EPA-R4-72-007 Environmental Monitoring Series
July 1972
Reviews of Current Literature
on Analytical Methodology
and Quality Control
No. 10
Office of Research and Monitoring
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
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NOTICE
This bulletin is prepared monthly by the staff of the Analytical
Methodology Information Center (AMIC), Information Systems Section, Battelle,
Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, under EPA Contract No. 68-01-0166,
to inform personnel of the Analytical Quality Control Laboratory and other
segments of the National Analytical Methods Development Research Program of
recent publications on methodology. Personnel associated with the center are
Mr. Ralph Darby, Project Director, Mr. Robert Little, Project Leader,
Mr. John Mortland, Miss Verna Holoman, Mr. Ronald Snyder, Mr. Michael
Mackan, Mr. Ronald Byrd, and Mr. George Long, Abstractors,
The 3" x 5" format of the citations and use of card stock is intended
to facilitate removal and filing of items of, interest. Because of space limi-
tations, the index terms accompanying the citations are selected from a complete
list as representative of the important concepts presented in each article.
Comments and suggestions regarding the content of the "Reviews" or
requests from EPA personnel to be placed on the mailing list should be directed
to the Project Officer:
Dr. Cornelius I. Weber
Analytical Quality Control Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center
Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
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REVIEWS OF CURRENT LITERATURE ON
ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL
NO. 10
By
Analytical Methodology Information Center (AMIC)
Information Systems Section
Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201
Contract No. 68-01-0166
Project 16020 HJE
Prepared for
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND MONITORING
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
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NATIONAL ANALYTICAL METHODS DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM
ANALYTICAL QUALITY CONTROL LABORATORY
REVIEWS OF CURRENT LITERATURE ON
ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL
No. 10 July, 1972
Arrangement of the citations followings the major research areas of the Analytical
Quality Control Laboratory and other segments of the National Analytical Methods
Development Research Program. Items which apply to more than one area are cross-
referenced.
CONTENTS
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS Page 1-20
Scope: Wet chemical methods; Nutrients; NTA; Trace metals; Helium glow;
Chromatography (thin layer, gas, liquid); Spectroscopy (atomic absorption;
flame emission, arc-spark, visible, UV, IR, fluorescent); Radiochemistry;
Automation of methods; Ion-specific and other probes; Mass spectrometry;
Mass spectra; NMR; Instrument-computer interface; Chlorinated hydrocarbons
(pesticides, PCB's, other); Trace organics; Petroleum processes (reforming,
hydroforming, platforming, catalysts); Petroleum additives; Reduced crudes;
Sulfur isotopes; Boiling range determination; Asphatenes and carboids;
Weathering; Organometallics; Elemental analysis; Paraffinic distribution;
Petroleum wastes; Water quality standards; Effluent monitoring.
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS Page 21-36
Scope: Plankton; Periphyton; Macrophyton; Macroinvertebrates; Fish;
Sample collection (grab samplers, artificial substrates); Sample
processing (preservation, staining, automatic and manual sorting and
counting); Organisms identification (taxonomic keys, optical and electron
microscopy, gas chromatography, electrophoresis, karyosystematics); Biomass
measurements (drying, freeze-drying, ashing, ATP, DNA, chlorophyll measure-
ment, calorimetry); Metabolic rates (primary productivity, respiration,
electron transport, nitrogen fixation); Culturing; Biomonitoring; Bioassay;
Bioaccumulation of hazardous materials; Community structure (indicator
organisms, species diversity, community stability); Mathematical models;
Statistical analysis.
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3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS Page 37-46
Scope: Pollution indicators; Waterborne pathogens; Sampling; Detection;
Identification; Enumeration; Monitoring; Survival; Automation; Instrumenta-
tion; Cell counting; Selective and differential media; Growth factors;
Metabolic products; Membrane filter procedures; Microbiological standards;
Specific bacteriophage; Fluorescent antibody techniques; Radioactive
tracers; Antigen identification; Photomicroscopy; Optical measurements;
Data handling, presentation, and interpretation.
4. METHODS AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION Page 47-49
Scope! Collaborative testing; Laboratory and analyst performance evaluation;
Inter- and intralaboratory quality control; Evaluation of laboratory equip-
ment; Statistical treatment of analytical data; Experimental design.
5. INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT Page 50-54
Scope; Intake systems (methods of sampling, connecting lines, wells, motors,
pumps, mode of operation); Sensors (electro-chemical, electro-biological,
thermodynamic, mechanical, optical, nuclear); Analyzers (analog and digital
amplifiers, output displays); Recording systems (telemetry, data logging,
digital data processors).
ii
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1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AKTC-3101
"SEPARATION OF HIGH.BOILING PETROLEUM DISTILLATES USING GRADIENT ELUTION THBOUGH
DUAL-PACKED (SILICA GEL-ALUMINA GEL) ADSORPTION COLUMNS", Hlrseh, D. E., Hopkins, R. L.,
Coleman, H. J., Cotton, F. 0., Thompson, C. J., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. kk, No. 6,
May 1972, pp 915-919. : **
A liquid-solid chromatographic procedure was developed which simply and
reproduclbly separates 25 to 50 gm samples of high-boiling petroleum distillates
into four compound types-namely, saturates, roonoaromatlcs, dlaromatics, and
polyaromatics-polar. Separation la accomplished toy gradient elution through a j
dual-packed silica-alumina gel adsorption column under established conditions
that eliminate the need for monitoring intermediate fractions by UV or other methods.
The four compound-type concentrates can be collected through a continuous solvent
stripper attached to the bottom of the column by consecutive elution, at an
approximate flow rate of 200 ml/hr or the material eluted can be collected In small
fractions directly from the bottom of the column and individually analyzed after
solvent removal. The procedure is applicable to distillate with boiling ranges
of about 330-5UO degrees C and employs a sample-to-gel ratio of 1 to 100. The
concentrates prepared by this adsorption procedure have but small amounts of cross
contamination. Spectral, adsorption, and radiotracer data indicate the separated
compound type concentrate fractions to be predominantly as labeled. Such separations,
by subdividing according to major aromatic types, greatly simplify subsequent separation
and characterization studies.
INDEX TERMS: Gels, Separation techniques, Oil, Adsorption, Aromatic compounds, Organic
compounds. Radioactivity techniques, Mass spectrometry, Nuclear magnetic resonance,
Liquid solid chromatography, Petroleum distillates, Saturates, Monoaromatics,
Diaromatics, Polyaromatics, Gradient elution, C-lU, Ultraviolet spectroscopy.
AJOC-3102 (Continued)
2/2
TERMS: Bromine, Chlorine, Pollutant identification, Color reactions, Halogens,
Aqueous solutions, Water pollution, Mass spectrometry, Solvent extractions,
Methyl orange, Organic eyes, Calibration curves, Detection limits.
AMIC-3102
"SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF BROMINE AND CHLORINE WITH METHYL ORANGE", Laltlnen,
H. A., Boyer, K, W., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. kk, Ho. 6, May 1972, pp 920-926.
Experimental work to develop an analytical method for the simultaneous
determination of bromine and chlorine with methyl orange was carried out in two
phases: (1) the development of calibration curves for the effect of bromine and
chlorine on the absorbance of methyl orange working solutions and (2) characterization
of the reaction products for specific reaction conditions and determination of the
experimental factors affecting the precision and accuracy of using methyl orange for
the analytical determination of bromine and chlorine. The calibration of methyl
orange was accomplished by coulometric generation of bromine and chlorine with a
Sargent Coulometric Current Source Model IV generator and obtaining the absorption
spectra with a spectrophotometer. A Varian CH-5 mass spectrometer was used to
analyze the ether extractable reaction products. The reaction between methyl orange
and bromine or chlorine involved competition between aromatic ring substitution and
azo link cleavage, both of which produced a large decrease in the molar absorptivity
of the 505 nanometers methyl orange absorption peak. However, predominant ring
substitution for the bromine reaction produced an increase in absorbance at 317
nanometers, whereas predominant azo link cleavage for the chlorine reaction produced
a decrease in absorbance at 317 nanometers. By utilizing the changes in the
UV-visible spectrum of aqueous methyl orange solutions upon reaction with gaseous
mixtures of bromine and chlorine in nitrogen, total halogen content up to 5
microequlvalents per liter and individual halogen mole fractions were determined with
an 8 percent relative error and plus or minus 11 percent relative standard deviation.
The formation of BrCl limited the total halogen concentration that would be analytically
distinguished to less than 5 microequlvalents per liter In nitrogen.
AMIC-3103
"DETERMINATION OF ALKXLBENZENESULFONATE AND ALKYLSULFATE HOMOLOGS, AFTER ELECTROPHORETIC
SEPARATION USIBG AQUEOUS DIOXAHE AGAROSE GELS", Bodenmlller, J. R., Latz, H. W.,
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. kk, No. 6, May 1972, pp 926-930.
Alkylbenzene sulfonate and alkylsulfate homologs were separated for analysis
using an electrophoretic cell which features direct contact between the gel and buffer
solution and between the gel and the cooling surface. Following separation, the sample
was extracted from the aqueous dioxane agarose gels with water and quantitatively
analyzed by the methylene blue method. No significant differences were found in the
amount of sample recovered from the gel after runs of 5 minutes, 1 hour, and 2 houra for
Ik micrograma of pure p-(l-ethyldecyl)benzene sulfonate. The recovery was 88.k percent
with a standard deviation of 0.6 percent. The standard deviation for direct methylene
blue analysis of the same compound was l.k percent. The significant difference In the
recovery of dodecylsulfate between runs of 5 minutes and 2.5 hours was attributed to
the greater precipitation of this substance in solution when compared to the alkyl-
benaene sulfonate. Two difficulties in the design of the experimental cell, involving
a slightly uneven migration pattern and the short duration of runs, are expected to be
easily corrected.
INDEX TERMS: Electrophoresls, Alkylbenzene sulfonates, Separation techniques,
Laboratory equipment, Gels, Chemical analysis, Dioxane, Agarose, Methylene blue,
Active substance, Dodecylsulfate, Chemical recovery, p-(l-Ethyldecyl)benzene-
sulfonate.
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1. PHYSICAL AHD CHEMICAL METHODS
AKTC-310U
"FACTORS AFFECTING THE USE OF A NONDISPERSIVE SYSTEM FOR ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE FLAME
SPECTROMETRY", Vickers, T. J., Slevin, P. J., Muscat, V. I., FarlaB, L. T.,
Analytical Chemistry. Vol. UU, Ho. 6, May 1973, pp 930-936.
A nondisperaive atomic fluorese.ence system operating In the spectral
region below 2800 angstroms was tested to determine the benefits derived from greater
energy throughput and from multiple line collection of the system. Since background
spectral radiance of the atom reservoir adversely affects fluorescence measurements,
the system employs a chlorine cutoff filter with a solar blind multiplier phototube
to eliminate most of the OH flame background emission while allowing relatively
broadband response at wavelengths less than 2800 angstroms. Arsenic and mercury
chloride in aqueous solution were analyzed in dispersive and nondlsperslve nodes
under a variety of flame conditions. For mercury, the limits of detection were 1
mlcrogram per ml in the nondlsperslve mode and 6 micrograms per ml in the dispersive
mode. For arsenic, limits were 6 micrograms per ml for the dispersive system at
1937 angstroms and 0.3 micrograma per ml for the nondispersive system. The effect of
slit width was also investigated.
INDEX TERMS: Spectrometers, Measurements, Mercury, Laboratory equipment, Instrumenta-
tion, Atomic fluorescence, Arsenic, Flame spectrometry, Detection limits,
Mercury chloride, Fluorescence spectroscopy-
AMIC-312U
"DETERMDIATIOH OF FtOOKDB AMD BROMIDE IH KALOGENATED HERBICIDE RESIDUES IN SOIL BY
SPAHK SOUJCE MASS SFECTHOMETRY", Outenmann, W. H., St. John, L. E., Jr., Llsk, D. J.,
Analytical Chemistry. Vol. W», Ho. 6, May 1972, pp 1069-1072.
Canfield silt loam soil samples were analyzed for both fluorine- and
bromine-containing halogetated herbicide residues by two methods of spark source
mass spectrometry. Preparation of soil for analysis, involved adding bromine
herbicides, specifically braaacil and bromoxynll, and a fluorine herbicide, trifuralin,
to individual soil samples. The herbicides were then extracted with acetone and
combined with hexane. To analyze these extracts, two spectrophotometrie procedures,
one utilizing a graphite electrode (A) and the other utilizing a gold electrode (»),
were used. When the graphite electrodes were employed, 20 graded exposures were made
between the 0.001 and 100-aC level on the photographic plate; only five graded
exposures were made between 0.003 and 0.1 nC with the gold electrode. The precision
for the determinations was plus or minus 15 to 25 percent of the mean as calculated
from all analyses. Procedure B required less time for analysis than A (30 minutes)
and was useful for quick surveys of biological materials, solutions, and water.
However, it was not so precise as method A.
INDEX TERMS! Mass spectrometry, Fluorine, Bromine, Soils, Herbicides, Pollutant
identification, Spectrometers, Instrumentation, Separation techniques, Organic
pesticides, Electrodes, Methodology, Soil analysis, Halogenated pesticides.
Electrodes, Bromacil, Bromoxynil, Trlfluralin, Sample preparation, Bromlnated
pesticides, Fluorinated pesticides, Spark-source mass spectroaetry.
1
AMIC-3105
"COMPARISON OF ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE WITH ATOMIC ABSORPTION AS AH ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE ,
Barnett, W. B., Kahn, H. L., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. kk, No. 6, May 1972, PP 935-
939.
Atomic absorption and atomic fluorescence techniques were compared by
analyzing arsenic, cadmium, copper, iron, and zinc and comparing the detection limits,
linearities, and chemical interferences of the two techniques. The atomic absorption
instrument used was a double beam Parkin-Elmer Model U03 Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer, modified to operate in an atomic fluorescence mode. The atomic
fluorescence instrument was equipped with Interference filters instead of a
monochromator and a solar-blind photo multiplier for use in spectral regions below
3000 angstroms. The tests showed that detection limits for fluorescence approached
those for absorption when electrodeless discharge lamps were employed, but were
substantially poorer with hollow cathode lamps. Linearity of calibration curves was
roughly equal for the two techniques. Analytical interferences were also comparable
although sodium presented a problem In fluorescence. It la concluded that atomic
fluorescence produces some highly useful results. However, this technique was not
superior to atomic absorption in any of the tests.
INDEX TERMS: Evaluation, Instrumentation, Heavy metals, Laboratory equipment,
Cadmium, Copper, Iron, Zinc, Calcium, Chromium, Silver, Tin, Methodology,
Spectrophotometry, Potassium, Bismuth, Nickel, Cobalt, Trace elements,
Calibrations, Atomic fluorescence, Atomic absorption, Chemical interference,
Arsenic, Selenium, Detection limits, Calibration curves, Atomic fluorescence
spectroscopy, Atomic absorption Spectrophotometry.
AMIC-3252
"EFFECTS OF ROAD SALT ON A VERMONT STREAM", Kunkle, S. H., Journal of the American
Water Works Association. Vol. 6k, No. 5, May 1972, pp 290-295^
In a study to evaluate the effects of road salt on the Sleepers River
basin of Northern Vermont, the salt content of streams was considered in terms of
concentrations, seasonal trends, and the total annual budget of salt delivery. Nine
representative samples were collected in 1970 and analyzed for calcium, magnesium,
potassium, sodium, chlorides, and electrical conductance. Cations were determined by
atomic absorption, chlorides by titration (Mohr method), and conductance by a plpet
cell and laboratory model bridge. If the practice of salting highways continues, it
is concluded that possible yearly and cumulative damages to streams and water
supplies may result. Road salt pollution in the region studied may tend to be
restricted to stretches of streams actually near highways. However, problems may
arise where a town's water supply is fed by a small salt-contaminated stream since
the stream's highest salt concentrations would probably occur during the summer -
the probable tine Of maximum water consumption, lower dilutions, low dissolved oxygen
levels, and high biological activity. Improved road-salt-application techniques and
more scientific salting and plowing methodology probably would help to alleviate this
problem.
INDEX TERMS: Sodium, Chlorides, Deicers, Salts, Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Chlorine,
Electrical conductance, Water pollution, Pollutant identification, Water pollution
effects, Path of pollutants, Rivers, Water analysis, Atomic absorption Spectro-
photometry, Titration, Pipet cell, Laboratory model.
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1. PHYSICAL AHD CHEMICAL METHODS
AKtC-3568
"EHVIBOmCNTAL APPLICATIONS OF THE WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION: OIL POLLUTION",
MikolaJ, P. G., Science. Vol. 176, No. 1*038, June 2, 197S, pp 1019-1081.
' The Wetbull distribution function, an empirical three-parameter equation,
can 'be used aa a correlating model for statistically interpreting ambient pollution
concentrations. The most important parameter for environmental research is the
threshold parameter, garana, which is defined as the mir^mum value that a
! variable is likely to attain. Data from three examples involving beach contamination
• from natural oil seeps; threshold values for minor, moderate, and major oil spills)
i and expected duration of oil spill effects are applied to the function to demonstrate
' types of additional information that can be obtained.
I
, INDEX TERMS: Statistical methods, Oil pollution. Sampling, Water pollution. Water
| pollution sources, Mathematical studies, Statistical models, Oil spills,
! Probability, Water pollution effects, Correlation analysis, Beaches, Equations,
ffethematlcal models, Weibull distribution function, Oil seeps, Data
Interpretatlon.
I
AMIC-3599
"BEM3VHJG HEAVY ICTALS FROM WASTE WATER", D«&n, J. G., Boaqui, F. L., Lanouette,
K, H., Enviroimental Science and Technology, Vol. 6, No. 6, Jun» 1972, pp 518-522.
The following methods can be used in removing heavy metals from waste water:
conical precipitation, electrodeposltion, cementation, solvent extraction, ultra.
filtration, Ion exchange, and activated carbon adsorption. The chemical precipitation
matho* Is the most generally applied of the methods, and IB used primarily for the
slmpls and low cost removal of Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Hi, and Co. Eleetrodeposltlon techni-
ques employ insoluble anodes and acid pickling to remove metals such as Cu from waste
solutions while cementation employs the technique of contacting a metal-bearing solu-
tlon with the correct metal powder or scrap to precipitate certain selected metals as
metallic 'sponge1. The solvent extraction treatment scheme (liquid Ion exchange)
involves extracting a particular metal from solution with an organic reagent, mixing
the resulting soluble form with a water-immlsclble solvent (e.g., kerosene), and acid-
treating the organic complex thus releasing the metal in a concentrated, water-soluble
form which can be handled by conventional recovery methods. The reverse osmosis or
ultrafiltration, process consists primarily of a network of semipenneable membranee
that permits soluble compounds of various molecular size ranges to pass through their
pores. The ion exchange resin method can be successful if a selected purified dilute
stream from pretreated waste were contacted with a suitable resin. Use of the
activated carbon adsorption method for metal removal shows considerable promise for the
removal of the last trace of metal (in the range of about 1 to 2 parts per million)
following electrodeposltion or cementation.
INDEX TERMS: Heavy metals, Separation techniques, Chemical precipitation, Solvent
extractions, Activated carbon, Reverse osmosis, ElectrodepoBltion, Cementation,
Ultrafiltratlonf Waste water. Trace elements. Pollution Identification.
AKTC-3571
"SYMPOSIUM ON DIRECT TRACER MEASUREMENT OF THE PEAERATIOH CAPACITY OF STREAMS AHD
ESTUARIES", Tsivoglou, E. C., McLlanahan, M. A., Sanders, W. M., II, Georgia
Institute of Technology, School of Civil Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, Water
Pollution Control Research Series 16050 FOR 01/72, January 1972, 193 PP-
Papers presented at a symposium at the University of Georgia during
July, 1970, reflect the state-of-the-art of measuring and predicting the reaeration
capacity of streams and estuaries. The papers presented were as follows!
"Turbulence, Mixing and Gas Transfer" by E, C. Tsivoglou; "Relative Gas Transfer
Characteristics of Krypton and Oxygen" by E. C. Tsivoglou; "Field Tracer Procedures
and Mathematical Basis" by J. R. Wallace; "Field Hydraulic Studies" by J. R. Wallace
and D. E. Hicks; "Laboratory Procedures" by R. J. Velten; "Reaeration Capacity of
the Flint, South and Patuxent Rivers" by E. C. Tsivoglou; "Oxygen Balance of the
South River" by A, G. Herndon; "Keaeratlon Studies of the Chattahoochee River" by
J. R. Wallace; "Model Study of Reaeration Capacity of the James River Estuary
(Virginia)" by M. W. Lammering; "Field Studies in Yaqulna River Estuary of Surface
Gas Transfer Rates" by D. J. Baumgartner, M. H. Feldman, L. C. Bentsen, and
T. L. Cooper; "Radiological Safety" by Jon R. Longstin; "Effect of Hydraulic
Properties on Reaeration" by Edward L. ThacXston; "Pollutant Effects on Reaeration"
by L. A. Neal; "Observed vs. Calculated Reaeration Capacities of Several Streams"
by J. R. Wallace; "Relationships Between Hydraulic Properties and Reaeration" by
E. C. Tsivoglou.
IHDEX TERMS: Mixing, Turbulence, Reaeration, Tracers, Pollutants, Estuaries, On-slte
data collectloniyBiochemical oxygen demand, Gas transfer, Krypton, Oxygen
balance, Reaeration capacity.
"IDENTIFICATION AND ESTIMATION OF THE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A COMMERCIAL POLYCHLORINATED
BIPHESYL MIXTURE, AROCLOR 1221", Willis, D. E., Addison, R. F., Journal Flatteries
Research Board of Canada, Vol. 29, No. 5, May 1972, pp 592-595.
The major components of Aroclor 1S21 were tentatively identified and
estimated by comparisons with synthetic individual chlorobiphenyls. Crude biphenyl,
monochlorobiphenyls, and dichlorobiphenyls were obtained as dark oils and purified
•by vacuum distillation and/or column ehromatography. Other chlorobiphenyls were
synthesized. Product purity was assessed by thin-layer ehromatography, gas-liquid
ehromatography, elemental analysis, and melting point determinations. Structures
were assigned to the major components of Aroclor 1221 by comparing retention times
of the Aroclor peaks with those of synthetic chlorobiphenyls on both polar and nonpolar
columns. Aroclor peaks were estimated from calibration curves prepared for the electron
capture detector response of the appropriate chlorobiphenyl In the l-W ng range. The
components identified were (weight percent composition of each component is given In
parentheses): biphenyl (12.7), 2-chloroblphenyl (28.U), ^-chlorobiphenyl (18.7),
2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl (9.2), 2,U-dichlorobiphenyl (3.5), 2,U'-dichlorobiphenyl (13.o),
and U.t'-dlohlorobiphenyl (6.2).
IHDEX TERMS: Polychlorinated biphenyls, Chemical analysis, Pollutant identification,
tethodology, Chemical structure, Aroclor 1221, Characterization.
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-361*3
"BORON IN SWEDISH AND NORWEGIAN FRESH WATEPS"
Mo. 2, April 1972, pp 66-70.
Ahl, Th., Jonsson, E,, Ambio, Vol. 1,
Monthly water samples were collected from Swedish and Norwegian rivers and
analyzed by a modified eurcumin- method. Samples were passed through a sodium-loaded
Dowex 50 W-Xk column and then centrlfuged 5 ain before absorption measurement to avotd
Interference from precipitates. A linear relationship was obtained between absorption
and concentration in the range 0-100 mlcrograms/1. Tests showed interferences still
occurring from nitrate and nitrite so samples high in these compounds were no longer
tested. The boron content in the rivers ranged from 1 to 1,OU6 mlcrograma B/l, with
a median value for all rivers tested at 13 mlcrograms/l. Any regional differences
were attributed to differences in geology, land use, and population density. Aquatic
plants were subjected to analysis, and the results showed that the enrichment of boron
in aquatic plants is very small compared with the enrichment of phosphorus and nitrogen.
Sewage water was analyzed and showed a far lower boron content than English sewage
water. The data show that boron content in these freshwater8 Is low, with a mean con-
centration close to that of the rivers of the world.
INDEX TERMS: Freshwater, Boron, Path of pollutants, Methodology, Hivers, Water
pollution sources, Ion exchange, Chemical analysis, Sample preparation, Chemical
interference, Interlaboratory studies.
L. L., Editor, Marcel Dekker,
AMIC-3657
"WATER AND WATER POLLUTION HANDBOOK. VOLUME 2", Ciaccio,
Inc., Hew York, New York, 1971, PP ^51-800.
A volume written on chemical, physical, bacterial, viral, instrumental, and
bloassay techniques in water and waste water analysis includes the following chapters:
'Sampling in Natural Waters and Waste Effluents, 'Concentration and Separation
Techniques', 'Insoluble Material in Natural Water1, 'Bacterial and Viral Analysis of
Water and Waste Water', 'Toxicity Bioassay Techniques Using Aquatic Organisms .
INDEX TEH©: Water analysis, Analytical techniques, Water pollution, Methodology,
Pollutant identification, Waste wat«r (pollution), Toxicity, Sea water, Viruses,
Chemical analysis, Instrumentation, Bioassay, Sampling, Freshwater, Volumetric
analysis. Separation techniques, Chroraatography, Aquatic life, Microbiology,
Water pollution sources, Environmental effects, Monitoring, Mathematical models,
Microscopy, Spectroscopy, Sewage effluents, Bloindicators.
A MIC-361*4
"CONTAMINANTS IN PENTACHLOROPHENOL: CHLORINATED DIOXINS AND PHEDIOXINS (CHLORINATED
HYDROXYJJIPHENYLETHEKS)", Jensen, S., Renberg, L., Amblo, Vol. 1, Ho. 2, April 1972,
pp 62-65.
Pentachlorophenol formulations were analyzed for chlorinated dloxins, pollu-
tants occurring in products of chlorinated phenol origin. A purified extract from a
technical pentachlorophenate was analyzed gas chromatographically, and the presence of
octachloro-dioxin detected, which was verified by gas chromtography-mass spectrometry.
In order to assure that the dioxin had not formed as a result of alkaline conditions
during extraction, an Ion exchanger was used to remove psntachlorophenate from the
extract. The procedure did not alter the result. Dlazomethane was used to treat the
extract to avoid disturbance, and caused confusing changes in the chroaatogram. The
originally identified peak decreased and a new peak appeared suggesting the presence
of unknown substances. Thin layer chromntography was used to separate those
substances. One substance, a precursor of dioxin, was called predloxin. This hydroxy-
nonachlorodiphenyl ether is formed from two molecules of pentachlorophenol. The
reaction may stop here or continue to form dioxin. Two explanations are offered for
predioxin not having been previously identified. First, it is removed by clean-up
procedures or shaking with sulfuric acid. Second, it spontaneously forms dioxin in a
&a chronatograph. Also identified was a substance isomerlc to predloxin called iso-
predioxln.
INDEX TERMS: Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Gas chromatography, Separation
techniques, Pollutant identification, Mass spectrometry. Alkalinity, Ion exchange,
Ultraviolet radiation, Ethers, Phenolic pesticides, Pesticide toxicity, Thin
layer chromatography, Pentachlorophenol, Chlorinated dioxlns, Chlorinated phenols,
Chemical interference. Metabolites, Isomers.
"COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF ALUMINUM IN SOIL EXTRACTS USING HAEMATOXYLIN", Dalai,
F. C., Plaat and Soil, Vol. 36, No. 1, February 1972, pp £23-231.
A colorimetrlc method haa been developed for the determination of small
quantities of aluminum In soil extracts using hematoxylin. KEN is used in this
procedure to inhibit Interference by iron. The effects of initial and final pH,
time, variations in the amounts of haematoxylin and acetate buffer, and interference
of ions on color development were studied. As compared with the standard alumlnon
method, this method is six times more sensitive. Aluminum in the soil extracts of
complex forming reagents such as fluoride, oxalate, citrate, or EDTA can be determined.
Relatively large mlcrogram quantities of Fe, Mn, Z,n, Ca, Mg and P had very little
or no effect on quantities of Al aa low as 0.5 microgram in 25 ml of alumina lake.
Applicability of the procedure was tested by adding known amounts of Al to aliquots of
various fluoride soil extracts; the recovery of the added Al was complete.
IHDEX TERMS: Aluminum, Soil analysis, Colorimetry, lone, Hydrogen Ion concentration,
Methodology, Color reactions, Chemical reactions, Heavy metals, Haematoxylin,
Chemical interference, Sensitivity, Recovery.
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1. PHYSICAL AHD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-3675
"AUTOMATIC SAMPLER FOR DYE TRACER STUDIES", Kllpatrlck, F. A., Water Resources Research,
Vol. 8, No. 3, June 1972, pp 737-7kS.
A simple, largely mechanical device for automatically collecting periodic
discrete water samples for use In dye tracer studies has been developed and success-
fully used 'by the U. S. Geological Survey. The device consists essentially of two rows
of spring-loaded hypodermic syringes that are released from their closed position at
selected time Intervals to draw in and retain the desired water samples. The sampler
Is mounted in a boatllke structure partially immersed in the flow to be sampled. It
is capable of collecting water samples at different frequencies, for several days
duration, and Is flexible enough to collect samples in rivers, lakes, and estuaries
under adverse weather and flow conditions.
INDEX TERMS: Tracers, Instrumentation, Automation, Water sampling, Florescent dye,
Design, Specifications, Design criteria, Equipment, Rivers, Lakes, Estuaries,
Dye concentrations, Khodamine, Path of pollutants, Water quality, Red River.
"RADIONUCLIDE DISTRIBUTION IH OLYMPIC RATIONAL PARK, WASHINGTON", Jsnkins, C. E.,
Wogoan, N. A., Rleck, H. G., Water. Air and Soil Pollution, Vol. 1, No. 2, April
1972, pp ISI-SOU.
A combination of instrumental and radiochemlcal techniques were used to
measure the concentrations of 31 cosmogenlc, naturally occurring, and fallout
radlolsotopes in Olympic National Park, Washington. Measurements of the radloelements,
which decay by X-ray Or garana ray emission, were made in air, rain water, stream water,
sediments, flora, and fauna samples. Direct sample counting was done using NaUTi;
multi-dimensional gamma-ray spectrometers, Ge(Ll) detectors, and x-ray spectrometers.
Radiochemlcal separation techniques were used to concentrate stream water samples.
The radlonuelideB Fe-55, Pb-210, and Po-210, which decay by emission of low energy
gamB.-rays or X-rays, were chemically separated and counted on a proportional counter
In the manner described by Palmer and Beasley. Selected samples were freeze-drled and
ashed at 110 and at ^50 C to determine volatility loss of radlonuclldes. The results
provided data on levels, relative behavior, and fate of these various radiolsotopes In
a forest ecosystem. Total fallout levels per unit area were the highest observed for
any non-nuclear testing area in the world. The fallout levels correlated reasonably
well with total rainfall but were also apparently affected by forest canopy, flora
growth rate, flora structure, plant habitat, slant type, and grazing pressure.
Input-output relationships Indicated a net accumulation of radio!sotopes in the
ecosystem.
INDEX TERMS: Radloisotopes, Path of pollutants, Water analysis, Radiochemlcal analysis
Bloassay, Fallout, Ecological distribution, Washington, Pollutant identification,
Gamma raya, Rain water, Streams, Sediment, Soils, Food webs, Spectrometers,
X-rays, Nuclear wastes, Heavy metals.
AMIC-3676
"CHEMISTRY AND OCCURRENCE OF CADMIUM AND ZINC IN SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER ,
Hem, J. D., Water Resources Research, Vol. 8, No. 3, June 1972, pp 661-679-
The median concentration of zinc In 726 filtered samples of water from
rivers and lakes of the United States in November 1971 wafi close to 20 mlcrograma
per liter, and the median concentration of cadmium was below one microgram per
liter. Analysis of the water samples for the trace elements Ar, Cd, Cr, Co, Pb,
Hg, and Zn was performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with a solvent
extraction step being used when required. Water samples from northeastern and
southeastern states consistently contained higher concentrations of both zinc and
cadmium. Chemical thermodynamlc calculations summarized by solubility graphs suggest
that the carbonate and hydroxide solubilities of these elements are higher than the
concentrations commonly found, but for 2U of 80 analyses for which chemical equilibrium
computations could be made, saturation with respect to one or both of the metals was
closely approached. Silicate in some waters, sorption by stream sediments, and
biological factors may also affect zinc solubility.
INDEX TERMS: Zinc, Water analysis, Surface waters, Groundwater, Cadmium, Trace
elements, Chemical analysis, Solubility, Pollutant identification, Heavy metals,
Pollutants, Chemical properties, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
"MULTIELEMENT ANALYSIS OF NATURAL WATERS BY NEUTRON ACTIVATION, GROUP CHEMICAL
SEPARATIONS, AND GAMMA -KAY SPECTROMETRIC TECHNIQUES", Tanner, T. M., Rancitelll,
L. A., Haller, W. A., Water. Air and Soil Pollution, Vol. 1, No. 2, April 1972,
pp 132-1^3.
A multielement analytical technique of thermal neutron activation of
frozen water samples has been developed and applied to the studies of natural
waters, A rapid group chemical separation utilizing ion exchange resins and a
precipitation step to reduce Na-2U and K-lt-2 interferences, followed by gamma-ray
analysis of the fractions with Ge (Li) and multiparaineter Nal (Tl) systems, permits
the simultaneous measurement of a large number of trace constituents. Samples of
river water, rain water, processed sewage water and Greenland ice were analyzed for
19 trace elements - Ag, Aa, Br, Cl, Co, Cs, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mn, Na, Kb, Sb, Sc,
Se, U, and Zn. These elements were detected at orders of magnitude below maximum
allowable concentrations for drinking water. The errors a&oociated with this
method are due mainly to counting statistics. The data have been used in studies
of trace element concentration factors in aquatic biota, precipitation scavenging
processes, and environmental pollution.
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis, Trace elements, Radioactivity techniques, Gamma rays,
Methodology, Heavy metals, Alkali metals, Alkaline earth metals, Neutron
activation analysis, Thermal neutron activation, Ion exchange resins, Errors,
Sensitivity, Chemical Interference, Sample preparation, Precision, Detection
limits, Rare earth metals.
-------
1. PHTSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-3681
"OH THE PHOTOLYTIC SEPARATION OF HALOGENS FROM SEA WATER CONCESTRATES", Petrieoni,
G. L., Papee, H. M., Water. Air, and Soil Pollution. Vol. 1, No. 2, April 1972,
pp 117-131.
Hecent work on the ultraviolet photolysis of nitrate-bearing material and
nitrogen oxides la reviewed. Details are also given of a laboratory Investigation
on the rates of halogen separation from concentrated seawater \ry the action of
ultraviolet radiation. Release rates of nitrogen oxides and halogens from the
photolyzed liquid interphase depend directly on the nitrate present and exponentially
on aeawater concentration, light intensity, and acidity. Temperature Is shorn to
inhibit these rates. Nitrogen oxide and halogen releases are apparently triggered
by the foraatlon of transient pernltrlte Intermediate oxldants. Ihis Is believed to
be Important to an understanding of natural oxidation reactions occurring in the
atmosphere, and of hygroscopic Aitken nuclei formation processes from the released
gases. A possibility exists of halogenation and/or nitration of organic matter
present in nitrate-bearing aerosols, and of progress towards an explanation of
differences In the CltNa ratio between this aerosol and seawater.
INDEX TERMS: Sea water, Halogens, Separation techniques, Hydrogen ion concentration,
Light intensity, Water temperature, Nitrates, Aerosols, Water pollution effects,
Ultraviolet photolysis.
AKEC-3691
"CHEMICAL IONIZATION MASS SFECTROMETRY "
No. U, April 1972, pp 63-6U, 66.
Karasek, F. W., Research/Development, Vol. 23,
A new and promising chemical lonizatlon mass speetrometrlc technique is
presented that yields simple spectra which provide unique information for chemical
compound Identification. Using this technique, simple mass spectra of compounds are
produced from Ions that are created as a result of Ion-molecule reactions. This method
of Ion production Is accomplished by reacting a small amount of chemical compound with
a large amount of reactant gas (e.g. methane) which yield reactant ions formed by
electron bombardment. This Is done at pressures sufficiently high such that the very
short mean free path (about 0.005 cm at 1 torr) Insures collision between the charged
reactant Ions and the sample molecules, with a resultant charge transfer during the
Ion-molecule reactions that occur. To use the chemical ionization technique on
conventional mass spectrometers, relatively simple modifications are necessary. The
ability to change the spectrum of a compound under investigation by changing the
identity of the reactant Ion contributes significantly to the analytical capabilities
of the chemical lonizatlon technique.
INDEX TEEMS: Chemical analysis, Ions, Methane, Nitrogen, Water pollution, Pollutant
identification, Chemical reactions, Organic compounds, Chemical ionization mass
spectronetry, Propane, Isobutane, Msthanol, Mass spectra, Electrochemical
reactions, Aromatic hydrocarbons.
AMIC-3685
"AUTOMATED COMBUSTION VERSUS DIGESTION FOR TRITIUM MEASUREMENT IN BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES"
Hunt, L. M., Gilbert, B. N., International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopet,
Vol. 23, So. 5, *fey 1972, pp
In order to find the most feasible method for analyzing tritium-tagged
biological samples, the more frequently used techniques for noncombustion preparation,
digestion, suspension, and extraction were compared with the automated combustion method.
Sheep tissues were collected and prepared, and ferbam, a dithiocarbamate funglcidal
compound, was used for recovery determinations. With the automated combustion method,
the mean recovery for the first eight tissues at the 2? milligram level was 95 percent
compared to 69 percent using digestion. When the sample sizes were increased, a
notable difference In the comparison was apparent, as the percentage recovery was 82
percent for combustion and l»0 percent by digestion. It appeared that digestion rather
than combustion of the 25 milligram muscle samples was superior. No corrections were
made for quenching in order to get a true comparison of the two methods of analysis.
The disparity In methodology became marked with sample sizes of 50 and 100 mlcroliters
with combustion maintaining a high efficiency, while digestion significantly decreased
as sample size increased. Combustion had the advantage of speed (8-10 minutes per
sample) with no clean-up between combustions.
INDEX TERMS: Digestion, Tritium, Automation, Chemical analysis, Bioassay, Pollutant
identification, Suspension, Quenching, Aqueous solutions, Animal wastes,
Biological samples, Combustion, Ferbam, Tissue, Recovery.
AMIC-3693
"A MODIFICATION OF THE VARIAM HR-60 NMR SPECTROMETER PROBE FOR OPERATION AT VERY
LOW TEMPERATURES", Jensen, F. R., Smith, L. A., Bushweller, C. H., Beck, B. H.,
The Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. kj, No. 6, June 1972, pp 89^-697-
A modification of the Varian HR-60 NMR probe gives high resolution NMR
spectra at the lowest temperatures at which solutions are nonviscoua. The
modification effectively eliminates heat leaks to the probe body and magnet pole
faces, and is capable of maintaining a constant temperature (plus or minus 0.01 degrees)
over any period. The basic design is one in which the coolant gas does not come in
contact with any surface other than the inner surface of a Dewar from the time it
leaves a heat exchanger until It has passed through the probe and magnet area. The
Varian HE-60 probe was modified to allow introduction of a completely Dewared insert.
This change allows the coolant gas to enter at the bottom of the probe and pass
through the Dewared insert, spinner cap, and exit tube. The receiver coil Is glued
to the Inner wall of the Dewared Insert and the leads are premanently soldered to the
appropriate contacts In the probe. The Dewared insert and probe are mounted on a
nonmagnetic aluminum alloy frame. With this modification spectra can be obtained
with good spinning and resolution as conveniently at minus 170 degrees, or below, as
at zero degrees. Due to the placement of the pickup coil, the resolution and
sensitivity are superior to commercial inserts.
INDEX TERMS: Instrumentation, Design, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Operations,
Spectrometers, Temperature, Laboratory equipment, NMF probe, NMR spectra,
Sensitivity, Dewared insert.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AHD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-3860
"ANALYTICAL METHODS - CHEMISTRY. INORGANICS - AUTOMATED, MONITORING AHD RADICCHEMICAI,
TECHNIQUES", Doughty, L. E., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 'A, No. 6,
June.1972, PP 903-90U.
The literature is reviewed in reference to the newly developed, automated,
monitoring and radlochemical techniques to be used in the determination of inorganic |
chemical water pollutants. Some of the techniques involve (1) a dissolved oxygen
integrator] (2) fluoride Analyzers; (3) conductance meters; C+) automated water
monitoring system; (5) nonglass ion-selective electrodes; (6) a. field procedure for
determining COD in water within a 10-300 mg/1 range; (7) neutron activation analysis
of mineral water for trace amounts of LI, and of water for total mercury; (8) a
semiautomatic potentiometric titration of the total halide concentration in seawater
with silver nitrate; (9) a dlssolved-oil monitor; and (10) an automated method for
determining ammonia nitrogen over a wide concentration range.
INDEX TERMS: Water pollution, Pollutant identification, Automation, Monitoring,
Radiochemical analysis, Pollutants, Water quality, Aqueous solutions, Inorganic
compounds, Chemical analysis, Instrumentation, Methodology.
AMIC-3871*
"EFFECTS ON GROUNDHATER", Young, R. H. F., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, |
Vol. kk, No. 6, June 1972, pp 1208-1211. j
Essential information is presented from the publications and research of
various workers on the subject of transport, infiltration, and effects of pollutants
on ground-water and its movement. Pollutants entering such systems range from gasoline,
pesticides and leachate to highway salt, and appear dependent upon many chemical and
physical factors for the degree of their Infiltration and concentration. According
to one study, such factors are shown to be dependent mainly on surface and subsurface
geology, depth to water, thickness of groundwater zone, and differences in vertical
and lateral permeabilities of aquifers. Measurement of this pollution is accomplished
by suction lyaimeterB, core sampling, and laboratory characterization (e.g. chroma-
tography) of the pollutants. Knowledge of groundwater systems and pollution vectors
allows development of more efficient waste disposal and reclamation programs.
INDEX TERMS: Groundwater, Water pollution, Water pollution effects, Groundwater
movement, Water pollution sources, Gasoline, Salts, Sodium chloride, Feed lots,
Biearbonates, Landfills, Pesticides, DDT, DDE, Insecticides, Dleldrln, Waste
disposal, Water reuse, Sanitary engineering, Infiltration, Leachate, Permeability,
Fertilizers, Herbicides, Aquifers, Reviews, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides,
Organophosphorus pesticides, Gas chromatography, Path of pollutants, Toxaphene,
Paper chromatography.
AMIC-3872
"ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION", Templeton, W. L., Journal Water Pollution Control
Federation, Vol. kk, No. 6, June 1972, pp 1128-113^.
AMIC-3875
"INFLUENCE OP AQUATIC SEDIMENTS ON WATER QUALITY", Foess, G. W., Journal Water
Pollution Control Federation, Vol. W», Wo. 6, June 1972, pp 1211-1218.
The work of researchers in the area of ecological effects of oil pollution
is reviewed and discussed. The areas considered in this review include (1) toxicity
to aquatic organisms and (2) the fate and behavior of oil as determined from field
studies, studies on the effects on birds, and biological degradation studies.
INDEX TERMS: Oil pollution, Aquatic life, Aquatic environment, Water pollution effects,
Oil spills, Oily water, Environmental effects, Biodegradation, Bioassay,
Toxicity, Resistance, Mortality, Cil dispersants, Crude oil, Fate of pollutants.
A literature review is presented on the role sediments play on water quality,
both as a pollutant and as a transporting or catalytic agent. Sampling and analytical
methods such as fluorometry, fractionation, and atomic absorption spectrophotometry are
discussed in relation to their value and applications.
INDEX TERMS: Water pollution effects, Sediments, Water quality, Aquatic soils, Oxygen
demand, Water pollution sources, Sampling, Absorption, Water analysis, Trace
elements, Heavy metals, Sediment transport, Soil analysis, Chemical analysis.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-3883
"INORGANICS - SPECTHOPHOTOMETRIC AND NOSINSTRUMENTAL TECHNIQUES", Carlton, T. L..
Smith, I. L., Walters, J. V., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. lw,
No. 6, June 1972, pp 90U-911. ~~
A literature reviev is presented of techniques for the spectrophotometrlc
and noninstrumental determination of elemental and molecular Inorganics in water. The
substances included in this review are B, Hg, Pb, Be, free bromines and bromamines,
cyanide, Cd, Zn, Cu, nitrates, silicate, H2S, Mn, K, Li, Ru, arsenate, phosphate, Co,
Ni, Ai, Ti, DO, bicarbonate, sulfate, and total sulfur. The various techniques
include fluorometry, colorimetry, cold-vapor absorption, distillation, photometry,
extraction-atomic absorption, iodometric tltratlon, and emission spectrophotometry.
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis, Analytical techniques, Chemical analysis, Pollutant
identification, Color reactions, Nutrients, Chemical reactions, Sewage sludge,
Separation techniques, Photometry, Waste water (pollution), Freshwater, Volumetric
analysis, Anlons, Sea water, Spectrophotometry, Solvent extractions, Fluorometry,
Heavy metals, Colorimetry, Distillation, Water pollution sources, Aqueous
solutions, Trace elements, Chemical precipitation, Ion selective electrodes.
AMIC-3901
"CONCENTRATIOH AHD SEPARATION OF TRACE METAL CATIONS BY COMPLEXATION ON FOLYAMISE-
POLYUFEA REEIBS", Dingman, J., Jr., Eiggia, S., Barton, C., Hiscock, K. B.,
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. UU, No. 8, July 1972, pp 1351-1357. j
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to analyze the effects of pH,
equilibration time, resin cross linking, and monomer units on the eheJ»tion of copper,
nickel, ainc, and cobalt ions in aqueous solution. A batch-type equilibration
procedure wae used in determining metal uptake from the solution by polyamine-polyurea
resins. The resins used were prepared by polymerizing and cross linking various
polyethylenelmines of known molecular weight with toluene-S.U-diisocyanRte. By using
one resin in a column mode of operation, copper, cobalt, and nickel trere quantitatively
concentrated, recovered, and identified from known aqueous solutions hiving concentra-
tions as low as I* parts in 10 billion. Beciuse alkali and alkaline earth metals are not
complexed by the resins used, they do not compete with the complexation of heavy metals.
This is desirable for trace metal analysis in either fresh or saline natural aquatic
systems. (Reprint from Analytical Chemistry. Vol. 1*U, No. 8, July 1972, pp 1351-1357,
Copyright 1972 by the American Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the
copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Heavy metals, Aqueous solutions, Pollutant identification, Cations, Trace
elements, Resins, Ions, Copper, Nickel, Zinc, Cobalt, Alkali metals, Chelatlon,
Separation techniques, Alkaline earth metals, Polyamine-polyurea resins,
Polymerization, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Chemical interference,
Complexation.
AMIC-3887
"EFFECTS ON SURFACE WATERS", Tenney, M. W.
Vol. kk, Mo. 6, June 1972, pp 12C&-1208.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation,
AMIC— ^,
"LASER-EXCITED ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE FLAME SPECTROMETRY AS AN ANALYTICAL METHOD", Fraser,
L. M., Winefordner, J. D., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. UU, No. 8, July 1972, PP
A review and discussion ire given of the work by researchers concerned with
the effects of pollutants on surface waters. The papers utilized in this review cover
pollutants such as pesticides, oil and other hydrocarbons, nuclear wastes, industrial
wastes, synthetic detergents, and inorganic chemical wastes.
INDEX TERMS: Surface waters, Water pollution effects, Hater quality, Detergents,
Pesticides, Toxiclty, Rivers, Lakes, Trace elements, Lake sediments, Chemical
wastes, Fishkill, Oil, Nuclear wastes, Industrial wastes, Water pollution sources,
Agricultural runoff, Inorganic compounds, Organic compounds, Pollution index,
Hydrocarbons.
A pulsed, tunable dye laser pumped with an elemental nitrogen laser is used
to excite atomic fluorescence of Al, Ca, Co, Cr, Ga, In, Fe, Mn, Mo, NI, Er, Ti, and
Tl in elemental hydrogen/air, ethane /air, and ethane /nitrous oxide flames. Laser-
excitation has several advantages over conventional continuously operated line
or continuum sources: Only one source is needed; freedom from flame background and
analyte emission interferences; and the simplicity of using nonresonance fluorescence
to eliminate noise due to scatter of exciting radiation from particles within the
flame gases. In addition to resonance fluorescence, excited state resonnnce
fluorescence, Stokea direct line fluorescence, and excited state anti -Stokes direct
line fluorescence are shown to be analytically useful. Limits of detection and
range of linearity of analytical curves are given for each clement.
INDEX TERMS! Aqueous solutions, Chemical analysis, Alkaline earth metals, Methodology,
Reavy metals, Pollutant identification, Atomic fluorescence flume apectrometry,
Laser excitation, Detection limits, Precision, Lasers.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METICDS
j AMIC-3915
"ATOMIC ABSOPFTION DETEBMINATION OF CHLORIDE UTILIZING THE BEILSTEIN TEST". Tonkins,
D. F., Frank, C. W., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. UU, No. 8, July 1972, pp 1U51-1U?!*.
An atomic absorption technique which provides a direct determination of
the chloride content in minute quantities of organic and inorganic solutions uses a
burner assembly that exhibits a sensitive) linear, and stable response for chloride.
The burner assembly provides chloride contact with hot metallic copper which increases
the atomic copper content of the flame in proportion to the chloride concentration.
This increase was monitored at the copper 32^7.51* A line using standard atomic
absorption methods. For inorganic chloride, the detection limit (defined as the
concentration needed to give a signal-to-noise ratio of two) for the hydrogen-air
flame was two ppm chloride and five ppm chloride for the acetylene-air flame. The
useful analytical range for chloride determination was 50-200 ppm. The detection limit
varied slightly with the type of organic chloride Introduced. DDT had a detection
limit of five ppra. Several repetitive determinations of various organic chlorides at
100 ppm revealed that standards must be matched closely with samples to ensure
accurate analysis. Various cations and anions were tested for Interference in water
and ethanol solutions. No deflection was observed when those ions were nebulized
without the halides (fluoride, iodide, bromide). The interferences from sodium and
potassium limited inorganic chloride determination; however, ion exchange can be used
to eliminate these ions. The response using ethanol was stable and reproducible and
made the method practical for routine organic chloride determinations. This method
lacks specificity for individual halides; however, It provides a rapid trace chloride
determination without solution manipulation.
AMIC-3918
"DETERMHIATIOH OF ALUMIHUM IM BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SFECTROPHOTOME-
TRY", Krlshnan, S. S., Glllespie, K. A., Crapper, D. B., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. ItU,
No. 8, July 1972, PP lU69-l>*70.
A description is given of a method for the determination of aluminum in
biological material by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. About 1 gram of wet
tissue IB dried to constant weight in an oven at 90 C. It is then wet digested in a
mixture of nitric, sulfur!c, and perchloric acids and the final aqueous solution
analyzed for aluminum with an atomic absorption spectrophotomet«r. Absorption
measurements made on 50 microgrSLm/ml Al solution in the presence of several ions
verified chemical interference by Ha, La, Phosphate and ferrous ions, and sulfurlc
and nitric acids (0.5 percent by volume). The absorption signal was suppressed by
about 10 percent. The effect of sodium was stabilized at a concentration of 500
micrograms/ml; the effects of the acids were more pronounced as the concentration
was increased.
INDEX TERMS: Aluminum, Chemical analysis, Bioassay, Aqueous solutions, Water pollution,
Pollutant identification, Methodology, Organic matter, Atomic absorption
spectrophotometry, Biological samples, Sample preparation, Chemical interference,
Tissue, Brain, Body fluids, Absorbance, Precision, Accuracy, Detection limits,
Wet digestion.
AMIC-3915 (Continued)
2/2
INDEX TERMS: Chlorides, Aqueous solutions, Methodology, Halides, Inorganic compounds,
Organic compounds, Chemical analysis, Anions, Cations, Ion exchange, Water
analysis, Beilsteln test, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Chemical
interference, Detection limits, Ethanol, Sensitivity, Organic solvents, Nebulizer.
AMIC-3920
"DIRECT ISOTOPIC DETERMINATION BY ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETKY", Veillon, C.,
Park, J. Y., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. W*, Ho. 8, July 1972, pp 1U73-1U76.
A direct method of isotopic determination by atomic fluorescence spectrometry
employs flame atomlzatlon cells. A fev milligrams of the stable isotopes of Hg, In,
£n, and Cu obtained as oxides were placed in the manifold system and reduced with
hydrogen. Except for mercury, which was used as the metal, iodine was then Introduced
and the system heated to form the metal iodide, which was then distilled into the
lamp blank for analysis by atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Due to the Doppler
broadening of the Isotopic absorption lines in the flame cell, direct determination
of Isotopes employing this system is limited to elements having relatively large
isotopic displacements. Two alternatives are suggested for overcoming this limitation:
(l) Employ Zeeman splitting of the hyperfine structure components to increase isotopic
separation by placing the atomlzation cell in a magnetic field; and (2) Utilize a
aonflame atcmizatlon cell, to generate the sample atoms in an inert atmosphere like
argon and observe these atoms in a low temperature region of the atmosphere.
INEEX TERMS: Stable Isotopes, Spectrometers, Mercury, Zinc, Copper, Oxides, Pollutant
identification, Distillation, Chemical analysis, Hydrogen, Heavy metals, Iodine,
Iodides, Temperature, Atomic fluorescence spectrometry, Indium, Flame
atomization, Absorbance.
-------
1. PHYSICAL fiSD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-3921
"ARSENIC DETERMINATION AT SUB-MICRCGRAM LEVELS BY ARSISE EVOLUTION AMD FLAMELESS ATOMIC
ABSORPTION SPECTROPHCTOMETRIC TECHNIQUE", Chu, R. C., Barron, G. P., Baumgarner, P. A.
W., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. UU, No. 8, July 1972, pp 1U76-1U79.
A flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometrlc method for determining
arsenic involves the chemical conversion of arsenic to araine and the use of argon
carrier gas for transporting the evolved arslne Into an electrically heated
absorption tube. From 0.05 to 1.0 microgram arsenic Is added to 25 ml of 5 percent
sulfuric acid - 20 percent hydrogen chloride solution. Two ml of 15 percent potassium
iodide and 1 ml of 20 percent hydrated tin chloride are added and mixed. This solution
Is heated to 85 C for 5 minutes, cooled to room temperature, transferred to a reaction
flask, and the flask connected to the argon flow. One gram of 20-mesh zinc granules
is added and allowed to react for 10 minutes, thua Insuring complete evolution and
collection of arslne. The argon flow carries the araine Into the absorption tube,
with absorbance being read from a digital readout. When the reproducibllity of the
technique was determined, the coefficient of variation was calculated to be 0.36
percent. The time required for complete recovery of As was measured, and a reaction
of 8 minutes was required. Two levels of arsenic, 0.1 and 0.2 microgram, were added
to vitamin-free casein to determine the percent of recovery when wet digestion and
the percent method of analysis were used. Recoveries of 9^.7 and 92.6 percent were
obtained from the 0.1 - and 0.2-microgram levels, respectively. This flameless method
has been shown to be twice as sensitive as the argon/hydrogen-entrained on flame
method because the background absorption is leas than that of the latter.
AMIC-3922
"EMISSION SPECTROMETRIC DETEKMinATION OF ARSENIC", Lichte, F. E., Skogerboe, R. K.,
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. W, No. 8, July 1972, pp ll»80-ll*82.
A highly sensitive emission spectrometer containing an arslne microwave
generator coupled to excitation plasma was investigated for the detection of
arsenic In aqueous solutions. All samples and standards were made in 1.5 " sulfuric
or hydrochloric acid, and arsenic was reduced to As(lll) with stannous chloride. For
the analysis of arsenic, the argon flow rate was adjusted to 600 cc/min and the
plasma was operated at a microwave power input of 100 watts. The system was
preconditioned for analysis "by injection of three successive 0.5 ml aliquots of 1 N
HC1, and emission intensity measurements were made using the As 2350 A lines. With
this system, 20-30 samples per hour could be analyzed with a detection limit of 5
nanogramo. A relative standard deviation of plus or minus 5 percent was observed
for replicate analyses carried out on 2 different samples when the signal-to-noiae
ratio was 10:1 or greater. Results from samples analyzed by this method and a
colorlmetrlc method agreed within experimental error thus suggesting that the
microwave system provides reliable results.
INDEX TERMS: Measurement, Aqueous solutions, Instrumentation, Spectrometers,
Generators, Microwaves, Colorlmetry, Freshwater, Water analysis, Chemical
analysis, Leaves, Arsenic, Microwave emission spectroscopy. Biological samples,
Emission spectroscopy, Blood, Hair, Arslne, Precision, Detection limits,
Sensitivity.
AMIC-3921 (Continued)
2/2
INDEX TERMS: Arsenic, Pollutant identification, Chemical analysis, Methodology,
Flameless atomic absorption, Absorbance, Dry ashing, Wet digestion, Arsine.
AMIC-392U
"DETERMINATION OF MASS SPECTROMETRIC SENSITIVITY DATA FOR HYDROAROHATIC COMPOUNDS",
Shultz, J. L., Sharkey, A. G., Jr., Brown, R. A., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. kk,
No. 8, July 1972, pp 1U86-1U87.
An alternative to the low-voltage mass spectrometric analysis of hydroaromatic;
compounds based on molecular ion sensitivities is mass spectrometric analysis based on
the prediction of sensitivities of such compounds from the corresponding aromatic ring
(parent) compound. This alternative approach is based on the behavior of a total of 15
hydroaromatic compounds analyzed by the Bureau of Mines and Esso. The relationship
between the sensitivities of hydroaromatic compounds and their parent aromatic ring
systems is illustrated mathematically. The decrease in reciprocal molecular weight of
a hydroaronatlc (or perhydroaranatlc) compound relative to the aromatic ring system Is
determined (x) and the sensitivity of the hydroaromatic read from the curve or
calculated from the equation in terms of percent of the sensitivity of the parent
aromatic ring system (y). Since no attempt was made to standardize operating parameters
such as ionizing voltage, electron current, or source temperature, the authors believe
the Influence of inlet temperature On relative sensitivity behavior Is not critical.
Sensitivity data calculated from the two equations presented should be comparable to
low-ionizing voltage sensitivity data for other classes of compounds and permit semi-
quantitative analyses accurate to plus or minus 10 percent of the amount present.
IHDEX TERMS: Miss spectrometry, Organic compounds, Aromatic compounds, Equations, Fuels,
Mathematics, Pollutant identification. Coals, Methodology, Kinetics, Hydroaromatic
compounds, Sensitivity, Aromatic hydrocarbons, Tetrahydronaphthalene,
9 10-Dihydroanthracene, 9 10-Dihydropheranthrene, Dlhydropyrene, Octahydrocoronene
10
-------
1. gffiSICAL
METHODS
AMIC-39S5
"SEPARATION ADD IDENTIFICATION OF Mtft-TICOMPONENT MIXTURES USING CENTRI-CHROMATOGRAPHY/
MASS SPECTROMETRY", Karasek, F. W., Rasmussen, P. W., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. >A,
No. 8, July 1972, pp 1U88-1U90.
The combination of centrifugal mlcroparticulate bed chromatography and mass
spectrometry provides a fast accurate method of separating and Identifying components
In a mixture without the necessity of Isolation and purification after chromatography.
The Instruments used were a prototype of the Centri-Chromatography apparatus and a
Hitachi Perkin-Elmer single focusing mass spectrometer. The columns were packed with
mlcroparticulate silica ind developed with hexane-benzene mixturea. Anthracene and
N-methyl-2,3-dlphenylindole were placed on a column, extruded and dried, and the
resulting bands examined under ultraviolet light. In order to prevent errors,
consideration should be given to compounds strongly adsorbed by silica, such aa
alcohols and amines, that require a high volltilizatlon temperature and to water which
reduces the separating efficiency of the chromatograph.
INDEX TERMS: Mass apectrometry, Mixtures, Organic compounds, Separation techniques,
Aqueous solutions, Centrifugation, Instrumentation, Methodology, Pollutant
Identification, Chemical analysis, Heat resistance, Centri-chromatography,
Solid-liquid chromatography, Mass spectra, Organic solvents, Sample preparation.
AMIC-3929
"COMPARISON OF NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS AND OTHER ANAUfSES PROCEDURES FOR FISH
SAMPI£S", Eckhoff, H. D., Pappaa, C. J., Deyoe, C. W., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. Wt,
No. 8, July 197S, pp 1506-1507.
Results fro» the neutron activation analysis (NAA) of 3 fish bone and 3 total
fish samples were compared with those obtained from atomic absorption spectrophotometry
(AAS) and colorlmetry. No special preparation was necessary for the NAA procedure; i
however, a dry ashing procedure was used In preparing samples for the other analyses.
Diluted samples were analyzed for minerals by AAS and for phosphorus by colorimetry
which was based on the bremstrahlung spectrum collected for a 10-min period. A time
series of these bremstrahlung spectra was collected over a week period to confirm the
presence of P-32 by half life comparison. The NAA results for Ca illustrate the
Importance of the weighting factor matrix to obtain the proper estimate. Using a
spectrum with a large amount of Ca as the weighting factor to estimate Ca in a spectrum
with a significantly smaller amount of Ca would produce inaccurate estimates. The
converse apparently is not true for Ca. The results for Na, K, Mn, and Cl appear to be
unaffected by the choice of weighting factors. The time series bremstrahlung spectra
revealed a half life of approximately lU days. The comparison of the phosphorus
results is fair. The time savings for computation, using the approximate weighting
factor matrix, were as follows: NAA-1 equals 0.3? minutes/sample, NAA-3 equals O.lU
minutes/sample, which gives a time savings ratio, SR (NAA-l/NAA-3), of 2.286. The
very significant time savings ratio strongly suggests the use of the approximate
weighting factor for the analysis of these fish samples.
AMIC-3926
"RAPID DETERMINATION OF TWENTY AMINO ACIDS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY", Hardy, J. P.,
Kerrin, S. L., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. kk, No. 8, July 1972, pp l'*97-l'*99.
The following procedure can be used for the preparation of volatile
N-trlmethylsilyl-0-n-butyl ester (TMSi-butyl) derivatives of 20 amlno aicds: (l)
evaporate 1 ml of 2.5 mM amlno acid solution to dryness under a stream of dry N2 at
50 C in an oil bath; (2) esterlfy the residue with butanol 3N HC1 for 15 mln at 150
C and evaporate as before; and (3) trimethylsllylate the esterhydrochlorides with
0.5 ml each of BSTFA and methyl cyanide or chloride at 150 C for 90 min. The entire
chromatogrophic analysis of 1-mlcroliter quantities takes less than 35 min.
! INDEX TERMS: Amino acids. Gas chromatography, Methodology, Pollutant identification,
I Organic compounds, Chemical reactions, Chemical analysis, Volatility, Tryptophan,
Trimethylsilyl, N-trimethylsilyl-0-n-butyl esters, Alanine, Glycine, Vallne,
i Leucine, Isoleucine, Proline, Serlne, Threonlne, Hydroxyprollne, Methlonine,
I Cysteine, Cystine, Arginine, Phenylalanine, Aspartic acid, Lyslne, Glutamic acid,
i Tyrosine, Histldine, Sample preparation.
AMIC-3929 (Continued)
2/2
INDEX TERMS: Neutron activation analysis, Colorimetry, Fish, Evaluation, Chemical
analysis, Potassium, Sodium, Manganese, Calcium, Chlorine, Phosphorus, Bioassay,
Radioactivity techniques, Methodology, Mineralogy, Pollutant identification,
Alkaline earth metals, Alkali metals, Halogens, Atomic absorption spectro-
photometry, Biological samples, Bone, Spectrophotometry, Sample preparation,
Bremstrahlung spectra.
11
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1. PHT3ICAL AHD CHEMICAL M5IUUUB
AMIC-3935
"INEXPENSIVE ABSORPTION CELL FOR USE IK THE DETERMINATIOH OF MERCURY BY THE FLAMELESS
I ATOMIC ABSORPTION TECHNIQUE", Wolber, D. R., Bosshart, R. E., Analytical Chemistry.
| Vol. MS Ho. 8, July 1972, P 15U6.
An inexpensive absorption cell for determination of mercury by flamele»8
atomic absorption consists of a plexiglas tube fitted with Inlet and outlet holes and
window holders to hold quartz viewing windows. The quartz window holders caa be easily
removed to facilitate cleaning and to Interchange cells to obtain various path lengths.
i
' INDEX TERMS: Laboratory equipment, Construction materials, Mercury.
AMXC-39W
"THE ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE CHARACTERISTICS AND DETERMINATION OF CHROMIUM IN AK
ARGON-SEPARATED AIR-ACETlfLENE FLAME", Norrls, J. D., West, T. S., Analytics. Chlmlca
Aeta, Vol. 59, »°. 3, Msy 1972, pp 355-361.
An electrodeless discharge lamp containing Cr chloride was used In
conjunction with an atomic fluorescence spectrophotometer equipped with an argon-
separated air-acetylene flame to determine Cr In aqueous solutions. The best
detection limit for atomic fluorescence waa 0.005 p.p.m. at 359 nm and that for
thermal emission was 0.02 p.p.m. for the combined b25.U-nm, U27.5 nm, and U28.g nm
lines. The calibration curve for the atomic fluorescence of Cr at 359 nm ie linear
between 0.01 and 50 p.p.m. Of 38 elements examined for interference in 250-fold
amounts (by weight) in the fuel-lean separated flame, only three (Ce, Si, and Tl)
produce a slight positive interference of k to 6 percent. Many more elements
Interfere in the thermal emission of Cr.
INDEX TERMS: Chromium, Heavy metals, Laboratory equipment, Atomic fluorescence
speetroscopy, Detection limits, Thermal emission, Electrodeless discharge
lamps, Chemical Interference.
AMIC-3937
"A LOW TEMPERATURE CLEANUP PROCEDURE FOR PESTICIDES AHD THEIR METABOLITES IN BIOLOGICAL
SAMPLES", McLeod, H. A., Wales, P. J., Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry,
Vol. 20, No. 3, May/June 1972, pp 62U-6ST
A low temperature cleanup procedure was developed to separate in one
operation some polar and apolar pesticides from sample lipid, waxes, and water.
The optimum analytical parameters, including recovery data, for pesticides and
metabolites representative of insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides added to
biological samples are given. Stock solutions of each pesticide and animal and
plant tissue samples were prepared. Samples were extracted by refluxlng with
acetone-benzene (19 plus l), and extracts were cleaned up by low temperature
precipitation at 178 C. A precipitation time of 30 minutes followed by filtration
through Solka Floe (cellulose) was optimum. The water content of the extract did
not adversely affect the recovery of polar residues, but the presence of carbon in
the filtration did. The cleaned-up extracts were suitable for gas-liquid chroma-
tographic determination with electron capture and flame photometric detectors.
Recoveries of thirteen representative insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides
(captan, dlazinon, dinltrobutyl phenol anlsole, 2,U-D acid, 2,U-D Isopropyl ester,
endosulfan, malathion, malaoxon, parathlon, paraoxon, phosphamidon, fenltrothion, and
fenltroxon) ranged from 80-116 percent when added separately or in combination to
samples of carrots, peas, wheat, human fat, liver, and kidney.
IHDEX TERMS: Pesticides, Plant tissue, Fungicides, Herbicides, Pesticide residues,
Pesticide removal, Bloassay, Separation techniques, Cleanup, Metabolites,
Animal tissues.
AMIC-3980
"THE CONCENTRATIONS OF CADMIUM, COPPER, IRON, MANGANESE, MOLYBDENUM, NICKEL, VANADIUM
AND ZINC IN PART OF THE TROPICAL NORTH -EAST ATLANTIC OCEAN", Riley, J. P., Taylor, D.,
Deep-Sea Research, Vol. 19, No. U, April 1972, pp 307-317.
Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, V, and Zn in water samples from the tropical
northeast Atlantic Ocean have been determined using a. chelating ion-exchange
concentration method followed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Mo and V were
also determined by colorlmetric procedures. 101 samples (7 liter) taken at various
stations by the R.R.S. Discovery In 1969, at depths from 10-2500 M were analyzed.
After collection, samples were preconeentrated by ion exchange and stored for
spectroscopic analysis in 60 ml polypropylene bottles containing 2 N nitric acid.
The results indicate that cadmium, iron, manganese, and nickel are relatively
uniformly distributed in this area, whereas molybdenum, vanadium, zinc and to some
extent copper show larger variations of a random nature.
IHDEX TEHMS: Pollutant identification, Ion exchange, Colorimetry, Heavy metals. Trace
elements, Cadmium, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
Seawater, Atlantic Ocean, Chelation, Instrumentation, Distribution patterns,
Sampling, Upwelling, Water analysis, Preconcentratlon, Sample preparation,
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Vanadium, Sample preservation.
-------
1. PHYSICAL ABE CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-3985
"NEW, SIMPLIFIED METHODS FOR METAL ANALYSIS", McFarren, E. P., Journal of the American
Water Works Association. Vol. 6U, No. 1, January 1972, pp 28-31.
Metals such as zinc, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, silver, cobalt,
nickel, cadmium, and chromium can be determined with an atomic absorption spectrophoto-
meter by direct aspiration of the sample Into an air-acetylene flame. Lead, however,
must first be chelated with ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and extracted into
methyl isobutyl Icetone to concentrate the metal and obtain the required sensitivity.
Aluminum, beryllium, barium, and vanadium require the use of the higher-temperature
nitrous oxide acetylene flame to dissociate their molecules and to obtain the desired
sensitivity. Aluminum and beryllium must also be concentrated by chelatlng with
8-hydroxy quinoline and extracting into chloroform. Mercury is best determined by use
of a cold-vapor (flameless) technique whereby all the mercury in ft 100-milllter sample
is first oxidized to inorganic mercury, then reduced to metallic mercury, and finally
volatlzed by aeration and passed through an absorption tube placed in the light path of
the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Arsenic is similarly determined by converting
all the arsenic In a 50-ml sample to arsine and then sweeping the gas Into an
argon-hydrogen flame. An argon-hydrogen flame Is required in this case since the
usual air-acetylene flame absorbs intensely at the wavelength of maximum absorption
for arsenic.
INDEX TERMS: Heavy metals, Separation techniques, Zinc, Copper, Iron, Magnesium,
Manganese, Cobalt, Nickel, Chromium, Cadmium, Lead, Chelatlon, Solvent extractions,
Aluminum, Beryllium, Vanadium, Mercury, Absorption, Aeration, Aqueous solutions,
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Silver, Organic solvents, Barium, Arsenic,
AKTC-3987
"CONTRIBUTION TO THE DETERMINATION OF TRACES OF MERCURY BY WICKBOLD COMBUSTION AND
FLAMELESS ATOMIC ABSORPTION", Kunkel, E., Zeitschrift fur Analytlsche Chemie. Vol. 258,
No. 5, May 16, 1972, pp 337-3*1.
The Wickbold oxyhydrogen combustion method is suitable for sample preparation
in trace analysis of mercury by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. Samples free
from halogens, may be analyzed by direct atomic absorption measurement of mercury in a
combustion-absorption cell. The moat reliable method Involves combustion In the
presence of chlorine; absorption of mercury in sulfur!c acid/potassium permanganate
solution, followed by reduction; evaporation of mercury vapour by an alr/N2-current
and flameless atomic absorption spectrcmetry at 253-7 nm. The method IE very versatile
and allows mercury analysis in a wide concentration range (.OOOO0001 to approximately
10 percent Hg).
INDEX TERMSs Mercury, Halogens, Aqueous solutions, Heavy metals, Chemical analysis,
Absorption, Organic compounds, Water analysis, Atomic absorption spectrcphoto-
metry, Flameless atomic absorption, Chemical interference, Detection limits,
Sample preparation.
AMIC-3986
"l,5-Di-BETA-NAPHTHYLTHIOCARBAZ,ONE AS AH EXTRACTIVE INDICATOR FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
CADMIUM WITH EDTA", Sindhwani, S. K., Dutt, Y., Singh, R. P., Zeltachrift fur
Analytisehe Chemie, Vol. 258, No. 5, May 16, 1972.
A colorimetric procedure, involving formation of colored complexes extractable
into chloroform and carbon tetrachloride, was used to determine Cd in solution. The
recommended procedure involves titrating a prepared Cd solution into a mixture of
EDTA, buffer, and 1,5-di-beta-naphthylthiocarbazone until the indicator changes from a
green to pink. Accurate results are obtained in the pH range U.8 to 6.0. The precision
obtained by the proposed method is higher than with dithizone, whereas the sensitivity
is comparable (0.0010 micrograms and 0.0012 micrograms for log I sub-zero per I equals
0.001), The following foreign ions did not interfere: thiosulphate, berate, thio-
cyanate, chloride, bromide, iodide, citrate, tartrate, phosphate, fluoride, sulphate,
perchlorate, nitrite, chromium, beryllium, barium, strontium and calcium. Out of the
common anions only oxalate Interferes. Attempts to mask mercury, zinc, copper, lead,
nickel, cobalt and iron were unsuccessful.
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Colorimetry, Indicators, Cadmium, Chelation,
Cadmium, Lead, Zinc, Anions, Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides, Phosphates, Fluorides,
Sulphates, Nitrites, Chromium, Beryllium, Strontium, Calcium, Mercury, Zinc,
Copper, Nickel, Cobalt, Iron, Volumetric analysis, Heavy metals, EDTA,
1,5-di-beta-naphthylthlocarbazone, Chemical Interference, Oxalates, Thiosulphates,
Borates, Thiocyanates, Citrates, Tartarates, Perchlorates, Barium, Dithizone,
Sample preparation, Precision, Detection limits.
13
AMIC-3992
"QUANTITATIVE AND SELECTIVE GAS CHROMATCGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF DIMETHYL- AND
TRIMETHYLAMINE IN FISH", Miller, A., Ill, Scanlan, R. A., Lee, J. S., Llbbey, L. M.,
Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry Vol. 20, No. 3, May/June 1972, pp 709-711.
The selective gas chromatographic separation of methylamines was accomplished
using columns containing Graphon and tetraethylenepentamlne with an alkali flame
lonization detector (AFH>). Trimethylamine (TMA, 10 ppm) and dlmethylamine (DMA, 50
ppm) added to fish were easily detected by equilibrium vapor analysis. Greater
sensitivity (25 ppb TMA and 100 ppb DMA) was obtained by using the AFID in conjunction
with a gas entralnment, on-column trapping procedure. The method is also useful for
the analysis of other food products and biological materials.
INDEX TERMS: Fish, Gas chromatography, Separation techniques, Marine animals, Marine
fish, Perch, Mass spectroscopy, Foods, Methylamines, Merluccius productus,
Microstomus pacificua, Gadus macrocephalus, Sebaatodes flavidus, Sebastodes
alutus, Ophiodon elongatus, Pacific hake, Dover sole, Green rockfish, Ocean
perch, Ling cod, Elmethylamlnes, Trimethylamlnes, Flame ionlzation. Biological
samples, Sample preparation.
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1. PHYSICAL AHD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-3996
"IDENTIFICATION OF NANOGRAM AMOUNTS OF CERTAIN ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES", Kaufman,
W. M., Bills, D. D., Hannan, E. J., Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. Vol. 20,
No. 3, May/June 1972, pp 628-631.
A gas chromatographic procedure is described for Identifying nanogram
quantities of organochlorine pesticides In foods, soils, and osprey eggs. Electron
capture was used to detect individual pesticides as they were trapped In a teflon
capillary tube upon elution from the GC column. Fifty mlcrolltera of hexane were
then added to the tube and the trapped component vaa Irradiated with ultraviolet light
for 15 to 120 seconds. The contents of the tube were then relnjected Into the GC and
the degradation pattern Induced by 0V radiation was recorded. Characteristic patterns,
or 'fingerprints', were obtained for nanogram quantities of heptachlor, heptachlor
epoxide, aldrin, dieldrln, and isomers of ODD, DDE, and DDT. The technique was then
applied to food, soil, and egg samples utilizing a florlsil column cleanup technique
and using raethylene chloride-petroleum ether as an elutlng solvent. These analyses
demonstrated the utility of the technique In identifying these Insecticides in actual
samples. The method is effective even when coextracted materials or artifacts are
present. Even though such substances have retention times identical to those of certain
insecticides, they do not give the characteristic 'fingerprint' of the insecticide upon
irradiation.
INDEX TERMS: Pollutant Identification, Gas chromatography, Ultraviolet radiation,
Irradiation, Bird eggs, Soil, Foods, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides.
Electron capture detector, Cleanup.
AMIC-ltOll
"SILICA COHTE1JTS IN 1BE NORTHWESTERN FLORIDA GULF COAST", Stephens, C. F., Oppenheimer,
C. H.f Contributions in Marine Science. Vol. 16, March 1972, pp 99-108.
Due to the significance of silica as a nutrient for phytoplankton growth,
for clay mineral formation, and as a buffering agent, its distribution was studied
In the freahwater/seawater transition zones of the St. Marks River estuary
and Apalachee Bay, Florida. Samples were taken monthly over an 18-month period from
a series of stations, and analyses compared to the surrounding locale. Surface
samples were taken by hand, and bottom samples by Siskin Biological Samplers. The
water samples were stored on ice in darkness to decrease uptake of silica by growing
diatoms. Samples were returned to the laboratory within 6 hours from sampling and
refrigerated at 2 C. Silicate content of the surface waters ranged from 2^0
mlcrograma-at per 1 in fresh water at 10 miles from the open Apalachee Bay to lees
than 1 mlcrogram-at per 1 in the Bay where salinity is 3.1* percent. Other areas of
the shore estuarlne environment showed similarly high silica values and are relative
to salinity. Three mechanisms are likely to be Involved in the silica loss with
increasing salinity: (l) reaction of silicate with electrolytes, especially cations,
resulting in mineral formation; (2) adsorption or co-precipitation with suspended
solids or colloidal materials in water and sediment; and (3) co-precipitation with
humlc acids as they enter the seawater and are changed from colloidal to particulate
form.
INDEX TERMS! Silica, Salinity, Freshwater, Sea water, Sampling, Distribution patterns,
Florida, Estuaries, Instrumentation, Phytoplankton, Diatoms, Flow, Nutrients,
Water analysis. Sediments, Humlc acids, Rivers.
AMIC-3999
"ASSAY OF CYCLOPROPENOID LIPIDS BY NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE", Pawlowski, N. E.,
Nixon, J. E., Sinnhuber, R. 0., Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, Vol.
kg, No. 6, June 1972, pp 387-392.
A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method for the quantitative analysis of
cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFA) in llplds is described. Before analysis, the sample
is diluted in an inert solvent, carbon tetrachlorlde being excellent for this purpose.
This serves to decrease the viscosity of oil samples and to shift two solvent-dependent
hydrogens on the 3 position of the cyelopropene ring up field from the methyl group.
Any high resolution NMR is satisfactory for the analysis. However, it is necessary to
draw a base line under each absorption and to measure the area precisely with a
planlmeter since the two peaks of Interest are too close to use the instrument's
Integrator satisfactorily. Using this method, there is no need to transesterify or
clean up national lipid trlglycerldes. Analysis can be run on samples as small as 5
mg, although JO mg is preferable. Lipids with as low as 1 percent cyclopropenoid can
be measured. Any Interfering substances present can also be seen, allowing Judgment of
the instrument's accuracy. At CPFA concentrations of 10 percent, the method is accurate
to 0.5 percent.
INDEX TERMS: Acids, Lipids, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Oil, Spectroscopy, Chemical
analysis, Fatty acids, Cyclopropenoid fatty acids, Cyclopropene, Halphen assay,
Plant oils, Precision, Detection limits.
1U
AMIC-1*016
"SIGNAL CONVERSION FOR THE AUTOMATION OF TITRATIONS", Kragten, J., Wijzenbeek, M.,
Zeitschrift fur Analytlaehe Chemle, Vol. 259* Bo. 1, March 28, 1972, pp 7-11.
An automatic titratlon system is described which is suitable for all
end-point techniques, such as potentlometry, conductometry, photometry, amperometry
and voltammetry. The system utilizes the principle that nearly all titratlon signals
can be converted Into electric potential. These titration signals show a Jump near
the equivalence point. The titrant is added to the reaction system in small, exactly
equivalent portions with e. piston- or plunger-buret coupled to a step motor. The motor,
which acts as the driving mechanism, turns a small constant angle after each titrant
addition. The driving mechanism Is controlled by measuring the voltage difference
between the converted titration signal and a constant voltage, which corresponds to the
potential Jump at the equivalence point. When the voltage difference reaches a small,
positive value preset into the equipment, the driving mechanism stops the titration.
The accuracy of the system is dependent upon the place and steepness of the potential
Jump, and On the selection of the value for the constant voltage. Sample curves are
included from the titratlon of metals with EDTA.
INDEX TERMS: Automation, Instrumentation, Automatic control, Volumetric analysis, Zeta
potential, Photometry, Laboratory equipment, Potentiometrlc titration,
Conductometry, Amperometry.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AM) CHEMICAL METHODS
AMICJ*Ol8
"TITRIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF COBALr(ll) WITH EDTA USIHG l-^-PYKmYLAZO^-PHENANTHROL
(PAP) AS A VISUAL INDICATOR", Rishi, A. K., Garg, B. S., Singh, R. P., Zeltschrlft fur
Analytiache Chemle, Vol. 259, No. k, May 5, 1978, p 288.
l-(2-pyridylazo)-2-phenanthrol (PAP) has been shown to be useful as a visual
indicator for the tltrimetric determination of cobalt with EDTA. The procedure
involves pipetting out 5 ml of 0.1 M EDTA solution Into a ground-glass flask, buffering
to pH 5.5 with sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer, and adding two drops of indicator
solution (0.01 M in dioxan). The cobalt solution is then added to the titrant and
shaken. A sharp color change from yellow to pink Indicates the end-point. The sensi-
tivity equals 0.0020 micrograms Co per cm for log I sub o/I equal to 0.001. No
interferences resulted from Cl, Br, I, N03, POU, citrate, oxalate, tartrate, thiourea,
sulfate, thlosulfate, sulflte, borate, iodate, nitrite, Ca, Mg, Ba, Sr, or Mn ions.
Interferences from Cd, Al, Hg, Cu, and Fe could be masked.
INDEX TERMS: Cobalt, Volumetric analysis, Heavy metals, Chemical analysis, Ions,
Chemical interference, l-(2-pyrldylazo)-2-phenanthrol, EDTA, Sensitivity.
AMIC-U026
"SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC INVESTIGATION OF ANALYTICALLY IMPORTANT METAL COMPLEXES",
Budealnsky, B. W., Zeltschrlft fur Analytlsche Chemle, Vol. 258, Ho. 3, February 8,
197S, pp 186-189.
Mathematical methods employing speetrometric data are described for
estimating composition, molar absorptivity, and effective and overall stability
constants of complexes M sub m Y sub i H sub j L sub n where Y ia the ligand from
buffer, solvent, or masking reagent. The complexes generally have a constant metal
to ligand ration and occur with complexatlon of polydenate llgands or metal ions of
low coordination number. Precision of the method is investigated.
INDEX TERMS: Spectrophotometry, Stability, Mathematical studies, Ions, Metals,
Metal complexes, Llgands, Stability constants, Molar absorptivity, Precision.
AMIC-1*021
"3-NITROSO-U-HYDROXYCOUMARIN AS INDICATOR FOR THE TITRATION OF IRON(III) WITH EDTA",
Mmnku, G. S., Zeltschrift fur Analytisehe Chemle, Vol. 258, No. 5, May 16, 1972,
PP 365-366.
3-NitrosoJt-hydroxycoumarin was successfully used as an indicator for the
titration of iron with EDTA by first adjusting the pH of a 1-70 mg solution of Fe(lII)
to about 2 with ammonium hydroxide and then adding a hydrochloric acid/sodium acetate
buffer. After 5-10 drops of 0.5 percent ethanolic solution of 3-nltroso-l*.
hydroxycoumarln were added, the solution was diluted to about 100 ml and titrated with
0.02 M or 0.05 M EDTA solution up to a sharp color change from blue to colorless or
greenish blue with higher iron contents. Of the number of ions investigated, cyanide,
thiocyanate, oxalate, vanadium, bismuth, nickel, cobalt, copper, and palladium were
found to seriously interfere. The relative standard deviation of the method was found
to be 0.5 to 0.75 percent.
INDEX TERMS: Volumetric analysis, Iron, Colorlmetry, Heavy metals, Indicators, Ions,
3-nltroso-luhydroxycoumarin, EDTA, Chemical interference.
AMIC-1*027
"A HEW REACTION FOR COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF CARBOHYDRATES", Lever, M.,
Analytical Biochemistry, Vol. 1*7, No. 1, May 1972, pp 273-279.
The possibility of using the intense absorption of yellow anions for the
colorimetrlc determination of carbohydrates was investigated by preparing sample
solutions of acid hydrazides and determining the absorbance by Spectrophotometry.
Absorbance spectra were scanned with a double-beam spectrophotometer, and the
fluorescence measured with a spectrophotofluorometer for the reactions of acid
hydrazides with glucose and other common low molecular weight carbohydrates. Acid
hydrazides react in alkaline solutions with reducing carbohydrates to give yellow
anions. The reaction with p-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide can be used in a simple
colorimetrlc method to detect less than 1 mlcrogram glucose or similar sugar. Calcium
and very high protein concentrations are the only interfering factors that have been
found.
INDEX TERMS: Colorlmetry, Carbohydrates, Aqueous solutions, Spectrophotometry,
Absorption, Fluorescence, Water pollution. Pollutant Identification, Proteins,
Calcium, Yellow anions, Acid hydrazides. Double-beam spectrophotometers,
Glucose, Sugars,
15
-------
1. PHYSICAL AHD CHEMICAL ?ETHUUS
AMICJ*029
"AH IMPROVED COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR ISOLATION OF TRYFTOPHAN METABOLITES",
Chen, M. C., Gholson, Ft. K., Analytical Biochemistry, Vol. 1*7, Ho. 1, May 1972,
pp 139-1^5.
A DEAE-cellulose column chromatographlc technique baa teen developed that
separates with quantitative recovery most of the major tryptophan metabolites which
retain the Indole ring or the alanlne side chain. A mixture of tryptophan and twelve
of Its metabolites (300 micrograms each) was dissolved In 10 ml of water and loaded
onto a 1.2 x 30 cm column of DEAE-cellulose; the column was then eluted with 80 ml of
0.001 M TEA-F, pH l».0, and 2 ml fractions were collected. The column was then eluted
with a gradient formed by placing 250 ml of 0.001 M TEA-F, pH k.O, In a cylindrical
mixing chamber that was connected to a reservoir of equal dimensions containing 250
ml of 0.1 M TEA-F, pH U.O. Fractions of k ml were collected. The fractions of the
first two peaks were combined, lyophilized, and dissolved In 10 ml of water and
loaded onto a second column of DEAE-cellulose (amlne form). The temperature for both
columns was U C. The recovery of the authentic compounds was more than 95 percent
from both columns. Using triethylamlne-formate buffers In this system facilitates
quantitative recovery of the Isolated metabolites. Urine or crude aqueous plant
tissue extracts can be used with this method without prior extraction or fractlonatlon.
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Chromatography, Instrumentation, Methodology, Data
analysis, Organic compounds, Chemical analysis, Fluorometry, Colorlmetry, Physical
properties, Urine, Rats, Ureas, Volumetric analysis, Plant tissues, Tryptophan,
Metabolites, Paper Chromatography, Column Chromatography, Kynurenine, Indoleacetlc
acid, Indoleaceturlc acid, Indole-3-carboxaldehyde, 5-Hydroxyindoleacetie acid,
Xanthurenlc acid, Kynurenlc acid, Indoleacetonltrile, Tryptamlne, Serotonin,
5-hydroxvtrYptoTjnan. ^-hvdroxvkvnurenlne. 5-hvdroxvtrvT3tamlne. BioXonlc&l samples.
AMTC-11053
"THE DETERMINATION OF TRACE METALS IN MICROLITRE SAMPLES BY PLASMS. TORCH EXCITATION,
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO OIL, ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND BLOOD SAMPLES", Greenfield, S.,
Smith, P. B., Analytics Chlmlea Acta, Vol. 59, No. 3, May 1972, pp 3U1-3U8.
Plaema torch excitation coupled with conventional spectrographlc analysis
proved to be a suitable technique for multi-element analals of trace metals in
Inorganic and organic materials. Blood, oil, and organic compounds such as xylene were
analyzed for trace elements. Samples (l-25 mlcrollters), as aerosols, were Introduced
Into the high-frequency plasma torch by means of a heated nebulizer, and the emission
was recorded spectrographically. Detection limits for various metals, Including Al,
Ba, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, SI, Ag, HI, Ti, P and Pb, were In the range of 0.1 to 1 nanogram.
At the 1.0 nanogram level, the precision was 5 percent.
INDEX TERMS: Chromium, Iron, Aluminum, Copper. Nickel, Magnesium, Manganese, Lead,
Phosphorus, Biological samples, Blood, Barium, Titanium, Silicon, Silver,
Xylene, Detection limits, Precision.
AMIC-U039
"DETERMINATION OF COBALT IN PLANT MATERIAL BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION", Gelaan, A. L., Journal
of the Science of Food and Agriculture, Vol. 23, Ho. 3, March 1972, pp 299-305.
A simple method has been developed for the determination of cobalt In plant
material by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Plant samples included rolled barley,
dried grains, hay, pine needles, Rhododendron, Swedes, grass, and mixed herbage.
Specially prepared ashed samples were dissolved in 0.1 N-HC1 and evaporated to dryness
under Infrared lamps. The cobalt present was chelated with ammonium pyrrolidlne
dithiocarbamate and extracted from the aqueous solution with methylisobutylketone.
The organic phase so formed was presented to the atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
All atomic absorption measurements were made with a Varian-Techtron AAU atomic
absorption spectrophotometer, using the adjustable burner-nebulizer assembly, and
grooved titanium burner head. An air-acetylene flame and an auxiliary air supply were
used. The high intensity ASL fAtomic Spectral Lamps) cobalt lamp was operated at
12.5 mA with a spectral silt width of 1.7 nm. Samples were aspirated at the rate of
k ml/min, and a scale expansion of times-1)- was used for all measurements. This method
was able to detect cobalt from 0 to 0.5 p.p.m. The efficiency of extraction was
estimated using cobalt-60. Concomitant spectrographic analyses together with recovery
experiments and replicate analyses showed that the method was suitably accurate for
analyzing plant material for Its cobalt content in nutrition studies.
INDEX TERMS! Cobalt, Separation techniques, Spectrophotometry, Pollutant Identification,
Chelation, Instrumentation, Laboratory equipment, Methodology, Radioisotopes,
Plant tissues, Radioactivity techniques, Heavy metals, Grasses, Grains (crops),
Plants, Methylisobutylketone, Co-60, Ammonium pyrrolidlne dithiocarbamate, Detec-
tion limits, Biological samples, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
__
AMTCJ«)71
"'COLD VAPOR' METHOD FOR DETERMIMING MERCURY", Kopp, J. P., Longbottom, M. C.,
Lobring, L. B., Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 6U, No. 1,
January 1972, pp 20-25.
A method has been developed for the EPA for analysis of mercury in potable
water, surface water, and various Industrial wastes including sewage-treatment plant
effluents. The method is based upon that of Hatch and Ott as used by Bennett and
Knight which employs a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acids to acidify the sample, a
potassium permanganate oxidation step, and a reducing system of stannous sulfate In
a hydroxylamlne sulfate-sodium chloride solution. The procedure was evaluated to
determine the effect of generated heat on mercury loss, and the effect of aeration
rate, water vapor, and other variables. It was found necessary to treat the sample
with potassium persulfate to break organomercurlal bonds so that total mercury content
could be determined. The samples, as prepared in the described method, are analyzed
by flameless atomic absorption. Calibration and analytical procedures are described
along with means of eliminating chemical Interferences.
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, Instrumentation, Orisanic compounds, Inorganic compounds,
Methodology, Spectrophotometry, Water analysis, Flameless atomic absorption,
Chemical Interference, Sample preparation, Sample preservation, Environmental
samples, Biological samples, Organomercury compounds.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AHD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-IH57
"CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS", Keith, L. H., The American
Chemical Society, Division of Water, Air and Waste Chemistry, Boston, Massachusetts,
April 1972, PP 113-120.
Effluents from seven industrial plants were chemically characterized to
identify specific chemical compounds, particularly organic compounds, which may occur
in natural waters. The survey included two petrochemical plants, one synthetic rubber
plant, two petro-refineries, and two chemical plants. At each plant, grab samples
were taken near the discharge into receiving waters. A Kudurna Danish apparatus was
then used to concentrate chloroform extracts into 25-ml samples, and optimum gas
chromatographic techniques were derived. Gas chromatography - mass speetrometry was
the most useful technique for the analyses. This characterization revealed compounds
in the effluents that could not have been predicted from the raw materiala used in
three of the plants. This Illustrates the shortcomings of using lists of raw materials
as i means of identifying organic pollutants in industrial effluents. It was concluded
that specifically identifying and quantifying pollutant compounds in effluents is more
useful and valid for enforcement of water pollution regulations than are gross
measurements such as TOC, BOD, and dissolved solids.
INDEX TERMS: Industrial wastes, Pollutant identification, Chemical industry, Chemical
analysis, Effluents, Organic matter, Chemical wastes, Gas ehromatography,
Separation techniques, Mass spectrometry, Organic compounds, Alcohols, Oil
industry, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Polymers, Synthetic rubber, Aromatic
compounds, Petrochemical plants, Petrorefineries,
AMIC-5818
"AH AIULYSIS OF THE CONCENTRATIONS OF HEAVY JCTALE IN MONTEREY HARBOUR UTILIZING THE
METHODS OF ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOTBTFY AMD POLARCGRAIHY", Tanner, J. W.,
Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, Master's Thesis, December 1971.
NTIS Report No. AD 738 889.
As part of the Monterey Breakwater Project, six water samples were taken
from the study area located offshore from Del Monte Beach east of Ftailcipal Wharf
No. 2 in Monterey, California. The heavy metals in the seawater were concentrated
and removed using the ammonium pyrrolldlne dithiocarbamate (APDC) — methyl Isobutyl
ketone (MIBK) solvent extraction system. The concentrations of the metals cobalt,
copper, iron, lead, and nickel In the samples were determined using atomic absorption
spectrophotometry. The APDC-MIBK solvent extraction system appears to be useful
with AA methods, but was not adequate for analysis by polarography.
INDEX TERW3! Sea water, Heavy metals, Polarograpbic analysis, Solvent extractions,
Iron, Cobalt, Lead, Nickel, Water analysis. Separation techniques,
Preconcentration.
AMICJ»159
"ORGANIC POLLUTANTS FROM MILL PERSIST IN DOWNSTREAM WATERS", Garrison, A. W., Hill,
D. W., American Dyjgstuff Reporter, February 1972, 3 PP.
Dieldrln and p-nonylphenol found In stream water were identified as
pollutants from a carpet yarn mill. Dleldrin was determined by gas chromatography
and mass spectroraetry. P-nonylphenol was determined by infrared, NMR, and mass
spectrometric analysis. The concentrations of these pollutants In the mill wastes
and at points downstream showed that anaerobic lagoons (the carpet yarn mill waste
treatment facility) discharge the same concentration of dieldrin as that in their
influent, O.U mg per liter. Nonylphenol is produced in the anaerobic lagoons,
presumably by biological degradation of a surfactant. Laboratory studies of nine
dye carriers exposed to bacterial, physical, and chemical action in aqueous systems
showed that all except the extremely volatile compounds are persistent enough to
become water pollutants after passing through non-aerated or aerated lagoons.
Acetophenone is shown to be a metabolite of alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol in both
aerobic and anaerobic sludge.
INDEX TERMS: Dieldrin, Industrial wastes, Dyes, Gas chromatography. Lagoons, Anaerobic
digestion, Water pollution sources, Surfactants, Blodegradatlon, Acetophenone,
p-nonylphenol, Dye carriers.
1
AMIC-52S3
"THE EFFECTS OF WASTE DISPOSAL IN THE NEW YORK BIGHT. SECTION 5: CHEMICAL STUDIES",
National Iferine Fisheries Service, Sandy Hook Sports Fisheries Nfarine Laboratory,
Highlands, New Jersey, Final Report, February 1972, 185 pp. NTIS Report No. AD 739 535.
Samples of water, sediments, and organisms were collected from the New York
Bight and analyzed to determine the distribution and fate of sewage sludge, dredging
spoils, and acid wastes disposed. Samples were collected during 27 cruises from the
surface, mid-depth, and bottom in areas with depths of 23 to 27 meters. Water samples
were collected with a Van Dorn sampler and divided into subsamples for analysis
of iron, chlorophyll a, phosphate, nitrate and DO. Subsamples were stabilized
where necessary. Temperature, salinity, turbidity, and pH were also measured. Sediment
samples were collected with plastic Phleger coring tubes from the upper 5 cm of a Smlth-
Mclntjrre grab, stored in plastic bags, and frozen for later analysis of petrochemicals,
copper, lead, chromium, mercury, pesticide metabolites, and determination of redox
potential. Populations of benthic organisms and zooplankton were also determined. The
methods employed for the analyses are described. From the data, it was concluded
that: (1) Acid wastes tend to remain in a distinct pattern after disposal, (2) sewage
sludge results in turbid, phosphorus-rich water containing particulate matter,
(3) there was no demonstrable increase in primary productivity as a result of
nutrification, (k) bacteriological activity in sludge depletes the overlying waters
of oxygen to levels insufficlentto support life, (5) dredging spoils in bottom
sediments contain enough petroleum to harm bottom-dwelling organisms, and (6) the
heavy metals, Cu, Pb, Cr, and Hg, originating in sewage and dredging spoils, were found
in water, sediments, and animal tissues at toxic levels. (See also: AMIC 5219-5222,
52210
17
-------
1. PHYSICAL ADD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-5223 (Continued)
2/S
INDEX TERMS: Waste disposal, Zooplankton, Trace elenenta, Water pollution effects,
Dissolved oxygen, Salinity, Temperature, Turbidity, Hydrogen ion concentration,
Pesticides, Sediments, Oxidation-reduction potential, Nutrients, Water analysis,
Primary productivity, Petrochemicals, Biological samples, Environmental samples,
Sample preservation, Sample preparation, Dredge spoils, Chlorophyll a.
"BEHAVIOR OF BERYLLIUM SULFATE HI HARD AMD SOFT WATER", Slonlm, A. R., Air Force
Systems Command, Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force
Base, Ohio, Fli»l Report Ho. AMKL-TK-72-lOO, December 1971, 25 pp. NTIS Report Mo.
AD 739 888.
The Interaction of beryllium with hard and soft water represents the first
phase of a study of beryllium effects on water and fish. The pH of BeSOU in soft 'water
is significntly lover than In hard water over the concentration range of 0.01 to
100 mg/1 Be(2 plus). An Insoluble complex forms only in hard water within a limited
beryllium concentration range. Water hardness per se Is a significant determinant of
the pH of beryllium solutions. The amount of NaHC03 needed to buffer varying amounts
of concentrated (acidic) beryllium solutions Is compared on a molar basis between
soft and hard water. Beryllium has no effect on the hardness of dissolved oxygen
content of either test water, but shows greater changes In conductivity of soft water
than hard water. The absence of any appreciable beryllium effect on seven
characteristics of soft or hard water over a 96-hour period supports the feasibility
of running a static bloassay on beryllium in the laboratory. Water samples were
analyzed In accordance with the procedures described in Standard Methods and In
certain eases by specialized tests. A few samples to which BeSW was added were
analyzed for beryllium content by a recent gas chromatographic technique, and the
nature of a beryllium precipitate in hard water was analyzed by infrared absorption,
X-ray diffraction, and emission spectroseopy.
INDEX TERMS: Water properties, Kinetics, Water pollution effects, Physicochemlcal
properties, Blcarbonates, Water analysis, Beryllium, Water quality, Salts,
Trace elements, Bioasoay, Alkalinity, Beryllium eulfate.
AMIC-5225
"NMR SPECTRAL CHROMATOGRAHTY - A POWERFUL NEW TOOL FOR STRUCTURE DETERMINATION",
Rondeau, R. E., Berwick., M. A., Air Force Systems Command, Air Force Materials
Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, Technical Report AFML-TR-71-282,
January 1972, 126 pp. NTIS Report No. AD 739 885.
A new technique is described which radically simplifies complex nuclear
magnetic resonance spectra and markedly increases their information content. Through
the use of a unique chemical additive in a sample solution, overlapping spectral
peaks are separated, coincidental resonances are dispersed and the entire spectrum
remarkably simplified as a result of induced, spectral shifts. The additive Is a
fluorinated rare earth chelate, Eu(fod) sub 3, which is believed to represent the
optimum combination of lanthanide metal and organic llgand for use as a shift reagent.
Its effect on an SMR spectrum IB to 'chromatograph' It by causing spectral absorptions
to move to different extents along the 'spectral chromatogram'. The value of 'NMR
Spectral Chromatography' is demonstrated by the analysis of a number of complex,
misleading and, in some cases, unresolvable spectra mixtures, to elucidate structures
of photolysis products unidentifiable by other means and to quantitatively
determine Isomer distributions in important liquid crystal mixtures. Useful
relationships between molecular structure and shifting patterns are pointed out and
used in making structural assignments.
IHDEX TERMS: Nuclear magnetic resonance, Instrumentation,
compounds, Chelation, Spectral Chromatography.
Structural analysis, Organic
18
AMTC-5353~
"COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OP POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS FROM CHLORINATED
HYDROCARBOH PESTICIDES, AND THEIR SUBSEQUENT GAS CHROMATOGFAPHIC QUANTITATIOH IS
TERMS OF DERIVATIVES", Berg, 0. W., Diosady, P. L., Rees, G. A. V,, Bulletin of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 7, Wo. 6, June 1972, pp 33»-3"7.
A column chromatographic technique la described for the separation of
PCB's from organochlorine pesticides and their subsequent quantitation in terms of
well-defined derivatives - blcyclohexyl and decachlorobiphenyl. This system of
analysis has been applied to a variety of samples, mainly from the aqueous environment.
The experimental procedure involves: (1) a liquid chromatographic separation of the
PCB's from DDT group pesticides; (2) catalytic dechlorination of PCB's; (3) perchlorina-
tlon of PCB (85 percent recovery); and CO identification of blcychlohexyl and
decachlorobiphenyl by gas Chromatography.
INDEX TERMS: Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Polychlorinated biphenyla, Gas
Chromatography, Separation techniques, Pollutant identification, Aquatic
environment, Chemical analysis, Chemical reactions, Methodology, Column
Chromatography, Bieyclohexyl, Decachlorobiphenyl, Aroclor 1251*, Sample
preparation.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-5357
"HEXACHLOROBENZENE (HCB) IN THE EGGS OF COMMON TERMS IN HAMILTON HARBOUR, OBTARIO",
Oilbertson, M., Reynolds, L. M., Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology.
Vol. 7, No. 6, June 1972, PP 371-37£
Hexachlorobenzene, p,p'-DDE, dieldrin, and PCB's vere quantitatively
determined from common Tern (Sterna hlrundo) eggs collected from two island colonies
in Hamilton Harbour, Western Lake Ontario, in late August 1970. Other substances
identified in the eggs were DUD, p,p'-DDT, heptachlor epoxide, and mercury. This Is
the first report of HCB in tissues and egga in North American birds. The contents
of each egg were homogenized, weighed, and dried. The dried material was mixed with
anhydrous sodium sulfate and extracted with a 1:1 solution of ether: n-hexane. After
solvent evaporation, the fat residue was weighed and dissolved in 5 percent benzene
in acetone. This mixture was filtered through carbon-cellte, dried with sodium
sulfate, and mixed with hexane. After additional sample cleanup using a Floriall
column, the organo-chlorlne residues were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography -
electron capture techniques. The PCB's were separated and quantified using Arochlor
1260 as a reference standard. The contaminants were tentatively traced to the terns'
food supply during May and June, which consisted of fish such as alewlves (Alpsa
pseudonarengus) and smelt (Osmerus mordax). The low ratio of DDE and FCB's'in the eggs
suggests that the source of HCB is industrial rather than agricultural.
INDEX TERMS: Fungicides, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. Bird eggs. Pollutant
identification, Polychlorinated biphenyls, Separation techniques, Bloassay,
Chemical analysis, Water pollution sources, Heavy metals, Hexachlorobenzene,
Electron capture gas chromatography, Gas liquid chromatography, Sterna hirundo,
Sample preparation^ Aroclor 1260, Terns.
"MODIFICATIOlt OF TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINATION OF ALUMINUM IN WATER BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECITOPHOTOMSTRY", H»u, D. Y., Pipes, W. O., Environmental Science and Technology,
vol. 6, So. 7, July 1972, PP 6k
-------
1. PHYSICAL AHD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-5369
"MICRODETERMINATION OF MEBCURY Iff BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES. PART III. AUTOMATED DETERMIHA-
TION OF MERCURY IN URINE, FISH AHD BLOOD SAMPLES", Skare, I., Analyst. Vol. 97,
No. 1151, February 1972, pp 1U8-155.
Use of the automatic mercury analyzer has been extended to mercury analyses
of urine, fish, and blood samples. Sulphamic acid and Triton X-100 detergent are
added to urine samples prior to analysis in order to prevent bacterial action. Wet-
dlgestlon of blood and fish samples must be performed prior to mercury analysis. With
the standard procedures recommended it Is possible to determine mercury concentration!)
In blood down to about the normal values for unexposed persons, i.e., about 5 ng/g, and
mercury in fish down to the 0.1 mlcrogram/gram level, with an acceptable standard error.
Comparative studies between this method and the methods of activation analysis and gas
chromatography have shown good agreement. This method is applicable to nil, types of
samples that can be digested similarly to those above. Natural water samples, normally
too low in mercury to be analyzed directly (i.e., less than 0.1 ng/ml), could easily
be concentrated by tin(ll) reduction of a larger permanganate-digested sample, followed
by the passing of the mercury vapor into a 2-ml volume of dilute acidic permanganate
solution. The detection limit by this technique would depend only on the level of
mercury in the reagent blank.
INDEX TERMS! Mercury, Kish, Urine, Automation, Separation techniques, Gas
chromatography, Neutron activation analysis, Bioassay, Water analysis,
Reliability, Pollutant identification, Blood, Homogenization, Methyl
mercury, Biological samples, Sample preparation, Wet digestion, Detection
limits, Preconcentration.
AMIC-5I4OU
"FIELD STUDY ADD MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE SLACK-WATER BUILDUP OF A POLLUTANT IK A
TIDAL RIVER", Grenney, W. J., Bella, D. A., Limnology and Oceanography. Vol. 17,
Ho. 2, March 1972, pp 229-236.
The accumulation of a pollutant In the vicinity of an outfall during
slack-water periods In a tidal river was studied through a field investigation and
a mathematical model. A dlffuser was installed across the main channel of the
Yaquina River about 35 km from the mouth at Newport, Oregon. Rhodamlne-B was injected
at a constant rate for 10 hr and over UOO water samples were taken. The data
Indicate a significant buildup during periods of slack water. A one-dlmenaional,
time dependent, finite-difference modal developed for the field study simulated
average trends reasonably well, but calculated peak values were consistently lower
than field observations. Concentration profiles from the model were sensitive to the
dispersion coefficient and the grid parameters when large concentration gradients
were present. (Reprinted from Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 17, March 1972,
pp 229-236. Copyright 1972 by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography,
Inc. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Mathematical models, Pollutants, Tidal streams, Mathematical studies,
Path of pollutants. Water pollution effects, Model studies, Computer models,
Rivers, Dye dispersion, Sampling, On-site investigations, Outlets, Organic
dyes, Rhodamine B, Yagulna River, Dispersion coefficients.
A MIC-
"MERCURY POLLUTION CONTROL IN STREAM AND LAKE SEDIMENTS", Suggs, J. D., Petersen,
D. H., Mlddlebrook, J. B., Jr., Advanced Technology Center, Inc., Dallas, Texas,
! Water Pollution Control Research Series 16060 HTD 03/72, Contract No. 68-01-0086,
March 1972, 38 pp.
Laboratory aquaria were prepared using natural sediments (clay-silt or quartz)
and waters In order to test the removal of mercury by one of four sulfur-baaed getter
, systems at pH 5, 7, or 9 and under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Three forms of
mercury contamination were studied: (1) free metal; (2) mercuric ion; and (3)
j organometallic species. Mercury analyses were performed using a reduction-aeration
j technique which consists of oxidizing the mercury to mercuric ion with potassium
permanganate in nitric acid-sulfurlc acid followed by reduction of the mercury to the
metallic state with stannous chloride. The mercury was vaporized In an aerator and
the vapors were pumped through a UV absorption cell, where the 2537A line is absorbed
by the vapor in proportion to the mercury concentration. Sediments and other
: mercury-containing solids required vigorous digestion procedures with strong oxldants.
Sulfur-coated cotton meshwork removed the inorganic mercury in proportion to the con-
I centration level and to the partition coefficient between the dissolved and absorbed
] mercury. The system was most effective in anaerobic conditions. The removal rate of
j metallic mercury by elemental sulfur Is proportional to the surface area of the getter.
Polyvinyl alcohol gel containing sulfur or phenylthiourea was not acceptable for sedi-
ments with mercury levels of less than 25-50 ppm and the life of the system was short.
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, Sediments, Water analysis. Sulfur, Silts, Clayo, Quartz, Nitrogen
compounds, Chemical analysis, Model studies, Water quality control, Aquatic soils,
Ions, Heavy metals. Getter system, Organomercury compounds, Ultraviolet
spectrophotometry. Sample preparation, Chemical interference-.
See aliot Category 2, AMIC-2966, 3678, 3970, ~~
Category U, AMIC-5536
Category 5, AMIC-5U86.
20
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2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMTC-2966
"CHARACTERIZATION OF PHOSPHORUS-LIMITED PLANKTON ALGAE (WITH REFLECTIONS ON THE
LIMITING-NUTRIENT CONCEPT)", Fuhs, G. W., Demmerle, S. D., Canelll, E,. Chen, M.,
In: Nutrients and Eutrophication - The Limiting-Nutrient Controversy (Proceedings
of the Symposium on Nutrients and Eutrophication: The Limiting-Nutrient Controversy,
W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, 11 and 12 February 1971).
Special Symposia, Vol. 1, 1972, pp 113-133.
Data from continuous culture and phosphorus uptake experiments are used to
calculate the growth rate of microorganisms as a function of concentration of the
phosphorus source. The minimum phosphorus content of the organism, its growth rate
with phosphorus nonllmlting, the Michaelis constant, and maximum rate for uptake of the
phosphorus source must be known. For two diatoms and three bacteria these values are
given and the effect of several variables Is discussed. The range of concentrations
for growth rate limitation by orthophosphate is below 3 mlcrograms/1 phosphorus
provided that depletion of the medium at the cell surface does not occur. Whereas
maximum growth rates of organisms vary widely, the phosphorus content depends on
protoplasma volume, Maximum uptake rates per unit area of cell surface are similar.
Bacteria show lower affinity toward orthophosphate than do algae, but may outgrow
algae because of a more favorable surface-to-volume ratio. Phosphorus-limited diatoms
show Increases in mean cell volume, cell carbon, refractillty of the cells, and
alkaline phosphatase content, whereas cell nitrogen and cell protein decrease.
Chlorophyll content is reduced significantly only when related to Increasing cell
volume. The prediction of short-term changes and turnover of blomass in lakes requires
the use of kinetic models and the measurement of species constants under laboratory and
field conditions. Maximum probable standing crop is essentially determined by
Llebig's law of the medium.
AKTC-2967
"A1XJAE RESPONSES TO NUTRIENT ADDITIONS IN NATURAL WATERS. I. LABORATORY ASSAYS",
Maloney, T. E., Miller, W. E., Shiroyama, T., In! Nutrients and Eutrophication -
The Liraiting-Hutrlent Controversy (Proceedings of the Symposium on Nutrients and
Eutrophicationt The Limiting-Nutrient Controversy, W. K. Kellogg Biological Station,
Michigan State University, 11 and 12 February 1971). Special Symposia, Vol. 1, 1972,
pp 13U-11K).
Laboratory algal assays were conducted on waters from nine Oregon lakes of
varying water quality. Selenastrun caprieornutum was used as the test species In an
algal assay using the Provisional Algal Assay Procedure (Joint Industry /Government Task
Force on Eutrophication 1969). Additions of nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon, singly
and in combination, were made to the waters, and algal growth rates were determined.
The addition of phosphorus alone greatly stimulated algal growth rates In four of the
waters, and the addition of nitrogen alone slightly stimulated algal growth rates In
waters of two of the lakes. Three of the waters were capable of supporting relatively
high algal growth rates without nutrient additions, and in one highly oligotrophic
lake water the addition of nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon had no effect on algal
growth rates. In all cases algal growth rates were directly proportional to the
amounts of dissolved phosphorus in the waters.
INDEX TERMS: Bioassay, Nutrients, Aquatic algae, Water pollution effects, Carbon,
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Primary productivity, Aquatic productivity, Limiting
factors, Water quality, Water pollution, Freshwater, Sewage effluents, Hydrogen
ion concentration, Laboratory tests, Provisional Algal Assay Procedure, Woahink
Lake, Ten Mile Lakes, Lake of the Woods, Selenastrum caprleornutum, Tahkenltch
Lake, Upper Klamath Lake, Diamond Lake, Odell Lake, Waldo Lake, Triangle Lake.
AMIC-2966 (Continued)
2/S
INDEX TERMS: Growth rates, Phosphorus, Nutrients, Absorption, Plankton, Diatoms,
Cytological studies, Chlorophyll, Lakes, Eutrophication, Cultures, Analytical
techniques.
AMIC-2968
"ALGAL RESPONSES TO NUTRIENT ADDITIONS IH NATURAL WATERS. II. FIELD EXPERIMENTS",
Powers, C. F., Schults, D. W., Malueg, K. W., Brice, R. M., Schuldt, M. D., In:
Nutrients and Eutrophication - The Limiting-Nutrient Controversy (Proceedings of the
Symposium on Nutrients and Eutrophication: The Limiting-Nutrient Controversy, W. K.
Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, 11 and 12 February 1971).
Special Symposia, Vol. 1, 1972, pp lUl-156.
Bloasaay experiments to determine the Ln situ effects of various nutrient
additions on growth of natural algal populations were carried out In 1969 and 1970 on
water from lakes of varying productivity in Minnesota and Oregon. In Minnesota, experi-
ments of one to three weeks' duration were carried out in 390-liter plastic bags. In
Oregon, primary productivity measurements of two to four hours' duration were made using
C-lU methodology. In Minnesota, positive growth response was obtained in Burntslde
River water only when phosphorus and nitrogen were added in combination. Addition of
carbon alone did not stimulate growth; on one occasion it showed a positive effect when
added with nitrogen and phosphorus. For eutrophic Shagawa Lake, positive growth
response resulted from additions of nitrogen, phosphorus, and nitrogen and phosphorus
together. Carbon had no effect. In Oregon, pristine Waldo Lake responded to additions
of phosphorus and phosphorus plus nitrogen, but not to nitrogen or carbon alone.
Moderately productive Triangle Lake responded positively to phosphorus and phosphorus
plus nitrogen. In one instance productivity was increased by nitrogen, ind in another
by carbon. Highly productive Cline's Pond showed little reaction to any nutrient
enrichment at any time. In the four water sources in which ilgal growth was stimulated
by enrichment, phosphorus appeared to be the prinary controlling nutrient.
21
-------
2. BIOLOQICftl. METHODS
AMIC-2968 (Continued)
2/3
INDEX TERMS: Limiting factors, Water pollution effects, •Nutrients, Aquatic algae,
Carbon, 'Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Phyalcochemical properties, Radioactivity
techniques, Methodology, Bioassay, Biomass, Growth rates, Freshwater, Water
pollution, Sewage effluents, Nitrates, Primary productivity, Nutrient require-
ments, Cllne's Pond, Enrichment.
AMIC-2969 (Continued)
2/2
INDEX TERMS: Phosphorus, Silica, Water pollution effects, Eutrophication,
Photosynthesis, Lake Michigan, Diatoms, Phytoplankton, Nitrogen, On-slte tests.
Primary productivity, Measurements, Limiting factors, Sampling, Aquatic algae,
Scuta diving, Radioactivity techniques, Deficient elements, C-lU, Fat* of
pollutants.
AMIC-2969
"PHOSHJORUS, SILICA, AND EUTROPHICATION OF LAKE MICHIGAN", Schelske, C. L., Stoermer,
E. F., In: Nutrients and Eutrophication - The Limiting-Nutrient Controversy
(Proceedings of the Symposium on Nutrients and Eutrophication: The Limiting-Nutrient
Controversy, W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, 11 and 12
February 1971). Special Symposia, Vol. 1, 1972, pp 157-171.
Nutrient-limiting experiments were carried out on phytoplankton populations
as part of an investigation of eutrophlc conditions in Lake Michigan. Nutrients were
added to large plastic bags of U-mll polyethylene, anchored at a depth of 7 m, and
filled by pumps positioned on the deck of a ship. These bags were sampled underwater
by SCUBA divers on the day of filling and as frequently as possible thereafter. The
effects on natural phytoplankton assemblages in the bags of treatments as low as 20 mg
P, 200 mg N, and 700 mg sillca/cu m alone and in combination were measured in terms
of biological utilization as indicated by the Increase in cell numbers and rates of
C-lU fixation, amounts of particulate P, and decreased soluble nitrate-nitrogen and
silica. Silica was reduced to limiting levels but nitrogen was not. A highly
significant correlation occurred between rate of carbon fixation and particulate
phosphorus. Ratios of phosphorus to silica present in tributary Inputs indicate that
phosphorus is supplied in quantities 10 to 20 times larger than ratios of phosphorus
to silica required by diatoms in phytoplankton assemblages. These data indicate that
phosphorus has been the limiting nutrient that has controlled eutrophication, resulting
in lower concentrations of silica in the lake. With continued depletion of silica,
diatoms will be replaced in the phytoplankton by nonsiliceous forms, probably blue-green
and green algae.
AMIC-3323
"PATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS IN FORMALIN-TREATED RAINBOW TROUT (SALM3 GAIKDNERI)", Smith, C.
E., Piper, R. G., Journal Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 29, No. 3, March
197S, PP 328.329.
The histological and hematological effects of formalin on the rainbow
trout, Salmo galrdneri, were investigated under laboratory conditions. Two groups of
100 rainbow trout were exposed to 167 ppm formalin for 1 hr in concrete troughs
containing 760 gal of water. The water temperature was 12.8 C. Another group of
100 fish served as controls. In another experiment, two groups of 100 fish were
exposed to 250 ppm for 1 hr. After the exposures, the troughs were Immediately
drained and refilled with fresh water. Dissolved oxygen content of the water was
monitored over the 1-hr period with a YSI oxygen meter and remained relatively
constant at 7-8 ppm. Within 3 hr of exposure, 5 dying fish were sectioned and
stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological examinations of the gill, kidney,
liver, spleen, brain, poeudobranch, adrenal cortex, intestine, pyloric caeca, and
stomach tlasue. Hematocrits as well as blood smears were also examined. Severe
pathological changes were observed, especially in gill tissue, and hypoxia vas the
apparent cause of death. Increased hematocrits resulted from the hypoxia following
gill damage. The average mortality for fish subjected to 167 and 250 ppm formalin
was U and 6 percent, respectively. Death usually occurred within 2-U hr after exposure.
INDEX TERMS: Water pollution effects, Animal pathology, Rainbow trout, Toxicity,
Fiahkill, Fish physiology, Laboratory tests, Organic compounds, Mortality,
Salmo galrdneri, Formalin, Histopathology.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-3325
"A DIVER-OPERATED PLANKTON COLLECTOR", Ennls, 0. P., Journal Fisheries Research
Board of Canada. Vol. 29, No. 3, March 1972, pp 3kl-$iT.
A plankton collecting apparatus wan devised by strapping together two
diver-towing vehicles and mounting a 50-cm plankton net ahead of them. It can be
operated at the surface by a snorkel diver or under water toy a scuba diver at 2 mph.
Despite the slow speed of the apparatus It does collect the smaller planktonlc
organisms (including copepods, imphlpods, all stages of decapod crustacean Larvae,
and newly-hatched fish larvae), quite efficiently. Construction details are presented.
INDEX TERMS: Plankton, Plankton nets, Sampling, Equipment, Crustaceans, Copepods,
Amphipoda, Larvae, Scuba diving, Fish, Construction, Design, Arthropods,
Decapods.
AMIC-3U2O
'ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE AMD FUHCTIOH. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTY-FIRST ANNUAL BIOLOGY
COLLOQUIUM", Wlens, J. A., Oregon State University Press, Corvelis, Oregon, pp 9-176.
The proceedings of the thirty-first annual biology colloquium Included
papers on the following topics: 'Ecosystem Theory in Relation to Man', 'Nutrient
Cycling In Ecosystems', 'Energy Flux in Ecosystems', 'Patterns of Production in
Marine Ecosystems', 'Measurement of Structure In Animal Communities', and 'Evolution
of Natural Communities'.
INDEX TERMS: Environmental effects, Ecological distribution, Ecosystems, Balance
of Nature, Nutrients, Adaptation.
AMIC-33U6
"MICROBIAL CRITERIA Of ENVIRONMENT QUALITIES", FJerdlngstad, E., Annual Review of
Microbiology, Vo. 25, 1971, pp 563-502.
The sources and mechanisms of eutrophication are discussed briefly and
the results of eutrophication are reviewed. The remainder of the paper reviews,
evaluates, and criticizes various biotests designed to measure primary productivity,
eutrophication, and pollution. This includes a review of the author's work on a
aaprobic system of assessing pollution In which he has divided relevant species into
four groups, built a system of communities consisting of nine zones and subzones, and
subsequently evaluated the saprobic valence of 182 phytomicro-organisms.
INDEX TERMS: Eutrophication, Reviews, Bloassay, Bioindicators, Pollutant identifica-
tion, Water pollution effects, Chrysophyta, Biological communities, Protozoa,
Invertebrates, Rotifers, Annelids, Crustaceans, Freshwater fish, Rhodophyta,
Bacteria, Mollusks, Aquatic algae, Aquatic Insects, Primary productivity,
Metabolism, Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, Photosynthesis, Biomass, Water analysis,
Water quality, Water pollution sources, Path of pollutants, Zooplankton,
Saprobien system, Macroinvertebrates, Flatworms.
AMIC-356U
"TESTS TOR DETECTING AND MEASURING LONG-TERM TOXICITY", Hayes, W. J., Jr., In:
In Toxicology. Volume 3, Academic Press, Sew York, 1972. pp 65-77.
Essays
A series of essays in toxicology covers the topics: 'The Vital Sacs:
Alveolar Clearance Mechanisms in Inhalation Toxicology'; "The Effect of Physical
Environmental Factors on Drug Response1; 'Tests for Detecting and Measuring Long-Term
Toxlcity1; "Molecular Aspects of Toxicants'. These essays are written by experts in
an attempt to supply up-to-date yet uncomplicated approaches to available information.
INDEX TERMS: Toxlcity, Pollutant identification, Pesticides, Water pollution sources,
Measurement, Lead, Alcohols, DDT, Methodology, Mathematical models, Dieldrln,
Paraquat, Sodium chloride, Algae, Plankton, Snails, Freshwater, Chlorinated
hydrocarbon pesticides, Poisons, Organophosphorus pesticides, Toxicology,
Chroniclty factor, Concentration index, Methylcholanthrene, Warfarin,
Trlorthocresyl phosphate, 125 6-DIbenzanthracene, 3 ^-Benzpyrene, Metepa,
Apholate, Mirex, Atropine, Benzylpeniclllin, Caffeine, Dlchlorvos, Parathion,
Azlnphos-methyl, EPN, Potassium cyanide, Lethal limit.
23
-------
2. BIOLOOICAI, MCTHODS
AMIC-3609 ~ '
"SIGNIFICANCE TO EUTROPHICATION OF SPATIAL DIFFERENCES IN NUTRIENTS AND DIATOKB
IN LAKE MICHIGAN", Holland, R. E., Beeton, A. M., Limnology and Oceanography.
Vol. 17, No. 1, January 1972, pp 88-96.
Mater samples were taken from a water-cooling Intake at a depth of about
k m from a railroad ferry between Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Ludington, Michigan,
27 May 1970 - 6 January 1971, to determine inshore-offshore differences in species
and abundance of diatoms, and concentrations of phosphorus, silica, nitrate, and
pigments. The various nutrients and pigments were determined, and the diatoms
identified by previously described methods. Inshore waters (within 16 tan of shore)
had greater diatom populations, different species composition within the diatom
communities, and different concentrations of major nutrients and pigments than
offshore waters (greater than or equal to 16 km from shore). Results Indicate that
data from water intakes which have been used In the past to document changes in
the lake may have represented only local conditions.
INDEX TERMS: Sampling, Nutrients, Diatoms, Lake Michigan, Eutrophication, Spatial
distribution, Phosphorus, Nitrates, Silica, Path of pollutants, Chlorophyll a,
Chlorophyll c, Carotenolds.
"NORTH CAROLINA MARINE ALGAE. I. THREE NEW SPECIES FROM THE CONTINENTAt SHELF"
Searlee, R. B. , Fhycologia. Vol. 11, No. 1, March 1972, pp 19-21*.
Three new species of marine algae were Identified from collections mde
from the B/V Eastward using a Cerame Vivas rock dredge or a Cape Town dredge in
Onslow Bay, North Carolina. Whole plants which had been preserved in fomalln
seawater were photographed while Immersed In water. Fed algae were stained with
aqueous aniline blue dye for microscopic study; drawings and photographs of them
emphasize cytoplasmic boundaries rather than cell walls. Drawings were made with
the aid of a camera luclda. The three species were: one green alga, Codium
carollnlanum sp. nov. of the Codiales, and two red algae, Trematocarpus papenfussil
sp. nov. of the Gigartinales and Gloipderma atlantlca sp. nov. of the Rhodymeniales.
The genus Gloloderma has not previously been reported from the Atlantic Ocean. All
three plants grow offshore on the North Carolina continental shelf.
INDEX TERMS: Distribution patterns, Chlorophyta, Marine algae, Rhodophyta,
Systematics, Photography, Sea water, North Carolina, Microscopy, Atlantic
Ocean, Trenatoearpus papenfussii, Gloioderma atlantica, CodiuiB carolinianum,
Onslow Bay.
AMIC-3615
"A GLIDING-CHAMBER FHYTOPLANKTON SETTLING TECHNIQUE FOR MAKING PERMANENT QUANTITATIVE
SLIDES WITH APPLICATIONS IN FLUORESCENT MICROSCOPY AND AUTORADICGRAFHY", Coulon, C.,
Alexander, V., Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 17, No. 1, January 1972, pp 1U9-15S.
A system has been devised for preparing permanent quantitative phytoplankton
slides using sedimentation techniques. These slides can then be used with a conven-
tional microscope. A three-part settling chamber allows separation of the supernatant
from the settled material. Water-soluble mounting medium added to the sample before
settling prevents desiccation and distortion of the organisms. The pigment-preserving
and mounting-medium qualities of glutaraldehyde combined with this method have
applications In plankton counting and autoradiographjr. (Reprinted from Limnology and
Oceanography, Vol. 17, No. 1, January 1972, pp 1^9-152. Copyright 1972 by the
American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc. Reprinted by permission of the
copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Phytoplankton, Laboratory equipment, Sedimentation, Methodology,
Pollutant Identification, Protozoa, Chrysophyta, Chlorophyta, Aquatic algae,
Marine algae, Sessile algae, Fluorescent microscopy, Autoradlography, Sample
preparation, Glutaraldehyde, Counting, Sample preservation, Flagellates,
Rhodomonas, Ikroavlch Lake, Utermohl method.
AMIC-3661*
"TOXICm OF COMBINED CHLORINE RESIDUALS TO FRESHWATER FISH", Zilllch, J. A.,
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. UU, NO. 2, February 1972,
pp 212-220.
A discussion is presented of recent studies conducted by the Michigan Water
Resources Commission along with a summary of other work concerned with the toxicity of
combined chlorine residuals to freshwater fish. When uastewater effluents are
chlorinated to destroy inherent pathogenic organisms, the chlorine combines with a
number of materials, especially ammonia, to form extremely toxic compounds. Laboratory
studies demonstrated that exceedingly small amounts of chlorine (less than that
required to obtain any measurable residual chlorine) added to nontoxic effluents con-
taining thlocyanate produce a. very toxic solution. It appears that cyanogen chloride
is the toxicant formed, and the threshold concentration of this compound has been
reported as 0.08 mg/1 for rainbow trout. Laboratory studies have shown that chloramine
concentrations of a few tenths of a rag/1 are lethal to warm water fish such as sunfIsh,
bullheads and minnows, while 0.06-0.08 mg/1 are lethal to trout; chloramine concentra-
tions of 0.085 mg/1 nearly eliminate spawning of the futhead minnow and 0.01*3 mg/1
significantly reduces reproduction. It has been proven under laboratory and field
conditions that the addition of thlosulfate to toxic chlorinated compounds rendered
them nontoxic. Because the maximum safe concentration of chloramines seems to be very
low, the ultimate Impact of these compounds will be determined by their stability,
which is a topic for current investigations.
INDEX TERMS: Freshwater fish, Toxicity, Waste treatment, W^ter pollution sources,
On-site tests, Chemical reactions, Animal physiology, Effluents, Waste water
(pollution), Chlorine residuals, Chloramines, Lethal llinit.
-------
2. BIO1OQICAI. MBTHCPS
AMIC-3672
"RESISTANCE TO DDT OF A FRESHWATER AICA", Egloff, D. A., Partridge, R., The Ohio
Journal of Science. Vol. 72, Ho. 1, January 6, 1972, pp 6-10. ~~~~~~~
Laboratory cultures of a freshwater alga (Chlamydomonas reinhardtll)
were exposed to DDT (100 - 1,000 ppb) for 16-96 hours at 1H - 22 C in an
inorganic basal medium with and without acetate to determine its effects on
growth photosynthesis, respiration, and chlorophyll concentration. Experimental
data showed that the amount of chlorophyll, oxygen evolution In the light,
and oxygen uptake in the dark were unaffected by exposure to DDT. Growth
rate and final cell density were identical in control and experimental cultures
exposed to 1000 ppb DDT in the growth medium for nine days at 22 C.
INDEX TERMS: DDT, Resistance, Plant physiology, Cultures, Photosynthesis,
Aquatic algae, Chlorophyll, Oxygen, Respiration, Chlorinated hydrocarbon
pesticides, Growth rates, Environmental effects, Phytoplankton, Chlamydomonas,
Chlorophyta, Water pollution effects, Absorption, Pesticide toxiclty,
Laboratory tests, Chlamydomonas relnhardtii, Culture media, Chlorinated
hydrocarbons.
AMXC-3678 (Continued)
especclally In the megalppal stage.
tratea ml rex more efficiently during development to crab stages than
Rhlthropanopeua.
a/a
Residue analysis revealed that Menippe
i doea
INDEX TERMS: Water pollution effects, Crabs, Pesticide toxiclty, Shellfish,
Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Pesticide residues, Bloassay, Lethal
limit, larval growth stage, Immature growth stage, Mlrex, Mlnippe mercenarla,
Electron capture gas chromatogrmphy, Macrolnvertebrates, Chi-square test,
Recovery.
AMIC-3678
"EFFECTS OF MIREX OH THE LAKVAL DEVELOPMENT OF TWO CRABS", Bookhout, C. G., Wilson,
A. J., Jr., Duke, T. W., Lowe, J. I., Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. Vol. 1, No. 2,
April 1972, pp 165-180.
Since the optimal rearing conditions were known, the mud crab, (Rhlthropano-
peua harrisii) and the stone crab (Menippe mercanarla) were used to determine whether
the earliest stages in the life cycle of crabs are more sensitive to the insecticide
mirex than the smallest Juvenile blue crabs. The major objectives of the investigation
were to determine: (a) the effects of different concentrations of mirex on the dura-
tion and survival of developmental stages from the first zoea to the first crab stage;
(b) the comparative effects of mirex on development; and (c) mirex residues in the
developmental crab stages reared in different concentrations of mirex. Ten larvae of
each species were subjected to 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 ppb mirex and examined. A Chl-
square test was used to determine whether a difference existed between survival of
larvae in control and experimental groups. Crabs at different developmental stages
were macerated and extracted sequentially with acetonitrile and hexane followed by
chromatographic analysis to determine quantities of mirex present. It was found that
the duration of developmental stages of Rhithropanopeus and the total time of develop-
ment was generally lengthened with an increase in concentration of mirex from 0.01 to
10.0 ppb. There were highly significant differences between survival of larvae in the
control and in each concentration of mirex. In Menippe, there were no pronounced dif-
ferences in duration of developmental stages with increased concentrations of mirex, but
the percentage of extra 6th zoeae was greater as concentrations were increased. There
vas differential survival of the developmental stages in relation to concentration of
mirex, and Menippe larvae were much more sensitive to mirex than Rhithropanopeus larvae,
25
AMC-3963
"OCCURRENCE OF BLECTRA CRUSTULENTA (BRYOZQA) in RELATION TO LIGHT", Sllen, L.,
Jansson, B-0., Olkos, Vol. 23, No. 1, 1972, pp 59-62.
Experiments were preformed to relate the occurrence of new bryozoan
(Electra crustulenta) colonies and the reactions of larvae to light. To test the
effects of light on brymzoan colonies, various settling experiments were carried
out at different times of the year by allowing the invertebrates to settle on a
substrate having both an illuminated and shadowed surface. A black polyethene
tube was used as a substrate for these sessile organisms, since illuminated organisms
living on the tube's surface could be directly compared to organisms on a permanently
shadowed interior. Photic responses of larvae, in different stages of development,
were examined by placing the bryozoans In sea water (15 degrees C) and exposing
them to light. Results showed that bryozoans were able to grow on either light or
dark surfaces; however, larvae showed a weak preference for dark surfaces. Direct
illumination of larvae appeared to have no effect. Conversely, light could indirectly
affect the settling of bryozoan larvae or the growth of colonies by resulting in
algal growth which ia inhibitory to the bryazoans.
INDEX TERMS: Light, Growth rates, Environmental effects, Larvae, On-site tests,
Invertebrates, Water pollution effects, Ecolopjr, Gea water, Laboratory equipment,
Inhibition, Ecological distribution, Marine algae, Marine animals, Electra
crustulenta, Bryozoa.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
f AMIC-3955
•nROWlH AMD FHOSFHA1E REQUIREMENTS OF HITZSCHIA ACTIHASTROIPES (LEMM. ) V. GOOR IH
BATCH AITO CHEMDSTAT CULTURE UWDER PHOSPHATE LIMTATIOH", Miller, V. H. , Arehlv fur
Hydroblologie. Vol. 38, No. k, torch 1972, pp 399-48U.
The construction of a chemoetat with a capacity of S or U 1 is described.
It was ueed to determine growth responses of the planktonic freshwater diatom Hltzachla
actlnastroldes (Lemm.) v. Goor to limiting concentrations of orthophosphate. TEe
maximal specific growth-rate was calculated from the data obtained in the chemootat
at 23 C with continuous Illumination. It is 0.087 /hr and agrees well with the figure
of 0.083 /hr obtained in batch cultures without substrate limitation. Monod's equation
describes the correlation between growth rate and substrate concentration of phosphorus
P sub 1 at medium and high growth-rates. The saturation constant lies between O.Uo and
O.Wi microgram/l P sub 1. At medium growth-rates, the growth-limiting factor is the
rate of P uptake, as is indicated by comparing uptake rates with the kinetics of P
uptake In P-starved cells. The discrepancies observed at low growth rates are charac-
terized by increasing P sub 1, high death rates, and high fractions of teratological
cells. This indicates the appearance of factors other than phosphorus limiting growth.
Threshold values of the dilution rate exist, below which the culture is washed out.
They vary with conditions In the chemostat. The contents in P and chlorophyll a of
cells with P-llmited growth are directly proportional to P sub 1. P-storage in~the
cells occurs if growth Is limited by factors other than P (e. g. COS). Therefore the
yield coefficient is constant only if referred to the chlorophyll a produced. Referred
to other reference figures, It decreases with increasing growth rate and P-atorage.
The N-content of the cells increases with increasing growth rate and increasing
AMic-3967
•DISTRIBUTIOH AMD ECOLOGY OF CERATIUM EGTPTIACUM HALIM AHD ITS VALIDITY AS INDICATOR
OP THE CURRENT REOINE IH TOE SUEZ CANAL", Dowidar, N. M., Internationale Revue der
Gesamten Hydrobiologle. Vol. 56, Ho. 6, 1971, pp 957-966.
Ceratlum egyptlacum, an erythraean dlnoflagellate species, was recorded for
the first tine from the Mediterranean waters in 1966. The species is Indigenous and
perennial to the Red Sea and the southern part of the Suez Canal. Ecologically the
species proved to be a strictly neritlc surface water form avoiding the oceanic and
deep waters. It is also highly tolerant; its salinity and temperature ranges recorded
in this investigation are respectively 3.3-^.7 percent and lU.2 C - 33 C. The
occurrence of the species in the Mediterranean waters suggests a recent immigration to
that sea through the Suez Canal and provides a good example Tor studying the current
regime in the Canal, particularly after the construction of the Aswan High Dam, The
distribution of the species in the Mediterranean Is detailed in the text, and It showed
that the current in the canal is northward throughout the whole year and is not reverse^
in August and September as was previously normal. The Importance of the Suez Canal as
a biological link between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, the migration of Red Sea
plankton organisms through the canal and the future prospects of the new conditions
are discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Bloindlcators, Ecological distribution, Currents (water), Dinoflagellates,
Ecology, Distribution patterns, Marine animals, Salinity, Sampling, Sea water,
Bodies of water, Pyrrpphyta, Protozoa, Marine algae, Zooplankton, Phytoplankton,
Ceratium egyptiacum, Suez canal, Flagellates, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea,
Drift organisms.
AMIC-3965 (Continued)
2/2
storage of P. The Si-content of the cells is not Influenced by these factors.
The reliability of the results and their transferability to natural conditions are
discussed.
INDEX TEFME: Nutrient requirements, Limiting factors, Phosphates, Diatoms, Pollutant
Identification, Growth rates, Deficient elements, Water pollution effects,
NTtzschia actlnastroides, Batch cultures, Chemostats, Orthophosphates.
AMIC-3970
"PHYSICAL LIMNOLOGY, CHEMISTRY AND PLANT PRODUCTIVITY OF A TAIGA LAKE", Alexander,
V., Barsdate, R. J., Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologle, Vol. 56, No. 6,
1971, PP 825-872.
A comprehensive limnological study of an Interior Alaskan lake, Smith
Lake, is reported. Physical and chemical measures included temperature, light
intensity, pH, alkalinity, color, chlorophyll, particulate matter, major cations,
nutrients, and trace metals. Both water and sediment samples were analyzed. The
primary productivity of phytoplankton, epiphytes, and macrophytes was studied. The
carbon-lU method was used to measure photosynthetic carbon fixation of phytoplankton.
Nutrient levels in Smith Lake appear to be biologically determined with high levels
occurring through regeneration after the production period and becoming low during
the summer. Nitrogen compounds vary predictably, and the high organic acid content
of the lake has a marked affect on transition metal chemistry. There is a clear
succession of algal blooms. Light is an important factor in the primary productivity
of the lake since light is very low for 6 months of the year beginning In October.
As light conditions become more favorable in spring, about one-fourth of the annual
phytoplankton productivity occurs under the ice.
INDEX TERMS: Lakes, Alaska, Limnology, Seasonal, Arctic, Sampling, Water quality,
Cations, Nutrients, Trace elements, Radioactivity techniques, Phytoplankton,
Heat budget, Primary productivity, Photosynthesis.
26
-------
a.
AKie-3973
"EFFECTS OF WARM WATER EFFLUENTS FROM POWER STATIONS ON MARINE LIFE", Barnntt,
P. R. O., Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Vol. 180, Ho. 1061,
March 21, 1972, PP *97-5°9.~~~
A 'brief review la given of recent work on the 'biological effects of
thermal pollution In the British Isles. Some of the effects of the Hunterston
Generating Station, Ayrshire, Scotland are briefly described. Experimental work
suggests that the plank tonic larvae of the locally abundant bivalve Telllna tenuis
are unlikely to be harmed by heating during passage through the cooling system.
On the other hand, growth of the gastropod Haasarlus retlculatus Is affected on
a beach near the outfall. Spawning times of this species are advanced by about 3
months compared with a locality not affected by warm water. Experiments also show
that hatching of Nassarlus egg capsules is more rapid at higher temperatures. Some
possible Implications of thermal pollution are discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Effluents, Power plants, Thermal pollution, Aquatic life, Water
pollution effects, Animal physiology, Marine animals, Water temperature, Larvae,
Growth stages, Chlorine, Shellfish, Gastropods, Clams, Sampling, Snails,
Pollutant Identification, Heated water, Outlets, Mollusks, Spawning, Mortality,
Growth rates, Telllna tenlus, Nassarlus retlculatus. Eggs.
AMXC-UO07
"MARSH PRODUCTIOH: A SUMMARY OF THE LITERATURE",
tfarine Science. Vol. Ifi, March 1972, PP 163-181.
Keefe, C. W., Contributions In
Studies of primary production In both salt and freshwater marshes are
reviewed. Methods are discussed for measuring production which rely primarily on
the aerial portions of the plant since root material is difficult to sample. One
method is to clip aerials in a unit area selected at random from a larger area and
to separate living and dead components. The total of the weight increases in
material provides a measure of production. In a second method, only living material
is clipped and the weight of an average mature leaf Is determined. Production Is
calculated from the weight of material present plus material estimated to have been
removed before harvest. Several reasons for the high productivity of marsh
comnunltles as compared to terrestrial communities are discussed. It is concluded
that the relative contributions of primary producers to the food supply may affect
the populations of consumers and the energy flow patterns of the entire ecosystem.
INDEX TERMS: Primary productivity, Freshwater, Marshes, Saline water, Biomass,
Nutrients, Food webs, Detritus, Ecosystems, Energy budgets, Nutrients, Reviews,
Biological communities, Aquatic plants, Limiting factors. Booted aquatic plants,
Cycling nutrients, Respiration, Marsh plants, Chemical analysis, Leaves, Sampling.
AMIC-3975
"THE EFFECT OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT FROM PULP AND PAPER MILLS OH THE MARLNE BENTHIC
ENVIRONMEBT", Pearson, T. H., Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B,
Vol. 180, No. 1061, March 21, 1972, pp 1+69-US5.
The types of effluent discharged by wood-processing industries and their
effects on the benthlc environment are described. Estimates of the effects were
made by considering the total organic carbon values of sediment cores and the wet
weight biomass of the microfauna in 0.1-sqm grab samples. Samples were taken along
the west coast of Scotland, five times a year over a 7-year period beginning in
November, 1963, Z years before the first effluent discharge. At deep water stations
with soft mud sediments there was little change in carton values over the effluent
period. Increases up to 50 percent in TOC were recorded at shallow-water stations
adjacent to the effluent outfall, but the values remained well below those of
deep-mud stations. Total blomass of macrofauna increased In the 1966-1968 period,
decreased slightly in 1969, and increased again in 1970. The relative changes In
proportions ot annelids, roolluaks, echlnodenns, and crustaceans were also considered.
Comparisons of distributions to those of previous surveys in other marine areas showed
similar results.
INDEX TERMS: Pulp wastes, Water pollution effects, BenthiC fauna, Pulp and Paper
Industry, Effluents, Mollusks, Sediments, Annelids, Crustaceans, Bioindlcators,
Organic wastes, Water quality, Environmental effects, Organic loading,
Echinoderms, Characterization, Macroinvertebrates, Nemerteans, Slpuncullds.
AMIC-U009
"SIZE-BELATED METABOLIC RESPONSES OF THE PINFISH, LAGODON RHOMBOIDES, TO SALINITY
VARIATIONS AHD SUBLETHAL PETROCHEMICAL POLLUTION", Kloth, T. C., Wohlschlag, D. E.,
Contributions in ferine Science, Vol. 16, March 1972, PP 125-137-
A study was conducted to evaluate changes In the respiratory metabolism of
small (under 70 gm) and large plnfish over a range of salinities, and with or without
an added sublethal level of petrochemical effluent. The fish were taken from
20-35 ppt saline water and placed In water of SO ppt, 30-35 ppt, and U5 ppt salinity,
obtained by altering seawater. Experiments were conducted in continuously aerated,
U63-liter Insulated aquariums held at approximately 20 C. Respiratory metabolism
was determined in large swimming chambers by taking DO samples at 15 minute intervals
and using linear regression analysis to determine the rate of oxygen consumption.
Respiratory metabolism was not affected over the salnlty range, but sustained swiiiming
velocities were. Highest sustained swlmning velocities were at 20 ppt. The sustained
swimming velocities of large fish decreased more than those of the small fish.
Addition of sublethal levels of pollution depressed fish metabolism at salinities of
20 and 32 ppt, but elevated metabolism at 1+5 ppt for large fish.
INDEX IERMS: Salinity, Respiration, Metabolism, Oil, Oil wastes, Regression analysis,
Dissolved oxygen, Oil pollution, Fish physiology, Toxiclty, Environmental effects,
Lethal limit, Water pollution effects, Marine fiah, Salt tolerance, Fish,
Statistical methods, Lagodon rhomboides, Petrochemicals, Pinflsh.
-------
2. BioiaoicAi. MSTHCPS
AMTCJUO7O
"BENTHIC SUBSTRATES: THEIR EFFECT OK FRESHJfAlER M3LLUSCA ", Barman, W. W., Ecology.
Vol. 53, No. 2, Early Spring 1972, PP 271-277.
Mollusks have been collected from various locations (ditches, swamps,
rivers, lakes, etc) In centra.! New York State since 1966 to determine habitat
preferences of the various species. Mollusk pattern distributions were observed In
Lakes Ekaneateles, Otsego, and Oneida. The mollusks were collected by sieve or
by hand, and the chemical and physical data recorded for each site. The data
Indicated that under normal conditions the occurrence and distribution of mollusks
within freshwater habitats was primarily determined by the substrate types and
patterns In those biotopes; species diversity was correlated with substrate
diversity (r equals 0.79) and plotted for 3U8 areas. Chemical stresses and blotlc
interactions often act in a negative manner, reducing species diversity within
these ecosystems.
INDEX TERMS: Ecological distribution, Mollusks, Environmental effects, Clams, Lakes,
Chemical properties, Physical properties, Silts, Lake sediments, Gravels,
Detritus, Distribution patterns, Aquatic soils, Decaying organic matter,
Gastropods, Substrates, Species diversity.
AKIC-5208
"EEXEKMIlUmaR OF IBS TQXICITf OF POLLUTED FRESH WATERS IM FESffiCT TO CERTAUt
HYDROBIOHTS", Lebedeva, G. D., Moscow State University, Moscow, USSR, In: Voprosy
Vodnol Tokalkologll, Publisher 'Nauka' Moscow, 1970, pp 57-61. BTIS Report Bo.
PB 208 083.
xue I*UUC.LU ex.ic(;i«G ux ratu.ueLci*.Lve exeinexibs were measured ex]
on typical freshwater hydroblonts: yearling carp (Cyprlnus carplo). <
(Daphnla magna), duckweed (Lemna minor), elodea (Elodea canadensis), i
The toxic effects of radioactive elements were measured experimentally
daphnla
,and the
protocoooaL alga Scenedesmus quadrieauda. Long-lived emitter chlorides of Sr,
Cs, Ce were utilized as radio elements, along with the short-lived element
phosphorus as its P-32 sodium biphosphate salt. The percentage of accumulation
after 30 days and the time of limit-accumulation (months) for each radiolsotope
were measured particularly in the carp yearling. It appeared that younger
individuals accumulate greater quantities of radioisotope than older individuals.
Plants which accumulate Sr-90 most Intensively prove to be less sensitive
to water pollution by this element. Conversely, daphnia was most sensitive.
In pollution of freshwaters with labelled substances, reproduction and fecundity
should be considered the most sensitive criteria for the measurement of the toxlcity
for animals. These findings suggest application of these organisms as biolndlcators
in radioactivity contaminated waters.
INDEX TERMS: Toxicity, Radlolsotopes, Water pollution effects, Aquatic life,
Blolndicatora, Freshwater fish, Aquatic animals, Aquatic algae, Sr-90,
Sr-69, Cs-137, Ce.lUl, P-32.
"SUBLITTORAL ECOLOGY OF THE KELP BEDS OFF DEL MONTE BEACH, MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA",
Minter, C. S., III., Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, Master's
Thesis, September 1971, 181 pp. KTIS Report No. AD 738 875.
In order to assess the ecological"effects of wave barriers in Monterey
Harbor, an overall study of the irea was conducted. This part of the study dealt
with the Identification of macroscopic organisms existing in the kelp beds off Del
Monte Beach and the mapping and counting of benthic plants and animals living
within two carefully selected and permanently marked stations on shale substrate.
These specimens were collected by SCUBA divers, and more than 160 species were found
to exist. Collection methods and techniques utilized by divers were documented and
numerous underwater photographs were taken. The permanently marked areas were found
to be of generally similar biological population but of markedly different species
distribution and relative abundance.
INDEX TERMS: Kelpa, Ecological distribution, Marine animals, Systematlcs, Ecology,
Marine algae, Annelids, Mollusks, Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta, Photography, Scuba
diving, Sea water, Sampling, Environmental effects, Marine fish, Periphyton,
On-site data collections, Coelenterates, Arthropods, Hemerteans, Echinoderms,
Sipunculids, Bryozoa, Intoprocta, Tunicates, Sponges, Vertebrates, Macrolnverte-
brates, Species diversity.
AMTC-5211
"THE MOVEMENT OF TRITIUM IN ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS", Koranda, J. J., Martin, J. R.,
California University, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, California,
Report No. CONF-710809-10, August 2k, 1971, 56 pp. NTIS Report No. UCRL 73178.
Literature was reviewed and analyzed on the fate mnd effects of tritium in
the environment. The following summary statements concerning the movement of tritium
in ecological systems were made: (l) The behavior of tritium in soil systems exhibits
a rapid, initial loss with the remaining activity decaying with intermediate to long
half-times; the half-time of tritium in the soil system will determine the effect of
the exposure on the rest of the ecological system. (2) The behavior of tritium in
plants is similar for vapor or liquid exposures with a large fraction of the deposited
activity being lost In a short-lived component of the half-life decay. A larger
fraction of the remaining activity after the initial, rapid decay may be organically
bound In plants exposed to liquid THO. (3) The behavior of tritium in ecological
systems will vary with the flux of water through the system and the rate of biosynthesis.
Half-times in agricultural systems will be short but higher rates of incorporation will
occur. CO The behavior of tritium In aquatic ecosystems produces a rapid equilibration
between the medium and tissue-water of the organisms; incorporation of tritium into
aquatic food chains will occur on a limited basis from exchange mechanisms alone, and
then be dependent upon the characteristics of the food chain and the efficiency of
the primary blomass-producing organisms.
INDEX TERMS: Tritium, Movement, Methodology, Ecosystems, Pollutant identification,
Water pollution sources, Path of pollutants, Aquatic plants, Aquatic animals.
Fate of pollutants.
28
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AMIC-521S
"TRITIATION OF AQUATIC ANIMALS I» AB EXPERIMINTAL FRESHWATER POOL", Harrison, F. L. ,
Koranda, J. J., California University, Radiation Laboratory, Liver-more, California,
Report No. CONF-71O501-UO, August 3, 1971, 35 pp. MTIS Report Bo. UCRL 72930.
The transfer of tritium from trltlated water to representative aquatic
organism* Including clams, crayfish, and goldfish aa well as cattails and filamentous
algae was studied in a freshwater ecosystem. Organisms were maintained in a 2000-
gnllon pool to which was added an initial concentration of 1.6 million dis/mln/g H and
then tritium concentrations In pool water, tissue water, and tissue were determined.
Tritium in free tissue water was removed from samples for counting by lyophlllzatlon
or vacuum distillation, and the resultant tissues were ground for tritium analysis.
Tritium was determined over an 8-month period in the water pool and in the organisms
(both bound and free H-3). During the experimental period the pool water decreased to
32 million dis/min/g H due to the replacement of evaporated water with nontrltiated
water. In the tissue water of the biota, tritium increased rapidly to 95 percent of
the level in the pool water and remained at about that level for the duration of the
experiment. The organically bound tritium was higher in concentration in the photo-
synthetic organisms than in the animals and was higher in algae than In cattails. In
the animals, the organically bound tritium was highest in concentration In the visceral
organs (about 60 percent of tissue wtiter) and lowest in the calcified tissues. However,
no adverse effects of II-3 were observed in these animals.
INDEX TERMS: Tritium, Aquatic animals, Radiocheailcal analysis, Ecology, Ecosystems,
Water pollution effects, Freshwater fish, Aquatic algae, Plant tissues, Path of
pollutants, Biological samples, Sample preparation.
AraC-5212
"TRITIATIOH OF AQUATIC AHIMALS IH AH EXPERIMENTAL FRESHWATER POOL", Harrison, F. L.,
Kbranda, J. J., California University, Radiation Laboratory, Llvermore, California,
Report Ho. CONF-710501-UO, August 3, 1971, 35 PP. MTIS Report No. UCRL 72930.
The transfer of tritium from trltlated water to representative aquatic
orpailaae including clams, crayfish, and goldfish as well as cattails and
filamentous algae was studied in a freshwater ecosystem. Organisms were maintained in
a 2000-gallon pool to which was added an initial concentration of 1.6 million dis/mln/g
H and then tritium concentration* in pool water, tissue water, and tissue were deter-
mined. Tritium in free tissue water was removed from samples for counting by
lyophlllaation or vacuum distillation, and the resultant tissues were ground for
tritium analysis. Tritium was determined over an 8-month period in the water pool
and in the organisms (both bound and free H-3). During the experimental period the
pool vater decreased to 32 million dls/min/g H due to the replacement of evaporated
water with nontritiated water. In the tissue water of the biota, tritium increased
rapidly to 95 percent of the level tn the pool water and remained at about that level
for the duration of the experiment. The organically bound tritium was higher in
concentration In the photosynthetlc organisms than in the animals and was higher in
algae than In cattails. In the animals, the organically bound tritium was highest in
concentration in the visceral organs (about 60 percent of tissue water) and lowest in
the calcified tissues. However, no adverse effects of H-3 were observed in these
animals.
INDEX TERMS: Tritium, Aquatic animals, Radlochemical analysis, Ecology, Ecosystems,
Water pollution effects, Freshwater fish, Aquatic algae, Plant tissues, Path of
Pollutants, Biological samples, Sample preparation.
AMIC-5220
I "THE EFFECTS OF WASTE DISPOSAL IN THE NEW YORK BIGHT. FINAL REPORT. SECTION Zt
BENTHIC STUDIES", National Wirlne Fisheries Service, Sandy Hook Sports fisheries Marine
| Laboratory, Highlands, New Jersey, Final Report, February 1972, 277 pp. NTIG Report
No. AD 739 532.
| An investigation of the New York Bight was undertaken to determine the
distribution of micro- and macrofauna and to examine the effects of sewage sludge on
; their habitation. Samples were taken by i scries of benthic grab, core, dredge,
and trawl collections and examined particularly for commercially valuable shellfish
such as the surl' clam (Spisula solidissima), the American lobster (Homarus
americanus), the crab (Cancer~erroratu3), and the ocean quahog (Arctlca islandlca),
and coliform bacteria. In order to assess the possible effects of pollutants
in sewage sludge on benthic resources, sediment samples were analyzed for heavy
metals (Hi, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry following
the acid extraction of metals. Routine analyses of surface and bottom waters for
dissolved oxygen were performed at selected stations to ascertain if the dumping
of large volumes of sludge and dredging spoils, known to be high in organic matter,
miRht affect the amounts of dissolved oxygen In the water over benthic populations.
The data collected indicate that the benthic or bottom-dwelling organisms have been
effected by the disposal of dredging spoils and sewage sludge in the Bight. Sludges
and spoils cover an area of over 20 square miles. The presence of these wastes and
their toxic components have significantly reduced the standing crops, or biomass,
| and diversity of marine benthic communities. The distribution of coliform bacteria
in sediments follows the same patterns of distribution as the heavy metals. Dense
populations of bacteria were observed at stations inside the sludge and spoils beds
29
AMIC-5220
"THE EFFECTS OF WASTE DISPOSAL IN THE NEW YORK BIGHT", National Nhrine Fisheries
Service, Sandy Hook Laboratory, Highlands, New Jersey, Final Report, February 1972,
277 PP. NTIS Report No. AD 739 532.
An investigation of the New York Bight was undertaken to determine the
distribution of micro- and macrofauna and to examine the effects of sewage sludge on
their habitation. Samples were taken by a series of benthic grab, core, dredge, and
trawl collections and examined particularly for commercially valuable shellfish ouch
as the surf clam (Spiaula solidiaslma), the American lobster (Homarus amerlcanus), the
crab (Cancer erroratus), and the ocean quahog (Arctics, islandicaj, and coliform bacteria.
In order to assess the possible effects of pollutants in sewage sludge on benthic
resources, sediment samples were analyzed for heavy metals (Ni, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn) by
atomic absorption spectrophotometry following the acid extraction of metals. Routine
analyses of surface and bottom waters for dissolved oxygen were performed at selected
stations to ascertain if the dumping of large volumes of sludge and dredging spoils,
known to be high in organic matter, might affect the amounts of dissolved oxygen in the
water over benthic populations. The data collected Indicate that the benthic or bottom-
dwelling organisms have been effected by the disposal of dredging spoils ind sewage
sludge in the Bight. Sludges and spoils cover an area of over 20 square miles. The
presence of these wastes and their toxic components have significantly reduced the
standing crops, or biomass, and diversity of marine benthic communities. The distribu-
tion of coliform bacteria in sediments follows the same patterns of distribution as the
heavy metals. Dense populations of bacteria were observed at stations inside the sludge
and spoils beds with elevated, but decreasing, populations to the north and south of the
disposal area. (See also: AMIC 5219, 5221-5221*)
-------
8. BIOIOOICAI. MCCHCPB
AMIC-5220 (Continued)
with elevated, but decreasing, populations to
area. (See also: AMIC-5219, 5221-522U)
2/2
the north and south of the disposal
AMIC-5221 (Continued) 2/2
INDEX TEIWS: Waste disposal, Water pollution effects, Zooplankton. Copepods,
Acids, Chemical wastes, Crustaceans, Heavy metals, Drifting (aquatic), Sewage
sludge, Blolndicators, Larvae, Biochemical oxygen demand, Dissolved oxygen,
INDEX TERMS: Marine animals, Water pollution effects, Standing crops, Blomass,
Ecological distribution, Spatial distribution, Waste disposal, Sediments,
Heavy metals, Benthic fauna, Sampling, Sewage sludge, Organic matter,
Chemical analysis, Species diversity, Macroinvertebrates.
Industrial wastes, Systemtics, Ecological distribution, Seasonal, Annelids,
Molluaks, Marine animals, Animal pathology, Mortality, New York Bight,
ChaetognathlB, Macroinvertebrates, Phoronids, Bryozoa, Echinoderms, Tunicates,
Coelenterates.
AMIC-5221
"THE EFFECTS OF WASTE DISPOSAL IN THE NEW YORK BIGHT. SECTION 3: ZOOPLANKTON
STUDIES", National Marine Fisheries Service, Sandy Hook Sports Fisheries Marine
Laboratory, Highlands, New Jersey, Final Report, February 1972, 115 pp. NTIS
Report No. AD 739 533.
A comparative zooplankton study was undertaken as part of a raulti-
dlscipllnary study of the effects of offshore waste disposal on the waters of
the New York Bight. The emphasis has been plnced on copepods because they
occur In this are-i the year round and are usually the principal constituent
of zooplankton. Camples were collected by net towing (0.5m diameter. Ho. 8 meoh)
at surface, mid-, and bottom depths at 15 stations and preserved in U percent buf-
fered formaldehyde. Laboratory counts were made by diluting the samples to a known
volume, mixing until a uniform suspension occurred, and then removing 1 ml
aubsamples until at least 300 copepods were tallied and Identified. Settled and
displacement volumes were measured; organisms greater than 15 mm in diameter were
not included in the displacement volume. In conjunction with the zooplankton
samples, total Iron, nitrate and three kinds of phosphates were measured to trace
movements of sewage sludge and industrial acid wastes. Of the samples collected
(January 1969 - April 1970), the average number of copepods per cubic meter ranged
from 700 to Ul,000 and was within the range reported In other middle Atlantic
Coastal waters. Statistical analyses of the samples showed a vertical distribution
pattern for the organisms. The displacement volumes of sewage, trace amounts
to 9.3 ml/cu m, apparently had no short term effects on the number of organisms
found; however, most were Killed in acid water of concentrations 1 - 1000 or
greater. (See also! AMIC 5219-5220, 5222-522U)
AMIC-5222
"THE EFFECTS OF WASTE DISPOSAL IN THE NEW YORK BIGHT. SECTION k. FINFISH STUDIES",
National Marine Fisheries Service, Sandy Hook Sports Fisheries Marine Laboratory,
Highlands, New Jersey, Final Report, February 1972, 2U pp. NTIS Report No. AD 739 53
A study of the New York Bight was undertaken to determine the effects
of sewage sludge on benthlc fishes. Several sampling stations were selected for
comparability of depth to Station 70, the designated sewage sludge disposal site.
Groundfish were collected at frequent Intervals in and beyond the area immediately
affected by the sludge using two otter trawls which were towed for 15 minutes at
3 knots. Captured fish were sorted to species, counted und a subsample measured for
total length. A sample of 10 to 20 yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruglnea), winter
flounderTPseudopleuronectes amerieanus), ling (Urophycis chuss), and whiting
(Merlucclus bilinearia), each were preserved for analysis of stomach contents.
Identifiable contents were enumerated by species whenever possible. Whole fish were
frozen and sent to several laboratories for analysis of heavy metals and pesticides.
Fish actively feed throughout the year In and around the area of sewage sludge
disposal as evidenced by the ingested carbon-rich aggregate particles, 'band-aids',
hair, and cigarette filters. Heavy metal analysis of fish collected in this area
showed elevated levels of Ni, Cr, and Pb; in several fish the levels exceeded the
standards of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (1968) designated as
normal for marine animals. (See also: AMIC 5219-5221, 5223-522U)
INDEX TERMS: Waste disposal, Water pollution effects, Heavy metels, Sewage sludge,
Benthic fauna, Zooplankton, Sampling, Distribution, patterns, Animal parasites,
Suspended solids, Marine fish, Fish diets, Animal pathology, Finfish, New York
Bight.
30
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8. BIOIOOICAI. METHODS
AMIC-523"*
"POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF AN OFFSHORE SUBMERGED NUCLEAR POWER PLANT,
VOLUME 1", Gneral Dynamics, Electric Boat Division, Oroton, Connecticut, Water
Pollution Control Research Series 16130 GFI 06/71, June 1971, 325 pp.
Potential environmental effects of wastes from an 1190-Mwe pressurized-water
nuclear power plant, submerged 250-ft deep at four representative sites off the U. S.
mainland, were studied. The thermal field of the plant's cooling water discharge, and
the distribution of radlonuclidea in the sea, were analyzed. In every case, the ther-
mal 'mixing zone' (by the most stringent present standards) was found to end before
either a surface or subsurface field was established, and to be much smaller than for
a plant in shallower waters. Fewer organisms would be killed by entralnment in the
cooling water th".n at a coastal plant. A 'batch' release of radionuclides, after the
worst hypothetical nuclear accident, would harm life, requiring suspension of local
fishing for about 10 weeks. No potential ecological damage was predictable from the
ordinary minute release of radionuclides, the thermal discharge, or other wastes.
INDEX TERMS: Environmental effects, Thermal pollution, Water pollution effects,
Nuclear wastes, Aquatic life, ^ea water, Mortality, Intertidal areas,
Phytoplankton, Benthic flora, Benthic fauna, Zooplankton, Marine fish, Marine
algae, Heat resistance, Lethal limit, Thermal stress, Radioactive waste disposal,
Invertebrates, Animal pathology. Animal physiology, Plant physiology, Plant
pathology, Pollutant identification, On-site tests, Thermal regime, Vertebrates.
AMIC-5355
"BIOLCOICAULY ACTIVE COMPOUSDS IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: TOE EFFECT OF DDE ON THE EGG
VIABILITY OF CHIROHOWS TENTANS", Derr, S. K., Zabik, M. J., Bulletin of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 7, No. 6, June 1972, pp Sob-Sob1. '
The effects of p,p'-DDE residues on egg viability of the aquatic
midge, Chlronomua tantana,were investigated under laboratory conditions.
Experimental cultures of midge eggs were incubated In U aquaria for 26-35 days.
Two of the aquaria contained 30 ppb DDE, with the other two serving as controls.
The adults emerging were collected separately and allowed to mate. The resultant egg
masses from these DDE exposed and control females were then Incorporated Into four
different experimental treatments: the result showed a significant reduction in the
number of £._ tentann adults emerging from aquaria that contained DDE contaminated egg
masses. However, the presence of 20 ppb p,p'-DDE in the water with control
(uncontaminated) eggs did not show a significant reduction in the number of adults
emerging. The combination of DDE treated water and DDE contaminated eggs also
demonstrated no significant difference from DDE contaminated eggs alone.
INDEX TERMS: DDE, Water pollution effects, Aquatic environment, Viability, Chlorinated
hydrocarbon pesticides, Freshwater, Midges, Dlptera, Laboratory equipment.
Animal physiology, Fecundity, Pesticide toxlclty, Aquatic Insects, Chironomus
tentans, Eggs, p p1 DDE.
AMIC-5235
"liADAL BOTTOM FAUNA OF THE WORLD OCEAN", Belynev, G. M., Izdatel'stvo 'Nauka',
Moskva, 1966, 199 pp.
Duta have been collected on the zoobenthos living in the very deep areas
of the world's oceans (6,000 - 11,000 meters). Such depths are associated mainly
with trenches which extend along island arcs and sometimes along continental coastlines
The organisms identified were bacteria, foraminifera, sponges, coelenterates, worms,
crustaceans and sea spiders, mollusks, echlnoderms, bryozoa, enteropneusta, pogonophora
and chordnta. .Specimens from these groups were collected by trawl, classified, and
their characteristics and collection sites recorded.
INDEX TERMS: Marine animals, Distribution patterns, Systematics, Oceans, Geographical
regions, Ecology, Benthic fauna, Marine biology, Oceanography, Trenches, Animal
groupings, Animal populations, Hydrostatic pressure. Marine bacteria, Ecological
distribution, Invertebrates, Hadal fauna, Ultraabyssal, Vertebrates, Species
diversity.
AMIC-5361
"METABOLIC TRANSFORMATION OF DDT, DIELDRIN, ALDRIN, AND ENDRIN BY MARINE MICRO-
ORGANISMS", Patil, K. C., Matsumura, F., Boush, G. M., Environmental Science and
Technology, Vol. 6, No. 7, July 1972, pp 629-632.
A study was made of the metabolism of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides in
seawater to determine their biodegradation in a marine environment. Samples of
seawater, bottom sediments, surface films, algae, and marine plankton collected In
Oahu, Hawaii were treated with radlolabeled insecticides at the collection site and
cultured for 30 days at 23 C in the laboratory. Microorganisms isolated from the
samples were monitored for metabolic activity along with laboratory cultures of
unicellular algae. These mlcrobial cultures were also labelled and kept for 30 days
in an Incubator at 30 C. Thin-layer chroraatographic techniques were used to Identify
metabolites after chloroform extraction of water samples. The most significant result
of the study was that the insecticides were not metabolized In plain seawater; even in
relatively polluted waters they were not degraded. Sea bottom sediments showed only
slight degradation activity. Most degradation activity was associated with biological
samples such as algae, plankton, and surface films. A number of microorganisms in
pure culture also showed metabolic activities with patterns similar to those observed
In field collected samples.
INDEX TERMS: Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Rea water, Metabolism, Biodegrada-
tion, Marine microorganisms, Mlcrobial degradation, DDT, Dleldrin, Aldrin,
Endrln, Marine algae, Bottom sediments, Plankton, Radioactivity techniques.
Monitoring, Surface waters. Persistence, Path of pollutants, Blotransforraation,
Biological samples, Fate of pollutants, Metabolites.
31
-------
BIOIOOICAI. METBDDB
A MIC-5 372
"EUTHROFHICATION OF CMALL RESERVOIRS IN THE GREAT PLAIMS", Hergenrader, 0, L.,
Hammer, M. J., Nebraska University, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1972, 26 pp. NTIS Report No.
PB 206 953.
Llmnologlcal studies of five reservoirs In the Salt Valley Watershed District
(eastern Nebraska) were Initiated to determine existing trophic conditions, estimate
eutrophication rates, If possible, by measuring changes in several parameters, Identify
sources of nutrient Inputs, and evaluate preventative and remedial measures. During
June, July, and August, each of the study reservoirs was sampled at weekly intervals;
one lake was sampled throughout the year, but less frequently during Ice-cover. Water
samples were analyzed for dissolved oxygen, temperature, underwater light intensity,
alkalinity, pH, hardness, dissolved and suspended solids, iron, COD, phosphates,
ammonia, nitrate and organic nitrogen, chloride, sulfate, and turbidity; algae
Identified, and primary production determined. Runoff waters impounded in the
reservoirs contain sufficient nutrient salts to support abundant growths of aquatic
plants. Reservoirs, light-limited by soil turbidity, support neither abundant growths
of aquatic plants nor dense blue-green algal blooms; clear water reservoirs are very
eutrophle. Eutrophication rate Is very rapid and apparently directly related to age.
Control of photosynthesis through inhibition of sunlight penetration by the addition of
various substances into the reservoirs directly or to the water surface should be
Investigated.
INDEX TERMS: Eutrophication, Reservoirs, Great plains, Limnology, Water pollution
effects, Aerial photography, Ecological distribution, Odor, On-site data
collections, Thermal stratification, Physicochemlcal properties, Aquatic algae,
Primary productivity, Rooted aquatic plants, Light penetration, Water analysis.
AMIO-5375
"FREEZIHO-ETCHIUO OP MICROORGANISMS FOR ELECTRON MICROSCOPY", Ftklwan, B. A.,
E. I., Mlkroblologlya. Vol. M, Ho. 1, January/February 1972, pp 168-172.
A simple modification of the freezing-etching technique le suggested
for the electron microscopic study of the ultrastructure of microorganisms. The
modification makes it possible to accomplish very rapid vital eryofixation of the
cells and simultaneous replication of complementary copies of the object. The
super-rapid cooling of the object, as it was shown with the cells of Endonycea
magnuall, blocked the crystallization of intracellular water and eliminated the
necessity in the preliminary treatment of the cells with 'antifreezlng' liquids.
(in Russian)
INDEX TERMS: Microorganisms, Electron microscopy, Sampling, Pollutant identification,
Methodology, Freeze-etching techniques, Ultrastructure, Cryoflxatlon, Sample
preparation, Endomyces magnusii.
AfflC-5373
"INDUSTRIAL WASTES: EFFECTS OK TRINITY RIVER ECOLOGY, FORT WORTH, TEXAS", Murphy,
C. E., Newland, L. W., Forsyth, J. W., Keith, D. E., Texas Christian University,
Department of Biology, Fort Worth, Texas, Water Pollution Control Research Series
18050 DBS 12/71, December 1971, 163 PP.
The effects on selected specied of fish and other biota of certain industrial
waste effluents being discharged directly or indirectly into the Trinity River were
measured using various bioassays, elemental analyses, growth and development studies,
and benthic studies. Static and continuous flow bioaasay methods were used to
determine the toxlcity of the waste effluents on mature minnows, fry, and spawn, with
the results expressed as a median tolerance limit (TL sub 50). Waste effluents
were collected in the field and returned to the laboratory for processing. The
effluents containing detergents, grease, and fuel oils affected pH, COD, BOD,
phosphates, and specific conductance in the river, and were toxic to fish and benthic
organisms. Sewage treatment effluents containing chlorine also adversely affected
the blotic community. Apparently the adverse effects resulted from oxygen depletion
rather than toxlcity since organisms survived 100 percent concentrations of effluents
when aerated.
INDEX TERMS: Ecology, Water pollution effects, Aquatic animals, Toxiclty, Bioassay,
Industrial wastes, Nematodes, Annelids, Gastropods, Growth rates, Effluents,
Environmental effects, Freshwater fish, Benthic fauna, Aquatic Insects, Heavy
metals, Chemical analysis, Mollusks, Physlocochemical properties, Water analysis,
Crustaceans, Mites, Trinity River, Species diversity, Arthropods, Survival,
Macroinvertebrates, Vertebrates.
AMIC-5377
"SOME DATA ON THE QUANTITATIVE DISTRIBUTION AND FEEDING SIGNIFICANCE OF BENTHOS FROM
THE SHELF WATERS OF WEST PAKISTAN", Savich, M. S., Okeanologlya, Vol. 12, No. 1,
January/February 1972, pp 137-1U3.
The results are presented of the studies of 80 benthic samples collected
with the 'Okean-501 bottom sampler on the West Pakistan shelf in January and March
1969. The quantitative distribution of bottom organisms is characterized aa dependent
on depth and bottom sediment composition. A relation was found between the quantity
of food and the sizes of catches of the most mass benthos-feeding fish. Specific
composition of Its food Is discussed, (in Russian)
INDEX TERMS: Distribution patterns, Benthos, Bottom sampling, Sea water, Marine fish,
Depth, Bottom sediments, Food abundance, Ecological distribution, Spatial
distribution, Equipment, Okean-50 bottom sampler, Pakistan.
-------
2. BIOljQOICAI. M8THCOB
AMZC-5370
'VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION AND DIEL MIGRATIONS OF CHAETOGNA7HS IN HE TROPICAL PACIFIC",
Koloaova, E. G., Okeanologiya. Vol. 12, No. 1, January/February 1972, pp 129.136.
The vertical distribution of eight chaetognath species was studied using
materials collected at diurnal station No. 6033 of the With 'Vityaz' cruise taken at
the boundary between the equatorial and the southern tropical water structures of the
Pacific. The species can be divided Into two groups baaed on their distribution
patterns. The first group Includes species whose population cores are found In the
upper 350 to 200 m layer, and the second embraces species with the population cores at
depths below 150 or 200 m. The species of the first group are characterized by
pronounced vertical migrations. As for the second group, it ia Impossible to Judge
of the vertical distribution of its species. The comparison of our data (the Pacific
Ocean) with those of Ovra (the Atlantic Ocean) shows that In both regions the population
cores of the same species are found at approximately the same depths, though water
temperatures there differ by almost 10 degrees. It is suggested that maybe temperature
does not determine the vertical distribution of the species, (in Russian)
INDEX TERJC: Pacific Ocean, Vertical migration, Spatial distribution, Distribution
patterns, Sampling, Depth, Invertebrates, Worms, Marine animals. Sea water,
Ecological distribution, Zooplankton, Biorhythms, Tropical regions, Water
temperature, Chaetognaths, D.Iel migration.
AMC-5380
"INTERREGULATION OF MARINE PLAMCTONIC DIATOMS IN M3NO- AND MIXED CULTURES ', Fedorov,
V. D., Kustenko, N. G., Okeanologiya. Vol. 12, No. 1, January/February.1972, pp 111-122,
A method of nutrient salt additions is used in combination with the design
of the full factor experiments to show the prevailing dependence of the growth of the
algologically pure culture of Skeletonema coatatum on nitrate nitrogen concentrations
and of ThalasslongmH nltzsehloldes on phosphorus concentrations. By varying the
concentrations of these two elements in the nutrient medium (the sea water with
nitrogen and phosphorus additions), as well as the sowing titer of each diatom species,
the experimenters succeeded in changing the direction of the exclusion of some species
by the cos^jetltive one when the species are cultivated together. The mechanism of the
quantitative interregulation of both cultures Is shown to be based on the activity of
extracellular diatom metabolites the accumulation and action of which Is very specific
(i.e., connected with a certain stage of development) for each diatom. (In Russian)
INDEX TERMS: Diatoms, Cultures, Nutrient requirements, Sea water, Nitrates, Phosphorus,
Nutrients, Chrysophyta, Competition, Water pollution sources, Pollutant identifi-
cation, Phytoplankton, Mirine algae, Essential nutrients, Interregulation,
Skeletonema costatum, Thalasslonema nitzschioides, Mixed cultures, Metabolites,
Substrate utilization, Growth.
AMIC-5379
"SEASONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN THE AMURSKY BAY OF THE SEA OF JAPAN",
Konovalova, G. V., Okeanologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, January-February 1972, pp 123-128.
Seasonal number and biomass dynamics of the phytoplankton, as well as of its
constituent systematic groups and mass species, were determined on the basis of the
annual phytoplankton collections in the Amursky Bay of the Sea of Japan. The
specific composition of algae was determined in the water-bottle collections. A
major part of the biomass calculations was based on the table of volumes compiled for
the mass phytoplankton species. Three maxima of algal biomass are established: in
winter, summer and autumn. Diatoms play a leading role In the formation phytoplankton
biorwss and its numbers. Perldinlans stand second in biomass. The greatest biomass
was observed in Eucampla zoodiacus and Chaetoeeros affinis, the greatest numbers in
Skeletonema eostatum, Chaetoceros affinis and Chaetoeeros socialls. At all the stations
the biomass maximum was recorded at the end of September and in October, whereas the
minimum was In April. There were distinct changes of forms in the planktonic algae.
(In Russian)
INDEX TERMS: Phytoplankton, Environmental effects, Systematics, Seasonal, Sea water,
Sampling, Biomass, Diatoms, Pollutant Identification, Marine algae, Chrysophyta,
Autumn, Winter, Cummer, Primary productivity, Dlnoflagellates, Pyrrophyta, Sea
of Japan, Amursky Bay, Peridinians, Eucampia zoodiacus, Chaetoceros afflnis,
Ekeletonema costatum, Chaetoceros socialis.
33
"BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUSPENDED ORGANIC MATTER FROM THE TROPICAL PACIFIC",
Agatova, A. I., Bogdanov, Yu. A., Okeanologiya, Vol. 12, No. 2, March/April 1972,
pp 267-876.
Plankton is the main source of organic matter of the bottom sediments.
The biochemical composition of organic matter changes essentially as the latter
passes from plankton through suspended material to bottom sediments. When passing
from the 'living1 organic matter to the 'dead one1 which Is the major constituent
of suspended material, the content of such freely hydrolyzed components as albumin
and nucleic acids decreases. The content of liplds and carbohydrates in organic
matter of suspended material is somewhat higher than that of plankton. Lipids are
among the most stable components of primary organic matter. The Interaction of
carbohydrates with other organic compounds leads to the formation of humic compounds.
The same tendency in the changes of the biochemical composition of organic matter Is
apparent when passing from the surface to the deep-water suspended material and further
to the bottom sediments. (In Russian)
INDEX TERMS: Bottom sediments, Suspended solids, Decomposing organic matter,
Pacific Ocean, Sedimentation, Plankton, Humic acids, Sea water, Lipids,
Water pollution sources, Pollutant identification, Biological properties,
Carbohydrates, Organic compounds, Sediments, Biochemical composition, Path
of pollutants, Albumin, Nucleic acids.
-------
Z. BIOIOOICAL MBIHOO8
AMIC-5393
"ON THE ROLE OF BIOLOGICAL FACTORS TN THE SEDIMENTATION OF IRON, MANGANESE ADD COBALT
AND IN TOE FORMATION OF NODULES", Corokln, Yu. I., Okeanologlya, Vol. 12, No. 1,
January/February 1973, PP 3-11*.
Biological processes taking part In recent ore formation on the ocean
floor have been studied experimentally. The experiments with natural oceanic
plankton based on the radlolsotope methods have shown that iron is Intensively
consumed by phytoplinkton in the light. Cobalt is assimilated by bacterloplankton
to synthetize Vitamin B sub 12. Filter-feeding molluscs and crustaceans have
appeared to be capable of filtering out highly diluted hydroxides. The studies
of mlcroflora on nodules show that bacterial life on the latter is more intensive
than that, in the surrounding sediment. No specific forms of iron and manganese
oxidizing bacteria have been found on nodules. The obtained data are considered
from the point of view of the role of the described biological factors In sedimenta-
tion and ore formation. (In Russian)
INDEX TERMS: Sedimentation, Bottom sediments, Iron, Manganese, Cobalt, Sediments,
Oceans, Mollusks, Shellfish, Crustaceans, Methodology, Sea water, Alkalis
(Bases), Trace elements, Water pollution effects, Radioactivity techniques,
Marine bacteria, Marine animals, Phytoplankton, Path of pollutants, Biological
processes, Ores, Vitamin E12, Assimilation, Fate of pollutants.
AMIC-5396
"FARTHEST SOUTH ALGAE AHD ASSOCIATED BACTERIA", Cameron, R. E., Phycologla, Vol 11,
No. 2, June 1972, PP 133-139- ~* ^6~
A new record Is reported for algae collected from the highest latitude, a
frozen pond in the La Gorce Mountains, Antarctica (86 degrees Uj minutes South,
1U6 degrees 00 minutes West). Culturable algae Included Heochloris aquatica Starr
and Sehlzothrlx ealclcola (Ag.) Com. Porphyrosiphon notarisil IMenegh.) Kuiz, was
not recoverable In culture. Associated bacteria were soil dlphtherolds of the
genus Arthrobacter. Soil conditions which supported the growth of Arthrobacter, are
presented^The occurrence of high latitude photosynthetlc organisms Is Important in
the search for possible extra-terrestrial life because environmental conditions, In
some aspects, approach those of Mars.
INDEX TERMS: Antarctic, Distribution patterns, Systematlcs, Aquatic algae, Soil
bacteria, Sampling, Cultures, Ecology, Soil microbiology, Cyanophyta, Frozen
soils, Neochloris aquatica, Schizothrix calcicola, Arthrobacter, Nostoc
commune, Porphyrosiphon notarisli, Psychrophilic, Biotlc associations.
La Gorce Mountains.
AMic-539.lt
"STEPHANODISCUS BINDERANUS (KUTZ. ) KHIEGER OR HELPS IRA BIHDERANA KUTZ. (BACILLARI-
OPHYTA, CENTRALES)" Round, F. E., Phycologia, Vol. 11, No. 2, June 1972, pp 109-U6.
The centric diatom which has been identified either as a species of
:telORlra C. A. Ap. or of Stephanodiscus C. G. Ehrenb. is an Indicator of Increasing
eutrophicitlon in lakes, and Is also responsible for serious problems in water puri-
fication plants. Water samples were obtained from Lake Michigan to determine the
genus to which this species belongs. The algne were Investigated by light, scanning,
and transmission microscopy. This represents the first detailed study of this
species and confirmed Itr position In Btephanodiscus.
INDEX TESMS: Diatoms, Bloindicators, Eutrophication, Pollutant Identification, Lakes,
Chrysophvta, Aquatic -ilgae, Photography, Stephanodiscus binderanus, Meloslra
binderana, Scanning electron microscopy, Transmission electron microscopy.
AMIC-5398
"DISTRIBUTION AND TAXOSOMf OF LAMINARIA SINCLAIRI1 AND L. LOHGIFES (PHAEOPHTCEAE,
LAMINARIALES)", Markham, J. V. ~Phycofogla, Vol. 11, No~2, June 1'972, pp 11*7-157.
Laminaria sinclalrll (Harv.) Farl., And., and Eat. occurs from central
British Columbia to southern California. L._ longlpes Bory occurs from the Kurile
Islands throughout the Aleutian Islands to southeast Alaska. Detailed distribution
records are presented. Both species are distinguished from other species of
Laminaria In having multiple stipes from an expanded, rhizome-like holdfast. The
two species are very similar in appearance. Most authors have distinguished them
on the basis of internal stipe anatomy; L._ Sinclair! 1 has mucilage ducts in the
stipe, whereas L. longlpes does not. Ecological studies were carried out on both
species In the TTeld and in the laboratory. The results show the species also differ
In several other points, including length of stipes, width of blades, winter loss of
blades, morphology of gametophytes, and habitat. The evidence confirms that they
should be retained as two separate species.
INDEX TERMS: Distribution patterns, Systematics, Ecological distribution, Spatial
distribution, Geographical regions, Phaeophyta, Marine algae, Environmental
effects, Lamlnaria sinclairli, Laminaria longipes.
-------
2. BIOIflOICAl. METHODS
AMIC-5
-------
a. BIOLOOICAL METHODS
AMIC-5
"DETECTION OF A FOOD BACTERIUM BY A. BACTERIOPHACOUE NEMATODE", Joshl, M. M., Auburn
University, Auburn, Alabama, Research Report A-016-ALA (l) (teeter's Thesis), torch
1972, 80 pp.
studies were conducted to ascertain whether nematode aggregation around
colonies of food bacteria occurs by random movement or by attraction to bacteria. Eight
of ten bacteria] species tested served as sole sources of food tor Pelodera cMtwoodi.
Vibrio (food bacterium) and Chromobacteriuir. (non-food bacterium) were used to further
test nematode migration under various culture conditions. Nematodes preferentially
migrated to Vibrio species from vnrying distances at various temperatures and pH
values. The migration WHS proportional to bacterial concentration. Resting or dead
bacteria failed to attract nematodes. The nematodes migrated past barriers, against
gravity, and into reduced oxygen tension to reach the food bacteria. Four amino acids
and two vitamins, products from the bacteria, attracted the nemtodes, but not as
strongly as the bacteria. The bacteria specimens were prepared by Inoculation into
nutrient broth, then Incubated, and harvested by centrlfugatlon. The cells were
suspended in phosphate buffer anri density adjusted. Nematode counts were made with
a dissecting microscope.
INDEX TERMS: Hetmtodes, Food habits, Bactpria, Migration, Pollutant identification,
Bioindicators, Animal behavior, Cultures, Amino acids, Organic compounds,
Invertebrates, Attractants, Carbon dioxide, Pelodera chitwoodi, Chromobacterium
janthinum, Vibrio percolans.
AMIC -
"DMA BASE COMPOSITION AMD OHE TOXOHOMy OF THE OOMfCETES", Green, B. H./Dick, M. W. ,
Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 18, No. 7, July 1972, pp 963-966.
It la shown that DBA base composition is a valuable adjunct to the study of
syBtematiCB in Oomyeetes fungi and could be used to confirm taxoncmic revisions beyond
reasonable doubt. Pure cultures of seven members of the Saprolegnlaceae were obtained
and maintained on a corn meal agar medium. Hjrcelial mats were prepared, filtered, and
homogenized in a blender in a solution of HaCl, diethyldlthiocarbonate, Tris, and EDTA.
The filtrate was then stirred with an equal volume of phenol saturated with the homo-
genlzation medium and cesium chloride gradient centrifugation was used for separation
and clarification of the phase. A clear gelatinous pellet was obtained and this was
dissolved in 0.1 SSC. DMA base compositions were then determined from the buoyant
densities in CaCl. A recording spectrophotometer was used to determine thermal
denaturation curves for Achlya benekei and A_._ sparrow! i. Base composition data
generally correlated with morphological classification but indicated the necessity
for revisions In several cases. Thermal denaturation curves were analyzed, indicating
that as little as 7.1* percent guanine-cytoslne difference represents a large dif-
ference in DNA sequence homology.
INDEX TERMS: Systematics, Centrifugation, Cultures, Filtration, Spectrophotometry,
Aquatic fungi, DNA, Oomycetes, Cesium chloride, Sample preparation, Guanlne,
Cytoslne, Agars, Karyosystematics, Organic biaes.
See also:
Category 1, AMXC-3657, 3677, 5337
Category 3, WCC-3221, 5l
-------
3. MtCROBIOIOQICAI. KETHDD3
"INORGANIC SULFUR OXIDATION BY IRON-OXIDIZING BACTERIA", Lundgren, D. G., Syracuse
University, Department of Biology, Syracuse, New York, Water Pollution Control
Research Series ll)Q10 DAY 06/71, June 1971, 1^9 pp.
The utilization of sulfur and reduced sulfur compounds by the iron oxidizing
chemolithotroph Thiobacillus ferrooxldana was studied at the biochemical level. The
identification, characterization and partial purification of the rhodanese and sulflte
oxldase enzymes completed the scheme of sulfur metabolism in T. ferroxldans which leads
to energy generation. The cell envelope llpopolysaccharlde (TPS) purified from iron-
grown cells was studied with the electron microscope. The partial chemical composition
of the LPS revealed unusually high quantities of Fe(lII). A new colorlmetrlc whole
cell assay to study iron-oxidation kinetics was developed which will be of benefit to
future studies at the molecular level. The inorganic pyrophosphatase enzyme, an
essential enzyme In maintaining the energy balance In the cell, was partially purified
and Its properties studied. This is the first account of the presence of this enzyme
in chemolithotrophic microorganisms. The effects of organic carbon and energy sources
on chemolithotrophic microorganisms were studied. T. ferrooxidans can convert from
chemolithotrophic to heterotrophic metabolism after~a long lag in the presence of the
organic substrate, and after some energy is stored from Iron oxidation. Growth on
glucose proceeds much like other heterotrophic gram negative organisms. The metabolism
of glucose Is via the Entner-Doudoroff pathway.
INDEX TERMS: Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Culfur, Oxidation, Analytical techniques, Iron
bacteria, Metabolism, Heavy metals, Mine drainage, Substrate utilization.
AMIC-3220
"ADVAKCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY. VOLUME Ik"
Press, Hew York, Mew York, 1971, 388 pp.
Perlman, D., Editor, Academic
A series of articles have been written which deal with analytical techniques
and equipment for the detection and characterization of microorganisms. The articles
of interest Include: "Chemical Composition aa a Criterion in the Classification of
Aetlnonyeea"; "Prevalence and Distribution of Antibiotic-Producing Actlnomyees";
"Biochemical Activities of Noeardla"; "Mlcrobial Transformations of Antibiotics";
"In Vivo Evaluation of Antibacterial Chemotherapeutic Substances"; "Fermentation
Equipment"; and "The Extracellular Accumulation of Metabolic Products by Hydrocarbon-
Degrading Microorganisms".
INDEX TERMS: Organic compounds, Methodology, Instrumentation, Microorganisms, Chemical
reactions, Enzymes, Antibiotics (pesticides), Laboratory equipment, Metabolism,
Biochemistry, Water pollution sources, Pollutant identification, Path of
pollutants, Aquatic bacteria, Aquatic fungi, Soil bacteria, Soil fungi.
Laboratory tests, Ecological distribution, Metabolites, Aromatic hydrocarbons,
Aliphatic hydrocarbons. Cyclic hydrocarbons. Substrate utilization, Fate of
pollutants, Biochemical tests.
AMIC-3206
"RECOVERY OF GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA WITH HEKTCEN AGAR", Calabro, J. F., Cosenza,
B. J., Kolega, J. a., .Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. kk, No, J,
March 1972, pp U-91-U93.
Hektoen agar was evaluated as a medium for the assay of gran negative bacteria
from septic tank wistewater. The survival time of the biological marker Salmonella
typhimurlum in an operating septic tank was also recorded. The following types of
microbial colonies were visually differentiated after a W3-hour Incubation in Hektoen
ajjir: E_. coll, Cltrobacter freundii, Ml ma-Here llea group, Alcallgen.es, Pseudomonas
aeruglnosa, and Streptococcus faecalls; Salmonella typhimurium and Shlgella flexneri
ferentiated,
were also included as reference cultures.Once the colonies were dif
Salmonella typhimurium was used to study survival time in the septic tank wastewater.
This experiment indicated that the survival time was approximately 2 weeks in an
operative septic tank. The results of the study using Hektoen agar indicated that
Salmonella typhimurium is unable to compete with other less fastidious types of
microorgp.nisms present in the system. From the evidence presented, it appears that
enteric pathogens die out within a relatively short time and do not pose any
Immediate danger to handlers of septic tank wastewater.
INDEX TERMS: E. coll, Cultures, Waste water (pollution), Septic tanks, Aqueous
solutions, Coliforms, Aerobic bacteria, Water pollution, Gram negative bacteria,
Hektoen agar, Selective media, Salmonella typhimurium, Citrobacter freundii,
Alcallgenes, Pseudoroonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus fecalls, Ehlgella.
flexneri.
37
AfflC-3221
"BIOCHEMICAL ECOLOGY OF MICROORGANISMS", Alexander, M., Annual Review of Microbiology,
Vol. 25, 1971, PP 361-392.
This paper presents a general review of the biochemical basis for
microorganism populations in specific ecosystems. The discussion is divided Into four
major categories, as follows: (a) Natural Selection and Fitness Traits, (b) Effect
of Environment on Microorganisms, (c) Effect of Microorganisms on Their Surroundings,
(d) Metabolism of Polluting and Hazardous Chemicals in Nature, and (e) Biochemistry
of Interspecific Relationship Among Organisms.
INDEX TERMS: Biochemistry, Microbiology, Ecology, Reviews, Pigments, Fungi,
Environmental effects, Nutrients, Ecosystems, Diatoms, Photosynthesis, Carbon
dioxide, Primary productivity, Clostridium, Trace elements. Heavy metals,
Chelation, Plant morphology, Growth rates, Thiobaccillus ferrooxidans, Soil
bacteria, Aquatic bacteria, Vitamins, Amino acids, Toxicity, Light intensity,
Distribution patterns, Enteric bacteria, Clays, Environmental effects, Pathogenic
bacteria, Sulfur, Cesium, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus,
Metabolism, Enzymes, Blodegradation, DDT, Pseudomonas, Mercury, Food chains,
Salmonella, Chlorella, Path Of pollutants, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides,
Natural selection.
-------
3. MUCHOBIOUXHCAI. bETHODS
AMIC-3236
"I. CHEMORECEPTION IN MARINE BACTERIA. II. CHEMICAL DETECTION OF MICROBIAL PREY
BY BACTERIAL PREDATORS", Fogel, S., Chet, I., Mitchell, R., Harvard University,
Division of Engineering and Applied Physics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Technical
Report No. 2, NR-306-025, Contract No. N0001U-67-A-0298-0026, September 1971, 28 pp.
A wide variety of motile marine bacteria were tested for their ability to
detect nnd be attracted to organic chemicals. All bacteria tested displayed chemotac-
tic responses to many different materials. These responses were highly specific for
f.nch bacterium. The attractent was not necessarily metabolized. The ecological
significance of this widespread phenomenon of chemoreception among marine bacteria Is
discussed. A motile, predacious bacterium which degraded Pythlum debaryanum was
strongly attracted to substances released Into the medium by the fungus. 5"~nonpreda-
cious bacterium was not attracted to these substances. The predator bacterium was
specifically attracted to those substances. The predator bacterium was specifically
attracted to cellulose and its ollgomers which are known to be components of the cell
wall of Pythium. Ethanol Inhibited chemotaxls of the bacterium without affecting
either its motility or its ability to degrade cellulose. A second predacious bacterium
was isolated for the alpp, Skeletonema eostatum. The role of chemoreception in the
detection of raicrobial prey by bacterial predators in natural habitats Is discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Marine bacteria, Attractants, Predfltlon, Organic compounds, Amlno acids,
Carbohydmt.es, Alcohols, Pollutant Identification, Eystematics, Nutrients,
Vitamins, Chemoreception, Pythium debaryanum, Skeletonema costatum.
AMIC-32U9
"MICROBIOLOGY OF SCUM FORMED AT THE SURFACE OF LAOOONED WASTEWATER", Ganapati, S. V.,
Amln, P. M., Journal Hater Pollution Control Federation, Vol. Uh, No. % May 1972,
pp 769-781.
The microscopic, bacteriological, and biochemical characteristics of viscous
scum formed at the surface of lagooned wastewater were investigated. A sample of raw,
settled wastewater was collected and examined microscopically for identification of
organisms contained In the surface scum. Zoogloea ramigera colonies were isolated in a
nutrient broth medium along with Vortieella microstoma, Paramecium caudatum, Alcali-
genes, Xanthomonaa, Podophrya fixa and Brevlbacterium. The following microorganisms
were Isolated from the raw wastewater: Mierococcus, Sareina, Brevlbacterium, and
Flavobacterlum. The scum was analyzed biochemically for free sugar, total sugar,
protein, amlno acid nitrogen and total fat. From a comparative study of the types
recorded for raw water and the viscous scum, it was found that Mlerococeus was most
abundant (Uo percent), and 30, 20, and 10 percent, respectively, were Sareina,
Brevibaeterium, and Flavobacterium. Brevlbacterium was the only group found in both
the raw wastewater and the viscous scunHFlflvobacTerium, Hicrococcus and Sareina,
which were found in fairly large numbers in raw wastewater, were not recorded in the
viscous scum.
INDEX TERMS: Sewage lagoons, Microbiology, Scum, Waste water (pollution), Water
pollution sources, Sewage bacteria, Biological properties, Aqueous solutions,
Yeaats, Microscopy, Biochemistry, Biochemical tests.
-H
AM1C-32U8
"BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF ACTD MINE POLLUTION", Walsh, F., Mitchell, R., Journal Water
Pollution,Control Federation Vol. W*, No. 5, May 1972, pp 763-768.
Three possible blocontrols were presented to reduce the acidity In acid
mine drainage, baaed on disrupting the succession of iron bacteria by upsetting the
activity of the acid-tolerant stalked iron bacterium in this succession. The three
controls Include: (1) partially neutralizing acid mine drainage to pH U.3 to inhibit
the stalked bacteria and Thlgbac:!llus ferrooxicfans; (2) removing attachments for the
stalked-bacteria at the Ite of~pyritf> degradation by additions of surf ace-active agents
to influence mine waters; (3) adding heterotrophic bacteria capable of growth on a
medium with stalked iron bacteria as the sole carbon source. Characteristics of the
iron bacteria Thlobaclllus spp., Gallionella spp., and Sphaerotllus natans In relation
to acid mine pollution were also described.
INDEX TERMS: Acid mine water, Dlocontrol, Water pollution control, Iron bacteria,
Acidity, Acid mine drainage, Environmental effects, Aerobic bacteria, Pyrite,
Biological properties, Water quality control, Coal mine wastes, Heterotrophic
bacteria.
A MIC-3269
"METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY", Norris,
London, England, 1972, 356 pp.
R., hlbbons, D. W., (Editors), Academic Press,
I
Chapters included in Volume 6B of "Methods in Microbiology" Include the
following: "The Use of Electron Acceptors, Donorr, and Csrriers", "Oxygen Electrode
Measurements", "Electrode Measurements of Carbon Dioxide", "lonisation Methods of
Counting Radio-Isotopes", Liquid Scintillation Counting In Microbiology", "The Use
of Isotopes in Tracing Metabolic Pathways", "Hadiorespirometric ttethods", "Pulse
Labelling of Micro-organisms", "Cellular Electrophysiology", "Microcalorimetry",
"Automatic and Continuous Assessment of Fermentation Pnrflmoters", "Automated
Microbiological Assay", and "The Acetylene Reduction Test for Nitrogen Fixation".
INDEX TERMS: Methodology, Instrumentation, Cultures, Conforms, Automation.
-------
MtCROBIOLOOICAI. MBTHOOB
AMIC-3362
"PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN IENSIOH Alff) REDOX POTENTIAI. OH OHOWIH3
POPULATIONS OF MICRO-ORGANISMS", Harrison, D. E. F., Journal of Applied Chemistry
and Biotechnology. Vol. 32, No. 3, terch 1972, pp UrpnJo"!
4n analysis of the available literature on the effects of oxygen on growing
cultures of microorganisms was made to determine the mechanisms by which the growing
microorganisms respond to oxygen concentration and to the oxidizing potential of the
environment. Techniques used for studying the responses in continuous cultures
Included the chemostat, the turbidostat, oxygen feed limitation cells, and dissolved
oxygen probes. The effects of dissolved oxygen tensions on respiration rates, respira-
tory enzyme adaptation, and metabolic pattern adaptation are described. Hie control
mechanisms Involved in these responses were difficult to interpret due to their highly
variable nature. At least four levels of response were distinguished in growing
microorganisms: (l) a primary response with no feedback; (2) a response through
feedback control of metabolic pathways; (3) a response through protein synthesis; and
(1») a response through selection of mutants during many generations. Since growing
cells nay exhibit a variety of responses to environmental changes, a simplified model
Interaction between dissolved oxygen tension and growing cells is not available.
INDEX TERMS: Growth rates, Microorganisms, Environmental effects, Dissolved oxygen,
Oxidation-reduction potentials, Yeasts, Protozoa, Animal physiology, Cultures,
Respiration, Metabolism, Enzymes, Deficient elements, Mlcrobial physiology,
Chemostats, Turbldostats, Dissolved oxygen analyzers, Substrate utilization.
AMXC-3363 (Continued)
2/2
IHDEX TEMCj Environmental effects, Synthesis, Cytological studies, Cultures,
Fermentation, Water pollution, Water pollution sources, Aquatic bacteria,
Aquatic fungi, Metabolism, Excretion, Metabolites, Biosynthesis.
AMIC-3363
"CELLULAR AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE SYNTHESIS AND EXCRETION OF
METABOLITES", Demnin, A. L., Journal of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 22,
No. 3, March 1972, PP 3"*5-362.
For production of prinary metabplites, feedback inhibition and repression must
be by-passed. This Is usually accomplished by decreasing the Intracellular concentra-
tion of feedback inhibitors and repressers. Auxotrophlc mutants and analog-resistant
mutants are moat often used for this purpose. Development of fermentations for
secondary metabolites such as antibiotics are less rational, due to Ignorance of the
biosynthetic pathways Involved. However, evidence is accumulating that such fermenta-
tions are subject to (1) feedback regulation by the final product, (2) feedback regula-
tion by primry metabolites which are precursors of the secondary metabolite, (3) feed-
back regulation by primary metabolites which share a branched biosynthetic pathway with
the secondary metabolite, CO feedback regulation by inorganic phosphate, (5) catabolite
regulation by glucose and other rapidly utilized sugars, (6) induction by primary
metabolites which are precursors of the secondary metabolite, and (7) energy charge
regulation. Secondary metabolites are usually formed during idiophase. Enzymes of
secondary metabolism appear to be repressed during trophophase. It is not clear con-
cerning the type of repression control involved but the possibilities include inducer
production, feedback repression, catabolite repression, energy charge regulation and
modification of RNA polymerise. flepression of secondary biosynthetic enzymes during
trophophase can apparently be disturbed by certain nutritional ind genetic manipula-
tions. Continuous culture can profitably be used to answer many questions concerning
metabolite overproduction and regulation, because continuous culture can provide an
inexhaustible number of unique and controllable steady-state environments.
AMIC-3591
"MECHANISMS OF BIOLOGICAL LUXURf PHOSPHATE UPTAKE", Arizona University, Department
of Microbiology, Tucson, Arizona, Water Pollution Control Research Ceries 17010
DDQ 11/71, November 1971, 77 pp.
An Investigation was undertaken to elucidate the role pliycd by various
mlcrobial components of activated sludge In phosphate uptake. Activated sludges
were obtained from the Rilling Road plant, San Antonio, Texas and from the Hyperion
plant located at LOB Angles, California. To trace the removal of elements
from the sludge, radioactive phosphorus and calcium were added, and the effects of
temperature, pH, metabolic inhibitors (a.k-D.Iodoacetate, and mercuric chloride),
and starved condtioM were determined. Following Isotope additions, the sludge was
extracted to observe the distribution of labelled P and C. Chemical assays were
performed to determine Ca and Mg hardness a *-. d BOD. Sludge bacteria were isolated and
characterized on the basis of the morphology, physiology, and biochemistry. Radiocheml-
cal assays were performed to determine phosphorus uptake in the sludge bicterla. The
activated sludges obtained have the ability to remove large amounts of phosphorus from
Tucson sewage and other liquors by means of biological mechanisms. Most of the
phosphorus seems to accumulate within the sludge cells as orthophosptate. Phosphorus
uptake by Tucson sludge Is improved If the sludge is starved prior to the addition of
sewage. The bacteria isolated from the Rilling sludge do not individually seem to
account for a high phosphorus affinity when compared to those from Tucson sludge.
A culture of Sphaerotllus natans isolated from Rilling sludge had a higher affinity
for phosphorus than others tested but not sufficient to account for the superior
removal properties exhibited by the Texas sludge. A known sludge bacterium, Zoogloea
ramlgera formed volution granules when excess orthopbosphate was added to a
phosphate starved culture.
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3. MICROBIOLOOICAI. METHODS
AMIC-3591 (Continued)
2/2
INDEX TERMS: Activated sludge, Phosphates, Sewage bacteria, Absorption, Radiochemlcal
analysis, Phosphorus radiolsotopes, Metabolism, Isolation, Water pollution
effects, Radioactivity techniques, Methodology, Path of pollutants, Aerobic
bacteria, Assay, Biochemical oxygen demand, Zoogloea ramlgera, Orthophosphates,
Cphaerotllus natans, Fate of pollutants, Bacterial physiology.
AMIC-UOOU
"ISOLATIOH OF CARBOHYDRATE-METABOLIZING, EXTREMELY HALOPHII.IC BACTERIA", Tomlinson,
0. A., Hochstein, L. I., Canadian Journal of Microbiology. Vol. 18, No, 5, May 1972,
pp 698.701.
The isolation and physiological characteristics are outlined for some
carbohydrate-metabolizing, extremely halophilic bacteria isolated from salterns in the
San Francisco Bay area. These organisms required selective culturing on a
carbohydrate-free medium (CFM) containing casamino acids, yeast extract, and various
salts. The newly isolated strains, as well as other halophilic bacteria, were examined
for their ability to form acid from various sugars in a CFM with no casamino acids and
reduced yeast extract. By these procedures carbohydrate utilization was readily
detected and was confirmed by determinations of residual sugar in the culture medium.
Measurements of gas production proved Insufficient for identification of these
organisms.
INDEX TEEMS: Carbohydrates, Pollutant Identification, Gaaes, Organic compounds,
Cultures, Hydrogen ion concentration, Isolation, Separation techniques, Salts,
Systematlcs, Hulophilic bacteria, Selective media, Substrate utilization,
Culture media, Halobacterium halobium, Halobacterium cutlrubrum, Ilalobacterum
salinarlum, Glucose, Galactose, Lactose, Fructose, Sucrose, Bacterial physiology.
AMIC-39U5
"EVALUATION OK PLATING MEDIA AND TEMPERATURE PARAMETERS IN THE ISOLATION OF SELECTED
ENTERIC PATHOGENS", Won, C. K., Cohen, J. P., Litsky, W., Health Laboratory Science,
Vol. 9, No. 3, July 1972, PP 22^>-?3?.
1 The selective and nutritive value of media commonly used for the isolation
of enteric pathogens was studied usin^ Calmonellae and Shlgellae In pure and mixed
' cultures. The purpose was to establish the most productive combination of media and
temperature for the Isolation of enteric pathogens. The selective and differential
| values of Hektoen Enteric Agar (HE), Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate Agar (XLD),
Calmonclla-Shlgella '-gar (SE), and Eosln Methylene Blue Agar (EMB) incubated at
I temperatures of 37 C and 1*1.5 C were compared when Hajna's Gram-Negative broth (ON)
1 was used as an enrichment medium. In view of the observations of atypical colonies on
these selective media ->nd the difficulty In interpreting the true efficiencies of
i growth Inhibition and/or stimulation, it Is believed that the use of any of these
i media alone IE not Justified. It Is suggested thnt HE and XLD media be used for
primary Isolation from clinical specimens and their use be parallelled by enrichment
in GN followed by secondary plating on HE "nd XLD. Necessity for standardization of
methods and careful observation of plates is emphasized. Coordination of all variables
should minimize 'false nepritive' enteric cultures.
'
INDEX TERMi;: Pathogenic bacteria, Znteric bacteria, Cultures, Isolation, Salmonella,
Shlgella, Temperature, Pseudomonas, Methodology, Nutrients, Pollutant
I Identification, Culture media, "elective medift, Pceudomonas aeruglnosa,
! Enrichment, Recovery, A pars, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhlmurium var
j Copenhagen, SnlnKmella thompson, Si.lmonella newington, Salmonella typhi,
[_ _ sonnet, f.higellfi fl-xnerit '"elective media. __ _ _ „
AMIC-U013
"COMPARISON OF THE KINETICS OF THIOSULFATE OXIDATION BY THREE IRON-SULFUR OXIDIZERS",
Bounds, H. C., Colmer, A. R., Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 18, No. 6,
June 1972, pp 735-71*.
The Iron bacteria, Thlobaclllus ferrpoxidans, Ferrobacillus ferrooxidanB,
and Ferrobacillus sulfooxidans, originally Isolated from acidic waters of bituminous
coal mines of West Virginia and Pennsylvania, were characterized via a kinetic
study of their thiosulfate metabolism. This was based on the disappearance of
thiosulfate and tetrathionate which was determined colorimetrically from culture
media containing the three organisms. Determinations were performed under varying
conditions of temperature, pH, and oxygen tension. The sulfur metabolism of
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Ferrobacillus ferrooxldans, and Ferrobacillus sulfooxidans
was found to differ in the rate of utilization of thiosulfate and tetrathlomte,
with tetrathionate showing the most significant difference between the three
organisms. The apparent K sub m values of the three organisms ranged from 0.02-0.05 f
for T. ferrooxidans and F. sulfooxidans to 5-7 mM for F. rerrooxidans. increasing
the temperature caused a~greater effect on thiosulfnte oxidation by F. ferrooxidans
than with the other two as shown by the apparent activation energy values^The
initial pH of the medium determined the rate of thiosulfate oxidation. If the
Initial pH was U.0-^.5, a sharp break In oxygen uptake was shown by T. ferrooxidans
and F. aulfooxidans after 20-30 min, but not with F_. ferrooxldanG.
INDEX TERTC: Iron bacteria, Metabolism, Kinetics, i ollutant identification,
Thiobacillus forrooxidans, Cultures, Thioculfate, Tetrathionate, Ferrobacillus
ferrooxldanG, Culture media.
iw
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MICROBIOLOGICAL
"EFFECTS OF THERMAL ADDITIONS FROM THE YELLOWSTONE GEYSER BASIHS OH THE BACTERIOLOGY
OF THE FIFEHOLE RIVER", Zelkus, J. G., Brock, T. D., Ecology. Vol. 53, "o. 2, Early
Spring, 1972, PP 28U-290.
A study of the geyser-fed Flrebole River In Yellowstone Park support* the
Idea of using thermophillc bacteria as Indicators of thermal pollution. It la shown
that bacterial plate counts at high temperature can be used to detect thermophillc
bacteria added to water from thermal sources. Water samples were analyzed for
temperature, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, and phosphate using standard methods.
Samples plated on a salts-tryptone-yeast extract medium were used for viable counts
after 2-3 days Incubation at 25, 55, or 70 C. Isotope Incorporation studies were
made In the field using C-Ik-labelled glucose. The Increase In aggregate lengths of
bacterial filaments and rods of bacteria Incubated In the ?lrehole River water were
measured microscopically to determine bacterial growth rates. Water temperature
Increased by 16 C as the river flowed through the geyser area and alkalinity, conduc-
tivity, pH, and phosphate also increased. The optimum temperature for C-lU-labelled
glucose incorporation by benthic bacteria Increased in parallel with the river tempera-
ture. In the study of samples cultured at 25, 55, and 70 C, thermophills developing at
55 C were primarily Bacillus stearothermophilus and those at 70 C, primarily Thermos
aquatlcus. These bacteria were not present in water that had not received thermal
additions "but increased in number as thermal water entered. Their numbers decreased
markedly downstream from the heated region.
INDEX TERKS: Bloindicators, Thenaophllic bacteria, Geysers, Rivers, Water temperature,
Water quality, Growth rates, Radioactivity techniques, Water pollution effects,
Thermal pollution, Cultures, Isotope studies, Water analysis.
AMIC-5381
"DEORADATI01! OF DDT Dt SOIL WIDER THE INFLUENCE OF MICROORGANISMS", Drui, E. 0., Oar,
K. A., KhoUiryakova, V. S.t Dokiady Biological Sciences. Vol. 200, No. 1-6, September/
October 1971, pp 611-613.
The DDT blodegradatlve activities of soil microorganisms were investigated
under varying conditions of temperature, aeration, and nutrition. To establish the
participation of soil mloroflora In the process of DDT metabolism, 100 ml of Czapek
medium containing 500 mlcrograma I»,UI-DDT was Inoculated with 1 g of soil. Quantitative
changes in the content of DDT in the media were determined by thin-layer chromatography.
The results of the experiment after k weeks' incubation at 30 C showed that the
soil microorganism* at their optimal conditions for growth almost completely destroyed
I*,U'-DDT. In so doing, metabolism of U,U'-DDT resulted in about 50 percent being
converted to ODD, and the rest apparently vis broken down to water-soluble and
volatile products. Experiments excluding sugar from the nutrient medium, analyzed
after 5 weeks' Incubation, showed that ODD was Increased 15-fold. As the data show,
in unsterile soil, where favorable conditions (temperature, moisture) for the activity
of the mleroflora were created, DDT was transformed significantly more rapidly than in
sterile conditions, the main pathway of DDT transformation being dehydrochlorinatlon to
DDE under aerobic conditions and reduction of the dehydrochlorlnftte to ODD under anaero-
bic conditions. Study of the transformation in soil of pure products of DDE and ODD
showed that in time they too were broken down, being converted into volatile or water-
soluble products. In anaerobic conditions the metabolic process proceeds significantly
more rapidly than In aerobic conditions.
INDEX TERMS: DDT, Soil microorganisms, Mlcrobial degradation, Cultures, Culture
media.
AMK-52H*
"THE ECOIjOCIC IMPACT OF THE INTERACTIONS AMONG MICROORGANISMS AND AQUATIC CONTAMINANTS
IS LAKE E?IE, PHASE I AND PKACE II", Pflater, R. M., Dugan, P. R., Frea, J. I.,
Randies, C. I., Ohio State University, Wnter Resources Center, Columbus. Ohio, Report
Noa. W119 and 373X, Contract Nos. DI-lU-01-0001-1537, DI-lU-31-0001-31lU, November
1971, 99 PP- "IIS Report No. PB 207 758.
The ecological impact of the Interactions among microorganisms and aquatic
contaminants in Lake Erie can be determined by describing the lake's environmental
system using those key parameters that can be presently assessed. Due to the
very complex nature of the lake's Interelationships, representative relationships
within the lake could not be obtained by a simple equation of chemical data in the
water column. Primary productivity was measured, and Its Impact on the biology and
chemistry of the lake approximated. Similarly, bacterial productivity was estimated
and its role and impact in nutrient removal and turnover were assigned some relative
importance. The nature and activity of heterotrophic bacteria in the water and bottom
muds was estimated. It was found that if all organic and mineral Inputs to the lake
were stopped, the direct effect will be decreased algal and bacterial populations. The
organic nutrients upon which bacteria grow must either be prevented from entering the
water column or the bacteria must be inhibited in the lake. Mineral nutrients upon
which algae grow must also be prevented from entering the water column. Sediments of
relatively high organic content must be removed or allowed to decrease naturally, a
process which will determine the rate of decrease of the eutrophlcatlon rate.
INDEX TERMS: Lake Erie, Aquatic microorganisms, Eutrophicatlon, Pollutants, Organic
matter, Environmental effects, Aquatic bacteria, Aquatic fungi, Water pollution
effects, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Primary productivity, Cycling
nutrients Mineralogy. Path of pollutants, Diatoms.
AMIC-5382
"LOCALIZATION OF OXIDATION OF n-PARAFFINS BY YEASTS", Rachlnskll, V. V., Davldova,
E. G., Lapotyshklna, A. I., EoKlady Biological Sciences, Vol. 200, No. 1-6, September/
October 1971, pp 608-610.
Radioactive Indicators were employed to study sites of n-parafftn (hydro-
carbon) oxidation in a ralcroblal cell. To accomplish this, the incorporation of C-lU-
labeled heptadecane or octadecane was measured in yeast (Candida tropicalia) cells and
protoplasts. Chromatographic analysis of cell extracts showed that only those cells
pre-exposed to n-paraffins were able to accumulate the C-lU hydrocarbons, indicating
an inducible system for their uptake and subsequent oxidation. Kinetic analysis of
labeled hydrocarbons taken up and labeled C02 given off by both yeast cells and
protoplasts yielded identical rates of oxidation, thereby eliminating the possibility
of extracellular or membrane-linked enzymatic oxidation. Intracellular and
cytoplflsmic sites need further Investigation.
INDEX TERMS: Yeasts, Oxidation, Microbial degradation, Carbon radioisotopes, Chemical
reactions, Absorption, Cytological studies, Radioactivity techniques, Marking
techniques, Metabolism, nutrients, Paraffins, Candida tropicalis, Heptadecane,
Octadecane, Aliphatic hydrocarbons, Substrate utilization, Fate of pollutants.
-------
3. KICROBIOLUQ.ICAL
"PRODUCTION OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER FROM DEAD GREEN ALGAL CELLS. I. AEROBIC
MICROBIAL DECOMPOSITION", Otsukl, A., Hanya, T,, Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 1?,
No. 2, tferch 1972, pp 2U8.257.
The production of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from dead green algal cells
(Scenedesmus) by aerobic bacteria was investigated with particular emphasis on the
patterns and Kinetics of C and N. DOM was prepared for experimental uae by free7.e-
drylng and ashing approximately 99 percent pure cultures of Scenedeamus. Aerobic
decomposition of the DOM was Initiated by Inoculating mlcroflora into a specially
prepared decomposition appnratus containing culture media and DOM at pH 7. After
incubation, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) were measured by an
elemental analyzer and by the micro-KJeldahl method. Organic materials, such as
protein and amino acids, were extracted by thin-layer chromatography for IR-speotro-
scopic analysis. The DOM production by the 30 th day of incubation was about 7 percent
C qnd 6 percent N. Aerobic microbial decomposition approximated a first order reaction
during this period. Kinetic considerations of the decomposition pattern of the cell
nitrogen and the production of DON suggest that dead algal cell substance may be
divided into labile and refractory constituents by their relative resistance to the
action of bacteria. The dissolved organic nitrogenous material produced is composed
of two major fractions: one is produced with the decomposition of algal cells, and the
other is probably excreted by bacteria through reasslmilation of mineralized nitrogen.
INDEX TERMS: Aerobic bacteria, Aerobic conditions, Kinetics, Scenedeamus, Microbial
degradation, Carbon, Organic matter, Water pollution sources, Dissolved solids,
Chlorophyta, Aquatic productivity, Aquatic algae, Fate of pollutants, Substrate
utilization, Organic nitrogen, Organic carbon.
AMIC-5U16
"ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A PHAGE FOR PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA",.Metcalf, J.,
Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, Research Report A-016-ALA (2) Master's Thesis,
June 1972, 101 pp.
The research for this thesis Involved the Isolation and characterization of
a phage infectious to Pseudomonaa aeruglnosa. Phages were isolated for study by
aseptically removing an individual plaque from a Pseudomonas culture Infected with
bacteriophage. The effects of host cell age, media composition, temperature, and pH
were studied in order to determine optimum conditions for phage production. Results
indicated that the particular phage Isolated was a virulent phage which attacks
P. aeruglnosa. Optimum phage production occurs when host cells used for inoculation
erugln
in the
are in their logarithmic growth phase and when the phage and bacterium are incubated
at 35 C for 2U hr in peptone-based medium at pH 6-7. The phage was inactivated by
heating at 60 C for 30 min or by extremes in pH, I* or 10. Electronmicrographs revealed
a small tadpole-shaped phage with i 25 ailllmicron diameter head and i 2.1* by 7.1*
millimicron tail. Inactivation of the phage with RNase indicated It was an RNA virus.
INDEX TERMS: Bacteriophage, Physical properties, Electron microscopy, Isolation,
Bacteria, Microorganisms, Cultures, Temperature, Pigments, Hydrogen ion
concentration, Enzymes, Microscopy, Separation techniques, Solvents, Solvent
extractions, B. coll, Systematics, Viruses, Cultures, Pseudomonas aeruglnosa,
Characterization, Culture media, Salmonella typhimurium, Jerratia marcescens,
Antiserum.
AMIC-5
"PRODUCTION OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER FROM DEAD GREEN ALGAL CELLS. II. ANAEROBIC
MICROBIAL DECOMPOSITION", Otsukl, A., Hanya, T. Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 17,
Ho. 2, March 197?, PP 258-26U.
The production of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from dead green algal cells
(Scenedesmus) by anaerobic bacteria was investigated and compared with those produced
under aerobic conditions. DOM was prepared for experimental use by freeze-drying and
ashing approximately 99 percent pure cultures of Scenedesmus. Anaerobic decomposition
of the DOM was initiated by inoculating microflora Into a specially prepared decomposi-
tion apparatus containing culture media and DOM at pH 7. After incubation, dissolved
organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) were measured by an elemental analyzer and by
the mlcro-Kjeld^hl method. Organic acids, particularly fatty acids, were extracted by
thin-layer chromatography for IR spectrophotometric determination. Thirty percent of
idded algal cell carbon was transformed into DOC and 20 percent mineralized; 50 percent
remained as particulnte matter. On the other hand, 8 percent of the added algal cell
nitrogen was transformed into DON, U8 percent was mineralized, and 'tU percent remained
in particolate form. The dissolved organic compounds consisted mainly of lower fatty
acids and yellowish acidic substances. Some proteinaceous material was found. Anaerobic
decomposition patterns as compared with those under aerobic conditions suggest the
presence of relatively high concentrations of DOM in anaerobic natural environments.
(See also:
"PHOTOREACTrVATION IN HALOBACTERIUM CUTIRUBRUM", Hescox, M. A,, Carlberg, D. M.,
Canadian Journal of Microbiology,Vol. 18, No. 7, July 1972, pp 981-985.
The role of pigment in the photoreactivation of a UV-damaged, halophilic
bacterium, Halobacterium cutirubruro, was Investigated by exposing cell suspensions
to ultraviolet light (15 ergs per square mm) and placing them in an Ice bath 3 in
below a 15-watt fluorescent lamp for photoreactivatlon. A population irradiated to
1 percent survivors was able to photoreactivate to complete recovery of the original
population In less than 1 h of illumination. However, cells whose carotenold pigments
had been inhibited by exposure to 1 znicronolar diphenylamine were not able to
photoreactivate as efficiently. These carotene pigments have been implicated in an
energy-transfer role to augment the photoreactlvation mechanism.
INDEX TERMS: Ultraviolet radiation, Halophytes, Microorganisms, Photoactivation,
Figments, Aerobic bacteria, Pollutant identification, Cultures, Equipment,
Solvents, Halophilic bacteria, Photoreactivatlon, Eiiphenylamine, Characterization,
Halobacterium cutirubrum, Carotenoitls, Alpha-bacteriopurpurin, Deoxyribonucleic
acid, Ethanol, Survival.
INDEX TERMS: Anaerobic bacteria, Anaerobic conditions, Kinetics, Organic matter, Water
pollution sources, Nitrogen, Dissolved solids, Environmental effects, Aerobic
conditions, Chlorophyta, Scencdesmua, Aquatic algae, Aquatic productivity, Organic
carbon, Organic nitrogen, Substrate utilization, Participate matter, Fate of
__
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MICBOBIOICOICAL METHODS
AMIC.5
! "SOIL ENRICHMENT FOR THE ISOLATION OF SPORANGIAL SUBGROUP II BACILLUS SPECIES, AMD
l OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING A COIL-FOPMIW5 VElffiER OF THIS GROUP", Wood, R. T., Caslda, L.
! E., Jr., Canadian Journal of Microbiology. Vol. 18, No. 7, July 1972, pp 1031-1038.
Enrichment culture procedures are described which allow recovery from soil
of mainly sporangial subgroup II Bacillus species, subgroup I plus subgroup II, Or
the latter plus a coil-forming member of subgroup II. After Isolation, the coll-
i forming type grew normally and sporulated extensively only on agarlzed soil medium.
Growth was normal on soil extract agar but sporulation was less extensive. Limited
sporulatlon occurred when divalent cations were added to more conventional media.
! Normal vegetative growth occurred on, other media Investigated only when the
> pH value was held within relatively narrow limits. The presence of carbohydrate
• In agar media caused partial growth Inhibition, a lack of catalase activity, and the
| formation of very long colled cells plus pleomorphlc cells, whereas overt cell
I lysis occurred in vigorously shaken broth cultures. These responses possibly reflect
! an unbalanced growth condition caused by growth at pH extremes and not by carbo-
hydrate per ee. The characteristic features that set the coil-forming bacilli apart
from other subgroup II Bacillus species were shown to be (l) their inability to grow
at pH values below 6.5, (2) their Inability to ferment carbohydrates, (3) their high
oxygen requirement for growth, and (k) their ability to reduce thlosulfate to H2S.
In addition, these bacilli can be distinguished from closely related establlahed
species by other biochemical tests.
INDEX TERMS: Aqueous solutions, Fertilization, Spores, Cultures, Hydrogen ion
concentration, Water pollution, Pollutant Identification, Bacillus, Enrichment.
AMIC-5U73
"PHYSIOLOGY OF A NEW FACULTATIVELY AUTOTROIHIC THERMDPHILIC THicBACiLLUS11, wmiams,
S. A. D., Hoare, D. S., Journal of Owteral Microbiology, Vol. 70, 1972, pp 555-566.
A MY thermophilic thlobaclllus (0 plus C equals 66.2 mol ywoeat) has been
Isolated in pure culture. This facultatively autotrophic non-spore-forming themophlle
was Isolated from water samples collected at Yellowstone National Park. The temperature
optimum for growth was 50 degrees. Beterotrophic growth occurred OB nutrient broth,
but act em simple organic compounds. No alpha-keto-glutarate dehydrogeaase was
present, but unrestricted acetate incorporation took place via the glyoxylate cycle.
IHDEX TERMS: ThenMphlllc bacteria, Cultures, Sulfur bacteria, Freshwater, Pollutant
ideatificatlom. Biochemistry, Biological properties, Thiobacillus, Bacterial
physiology, Autotrophic bacteria, Yellowstone National Park, Biochemical testa,
Substrate utilization, Thiosulfate.
AfflC-5^72
"WATER RELATIONS OF SALMDHELLft OBAHTEHBUBC'; ACCUMULATION OF POTASSIUM AND AMMO ACTD6
DURING RESPIRATION", Christian, J. H. B., Hall, J. M., Journal of General Microbiology,
Vol. 70, 1972, pp <*97-506.
The Influence of water activity on the rate aad extent of potassium and
amlno acid uptake In Salmonella oranlenburg and their relation to respiratory
stimulation was studied^Amlno acids giving high (proline), moderate (aspartic acid^,
slight (glutaml acid), and negligible (alanlne) stimulation of glucose respiration
were studied. Cultures were grown in brain-heart broth at 30 C with shaking.
Conventional Warburg equipment was used to measure oxygen consumption and in most
cases potassium aad amlno acid accumulation. For potassium determinations, extracts
from wet organisms and membrane filters were analyzed by flame photometry. Liquid
scintillation counting was used for the assay of radioactive amlno acids. Metabolism
of proline was measured chromatographically. In the absence of amlao acids, potassium
accumulation Increased to a maxlmun as A sub w (water activity) was decreased to about
0.975, tut then dropped to a low value at 0.960 A oub w) with an amlao acid, potassium
accumulation was much increased and maximum uptake occurred at 0.960 A sub w. Carbon-
lk proline uptake Increased linearly with decrease la A sub w, the accumulated
proline being metabolized in part to glutamlc acid and to deaminated compounds. Uptake
of aspartate was comparable to that of proline at A sub w down to 0.98 but then
decreased. Relatively little exogenously supplied glutamate or alanine was accumulated
at any water activity.
INDEX TEFMSt Salmonella, Potassium, Amlno acids, Respiration, Acids, Radioactivity
techniques, Absorption, Photometry, Metabolism, Chromatography, Bioindicators,
Salmonella oranlenburg, Water activity, Glucose oxidation.
AMIC-51*714.
"ISOLATIOB AND TAXONOKCC SIGNIFICANCE OF BACOERIOPHAGES FOR NON-PROTEOLYTIC CLOSTRIDIUM
BOTULINUM", Sugiyama, H., King, G. J., Journal of General Microbiology. Vol. 70, 1972,
pp 517-535.
Bacterlophages, lytlc for wild-type Clostridiurn botullnum and different
from the phages Induced from lysogenlc cultures, were Isolated and characterized.
The phages were isolated from bottom sediments of an Inland bay and Its tributary by
filtering cultures of various toxlgenlc and nontexigeaic C. botulimim which bad
been incubated with 3 gm of the sediment. Phage stocks were prepared by plating
dilutions of the active filtrate with the lost strain used in the phage dilution.
These phage stocks ami lysogenizing phages, obtained by mltomycin C induction of TPGY
cultures, were stained with phosphotuagstic acid and examined with a» electron micro-
scope. The host ranges indicated seven phages In three morphological groups: three
were tailless phages, three had hexagonal head aad sheattaless flexible tail,
amd oae had a sheathed tail. The hosts were restricted to non-proteolytlc C. botulinum
strains producing type B, E, or F toxin and to a few of the nontoxlgenlc clostrldla
which resemble C. botrtlijium type E. Hone of the phages was active OR proteolytic
C. botulimum producing type A, B, or F toxin or cultures producing type C or D toxin.
The host ranges of these phages may prove useful for classification of the £.
botullKum types.
INDEX TERMS: Bacterlophage, Pollutant ideatlfication, Isolation, Systematlcs,
Bioindicators, Bottom sedljnents, Bottom sampling, Toxins, Electron microscopy,
Antibiotics (pesticides), Methodology, Clostrldium botulinum, Mitomycin C,
Clostridlum botulinum Type E.
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3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-5U78
"KtCHOBIAL CO-METABOLISM AMD THE DEGRADATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN MATURE", Horvath,
R. S., Bacteriological Reviewa, Vol. 36, Wo. 2, Jume 1972, pp lW-155.
Co-metabolism or co-oxidation Is the process by which a microorganism
oxidizes a substance without being able to utilise the emergy derived from tills
oxidation to support growth. It Includes the dehalogenatlon proeeem frequently
carried oat by mlcroblal species. This paper reviews the literature relate* to CO-
metabolism and draws conclusions based on past research. Mlcroblal species exhibit- {
lag co-metabolism aad organic substances subject to the phenomena are llste*, and the j
mechanisms of co-metabolism are discussed, he co-metabolism of environmental pollu-
tants by both pure cultures and naturally occurring mlcroblal populations Is described, j
Mlcroblal populations are clearly shown to be capable of degrading pollutants, am4 It j
has been shown that co-metabolic degradation can be promoted by repeated applications
of the substance or by application of biodegradable analogs of the pollutants to the
microbial ecosystem. This 'analog enrichment' may allow the benefit of a pesticide
together with a rapid oxidation of the compound, thus eliminating environmental
hazards. Co-metabolism as a biochemical technique Is also discussed. It Is concluded
that Its application to biochemical and metabolic studies is limited only by the
Imagination of Investigators.
INDEX TERMS: Blodegradation, Metabolism, Organic compounds, Biochemistry, Microbiology,
Microbial degradation, Oxidation, Pseudomonas, Acids, Pesticides, DOT, Cultures,
2 I* 5-T, Herbicides, Alkylbenzene svOfonates, Surfactants, Reviews, Chlorinated
hydrocarbon pesticides, Co-metabolism.
AMIC -5U80
"SELECTIVE MEDIUM FOR HYDROGEN SULFOT PRODUCTION BY SALMONELLAE", Padron, A. P.,
Dockstader, W. B., Applied Microbiology. Vol. 23, He. 6, June 1972, pp 1107-1112.
Triple Sugar Iron Agar does not reveal hydrogen sulfIde production by all
Salmonella organisms nor does It permit clear-cut separation of those nonsalnonellae
which produce H2S. Numerous media with varied combinations of nutrients, Inhibitors,
selective agents, pH levels, and metal salts were tested for H2S production of
cultures of Salmons]la, Citrobacter, EdwardsieHa, Arizona, Proteus, Providancia,
Klebalella., and Enterobacter.An agar medium has been devised which promotes "growth
and H2S production (generally within 6 hr) by Salmonella, Arizona, and Edwardalella,
but which Inhibits hydrogen sulfide production or growth of all other gram-negative
organisms tested (including Cltrobacter) or Inhibits both. The components of the
medium Include proteose peptone no. 3, dulcltol, anhydrous dextrose, dipotasalum
hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium sulflte, bismuth
citrate, ammonium citrate, agar, and water. The use of this medium should facilitate
the selection aad Identification of Salmonella.
INDEX TERMS: Salmonella, Hydrogen sulfide, Pollutant Identification, Systematic*,
Sulflles, Aerobic bacteria, Enteric bacteria, Inhibitors, Chlorides, Nitrites,
nitrates, Phosphates, Salts, Metals, Selective media, Culture media, Growth,
Biochemical teats.
AMIC .51*79
"UPTAKE OF BACTERIOPHAOE AW) THEIR SUBSEQUENT SURVIVAL IN EDIBLE WEST COAST CRABS
AFTER PROCESSING", DlGlrolamo, R., Wiczynskl, L., Daley, M., Miranda, F., Vlehveger,
C., Applied Microbiology, Vol. 23, »o. 6, June 1972, PP 1073-1076.
Edible West Coast crabs (Cancer maglster and Cancer antennaxlus), when in
seawater contaminated with coliphage Tt», were found to accumulate high tlters of this
virus. To study the extent of the hazard presented by crabs contaminated with virus,
samples of edible crabs were contaminated with coliphage Tl* and then processed by
boiling. Results indicated that virus In crabs withstood this method of processing.
The survival rate of virus varied from 2.5 to 20 percent, depending upon the processing
time. Heat penetration studies showed that, although internal temperature In the crabs
was sufficient to inactivate virus, the processing times normally used to cook crabs
were not. These results suggest that processed crabs could serve as vectors for the
dissemination of virus diseases If the crabs are harvested from a polluted area.
(Reprinted from Applied Microbiology, Vol. 23, No. 6, June 1972, pp 1073-1076.
Copyright 1972 by the American Society for Microbiology. Reprinted by permission of
the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Crabs, Viruses, Bacteriophage, Public health, Water pollution effects,
Path of pollutants, Commercial shellfish, Crustaceans, Boiling, E. coll, Bioassay,
Pollution, Foods, Cancer, aagister, Cancer antennarlus.
AMIC-51461
"MICROBIAL UTILIZATION OF CRUDE OIL", Jobaon, A., Cook, F. D., Westlake, D. W. S.,
Applied Mlcroblolog/. Vol. 23, No. 6, June 1972, pp 1082-1069.
The utilization of two crude oil samples of different quality at I* and
30 C has been studied by using pure and mixed bacterial cultures obtained by enrichment
procedures. Growth, emulsiflcatioa, and utilization occurred readily at both tempera-
tures. The crude oil residue Is Increased in specific gravity and readily sediments
out of solution. A comparison of the chemical analysis of the oils by liquid and
gas-liquid ehronatographic procedures before and after growth showed that the
n-saturate fraction had been preferentially used, and utilization of the aromatic
fraction also occurred. Enrichments obtained with a high-quality crude oil were not
as effective In utilizing a lower quality crude oil as sole carbon source as a popula-
tion enriched on the low-quality crude oil. (Reprinted from Applied Microbiology,
Vol. 23, No. 6, June 1972, pp 1062-1089. Copyright 1972 by the American "Society for
Microbiology. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TEEMS: Microorganisms, Biodegradatlon, Metabolism, Soil bacteria, Bioassay,
Pseudononas, Bacillus, Crude oil. Enrichment, Substrate utilization, Micrococous,
Achromobacter.
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3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
"PHYSICAL STATE IH WHICH NAPHTHALENE AMD BIBE1CYL ARE UTILIZED BY BACTERIA", Wodzlnskl
R. S., Bertollnl, D., Applied Microbiology. Vol. 23, Bo. 6, June 1972, pp 1077-1081. '
To determine whether bacteria obtain aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous
solution or from the solid phase, Pseudanonas and a gram-negative rod Isolate obtained
from soil were cultured In buffered nlneral salts median (BM3) containing naphthalene
and bibenzyl, respectively. The cultures were grown in a 500 ml, gas-tight fermemtor
in which dissolved oxygen was nonltored with an oxygen prob«. The results showed that
generation times of a strain of Paeudcmonaa grown on a nlneral salts medium in the pre-
sence of various amounts of naphthalene did not vary with the amount of solid present,
and these generation times were the same as the generation tine oa mineral salts
medium containing only dissolved naphthalene. The generation time of a soil isolate
grown on mineral salts medium in the presence of 0.5 g of solid bibenzyl per liter was
the same as the generation time on a mineral salts medium saturated with btbensyl. The
evidence indicates that naphthalene and bibenzyl are utilized in the dissolved state.
INDEX TEHMSi Bacteria, Organic compovnais, Growth rates, Pseudomonas, Cultures,
Fermentation, Dissolved oxygen, Equipment, Soil bacteria, Microbiology,
Mtcroblal degradation, Hutrlenta, Naphthalene, Bibenzyl, Gram-negative bacteria,
Enrichment, Substrate utilization.
AMIC-5U8U
"SCAMHUIO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF MICROBIAL CELLS OS KEMBRANE FILTERS", Todd, R. L.,
Kerr, T. J., Applied Microbiology, Vol. 23, No. 6, June 1972, pp Il60-ll62.
Establishing a feasible electron microscopic method for the in situ
observation and calibration of mlcroblal blomass required the examination of pure
cultures of bacteria as reference organisms. Pseudcaonas, Staphylococcus aureus,
and Bacillus subtllis were collected on two different membrane filters (Mllllpore
and Huclepore). For microscopic analysis, samples of the bacteria, vacuum-filtered
on respective filters, were fixed with glutaraldehyde cacodylate, washed with
cacodylate buffer, and coated uniformly with gold (100 nm) on a rotary turntable
at a nllli torr. Huclepore membrane filters were preferred due to a lesser variation
in pore size, which affords a coarse Internal size calibration, and the greater degree
of contrast provided. Scanning electron micrographs for the bacteria on the two
filters are provided.
ISEEX TERMS: Bacteria, Pollutant Identification, Methodology, Blomass, Electron
microscopy, Microbiology, Instrumentation, Filtration, Aerobic bacteria,
Membrane filters. Scanning electron microscopy, Staphylococcus aureus. Bacillus
subtllis, Millipore filters, Huclepore filters, Olutaraldehyde, Cacodylate,
Sample preparation, Sample preservation.
"RECOGNITION OF GROUP D STREPTOCOCCAL SPECIES OF HUMfUJ ORIGIN BY BIOCHEMICAL AHD
PHYSIOLOGICAL TESTS", Faclclam, R. R., Applied Microbiology. Vol. 23, No. 6. June
1972, pp 1131-1139-
The purpose of this investigation was to show that speciation of group D
streptococci isolated from clinical material can be accomplished If a spectrum of
characteristics are considered as recommended by Deibel. Speciation of 262 strains
of group D streptococci Isolated from blood cultures and from clinical cases of
•ubacute bacterial endocarditis was carried out by standard techniques. The results
show that 98 Streptococcus faecalls, 29 S. faeealis var. zymogenes, UU S. faeealls
var. liquefaclenB, 27 S.~?aeclum, 13 S. durans, HH S. bovls, and ? unspeeiated"
S. bovls-llke group D Isolates were identified, No~S.~?aec'luiB var. caaaellflavua,
5. equinus, or S. aylum (group Q streptococci) were Identified among the humui
isolates. Nineiy-eight percent of the 262 strains were speclated by a spectrum of
tests that allowed recognition of atypical as well as typical strains within species.
INDEX TERMS: Streptococcus, Systematics, Cultures, Isolation, Hicroorganisms, Bacteria,
Aerobic bacteria, Bloindlcators, Biochemistry, Classification, Pathogenic
bacteria, Methodology, Streptococcus faeealis var. zymogenes, Streptococcus
faecalls var. llquefaoiena. Streptococcus faecium, Streptococcus durans,
Streptococcus bovis, Streptococcus equlnua, Streptococcus avivun, Culture media.
AMIC-5l*85 " " ~
"NEW TECHNIQUE FOR BIOTYPIBG", Guinee, P. A. M., Leeuwen, W. J. V., Jansen, W. H.,
Applied Microbiology. Vol. 23, No. 6, June 1972, pp 1172-117U.
A technique developed primarily for the biotyplng of Salmonella
typhlmurium uses disposable trays Instead of glass tube and agar Instead of liquid
medium. A multiple reagent dispenser is used to dispense 0.5 ml samples of the
media into the 96 cups on the plastic tray. The filled trays are covered with
adhesive tape and stored at k C. After 16-20 hr of Incubation at 37 C, 0.05 ml of
saturated lead acetate solution la Injected through he tape by means of a flame-
sterilized injection needle; reactions are then read. Sixteen strains can be bio-
typed In one tray, and results have been shown to be the same as with conventional
blotyping tubes. Advantages of the technique Include smaller media requirements,
less time for dispensing media, less laboratory space, and quicker inoculation
and reading. The method ie probably applicable for other biochemical tests but where
prolonged incubations is required, another Inoculation technique that does not
puncture the adhesive tape would be necessary.
INDEX TERMS: Cultures, Salmonella, Pollutant identification, Biochemistry, Methodology,
Aerobic bacteria, Biotyping, Agars, Multiple reagent dispenser, Salmonella
typhimurlum, Sample preparation, Culture media.
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3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-5U92
"SALMONELLA TESTING OF POOLED PRE-ENRICHMSHT BROTH CULTURES FOR SCREENING MULTIPLE
FOOD SAMPLES". Price, W. R., Olsen, R. A., Hunter, J. E., Applied Microbiology,
Vol. 23, Ko. k, April 1972, PP 679-682.
A method is presented for testing multiple food samples for Salmonella.
The method pools multiple pre-enrichment broth culture* Into single snrTcEaei?
selenite and tetrathionate broths. The subsequent stages of the Salmonella analysis
are not altered. The method was found applicable to several dry food materials
including nonfat dry milk, dried egg albumin, cocoa, cottonseed flour, wheat flour,
and shredded coconut. As many as 25 pre-enrichment broth cultures were pooled
without apparent loss In the sensitivity Of Salmonella detection as compared to
individual sample analysis. The procedure offers a simple, yet effective, way to
increase sample capacity in the Salmonella testing of foods, particularly where a
large proportion of samples ordinarily is negative. It also permits small portions
of pre-enrichment broth cultures to be retained for subsequent Individual analysis
if positive tests are found.
IHDEX TERMS: Salmonella, Foods, Pollutant identification, Cultures, Sampling,
Methodology, Water pollution sources, Aerobic bacteria. Enteric bacteria,
Pseudomonas, Milk, Culture media, Enrichment, Biochemical tests, CM-square
test, Salmonella braenderup, Salmonella spp, SalJionella cubana. Salmonella
anatum. Salmonella blnza, Salmonella tennessee, Salmonella worthlngton,
Proteus, Cltrobacter freundii.
AMIC-5U98
"PFELIMIHARY REPORTt A SYSTEM FOR TYPING SALMONELLA THOMPSON", Oershman, M.,
Applied Microbiology, Vol. 23, Ko. k, April 1972, pp 831-832.
A routine phage dilution test is presented for the phage typing of Salmonella
thompson. S. thompson specific bacteriophages were isolated by the membrane filtration
of sewage solutions and plating the filtrate onto cultures of S. thompson. Cultures
of S. thonpson to be typed were Incubated 1.5 hr until turbid and flooded onto a
nutrient agar plate. Phage dilutions of not less than 1 to 1000 were spotted onto the
plate in Order to improve accuracy. Phage activity was recorded as confluent lysis,
opaque lysis, senloonfluent lysis, and numbers of plaques. Eight phages were isolated
and used for Identification of 13 distinct phage types.
INDEX TERMS: Bacteriophage, Pollutant identification, Salmonella, Water pollution
sources. Sewage, Methodology, Separation techniques, Sewage bacteria, Salmonella
thompson, Phage typing, Plaques, Enumeration, Culture media. Sample preparation.
AMIC-5U9U
"RAPID ORNITHIHE DECARBOXYLASE TESt FOR THE HKSTIFICATION OF EHTEROBACTERIACEA",
Fay, 0. D., Barry, A. L., Applied Microbiology. Vol. 23, No. U, April 1972, pp 710-713.
A rapid ornlthine decarboxylase test has been developed for the identifica-
tion of the Enterobacteriaceae, separation of members of the Klebslella-Enterobacter-
Serratia group, and identification of species of Proteus. Conventional methods for
detecting ornithine decarboxylase activity require an extended period of incubation.
However, with a few simple modifications, accurate results were obtained within a few
hours rather than several days. The broth medium was modified, primarily by omitting
glucose and by decreasing the pH to 5.5. A 1-ml amount of this broth was Inoculated
with one colony and then overlaid with sterile mineral oil. Within 2 to I* hr, the pH
increased if ornithine was decarboxylated, thus changing the color of the Internal
pH indicator to a dark purple. If the amino acid was not decarboxylated, the pH
decreased to pH 5.0 to 5.2, enough to give a definite yellow color. With 3^7
selected clinical Isolates, the rapid test gave results identical to those obtained
in 1 to U days with Moeller's decarboxylase medium. Less reliable results were
obtained with Difco's decarboxylase medium with 0.3 percent agar which was stab-
inoculated and read after 18 to 2i» hr without a mineral oil seal. The rapid ornlthine
decarboxylase test represents a simple, accurate technique which is well suited for
the clinical microbiology laboratory.
IBIEX TERMS: Pollutant Identification, Hydrogen ion concentration. Color reactions,
Amino acids, Aqueous solutions, E. coll, Water pollution sources, Aerobic
bacteria, Ornithine decarboxylase test, Eaterobacterlaceae, Serratla, Glucose,
Enterobacter cloacae, KLebslella pneumonlae, Proteus morganll, Proteus vulgarls,
Proteus rettgeri, Escherichie.
Sea also: Category 1, AMIC-3657
Category 2, AMIC-33lt8, 51*17.
AMIC-5556
"THE BDELLOVIBRIOS". Starr,
Vol. 25, 1971, pp 649-678.
M. P., Eeidler, R. J., Annual Review of Microbiology,
One portion of this review concerns ecological studies of both host-dependent
and host-independent Bdellovlbrlos. Procedures for the isolation and enumeration of
host-dependent Bdellovibrios from natural habitats rely on the property of the
relatively small cell size (narrow width; low mass) of the parasites. Bdellovibrioa
have been reported from a great variety of habitats including soil and sewage, rivers,
and the marine environment. Host-independent Bdellovibrios may be routinely obtained
by isolating the spontaneous streptomycin-resistant mutants, followed by their
propagation on a streptomycin-sensitive host. In this manner, large numbers of
streptomycin-resistant Bdellovlbrio cells can be transferred to a selective medium
containing streptomycin for Isolation of the host-Independent cells.
IMDEX TERMSs Animal parasites, Aquatic bacteria. Hosts, Water pollution, Sewage
bacteria, Soil bacteria, Soils, Water pollution sources, Cultures, Methodology,
Isolation, Bdellovibrlo, Streptomycin, Mutants.
-------
U. METHODS ADD PERFORMANCE EVAUUAT.LUB
AMIC-2870
"CRITERION FOR JUDGING THE ACCEPTABILITY OF ANALYTICAL METHODS"
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. W», No. t, April 1972, pp 878-879.
Eckschlager, K.,
A mathematical equation using both standard deviation and the absolute
value of the mean error Is suggested for judging the acceptability of analytical
methods. When assessing analytical methods, the standard deviation should always
be based on an approximately equal and sufficiently large number of eterminatlons.
INDEX TERMS: Analytical techniques, Mathematical studies, Equations, Evaluation,
Assessments, Average, Quality control, Acceptability, Standard deviation,
Errors, Method validation, Data Interpretation.
AMIC-5530
"MCHOCHEMICAL METHODS. COLLABORATIVE STUDY OF THE AUTOMATIC CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND
NITROGEN DETERMINATION", Scroggins, L. H., Journal of the Association of Official
Analytical Chemists, Vol. 55, No. U, 1972, pp 070-079.
A method for the simultaneous determination of per cent carbon, hydrogen,
and nitrogen, employing automatic instrumentation, was tested by 10 collaborators.
The samples analyzed were acetanlllde, nlcotlnlc acid, stearlc acid, methyl palsiltate,
and ethyl laurate. Evaluation of the statistical data and overall consideration
Indicate satisfactory results for all types of compounds studied. The method was
adopted as official first action.
INDEX TERMS: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Evaluations, Chemical analysis, Data
analysis, Sensitivity, Automation, Instrumentation, Methodology, Quality
control, Acetanlllde, Nlcotinlc acid, Stearic acid, Methyl palmltate,
Ethyl laurate, Interlaboratory tests, Collaborative studies, Method
validation, Data interpretation.
AMIC-552U
"A METHOD FOR EXACT TESTING OF 2X2, 2X3, 3X3, AND CITHER CONTINGENCY TABLES, EMPLOYING
JBINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS", Ghent, A. W., The American Midland Naturalist. Vol. 88, Ho. 1,
!l972, pp 15-27. !
The Fisher exact test of 2X2 contingency tables Is used primarily with
snail and essentially unchangeable samples for which the time spent In numerical
[analysis Is relatively unimportant. The method permits calculation of precise
probabilities In situations where normal approximation and chi-square calculations
lare likely to be inaccurate because of small cell frequencies. In this paper,
{procedures for computation of 2X2 tables by means of alignment and multiplication
of appropriate binomial coefficients are reviewed and extended to larger tables.
jThese procedures are much less time consuming than the use of logarithms of
.factorials, once thought necessary. Work examples of 2X2, 2X3, sjid 3X3 tables
iare presented together with brief developments of the algebra of the corresponding
exact teats. Procedures for extending the method of binomial coefficients to 2XC
land RXC tables are also outlined.
j
jINDEX TERMS: Statistical methods, Numerical analysis, Mathematical studies, Quality
j control, Probability, Methodology, Binomial coefficients, Fisher exact test,
Contingency tables, Exact testing, Quantitative analysis, Data Interpretation.
AMIC-5531
"COLLABORATIVE STUDY OF MICROANALYTICAL DETERMINATION OF BROMINE AND CHLORINE BY
OXYGEN FLASK COMBUSTION", Steyermark, A., Lalancette, R. A., Contreras, E. M.,
Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 55, No. U, 1972,
pp 000-003.
Twenty-six collaborators participated In a collaborative, microanalytlcal
determination of bromine and chlorine by oxygen flask combustion, followed by
mercurimetrlc titration of the ionic halide. After eliminating the results of four
laboratories for Br analysis as poor, the mean value obtained was 37.33 percent; the
theoretical mean, 0.00 percent; standard deviation, 0,l8; and the standard deviation of
the mean, 0.15- The values obtained for chlorine, after elimination of poor results
were: 20.89 percent, minus 0.01 percent, O.lk, and O.J2, respectively. The method
was adopted as official first action as an alternative to the Carius method for the
determination of bromine and chlorine in organic compounds.
INDEX TERMS: Organic compounds, Chemical analysis. Laboratory tests. Methodology,
Evaluation, Sensitivity, Quality control, Interlaboratory testa. Collaborative
studies, Method validation. Data interpretation.
1*7
-------
U. METHODS AHD PERFORMANCE EVAUUATIOB
AMIC-5532
"COLLABORATIVE STUDY OF THE DETERMINATION OF IRON AMD ALUMINUM IS BAKING POWDER BY
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOHETRY", Holak, V,, Journal of the Association of Official
Analytical Chemlatu, Vol. 55, No. k, 1972, pp 661*^851
Commercial baking powder and samples containing added Iron and aluminum
were analyzed by atonic absorption at several laboratories and the results
statistically analyzed. The analyses for aluminum proved to be satisfactory. The
results from Iron analyaes, however, were erratic showing that portion of the
analytical technique to be unacceptable.
INDEX TERMS: Evaluation, Methodology, Quality control, Baking powder, Interlaboratory
tests, Collaborative studies, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Sensitivity,
Chemical recovery, Method validation, Data Interpretation.
"COLLABORATIVE STUDY OF THE DETERMINATION OF AVAILABLE MANGANESE IN FERTILIZER",
Thorpe, V. A., Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Vol
55, No. k, 1972, pp 655-W. ' ~
A collaborative study was conducted to determine the best method for the
analysis of divalent or tetravalent manganese In the presence of the other In a
fertilizer mixture. A method for determining water soluble forms of manganese was
also Included. Twelve Industrial and government laboratories participated. Each
laboratory tested four sanples, each of which contained a single source or mixture
of sources of manganese In concentrations ranging from 1 to 3 percent. Sample and
standard solutions were prepared according to AOAC standards. Measurement was by
atomic absorption spectrophotometry, again according to AOAC standards. The results
showed that total manganese is determined by HS1 digestion, total divalent manganese
by H2SOlt-!Bf03 digestion, and water-soluble divalent manganese by a water-extraction
method.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Spectrophotometry, Solubility, Acids, Quality control,
Collaborative studies, Interlaboratory tests, Method validation, Data
Interpretation.
AMIC-5533
"AMU50 ACID ANALYSIS OF SOYBEAN MEAL. INTERLABORATORY STUDY", Cavins, J. F.,
KVolek, W. F., Inglett, G. £., Cowan, J, C., Journal of the Association of Official
Analytical Chemists, Vol. 55, No. k, 1972,.pp 000-091.
An Interlaboratory study was conducted to evaluate the amino acid analysis
of soybean meal by hydrochloric acid hydrolysis followed by ion exchange chromatography.
A preliminary survey of six laboratories had indicated that the greatest variation In
results arose In the hydrolysis procedure where side reactions, destruction, and
incomplete release of amino acids ran allT the wposltlon of tti<~ sample for
ehromatoerapMc analysis. Five laboratories participated in the study, each using its
existing analytical equipment to evaluate four methods of hydrolysis. The results
were statistically evaluated by a single laboratory. After this initial study, a
second study was conducted to evaluate the effect of soybean meal mesh size on results.
Between- and within-laboratory variations were significant for most ainlno acids,
whereas variations due to hydrolysis procedure and sample mesh size in the under 30
to under 270 mesh range were significant at the 0.05 level for only 2 amino acids.
The relative standard deviation was different for each amino acid with cystlne,
methlonlne, and ammonia having the highest values. Normalization of results to 95
percent nitrogen recovery had only a small effect on statistical analysis of the data.
Values from special analytical procedures for cystine did not agree, whereas those
for tryptophan agreed very well.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis. Hydrolysis, Ammonia, Nitrogen, Statistical methods,
Organic compounds, Organic acids, Nitrogen compounds, Collaborative studies,
Interlaboratory tests, Quality control, Method validation, Data interpretation.
_
AMIC-5535
"COLLABORATIVE STUDY OF METHODS FOR FREE AND TOTAL WATER IN FERTILIZER", Duncan, R. D.,
Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 55. No. U, 1972,
PP 099-701. '
Six laboratories participated in the analysis of five samples in a
collaborative study of the l,U-dioxane extraction method for free water and the
distillation method for total water in fertilizer. The results of the extraction
method were evaluated by the techniques of matched pairs. The extraction method
compared favorably with the official vacuum desiccation method and was adapted as
official first action. It was discovered that nitrate in the fertilizer interfered
with the proposed method for analysis of total water, and the study was terminated.
INDEX TERMS: Fertilizers, Separation techniques. Evaluation, Chemical analysis,
Distillation, Standards, Methodology, Laboratory tests, Quality control,
Collaborative studirs, Interlaboratory tests, Sensitivity, Chemical Interference,
Data interpretation, Method validation.
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1*. METHODS AMU PliKFOMMABCK BYAJJUATIUH
AMIC-5536
"PEPSIN DIGESTIBILITY METHOD FOB ANIMAL PROTEINS. 1971 COLLABORATIVE STUDY",
Gehrt, A. J., Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Vol.
55, No. U, 1972, pp 702-706.~
Twenty collaborating laboratories evaluated a new method of filtering
residues from a pepsin digestibility test of animal proteins. When th« first
action method was modified by more detailed filtering Instructions, the analysts
found increased sensitivity and reproduclbility. Based on the data from the
collaborative studies the method has new been adopted as official first action for
poultry by product meal and hydrolyzed feathers and as final action for other animal
proteins.
INDEX TERMS: Digestion, Filtration, Analytical techniques, Protein, Centrifugatlon,
Poultry, Nitrogen compounds, Organic compounds, Chemical analysis, Methodology,
Quality control, Pepsin, Interlaboratory tests, Collaborative studies,
Biological samples, Method validation, Data interpretation.
AMIC-5553
"COLLABORATIVE STUDY OF EXTRACTION METHOD FOR PARAQUAT AEROSOLS CONTAINING
HYDROCARBONS", Carlstrom, A. A., Journal of the Association of Official Analytical
Chemists, Vol. 55, No. k, 1972, pp b57-B59.
A method for eliminating hydrocarbon interference during colorlmetric
analysis of paraquat aerosols was evaluated by collaborative tests performed by
18 analysts. The method basically consisted of partitioning the oil Into
n-pentane leaving a sodium sulfate-alcohol-water phase. The results of the
analyses showed a standard deviation of 0.011. The official method was therefore
revised to Include this method of eliminating hydrocarbon Interferences in aerosols.
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Organic compounds, Paraquat, Aerosols,
Sensitivity, Methodology, Evaluation, Data analysis, Chemical analysis, Oil,
Legislation, Pesticides, Solvent extractions, Solvents, Quality control,
Interlaboratory tests, n-pentane, Method validation, Collaborative studies,
Data interpretation.
AMIC-5538
"MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF STREPTOMYCIN IB FEEDS: 1971 COLLABORATIVE STUDY", Mayernik,
I J. J., Fiorl, G. Y., Hughes, S., Journal of the Association of Official Analytical
• Chemists, Vol. 55, No. U, 1972, pp 71t-717.
i Fifteen laboratories participated In a collaborative study to evaluate a
modified method for analysis of low levels of streptomycin In feed (5-30 g streptomycin
iper ton). The modification consisted of (1) increasing the sample size, (2) reducing
the amount of agar in the assay plates, (3) lowering the concentration of the reference
jpoint on the assay plates, and (k) incubating the plates at 22-25 degrees C instead of
|37 degrees C. The results yielded recoveries ranging from 91.7 to 111.0 percent and
I coefficients of variation ranging from 5.8 to 8.7 percent. The modified method was
adopted as official first action based on statistical analysis of the results.
iINDEX TERMS: Feeds, Chemical analysis, Data analysis, Bloassay, Organic compounds,
Antibiotics (pesticides), Laboratory tests, Methodology, Quality control,
Streptomycin, Collaborative studies, Interlaboratory tests, Data Interpretation,
Method validation.
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5. INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT
AMIC-2869
"DIFFUSION BARRIER MODEL FOR THE CYANIDE IOH SELECTIVE ELECTRODE", Evans, D
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. UU, No. U, April 1972, pp 875-876.
H.,
An operational diffusion barrier model similar to that of Fleet and von
Strop has been suggested for a cyanide Ion selective membrane electrode. It is
baaed upon a slab of uniform properties and of thickness separating the bulk of
the menbrane and the sample solution. The calculations presented demonstrate that
a more complete development of the diffusion barrier nodel produces a predicted
selectivity ratio which Is much closer to the experimental value than was previously
thought to be the case.
INDEX TERMS: Diffusion, Model studies, Barriers, Chemical reactions, Membrane
processes. Ion exchange, Separation techniques, Permselective membranes,
Equilibrium, Silver Iodide, Anlons, Kinetics, Ion selective electrodes.
Cyanides, Silver sulflde, Membrane electrodes.
AMIC-3531
"SIONAL-TO-NOISE ENHANCEMENT THROUGH INSTRUMENTAL TECHNIQUES. PART II. SIGNAL
AVERAGING, BOXCAR INTEGRATION, AND CORRELATION TECHNIQUES", Hieftje, G. M'.,
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. W», No. 7, June 1972, pp 69 A-78 A.
Signal averaging, boxcar Integration, and correlation techniques are
described which provide slgnal-to-nolse (S-N) enhancement for nonperlodlc or
Irregular waveforms or for signals which have no synchronizing or reference wave.
Signal averaging involves the Instrumental superposition of a number of signal
traces by sampling each signal record In the same way and storing the samples In
either a digital or analog register. The boxcar Integrator, which Is similar to
a lock-in amplifier or signal averager, can enhance a pulse signal when the channel
Is locked-In, or complex signals when the boxcar gate Is moved from channel to
channel. It is more versatile and sensitive than the signal averager for
enhancement of pulse signals, but Is inferior to the signal averager for enhancing
complex signals. The correlation techniques for S/N enhancement are an outgrowth
from Information theory and depend on the relationship between a signal and a
delayed version of itself (autocorrelation) or of another signal (cross-correlation).
This technique is especially useful when no means Is available for synchronizing
a sampling system to the signal, which la necessary with the tuned and phase-lock
amplifier, with the signal averager, and with the boxcar integrator. Also,
autocorrelation techniques are useful in situations where the signal 1» often
unrecognizable or impossible to detect apart from the noise. Cross-correlation is
similar to autocorrelation except that the delayed signal arises from a second source,
probably from the modulating function of the signal or as In phase-lock amplification,
from a reference coupled to the signal modulator.
AMIC-3099
"SIGNAL-TO-NOISE ENHANCEMENT THROUGH INSTRUMENTAL TECHNIQUES. PART I. SIGNALS,
NOISE, AND S/N ENHANCEMENT IN THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN", Hieftje, G. M., Analytical
Chemistry, Vol. W», No. 6, May 1972, pp 8l A-88 A.
I Signals, problems Inherent In observing signals, and some relatively
1 simple techniques which enable better signal collection were considered for
Improving analytical measurements. To characterize and remove noises such as white
i noise, flicker noise, interference, and impulses, it la useful to examine the frequency
i components in a noise waveform with a noise-power spectrum (which is a plot of the
1 noise power as a function of frequency), as well as amplitude and phase. The most
; commonly used property to aid in the identification and separation of noise Is
frequency. Thus knowing physical properties of noise, methods such as DC signal
filtering, modulation, and tuned amplification can be used to eliminate noise. However,
jlock-In amplifiers are required to prevent frequency drift which is common to amplifiers,
|and such systems may be coupled to atomic absorption spectrophotometers for signal-to-
nolae enhancement. (See also AMIC-3531)
!INDEX TERMS: Instrumentation, Mathematical studies, Electronic equipment, Methodology,
] Spectrophotometry, Analytical techniques, Frequency, Slgnal-to-noise ratio,
Modulation, Amplifiers, Lock-in amplifiers, Signals, Atomic absorption
Spectrophotometry, Interference.
50
AMIC-3531 (Continued)
2/2
INDEX TERMS: Mathenatlcal studies. Instrumentation, Correlation analysis, Computers,
Equipment, Boxcar integration. Signal averaging, Correlation techniques,
Slgnal-to-nolse ratio, Enhancement, Sensitivity, Signals.
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5. IMSTRUMEHT DEVELOPMENT
AMIC-3902
"BIPOUR DIDIPOTENTICCRATOR FOR ELECTROANALYTICAL USES. DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHARGE
TO A DIGITAL NUMBER", Goldsvorthy, W. W., Clem, R. G., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. kk,
Ho. 8, July 1972, pp 1360-1366.
A bipolar dldlpotentlogrator has been built for the first time. It functions
as a potentloatat through pulsed Injection or extraction of charge to Maintain a control
potential, and simultaneously serves as a current to digital converter. Counting and
sunning these pulses in time allows the instrument to serve as an Integrator. It is
capable of a current measuring precision of 0.01 percent. This device Is the heart of
a nev system which includes a digital wait-gate, a pulse height analyzer, an analyzer
Interface, an Incremental differentiator, a voltage-step ramp generator, and a program
timer. Uses of this system in polarography and anodic stripping analysis ifi
Illustrated. A single diglpotentlogrator system could be Bade to serve several
different measurement or control functions, it could, for example, measure sequential-
ly, current related spectrometrlc data, perform polarography, do constant current
tltrations, sense temperature, humidity, digitize specific-ion electrode and pH
information, plus a host of other functions.
INDEX TERMS: Instrumentation, Data collections, Control systems, Potentiometers,
Generators, Polarographlc analysis, Integrated control measures, Mercury, Copper,
Lead, Pollutant Identification, Measurements, Water pollution sources,
Potentiostats, Eleetroanalysis, Blopolar digipotentiogrator, Pulse height analyzer,
Coulometry, Anodic stripping voltarametry, Digital Integrators, Precision, Pulse
summing, Signal conversion.
AMIC-3903
"RHODANESE ENZYME DETERMINATION USING ION-SELECTIVE MEMBRANE ELECTRODES", Llenado,
Rechnltz, 0. A., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. kk, No. 8, July 1972, pp 1366-1370.
R. A.
AMXC-390't
"ACTIVITY STUDIES OF CHARGED AMD UNCHARGED MOLECULES USING DETERGENT GEL MEMBRANE
SYSTEMS", Botre, C., Mascini, M., Memoli, A., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. kk, No.
6, July 1972, pp 1371-1375.
The electrochemical behavior of detergent membrane systems was investigated
through studies of activity of charged and uncharged molecules. Potassium etearate
gel membranes in the presence of aqueous solutions containing different cations
(H, Na, K, Cs, Ca, Mg) showed the typical behavior of an ion exchanger with high
selectivity degree in the concentration range 0.001-1.0 M. (Selectivity constants
were also evaluated,) This behavior is ascribed to the ordered structural
organization of the gel. The electrochemical behavior is no longer the one expected
for an ion exchanger in the presence of aqueous solutions containing uncharged
molecules so that the obtained results are explained In terms of a perturbation
Induced in the gel structure by the non-ionic compounds present in the aqueous
medium. This effect allows the determination of the uncharged species in solution
by means of electromotive force measurements. (Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry,
Vol. kk, No. 8, July 1972, Copyright 1972 by the American Chemical Society.
Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Electrochemistry, Measurement, Selectivity, Permselective membranes,
Membrane processes, Gels, Detergents, Chemical reactions, Separation technique*,
Ion exchange, Cations, Instrumentation, Aqueous solutions, Membranes, Membrane
electrodes, Potassium stearate, Electromotive force, Molecules, Molecular
activity.
-H
Cyanide-sensitive membrane electrodes provide a rapid method for the detection
of the animal enzyme rhodanese which catalyzes the formation of thlocyanate from cyanide
and thiosulfate. It Is possible to measure rhodanese enzyme activity by following the
rate of disappearance of cyanide or the appearance of thiocyanate. In order to measure
rhodanese activity, 10 ml of the substrate solution was pipetted into a double walled
thermostatted cell with a temperature control of plus or minus 0.1 C and allowed to
equilibrate to the desired temperature, one hundred microliters of the enzyme pre-
paration is delivered into the system at equilibrium. To evaluate the feasibility of
using the cyanide membrane electrode for monitoring the rate of rhodanese catalysis,
isopotenttal selectivity ratios of cyanide over the other ions were measured by the
method of Srinlvasan and Reehnltz. Values calculated show that selectivity ratios for
cyanide over thlosulfate, thiocyanate, and sulflte are approximately 10, 1,000, and
10,000, respectively. It is thus possible for the cyanide electrode to monitor the
disappearance of cyanide without serious interference from the other Ions present during
th« course of the reaction. The data on electrode parameters and experimental conditions
(pH, substrate concentration, temperature) have been critically evaluated for analytical
purposes.
INDEX TERMS: Enzymes, Chemical reactions, Monitoring, Ions, Separation techniques,
Measurement, Rates, Kinetics, Mathematical studies, Temperature, Evaluation,
Hydrogen ion concentration. Cyanides, Membrane electrodes, Ion selective electrodeSj
Rhodanese, Thlocyanates, Thiosulfates, Substrate concentration.
AMIC-391*1*
"THE ANODIC BEHAVIOUR OF ZINC IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION ~ III. PASSIVATION IN MIXED
KF—KOH SOLUTIONS", Dlrkse, T. P., Hampson, fi. A., Electrochlmlca Acta, Vol. 17,
No. 5, May 1972, PP 8l3-8l8.
An Investigation was conducted on the effect of total ionic concentration
on the transition time/current density relation of zinc electrode reactivity in
alkalis. The effect of inert salt on electrode reactivity was studied. Potassium
fluoride was used as the inert salt due to its solubility in water and because it
is isoelectronlc with the hydroxide Ion. Experiments were conducted in a series of
electrolyte solutions to cover a range of potassium hydroxide/water ratios 0.99-0.13,
in the ionic concentration range up to 15 mol/1. The results Indicated that at a
constant ionic concentration, an Increase in KOH increases the transition time. At
constant KOH, an increase In ionic concentration decreases the transition time. The
maximum values observed In transition time/KOH correlations are satisfactorily
accounted for by these two effects.
INEEX TERMS: 2ine, Aqueous solutions, Electrodes, Alkalis (bases). Ion exchange. Salts,
Hydration, Potassium compounds, Density currents, Electrochemistry, Kinetics,
Potassium hydroxide, Ion selective electrodes, Potassium fluoride, Transition
time.
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5. IMSTRUMEHT DEVELOPMENT
AMIC-39^7
"SELECTROOE—THE UNIVERSAL ION-SELECTIVE SOLID-STATS ELECTRODE. PART II. COMPARISON OF
COPPER(II) ELECTRODES IN METAL BUFFERS AHD COMPLBCIMS5TRIC TITRATIOBS", Hansen, E. H.,
Lamm, C. 0., Ruilcka, J., Analytlea Chlmica Acta, Vol. 59, Mo. 3, May 1972, pp ^03-^26.
The development of the copper( II) Selectrode (Ion-selective solid-state
electrode) is described and its performance compered with other copper(Il) selective
electrodes. Consideration is also given to the use of metal buffers for calibration,
testing, and comparison of Ion-selective electrodes. Theoretical and experimental
calibration curves for a series of copper(II) buffers are related to complexlmetric
titratlons by mean* of Reillery diagrams. These diagrams are used to select the pH
providing the largest potential break and optlmium selectivity. BETA titratlons of
copper, zinc, and cadmium lona as well as tltrations of EDTA, NTA, and Chel DP are
described. In the testing of close to 800 copper(ll) Selectrodes, the use of the
same precipitate resulted In the same electrode function. Selectrodes activated with
metallic copper behaved as copper electrodes, and those activated by copper(II) sulflde
behaved according to Sato's theoretical considerations. It vas concluded that the
purer the CuS precipitate, the more sensitive the corresponding Seleetrode. The
copper {II} Seleetrode vas found to be more sensitive to measuring copper lona In
complexlmetrlc tltratlons then vere commercial electrodes tested. The only reliable
j means found for testing and comparing electrodes at moderate and high pCu values was
', by use of copper( II) buffer solutions.
j INDEX TERMS: Electrochemistry, Volumetric analysis, Calibrations, Hltrilotrlacetlc
acid, Copper, Zinc, Cadmium, Ion selective electrodes.
AMIC-5383
"STUDY. AHD USE OF A SELECTIVE ELECTRODE FOR THE POTEKTIOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF
7LUORIHE", Tarasyants, R. R., Potsepklna, R. H., Roze, V. P., Bondarevskaya, E. A,,
Zhurnal Anallticheskol Khlall, Vol. 27, Ho. k, April 1912, pp 806-811.
A membrane fluoride electrode made of lanthanum trlfluoride was used for
the potentlcnetrlc determination of fluoride Ions In aqueous solutions. The linear
correlation range of the potential with the fluoride ion concentration (not
considering a change of the solution's Ionic strength) was within 0.001-1.0 M. The
effect of the pH of the medium on the fluoride function of the membrane electrode
was studied. The chloride, bromide, iodide, lodate, nitrate, sulfate and
(dlhydrogen borate) anlons at a ratio of 100: 1 to fluoride ion had little effect
on the fluoride function of the membrane electrode. (In Russian)
INDEX TERMS: Fluorine, Aqueous solutions. Halogens, Hydrogen ion concentration,
Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Nitrates, Sulfates, Anions, Permselectlve membranes,
Chemical properties, Pollutant Identification, Instrumentation, Membranes, Ion
selective electrodes, Fluoride electrodes, Membrane electrodes, Chemical
Interference.
AMIC-39^9
"A FREE FALL PROBE FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF VELOCITY MICROSTRUCTURE", Simpson, J. H.,
Deep-Sea Research, Vol. 19, No. U, April 1972,' pp 331-336.
i
I A probe called PROTAS (Probe Recording Ocean Temperature and Shear), for
1 measuring snail vertical scale variations In the ftcrliosvtal velocity of ocean watar uses
|a neutrally buoyant vane to overcome the problem of measuring small velocity changes.
The vane Is attached to a framework protruding from the probe's main body which consists
of a long circular cylinder subject to a large static righting moment. Deflection of the
vane relative to the vertical Indicates any horizontal velocity difference between the
probe and the water. An electrode measures movement of the shear-detecting vane. Using
jthis device, velocity differences of 1 urn/sec can be detected over vertical separations
Idown to approximately 30 cm. The probe also Includes a thermistor for temperature
'gradient measurement so that velocity and density gradients may be compared in fresh
jvater. The PROTAS was used in Loch Ness with results showing that the velocity gradient
jis concentrated into the regions of Intense density gradients. Estimates of the
Richardson's number in the thermocline suggest that active turbulence there Is Infrequent
INDEX TERMS: Oceans, Velocity, Density, Thermocline, Distribution patterns, Water
temperature, Shear, Turbulence, Electrodes, Currents (water), Ocean currents,
Instrumentation, Sea water, Richardson's number, Free fall probe, Vertical
distribution, PROTAS, Probes, Loch Ness, England, Sensors.
52
AMIC-538U
'ELABORATION AND INVESTIGATION OF SELECTIVE MEMBRANE ELECTRODES. COMMUNICATION 2.
AN ELECTRODE WITH THE NITRATE FUNCTION", Oordlevaky, A. V., Shterman, V. S.,
Syrchenkov, A. Ya., Sawin, N. I., Zhukov, A. F., Zhurnal Analitleheskol Khlmll,
Vol. 27, No. k, April 1972, pp 772-775.
A selective indicator electrode with a. liquid membrane (solutions of
nitron nitrate in organic solvents) has ben studied and found feasible for use
within the nitrate Ions activity of 1.0-0.001 M.
INDEX TERMS: Electrodes, Ions, Nitrates, Data analysis, Selectivity, Permselective
membranes, Membranes, Instrumentation, Chemical properties, Liquid membranes,
Ion selective electrodes.
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5. JWSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT
AMIC-5335
"A SPECIAL CABLE FOR TOWED MAGNETOMETERS", Verzhbitsky, E, V., Mirlin, E. G.,
Ovsyannikov, M. I., Ol'shansky, L. P, Veligodsky, G. P., Okeanologiya, Vol. 12,
No. 2, March/April 1972, pp 357-359-
An orglnal design and the principle of action of a simple device for water
sampling from any depth IB described. It eliminates the contact of the atmosphere
and prevents polluting the former with foreign admixtures during sampling, water
sample storage, and treatment. The cuvette part Is made of glass and permits one
to measure the radiation intensity along the cylindrical cuvette or the radiation
diffused at a right angle to Its axis. The Improved operation of the water bottle-
cuvette vas confirmed during field research of spectral distribution of the Baltic
Sea vater photoluminescence. (In Russian)
IfTDBX TERMS: Water campling, Sea water, Optical properties, Equipment, Shallow water,
Deep water. Design, Radiation, Light Intensity, Methodology, Instrumentation,
Baltic Sea, Photoluminescence, Cuvette.
AMIC-51^
"LIQUID SAMPLING SYSTEM DOES NOT CONTAMINATE SAMPLE", Instrument Practice, Vol. 26,
No. 3, March 1972, p 138.
A suitable liquid sampling system was designed for use in a water treatment
purification plant and for source water quality surveillance systems. The sampling
system precisely measures samples from 100 to 500 nil without the possibility of
contamination. The liquid samples are sucked into the measuring chamber and then
automatically released by level setting electrodes Into a sample reservoir for
analysis. To ensure free flow of the sample into and out of the measuring chamber,
the Inlet pipe Is 19mm dia., and the outlet is 30mm dia. The pumping height Is more
than 6m. The supply voltage is 220V at 50Hz with a consumption of approximately 100W
In operation, an Initiating pulse derived from a flowmeter is required by the control
unit. Alternatively an integral timing device can be fitted to enable samples to be
taken at regular pre-set intervals. The equipment is mounted In a pressure molded
plastic case and has a transparent cover vhich enables the operation to be observed.
A diagram and an operation scheme of the system are presented.
INDEX TERMS: Instrumentation, Equipment, Water analysis, Water quality, Water sampling,
Monitoring efficiencies, Electrodes, Water level recorders, Control systems,
Data collections, Electronic equipment, On-slte tests, Research equipment,
Pumps, Flow control, Valves, Water quality control, Pollutant Identification,
Design, Current meters, Stream gages, Discharge lines.
AMIC-5>H2
"RAPID VARIATIONS OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN THE PERSIAN GULF AS RECORDED BY
NIMBUS 2 HRIP", Szekielda, K.-H., Salomonson, V., Allison, L. J., Limnology and
Oceanography, Vol. 17, No. 2, March 1972, pp 307-309.
Nimbus 2 high resolution Infrared radiometer (HRTR) observations
over the Persian Gulf have been analyzed for cloud-free nights from June to
November 1966, Temperature analysis showed that the southern part of the Persian
Gulf is consistently warmer than the northern part. The spatial distribution
of sea surface temperatures as observed by the satellite radiometer responded
to the prevailing surface winds. Satellite radiometric observations can be used
to locate large-scale air-sea interaction features.
INDEX TERMS: Satellites (artificial), Remote sensing, Air-water interfaces, Air
temperature, Mr circulation, Infrared radiation, Maritime air masses,
Evaporation, Distribution, Atmosphere, Telemetry, Surface waters, Water
temperature, Sea breezes, Infrared radiometer, Persian Gulf, Radiometry
I detectors, Radiometers.
AMIC-5U87
"EXTENDING THE VERSATILITY OF GRAPHIC RECORDERS", McKee, R. G., Schick, W.,
Instrument and Control Systems, Vol. V?, Mo. 7, July 1972, pp 55-56.
The versatility of strip chart and X-Y recorders used for signal readout
can be improved by using operational interface, amplifier circuits (between
Instruments and recorders) to process signals prior to recording. Signal conditioning
circuits can be fabricated using chopper stabilized and electrometer operational
amplifiers, along with general-purpose differential amplifiers, precision millivolt
j sources, impedance selectors for ranging, relays and drivers for switching timers,
j and counters. The circuits presented for increasing recorder versatility include a
; DC conductance recorder circuit for resistance measurements, an AC conductance
j recorder circuit with a full-wave rectifier for recording low level AC signals,
: comparator and switching circuits for event marking capability, an Integrator which
; automatically resets the Instrument each time an integral builds up to selected
potential, and an over-range alarm circuit to activate a protective device vhen the
input reaches the E sub a. The DC recorders with frequency responses well below
100 Hz and loop gains greater than 100,000 have accuracies in the range of plus or
minus 0.1 percent.
I INDEX TERMS: Instrumentation, Electrical equipment, Electronic equipment, Electrical
design, Data collections, Electric relays, Electric switches, Recorders, Circuits,
Graphic recorders, Operational amplifiers, Differential amplifiers, Impedance
selectors, Counters, Timers.
53
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5. IHSTRUM3UT DEVELOPMENT
"NEW FLO/METER IMPROVES ACCURACY A HUNDREDFOLD", Control Engineering, Vol. 19, No. 7,
. July 1972, p Ul*.
A portable acoustic flowmeter developed by the Westlnghouse Ocean Research
Center, Annapolis, Maryland, is capable of measuring flow from 0.003 ft/sec to 300
ft/sec with an accuracy of plus or minus 0.01 percent (a hundredfold improvement over
i conventional techniques). A by-product of this Improved accuracy is the ability to
calculate the efficiency of hydroelectric machinery with much greater accuracy.
; Efficiency of hydroelectric machinery is calculated using three measurements: shaft
horsepower, hydraulic head, and waterflow. The accuracy of shaft horsepower and
i hydraulic head readings can be plus or minus 0.3 percent and plus or minus 0.1 percent,
respectively, but the plus or minus 1 percent offered by conventional flowmeters tends
to degrade the efficiency calculations. In addition to laproved accuracy, the new
1 system does not obstruct the passage of water and does not depend on pipe diameter, nor
i does the machine require calibration for the determination of water discharge
velocities. The principle and a simplified block diagram of the new flowmeter are
, Illustrated.
i INDEX TERMS: Instrumentation, Velocity, Current meters. Discharge (water),
Measurements, Water analysis, Control systems, Data collections, Design,
; Electronic equipment, Momentum equation. Pipelines, Distribution systems,
i Flow, Currents (water). Efficiencies, Mathematics, Equations, Equipment,
Analysis.
AMIC-5598
"SEJBCTIVITr STUDIES OH AHIOH-SELECT1VE MEMBRANE ELECTROEES", Back, S., Analytical
Chealatry, Vol. Wt, Ho. 9, August 1972, PP 1696-1698. .
An anion-selective liquid membrane electrode, employing either tetra-
propylammonium perchlorate (TPP) or tetra-butylanmonlum perchlorate (TBP) as an
Ion exchanger, was used for selectivity studies. Selectivity determinations, as
calculated from mathematical expressions for selectivity ratios, were tabulated for
the Interfering ions, Iodide or picrate. The quarternary samonlim compounds used as
Ion exchangers shew the highest selectivity when the Interfering Ion Is extractable;
that Is, when the extraction constant of perchlorate Is of a lower order than plcrate.
The extraction constants are found to be In the sequence: plcrate greater than
perchlorate greater than Iodide for the quartenary ammonium compounds.
INDEX TERMS: Anione, Anlon exchange, Equipment, Ammonium compounds, Chemical reactions,
Selectivity, Iodides, Mathematical studies, Selectivity, £ea potential, Electro-
chemistry, Membrane electrodes. Selectivity ratios, Ion selective electrodes,
Picrate, Tetra-propylamnonlum perchlorate, Tetra-butylamnonium perchlorate,
Chemical interference, Methylene chloride, pH meters, Sample preparation.
See alsot Category 1, AMIC-3675,
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