the site, are imposed by sections 7017 and 7018.
   An instruction sheet developed by the county and sent to developers to facilitate implementation of temporary erosion
 control'devices  in accordance with sections 7017and 7018 follows;

   1. Desilting facilities must be provided at all drainage outlets from  the graded site. They must be detailed on the plans. If
      desilting basins are  required, they must comply with the  minimum  standards below. Submit design and specific
      recommendations to cover the following:

      a. Basin volume based on gradient and nature of soils.
      b. Size of pipe and overflow (Overflow must be designed for 1.5 maximum Q).
      c. Height of standpipe.
      d. Dike requirements, minimum wall width, slope of wall, percent compaction, etc.
G52

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                                                                                           DESIGN FOR
                                                                                            ,1.5 MAX.
                                                                                         _"OUNITE OR ^"CONCRETE
                                                                                       6x6-10/10 WIRE MESH
  DISCHARGE TO PAVED
  STREET OR APPROVED
  DRAINAGE COURSE
  IN PAVED CHANN:
          -10'
i"
      • -  IRAl
      GROUND
COMPACTION REPORTS ARE  TO  BE SUBMITTED
ON EACH DIKE PRIOR TO FINAL APPROVAL.
                             ft BARS
                                                                                            SECTION A-A
                                                                                     GUNITE OR CONCRETE AT THE
                                                                                     OVERFLOW IS TO EXTEND 3' MIN.
                                                                                     DOWN EACH FACE OF THE DIKE.
                                    #+ BARS @ 6" C.C.WELDED
                                    ACROSS TOP OF STANDPIPE

                                         30" DIAMETER STANDPIPE

                                        D" PERFORATIONS 12" 0/C STAGGERED

                                        NOTE:  PROPERLY ANCHORED GUY WIRES
                                               MAY BE SUBSTITUTED FOR THE
                                               ANCHOR BLOCK.
FOUND BASE IN
COMPETENT MATERIAL
 2. Place the following notes on the plans:

   a. In case of emergency, call (responsible person) at (24-hour phone numbers).
   b. The undersigned civil engineer will supervise erosion control work in accordance with the approved plans.

      (Signature}	
  c. A stand-by crew for emergency  work shall be available at all times during the rainy season. Necessary materials shall
     be available on site and stockpiled at convenient locations to facilitate rapid construction of temporary devices when
     rain is imminent.
  d. Devices shall not be moved or modified without the approval of the County Inspector.
  e. All devices shown  shall be in place at  the end of each working day when the 5-dav rain probability forecast exceeds
     40%.
  f. After a rainstorm,  all silt and debris shall be removed from check berms and desilting basins and the basins pumped
     dry.
  g. Fill slopes at the tract perimeter must drain away from the top of slope at the conclusion of each working day.
  h. A guard will be posted on the site whenever the depth of water in any device exceeds two feet.

3. Indicate on the plan which streets will be paved and which drainage devices will be completed by November 1.

4. Placement of devices to reduce erosion damage within the tract is left to the discretion of the engineer. These devices, if
  any, must show on the plan because their presence will affect the required capacity of the desilting basin.

5. Plans should be submitted to the office stamped on the front sheet along with a plan check fee of $	
                                                                                                               G53

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 control measures as a part of their design and construction.
 When  soliciting  contract bids  for  public  projects, local
 government contracting agencies should require contractors
 to submit needed control specifications as a part of their
 proposals. Contract agreements should be subject to review
 and approval of the  specifications. Once entered into, the
 contract  should  specify that the private contractor will be
 responsible  for,  and  must  assume the  extra  cost of
 correcting erosion damage resulting from poor construction
 practices.

    APPLICATION OF CONTROL TECHNIQUES

    Soil erosion can be  classified as being either natural or
  accelerated. Natural erosion is a geological  process  over
  which man has  little or no control.  Accelerated erosion is
  an increased rate of soil movement and destruction usually
  resulting from man's activities.
    Sedimentation  can be  significantly  reduced by
  controlling accelerated  erosion. This section reviews the
  basic  techniques that  have  been found  to be generally
  effective in controlling accelerated erosion. The Chapter on
  Planning discusses  the  relationship  of  planning to
  sedimentation control.
  Causes of Erosion

    Soil erosion is caused  primarily by rainfall and ensuing
  runoff. However,  in  many areas of the  United  States.
  erosion is generated by wind action. Both of these forces
  have one thing in common, namely they exert their greatest
  damage from disturbed soils.  Specific factors affecting the
  erosion of soil may include the following:

      (1) Climate—Amount, intensity, and  frequency
          of rainfall, together with temperature, are
          the most important climatic factors affecting
          erosion.
      (2) Soil characteristics—Degree  of exposure and
          permeability in  large  part, determine  the
          volume  and  intensity  of  runoff. Runoff
          occurs   when  rainfall  exceeds  infiltration
          capacity.
      (3) Length and degree of stope-The intensity of
          water  flow  and  extent  of erosion  are
          proportionate to slope length and gradient.
          The direction in which the slope faces is also
          significant.  Dry  south-facing  is  alsp
          significant.  Dry  south-facing  slopes, with
          sparse vegetation and needing long periods
         for vegetation growth are less acceptable for
         development than moist north-facing slopes
         with adequate cover and reasonable growth
         periods.
    (4)  Vegetation-Reduces  erosion  potential
        through  increasing  infiltration  capacity,
        through mechanically  holding soil  in place,
        and through protection of surface soil from
        wind.
    (5)  Urban and suburban development-Rate of
        runoff increases  progressively  with  more
         extensive and intensive sidewalk paving, and
         roof and road construction. Increased  areas
         of exposed surface and subsurface soils result
         from construction  of highways, subdivision
         projects, industrial parks, etc.

   Splashing raindrops displace  particles  of  soil on
inadequately protected land. Water running over such land
and in downstream channels moves materials in proportion
to water volume and velocity. Deposition of these materials
occurs as the water slows down or spreads out.
   Although  wind  erosion  takes its heaviest  toll from
disturbed, fine textured  soils during prolonged  periods of
drought, it is a potential threat to most types of soil at any
time. Wind borne soil can fill a road ditch or a pond just as
effectively as that carried by water;  in addition, it polluted
the atmosphere.
 Sedimentation Control Principles

   From these causes of erosion and deposition come the
 technical principles for control programs. Essentially, these
 principles include:

    (1) fitting development plans to climatic factors,
        topography, soils and vegetative cover;
    (2) reducing  the area  and  the  duration  of
        exposed soils;
    (3) retaining and protecting natural vegetation
        wherever feasible;
    (4) covering  disturbed  soils with  mulch  or
        vegetation;
    (5) mechanically retarding runoff and erosion,
        and sediment in runoff water and;
    (6) providing  effective  accommodation for
        increased runoff caused by changed soil and
        surface  conditions during  and  after
        development.

   The  application of  these  principles  to  development
 planning suggests  an  ideal situation wherein  intensive
 development is restricted to level ground, avoiding steep
 topography  and the more  massive earth  moving projects.
 Since development takes place on rolling ground, control
 measures are necessary. Where development proceeds in
 hillside  areas, consideration should also be given to land
 slippage hazards and to construction designs that maximize
 open-space  preservation. Attention must  also be given to
 state  and  county  road  construction and  maintenance
 operations, as well as to county and other public building
 projects.

Control Measures and Practices

   Sedimentation  control  practices  or  measures,  either
singularly or in  combination, can be applied to both  public
and private developments with effective results at moderate
 cost. A brief description of some of these follows.
G54

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   Non-critical area vegetation. Non-critical areas are those
of good soils on moderate slopes. The establishment and
maintenance of good vegetative  cover in these areas is
relatively   simple  as  compared  to  "critical  areas."
Non-critical areas can usually be stabilized by utilizing the
standard plants and establishment techniques recommended
by local agencies or landscaping services. Soil tests  should
be made as  a basis for adding the  plant food necessar.y for
plant establishment and maintenance.
   Critical area vegetation stabilization. Critical areas are
those in which cutting, filling, and grading soils with heavy
equipment often result in the exposure of soils and subsoils.
Certain conditions  resulting from such exposure, such as
acidity, low fertility,  compaction, or dryness or wetness
which are  unfavorable  to  plant growth  often  prevails.
Excessively  long  slopes  and  steep grades  are  often
encountered or  created.  Water  disposal  structures are
normally  subjected  to  hydraulic forces  requiring both
special  establishment  techniques  and grasses which have
high resistance to scouring. However, plants and  techniques
are available to provide  both temporary  and  permanent
protective cover on these difficult sites. These are

        (1)  Temporary  measures—Heavy  grading or
            construction of cuts and  fills is often carried
            out in several stages interrupted by lengthy
            periods during which the land lies idle and is
            subject to  heavy erosion.  Similarly, final
            grading or filling may  be  completed during a
            season  not  favorable   to  the immediate
            establishment of permanent vegetative cover.
            Such sites can be temporarily stablilized by
            seeding fast  growing  annuals  such  as  rye,
            ryegrass,  sudan  grass,  or  other  locally
            adopted  vegetation  which  provide  quick
            protection yet can  be worked into the soil
            when the site is prepared for final seeding of
            a permanent species.
               An alternative method is the application
            of mulch for immediate protection. Where
            final  grading  is not completed, mulch  can
            either  be removed or worked into  the  soil
            after  it  has  afforded  protection  while  the
            area lay idle. Areas brought  to final grade
            during midsummer or winter can be mulched
            immediately, and they may be successfully
            overseeded at  the proper time with a number
            of  permanent grass  and  legume  species.
            Materials  that may be   used  as a  mulch
            include  straw, fiberglass, wood chips or fiber,
            and mechnically  sprayed  asphalt wood fiber
            slurry, and plastics or other synthetics.
       (2)  Permanent  Vegetation—For both   sodding
            and seeding, there is a fairly wide choice of
            grasses,  legumes, and other plants for use on
            critical  areas. The  final  choice of species
            should  be  determined  by  weighing such
            factors as  adaptability,  use, aesthetic
            requirements,  a  degree of maintenance that
            can  be  expected  and  other   special
           considerations. Plants should be selected that
           will provide long-lived stabilization with little
           subsequent  management  where  a
           "manicured"  look is not  required. Some
           species  provide  excellent  protection against
           scour in waterways  and  outlets but  most
           require  periodic mowing and  fertilization.
           Where a reasonably high level of management
           can  be expected, the  choice  of plants  is
           broader.  Often,  techniques  of  seedbed
           preparation and  establishment  are  as
           important as the selection of the species.

   Agronomists  with  a technical knowledge of the area's
 soils and plants can be helpful  in  suggesting the methods
 and kinds of temporary and permanent treatments needed.
 Local  offices of  the  Soil  Conservation Service have, in
 cooperation  with state highway departments,  developed
 new methods and hardy strains of grasses and other plants
 for resisting erosion.
   Diversions. A diversion consists of a channel or ditch and
 ridge  constructed • across a sloping  land  surface on  the
 contour, or with predetermined grades to intercept  and
 divert  surface runoff before it gains sufficient volume  and
 velocity to  create  harmful erosion.  The  number  of
 diversions and the physical extent and spacing is dependent
 upon the land slope, soil and runoff. The water is collected
 and conveyed laterally along the diversion at slow velocity
 and discharged into a protected area or outlet channel.
   Diversions should be especially considered for earth cut
 and fill  slopes created by highway construction or other
 heavy  grading. Severe erosion of earth slopes is caused from
 storm  water concentrations moving along the bottom edge
 or  down the  face of unprotected  embankments or other
 slopes. Both temporary and  permenent diversions should be
 placed at the top and along the base of cut and fill slopes as
 needed. Other measures can be applied directly to the face
 of the  slope (e.g. bench terrace;  enclosed drainage systems;
 and  seeding,  sodding  and  mulching)  without  being
 undermined by concentrations of storm runoff.
  Bench terraces. Bench terraces are relatively flat surfaces
 constructed  on  sloping land or  embankments to planned
 dimensions and  grades. Bench  terraces are applied along
 the contour with the length and width controlled by  the
 natural terrain and the required erosion limitations.
  Contour benches may be installed across a slope and may
 be designed  for widths which will permit construction of a
 row or tier of housing units.
  Outlet  channels.  This measures  consist  of  the
 construction of designed channels for the disposal of storm
 runoff from diversions, bench terraces and other structures.
 The design  is based on the runoff from predicted storm
 events  and includes the vegetative  or structural measures
 required  to protect  the  channel from  scouring and erosion.
  Water  stabilization structures.  Waterway erosion control
 methods include structural devices  to dissipate  the energy
of  flowing  water by  holding the waterway slopes and
 velocities within non-scouring limits.  Drop structures, and
 concrete  or other  lining could  be utilized in an  open
waterway to control water velocity.
                                                                                                              G55

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     Bank erosion structures. The control of bank erosion in
  main stream channel can be accomplished in various ways.
  Methods commonly used include riprap, rock cribs, groins,
  jetties fencing, piling, etc. The purpose of these measures is
  to install a barrier that will  withstand  the erosive  forces
  exerted by flowingwater or to create a bank roughness that
  will  reduce the erosive power by dissipating energy of the
  water as it moves along the bank line.
     Stream channel construction. It is often impractical to
  attempt control of an existing meandering channel. In this
  case,  channel  straightening,  realignment,  or  the
  construction of a new channel to designed cross-section and
  grade is necessary. In doing this, however, the danger exists
  of creating a new erosion cycle. The design must include
  considerations regarding the stability of the bed and banks
  of the  proposed  channel under the  predicted  runoff
  conditions.
     In highway construction, surface  channels, natural or
  man-made,  are ususally the most  economical  means of
  collecting and disposing of  runoff.  Such man-made
  channels, however, if not  properly  designed  may  cause
  serious erosion problems. A primary design principle is to
  construct channels with sloping sides and wide bottoms.
     Protective linings for channels  can be very expensive.
  Special effort  should be  made  to  develop the necessary
  erosion  protection  according   to  topographical  and
  hydrological features at the lowest cost. Channel design and
  protective treatments  are  discussed in  Hydraulic Design
  Series No.  4,  "Design  of Roadside Drainage Channels,"
  published by the Bureau of Public Roads and available from
  the   Government  Printing Office.  Field  manuals  and
  publications of the Soil Conservation Service also provide
  valuable channel design information.
     Sediment basins  The construction of an earth fill type
  dam  downstream  from  a development area  serves to
  regulate runoff and trap  sediment. The sediment can be
  removed mechanically as the storage space behind the dam
  becomes filled, or sufficient space  may  be  built into the
  structure to provide storage for its useful life. The whole
  structure can be removed after stability  is reached  in the
  development area or it can be retained and  maintained to
  enhance the area.
     Dams trapping sediment must be carefully located and
  designed because failure during a major flood could have
  consequences  far greater  than most  sediment problems
  created by  development construction.  Health and safety
  hazards, methods and locations for disposing of the trapped
  sediment  and  the  future  flood potential  must also be
  evaluated.

            MAJOR DRAINAGE CONTROL

  Storm Drainage Systems

    Increased  runoff from  the  impermeable surfaces  of
 suburban areas may place excessive  stress on drainage
 channels. In  such cases, channels may become scoured 01
 widened, causing unnecessary deterioration of the channels
 and  their  surrounding land  area with  corresponding
 increases in maintenance expenses.
    Control over this problem is possible by installation of a
  storm drainage system. The purpose of such a system is to
  control the velocity of storm runoff thereby decreasing the
  scouring  damage  to  downstream  areas.  Such  control is
  achieved  by  trapping and releasing excess storm water at
  preferred rates of flow.
    However, if the controlled water contains sediment, the
  storm drainage system may act as a conveyance vehicle for
  sediment  yields that will accumulate at downstream points
  where water flow widens and slows. Unless such conditions
  are compensated  for, the storm drainage system will not
  solve  the  sediment problem but instead, will only relocate
  it.

 Major structural measures.

   As   a   part  of areawide  (or  drainage-wide)  water
 management,  erosion  and sediment control  may call for
 major  capital  improvements that also serve other objectives
 of water  management, e.g., flood  control, recreation, and
 water  supply  and storage. Application of these measures
 will depend on:

     (1) the multiple objectives to be the achieved in
         a drainage or subdrainage area and
     (2) evaluation of each measure in terms of costs
         versus  benefits   when  applied  toward
         achievement of these objectives.

  Major improvements include flood and sediment detention
  structures, debris basins,  storm  sewers,  open channel
 lingings, reservoirs, irrigation systems, and drop structures.
   Recently, high  velocity conveyance channels  have been
 used to control  flood flows through  developed areas. In
 addition  to  flood  control,  these  devices  reduce  the
 necessary  channel width and eliminate a channel  erosion
 problem.  The procedure is to  construct a lined channel,
 usually concrete,  designed  for sufficient depth to carry
 critical flows.  Critical flow is defined as the state of flow at
 which  the specific energy  is  a  minimum  for a given
 discharge.
   Since many major structural measures are constructed in
 populated  areas, safety must  be considered in their design.
 Generally, land:caping and drainage design are compatible
 with both erosion control and safety.


                    INSPECTION

   A crucial element of a sedimentation control program is
 adequate   on-going field  inspection  of construction  and
 development  operations.  Inspection  provides  the
 mechanism for evaluating compliance  of developers with
 approved  project plans. An  examination of existing
 programs  indicate that  sedimentation control  inspection
 activities  can  effectively be  phased  into existing local
 government inspection agencies.
   Since soil erosion  and sediment  can occur  whenever
(development  takes place)  public,  as well  as private,
development projects  should not  be overlooked  when
inspecting for needed erosion control measures. Inspection
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for needed conservation  measures during the construction
of public projects can be effectively phased into and carried
out at the same time normal inspection requirements are
performed. When  the  project is to be carried out  by  a
private  contractor, the  plans, specifications, and special
provisions of the contract should be explicit in showing the
location,  scope, time  of application, and  design of the
control  measures to be  established. Inspection personnel
should  be able  to read and  understand  these plans,
specifications,  and  provisions,  and  to  evaluate  the
contractor's  compliance   with them  during on-site
inspections.
  Specific concerns of inspection  personnel during on-site
inspection of both private and public development projects
should include the following guidelines.

    (1)  Sufficient erosion control measures should
        be practiced during  the  initial grading for
        development projects.
    (2)  Permanent  soil   protection and  drainage
        facilities, particularly intercepting channels
        and  similar controls  that will divert runoff
        from work areas and   unprotected  soil,
        should  be   completed as early  as
        practicable.
    (3)  Temporary  protection  may  include fiber
        mats, plastic,  straw, dust palliatives,  and
        fast-growing grasses  that may be required
        in some areas  to protect against erosion on
        newly constructed slopes.
                         (4)  Stockpile soils  separately,  according  to
                              type to  protect good  top soil for use in
                              restoring distrubed  vegetation. Protect
                              stockpiles with mulch. In critical areas, a
                              course fiber netting will hold the mulch in
                              place. When stockpiles must remain for an
                              extended period  of  time  before  final
                              grading can  be done, establish plant cover
                              of  small  grains,  grass,  or  legumes,  or
                              combinations of all three.
                         (5)  During  construction, carefully inspect
                              partically completed drainage structures to
                              prevent  unnecessary  erosion  from  their
                              construction and to avoid damage to these
                              structures.
                         (6)  Fording of streams with equipment should
                              be kept to a minimum and where frequent
                              crossings are expected, temporary bridges
                              or culverts  should be  constructed if the
                              sediment  produced  may  have adverse
                              effects on aquatic life, navigation, storm
                              drainage, or the  quality  or quantity  of
                              water supplies.
                         (7)  Work  roads  constructed  within  a
                              development project area should include
                              sufficient erosion control measures during
                              their use, as  well, as upon their restoration.
                         (8)  Where  stream  channel  changes are found
                              necessary  during   a development project
                              diversion dikes should  be considered  to
     Drop-Inlet Structures in Washington County      PAPILLION CREEK WA TERSHED, NEBRASKA
    The  Pa pillion  Creek  Watershed
 consists of  245,800 acres in  Sarpy,
 Douglas and Washington  Counties in
 Eastern Nebraska.  The Watershed also
 includes a large part  of the Omaha
 metropolitan  area.  Although
 suburbanization  is  occuring .within
 Omaha  and   within  smaller
 communities,  the  largest portion of
 the  watersed  area  remains  in
 agricultural use. Topography in the area
 varies from  nearly level bottomlands
 to  uplands  with moderate to steep
 slopes.

    Flooding, erosion, and sediment are
 major  problems in the area. Erosion
 has become  a  particularly  serious
 problem  in the upland areas  where
 slopes consisting of highly  erodible
 loess  soils  are  quickly gullied  by
 frequent  hard-hitting  thunderstorms.
 It is not  unusual for steep gullies to
 form,  or  for old  gullies to greatly
 deteriorate  after  only  one  intense
 storm.
   Land  in  Washington  County,  the
northernmost  county  in  the
watershed, is particularly suseptible to
gully erosion. In particular, constantly
widening gullies  proved  ro  be a
dangerous  and  costly highway
me nance.  During  storms,  eroding
gullies would often  cause damage to
bridges  by   undermining  the
abutments. Such bridges were unsafe,
required frequent  repairs,  and
sometimes collapsed altogether.

   As  early  as  1935,  leaders in
 Washington   County   initiated  a
program  to  replace these expensive
span-type  bridges  with  "drop-inlet
structures " which have proven far less
expensive, are  far more durable,  and
also help to prevent soil erosion.  The
economical  drop-inlet device consists
of a  simple  structure  which allows
bridges to be replaced by earth works,
similar to a dam, upon which the road
passes. A pipe system  then permits
water to pass through the earth work
at a  controlled rate.  The drop-inlet
structure  thereby serves as  both a
bridge and as a method of controlling
gully erosion simultaneously.
   Over 200 drop-inlet structures have
been installed in  Washington County.
Local  officials  estimate that these
structures have saved the county well
over   a  million  dollars.  One  such
structure  was installed at a  cost of
$19,000  to replace a 120 foot bridge
which  has collapsed.  It was estimated
that it would have  cost $40,000 or
more  to  replace the  bridge,  with  no
assurance  that it  would not collapse
again   in  the future.  None  of  the
drop-inlet  structures  have failed  or
required extensive maintenance.
   On  a  national  level,  drop-inlet
structures are being used increasingly,
and  for  many  purposes.  They  are
useful in  preventing erosion   on
construction  sites,  help  to   control
water drainage in recreation areas, and
they are used to control drainage along
many modem highways.
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             avoid  sediment  problems  when  such
             changes are being made and stabilized.
        (9)   Embankment  slopes  created during
             construction  that  encroach  on stream
             channel should  be adequately  protected
             against  erosion. Where  practicable, a
             protective  area  of  vegetational  cover
             should be  left or  estabished between  the
             embankment  and   adjacent  stream
             channels.
        (10) In areas  being used  for borrow pits and
             waste disposal, control of drainage  water
             should include measures to control erosion
             and  seepage  keep  sediment  and  from
             entering streams. Diversion channels, dikes,
             and  sediment traps may be used for this
             purpose.  Good topsail from the borrow pit
             area  should be saved for use  in restoring
             the  excavated area.  Final  restoration of
             borrow  or  waste disposal areas should
             include  grading,  establishment  of
             vegetative  cover,  or  other  necessary
             treatments that will blend the area into the
             surrounding landscape. The restored area
             should be well drained unless approval is
             given to convert the pit area into lakes for
             fish  and  wildlife, recreation, stock water,
             or irrigation.
        (11) In areas where a  severe fire hazard exists,
             fire  extinguishing  equipment  should  be
             maintained on the construction site for the
             prevention  of brush  and grass fires  since
             burned over areas are highly vulnerable to
             erosion.
        (12) Construction operations  which  violate
             local fire  regulations  or represent a fire
             hazard  should be reported  so that official
             action  can  be  taken to  suspend  such
             operations.
                   MAINTENANCE
    inspection  of drainage and  erosion control  measures
  &0uld commence  shortly after construction is completed
  to  correct any  deficencies  before  they  grow into major
  problems.  Experts in  soil  conservation, agronomy and
  drainage should be employed  to recommend appropriate
  remedial measures. Deficiencies in  design or construction
  practices  should be  reported  to  the  appropriate  local
  government agency so that provisions can be developed to
  prevent similar deficiencies  in  future projects. Continued
  coordination  between  local planning,  engineering,  and
  maintenance departments is essential.
   Training   workshops   should  be   conducted for
  maintenance  personnel  and  should  include  instruction in
  the methods of making inspections, managing vegetational
  covers and plants, and preventing and correcting erosion.
  Such workshops should be held periodically to maintain the
  proper orientation among personnel toward the problem
  and to represent new and developing erosion and sediment
  control techniques.
   Maintenance records should give sufficient detail to allow
 analysis of maintenance problems.   Fruitful analysis can
 suggest changes in the design and construction that may
 reduce soil erosion  and sediment,  as   well as  reduce
 maintenance costs.
                      SUMMARY
   The operations of a sedimentation control program begin
 the  incorporation of necessary conservation provisions in
 development and construction plans.  Ideally, planning for
 erosion and sediment control should be for entire drainage
 areas such as water basins or watersheds. Erosion control
 specifications related to  individual development projects
 need to be included in overall project plans. To insure  the
 proper provision  and scope of these specifications, project
 plans should be  subject to review and approval prior to
 grading and construction activities.
   During construction  and excavating operations, on-site
 inspections by county  personnel  is  necessary to ensure
 compliance  with  approved  plans.  At  completion  of
 construction, but  prior to acceptance, inspection personnel
 should inspect project  sites for needed remedial measures
that  may be required.
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                                                                                                chapter ten
                                        Action  Guide  for
                            Erosion   and  Sediment   Control
         LOCAL GOVERNMENT'S ROLE

   Environmental quality has deteriorated so seriously that
local governments now have only two choices: to conduct
effective environmental control programs at the local level,
or to pass local responsibility and  authority for control
programs  to state and federal levels by  default. Local
officials should  provide leadership to their departments and
to their communities  in maintaining a clean  environment
and managing local resources.
   Very  few local governments have accepted responsibility
for  developing  sedimentation  control programs, and
consequently,  experience  with  erosion  and  sediment
control  in  urban  areas has not been extensive.  However,
citizens  are  beginning  to  demand   that   community
resources, including soil and water,  be properly managed.
Since the county is an  areawide unit of government, serving
urban, suburban, and  rural citizens, county officials are in
an excellent position to respond to the public's demand by
establishing effective  areawide  sedimentation  control
programs.
   The guidebook  is  based on 10  months  of research,
including  on-site   visits to  local  sedimentation  control
programs  across  the nation,  to  state level  control
operations, and  to various federal agencies. In  addition, the
guidebook  is based on the recommendation made by 200
experts  in water  quality  and  soil conservation at  the
National  Conference  on  Sediment  Control,  held  in
Washington, D.C., September, 1969.
   This  chapter represents  a  synthesis of sedimentation
control  concepts, principles, and techniques, which can be
converted into  general action plans by local,  state and
federal levels of  government.

   WHAT SHOULD LOCAL GOVERNMENT DO?

    Local elected officials  can establish a sedimentation
control program  by taking the following basic steps:

 I. Appoint a Task Force.

        Local elected  officials should begin their sediment
    control program by appointing a sediment control task
    force to develop recommendations for the  program.
         In most existing urban programs, this task force
    was  made  up of  individuals  from  the   planning
    commissions, water and sewer agencies, home builders
    associations, soil  conservation  districts,  professional
    engineers associations, contractors groups,  U.S. Soil
    Conservation  Service,  State Department of Water
    Resources, and others concerned  with the problem.
 II.  Establish  Task  Force Objectives.  The  Task Force
     should fulfill the following basic objectives:

     (1)  Determine  through physical and demographical
         studies  the nature  and extent  of  the  local
         sedimentation problems.
     (2)  Determine existing erosion and sediment control
         practices exercised by local public agencies, and
         private developers contractors.
     (3)  Determine  what state  and  local  laws  exist
         regarding water pollution and land use.
     (4)  Decide  what   should  be  done  by  local
         governments, areawide government,  and private
         industry, and how they can best cooperate in
         carrying out the program.
     (5)  Insure  that  development  and construction
         activities  do   not  result  in  environmental
         pollution.

III.  How to Proceed

     (1)  See that the program is premised mi  providing
         control  for the  totality for  every watershed
         lying, whole or in part, within local jurisdictions.
              Frequently, the  county is the areawide unit
         which  meets this requirement. Where a single
         county is not large enough, to solve the areawide
         sediment  control profeiem,  the  multi-county
         approach  may be best.  In some  large
         metropolitan areas where erosion and sediment
         problems  cross jurisdictional  boundaries,
         councils of government may offer an excellent
         vehicle to stimulate local officials to  thinkrplan,.
         and act in broad  terms of mutual problem  areas
         and  to  encourage   jurisdictions to  effect  a
         mutually co mplenwatary  system  for
         sedimentation control.
              Sometimes  special purpose governments
         may be used because of their expertise in erosion
         control. If a special purpose government must be
         used, it is better to work through existing special
         purpose governments (where  possible) rather
         than to create new ones.
             Jurisdictions can cooperate through various
         techniques:  by jointly performing  some or  all
         aspects of the control program; by  contracting
         between cities and counties; and by  transferring
         responsibility for a function from one level of
         government  to another. Through these and other
         techniques,  local  governments can  take
                                                                                                         G 59'

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         advantage of economies of scale to implement an
         areawide control program.
    (2)  Determine whether necessary legal authority has
         been  delegated by the  state.  If state  enabling
         legislation is not adequate, officials should do as
         much as possible within existing law and decide
         what  changes are  needed. Then, they can work
         through  their  state association of counties and
         other  interested  groups  for  passage  of
         comprehensive  sedimentation  control  enabling
         legislation.
              The legal basis  for  local governments to
         control land use is state enabling law. Without
         this  enabling authority,  local  governments
         cannot  acquire land, develop facilities, or spend
         public funds to regulate and control erosion and
         sediment. To ensure that local  governments have
         the  necessary powers,  legislation should allow
         political subdivisions to  manage  sediment in
         coordination with  other   environmental
         protection programs.
              Home rule cities and counties must closely
         examine their charters to be sure they  have the
         authority  to  plan,   regulate,   and   operate a
         sedimentation control program.
              State  legislation  should give  local
         government authority  to:

              (a)  acquire land,  buildings, and  facilities
                   by purchase,  lease,  eminent domain,
                   and donation;
              (b)  plan and zone for  the protection of
                   watersheds  and   natural  drainage
                   courses;
              (c)  adopt  and enforce  necessary
                   ordinances, rules, and regulations;
              (d)  use various sources of revenue such as
                   bonds,  taxes, general appropriations,
                   fees and service charges, and  state and
                   federal assistance programs;
              (e)  make intergovernment agreements and
                   contracts;
              (f)   regulate   private  contractors  and
                   developers  through  the  issuance of
                   permits and licenses;
              (g)  prohibit any  type  of  environmental
                   pollution.

     (3)  Require  that  soil and water  conservation
         considerations be  incorporated incorporated in
         community plans. Plans may be prepared by an
         interagency   committee   of  interested
         departments,  by  a   single  department, by  a
         consultant,  or  by  a   combination  of local
         departments and consultants.
              Community plans should  include:

              {a)  data  on   population,  land  use,
                   transporation, and public facilities and
                   utilities;
         (b)  considerations  of  the  climate,
              topotraphy, geology,  and  related
              factors, with the technical assistance
              of  any  needed  specialists  so  that
              development and  construction
              activities are not detrimental to  the
              community's  land  and  water
              resources;
         (c)  presentation and evaluation of feasible
              immediate  and long-range  solutions.

(4)  Require  that  development  and  construction
     project plans be prepared in coordination with
     community plans.
         Project plans should include specifications
     for needed  erosion and  sediment  control
     measures.
(5)  To  prepare the best  possible plans and achieve
     implementation, elected officials should:

         (a)  solicit cooperation on  an  areawide
              basis from city and county planners,
              public works agencies, health officers,
              engineers,  soil conservation districts,
              other  appropriate departments,  and
              interested citizens;
         (b)  plan to inform the public about  the
              need for a  comprehensive erosion and
              sediment control program;
         (c)  provide  leadership  and initiative  to
              ensure  acceptance  and
              implementation of the plan.

(6)  Decide what type of organization is needed and
     assign operating responsibilities.
         No one organizational pattern for erosion
     and sediment  control can be said to be best.
     Local  conditions and  custom  will determine
     which one  or combination of agencies can be
     assigned responsibility for administration of the
     control  program.  The  sedimentation  control
     agency or agencies must be responsible to elected
     officials   of general purpose  governments.
     Regardless  of  organization, the  following
     functions  must  be  performed:  policy  making;
     public information;  budgeting; planning  and
     review; drafting, adoption, and  enforcement of
     standards; and operation of the system.
         The main criterion for determining what
     place  a  sedimentation control program should
     have in  the orgainzational  structure  of a local
     government that existing agencies should be used
     to carry out the program rather than creating a
     new agency.
 (7)  Obtain  technical  information on current
     community  plans,  and the  community's
     geological, topological, and soil conditions.
          The   program should stress  the  physical
     limitations  of  every  development  and
     construction site. Also, this should be considered
G60

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     in all land-use decisions.  Basic principles would
     include the development  of large areas in small,
     workable increments, the holding of exposure
     time to a minimum and adapting site plans to the
     natural topography.
         Timely  installation   or  structures, storm
     drains,  streets, and  gutters  is  necessary  plus
     applicable conservation measures, such as the use
     of  mulch  (as a temporary cover),  temporary
     seedings,  early  installations  of  permanent
     vegetation, and the use of temporary structures,
     terraces, waterways, and debris basins.
(8)  Prepare a  financial plan  and capital budget so
     that both immediate  operating expenditures and
     long-range capital  financing needs are  provided
     for.
         Although much  of  the  cost for providing
     sedimenation control will be assumed by private
     industry  (i.e., developers  and builders),  local
     government will still be responsible for providing
     control related to  public improvements and for
     their maintenance, e.g., parks, reservoirs, open
     channel linings, etc.
         Since the system must be financed within
     the  constraints of state laws and local  charters
     these should be thoroughly examined during the
     planning process. Local governments can finance
     the  system when necessary following methods:
     taxes, bond issues, loans,  and/or  service  charges.
     The local  capital  improvement  budget should
     schedule the  financing of all necessary control
     facilities and equipment.
         If  the  sedimentation control program is
     operated  on  an  areawide  basis,  economies of
     operation will often benefit each jurisdiction.
(9)  Find   out  what  federal,  state, and  private
     technical and financial assistance is available and
     take advantage of it.
          Technical assistance from federal state, and
     private sources is available to local governments
     to develop measures  related to sediment control.
     On the federal  level, the primary  sources of
     financial  and  technical  assistance   are  the
     Department of Agriculture  the  Department of
     the Interior  and  Department of Housing  and
     Urban  Development.  Imaginative  use  of
     assistance  from  other  federal  agencies  may
     provide help for local sedimentation control.
          Many states provide technical assistance fur
     soil and water conservation through conservation
     districts and  other special purpose governments
     such as flood control districts.  While  financial
     assistance   is  currently  limited,  recent
     appropriation trends indicate a growing response
     to environmental needs.
          The  home building industry, universities,
     professional  societies and  private organizations
     also can provide information and assistance.
(10) Direct  the program's agencies to respond quickly
     to  all citizen  complaints and  conduct  a
     continuing  educational program to inform the
         public  about the need  for land use control in
         relation to water pollution control.
    (11) Use as many public information tools as possible
         to reach citizens.
              Among these  tools are meetings at which
         slides and films are shown; creation  of events
         such  as  "go-see"  trips; speakers  bureaus;
         brochures  and  flyers; radio, T.V.,  newspapers,
         and  newsletter  coverage  and announcements;
         exhibits;   and  communications  media
         endorsement.
    (12) Employ a qualified committee of representatives
         from  public  agencies,  citizens  groups,   and
         industry to periodically  review, evaluate,  and
         report  on the effectiveness of the program.
    (13) Survey recruitment needs. Where they  exist,
         solicit personnel  from other  levels  of
         government,   professional  organizations,   and
         universities.  Alsa, technical manpower may, in
         many cases, be  involved  in the program as a form
         of technical  assistance from other local, state and
         federal government agencies.
    (14) In-house training  will  be  needed for program
         personnel, especially for planners, and regulatory
         and  maintenance personnel. It should be noted
         that  during  the development of these ordinances
         and  the program, local soil conservation districts
         are  available to work with local public agencies,
         consultants, and engineers in the design  and
         installation of erosion control practices.

IV.  Make  the Sedimentation Control Program Developed
     by the Task Force State Local Government Policy.

     Charge local government  department  heads  with
     responsibility for developing policies  and procedures
     designed  to implement  the  program, and solicit the
     voluntary cooperation of the  building industry.
         Sedimentation  control  programs  to  date   that
     appear to work  best are those that  initially evolve
     from  some type  of voluntary  action.  Urban
     sedimentation control is a new field and all concerned
     need  an opportunity  to   test  their  ideas. Where
     developers,  planners  and  conservationists have an
     opportunity to  cooperate  voluntarily on erosion
     control  projects,   a  solid  foundation  for  future
     regulatory program is provided for.
V. Make Sediment Control Mandatory Through Adoption
   of an Ordinance or Land-Use Regulations.

   The  responsibility  for developing the ordinance  or
   land-use regulation can best  be assumed by  the Task
   Force. Also Task Force members know the existing
   regulations  and  they  have developed  the  basic
   guidelines for the voluntary program.
       The ordinance  or  land-use  regulation,  when
   developed,  would set the local standards. They should
   be conceptual in scope; flexible in methods; positive in
   direction; prohibitive of  any type of land or water
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    pollution;  and  above  all,  they  must  be clearly
    understandable. They should be designed to control the
    occasional irresponsible developer.
        The ordinance or regulation should designate the
    local  agencies  to  be  responsible  for  enforcing  the
    standards, e.g., plan, review and inspection.

    WHAT SHOULD STATE GOVERNMENT DO?
 I.  Provide comprehensive state enabling legislation to
     permit counties  to manage soil and water  resources.
     Also, counties should be permitted and encouraged to
     contract  with   internal  municipalities and  other
     counties to  develop areawide sedimentation control
     programs.

     Develop  clear  state  guidelines  with regard  to
     sedimentation standards.  Water  quality  standards,
     based on federal  guidelines (Federal Water Pollution
     Control Act  of 1956, the Water Quality Act of 1965,
     and  the Clean Water  Restoration  Act  of 1966) have
     been adopted by all  50 states. States should ensure
     that criteria  for sedimentation control be included in
     these standards.

III.  Provide  financial  and  technical  assistance to  local
     sedimentation control programs.  Such assistance can
     be delivered through  state  agencies, should help local
     programs conduct watershed research, conduct soils
     studies, and  provide major capital improvements, etc.

IV.  Develop  and execute an information  distribution
     program.  Local  governments  and  their  agencies,
     planning  commissions,  soil conservation district
                         personnel, etc., need to be informed on state laws and
                         their  interpretation, what state assistance is available,
                         state  policy guidelines, state  planning programs and
                         other state activities.

                     V.  Offer traning to local government and private industry
                         in sedimentation control techniques and principles.

                    VI.  Develop and enforce  a state sedimentation control
                         program to help control erosion and sediment on  all
                         state   projects  and   activities including  highway
                         construction and  maintenance, and  state  building
                         projects.
                                      WHAT SHOULD THE
                                FEDERAL GOVERNMENT DO?
                      I.  Help to promote national recognition of urban erosion
                         and  sediment  as  constituting a  major  threat  to
                         environmental quality.
                     II.  Continue to contribute to technical and non-technical
                         research  programs related  to  all  aspects  of  urban
                         erosion and sediment problems.

                     III.  Continue  and  improve upon financial  and technical
                         assistance programs for state and  local governments.

                     IV.  Develop and enforce a federal sedimentation policy to
                         help control  erosion  and   sediment on all federal
                         projects, and  federally sponsored  projects, including
                         federal buildings, federal  highways, and on all federal
                         lands and waters. Sedimentation control policy should
                         be enforcible  on all  appropriate  federal contracts,
                         whether carried out by public or private agencies.
 Economic Development

 North Eastern Area
  EDA Area Office, 157 High Street
  Portland, Maine 04101
  (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts,
  New Hampshire. New York. Rhode
  Island, Vermont

 Mid Atlantic Area
  EDA Area Office, 19 North Main
  Street, Wilkes-Barre, Pa. 18701
  (Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey,
  Pennsylvania, Puerto Rio)

 Mid Eastern Area
  EDA Area Office, 517 Ninth Street
  Huntington, W. Va. 25701
  (Kentucky, North Carolina. Ohio.
  Virginia. West Virginia)

 South Eastern Area
  EDA Area Office. 904 Bob Wallace
  Avenue. Huntsville. Ala. 35801
  (Alabama, Florida, Georgia,
  Mississippi.  South Carolina, Tennessee)

 North Central Area
  EDA Area Office, 2OO West Superior
  Street, Duluth. Minn 558O2
  (Illinois. Indiana. Iowa, Michigan.
  Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska,
  North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin)
            APPENDIX

South Western Area
  EDA Area Office, 702 Colorado
  Street, Austin, Tex. 78701
  (Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado,
  Kansas, Louisiana, New Mexico,
  Nevada, Oklahoma, Texas,  Utah,
  Wyoming)

Western  Area
  EDA Area Office, 415 First Avenue
  North, Seattle, Wash. 98109
  (Alaska, American Samoa,  Calif.
  Guam,  Hawaii,  Idaho, Montana, Oregon,
  Washington)
 Department of Housing and
 Urban Development

Region
 26 Federal Plaza. Naw York, N.Y.
 10007  (Connecticut,   Maine,
Massachusetts,
 New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island
 Vermont)

Region II
 Widener Building, 1339 Chestnut
 Street,  Philadelphia, Pa. 19107 (Delaware.
 District of  Columbia,  Maryland,  New
Jersey. Pennsylvania Virginia,West Virginia)

Region III
 Peachtree-Seventh Building, Atlanta,
 Ga. 30323 (Alabama,  Florida. Georgia,
  Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina.
  South Carolina, Tennessee)

 Region IV
  360 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago,
  III. 6O601 (Illinois, Indiana. Iowa,
  Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, North
  Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin)

Region V
  Federal Office Building, 819 Taylor
  Street, Fort Worth, Tex. 76102
  (Arkansas, Colorado,  Kansas,  Louisiana,
  Missouri, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas,)

Region VI
  450 Golden Gate Avenue, Post
  Office Box 36003, San Francisco.
  Calif. 94102 (Alaska, Arizona,
  California, Hawaii, Idaho,
  Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah,
  Washington, Wyoming, Guam)
Region VII
  Post Office Box 3869 GPO, San
  Juan, P.R. 00936  (Puerto Rico,
  Virgin  Islands)

BUREAU  OF OUTDOOR RECREATION

Northeast
  1 28 North Broad Street
  Philadelphia, Pa. 191O7
Southwest
  810 New Walton Building
  Atlanta, Ga. 30303
G62

-------
Lake Central
 3853 Research Park  Drive
 Ann Arbor. Mich. 48104
Mid-Continent
 Denver Federal Center
 Building 14
 Denver Colo. 80225
Pacific Northwest
 U.S. Courthouse,
 Seattle, Wash, 98104
Pacific Southwest
 450 Golden Gate Avenue,
 San Francisco, Calif. 94102

DEPARTMENT  OF  TRANSPORTATION

Alaska Region
 632 Sixth  Avenue,
 Anchorage, Alaska 99501
Western Region
  Post Office Box 920O7
  World Way Postal Center
  Los Angeles,  Calif. 9OO09
 Pacific Region
  Post Office Box 4009
  Honolulu, Hawaii 9681 2
Southern Region
  Post Office Box 20636
  Atlanta, Ga. 30320
 Central Region
  601  12th  Street
  Kansas City,  Mo. 64106
Eastern Region
   JFK International Airport
   N.Y.11430
 Southwest  Region
   Post Office Box 1689
   Fort Worth, Tex.  76101
                                                          State Committee, Commissions, Boards and Councils
 Interstate Commissions
        Bi-State Development Agency
        Suite 619 Paul  Brown Bldg.
        St. Louis, Missouri  63101
            Illinois
            Missouri
        Interstate Sanitation Commission
        10 Columbus Circle
        New York, New  York  10019
            Connecticut
            New Jersey
            New York
        Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation
          Commission
        414 Walnut  Street
        Cincinnati. Ohio  45202
            Illinois           Ohio
            Indiana          Pennsylvania
            Kentucky         Virginia
            New  York        West Virginia
        Delaware River Basin Commission
        25 Scotch Road, P.O. Box 360
        Trenton,  New Jersey  08603
            Delaware
            New Jersey
            New York
            Pennsylvania
        Klamath  River Compact Commission
        P. 0. Box 388
        Sacramento. California  95802
            California
            Oregon
        Tennessee River Basin Water
          Pollution  Control Commission
        Central Services Building
        Nashville. Tennessee   37219
            Kentucky
            Mississippi
            Tennessee
        Interstate Commission on  the
          Potomac River Basin
        Transportation Building
        815-17th Street, N.W.
        Washington, D.  C.  20006
            District of  Columbia
            Maryland
            Pennsylvania
            Virginia
            West Virginia
        New England Interstate Water
           Pollution  Control Commission
        73 Tremont Street
        Boston, Massachusetts  02108
            Connecticut       New York
            Maine            Rhode Island
            Massachusetts     Vermont
            New Hampshire
Alabama  Soil  and  Water  Conservation
Committee  State  Office  Bldg.,
Montgomery 36104

Division  of   Agriculture  Alaska
Department of  Natural  Resources P.O.
Box 824, Palmer 99645

Arizona   State  Division  of  Soil
Conservation  400  Arizona State  Office
Bldg., Phoenix 85007

Arkansas   Soil   &  Water  Conservation
Commission  State  Capitol,  Little  Rock
72201

California  State  Soil   Conservation
Commission 1416 Ninth St.,  Sacramento
95814

Colorado  State  Soil  Conservation  Board
1845 Sherman St., Denver 80203
Connecticut State Soil  Conservation
Advisory Committee State Office
Building Hartford O6115

 Delaware  Soil  and  Water  Conservation
 Commission P.O.  Box 567,  Georgetown
 19947
 Florida State Soil and Water Conservation
 Board  P.O.  Drawer E, Gainesville 32601
 Georgia State Soil &  Water Conservation
 Committee  320  Ag.  Extension  Bldg.
 Athens 30601

 Hawaii  Board  of   Land   Si  Natural
 Resources Box 621, Honolulu 968O9

 Idaho State Soil Conservation Commission
 Statehouse, Boise 83707

 Illinois   Division of  Soil   and  Water
 Conservation   Fairgrounds,  Springfield
 62706

 Indiana State Soil and Water Conservation
 Committee AES Bldg.  Purdue Univ., West
 Lafayettee 47907

 Iowa  State Soil  Conservation Committee
 Grimes  State Office  Bldg.  Des  Moines
 50319

 Kansas State Soil Conservation Committee
 State Office Bldg., Topeka 66612

 Kentucky  Soil   &  Water  Conservation
 Commission   729   Bluegrass  Ave.,
 Frankfort 40601

 Louisiana  State   Soil  and  Water
 Conservation Committee P.O. Drawer CS,
 LSU, Baton Rouge 7O8O3
 Maine State Soil  and Water Conservation
 Committee State House, Augusta 04330

  Massachusetts State Committee for
  Conservation of Soil,  Water and  Related
  Resources 100 Cambridge St., State
  Office Building. Boston 02202

  Michigan State Soil Conservation
  Committee National Res. Bldg. MSA, E.
  Lansing 48823

 Minnesota  State   Soil  and  Water
 Conservation Commission 311 N. Hall St.
 Paul Campus, U. of Minn. St Paul  55101

 Minnesota  State   Soil   and  Water
 Conservation Committee Carnage  39051

 Missouri  State  Soil  and  Water  District
 Commission  705  Hitt.,   U  of   Mo.,
 Columbia 65201

 Montana   State  Soil  Conservation
 Committee Montana  Tech,  Buttee 59701
Nebraska   Soil  and  Water  Conservation
Commission Box 94725 State House Sta.,
Lincoln 68509

Nevada   State  Soil  Conservation
Committee  Nye Bldg.  201  S.  Fall  St.,
Carson City 89701

New  Hampshire  State  Soil Conservation
Committee Univ. of N.H.,  Durham 03824

New   Jersey  State  Soil  Conservation
Committee   P.O.  Box  1888,   Trenton
08625

New Mexico State and Water Conservation
Committee Capitol  Bldg., Santa  Fe 87501

New   York  State  Soil and  Water
Conservation  Committee  Emerson  Hall,
Cornell Univ. Ithaca 14850

North  Carolina  State   Soil  and  Water
Conservation  Committee  Williams  Hall,
NC State U., Raleigh 27607

North  Dakota  State  Soil Conservation
Committee State Capitol, Bismarck 58501

Ohio  Soil   &  Water   Conservation
Committee  1827  Neil  Ave.,   Columbus
43201

Oklahoma  State  Soil Conservation  Board
114 State  Capitol,  Oklahoma City 73105

Oregon State Soil and Water Conservation
Committee  Ag. Bldg. Salem 937O1

 Pennsylvania  State  Soil  and  Water
 Conservation  Commission  2301   N.
 Cameron St.,  Harrisburg 17120

 Soil  C°nservation  Committee  of  Puerto
 Rico Box AR, Rio  Piedras 00928

 Rhode  Island  State Soil  and  Water
 Conservation   Committee  RD  2,  E Main
 Rd, Middleton 02842

 State of  South  Carolina  Soil  and Water
 Conservation   Committee  1411  Barwell
 St., Columbia 29201

 South  Dakota  State  Conservation
 Commission State Capitol,  Pierre  575O1

 Tennessee State Soil Conservation District
 Committee  P.O.  Box 1071,  Knoxville
 37901

 Texas  State Soil and Water Conservation
 Board  1018 First  National Bldg., Temple
 76501

 Utah State Soil Conservation  Committee
 State Captiol Bldg., Salt Lake City 84114

 Vermont  State  Natural  Resources
 Conservation Council  Dept. of Ag. Bldg.,
 Montpelier 05602

 Virginia  Soil  and  Water  Conservation
 Council P.O. Box  2148, Richmond 23216

Washington State Soil and Water Conservation
Committee General Administration
Olympia 98501

 State of  Wisconsin    Soil  Conservation
 Board  Soils Bldg., U.W.,  Madison 537O6

 Wyoming  State Soil &  Water Conservation
 Committee  Capitol  Bldg.,  Cheyenne
 83OO1
 Virgin Jslands Soil  Conservation Council
 P.O. Box 2148, Richmond 23216
                                                                                                                                 G63

-------
                                 State  Water Pollution  Control Agencies
ALABAMA
Water Improvement C
State Office Building
Montgomery, Alabama  36104
                 Commissioo
            of Health & Welfare
Alaska OmceBuiWinB
Juneau, Alaska  99801


Environmental Health Service
Department of Hearth
Hayden Plaza West
4019 North 33rd Avenue
Phoenix, Arizona  85017

ARKANSAS         _A_, „
Arkansas Pollution Control Comm.
1100 Harrington *»»enue
Little Rock, Arkansas  72202
CALIFORNIA
State Water Resources Control Board

Sacramento,  California  95814

COLORADO
Department of Public Health
4210 East llth Avenue
Denver, Colorado  80220
CONNECTICUT             .
State Water Resources Commission
Room 223, State Office Building
650 Main Street
Hartford. Connecticut  06115
DELAWARE
Delaware Air and Water Resources
   Commission
Loockerman Street and  Legislative

Dover,  Delaware   19901
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.^ .
District of Columbia Department of
   Public  Health
300 Indiana Avenue, NAJJ.
Washington, D. C.  20001

FLORIDA
Air & Water Pollution Control Comm.
306 W JeHerson
Tallahassee, Florida  32301

 SUrt? Water Quality Control Board
 47 Trinity Avenue, 5. W.
 Atlanta, Georgia  30334

 GUAM
 Public Health and Social Services
 Gevemment of Guam
 P.O. Box 2816
 Agana, Guam  96910

 HAWAII
 Srvironmental IMB
 Hawaii Dept. of Health

 HoMra  96801

 IDAHO
 Stfneering ft. SarftattonDjv.
 Stab Department of Health
 P. a  BOK 640
 Dote. Mate  83701
  1330 West M**j«n
  Indianapoli*, IndfeM
  Oat MoJnes,

  KANSAS
  ErMmnmerrtel Health Services
Louisiana Stream Control Commission
P. O. Drawer FC. University Station
Baton Rouge, Louisiana  70803

MAINE
Water and Air Environmental Improve-
  ment  Commission
State  House
Augusta, Maine   04330
MARYLAND
Environmental Health Services
State  Department of Health
2305  N. Charles Street
Baltimore, Maryland  21218

State Dept. of Water Resource*
State Office Building
Annapolis, Maryland  2H01
MASSACHUSETTS
Division of Water Pollution Control
Department of Natural Resources
100 Cambridge Street
Boston,  Massachusetts  02202

MICHIGAN           .  .
Water Resources Commission
Station A, Steven T. Mason Bldg.
Lansing, Michigan  48913

UIMMESOTA
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
717 Delaware St.. S.e
Minneapolis.  Minnesota  55440

MISSISSIPPI
Mississippi Air and Water
   Pollution Control Commission

 Jackson, Mississippi  39205

 MissouriRWater Pollution Board

          itJ! Missouri  65101
                                               MONTANA
                                               Montana Water Pollution Council
                                               State Department of Health
                                               Laboratory Building
                                               Helena, Montana  T59601
                                               NEBRASKA
                                               Environmental Health Service*
                                               State Department of Health
                                               Box 94757. State HowfStation
                                               Lincoln. Nebraska  68509
                                               NEVADA
                                                Nye Building
                                                201 South Fall Street
                                                Carson City,44evMla  89701
                                                NEW HAMPSHIRE        __
                                                Water Supply and Pollution Control
                                                  Commission
                                                61 South Spring Street
                                                Concord. New Hampshire  03301

                                                NEW JERSEY
                                                Div. of Air and Clean Water
                                                State Department of Health
                                                P. 0. Box 1540
                                                Trenton, New Jersey  08625

                                                NEW MEXICO
                                                New Mexico Water Quality Control Comm.
                                                Department of Health & Social
                                                   Service
                                                P. 0. Box 2348
                                                Santa Fe, New Mexico  87501
                                                NEW YORK
                                                Division of Pure Waters
                                                State Department of Hearth
                                                84 Holland Avenue  _
                                                Albany. New York  12208
                                                NORTH CAROLINA
                                                State Dept of Water and Air
                                                   Resources
                                                P. 0. Box 9392
                                                Raleigh, North Carolina   27603
                 PoButJon Control
OHIO
Water Pollution Control Board
State Department of Health
P. O. Box 118
Columbus, Ohio  43216

OKLAHOMA
Environmental Health Service
State Department of Health
3400 North Eastern
Oklahoma City. Oklahoma  73111

OREGON
Oregon State Sanitary Authority
P. 0. Box 231
Portland, Oregon  97207

PENNSYLVANIA
Bureau of Sanitary Engineering
State Department of Health
p Q BOX 90
Harri'sburg, Pennsylvania  17120
 PUERTO RICO
 Puerto Rico Dept. of Health
 Ponce de Leon Avenue  ^^
 San Juan, Puerto Rico  00908

 RHODE ISLAND
 Div. of Water  Pollution Control
 Rhode Island Dept. of Health
 335 State Office Building;
 Providence, Rhode Island  02903

 SOUTH CAROLINA
 S. C. Water Pollution Control Authority
 J. Marion Sims Building
 Columbia, South Carolina  29201

 SOUTH DAKOTA
  Division of Sanitary Engineering
  State Department of Health
  Pierre, South Dakota 57501

  TENNESSEE                     .
  Tenn. Stream Pollution Control Board
  Cordell  Hull Building
  Sixth Avenue. North
  Nashville, Tennessee  37219

  TEXAS
  Texas Water Quality Board
  1108 Lavaca Street
  Austin, Texas  78701

  UTAH
  State Water Pollution Control
     Committee
  44 Medical Drive
  Salt Lake City, Utah   84113

  VERMONT
  Vermont Department of Water
     Resources
  State Office Building
  Montpelier, Vermont  05602

  VIRGINIA
   State  Water Control Board
   P. O.  Box 11143
   Richmond, Virginia  23230

   VIRGIN ISLANDS        _
   Virgin Islands Dept. of Health
   Charlotte Amali*         „>_„
   St. Thomas, Virgin Islands 00802

   WASHINGTON
   Washington Water Pollution Control
      Commission
   p. O.  Box 829
   Olympia, Washington  98501

   WEST VIRGINIA
   Division of Water Resources
   Department of Natural Resources
   1201 Greenbrier St., East
   Charleston, West Virginia  25311

   WISCONSIN           f%_.__t.
   Division of Environmental Protection
   Department of Natural Resources
   P.O. Box 450          „
   Madison, Wisconsin   53701

   WVAUIM fi
   Division of Sanitary Engineering
   State Department of Public Health
   State  Office Building
   Cheyenne, Wyoming  82001
                                                  State Department of Health
                                                  BisnvKckTNorth Dakota  58501
  G64

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                        The  draft of this guidebook was reviewed  by soil  and  water  specialists at the
                        National  Conference  on  Sediment  Control,  Washington, D.C.,  September,  1969.
                        The  guidebook  reflects  the ideas, concepts  and  recommendations made  by the
                        Conference participants  listed below.
   Richard J. Alexander,
     U.S. Department of Housing
     and Urban Development
   George Allen, Area Extension Agent,
     College Park. Md.
   Bruce N. Ambrose,
     Planner. Pittsburgh, Pa.
   Charles R. Anderson,
     Md. State Roads Commission
   Glenn Anderson.
     Soil Conservation Service
   Robert M. Anderson,
     State Soil Conservation Committee
     Mont.
  Alfred R.  Angelino, Gilroy. Calif.
  Marshall  Augustine,
    Dept. of Water Resources. Md.
  George R. Bagley, NACD,
    St. Joseph. La.
  James N.  Ballinger,
    State Board of Agriculture, Okla.
  Philip Barske.
    Wildlife  Management Institute,
    Conn.
  John A. Barnes,
    Bucks Co. Planning Comm., Pa.
  R.  C. Barnes,
    Soil Conservation Service
  B.  K Barton.
    Wabash Valley Association
  Lyle Bauer,
    Kans. Assn. of Soil Cons. Districts
    Kans.
  Dean Beardsley.
   Mahoning SWCD, Ganfield. Ohio
 W.  B. Bennett, Jr.,
   Greenville, SWCD. S.C.
 Richard Beck.  Co. Extension Agent,
   Fredericksburg. Va.
 Herbert D.  Belnap,
   Dept. of  Pub Improvements,
   Baltimore, Md.
 Louis Blymph,
   Agricultural Research Service
 W.  C Boggs,
   Co. Commissioner, Dawson. Ala.
 Frank W. Bohman, Morgan, Utah
 Charles Boothby,
   Stale Soil and Water Cons. Comm..
   Maine
 Donald R.  Bowman.
   Co. Supervisor. Fairfax, Va.
 Otto Brammer.  Bd. of Commissioners.
   Lewiston, Idaho
 Justin Brande, Middleburg Vermont
 Michael Brauer.
   Colorado Springs, Colo.
 Donald Brenner,
   Dept. of Public Works,
   Orangeburg,  N.Y.
 John V. Brink,
   Wash. D.C. Dept.  Public Health
 John Broda,
   Natl. Cap. Park  &  Planning Comm.,
   Silver Spring, Md.
 Bob Brown,
   Cleveland Metro Area COG, Ohio
 F. R  Brown. Dept. of Public Works,
   Contra Costa Co.. Calif.
 Randal Burson. District Supervisor,
   Schodcraft. Michigan
 C. E. Busby,
  Water Resources Mgt. Comm.,
  Walnut Creek. Calif.
John L. Putschky.
  Office of Planning and Zoning,
  Annapolis,  Md.
Joseph Canby, Langhorne, Pa.
S. Mason Carbaugh,
  Va  Soil and Water Cons.  Comm.
John  Carreket.
  Agricultural Research Service,
  Athens. Ga.
  Curtis  O. Champman,
    Public Facilities Dept.,
    Norristown,  Pa.
  Jack Churchill, Federal Water
    Pollution Control Administration
  Stanley Christensen,
    Oregon Assn. of SWCDs, McMinville
  Enrique Soler  Cioquell,
    Puerto Rico  Planning Bd., San Juan
  Steve Collins, Baltimore Co.
    Dept. of Public Works. Md.
  Quincy C. Cornelius, Hooper, Colo.
  Robert  Crane,
    Asst. Co. Engr.. Tallahassee. Fla.
  Jim Crooks, Federal Water
    Pollution  Control Administration
  Roy Cuneo, U.S. Department of
    Housing and Urban Development
  George Dando, Memphis, Tenn.
  William Davey,
    Soil Conservation Service
  James Davis. US. Dept. of
    Housing and Urban Development
  Stan Dea. Federal Water
    Pollution Control  Administration
  Raymond De Grafft, Civil Engr.
    Md. Dept. of  Public Improvements
  .Carl Dorney. Soil Conservation Serv.
  Thomas  C. Duley,
    Upper Marlboro, Md.
  Frank M. Ebert.
    Montgomery Co. SWCD, Pa.
  Frank Elliott, Commissioner,
    Salem, Ore.
  Marvin C. Emerson.
    State Soil Cons. Bd., Okla.
  Hal Enderlin,
    Soil Conservation Service
  Byrl J. Engel. Depl. of Public Works.
   St. Louis Co., Mo.
  Frank K. Evans,
   Bd. of Co. Road Commissioners
   of Ingham Co., Mich.
 Paul  Felton,  WRA.
   Delaware River Basin,  Pa.
 Stuart D. Finley.
   Stuart Finley,  Inc.. Falls Church. Va.
 Kenneth  V. Fiske. N.E. III.
   Natural Resource Center, III.
 Charles  M. Frost,
   Sam Houston Resource Cons. &
   Dev. Area,  Houston. Tex.
 Rober Gaukel.
  Co. Engr.,  Kearney, Neb.
 William B. Gillespie,
  County Engr.,  Seattle, Wash.
 Ed  Glassgow. Black Hills
  Conservancy  Subdistrict, S.D.
 Leonard J. Goodsell, Great Lakes
  Comm., Ann Arbor, Mich.
 Fred V. Grau, Grasslyn Inc..
  College Park,  Md.
 Melville W. Gray. Kansas State
  Depl of Health, Kans.
 William F. Greenawalt,
  Bucks County Planning Comm..  Pa
 Frederick C. Gross,
  Waialua Sugar Co.. Inc., Hawaii
 Harold Guy, U.S. Geological Survey
 Dr.  Daniel Hale. Southern Soil
  Conservation Dist.,  Princeton, W.Va.
Joe Hamilton, Ala. Assn. SWCD
 Ivan Hanson,  Del.
Thomas G. Harris, Jr..
  Office of Planning and Zoning,
  Ellicott  City, Md.
Arnold Hawkins,  Md. State Soil
  Cons. Committee, Md.
Edward I. Heath, Allegheny Co.
  Planning and Zoning Comm., Md.
  Floyd Heft, Ohio Soil and
    Water Conservation Commission
  Charles F. Hess,
    Pa. Soil & Water Cons. Comm.
  L. H. Hicks, State Soil and
    Water Commission,  N.C.
  Russell G. Hill,
    Assn. of Stato S.C.P..  Mich.
  Eugene Hollister, Walworth Co.
    Bd. of Supervisors, Wis.
  William Horvath,
    Wise. State Soil Cons. Bd.
  Conrad Hougen, Everson, Wash.
  Herbert A. Hewlett, Delaware River
    Basin Commission, N.J.
  C. E. Hubbard, N.C. Dept. of
    Water and Air Resources
  Harold Huber.
    Pa.  Dept. of Highways, Harrisburg
  Mr. Isgrig, Soil Scientist.
    Stafford Co., Va.
  Harold F.  Johnson,
    Kans. Assn. of SWCD
  Jacob Kautgman.
    Co.  Commissioner, Selen, N.D.
  Edward Keil,
    Soil Conservation  Service
  Eugene Keilam,
    Albany Co. SWCD. N.Y.
  John H. Kennaugh, Mich. Grand River
    Watershed Council
  Leslie  W. King, Leesburg, Va.
  Maynard A. King,
    Public Facilities Dept.,
    Norristown, Pa.
  Ervin J. J. Koos. Iowa Assn.  of
    SCD Commissioners
  Richard Langmire, Okla.
  Mrs. Robert Lechner. So.  Branch
   Watershed Assn.. Clinton,  N.J.
 Dr. John Lenty. COG, Wash., D.C.
 Carl Lindstrom,
   Soil Conservation Service
 Leroy  Little.
   Allegheny Co. Planning Dir., Pa.
 W. K. MacCready, Co. Commissioner.
   Richland, Wash.
 Frank Mack. Corps of Engineers
 L. L. Males, Security State Bank,
   Cheyenne, Okla.
 A.  K. McCalla. Tenn. Assn. of SWCD
 Earl McClennan, NACD,
   Plummer, Idaho
 Marion  McCoy, Office of Planning
   and Zoning, Annapolis,  Md.
 John J. McCue, Dir. P.W.,
   Dade Co.,  Fla.
 A. Turner McDonald, Atlanta, Ga.
 Thomas McGourin,
   Soil  Conservation Service
 Dennis  Meazher, McComb Co.
   Planning Comm., Mich.
 Robert W. Mickle,
  Central Iowa Regional Pig.  Comm
 Fred P.  Miller, Dept. of Agronomy,
  Univ.  of Md., College Park
 Ruth Miller,
  Zoning Administrator, Leesburg. Va.
Andrew Mork, Mandan, N.D.
 Robert Morris,
  State  Soil and Water Cons. Bd., Fla.
Dr  Alan I. Mytelka, Interstate
  Sanitation Commission,  N.Y.
Gilmon O. Neal, Columbus, Ind.
Wilbur B. Nolen.
  Ala. Soil & Water Cons. Comm.
Robert Norton, Dept. Water Res.,
  Annapolis, Md.
Burton Ode,  Brandon, S.D.
  Arnold H. Onstad,
    District Conservationist,
    Spring Grove, Minn.
  John W. Parris, Soil and Water
    Cons. Committee, Columbia, S.C.
  George A. Price,
    Md. House of Delegates
  John R. Quay, Woodstock, III.
  Samuel Race,
    State Soil Cons. Committee, N.J.
  E. A. Ramey, Dept. of Public Works,
    Fairfax. Va.
  L. L. Ray, Greensboro, N.C.
  R. G. Renard,       .^
    Agricultural Research Service
  Neil Richardson,
    Cuyahoga County SWCD, Ohio
  Brian Richter, Sacramento, Calif.
  John Roehl, Soil Conservation Service
  John B.  Robert.
    Albuquerque Metropolitan Arroyo
    Flood Control Authority, N.M.
  J. Eloyd Rush, Annapolis, Md.
  Harold F. Ryan,
    District Conservationist.
    Waukesha. Wis.
  Hal L.  Schroeder,
    Salt Vclley Watershed District, Neb
  Paul C. Shafer,
   Portage Co. Engineer, Ohio
  Ray Shaw, Greensboro, N.C.
  Frank J. Shean,
   Allegheny Co. SWCD. Pa.
  Minott Silliman,
   Soil Conservation Service
  H. A. Smith, N.C. State Soil and
   Water Cons. Comm.
  Jack K. Smith,
   Mo. Water Pollution  Bd.
  Henry Stetina. Federal Water
   Pollution Control Administration
  Dwight Spuller. Branch, Mich.
  D. E. Strickhouser, Design Review,
   Dept. of Co. Dev., Fairfax, Va.
  Raymond Thacker, Federal Water
   Pollution  Control Administration
 William Thornton,
   Pierce Co. Engr., Wash.
 Phillip J. Tierney, Asst. Co. Attorney,
   Rockville, Md.
 Pat Tobin, Federal Water
   Pollution Control Administration
 Hommer G. Towns,  Forrest City, Ark.
 E W. Turner, Dept. of  Highways,
   Richmond, Va.
 Thomas S. Vanasek,
   Walnut Creek, Calif.
 C. A.  Van Doren.
   Agricultural  Research Service
 Richard Vappi, Moultonboro, N.H.
 Nicholas I. Vukovich, Steelton,  Pa
 Steve Walther. Calif. Districts,
   Reno, Nev.
 Ed Whyles, Co. Highway Engr.,
   Flint,  Mich.
 Robert J. Williams. Wabash Valley
   Interstate Comm., Ind.
 Joseph Willson,
  Va.  Soil and Water Cons. Comm.
 Mrs. Russell Wiltbann,
  College Park, Md.
Jim Wold, Dept. of Public Works,
  Hopkins, Minn.
M. Gordon Wolman.
  Prof, of Geography.
  Johns Hopkins Univ.,  Bait., Md.
Bern Wright, Federal Water
  Pollution Control  Administration
Eber L. Wright, Pierpont, Ohio
Hugh G. Yantis, Jr.,
  Texas Water Quality Bd.
John W. York, Exeter, N.H.

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                                                       prepared  by
                                      National Association of Counties
                                                Research Foundation
                                       1001 Connecticut Avenue,  N.W.
                                              Washington, D.C. 20036
                                                               for
                                       U.S.  Department of the Interior
                                       Federal Water Pollution Control
                                                      Administration
 COMMUNITY ACTION GUIDEBOOK FOR
SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL

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                           SECTION IV
                         RESEARCH NEEDS
Section IV contains a listing of some of the needs for research in
urban and suburban sedimentation control that have been noted during
the investigations connected with the preparation of this report.
The investigations included on-site visits to on-going sedimentation
control programs throughout the nation as well as review of the con-
temporary non-technical literature in the field.  In addition, various
federal and state agencies were visited throughout the course of pre-
paring this report.

The list is presented in four parts with each part citing needs within
a broadly defined "aspect" of sedimentation control.  These four as-
pects are administrative, legal, technical and economic.

Research needs in the administrative aspects of sedimentation control
include such considerations as improvements in planning, organizational
approaches, communications and information, and others.  Research needs
on the legal aspects of control addresses such needs as state enabling
legislation, local codes, ordinances, administrative rulings, develop-
ment of model ordinances, and enforcement procedures.  Technical
research needs include those needs associated with the mechanics of
improved detection, measurement, analysis, and control of soil erosion
hazards and sediment yields.  Research needs in the economic aspects
of sedimentation control are directed towards improving the identifi-
cation and description of all the economic factors associated with
sedimentation damages and sedimentation control.

Many of the research needs cited in this report as discreet items are
in practice closely interrelated.  Therefore, the citation of specific
needs should not be judged as being exclusive of related needs cited
in other sections, or of those needs which are not cited in this
report.

I.  Research Needs in the Administrative
    Aspects of Urban Sedimentation Control

A.  Research is needed on the desirability of and the means by which
    various local public agencies can coordinate their sedimentation
    control activities on an areawide basis.  Such research could lead
    to the development of model administrative approaches to sedimen-
    tation control in urbanizing areas.  Research in this area of
    concern might be designed to:

    1)  Determine the means by which the sedimentation control activi-
        ties of state, regional and local agencies can be better
        coordinated.  This would include a study of state government
                                27

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        activities to determine the sources and magnitude of state
        assistance available to local units of government for sedi-
        mentation control.

    2)  Determine the desirability and means by which the sedimen-
        tation control efforts of various local government agencies,-
        such as departments of public works and planning commissions
        can be integrated with the control efforts of various special
        district type agencies operating in the same area.  Patterns
        of successful intergovernmental working relationships need to
        be explored with regard to achieving urban sedimentation con-
        trol on an areawide (i.e., drainage area) basis.

    3)  Determine the effectiveness of areawide sedimentation control
        programs.  This may be done, for example, by comparing water
        management data (e.g., level of water tables, water quality,
        water quantity, timing of surface and subsurface water yields,
        flood frequency, etc.) from water management agencies before
        and after areawide sedimentation control is established.

B.  There are many different methods by which local governments in
    developing areas can introduce sedimentation control planning into
    other community plans.   Research is needed to:

    1)  Identify those sedimentation control principles, measures, and
        provisions which are appropriate for various kinds of community
        plans (e.g., transportation plans, public utility and facility
        plans and land-use plans) and for various levels of planning
        (e.g., project level planning, areawide planning, and compre-
        hensive planning).

    2)  Identify the methods used in developing areas to coordinate
        plans and programs for storm drainage systems.

    3)  Suggest how planning methods can accommodate the changing hy-
        drologic patterns imposed upon other planned facilities (such
        as transportation, drainage systems, and public utilities).

    4)  Determine what sedimentation control planning activities are
        being conducted by areawide and regional planning agencies,
        including councils of government, economic development dis-
        tricts, and sub-state regional planning districts.

    5)  Explore the various means by which the development process, in
        terms of its operational sequences, can be reordered for the
        purpose of sedimentation control.

C.  Effective sedimentation control depends upon competent personnel
    and adequate information.  Research in these areas is needed to
    accomplish the following:
                                        28

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    1)  Determine the necessary training needed to provide effective
        inspection personnel.

    2)  Identify the various administrative approaches that local
        governments can use to effectively enforce federal and state
        legislation related to turbidity which affects water quality
        in local areas.

    3)  Develop and distribute curriculum materials in sedimentation
        to be included in overall water pollution control curriculum.

    4)  Compile and synthesize the research conducted or in the pro-
        cess of being conducted, on urban sedimentation.

    5)  Explore the means by which sedimentation research can be
        systematically disseminated, in order that interested parties
        at local regional, state, and federal levels can maintain an
        adequate level of knowledge concerning developments in the
        sedimentation control field.

    6)  Determine the feasibility and methods of adapting computer
        technology to the administration, planning, and development of
        drainage systems in developing areas.

II.  Research Needs in the Legal Aspects
     of Urban Sedimentation Control

A.  Research needs to be directed to the legal aspects of local and
    state legislation related to sedimentation control, including the
    following:

    1)  Analysis of drainage ordinances for counties, cities and towns,
        including preparation of model ordinances appropriate for ad-
        ministration of various local governments and agencies.

    2)  Erosion and sediment control ordinances with the objective
        of developing a model ordinance.

    3)  Analysis of state law relating to sedimentation from develop-
        ment and construction including the preparation of model laws.
        The study would be designed to summarize state law setting
        public and private liability for sedimentation damages, as
        well as state laws designed to abate sediment as a pollutant.

    4)  Analysis of the Small Watershed Protection Program PL 566 to
        determine whether it should be amended, and if so, how, in
        order that it may be more useful under urban conditions.

    5)  Fixing responsibility and developing methods of assessing
        sedimentation damages.  Analysis is especially needed to
        determine the feasibility of establishing quantitative
                                 29

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         standards for permissible sediment deposition from non-
         agricultural development, relative to  natural levels  of
         turbidity and sediment loads,  in stream beds.

     6)   Developing institutional  arrangements  for  establishing  sedi-
         mentation control  on  land being  transferred  from agricultural
         to  non-agricultural uses.  Responsibility  for  sedimentation
         control over this  land is complicated  by the fact that  its
         ownership is often in a state  of transition, or  is trans-
         ferred to an absentee titleholder.  Questions  of legal
         responsibilities for  sedimentation control in  these cases
         are especially in  need of  research.

     7)   Analysis  of  typical zoning ordinance provisions  concerning
         flood plains  and drainage, with  the objective  of  summarizing
         factors to be considered  in the  preparation of such ordinances.

III.  Research Needs  in the Technical Aspects
      of Urban Sedimentation Control

A.  Research is needed to develop improved methods for measuring
    stormwater runoff and sediment yields in areas experiencing devel-
    opment and construction.   Improved methods are needed  to:

    1)  Measure runoff and sediment from small areas (several  hundred
        acres).

    2)  Measure hydrologic conditions at a rate faster than conventional
        equipment now permits, because of the limited time available for
        collecting data during runoff periods.

    3)  Allow integration with existing data collection systems.

    4)  Separate  storm runoff  of construction sites from that  of
        non—construction areas.

    5)  Test the  applicability of  laboratory conditions to that  of
        natural channels;  e.g., test  the  legitimacy of employing a
        meandering and overflow stream model to determine the  location
        and  kind  of deposition in  a park  or flood plain.

    6)  Determine  the role  of  soil and  vegetation in  the  hydrologic
        performance of watersheds  and  the impact of management prac-
        tices which change  vegetative  characteristics.

    7)  Identify sediment sources.

    8)  Predict deposition.

    9)  Distinguish manmade sources of  sediment  from natural sources
        under various storm intensities in order  that quantitative
                                      30

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        sediment yield standards may be established.

B.  Technical research is needed on urbanizing watersheds in order
    that sound drainage principles can be developed related to the
    changing hydrologic conditions within watersheds undergoing
    construction and development.  Research is needed to:

    1)  Identify the advantages of vegetated open space, including
        flood plains, for sedimentation control.

    2)  Determine the magnitude of sediment yields during measured
        storms, and measured storm seasons, to be analyzed with
        various degrees and types of urbanizing activities, to ac-
        count for the variables attending the urban sedimentation
        process.

    3)  Conduct precipitation input studies, including intensive
        storm input.

    4)  Collect and analyze runoff data.

    5)  Measure the effects of sediment on drainage channels.

    6)  Determine the infiltration capacity of soils within the
        watershed areas.

    7)  Analyze the effect of various kinds and extents of vege-
        tational cover.

    8)  Determine the subsurface drainage characteristics of urban
        watershed.areas, how they are affected by urbanization.

    9)  Measure slope stability in urban areas under varying conditions.

   10)  Determine how urban activity affects permeability of soil, and
        resulting increased runoff and sedimentation.

   11)  Identify the physical principles underlying the entrainment,
        transportation and deposition of sediment from lands under-
        going non-agricultural development and construction, and
        sediment behavior in watersheds, lakes and reservoirs.  Spe-
        cifically,  the research should have the objective of quanti-
        fying the energetics of rainfall action upon soil particle
        dislodgement and the hydraulic forces moving soil particles
        over the land surface into waterways.  It should seek to quan-
        tify (a) the erosivity of rainfall of varying characteristics;
        (b) the erodibility of subsurface soils varying widely in
        physical-chemical attributes; and (c) the effects of different
        kinds of vegetative cover, soil management practices, and engi-
        neering installations in modulating the inherent erosivity of
        rain and the natural erodibility of soils.  The research should
                               31

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         also seek to determine the physical principles by which
         sediment particles move down stream channels,  deposit,  or
         continue in transport.   A key objective is that of devel-
         oping engineering procedures that would counteract the
         adverse effects of the whole array of non-agricultural
         sediment problems.

    12)   Determine the rate of  return to "normal" of  channel cross
         sections, bed material,  and ecology of water channels which
         have returned to their  normal sediment loads after an im-
         posed load.

    13)   Determine the effects of  providing storage upstream, within
         and  immediately downstream of "urbanizing areas  to counter-
         act  the increase in number  and magnitude of  stormwater  flows
         created by storm drainage systems and  increased  imperviousness."

    14)   Identify the  factors affecting the operating trap  efficiency
         of small detention basins designed to  trap sediment eroded
         from urban construction areas,  in the  interest of  improving
         basin designs  for  present and future sedimentation control
         programs.  Research would encompass the  ratings  of sediment
         detention basins of various sizes  and  designs.  A  compilation
         of data  on construction activities and material  characteris-
         tics of  the drainage areas would also  be maintained in order
         to study  their effect on  sediment  production.

   15)  Obtain a  relative measure of  the various development and con-
         struction activities as contributors to  the sedimentation
        problem, including transportation  facilities, subdivision
        or lot development, industrial and commercial developments,
        water impoundments and waterway construction or improvements,
        and service or recreational facilities.

C.  There is need for research to determine the behavior of soil and
    sediment particles within, urbanizing watersheds.   Research is
    needed to:

    1)  Determine the relationship of sediment to the movement of
        industrial wastes and  sewage effluent into streams and lakes.

    2)  Identify the nutrients  other than phosphates  that are trans-
        ported by sediment.

    3)  Establish knowledge with regard to how the extensive use of
        pesticides in suburban  areas affects adjacent water bodies
        when  transported by sedimentation.

    4)  Obtain information and  facts on the relationship  between floc-
        culated  sediment from urban development and non-flocculated
        sediment from the same  source.  More specific purposes include,
                                      32

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        but are not necessarily limited to:  obtaining data on the
        effects of chemical sediment treatment on removing suspended
        sediment from water; the relationships of the aforementioned
        conditions and treatment on the impoundment trap efficiency;
        the distribution of sediment; and the combined effects of
        treatment, trap efficiency and distribution on maintenance
        and operation of various elements of recreation facilities,
        and on turbidity of impounded waters and downstream discharge.

    5)  Further development in the use of dust palliatives in areas
        subject to wind erosion.

    6)  The effects of sediment on water channels as waste carriers
        and as waste purifiers.  For example, determination of the
        technical relationship between silt and algae; silt and odor;
        silt and water taste, and between subsoil deposits and dis-
        solved solids yielded to streams.

    7)  Identify sediment disposition characteristics and patterns at
        the base of slopes, in rills and gullies.

    8)  Determine the infiltration capacity of soil types under varying
        climatic and urban development conditions.

D.  Further research is needed which could lead to the development of
    improved techniques for assessing and controlling urban sedimen-
    tation problems.   Development needs include:

    1)  Assessment of the degree of need, cost, and technical feasi-
        bility of automatic and semi-automatic sensing and recording
        devices,  under varying urban and urbanizing conditions.

    2)  Development of protective covers and treatment of soils to
        avoid expensive sodding practices and to reduce the cost of
        channel linings.

    3)  Development of an approach or approaches for assessing the
        need for  various public improvements related to sedimentation
        control in a  given (sediment) problem area.

    4)  Development of data indicating the limitations and uses of
        different soils.   Solid data is especially needed on soil
        characteristics meaningful to engineers, architects,  planners,
        developers and construction contractors.

    5)  A determination of the various types of capital improvements
        appropriate for areawide sedimentation control programs.

    6)  Development of effective and economical measures and techniques
        for temporary erosion control on newly-graded land.

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    7)  The major considerations that should be included in the
        preparation of effective sedimentation control provisions
        for master plans adopted by communities for each of the fol-
        lowing:  drainage control, land use, public facilities, and
        transportation.

IV.  Research Needs in the Economic Aspects
     of Urban Sedimentation Control

A.  Information that has been provided related to the economics of
    sedimentation problems does not, for the most part, provide suf-
    ficient or reliable knowledge with which to conduct adequate
    analysis of the economic considerations connected with sedimen-
    tation control programs.  In this regard, research is needed
    which will accomplish the following:

    1)  Assess the limitations of using cost-benefit analysis  as a
        criteria for measuring the need for sedimentation control.

    2)  Develop feasible methods by which cost-sharing can be  imple-
        mented between state and local governments,  urban and  suburban
        communities,  private land developers and local governments.

    3)  Determine alternate methods of financing storm drainage im-
        provements in developing and in developed areas.

    4)  Develop criteria  to determine how to allocate funds and achieve
        effective sedimentation control under limited-fund  situations.

    5)  Determine the need  for and  the method by which the  federal and
        state  governments can supply financial assistance directly to
        local  agencies to be used specifically for sedimentation con-
        trol programs in urbanizing areas.

    6)  Determine the current cost  of  removing sediment from reservoirs,
        harbors,  lakes, and  streams.

    7)  Compile the cost involved in adhering  to sedimentation  control
        principles and measures  in  subdivision construction activities,
        in highway construction  activities and  other  transportation
        related  construction associated with public buildings.

    8)   Identify  the  costs involved in enforcing sedimentation  control
        ordinances.

    9)   Determine the  economic  (and technical) feasibility  of intro-
        ducing sediment control  devices into the pattern of construction
        activities in more strategic sequences in order to  achieve
        sedimentation  control.
                                      34

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                          SECTION IV.


                      ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The research for and preparation of this report was performed by
William P. Bodwitch and William C. Winter.  Mel D. Powell, Director
of Contract Research, provided editorial and substantive assistance
and served as Project Director.

The concepts and ideas in this report represent a synthesis of
information generously contributed by local, state, and federal
agencies.  NACORF is grateful to the many individuals in these
agencies who provided program materials, and who participated in
interviews with the research staff.

The support of the project by the Federal Water Quality Administrat-
ion is sincerely acknowledged.  In addition, the guidance given to
the project by FWQA. personnel is appreciated, and special thanks are
due Darwin Wright of FWQA, who as project officer, contributed many
helpful suggestions concerning the substance and direction of this
report.
                            35

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 BIBLIOGRAPHIC:

    National  Association  of  Counties Research Foundation,
 Urban Soil  Erosion and Sediment Control, Final  Report on
 FWQA Grant No. 15030 DTL, May, 1970

 ABSTRACT

    This study was conducted to determine the causes and the
 extent of urban and suburban soil erosion and sediment prob-
 lems, and to describe ways  in which local communities can
 organize and implement effective sedimentation control pro-
 grams. An evaluation is provided on the state-of-the-art of
 urban sedimentation control, and a series of research needs in
 the sedimentation field is cited.

    In addition, this report includes the  "Community  Action
 Guidebook for Soil Erosion  and Sediment Control," which
 describes methods by  which  local governments can organize,
 plan, finance, staff,  and implement urban sedimentation con-
 trol  programs.  Aspects of  areawide  approaches,  legal
 authority, and public  support for sedimentation control are
 discussed, and an action plan  is outlined.
   ACCESSION NO.
     KEYWORDS:


Sedimentation
Soil Erosion
Sediment

Urban Runoff
Watershed Management
Drainage Control
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC:

    National Association of Counties Research  Foundation,
 Urban Soil Erosion and Sediment Control, Final  Report on1
 FWQA Grant No. 15030 DTL, May, 1970

 ABSTRACT

    This study was conducted to determine the causes and the
 extent of urban and suburban soil erosion and sediment prob-
 lems, and to describe ways in which local communities can
 organize and implement effective sedimentation control pro-
 grams. An evaluation is provided on the state-of-the-art of
 urban sedimentation control, and a series of research needs in
 the sedimentation field is cited.

    In addition, this report includes the  "Community Action
 Guidebook for Soil Erosion  and Sediment Control," which
 describes methods by which local governments can organize,
 plan, finance, staff,  and implement urban sedimentation con-
 trol  programs.  Aspects of  areawide approaches,   legal
 authority, and public support for sedimentation control are
 discussed, and an action plan is outlined.
   ACCESSION NO.
     KEYWORDS:


Sedimentation
Soil Erosion

Sediment
Urban Runoff
Watershed Management

Drainage Control
BIBLIOGRAPHIC:

   National Association of Counties Research Foundation,
Urban  Soil Erosion  and Sediment Control, Final Report on
 FWQA Grant No. 15030 DTL, May, 1970

ABSTRACT

   This study was conducted to determine the causes and the
extent of urban and suburban soil erosion and sediment prob-
lems, and to describe ways in which local communities can
organize and implement effective sedimentation control pro-
grams.  An  evaluation is provided  on the state-of-the-art of
urban sedimentation control, and a series of research needs in
the sedimentation field is cited.

   In addition, this report includes the "Community Action
Guidebook for Soil  Erosion and Sediment  Control," which
describes methods by which local governments can organize,
plan, finance, staff, and implement urban sedimentation con-
trol programs.  Aspects of areawide approaches, legal author-
ity, and  public support for  sedimentation control are dis-
cussed, and an action plan is outlined.
   ACCESSION NO.
     KEYWORDS:


Sedimentation
Soil Erosion
Sediment
Urban Runoff
Watershed Management
Drainage Control

-------
   Accession Number
                         Subject
                       Field tf Group
                                               SELECTED WATER RESOURCES ABSTRACTS
                                                      INPUT TRANSACTION FORM
   Organization
             NATIONAL ASSOCIATION  OF COUNTIES RESEARCH FOUNDATION
             WASHINGTON, B.C.
   Title
             URBAN SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL
10
Authors)
Powell, Mel D,
Winter, William C.
Bodwitch, William P.
22
11

16

Date
May, 1970
J2 Pages
97
Project Number
P
21

. c Contract Number
FWQA Grant 15030 DTL
Note
Citation Urban so±l Erosion and Sediment Control, Final Report on Community
     Action for Urban  and  Suburban Soil Erosion and Sediment Control - Grant
     15030 DTL, May, 1970
     	•»—rimy ,
   Descriptors (Starred First)
     Sedimentation,  Soil  Erosion, Sediment, Urban runoff, Watershed Management,
     Drainage control.
25 Identifiers (Starred First)
   Abstract
     This study was  conducted to determine the causes and  the extent  of urban and
     suburban  soil erosion and sediment problems, and to describe ways in which local
     communities  can organize and implement effective sedimentation control programs.
     An  evaluation is provided on the state-of-the-art of  urban sedimentation control,
     and a  series of research needs in the sedimentation field  is cited.

     In  addition, this report includes the "Community Action Guidebook for Soil Erosion
     and Sediment Control" which describes methods by which local governments can
     organize,plan,  finance, staff, and implement urban sedimentation control programs.
     Aspects of  areawide approaches, legal authority, and  public support for sedimen-
     tation control  are discussed, and an action plan is outlined.

     It  was found that soil erosion and sediment in  developing  areas  is extensive, and
     that these  problems pose significant threats to both  soil  and  water resources.
     While  many  of the required technical means for  controlling sedimentation problems
     already exist,  new administrative approaches are needed which  accommodate the
     diversity of interests and pressures associated with  urban and suburban develop-
     ment.
                                           Abstractor
                                                       William C. Winter
                                           institution i}ati0nal Association of Counties
                                                     Rasaarch Foundation
 WR-.102 (REV. OCT. IB68)
 WRSIC
SEND TO: WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTER
       U S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
       WASHINGTON, D.C. 20240
                                                                * U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1970 O - 405-435

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