WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES • D AST 19
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR • FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
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HATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
The Hater Pollution Control Research Reports describe the
results and progress in the control and abatement of pollu-
tion of oar Nation's waters. They provide a central source
of information on the research, development and demonstra-
tion activities of the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, Department of the Interior, through inhouse
research and grants and contracts with. Federal, State, and
local agencies, research institutions, and industrial organ-
izations.
Hater Pollution Control Research Reports will be distributed
to requesters as supplies permit. Requests should be sent to
the Planning and Resources Office, Office of Research and
Development, Federal lister Pollution Control Administration,
Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C. 20242.
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BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF
OIL POLLUTION - BIBLIOGRAPHY
A Collection of References Concerning the Effects of Oil on
Biological Systems
by
Donna R. Radcliffe and Thomas A. Murphy, Ph.D.
Edison Water Quality Laboratory
Northeast Region Research and Development Program
Edison, New Jersey, 08817
for the
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Program Number 15080 FHU 10/69
October 1969
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FWPGA Review Notice
This report has been reviewed by the Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration and
approved for publication. Approval does not
signify that the contents necessarily reflect
the views and policies of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Adninistrat ion, nor does
mention of trade names or commercial products
constitute endorsement or recommendation for
use.
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ABSTRACT
References on the biological effects of oil are listed according
to the following categories: Publications on the General Aspects
of Oil Pollution, Reports of Oil Spill Incidents, General Biologi-
cal Effects of Oil and of Specific Oil Spill Incidents, Effects of
Oil on Birds, Effects of Oil on Fish, Effects of Oil on Shellfish,
Effects of Oil on Freshwater Invertebrates, Effects of Oil on
Plants, Effects of Oil on Dissolved Oxygen, Carcinogenic Effects
of Oil, and Miscellaneous Biological Reports on Oil.
KEY WORDS: Aquatic animals, aquatic plants, bibliographies, bio-
degradation, birds, environmental effects, marine animals,
marine plants, oil, water pollution effects.
111
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
Introduction 1
Bibliographies 3
Publications on the General Aspects of Oil Pollution 4
Reports of Oil Spill Incidents 8
General Biological Effects of Oil and of Specific Oil
Spill Incidents n
Effects of Oil on Birds 15
Effects of Oil on Fish 24
Effects of Oil on Shellfish 32
Effects of Oil on Fresh Water Invertebrates 3"
Effects of Oil on Plants 38
Effects of Oil on Dissolved Oxygen ^1
li")
Carcinogenic Effects of Oil
Miscellaneous Biological Reports on Oil
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INTRODUCTION
The occurrence of several highly-publicized oil pollution incidents during
the past three years has focused the attention of the public, the scientif-
ic community and governmental regulatory agencies on the biological effects
of spilled oil. As indicated by the widely varying expert opinions
expressed during major spills, this is a topic of confusion and controversy.
Part of this confusion derives from the inaccessibility of many of the
reports dealing with the biological effects of oil - reports from a bewild-
ering diversity of sources, often not dealing primarily with the problem of
spilled oil.
Several recent bibliographies on the general aspects of oil pollution list
a number of excellent biological references, but omit some of the signifi-
cant reports in the older literature and from the less common sources. As
an aid in dispelling some of the confusion surrounding this subject, the
following bibliography was compiled.
Sources consulted include:
1. The bibliographies listed on page 3 .
2. A search of the following sources:
a. Chemical Abstracts: June 1967 through June 1969.
b. Biological Abstracts: June 1967 through June 1969.
c. Water Pollution Abstracts; December 1969 through April 1969.
d. Selected Water Resources Abstracts; through June 1969.
e. Commercial Fisheries Abstracts: November 1969 through June 1969.
f. Current Literature on Air and Water Conservation: through April
1969.
3. The bibliography of Water Quality Criteria; (see p. 5 )
Reports on oil pollution incidents are published routinely by the Smith-
sonian Institution's Center for Short-lived Phenomena (see p. 8 ) and by
the Marine Pollution Bulletin (Prof. R. B. Clarke, Editor, Zoology Dept.,
University of Newcastle-on-Tyne, England).
Abbreviations in this bibliography are according to the World List of
Scientific Periodicals, 1965, Butterworth's Scientific Publications, London,
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Since this bibliography is intended to be revised and updated periodi-
cally, any comments regarding errors, omissions, etc. are welcome and
should be addressed to:
Chief, Oil & Hazardous Materials Research Unit
Water Quality Laboratory
FWPCA, U. S. Dept. of the Interior
Edison, New Jersey 08817
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Bibliographies
Anon. 1968. Oil Spillage Study: Literature Search and Critical Evalu-
ation for Selection of Promising Techniques to Control and
Prevent Damage. Battelle Memorial Institute, Richland,
Washington. Distributed by Clearinghouse for Federal
Scientific and Technical Information, U. S. Dept. of Commerce.
Anon. 1969. Water Pollution by Oil Spillage. Southern Methodist Univ.,
Industrial Information Services Search No. 460, Science
Library, Dallas, Tex.
Nelson-Smith, A. 1967. A Classified Bibliography of Oil Pollution.
Updated in Biological Effects of Oil Pollution on Littoral
Communities, Suppl. to Vol 2, Field Studies, Carthy, J.D.,
Arthur, D. R. (eds), Field Studies Council, London.
Yee, J. E. Nov. 1967. Oil Pollution of Marine Waters; Bibliog. #5,
U.S.D.I., Dept. Library, Washington, D. C.
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Publications on the General Aspects of Oil Pollution
Adams, N. K. 1936. The Pollution of the Sea and Shore by Oil. Report
to Council of the Royal Society, London.
Ambrose, H. A. 1967. Oil Pollution of Seas, Coasts, and Harbors. Gulf
Res. & Develop. Co., Rept. N. 700R7001, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Anon. 1953. Fouling the Seas. Nature, 172:1013.
Anon. 1953. Report of the Committee on the Prevention of Pollution of
the Sea by Oil. Ministry of Transport, London, H. M.
Stationery Office.
Anon. 1967. Minutes of Evidence Taken Before the Select Committee on
Science and Technology, Sub-Committee on Coastal Pollution.
H. M. Stationery Office, London.
Anon. 1967. The Protection of Sea Coasts Against Pollution. Korresp
Abwass, 14(12)9-10.
Anon. 1968. Report from the Select Committee on Science and Technology,
Session 1967-68, Coastal Pollution. Report, Minutes, and
Index. House of Commons, H. M. Stationery Office, London.
Anon. 1969. Helpless Birds, Helpless Technology, Giant Oil Spill Coats
Beaches, Both Prevention, Cure Unknown. Sc i News, 95(7):
183-84.
Anon. 1952. Report of the International Joint Commission, U. S. and
Canada, On Pollution of Boundary Waters. Washington, D. C.
& Ottawa.
Bare lay-Smith, P. 1967. Oil Pollution - An Historical Survey. J Devon
Trust Nat Conserv, Suppl , pp. 3-7.
Beatty, R. 0. 1948. Wildlife's Stake in Pollution Abatement. Trans
13th N A Wildl Conf. pp. 563-595.
Callaghan, J. 1961. International Aspects of Oil Pollution. Trans 26th
N A Wildl and Natural Resources Conf, pp. 328-342.
Elmhirst, R. 1922. Investigation on the Effects of Oil-Tanker Discharge.
Ann Rept Scottish Mar Biol Ass.
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Galstoff, P. S. 1936. Oil Pollution in Coastal Waters. In Wildlife
Restoration and Conservation, Proc . N. A. Wildlife Conf.,
U. S. Gov't. Print. Off., pp. 550-555.
Hawkes, A. L. 1961. Nature and Extent of Damage Caused by Oil Pollu-
tion at Sea. Trans 26th N A Wildl and Natural Resources
Conf, pp. 434-453.
Hynes, H.B.N. 1960. The Biology of Polluted Waters. Liverpool Univ.
Press, Liverpool.
Jackson, R. I. 1968. (no title). Paper presented at Int. Conf. Oil
Poll. Sea, Rome.
Kittner, Z. 1965. Crude Oil and Water Conservation. Vod Hospod,
15:400-402. (in Russian).
Lane, F. W., et al. 1924. Effect of Oil Pollution of Coastal and Other
Waters on Public Health. Publ Hlth Rep, 39:1657.
Lane, F. W., et al. 1926. The Effect of Oil Pollution on Marine and
Wildlife. Rep U S Comm Fish, App. 5, p. 11.
Laucht, H. 1955. Oil Pollution, a Danger to the Inhabitants of Coastal
and Inland Waters. Kosmos, 51:496-591. (in German).
1'Hardy, J. P. 1967. Sea Pollution by Hydrocarbons and its Biological
Consequences. Penn Bed, 6(50):123-128. (Biol Abstr,
49:87-387, 1968).
Maiden, F.R.E., Khan, H. 1942. River Pollution and Fish Mortality.
J Bombay Nat Hist Soc, 43:534-536.
Manwell, C., Baker, C. A. 1967. Oil and Detergent Pollution - Past,
Present, Politics, and Prospects. J Devon Trust Nat
Conserv, Suppl, pp. 39-72.
Marx, W. 1969. How Not to Kill the Ocean. Audubon Mag, 71(4) :27.
McKee, J. E. 1956. Oily Substances and their Effects on the Beneficial
Uses of Water. Publ. No. 16, State Water Poll. Cont.
Bd., Sacramento, Calif., p. 72.
McKee, J. E., Wolf, H. W. 1963. Water Quality_Criteria, State Water
Quality Control Bd., Publ. No. 3-A, Sacramento, Calif.
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Mironov, 0. G. 1968. Hydrocarbon Pollution of the Sea and its Influ-
ence on Marine Organisms. Helgolander Wiss Meeresunters,
17(l/4):335-339.
Ogren, L., Pearce, J. B. 1968. Oil Pollution - A Threat to Marine
Resources and Recreation. Underwater Naturalist, 5:2, 6.
Orton, J. H. 1925. Effects on Marine Organisms of Oils Discharged
at Sea. Nature, 115:910-911.
Panel la, S. 1968. Preliminary Report of the Pollution of Italian
Coastal Waters in Relation to the Biological Environment
and Fisheries. Paper Presented at Int. Conf. Oil Poll.
Sea, Rome, Oct 7-9, 1968.
Potts, G. W. 1968. Unwanted Oil. Sea Front, 14(4):221-233.
Roberts, C. H. 1926. Oil Pollution: The Effect of Oil Pollution Upon
Certain Forms of Aquatic Life and Experiments Upon the
Rate of Absorption, Through Films of Various Fuel Oils,
of Atmospheric Oxygen by Seawater. J du Conseil Int pour
1* Exploration de la Mer, 1:245.
Rushton, W., Jee, E. C. 1923. Fuel Oil and Aquatic Life. Salmon Trout
Mag, 31:89-95.
Senez, J. C., Konovaltschekoff-Mazoyer, M. 1958. Pollution de la mer
par les hydrocarbures et bacteries marins. Rapp Comm Int
Explor Sci Mar Medit, 14:535:543.
Shoemaker, C. D. 1957. The Menace of Oil Pollution. Audubon Mag,
59(1):24.
Silverling, B. 1964. Oil Brings Disaster to Beach Life. Seattle Post-
Intelligencer, (March 18, 1964).
Tendron, G. 1958. Les pollutians chimiques des mers, des estuaires et
des cotes. C R Acad Agric Fr, 44(12):582-588.
Tendron, G. 1964. La pollution des mers par les hydrocarbures et la
contamination de la flore et de la faune marins. Penn Bed,
3:178-191.
Walsh, J. 1968. The Wake of the Torrey Canyon. Sc ience, 160:167-69.
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Yamashina, Y. 1968. Biological Aspects of Oil Pollution. Paper pre-
sented Int. Conf. Oil Poll. Sea, Rome, Oct. 7-9, 1968.
Zobell, C. E. 1963. The Occurrence, Effects, and Fate of Oil Polluting
the Sea. Int J Air Wat Poll, 7:173-198.
Zobell, C. E. 1964. The Occurrence, Effects, and Fate of Oil Polluting
the Sea. In Advances in Water Pollution Research, Pearson,
E. A. (ed.), Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 85-118.
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Reports of Oil Spill Incidents
NOTE: The Center for Short-lived Phenomena, Smithsonian Institution,
Cambridge, Mass., issues brief reports on the occurrence and effects
of pollution incidents, including those involving oil. "Notification
Reports" provide initial documentation for a given incident. Subse-
quent information on the sameincident is issued in "Information
Reports". Oil spills reported to date include:
1. Witwater Oil Spill 13 Dec '68 Event No. 64-68
2. Wakulla Oil Slick 27 Dec '68 68-68
3. Santa Barbara Oil Spill 30 Jan '69 9-69
4. Cook Inlet Spill 4 Mar '69 24-69
5. Louisiana Oil Spill 16 Mar '69 25-69
6. Chicago River Oil Spill 21 Mar '69 27-69
7. Dutch Coast Oil Spill 28 Feb '69 39-69
8. Sandy Hook Oil Spill 10 Mar '69 47-69
9. Hamilton Trader Oil Spill 30 Apr '69 49-69
10. Piscatagus River Oil Spill May '69 54-69
11. Alma Oil Spill 16 Jun '69 68-69
12. Cook Inlet Oil Spill II 23 Jun '69 74-69
Anon. 1967. Battling the Blob; Effects of Oil Discharge from Tanker
Aground Off British Coast. Newsweek, 69(15): 110,
(April 10, 1967).
Anon. 1967. Botany Bay, Australia's Torrey Canyon. Fisherman's Bull,
Anon. 1967. The Torrey Canyon. Report to Parliament by the Secretary
of State for Home Dept, H. M. Stationery Office, London.
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Anon. 1969. The Torrey Canyon. Report of the Committee of Scientists
on the Scientific and Technological Aspects of the Torrey
Canyon Disaster. H. M. Stationery Office, London.
Anon. 1969. Oil Pollution on the Newfoundland Coast. Mar Poll Bull,
No. 14, p. 8.
Beynon, L. R. 1967. The Torrey Canyon Incident - A Review of Events.
Brit. Petrol. Ltd. (mimeo).
Brusson, J. 1967. Le petrole du Torrey Canyon en Her. Penn Bed, 6(50):
79-84.
Cerame-Vivas, M. J. 1969. The Wreck of the Ocean Eagle. Sea Front,
15(4):224.
Cooper, C.H.N. 1968. Scientific Consequences of the Wreck of the Torrey
Canyon. Helgolander Wiss Meeresunters, 17(1/4):340-355.
Crapp, G. 1969. Oil Pollution in Milford Haven. Nat in Wales, 99(3):
131-137.
Croome, A. 1967. Before and After the Torrey Canyon. New Sc ient, 35(562);
569.
Croome, A. 1968. Oil from the Torrey Canyon. Sea Front, 14(3):139-149.
Diaz-Piferrer, M. 1962. The Effects of Oil on the Shore of Guanica,
P. R. Deep Sea Res, 11(5):855-856.
Drew, E. A., et al. 1967. Torrey Canyon Report. Rep Underwater Ass,
1966-67, pp. 53-60.
Glude, J. B., Peters, J. A. 1967. Observationjpn the Effect of Oil
from the Tanker Torrey Canyon and Oil-Control Measures on
Marine Resources of Cornwall, England and Brittany, France.
Unpubl. Rep't. Submitted to Dir., Bur. Comm. Fish, U.S.D.I.
Harrison, J. 1966. The Medway Oiling Fiasco. Shooting Times Lib, 4391:
1681-1682.
Hicks, J. 1967. Fair England Fouled by Oil. Life Magazine, 62(15):26,
(April 14, 1967).
Holene, M. A. 1967. Oil Pollution of the Cornish Coast of England at
the Site of the Torrey Canyon Shipwreck. Penn Bed, 6(50):
88-94. (Biol Abstr, #87385, 1968).
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Jenkins, W. A. 1967. U. S. Coast Guard Report of Wake Island Oil Spill.
In Marine, Estuarine, and Riparian Pollution Disasters and
their Consequences. Ocean Resources Subcommittee Mtg.,
Nat'l Security Industrial Ass., Washington, D. C.
Jones, L. G., et al. 1969. Just How Serious Was the Santa Barbara Oil
Spill? Ocean Indust, 4(6):53-56.
Petrow, R. 1968. In the Wake of the Torrey Canyon. McKay, New York.
(Biol Abstr, 50:50658, 1969).
Potts, J., Gage, J. and Forster, G. R. 1967. Diving Studies on the
Torrey Canyon Oil Pollution. J Devon Trust Nat Conserv,
Suppl, pp 22-24.
Ranwell, D. S., Stebbings, R. E. 1967. Report on the Effects of Torrey
Canyon Oil Pollution and Decontamination Methods on Coastal
Habitats in Cornwall and Brittany, March-April 1967. Nature
Conservancy, Furzebrook Res. Station (mimeo).
Rechnitzer, A. B., Limbaugh, C. 1956. An Oceanographic and Ecological
Investigation of the Area Surrounding the Union Oil Company
Santa Maria Refinery Outfall, Oso Filaco, California. Inst.
Mar. Resour., Univ. Calif., Ref. 55-5, pp 1-46.
Rees, E. I., Donally, R. J. 1969. Hamilton Trader Oil Pollution Incident,
April-May 1969: North Wales Coast and Cumberland Coast.
Mar Poll Bull, No. 12, pp 10-13.
Searl, D. 1967. First Report on Torrey Canyon Coast, Ecology. The Sunday
Times, London, (Sept. 3, 1967).
Smith, J. E. 1968. Torrey Canyon Pollution and Marine Life. Cambridge
Univ. Press, NYC.
Spooner, M., Spooner, G. 1968. The Problem of Oil Spills at Sea Illus-
trated by the Stranding of the General Colocotronis on
Eleuthera, Bahamas, March 7, 1968. Rept. for the West
Eng. Steam Ship Owners Protect, and Indemn. Assoc., Ltd.,
London.
Stebbings, R. E. 1967. Torrey Canyon Pollution on the Brittany Coast and
its Treatment. J Devon Trust Nat Conserv, Suppl, pp 25-26.
Williams, J. K. 1967. Conservation and the Torrey Canyon; the Extent of
Pollution. J Devon Trust Nat Conserv, Suppl, pp 20-22.
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General Biological Effects of Oil and of Specific Oil Spill Incidents
Abbott, B. C., Straughan, D. M. 1969. Biological and Oceanographic
Effects of Oil Spillage in the Santa Barbara Channel
Following the 1959 Blowout. Mar Poll Bull, No. 12,
pp. 1-3.
Anon. 1969. Report Issued on Marine Mammals on San Miguel Island.
U.S.D.I., Washington, D. C.
Baker, J. M. 1968. Effect of Oil Pollution on Salt Marsh Communities.
Field Studies Council, Oil Poll Res Unit, j.st Ann Report,
Pembroke, S. Wales.
Bellamy, D. J., et al. 1967. Some Effects of Pollution from the Torrey
Canyon Disaster on Littoral and Sublittoral Ecosystems
Dominated by Attached Macrophytes. Univ. Durham (mimeo) .
Bellamy, D. J., et al. 1967. Effects of Pollution from the Torrey Canyon
on Littoral and Sublittoral Ecosystems. Nature, 216:1170.
Bellamy, D. J., Whittick, A. 1968. Problems in the Assessment of the
Effects of Pollution on Inshore Marine Ecosystems Dominated
by Attached Macrophytes. In the Biological Effects of Oil
Pollution on Littoral Communities, Suppl Vol 2, Field
Studies, Carthy, J. D., Arthur, D. R. (eds). Field Studies
Council, London.
Bellan-Santini, D. 1966. Influence des eaux polluees sur la flore et la
faune marins benthiques dans la region de Marseille.
Techqs Sci Munic , 7:285-292.
Buck, W.F.A., Harrison, J. 1967. Some Prolonged Effects of Oil Pollution
on the Medway Estuary. Rept Wildfowl Trust, 1966-67,
pp. 32-33.
Carthy, J. D., Arthur, D. R. 1968. The Biological Effects of Oil Pollu-
tion on Littoral Communities. Suppl. to Vol.2, Field Studies,
Field Studies Council, London.
Chasse, C., Halos, M.T.H., Perrot, Y. 1967. Outline of a Balance of
Biological Losses Caused by the Fuel Oil from the Torrey
Canyon on the Treagor Seaboard. Penn Bed, 6(50):107-112.
(in French). (Biol Abstr, 49:7825, 1968).
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Chipman, W. A., Galtsoff, P. S. 1949. Effects of Oil Mixed with Car-
bonized Sand on Aquatic Animals. U.S.D.I., Spec ia1 Sc i
Rep't Fisheries, No. 1, Fish. Wildl. Serv., Washington,
D. C.
Clark, R. B. 1969. (no title). Mar Poll Bull, No. 10, pp. 7-9.
Clemens, H., Finnell, J. 1956. Biological Conditions in a Stream
Receiving Refinery Effluents. Tex J Sci, 8(4):392.
Copeland, B. J., Dorris, T. C. 1964. Community Metabolism in Ecosystems
Receiving Oil Refinery Effluents. Limnol Oceanog,
9(3):431-447.
Copeland, B. J., Winter, K. W., Dorris, T. C. 1964. Chlorophyll and
Suspended Organic Matter in Oil Refinery Effluent Holding
Ponds. Limnol Oceanog, 9(4):500-506.
Coughlan, J., Spencer, J. F. 1967. Milford Haven: Effects of Oil
Spillages on Ecological Survey. Central Electricity
Research Lab Report, RD/L/23/67 (mimeo).
Cowell, E. 1969. The Effects of Oil Pollution on Salt Marsh Communities
in Pembrokeshire and Cornwall. J Appl Ecol (in press).
Cowell, E., Baker, J. 1969. The Recovery of Salt Marsh in Pembrokeshire,
S. Wales, from Pollution by Crude Oil. Blol Cons (in press).
Crapp, G. 1969. Effects of Oil Pollution on Littoral Communities. Field
Studies Council, Oil Poll Res Unit, 1st Ann Report, Pembroke,
S. Wales.
Farrar, M. D. 1936. The Effects of Petroleum-Oil Sprays on Insects and
Plants. Bull 111 Nat Hist Survey. 21(l):l-32.
Filke, F. P. 1954. An Ecological Survey of the Castro Creek Area in San
Pablo Bay. Wasmann J Biol, 12:1.
Fisher, J., Charlton, S. 1967. Tragedy of Errors; Effect of Torrey
Canyon Disaster on Sea Life. Audubon Mag, 69(6):72-85.
George, M. 1961. Oil Pollution of Marine Organisms. Nature, 192:1209.
Ghirardelli, E., Pignatti, S. 1968. Consequences de la pollution sur les
peuplements de "Vallone de Muggia" pres de Trieste. Revue
Internationale D*Oceanog Med, 10:111-122. (English summary).
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Glude, J. B. Observations on the Effect of Oil from the -Tanker Ocean
Eagle and Oil Dispersant Chemicals on Biological Popula-
tions in San Juan Harbor, Puerto Rico, Bur. Comm. Fish.,
Seattle, Wash.
Gooding, R. M. 1968. Narrative Report: Biotic Damage on Wake Island
Caused by Oil Spillage from the Tanker R. C. Stoner.
Bur. Comm. Fisheries, Honolulu. (Unpubl Rep't).
Hunt, G. S. 1965. The Direct Effects on Some Plants and Animals of
Pollution in the Great Lakes. Biosc ience, 15(3):181-186.
Kalugina, A. A., et al. 1967. Effect of Pollution on Marine Organisms
of Novorossiysk Bay, Black Sea. Hydrobiol J, 3:47-53.
M
Konig, D. 1968. Biologische Auswirkungen des Abwasser einer 01-
Raffinerie en einem Vorland-Gebiet an der Nordsee.
Helgolander Wiss Msersunters, 17(l/4):321-334 (April
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Kuptsis, I. D. 1901. Further Investigations Concerning the Harmful
Properties of Petroleum and its Products to Fish and
Animals. Vestn Ryboprom, pp. 5-6. (in Russian).
Mackin, J. G. 1950. A Comparison of the Effect of_Application of Crude
Petroleum to Marsh Plants and to Oysters, Texas A & M Res.
Found., Proj. 9, College Station.
Malacca, I. 1966. Etudes Concernant 1'Effet des Produits Petroliers sur
Certains Organisms de la Zone Littoral Roumain de la Mer
Noire. Conf Coastal Engng, 10 (Tokyo).
Malacca, I., Cure, V., Weiner, L. 1964. Contributions to the Knowledge
of the Noxious Action of Oil, Napthenic Acids and Phenols
on Certain Fish and Crustacean Daphnia magna. Straus Stud
Prot Epur Apel (Rumania), 5:353-597.
Marx, W. 1969. Wildlife and the Union Oil Blowout. Underwater Nat,
6:32-34.
McCauley, R. N. 1964. The Biological Effects of Oil Pollution in a
River. Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell Univ. (Piss Abstr, 25(8):
4373, 1965).
McCauley, R. N. 1966. The Biological Effects of Oil Pollution in a
River. Limnol Oceanogr, 11:475-486.
Nelson-Smith, A. 1967. The Effects of Oil Pollution and Emulsifier
Cleansing on Shore Life in Southwest Britain. J Appl
Ecol, 4(2). (Water Poll Abstr, #649, 42(3):142-43).
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Nelson-Smith, A. 1967. Oil Emulsifiers & Marine Life. J Devon Trust
Nat Conserv, Suppl, pp. 29-33.
North, W. J. 1961. Successive Biological Changes Observed in a Marine
Cove Exposed to Large Oil Spillage. Inst. Mar. Resour.,
Univ. Calif., Ref. #61-6, pp. 1-33.
North, W. J. 1967. Tampico, A Study of Destruction and Restoration.
Sea Front, 13:212-217.
North, W. J., et al. 1965. Successive Biological Changes in a Marine
Cove Exposed to a large Spillage of Mineral Oil. Rapp
Comm Int Explor Sci Mer Medit, Monaco, 1964, pp. 335-354.
Ogelsby, R. T., Sylvester, R. D. 1964. Marine Biological Monitoring of
Oil Refinery Liquified Waste Emissions. Proc 19th Ind
Waste Conf. Purdue Univ., Eng. Ext. Ser. No. 117, p. 167.
(Wat Poll Abstr, 39:339, 1966).
O'Sullivan, A. J., Richardson, A. J. 1967. Conservation and the Torrey
Canyon: The Effects of Oil on Intertidal Marine Life. J
Devon Trust Nat Conserv, Suppl, pp. 34-38.
O'Sullivan, A. J., Richardson, A. J. 1967. The Torrey Canyon Disaster
and Intertidal Marine Life. Nature, 214:448.
Pearce, J. B., Ogren, R. 1968. Observations of the Effects of Oil from
the Tanker Ocean Eagle on Marine Organisms of San Juan Bay
and Vicinity. Bureau Sport Fish. &Wildl., U.S.D.I.
(Unpubl. Rep't ).
Reisch, D. J. 1965. The Effect of Oil Refinery Wastes on Benthic Marine
Animals in Los Angeles Harbor, Calif. Rapp Comm Int Explor
Sci Mer Medit. Monaco, 1964, pp. 355-361.
Reisch, D. J. 1968. Effects on Marine Biology. JWPCF, 40(6):1097-1098.
Schafer, R. D. 1968. Variations in Free Amino Acid Composition in Some
Marine Invertebrates Subjected to Specific Types of Pollu-
tants. Revue Internationale D'Oceanog Mad, 10:55-67.
Simpson, A. C. 1967. Torrey Canyon, Interim Report on Fishery Aspects.
Fisheries Lab, Burnham-on-Crouch, Essex, England.
Spooner, M. F. 1967. Effects of the Torrey Canyon Disaster. J Devon
Trust Nat Conserv, Suppl, pp. 12-19.
Snow, C. D. 1963. Oil Pollution: Yaguina Bay. Oregon Fish Comm.
(Unpubl. Memo).
Tendron, G. 1968. Contamination of Marine Flora and Fauna Through Hydro-
carbons and Biological Consequences of the Torrey Canyon
Incident. Paper presented at Int. Conf. Oil Poll. Sea,
Rome, Oct. 7-9, 1968.
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Effects of Oil on Birds
Ampleford, R., Brown, P. E. 1959. Destruction of Sea Birds. Proc
Int Conf Oil Poll Sea, Copenhagen, pp 71-73.
Aldrich, E. C. 1938. A Recent Oil Pollution and its Effects on the
Waterbirds in the San Francisco Bay Area. Birdlore,
40:110-114.
Angus, K. C. 1959. (no title). Address to Int. Conf. Oil Poll, of
the Sea, Copenhagen.
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» •^^^"^•™^™—™^~
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•fi GPO 963-406
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