DOC
EPA
United States
Department of
Commerce
National Oceanic ? id Atmospheric Administration
Environmental Research Laboratories
Seattle WA 98115
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Environmental Engineering
and Technology
Washington DC 20460
EPA-600/7 79 252
December 1 979
Research and Development
Dynamics of
Port Angeles
Harbor and
Approaches
Washington
Interagency
Energy/Environment
R&D Program
Report
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the INTERAGENCY ENERGY-ENVIRONMENT
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT series. Reports in this series result from the
effort funded under the 17-agency Federal Energy/Environment Research and
Development Program. These studies relate to EPA's mission to protect the public
health and welfare from adverse effects of pollutants associated with energy sys-
tems. The goal of the Program is to assure the rapid development of domestic
energy supplies in an environmentally-compatible manner by providing the nec-
essary environmental data and control technology. Investigations include analy-
ses of the transport of energy-related pollutants and their health and ecological
effects; assessments of, and development of, control technologies for energy
systems; and integrated assessments of a wide range of energy-related environ-
mental issues.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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DYNAMICS OF PORT ANGELES HARBOR
AND APPROACHES, WASHINGTON
by
Curtis C. Ebbesmeyer, Jeffrey M. Cox,
Jonathan M. Helseth, Laurence R. Hinchey,
and David W. Thomson
Evans-Hamilton, Inc.
Western Region
6306 21st Ave. NE
Seattle, Washington 98115
Prepared for the MESA (Marine Ecosystems Analysis) Puget Sound
Project, Seattle, Washington in partial fulfillment of
EPA Interagency Agreement No. D6-E693-EN
Program Element No. EHE625-A
This study was conducted
as part of the Federal
Interagency Energy/Environment
Research and Development Program
Prepared for
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
September 1979
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Completion Report Submitted to
PUGET SOUND ENERGY-RELATED RESEARCH PROJECT
MARINE ECOSYSTEMS ANALYSIS PROGRAM
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES
by
Evans-Hamilton, Inc.
Western Region
6306 21st Ave. NE
Seattle, Washington 98115
This work is the result of research sponsored by the Environmental
Protection Agency and administered by the Environmental Research
Laboratories of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
The Environmental Research Laboratories do not approve, recommend,
or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned
in this publication. No reference shall be made to the Environmental
Research Laboratories or to this publication furnished by the
Environmental Research Laboratories in any advertising or sales
promotion which would indicate or imply that the Environmental
Research Laboratories approve, recommend, or endorse any proprietary
product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its
purpose to be used or purchased because of this Environmental Research
Laboratories publication.
ii
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CONTENTS
Tables v
Figures vi
Abbreviations x
Abstract xi
1. Introduction 1
1.1 General Statement 1
1.2 Objectives 1
1.3 Geography 4
2. Methods 7
2.1 Field Data 7
2.1.1 Tides 7
2.1.2 Currents 7
2.1.3 Winds 8
2.1.4 Runoff 8
2.1.5 Water Propert ies 8
2.1.6 Suspended Sediment 8
2.1.7 Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent 9
2.1.8 Aerial Photographs 9
2.1.9 Oil Spills 9
2.2 Hydraulic Tidal Model 9
2.2.1 Model Scales 9
2.2.2 Model Photographs 12
2.2.3 Model Verification 12
3. Flow Characteristics 14
3.1 Mean Currents 14
3.2 Kinetic Energy 14
3.3 Tidal Eddies 18
3.4 Wind Effect 20
4. Harbor Response 24
4.1 Seasonal Cycles 24
4.2 Residence Period '. 24
4.2.1 Input Changes in SWL 29
4.2.2 Hydraulic Tidal Model Experiments 29
4.3 Net Circulation 31
5. Dispersion of Material Inputs 33
5.1 Oil Spill 33
5.2 Suspended Sediment 33
5 .3 Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent 36
5.4 Drift Sheets and Cards 36
5.5 Contaminant Pathways Inland at Depth 43
6. Summary and Conclusions 48
iii
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Acknowledgements 50
References 51
Appendix A Index to Historical Oceanographic Data 57
Appendix B Tidal Phases of the Surface Tidal Current
Patterns in the Hydraulic Tidal Model 80
Appendix C Tidal Current Patterns at Surface in the
Hydraulic Tidal Model 82
Appendix D Comparison of Surface Tidal Current Patterns
in the Hydraulic Tidal Model with Field
Observations 94
IV
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TABLES
Number S£
1.1 Characteristic dimensions and ratios
of Port Angeles Harbor ...................................... 6
2.1 Model scales for the hydraulic tidal model
of the Strait of Juan de Fuca ............................... H
Appendix
A.I Summary of currents observed for less than several
days in Port Angeles Harbor and vicinity .................... 58
A. 2 Summary of mean and variance for currents observed
for several days or longer in Port Angeles Harbor
and vicinity ................................................ ^
A. 3 Observations of drifting objects in Port Angeles
Harbor and vicinity
A. 4 Observations of water properties in Port Angeles
Harbor and vicinity
A. 5 Aerial photographs of Port Angeles Harbor
and vicinity ................................................ '°
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FIGURES
Number Pa8ie
1.1 Study area and approaches 2
1.2 Expanded view of study area and approaches . . . „ 3
1.3 Bathymetry within the study area and Port
Angeles Harbor . °. <> • 5
2.1 Schematic of the hydraulic tidal model 10
2.2 Selected streak photographs of Port Angeles
Harbor in the hydraulic tidal model 13
3.1 Profile view of net circulation at mid-channel
in summer between the Pacific Ocean and the
head of Puget Sound ....<,...„ . .. . 15
3.2 Plan view of mean currents near the surface
from longer period current meter records 16
3.3 Plan view of variance near the surface of longer
period current meter records . . . . = ....<,.. 16
3.4 Time series of longer period current meter records . .........* 17
3.5 Profile distributions at mid-channel (Pacific Ocean
to head of Puget Sound) of: tidal kinetic energy;
near bottom freshwater percentage and salinity;
and near bottom oxygen saturation and concentration 19
3.6 Kinetic energy computed from tides versus variance
from current meter measurements 19
3.7 Growth of tidal eddies at three sites within
the study area «. • 21
3.8 Seasonal progression of prevailing winds 22
3.9 Seasonally averaged vertical profiles of the
mean concentration and cumulative amount of
sulfite waste liquor in Port Angeles Harbor „ 22
vi
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Number Page
3.10 Comparison of seasonal cycles of mean
hourly wind speed from the west and total
sulfite waste liquor in Port Angeles Harbor 23
4.1 Seasonal cycles of runoff for: Elwha River;
Dungeness River; Morse Creek; and
Siebert Creek 25
4.2 Seasonally averaged vertical profiles of
temperature, salinity, density, and dissolved
oxygen in Port Angeles Harbor and at a reference
station 2 km north of Ediz Hook 26
4.3 Seasonal cycles at surface and 40 m depth of
temperature, salinity, density, and dissolved
oxygen in Port Angeles Harbor and at a reference
station 2 kin north of Ediz Hook 27
4.4 Black and white reproductions of infrared
photographs taken in April 1979 by the
Environmental Protection Agency 28
4.5 Concentration of sulfite waste liquor at the head
of Port Angeles Harbor after abrupt decrease in
effluent discharge on 12 November 1964 30
5.1 Dispersion of oil from a spill on 13 May 1979
as observed on 14 May 1979 34
5.2 Aerial photograph showing sediment plumes
of local rivers and creeks , 35
5.3 Slack, ebb, and flood patterns of effluent
from the ITT Rayonier, Inc. outfall 37
5.4 Mean concentration of sulfite waste liquor
(Pearl-Benson Index) at selected stations
along the shore 38
5.5 Oyster larvae bioassay tests of effluent
toxicity on four occasions 39
5.6 Photographs of dye injected into the hydraulic
tidal model at ITT Rayonier, Inc. and Crown
Zellerbach, Inc. outfall locations 40
5.7 Recoveries onshore of drift sheets released
in Port Angeles Harbor and approaches expressed
as percentage of total recoveries 41
VII
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Number Pa8e
5.8 Recoveries onshore of drift cards released in
Port Angeles Harbor expressed as percentage
of total recoveries 42
5.9 Convergence of 20 drift sheets into a patch
off Dungeness Spit 44
5.10 Selected trajectories of drift sheets, recoveries
of drift cards, and net currents from Port Angeles
Harbor to Sequim and Discovery bays 44
5.11 Streak photograph of a tidal eddy in the lee of
Dungeness Spit in the hydraulic tidal model 45
5.12 Photograph of dye in the hydraulic tidal model . . .' 45
5.13 Profile view of density at mid-channel from the
inner Strait of Juan de Fuca to Puget Sound's
Main Bas in 47
Appendix
B.I Tidal phases of the surface tidal current
patterns in the hydraulic tidal model 81
C.1-C.3 Surface tidal current patterns . • 83
C.4-C.6 Surface tidal current patterns 84
C.7-C.9 Surface tidal current patterns 85
C.10-C.12 Surface tidal current patterns 86
C.13-G.15 Surface tidal current patterns 87
C.16-C.18 Surface tidal current patterns 88
C.19-C.21 Surface tidal current patterns 89
C.22-C.24 Surface tidal current patterns 90
C.25-C.27 Surface tidal current patterns 91
C.28-C.30 Surface tidal current patterns 92
C .31-C.32 Surface tidal current patterns 93
D.I Comparison of field observations with
surface tidal current pattern 1 95
Vlll
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Number Page
Appendix
D.2 Comparison of field observations with
surface tidal current pattern 3 96
D.3' Comparison of field observations with
surface tidal current pattern 5 97
D.4 Comparison of field observations with
surface tidal current pattern 7 98
D.5 Comparison of field observations with
surface tidal current pattern 10 99
D.6 Comparison of field observations with
surface tidal current pattern 14 100
D.7 Comparison of field observations with
surface tidal current pattern 15 , . . 101
D.8 Comparison of field observations with
surface tidal current pattern 20 102
D,9 Comparison of field observations -with
surface tidal current pattern 23 103
D.10 Comparison of field observations with
surface tidal current pattern 24 104
D.ll Comparison of field observations with
surface tidal current pattern 29 105
D.12 Comparison of field observations with
surface tidal current pattern 30 106
D.13 Comparison of field observations with
surface tidal current pattern 32 107
ix
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATIONS
CGAS -- Coast Guard Air Station
GTP — conductivity-temperature-pressure
CZ — Crown Zellerbach, Inc.
EHI -- Evans-Hamilton, Inc.
EPA -- Environmental Protection Agency
FI — Fiberboard, Inc.
ITT -- ITT Rayonier, Inc.
mgd -- million gallons per day
NOAA -- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
PBI -- Pearl-Benson Index
PDT -- Pacific Daylight Time
ppm -- parts per million
Sigma-t -- (density in gm cm"-* -1.0) x 1000.
SWL -- sulfite waste liquor
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ABSTRACT
Historical oceanographic data in Port Angeles Harbor, located behind a
spit on the northern coast of Washington, have been analyzed with emphasis
on the physical processes that transport and disperse spilled oil. The data
base spans 1932-1979 and includes observations of tides, currents, winds,
runoff, water properties, oil spills, suspended sediment, and pulp mill
effluent. Because of the fragmentary distribution of the data base a
hydraulic tidal model was used to provide additional continuity in space
and time of tidal flows within the Harbor and several miles of the shore.
The plan view of mean circulation near the surface in the approaches
consists of westward flow at mid-channel and an eastward countercurrent
within several miles of the U.S. shore. Experiments in the hydraulic tidal
model and a 19-day current record suggest a tidally induced weak mean circu-
lation (order of 1 cm s ) eastward in the Harbor near the surface. The
variance of currents observed in the Harbor was about twentyfold greater
than expected from the rise and fall of local Harbor tides. The anomalous
variance is attributed principally to two local features: forcing by
exterior flows that are fiftyfold more energetic; and westerly winds that
prevail most of the year. Their combined effects yielded a residence time
of several days to a week for near-surface water in the Harbor.
Patterns of suspended sediment, pulp mill effluent, and drift sheet and
drift card movement showed a tendency for net eastward flow along the shore,
and dispersion by tidal eddies offshore and onshore. Drift cards released
in Port Angeles Harbor reached a wide area including Sequim and Discovery
Bays, Admiralty Inlet, Whidbey Basin, the Strait of Georgia, Fidalgo, Van-
couver, and the San Juan islands. Observations of an oil spill showed that
some oil can be mixed downward and carried into Puget Sound by the net
inland estuarine flow at depth.
XI
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1. INTRODUCTION
I.I GENERAL STATEMENT
Port Angeles Harbor (hereafter the Harbor) is a small embayment inside
a spiu located on the northern coast of Washington toward the head of the
Strait of Juan de Fuca (Fig. 1.1). The Harbor has long been a shipping port
because of its depth, weak tidal currents, and protection from the waves
afforded by the spit, Ediz Hook. A considerable number of logs are shipped
from the Harbor to the Orient. In addition there are numerous recreational
vessels often within the Harbor and its approaches.
Recently it was proposed that tankers dock in the Harbor and discharge
petroleum through submarine pipelines to storage facilities that may be
located onshore at Green Point (Fig. 1.2; Bureau of Land Management, 1979).
The prospect of increased shipments of petroleum through the Strait of Juan
de Fuca has resulted in an investigation of the fate of petroleum that may
be accidentally discharged into the subject waters (see Baker et al., 1978).
Major industrial facilities in the area include two pulp mills that dis-
charge through offshore diffusers. Effluent from Crown Zellerbach, Inc. is
discharged through an outfall in the Strait of Juan de Fuca at the longitude
of the Harbor's head; and effluent from ITT Rayonier, Inc. is discharged at
a location eastward of the Harbor's mouth and close to the route of the
proposed submarine petroleum pipelines.
The subject waters are noted for a great diversity of marine life.
Examples of commercial sealife include the Coho, Chinook, Chum, and Pink
salmon that spawn in the local rivers and creeks, halibut (Egan, 1978),
clams (Goodwin and Shaul, 1978), and Dungeness crabs. At Dungeness Spit
there is a national wildlife refuge.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
The interaction of petroleum and other material inputs with the bio-
logical and chemical processes is undoubtedly complex. Here we report a
synthesis of physical aspects of circulation that bear on the dispersion of
material inputs concentrated primarily near the water surface in the Harbor
and its approaches.
The behavior of petroleum on the water surface is variable in time and
space. Physically, after spillage, oil spreads, drifts, and disperses as
patches and filaments at the water surface, and also may be mixed to depth.
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126
122°
50° -
49° -
48° -
47° -
BRI ISH COLUMBIA
VANCOUVER "*
ISLAND ,
— 47C
126°
125C
24C
I23C
I22C
Figure 1.1. Study area (hatched) and approaches.
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I24<
123° W
•49° -
ANACORTES
DECEPTION
PASS
47
Figure 1.2. Expanded view of study area (dashed line; inset) and approaches. Notation:
hatched lines, sills; G-V sill, Green Point-Victoria sill; ITT, ITT
rlayonier, Inc; C/, Crown Zellerbach, Inc.; FI, Fiber board, inc.; OGAS,
Coast Guard Air Station; and dashed line in inset, proposed submarine
petroleum pipelines.
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Many aspects of the behavior of spills have been summarized by Stolzenbach,
et al. (1977) . The present study addresses the portion of dispersion where
the petroleum may be treated as a passive contaminant that drifts primarily
at the water surface.
The major objective of this report is to obtain patterns of circulation
near the water surface using existing data of water properties and currents
supplemented with observations of water movement in a hydraulic tidal model.
Although there have been a significant number of individual field investiga-
tions, for the most part these have been conducted over short spatial and
temporal intervals. There has been neither an extensive, long-term program
designed to obtain circulation patterns, nor a synthesis of the oceanographic
data collected during previous studies.
For clarity the results of this research have been presented in six
chapters. In remaining sections of this chapter the pertinent aspects of
the geography of the study area are described; in Chapter 2 the sources
of field data and the hydraulic tidal model are described; in Chapter 3 the
mean and fluctuating flows are characterized; in Chapter 4 the characteristic
time scales of water movement in the Harbor are analyzed; in Chapter 5 the
dispersion of material inputs is discussed; and in Chapter 6 the major con-
clusions are summarized.
1.3 GEOGRAPHY
The study area encompasses a variety of prominent geographical features.
The inner Strait of Juan de Fuca has bathymetry that is highly irregular
consisting of a complex of channels and banks (Fig. 1.3). Shallowest depths
may be traced from the U.S. shore between Green Point and Dungeness Spit to
the Canadian shore on Vancouver Island (Fig. 1.2). This sill has an average
depth of approximately 60 m and greatest depth of 115 m which is offset from
mid-channel toward the U.S. For clarity this sill will be referred to as
the Green Point-Victoria sill.
At the western edge of the study area there is a major lateral constric-
tion of the Strait of Juan de Fuca. It is bounded by submarine projections
of Vancouver Island on the north and of the Elwha River delta on the south
(Fig. 1.3). At this cross section the mid-channel depth is approximately
210 m.
The characteristic dimensions of the Harbor have been summarized in
Table 1.1 based on recent bathymetric charts. At the Harbor's mouth there
is a sill-like feature (approximately 44 m depth); westward the Harbor
depths increase to approximately 59 m (Fig. 1.3). The entrapment interval
between sill and basin depths is approximately 15 m. The surface area of
the Harbor is approximately 9 km^, of about 0.6% of the surface area of the
inner Strait of Juan de Fuca.
Some of man's activities in the area have drastically reduced the amount
of sediment transported alongshore that is necessary to maintain the config-
uration of Ediz Hook (see Pacific Northwest Sea, 1974). Prior to 1930 there
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Figure 1.3. Bathymetry (fathoms) within the study area (top) and Port Angeles Harbor (bottom).
Notation: hatched lines, Green Point-Victoria sill (top) and Harbor entrance
sill-like feature (bottom); dashed line, lateral constriction of the Strait
of Juan de Fuca. Conversion factor: 1 fathom = 1.83 m.
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were two major sources of sediment; the Elwha River and the cliffs between
the Elwha River and Ediz Hook. In 1910-1911 and 1925-1928 dams were con-
structed on the Elwha River and in 1930 a water supply line and rock
covering were constructed along the base of the cliffs. It has been esti-
mated that the dams and pipeline protective rocks together resulted in about
a 75% decrease in the sediment that nourishes Ediz Hook. Since these pro-
jects were completed Ediz Hook has significantly eroded and a number of
attempts have been made to stabilize its present shape. In the event that
the shape is significantly changed some of the results of this report may
no longer be applicable.
TABLE 1.1. CHARACTERISTIC DIMENSIONS AM) RATIOS OF PORT ANGELES HARBOR3.
Dimensions
1. Volume below mean lower low water
2. Volume between mean lower low and
mean higher high waters
3. Harbor area at mean lower low water
4. Cross sectional area of Harbor
entrance
5. Harbor length, entrance to head
Ratios
6. Bulk residence period = Volume (I)/
Tidal prism (2)
7. Characteristic tidal speed = tidal
prism (2)/cross sectional area (4)/
quarter tidal day
9.31
0.0519
0.00444
x 10°
10.1
0.0177
units
m
m
m
m
m s
-1
a West of 123° 24'W longitude.
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2. METHODS
Data presented in this report have been collected from a variety of
sources and consist of observations made in the field (2.1) and in a
hydraulic tidal model (2.2).
2.1 FIELD DATA
Data were obtained from municipal, state, federal, and private institu-
tions for the period 1932-1979. Materials reviewed contained data on the
tides, currents, winds, runoff, and water properties of the Harbor and
vicinity. In addition suspended sediment, pulp and paper mill effluent,
and two oil spills were used as tracers of material input movement. Sources
of the field data are listed below.
2.1.1 Tides
The National Ocean Survey Tide Tables list predictions of tides for the
eastern end of Ediz Hook. The mean range (1.3 m) is defined as the differ-
ence in height between mean high water and mean low water. The spring range
is the average semidiurnal range occurring semimonthly as the result of the
moon being full. The diurnal range (2.2 m) is the difference in height
between mean higher high water and mean lower low water.
2.1.2 Currents
Currents have been measured using current meters and a variety of
drifting objects. Summaries of current meter measurements spanning less
than several days are listed in Appendix A.I. These measurements were
generally taken at approximately hourly intervals using over-the-side
current meters lowered to depth for periods of ten to twenty minutes.
Current meter records spanning longer periods (5-41 days) were obtained
from the National Oceanographic Data Center, National Ocean Survey, and
the EPA. Most of these measurements were taken using Aanderaa current
meters. The times, depths, and locations of these measurements are listed
in Appendix A. 2.
Data were obtained of the movements of three types of drifting objects:
small plastic cards, thin flexible plastic sheets, and drogues tethered at
selected depths (Appendix A.3). Recoveries onshore of several thousand
drift cards released in the Harbor and its approaches have been tabulated by
Ebbesmeyer e_t ail. (1978) and Pashinski and Charnell (1979). The trajectories
of several hundred drift sheets were obtained by Ebbesmeyer e_t al. (1978)
and Cox et al. (1978) in the study area during daylight using a small
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aircraft. Drogue movements during several hour periods have been reported
by Charnell (1958), Tollefson et al. (1971), the EPA (1974), and Ebbesmeyer
et al. (1978).
2.1.3 Winds
The patterns of prevailing winds over the Strait of Juan de Fuca have
been summarized by Harris and Rattray (1954) and Cannon (1978). For compa-
rison with water behavior in the Harbor mean hourly wind speed and direction
(1947-1952) were obtained at the U.S. Coast Guard station located near the
eastern end of Ediz Hook (see Fig. 1.2).
2.1.4 Runoff
Monthly average river discharge data were obtained for the Elwha River
(1961-1970), Dungeness River (1961-1970), Morse Creek (1966-1970), and
Siebert Creek (1961-1970) from the U.S. Geological Survey (1971 and 1974).
The runoff data for the Strait of Georgia (1950) were that of Waldichuk
(1957) and the data for Puget Sound were determined from monthly average
discharge data (1951-1970) using Lincoln's (1977) technique.
2.1.5 Water Properties
Prior to the introduction of modern electronic field equipment, water
properties were taken throughout Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca
by the University of Washington and Canadian institutions at rather widely
spaced stations disregarding tides. These stations have been tabulated
through 1966 by Collias (1970): temperature, salinity, and dissolved
oxygen commonly have been sampled at mid-channel monthly during selected
years since 1932.
Recently many coordinated measurements of water properties and currents
have been made in the Strait of Juan de Fuca primarily by the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Environmental Protec-
tion Agency (EPA). Currents have been recorded several times per hour for
periods lasting months and conductivity-temperature-pressure (CTP) systems
have been used to provide closely spaced data on vertical profiles. These
observations have been partially summarized by Cannon (1978).
In the Harbor and close approaches a number of surveys have been done
since 1950, most lasting only a short period of time (see Appendix A.4).
However, during 1963-1964, monthly samples were taken at several locations
inside the Harbor and at a reference station located approximately 2 km
north of the tip of Ediz Hook (Callaway et al., 1965). These data have been
described by Bartsch e_t al. (1967) and were used herein to determine seasonal
cycles in the Harbor and in adjacent waters.
2.1.6 Suspended Sediments
At times there are significant amounts of sediment contained in the
local runoff. Sediment- input to the marine waters from the Elwha River
and cliff erosion west of Ediz Hook have been estimated by the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers (1971).
8
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2.1.7 Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent
Monthly average effluent discharges were obtained for three mills: ITT
Rayonier, Inc. (ITT), Crown Zellerbach, Inc. (CZ), and Fiberboard, Inc. (FI;
see Fig. 1.2 for locations). At present only two mills remain in operation,
the FI mill discontinued operations in 1970. Discharge data prior to 1966
have been presented by the Washington State Pollution Control Commission
(1967). Discharge data from 1966-1974 were obtained from the Washington
State Department of Ecology (formerly the Washington State Pollution Control
Commission). Discharge data after 1974 were obtained from the EPA.
2.1.8 Aerial Photographs
Aerial photographs of the study area were obtained from several sources
as listed in Appendix A.5 and examined for patterns of suspended sediment
and pulp and paper mill effluent.
2.1.9 Oil Spills
In 1971 approximately 880 m3 (230,000 gallons) of Number 2 diesel oil
was spilled at the Texaco refinery near Anacortes, Washington (see Vagners
and Mar, 1972). Some oil was subsequently detected in water drawn from depth
inland of Deception Pass in Puget Sound by personnel from the University
of Washington. Description of oil movement was obtained from Professor
Clifford A. Barnes.
On 13 May 1979 at 1020 (Pacific Daylight Time, PDT) approximately 2.3 m3
(600 gallons) of Number 4 fuel oil was spilled from the commercial vessel
ATLANTIC HORIZON at the mouth of the Harbor. Data on the spill's dispersion
were collected in the form of photographs on 14 May between 1400-1500 by
personnel from NOAA and Evans-Hamilton, Inc. (EHI). The photographs were
taken from a small aircraft at approximately 300 m altitude .
2.2' HYDRAULIC TIDAL MODEL
The field data taken at various tidal phases do not provide the conti-
nuity in time and space needed for an adequate representation of tidal
currents and associated patterns of contaminant dispersion. In order to
provide a framework for synthesis of the field data a hydraulic tidal model
was constructed of the Harbor and its approaches. Because the tidal flow is
affected by physical characteristics over a large area, the western portion
of the Strait of Juan de Fuca and landward was modeled (Fig. 2.1). The small
size of the model makes possible synoptic observations over a large area,
and the compressed time scale enables observations over many days to be taken
in an hour.
2.2.1 Model Scales
The model was constructed using length and time scales listed in Table
2.1. The scales were determined from physical reasoning similar to that used
in the construction of a comparable size model, the hydraulic tidal model of
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STRAIT
OF
GEORGIA
DECEPTION
PASS
-
Figure 2.1. Schematic of the hydraulic tidal model. Notation: dashed line, study area.
10
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Puget Sound located at the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
(see Barnes et al., 1957). The Puget Sound Model has been in operation
since the early 1950"s and has compared favorably with observed field condi-
tions (Rattray and Lincoln, 1955).
TABLE 2.1. MODEL SCALES FOR THE HYDRAULIC TIDAL MODEL
OF THE STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUGA.
Scale Parameter
Ratio
Prototype
Value
Model Scale
Value
Horizontal distance
Vertical (depth)
Time
Speed (horizontal)
1:80,000
1:1,440
1:2,108
1:38.0
1 kilometer
1 meter
24 hours
1 m s"1
1.25 cm
0.069 cm
41.04 sees
2.63 cm/s
The horizontal scale was limited by construction costs and available
space. The vertical scale (depth) has been exaggerated by a factor of
approximately 56 in order that turbulent flow occurs at most tidal phases
in the study area, and also that the effects of surface tension are reduced.
The time scale was determined by equating tidal wave speed in the prototype
with that in the model.
The bathymetry was accurately sculpted from depths shown on National
Ocean Survey Chart numbers 18421, 18441, and 18465. The construction con-
sisted of a matrix of vertical rods cut proportionate to each chart depth.
Concrete was poured between the rods and up to their ends so as to form a
smooth bottom.
The tides were generated by a plunger in a container located at the
seaward end of the model. The vertical displacement of the plunger was
controlled by a mechanical system of gears. It reproduced two tidal fre-
quencies dominant at the plunger location. The frequencies were adjusted
slightly in order to obtain a tide curve which repeats daily. The tidal
volumes of the Strait of Georgia and Puget Sound were simulated by rectangu-
lar boxes having proportionate length, width, and average depth. In Puget
Sound the tidal volume divides near the Skagit River where water to the
south ebbs toward Admiralty Inlet and water to the north ebbs toward
Deception Pass. Separate boxes were used to simulate these two tidal
volumes.
Wind effects were not modeled.
11
-------
The effects of earth rotation are significant in the Strait of Juan de
Fuca (see Herlinveaux and Tully, 1961) but were not included because of
practical considerations. Despite this limitation there are certain
features of tidal flow generated by shoreline irregularities that can be
modeled in the study area. Some of these features are evident in photo-
graphs of the model that may be compared with field data.
2.2.2 Model Photographs
For comparison with field measurements of currents, water movement in
the tidal model was determined using the following photographic technique:
1) the water was dyed with black (India) ink and the surface was sprinkled
with bronze dust; 2) the shutter interval of a camera mounted overhead was
set at one second (approximately 35 minutes in the prototype) with the re-
sult that movements of the dust particles on the water surface appeared as
streaks in the photographs; and 3) streak photographs were taken at short
intervals through a tidal day. Similar techniques have been used by Collias
e_t al. (1973) and McGary and Lincoln (1977) to obtain patterns of tidal cur-
rents in the hydraulic tidal model of Puget Sound. Tidal current patterns
were interpreted from the photographs and were rendered by an artist for
clarity to show flow direction but not speed.
Streak photographs were obtained with the tide generating machine set
to approximate spring tides. Appendix B.I shows the times through the tidal
day corresponding to each current pattern. The tidal current patterns are
shown in Appendix C.1-C.32.
Because of the slower tidal current speeds in the Harbor additional
photographs were made of the Harbor using a shutter interval of two seconds.
Examples of streak photographs of the Harbor are shown without interpreta-
tion in Fig. 2.2.
2.2.3 Model Verification
The streak photographs were compared primarily with patterns of drogue
and drift sheet movement in the Harbor and its close approaches. The compa-
risons were distributed through a tidal day (Appendix B.I) and are shown for
convenience with corresponding model current patterns in Appendix D.1-D.13.
Most of the current patterns reported by various investigators were found
in the model patterns at respective tidal phases.
The comparisons are considered reasonable despite the following limita-
tions: 1) field data were obtained on a variety of tidal phases differing
from the spring tides used in the tidal model experiment; 2) observations of
the drifting objects occurred at longer intervals than the 35 minute inter-
val corresponding to streaks in the photographs (i.e., some details of
drifter movements were obscured because of comparatively long sampling
intervals); and 3) wind conditions for the field observations are unknown
except for those of Ebbesmeyer &t al. (1978) where data used in the compa-
rison with the model were selected from periods when winds were less than
5 knots.
12
-------
TIDE
Figure 2.2. Selected streak photographs of Port Angeles Harbor in the hydraulic tidal model.
Camera shutter interval was set at two seconds. Notation: A-H, tidal phases
shown at bottom.
-------
3. FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
The currents that affect contaminant dispersion may be divided into
mean and fluctuating components. Each component has contributions from
several mechanisms including those associated with tides, winds, runoff,
and intrusion of oceanic source water. Although the data base is insuffi-
cient to identify the relative contributions of the various mechanisms it
is useful to quantify their overall effects as summed in the two components.
The mean is characterized by its speed and direction, and the fluctuations
are characterized by variance about the mean which is proportional to
kinetic energy.
3.1 MEAN CURRENTS
The vertical section at mid-channel of mean flow from the Strait of
Juan de Fuca into the Strait of Georgia has been diagrammed by Waldichuk
(1957) following Redfield (1950), and^into Puget Sound by Barnes and
Ebbesmeyer (1978; Fig. 3.1). In the^northern portion of the study area
near mid-channel this pattern consists of flow toward the west at depths
shallower than approximately 50 m, and eastward flow at greater depth.
Currents have been measured using recording current meters for periods
from 5-41 days at 13 sites within the study area. Though the records were
obtained at various times using different equipment , for perspective the
results have been combined in plan views of current means and variances
near the surface (approximately 5 m depth; Figs. 3.2 and 3.3). The time
series of individual records are shown in Figure 3.4. Cannon (1978) has
estimated the reliability of selected mean currents near the surface. His
computations suggest that the mean currents were relatively steady during
the observational periods for sites 1, 2, 3, 5, and 12. Computations were
not given for other sites and depths.
Although the records are not synoptic, they do indicate the following
patterns. Near the shore between Ediz Hook and Dungeness Spit the mean
flow is eastward apparently from surface to bottom. The speed of the near-
shore current apparently increases toward the east, the flow off Dungeness
Spit being comparable to that at mid-channel. Within the Harbor one current
meter was moored at mid-depth for nineteen days (Site 1). There is a weak
mean current eastward at a speed of 0.013 m s"*-.
3.2 KINETIC ENERGY
The measured variance in the current meter records provides an
14
-------
OCEAN
ENTRANCE
0
DISTANCE
100 200
NLAND (km)
300
400
:0.5 -
Li.
STRAIT OF
JUAN DE FUCA
MAIN BASIN
GREEN POINT-
VICTORIA SILL
1.0
Figure 3.1. Profile view of net circulation at mid-channel in summer between the Pacific
Ocean and the head of Puget Sound (adapted from Ebbesmeyer and Barnes, 1979).
Notation: dashed line, depth of no-net-motion (approximately 50 m).
15
-------
Figure 3.2. Plan view of mean currents near the surface (approximately 5 m depth) from
longer period current meter records. Dots without arrows lack current
meters at 5 m depth. Site numbers correspond to data shown in Appendix A.2.
Notation: dashed lines, selected sills.
,
Figure 3.3. Plan view of variance near the surface (approximately 5 m depth) of longer period
current meter records. Note change in contour interval between 0.1 and 0.01
m' s~2. Notation: dashed lines, selected sills.
16
-------
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8
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II
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5m
Figure 3.4. Time series of longer period current meter records. Sites of current meter
moorings are shown in Figure 3.2 and listed in Appendix A.2. Smooth lines
represent predicted tides at Port Angeles and other lines are observed current
speeds where positive and negative are reckoned toward the east (001-180° True)
and west (181-360° True), respectively.
17
-------
indication of the kinetic energy (KE) that might be available for the mix-
ing of contaminants. The KE associated with tides has been computed by
Ebbesmeyer and Barnes (1979) from the ocean entrance through Puget Sound's
Main Basin (Fig. 3.5). The KE represents the average at a cross section
(A) during a quarter tidal day (At), and was computed as KE =(TA~^At ) ,
where T is the change in volume associated with the diurnal tidal range
landward of the cross channel section.
The impact of tidal mixing may be illustrated by a comparison of the
annual average longitudinal distributions of the freshwater fraction and
oxygen saturation near the bottom with KE computed from tides. The KE in
the inner Strait of Juan de Fuca apparently is severalfold higher than in
the outer Strait. The.oceanic source water that traverses the outer Strait
near the bottom shows comparatively small changes in freshwater and oxygen,
whereas there are sharp increases in the more energetic inner Strait.
The plan view of measured variance within the study area is shown in
Fig. 3.3. The pattern consists of lowest values in the Harbor and much
higher values in the surrounding waters. In the Harbor at Site 1
(16 m depth) currents typically reach speeds of 0.1 m s and have a
variance of 0.0071 m s . This value is approximately equal to the
variance (0.0066 m^ s ) estimated from drogue movements observed in the
Harbor by Ebbesmeyer §J: al. (1978). Although the variance in the Harbor
appears small it is actually twentyfold larger than the KE of 0.00031 m s~^
computed for tides alone.
The anomalous energetics of the Harbor may be shown in a comparison of
computed tidal KE and measured variance for selected cross sections of Puget
Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca (Fig. 3.6). For present purposes the
variances are those from currents measured in The Narrows and Admiralty
Inlet by Cannon et al. (1979), Puget Sound's Main Basin by Cannon and Laird
(1972), and the study area as listed in Appendix A.2. The computed tidal
KE corresponding to the locations of the current measurements are from
Ebbesmeyer and Barnes (1979) as shown in Figure 3.5. There is an approxi-
mate correlation except for the Harbor: its variance is twentyfold higher
than expected from the computed KE indicating that other mechanisms are
contributing to circulation in the Harbor. Two major contributors to this
energy surplus appear to be tidal eddies and local winds.
3.3 TIDAL EDDIES
Patterns of surface tidal currents as determined from the hydraulic
tidal model are shown in Appendix C.1-C.32. There are eddy-like patterns
evident at all tidal stages. In this study patterns of movement that appear
closed have been termed tidal eddies. The eddies are transient features;
during their existence there may not be sufficient time for a hypothetical
water particle to traverse their circumference.
Despite the complexity that is often apparent in the tidal current
patterns, there are several general types of eddy behavior. During the
early flood or ebb phases tidal eddies develop to the lee of most shoreline
18
-------
OCEAN
ENTRANCE DISTANCE INLAND (km)
0 100 200 300 400
Figure 3.5. Profile distributions at mid-channel (Pacific Ocean to head of Puget Sound) of:
a) tidal kinetic energy; b) near bottom freshwater percentage and salinity;
and c) near bottom oxygen saturation and concentration (from Ebbesmeyer and
Barnes, 1979). Data from Barnes and Collias (1956a, b) November 1953-December
1954 in b) and c). Notation: SSZ, seaward sill zone; LSZ, landward sill zone
for Puget Sound Main Basin.
N
1/5
N
E
t;
-
LU
cr
LU
10° -
10-2-
io-3-
to-4
SILL
ZONES
•
PAH
•
' PUGET SOUND
MAIN BASIN
10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 10° 101
COMPUTED KINETIC ENERGY (mZe-*
Figure 3.6. Kinetic energy computed from tides versus variance from current meter
measurements. Notations: PAH, Port Angeles Harbor mouth; AI, Admiralty
Inlet; GV, Green Point-Victoria sill; TN, The Narrows. Variance data:
PAH, Appendix A.2; Puget Sound, Cannon and Laird (1972); TN, Cannon
£t aj^. (1979); GV, Appendix A.2; AI, R. Muench, personal communication.
19
-------
irregularities. The eddies grow in size from the beginning of both floods
and ebbs. In order to demonstrate this growth the mean diameters of eddies
which develop east and west of the Elwha River delta and east of Ediz Hook
were scaled from the streak photographs (Fig. 3.7). The diameter growth
with time at the three sites is approximately linear at a rate on the order
of 0.6-0.7 km hour"*-. During major ebbs and floods the diameters of eddies
increase as much as tenfold. Since the area contained within an eddy in-
creases approximately as the diameter squared, some eddy areas increase a
hundredfold.
Near the end of a tidal phase at high and low waters some of the eddies
apparently are displaced from their growth sites and decrease somewhat in
diameter. As they migrate away from shore they contribute to the irregular
flow patterns that are evident near high and low tides. Thus it is near
so-called slack tides that greatest dispersion rates of surface contaminants
are likely to occur.
Tidal eddies are often apparent within the Harbor (Appendix C.1-C.32).
These eddies do not circulate as rapidly as those exterior to the Harbor
noted above, and their size is constrained by the Harbor's dimensions. As
a result the flow in the Harbor tends to be more complex than that in its
approaches.
The model studies suggest that eddy flows in the Harbor are driven by
the more energetic exterior tidal flows. The exterior forcing is most
likely a major contributor to the energetic behavior of the Harbor noted
earlier. The computations of tidal KE assume that the tidal flow is
uniformly distributed over the cross section at the Harbor's mouth. However
results from the hydraulic tidal model suggest that the actual pattern is
significantly non-uniform. Thus greater volumes of water can be exchanged
on a given flood or ebb than with uniform flow.
3.4 WIND EFFECT
Figure 3.8 shows the seasonal progression of prevailing winds. The
study area is unique in that throughout the year the winds are typically
from the west. A six-year record of hourly winds taken at the eastern end
of Ediz Hook showed that the mean hourly speed was directed from the west
except in January when the direction was south-south-east. Highest mean
speeds occurred in July and lowest values occurred in February and October.
Although the distribution of wind stress with depth in the study area
has not been determined it is well known that wind effects are often most
pronounced near the water surface. Sulfite waste liquor (SWL) is concen-
trated near the surface and may be used as a tracer of the gross effect of
wind. Figure 3.9 shows both the concentration and cumulative amount of SWL
in the Harbor versus depth as averaged during summer (June-September) and
fall-spring (October-April). Fifty percent of the SWL was shallower than
3 m and ninety percent was contained in the upper 15 m. In the Harbor wind
effects are evident in a comparison of the seasonal cycles of total SWL
(i.e., integrated over the Harbor's volume) with the seasonal cycle of mean
20
-------
a) EDDY
LOCATION
b) EDDY
GROWTH
c) TIDE
Figure 3.7. At three sites (a) growth of tidal eddies (b) in the hydraulic tidal model.
Dots and circles denote respectively diameter during eddy growth and decay.
In c) tidal phases are shown by dots on tide curves.
^
-------
OCTOBER
MARCH
APRIL-
MAY
JUNE-
SEPTEMBER
Figure 3.8. Seasonal progression of prevailing winds (adapted from Harris and Rattray, 1954)
Note: arrows not to scale.
2 O
SWL (ppm>
4 O 60
8O
CUMULATIVE SWL (tons X 10s)
345
Figure 3.9. Seasonally averaged vertical profiles of the mean concentration (left) and
cumulative amount (right) of sulfite waste liquor in Port Angeles Harbor
(from Ebbesmeyer e_t a_l. , 1979). Data from Callaway e£ al.. (1965): summer,
June-September, 1963; fall-spring, October 1963-January 1964 and February-
April 1963. Inset shows locations of sampling stations and locations and
percentages of SWL input. Notation: CZ, Crown Zellerbach, Inc.; PI,
Fiberboard, Inc.; and ITT, ITT Rayonier, Inc.
22
-------
hourly wind speed from the west (Fig. 3.10). Despite the difference in
observational periods for winds (1947-1952) and SWL (1963-1964) there is
an approximate inverse correlation between mean wind speed and total SWL.
Thus winds are effective in transporting SWL eastward out of the Harbor.
A
o 8
x
c
o
4-
0
J^M'A'M'J'J'A'S'O'N'D'J
MONTHS
-14
- 6
Q
LU
10 LU
CL
GO
Q
Figure 3 10 Comparison of seasonal cycles of mean hourly wind speed from the west and
total sulfite waste liquor in Port Angeles Harbor (from Ebbesmeyer et al.,
1979). Data: winds, 1947-1952 at U.S. Coast Guard Station; SWL, 1963
196A at stations shown in Figure 3.9.
23
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4. HARBOR RESPONSE
The response of estuaries to changes in material input can often be
estimated using freshwater as a tracer. However the runoff into the Harbor
and vicinity is small. Local rivers and creeks discharge annually approxi-
mately 2 km-* whereas the rivers that empty into the Strait of Georgia and
Puget Sound discharge annually approximately 150 km^ and 40 krn^, respective-
ly. Monthly average discharge for the Elwha River, Dungeness River, Morse
Creek, and Siebert Creek are shown in Figure 4.1.
During the mid-19601s significant amounts of SWL were discharged into
the Harbor at three locations by ITT, CZ, and FI mills (see Fig. 3,9). As
a result there were a number of studies conducted to determine distributions
of SWL and other water properties. These data can be used to estimate change
in Harbor water properties with respect to those of exterior water.
4.1 SEASONAL CYCLES
Temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and SWL were sampled at approx-
imately one month intervals from February 1963 to January 1964 at a dozen
locations in the Harbor and at a reference location approximately two kilo-
meters north of Ediz Hook (Callaway et al., 1965). The values in the Harbor
were averaged at the observation depths and the averages near surface and
bottom in the Harbor were compared with those at corresponding depths at the
reference station (Figs. 3.9, 3.10, 4.2, and 4.3).
Based on the monthly observations it appears that the measured natural
variables (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen) in the Harbor closely
follow those of exterior water in the Strait of Juan de Fuca. There are,
however, some differences. Temperatures inside the Harbor were higher than
the reference station during July-September. Local heating in summer is
also evident in an infrared photograph of the Harbor (Fig. 4.4). During
the remainder of the year temperatures were approximately equal inside and
outside of the Harbor. Salinity inside the Harbor was higher than the
reference station during January-March and lower during September-October.
The oxygen concentrations are generally higher inside the Harbor during
June - September and lower during the rest of the year.
4.2 RESIDENCE PERIOD
A useful measure of circulation is the mean residence period of a water
parcel within a given volume of water. The residence period will vary sig-
nigicantly depending on the site of material input, stage of tide, and wind
24
-------
10
8-
o 6
x
•
(/>
ro
E 4
LL
O
52-
0
JTWA'M'J'J'A'S'O'N'D'J
MONTHS
Figure A.I. Seasonal cycles of runoff for: 1) Elwha River; 2) Dungeness River;
3) Morse Creek; and 4) Siebert Creek. See inset for locations.
25
-------
TEMPERATURE (°C)
9 8 9 10
b)
SALINITY (%o)
31.0 32.0
0.
UJ
Q
Figure 4.2. Seasonally averaged vertical profiles of temperature (a), salinity (b), density (c),
and dissolved oxygen (d) in Port Angeles Harbor (solid) and at a reference station
(dashed) 2 km north of Edir Hook. Data from Callaway et al. (1965).
26
-------
12-
cr 8-
ct
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12-
8-
SURFACE
40 m
J'F'M'A'M'J'J'A'S'O'N'D'J
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J'F'M'A'M'J'J'A'S'O'N'D'J
23-
£24
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24-
25 -
SURFACE
J'F'M'A'M'J'J'A'S'O'N'D'J
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, 0.3-
a>
£
uj 0.5-
o
X
o
0.3-
40 m
J'F'M'A'M'J'J'A'S'O'N'D'J
MONTHS
Figure 4.3. Seasonal cycles at surface and 40 m depth of temperature, salinity, density,
and dissolved oxygen in Port Angeles Harbor (solid) and at a reference
station (dashed) 2 km north of Ediz Hook. Data from Callaway et_ al. (1965).
27
-------
! I
oe
EDIZ HOOK
GREEN PT,
25
"APRIL 1979
27
Figure 4.4. Black arid while reproduce ions of infrared photographs taken in April 1979 by the Environmental Protection Agency.
Lighter and darker areas denote warmer and colder temperatures, respectively. In the upper panel note the flood
tidal eddies in the lee of Ediz Hook and Green Point.
-------
condition. Actual particles of water cannot be followed using presently
available technology. As a result two approaches have been used to estimate
the mean residence period, as described below.
4.2.1 Input Changes of Sulfite Waste Liquor (SWL)
On several occasions there were abrupt changes in SWL discharges into
Port Angeles Harbor. These resultant changes in SWL concentration within
the Harbor can be used to estimate the residence period. Two occasions
noted by the Washington State Pollution Control Commission (1967) are
cited below.
Between 19 August and 3 September 1963 SWL was discharged only from the
FI plant near the head of the Harbor. On 30 August effluent concentrations
were measured. Assuming that all SWL in the Harbor was derived( from the FI
plant the mean residence period for SWL was 2 days, obtained as the total
amount of effluent divided by the SWL input.
On 12 November 1964 SWL discharge into the Harbor abruptly decreased.
During the following two weeks SWL concentration was measured near the
surface at the head of the Harbor (Fig. 4.5). After four days the SWL
concentration had decreased to small values.
4.2.2 Hydraulic Tidal Model Experiments
Two experiments were performed using the hydraulic tidal model in at-
tempts to estimate the mean residence period. The first experiment con-
sisted of timing the transit of a drift particle from a release site near
the Harbor's head until the particle exited the Harbor's mouth. The parti-
cle was a plastic floatable bead having a diameter of approximately
3 mm (in the prototype this bead would measure 240 m in the horizontal by 4 m
in the vertical). The transit time was measured ten times for releases all
at lower-low-tide and a tide range of 2.6 m (from lower-low to higher-high
tide as used in generating the tidal current patterns).
The result was a mean transit time of 4 days with a standard deviation
of % day. In each trial the bead exhibited a meandering motion about a mean
trajectory that exits the Harbor close to Ediz Hook. As the bead progressed
eastward toward the mouth its speed tended to increase. The average speed
from the release site to the Harbor mouth was approximately 0.012 m s"-"-.
This value is close to the mean eastward speed of 0.013 m s recorded at
16 m depth at Site 1 (Appendix A.2) approximately on the bead's mean
trajectory.
The mean residence period derived from the SWL observations apparently
is smaller than that obtained from the tidal model experiment. Although the
winds that occurred during the SWL observations were not available for this
study, we speculate that the shorter residence periods for SWL resulted from
westerly winds. These winds favor rapid removal of SWL that is concentrated
near the surface.
29
-------
250
0
12
Figure 4.5. Concentration of sulfite waste liquor (dots) at the head of Port Angeles Harbor
(inset) after abrupt decrease in effluent discharge on 12 November 1964
(from Ebbesmeyer e_t al., 1979) .
30
-------
The first model experiment was performed in the near-surface layer.
An estimate of the residence time for the Harbor's overall volume can be
obtained as the Harbor volume divided by the tidal volume between successive
high and low tides. This computation gives the minimum number of flood tides
that are required to replace the Harbor water volume. The result is 9 flood
tides for spring tides used in the model experiment; 10 tides for the diurnal
tidal range (see Table 1.1); and 17 tides for the mean tidal range in the
Harbor. Since there are usually two flood tides per day, the residence
period expressed in days will be smaller than the residence period expressed
in number of tides. The result from the model experiment suggests that the
residence period in days is roughly equivalent to half of the estimates as
expressed in flood tides; i.e., the mean residence periods for the diurnal
and mean tidal range is about 5 and 9 days, respectively.
In the second experiment the Harbor was filled with dye a week
later most dye evident to the unaided eye had escaped the Harbor, except
for some that remained below sill depth.
From the foregoing computations and experiments primarily near the
surface, it is concluded that the mean residence period in the upper layer
varies from approximately a day to a week depending on the time and site of
release. Residence periods appear to increase toward the head of the Harbor.
The available measurements are insufficient to determine the residence
period in the deeper layers particularly below sill depth.
4.3 NET CIRCULATION
The two previous model experiments suggest that the tides may induce a
weak net circulation at least in the surface layers of the Harbor. This is
to be expected in a region of strong tidal currents and complex bathymetry.
The phenomena has been commonly termed tidal pumping, and according to
Bowden (1978) it is "the name given to the effect of a residual tidal flow,
varying across the estuary, arising from the interaction of the tidal wave
with the bathymetry." In order to identify particular features of bathymetry
associated with tidal pumping, beads were released at a variety of sites and
tidal ranges in the model within the Harbor. The result was that irrespec-
tive of release site or time the beads meandered toward Ediz Hook where they
were rapidly discharged from the Harbor.
The results from the hydraulic model experiments and currents measured
at Site 1 (Fig. 3.2) indicate a weak net flow toward the Harbor mouth. In
six previous studies the mean circulation near the surface has been reported.
In three studies it was concluded that there was a net counterclockwise
circulation within the Harbor (Stein et al., 1963; Washington State Pollution
Control Commission, 1967; and EPA, 1974). In two reports flows have been
described as being predominantly north or south across the Harbor mouth
associated with a tidal eddy located east of the Harbor (Charnell, 1958;
Tollefson et al., 1971) . They gave no pattern of net circulation within
the Harbor. Finally in one study a net flow directed east by northeast was
determined for a site near the southern shore of the Harbor's mouth (Stein
and Denison, 1966). The conclusion of these six reports were based primarily
31
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on SWL patterns and supplemented by short period current meter and drogue
observations.
We conclude that patterns of net circulation in the Harbor cannot be
determined based on presently available data. The mean flow is undoubtedly
weak at most locations in the Harbor. The transients of wind speed and
direction have pronounced effects near surface. On short time scales wind
effects are variable and this may explain the conflicting reports of surface
circulation patterns that were based primarily on SWL concentrated near the
surface. Moreover the vertical profile of mean flow remains undetermined.
Long time series of current measurements taken concurrently at various depths
and locations will be required to deduce the net flow patterns.
32
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5. DISPERSION OF MATERIAL INPUTS
The effects of winds and the mean countercurrent favor eastward trans-
port near the shore while tidal eddies provide lateral dispersion of materi-
als to both offshore and nearshore regions. Some aspects of the transport
and dispersion are illustrated in the movement of several materials that
have been observed in the study area. These include materials from natural
sources and man's activities both accidental and deliberate.
5.1 OIL SPILL
On 13 May 1979 an oil spill occurred near the Harbor mouth at lower-
low water during a period of spring tides (Fig. 5.1). Aerial photographs
were taken about a day later at mid-stage during a major flood tide. The
winds during this period were mostly calm with occasional reports as high
as 3 m s~^-. The photographs showed that slicks and sheens had spread in
patches to the westward end of the Harbor as well as offshore and westward
outside the Harbor.
5.2 SUSPENDED SEDIMENT
The rivers and creeks that discharge at the local promontories at times
carry significant loads of suspended sediment. In the marine water the
sediment is evident as plumes that begin at the promontories and spread
offshore. An example is shown in Figure 5.2. The sediment can be seen a
significant distance both offshore and along the shore to the east in this
instance.
Since the installation of dams on the Elwha River sediment is trapped
upstream that once was discharged into the Strait of Juan de Fuca. In
1930, the construction of a water supply line and protective rock covering
along the base of the cliffs west of Ediz Hook to the Elwha River further
reduced sediment input to marine waters from cliff erosion. According to
the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1971), before these installations Ediz
Hook apparently was in a state of equilibrium or growth, adding as much or
more new sediment as was lost each year. Since 1930 the Hook has been in
an "active state of erosion due to lack of adequate feed material"
(U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1971) indicating the Elwha River and cliff
sediments to be previously the major sources for Ediz Hook. These sediments
have been carried a significant distance alongshore eastward and it is
likely contaminant materials released near shore would exhibit a similar
behavior. This may be seen in the patterns of pulp and paper mill effluents.
33
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LU
Q
n OH
ELWHA R.
SPILL (X)
T
13
SPILL
OBSERVATIONS^}
T
15
MAY 1979
Figure 5.1. Dispersion of oil from a spill (X) on 13 May 1979 as observed (stippled)
14 May 1979. Notation: RIP, rip line associated with Elwha River discharge.
34
-------
0
' n
ELWHA R
UJ
Q
0-
EDIZ HOOK
GREEN PT.
14w
Sd^SM^
' . «L.T7*/«j ?' i«:.." /
ITT ^/
-•',» *
MORSE CR.
8
JUNE 1974
Figure 5.2. Aurkil photograph show ing sudinu'iit plumes of lin.il rivirs and criic-ks (1974). Source: U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers. Square on inset shows time of photograph ana tidal phase. Notation: C?., Crown Zellerbach, Inc.
and ITT, ITT Rayonier, Inc.
-------
5.3 PULP AND PAPER MILL EFFLUENT (SWL)
By industrial standards the production of pulp and paper requires
large volumes of water (see Hutchins, 1979). The average discharge per
year (1966-1978) for ITT and CZ are approximately 0.051 km3 (37 mgd) and
0.01^ km (9 mgd), respectively. Although the volume of the receiving
water for effluent is large compared with discharge from local mills,
effluent patches can persist for considerable periods as shown by detailed
field studies in Puget Sound (Bendiner, 1976).
With the proper lighting and wave conditions the ITT effluent is often
apparent by visual observation and in infrared and color aerial photographs.
Visual observations of the effluent were made in 1978 and 1979 by EHI from
an. aircraft positioned with an accurate ranging system (Motorola Mini Ranger
III; - 30 m accuracy as used aboard the aircraft). Infrared photographs of
the effluent were obtained by the EPA in 1974 and 1979, and color photo-
graphs were obtained by the EPA in 1974, ITT in 1976, and EHI in 1978 and
1979 as listed in Appendix A.5. Representative configurations of the
effluent on slack, ebb, and flood tides are shown in Figure 5-3. These
patterns show that the effluent has been visible within the Harbor, north
of Ediz Hook, and eastward to Green Point, respectively.
More sensitive indicators of the effluent that show its areal extent
are the Pearl-Benson Index (PBI) and oyster bioassay toxicity tests. The
concentration of effluent is expressed by the PBI. The PBI data used in
the present study were determined using the Barnes et al. (1963) modifica-
tion of the Pearl and Benson (1940) technique. PBI is expressed as parts
per million (ppm) by volume. The toxicity of the effluent is expressed by
percentage oyster larvae abnormality as determined using methods initially
developed by Woelke (1968). The areal extent of the effluent from these
results in both cases reaches eastward to Dungeness Spit (Figs. 5,4 and 5.5).
For comparison with aerial, PBI, and oyster bioassay toxicity observa-
tions of pulp mill effluent, photographs were taken of dye injected into
the hydraulic tidal model at the sites of the ITT and CZ discharges
(Fig. 5.6). Spring tide conditions were simulated. The dye consisted of
a mixture of Sheaffer Eaton blue ink and freshwater. The gross features
of the dye and effluent patterns are similar. In both cases dye penetrated
to the head of the Harbor, westward beyond the study area, and eastward
beyond Dungeness Spit where the dye became too dilute to photograph.
Visual observations of the dye in this area showed that it reached to the
mouths of Sequim and Discovery Bays.
5.4 DRIFT SHEETS AND CARDS
The general patterns indicated by effluent observations and dye in-
jections are consistent with the trajectories of drift sheets and cards
that were released into the Harbor and its approaches by Ebbesmeyer et al.
(1978, Figs. 5.7 and 5.8). From a total of 123 released drift sheets 43%
were recovered on the western shores of Dungeness Spit and its approaches.
From a total of 700 released drift cards 240 were recovered onshore.
36
-------
09'
48°
08'
O7
ITT
06'1—
29'
I23°20'
Figure 5.3. Slack, ebb, and flood patterns (left to right) of effluent from the ITT Rayonier,
Inc. outfall (from Ebbesmeyer e_t a_l. , 1979). Data: slack pattern (dashed) on
17 June 1976 from Fagergren (1976); ebb and flood patterns (solid) on 29 and
30 April 1978, respectively, from data on file at Evans-Hamilton, Inc. Observa-
tions at times of ticks on tidal phases (inset).
37
-------
Figure 5.4. Mean concentration (top) of sulfite waste liquor (Pearl-Benson Index) at
selected stations along the shore (numbers, bottom; from Ebbesmeyer
£t al., 1979). Data: 1963-1965 from page 444 of Washington State
Pollution Control Commission (1967).
38
-------
a) MAY 1972
b) JULY 1973
c) AUG. 1974
d) AUG. 1975
Figure 5.5.
Oyster larvae bioassay tests of effluent toxicity on four occasions
(a-d; from Cardwell e£ al. , 1977). Notation: stippled, greater than
57= abnormality; hatched, greater than 20% abnormality; and blackened,
greater than 50% abnormality.
39
-------
B
B
CROWN ZELLERBACH
H,M,,. b.b. I'ijoi ov.raphs of dye injected into the hydraulic tidal model at ITT Rayonier, Inc.
. ••.-.. '/',< ; ]i , ],,n ],, ]IK , (Mitfall locations (adapted from Ebbesmeyer ^t a_l, 19791.
J'i • l; ;. i luii I on sliciw ticlfi] plinsc'f..
-------
Figure 5.7. Recoveries onshore of drift sheets released in Port Angeles Harbor and
approaches expressed as percentage of 42 recoveries (from Ebbesmeyer
et al., 1978). Notation: X, launch site; and dots, recovery positions.
41
-------
SEOUIM BAY DISCOVERY BAY
\
RELEASE
POINTS
\
-. \
Figure 5.8. Recoveries onshore of drift cards released in Port Angeles Harbor expressed
as percentage of 240 recoveries (adapted from Ebbestneyer e_t a_l. , 1978).
Notation: dots, single recoveries; stippling, hatched, and blackened areas.
multiple recoveries expressed as percentages of total recoveries. Inset
shows the number of recoveries in the inner Strait of Juan de Puca.
42
-------
Of the recoveries 37=, drifted westward of the Harbor and 97% drifted eastward,
where 657o were found from Ediz Hook to Dungeness Spit; 470 in Sequim and
Discovery Bays and inside Dungeness Spit; 177= on the westward shores of
Whidbey Island; 570 inland of Deception Pass in Whidbey Basin; and 670 on
Fidalgo, Vancouver, and the San Juan Islands. Similar pathways of drift
cards have been reported by Pashinski and Charnell (1979) although they do
not give percentage recoveries by area.
The recoveries of drift cards on the north and south shores of Dungeness
Spit are of particular concern because of the National Wildlife Refuge lo-
cated there. Cox et al. (1978) observed some drift sheet movements that
provide insight as to the pathways in which contaminants can be transported
toward and around Dungeness Spit. They noted a tendency for drift sheets to
collect among localized patches. A large patch occurred just to the north
of Dungeness Spit (Fig. 5.9). After several days approximately 20 drift
sheets had converged from a distance of 30 km into a prominent patch. Other
drift sheets showed southward movement toward the shore east o'f Dungeness
Spit (Fig. 5.10). These observations as well as mean currents obtained
from several deployments of moored current meters, recoveries of drift cards
by Ebbesmeyer et al. (1978), and recoveries of drift cards by Pashinski and
Charnell (1978), indicate a pathway around Dungeness Spit and from offshore
toward the more confined waters of Sequim and Discovery bays and their
approaches.
In order to illustrate the tidal flow eastward around Dungeness Spit
photographs were taken of the hydraulic tidal model. Figure 5.11 shows a
streak photograph of a tidal eddy that develops on flood tides in the lee
of Dungeness Spit. Material inputs can be transported by this eddy into
the waters behind Dungeness Spit as shown by dye injected into the model
(Fig. 5.12). As mentioned earlier dye reached the mouths of Sequim and
Discovery bays, as well as the protected waters behind Dungeness Spit.
The drift card recoveries also indicate that an oil spill in the Harbor
and its approaches will be transported over a wide area to the shores of
the inner Strait of Juan de Fuca, Puget Sound, and the Strait of Georgia.
In addition there are several pathways in which materials can be transported
inland at depth.
5. 5 CONTAMINANT PATHWAYS INLAND AT DEPTH
Observations of recent oil spills from the grounding of the tanker
AMOCO-CADIZ off France (see Gait, 1978) and the blowout of the IXTOC I well
off Mexico (see Botzun, 1979; Oil Spill Intelligence Report, 1979) have
suggested that oil may be transported in quantity beneath the water surface,
In this section we discuss some routes by which oil introduced at surface
in the Strait of Juan de Fuca may be carried at depth into Puget Sound and
the Strait of Georgia.
In the highly turbulent and constricted entrances such as the Green
Point-Victoria sill, Admiralty Inlet, and passages in the San Juan Archi-
pelago, surface and bottom waters are vigorously mixed. The tidal mixing
43
-------
10'
•
- PORT "^v^_^_^_
ANGELES
N 30'
123° W
50'
Figure 5.9. Convergence of 20 drift sheets into a patch off Dungeness Spit. Data from
Cox £t a_l. (1978). Notation: X, launch positions; arrows, net direction
of movement; and dots, positions of drift sheets at 1200-1500 on 26
August 1978.
15'
10'
N
. PORT
ANGELES
SPEED (CM/SEC)
0 50 100
1 I i
30'
20'
123" W
5O'
Figure 5.10. Selected trajectories of drift sheets, recoveries of drift cards, and net currents
from Port Angeles Harbor to Sequim and Discovery Bays. Notation: X and connecting
solid and dashed lines, drift sheet launch positions and observed and interpolated
trajectories, respectively; dots and solid lines alongshore, single and multiple
drift card recoveries, respectively; and bold arrows, net currents near the
surface (approximately 5 m depth) from longer period current meter records.
Data: drift sheet trajectories, Cox et al. (1978); drift card recoveries,
Ebbesmeyer e£ ai- (1978); and net currents, Cannon (1978). Speed scale applies
only to net currents.
44
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DUNGENESS SPT
Figure 5.11. Streak photographs of a tidal eddy in the lee of Dungeness Spit in the hydraulic
tidal model. Dot on inset shows tidal phase of streak photograph.
'
DYE INJECTION ARM
^~ ng^ m
FAINT DYE
DUNGENESS;
Figure 5.12. Photograph of dye in the hydraulic tidal model. Inset of Figure 5.11 (above)
shows tidal phase.
--
-------
results in numerous rip and frontal zones at the water surface where float-
able materials often collect (based on visual observations by the authors
from small aircraft at low altitude). These zones often represent the con-
vergence of two currents where one sinks beneath the other. The mixing of
surface and deep waters is evident in the longitudinal sections of water
properties near the bottom as discussed in section 3.2. In the mixing
process a significant amount of surface water is refluxed downward into the
lower layer that flows inland.
In a similar pathway, oil at the surface in the turbulent sill zones
may be partly emulsified, and/or dissolved, and carried by the refluxing
process to mid-depth in Puget Sound. This transport may be imagined as
following contours of equal density southward from Admiralty Inlet. As an
example a hypothetical pathway inland is shown in Figure 5.13. In Puget
Sound's Main Basin and tributary branches the finely dispersed oil particles
may coalesce and rise slowly to intermediate density interfaces and accumu-
late there. An illustrative example for the process as observed at Decep-
tion Pass has been provided by Professor Emeritus Clifford A. Barnes
(personal letter to the State of Washington Department of Ecology dated
26 November 1974):
"Following the 1971 spill of Number 2 diesel oil at the Texaco refinery
dock near Anacortes, University of Washington personnel operating a labora-
tory on Kiket Island noted diesel oil odor in seawater pumped into the
Laboratory from a subsurface intake. No oil slick was seen on the surface
of the bay. The probable sequence is that some of the oil ebbing from
Guemes Channel south through Rosario Strait was carried by the ensuing
flood through highly turbulent Deception Pass. It then carried in the
more saline influx under an interior low salinity surface layer without
rising through it. Due to the net outflow through Deception Pass and the
rapid flushing northward from the Skagit Delta most of the oil carried in-
ward of flood probably was carried out on the next ebb. A spill of com-
parable size in Rosario Strait closer to Deception Pass at certain current
phases would have resulted in greater inward transport through Deception
Pass, but it is unlikely that any significant amount would reach Puget
Sound proper through this route. The Admiralty Inlet - Main Puget Sound
Basin situation is much more vulnerable owing to close proximity of the
very deep and slow flushing basin just inside the sill combined with the
net flood at depth. Likewise deep waters of the slow flushing Strait of
Georgia are directly vulnerable to spills that might occur in either the
Haro Strait - Boundary Pass or Rosario Strait approaches."
The flow dynamics necessary for the downwelling of oil apparently exist
in the energetic inner Strait of Juan de Fuca. Moreover, the effective
region from which oil may be downwelled extends farther westward because
of the surface transport by westerly winds. Except for the example cited
by Professor Barnes the oil pathway inland at depth remains unexplored.
46
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ADMIRALTY
STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA INLET
DENSITY (sigma-M
MAIN BASIN
SOUTHERN
BASIN
100-
200-J
300
Q.
LL)
O
100-
200-
300-
b]
100-
200-
300
:;
Figure 5.13. Profile view of density (expressed in sigma-t units) at mid-channel from the
inner Strait of Juan de Fuca to Puget Sound's Main Basin (adapted from
Collias e_t al.. , 1974). Heavy lines with arrowheads denote possible pathway
at depth of oil transport into Puget Sound. Dates: a) 15-17 Septemper 1958;
b) 19-21 November 1958; and c) 19-23 December 1958.
-------
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Port Angeles Harbor is a major shipping port located on the northern
coast of Washington. Recently there has been concern about the fate of
petroleum that might be spilled in the Harbor and its approaches as a result
of proposed tanker routes and offloading facilities. This report presents a
synthesis of historical oceanographic data collected during 1932-1979 in and
near the Harbor. Emphasis is placed primarily on the circulation near the
water surface and its effects on the transport and dispersion of spilled oil.
Although there exists a considerable body of historical data most of it
has not been previously examined within a single framework. The data are
scattered in numerous reports and unpublished compilations. Where possible,
original data were obtained and analyzed. The data base examined included
observations of tides, currents, winds, runoff, water properties, and trans-
port of two previous oil spills, suspended sediment, and pulp mill effluent.
In order to provide the continuity in time and space that is necessary for
an adequate synthesis of the data, a hydraulic tidal model was constructed
of the eastern Strait of Juan de Fuca. The model was compared with observed
water movements and it was concluded that surface tidal currents associated
with shoreline irregularities were adequately portrayed. Favorable compari-
sons were also found between patterns of dye injected into the model with
those of effluent discharged from a pulp and paper mill.
The current structure is characterized in terms of its mean and fluc-
tuations. In profile view at mid-channel the pattern of mean flow from the
surface to approximately 50 m depth is westward, and at greater depth the
flow is eastward. In plan view there is a countercurrent directed eastward
from surface to bottom bordering the U.S. shore. The fluctuations, as
characterized by measured variance, are lowest in the Harbor and fiftyfold
greater in its approaches. The variance measured in the Harbor is twenty-
fold higher than computed from the rise and fall of local tides.
The energetic behavior of the Harbor is primarily attributed to tidal
eddies and wind effects. Tidal eddies are generated within the Harbor by
"forcing" from the more energetic exterior tidal flows. These eddies are
constrained in size by the Harbor dimensions, and create complex flow
patterns. Outside the Harbor some tidal eddies were found to grow a
hundredfold in area during a major flood or ebb. Sulfite waste liquor was
used as an indicator of wind effect because it is concentrated near the
water surface. The prevailing winds are from the west in most months and
apparently drive the sulfite waste liquor eastward out of the Harbor.
The residence period of contaminants within the Harbor was estimated
from experiments in the tidal model and from the decrease in sulfite waste
48
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liquor after abrupt decreases of input from the pulp and paper mills. The
results suggest for the surface layers a residence period oij several days
to a week depending on release site and time. There is insufficient data
to determine the residence period at depth, particularly below sill depth
(44 m) . The model experiments suggest that the tidal flows around the tip
of Ediz Hook may induce a weak flow in the Harbor. However the net flow
in the Harbor cannot be determined at present because there are no long
term current meter records.
Once outside the Harbor, both the wind effects and the mean counter-
current favor eastward transport of contaminants, whereas tidal eddies
laterally disperse materials both from the shore to mid-channel and from
offshore to the beach. The transport and dispersion is illustrated by the
behavior of a previous oil spill, suspended sediment from local rivers,
creeks, and cliffs, effluent from a pulp and paper mill, dye released in
the hydraulic tidal model, and drift sheets and drift cards released in and
near the Harbor. Concentrations and effects of pulp mill effluent have been
observed as far east as Dungeness Spit. However dye released in the hydraul-
ic tidal model indicates that contaminants could reach behind Dungeness Spit
and to the mouths of Sequim and Discovery bays. Recoveries onshore of drift
sheets and cards show similar transport and dispersion from Port Angeles
Harbor, with drift cards reaching a wide area including Sequim and Discovery
bays, Puget Sound, Whidbey Basin and the Strait of Georgia.
It is evident that oil spilled in or near Port Angeles Harbor will be
transported over a wide area, with largest impact to the shoreline occurring
directly eastward of the Harbor including Dungeness Spit. Some oil will
likely reach Puget Sound and the Strait of Georgia by surface transport and
by downwelling and transport inland at depth by the deep net estuarine flows
as previously documented for Deception Pass. The extent of oil intrusion
into Puget Sound and the Strait of Georgia at depth remains to be determined.
49
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are indebted to John H. Lincoln for advice in the construction and
operation of the hydraulic tidal model; and to Professor Emeritus Clifford
A. Barnes for discussion of estuarine systems. Critical reviews by Clifford
A. Barnes and Ronald Kopenski significantly improved the work.
The authors also express appreciation to Richard J. Callaway, Ronald
Kopenski, Commander Jimmy A. Lyons, James Moore, Kathy Pazera, Roger
Tollefson, Thomas Waite, and John Yearsley for assistance in locating
important field data. We also thank David B. Browning for assistance
in preparing the photographs.
Current meter records were supplied by personnel from the Environmental
Protection Agency, National Oceanographic Data Center, and the National
Ocean Survey. Aerial reconnaissance photographs were supplied by the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle, and the Environmental Protection Agency,
Las Vegas. U.S. Coast Guard personnel at Ediz Hook provided invaluable
assistance on several occasions.
This work was supported by the Office of Energy, Minerals, and Industry,
Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
through an interagency agreement with the Environmental Research Labora-
tories of NOAA. The work was administrated under contract no. NA79RAC00009
to Evans-Hamilton, Inc. from NOAA.
50
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Project 119:193, Case 1230-39, Dated 8 December 1976.
Fagergren, D.C., and D.S. Rogers. 1977. Port Angeles marine water quality:
effect of mill effluent immediate oxygen demand on receiving water
dissolved oxygen depression. ITT Rayonier Olympic Research Division
File H10:16, Project 119:221. Case 1230-43, 11 pp.
Gait, J.A. 1978. Investigations of physical processes. In: The AMOCO
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Administration Special Report, dated April 1978. 283 pp.
53
-------
Goodwin, L. , and W. Shaul. 1978. Puget Sound subtidal geoduck survey data
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Harris, R.G., and M. Rattray, Jr. 1954. The surface winds over Puget Sound
and the Strait of Juan de Fuca and their oceanographic effects. Univer-
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101 pp.
Herlinveaux, R.H., and J.P. Tully. 1961. Some oceanographic features of
Juan de Fuca Strait. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of
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Hutchins, F.E. 1979. Toxicity of pulp and paper mill effluent, a litera-
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Lincoln, J.H, 1977. Derivation of freshwater inflow into Puget Sound.
University of Washington Department of Oceanography Special Report
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McGary, N. , and J.H. Lincoln. 1977. Tide prints, surface tidal currents
in Puget Sound. Washington Sea Grant Publication No. WSG 77-1. 51 pp.
Moore, A.W. 1976. Port Angeles Harbor field toxicity tests. In: Port
Angeles Harbor Biological Studies Spring 1975. Washington State
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Technical Report No. NOS 69. 56 pp.
Pashinski, D.J., and R.L. Charnell. 1979. Recovery record for surface
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54
-------
Peterson, D.R,, , and C.V. Gibbs. 1957. An investigation of pollution in
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-------
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56
-------
APPENDIX A
Index to Historical Oceanographic Data
57
-------
APPENDIX A.I
Index to Historical Oceanographic Data:
Summary of Currents Observed For
Less Than Several Days in Port
Angeles Harbor and Vicinity
58
-------
APPENDIX A.I . SUMMARY OF CURRENTS OBSERVED FOR LESS THAN SEVERAL DAYS
IN PORT ANGELES HARBOR AND VICINITY.
VO
Reference Observation Mean"
depth speed
(m) (m s ) 1
1. Stein and Denlson 0
(1966) 6
2. Wash. St. Pollution 5
Control Commission 27
(1967) 44
3. Tollefson et gj. 2
(1971) 8
13
2
8
13
2
8
2
4
8
2
4
20
2
4
8
30
60
2
4
20
30
58
0.081
0.061
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
0.102
0.077
0.080
0.054
0.038
0.020
0.047
0.062
0.089
0.061
0.064
0.624
0.668
0.119
0.470
0.370
0.229
0.186
0.216
0.084
0.049
0.280
0.111
0.065
Net Current*
direction
[°True toward)
60
77
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
193
299
325
294
221
300
88
106
178
168
191
28
017
119
79
160
116
145
102
48
31
135
105
175
Number of Observation
observations period duration
(hours)
13
13
1
1
1
5
4
4
4
3
3
2
2
4
3
4
2
2
2
6
3
3
3
4
3
2
2
2
2
summer 1965
summer 1965
14-18 July 1964
14-18 July 1964
14-18 July 1964
5-27-70
5-27-70
5-27-70
5-27-70
5-28-70
5-28-70
5-28-70
6-10-70
6-10-70
6-11-70
6-11-70
6-11-70
7-14-70
7-14-70
7-14-70
7-15-70
7-15-70
7-15-70
7-15-70
7-15-70
7-17-70
7-17-70
7-17-70
7-17-70
7-17-70
0.3
0.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Latitude
48°N-
(minutes)
7.30
7.30
8.30
8.30
8.30
7.60
7.60
7.60
7.28
7.28
7.28
7.60
7.60
7.60
7.60
7.60
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
Longitude
123°W-
(minutes)
24.37
24.37
24.87
24.87
24.87
24.12
24.12
24.12
22.85
22.85
22.85
24.12
24.12
24.12
24.12
24.12
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
-------
APPENDIX A.I (continued)
Reference Observation
depth
(m)
3. Tollcfson fi{ Al. 2
(1971) cont. 60
2
4
8
10
2
4
20
60
2
4
8
10
10
15
2
4
8
10
10
13
2
4
8
30
57
2
4
8
10
20
30
55
Mean* Net Current
speed direction
(in s"1) (°True toward)
0.555
0.150
0.255
0.205
0.295
0.182
0.996
0.123
0.524
0.222
0.140
0.132
0.146
0.425
Unknown
0.227
0.403
0.092
0.086
0.129
Unknown
0.043
0.494
0.598
0.637
0.225
0.648
0.491
0.507
0.388
0.511
0.291
0.281
0.258
264
298
278
315
290
319
93
138
86
139
352
338
295
317
Unknown
310
204
207
176
134
Unknown
87
253
259
279
217
106
301
286
290
299
308
295
338
Number of Observation
observations period duration
(hours)
2
2
4
2
2
4
3
2
2
4
7
5
4
2
1
4
5
5
3
2
1
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
4
3
3
3
5
4
7-23-70
7-23-70
7-24-70
7-24-70
7-24-70
7-24-70
7-28-70
7-28-70
7-28-70
7-28-70
7-30-70
7-30-70
7-30-70
7-30-70
7-30-70
7-30-70
7-31-70
7-31-70
7-31-70
7-31-70
7-31-70
7-31-70
8-6-70
8-6-70
8-6-70
8-6-70
8-6-70
8-7-70
8-7-70
8-7-70
8-7-70
8-7-70
8-7-70
8-7-70
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
2.9
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
2.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Latitude
48°N-
(minutes)
8.45
8.45
7.60
7.60
7.60
7.60
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
7.60
7.60
7.60
7.60
7.60
7.60
7.60
7.60
7.60
7.60
7.60
7.60
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
Longitude
123°W-
(minutes)
23.45
23.45
24.12
24.12
24.12
24.12
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
24.12
24.12
24.12
24.12
24.12
24.12
24.12
24.12
24 . 12
24.12
24.12
24.12
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
-------
APPENDIX A.I (continued)
Reference Observation Mean* Net Current"
depth speed direction
(m) Cm s ) (°True toward)
3. Tollefson e£ aj. 2
(1971) cont. 4
10
15
2
4
8
10
12
15
2
4
8
10
10
12
15
2
4
7
8
10
10
15
20
40
2
4
8
10
10
15
20
40
0.318
0.285
0.161
0.100
0.021
0.080
0.072
0.071
0.110
0.120
0.078
0.070
0.069
0.080
Unknown
0.082
0.149
0.465
0.733
0.519
0.740
0.544
Unknown
0.609
0.645
0.396
0.921
0.987
0.959
0.528
Unknown
0.549
0.505
0.665
99
98
132
276
334
330
307
318
322
219
303
307
297
329
Unknown
312
324
107
112
70
112
114
Unknown
111
105
116
116
111
111
119
Unknown
711
111
111
Number of Observation Latitude
observations period duration 48°N-
(hours) (minutes)
3
2
3
2
12
12
11
11
12
11
14
14
14
16
1
16
16
8
8
4
4
8
1
6
4
4
4
3
3
2
1
2
2
2
8-11-70
8-11-70
8-11-70
8-11-70
8-12-70
8-12-70
8-12-70
8-12-70
8-12-70
8-12-70
8-13-70
8-13-70
8-13-70
8-13-70
8-13-70
8-13-70
8-13-70
8-14-70
8-14-70
8-14-70
8-14-70
8-14-70
8-14-70
8-14-70
8-14-70
8-14-70
8-17-70
8-17-70
8-17-70
8-17-70
8-17-70
8-17-70
8-17-70
8-17-70
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
13.6
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
9.0
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
1.7
0.2
0.2
0.2
7.60
7.60
7.60
7.60
7.60
7.60
7.60
7.60
7.60
7.60
7.60
7.60
7.60
7.60
7.60
7.60
7.60
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
Longitude
123°W-
(minutes)
24.12
24.12
24.12
24.12
24.12
24. 12
24. 12
24. 12
24.12
24.12
24.12
24. 12
24. 12
24. 12
24. 12
24. 12
24. 12
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23,45
23.45
-------
APPENDIX A.I (continued)
Reference Observation Mean* Net Current11
depth speed direction
(m) (m s"1) (°True toward)
3. Tollefson ££ al . 2
(1971) cont. 4
8
10
20
40
2
4
8
10
20
40
60
2
4
8
10
10
20
40
60
2
4
15
2
4
8
10
10
20
40
60
0.510
0.163
0.242
0.157
0.458
0.914
0.235
0.146
0.207
0.078
0.076
0.092
0.168
0.332
0.324
0.274
0.308
Unknown
0.276
0.052
0.049
0.050
0.108
0.444
0.037
0.019
0.035
0.005
Unknown
0.176
0.305
0.323
91
129
123
140
116
121
294
289
296
288
297
102
107
311
307
315
299
Unknown
299
278
162
359
334
341
93
304
284
159
Unknown
120
107
94
Number of Observation
observations period duration
(hours)
3
4
4
4
3
2
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
1
5
5
4
2
2
2
6
6
7
6
1
6
6
4
8-18-70
8-18-70
8-18-70
8-19-70
8-18-70
8-18-70
8-19-70
8-19-70
8-19-70
8-19-70
8-19-70
8-19-70
8-19-70
8-20-70
8-20-70
8-20-70
8-20-70
8-20-70
8-20-70
8-20-70
8-20-70
8-28-70
8-28-70
8-28-70
9-1-70
9-1-70
9-1-70
9-1-70
9-1-70
9-1-70
9-1-70
9-1-70
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
6.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Latitude
48°N-
(minutea)
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
7.60
7.60
7.60
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
8.45
Longitude
123°W-
(minutes)
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
24.12
24.12
24.12
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.45
-------
APPENDIX A.I (continued)
Reference Observation Meanx Net Current71
depth speed direction
(m) (m s"1) (°True toward)
3. Tollefson et aj. 2
(1971) cont. 4
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
0.026
0.173
0.173
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
73
111
114
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Number of Observation
observations period duration
(hours)
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
9-3-70
9-3-70
9-3-70
9-29-70
9-30-70
10-1-70
11-3-70
11-4-70
11-5-70
11-6-70
0.2
0.2
0.2
4.4
6.8
7.2
3.0
5.9
5.9
3.4
Latitude
48°N-
(minutes)
7.28
7.28
7.28
7.28
7.28
7.28
7.60
7.60
7.60
7.60
Longitude
123°W-
(rainutes)
22.85
22.85
22.85
22.85
22.85
22.85
22.70
22.70
22.70
22.70
Mean current speeds and directions are heavily biased due to very short sampling intervals.
-------
APPENDIX A.2
Index to Historical Oceanographic Data:
Summary of Mean and Variances For Currents
Observed For Several Days or Longer in
Port Angeles Harbor and Vicinity
64
-------
APPENDIX A.2. SUMMARY OF MEAN AND VARIANCK FOR CURRENTS OBSERVED FOR
SEVERAL'DAYS OR LONGER IN PORT ANGELES HARBOR AND
VICINITY (SEE FIG. 3.2 FOR LOCATIONS AND CURRENT PATTERN)
Gfixr.'j] location/ Observation Mean
r<-.1n\ fvr- water depth, Z speed
dr-pfli (Z/rl) (m) (m s"1) (
1 .
If..
p .
3.
01' 1-
/i.
Port Anp.ole
n. X/d
Port An
Gr'-i'-n P
a . X/d
= 0
!'/•'! "
olnl
= 0
s Harbor
.51
r, Mou tb
n
.21
16
5
5
0.013
0.031
0.133
Current Total Observation period Latitude Longitude
direction variance begin duration 48°N- 123 W-
;°Truc toward) (m s ) date (days) (talmites} (minutes')
109
160
93
.0071
.046
.19
2-19-76
6-7-79
10-15-75
19
32
15
8.14
7.50
8.15
25.00
22.30
17.45
Dniif.fv.pss Rpll "
a . X/d
1.. X/d
f . X/rl
MIOH.
,j ,„„„„.
n . X/d
1) . X/d
c . X/d
d . X/d
- 0
=- 0
= 0
J'OJT)
= 0
= 0
= 0
= 0
,'j . 1', J wli.'l K 1 Vf)
I
:. . X/rl
1, . X/d
I'.d j y )|r,
,'. . X/rl
b. X/d
, . X/rl
--- (J
-- 0
.<,]' ''
= 0
- 0
- 0
. 04
.19
.87
a
1
.09
.20
.42
.90
a
.].';
.74
.00
.48
.09
5
21
92
13
27
57
121
5
23
5
42
61
0.346
0.336
0.157
0.070
0.079
0.036
0.048
0.206
0.226
0.187
0.135
0.182
78
73
99
258
258
231
111
325
004
328
302
241
.27
.23
.096
.38
.33
.30
.18
.77
.40
.21
.16
.14
10-19-75
10-19-75
10-19-75
2-25-76
2-25-76
2-25-76
2-25-76
9-2-75
9-2-75
4-20-63
4-20-63
4-20-63
15
15
15
40
40
40
40
15
15
5
5
5
11.23
11.23
11.23
11.44
11.44
11.44
11.44
10.61
10.61
9.60
9.60
9.60
9.50
9.50
9.50
39.75
39.75
39.75
39.75
32.06
32.06
24.60
24.60
24.60
-------
APPENDIX A.2 (continued)
General location/
relative water
depth (Z/d)
Observation Mean Current Total Observation period
depth, Z speed direction variance begin duration
(m) (m s"1) ("True toward) (m2 s"2) date (davs)
Latitude Longitude
48°N- 123°W-
(minutes) (minutes)
OFFSHORE
7.
8.
Green Point0
a. Z/d - 0.06
b. Z/d - 0.44
c. Z/d - 0.73
Dungeness Spit0
a. Z/d - 0.03
b. Z/d - 0.47
c. Z/d - 0.78
5
39
64
5
69
114
0.355
0.104
0.111
0.195
0.140
0.220
224
271
63
260
335
63
.36
.32
.27
.08
.09
.27
7-20-64
7-20-64
7-20-64
8-10-64
8-10-64
8-10-64
5
5
5
5
5
5
11.20
11.20
11.20
13.60
13.60
13.60
17.30
17.30
17.30
8.00
8.00
8.00
MID-CHANNEL
9.
10.
11.
Tongue Point8
a. Z/d - 0.09
b. Z/d - 0.35
c. Z/d • 0.71
d. Z/d - 0.92
Elwha River8
a. Z/d - 0.03
b. Z/d = 0.13
c. Z/d * 0.37
d. Z/d •* 0.64
e. Z/d = 0.91
a
Green Point
a. Z/d =• 0.04
b. Z/d » 0.17
c. Z/d = 0.49
d. Z/d - 0.88
16
61
125
162
5
21
61
107
151
5
21
61
109
0.270
0.154
0.166
0.136
0.403
0.291
0.088
0.135
0.119
0.137
0.067
0.179
0.181
289
295
96
87
253
247
190
73
68
271
279
84
60
.45
.38
.33
.17
.40
.43
.48
.39
.27
.35
.37
.43
.28
2-25-76
2-25-76
2-25-76
2-25-76
9-23-75
9- 2-75
9-23-75
10-8-75
9- 2-75
9- 2-75
9- 2-75
9- 2-75
40
40
40
40
10
41
41
41
41
15
15
15
15
14.60
14.60
14.60
14.60
13.85
13,85
13.85
13.85
13.85
16.70
16.70
16.70
16.70
39.10
39.10
39.10
39.10
33.43
33.43
33.43
33.43
33-43
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
-------
MID-CHANNEL
APPENDIX A. 2 (continued)
General location/
relative water
depth (Z/d)
Observation
depth, Z
(m)
Mean
speed
(m s-1)
Current
direction
(°True toward^
Total
variance
^m2 s/2) .
Observation period
begin duration
date (days)
Latitude
48°N-
(minutes)
Longitude
123°W-
(minutes)
12. Dungeness Spit
a. Z/d = 0.03
b. Z/d = 0.15
5
21
0.120
0.073
180
197
.27
.23
10-19-75
10-19-75
15
15
14.90
14.90
12.10
12.10
a. Aanderaa-type current meter; unpublished data of
National Ocean Survey (see i'arkcr, 1977).
b. Aanderaa-type current meter; unpublished data of
Environmental Protection Agency.
c. Currents manually recorded hourly; unpublished data
of National Ocean Survey.
-------
APPENDIX A.3
Index to Historical Oceanographic Data:
Observations of Drifting Objects
in Port Angeles Harbor
and Vicinity
68
-------
APPENDIX A.3, OBSERVATIONS OF DRIFTING OBJECTS IN PORT ANGELES HARBOR
AND VICINITY.
Reference
1. Peterson & Glbbs (1957)
2. Charnell (1958)
Type of Observation Number of Observation Period Remarks
Objects Depth objects date duration Average
observed (m) observed (hours) sampling
interval
Floats
Floats
Floats
Floats
Floats
Floats
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
unknown
2
2
2
2
2
53
7-3-57
7-24-57
7-31-57
8-6-57
8-7-57
Oct. 1956-
June 1958
4
3
2.
3,
3
.7
.5
.3
.6
.5
unknown
(minutes)
96
30
45
60
16
unknown 53 floats were
followed during
Plastic
envelopes
0.0
unknown unknown
See
remarks
unknown
3. Wash. St. Pollution
Control Commission
(1967)
Drogues Unknown
Drogues Unknown
Drogues Unknown
Drogues Unknown
8-10 Sept. 1962 Unknown Unknown
8-10 Oct. 1962 Unknown Unknown
8-10 Nov. 1962 Unknown Unknown
8-10 Sept. 1963 Unknown Unknown
26 studies from
Oct. 1956-June 1958.
Raw data not available.
25-50 envelopes launched
each hour for one
day, followed during
day of launch, and
collected off beaches
for the following four
days. Experiment done
twice. Raw data not
available.
No trajectories given.
Raw data not available.
-------
APPENDIX A. 3 (continued)
Reference Type of
Objects
observed
4. Tollefson ££ al . Drogues
, (1971) Droguee
Drogues
Drogues
Drogues
Drogues
Drogues
Drogues
Drogues
Drogues
Drogues
Drogues
Drogues
Drogues
Drogues
Drogues
Drogues
Drogues
Drogues
Drogues
Drogues
Drogues
Drogues
Drogues
Drogues
Drogues
Drogues
Drogues
Drogues
Drogues
Drogues
Drogues
Drogues
Drogues
Observation Number of Observation Period Remarks
Depth objects date duration Average
(m) observed sampling
Interval
(minutes)
1.0,1-8,3.6,6.7
1.2,4.0,7.0
2.0,4.0,8.0
0.0,2.0,4.0,8.0
0.0,2.0,4.0,8.0
0.0,2.0,4.0,8.0
0.0,2.0,4.0,8.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4,0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4
3
3
4
4
8
7
8
8
15
15
6
11
6
12
13
13
10
7
10
6
6
6
9
9
8
7
7
8
15
8
7
8
8
5-27-70
5-28-70
6-12-70
7-9-70
7-10-70
7-15-70
7-17-70
7-21-70
7-22-70
7-23-70
7-24-70
7-27-70
7-28-70
7-29-70
7-30-70
7-31-70
8-6-70
8-7-70
8-12-70
8-13-70
8-14-70
8-17-70
8-18-70
8-19-70
8-20-70
8-25-70
8-28-70
8-31-70
9-1-70
9-2-70
9-3-70
12-4-70
12-9-70
12-10-70
9.6
6.5
5.3
6.0
5.5
8.3
3.2
3.3
6.8
4.6
5.5
1.0
6.6
4.9
6.4
3.7
6.7
4.3
3.8
13.6
9.4
2.6
6.4
7.4
7.9
7.4
6.7
1.3
7.1
7.4
6.2
4.0
5.3
6.5
109
117
53
93
86
79
86
61
84
89
70
57
73
68
98
61
71
61
75
72
102
45
48
59
61
61
92
60
73
90
77
29
38
49
-------
APPENDIX A.3 (continued)
. • " ' ~ ' •
Reference Type of Observation Number of Observation
Objects Depth objects date duration
observed observed (hours)
5. Environmental Drogue
Protection Drogue
Agency (1974) Drogue
Drogue
Drogue
6. Ebbesraeyer ' Drift sheets
et_ al. (1978) Drogues
Drift sheets
Drogues
Drift cards
Drift sheets
Drogues
Drift cards
Drift sheets
Drogues
Drift cards
Drift sheets
Drogues
Drift cards
Drift sheets
Drogues
Drift sheets
Drogues
Drift cards
7. Cox _et al. Drift sheets
(1978) Drift sheets
Drift sheets
Drift sheets
Drift sheets
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
.0,3.0,6.0,12.0
.0,3.0,6.0,12.0
.0,3.0,6.0,12.0
.6,4.6,6.1,12.2
.6,4.6,6.1,12.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0,9.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
4
4
4
4
4
9
6
23
4
100
29
8
100
17
7
100
13
4
100
15
11
18
9
300
10
11
28
39
50
4-24-73
4-24-73
4-24-73
7-25-73
7-25-73
4-23-78
4-23-78
4-24-78
4-24-78
4-24-78
4-25-78
4-25-78
4-25-78
4-26-78
4-26-78
4-26-78
4-27-78
4-27-78
4-27-78
4-28-78
4-28-78
4-29-78
4-29-78
4-30-78
8-22-78
8-23-78
8-24-78
8-25-78
8-26-78
1.2
0.9
1.2
1.0
1.0
3.0
7.7
12.4
2.5
varies
11.9
7.2
varies
8.6
8.7
varies
12.3
9.8
varies
11.9
11.5
12.9
12.0
varies
10.8
10.7
10.6
13.7
9.7
Period
Average
sampling
interval
(minutes)
8
8
9
unknown
unknown
48
45
72
42
None
67
23
None
31
24
None
34
21
None
21
22
45
36
None
51
61
59
89
115
Remarks,
Drogues were launched
over ITT outfall
three times .
Drogues launched over
ITT outfall twice.
32 later recovered onshore.
21 later recovered onshore.
31 later recovered onshore.
71 later recovered onshore.
85 later recovered onshore.
-------
APPENDIX A.3 (continued)
Reference Type of Observation
Objects Depth
observed
8. Fashlnski and Drift
' Charnell (1979) Drift
Drift
Drift
Drift
Drift
cards
cards
cards
cards
cards
cards
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0
0
0
0
0
0
Number of Observation
objects date duration
observed (hours)
500
500
400
1800
800
1000
4-5-76
4-14-76
7-22-76
2-15-77
5-17-77
7-20-77
varies
varies
varies
varies
varies
varies
Period
Average
sampling
interval
(minutes)
None
None
None
None
None
None
Remarks
178
278
202
217
410
185
later
later
later
later
later
later
recovered
recovered
recovered
recovered
recovered
recovered
onshore
onshore
onshore
onshore
onshore
onshore
ro
-------
APPENDIX A.4
Index to Historical Oceanographic Data:
Observations of Water Properties
in Port Angeles Harbor
and Vicinity
73
-------
APPENDIX A. 4 OBSERVATIONS OP WATER PROPERTIES IN PORT ANGELES HARBOR
AND VICINITY.
i:
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Reference
Westley (1956a)
Westley (1956b)
Peterson and Cibbs
(1957)
Charnell (1958)
Ott et. aj.. (1961)
Stein et al.
(1962, 1963)
Callaway et al.
(1965)
Parameters Number of
observed surveys
Temp. , Sal. , D.O. , 1
S.W.L.
Temp . , Sa 1 . , D . 0 . , 1
S.W.L. , B.O.D.
Temp. , Sal. , D.O. , 7
S.W.L.
Temp, , Sal., D.O., 21
S.W.L. , pH
Temp. , Sal. , D.O. , 1
S.W.L., sulfites,
volatile solids
Sal. , D.O., S.W.L. , 4
pH, water transparency
Temp. , Sal. , D.O. , 14
S.W.L. , pH, water
Number of
Stations
per survey
31
40
23
23
30
53
18
Observation
period
11 Sept. 1956
16 Oct. 1956
26 June-
24 Sept. 1957
24 Aug. 1956
19 Mar. 1958
28 Nov.-
7 Dec. 1961
Unknown
Sept. 1962-
Jan. 1964
Remarks
Referenced in Collias
(1970) but data not
included.
Referenced in Collias
(1970) but data not
included.
Physical and chemical
data taken in conjunc-
tion with bacterial
surveys.
Data later included in
Stein and Denison (1966
Also described by
Bartsch ejt aj.. (1967)
transparency
and Wash, St. Pollution
Control Commission
(1967).
-------
APPENDIX A.4 (continued)
Reference Parameters Number of
observed surveys
8. Stein and Denison Sal., D.O., S.W.L., Unknown
(1966) pH, water transparency
9. Wash. St. a. Temp., Sal., D.O., 9
Pollution, Control S.W.L. , pH, water
Commission (1967) transparency
b. Temp., Sal., D.O., 13
S.W.L. , pH, total
sulf ides
c. Sal. , S.W.L. 19
Number of
stations
per survey
53
10
6
12
Observation
period
1961-1966
July 1963-
June 1964
April-May
1964
May 1963-
August 1964;
Nov. 1964
Remarks
(1962, 1963) included".
Physical and chemical
data taken in conjunc-
tion with plankton
ecology surveys.
Physical and chemical
data taken in conjunc-
tion with juvenile
salmon bioassays.
Physical and chemical
data taken in conjunc-
tion with oyster larvae
10. U.S. Dept. of
Interior (1970)
1.1. Collias (1970)
Temp., Sal., D.O. ,
S.W.L., pH
Temp., Sal. , D.O.,
S.W.L., nutrients
26
several
23 July 1970
1932-1966
bioassays. Also
described by Paulik
(1966).
Bacteria survey also
conducted.
Index to physical and
chemical hydrographic
data taken by the
University of Washington,
Wash. St. Dept. of
Fisheries, and the
Pacific Oceanographic
Group, Canada.
-------
APPENDIX A.4 (continued)
12.
13.
l'i
15.
16.
Reference
Aspttarte (1972)
Aspitarte and Smale
(1972)
Pine (1972)
Environmental (1972a)
Protection
Agency
Environmental (1972b)
Protection
Parameters Number of
observed surveys
Temp. , Turbidity, 1
Zinc., Sodium
Temp. , D.O. , pH, 3
volatile solids
Temp. , D.O., S.W.L. , 1
pH, Turbidity,
total solids, zinc.
Temp. , Sal. , D.O. , 1
S.W.L., pH, Turbidity,
Temp. , Sal. , D.O. , 1
S.W.L. , pH, Turbidity
Number of
stations
per survey
3
varies
6
30
30
Observation
period
18-19 Jan. 1972
13 Oct. 1971-
21 Jan. 1972
23 Feb. 1972
3-4 May 1972
31 Oct.-
1 Nov. 1972
Remarks
Stations repeated
ten times each.
Hydrographic data
taken in conjunction
with a study of
Crown Zellerbach's
sludge beds,
Bacteria survey also
conducted.
Bacteria survey also
conducted.
Agency
17. Environmental (1974)
Protection
Agency
18. Moore (1976)
19, Young and Cormack
(1976)
Temp., Sal., D.O., pH,
S.W.L., total
suspended solids
Temp., Sal., D.O.,
S.W.L., pH, dissolved
total sulfides, turbidity
Temp., D.O., pH, zinc
12
10
23 April 1973
22-27 May 1976
15 June 1976
Live box bioassay
also conducted.
-------
APPENDIX A.4 (continued)
Reference
Parameters
observed
Number of
surveys
Number of
stations
per survey
Observation
period
Remarks
20. Fagergren (1976)
21. Denison and Fagergren
(1977)
22. Fagergren and Rodgers
(1977)
23. Environmental
Protection
Agency (1979)
24. Environmental
Protection
Agency (STORET)
a. University of
Washington
b. Wash. St. Dept.
of Fisheries
c. Wash. St. Dept.
of Ecology
Sal., D.O., S.W.L.
pH, turbidity
Temp., D.O., S.W.L.,
pH
Temp., D.O., S.W.L.,
PH
Temp., Sal. , S.W.L. ,
pH, B.O.D., nutrients,
fluorescence
Temp. , Sal. , D.O. ,
S.W.L., nutrients
unknown
unknown
unknown
unknown
varies
unknown
22
62
20
17-18 June Stations were repeated
and usually seven times
17-18 Aug. 1979 per survey.
unknown
18-20 May 1977
5-9 June 1979 unpublished, oyster
larvae bioassay
also conducted
STORET is the EPA's
Water Quality Data
Storage and Retrieval
System. Data is
1962-1964 unpublished.
1970-1972
1968-1979
-------
APPENDIX A.5
Index to Historical Oceanographic Data:
Aerial Photographs of Port Angeles Harbor
and Vicinity
78
-------
APPENDIX A.5. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS OF PORT ANGELES HARBOR
AND VICINITY.
Source
Type of
photograph
Observation
period
1. Army Corps of Engineers
2, Environmental Protection
Agency
3. ITT Rayonier, Inc.
4. Evans-Hamilton, Inc.
black and white
a. multispectral
b. multispectral
color
a. color
b. color
c. color
yearly surveillence flights
1970, 1972, 1974.
April-July 1973
March-April 1979-
June-August 1976
April 1978
August 1978
June 1979
79
-------
APPENDIX B
Tidal Phases of the Surface Tidal
Current Patterns in the
Hydraulic Tidal Model
80
-------
*;->pendix B.I. Tidal phases (dots and circles) of the surface tidal current patterns in the
hydraulic tidal model. Numbers correspond to tidal current patterns in
Appendix C and D. Circles indicate comparisons with field observations
presented in Appendix D.
81
-------
APPENDIX C
Tidal Current Patterns at Surface
in the Hydraulic Tidal Model
82
-------
s
1 ' ' ' '-.'•• -'-i-' ' j_L -L i Jv
M B ^t
|f; , I HI
Mill
r~r-i i i i i
23" 10' W
I. ' J_ ' ' ' ' J ' ' '
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I | | | - 5
123 IOW
Appendix C.1-C.3. Surface tidal current patterns.
83
-------
I I I I I I I I I I I I I
40'
r' . l_ I I I I I .1 I _l .1 I I 1 I I I I J I I I I I I I I I I I- J I * I
| I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I | I I I I I I I I
. — O
10'- «£
i, .1 i I I I I i I 1 ' '
20
123° 10' W
Appendix C.4-C.6. Surface tidal current patterns.
84
-------
40' 30' 20'
5'- '. ' ' ' I i i ' i i . ! ! i I ,
I 0'-
-
-15'
-10'
I I I I I I I I I
40'
| I II I I I I I I | I
30' 20'
-7
. 7 V
I I I I I | I I I
123° 10' W
'48"
- 5'
I I I J I .1 .1 I I I
m i
i i i
i i i i i i i i i I I I J , I., I.J J ,1, 1 .1 -1. I 1, I J. I L ,1 I
\ ^'TZ^^^^^^/'/fsy//^ i
•£?, * -~ '^>-^^^^f^ /?S/'l/SeS .6
I I I I I I I I I | I I I I I I !
123 10' W
Appendix C.7-C.9. Surface tidal current patterns.
-------
40'
15'-
J L
30'
I J I I I I I
20'
i J.
10'
, 1,1 I J..! I-
—
. . . . u_ 1 1 1 1 I -II J J..I, I 1,1 I i, I, . I , I . . . . • 1
'•--.- ' • m ' r v "•""'
-3 ~ *
^ ' 1
M&s?^;
1 '
S|p ' ' <2^t^' '
-15'
10'-
-10
48°
I
40' 30' 20' 123° I 0' W
40'
30'
-
I J i I
'
20'
I ,
10'
, i. i.i, i. J
'?T—^0 /
YV « (
' '" " " ' 1%
^^-' ' ^
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
40'
10'-
5'
J_.l \, I I ,1 ,1 J, I
30' 20' 10'
'. '_' ! ' ' -L1 ' ' ' .'. ' i ' '. ' J ' ' '
-
•'i£L
40'
I | I I I I I
30'
i i i i i i
20'
I I I I I I | I I I
123° I 0' W
-15'
—IO'
48°
Appendix C.10-C.12. Surface tidal current patterns.
86
-------
?'- ' ' J ' ' J -'''.' 'I I I I I I I
i 0'-
40'
I I I I I I I I | I I I I I I I I I | I I | f- 5
30' 20' 123° I 0' W N
123 IOW
5 1 | I | | | I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I
40
23° I 0' W
Appendix C.13-C.15. Surface tidal current patterns.
-------
i ' I .'..1.1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
40
| I I I I I I I I I | I I I
123° I 0' W
I. 1 I. 1.I.1 I I I I. .1
-
^cS^&S^^?
I I 1 I I I I I 1'
123° 10' W
i
r~r
123° I 0' W
Appendix C.16-C.IS. Surface tidal current patterns.
88
-------
I I I I I I I I [ I I. I. I
•
40'
30'
I I I I I | I I I
23° I 0' W
I I I | I I I I I I I I I | I I I
40'
15'--
O' 30' 20'
i i i i i i i i I i i i I i
10'-
-
10'
I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
A
-15'
— 10'
48°
40'
3 0
20'
123 I 0' W
Appendix C.19-C.21. Surface tidal current patterns.
89
-------
15'-
0' 30' 20'
' ' I J_j I i L ' 1 i '. ' ' ' ' .' ' ' I J
10'
I I I I I I I ! I
40'
I I | I I I I I I
30'
'48°
I | I I 1 I I I I I I | I I I
20' 123° I 0' W N
-15'
-10'
40'
15'-
I 0'—
30'
i i i i I i
I ,
23
-15'
-IO'
-48°
40'
I I I
123° I 0' W N
30'
20'
~ • '- ' ^r-
mMm^ili^^
*
»ll
i i i i i i i i i i r~
40'
Appendix C.22-C.24. Surface tidal current patterns.
90
-------
40'
30'
•
i
40'
30'
~~
' '—'—>—'—U J J, J. J -.'^J i i I 15'
i i i i i i i i I i i i i i i i i i rri
123 I 0' W
Appendix C.25-C.27. Surface tidal current patterns.
91
-------
'-I L L I L J. L l-l i
40'
"I I | I I I I I I I I I | I I I I I I I I I | I I I •
30' 20' 123° I 0' W N
L J I L I .1.1.1 i Li ] I 1.1 i 1.1
i I i i | i i i
!23° I O' W
I I I I I I I I | I I I I I I I I I | I I I I I 1 I I I | I
Appendix C.28-C.30. Surface tidal current patterns.
92
-------
40'
30'
20'
15'-
I 0'-
— 10
40'
I I I I I I [ I I I I
I I I I | I I I I I I I I I | I I I
iO' 123° I 0' W
40'
4 0
Appendix C.31-C.32. Surface tidal current patterns.
3
-------
APPENDIX D
Comparison of Surface Tidal Current
Patterns in the Hydraulic Tidal Model
with Field Observations
94
-------
40
15'-
I 0'-
30'
I I
i i i i i i i
20'
i I
5' I I | I I I I I I I I I [ I I I I
30' 20'
30'
20'
3 0'
I I I I I I | I !
20'
-
-10'
-48'
- 5'
1
05'
SPEED (CM/SEO
100 aoo
I _1
KILOMETERS
0 5 10
'
25'
T
::
_•
48°
10'
05'
123°
Appendix D.I. Top: Tidal current pattern from hydraulic tidal «del. Inset shows tidal
phase. Middle: Drogue trajectories on 1 September (left) and 20 August
(right) 1970 from Tollefson et al. (1971). Bottom: Drift sheet spatial
vector diagram at 1400 25 April 1978 from Ebbesmeyer et al. (1978). Speed
scale applies only to spatial vector diagram.
95
-------
40'
30'
20
I I I I I I I I I
1 I I I I | I I 1
23° 10' W
40'
4°' 30' 20' 10'
15' III I i i i i I i i i i i i i ii I i
10'-
I I I I
40'
48
I I I I I | I I I I I I I I I | I I I I I I I I I | I I I
30' 20' 123° I 0' W N
10
SPEED (CM/SEC)
0 100 ZOO
I , I I I
KILOMETERS
5 10
i I I I , I I
' i ' ' i . _ . . i : I
"
48°
10'
05'
35'
05' 123°
Appendix D.2. Top: Tidal current pattern from hydraulic tidal model. Inset shows tidal
phase. Middle: Drogue trajectories on 28 July 1970 from Tollefson et al.
(1971). Bottom: Drift sheet spatial vector diagram at 1300 24 April 1978
from Ebbesmeyer et al. (1978). Speed scale applies only to spatial
vector diagram.
96
-------
40'
; -
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
30'
20'
10'-
1 I | I I I 1 I I I I I | I I
30' 20'
30'
20'
"'I'
30'
T
20'
-10
'48
Appendix D 3 Top: Tidal current pattern from hydraulic tidal model. Inset shows tidal
phase. Bottom: Drogue trajectories on 13 August (left) and 17 August
(right) 1970 from Tollefson et al. (1971).
-------
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Appendix D.4. Top: Tidal current pattern from hydraulic tidal model. Inset shows tidal
phase. Bottom: Drift sheet spatial vector diagram at 1600 24 April 1978
from Ebbesoeyer et. a_l. (1978).
98
-------
40'
i | i
I 0'-
23 IOW
10'-
-
30'
20'
I I | I I I I I I I I I | I I
30' 20'
30'
20'
I I | I I I I I I
3 0'
I I | I I I
20'
-10'
Appendix D.5. Top: Tidal current pattern from hydraulic tidal model. Inset shows tidal
phase. Bottom: Drogue trajectories on 12 August (left) and 13 August
(right) 1970 from Tollefson et^ a_l. (1971).
99
-------
i i | i i i i i i i i i | i IT i i i i i i | i i
40' 30' 20' io'
I5' 1 I i i i i i i i i I i i i i i i i i i I i i i i i i i i i I i i i
10'-
I 1 I I I I I I I | I
40' 30'
-10'
48°
20'
123 I 0'
Appendix D.6. Top: Tidal current pattern from hydraulic tidal model. Inset shows tidal
phase. Bottom: Drogue trajectories on 4 December 1970 from Tollefson
£t aj.. (1971).
100
-------
5'- J...' I I I I i i i I I i i
40'
3 0'
20'
I ! I I I I I | I I I
123° 10' W
40' 30' 20'
I 5'—I—I—I—I—I—I—I—I—I—1 I I I I I I i i i i I i I i i
10'-
I I I I I I I I I | I ! I
40' 30'
~i—i—i—|—i—i—i n~i i i i ] i
2 0' 123° I 0' W
-10'
48
- 5'
Appendix D.7. Top: Tidal current pattern from hydraulic tidal model. Inset shows tidal
phase. Bottom: Drogue trajectories on 4 December 1970 from Tollefson
et. al_. (1971)
101
-------
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
40'
30'
15' ' ' '
10'-
20
30'
20'
30'
20'
1 I i
-10'
48°
30'
20
Appendix D.8. Top: Tidal current pattern from hydraulic tidal model. Inset shows tidal
phase. Bottom: Generalized current pattern (left) from Charnell (1958);
and drogue trajectories (right) on 28 August 1970 from Tollefson e± al. (1971)
102
-------
S'- ' ' ' ' ' ' I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I •)- 5
40'
40'
10'-
30'
20'
I I I I I I I I I | I I I I I I I I I | I I I I
40' 30' 20'
-15
-10'
48
I I I | I I I
123° I 0' W N
Appendix D.9. Top: Tidal current pattern from hydraulic tidal model. Inset shows tidal
phase. Bottom: Generalized current patterns from Charaell (1958).
103
-------
40'
-
-
J J ..I. I
30'
i i .1. .i..l i.i
20'
_L_i
i i i i
I I I I I
3 0
1 I I | I I I
123° 10' W
-10'
48°
- 5'
40' 30' 20' 10'
15' | I I I i i i i i i I i i i i i i i i i I i i i i I i i i
I 0'-
-15'
-10'
'48°
i I i i r | i
40' 30' 20' 123° I 0' W N
Appendix D.10. Top: Tidal current pattern from hydraulic tidal model. Inset shows tidal
phase. Bottom: Drogue trajectories on 9 December 1970 from Tollefson
et. al. (1971).
104
-------
4 -
15'-
: —
40'
i | i i i i i i i i i | i
48'
123° 10' W
10'
V
05'-
SPEED (CM/SEC)
100 200
I i I i I
KILOME TERS
5 10
) I I . , i I I
:
05'
Appendix D.ll. Top: Tidal current pattern from hydraulic tidal model. Inset shows tidal
phase. Bottom: Drift sheet spatial vector diagram at 0900 24 April 1978
from Ebbesmeyer .et al,. (1978).
105
-------
I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I
Appendix D.12. Top: Tidal current patterns from hydraulic tidal model. Inset shows tidal
phase. Bottom: Drift sheet spatial vector diagram at 0800 25 April 1978
from Ebbesmeyer et al_. (1978).
106
-------
40
30'
i—i i i i—i—n—i—pr~i—i—i—rn i r~i [ • i ] r
i 0 - ' i
30'
20
10'-
I I I I I 1 I I I
30'
2 0
30'
20'
3 0
2 0
30'
20'
| I I I I I I I I I
30' 20
-10'
48
,5'
15'
10
35'
25'
05' 123°
S
J
05'-
,
DUNGENESS\
ANGELES "--X. 4V
•\ - -
SPEED (CM/SEC)
0 IOO 200
l__l I I 1
^
KILOMETERS
0510
35'
15'
15"
48°
10'
05'
05' 123°
Appendix D.13. Top: Tidal current pattern from hydraulic tidal model. Inset shows tidal
phase. Middle: Generalized current pattern (left) from Charnell (1958);
and drogue trajectories on 22 July (middle) and 2 September (right) 1970
from Tollefson £t M- (1971). Bottom: Drift sheet spatial vector diagram
at 1100 25 April 1978 from Ebbesmeyer £t al. (1978). Speed scale applies
only to spatial vector diagram.
107
------- |