EPA R4-72 009 Environmental Monitoring Series
September 1972
Reviews of Current Literature
on Analytical Methodology
and Quality Control
No. 12
Office of Research and Monitoring
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
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NOTICE
This bulletin is prepared monthly by the staff of the Analytical
Methodology Information Center (AMIC), Information Systems Section, Battelle,
Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, under EPA Contract No. 68-01-0166,
to inform personnel of the Analytical Quality Control Laboratory and other
segments of the National Analytical Methods Development Research Program of
recent publications on methodology. Personnel associated with the center are
Mr. Ralph Darby, Project Director, Mr. Robert Little, Project Leader,
Mr. John Mortland, Miss Verna Holoman, Mr. Ronald Snyder, Mr. Michael
Mackan, Mr. Ronald Byrd, and Mr. George Long, Abstractors.
The 3" x 5" format of the citations and use of card stock is intended
to facilitate removal and filing of items of interest. Because of space limi-
tations, the index terms accompanying the citations are selected from a complete
list as representative of the important concepts presented in each article.
Comments and suggestions regarding the content of the "Reviews" or
requests from EPA personnel to be placed on the mailing list should be directed
to the Project Officer:
Dr. Cornelius I. Weber
Analytical Quality Control Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center
Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
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REVIEWS OF CURRENT LITERATURE ON
ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL
NO. 12
By
Analytical Methodology Information Center (AMIC)
Information Systems Section
Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201
Contract No. 68-01-0166
Project 16020 HJE
Prepared for
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND MONITORING
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, B.C. 20460
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\
»
NATIONAL ANALYTICAL METHODS DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM
ANALYTICAL QUALITY CONTROL LABORATORY
REVIEWS OF CURRENT LITERATURE ON
ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL
No. 12 September, 19/2
Arrangement of the citations followings the major research areas of the Analytical
Quality Control Laboratory and other segments of the National Analytical Methods
Development Research Program. Items which apply to more than one area are cross-
referenced.
CONTENTS
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS Page 1-18
Scope: Wet chemical methods; Nutrients; NTA; Trace metals; Helium glow;
Chromatography (thin layer, gas, liquid); Spectroscopy (atomic absorption;
flame emission, arc-spark, visible, UV, IR, fluorescent); Radiochemistry;
Automation of methods; Ion-specific and other probes; Mass spectrometry;
Mass spectra; NMR; Instrument-computer interface; Chlorinated hydrocarbons
(pesticides, PCB's, other); Trace organics; Petroleum processes (reforming,
hydroforming, platforming, catalysts); Petroleum additives; Reduced crudes;
Sulfur isotopes; Boiling range determination; Asphatenes and carboids;
Weathering; Organometallics; Elemental analysis; Paraffinic distribution;
Petroleum wastes; Water quality standards; Effluent monitoring.
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS Page 19-32
Scope: Plankton; Periphyton; Macrophyton; Macroinvertebrates; Fish;
Sample collection (grab samplers, artificial substrates); Sample
processing (preservation, staining, automatic and manual sorting and
counting); Organisms identification (taxonomic keys, optical and electron
microscopy, gas chromatography, electrophoresis, karyosystematics); Biomass
measurements (drying, freeze-drying, ashing, ATP, DNA, chlorophyll measure-
ment, calorimetry); Metabolic rates (primary productivity, respiration,
electron transport, nitrogen fixation); Culturing; Biomonitoring; Bioassay;
Bioaccumulation of hazardous materials; Community structure (indicator
organisms, species diversity, community stability); Mathematical models;
Statistical analysis.
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3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS Page 33-41
Scope: Pollution indicators; Waterborne pathogens; Sampling; Detection;
Identification; Enumeration; Monitoring; Survival; Automation; Instrumenta-
tion; Cell counting; Selective and differential media; Growth factors;
Metabolic products; Membrane filter procedures; Microbiological standards;
Specific bacteriophage; Fluorescent antibody techniques; Radioactive
tracers; Antigen identification; Photomicroscopy; Optical measurements;
Data handling, presentation, and interpretation.
4. METHODS AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION Page 42-43
Scope; Collaborative testing; Laboratory and analyst performance evaluation;
Inter- and intralaboratory quality control; Evaluation of laboratory equip-
ment; Statistical treatment of analytical data; Experimental design.
INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT Page 44-46
Scope; Intake systems (methods of sampling, connecting lines, wells, motors,
pumps, mode of operation); Sensors (electro-chemical, electro-biological,
thermodynamic, mechanical, optical, nuclear); Analyzers (analog and digital
amplifiers, output displays); Recording systems (telemetry, data logging,
digital data processors).
ii
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1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-3135
"INEXPENSIVE MERCURY-SPECIFIC GAS CHHOMATCCRAPHIC DETECTOR", Longbottom, J. E.,
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. Wt, No. 6, May 1972, pp 1111-1112.
The Coleman Model 50 Mercury Analyzer System, designed specifically for use
with the Hatch and Ott (1968) wet chemical method for determlng total mercury, has
been adapted for use as a mercury-specific gas chromatographlc detector. The
instrument consists of a pump that draws vapor through a 15-cm cell where UV absorbance
is continuously monitored at 2?l» nm. The system is very sensitive for elemental
mercury but requires the prior reduction of all mercury to the elemental state. A
modification of this detector allowed detection of as little as 0.02 ng of dimethyl
mercury. Replicate Injections of 5-ng amounts of dlethyl mercury were reproducible,
with a relative deviation of 1.72 percent. The linear range of the instrument extends
through three orders of magnitude. For dlethyl mercury the detector response is
linear from 0.05 ng through 100 ng. Since as little as 0.02 ng of dimethyl mercury
can be detected from a gas chromatograph with the MdS-50, concentrations of 1-10
ng/llter can be detected in environmental samples. Extracts of natural water samples
have shown them to be completely free of interferences. The detector system has also
been applied to the detection of methyl mercury In sediment samples. Although not
sensitive enough to serve in place of the electron capture detector in the analysis for
the halldes of methyl mercury, It has been used to confirm the presence of methyl
mercury at levels of 0.010 mlcrogram or higher, and may have a direct application to
fish analyses.
INDEX TERMS: Instrumentation, Gas chromatography. Laboratory equipment. Mercury.
Chemical analysis. Heavy.metals, Trace elements, Sediments, Pollutant identifica-
tion, Mercury detector, Organomercury compounds, Precision, Detection limits.
AMC-3525
"TOE ROLE OF SEDIMENTS IN EUTROPHICATION - A PRELIMINARY STUDY", Moore, C. A., Silver,
M. L., University of Illinois, Illinois Water Resources Center, Urbama, Illinois, WHC
Research Report Mo. 50, Contract Ho. ll(-31-0001-3213, January 1972, 89 pp. HTIS
Report Ho. PB 207 785.
Results are presented of am extensive literature survey concerning the
distribution of nutrients in waters and sediments and mechanisms for describing the
mobility of phosphate nutrients In aquatic systems. The horizonal and vertical
distribution of nutrients for Great Lakes waters and In other U.S. as wen as foreign
lakes and rivers are presented. Phosphate nutrient mobility mechanisms are organised
In a single table based upon two types of transformations: special and chemical.
Twenty-four possible types of transformation categories are employed based upon the
organic or inorganic form of the phosphate Itself and the organic or inorganic type of
spatial domain in which the phosphate is located. A laboratory technique to aid in
the study of the hydrodynamlc transport of phosphates in saturated soils Is described.
The technique is based upon a modification of the one dimensional consolidation test
and employs radlonucllde tracers. Typical test results are presented, though the
complete study of the phenomenon is the subject of a subsequent project In progress.
INDEX TERMS: Bottom sediments, Eutrophicatlon, Path of pollutants, Phosphates, Aquatic
soils, Aquatic environment, Water pollution sources, Water quality standards,
Laboratory tests, Radioactivity techniques, Physlochemlcal properties, Tracers,
Saturated soils, Distribution patterns. Water analysis, Soil analysis. Lake sedi-
ments, Phosphorus, Nutrient requirements, Cycling nutrients, Great Lakes, Chemical
analysis, Spatial distribution. Aquatic algae. Sampling, Fate of pollutants,
Orthophosphates.
1
AMIC-3517
"SURVEY OF ANALYTICAL SPECTRAL DATA SOURCES AMD RELATED COMPILATICH ACTIVITIES",
Gevantman, L. H., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. W», No. 7, June 1972, pp 30A-lt8A.
Those areas of spectral analysis where emphasis has been placed OB the compila-
tion and evaluation of the numerical data extracted from the literature are discussed,
and the handling systems are reviewed with emphasis on how they may be used to provide
the answers constantly in demand. The spectral data compilation activities described
Include not only the fully automated data compilation and evaluation center which
issues a variety of data products, but also the efforts of some scientific groups
that are beginning to define the data needs in a specific area. Sources for Infrared
spectra, mass spectrometrlc data, atomic absorption data, x-ray diffraction data,
HMR spectral data (chemical shift), ultraviolet spectra, and others are described. New
initiatives for automation and easy access and retrieval la some spectral areas an
considered.
INDEX TERMS: Analytical techniques, Automation, Spectroscopy, Surreys, Infrared
radiation, MESS spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, Nuclear magnetic resonance,
Ultraviolet radiation. Data collections, Data processing. Data transmission, Data
storage and retrieval, Computer programs. Computers, Spectral data sources,
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, NMR spectra. Ultraviolet spectra, Mass
spectra, Molecular spectroscopy, Infrared spectra.
AMIC-3870
"RADIOACTIVE WASTES", Straub, C. P., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. W»,
Ho. 6, June 1972, PP 1115-1123.
A review of the literature on radioactive wastes Is presented. Some of the
more Important aspects included are the following: management, legal problems associated
with disposal into the sea, foam separation, precipitation, solvent extraction, ion
exchange-natural and synthetic materials, fixation, ground disposal, sewer disposal,
and uptake by organisms.
INDEX TERMS: Reviews, Radioactive wastes, Radioactive waste disposal, Methodology,
Water pollution sources, Breeder reactors. Chemical wastes, Fallout, Industrial
wastes, Radlolsotopes, Solvent extractions, Radioactivity, Ion exchange, Sea water,
Absorption. Chemical precipitation, Underground waste disposal, Resins, Path of
pollutants, Decontamination, Fixation.
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-39I»3
"COMPUTER-AIDED VISUAL SPECTRUM ANALYSIS", Davis, A. R., Irish, D. E., Roden, R. B.,
Weerhelm, A. J., Applied Spgetroacqpy. Vol. 26, Mo. 3, May/June 1972, pp 38U-389.
A computer, operating In conversational mode, Is being used for the
analysis of overlapping Ranan and Infrared lines. Details of the procedure and the
program are given. The fitting procedure Is optical] operator intervention changes
the parameters and thereby modifies the fit between synthesized curve and experimental
curve. The gcodness-of-fit la given by a difference measurement.
INDEX TERMS: Mathematical studies, Hybrid computers, Data processing, Data storage
and retrieval, Methodology, Pollutant identification, Computer programs, Infrared
spectra, Ranan spectra, Spectral analysis. Data acquisition.
AMIC-U031
"AH.ATOMIC ABSORPTION METHOD FOR CATION MEASUREMENTS IN KJELDAHL DIGESTS OF BIOLOGICAL
MATERIALS", Sanul, H.f Pace, N., Analytical Biochemistry, Vol. 1*7, "o. 1, May 1972,
pp 57-65.
A practical method is described for the accurate measurement of Na, K, Mg,
and Ca in KJeldahl digests of biological samples, based on the characteristics of sul-
fate Interference with those cations as measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry
employing an acetylene-alr flame. For studies of interference of sulfate or
phosphate, appropriate volumes of H2SOU or H3POfc were added to solutions of the afore-
mentioned cations and tests were run In duplicate. Cesium and lanthanum chlorides
were added to samples and standards to minimize interference. Distilled water blanks,
know Ion solutions and liver homogenates were subjected to KJeldahl digestion and
analyzed for cations by AAS. Sulfate ion produced little or no Interference in
absorption by Na, K, Mg, but produced a large depression In Ca absorbance. The optimum
condition for analysis was determined to be addition of reagents to give 25 nM
lanthanum, U mM cesium, 300 mM hydrogen ion, and UO mK sulfate in standards and samples
for analysis in an acetylene-air flame by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Application of this method to a study of the recovery of cations added to dlalyzed rat
liver homogenate demonstrated that sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium could be
accurately measured in KJeldahl digests, which could also be used for the measurement
of total nitrogen.
IBDEX TERMS: Cations, Methodology, Alkali metals, Alkaline earth aetals, Chemical
analysis, Biological materials, Atomic absorption spectropbotometry, Chemical
digestion, KJeldahl nitrogen, Biological samples, Chemical recovery, KJeldahl
procedure.
AMIC-I«D19
"TITRIMETRIC MICRODETEPMIIIATION OF ZINC WITH EDTA USING l,5J3I*ETA-NAPHTH5fLTHICCARBA-
ZONE (HNDZ) AS AN EXTRACTIVE INDICATOR", Sladhvanl, S. K., Singh, R. P., Zeitschrlft
fur Analytlsehe Chemie, Vol. 259, No. "*f May 5, 1972, P 286.
1,5-Dl-beta-naphtbylthlocarbazone can be used as the indicator for the
titrlmetrlc determination of microquantltles of zinc In the presence of EDTA In
aqueous solution. This indicator forms a violet complex instantaneously with
Zn and is extractable in chloroform and carbon tetrachlorlde. Accurate results
are obtained In the pH range 3.90-U.50 with no catlonlc or anionlc interference.
The accuracy and sensitivity of this method are very high as compared with dlthlzone
(sensitivity being 0.0001 mlcrogram Zn/sq cm).
INDEX TERMS: Volumetric analysis. Zinc, Heavy metals, Separation techniques, Color
reaction, Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides, Phosphates, Sulfates, Fluorides,
Manganese, Calcium, Strontium, M&gnesium, Copper, Pollutant identification,
Aqueous solutions, Cations, Anionu, Chemical reactions, EDTA, Metal complexes,
1 5J>i-beta-naphthylthiooarbazone, Precision, Sensitivity, ThiosuLfates, Berates,
Thlocyanates, Tartrates, Sulfltes, Chromates, Oxalates, Barium, Chemical
interference, Detection limits.
AMIC-5360
"CHEMISTRY OF PESTICIDES1', Melnlkov, N. N., Sprlnger-Verlag, Hew York, New York,
1971, U80 pp.
This volume represents a modern, concise summary of the basic principles of
pest control by chemical means. Organization of the material is based on types of
compounds rather than biological effectiveness, with emphasis on physical and
Chemical properties, synthesis of compounds and Intermediates and toxicological
properties. The different classes of compounds are described in separate chapters
to present a logical sequence through the variations and derivatives of each chemical
class.
INDEX TERMS: Pesticide toxiclty, Carbamate pesticides, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesti-
cides, Chemical degradation, Metal organic pesticides, Organophosphorus
pesticides, Phosphothloate pesticides, Phenolic pesticides, Urea pesticides,
Aliphatic pesticides, Polychlorlnated biphenyls, Thiocarbamate pesticides,
Chemical properties, Physical properties, Dessicants, Defoliants, Acaricides,
Alglcides, Fungicides, Bacterlcldes, Pesticide residues, Avlcides, Sterllants,
Halogenated pesticides, Insecticides, Herbicides, Larvicldes, Inorganic
pesticides, Emulslflers, Fumlgants, Surfactants, Antibiotics (pesticides),
Trlazlne pesticides.
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AJOC-5387
"A HIGH-SELECTIVE TITRATION METHOD FOR DETERMINING COPTER WITH 2,2-SICINCHONIC ACID",
Tikhonov, V. N., Zhurnal Anallticheskol Khlmll, Vol. 27, Ho. ^, April 1972, pp 673-677.
A photometric method has been suggested for titrating copper with a solution
of 2,2'-blclnchonlc acid based on the formation of a violet complex of Cu(l) with
blclnchonlc acid. The method Is highly-selective (other cation* do not Interfere) and
rapid (one tltratlon takes 5-6 min). The determlnable minimum is 0.025-0.2 g.
(in Russian)
INDEX TERMS: Copper, Volumetric analysis, Heavy metals. Selectivity, Photometry,
Cations, Color reaction, Chemical reactions, Chemical precipitation,
2 2' blclnchonlc acid, Metal complexes, Detection limits, Chemical Interference.
AMIC-5763
"METHODS FOR COLLECTION ADD ANALYSIS OF WATER SAMPLES FOR DISSOLVED MINERALS AND GASES
(TECHNIQUES OF WATER RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
BOOK ?: LABORATORY AHALYSIS, CHAPTER Al)", Brown, E., Skougetad, M. W., Fishman, M. J.,
U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1970, 160 pp.
Chapter Al of the manual contains methods used by the U. S. Geological
Survey to collect, preserve, and analyze water samples for their content of dissolved
minerals and gases. Among the topics discussed are selection of sampling sites,
frequency of sampling equipment, sample preservation, laboratory equipment and
instrumental techniques, accuracy and precision of analysis, and reporting of
results. Seventy-six analytical procedures are given for determining 55 water
properties. Listed below are the water properties for which analytical procedures are
given, and the principal procedure for the determination of each - (1) Cl&seical
chemical method: acidity, alkalinity, aluminum, arsenic, boron, bromide, carbon
dioxide, chloride, residual chlorine, color, cyanide, density, all forms of hardness.
Iodide, molybdenum, all forms of nitrogen, oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, pH,
all forms of phosphorus, selenium, all forms of solids, specific conductance,
sulfate, aulflde, turbidity, vanadium. (2) Atonic-absorption flame spectrophotometric
method! barium, beryllium, cadmium, calcium, all forms of chromium, cobalt, copper,
all forms of iron, lead, lithium, magnesium, manganese, nickel, potassium, silica,
silver, sodium, strontium, zinc. (3) Ion-specific electrode method: fluoride.
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis, Heavy metals, Trace elements, Nutrients, Research
equipment, Water sampling, Dissolved oxygen, Chemical oxygen demand, Laboratory
equipment, Physical properties, Chemical properties, Alkali metals, Alkaline
earth metals, Halogens, Cases, Salts. Sample preservation. Atomic absorption
•pectrophotometry. Atomic emission. Ultraviolet spectrophotometry.
AKtC-5762
"AS EVALUATION OF DDT AND DIELDRIN IH LAKE MICHIGAN", Lueschow, L. A., Wisconsin
Department of Natural Resources, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Wisconsin,
Report No. EPA-R3-72-003, August 1972, 139 PP.
The presence of pesticides and particularly the chlorinated hydrocarbon
insecticides In Lake Michigan water Is responsible for biological accumulations that
affect a wide variety of legitimate uses. The data collected from waters, waste-waters,
invertebrate organisms and fish all suggest that DDT plus analogs and dleldrln are
observed consistently at levels that warrant concern from both a public health
and wildlife preservation standpoint. The sources of these chlorinated hydrocarbon
insecticides Include not only industrial and wastewatar effluents but also diffuse
sources such as from agricultural activities and municipal pest control programs. The
evaluation of the chlorinated hydrocarbon Insecticides In both wastewater and biologi-
cal specimens is complicated by the presence of products such as polychlorinated
biphenyle and phthalates. These products Interfere with the analysis for the target
insecticide and, Indeed, have biological Implications of their own.
INDEX TERMS: DDT, Dleldrln, Polychlorinated blphenyla, Water analysis, Lake Michigan,
Water pollution effects, Water pollution sources. Pollutant identification,
Invertebrates, Sediments, Aquatic algae, Freshwater fish, Chemical interference,
Phthalates, Biological samples, Bloaccumulation, Blomonltoring, Oas liquid
chromatography, Biological magnification.
AMIC-5765
"HANDBOOK FOR ANALYTICAL QUALITY CONTROL IN WATER AND WASTEWATER LABORATORIES",
Environmental Protection Agency, Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, Cincinnati,
Ohio, EPA Report, June 1972, 110 pp.
Subject matter of the handbook is concerned primarily with quality control
for chemical and physical tests and measurements. Sufficient Information Is offered
to allow the reader to Inaugurate, or to reinforce, a program of analytical quality
control which will emphasize early recognition, prevention and correction of factors
leading to breakdowns In the validity of data. The first chapter Is on the Importance
of quality control. This introduction is followed by consideration of: (l) laboratory
services, I.e., distilled water, C02-free water, Ion free water; (2) instrumental
quality control of balances, pH meters turbidimeters, conductivity meters
spectrophotometere, organic C analyzers, Ion electrodes; (3) glassware; CO reagents,
solvents, and gases; (5) analytical performance control with its precision, accuracy
and evaluation; (6) data handling and reporting, including storage and retrieval,
from report forms to computers; (7) special requirements for trace organic analysis
involving sample treatment and types of useful chromatography; and (8) the importance
of skills and training In overall quality control.
IHDEX TERMS: Laboratory tests, Laboratory equipment. Quality control, Methodology,
Control systems. Water quality control, Physical properties, Chemical properties,
Instrumentation, Evaluation, Testing procedures, Materials, Water analysis,
Statistics, Data processing, Data storage and retrieval, Chemical analysis,
Monitoring, Computers, Computer programs, Organic compounds, Errors, Cleanup,
Data Interpretation.
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1. PHYSICAL AMP CHEMICAL METHODS
AMC-5772
MATER QUALITY CRITERIA TO PROTECT THE FISH POPULATION DIRECTU BE10H SEWAOE OUTFALLS",
Tsal, C-F., University of Maryland, Water Resources Research Center, College Park,
Maryland, Completion Report Ho. OWRR-B-006.H>, Contract Mo. DI-lU-Ol-0001-1910, August
1971, 57 PP. NTIS Report Ho. PB 208 811.
ISie water quality and fish communities In streams receiving chlorinated
effluents from 156 secondary sewage treatment plants In Virginia, Muyland, and
PennsylTanla were studied during th« summers of 1968.1970. The water quality para-
meters were divided Into two major categories. Category I included total chlorine,
ammonia nitrogen, total phosphate, detergent (ABS), cooduetlrlty, turbidity, hardness,
chlorides, acidity and alkalinity. These elements were either primarily of sewage
origin or partially so. Category II Included dissolved oxygen, pE and nitrite-nitrate
nitrogen. The changes in amounts of these elements in the streams were the results of
chemical and biological oxidation of sewage. Changes In fish community diversity in
the streams related to changes in the Category I parameters, but they were unrelated to
those In Category II. In Category I parameters, total chlorine and turbidity Incre-
ments (resulting from sewage sludge) appeared to be the major causative factors in
reducing fish conmunltles In areas immediately below the outfalls. Ammonia nitrogen,
detergent, and conductivity appeared to be potentially *•"*&*£ to fish, but with the
present degree of sewage pollution, their amounts In the streams were not sufficient to
cause daaage. To protect the flah community to ensure no more than 50 percent reduc-
tion in species diversity as a result of sewage pollution, the areas where sewage and
water completely mix should not contain more than 0.1 ppo total chlorine and 20 JTU
turbidity increment. Several recoonendatlons on plant designs and on selection of
outfall sites to achieve natural purification are presented.
IBUKX TERMS; Chlorine. Water pollution effects. Sewage effluents. Fish Species diversity
AMIC-5781
"CORING, DESCRIPTION AMD MERCURY AND LEAD ANALYSIS OF LAKE BOTTOM SEDIMENTS , Hayner,
M. S., Air Force Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Wright-Patterson
Air Force Base, Ohio. Master's Thesis Report No. GSF/MC/72-5, April 1972, 83 pp.
HTIS Report Ho. AD 7»1 *36.
A standardized system for procurement and testing of cores of lake bottooi
sediments for analysis of background and time-varying concentrations of potentially
toxic materials. In particular mercury and lead, is required to allow correlation
of data from various sampling sites. Core analysis includes description of structure,
texture, color, and composition, measurement of pH and Eh, and determination of
mercury and lead concentrations. A simple hand-operated coring device was developed
and subsequently used to obtain cores from Gravel Lake, WPAFB, Ohio. The cores
obtained from Gravel Lake were then employed in the development of the test procedures
(x-ray analysis, grain size analysis via computer, color photography, atomic absorption
•pectrophotometry). Data obtained from this study indicate no significant variations
in concentrations of mercury or lead between layers In Gravel lake. Deficiencies
were Observed in the sampling apparatus and the mercury analysis. Modifications
are suggested to Improve equipment and procedures for future lake bottom sediment
studies.
*
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, Lead, Lake sediments, Bottom sediments, Chemical analysis,
Core drilling, Sampling, Cores, Soil analysis, Soil properties. Methodology,
Equipment, X-ray analysis. Computer programs, Gravel Lake, Atomic absorption
spectrophotometry. Sample preparation.
AMIC-5780
"FLUORIDE CHLORIHIW RATIOS IN NARRAGANSETT BAY", Miller, O. R., Jr., Wcosley, K.,
Kester, C. R., University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, Kingston,
Rhode Island, Technical Report No. Ref-72-1. Contract No. N0001U-68-A-0215-0003,
February 1972, 20 pp. NTIS Report No. AD 7&0 861.
Fluorldation of domestic water supplies contributes a significant portion
of the total fluoride at the head of Narragansett Bay. Fluoride and chlorinlty
measurements were made at twelve stations in Narragansett Bay to evaluate their
use as chemical tracers In this estuarlne environment. Sea water samples were collected
from several depths and analyzed within one week of collection. Fluoride measurements
were made using the lanthanum-alizarin complexone method of Greenhalgh and Rlley
(1961). Chlorinlty and salinity were tased on measurements of the conductivity
ratio to Copenhagen Standard Sea Water using an inductive salinometer and the
Intematlon Oceanographic Tables. The fluoride-chlorinlty ratios are Independent
of temperature. The ratio of fluoride to chlorlnity ranged from .67 to .83 nanogram
F/chlorinlty. The observations indicate that fluoride mixes conservatively along
the main axis of the Bay and there was not sufficient evaporation of fluoride removal
to be detected in the plot of fluorlde-chlorlnlty ratio versus 1/chlorlnity.
INDEX TERMS: Tracking techniques, Path of pollutants, Movement, Estuarlne environment.
Salinity, Fluorldation, Fluorides, Water analysis. Chemical analysis, Rhode
Island, Methodology, Evaporation, Fluoride chlorinlty ratios, Narragansett Bay,
Providence River.
AMIC-5783
"RADIOHUCIJXES IN TRANSPORT IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER FROM PASCO TO VANCOUVER, WASHINGTON",
Haushild, W. L., Stevens, H. H., Jr., Nelson, J. L., Dempster, G. R., Jr., U. S.
Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, Portland, Oregon, Report No. TID-2589*f
1971, 77 PP.
Concentrations and discharges of 13 dissolved and participate radlonuclides
were observed at Pasco and Vancouver, Washington, for all or parts of the period from
January 1961* to September 1966, and at Umatilla, Oregon, from May 1965 to September
1966. Six gallon samples were collected biweekly. Immediately filtered to separate
partlculate from dissolved radlonuclldes, and analyzed for concentrations In plcocurles/
liter water. The rmdlonuolides tested for Included Cr-51, Zn-65, Sc-*t6, Sb-121*,
Co-58, Co-6o, Fe-59, Mn-5U, Ba-lUO, Zr-95, Nb-95, Ru-106, Ca-137, and P-32. A time-
series analysis of concentrations and discharges of eight of the 13 partlculate
and dissolved radlonuclldes at Pasco and Vancouver showed a progressive decrease In
the concentrations and discharges of many radionuclldes during the study period. The
decrease was mainly attributable to a decrease in the number of operating reactors.
Concentrations aad discharges of the radlonuclldes varied seasonally in separate
patterns that were used to categorize the particulate and dissolved radionuclides into
five classes. Seasonal variations in the discharges of dissolved and particulate
radlonuclldes depended on seasonal variations In their concentrations and the seasonal
variation In the water discharge. The hydrodynamlc and sedimentation characteristics
of the Columbia River and the chemical characteristics of the radionuclides were found
to be Important factors affecting the disposition In the Pasco-Vancouver reach of the
radionuclides discharged at Pasco.
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PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHOES
AMIC-5793 (Continued)
2/2
IHDEX TERMS: Columbia River, Radioactive wastes, Distribution patterns, Path of
pollutants, Sediment transport, Nuclear reactors, R&dioecology, Water pollution
sources, Suspended solids, Sediment discharge, Discharge (water). Tine series
analysis, Chemical analysis. Water analysis, Water sampling, Sc-46, Sb-12U,
Co-58, Co-6o, Fe-59, Mn-51*, Ba-lUo, Zr-95, Nb-95, Ruthenium radlolsotopes,
Ru-106, Cs-137, P-32, Zn-65, Cr-51, Partlculate matter.
AMK-57W7
"HYDROLOGY OP ALABAMA ESOUARIIIE AREAS-COOPERATIVE OUtF OF MEXICO ESIUARDE INVEBTOW,
Bault, E. I., Alabama Department of Conservation and natural Resources, Alabama Marine
Resources Laboratory, Dauphin Island, Alabama, Report Ho. Bun-7 »OAA-720Uai03,
February 1972, *»5 pp. »TIS Report Mo. COH-72 10U68.
Twenty-one hydrological stations In five alabama estuarine areas were
sampled monthly from January, 1968 through March, 1969. Salinity and water -temperature
were determined with an Induction sallnometer. Dissolved oxygen was determined
on-slte with a galvanic cell oxygen analyzer and in the laboratory by the Winkler method,
For other analyses in the laboraotry, water samples were collected In polyethylene
bottles, quick frozen with dry Ice, and stored In the laboratory at -5.5 C for 1 to 1*9
days before analyzing for pH, turbidity, and mlcronutrlents. Hitrite-nitrogen,
nitrate-nitrogen, orthophosphate, phosphorus, total phosphorus, pH, dissolved oxygen,
temperature, turbidity and salinity were determined for each station. Bimonthly
isohalines and isotherms and graphical representations of mieronutrients and coemo-
physlcal parameters are presented. All data are presented In tables or graphs and
comparisons are made among the estuarine areas.
IHDEX TERMS: Salinity, Water temperature, Water quality, nutrients, Estuaries,
Turbidity, Hydrogen ion concentration, Dissolved oxygen.
AMIC-5798
"AORICULTORE GROUP SYMPOSIUM 23RD NOVEMBER 1971. INTENSIVE ANIMAL PRODUCTION AS A
SOURCE OF POLLUTION", Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, Vol. 23, No. 6,
June 1972, PP 793-796.
Farm animal wastes are discussed as a possible major source of water
pollution. These wastes have been causing pollution problems in rivers for years,
but have become more acute In recent years primarily for four reasons: Increasing
number of animals kept, changing to larger farm units, changing from solid to liquid
manure handling practices, and Increasing confinement of animals. The wastes exhibit
two major polluting characteristics: the organic matter content which when oxidized
by mlcrobial action la the receiving water can seriously deplete the oxygen resources
of that stream; and the discharge of large quantities of Inorganic materials (e.g.,
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) can serve as nutrients for the growth of aquatic
plants and algae or, under certain conditions, be toxic to aquatic animals (e.g.,
ammonia). Two ways to solve the problem were suggested: siting the intensive farm
units more carefully so as to avoid locations where pollution of streams and ground
water Is probable, and developing new methods for returning animal wastes to the land.
IHDEX TERMS: Farm wastes, Water pollution sources, Oxidation, Nutrients, Aquatic
plants, Toxlclty, Cattle, Sheep, Poultry, Hogs, Effluents, Wcroblal degradation,
Organic matter, Soil contamination, Animal slurries.
—I
AMIC-5812
"EXTRACTIVE PHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF URANIUM (VI) IK MIHE WATERS (EXCHANGE OF
EXH5RIEHCE)", Shchemeleva, (1. G,, Stepanenko, Yu. V., Kovalenko, P. N., Zavodskaya
Laboratorlya, Vol. 37, No. 12, December 1971, p 1<*31.
The reaction between the benzole acid complexed anlon of uranium and
Brilliant Green was investigated and has been used for determining uranyl In mine
water, without preliminary concentration, with Ur concentrations from 0.0002 g/1
upwards. When the method was checked with solutions of pure uranyl salts, the
experimental error did not exceed 1> percent; sensitivity was 0.051* mlcrogram/ml.
Chemical interference studies revealed practically no interference by alkaline earth
metal Ions at concentrations at which they are likely to occur in mine waters. Ferric
Ions Interfered, but could be reduced to the ferrous ion by ascorbic acid.
INDEX TERMSs Photometry, Mine water, Water analysis, Pollutant Identification,
Separation techniques, Cations, Chemical reactions, Color reaction, Anlons,
Chemical analysis. Methodology, Heavy metals, Uranyl, Sensitivity, Brilliant
Green, Chemical interference, Detection limits. Uranium, Benzole acid.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHCE§
AKEC-5815
"DDT AND DDE RESIDUES IN BLOOD FROM CHILDREN, SOUTH CAROLINA . 1970", Keil, J.. E.,
Weston, W., Ill, Loadholt, C. B., Sandlfer, S. H., Coleolough, J. J., Pesticides
Monitoring Journal. Vol. 6, Ho. 1, June 1972, pp 1-3.
DDT and DDE residue levels In blood plasm from 192 children In South
Carolina, ages 6-9 years, indicated that Negro children had levels two to three times
higher than white children. Plaana samples were treated toy multiple solvent extrac-
tions, evaporations, and dilutions in hexane and then Injected Into a gas coronatograph
equipped with a tritium foil electron capture detector. DDT residues averaged 18.U
ppb in negroes and 6.7 ppt> In whites; DDE values for these two races were 55.6 ppb
and 2U.8 ppb, respectively. White males In this group also had significantly higher
levels of both compounds than white females. From the data in this study, baseline
levels for a high-risk pedlatrlc group, usually prone to pesticide poisoning, were
established.
INDEX TERMS: DDT, DDE, Pesticide residues, South Carolina, Least squares method,
Public health, Polychlorinated blphenyla, Gas chromatography, Methodology,
Solvent extractions, Separation techniques, Pollutant Identification, Poisons,
Blood, Electron capture gas chromatography, Biological samples, Humans, Children,
Blood plasma, Gas liquid chromatography, Sample preparation, p p' DDT, p p1 Die.
—I
AMIC-5817
"MIREX AND DDT RESIDUES IB WILDLIFE AND MISCELLANEOUS SAMPLES IN MISSISSIPPI - 1970 ,
Baetcke, K. P., Cain, J. D., Poe, W. E., Pesticides Monitoring Journal, Vol. 6, No. 1,
June 1972, PP 1U-22.
Samples of wildlife and a few miscellaneous samples, such as beef, were
collected In Mississippi in 1970 and analyzed for the presence of mirex and DDT and its
analogs. Analytical procedures chosen for extraction and cleanup for residue analysis
Involved methods described In the Pesticide Analytical Manual, Volumes I and III, and
other previously described methods. Primary identification and quantification were
accomplished by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography In the determinative step.
Thin-layer chromatography and infrared spectroscopy were utilized for confirmation in
selected samples. Levels of mirex residues were found to range from 0 ppm to a high
of about 10l» ppm; residues of DDT and its metabolites (DDTR equals DDT plus DDE plus
ODD) were found to range from less than 0.001 ppm to 126 ppm. Comparisons of the
amounts of the two pesticides found in individual samples showed that mlrex residues
often exceeded DDT residues. The high levels of mirex residues found in some of these
samples 1 year after treatment indicate that mirex can be considered a persistent
pesticide.
INDEX TERMS: Pesticide residues, Wildlife, DDT, Estuaries, Persistence, Food chains,
Bird eggs, Mississippi, Pollutant identification, Path of pollutants, Mlrex,
Electron capture gas chromatography, Thin layer chrooatography, Infrared
spectroscopy, Biological samples. Sample preparation, Detection limits, Chemical
recovery, Metabolites, Adipose tissue, Brain, Liver.
AMIC-5816
"ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE LEVELS IB HUMAN SERUM AND ADIPOSE TISSUE, UTAH - FISCAL YEARS
1967-71", Warnlck, S. L., Pesticides Monitoring Journal, Vol. 6, No. 1, June 1972,
PP 9-13.
A total of ikVJ blood and 103 adipose tissue samples were collected over a
5-year period (1967-1971) from the general population and from persons occupationally
exposed to pesticides in Utah. Extraction, cleanup and analyses performed included:
the Radomski and the Mills, Onley and Galther methods for adipose tissue analysis;
the Dale, Curley, and Cueto method for blood; and modifications of Mills adipose and
Dale serum methods. The results supported previous evidence of no Increase In
pesticide storage in the general population since 1951 and a tendency towards decreased
storage since 1966.
INDEX TERMS: Utah, Pesticide residues, DDT, DDE, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides,
Dleldrin, Polyohlorlnated biphenyls, Gas chronatography. Pollutant identification,
Separation techniques, Sampling, Methodology, Blood, Adipose tissue, Biological
samples, Humans, Serum, p p1 DDT, p p' DEE, Blood plasma.
AMIC-5818
"CHEMICAL RESIDUES IN LAKE ERIE FISH - 1970-71", Carr, R. L., Finsterwalder, C. E.,
Sehlbi, M. J., Pesticides Monitoring Journal, Vol. 6, No. 1, June 1972, PP 23-26.
Yellow perch, coho salmon, carp, channel catfish, freshwater drum, and white
bass from the Ohio shore of Lake Erie were analyzed during 1970-71 tor residues of
chlorinated pesticides (DDE, TDK, DDT, and dleldrin), polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB's), and mercury. The method employed for extraction and cleanup of samples to
determine DDT residues, dleldrin, and PCB's was that described by Porter, Young, and
Burke. Thin-layer chrcBBtography and gas-liquid chromatography were used for
confirmation and quantitative analysis of the residues. All but 1 of the 80 samples
analysed contained DDT and/or its metabolites; PCB's were found in all samples.
Fifty-three of the 80 samples were analyzed for mercury, and all were found positive.
Average levels of residues for the species sampled ranged from 0.06 to 0.1+2 ppm for
DDE; 0.07 to 0.52 ppm, TDE; 0.03 to 0.25 ppm, DDT; 0.18 to 0.90 ppm, total DDT; 0.01
to 0.07 ppm, dleldrin; O.o8 to U.I* ppm, PCB's; and 0.12 to 0.61* ppm, mercury. The
highest average residue levels of total DDT were in coho salmon and channel catfish.
Average levels of PCB's were significantly higher In channel catfish, and levels of
mercury were significantly higher In white bass.
INDEX TERMS: Lake Erie, Pesticide residues. Mercury, Freshwater fish, DDE, DDT,
Dleldrin, Polychlorinated biphenyls, Yellow perch, Channel catfish, Carp, Drums,
White bass, Pollutant Identification, TDE, Gas liquid chromatography, Thin layer
chrcmatography, Coho salmon, Biological magnification, Accumulation.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL MEMOES.
"WOC-58I9 -
"OROANCCHLORINE PESTICIDE RESIDUES IK COMMERCIALLY CAUGHT FISH IH CAHADA - 1970",
Relnke, J., Uthe, J. F., Jamleson, »., Pesticides Monitoring Journal. Vol. 6, Ho, 1,
June 1972, pp 1*3J»9.
A modified mils extraction method was coupled with a thin-layer ehrama-
tographic confirmation and a gas chrooatographlc quantification of organochlorine
pesticide residues In comnerclaUy caught fish from 78 locations In 68 central Canadian
lakes and rivers. Only a few of these waters yielded fish with appreciable concentra-
tions of DDT and Its analogs (greater than 1 ppm), and In only a few cases did the
concentrations exceed the maximum permissible level of 5 ppm. Of the other organo-
chlorlne pesticides commonly used, namely llndane, aldrln, heptachlor, heptaehlor
epoxlde, endrin, dieldrln, and chlordane, only dleldrln was found at significant levels
In a number of samples, but these amounts were still below the maximum permissible
level. Trace amounts of llndane were found In some samples. The presence of poly-
chlorinated blphenyls (PCB's) was noted in samples from the Great Lakes and the south
end Of Lake Winnipeg. PCB's were separated from DDE on aluminum oxide C (type E)
plates run in a trlethylamlne-hexane solvent system.
IHDEX TERMS: Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Polychlorinated blphenyls, Commercial
fish, Canada, Pesticide residues, DDT, DDE, ODD, Dieldrln, Heptachlor, Aldrln,
Separation techniques, Water analysis, Freshwater flan, Saline water fish,
Chemical analysis, Gas liquid chrcoatography, Thin layer chromatography,
Heptachlor epoxide, Llndane, Chlordane, Metabolites, Iscners, Precision, Chemical
recovery, Detection limits, Sample preparation.
AMIC—5822
"THE WEST FALMOUTfl OIL SPILL. DATA AVAIIABLE IN 1971. II. CHEMISTRY", Bluaer, M.,
Sass, J., Woods Hole Ocanographie Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, Report Mo.
WHOIW»efl72-19, Contract Bo. »OOOlU-66-C-02lH, April 1972, 127 pp. "TIS Report Ho.
AD ?IH 697-
Studies which were Initiated In 1969, have continued on Buzzards Bay,
Massachusetts, the site affected by a spill of 650,000 to 700,000 liters of Ho. 2
fuel oil. The studies covered analysis of hydrocarbons In water, sediments, and aquatic
biotaj persistence, fate, and weathering of the oil; and biological damage and
recovery. The analyses were conducted using gas chronatograph with an Apiezon L
column. Aromtlc hydrocarbon fractions of some sediments were Isolated by column
chromatography, and combined aromatlcs were analyzed by mass spectroscopy. Since
naturally occurring hydrocarbons exhibited many of the same characteristics as those
spilled, they were differentiated by examining concentrations In sediments, boiling
point distribution, hydrocarbon type distribution and by analysis of consecutive sec-
tions of a core sample. Several significant results found were: (1) At most stations
the oil was still detectable after 2 years. (2) Degradation occurs slowly and seems to
proceed by dissolution rather than by bacterial action. (3) Evaporation plays a
minor role In weathering of oil. (U) Aging does not significantly alter the ratios
between adjacent members of homologous series. Study of the effects of the spin
showed Immediate kill In heavily oiled areas, with damage spreading to distant areas.
Recovery extended gradually Inward from the less to the more polluted areas. The oil
entered the food web and made shellfish resources unacceptable for human consumption.
IHDEX TERMS: Aging (physical), Analytical techniques, Oil spins, Absorption, Shellfish,
Water pollution effects, Weathering, Oil characterization, No. 2, fuel oil,
, Bioaccumiilfltlon. Persistence.
AMIC-5820
"ORGAHCCHLORINE PESTICIDE RESIDUES IM WATER, SEDIMEHT, ALGAE, AMD FISH, HAWAII -
1970-71", Bevenue, A., Hylln, J. W., Kawano, Y., KeUey, T. W., Pesticides Monitoring
Journal, Vol. 6, Ho. 1, June 1972, pp 56-6^.
Rainwater, drinking water, and nonpotable waters in Hawaii were sampled and
found to contain chlorinated insecticide residues in the low parts-per-trilllon range.
A portion of each sample was tested for chloride ion concentration and pH and the
remainder subjected to hexane extraction, evaporation and gas chromatography. Sewage
water samples were prepared for (l) pentachlorophenol identification by pK adjustment,
hexane extraction, dlazometnane treatment, hexane dissolution, and gas chromatography,
and for (2) chlorinated pesticides other than PCP by the combined Florlsll and silicic
acid procedure of Armour and Burke. Dredged sediment samples were subjected to sodium
aulfate, hexane extraction and the Mills' Florieil cleanup procedure, and then {ps
chromatographed. The cleanup procedure used for algae and fish samples prior to gas
chroxtetography was a modification of the method of Ksdoum. Dieldrln, p,p'-DDT, and
lindane were the pesticides most prevalent; pentachlorophenol was present in samples
from a sewage fallout. The ratio of chlorinated pesticide residues in canal waters to
residues In algae, sediment, and fish from the same canals was 1:^,000:9.000:32,000,
respectively. According to proposed water quality standards, results of this study Indl
cated that pollution of Hawaii's water by organochlorlne pesticides does not occur to
any significant degree.
IHDEX TERMS: Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Pesticide residues. Sediments, Algae,
Fish, Chemical analysis, Sewage effluents, Water analysis, Potable water, Rain
water, Hawaii, DDT, Dieldrln, DDE, ODD, Gas chrcmatography, Methodology, Llndane,
Heptachlor epoxlde, Chlordane, Sample preparation, Detection limits, Electron
capture gas chromatography.
AMIC 582U
"TRACE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS IN WATER, SEDIMEHT, PKYTOPLAHKTOB, ZOOPLASKTOH AND BEBTHOS
OF LAKE MICHIQAHt A BASELINE STUDY WITH CALCULATIONS OF CONCENTRATION FACTORS AKD
BUILDUP OF RADIOISOTOPES IN THE FOOD WEB", Copeland, R. A., Ayers, J. C., Environmental
Research Group, Incoporated, Ann Arbor, Michigan, ERG Special Report No. 1, May 1972,
271 PP.
Environmental Research Group, Inc. nan conducted an environmental study on
samples of phyt°pKu*t<», zooplankton, benthos, water and sediment collected from Lake
MichiBui by the Great takes Research Division of the University of Michigan. These
samples, coUected in 1969-70 prior to the operation of all nuclear plants except
Big Rock Point, were analyzed for major and trace elements. The results of these
analyses indicate Lake Michigan is typical of other world environments In its chemical
make-up although certain elements (selenium in zooplankton and chromium and «ac
In water) show significant variation in distribution within the area surveyed. Many
of the biological samples were found to have become contaminated with sediment during
the collecting process. ERG created a method, using scandium concentrations, by which
this contamination could be corrected for after the analyses were made. Biological
investigation of the data Indicate that conditions in the southern basin of Lake
Michigan are rapidly changing. Major changes in the species make-up of the
phytoplankton are being discovered and further changes are expected in the near
future. Calculations of concentration factors were made for the biota with respect
to both water and sediment. It was found that concentration factors calculated with
respect to water were most representative. One of the most Important findings was that
there Is no stepwlse Increase In concentration factors as one analyzes higher and
higher members of the food web. This is not surprising since all of the organisms
are equilibrating with the same system (Lake Miehlgan water). Using design data
-------
1. PHYSICAL AHD CHEMICAL METHODS
A MIC-582!* (Continued)
2/2
supplied by the utilities and proposed government regulations, EHO calculated the
concentrations of radioactivity that could be expected In the Invertebrates of Lake
Michigan under the proposed operating conditions. These calculations indicate that
for the Invertebrates no radio!sotope will exceed 8 percent of the upper limiting
concentration normally applied to fish.
INDEX TERMS: Lake Michigan, Heavy metals, Freshwater fish, Phytoplankton, Zooplankton,
Trace elements, Nutrients, Absorption, Nuclear powerplanta, Sampling, Neutron
activation analysis, Bloaccumulntlon, Biological samples, Atomic absorption
spectrophotometry, Sample preservation.
AKtC-5832
'INFRARED ESTIMATION OF OIL CONTENT IN SEDIMENTS IN PRESENCE OF BIOLOGICAL MATTER ",
tork, H. B., Jr., Yu, T-C., Mattson, J. S., Kolpack, R. L., Environmental Science and
Technology, Vol. 6, So. 9, September 1972, PP 833-83!*.
The presence of organic debris In sediment interferes with IK detection
of oil by the -CHS- groups since absorbance at 2925/cm ie the same for oil
and biological matter containing these groups. Examination of IF spectra of a large
number of crude oils and biological materials shoved that the latter have a
characteristic absorbance at 1650/cm (the-NH-band). By measuring absorbance at both
frequencies it was possible to apply connection factors to permit calculation of
oil content. To test the method, several sediment samples from the Santa Barbara
Channel were analyzed. The results proved to be satisfactory. One limitation of
the aethod Is that result* will be erroneous if organic natter ie present which does
not contain the -NH- group. Consequently, It Is recommended that the total IR spectra
be examined for other interfering groups.
INDEX TEKM3: Oil, Pollutant identification, Sediments, Organic matter, Infrared
spectrophotometry, Chemical interference, Crude oil.
AMIC-5830
"RECENT SEDIMENTARY HISTORY OF LAKE MENDOTA, WIS.", Bortleson, 0. C., Lee, 0. P.,
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 6, No. 9, September 1972, pp 799-808.
The chemical composition of several sediment cores taken from Lake Mendota,
Madison, Wis., has been Investigated to determine changes in the flux of various
chemicals to this lake. Representative sediment core samples were collected and
total phosphorus, iron, magnesium, potassium, calcium, and aluminum determined by
orthophenanthroline, colorimetric and atomic absorption spectrophotometric procedures.
Also, organic nitrogen was determined by semlmlcro KJeldahl technique, total carbon
by a dry combustion technique, COS by a thermal conductivity cell and pollen assemblage
by Ambrosia pollen analysis. The uppermost sediments consisted of approximately 1/2
meter of black gyttja. The chemical stratigraphy of a 9.9 meter-long core indicates
that stable conditions existed in Lake Mendota and its watershed prior to the settlement
of the area surrounding the lake by the white man In the mid to late lOoOs. Since that
time, there has been an appreciable Increase in the amounts of phosphorus, iron,
manganese, aluminum, and potassium in the uppermost sediments. The organic carbon con-
tent of the sediments has fluctuated several times In the past with the most recent
sediments showing slightly higher values than the older sediments. This study has
demonstrated the feasibility of using the chemical composition of lake cores to estimate
the Influence of cultural activities of man on the rate of eutrophication of a lake.
INDEX TERMS: Lake sediments, History, Sampling, Core drilling, Sediment yield, Alkali
metals, Eutrophication, Alkaline earth metals, Sedlmentology, Chemical analysis,
Heavy metals, Carbon dioxide. Thermal conductivity, Pollutant identification,
Lake Mendota, Orthophenanthroline procedure, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry,
KJeldahl procedure. Combustion, Ambrosia pollen analysis, KJeldahl nitrogen,
Vanadomolybdophosphorlc yellow colorimetry. Sediment cores.
AMIC-5833
"BROCIHE ANALYSIS FOR HIGH NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS", Holty, J. G., Potworowaki, H. S.,
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 6, No. 9, September 1972, PP 835-837.
The validity of the bruclne method for the determination of nitrate
concentration in groundwaters was examined when it was found that some samples yielded
higher concentrations of nitrate upon dilution. A detailed study of the relationship
of bruclne to nitrate stolchlometry and reaction time in color development to the shape
of the absorbance vs. nitrate concentration curve was made in the 550-350 millimicrons
range. The shape of the absorbance curve at l»10 millimicrons is totally dependent on
bruclne-to-nitrate Btoichlometry, thus necessitating at least an approximate knowledge
of nitrate ion concentration in the sample prior to analysis of gross errors in
calculation are to be avloided.
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis, Nitrates, Brucine method, Ultraviolet spectrophotometry,
Errors.
8
-------
1. PHYSICAL AHD CHEMICAL METHOC&
AMIC-5839
"STUDY OF COBALT(III) COMPUEXES BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY. EFFECT OF LIGAKDS
AND DISTRIBUTION OF ATOHIC COBALT IN THE FLAME", Fujlwara, K.f Haraguchl, H., Fwwa, K.,
Analytical Chemistry. Vol. W», Bo. 11, September 1972, pp 1895.1897.
The Interference effects of Uganda on Co (III) complexes were investigated
by atomic absorption spectrometry. A diluted sample solution of cobalt metal and
aqueous solutions of representative Co (ill) complexes were prepared by standard
methods. Their purities were examined by elementary analyses for the Uganda and iodo-
metrlc and EDTA tltratlons for Co. The 2U32 A analytical line of cobalt was used for
all measurements for the air-acetylene flame. The dependence of atomic absorption on
the acetylene flow rate In the air-acetylene and nitrous oxide-acetylene flames was
measured by varying the acetylene flow rate with constant flow rates of air (131/min)
and nitrous oxide (6l/min). The distributions of cobalt atoms In the flame were
obtained by measuring absorbance at thirty different positions In the flame, succes-
sively moving the burner with the adjusting screw. The cobalt(ll) solutions were used
as the reference in all experiments. The atomic absorption Of cobalt complexes seem
to vary In a regular order due to the kinds of the coordinating atoms of the Uganda.
The type of chemical bond that forms between the cobalt and ligand may be a determining
factor of the interference effect, since the observed signals can be classified accord.
Ing to them.
INDEX TERMS: Cobalt, Chemical analysis, Distribution, Pollutant identification, Aqueous
solutions, Heavy metals, Chemical reactions, Ligands, Atomic absorption spectro-
photometry, Metal complexes, Chemical interference, Absorbanee.
AMCC-581*2
'HIGH FERFORMAHCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY ON SMALL PARTICLE SILICA GEL", Majors, F. £.,
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. W», No. 11, September 1972, PP 1722-1726.
Liquid chrcnatographic columns of 5- to 10-mlcrons TLC grade silica gel
have been packed by a high pressure, balanced density slurry technique. The columns
have yielded HETP values of less than 0.1 mm at a linear velocity (v) of 1.18 cm/sec.
For nitrobenzene 15 effective plates per second were generated at 1.18 cm/sec.
The HETP vs. v curve was lower than that obtained on Corasil II, a porous layer
bead (PLB) adsorbant. The columns showed little loss of efficiency at high V'E.
The sample loading was greater than for an equal weight of PLB, but not so great as
predicted by the ratio of surface areas. (Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1»U,
Do. 11, September 1972, pp 1722-1726. Copyright 1972 by the American Chemical Society.
Feprlnted by permission of the copyright owner.)
IHDEX TERMS: Efficiencies, Chemical analysis, Pressure, Density, Pollutant
Identification, Liquid chronatography. Silica gel, Chromatography columns,
S).urry techniques, Linear velocity, Adsorbents, Corasil II.
"SEPARATION OF THORIUM FROM LANTHANUM AMD OTHER ELEMENTS BY CATION EXCHANGE
CHROMATOGRAPHY AT EIJ3VATED TEMPERATURES", Strelow, F. W, E., Gricius, A. J., Analytical
Chemistry. Vol. Wt, No. 11, September 1972, pp 1898-1900.
Cation exchange Chromatography is used to separate thorium from lanthanum
and other elements at elevated temperatures. Specific amounts of dry resin and
thorium or lanthanum or zirconium are equilibrated, and the resin is separated by
filtration. The elements in both resin and solution are determined at elevated
temperaturee by cation exchange Chromatography. Recoveries of lanthanum and thorium
utilizing this method are excellent. This investigation indicates that all elements
except hafnium and zirconium and those which do form insoluble precipitates In the
elutlng agent either as insoluble chlorides or by hydrolysis should be separated from
thorium by the described procedure.
INDEX TERMS: Temperature, Separation techniques, Chemical analysis, Aqueous solutions,
Pollutant identification, Heavy metals, Cation exchange Chromatography, Thorium,
Lanthanum, Zirconium, Rare earth elements, Ion exchange resins, Chemical recovery,
Cation distribution coefficients.
AKEC-58U3
"INFLUENCE OF COLUMN CONFIGURATION ON PERFORMANCE IN HIGH EFFICIENCY LIQUID
CHROMATOGRAPHY", Earth, H., Dallmeler, E., Karger, B. L. Analytical Chemistry, Vol. H,
No. 11, September 1972, PP 1726-1732.
The influence of coiling on HETP in high performance liquid ehromatography
has been shown to depend upon column (r sub o) and coil radii (R sub o). Aluminum
columns (r sub o equals 0.95 mm), packed with Corasil I (27-35 microns) and coated
in situ with 3,3'-oxydipropionltrlle (QDPIf), showed significant efficiency losses when
coiTecTto a radius simller than 13 cm; e.g., when coiled to R sub o equals 1 on, a
sixfold Increase in HETP was obtained. No efficiency loss occurred when columns of
smaller tube radii (r sub o equals 0.38 mm) were coiled down to R sub o equals 1 cm.
Larger diameter columns (r sub o equals 2.4 mm), when colled (R sub o equals 2.U cm),
gave a fourteenfold Increase in HETP. Also column geometries in which the direction
of coiling was alternated (figure '8' and 'S' configurations) gave no efficiency loss
when compared to straight columns. Experiments have shown that peak broadening due
to colling in figure '8' colunmfi depends on the extent of lateral mass transfer.
(Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry. Vol. Wv, No. 11, September 1972, pp 1726-1732.
Copyright 1972 by the American Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the
copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Performance, Chemical analysis, Pollutant identification, Efficiencies,
Liquid Chromatography, Column configuration, Coils, Peak broadening,
Chromatography columns, Corasil I, Adsorbents.
-------
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS,
AMIC-581* "
"SEPARATIOB AND QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF THE YTTRItIM GROUP IANTHAHIDES BY.
GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOORAPHY", Burgett, C. A., Fritz, J. S., Analytical Chemistry, Voi. W«
No. 11, September 1972, pp 1738-17U2.
A gas chromatographlc method Is reported for the separation and subsequent
quantitative determination of the yttrium group lanthnnldes. The lanthanldes are
synerglstlcally extracted from aqueous solution with the polyfluorlnated beta-dlxetone
1,1,1,2,2,6,6,7,7,7-decafluoro-3,5-heptanedione, (H(FHD)), aa llgand, and
di-n-butylsulfoxide (DBSO) as neutral donor. The composition of the extracted species
Is reported to be R.E.(FKD)3.2DBSO, Thermogravimetrlc analysis of the complexes is
reported. Analytical curves were prepared and found usable through a range of
0.1 to 1.0 mlcrogram metal. Individual lanthanldes were determined with 97.5 percent
recovery with a relative mean deviation of plus or minus 1.5 pph and a relative
standard deviation of plus or minus 1.9 pph. Mixtures of lantnanides were determined
with 97-1 percent recovery with a relative mean deviation of plus or minus 2.3 pph and
a relative standard deviation of plus Or minus 3-1 pph. Detection limits were deter-
mined for all of the rare earths. The detection limit was taken to be that amount of
mixed ligand-complex necessary to give a chromatographic peak response equal to or
greater than twice the background response. The detection limit observed was
20 mlcrograms metal for all the rare earth. The response to the flame lonlzation
detector varied from metal to metal. When the electron capture detector was
employed, it was extremely sensitive to the complexesj however, concentrations of
20 mlcrograms metal were sufficiently high to overload the detector even at purge
flow rates of too ml/mln. When the concentration was lowered, no response was
observed.
AMIC-58U5 I
"SUPPORT-BOHDED POLYAROMATIC COPOLYMER STATIONARY PHASES FOR USh IN GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY",!
Fuller, E. »., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. W», No. 11, September 1972, PP 17^7-1753. |
The preparation of porous polyaromatlc copolymers of divlnylbenzene,
ethylvlnylbenzene, and atyrene physically bonded to a solid support is described
together with Initial results illustrating the utility of these materials as GC
column packings. While similar in nature to the widely used porous polymer beads,
the support-bonded phases provide more rapid separations and greater column efficiency.
Experiments showing the effects of cross-linking and of Initial dilution with inert
solvent on the resulting eopolymer product are also discussed. (Reprinted from
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. W», No. 11, September 1972, PP 17U7-1753. Copyright 1972
by the American Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Methodology, Gas chromatography, Separation techniques, Chemical
analysis, Porous media, Efficiencies, Column preparation, Polyaroraatic cqpolymers.
Aliphatic hydrocarbons, Chromatography columns, Aromatic hydrocarbons, Aliphatic
hydrocarbons.
AMIC-58UU (Continued)
2/2
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Aqueous solutions. Chemical reactions, Chemical
analysis, Gravimetric analysis, Solvent extractions, Heavy metals, Methodology,
Electron capture gas ohromatography. Flame lonlzation gas chromtography,
Lanthanldes, Yttrium metal, Chemical recovery, Rare earth elements, Detection
limits. Chemical Interference, Thermogravlmetry, Precision, Mixtures, Uganda,
Polyfluorinated beta-dlketones, Organic solvents.
AMIC -581*6
"ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL AS A GAS CHROMATCGRAPH-MASS SPECTROMETER INTERFACE", Dencker,
W. D., Fushneck, D. R., Shoemake, G. P., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*U, No. 11,
September 1972, PP 1753-1758.
An electrochemical cell employing palladium alloy diffusion electrodes has
been developed to remove the hydrogen carrier gas exiting a gas chromatograph.
Electrochemical pumping removes greater than 99-9996 percent of the hydrogen, resulting
In mass spectrometer inlet pressures less than .01 micro Torr. This report gives
construction details, electrode activation procedures, and performance characteristics
of the cell. (Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry, Vol. W», No. 11, September 1972,
pp 1753-1758. Copyright 1972 by the American Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission
of the copyright owner. )
INDEX TERMS: Gas chroma. tography, Mass spectrometry, Instrumentation, Design,
Perfornance, Methodology, Construction, Operations, Laboratory equipment,
Palladium diffusion electrodes, Electrochemical cell, Mechanical interface,
Detection limits.
10
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-58V7
"PLASMA CHHOMATCGRAPHY OF THE MOHO-HALCGENATED BEHZENES", Karasak, F. W., Tatqne,
0. G., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. UU, Ho. 11, Septeniber 1972, pp 1758-1763.
Using thermal electrons and positive reactant ions from nitrogen gas, both
positive and negative plasmagram patterns have been obtained for fluorobenzene,
chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, and iodobenzene. The plaamagrams give characteristic
qualitative data. Positive plasmagrans ehow protonated molecular Ions containing one
and two molecules; the negative plflsmagrams, except for the fluorobenzene, show only
a strong halogen Ion peak, which provides experimental evidence for dissociative
electron capture by thermal electrons. (Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry, Vol. UU,
No. 11, September 1972, PP 175Q-1763. Copyright 1972 by the American Chemical Society.
Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Instrumentation, Aromatic compounds. Plasma
chromatography, Mono-halogenated benzenes, Chromatography peaks, Chlorobenzene,
Bromobenzene, lodobenzene, Fluorobenzene, Thermal electrons, Sample preparation.
AMIC-5649
"APPARATUS FOR AUTOMATED GEL PERMEATIOH CLEANUP FOR PESTICIDE RESIDUE ANALYSIS.
APPLICATIONS TO FISH LIPID6", Tlndle, R. C., Stalling, D. L., Analytical Chemistry,
Vol. W*, Bo. 11; September 1972, pp 1768-1773.
The gel permeation cleanup procedure for fish and other tissue extracts In
pesticide residue analysis, previously reported by Stalling, Tindle, and Johnson,
has been automated. The automated system allows unattended operation while processing
up to 23 samples with the system as described. Reproducibillty of recoveries were
quite good (coefficient of variation 5 percent) and cross-contamination was estimated
at less than 1 percent. The Chromatography system was constructed from commercially
available components so that other investigators may easily duplicate the device I
without the necessity for fabrication of special components. (Reprinted from Analytical|
Chemistry, Vol. UU, Ho. 11, September 1972, pp 1768-1773. Copyright 1972 by the
American Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
IHDEX TERMS: Automatic control, Pesticide residues, Chemical analysis, Laboratory
equipment, Heptachlor, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, DOT, ODD, Dieldrln,
Endrin, Performance, Fish, Methodology, Cleanup, Gel permeation Chromatography,
Biological materials, Chemical recovery, Detection limits, Lindane, cis-
chlordane, trans-chlordane, Electron capture detector, Electron capture gas
Chromatography, Precision, Sample preparation, Biological samples, Tissue.
AMIC -58148
"PIEZOELECTRIC DETECTORS FOR ORGAHOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUKDS AND PESTICIDES", Scheide,
E. P., Gullbault, G. G., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. UU, No. 11, September 1972,
pp 176l*-l768.
A quartz piezoelectric crystal coated with a substrate has been used for the
detection of snail mass changes caused by the selective adsorption of organophosphorus
compounds and pesticides. Incorporation of the crystal Into a variable oscillator
circuit and measurement of the change in frequency of the crystal due to the increase
in mass allows a highly sensitive indication of the amount of organophosphorus compound
present in the atmosphere down to the part per million level. Instrumentation Is
relatively inexpensive and can be easily used in the field. Analysis is nondestructive
and requires very little time. AT cut quartz crystals with fundamental frequencies of
9.0 MHz were coated with various Inorganic substrates and these were evaluated as to
selectivity and sensitivity with respect to organophosphorus pollutants. Other
parameters that affect the efficiency of the detector were also studied and evaluated.
The detector has potential use as both an air pollution sensor and a specific gas
Chromatography detector. (Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry, Vol. W>, Ho. 11,
September 1972, pp 176U-1768. Copyright 1972 by the American Chemical Society.
Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Pollutant identification, Organophosphorus pesticides. Chemical analysis.
Organic compounds, Instrumentation, Selectivity, Methodology, Piezoelectric
detector, Paraoxon, 0 0-diethyl-o-p-nitrophenyl phosphate. Chemical interference,
Sensitivity, Sample preparation, Detection limits.
AMIC-5851
"SUCCESSIVE PHOTOMETRIC TITRATION OF CALCIUM AND MAGHESIUM", Sato, H., Mcmoki, K.,
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. to, No. 11, September 1972, pp 1778-1780.
A new photometric titration method for the determinations of calcium and
magnesium is presented. Calcium and magnesium in one solution are titrated with EGTA
and DCTA, successively, at pH 11 (glycine-KOH buffer) using Phthaleln Complexon as an
indicator. The end point for calcium and magnesium can be obtained directly on a
successive titration curve (absorbance vs. volume of titrant added). The Influences
of various foreign ions are studied. Sub-milligram quantities of calcium and
magnesium can be determined with standard deviations of 0.5 percent or lower in the
presence of many other metal ions. Titration results for city water, well water,
and sea water are shown as application examples. (Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry,
Vol. Wt, No. 11, September 1972, pp 1778-1780. Copyright 1972 by the American
Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Calcium, Magnesium, Volumetric analysis, Chemical analysis, Freshwater,
Sea water, Trace elements, Heavy metals, Cations, Anlons, Chemical reactions,
Alkali metale, Spectrophotometry, Pollutant identification, Methodology, Water
analysis. Color reaction, Alkaline earth metals, Photometric titration, Sample
preparation, Chemical Interference, Detection limits, EDTA, Precision, Metal
complexes, Absorbance.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-5853
"STRUCTURAL DETERMINATION OF MONOSUBSTITUTED ALKYLBEHZE11ES BY PROTOH MAGNETIC .
RESONANCE", Yamamoto, o., Hayamlzu, K., Seklne, K., Funahira, S., Analytical Chamlrtry,
Vol. Ufc, No. 11, September 1978, pp 179U-1803.
In order to obtain the basic data for the structural determination of mono-
substituted alkylbenzenea by PMR, and FMR parameters are determined tor 66 such
compounds, and the addltlvlty rules for the ring proton chemical shifts and the coupling
constants are examined. General features of the ring proton signal* in tho monOBubetl-
tuted alkylbenzenes are discussed In detail. A simple method Is proposed for presuming
the aubstltuent and discriminating the Isomers by use of the center of gravity and the
pattern features of the ring proton signals. The effect of the alkyl chain on the PMR
parameters Is also studied. (Reprinted by Analytical Chemistry, Vol. kk, No. 11,
September 1972, pp 179U-1803. Copyright 1972 by the American Chemical Society.
Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Pollutant identification, Organic compounds, Aromatic
compounds, Gas chromatography, Alkyl benzenes, Proton magnetic resonance
spectroscopy, Chemical structure, FMR spectra, Isomers, Toluene, Ethyl benzenes,
Sample preparation, Spectral analysis.
AMC-5855
"TETERMIIIATION OK CHROMIUM IV BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY
USING A GRAPHITE FURNACE ATOMIZER", Daridson, I. W. F., Secrest, W. L., Analytical
Chemistry. Vol. W*, No. 11, September 1972, pp 1808-1813.
A mlcroanalytical method for the measurement of chromium In blood plasma,
urine, and other biological materials utilizing a flameless atomic absorption technique
has been developed. The method combines the Inherent specificity and simplicity of
atomic absorption analysis with the greatly Increased sensitivity possible with the
heated graphite tube atomizer to provide a simple, rapid means for the quantitative
determination of chromium. The absolute sensitivity of the method is Wt pice-grams
Chromium with a detection limit of about 2 plcograms chromium. For routine analysis
of plasma, the method is effective vlth either pre-ashed samples or direct sample
analysis of very small amounts on the order of 20 to 200 mlcrollters. The relative
standard deviation for quantities of chromium ranging from 285 to 690 plcograms in 50
mlcrollters of wet ashed plasma Is 5.2 percent. The method has also been used for the
determination of chromium in urine, whole blood, and other tissue samples. (Reprinted
from Analytical Chemistry. Vol. W», No. 11, September 1972, PP 1808-1813. Copyright
1972 by the American Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Chromium, Chemical analysis, Pollutant identification, Heavy metals, Zinc,
Urine, Spectrometers, Methodology, Cations, Trace elements, Sodium, Calcium, Iron,
Copper, Magnesium, Manganese, Potassium, Anions, Chlorides, Iodides, Carbonates,
Sulfates, Biological materials, Flameless atomic absorption, Graphite furnace,
Atonic absorption spectrophotometry, Blood plasma, Sensitivity, Detection limits,
Tissue, Ashing, Sample preparation, Blood, Precision, Chemical interference,
Chemical recovery, Reproduclbllity, Biological samples.
AMIC-5851*
"RAPID, PHASE-SENSITIVE, THREE -ELECTRODE ALTERNATING CURRENT POLARCGRAPHY", Bond, A. M.,
Canterford, D. R., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. W*, No. 11, September 1972, pp I803-l607.
Previously, short controlled drop times have been employed with considerable
advantage In ac polarography to permit faster scan rates of potential and short record-
Ing times. In this vork , the possibility of using 3-electrode phase-sensitive
detection with this so-called 'rapid' ac polarographic technique has been investigated.
Results show that theoretical relationships derived for natural drop time ac polarogra-
phy can be extended to the rapid ac method. Thus, with 3-electrode phase-sensitive
instrumentation, excellent discrimination against the charging current Is still obtained
at short controlled drop times. In fact, the degree of discrimination under rapid
conditions was better than with natural drop time phase-sensitive ac polarography. This
was particularly evident at high frequencies. With the rapid phase-sensitive ac tech-
nique, copper(ll) and cadmium(ll) could be detected down to the 0.5-1 mlcromolar level.
The Introduction of phase-sensitive readout to the rapid ac technique, therefore,
provides a considerable Improvement to results reported previously with non phase-
sensitive Instrumentation. Indeed, the technique appears to be highly attractive In
many aspects, having the advantage of permitting fast scan rates, and. thus short
analysis tlmee, while maintaining excellent discrimination against the charging current.
AMIC-5856
"ULTRASONIC HEBULIZATION IN A LOW .EMISSION FLAME FOR ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY",
Denton, M. B., Malmetadt, H. V., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. W», No. 11, September 1972,
pp 1813-1818.
The use of an ultrasonic nebulizer in conjunction with a low turbulence,
argon-hydrogen-entrained air flame for atomic fluorescence spectrometry of zinc and
cadmium provides improved performance of almost two orders of mangltude as compared with
a conventional pneumatic total consumption burner. Increased sensitivity results from
more efficient nebulizatlon, reduced light scattering, and lower flame background
emission. An automated sample changing system is described which provides the required
freedom from sample cross-contamination. While this study made use of a low-temperature
flame, Improvements should also be observed in other higher-temperature flames. This
should be particularly true In cases where the sample Is difficult to convert to atomic
vapor or when a high concentration of another species would cause salt crystal light
scattering.
IHTEX TERMS: Heavy metals, Laboratory equipment, Zinc, Cadmium, Atomic fluorescence
spectrometry, Detection limits, Ultrasonic nebulllzer.
INDEX TERMS: Polarographic analysis, Copper, Cadmium, Detection limits,
AC polarography.
Precision,
12
-------
PHYSICAL ADD CHiMICAL MfcTHODo
AMZC-5857
"ATOMIC ABSORPTION DE1ERMINATION OF CADMIUM AND LEAD IN WHOLE BLOOD BY A REAOBNTJTEE
METHOD", Hauser, T. R., Hlnners, T. A., Kent, J. L., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. kk,
No. 11, September 1972, pp I8l9-l821.
A method la presented whereby blood can be analyzed for cadmium and lead with
relative detection limits of 0.2 ng/ml and 2 ng/ml, respectively. Whole blood was
added to a flame-purged tantalum sampling boat, dried in an oven, and ashed in a low
temperature asher. Analysis was achieved by directly flaming the ash In the atomic
absorption apparatus. Calibration was accomplished by flaming allquots of metal stan-
dard solution in the same sampling boat used for the blood analysis. Recovery of
cadmium and lead from spiked blood samples was complete. The analysis of twelve 0,5-ml
replicates of one blood sample for cadmium gave a mean of 3.5 ng/ml and a standard
deviation of 0.9 ng/ml; for lead, a mean of 213 ng/ml and a standard deviation of 37
ng/ml were obtained. The method offers a 25-fold improvement In detection for the
analysis of blood cadmium In comparison to extraction procedures. (Reprinted from
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. kk, No. 11, September 1972, pp 1819-1821. Copyright 1972
by
American Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Cadmium, Lead, Heavy metals, Chemical analysis, Calibrations, Pollutant
identification, Blood, Reagent-free method, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry,
Tantalum boat technique, Chemical recovery, Biological samples, Sample
preparation, Detection limits, Dry ashing, Precision, Sensitivity.
AMIC-5860 I
"DETERMINATION OF NANCGRAM QUANTITIES OK SIMPLE AND COMPLEX CYANIDES IN WATER", Goulden,j
P. D., Afghan, B. K., Brooksbank, P., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. kk, No. 11, September j
1972, PP 181*5-181*9. i
•
Two methods for analysis of cyanide in water are described. In the first, ;
modifications to the manual distillation procedure given in 'Standard Methods' are
made to lower the limits of detection of this method to 5 mlcrogramB/liter CN. An
automated method Is described that enables 10 samples per hour to be analyzed with a I
limit of detection of 1 microgram/liter CN. With a sample size of 7 ml, this |
corresponds to a detection limit of 7 nanogmms CN. Distinction Is made between simple
and complex cyanides by Irradiation with ultraviolet, light. This irradiation breaks
down complex cyanides, including those of cobalt and Iron. (Reprinted from Analytical
Chemistry, Vol. kk, No. 11, September 1972, pp 181*5-1849. Copyright 1972 by the
American Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Methodology, Distillation, Colorimetry, Water analysis, Automation,
Industrial wastes, Pollutant identification, Iron, Copper, Chemical analysis,
Separation techniques, Laboratory equipment, Chlorides, Sulfates, Zinc,
Carbonates, Nitrates, Cyanides, Detection limits, Sample preparation, Ottawa
River, Synthetic water, Chemical interference, Standard methods, Biaulfltes,
Chemical recovery, Sulfides, Thiocyanates.
AMIC-5856
"COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF CALCIUM USING REAGENTS OF THE GIXOXAL BIS(2-HYDROXYAHIL)
CLASS", Mllllgan, C. W., Llndstrom, ¥., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. kk, No. 11,
September 1972, pp 1822-1829.
The determination of calcium in solution from 0.1 to 15 micrograms per milli-
liter is easy, accurate, and reproducible with reagents of the glyoxal biB(2-hvdroxyanil)
class. A few precautions are needed: obviously all chemicals must be calcium-free
and the sequence of adding the reagents is critical. However, no extraction is needed
and a simple, inexpensive colorimeter is all the instrumentation necessary. The
reagents chelate calcium yielding red colors at a high pH so Interferences are limited.
The various reagents have been evaluated and the chelate combining ratios and the
apparent formation constants measured. (Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry, Vol. kk,
No. 11, September 1972, pp 1822-1829. Copyright 1972 by the American Chemical Society.
Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Coloriroetry, Chemical analysis, Calcium, Chelatlon, Chemical reactions,
Alkali metals, Cations, Anions, Color reaction, Hydrogen ion concentration,
Glyoxal biB(2-hydroxyanil), Reagents, Chemical interference, Metal chelates,
Reproduclbility.
AMIC-5861
"ACIDIMETRIC TITRATION OF HEAVY METAL ACETATES", Mannens, M. G., Analytical Chemistry,
Vol. kk, No. 11, September 1972, PP 1876-1877.
Experiments showed that heavy metal acetates can be titrated potentlometri-
cally in HOAc If an excess of cetyltrimethylammonlum bromide is added to the solution.
The result is explained by assuming the formation of a sparingly dissociated metal
bromide. Samples of Co, Nl, Cu, Ag, Zn, Cd, Hg, and Pb were dissolved in acetic acid
and automatically titrated by this method. The results compare favorably with other
tltratlon procedures. The method can also be used to differentiate mixtures of alkali
or alkaline earth metal acetates from heavy metal acetates in acetic acid medium.
INDEX TERMS: Volumetric analysis, Cobalt, Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Cadmium, Mercury, Lead,
Heavy metals, Silver, Acetates, Recovery, Potentiometric titration.
13
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS.
AMIC-586?
"EETEHMIliATIOH OF SCAHDItW BY PRECIPITATION WITH BEHZILIC ACID", Mullln, M. IU, Hahn,
R. B., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. W», No. 11, September 197S, PP 1&78-1879.
Benztllc acid hae been tested to determine if it is acre suitable as a quan-
titative precipitant for scandium determinations than wndellc acid. A known amount
of Sc was precipitated with benzille acid at pH 2.5. The precipitate was digested at
75-80 C for about 20 mln, cooled to room temperature, filtered and washed, and dried
for Ignition to scandium oxide. Complete recoveries were obtained in the pH range of
1.5-5.0. The composition of the precipitate was determined to be a hydrated scandium
tribenzilate which is deemed unsuitable for direct weighing due to variations in
the degree of hydration (0.5-3 moles of water/mole of scandium tribenzilate depending
on temperature and length of drying). Using Ec-fc6 as a tracer, the solubility of
scandium tribenzilate was 8.1* micrcoioles/l. Interference by diverse anlons and cations
was found to be negligible. Since Sc does not precipitate with Zr at high acid con-
centrations, but Zr does accompany Sc in precipitation from weakly acid solutions, an
initial separation Zr from a Sc-Zr mixture Is required prior to the determination of Sc
The efficiency of the separation was determined using scandium-US tracer and the
study showed that the separation of scandium from zirconium using benzilic acid is
quantitative. That scandium tribenzilate is about one-tenth as soluble as scandium
trlmandelate and la easier to handle, benzilic acid is the preferred reagent for the
gravimetric determination of Sc.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Chemical precipitation, Aqueous solution, Cations,
Gravimetric analysis, Anlons, Hydrogen Ion concentration, Organic acida, Chemical
interference, Scandium, Benzilic actd, Sample preparation.
AMIC-5863 (Continued)
2/2
"1
IHDEX TERMS! Waste water (pollution), Pollutant identification, Sewage effluents,
Trace elements, Iron, Aluminum, Chromium, Copper, Manganese, Nickel, Molybdenum,
Heavy metals, Water pollution, Water analysis, Selenium, Carbon rod atomlzatlon,
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Chemical interference, Precision, Detection
limits, Sample preparation, Sensitivity, Chemical digestion.
AMIC-5863
"DETERMINATION OF TRACE AMDUHTS 'OF SELENIUM IN WASTEWATERS BY CARBON ROD ATOMIZATION ,
Baird, R. B., Pourlan, B., Gabrielian, S. M., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. kk, Ho. 11,
September 1972, PP 1887-1889.
A carbon rod atomizer-equipped atomic absorption spectrophotometer vas
adapted for determining picogram quantities of selenium In vastewaters. In the
adaptation of these techniques to waetewater analysis, a nitric-perchloric acid
digestion of the samples was used to oxidiae organic material and solubillze the Se
before Injection into the carbon rod. The absolute detection limits (signal:nolse
equals 2) experimentally determined for Se standards and wastewater samples were 26
and 33 picograms, respectively. The experimentally determined sensitivity (1 percent
absorption) for stock selenium was 32 picograms. The sensitivity of the carbon rod
for wastewaters containing selenium In a nitric acid-perchloric acid matrix was 50
plcograme. The relative standard deviation for the peak absorption signal calculated
from ten Injections of 50 ng of selenium (0.5 microllter of 1 mlcrogram/ml solution)
was 3.5 percent. The accuracy of the procedure, Including sample digestion, Is
exhibited by an 88 percent average recovery (relative error of 12 percent) from various
spiked wastewater samples. The effects of the dissolved solids in concentrations
normally found In domestic wastes were demonstrated by increasing their concentrations
with respect to a fixed selenium concentration. The recovery results iinply that this
type of matrix does not significantly interfere (within the limits of the procedure)
with the atomlzation or absorbance of selenium In the carbon furnace. As a further
check, It was demonstrated that a 1000-fold excess (w/w) of Al, Cr, Cu, Hi, HI, and
Zn did not Interfere with the absorption at the 196.0 nm resonance line of selenium.
Similarly, a 600-fold excess of Fe and Ho, ana a 150-fold excess of Bi, Pb, and V
exhibited no interference at the selenium resonance line.
AKtC-5861*
"IMPROVED GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR FIELD MEASUREMENT OF BITROUS OXIDE IN AIR AND
WATER USING A 5A MOLECULAR SIEVE TRAP", Analytical Chemistry, Vol. W», No. 11,
September 1972, pp 1889-1&92.
The method of analyzing N20 In air and water by adsorbing on 5A molecular
sieves and transferring the collected sample to a gas chromatographlc column by means
of a Toepler pump has been modified to eliminate the pump. The modified system
for water samples employs a 6-llter glass bulb fitted with a gas inlet tube and a
condenser. The condenser ie connected to an absorption train of four U-ohaped
tubes containing: (l) sodium hydroxide, (S) sodium asbestos, (3) P205, (U) 5A molecular
sieves. The system operates by evacuation, raising the pressure to 1 atm with clean
nitrogen carrier gas, evacuating, introducing a water sample, and again raising the
pressure to 1 atn with the nitrogen. The 6-llter bulb is heated and after 1 hour of
operation the molecular sieve tube Is closed and stored for GC analysis of N20. The N20
is transferred from the sieve tube by attaching It to the gas sampling value of a gas
chromatograph with a thermal conductivity detector, heating to 350 C, and i-eabsorbing it
on the stainless steel column containing 35/70 mesh 5A molecular sieves. This method
was used to measure H20 contents in air and seawater over the Atlantic Ocean In 19°9.
Analysis of results showed that they were reliable.
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis, Sea water, Gas chromatography, Separation techniques,
Laboratory equipment, Adsorption, Nitrous oxide, Shipboard measurements.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-5665
"DETECTION LIMITS IN ANALYSIS OF MtTALS IN BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS HIT LASER MICROPROBE
OPTICAL EMISSION SPECTROMETRY", Treytl, W. J Oreriberg, J. B., Marlch, K. W.,'Saffir,
A. J., Click, D., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. W», Ho. 11, September 1972, pp 1903-190U.
A laser mlcroprobe optical enlaslon spectrometer was tested and conpared to
other techniques for Its sensitivity In the detection of metals In biological samples.
Metals, including Li, Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Kg, or Pb, were analyzed in 10 micron-thick
frozen microtome sections of gelatin which had been prepared In 7 percent human
albumin. The detection limits reported for the laser probe detection of the metal were
comparable to those of ion mlcroprobe, electron nlcroprobe, neutron activation, and
atomic absorption analyses, the laser mlcroprobe can be particularly useful when
biological samples of 0.01 alcrogram are to be measured.
INDEX TERMS: Heavy metals, Chemical analysis, Alkaline earth metals, Spectrometers,
Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, Copper, Zinc, Mercury, Lead, Trace elements, Detection
limits, Optical emission spectrometry, Biological materials, Laser mlcroprobe.
Lithium, Sample preparation, Gelatin, Albumin, Sensitivity.
AKTC-5870
"VOLATILE COMPOUNDS PRODUCED IN GROUND MUSCLE TISSUE OF CANARY ROCKFISH (SEBASTES
PIHNIOER) STORED ON ICE", Miller, A., Ill, Scanlan, R. A., Lee, J. £i.f Llbbey, L. M.,
Journal "of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 29, No. 8, August 1972,
pp 1125-1129.
Volatile compounds associated with the progressive blodegradatlon of ground
muscle tissue of canary rockfish (Sebastes plnnlger) stored on Ice were determined by
combined gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Samples of canary rockfish
were obtained from coastal commercial sources and subsequently packed In Ice and
stored at 0 C. Volatile compounds from the spoiling fish ground muscle tissues were
collected at varying Intervals for analysis. Compounds positively Identified included
dimethyl sulflde, n-propyl alcohol, acet».ldehyde, proplonaldehyde, acetone, ethyl
alcohol, 2- and 3-pentanone, diacetyl, hexanal, l-pentene-3-ol, 3-methyl-l-butanol,
acetoln, trlmethylamlne, and dime thy lamine. The following compounds were tentatively
Identified: propenal, octenal or octadienal, butyraldehyde, 3-methyl butanal,
2-butanone, and methyl vinyl ketone.
INDEX TERMS: Volatility, Organic compounds, Ice, MBBB spectrometry, Pollutant
Identification, Commercial fish, Blodegradation, Temperature, Water pollution
sources, Chemical analysis, Muscle, Rockfish, Sebastes plnniger, Gas liquid
chrcmatography, Ketones, Oleflnlc hydrocarbons, Aliphatic hydrocarbons. Sample
preparation, Aldehydes.
AM1C-5866
"TECHNIQUE FOR CHEMICAL IONIZATION OPERATION OF A CEC 21-110B MASS SPECTROMETER",
Odiorne, T. J., Deslderio, D. M., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. W*, No. 11, September
1972, PP 1925-1926.
In order to alleviate the problem of an Inadequate conversion of the
CEC 21-11CB mass spectrometer to a chemical lonization operation, the original heated
coverplate Is being used again, and a small Vespel ferrule and an eighth-inch monel
tube have been added. When operating the source at low pressures in the El mode, the
tube is used to simply conduct the gas from the coverplate to the source and all seals
are more than adequate. At the higher pressures used for CI a similar tube is used,
except with a crimp placed Immediately behind the hemispherical nose and having a
conductance of approximately .1 ml/sec. This provides a source pressure of 0.5 Torr
with a pressure behind the crimp of 250 Torr, the higher pressure preventing high
voltage breakdown of the gas. The ferrule is designed to use this pressure differential
I to the best possible advantage. It Is necessary to custom-fit each ferrule to the
; individual coverplate. Monel was chosen due to of its chemical Inertness and high heat
conductance. All that Is necessary when changing from CI operation to El (or vice
versa) is to simply replace the tube with the approplrate one.
INDEX TERMS: Spectrometers, Methodology, Instrumentation, Pressure,
ionization mass spectrometry, Mass spectra.
Chemical
AMIC-5&72
"AMINE-CITRATE BUFFERS FOR pH CONTROL IM STARCH GEL ELECTROPHORES1C", Clayton, J. W.,
Tretiak, D. N., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 29, No. 8,
August 1972, pp 1169-1172.
This investigation Illustrates the good resolution of the multiple isozymes
of some fish dehydrogenases that is produced in starch gel electrophoreais when the
gel pH is controlled by amine-citrate buffer systems. These systems produce
eletrophoretic separations that may be interpreted directly in terms of the pH
of the medium and are not influenced by the character of any particular buffer species.
Three previously unused amines together with Trls and bls-Trls provide a series of
amlne buffers with pK's at 0.5 pH unit Intervals in the pH range 6.1-8.1. The
observed differences In the buffering capacity of the electrophoresls buffers did not
seem to affect the quality of the electropherograms. The lonization of all the amines
tested was, as expected, markedly temperature-dependent, and reproducible electrophero-
grams are likely to depend upon adequate temperature control during both buffer
preparation and electrophoresls.
INDEX TERMS: Hydrogen ion concentration, Enzymes, Pollutant identification, Fish,
Biochemistry, Kinetics, Amlne-eitrate buffers, Amines, Starch gel electrophoresis,
Dehydrogenase, Isozymes, Malate dehydrogenase, Lactate.
15
-------
PHYSICAL Alifl CHEMICAL METHODS.
AKIC-5860
"WET DIGESTION VERSUS DRY ASHING FOR THE ANALYSIS OF FISH TISSUE FOR TRACE M5TAUS",
Anderson, J., Atomic Absorption Newsletter. Vol. 11, Ho. l», July-August 1972, pp 88-89.
Fish samples for analysis vere frozen and ground and divided for dry ashing
and vet digestion. Ashing was performed at 500 C for 16 hours after which 5 ml of
concentrated nitric acid and later, delonlzed water were added. Wet digestion was
performed by adding 2 ml of perchloric acid and 10 ml of nitric acid, heating at 95 C
until fats were completely broken down. Ten ml of deionized water was then added
to the samples. Metal concentrations were measured by direct aspiration into a
Perkln-Elmer atonic absorption spectrophotometer. Lead was neasured using the Sampling
Boat technique. It Is concluded from the results of the analysis for Zn( Cr, Cu, Cl,
and Pb that the dry-ash method Is much less time consuming in terms of manhours, can
handle whale fish, has percent recoveries comparable to the wet digestion nethod, and
produces less variation. Recoveries by each method exceeded 90 percent.
INDEX TERMS: Heavy metals, Trace elements, Chemical analysis, Fish, Biological samples,
Tissue, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Sample preparation, Chemical
recovery, Dry ashing, Wet digestion.
AMIC-58e2
"CHARACTERIZATION OF THE COMPONENTS OF TECHNICALLY POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL
MDCTURES-II", Tas, A. C., KLelpool, R. J. C., Bulletin of Environmental Contamination
and Toxicology. Vol. 8, Ko. 1, July 1972, PP 32-37.~~
Further analysis of technically polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures by gas
chromatography, IR spectra, and SMR spectra has resulted in the identification of
three additional products: 2,2l,3,3',6,6I-hexachloroblphenyl; 2,2',3,1*',5',6-
heptaehlottfciphenylj and 2,2l,3,3',k,5,6'-heptachlorobiphenyl. Four other compounds
were identified in an early study.
IMDEX TERMS: Polychlorinated biphenyls, Gas ehromatography, Pollutant identification,
Characterization, NMR spectra, Chemical structure.
«MIC-588l
"TIME STABILITY OP AQUEOUS AFDC ADD ITS MANGANESE AND NICKEL COMPLEXES IN MOT", Jenne,
E. A., Bs.ll, J. W., Atomic Absorption Newsletter, Vol. 11, No. U, July-August 1972,
PP 90-91.
Since the AFDC/MTBK (ammonium pyrolldine dithlocarbaaate/methyl isobutyl
ketone) system is widely used for complexation-extractlon of trace petals, studies
were conducted to determine the stability of aqueous APDC solutions and Ni-and Mn-AFTC
complexes. The APDC used had been stored either frozen, at ambient temperature
and light intensity, or refrigerated Just about 0 C, or came from a comercial source
which had been stored at ambient temperature in a darkened cabinet for more than
2 years. The various APDC sources produced no consistent difference8 in absorbance
when 1»0 mlcrograms of Hi and tta were extracted into MtBK and determined by atonic
absorption. So effect of age of APDC could be found with regard to Hi- or Ifa-APDC/MIBK
tine stability. The absorbance of Mn-APDC/MIBK extracts decreased rapidly after time
! periods ranging from 1 to t hours and sometimes 6 hours. The time stability of Mi
absorbance was increased markedly from 6 hours in the absence of acetone, to at least
3 days in the presence of 20 percent acetone at ambient temperature and llgh Intensity.
j Since the addition of 20 percent acetone does not significantly depress the Mn-APDC/MIBK
| absorbance, the convenience, precision, and accuracy of Mn analysis of APDC-MtBK extracts
by atomic absorption can be significantly improved by the addition of acetone to the
separated MIBK extract immediately following phase separation.
INDEX TEHC: Separation techniques, Heavy metals, Trace elements, tfanganese, Nickel,
Atomic absorption speetrophotflteetry, Sample preparation, Ammonium pyrrolldlne
dittolocarbomate.
A MIC »5
"ANALYSIS OF A CHLORINATED TERPHENYL (AROCLOR 50. Levels expressed as concentrations in
fat were widely spread; blood contained the highest levels of Aroclor 5'*60/llpid and
muscle the lowest. In the second experiment appreciable amounts remained in tissues
after a period of 70 days following the feeding of Aroclor 5(»60. Mean levels were
considerably lower than those in Expt. 1, but variance was such that reduction in
Aroclor Jlt60 levels was often not significant (Student's t test) over this period.
Aroclor 5<)60 levels in liver were significantly lower. An overall reduction In liver
-------
1. PHYSICAL ANZ; CKEMICAL METHOlte
AMIC-586U (Continued)
2/2
llpld might be expected to result in some mobilization of Aroclor 5>t60 from liver
tissue and possibly In Its excretion from the fish.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Pollutant Identification, Path of pollutants,
Methodology, Bioassay, Aroclor
Chlorinated terphenylB, Cod, Fate of
pollutants, Biological magnification, Gravimetric analysis, Gadus morhus.,
Retention, Animal tissues, Electron capture gas chroma tography, Fluorescence
spectrophotometry, Thin layer chroma tography, Sample preparation, Detection
limits.
AMIC-5869 (Continued)
2/2
INDEX TERMS: Mass spectrometry, Polychlorlnated blphenyls, Pesticide residues,
Fat, Mirex, Chemical Interference, Cleanup.
AMIC-5869
"MASS SPECTROMETRIC IDENTIFICATION OF MIREX RESIDUES IN CRUDE EXTRACTS ANE IN THE
PRESENCE OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS", Uk, S., Hlmel, C, M., Dirks, T., Bulletin of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Vol. 9, No. 2, August 1972, pp 97-10U.
One, 5, 20, and 50 mlcrograns of Mirex and Aroclor 1254 were added to 5 6 of
pork fat for use In investigating means to Improve detection of Mirex In biological
samples containing PCB's. The samples were prepared by grinding In a mortar and pestle
with purified sand and benzene, treating the combined benzene fractions with
concentrated H2SQ1*, separating the benzene layer and filtering over glass wool-Ha2SC4,
concentrating it In a. stream of dry air, washing into a Pasteur pipette to concentrate
to less than 5 mid-outers, and transferring it to a capillary tube cut to fit the
mass spectrometer probe. Analysis showed that a mixture of 500 micrograma of Mirex
and 500 micrograms of Aroclor 1251* added to 5 g pork fat was easily detected by low
voltage MS in the crude extract after it was treated with concentrated H2SC4. The
most favorable probe temperatures were 90-100 C. Despite numerous extraneous peaks
from the fat particularly at m/e below 200, mass scans In this temperature range showed
minimum interference with ions of Mirex and/or PCB's. The presence of extraneous
peaks proved that the treatment of pork fat extracts with H2SC4 did not eliminate
organic Impurities. The results show the feasibility of concentrating pesticide residue
extracts to microliter-volume for positive confirmation by mass speetroaetry. For rela-
tively stable compounds with low vapor pressure such as Mirex, the sample In an organic
solvent such as benzene can be introduced into the glass capillary tube plugged with
glass wool 1 to 2 weeks in advance before mass spectrcraetric testing. Analytical
sensitivity remains a problem since detection of Mirex and/or Aroclor 1251* in sample
extracts containing 1, 5, or 20 micrograms of each chemical was not possible.
17
AMIC-5890
"CHROMOUE CHLORIDE REDUCTION. VII. STEREOCHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURE OF THE MAJOR
PRODUCT EMPLOYED IN THE CONFIRMATION OF ENDRIN RESIDUES", Chau, A. S. Y., Wilkinson,
R. J., Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 8, No, 2, August
1972, pp 105-100.
Reaction of chrotnous acetate with endrin produced a minor product similar to
that produced In reactions of chromous chloride and endrin. The stereochemistry of the
product, pentachloroketone (II), was confirmed by chemical means In the present
Investigation. The IR and 1MB spectra were Identical to those of pentachloroketone (II)
obtained from chromous chloride or chromous acetate reaction with endrin. The structure
of endrin derivatives and the reaction pathway are shown.
INDEX TERMS: Endrin, Chemical reactions, Pollutant identification, Muclear magnetic
resonance, Pesticide residues, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Reduction
(chemical), Infrared absorption, Stereochemistry, Chemical structure, Chromous
chloride.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHCD.J
.-
"DETCRMINATIOff OF M-CEC-EUrYLiflENVL K-ffiTKYL-N-lWIOPHEjtt'LCAKBAMAT'E (FE-l±775l Iff WA1ER,
SOIL AND VEGETATION , Westlake, W. E., Ittlg, M., Guntfaer, F. A., Bulletin of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Vol. 6, No. 2, August 1972,~PP 109-liS.
Methods were developed for gas chromatographic analysis at m-sec-butylphenyl
H-oethyl-N-thlophenylcarban&te (FE-U775), a mosquito larvlclde, In turbid pond water,
Irrigation water, tap water, soil, pond bottom mud, grass, and alfalfa at levels of
0.01 ppm. Water samples were extracted by shaking with roethylene chloride or chloro-
form, passing through anhydrous sodium eulfate, evaporating, and dissolving the residue
In benzene for GC analysis. Pond water containing decaying organic matter required
cleanup consisting of passing the benzene solution through a column of Florlsil deacti-
vated by adding 15 percent water and eluting with benzene. Soil samples were nixed with
anhydrous sodium sulfate, blended with methylene chloride, filtered, the solvent
removed, and the residue dissolved In benzene. The same cleanup procedure for pond
water was used. Pond bottom mud which contained decaying organic matter was blended
with acetonitrile, filtered, diluted with water, shaken with hexane, evaporated, and ;
the residue dissolved in ethyl acetate. Cleanup was accomplished toy adding the sample
to a column containing silica gel, ethyl acetate, and Nuchar-Attaclay and eluting with
ethyl acetate. Grass and alfalfa were blended with acetonitrile, filtered, diluted with
vater and sodi\iin sulfate, and equilibrated with hexane. For cleanup, samples were
added to a column containing alumina pre-wet with benzene and eluted with benzene. The
operating parameters of the gas chronatograph were not critical. Recovery levels from
the different samples are shown to be consistent and acceptable.
IHDEX TERMS: Gae chromatography, Thiocarbamate pesticides. Grasses. Alfalfa, Potable
water. Irrigation water, Bptton sediments, Water analysis, Soil analysis, Sample
preparation, Cleanup, M-sec-butylphenyl N-methyl-N-thiophcnylcarbanate.
AMIC-5895
"SAMPLIBO AND ANALYZING TRACE QUANTITIES", Fair, J. R., Crocker, T". B., Null, H. R.,
Chemical Engineering. Vol. 79, No. 21, September 18, 1972, pp lU6-15^.
Before a trace component in a process stream can be dealt with effectively,
the engineer must obtain a representative sample of the material and have an accurate
analysis made. In order to obtain that representative sample, % careful study should
be made in order to ascertain the beat way of obtaining the sample and what devices
should be used. For meaningful data, recovery of a TQ in the sample-collection
device must be essentially 100 percent. If the process stream is monitored for trace
quantities, the most desirable way is continuous analysis of the sample and recording
of the results. The TQ engineer's concern is with analytical methods and instruments
that vlll give reliable information. Those typical criteria for analytical methods
are presented. Some methods of chemical analysis such as gas chronBtography,
spectrophotometry, chemilumlnescence, and coulometry operate on the gas phase alone -
whether It be a process stream used directly, Or a liquid stream that Is vaporized
prior to analysis. Liquid-phase analysis include those for measuring gases absorbed
or reacted in liquids prior to analysis, as well as those for liquid streams
themselves.
INDEX TERMS: Sampling, Aqueous solutions, Chemical analysis, Methodology, Monitoring,
Gases, Liquids, Water analysis, Gas chromatography, Spectrophotometry, Trace
quantities, Coulometry, Chemlluminescence.
AMIC-5892
"RESIDUES OF DDT AND ITS DEGRADATION PRODUCTS IN COD LIVER FROM TWO HOWEGIAN FJORDS ,
Stenersen, J., Kvalvag, J., Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology.
Vol. 8, Ho. 2, August 1972, pp 120-121. ~
Since frutt orchards along fjords of the Norwegian West Coast are frequently
sprayed with DDT, cod were caught from SognefJorden, where there is Intensive fruit
productive, and from DalsfJorden, with no fruit growing, to determine whether spraying
leads to residues In aquatic biota. The cod were caught in 1969 and frozen until
analysis by sis chronBtography. Quantitative separation of DDD and DDT was obtained on
a 11 percent (QF-1 plus OV-17) GLC-column and results were confirmed by debydrochlorina-
tion. The analyses show that residues in livers of cod taken from SognefJordan
contained an averate of 5.05 ppm DDT, 2.67 ppm DDE, and 1.85 ppm DEE. These eoncentrs.-
tions averaged about 7.5 times those of cod from DalsfJorden. It Is concluded that
local spraying with DDT has contaminated the aquatic biota.
INDEX TEWS: Fish, Pesticide residues, DDT, DDD, DDE, Gas chromtography, Path of
pollutants, Absorption, Cod, Liver, Bioaccumulation.
See also: Category 2, AMIC-5766, 5777, 5826
Category 3, AffiC-5673.
18
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H. BIOUUCUC/U, METHODb
AMIC-3606
"tWTWLANKTON, rHcmKTfHTHESK, AMD PBCKPHORUC IN LAKE MINNETO1KA,
R. 0., Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 17, Ho. 1, Janunry 1972, pp 68-87.
The temporal nnd spatial varlatlonc of chlorophyll concentration* (n) and
Integral photosynthesis (sigma p) are described for a large, •orphometrlcally *f^p!t»r
lake. The dally rate of photosynthesis at the average depth where Illumination Is
optimal (p sub max) increases, whereas the depth Where illumination begin* to be
saturating (z sub l) decreases, ae chrlorophyll concentrations Increase. These
opposing effects influence the geometric proportions (expressed by the ratio sign
p:p sub max) of photosynthesis depth profiles systematically. The regression of the
ratio signs p:p sub max (equal to z sub 1) on chlorophyll IB fitted to an exponential
equation with which z sub 1 can be estimated from the chlorophyll concentration.
Values of z sub i so estimated are similar to those expected from the reciprocal
relationship between z sub 1 and chlorophyll required by Lambert's law. Therefore,
dally Integral photosynthesis at any locality can be calculated from measurements of
the chlorophyll concentration and the rate of photosynthesis In a single water sample
incubated for a half day at the average depth where illumination IB optimal.
Chlorophyll concentrations Increase as concentrations of total phosphorus increase,
but generally no relationship exists between phosphorus concentrations and minimum
specific rates of photosynthesis (p sub max). The linear relationship between
phosphorus and chlorophyll occurs only when Anabaene, a nitrogen-fixing alga, IB an
Important component of the phytopl&nkton. The quality of chlorophyll above the
depth z sub 1 (equal to n sub 1) represents ca. 60 - 80 percent of the chlorophyll In
the photic zone. The value of n sub 1 where chlorophyll concentrations are 60
mg/cu m (the maximum concentration at most localities In Lake Mlnnetonka) Is about
AMIC-3608 (Continued)
2/2
100 mg Chl/sq m. The usual limit for Integral photosynthesis at 20 C IB therefore
5 g C/sq m/day. (Reprinted from Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 17, So. 1, January
1972, pp 68-87. Copyright 1972 by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography,
Inc. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TEFM5: Phytoplankton, Photosynthesis, Phosphorus, Chlorophyll, Aquatic algae,
Spatial distribution, Temporal distribution, Mathematics, Light Intensity, Plant
physiology, Nutrients, Euphotlc zone, Estimating equations, Pyrrophyta,
i Chlorophyta, Chrysophyta, Cyanophyta, Ecological distribution, Lake Mlnnetonka,
t Cryptophyta.
AHIC-3631
"THE INSTABILITY OF OCEAJI POFULATIOHE", Longhurst, A., ColebrooK, M., Gulland, J.,
et al., Hev Scientist, Vol. ^, Ro. 798, June 1, 1972, pp 500-^02.
Data on collapses or declines in populations of marine organisms are not
necessarily valid Indicators of the effects of ocean pollution. Several such cases
have been shown to result not from contamination of the ocean, but rather from direct
and Indirect climatic effects. Conversely, it has also been shown that marine
populations In polluted arene fluctuate within usual limits. It is concluded,
therefore, that pollution monitoring schemes, in the ocean or elsewhere, cin only
succeed if the natural effects of the changing physical environment are both understood
and monitored continuously und indefinitely. Natural fluctuations in animal populations
have already been ascribed Incorrectly to the effects of pollutants, and it would be !
easy for a serious impact on the tnvlronment to piss unnoticed through ignorance of
natural population instability or a lack of monitoring of the oceans on a global scale. |
IBEEX TERMS: Population, Oceans, Water pollution effects, Biomass, Data
interpretation.
AHZC-3&T7
'WATER POLLUTIOK. FRESHWATER MACROIMVERTEBRATES". ttickenthun, K. M., Keup, L. E.,
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. W», No. 6, June 197!-', PP 1137-1150,
A literature review is presented on the effects of various pollutants on
macroinvertebrates. Brief discussions cover pollutant types such as inorganic
wastes, organic wastes, pesticides, and radioactive wastes; environmental alterations
such as enrichment; distribution, life histories, habitats; periodicity and drift of
organ!ems; food webs; and sampling techniques.
HOKX TERMS: Water pollution effects, Water pollution sources, Aquatic environment.
Habitats, Environmental effects, Industrial wastes, Pesticides, Radioactivity,
Distribution, Food webs, Sampling, Aquatic drift, (fecroinvertebrates. Periodicity,
19
-------
2. BIOUDGICAL METHODS
AMIC-3879
"EFFECTS ON FRESHWATER FISH", Katz, M., LeGore, R. E,, Veitkamp, D., et al., Journal
Water Pollution Control Federation. Vol. kh, No. 6, June 1972, pp 1226-1250.
A literature survey is presented of the effects of water pollutants on
freahwnter fish. Cone of the more salient items includes (1) completed tests used
to determine the lethality of estuarine and some polluted river waters to trout and
cyprlnldE; (2) estimated degrees of pollution of the Hea-thcote Blver obtained, from
bacterial and chemical analysis of water samples} (3) documentation of acme of the
effects of municipal wastevater effluents on the vater quality, fish populations, and
bottom fauna characteristics of a receiving stream; and (k) observations of the aquatic
environmental effects of such pollutants as synthetic detergents, industrial pollutants,
i insecticides, herbicides, and pesticides,
. INDEX TERMS: Freshwater fish, Water pollution effects, Respiration, Enzymes, Hydrogen
| ion concentration, Perches, Heavy metals, Water pollution, Freshwater, Toxlelty,
1 Detergents, Pollutants, Insecticides, Industrial wastes, Herbicides, Chlorinated
hydrocarbon pesticides, Pulp wastes, Organic wastes, Dissolved oxygen, Carbon
dioxide, Hydrogen sulflde, Water temperature, Salmon, Shellfish, Worms, Bentbic
fauna, Ammonia, Brook trout, Carp, Mississippi River, E. coll, Reviews, Thin
layer chromatography.
AMZC-3988
"EVAU3AT10S OT HERBICIDES TOR PCSSIB1E W3TAGEHIC PHOPERTIES", Anflersea, K. 3.,
Leighty, E. G., Tttkahashl, M. T.,.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 20,
No. 3, May/June 1972, pp 61*9-656.
One-hundred-and-ten herbicides were evaluated for their ability to induce
point mutations In one or more of four different nicroblal systems (eight histldine-
requiring mutants of Salmonella typhlmurium baeterlophate Tk, and two rll mutants of
TU). Sone of the herblcideB^appeared. to cause point mutations in these microtial
systems In comparison with'known nnrtagens such as 5-brcmouracil or 2-amino-purlne.
Except for inconclusive evidence relating to four herbicides within one test of one
system, mutagenic rates of herbicide-treated organisms did not differ significantly
from spontaneous rates. In this one test, four herbicides were associated with
mutation freijuencies slightly in excess of the control. The observed Increases were
small, and the rates of mutation were lover than spontaneous rates of controls In
other tests of the same system. Therefore, it appears that the increases observed
with these four herbicides were within the normal range of spontaneous rates.
IMDEX TERfC: Herbicides, Evaluation, Bioassay, Water pollution effects, E. coll,
Chromosomes, Bacterlopbage, Carbamate pesticides, Ihlocarbamate pesticides,
Fhosphothioate pesticides, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Triazine
pesticides, Triazole pesticides, Urea pesticides, Phenolic pesticides,
Pyridine pesticides, Sulfur compounds, Inorganic pesticides, Uracil pesticides,
Genetics, Mutants, Salmonella typhimurium, Mutageniclty.
AMIC-toOJ
"EFFECTS OF VARIOUS SOIL FOBGI AMD INSECTICIDES ON THE CAPACITY OF MUCOR ALTEBMAHS TO
DEGRADE DDT", Anderson, J. P. E., Uchtensteln, E. P., Canadian Journal of
Microbiology. Vol. 18, No. 5, May 1972, pp 553-56O.
The effects of various species of soil fungi and of various insecticldal
chemicals on the capacity of Mucor alternans to degrade DDT were investigated. Pure
cultures of the fungus Mqeor alternants, isolated from DOT-contaminated soils, were able
to degrade DDT to water-soluble metabolites. After the addition of fungal spores to
DDT-contamlnated soils, however, the insecticide-degrading capacity of the fungus was
no longer evident. Since under field conditions many species of fungi are simultane-
ously exposed to mixed residues of pestlcidal chemicals, the effects of various species
of soil fungi and of various insecticides on DDT degradation by M. alternans were
investigated. Experiments were conducted to study the effect of nine fungal species,
their stale cell-free media, and various insecticides and related compounds on the
capacity of M. altermna to degrade C-lU-DDT to water-soluble metabolites. It was
found that several pure fungal cultures of some cell-free media. In which mycelia had
grown, could also degrade the insecticide. In most cases, however, addition of one of
the various fungi to C-lU-UDT-treated M. alternans cultures resulted in a total ospree.
slon of the appearance of water-soluble metabolites in the media. This was due to an
accumulation of the metabolites in the mycelium of the other fungus or in an inhibition
of metabolite formation. Addition of stale media from various fungi to C.l^-DDT-treated
M. altetmns cultures had various effects on fungal growth and on the capacity of the
fungus to degrade the insecticide. Among the insecticides and related compounds tested
only llndane, parathion, and Dyfonate caused a reduction in DDT degradation by
M, alternans without severely reducing its vegetative growth.
AMIC-to)5 (Continued)
2/2
~l
IBHEX TERM3: DDT, Soil fungi, Insecticides, Mlcrobial degradation, Cultures, Spores,
Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Growth rates, Water pollution sources,
Radioactivity techniques, Soil contamination, Carbonate pesticides, Phosphothloate
pesticides, Thloearbanate pesticides, Poly chlorinated biphenyls, Mucor alternans,
Pollutant effects, Metabolites, Substrate utilization.
20
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2. BIOLOGICAL METHOtS
4MIC-U060
"THE CELL MALL ULTHASTRUCTUHE A3 A TAXOHOMIC CHARACTERISTIC OF THE GENUS SCENEJESMUS
2. TAXONOMIC EVALUATION OF THE INVESTIGATED SPECIES", Komarek, V. J., Ludvik, J.,
Archiv fur Hydrobiologle, Supplement, Vol. l»l. No. 1, May 1972, pp 11-U7.
The cell wall ultrastructure was studied of 13 species (26 strains) of the
genus Scenedesmus. On the basis of the ultrastructural features their specific
characteristics were completed. The determination of different species was made
according to protologe, from which the original picture and diagnosis represented the
main components. For the further taxonomlcal studies of the genus Scenedesmus the
cultivation of all new described or revised species is considered necessary. The
cultivation method enables also the ultrastructure studies. (In German)
INDEX TERMS: Systematics, Scenedesmus, Plant morphology, Pollutant identification,
Electron microscopy, Aquatic algae, Phytoplankton, Cultures, Microscopy, Algae,
Cell wall, Ultrastructure, Scenedesmus dlnorphus, Scenedemmis longus,
Scenedesmus opoliensis, Scenedesmus spinosus, Scenedesmus abudans, Scenedesmus
subsplcatus, Scedemus helvetlcus, Scenedesmus spinosus, Scenedesmus gutwinskii.
"BIOLOGICAL IMPACT OF A LARGE-SCALE DESALINATION PLANT AT KEY VEST", Chesher, R. H.,
Westinghouse Ocean Research Laboratory, Annapolis, Maryland, Water Pollution Control
Research Series I8o80 GBX 12/71, Contract No. llt-12-888, December 1971, 150 pp.
An eighteen month biological study showed that the heated brine effluent from
a desalination plant at Key West, Florida caused a marked reduction in blotic diversity,
Some organisms were more abundant in the receiving waters than in control areas but
these were generally capable of isolating themselves from the effluent by closing up
or by moving to other areas during periods of high contamination. Ionic copper,
discharged from the plant, was the most toxic feature of the effluent. Temperature
and salinity of the effluent and the receiving water were such that the effluent
stratified at the bottom of the receiving basin. This stratification reduced water
circulation and the man-made harbor acted as a settling basin which lessened the
Impact of the discharge on surrounding natural environments. Periodically, the plant
shut down for maintenance or cleaning. When it resumed operations, low temperature
water of ambient salinity was discharged which was highly contaminated with ionic
copper. These sudden effusions caused more biological damage than steady-state
conditions. At the end of the study, extensive engineering changes were made to
correct corrosion problems and lower copper discharge.
INDEX TERMS: Thermal pollution, Water pollution effecte, Toxicity, Bioassay, Biological
communities, Desalination plants, Environmental effects, Copper, Water tempera-
ture, Salinity, Marine animals, Marine plants, Sediments, Plankton, Chemical
analysis, Invertebrates, Mollusks, tferine algae, Thermal stratification, Cations
Laboratory tests, Blomass, Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta,
Annelids, Water sampling, Hydrography, Coelenterates, Tunicates, Arthropods,
Echinoderms, Sensitivity.
AMIC-5U37
"ECOLOGICAL EFFECTE OF OFFSHORE .CONSTRUCTION", Bounsefell, 0. A., University of
Alabama, Marine Science Institute, Bayou La Batre, Alabama, Published aa Journal
of Marine Science. Vol. 2, No. 1/1972, 208 pp. HTIS Report No. AD 739 70T
An evaluation of current knowledge of the probable ecological effects of
various types of offshore construction reveals slight danger from the majority of
construction programs. The greatest dangers lie in the placement of artificial
islands within or too closely adjacent to estuaries where they can significantly
affect water exchange, and in the proliferation of water cooled nuclear power plants.
Perhaps the most pressing need for ultimate human survival is the further development
of power from natural forces to replace power from nuclear and fossil fuel sources.
INDEX TERMS: Ecology, Environmental effects, Marine plants, Marine animals, Offshore
platforms, Nuclear powerplants, Water properties, Salinity, Water temperature,
Oxygen, Turbidity, Benthic fauna. Water pollution effecte, Striped bass, Dissolved
oxygen. Oil, Bridges, Buoys, Harbors, Tunnels, Marine algae, Animal populations.
Reviews, Offshore construction, Delaware Bay, Scoloplos armiger, Alimltos Bay,
Lake Pontchartrain, Pearl River, Lake Borgne, Substrates, Macroinvertebrates,
Hew York Bight.
AMIC-56W)
"ALGAL ASSAY PROCEDURE", Forsberg, C. G., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation,
Vol. Mi, No. 8, August 1972, pp 1623-1628.
An algal assay procedure was used to determine the algal growth potential in
wastewater effluents, especially those from chemical treatment plants. Selenastrum
capricorautum or a group of mixed algae was placed in culture tubes containing a
modified nutrient solution of Rodhe and 2.5 or 5 percent concentration of wastewater
effluent. Following incubation of the algae at 2k C under fluorescent light (3,000
lux), growth in the tubes was determined photometrically and by electronic particle
counting. The difference in growth or growth potential in cu ram/1 between the tubes
containing the effluent and the control tubes with no effluent was measured, the
standard deviation for a series of 5 parallel tests was 2-3 percent. Sample tests from
7 days gave for effluent taken in the morning, an average algal-growth-potential of 0.5
whereas In the afternoon a value of 1 was recorded. A very good correlation was
obtained between total P and algal volume during these tests.
INDEX TERMS: Bloassay, Waste water (pollution), Aquatic algae, Industrial wastes,
Methodology, Pollutant Identification, Photometry, Growth rates, Laboratory tests,
Water pollution effects, Growth potential, Precision.
21
-------
2. BIOIJUGICAL METHODS
AMJC.;i67?
"YEARLY RK3P1RATION RATE AND ESTIMATED ENERGY BUDGET FOR SAGITTA ELEGAMS", Sameoto,
D. !>., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 29, No. 7, July 1972,
pp 937-996. ~~~ ~
ans In Bedford Basin, Nova Scotia, was
The respiration rate of Sagltta eleg
found to be significantly different at different times of the year. Respiration
Sagltta e
nt at diff
rates were lower In summer and fall than during spring because the animals acclimated
to warmer temperatures as the year progressed. The annual energy expenditure by
respiration of the n. elegans population in St. Margaret's Bay, Nova Scotia, was
equal to the net yearly production of the population; the calculated minimum ingested
energy for this population was estimated to be between 13-2 and 20.0 kcal/100/eu/year,
or about 0.7 - 1.1 percent of the estimated total energy produced annually by
copepods in the Bay. S_. elegans probably has its greatest impact on the zooplankton
community in St. Margaret's Bay during winter and early spring, when its biomass is
greatest and its energy of respiration per unit volume of water is highest.
INDEX TERMS: Respiration, Energy budget, Second productivity, Bates, Zooplankton,
Copepods, Invertebrates, Metabolism, Biomase, Marine animals, Water temperature,
Laboratory tests, Sagltta elegans, Chaetognaths.
AM1C-5766
"LIMBOLCGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN SURFACE WATERS", McDonald, D. B.,
Mick, D. L., Iowa State University, Iowa State Water Resources Research Institute,
Ames, Iowa, Completion Report No. ISWRRI-36, Contract Nos. DI-1U-G1-0001-163U,
DI-llt-31-0001-3015, June 1971, 9 pp. NTIS Report No. PB 208 969.
Since chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides tend to degrade at a slow rate and
be prone to reconcentration In the environment via biological magnification, a project
was untaken to determine the: (l) effects of hydrological and llmnological conditions
on the concentration of various chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides in the muds and
waters of selected local surface water habitats, (2) concentration of chlorinated
hydrocarbon pesticides found in aquatic organisms in the above habitats; and (3) varia- j
tion in biological magnification of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides in various
species of fish and other aquatic organisms and to relate, if possible, these variations!
to their ecology and position in the aquatic food chain. Samples of water, mud, peri-
phyton, and fish were collected from the Iowa River, Coralvllle Reservoir, and Lake
MacBride and analyzed for the major chlorinated hydrocarbons according to methods des-
cribed In Analysis of Pesticides Residues, Vols. I and II, by H. P. Burchfield and j
D. E. Johnson. Pesticide residues in water from the Iowa River and Coralville Reservoir
varied from trace amounts to a maximum of five ppt. Pesticides occurring In highest
concentrations were alpha BHC, gamma BHC and p,p'-DDT; p,p'-DDT was the major pesticide
occurring in mud samples. Periphyton samples contained far higher concentrations of
pesticide than either water or mud samples. Concentrations of pesticides in fish were
far higher than those observed or mud samples and generally higher than those observed
In the perlphyton. A variety of factors appear to influence pesticide residue levels.
These include types of fish, fat content and drainage area. The highest pesticide
^
AMIC-57U9
"CELLULOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF THEBMOMOHOSFORA CURVATA; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR
CELLULASE PRODUCTION", Stutzenberger, F. J., Applied Microbiology, Vol. 2k, No. 1, July
1972, pp 77-82.
The nutritional requirements are described for growth cellulase production,
and cellulose degradation by Thermomonospora curvata in a minimal medium. The use of
a minimal medium for cellulase (C sub 1 and C sub x) production by Thermomonospora
curvata increased extracellular C sub 1 activity (measured by rate of cotton fiber
hydrolysis) 11-fold, compared with the previously used yeast extract medium. Ground
cotton fibers supported the highest cellulase production when compared to other soluble
and Insoluble carbohydrate sources. Maximal cellulase production occurred at 1*5 C,
slightly less at 55 C, and was insignificant at 65 C (the highest temperature at which
cellulase activity appeared stable). At a temperature of 55 C, an optimal pH of 8.0,
and cotton fiber concentration of 8 mg/ml, shake cultures of T. eurvata degraded about
75 percent of the cellulose during the 10-day period. ~
INDEX TERMS: Cotton, Temperature, Cultures, Cellulose, Growth, Water pollution sources,
Enzymes, Thermophllic bacteria, Actlnomycetes, Microbial degradation, Essential
nutrients, Nutrient requirements, Carbohydrates, Assay, Thermomonospora curvata,
Cellulase, Culture media, Substrate utilization. Enzyme production.
AMIC-5766 (Continued)
2/2
levels were observed in bottom-feeding fish whereas carnivorous fish generally contained
smaller amounts of pesticides.
INDEX TERMS: Path of pollutants, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Pesticide residues,1
Surface waters, Environmental effects, Food chains. Freshwater fish, Mud, Water j
analysis, Chemical analysis, Soil analysis, Bioassay, Biological magnification,
Metabolites, Isomers.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL KiTHCUS
AMIC-5767
"A METHOD OF MATHEMATICAL MODELING OK COMPLEX ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS", Ivakhnenko,, O. G.,
Koppa, Yu. V., Todua, M. M., Kiev, G. P., Joint Publications Research Service,
Washington, D.C., JPRS 55818, April 27, 1972, 20 pp. (Translated from Avtomatite,
Ukrainian, No. U, 1971, pp 20-3>».)
The method of group data handling (M3DH) IB applied to synthesize a
mathematical model for prediction of the quantity of bacteria in the Rybinsk reservoir
with an extrapolation time of one year. The method is based on the principle of
self-organization at vhich it IE enough to observe only a small part of the
characteristic vector components, ae a result of which a complex problem of simulation
turns into a comparatively simple one. The heuristic self-organization approach and
the method of group date handling make It possible to construct mathematical models of
the ecological system valid not only for qualitative but also for quantitative
evaluations of any variable vhich may be of interest. This opens new possibilities for
the optimum control of the water reservoir conditions. The mathematical model was also
constructed for prediction of the permanganate oxidation.
INDEX TERMS: Mathematical models, Methodology, Mathematical studies, Statistical
methods, Ecosystems, Aquatic life, Aquatic environment, Group data handling,
Rybinok reservoir, Variables, Data interpretation.
AM1C-577U
"PRELJMIMAIW REPORT OK TECHNIQUES FOR MARINE MONITORING 3YGTEMS", uoule, U. F.,
Soule, J. D., University of Southern California, Eea Grunt Program, Los Angeles,
California, USC Sea Grant Technical Mote USC-SG-1T-71, August 1971, 5 pp. NUT." Beport
Mo. COM-72-1C&52.
Small settling racks, attached to docks, floats and buoys, were used to
monitor the biotlc content of a marine water column at 8 locations In Los Angeles
Harbor. These settling, racks consisted of microscope slide boxes (containln slides)
which had one quarter inch holes drilled at each end and a one sixteenth Inch mesh
screen over the top. The settling racks are effective for good growth of several
species of hydroliis, tunicates, polychaet worms, caprellids, araphlpods, bryozoans,
mollusks, echlnoderms, as well as the algal Ulva and Enteromorpha, and '/ork optimally
at depths of 12 feet. The rack is useful in that it does not distrub benthlc
communities, is easy to use, allows easy analysis of simples, and reveals a greater
density of organisms than other common monitoring techniques. The small glass slides
make possible a variety of treatments Including histological analysis as well as
species identification. These racks mny be also used in fouling studies.
INDEX TERMS: Monitoring, Equipment, Biological communities, Marine animals, Water
sampling. Design, Marine algae. Pollutant identification, Invertebrates, Settling
racks, Fouling, Marine environment.
/•MIC-5769
"THERMAL EFFECTS ON BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION IK NUTRIENT RICH PONDS", Slewert, H.,
University of Wisconsin, Water Resources Center, Madison, Wisconsin, Technical
Completion Report, Contract Nos. 1^-01-0001-1870 and lU-31-0001-3050, February 1972,
15 pp. HTIS Report No. PB 208 696.
Two similar ponds, one heated to 5 C above the other, were investigated for
their physical, chemical, and biological differences. Of 250 green sunfish, Lepomla
cyanellus, planted in each pond, the young-of-the-year grew at a faster rate in the
nested pond. This pond also permitted Chara to grow year round and at an accelerated
rate. More oxygen vas produced during the day and more lost during the night in the
heated pond than in the reference pond. The latter showed large annual fluctuations
of total alkalinity and conductivity. It also was stratified most of the year and
maintained hydrogen sulfide in the lower half of the water column which killed fish
during summer and winter. There was an indication that the synerglstic effect of
temperature and oxygen with an unlimited food supply will promote fish growth.
INDEX TERMS: Thermal pollution, Water pollution effects, Water properties, Ponds,
Aquatic productivity, Eutrophication, Environmental effects, Aquatic algae,
Water temperature, Thermal stress, Flshkill, Primary productivity, Secondary
productivity, Freshwater fish.
AMZC-5777
"LIMNOLOGICAL IWVESTIGATI DBS OF TEXAS IMPOUNDMENTS FOR WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
PURPOSES", Fruh, E, G., David, E. M., University of Texas it Austin, Center for
Research in Water Resources, Austin, Texas, Report Nos. EHE-71-6, CPWR 87, Contract
No. lU.01-0001-1551*, February 197?, 107 pp. NTIS Report No. PB 209 216
This project was designed to obtain limnological data on the inflows, pools,
and releases of seven impoundments situated in series within a 150 mile reach of the
Texas Colorado River near Austin. The overall go^il vms to develop the dita obtained
from this river basin system so that It could serve as * modeJ for other Texqs river
systems which will be transformed from free flowing streams to e contiguous series of
slackwater pools. An investigation of the water quality changes In Town Lake since 1925
using data on the raw water supply to Austin Treatment Plant shows that bacterial con-
centrations significantly decreased following upstream impoundment construction.
However, bacterial concentrations have increased gradually since 19^ mainly due to
pollution by urban runoff. A simplified procedure for temperature prediction in a
stratified southwestern impoundment was developed using a combined net energy transfer-
diffusion approach. The llmnological surveys showed that hypolimnetlc dissolved oxygen
depletion after the initiation of temperature stratification was the major water quality
problem In southwestern impoundments. Primary emphasis during this project was on the
obtainment of valid data on the hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen sources and sinks for
development and validation of a prediction model. The major sink was microbial respira-
tion. The model was more sensitive to changes in the microbial respiration parameters
than to changes in the vertical dispersion coefficient and temperature. The major
reason for the significance of microbial respiration was the sinking epiliranetic phyto-
plankton debris. Laboratory tests showed that the limiting nutrient in different {
23
-------
S. BIOLOGICAL MLTHOLo
AMIC-5777 (Continued;
2/2
seasons could vary from nitrogen to phosphorus to Iron. Laboratory and in situ
studies Indicated that both nitrogen and phosphorus were limiting in the summer.
INDEX TERMS*. Limnology, Water quality, Model studies, Forecasting, Impoundments,
Thermal stratification, Phytoplankton, Texas, Water quality control, Colorado
River, Urban runoff, Water temperature, Organic wastes, ColiformB, Methodology,
Nutrient requirements, Water pollution, Limiting factors, Respiration, Aquatic
microorganisms. Surveys, Laboratory tests, On-slte investigations, Hypollmnlon,
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Essential nutrients, Computer programs, Physlochemlcal
properties, Soil analysis, Chemical analysis, Water analysis, Cyanophyta,
Euglenophyta, Pyrrophyta, Chrysophyta.
AMIC-5782
"GEA GRANT REPORT 1970-1971", Shor, G. G., Jr., Isaacs, J. D., University of
California at San Diego, Institute of Marine Resources, La Jolla, California,
IMR Reference Ko. 72-5, Sea Grant Publication Mo. 16, October 1971, 132 pp. NTIS
Report Bo. COM-72-10359.
The first annual report Is presented of activities carried out under the
University of California Cea Grant Institutional Program. Some of the individual
research projects include "Productivity of Coastal Waters', 'Biological and Ecological
Studies of Normal Populations, Natural Variability and Effects of Environmental
Changes in the Nearshore Zone', 'Enhancement of Natural Marine Productivity by
Artificial Upwelllng1, 'Pathogenic Microbes and Chemical Residues in California Spiny
Lobster Populations', 'Historical Levels, Areas and Routes of Pesticides in Plankton
and Fish of the California Current', 'nutrition and Feeding of Larval Fish, and the
Effects of High Salinity, Heat and Other Pollutants', 'Studies of Vertical Migration
of Zooplankton', and 'Improvement of Methods of Predicting Sea-Surface Temperatures'.
INDEX TERMS: Ecology, Biology, Biological communities. Sea water, Diurnal distribution,1
Ecological distribution, Eutrophication, Path of pollutants, Halogenated
pesticides, Water pollution sources, Pollutant identification, Ecosystems,
Sampling, Marine microorganisms, Environmental effects, Marine animals, Marine
plants, Marine algae, Productivity, Monitoring, Bioassay, Methodology, Nutrient
requirements, Animal populations, Water temperature.
AKtC-5785
"ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY OF FRESH WATER PLANKTONIC CRUSTACEA", Annitage, K. B.,
University of Kansas, Kansas Water Resources Research Institute, Lawrence, Kansas,
Project Completion Report Contribution No. 95, Contract No. I** -31 -0001 -3016, March
1972, 20 pp. NTIS Report No. PB 208 023.
Freshwater planX tonic Crustacea were used to determine the effects of
thermal effluents on aquatic animals. Four species of Daphnla were cultured at 10 C
and 20 C and their metabolism was measured at 10 - 12 C and 20 - 22 C. D. pulex,
leata mendotae showed some degree of metabolic
ed at 10 - 12 C had higher metabolic rates at
10 - 12 C than animals acclimated at 20 - 22 C. In most instances, metabolism at
20 - 22 C was higher in the daphnlds acclimated at 10 - 12 C. R-T curves were
determined for D. ambigua and D. galeata mendotae at five degree Intervals from 5 C
to 30 C. The curve of D. ambigua. acclimated at 10 C clearly was shifted to the left
(translation) of the curve for 20 C acclimation. D. galeata mendotae showed little
acclimation over the temperature range of 10 - 20 C". Possibly a combination of
rotation and translation occurred. D. galeata mendotae were grown from neonates at
10 C and SO C. There was no difference in the size of the animals at which eggs first
appeared, but animals at 20 C began reproduction several days earlier and produced more
young than animals at 10 C, There was some evidence that the temperature at which eggs
developed influenced subsequent growth and reproduction. Because temperature effects
on species and In different populations within a species differ, no general pattern
of metabolism can be assumed and applied to diverse studies of energy budgets or of
effects of thermal pollution on aquatic ecosystems.
INDEX TERMS: Crustaceans, Zooplankton, Water temperature, Metabolism, Thermal stress,
Water pollution effects, Thermal pollution. Growth rates, Reproduction.
AMIC-5778
"THE WEST FALMOUTH OIL SPILL. I-. BIOLOGY", Sanders, H. L., Grassle, J. F.,
Hampson, G. R., Woods Hole OceaHographlc Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, Report
No. WHOI-72-20, April 1972, U8 pp. NTIS Report No. PB 209 ^28.
The continuing biological effects of the West Falmouth oil spill on the
invertebrate community was monitored from September, 1969 to November, 1971.
Invertebrate specimens, obtained by trawl, grab, and core samples, were examined mainly
for the polychaete and bivalve const!tutents. The numbers and densities of Individual
polychaetes and bivalves found in the samples were tabulated and compared with previous
findings.
INDEX TEJMS: Biology, Oil spills, Oil pollution, Invertebrates, Water pollution
effects, Biological communities, Marine animals, Water pollution sources, Sampling,
Mollusks, Commercial shellfish, Environmental effects, Annelids, Benthlc fauna,
Sample preparation, Anthozoans, Neraerteane, Pycnogonlds, Acarlna, Echinodermus,
Coelenterates.
D. slmllis, D_. ambigua, and D. galeata
compensation. Those animals acclimated
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMTC-5786 ......
"FISH POPULATIONS AROUND IDGEWOOD ARSENAL'S CHEMICAL AGENT TEST AREA", Spelr, H. J.,
U. S. Department of the Army, Blomedical Laboratory, Edgewcod Arsenal, Maryland,
Technical Report Mo. EATfi-l»609, March 1972, 25 PP. NTIS Report Ho. AD ?Uo 735.
Seining was conducted around Carroll Island, Maryland as part of an ecologi-
cal research program Initiated by the Director of Research Laboratories in August,
1969. Carroll Island is Edgewood Arsenal's major outdoor facility for field testing of
riot control agents, simulants, and signaling and screening smokes. Fish were seined
periodically from waters directly downwind from most test areas and from waters that
probably received most of the rainwater drainage from testing sites. During the
8-month investigation, nearly 28,000 fish, representing 2k species, were collected.
Bay anchovies, white perch, and silversides accounted for 90 percent of the total
catch. White perch and silverBldes were present throughout the period, but anchovies
were abundant only in September and October. Diversity indices computed for Carroll
Island populations compare favorably with those reported from a southern estuary.
Results of this study were similar to those of another seining investigation conducted
on the Susquehanna Flats by Maryland fisheries biologists. Throughout the study,
young-of-year white perch from one Carroll Island area
white perch from three nearby locations. However, the growth rates of Hawthorne Cove
perch were similar to those of fish in the other locations. This probably means that
Hawthorne Cove fish were spawned later. No effects that could be attributed to the
testing of chemical agents were found.
INDEX TERMS: Fish populations, Growth rates, Water pollution effects, Chemical wastes,
Distribution patterns, Marine fish, Sampling, Estuaries, Water pollution sources,
Nets, Ecological distribution, Freshwater fish, On-site tests, Carroll Island,
Shannon-Wiener index, Seining, Species diversity.
AMIC-5793
"ARE PLASTIDS DERIVED FROM PROKARYOTIC MICRO-ORGANISMS? ACTION OF ANTIBIOTICS ON
CHLOROPLASTS OF EUGLEHA GRACILIS". Ebrlnger, L., Journal of General Microbiology,
Vol. 71, No. 1, June 1972, pp 35-52.
Euglena gracllla strain Z was grown in a proteose-peotone-tryptone medium with
a U-day culture at the end of logarithmic growth serving as inoculum. Usually the
Inoculum contained 10,000 organisms/ml. Methods of cultivation, of determination of
chlorophyll, of counting Irreversibly bleached organisms, and of counting the color-
plasts per organism were as published by Ebringer, Nemec, Santova and Foltlnova (1970).
Of Ikk antibiotics examined with respect to their action on Euglena gracllis chloro-
plasts, U6 caused irreversible loss of plastlds and most inhibited chlorophyll synthe-
sis. These substances included structurally related compounds as well as degradation
products of antibiotics. Antibiotics exhibiting bleaching activity were of two general
types Judged by their mechanisms of action in other systems: (1) Inhibitors of DMA
synthesis . anthramycln, edelne, porflromycin, and mitomyclns, myxin, nalldlxlc acid and
its derivatives, novobiocln, primycln, rublflavln, sarkomycln and streptonlgrln;
(2) Inhibitors of protein synthesis - 29 antibiotics which carry a common molecular
denominator in their structure (an amlnohexose) and three antibiotics which lack amlno-
augar moieties: vlomycln, streptogramln and pactamycln. Only these two types of anti-
biotics permanently eliminated chloroplasts; antibiotics classified as possessing other
mechanisms of action were not effective. All these bleaching antibiotics inhibited
replication of plastlds in concentrations having no effect on normal Euglena division.
A dilutlng-out of pathological plastids IE the explanation of this 'bleaching phenomenon*,
INDEX TERMS: Antibiotics (pesticides), Chlorophyll, Biodegradatlon, Water pollution
effects, Euglenophyta, Protozoa, Invertebrates, Aquatic algae. Photosynthesis,
Chemical analysis, Plastics, Chloroplasts, Euglena gracilis, Biosynthesis, Culture
media. Metabolites, ProkarvStes, FlagellatesrmeacRlng Index.
AMIC-58B7
"METABOLISM OF DDT BY FKEKH WATER DIATOMS", Miyazaki, S,, Thorsteinson, A, J,,
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 8, No. 2, August 1972,
pp 81-63. '-
Ten diatom cultures were isolated from a sample of ditch water by adding 5
ml of sample to Warner's agar. After incubation and additional culturing, pure
cultures were exposed for 2 weeks to 0.71 ppm C-lU labeled DDT dissolved in benzene.
After the 2-week period glacial acetic acid was added to the flasks and the mixture
immediately extracted 3 times. The medium was then filtered and the cells were
extracted 3 times with acetone. Thin-layer chromatography was used to separate DDT
from metabolites. On the basis of these tests, Nitzsehia sp. and an unidentified diatom
were selected for further studies. The procedure was repeated in k replicates of each
culture and a control without diatom inoculation. The results showed DDE to be the
only metabolite produced by either culture. The unidentified diatom culture degraded
more DDT to DDE than the Hitzschia species but most of the DDT added to the media
remained unchanged in both cultures. The fact that the total radioactivity recovered
from the diatom culture media was less than from the control suggests that seme of the
DDT or Its metabolite( s) were bound Intracellularly, or were otherwise not extraetable
by the solvent system used. Evaporation of DDT from the chromatogram may also account
for some loss of radioactivity. The results suggest that some species of freshwater
diatoms may be significant in the degradation of DDT to the non-lnsectlclda.1
metabolite, DDE in nature.
INDEX TERMS: Diatoms, Metabolism, Absorption, DDT, DDE, Biotransformation, Thin
layer chromatography.
25
AMIC-5797
"AM OBLIGATE!* AUTOTROPHIC MUTANT OF CHLAMYDOMQHAS DYSOSMOS:
Neilson, A. H., Holm-Hansen, O., Lewin, R. A., Journal of
Ho. 1, June 1972, pp lUl-lUe.
A BIOCHEMICAL ELUCIDATION",
reneral Microbiology, Vol. 71,
A biochemical elucidation is presented for an obligately autotrophic mutant
of Chlamydpmonas dysosmos, a unicellular, flagellate, green alga. Wild-type cells,
normally photosynthetic, are also facultatively heterotrophlc, being capable of growth
in darkness with acetate as sole source of carbon. A mutant induced by ultraviolet
light lacked the ability to grow heterotrophically and formed negligible amounts of
isocitrate lyase after 70 h in darkness with acetate, the specific activity being less
than 3 percent of that found in the wild-type. Uptake of acetate after 9 hours was
0.3 percent of that by the wild-type. ATP Increased slightly during the first 10 hours
after addition of acetate and thereafter decreased, In contrast to wild-type cells, in
which ATP synthesis continued under similar conditions. Thus C. dysosmos could
normally incorporate acetate for heterotrophic growth via the glyoxylate cycle but, in
the mutant, this cycle was impaired, the alga being unable to synthesize Isocitrate
lyase and being thereby rendered obllgately autotrophic.
INDEX TERMS: Biological properties, hotosynthesis. Metabolism, Carbon, Blodegradatlon,
Chlamydomonas, Aquatic algae, Protozoa, Enzymes, Absorption, Ultraviolet
radiation, Mutants, Biochemical characteristics, Chlaraydomonas dysosmos,
Heterotrophy, Autotrophy, Flagellates, Substrate utilization, Biosynthesis,
Adenosine trlphosphate, Acetates, Substrates, Isocitrate lyase.
-------
2. BIODOOICAL METHODS
AMIC-580O
"TRACE ELEMENTS IN NITROGEN METABOLISM OF PLANTS AND MICRO-ORGANISMS. In: AGRICULTURE
GROUP SYMPOSIUM 1?TH FEBRUARY 1972 TRACE ELEMENTS IN PLANT AMD AHIMAL NUTRITION",
Hewitt, E. J., Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, Vol. 23, No. 6, June
1972, pp 797-798.
Those trace elements associated with nitrogen metabolism In plants and
microorganisms function extensively in nitrate assimilation, the nitrogen cycle, and
nitrogen fixation. These elements are associated with the enzyme systems and include
Zn, Cu, Mo, non-heme Fe, W, S, B, Co, and V. The specific activity of enzymes -
nitrate and nitrite reduction, denitriflcatlon, nitrification, nitrogen fixation - in
relation to the trace elements is discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Trace elements, Nitrogen, Metabolism, Microorganisms, Enzymes, Cycling
nutrients, Nitrogen cycle, Nitrogen fixation, Denitriflcatlon, Respiration,
Reduction (chemical), Nitrates, Nitrites, Dehydrogenases, Peductases, Oxidasee,
Assimilation.
AMIC-5810
"MEASUREMENT OF NITRATES AND NITRITES IN THE CULTURE SOLUTION", BuZlanoVH, M. M.,
Leonova, V. G., Chervlna, L. G., Prlkladnaya Biokhimiya 1 Mlkrobiologiya, Vol. 8,
No. 1, January/February 1972, pp 02-85.
The procedure of measuring nitrate- and nitrite-ions in the case of their
simultaneous presence in the culture liquid on the Munz medium is described. The
procedure Is based on the colorimetric measurement of nitrites with the Griss reagent
and the tltrlmetric determination of nitrates. Optimal conditions for measuring these
ions in the culture liquid are defined. The mensurable concentrations of nitrate are
within the range of 0.001-3 rag/ml and those of nitrite in the range of 0.01-1.5 mg/ml,
the error being plus or minus 15 percent.
INDEX TERMS: Nitrates, Nitrites, Aqueous solution, Methodology, Cultures, Colorimetry,
Volumetric analysis, Anions, Separation techniques, Pollutant identification,
Culture media, Detection limits, Experimental error.
AMIC-5807
"DIFFERENTIATION OF ASPERGILUJS 60JAE FROM ASPERGILLUS ORYZAE BY POLYACRYLAMUE GEL
DISC ELECTROPHORESIS", Hasuno, 6., Journal of General Microbiology, Vol. 71, No. 1,
June 1972, pp 29-33.
Polyacrylaraide gel disc electrophoresls has been used to characterize
alkaline proteinases from As^ergillus pryzae and A. sojae. The fungus was usually grown
at 30 C for 72 hours in stationary flasks ^n a solid medium or In shaken flasks on a
liquid medium. The enzymes were precipitated from cooled distilled water culture
extracts or culture filtrates by addition of two volumes of ethanol at minus SO degrees,
dissolved in a snail volume of distilled water and used for gel electrophoresis after
removal of insoluble substances by centrifugatlon at UOOO g for 5 mln. In general, the
procedure described by Davis (196U.) was followed for disc electrophoresls on polyacryla-
mlde gels. Samples were applied in 20 percent (w/v) sucrose solution and spacer gels
were omitted. After a run at U mA per gel column at U C for an appropriate period, fro-
zen gels were sliced laterally into 2 mm strips, extracted for k hours to overnight at
U C with 2 ml of 0.05 M-phosphate buffer at pH 7.3 and assayed for alkaline proteinase.
Comparisons were limited to tubes run simultaneously. Alkaline proteinase activity was
determined by the modified Anson's method. To obtain mature eonldla for electron micro-
scopy the fungi were grown on Czapek's slopes at 30 C for 21 days. Electron micrographs
of dry eonldla on collodion-coated grids were taken with a Hitachi HS-6 type electron
microscope. Alkaline proteinases from strains of Aspergillus oryaae and £. sojae
migrated with species-specific mobility in electrophoresis on polyacrylamTde gels; the
protein patterns were not affected by age or cultural conditions. The results support
the establishment of A. sojae as a species distinct from A, oryzae.
INDEX TERMS: Enzymes. Separation techniques, Pollutant Identification, Characterization,
Electron microscopy, Aspergillus sojae, Aspergillus oryzae, Disc electrophoresls. n
26
AMIC-5821
"THE EFFECTS OF HEATED WASTE WATERS ON SOME MICROORGANISMS", Cairns, J., Jr., Lanza,
G. R., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Water Resources Research
Center, Blacksburg, Virginia, Bulletin No. U8, February 1972, 101 pp. NTIS Report
No. PB 208 UlU.
Selected aquatic microorganisms (protozoans, algae, and chytridiaceous
fungi) were used to Investigate the effects of thermal stress on aquatic life.
Initially the study involved simulating the passage of water through i condensing
system to determine the effect of this exposure upon unicellular organisms and the
effect of the simulated passage through the condensor upon th^ microtlal system below
the discharge point. The research was examined to include (l) the development of a
simple apparatus for delivering thermal shocks to microorganisms and a new fluorescent
survey technique to characterize stress induced cellular alterations, and (2) both
autecological and synecological studies on diatoms pre-stressed by sub-optimal
culturing prior to receiving added stress from thermal shocks. The varied responses
to thermal stress exhibited by the microorganisms indicate that further investigation
is needed.
INDEX TERMS: Aquatic microorganisms, Thermal pollution, Thermal stress, Fluorescence,
Aquatic populations, Water pollution effects, Aquatic bacteria, Aquatic algae,
Aquatic fungi.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
"KiTS.lfl'lld. ENVIRONMENTAL ii.KFECTS OF AN OFFSHORE SUBMERGED NUCLEAF POWER PLAHT, |
VOLUME II", Marble, R. W., Mowell, L. V,, General Dynamics, Electric Beat Division,
Grolon, Connecticut, Water Pollution Control Research Series 16130 GFI 06/71, i
Contract Ho. lU-12-918, June 1971, 285 pp. :
Potential environmental effects of wastes from an 1190-Mwe pressurlzed-water j
nuclear power plant, submerged 250-ft deep at four representative sites off the U. G.
mainland, were studied. The thermal field of the plant's cooling water discharge
and the distribution of ridlonuclides in the sea were analyzed. In every case, the
thermal 'mixing zone1 (by the most stringent present standards) was found to end
before either a surface or subsurface field was established and to be much smaller
than for a plant in shallower waters. Fewer organisms would be killed by entrainment
in the cooling water than at a coastal plant, A 'batch1 release of radionuclldes,
after the hypothetical nuclear accident, would harm life, requiring suspension of
local fishing for about 10 weeks. Ho potential ecological damage was predictable
from the ordinary minute release of radionuclides, the thermal discharge, or other
wastes. Volume I presents the rationale, analyses, and results of the complete study.
Volume II is a descriptive treatise and collation of data on the representative
offshore sites, which forms the basis for application of the analytical models to
those sites and for the assessment of the effects of power plant wastes on the
marine biota. (See also: AMIC-523U)
INDEX TERMS: Nuclear powerplants, F.nvironmental effects, Mathematical models, Water
temperature, Radioactivity effects, Ecological distribution, Echinodenns,
Porifera, Coelenterates, Bryozoa, Chaetognaths, Spinuculide, Seasonal variation,
Tunlcates, Ctenophora, Chaetognaths, Arthropods.
AMIC-5825
"BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS.
Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1971/295 pp.
AMIC- 5626
"FATE OF DIQUAT IK THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT", Hiltlbran, H. C., Underwood, D. L.,
Fickle, J. S., University of Illinois, Water Resources Center, Urbana, Illinois,
Report No. UTLU-WRC-72--005S, Research Report No. 52, Contract No. 1'+-31-0001-3013,
February 1972, >»5 PP. NTIS Report No. PB 208 598.
The interactions of dlquat with the aquatic environment and the absorption
of diquat by fish, soils, and aquatic plants were investigated under field and
laboratory conditions in order to determine the fate of herbicides in the environment.
Determining the path of dlquat in the environment Involved exposing various water
samples, bluegills, pondweed, and soils to labelled or unlabelled dlquat and measuring
the quantity of herbicide remaining in each of these samples. In laboratory studies,
an average of 1.5 ppm diquat remained in water 65 days after application of 5 ppm
diquat, and 0.12 ppm remained 28 days after exposure to 1 ppm diquat. In fall field
studies, 0.32 ppn dlquat remained 2U hours after the application of 1 ppm dlquat. In
spring field studies, 0.31 and 2.k ppm remained 8 days after application of 1 and 5 ppm
diquat, respectively. Sago pondweed did not translocate either foliar or root applied
C-lU-dlquat, but the foliar-applied C-lk-dlquat in American pondweed was translocated.
Bluegills removed dlquat from the water, and C.]l*-diquat was detected In 8 tissues
analyzed. Amounts of diquat varied in the hydrosolls in 6 of the ponds examined.
INDEX TERMS: Dlquat, Herbicides, Path of pollutants, Persistence, Radioactivity
techniques, Hydrosols (soils), Organic matter, Marking techniques, Adsorption,
Absorption, Distribution patterns, Laboratory tests. Aquatic plants, Bioassay,
Vater pollution effects, Pesticide removal, Water analysis, Soil analysis,
Chemical analysis, Soil properties, Pollutant identification, Aquatic environ-
ment. Biological samples, Fate of pollutants, Ultraviolet absorption, Cation
exchange capacity. Macrophytes. Desorptlon.
FLUORIDES", National Academy of
This document was prepared at the request of the Air Pollution Control
Office (APCO) of the Environmental Protection Agency to provide a scientific basis for
APCO to issue an air quality criteria document on airborne fluoride. There is a brief
introduction, to give the reader familiarity with fluoride and the history of man's
understanding of its biologic effects. Following this is an environmental appraisal
that treats the sources, both natural and mannnade, and then a discussion of the
transfer of fluoride in the environment, its physical and chemical changes, its regional
and local variations, and its biologic transformations, A chapter is Included on the
accurate sampling and analysis of fluorides. The document also assesses the effects of
fluoride on enzymes, cells, and isolated organ and tissue systems and its metabolic
effects on Intact plants, animals, and humans. Like other pollutants, airborne fluoride
i can be additive to fluoride accumulated by other routes; therefore, it was considered
i essential to evaluate the total burden of fluorides in these living systems.
Recommendations are given for future research.
IHDEX TERMS: Fluorides, Path of pollutants, Pollutant identification, Water analysis,
Animal physiology, Plant physiology, Absorption, Soil analysis, Public health,
Vegetation, Agronomic crops, Cereal crops, Grasses, Water pollution sources, Soil
contamination, Shrimp, Industrial wastes, Animal pathology, Plant pathology, Spa-
tial distribution, Temporal distribution, Chemical analysis, Fluorine, Essential
nutrients, Metabolism, Separation techniques, Sampling, Plant tissues, Food chains,
Fish, Environmental effects, Fate of pollutants, Blotransformation, Sample
preparation.
AMIC-5835
"UPPER-LETHAL-TEMPERATURE RELATIONS OF THE NYMPHS OF THE STONEFLY, PARAGNETINA MEDIA",
Helman, D. R., Knight, A. L., Hydrobiologia, Vol. 39, No.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
A MIC-5836
"MARINE GAMMAMDEA (CRUSTACEA: AMFHIPODA) FBOM THE INDIAN REGION . FAMILY:
AMPHILOCHIDAE", Rablndranath, P., Hydroblologla, Vol. 39, »o. k, July 31, 1972,
pp 509-526.
Three gannnrldean amphipods coming under the family Amphllochidae are
described and figured. Two of these are considered new. In the light of thle study,
J. L. Barnard's (1962) observations on the family are critically examined and a
reassessment of the characters made use of In separating some of the genera under the
family is made.
INDEX TERMS: Amphlpoda, Crustaceans, Systems tlce, Ecological distribution,
Invertebrates, Marine animals, Classification, Littoral, Periphyton, Benthlc
fauna, Gltanogeiton troplca, CitanopsiB subpusilla, Cyproidea ornata, Arthropods.
AMIC-5837 (Continued)
£/2
places under the action of some environmental factors. Danube high floods «">:ert an
important influence upon the Unionldae birth rate, favoring the breeding and
development of molluscs in years when these high floods are great, yearly, ind of
long duration. Wind, waves, and exploitation of molluscs nre factors which exert >i
selective action, (M The energy flow, established for the Craplna populations,
shows a low efficiency of net production (Pn/A lees than 10 percent). At the :;nme
time a high percentage of energy is spent in metabolic processes (R/A greater than
90 percent). This energy aspect shows that Unlonldae molluscs play a snail trophic
role in the economy of the respective complex, but are important mineralizers of
organic substances.
INDEX TERMS: Mussels, Ecological distribution, Secondary productivity, EnvIronmentnl
effects, AniBfal populations, Aquptie environment, Spatial distribution, Energy
budget, Trophic level, Migration, Organic matter, Substrates, Eneraf flow,
Unionldae, Macroinvertebrates, Species density, Unlo pictorum, Unio tumldus,
Anodonta piscinalie, Anodonta cygnei, Pseudanodontn complanata.
AMIC-5837
"STUDIES ON UNIONIDAE POPULATIONS FROM THE CRAPINA-JIJILA COMPLEX OF POOLS (DANUBE
ZONE LIABLE TO INUNDATION)", Tudorancea, C., Hydrobiologla, Vol. 39, No. k, July 31,
1972, PP 527-561.
A etudy has been made of the structure, dynamics, and functioning of some
Unionldae populations of the Craplna-Jljlla complex of pools, integrated into the
zone liable to inundation of the Danube. Collections were made in 15 zones with a
dredge fixed on a pole, to which was attached a wire net with meshes of about 3-U mm.
Samples were used to determine dynamics of density, abundance, and frequency of
occurrence. Qualitative and quantitative samples were used to determine growth,
establish structure by ages, sizes and sexes, and to obtain data on reproductive
biology. For the determination of energy flow characteristic of each population
separately, Lindeman's trophic model was used; the quantity of energy released by
respiration was computed using Ivelev's mean oxicaloric coefficient, equal to
3.38 cal/mg 02. The composition of the silt was also determined. Of the five
species of Unionidae present in the Crapina-JlJlla complex of pools, the populations
of Unl0 pietorum, Unlo tumldus and Anodonta piscinaHs were investigated as these
species dominate' in the respective ecosystems both in number as well as in biomass.
The following conclusions were arrived at: (l) Density, blomass, Incidence and
abundance are greater In the Crapina populations than those of Jljlla, owing to more
favorable life conditions (smaller degree of silting, better water circulation,
greater variety of the bottom). (2) Spatial distribution is Influenced by water
level determined by the Danube high floods, nature of the bottom and presence or
absence of vegetation. (3) Age structure constitutes a characteristic trait for
each population separately at any moment, while the dynamics of this structure takes
28
AMIC-5867
"ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXICITV OF CADMIUM TO THE FATHEAD MINNOW (PIMEPHALEC PROMLLAii)",
Pickering, Q. H., Oast, M. H., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol.
29, No. 8, August 1972, PP 1099-U067
Two long-term, continuous-flow bioassays were made to determine the chronic
toxlcity of cadmium to the fathead minnow, Plmephales promelae Rafinesque. The second
test was conducted 2 years after the first to allow an evaluation of the precision and
repeatability of chronic bloassays with fish and to more precisely bracket the maximum
acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) for cadmium. Acute toxicity studies were
conducted to estiraste an application factor for cadmium toxicity. In general the
methodology for the bloassays was similar to that of Mount and Stephan (1967) and
Pickering and Thatcher (1970). Static and continuous-flow tests were used to determine
the acute toxicity of cadmium. Two 96-hr static bioassays were conducted according to
the methods of the American Public Health Association et al. (19&5). Analysis of vari-
ance with an F test of significance (P equals 0.0^} was used for statistical analysis of
the data. Two continuous-flow bioassays on the chronic toxicity of cadmium to the fat-
head minnow (Plmephales promelas Rafinesque) indicated that the maximum acceptable toxi-
cant concentration for this species IB between 57 and 37 micrograms Cd/liter. The
experimental concentration of 57 micrograms Cd/liter decreased survival of the develop-
ing embryos, the embryos being the most sensitive life stage. At lower concentrations
of 37 to I*.5 micrograms Cd/liter, no adverse effect on survival, growth, or reproduction
was found. Application factors based on the acute bioassays are discussed in relation
to the great variation In toxicity.
INEEX TERMS: Bioassay. Toxicity. Cadmium, Embryonic growth stage, Water pollution
effects, Freshwater fish, Heavy metals, Lethal limit, Fish physiology, Fish
pathology, Growth rates, Fish reproduction, Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-5868
"EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF YOUNG BROOK TROUT, SA1VELIHUE
FONTINALIS", MeCormlck, J. H., Hokanaon, K. E. F., Janet, B. R., Journal of the
PiflierleBHeBearch Board of Canada, Vol. 29, So. 8, August 1972, pp 1107-nIST"
Instantaneous rates of growth, mortality, and net bionass gain were determined
for alevln through Juvenile brook trout reared for 8 weeks at six constant temperatures:
7.1, 9.8, 12.U, 15.U, 17.9, and 19.5 C. The test system provided a continuous flow of
Lake Superior chlorine- and ammonia-treated water at about 250 ml/mln at a constant
temperature to duplicate test chambers. Water temperatures were monitored with
constant-recording teletherraometera and were measured daily In each chamber to toe
nearest 0.1 C with n Hg thermometer. Growth rates were maximum between 12.k and 15.I* C.
Mortality ratee Increased between 15.^ and 17.9 C and were maximum between 17.9 and
19.5 C. The net rates of blonass gain were maximum between 12.k and 15.I* C. Median
upper thermal tolerance limits (TL 50 values) were determined for newly hatched and
swim-up alevlns. Tolerance did not Increase in newly hatched alevlns with acclimation
to temperatures from 2.5 to 12 C. The upper 7-day TL50 for newly hatched alevlns accli-
mated over this range of temperatures was 20.1 C. The swim-up alevlns showed both an
Increase in temperature tolerance with acclimation temperatures between 7.5 and 12 C
and an Increase In tolerance over that of the newly hatched alevlns at comparable
acclimation temperatures. The ultimate 7-day TL50 of swim-up alevlns was 2U.5 C. Swim-
up alevlns exceed newly hatched alevins in thermal tolerance by 2,0-1*.5 C, depending on
the temperature of acclimation. The TL50 of newly hatched alevlns of comparable accli-
mation (12 C) is reduced by about 2 C when the exposure time is Increased from 1 to 7
days. ,
INDEX TERMS: Water temperature, Fish physiology, Thermal stress, Brook trout, Mortality,
Growth rates. Survival. Thermal tolerance.
A MIC-5871
"ACIDIFICATION OF THE LA CLOCHE MOUNTAIN LAKES, ONTARIO, AND RESULTING FISH
MORTALITIES", Beamish, R. J., Harvey, H. H., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board
of Canada, Vol. 29, No. 6, August 1972, pp 1131-11U3.
The loss of populations of lake trout. (Silvellnus namaycush), lake herring
(Coregonus artedll), white suckers (Catoatomus eoimnersonl), and other fishes in
Lumsden L"ake was attributed to increasing levels of acidity within the lake. An
absence of fishes was also observed In nearby lakes. In some lakes, acid levels have
increased more than one hundredfold In the last decade. The increases in acidity
appear to result from acid fallout 1n rain and snow. The largest single source of
this acid was considered to be the sulfur dioxide emitted by the metal smelters of
Sudbury, Ontario. In 1971, pH measurements were taken from 150 likes In the general
study area 65 km southwest of Eudbury. Some 33 of these lakes showed a pH of less
than U.5 and were described as 'critically acidic'. An additional 37 lakes had a pH
In the range of 4.5-5.5 and were termed 'endangered' lakes.
INDEX TERMS: Freshwater fish, Acidity, Mortality, Lakes, Water pollution effects,
Canada, Lake trout, Cisco, Suckers, Hydrogen ion concentration, Oligotrophy,
Chemical analysis, Physicochemical properties, Water analysis, Water pollution
sources, Monitoring, La Cloche Mountains, Lumsden Lake, Burbot.
AMIC-5869
"EFFECT OF INTERTIDAL EXPOSURE OK SURVIVAL AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF PACIFIC HERRING
SPAWN", Jones, B. C., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 29, No. 8,
August 1972, pp 1119-1T2TT
In a study which sought to determine the effects on Pacific herring spawn of
regular tidal exposure to air, the following variables were examined: prehatchlng
mortality, incubation time, larval length and weight at hatching in relation to varying
degrees of exposure, effects of egg size (dry weight), fish size, and clump size.
Beach surveys were also undertaken to note possible egg size stratification. The eggs
were exposed to air for different periods of time to simulate tidal effects on spawn
deposits at varying beach heights on the British Columbia coast. Prehatchlng mortality
changed from 13 percent unexposed to 31 percent at 8-hr exposure twice dally. Signifi-
cantly higher mortality occurred among eggs of smaller fish and eggs in smaller clumps.
Incubation time decreased from 19.2 to 18.2 days with 2-hr exposure twice per day, and
thereafter declined O.I* days with greatest exposure. Larval length at hatching for unex-
posed eggs was 7.7 mm; lengths for all degrees of exposure were similar (7.2 mm). Larval
weight was greatest (0.099 mg) for eggs exposed between U and 6 hr twice per day,
decreasing with either greater submergence or exposure (7 and 12 percent respectively).
Hypoxia, desiccation, and the air-water temperature differential are considered as
possible causal agents. A field survey indicated that deposition of larger eggs occurred
at upper beach levels. These results suggest that a high fishing intensity could
detrimentally affect future spawn and thereby reduce population recruitment.
INDEX TERMS: Intertldal areas, Embryonic growth stage, Herrings, Fish eggs. Mortality,
Air, Larval growth stage, Size, Length, Bioassay, Survival, Pacific herring,
Intertldal exposure, Clupea pallasli.
AMIC-587U
"CORRECTION FOR LAG IN CONTINUOUS-FLCM PESFIROMETTOT", Evans, D. 0., Journal of the
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 29, No. 8, August 1972, PP lSl^-1216.
The lag and damping effect caused by fluctuations in the oxygen content of
the respiration chamber In continuous-flow respirometry can be eliminated by addition
of the simple correction factor (chamber volume x initial-final outflow oxygen
concentration) to the ordinarily used formula (flow x mean difference between inflow
and outflow oxygen concentration). Metabolism data for six rainbow trout, Salmo
gairdnerl, are presented.
INDEX TERMS: Metabolism, Respiration, Oxygen, Equations, Rainbow trout, Water
temperature. Water pollution effects, Methodology, Dissolved oxygen,
Fluctuations, Fish physiology, Continuous flow respirometry, Correction factor,
Salmo gairdnerl.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-5875
"AM ANALYTIC OF TEW?,RATURE EKFtCTC ON THE INSHORE LOBSTER FISHERY", Flowers, J. M.,
Salli, S. H., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 29, Ho. 8, August i
1972, pp 11P1-TL2TII
i
In the past, water temperature has been utilized in combination with some
measure of fishing effort in the development of economic estimator or predictor |
equations for the yield of the lobster Homarus amerlcanus. The hypothesis that the
inshore lobster fishery in the United States has been overflahed since the end of \
World War II to the point where increases in fishing effort since that time have had '
only minor effects on the yields was examined. It was shown that suitable yield
prediction equations could be developed using only lagged and present temperatures as i
the independent variables. Comparisons were Bade of equations developed for the
Mirine fishery and sections of the Canadian fishery. Further analyses were done j
comparing equitions developed using winter vs. summer temperatures and surface vs. I
bottom temperatures. j
INDEX TERMS: Water temperature, Lobsters, Shellfish farming, Productivity, Thermal
stress, Regression analysis, Crustaceans, Surface waters, Model studies, Computers,
Estimating equations, Yield equations, Commercial shellfish, Homarus amerlcanus.
AMIC-5877
"BENTHOS TRAPPED LEAVING TtF BOTTOM IN BIDEF'OPTj RIVF.R, T'RINCK EDWARD JEL'-Nk", Thomas,
M. L. H., Jelley, E., Journal of the Fisher]or. Research Board of Cannda, Vol. ?°,
No. «, August 1972, pp 12^-1271.
Inverted funnel trans, designed to catch inimls swimming up from the bottom,
set in Bideford Fiver estuary, P.K.I., during the summer of 1969 caught numerous benthlc
and hyperbenthlc Invertebrates. The funnels were of transparent vinyl sheet supported
on a frame of l/l*-inch (6-mm) Iron rod. The '.pex of each funnel wis constructed from a
transparent plastic funnel cut to le^ve an opening J cm in diameter. The opening dis-
charged into a ^00 mi-glass jar, whose plastic top was i-ut to fit iround the funnel nnd
glued to it. The Jar also communicated with the interior of the Tunnel through, two j
openingG screened with 0.5-mm meeh. This allowed some witer to leave the collecting Jar!
when it was hauled, while air entered through the funnel apex, thus reducing specimen |
loss. Five traps were usually set simultaneously Ir. wnter less than 1.5 m deep and
bedded in by hand; in deeper water they were lowered slowly on ropes. Eighteen sets of
traps were out only during daylight and 19 were out predominantly at night. Catches
were sorted alive and only swimming species considered. Each species was counted and
weighed with surface water removed. Occasional samples were decalcified where appro-
priate and rewelghed after drying In a forced air oven at 100 C to estimate the approxi-j
mate dry organic matter. Many crustaceans generally considered to be planktonic
appeared to enter the substratum during the day and to leave It at night. Several poly-
chaetes, some of which were not known to swim, were regularly collected. The average
catch per square meter per day was 23 Individuals, amounting to 0.08 g (decalcified dry
weight).
INDEX TERMS: Benthos, Estuarlne environment, Diurnal distribution, Crustaceans, Benthic
fauna. Invertebrates, Vertical migration, Blomass, Funnel traps, Species diversity,
Polycnaetes. Hemerteans. _ 1
AMIC-5076
"ACUTE TOXICm OF SPENT SULPHITE LIQUOR TO ATLANTIC SALMON (SALMO SAIAR)", Wilson,
R. C. H., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 29, No. 8, August
1972, pp 1225-1226.
Ninety-six-hour static bioassays, with daily toxicant replenishment, were
performed on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr to teat for the acute toxlcity of spent
sulphite liquor (SSL). The LC50 of two batches of fresh SSL varied from 2000 to 2^400
ppm, while the LC50 of SSL which had been previously oxidized for 5 days was 2750 ppm.
The fish responded differently to oxidized than to fresh SSL, Caution is urged in
the ap-pllcatlon of 96-hr bioassay results on sulphite pulp mill wastes to field
situations.
INDEX TERMS: Toxlcity, Atlantic salmon, Sulflte liquors, Bioassay, Industrial wastes,
Pulp wastes, Juvenile fish, Juvenile growth stage, Hydrogen ion concentration,
Dissolved oxygen, Water pollution effects, Water pollution sources, Pulp and
paper industry, Salmo salar.
AMC-5883
"AVOIDANCE CF PESTICIDES BY UNTRAINED MOSQUITOFISH GAMBUSIA AFFINIS", Hansen, I). J.,
Matthews, E., Nail, S. L., Dumas, D. P., Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology, Vol. 8, No. 1, July 1972, pp >»6-51.
Mosquito fish, acclimated for at least 5 days In 20 degree C freshwater,
were tested for their ability to avoid the pesticides DDT, Endrin, Dursban, Malathion,
Sevin, and 2.U-D. Initially one concentration higher and two lower than that which
produced a 2U-hr LC50 In static water bioassays were used. When avoidance was observed,
other concentrations were tested to determine the limits that elicited a response by the
test fish. The 2-phased Investigation tested the ability of the fish to choose between
contaminated and uncontamlnated water, and the capacity of the fish to discriminate
between concentrations avoided in the first phase. Mosquitoflsh avoided one or more
concentrations of DDT, Dursban, Malathion, Sevin, and 2,I»-D, but did not avoid endrln.
Except for DDT, the concentrations avoided were lees than the 2k-hour LC50. Those
given the choice between two concentrations of the same pesticide either did not
discriminate between them or avoided or preferred the higher concentration. The fish
did not discriminate between any of the tested concentrations of malathlon or Sevin,
nor between the other tested concentrations of DDT, Dursban, or 2,1»-D, These studies
indicate that fish can avoid some pesticides In laboratory experiments but did not prove
that fish In nature would take advantage of this capacity. While five or six pesticidee
tested were avoided by mosquitoflsh, Dursban and 2,i»-D would be most likely to produce
an avoidance response in populations of these fish In the field.
INDEX TERNS: Fish behavior, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Carbamate pesticides,
Organopnosphorua pesticides, Water pollution effects, Mosquito fish. Avoidance
reaction, Gambuala affinis.
30
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
A MIC. 5885
"METABOLISM OF DIA21INON BY FISH LIVER MICROSOMES", Hogan, J. W., Knowles, C. 0.,
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 8, No. 1, July 1972,
pp 61 -6k. ' ~~ ~~~
channel catfish ( Ictalurus punotatus) were obtained and the livers
excised and prepared for the separation of hepatic subcellular fractions by differential
ccntrifugation. Incubation for dlazlnon metabolism was usually for 2 hours, followed by
the partitioning of the insecticide and its metabolites between water and ethyl acetate.
Diazinon, diazinon metabolites, and diazoxon were identified by either cochromatography
or ion exchange chromatography, Liquid scintillation speotrcnetry was used to quantify
the radiocarbon-containing compounds. While metabolism of dlazlnon increased through-
out the 2-hour incubation period, the rate was most rapid during the initial 30 minutes.
Carbon monoxide is a potential inhibitor of dlazlnon metabolism. The In vitro
metabolism of diazinon is accomplished by enzyme preparations from fish liver
homogenates, with the microsomal fraction being most active. The only Bligt Increase
in dlizinon metabolism by channel catfish hepatic microsomal or soluble enzymes with
exogenous GSH suggests that GSH-dependent enzymes were not very active.
INDEX TERMS: Metabolism, Dlazlnon, Freshwater fish, Organophosphorus pesticides,
Channel catfish, Liver, Mlcrosomes, Ictalurus punctatus, Cochromatography, Ion
exchange chroma tography, Liquid scintillation spectrometry, Differential
centrifugation, Metabolites, Diazoxon, Sample preparation.
AMIC-5887
"METABOLISM OF DDT BY FRESH WATER DIATOMS", Mlyazakl, 3., Thorsteineon, A. J.,
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Vol. 8, No. 2, August 1972,
pp Bl-03.
Ten diatom cultures were isolated from a sample of ditch water by adding 5
ml of sample to Warner's agar. After incubation and additional culturlng, pure
cultures were exposed for 2 weeks to 0.71 ppm C-lk labeled DDT dissolved in benzene.
After the 2-week period glacial acetic acid wms added to the flasKa and the mixture
immediately extracted 3 times. The medium was then filtered and the cells were
extracted 3 times with acetone. Thin-layer chromatography was used to separate DDT
from metabolites. On the basis of these tests, Kitaschia sp, and an unidentified diatom
were selected for further studies. The procedure was repeated in U replicates of each
culture and a control without diatom inoculation. The results shoved DDE to be the
only metabolite produced by either culture. The unidentified diatoffi culture degraded
more DDT to DDE than the Nitzsehia species but most of the DDT added to the media
remained unchanged in both cultures. The fact that the total radioactivity recovered
from the diatom culture media was less than from the control suggests that some of the
DDT or its metabolite(s) were bound intracellularly, or were otherwise not extractable
by the solvent system used. Evaporation of DDT from the chromatogram may also account
for some loss of radioactivity. The results suggest that some species of freshwater
diatoms may be significant in the degradation of DDT to the non-insecticidal
metabolite, DDE in nature.
ISDEX TEFNS; Diatoms, Metabolism, Absorption, DDT, DDE, Biotransformation, Thin layer
chromatography.
AMIC 5886
"ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDE, HERBICIDE AMD POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL (PCS) IHHIBITIOH
OF NaK-ATPase IN RAINBOW TROUT", David, P. W., Freidhoff, J. M., Wedemeyer, G. A.,
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination'and Toxicology, Vol. 8, No. 2, August 1972,
pp 69-72.
! Fourteen polychlorinated insecticides, chlordane, heptachlor, DDD, aldrln,
toxaphene, DDT, strobane, DDE, perthane, methyoxychlor, llndane, dleldrin, endrin,
and mirex; two PCB's, Aroclor 12U2 and 125**; and two herbicides, 2,U-D and 2,U,5-T
| were tested for possible Inhibition of trout gill ATPase. The results show that
inhibition of HaKMg-ATPase by the Insecticides at either .0001 M or Uo ppm ranged
from 77 percent for chlordane to essentially z«ro for mirex. Six of the Insecticides
(from chlordane through DDT) Inhibited NaKMg-ATPase at a substantially lower
concentration (either .00001 M or k ppra). At UO ppm, the two PCB's inhibited by only
26 percent (Arochlor 125U) and 36 percent (Arochlor 12U2) while the herbicides produced
no significant decrease In NaKMg-ATPase activity at .0001 M. Organopolychlore did not
selectively Inhibit NaK-ATPase activity, i.e., a general depression was observed. In
relating the known in vivo lethality of these compounds to the present results, the
insecticides were both more toxic and more effective ATPase inhibitors than were the
herbicides. Intermediate values for both toxlclty and enzyme inhibition were observed
for PCB's. However, within the insecticide group, toxicity and ATPase inhibition did
not correlate.
INDEX TERMS: Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. Rainbow trout, Polychlorinated
blphenyls. Inhibition, Animl physiology, Peatlcide toxlclty, DDT, 2 U-D, 2 k 5-T,
DDD, DDE, Heptachlor, Aldrln, Dleldrln, Endrin, ATPase, Chlordane, Toxaphene,
Strobane, Perthane, Methoxyehlor, Lindane, Mlrex, Aroclor 12^2, Aroclor 125^.
_
AMIC-5888
"THE EFFECT OF INCREASED TEMPERATURE UPON THE ACTURE TOXICITY OF SOME HEAVY METAL
IOHE", Rehwoldt, B., Menapace, L, \i., Nerrte, B., Alessandrello, D., Bulletin of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 8, No. 2, August 1972, pp 91-96.
Banded killifish, striped bass, pumpinseed, white perch, American eel, and
carp were exposed at 28 C to Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Hg, and Cr ions to determine the mean
toxicity limit for 50 percent survival (TL sub m). The 28 C temperature was chosen
because it represents the ambient temperature of the thermal plume of the Danskaramer
Point power station In the town of Newburgh, New York. Water temperature In test
tanks was maintained by standard aquarium heaters. Toxicity data are tabulated for
2U, 1*8, and 96 hours in terras of metal ion concentration and also relative tc existing
ambient background concentrations in the river during the course of the Investigation.
Hie latter data show the magnitude of change that would have to occur In the receiving
water to produce a fish kill. Comparison of the TL sub m values at 28 C with data from
tests at 15 C shows that toxicities at the two temperatures are not significantly
different except with mercurous ions. For carp-like fish it was concluded that
mercurous ion toxicity was about three-fold for a 10 C increase in temperature.
INDEX TERMS: Fish, Thermal pollution, Toxicity, Bioassay, Heavy metals, Water
temperature, Copper, Zinc, Nickel, Mercury, Cadmium, Chromium, Lethal limit.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
A MIC-5891*
"BIOLOGICAL DAMAGE FROM INTRANUCLEAR TRITIUM: DNA STRAND BREAKS AMD THEIR REPAIR",
Cleaver, J. E., Thonas, 0. H., Burkl, H. J., Science, Vol. 177, No. U053, September 15,
1972, pp 996-998.
The biological damage from lntra.cellul»r tritium was observed In Chinese
hamster cells In order to determine the possible harmful effects that might result from
radioactive waste products In the environment. Isotoplc decay In trltlated thymldlne
In the DNA of frozen (minus 196 C) Chinese hamster cells causes breaks In DNA strands
to accumulate at a rate of 2.1 breaks per decay. After DNA Is thawed, the
tritium-induced breaks repair rapidly with a half-time of 15 minutes at 37 C. In
comparison to breakage by x-rays, the efficiency of DHA strand breakage by tritium
Is equivalent to O.W3 rad per decay. This dose per decay is close to that predicted
by simple doslmetrlc considerations (0.38 rad per decay) for irradiation by the beta
particles from tritium.
INDEX TERMS: Tritium, Water pollution effects, Radioactivity techniques, Radioactivity
effects, Hydrogen radio!sotopes, Environmental effects, X-rays, Efficiencies,
Irradiation, Genetics, DNA, Thymldlne, Chinese hamster, Biological samples,
Sample preparation, Mutation.
Category 1, AMIC-3525, 5762, 5772, 5821*, 5830, 588U
Category 3, AMC-5775, 5873, 59M
Category 5, AMIC-5761.
See also:
32
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MICROBIOLOGICAL METHOES
AKtC-3882
"MICROBIOLOGY OF WATER", Oeidrelch, E. E., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation,
Vol. W», No. 6, June 1972, pp 1159-1178. " '
the literature on various aspects of bacterial and viral contamination
of water le reviewed with brief comnents on results of various studies. The review
covers microbial indicators of pollution, microbiology of rivers, lakes, and potable
water, and microbiology of the estuarlne environment.
INDEX TERK3: Blolndicators, Pathogenic bacteria, Collforms, Cultures, Isolation, Iron
bacteria, Sulfur bacteria, Pulp wastes, Water pollution sources, Molluaks,
Agricultural wastes.
AMIC-UOU2
"SOME OBSERVATIONS OH THE REDUCTION OF 2,3,5, TRIPHEKYLTETRAZOLIUM CHLORIDE BY
ESCHERICHIA COLI". Pegram, F. G., Laboratory Practice. Vol. 21, Bo. 3, March 1972,
EFFICIENCY OF SALMONELLA ISOLATION FROM MEAT-AND-BONE MEAL OF QBE 300-g SAMPLE VERSUS
TEB 30-g SAMPLES", Huhtanen, C. N., Naghskl, J., Dellamonlca, E. S., Applied Microbio-
logy, Vol. 23, Ho. It, April 1972, pp 688-692.
Sample sizes of 25 or 30 grains have been recommended for isolating Salmonella
from food samples. In this vork it is shown that compositing of several of these
smaller samples Into one large sample is feasible and will result in a considerable
saving of labor and time with little loss of efficiency. Twenty-five meat and bone
samples were obtained from rendering plants and each was thoroughly mixed into an
approximate 650-g sample. A 300-g sample was removed and placed In a Uooo-ml beaker,
ten 30-g samples were placed in 8-oz jars, and ten 3-6 samples were placed in test
tubes. A selenlte-cystlne broth was added to the samples, and they were Incubated at
about 37 C for approximately 2U hr. The Incubated samples were then mixed and streaked
onto Brilliant Green agar plates. Presumptive colonies were then picked from these
plates and used for slide agglutination studies using grouped and Individual somatic
antisera. Of the 25 samples, 17 were positive using the large sample, and 18 were
positive using the small sample. The 300-g sample shoved a significantly higher
percentage of confirmed salmonellae at 2 days of incubation than at 1 day. The ten
30-g samples did not show changes at 2 days. Of 1,1*17 presumptive colonies picked,
1,215 were lysine decarboxylase-positlve and 1,152 were agglutinated by one of the
somatic antisera. There were no significant differences in diversity or total numbers
of different somatic groups between the large and small samples.
INEEX TERMS: Salmonella, Isolation, Cultures, Foods, Analytical techniques. Sampling,
Statistical methods, Biological samples, Sample preparation.
pplo7-170, 181.
An attempt has been made to determine the factors which affect the reduction
of 2,3,5,-trlphenyltetrazollum chloride (TIC) by Escherlchla coll. The evidence
available suggests that the environmental pH Is an important factor governing visible
TTC reduction. However, it seems likely that redox potential (Eh) may also Influence
the reduction of TTC and therefore the interrelationships between these factors require
further attention. Particular attention was given to the use of Chapraui'a Tergitol
7-TTC medium for the isolation and provisional identification of E. coll. A number
of non-faecal coliform strains may grow on this medium at kk C irrespective of their
reaction to the Eijkman test.
DH3EX TERMSs E. coll, Pollutant identification, Isolation, Classification, Chlorides,
Chemical reactions, Separation techniques, Cultures, Oxidation-reduction potential,
Reduction (chemical), Hydrogen ion concentration, 2 3 5-triphenylt
-------
3, MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-5U97
"M3DIFICATIOJI OF SCHAEFEH'S PROCEDURE FOR SEJC1YPIBG OF OHJAHIS>E OF IHE MyCOBACTERIUM
AVIUM-M. INTRACELLULAPE-M. SCROFULACEUM COMPLEX", Reznikov, M., Leggo, J. H-» Applied
Microbiology, Vol. 23, No. U, April 1972, pp 819-823.
Modifications to the tube-agglutlmtlon procedure which Schaefer developed
for serotyplng 76 strains of the HycobacterUim aylum - M. Intracellulare -M. scrofula-
cevna complex are proposed and compered to the original. To determine agglutination
tTEer, progressive dilutions of antisera (prepared from preimmunized rabbits) in
phenolized phosphate buffer were added to bacterial suspensions and incubated for 20 hr
at 35 C. Agglutination was read in oblique fluorescent light against, a dark back-
ground, and was registered as complete, intermediate, or absence. Modifications to
Schaefer's procedure reduce from UU to 22 the number of antlsera needed to be prepared
and reduce by 80 percent the expenditure of antlsera and bacterial suspensions of
strains being determined. Bacterial suspensions to be identified are screened with
unabsorbed antisera at concentrations of U times the titer, and those strains showing
complete agglutination are retested in the appropriately absorbed antlsera !*-8 tlwes
the titer prior to absorption. To determine the effectiveness of the modified proce-
dure, 80 strains previously serotyped by Schaefer's procedure were serotyped.
Comparison of the results revealed only one discrepancy.
INDEX TERMS: Mycobacteriua, Pollutant identification, Methodology, Chemical reactions,
Aerobic bacteria, Cultures, Isolation, Serotyplng, Agglutination, Schaefer's
procedure, Biochemical tests, tycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium Intracellulare,
Mycobacterium scrofulaceum.
AMXC-57^7
"CATALASE TEST AS AB AID TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF ENTEROBACTERIACEAE", Taylor, W. I.,
Achanzar, D., Applied Microbiology. Vol. 2U, No. 1, July 1972, pp 58-61.
Under the conditions of the clinical laboratory, a simple, rapid, and accurate
method for the catalase test was developed that has been of great value as an aid in
the identification of the Enterobacterlaceae. With 3 percent hydrogen peroxide, it was
observed that Serratla, Proteus, and Providencla were vigorous catalase reactors. Only
Salmonella and rare Eacherichla, Enterobacter, and Klebslella isolates were moderate
catalase reactors. Escherichia and Shlgella strains were mostly nonreactive, with
less than one-third weakly (plus) reactive, whereas most Enterobacter strains tended
to be weakly reactive. Klebsiella strains were divided equally between nonreactive
and weakly reactive. In practice, this test was also of great value In discerning
nonplgmented Serratia cultured from the hospital environment and in detecting mixed
flora containing nonspreading Proteus.
INDEX TERMS: Pollutant identification, Cultures, Enteric bacteria, Salmonella,
Shigella, Conforms, Pathogenic bacteria, Differential media, Serratia, Proteus,
Providencia, Escherichia, Enterobacter, Klebslella, Culture media.
AM1C-5659
"STUDY OF THE METABOLIZATION OF-POLLUTANT PRODUCTS", Brouzes, P., Water Research,
Vol. 6, NOB. U/5, April/May 1972, pp U57-U63.
The microbial metabolism of pollutant products was determined experimentally
by measuring changes in respiration rates of bacteria using different carbon sources.
By feeding cultures of bacteria discrete quantities of these substrates various phases
of respiration were correlated to growth stages. Relationships between the oxygen used
and the pollution removed.by the bacteria served as an indicator of the toxiclty
and biodegradability of the various substrates characterized. In all cases, as soon as
a substrate was Introduced (either glucose, galactose, valeric acid or phenols) respira-
tlon increased. Allowing the bacteria to utilize mixtures of substrates resulted in
biphasic growth curves (diauxie).
INDEX TERMS: Metabolism, Respiration, Pollutants, Microbial degradation, Growth rates,
Microorganisms, Biochemical oxygen demand, Metabolites, Substrate utilization.
AMIC-576U
"EFFECTS OF GROWTH RATE AND INFLUENT SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION ON EFFLUENT QUALITY FROM
CHEMOSTATE CONTAINING BACTERIA IM PURE AND MIXED CULTURE", Grady, C. P. I., Jr.,
Harlow, L. J., Rleslng, R. K., Biotechnology and Bloengineerlng, Vol. Ik, No. 3,
May 1972, pp 391-MO.
Studies were performed using pure cultures of A. aerogenes and E. coll and
a heterogeneous microbial population growing in earbon-lTmited chemostats with glucose
as the sole carbon and energy source. A two-level factorial experimental design was
employed to test the hypothesis that the concentration of growth-limiting substrate in
a ehemostat is controlled by the growth rate alone and is Independent of the
concentration of substrate entering the reactor. The pure culture experiments showed
that the conclusions depend upon the measurement employed for growth-limiting
substrate. When the concentration of glucose was measured directly, the hypothesis
was found to be true within the limits of the study (500-1500 mg/liter). However, if
the chemical oxygen demand (COD) test was uaed as the measure of growth-limiting
substrate the hypothesis was found to be false. When heterogeneous cultures were
employed the hypothesis was false regardless of the technique used to measure the
concentration of growth-limiting substrate. Nevertheless, it was possible to generate
regression equations which described the interactions among influent COD, growth rate,
and effluent COD with a high level of correlation.
INDEX TERMS: Growth rates, Bacteria, 'Effluents, E. coli, Chemical analysis,
Regression analysis, Essential nutrients, Deficient elements, Chemical oxygen
demand, Chemostat, Substrate concentration, Pure cultures, Mixed cultures,
Culture media, Aerobacter aerogenes, Growth kinetics.
-------
3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHOES
AMIC-5775
"THE BIODEGRADATION OF OIL IN SEAWATER FOR NAVAL POLLUTION CONTROL", O'Neill, I. B.,
Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory, Port Hueneme, California, Technical Mote 1195,
January 1972, lU pp. »TIS Report No. AD 7^0 757.
Laboratory techniques were used to culture and Isolate hydrocarbon-oxidizing,
marine microorganisms which could be used for blodegradlng oils and oil derivatives
resulting from oil spills. In order to determine the hydrocarbon-oxidizing ability of
the microorganisms, isolates obtained from seawater were cultured on a synthetic
medium containing salts, minerals, and a sole carbon source of hydrocarbons obtained
from such sources as beach tars, oil slicks, fuels, and sediments. Of the 62
hydrocarbon-oxidizing species isolated, W were bacteria, 4 were yeasts, and 10 were
fungi other than yeasts.
INDEX TERMS: Sea water, Oil pollution, Oily water, Isolation, Marine bacteria,
Microbial degradation, Marine fungi, Oil spills, Sampling, Oxidation, Yeasts,
Culturing techniques, Culture media, "far, Crude oil, Hydrocarbon-oxidizing
bacteria, Bunker C oil, Substrate utilization, Petroleum products.
AMIC-5776 (Continued)
2/2
UtDEX TERMS: Bloindicators, Domestic wastes, Sewage lagoons, Bottom sediments,
Conforms, Enteric bacteria, Nitrogen fixing bacteria, Iron bacteria, Runnoff.
AMIC-5776
"SEWAGE DISPOSAL AT POINT BARROW, ALASKA", Boyd, W. L., Klubek, B. P., Boyd, J. W.,
Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Fort Collins, Colorado,
Technical Report Mo. 1, Contract So. N0001U-67A-0299-0015, February 29, 1972, 50 pp.
NTIS Report No. AD 71*0 235.
A study of the Middle Salt Lagoon, the sewage depository of the Baval Arctic
Research Laboratory, was Initiated during June, 1971. Microbial analyses were carried
out on runoff, lagoon water, and bottom sediments throughout the summer. Standard
potability tests shoved that runoff water usually lacked the Indicator groups,
coliform bacteria and fecal streptococci. Large (100 ml) samples taken from the
Lagoon itself showed marked variation with a slight majority of negatives recorded
up till late July when the pattern was reversed. Ancillary experiments shoved that
these indicator groups died rapidly In the Lagoon environment and emphasized the need
for studies of the death rate of enteric pathogens v. indicator organisms and for
seeking other possible microbial indicator-systems. Bacterial numbers were lower in
runoff vater than in either Lagoon water or bottom sediments. Lagoon water was low in
thermophllic, Iron-utilizing, and marine microorganisms. Possible nitrogen-fixing
bacteria were found in the same range as other mesophilic forms, perhaps a reflection
on the methodology of Isolation, ffaximum bacterial counts from water were not higher
than those found in unpolluted local waters sampled during the same seasonal period
despite the large amounts of organic matter available as potential food. Bottom
sediments reflected the general pattern of the overlying water except that mesophilic
and psychrophilic bacteria were in higher numbers. Possible marine-forms were also
found, at times In a range'paralleling the former groups. Nitrogen fixing bacteria
were generally lower in numbers than found in Lagoon water.
35~
AMIC-578U
"DEVELOPMENT OF A TAPE TRANSPORT BACTERIAL DETECTION SYSTEM: FINAL REPORT , Witz, S.,
Hartung, W. H., Aerojet Medical and Biological Systems, El Monte, California, Final
Report No. 1102F, Contract No. NAS 9-1161*, February 25, 1972, 200 pp. OTIS Report
No. N72-19093.
The feasibility of a tape transport chemilumlnescence system for bacterial
monitoring of regenerated water was demonstrated using a manually operated laboratory
breadboard. The principle of detection is based on measuring the increase in
chemlluminescence produced by the catalytic action of bacterial porphyrinu on a
luminol-hydrogen peroxide mixture. Viable organisms are distinguished from non-viable
by comparing the signals of incubated and unincubated water samples. Using optimized
protocols, sensitivities attained with '1*00 ml suspensions were: 30 - 35 cells/ml for
total counts and 7-8 cells/ml for viable counts of E. coll and 1,000 - 10,000
cells/ml total and viable counts of Cl. sporogenes. Processing time for total co-unts
was 37 minutes. For viable counts, It was 2.3 hours for E. coll and k hours for
Cl. sporogenes. The operational procedures used for processing the incubated and
unincubated samples Involved the following sequence: (1) concentrating the sample by
filtration through a membrane filter, (2) washing with dextrose-thioglycollflte broth
(DBT), (3) incubating (0 to U hours as required), W washing with b M urea, and
(5) reacting with reagent in front of a photomultiplier tube (PMT). The signal output
from the PUT was recorded on a strip chart recorder. In a study of the effect on
sensitivity of exposing E. coll to distilled water at 160 F, whereas a U-hour
imnerslon bad no significant effect, a 2U-hour immersion resulted in almost a complete
loss in sigma. The evidence indicates that bacterial porphyrlns are discharged Into
solution as a result of cell lysing and leaching. In an evaluation of the ability of
-------
3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-578U (Continued)
2/2
established protocols to operate in the presence of various bactericidea which may
be present in regenerated water, a decrease in signal ranging from 22 to 67 percent
was observed, depending on the bacterlclde. Protocol modifications which might be
used to minimize these effects are presented. In a summary of the various parameters
which might be used to determine water quality, the ability to detect viable and
non-viable bacteria as well ae viruses, toxins and lysed orgnniams was singled out.
INDEX TERMS: F.. coll, Clostridium, Potable water, Instrumentation, Monitoring,
Automation, Pollutant identification, Cherailuminescence, Detection limits.
AMIC-5792
"ROLE OF IRON AND SULFUR IN PIGMENT AMD SLIME FORMATION BY PSEUDOMOHAS AERUGINOSA",
Palumbo, S. A., Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. Ill, No. 2, August 1972, pp
Media and an analytical scheme have been developed which allow both a
qualitative and quantitative estimation of the formation of pyocyanlne, related
phenazlnea, pyorubrin, and a blue and a yellow-green fluorescent pigment by
Pseudomonas aeruglnosa. P. aeruginosa was grown in the defined pyocyanlne medium
at 30 C.
aerugino
De Moss
of Frank and De Moss 1,1959) at 30 C. The medium was changed as necessary for experi-
mental purposes by changing the sulfur source or by omitting various components.
Pigments were differentiated by the characteristics of Meader, Leonard, and Robinson
(1925). Fluorescence was detenained quantitatively on a spectrophotofluorometer.
Spectrophotometry was used to determine pyocyanlne, related phenazines, and pyorubrin.
When sulfite was the sulfur source with or without iron, P. aeruglnosa formed either
a yellow-green or a blue fluorescent pigment. Formation of fluorescent pigments of
P, aeruglnosa is related to the ability of sulfite to act as a specific sulfur source.
Tn an investigation of the role of both added iron and sulfur sources, complex patterns
of pigment formation were observed. In addition to the fluorescent pigments, sulfite
also supported the formation of slime by P. aeruginosa.
INDEX TERMS: Pseudomonas, Sulfur, Pigments, Iron, Slime, Eulfates, Fluorescence,
Growth rates, Turbidity, Bioindicators, Cultures, Viscosity, Spectrophotometry,
Separation techniques, Pollutant identification, Pseudomonas aeruglnosa,
Pyocyanine, Sulfites, Phenazines, Pyorubrin, Culture media.
AMIC-5788
"PRODUCTION OF AH AUTOINHTBITOR BY A THERMOPHILIC BACILLUS", Chou, T. «., Greasham, R.,
Tannenteum, S. R., Detrain, A. L., Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. Ill, No. 2, August
1972, pp k59-k6k.
Premature cessation of rapid, exponential growth and a low final cell yield
were observed with a thermophllic bacillus in a glucose-mineral salts-vitamin medium.
Restricted growth was not due to nutrient or oxygen limitation, to depressed pH, or
to the physical effects of, 'crowding'. Glucose conversion to cellular material was
efficient at a low glucose charge (o.l percent), but decreased with increasing
concentrations of glucose. The likelihood that an autolnhlbltor(s) was being produced
was considered. Further studies revealed that an autoinhibitor appeared in the culture
supernatant fluid at the end of the exponential phase. The factor was soluble in 75
percent ethanol which precipitated a large amount of extracellular slime. The crude
inhibitor in the alcohol filtrate was dialyzable and withstood 3 hours of incubation
&t pH 2 or 12, and 30 min of boiling.
INDEX TERMS: Thermophillc bacteria, Pollutant identification, Growth rates, Cultures,
Bacillus, Autoinhibitor6.
AMIC-5791*
"CHEMOTAXONOMIC CHARACTERS AND CLASSIFICATION OF SOME NOCAPDIOFORM BACTERIA", Mordarska,
H., Mordarski, M., Journal of General Microbiology, Vol. 71, No. 1, June 1972,
pp 77-86.
In seeking chemical methods of classifying nocardioform bacteria, simple
chemical analyses were carried out on 198 strains using paper and thin-layer chromatog-
graphy. Cultures were grown in shake flasks at 37 C for 3-5 days in glucose peptone
broth and in modified Banter's medium. Thin-layer chromatograms for lipid analysis were
developed in a petroleum ether-dlethyl ether-glacial acetic acid system, dried, and
exposed to iodine vapor. Lipid spots appeared after about 5 min. Paper chromatography
was used to Identify arabinose and diaminopiaelic acid. The strains considered to be-
long to the genus Hocardla contained the lipid LCN-A, ambinose and meso-diarainoplmelic
acid. All the representative strains from the 'Mycobacterium'rhodochrous complex posses-
sed this lipid though in certain cases the characteristic spot had a slightly lower
P sub f value than that of the reference lipld LCN-A from the standard strain of Mocardla
asteroides. The general Actinomadura, Myeobecterlum, Oerskovia %nd Streptomyces did
not contain lipid LCN-A and the distribution of the other two chemical characters varied.
The method used to detect lipid LCN-A is simple and reliable and permits the separation
of nocardias and "M. ' rhodochrous strains from allied taxa. These results correlate
well with other trends In the taxonomy of nocardioform bacteria and confirm the value
of chemotaxonomic characters, especially lipide, in the classification and identification
of these organisms.
INDEX TERMS: Llpids, Pollutant identification, Chemical analysis, Chromatography, Acids,
EystematiCE, Bioindicators, Cultures, Separation techniques, Organic compounds,
Nocardioform bacteria, Chemotaxonomy, Biochemical characteristics. Thin layer
chromatography, Paper chromatography, Arabinose, meso-diaminopimelic acid.
36
-------
3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
~~AMIC-5795
"EFFECT OF EVAPORATION LOSSES OK EXPERIMENTAL COHTIHUOUS CULTURE RESULTS", King, W. R.,
Sinclair, C. G., Toplwala, H. H., Journal of general Microbiology. Vol. 71, Bo. 1,
1 June 1972, pp 87-92.
It Is shown mathematically that in continuous cultures at dilution rates
below 0.05 per hr, evaporation can lead to errors in measurement of parameters such
as yield and maintenance coefficient. The rate of evaporation is a function of
several parameters, including the stlrrer speed, the temperature and humidity of the
inlet air, the temperature of the liquid medium, the flow rate of air and the design
of the vessel. Curves are developed that Indicate that for negligible endogenous
metabolism the accepted formula that connect dilution rate, the organism concentration
under evaporating conditions, and the substrate concentration under evaporating
conditions need modification at low dilution rates with resulting modifications in
Herbert's endogenous metabolism model. It is concluded that error In organism
concentration are especially significant for systems with low endogenous metabolism
rates when no special precautions are taken to avoid evaporation losses.
INDEX TERMS: Evaporation, Mathematical models. Kinetics, Mathematical studies, Growth
rates. Metabolism, Oxidation, Bacteria, Fungi, Continuous cultures, Error sources,
Endogenous metabolism , Substrate utilization, Experimental error,.
AMIC-5799
"ESCHERICHIA COLI 0 ANTIGEN TOPING BY MEANS OF A MECHANIZED MICROTECHNIQUE", Guinee,
P. A. M., Agter^erg, C. M., Jansen, W. H., Applied Microbiology. Vol. 2k, No. 1, July
1972, pp 127-131.
Hie method for 0 antigen typing of E. coll involves the use of clear plastic
trays with 8 by 15 U-formed cups for culturlng the organisms. A multiple dropper
containing 120 syringes mounted to match the cups In the trays is then used to add
antlsera to each culture. An adjustable stepper motor is used to dispense equal dosages
from each syringe. The procedure developed is as follows: First day. Inoculate strain
In 10 ml of broth and Incubate overnight. Second day, heat broth culture to 100 C for
2 hours, cool, add formallnlzed saline containing Gentian violet, incubate overnight.
Third day, read agglutinations in a reading box, titrate positive reactions with an
Autotlter II, add antigen. If reactions are negative, Inoculate in 10 ml and Incubate
overnight. Fourth day, read titrations, autoclave, cool, strain the antigen, and test
against 1:10 dilutions Of 0 antlsera 08, 09, 0101. Fifth day, read agglutinations and
if positive, titrate. Sixth day, read titrations. This procedure produced results
comparable to those obtained with conventional techniques. Titrations in trays yielded
slightly lower tlters than did those in glass tubes. This problem is not considered to
be serious. The method requires smaller amounts of antlaera and antigens, less space,
and less time.
INDEX TERMS: E. coll, Cultures, Laboratory equipment, Volumetric analysis, Automation,
Serotyping.
"THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE OF TETRATHIONATE RESPIRATION IN GROWING CITROBACTER", Kapralek,
F.f Journal of General Microbiology, Vol. 71, No. 1, June 1972, pp 133-139-
The effect of tetrathlonate respiration on the growth rate and growth yield
of eitrobaeter Is described. Cltrobaeter was grown at 30 C on a medium In which
lactose was replaced by glucose, galactose, or pyruvate as electron acceptors. Both
aerobic and anaerobic cultures were grown and growth rates were monitored on a colori-
meter. The experiments showed that the reduction of tetrathlonate enchances the
specific growth rate, raises the growth yield, and enables growth on non-fermentable
carbon sources. Thus it resembles the respiratory reduction of nitrate to nitrite.
It was found that the formation of ATP as a result of tetrathlonate respiration amounts
to only two-thirds of that resulting from nitrate respiration.
INEEX TERMS: Growth rates, Aerobic bacteria, Respiration, Carbon, Nitrates, Nitrites,
Cultures, Colorlmetry, Metabolism, Oxidation-reduction potential, Blolndlcators,
Biooass, Tetrathionate, Cltrobaeter, Thiosulfates, Glucose, Galactose, Pyruvate,
ATP, Bacterial physiology.
AMIC-5801
"ECOLOTf OF SULFUR-COCIDIZIBG BACTERIA IM HOT ACID SOILS", Fliermans, C. B., Brock, T. D.,
Journal of Bacteriology. Vol. Ill, No. 2, August 1972, pp 3U3-350.
The distribution of the sulfur-oxidizing bacteria Thiobaeillus thlooxldans
and Sulfolobus acldocaldarlus were studied as a function of soil temperature and pH
is several thermal areas of Yellowstone National Park. Bacterial numbers were measured
by a most-probable number (MPN) method and bacterial activity was determined by
isotopic carbon dioxide fixation. A dilution technique was used to measure the pH of
highly acidic soils and the amount of elemental sulfur In soil samples was determined
by a direct spectrophotometric method. Thiobaelllus thiooxidana is present at
temperatures below 55 C and Sulfolobus acldoealdarius at temperatures of 55-85 C. The
data indicate that sulfur-oxidizing bacteria are responsible for production of sulfuric
acid In acidic thermal habitats. Physical and chemical parameters of these soils
were also measured and are described.
INDEX TERMS: Sulfur bacteria, Acidic soils, Distribution patterns, Ecology, Sulfur,
Temperature, Statistical methods, Radioactivity techniques, Speetrophotometry,
Blolndlcators, Thermal pollution, Hydrogen ion concentration, Autotrophic
bacteria, Sulfuric acid, Carbon dioxide fixation, Fluorescence microscopy,
Thermal soils, Chemoautotrophs.
37
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n/kMIC-5803
"SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF L-PHASE STREPTOCOCCI. II. GROWTH IS BROTH AND
UPON MILLIPORE KILTERS", Bibel, D. J., Lawson, J. W., Canadian Journal of Microbiology,
I Vol. 18, No. 8, August 1972, pp 1179-1181*.
! Scanning electron microscopy was used to study morphologic changes In
I broth cultures of the L-phase of streptococci. The colonies of representative strains
', grown on Mllllpore membrane filters were also compared. Brucella Broth and 2
| percent ammonium chloride were used to maintain the F2U-L and Z30-L strains, and
Tryptlcase Soy Broth and 3 percent HaCl were used for strain ADA-L, AED-L, and GL-L,
A comparison was alao made of growth on agar. Broth culture samples were centrifugated,
! washed, rinsed, mounted, and incubated for 3 days at 37 C. Colonies were then dried
! to the critical point and coated with gold-palladium alloy for scanning electron
i microscopic investigations. To follow growth, microscopic observations in broth
were conducted at various times during culturing. Osmotic sensitivity, shape, size,
and surface features of L-phase bodies, ratios of large bodies to granules, and
number of units in clusters varied with the phase of growth in broth. During the lag
phase of growth the L-phase elements seemed to posses a weakened membrane as
suggested by their increased susceptibility to osmotic lysis and their flattened shape.
Irregular protuberances, which may be associated with formation of elementary corpuscles
or degeneration of membrane, were found on large bodies In stationary phase.
Replication in broth appeared to occur by single budding of large bodies or binary
fission of granules.
INDEX TERMS: Streptococcus, Growth rates, Electron microscopy, Blolndieators, Cultures,
Membrane processes, Separation techniques, Scanning electron microscopy, Culture
media, Millipore filters, Osmotic sensitivity, Culturing techniques, Light
microscopy, Sample preparation, Membrane filters.
3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMK-5806
"ELECTRON MICROSCOPICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NEWLY ISOLATED RHIZOBIUH LUPINI
BACTERIOPHAGES", Lotz, W., Mayer, F., Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 18, No. 8,
August 1972, pp 127I-127U.
Eight newly isolated Rhizobium luplni bacterlophages from compost soil were
Investigated with the electron microscope. Rhizobium luplni strains from three dif-
ferent sources were used as host bacteria for the isolated bacterlophages: 1-99,
16-3, 16-6, 16-7, 16-22, 16-35, and 16-3. Phage isolation was accomplished by centri-
fuglng suspended compost soil, filtering, spotting on a lawn of Indicator bacteria,
and purifying via several single-plaque passages. Characterization of the phages was
carried out by standard electron microscopic procedures. The phage particles
Investigated had either long contractile, long non-contractile, or short non-
contractile tails. The wedge-shaped appearance of short phage tails is discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Electron microscopy, Bacteriophage, Pollutant identification, Isolation,
Centrlfugatlon, Filtration, Water pollution sources. Hosts, Systematics, Soil
bacteria, Methodology, Rhizobium luplni. Compost soil, Sample preparation,
Plaque counts.
AMIC-5805
"ENRICHMENT AND SELECTIVE ISOLATION OF CARYOPHANON LATUM". Smith, D. L., Trentinl,
W. C., Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. IB, Ho. H, August 197S, pp 1197-1200.
Nineteen Isolates of Caryophanon latum were tested for sensitivity to several
antibiotics. All isolates were found to be resistant to high concentrations of
streptomycin sulfate while maintaining natural trlchome morphology. Baaed on this
finding an Isolation procedure using differential low-speed centrlfugation, filtration,
and streptomycin resistance was devised which resulted In the selective Isolation of
C. latum from cow dung enrichments. This procedure results in C. latum accounting for
about 70 percent of the colonies found after dilution and spreading onto cow dung -
streptomycin agar.
INDEX TERMS: Isolation, Pollutant Identification, Nutrients, Antibiotics (pesticides),
Centrlfugation, Filtration, Resistance, Farm wastes, Biodegradation, Water
pollution sources, Aerobic bacteria, Microscopy, Feces, Cultures, Cattle,
Caryophanon. latum, Selective media, Enrichment, Sensitivity, Culture media,
Sample preparation.
AMIC-5831
"A pH-DEPENDENT SUCCESSION OF IRON BACTERIA", Walsh, F., Mitchell, R., Environmental
Science and Technology. Vol. 6, No. 9, September 1972, pp 809-812.
A filamentous Iron bacterium, Thiobaclllus ferrooxidans, was examined for
Its role in affecting the pH-dependent oxidation of iron.The organism, selectively
Isolated from samples obtained from a wide variety of sources Including coal mines,
Iron-containing streams, and zinc mines, was cultured at different pH ranges (3.5 to
5.5) In order to determine the rate of ferrous iron oxidation at the various pH's.
The organism catalyzes iron oxidation in the pH range U.5 to 3.5. At pH greater than
U.5, abiotic iron oxidation proceeds rapidly. At pH less than 3.5, T. ferrooxidans
significantly catalyzes iron oxidation. The activity of these bacteria in the
degradation of iron may directly affect the rate of acidity production in coal mine
waters.
INDEX TERMS: Iron bacteria, Iron, Oxidation, Thiobaclllus ferrooxidans, Pollutant
identification, Sediments, Isolation, Mine drainage, Chemical reactions,
Productivity, Acid mine water, Sampling, Coal mines, Cultures, Aerobic bacteria,
Streams, Filamentous bacteria, Zinc mines, Metallogenium, Culture media,
Heterotrophic bacteria, Sample preparation.
38
-------
3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METH3DS
AMIC-5873
"BIODEGRADATION OF TRISODIUM NITRILOTRIACETATE IH A MODEL AERATED SEWAGE LAGOON",
Budd, J. W. M., Hamilton, R. D., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
Vol. 29, Ho. 8, August 1972, pp 1203-120B.
The effect of temperature on the biodegradation of trlsodlum nltrllotrlace-
tate (Na3KTA) in a model aerated sewage lagoon was Investigated. Hie percent breakdown
of Incoming 8A3NTA at 15, 5, and 0.5 C was 93, k"l, and 22 percent respectively. On the
basis of these results, it can be expected that aerated sewage lagoons operating in
the 'mid-continental' climate of the Canadian prairie provinces would discharge at
least 50 percent of incoming Na3NTA for 6 months of the year. The presence of a
bacterial predator, Daphnia, was found to enhance the breakdown of Na3NTA. Fluctuations
in Na3NTA removal appeared to Increase with decreasing model lagoon temperature.
INDEX TERMS: Biodegradation, Sewage lagoons, Temperature, Aerated lagoons, Model
studies, Suspended solids, Daphnia, Hydrogen ion concentration. Phosphates,
Nitrogen, Biochemical oxygen demand, Chemical oxygen demand, Biomaes, Water
pollution sources, Nitrilotriacetic acid, Trlsodlum nitrllotrlacetate.
AMIC-5922
"DEGRADATION AflD MDERALIZATION OF PETROLEUM IN SEA WATER: LIMITATION BY NITROGEN
AMD PHOSPHORUS", Atlas, R. M., Bartha, P., Biotechnology and Bloengineering. Vol. lit,
Bo. 3, May 1972, pp 309-318.
Seawater of salinity 2.85 percent and pK 8.3 was collected In a relatively
unpolluted area off the coast of New Jersey. The viable mlcrobial count was 300/ml,
and the total N and P concentrations were 98 and 7 mierograms/100 ml seawater,
respectively. Biodegradation and mineralization of petroleum, added at 1 percent
(v/v) to the freshly collected seawater, were measured using gas-liquid chromatographic,
residual weight, and C02 evolution techniques. Only 3 percent of the added petroleum
was biodegraded and 1 percent was mineralized in unamended seawater after 18 days of
incubation. Added Individually, nitrate (0.01 M) or phosphate (35 nM) supplements
caused little improvement, but when added in combination, they increased petroleum
biodegradation and mineralization to 70 percent and 1»2 percent, respectively. No
measurable C02 was produced from filter-sterilized seawater with petroleum or from
natural seawater without petroleum even when supplemented with mineral nutrients.
Natural seawater with added petroleum but no mineral supplements produced C02 at a
very low rate; only 1 percent of the theoretical maximum was attained during 16 days
of Incubation.
INDEX TERMS: Oil, Sea water, Biodegradation, Essential nutrients, Mlcrobial
degradation, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Limiting factors, Chemical reactions,
Pollutant Identification, Nitrates, Phosphates, Chemical analysis, Separation
techniques, Sampling, Organic compounds, Mineralization, Hydrocarbon-degrading
microorganisms, Crude oil, Carbon dioxide evolution technique, Fate of pollutants,
Petroleum products, Residual weight procedure, Gas liquid chromatography, '
preparation.
AMIC-5917
"CONVERSION OF DETERIORATED METAL CUTTING FLUIDS INTO PROTEIN", Speidel, H. K.,
Bennett, E. 0., Biotechnology and Bloengineeriag, Vol. Ik, No. 3, May 1972, pp 361-377.
Six soil Isolates including Aehromobaeter sp., fungi, gram-negative bacilli,
pseudomonads, and an unidentified bacterium were grown on a petroleum sulfonate medium
and analyzed chromatographically to determine their amlno acid composition. The
analysis for amlno acids was carried out upon an 0.1 ml sample using the Moore and
Stein Method on a Phoenix .Model K-8000-C automatic recording amino acid analyzer.
The organisms were also examined to determine their growth rate in the petroleum
medium, their percent conversion of hydrocarbon to dry cell mass, their protein content,
and their possible use as a food or food supplement. It was found that the Isolates
varied extensively as to their amlno acid composition. Several of the isolates proved
to convert the hydrocarbons to cell mass with relative ease. The proteins of four of
the isolates appear to be suitable as a good food source, and the protein of one of
the remaining isolates appears to be a very good food supplement.
INDEX TERMS: Chromatography, Soil bacteria, Soil fungi, Proteins, Amino acids, Waste
treatment, Liquid wastes, Aerobic bacteria, Growth rates, Nutrient requirements,
Essential nutrients, Growth rates, Chemical analysis, Chemical properties,
Chemical reactions, Isolation, Colorimetry, Organic acids, Substrate utilization,
Fate of pollutants. Biological transformation. Metals industry, Achronobacter,
Culture media, Aspartic acid, Serine, Glutaroic acid, Prollne, Glycine, Alanine,
Cystlne, Tyrosine, Uistldlne, Arginlne, Threonlne, Vallne, Methionlne, Isoleuclne,
Leucine, Phenylalanlne, Lyslne, Petroleum sulfonate medium, Biochemical tests,
Pseudomonads.
_
AMIC-5936
"GROWTH MODELS OF CULTURES WITH TWO LIQUID PHASES. VII. SUBSTRATE DISSOLVED IN
DISPERSED PHASE; EFFECT OF DISPERSED PHASE VOLUMS AND TEMPERATURE", Prokop, A.,
Erickson, L. E., Biotechnology and Bloenglneering, Vol. lU, No. 1*, July 1972,
pp 571-586.
The effects of dispersed phase volume and temperature on the batch growth of
Candida lipolytiea on gas oil were investigated in order to optimize batch cultivation
with respect to the dispersed phase volume for possible use in predicting optimal
operating conditions for a single stage chemostat. Growth parameters are presented
for two sets of experiments. The shape of growth curves was basically similar to the
system composed of n-hexadecane dissolved in dewaxed gas oil, in spite of the complex
nature of the substance. All of the batch growth curves exhibited a linear growth
region. The rate of linear growth and its length varied with change in dispersed
phase volume. The effect of temperature on growth rate was investigated for
temperatures ranging from 23 C to 31* C. The results show a smaller activation energy
during linear growth than during the early stages of batch growth. These results are
analyzed from the viewpoint of growth models presented previously. The results
indicate that growth at drop surfaces is important and that segregation effects may
be important.
INDEX TER»e: Environmental effects, Yeasts, Fungi, Oil, Organic compounds, Temperature,
Growth rates, Fermentation, Methodology, fethematical models, Pollutant identifi-
cation, Optimization, Model studies, Candida lipolytiea, Gas oil, Liquid-phase
cultures, Growth models, Culturing techniques, Culture media, n-Hexadecane,
Batch cultures, Arrhenius equation, Substrate utilization, Aliphatic hydrocarbons.
Paraffins.
-------
3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-5928
"PHENOTYPIC PROPERTIES OF A LARGE-CELL, RADIATION-RESISTANT STRAIN OF ESCHERICHIA
COLI", Kvetkas, M. J., Krisch, R. E.. Zelle, M. R., Canadian Journal of Microbiology,
ToTT 18, No. 9, September 1972, PP lW-7-1^25.
Mean cell volumes, total amount of deoxyribonucleic acid (DHA), number of
! nuclear bodies, and X-ray responses were determined for exponential cultures of
Escheriehla coli P6, a large-cell, radiation-resistant mutant strain, and for E. coli
| b2/r, the parent strain of P6, growing in three different media at varying growth
rates. Combined results comparing cultures in the same growth medium Indicated that
exponentially growing P6 cells are 2.5 plus or minus 0.2 times larger, contain 3-6
i plus or minus 0.3 times more DMA, and 1.8 plus or minus 0.1 times more nuclear bodies
than comparable 82/r cells. Individual P6 nuclear bodies contained 2.01 plus or minus
! 0.13 times as much DNA as 82/r nuclear todies in comparable cultures, suggesting that
i each P6 nuclear body may contain two complete 82/r genomes. All P6 cultures gave
aigmoldal X-ray survival curves with extrapolation numbers averaging 2.0 and with
i limiting slopes smaller in absolute value than the slopes of the exponential survival
I curves obtained for &2/r cultures. P6 cells appeared to be no more efficient than
I 82/r cells in enzymatic dark repair of X-ray or ultraviolet damage, suggesting that the
| greater X-ray resistance of P6 cells may be associated with the doubled DHA content of
each P6 nuclear body.
INDEX TERMS: E. coli, Pollutant identification, X-rays, Resistance, Irradiation,
Biological properties, Growth rates, Aerobic bacteria, Coliforms, Ultraviolet
radiation, Durability, Bacteriophage, Marking techniques, Chemical analysis,
Enteric bacteria, Mutants, Phenotype, Culture media, Survival, Substrate utiliza-
tion, DNA, Bacterial physiology, Biochemical properties, Sample preparation,
Polyvinvlpyrrolldone technique.
AMIC-59U1
"PLATING MSDIUM pH AS A FACTOR IN APPARENT SURVIVAL OF SUBLETHALLY STRESSED YEASTS",
Nelson, F. E., Applied Microbiology. Vol. 2k, No. 2, August 1972, pp 236-239.
Yeasts of 10 different species were cultured in yeast maltose broth at
about 2k C. After they were thermally stressed for the required period of time,
plates were poured with PDA (Difeo) and the pH adjusted to several levels by the
addition of NaOH or SSSOk after cooling to U7 C. The extremes of pH employed, whether
acid or alkaline, had less effect on the counts of unstressed organisms than on the
stressed organisms in all cases. As the degree of stress was increased, as shown for
S. cerevlsiae Y 203^ and Kluyveromyces lactis, the reductions in counts at pH extremes
Increased markedly. Sublethally stressed cells of 9 of 10 species of yeast were
recovered at maximum levels when potato dextrose agar was adjusted to approximately
pH 8. The optimum for Candida utilis was at approximately pH 10. At pH 3.5, as
commonly employed with media selective for yeasts and molds, recovery of heat-stressed
organisms ranged from essentially the same as at optimum pH to levels of 1 percent or
less of the p"**"1""™ count. The extent to which this may be of practical significance
in assessing the microbiological quality of food products remains to be determined.
INDEX TERMS: Yeasts, Hydrogen ion concentration, Thermal stress, Fungi, Cultures,
Pollutant identification, Pathogenic fungi. Culture media, Culturing techniques,
Recovery, Survival, Potato dextrose agar, Saccharomycea jgerevisiae, Eadomyces
magnusii, Candida alblcans, Candida utilis, Kluyveromyces IflCtis, Pichia
kluyverl, Torulopsis glabrata, Rhodotorula glutinis, Hansenula anomala, Candida
vinii, Selective media.
AMXC «
"INHIBITION OF FUNGAL GROWTH IN-THE CULTURAL ISOLATION OF MTCOBACTERIA", Mortal, R. S.,
Richards, W. D., Applied Microbiology, Vol. 2U, Ho. 2, August 1972, pp 205-207.
Antlfungal antibiotics were compared to determine their usefulness in
primary mycobacterial cultures. Amphoterlcin B was found to be more effective in
preventing fungal growth from bovine fecal specimens than were cyclohexlmide, nystatin,
and tetracycline. Amphotericin B did not affect the growth rate of the following
Myeobacterium species: M. ayium, M. bovis, M. intracellulare, M. paratuberculosiB.
M. phlei, "oFM. tuberculosis, but Tt inhibited the growth of M. fortuitum.There was
no observable~effect on numbers of colonies of M. paratubereuiOBis on primary isolation
from fecal specimens. It is recommended that, 7or the primary isolation of pathogenic
mycobacteria from specimens likely to contain fungi, the inoculum should be pretreated
with benzalkonlum chloride, followed by mixing with amphotericln B or inoculation onto
media containing amphotericin B. (Reprinted from Applied Microbiology. Vol. Sk, No. 2,
August 1972, pp 205-207. Copyright 1972 by the American Society for Microbiology.
Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner).
INDEX JERKS: Antibiotics (pesticides), Fungicides, Isolation, Pathogenic bacteria,
Pollutant identification, Cultures, Fungi, Organic compounds, Inhibitors, Aerobic
bacteria, Separation techniques. Microbiology, Microorganisms, Growth rates,
Myeobacterium, Myeobacterium avium, Myeobacterium bcvls, Kycdbacterium Intra-
cellulare, Myeobacterium paratuberculosls, Myeobacterium phlei, Myeobacterium
tuberculosis, Amphotericin B, Cyclohexlmide, Nystatin, Tetracycline, Culture
media, Myeobacterium fortuitum, Benzalkonlum chloride. Inhibition, Sample
preparation.
—
AMIC-59^3
"DEMONSTRATION OF RHODANESE ACTIVITY IN POLYACHYLAMIDE GELS, Murphy, J. R., Frankenfeld,
J., Calvert, J., Tilton, R. C., Applied Microbiology. Vol. 2k, No. 2, August 1972,
pp 283-285.
Rhodanese activity from crude extracts of ThiobaeiUus sp. strain IV-85
was demonstrated in polyacrylamide gels after incubation in the reaction mixture by
staining with dichloroindophenol in the presence of methylphenazonium methosulfate.
The sensitivity of the staining system was found to be 0.8 micromoles of sulfite.
Due to the specificity of the procedure for the presence of sulfite, the detection of
enzymes of either the sulfur oxidation pathway, or the sulfate reduction pathway, which
produce sulfite, could be possible with appropriate alteration of the reaction mixture.
IKDEX TERMS: Pollutant identification, Electrophoresis, Cultures, Enzymes,
Microorganisms, Aerobic bacteria, Methodology, Isolation, Polyacrylamide gels,
Thlobaclllus, Staining, Rhodanese, Dichloroindophenol, Methylphenazonium
methosulfate, Sample preparation, Streptomycin sulfate.
-------
3.
MICROBIOLOGICAL
AMIC-59UU
"USE OF POLYELECTROLYTES AHD ELECTRON MICROSCOPY FOR DETECTION OP VIRUSES FROM. STOOL",
Chaudhary, R. K., Westwood, J. C.N., AppUed Microbiology, Vol. £k, Ko. 2, August
1972, pp 270-271*.
Experiments were conducted to evaluate the use at Insoluble electrolyte*
(PE 60) for concentrating viruses from stool specimen* experimentally Inoculated, as
well aa those obtained from patients Infected with enterovlrus. Virus In stool speci-
mens were first concentrated with PE 60 eluted frcw the PE 60, and detected under an
electron microscope. Preferential adsorption of viruses to PE 60 was maximum at a pH
range of I*.5 to 6, and the elutlon of viruses was optimum at pH Q.5. Concentrations
of PE 60 for adsorption of viruses from 10 ml stool specimens was 35 mg, where 86 and
69 percent viral adsorption was obtained from non-clinical and clinical specimens,
respectively. Best results were obtained when adsorption was carried out at 25 C.
INDEX TERKE: Electron microscopy, Pollutant identification, Polyelectrolytes,
Adsorption, Isolation, Viruses, Microorganisms, Electron microscopy. Efficiencies,
Separation techniques, Sample preparation, Poliovirus, Coxsackie virus, Feces,
Biological samples, Recovery.
AMC-5966
"BUFFALO LAKE RECREATIONAL WATER QUALITY: A STUDY IN BACTERIOLOGICAL DATA
INTERPRETATION", Geldreieh, E. E., Water jesearch, Vol. 6, No. 8, August 1972,
PP 913-92"*.
Since bacteriological measurements of recreational water quality must be
based on the detection of fecal contamination by all warm-blooded animals, this paper
offers a rationale for the fecal collform concept with respect to: sanitary signifi-
cance, density relationships with fecal streptococci, and illustrates a bacteriological
approach to a study of water quality in Buffalo Lake, a national wildlife refuge with
authorized recreational uses in specified zoned areas to Include swimming, water skiing,
fishing, boating, and camping. Source water is derived from a drainage basin receiving
only 15 In of rainfall per year and supporting a human population of approximately
15,000 persons and a cattle feedlot population of approximately 180,000 animals.
I>urlng the prevailing long dry weather periods the natural bathing water quality In the
lake is excellent. Stormwater runoff produced by Infrequent heavy thundershowers
results in a dramatic deterioration in water quality for feeder streams, and subse-
quently produces a bacteriological impact on Buffalo take water quality which may be
seen in fecal collform values far in excess of the 200 organisms per 100 ml limit
recommended by the National Advisory Committee on Water Quality Criteria. Corrective
measures are discussed to more adequately control the pollutional discharges from
domestic sewage and cattle feedlot drainage that reaches the lake, In addition to
restrictions on bathing and water skiing when inflow from source waters temporarily
reaches more than U50 acre.ft (560,000 cu m) as a result of stormwater runoff.
INDEX TERMS: Bloindlcators, Water quality, Water pollution sources, Agricultural run-
off, Public health, Coliforme, Enteric bacteria, Sanitary significance, Buffalo
Lake. Recreational waters. Data interpretation. Fecal streptococci.
See alaoj Category 2, AMIC-lt005, 57^9, 5610.
-------
METHODS AMD PERFORMAMCE EVALUATION
r
AMIC-5859
"THE EFFECT OF ESTIMATION ERROR OH A GEOJCTRIC MCWIHG AVERAGE", Wichern, D. W..,
Technometrlcs, Vol. lU, Ho. 3, August 1972, PP 7^5-755.
A Bayesian approach has been used to examine the effect ot estimation error
on Inferences about a future value generated by a particular non-stationary stochastic
process for which a geometric moving average (G.M.A.) Is an optimal predictor. For the
example tested It was found that a point estimate of a future value given by a G.M.A,
computed with a parameter estimated from the data Is not particularly sensitive to
estimation error. However, the variability of the forecast will be underestimated.
INDEX TEFWS: Quality control, Estimating equations, Forecasting, Statistical methods,
Errors, Precision, Geometric moving average.
AMIC-5913
"ALTERNATIVE MULTI-LEVEL COHTIHUOUS SAMPLING PLANS", Sacfcrowitz, H., Technometrlcs.
Vol. Ik, No. 3, August 1972, pp 6U5-652.
Four multilevel sampling, two of which are newly developed, have been
mathematically analyzed to compare their results. Each of the plans begins with
100 percent Inspection and modifies the amount of subsequent sampling based upon the
results obtained throughout the process. The new plane are different In that the type
of partial ispection used depends not only on the occurrence of £ consecutive
non-defective Items, but also on the length of time it takes to obtain this run of
non-defectives. The new plans are shown to be Identified to various existing multi-
level continuous plans with respect to many mathematical characterizations. However,
In some cases, they may be more desirable or easier to apply In practice.
IHEEX TERMS: Quality control, Statistical methods, Sampling, Multilevel sampling,
Precision, Continuous sampling.
AffiC-5912
"SIZE-BIASED SAMPLISG", Scheaffar, R. L., TechnometrlCB.Vol. ik, Ho. 3, August 1972,
pp 635-6W*.
Sampling components which are operating In a system at a fixed time and then
observing the llfelengths of these components leads one to a length-biased sample.
This concept is generalized to size-biased sampling, which often occurs when sampling
multi-sized units such as particles. Estimators of average unit size are presented
for the cases in which the underlying size distribution is gamma, Weibull or log-normal,
These estimators, when specialized to the length-biased case, are shown to be
improvements over some estimators already presented in the literature. Also, the
problem of estimating mean life from backward recurrence times Is discussed and some
improved estimators are presented.
IMDEX TERMS: Sampling, Size, Mathematical studies. Estimating equations, Ifethenatical
models, Average, Particle size, Bias, Sample size determination, Log-nornal
distribution, Weibull distribution, Gamma distribution.
"SUBSAMPLUK A MIXTURE OF SAMPLED MATERIAL", Brown, 0. H., Fisher, H. I., Technometrlca,
Vol. Ik, Ho. 3, August 1972, PP 663-668.
The authors consider the problem of estimating the mean of some characteris-
tic from composited samples. The composited samples are obtained by first randomly
sampling a population of discrete units then subsampllng each unit and mixing the
subsample to form a composite sample. The statistical method which Is developed permits
the determination of the precision of the mean for a given number of observations or for
specifying the number of observations required for given precision. Hie formulation
Is given In terms of variance components. Results are given for the case In which
the composited material is not exhaustively subsanrpled.
INDEX TERMS: Sampling, Statistical methods, Quality control, Probability, Subsampling,
Composite samples, Precision, Variance.
142
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MBTRQIE AMD PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
~AKEC-S9i6
"OS THE PROBLEM OF CALIBRATION", Shukla, 6. K., Technometrlcs, Vol. lU, Ho. 3,.August
1972, pp 5^7-553.
Efficiencies of classical and Inverse regression methods of calibration
have been discussed from the asymptotic expressions for bias and mean square error
derived for the normal population with some other restrictions on the model (truncated),
However, when the number of observations used In the calibration Is small then for
suitable choice of design of Independent variables inverse estimator yields smaller
mean square error for the estimator particularly for interpolation. In practice when
large numbers of observations are used for calibration with small error and unknown
X sub o is estimated by large number of observations on Y, it is unlikely that the
inverse method will be advantageous over the classical method except in very trivial
cases. In many cases It is not possible to take more than one observation on unknown
X sub o, then, the inverse method of estimation is preferable when X sub o lies close
to the mean of the design points so far as MSB Is taken as criterion. However, for
general purposes it is advisable to prefer an estimator with desirable properties
(consistency) for large sample sizes which suggests the use of classical estimators in
the absence of any prior information about unknown X sub o.
INDEX TERMS: Calibrations, Regression analysis, Design critera, Estimating equations,
Bias, Statistical methods. Variance, Methodology, Average, Mathematical studies,
Mean square error, Errors, Sample size.
AMIC-5935
"SEQUENTIAL ESTIMATION OF TOE SIZE OF A POPULATION", Freeman, P. R., Blometrllca,
Vol. 59, Ho. 1, April 1972, pp 9-17-
The problem of estimating the size of a finite population using sequential
sampling is placed In a Bayeslan framework, and an approximate numerical solution is
obtained by the technique of truncated dynamic programming. The optical stopping
boundaries are compared with those discussed by Samuel (1968, 1969)•
INDEX TERMS: Size, Estimating, Dynamic programming, Statistical methods, Sampling,
Mathematical studies, Probability, Optimization, Estimating equations, lagging,
Finite population, Sequential sampling, Bayeslan inference, Standard deviation,
Multiple sampling.
AMIC-5931*
"QUALITATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF RANDOMNESS IN A LINEAR KINETIC SYSTEM", Oradijan, J.
Bergner, P.-E. E., Biometrics, Vol. 28, BO. 2, June 1972, pp 313-328.
R.,
An analysis has been made of some consequences of randomness implied by
the experimental procedure on a deterministic kinetic system and observations made
of the difference between the mathematical expectation given by the stochastic model
and the corresponding deterministic function. In order to determine whether meaningful
data Interpreation Is possible without estimating any model parameters, certain
biological data have been subjected to the qualitative modeling approach. Such data,
either by convenience or necessity, are often characterized by large spread, small
sample size, non-statlonarity, and other qualities that make it difficult or impossible
to apply conventional statistical methods of analysis. The technique is Illustrated
by the analysis of data representing the uptake of acetylchollne by synaptlc vesicles,
and it is demonstrated that a number of properties of that biological process can be
determined from what would normally, be considered rather poor data. In particular, it
is shown that a deterministic model in this case appears to be insufficient to represent
the system and that at least two types of randomness are Involved.
INDEX TERMS: Stochastic processes, Model studies, Tracers, Mathematical models.
Probability, Size, Absorption, Path of pollutants, Movement, Mathematical studies,
Randomization, Bloklnetlcs, Stochastic model, Data Interpretation, Sample size,
Quantitative analysis, Quantitative estimations, Deterministic model.
See also! Category 3, AMIC-51*91.
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5. INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMEHT
AMIC-5761
"INSTRUMENTATION FOR A RADIOECOLCGICAL STUDY OF TOE HUMBOLDT BAY MARINE EHVIHOMMEHT",
Holladay, C., Phelps, P. L., Heft, E. E., Harrison, F. L., California University,
Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Report No. CONF-711111-22, November 16, 1971, 11 pp.
NTIS Report No. UCRL 73M6.
The Bio-Medical Division of the Lawrence Llvermore Laboratory, in cooperation
with the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (POSE), and Humboldt State College, is
conducting a radioecological study of Humboldt Bay. The pupose of the study is to
develop a mathematical model which describes the passage of individual radlonuclides
through the marine ecosystem and to test model predictions against field data. The
proposed model divides a given marine site into geographical pools, and then each
pool is subdivided into compartments, such as aqueous solution, suspended sediment,
bottom sediment, specific biota. If the exchange coefficients between all pools and
compartments can be determined for a radionuclide, Its concentration in any compartment
as a function of time can be predicted for any given release into the system. The
impact to man of the release can then be estimated if uptake rates are known for any
exposed marine life which Is in the human food chain. This paper describes the field
sampling operations, which includes methods and equipment for collecting water, core,
and bottom samples, uptake studies, and instrumentation for determining conductivity,
solar illuminance, temperature, and radiation. The collected samples are to be
analyzed for trace elements, iodine, lodates, tritium, pH, and dissolved oxygen.
INDEX TERMS: Absorption, Research equipment, Radioactive wastes, Water analysis,
Path of pollutants, Mathematical models, Bioaccumulatlon, Transport.
AMTC-5831*
"WHAT'S NEW IN...AUTOMATIC PROCESS CONTROL", Simon, H., Chemical Engineering, Deskbook
Issue, Vol. 79, Ho. 20, September 11, 1972, PP »»9-6o.
An updated description of equipment and systems for automatic process control
is presented which surveys the new transducers, transmitters, controllers, valves,
process computers, multiplexing systems, hydraulic systems and chemical engineering
systems used in various applications.
INDEX TERMS: Automatic control, Equipment, Computers, Valves, Automation, Electrical
equipment. Hydraulic equipment, Butterfly valves, Laboratory equipment,
Temperature, Pressure, Water levels, Chemical engineering, Electronic equipment,
Systems engineering, Transmitters, Transducers, Multiplexing, Cathode ray tubes,
Digital control, Analog control, Computer loading.
AMIC-5850
"RESPONSE OF A CALCIUM-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE IN ACID SOLUTIONS", Bagg, J., Vinen, R.,
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1A, No. 11, September 1972, pp 1773-1777.
A liquid-membrane electrode, selective toward Ca ions, when In contact with
aqueous solutions for less than 12 hours, displays an Interference by hydrogen ions
which is very similar to the Interference caused by alkali-metal ions. The
Interference potential (E), is the difference between observed potential and
calculated potential assuming no Interference, i.e. E equals RT/F times the natural
log of 1 plus the square root of (K sub H A sub H)/A sub Ca, where the selectivity
parameter K sub H equals (1.8 plus or minus 0.3) times 10. If the electrode has had
only a brief contact with aqueous solutions, the accepted limit on pH for absence of
significant hydrogen ion interference may be extended from 5.5 down to 4.0 when
Ca(2 plus) is greater than or equal to 0.1. When electrodes which have been in pro-
longed contact with aqueous solutions are immersed in solutions of pH 3-5, and calcium
concentration in the range .1-.0001 molal, an anomalous negative change in potential
is observed. Associated with this negative change is the entry of water and calcium
salts into the membrane and a slow process probably due to the formation of a barrier
layer.
INDEX TERMS: Calcium, Electrochemistry, Acids, Aqueous solutions, Ions, Hydrogen ion
concentration, Equations, Laboratory equipment, Evaluation, Mathematics, Chemical
analysis, Alkali metals. Membranes, Membrane processes, Physicochemlcal proper-
ties, Chemical interference, Ion selective electrodes, Interference potential,
Liquid membrane electrode.
AMIC-5903
"REUJCTIVE, INDUCTIVE, AND EDDYJJURRENT PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS", Journal of the
Measurements and Data Society of America, Vol. 6, No. U, July-August 1972, pp
General operating characteristics of reluctive, inductive, and eddy-current
pressure transducers are described. A tabular listing Is included which shows costs,
pressure ranges, model number, and manufacturers of pressure transducers.
INDEX TERMS* Instrumentation, Pressure measuring instruments, Equipment,
equipment, Electrical equipment. Pressure, Pressure transducers.
Mechanical
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5. IMSTRUMENT
AMIC-590J*
"MASS FLOW MEASUREMENT", Journal of the Measurements and Data Society of America.
Vol. 6, Bo. h, July-August 1972, pp
A number of mass flovmeters developed recently measure mass flow directly
by using either angular momentum types, driven Impeller to develop angular momentum,
fluid-driven twin turbines, radial-flow angular -momentum, gyroscopic angular momentum,
or temperature technique. A number of these flowmeters are listed along with the
name of their manufacturer, their operating range, their principles of operation, and
their cost.
IHDEX TERMS: Electrical equipment, Mechanical equipment, Flow measurement, Flowmeters,
Instrumentation, Mass flovmeters.
AMIC-5906
"1HE VOLTSEHSOB", Cuff, S. P., Journal of the Measurements and Data Society of America, I
Vol. 6, Ho. k, July-August 1972, pp 50-56.;
!
A voltsensor is used to detect a specific settable voltage level and provide
either a signal or a relay closure (or both) when the specific preset point IB reached.
It may function as a precision DC voltage comparator, a bistable trip with adjustable
trip point, a voltage sensitive relay driver, or a solid state meter relay substitute.
For operation, voltsensors require a source of positive and negative voltage of the same
magnitude and can accept input signals from sources such as batteries, voltage dividers,
potentioaetric transducers, electronic circuits, and rectified AC voltage. Using
these signals it can very precisely detect specific voltage level and cause an alarm or
control function to occur at these points.
INDEX TERMS: Automatic control, Voltage regulations, Electrical equipment, Equipment,
Voltsensors, Voltage comparators, Alarms.
AMIC-5905
"HEATED SENSOR MASS FLOWMETER", Grant, H.. Wasserman, R., Journal of the Measurements
and Data Society of America. Vol. 6, No. U, July -August 1972, pp
The heated-sensor technique for mass flow measurement employe the principle
of the hot-sensor anemometer, which instantaneously measures fluid-flow parameters by
sensing the heat transfer between an electrically heated sensor and the flow medium,
The flowmeters have the advantages of wide dynamic ranges, high sensitivity, high
accuracy, signal outputs of 0 to 10 volts making them compatible with data processing
systems, high reliability, and no need for corrections over wide ranges of temperature
and pressure.
INDEX TERMS: Flowmeters, Instrumentation, Flow measurement, Electrical equipment,
Heated sensor mass flowmeter.
AMIC-5907
"THE LOGARITHMIC LOCK-IN AMPLIFIER", Munroe, D. M., Journal of the Measurements and
Data Society of America, Vol. 6, Bo. 1», July-August 1972, pp 5B-65.
The principles of operation of linear and logarithmic lock-in amplifiers
are described. The logarithmic lock-in amplifier has the advantage that its output
is a logarithmic function of its input. In conjunction with an optical detector it
can be used for measuring optical density, sample concentration, and for measuring
signals having a wide dynamic range. The logarithmic amplifier can also be set up to
operate in a dual-channel mode which can measure ratios of A/B of two separate signals
A and B together with the logarithm f B. A typical application would be measurement
of the ratio of light intensity as seen by two photomultipliers. The amplifier can
also operate in the dual-channel mode with multiplexed signals.
INDEX TERMS: Instrumentation, Electrical equipment. Measurement, Design, Signal-noise
ratios, Logarithmic lock-in amplifiers, Lock-in amplifiers, Ratlometry.
1*5
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5. INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMEHT
"COMPOSITE DILATOMETER FOR MEASURING DENSITY OF LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS", McKlnney, J. E.,
Penn, R. W., The Revlev of Scientific Instruments, Vol. U3, »<>• 8, August 1972,
pp 1211-1213.
A composite dilatoraeter was used to measure the densities of liquids and
solids over a wide range of temperatures (minus 30 to 100 C) and pressure (limited to
800 bar). The dilatometer has a glass capillary and a mechanically removable seal
at the base to facilitate loading. The seal is leakproof, and a constant volume is
maintained with successive loadings. The dilatometer, as described, la applicable to
substances that are solid at ambient conditions B.B well as for those with a phase
transition Into a liquid at other conditions. Using substances that are liquid at
ambient conditions would involve minor modifications in the design and loading
procedure. The principle advantage of the composite dilatometer is its convenience of
assembly, which allows the same dilatometer to be used with successive samples. Since
the volume remains essentially constant with successive loadings, It is possible to
calibrate the dilatometer initially with mercury and apply this calibration to
subsequent determinations.
IHDEX TERMS: Instrumentation, Density, Liquids, Measurement, Physical properties,
Design, Mechanical equipment, Dilatometers, Precision.
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