EPA 747-R-01-402
Apri*2001
Final Report
Environmental Loadings Profile
for
Cook County, IL, and Lake County, ffij
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
Washington, DC 20460
April 2001
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DISCLAIMER
This document has been reviewed in accordance with the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency policy and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products
does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
ABSTRACT
The Environmental Loadings Profile for Cook County, Illinois, and Lake County,
Indiana, is a multimedia environmental characterization and inventory of sources of pollution in
the area, with a focus on the quantity of chemicals released to the environment. Also included is
a characterization of the levels of contaminants in the air, water, soil, and other media. A
product of the Chicago Cumulative Risk Initiative (CCRI), this report is intended to provide the
basis for assessing risks to human health and for risk reduction decision making. This
Environmental Loadings Profile should help decision makers, resource managers, and the public
to make prudent, informed choices in shaping the environmental future in Cook County, EL, and
Lake County, DM.
Substantial quantitative information is presented on point sources of pollution, their
locations, the magnitude of loadings, and the types of contaminants released into the local
environment. Included is information on air emissions, water discharges, toxic chemical
releases, hazardous wastes, spills/accidents, and other forms of environmental releases.
Rankings of the largest pollution sources are provided for each media, by geographic area, and
for major chemicals. In addition to estimating loadings, the report characterizes ambient levels
of contaminants in air, surface water, sediments, fish, drinking water, soil, and other media to
which humans may be exposed. The final section of the Environmental Loadings Profile
includes an integrated environmental characterization of select geographic areas (e.g., Southeast
Chicago), for chemicals of interest (e.g., lead), and for particular types of industrial sources (e.g.,
steel mills). The integrated presentation is intended to give an overall, cumulative picture of the
sources, chemicals, and geographic areas with the largest loadings. This report is accompanied
by a computer data base, containing much of the loadings and environmental levels data
discussed in the document.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This report was prepared by Versar, Inc. for U.S. EPA Office of Pollution Prevention and
Toxics under Contract Nos. 68-W6-0023 and 68-W-99-041. The EPA Work Assignment
Managers were James Boles, Tova Spector and Tom Simons. The Project Officers for this
contract were Thomas Murray^ Cathy Fehrenbacher and Cathy Turner. The EPA Project Leader
was Sara McGurk. David Bottimore was the lead author of this report and project manager for
the study. Supporting authors included M. Susan Anderson, James Buchert, Ron Lee, Nica
Mostaghim, John Newton, Amanjit Paintal, Ten Schaeffer and Jay Wind. Word processing,
graphics, and technical editing support were provided by Valerie Schwartz, Jennifer Baker,
Sandy Paul, and Janeice Zeaman.
The authors wish to acknowledge the contributions of the Chicago Cumulative Risk
Initiative (CCRI) for guidance and technical oversight for this effort. The Stakeholder
organizations and their representatives included People for Community Recovery, Lake
Michigan Federation, Grand Cal Task Force, Center for Neighborhood Technology, Citizens for
a Better Environment, Southeast Environmental Task Force, South Cook County Environmental
Action Coalition, Human Action Community Organization, South Suburban Citizens Opposed to
-Polluting Our Environment, Lyons Incinerator Opponent Network, and Westside Alliance for a
Safe Toxic-Free Environment.
Also recognized are many Region 5 staff, especially Cheryl Newton, Phyllis Reed, Carole
Braverman, Mardi Klevs, Mary Anne Suero, Margaret Jones and Suzanne King. Finally, several
other EPA staff contributed to this effort, including Lynn Delpire (OPPT), Patricia Harrigan
(Office of Water), and Melissa McCullough (OAQPS).
Finally, numerous individuals and organizations provided data and other information that
were critical to this report.
The suggested citation for this report should be: Bottimore, D.P., M.S. Anderson, J.M.
Buchert, R.T. Lee, N. Mostaghim, J. Newton, A.S. Paintal, T.D. Schaeffer and J.J. Wind. 2001.
Environmental Loadings Profile for Cook County, Illinois, and Lake County, Indiana. EPA 747-
R-01-002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics,
Washington, DC 20460.
11
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
1.0 INTRODUCTION • 1-1
1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE , 1-4
1.2 BACKGROUND ON THE CHICAGO CUMULATIVE RISK INITIATIVE.
(CCRI) , .1-6
1.3 APPROACH TO DATA COLLECTION, ASSESSMENT, AND
INTERPRETATION 1-11
1.3.1 Data Collection .-...,- v.. :....,-<.,. -1-11
1.3.2 Assessment of Data ;;..,...,. -.1-21
1.3.3 Interpretation of Data 1-23
1.4 LIMITATIONS AND UNCERTAINTIES 1-24
1.5 PEER REVIEW 1-27
2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL'SETTING AND HISTORICAL PROBLEMS
IN COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS, AND LAKE COUNTY, INDIANA 2-1
2.1 POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS 2-2
2.1.1 Cook County, Illinois .-..-.'2-2
2.1.2 Lake County, Indiana .-.. • o- 2-2
2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ....... 2-5
2.2.1 Cook County, Illinois ,2-5
2.2.2 Lake County, Indiana 2-6
2.3 POPULATION DENSITY .-.. -.-Sl-1
2.4 AIR QUALITY 2-7
2.4.1 Air Quality Rankings .•••>-.-. 2-15
2.4.2 Air Pollution Impacts 2.-17
2.4.3 Sources of Air Pollution 2-17
2.4.4 Trends in Air Emissions 2-20
2.5 TOXIC CHEMICALS AND HAZARDOUS WASTES 2-25
2.6 WATER QUALITY AND AQUATIC RESOURCES 2-27
2.6.1 Cook County, Illinois 2-27
2.6.2 Lake County, Indiana 2-31
2.7 LAKE MICHIGAN 2-32
2.7.1 Sources of Exposure Related to Lake Michigan 2-33
2.7.2 PCBs and Lake Michigan 2-34
2.8 LEAD 2-34
2.9 ACCESS TO PARKS 2-38
2.10 GREEN METRO INDEX 2-38
2.11 SUMMARY 2-41
in
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page No.
3.0 SOURCES AND LOADINGS TO THE ENVIRONMENT 3-1
3.1 EMISSIONS TO AIR 3-6
3.1.1 Major Point Sources Emitting to Air 3-7
3.1.2 Area Sources of Air Pollution 3-27
3.1.3 RAPIDS Air Emissions Estimates 3-47
3.1.4 Air Emissions by Industry Type 3-56
3.1.5 Mobile Sources 3-74
3.1.6 Air Emissions Summary 3-86
3.1.7 Trends in Air Emissions 3-96
3.2 DISCHARGES TO SURFACE WATERS 3-114
3.2.1 Largest Sources Discharging to Surface Waters 3-119
3.2.2 Discharges by Type of Industry 3-128
3.2.3 Pollutants Discharged to Surface Waters 3-129
3.2.4 Nonpoint Sources/Stormwater Runoff 3-135
3.2.5 Trends in Point Source Discharges to Surface Waters 3-156
3.3 TOXIC CHEMICAL RELEASES 3-156
3.3.1 Facilities with the Largest TRI Releases to Air, Water, and Land ... 3-162
3.3.2 TRI Releases by Industry Type 3-179
3.3.3 Trends in Releases of TRI Chemicals 3-183
3.3.4 Pollution Prevention Successes 3-183
3.4 CHEMICAL SPILLS/ACCIDENTS 3-190
3.4.1 Facilities Handling Hazardous Substances 3-191
3.4.2 Accidents/Releases 3-191
3.5 HAZARDOUS WASTE GENERATION/MANAGEMENT 3-202
3.5.1 Hazardous Waste Facilities in Cook County, IL, and Lake County,
IN 3-203
3.5.2 Small Quantity Generators of Hazardous Wastes in Lake County,
IN 3-212
3.6 CERCLIS SITES 3-222
4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS 4-1
4.1 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY 4-7
4.1.1 Ozone 4-16
4.1.2 Particulate Matter 4-26
4.1.3 Lead 4-39
4.1.4 Sulfur Dioxide 4-47
4.1.5 Nitrogen Dioxide 4-50
4.1.6 Carbon Monoxide 4-52
4.1.7 Volatile and Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs and
SVOCs) 4-54
4.1.8 PCBs, Pesticides, and Other Compounds 4-66
iv
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page No.
4.2 SURFACE WATER QUALITY 4-67
4.2.1 Water Quality of the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Ship
Canal (GCR/IHSC) 4-70
4.2.2 Water Quality of Lake Calumet and Associated Waterbodies 4-84
4.2.3 Water Quality of Select Streams and Rivers in Cook County, IL 4-91
4.2.4 Water Quality of Streams and Rivers in Lake County, IN 4-101
4.2.5 Water Quality of Lakes in Cook County, IL 4-106
4.2.6 Water Quality of Lakes in Lake County, IN 4-121
4.2.7 Water Quality in Lake Michigan 4-124
4.3 SEDIMENTS 4-128
4.3.1 Waterbodies in Cook County, EL 4-133
4.3.2 Waterbodies in Lake County, IN 4-154
4.3.3 Lake Michigan 4-194
4.4 FISH TISSUE 4-201
4.4.1 Study Area 4-202
4.4.2 Chemicals Monitored in Fish Tissue 4-202
4.4.3 Fish Tissue Analyses Results 4-204
4.4.4 Potential Effects of Fish Tissue Contamination 4-210
4.5 SOILS 4-212
4.5.1 Levels of Contaminants in Soil in Southeast Chicago 4-213
4.5.2 Lead Levels in Soil Near Highways, Playgrounds, Schools, and
Residences 4-218
4.5.3 Levels of Contaminants in Soil at Hazardous Waste Sites 4-226
4.6 GROUNDWATER 4-278
4.6.1 Regional Geology and Hydrogeology 4-280
4.6.2 Groundwater Quality 4-281
4.6.3 Volatile Organic Constituents in Groundwater 4-287
4.6.4 Semivolatile Organic Constituents in Groundwater 4-288
4.6.5 Metals in Groundwater 4-289
4.6.6 Summary of Regional Groundwater Quality 4-289
4.6.7 Groundwater Contamination at Hazardous Waste Sites 4-290
4.7 DRINKING WATER QUALITY 4-298
4.7.1 Sources of Drinking Water Supplies 4-299
4.7.2 Levels of Contaminants in Drinking Water 4-308
4.8 HUMAN EXPOSURE BIOMARKERS 4-336
4.8.1 Concern for Blood Lead Levels in Children 4-339
4.8.2 Blood Lead Screening/Monitoring Programs 4-340
4.8.3 Childhood Blood-Lead Surveillance Data 4-342
4.8.4 Lead Project in West Town 4-348
4.8.5 Human Tissue Monitoring to Estimate Exposures to Chlorinated
Hydrocarbons from Fish Consumption 4-350
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page No.
4.9 INDOOR AIR QUALITY 4-350
4.9.1 ATSDR Health Consultation for Southeast Chicago Indoor Air
Investigation 4-351
4.9.2 National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) 4-354
4.9.3 National Cooperative Inner City Asthma Study 4-355
5.0 INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION 5-1
5.1 CASE STUDIES OF SELECT GEOGRAPHIC AREAS 5-6
5.1.1 Southeast Chicago/Calumet Region 5-12
5.1.2 Southwest Chicago 5-26
5.1.3 North Lake County (Hammond, East Chicago, Gary, and Whiting) .. 5-37
5.1.4 Lake Michigan 5-52
5.2 MULTIMEDIA CHEMICAL PROFILES 5-59
5.2.1 Lead 5-61
5.2.2 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) 5-65
5.2.3 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) 5-71
5.2.4 Mercury 5-73
5.2.5 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 5-74
5.2.6 Endocrine Disrupters 5-76
5.3 INDUSTRY TYPE ANALYSIS 5-83
5.3.1 Chemical Industry 5-85
5.3.2 Primary Metals Industry 5-85
5.3.3 Petroleum Industry 5-86
5.3.4 Metal Fabricators 5-86
5.3.5 Utilities 5-87
5.3.6 Other Industries 5-87
6.0 REFERENCES 6-1
APPENDIX GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND LIST OF ACCRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS
VI
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LIST OF TABLES
Page No.
Table 1-1 Organizations Contacted for CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile 1-13
Table 2-1 Population Density in Major U.S. Cities 2-8
Table 2-2 Metropolitan Areas Failing to Meet National Ambient Air Quality
Standards for Ozone Average Number of Days Exceeding Standards:
1991 to 1993 2-10
Table 2-3 Air Quality in Select Metro Areas 2-16
Table 2-4 Number of Asthmatics in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN 2-18
Table 2-5 Mass Transit Passenger Miles 2-23
Table 2-6 Toxic Chemical Releases and Transfers in Major U.S. Metropolitan
Areas 2-26
Table 2-7 Superfund and Major Hazardous Waste Sites in Lake County, IN, and
Cook County, IL 2-28
Table 2-8 Chemical Loadings to Lake Michigan and Percentage Attributable to
Atmospheric Sources 2-35
Table 2-9 Access to Nature (Urban Parkland) in U.S. Cities 2-39
Table 2-10 Green Metro Index for 75 Metro Areas 2-40
Table 3-1 Air Pollutants Emitted in 1995 by Point Sources in Cook County,
IL, and Lake County, IN 3-8
Table 3-2 Major Point Source Emitters of VOCs in 1995 in Cook County, IL, and
Lake County, IN 3-13
Table 3-3 Cities with Largest Point Source Emissions of VOCs in 1995 3-18
Table 3-4 Major Point Source Emitters of Paniculate Matter in 1995 in Cook County,
IL, and Lake County, IN 3-19
Vll
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Page No.
Table 3-5 Major Point Source Emitters of PM10 in 1995 in Cook County, IL, and
Lake County, IN 3-22
Table 3-6 Cities with Largest Point Source PM10 Emissions in 1995 3-24
Table 3-7 Major Facilities Emitting CO in 1995 in Cook County, IL, and
Lake County, IN 3-25
Table 3-8 Cities with Largest Point Source Emissions of S02 in 1995 3-26
Table 3-9 Emissions of Hazardous Air Pollutants from Point Sources as Reported
in AIRS/AFS for 1995 3-29
Table 3-10 Estimated Cook County, IL, Stationary Point Source Emissions
(tons/year) 3-30
Table 3-11 Southeast Chicago Point Source Inventory (tons/year) 3-31
Table 3-12 Emissions from Small Facilities in Cook County, IL, in 1995, Sorted
by City 3-34
Table 3-13 Emissions from Small Facilities in Cook County, IL, in 1995, Sorted
by Pollutant 3-35
Table 3-14 Emissions from Small Facilities in Cook County, IL, in 1995, Sorted
by SIC 3-36
Table 3-15 Total Emissions for Cook and Lake County Area Sources (Total Emissions
of Criteria Pollutants Below 25 Tons/yr.) 3-45
Table 3-16 Largest Emitters in Cook County, IL from RAPIDS Database 3-49
Table 3-17 Toxic Chemicals Emitted From Point and Area Sources in Cook County,
IL from RAPIDS Database 3-51
Table 3-18 Largest Emitters in Lake County, IN, from RAPIDS Database 3-53
Vlll
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Page No.
Table 3-19 Toxic Chemicals Emitted From Point and Area Sources in Lake County,
IL, from RAPIDS Database 3-54
Table 3-20 Industrial Category Groups Contributing to 80 Percent of Total
Emissions in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN 3-55
Table 3-21 ZIP Code Areas That Release 80 Percent of Total RAPIDS Emissions in
Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN 3-57
Table 3-22 VOC Emissions from Point Sources in 1995 by Industry Type 3-60
Table 3-23 Paniculate Matter Emissions from Point Sources in 1995 by Industry
Type 3-63
Table 3-24 PM10 Emissions from Point Sources in 1995 by Industry Type 3-64
Table 3-25 VOC Emissions Estimates for Calumet and West-Southwest Wastewater
Treatment Plants 3-68
Table 3-26 Comparison of Emissions Estimates for the Calumet Wastewater
Treatment Plant 3-69
Table 3-27 Comparison of Combined Emission Estimates for Calumet and West-
Southwest Treatment Plant 3-70
Table 3-28 1995 Emissions Inventory for Midway Airport 3-72
Table 3-29 1990 Mobile Source Emissions for Cook and Lake Counties 3-77
Table 3-30 1990 Cook County, IL, Mobile Source Emissions 3-82
Table 3-31 Non-road Mobile Source Emissions 3-87
Table 3-32 Emissions Estimates Associated with Midway Airport 3-88
Table 3-33 Total Emissions in Cook County, IL, for All Sources Included in the
SWLM Pilot Study 3-95
Table 3-34 Average CMB Modeling Results for the Southeast Chicago Area 3-102
IX
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Page No.
Table 3-35 CMB Modeling Results for a Washington School Sample During a
Pollution Episode 3-103
Table 3-36 Average Fine Fraction CMB Modeling Results for the Southeast
Chicago Area 3-104
Table 3-37 Average Coarse Fraction CMB Modeling Results for the Southeast
Chicago Area 3-105
Table 3-38 Pollution Episode Fine Fraction CMB Modeling Results for the
Southeast Chicago Area 3-106
Table 3-39 Pollution Episode Coarse Fraction CMB Modeling Results for the
Southeast Chicago Area 3-107
Table 3-40 Estimated Lake County, EN, Mobile Source Emissions With and Without
Implementation of the SIP 3-115
Table 3-41 Projected Hydrocarbon Emission Rates in the Northeast Illinois Area ..3-116
Table 3-42 Major Point Source Dischargers to Surface Waters in 1995 in Cook County,
IL, and Lake County, IN 3-121
Table 3-43 Wastewater Discharge Loadings in 1995 from Hammond Sewage
Treatment Plant 3-122
Table 3-44 Wastewater Discharge Loadings in 1995 from Gary Wastewater
Treatment Plant 3-123
Table 3-45 Wastewater Discharge Loadings in 1995 from MWRDGC Stickney
STP 3-124
Table 3-46 Facility Discharging Lead to Surface Waters in 1995 in Cook County,
IL, and Lake County, IN 3-125
Table 3-47 Total Mass of Wastewater Discharges by Industry Types in 1995 in
Lake County, IN 3-130
Table 3-48 Pollutants Discharged into Waterbodies in 1995 in Cook County, IL 3-132
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Page No.
Table 3-49 Estimated Loading Contributions, in Pounds Per Year, to the CSTW by
Five Major Facilities 3-134
Table 3-50 Pollutants Discharged into Waterbodies in 1995 in Lake County, IN 3-136
Table 3-51 Combined Sewer Overflows to the Grand Calumet River 3-139
Table 3-52 Groundwater Loadings of Pollutants to the Grand Calumet River 3-141
Table 3-53 Estimated Unmonitored Loads into the Grand Calumet River 3-143
Table 3-54 Estimated Nonpoint Source Loadings to the Calumet and Little Calumet
Rivers 3-145
Table 3-55 Estimated TSS Loading Due To Nonpoint Sources for a 2.75 Inch Storm
Event in the Grand Calumet River Watershed 3-148
Table 3-56 EMCs Used in Nonpoint Source Loadings Calculation for
Lake County, IN 3-149
Table 3-57 Values for CN, Rv, and Area for Each Land Use Type in the Grand
Calumet River Watershed 3-151
Table 3-58 Estimated Loads, in Pounds per Year, of Nonpoint Sources to Cook
County, Lake County, the City of Chicago, and the Grand Calumet
Watershed (Upper Lake County) 3-152
Table 3-59 Loading Rates per Area for Cook and Lake Counties, Chicago, and the
Grand Calumet River Watershed 3-153
Table 3-60 Trends in POTW Discharges in Lake County, IN, from 1968 to 1982 ... 3-158
Table 3-61 On Site Releases of TRI Chemicals in Cook and Lake Counties
(Pounds/Yr.) 3-160
Table 3-62 Cities in Cook County, IL, With the Largest On-Site Releases of TRI
Chemicals in 1995 (Pounds/Yr.) 3-161
Table 3-63 On-Site Releases of TRI Chemicals in 1995 by City in Lake County, IN,
(Pounds/Yr.) 3-163
XI
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Page No.
Table 3-64 On-Site Releases of TRI Chemicals in 1995 by ZIP Code for Lake
County, IN (Pounds/Yr.) 3-164
Table 3-65 Largest Facilities With On-Site Releases of TRI Chemicals in Cook
County, IL, in 1995 (Pounds/Yr.) 3-165
Table 3-66 Largest Facilities in Lake County, EN, With On-Site Releases of TRI
Chemicals (Pounds/Yr.) 3-166
Table 3-67 Most Prevalent TRI Chemicals Found in Fugitive Air Emissions from
Cook County, IL (1995) 3-168
Table 3-68 Most Prevalent TRI Chemicals Found in Stack Air Emissions from Cook
County, IL (1995) 3-172
Table 3-69 Most Prevalent TRI Chemicals Found in Water Discharges from Lake
County, IL (1995) 3-176
Table 3-70 Land Disposal of TRI Chemicals in Cook County, IL (1995) 3-177
Table 3-71 On-Site Releases of TRI Chemicals in 1995 by SIC Code for Cook
County, IL (Pounds/Yr.) 3-181
Table 3-72 On Site Releases of TRI Chemicals in 1995 by SIC Code for Lake
County, IN (Pounds/Yr.) 3-182
Table 3-73 Accidental Releases Reported in 1995 in Lake County, IN 3-192
Table 3-74 Accidental Releases Reported in 1996 in Lake County 3-194
Table 3-75 Number of Spills/Releases per Year in Lake County as Reported
in ERNS 3-200
Table 3-76 Largest Hazardous Waste Management Facilities in Cook County, IL,
in 1993 3-206
Table 3-77 Largest Hazardous Waste Generators in Lake County, IN, in 1993 3-210
Table 3-78 Largest Hazardous Waste Management Facilities in Lake County, IN,
in 1993 3-211
XII
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Page No.
Table 3-79 Small Quantity Generators of Hazardous Waste in Lake
County, IN (1996) 3-213
Table 3-80 Total Quantity of Waste Generated by Small Quantity Generators
in Lake County, IN, by City and by Year 3-218
Table 3-81 Types of Wastes Generated in 1996 by Small Quantity Generators in
Lake County, IN 3-221
Table 3-82 NPL Sites in Lake County, IN 3-225
Table 4-1 Ambient Air Monitoring Stations in Cook County, IL, and Lake County,
IN 4-10
Table 4-2 Designated Nonattamment Areas in the Study Area 4-14
Table 4-3 NAAQS for Primary Pollutants 4-15
Table 4-4 Average PM10 Levels in Cook County 4-33
Table 4-5 Trends in Maximum Lead Concentrations in Ambient Air from
1990-1995 4-42
Table 4-6 VOCs Monitored at the Chicago UATMP Site in 1990
and 1991 (ppbv) 4-57
Table 4-7 VOCs and PAHs Monitored in Chicago Area in 1991 4-61
Table 4-8 Volatile Organic Compounds Monitored Near Chicago 4-65
Table 4-9 Major Organizations Conducting Water Quality Monitoring and
Assessment Activities in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN 4-69
Table 4-10 Select Surface Water Parameters Presented in STORET Data Sets 4-71
Table 4-11 Ranges of Water Quality Parameters in the Grand Calumet River
and Indiana Harbor Ship Canal in Lake County, IN 4-76
Table 4-12 Pollutants Identified in Ambient Surface Water of the Grand Calumet
River/Indiana Harbor Ship Canal in 1988-89 4-78
Xlll
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Page No.
Table 4-13 Mean Surface Water Contaminant Levels from 1988 Monitoring of the
Grand Calumet River 4-79
Table 4-14 Water Quality Monitoring Stations in the Grand Calumet River and the
Indiana Harbor Ship Canal 4-81
Table 4-15 Pollutant Levels in Grand Calumet River (1990-1995) 4-82
Table 4-16 Pollutant Levels in Indiana Harbor Ship Canal (1990-1995) 4-83
Table 4-17 Monitoring Sites Used by IS WS in Tributaries of Lake Calumet
in 1987-88 4-88
Table 4-18 Contaminants Detected in Tributaries to Lake Calumet in 1987-1988 4-89
Table 4-19 Water Quality Monitoring Stations in the Calumet River Channel
and Calumet Harbor 4-92
Table 4-20 Pollutant Levels in Calumet River and Little Calumet iver (1990) 4-93
Table 4-21 Pollutant Levels in Thorn Creek (1990-1995) 4-94
Table 4-22 Pollutant Levels in Calumet River Channel and Calumet Harbor
(1994-1995) 4-95
Table 4-23 Summary of Contaminants Detected in Select Waterbodies in
South Deering, Chicago in 1983 4-100
Table 4-24 Water Quality Monitoring Stations in Select Streams and Rivers in
Cook County, IL 4-102
Table 4-25 Pollutant Levels in Cal-Sag Channel (1990-1995) 4-103
Table 4-26 Pollutant Levels in Chicago River (1990-1995) 4-104
Table 4-27 Pollutant Levels in Des Plaines River (1990-1995) 4-105
Table 4-28 Water Quality Monitoring Stations in Streams/Rivers in Lake County,
IN 4-107
Table 4-29 Pollutant Levels in Little Calumet River (1990-1995) 4-108
xiv
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Page No.
Table 4-30 Pollutant Levels in Kankakee River (1990) 4-109
Table 4-31 Pollutant Levels in Wolf Lake Channel for 1990-1995 4-110
Table 4-32 Water Quality Monitoring Stations in Lakes in Cook County, DL 4-114
Table 4-33 Pollutant Levels in Garfield Lagoon (1991) 4-115
Table 4-34 Pollutant Levels in Lincoln North Pond (1991) 4-116
Table 4-35 Pollutant Levels in Sherman Park Lagoon (1994-1995) 4-117
Table 4-36 Pollutant Levels in Skokie Lagoons (1990-1995) 4-118
Table 4-37 Pollutant Levels in Tampier Lake (1992) 4-119
Table 4-38 Pollutant Levels in Washington Lagoon (1991) 4-120
Table 4-39 Water Quality Monitoring Stations in Wolf Lake (IL&IN) 4-122
Table 4-40 Pollutant Levels in Wolf Lake (IL&IN) for 1991-1994 4-123
Table 4-41 Summary of Lake Michigan Water Quality Data for 1989-91 4-127
Table 4-42 Analytes and Sediment Quality Guidelines 4-132
Table 4-43 Average Concentrations of Contaminants in Sediments of Select
Indiana and Illinois Water Systems 4-137
Table 4-44 Mean Sediment Concentrations of Priority Pollutants in Sediment
Samples from Lake Calumet 4-141
Table 4-45 Analysis of Sediment Samples from Chicago River and Harbor and
Calumet River and Harbor Collected April 27-28, 1981 4-146
Table 4-46 Pollutant Levels in Chicago River Sediment (1996) 4-148
Table 4-47 Pollutant Levels in Wolf Lake Sediment (1991-1993) 4-151
xv
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Page No.
Table 4-48 Pollutant Levels in Douglas Lagoon Sediment (1991) 4-152
Table 4-49 Pollutant Levels in Garfield Lagoon Sediment (1991) 4-153
Table 4-50 Pollutant Levels in Lincoln North Pond Sediment (1991) 4-155
Table 4-51 Pollutant Levels in Marquette Lagoon Park Sediment (1992) 4-156
Table 4-52 Pollutant Levels in SAG Quarry Sediment (1993) 4-157
Table 4-53 Pollutant Levels in Washington Lagoon Sediment (1991) 4-158
Table 4-54 Maximum Concentrations of Contaminants in GRC/MC Sediments 4-162
Table 4-55 Selected Potentially Hazardous Substances Found in the GCR/IHC
System 4-166
Table 4-56 Sediment Volume Estimates for the Grand Calumet River Reaches 4-168
Table 4-57 GCR-IHC Sediment Data for 1986 4-170
Table 4-58 Summary Statistics for Specific Metals in GCR-IHC 4-173
Table 4-59 Pollutant Concentrations From Sediments Collected Along the
Indiana Harbor Canal and Indiana Harbor 4-174
Table 4-60 Summary Statistics from Indiana Harbor Canal Including the Applicable
Sediment Quality Criteria/Benchmarks 4-176
Table 4-61 Concentrations of Metals in Whole Sediment Samples from Indiana Harbor,
IN 4-181
Table 4-62 Concentrations of Polynuclear Aromatic and Other Semivolatile Compounds
in Whole Sediment Samples From Indiana Harbor, IN 4-183
Table 4-63 Concentrations of Dioxins and Furans Whole Sediment Samples from
Indiana Harbor, IN 4-185
Table 4-64 Results of PCB Analysis of Indiana Harbor Canal Sediment Samples
Collected in 1983 4-189
xvi
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Page No.
Table 4-65 Pollutant Concentrations in Sediment Samples from the Grand Calumet
River Lagoons 4-192
Table 4-66 Semivolatile Organic Contaminants Detected in Sediment Samples
From the Grand Calumet Lagoon Area 4-193
Table 4-67 Concentrations of Priority Pollutants in Sediments of the Grand Calumet
River System 4-195
Table 4-68 Comparison of Metal Concentrations from the OCR Sediment Samples
During 1980 and 1984 4-196
Table 4-69 Concentrations of Metals in Sediments From the Grand Calumet River,
Indiana 4-198
Table 4-70 Comparison of Chemical Composition of Indiana Harbor and
Lake Michigan Sediments 4-200
Table 4-71 Fish Tissue Sampling Sites 4-203
Table 4-72 Chemicals Detected in Fish Tissue in Two or More Locations 4-205
Table 4-73 Waterbodies with Highest Levels of Chemicals In Fish Tissue 4-211
Table 4-74 Ranges of Soil Concentrations of Metals in Southeast Chicago for
Samples taken from Depths Ranging from 0 to 10 feet 4-215
Table 4-75 Mean Soil Concentrations of Metals in Southeast Chicago at
Various Depths 4-216
Table 4-76 Surface Soil Lead Levels Near Play Equipment 4-223
Table 4-77 Comparison of Lead Concentrations by Surface Soil Conditions in
Chicago, Suburbs, and Downstate 4-224
Table 4-78 Mean Lead Levels of Surface and Subsurface Soils in Chicago,
Suburbs, and Downstate 4-225
xvi i
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Page No.
Table 4-79 Concentrations of Soil Contaminants at Cottage Grove Landfill 4-231
Table 4-80 Concentrations of Soil Contaminants at Land and Lakes #2 4-235
Table 4-81 Concentrations of Soil Contaminants at U.S. Drum n 4-240
Table 4-82 Concentrations of Soil Contaminants at MSD #4 Sludge And
Barrel Dump 4-245
Table 4-83 Concentrations of Soil Contaminants at Cosden Oil & Chemical
Company 4-249
Table 4-84 Concentrations of Soil Contaminants at Land and Lakes #3 4-253
Table 4-85 Concentration Ranges of Soil Contaminants at Album, Inc 4-258
Table 4-86 Concentration Ranges of Soil Contaminants at Estech General
Chemical 4-264
Table 4-87 Concentrations of Soil Contaminants at Pullman Factory/Sewage
Farm, 1990 and 1994 4-271
Table 4-88 Concentration Ranges of Soil Contaminants at Paxton Landfill Corp •.. 4-276
Table 4-89 Hazard Ranking Scores for Soils at NPL Sites 4-279
Table 4-90 Overview of Organic Groundwater Contaminants in Cook County, DL .. 4-282
Table 4-91 Volatile Organic Compounds Detected in Chicago-Area Weils, 1996 ... 4-283
Table 4-92 Maximum Levels of Volatile Organic Compounds Detected in
Chicago-Area Wells, 1993 4-284
Table 4-93 Semivolatile Organic Compounds Detected in Chicago-Area
Wells, 1993 4-285
Table 4-94 Maximum Levels of Semivolatile Organic Compounds Detected in
Chicago-Area Wells, 1993 4-286
Table 4-95 Concentrations of Contaminants in Groundwater Samples From
Paxton Landfill from 1993 4-291
xvin
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Page No.
Table 4-96 Concentrations of Contaminants in Groundwater Samples From
Land and Lakes No. 2 from 1993 4-293
Table 4-97 Concentrations of Contaminants in Groundwater Samples From
Cottage Grove Landfill from 1993 4-294
Table 4-98 Concentrations of Contaminants in Groundwater Samples From
Cosden Oil and Chemical Co. from 1993 4-296
Table 4-99 Hazard Ranking Scores for Groundwater at NPL Sites 4-297
Table 4-100 Population Served by Drinking Water Systems In Cook County, IL 4-301
Table 4-101 Lake Michigan Surface Water Quality at Intakes to Four Drinking
Water Purification Facilities (1990-1995) 4-307
Table 4-102 Population Served by Community Drinking Water Systems in Lake
County, IN 4-309
Table 4-103 Population Served by Non-Community Drinking Water Systems in
Lake County, IN 4-310
Table 4-104 Sample Frequency Requirements 4-314
Table 4-105 Lead and Copper Monitoring Requirements 4-316
Table 4-106 Drinking Water Results for Cook County, EL 4-317
Table 4-107 Lead and Copper Drinking Water Results for Cook County, DL 4-318
Table 4-108 Total Coliform Results for Public Drinking Water Systems in
Cook County, IL 4-321
Table 4-109 Drinking Water Violations in 1995 for Cook County, IL 4-327
Table 4-110 Drinking Water Violations in Cook County, DL, for 1991-1996 4-329
Table 4-111 Community Drinking Water Results for Lake County, IN 4-330
Table 4-112 Lead and Copper Community Drinking Water Results for
Lake County, IN 4-332
xix
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Page No.
Table 4-113 Total Coliform Results for Community Drinking Water Systems In
Lake County, IN 4-335
Table 4-114 Drinking Water Violations in 1995 for Lake County, IN 4-337
Table 4-115 Drinking Water Violations in Lake County, IN, for 1991-1996 4-338
Table 4-116 Summary of Blood Lead Levels for Children < Six Years in
Cook County, IL 4-343
Table 4-117 Summary of Blood Lead Levels in Children < Six Years by Race
in Lake County, IN (Fiscal Years 94, 95,96) 4-345
Table 4-118 Summary of Blood Lead Levels in Children z Six Years by Age in
Lake County, IN (Fiscal Years 94,95,96) 4-346
Table 4-119 Levels of Chemicals Found by ATSDR in Indoor Air Samples of 10
Homes in Southeast Chicago 4-352
Table 5-1 Multimedia Facility Rankings - Top Facilities in Loadings to
Each Media 5-10
Table 5-2 Largest Air Emitters in Southeast Chicago 5-16
Table 5-3 Major Air Pollutants/Chemicals Emitted in Southeast Chicago 5-17
Table 5-4 Toxic Chemicals Emitted from Point and Area Sources in Southeast
Chicago from RAPIDS Data Base 5-19
Table 5-5 Combined Point Source Discharge Loadings to the Little Calumet
River (IL) in 1995 5-22
Table 5-6 Largest Air Emitters in Southwest Chicago 5-30
Table 5-7 Major Air Pollutants/Chemicals Emitted in Southwest Chicago 5-31
Table 5-8 Air Emissions From AFS in Southwest Chicago by City and
ZIP Code 5-32
Table 5-9 Toxic Chemicals Emitted from Point and Area Sources in Southwest
Chicago from RAPIDS Data Base 5-34
xx
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Page No.
Table 5-10 Largest Air Emitters in North Lake County (Hammond, East Chicago,
Gary, and Whiting) 5-40
Table 5-11 Major Air Pollutants/Chemicals Emitted in North Lake County
(Hammond, East Chicago, Gary, and Whiting) 5-41
Table 5-12 Toxic Chemicals Emitted from Point and Area Sources in North
Lake County (Hammond, Gary, East Chicago, and Whiting) from
RAPIDS Data Base 5-43
Table 5-13 Combined Point Source Discharge Loadings to Grand Calumet River
in 1995 5-48
Table 5-14 Estimates of Multimedia Loadings of Select Chemicals/Groups of
Chemicals 5-62
Table 5-15 Multimedia Loadings of Lead 5-63
Table 5-16 Multimedia Loadings of VOCs 5-66
Table 5-17 Multimedia Loadings of Endocrine Disrupter Chemicals 5-77
Table 5-18 Concentrations of Select Endocrine Disrupter Chemicals in Water
Column and Sediment Samples 5-81
Table 5-19 Rankings of the Largest Industrial Sectors by Multimedia Loadings ... 5-84
xxi
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LIST OF FIGURES
Page No.
Figure 1-1 CCRI Timeline 1-7
Figure 1-2 Data Bases Accessed for CCRI Loadings Profile 1-16
Figure 2-1 Map of Cook County, IL 2-3
Figure 2-2 Cook County, IL, Demographics 2-3
Figure 2-3 Map of Lake County, IN 2-4
Figure 2-4 Lake County, IN, Demographics 2-4
Figure 2-5 Ground-Level Ozone 2-12
Figure 2-6 Trends in Ozone Exceedances in Metropolitan Chicago, IL
(1988-1994) 2-13
Figure 2-7 Motor Vehicle Emissions in Chicago Metro Area 2-19
Figure 2-8 Emissions of Ozone Precursors (VOCs) in Lake County, IN 2-21
Figure 2-9 Average Number of Single-Occupant Vehicle Users in Major
Metropolitan Areas Nationwide 2-22
Figure 2-10 Decrease in Air Emissions in Cook County, IL from 1973 to 1989 2-24
Figure 2-11 Example of How One May Be Exposed to Lead 2-37
Figure 3-1 Hierarchy of Data from the ACCESS Data Base 3-2
Figure 3-2 Emissions of Air Pollutants from Point Sources in 1995 in Cook
County, EL, and Lake County, IN 3-9
Figure 3-3 Emissions of VOCs from Point Sources in 1995 by County 3-10
Figure 3-4 Emissions of PM10 from Point Sources in 1995 by County 3-11
Figure 3-5 Locations of Point Source Emitters of VOCs in Cook County, IL,
and Lake County, IN 3-16
Figure 3-6 Locations of Top 50 Point Source of VOCs in Cook County, IL,
and Lake County, IN 3-17
xxii
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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Page No.
Figure3-7 Locations of Point Source Emitters of Particulate Matter in Cook
County, IL, and Lake County, IN 3-20
Figure 3-8 Locations of Top 50 Point Source Emitters of PM10 in Cook
County, IL, and Lake County, IN 3-23
Figure 3-9 Lead Air Emission from Point Sources in Cook County, IL,
and Lake County, IN 3-28
Figure 3-10 Relative Contributions of Cook County Area Sources to VOM
Emissions 3-38
Figure 3-11 Relative Contributions of Cook County Area Sources to NOX
Emissions 3.39
Figure 3-12 Relative Contributions of Cook County Area Sources to CO
Emissions 3-40
Figure 3-13 Relative Contributions of Lake County, IN, Area Sources to
VOC Emissions 3-41
Figure 3-14 Relative Contributions of Lake County, IN, Area Sources to
NOX Emissions 3-43
Figure 3-15 Relative Contributions of Lake County, IN, Area Sources to
CO Emissions 3.44
Figure 3-16 RAPIDS Air Emissions Estimates for Lake County, IN 3-58
Figure 3-17 RAPIDS Air Emissions Estimates for Cook County, IL 3-59
Figure 3-18 Relative Contributions of Emission Source Categories to Air
Pollution-Related Cancer Cases in the Southeast Chicago Area 3-73
Figure 3-19 Relative Contribution to Carcinogenic Emissions by Sources
in Southwest Chicago, Cook County, IL 3-75
XXlll
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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Page No.
Figure 3-20 Relative Contribution to Air Pollution Related Cancer Cases
by Pollutants in the Vigyan Study Area in Cook County, IL
(Vigyan, 1993) 3-76
Figure 3-21 Relative Contributions of Cook County Mobile Sources to
VOC Emissions 3-78
Figure 3-22 Relative Contributions of Cook County Mobile Sources to NOX
Emissions 3-79
Figure 3-23 Relative Contributions of Cook County Mobile Sources to CO
Emissions 3-80
Figure 3-24 Relative Contributions of Lake County Mobile Sources to VOC
Emissions 3-83
Figure 3-25 Relative Contributions of Lake County Mobile Sources to NOX
Emissions 3-84
Figure 3-26 Relative Contributions of Lake County Mobile Sources to CO
Emissions 3-85
Figure 3-27 Relative Contributions of Different Source Types to Total VOC
Emissions in Lake County, IN, 1990 3-89
Figure 3-28 Relative Contributions of 1990 Mobile Sources, Non-road Mobile
Sources, and Area Sources, and 1994 Point Sources to total
Lake County VOC Emissions 3-91
Figure 3-29 Relative Contributions of Different Source Types to Total Cook
County VOC Emissions, 1990 3-92
Figure 3-30 Relative Contribution of Different Source Types to Total
Cook County NOX Emissions, 1990 3-93
Figure 3-31 Relative Contributions of Different Source Types to Total
Cook County CO Emissions, 1990 3-94
Figure 3-32 CMB Modeling Results for VOC Emissions in Southeast
Chicago Under Average Conditions 3-97
xxiv
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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Page No.
Figure 3-33 CMB Modeling Results for Washington School Day Sample
During Westerly Winds 3-98
Figure 3-34 CMB Modeling Results for Washington School Night Sample During
Westerly Winds 3-99
Figure 3-35 CMB Modeling Results for Washington School Sample # 1
During Non-Westerly Winds 3-100
Figure 3-36 CMB Modeling Results for Washington School Sample #2
During Non-Westerly Winds 3-101
Figure 3-37 Relative Contribution to Carcinogenic Emissions by Sources
in Southwest Chicago, Cook County, IL 3-108
Figure 3-38 Trends in Cook County Emissions from Manufacturing 3-110
Figure 3-39 Trends in Number of Total Vehicles Registered in Cook
County, IL 3-111
Figure 3-40 Vehicle Miles Travelled in Cook County 3-112
Figure 3-41 Trends in the Emission Rates of Cook County Vehicles 3-113
Figure 3-42 Trends in Urban Dynamics Emissions in Cook County 3-117
Figure 3-43 Total Quantity of Water Discharged by County in 1995 3-120
Figure 3-44 Facilities Discharging Lead in 1995 in Cook County, IL, and
Lake County, IN 3-126
Figure 3-45 Facilities Discharging Phenolics (Total Recoverable) in 1995
in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN 3-127
Figure 3-46 Location of Combined Sewer Outflows-Grand Calumet
River, IN 3-140
Figure 3-47 Four Drainage Basins Used in Terstnep and Lee Model 3-144
Figure 3-48 Six Divisions of the Grand Calumet River Watershed Used in
Ketcham & Kanchakarra Estimate 3-147
xxv
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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Page No.
Figure 3-49 Comparison Between Metal Discharges from Point and Nonpoint
Sources in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN 3-154
Figure 3-50 Comparison Between Conventional Pollutants from Point and
Nonpoint Sources in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN 3-155
Figure 3-51 Trends in Total Wastewater Discharges in Cook County, EL, and
Lake County, IN (1990-95) 3-157
Figure 3-52 Fugitive Air Emissions of Toxic Chemicals by ZIP Code in Cook
County, EL, in 1995 3-169
Figure 3-53 Fugitive Air Emissions of Toxic Chemicals by ZIP Code in Lake
County, IN, in 1995 3-170
Figure 3-54 Stack Air Emissions of Toxic Chemicals by ZIP Code in Cook
County, IL, in 1995 3-173
Figure 3-55 Stack Air Emissions of Toxic Chemicals by ZIP Code in Lake
County, IN, in 1995 3-174
Figure 3-56 Land Disposal of Toxic Chemicals by ZIP Code in Cook County, IL,
in 1995 3-178
Figure 3-57 Other Transfers of Toxic Chemicals by ZIP Code in Lake County, IN,
in 1995 3-180
Figure 3-58 Trends in TRI Releases for Cook County, IL, and
Lake County, IN 3-184
Figure 3-59 Trends in TRI Chemicals in Fugitive Air Emissions from Cook
County, IL (1987-1995) 3-185
Figure 3-60 Trends of TRI Chemicals in Fugitive Air Emissions in Lake
County, IN (1987-1995) 3-186
Figure 3-61 Trends of TRI Chemicals in Stack Air Emissions in Cook County, IL
(1987-1995) 3-187
Figure 3-62 Total Quantity of Spill/Releases of Hazardous Materials in Cook
County, IL, from ERNS 3-198
XXVI
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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Page No.
Figure 3-63 Total Quantity of Spills/Releases of Hazardous Material in
Lake County, IN from ERNS 3-201
Figure 3-64 Comparison of Hazardous Waste Facilities by Amounts of
Waste Generated, Received, Shipped, and Managed in Cook
County, IL, & Lake County, IN (1993) 3-205
Figure 3-65 Hazardous Waste Generators in 1993 in Cook County, EL,
and Lake County, IN 3-207
Figure 3-66 Hazardous Wastes Generated and Managed by Cook County, IL, in
Tons, 1992-1994 3-209
Figure 3-67 Trends of Hazardous Waste Generated by Small Quantity Generators
in Lake County, IN, for 1994-96 3-219
Figure 3-68 Quantity of Hazardous Waste Generated by Small-Quantity
Generators in Lake County, IN, in 1996 (by ZIP Code) 3-220
Figure 3-69 Number of CERCLIS Sites in Cook County, EL, and
Lake County, IN 3-223
Figure 4-1 Examples of How One May Be Exposed To Chemicals/
Pollutants 4-3
Figure 4-2 Environmental Health Paradigm - Example of Relationships
Among Loadings, Environmental Levels, and Exposure 4-4
Figure 4-3 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations in Cook County, IL 4-11
Figure 4-4 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations in Lake County, IN 4-12
Figure 4-5 Ambient Monitoring Locations in Southeast Chicago 4-13
Figure 4-6 Historical Averages of the Maximum Ozone Levels Measured
at Individual Sampling Sites in Chicago 4-17
Figure 4-7 Ozone Levels in Gary, IN, and Chicago, IL
(2nd 1-Hour Maximum) 4-18
Figure 4-8 Maximum Ozone Levels in Cook County, IL, in 1995 4-21
xxvn
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LIST OF FIGURES (continued)
Page No.
Figure 4-9 Second Maximum Ozone Levels in Cook County, IL, in 1995 4-22
Figure 4-10 Ozone Levels in Lake County, IN (Daily 1-Hour Maximum) 4-25
Figure 4-11 Ozone Levels in Lake County, IN (2nd Daily 1-Hour Maximum) 4-27
Figure 4-12 PM10 Trends for Gary, IN, and Chicago, DL (2nd 24-Hour Max) 4-29
Figure 4-13 Levels of PM10 in Cook County, DL, in 1995 (24-Hour Max) 4-30
Figure 4-14 Levels of PM10 in Cook County, IL, in 1995 (2nd 24-Hour Max) 4-31
Figure 4-15 Trends in 24-hour Maximum Total Suspended Particulates
Reported in Chicago, 1978-1990 4-35
Figure 4-16 Trends in Annual Mean Total Suspended Particulates Reported
in Chicago, 1978-1990 4-36
Figure 4-17 Maximum Quarterly Mean Lead Levels for Chicago and Gary 4-41
Figure 4-18 Trends in Maximum Lead Concentrations in Ambient Air
(Total Suspended Particles) from 1991-1995 4-43
Figure 4-19 1995 Annual Mean Lead Levels for Sites in Cook County 4-45
Figure 4-20 Trends in Annual Mean Lead Levels in Chicago (1979-1990) 4-46
Figure 4-21 Benzene Levels in Chicago, IL, and Gary, IN in 1994-1995 4-55
Figure 4-22 VOCs Monitored at HT Site in Central Chicago (1991) 4-59
Figure 4-23 VOCs Monitored Aboard the R/V Laurentian Off-Shore Near
Chicago (1991) 4-60
Figure 4-24 Ambient Benzene Levels for Chicago Presented by Various
Sources 4-63
Figure 4-25
Figure 4-26
Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Ship Canal 4-73
.. 4-85
Landfills and Waste Disposal Sites in the Greater Lake Calumet
Area
xxvin
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LIST OF FIGURES (continued)
Page No.
Figure 4-27 Surface Water Monitoring Sites Around Lake Calumet 4-87
Figure 4-28 Water Quality Assessments of Streams and Rivers in the
Cook County, EL, Area for 1994-95 4-96
Figure 4-29 Water Quality Assessments of Streams and Rivers in the
Cook County, IL, Area for 1992-93 4-98
Figure 4-30 Water Quality Assessments of Lakes in the Cook County, IL, Area
for 1994-95 4-111
Figure 4-31 Water Quality Assessments of Lakes in the Cook County, IL, Area
for 1992-93 4-113
Figure 4-32 Streams and Drainage Pattern in the Calumet Area
Watershed 4-130
Figure 4-33 Map Showing Location of Illinois Waterbodies 4-134
Figure 4-34 Flow Into and Out of Lake Calumet 4-136
Figure 4-35 Detailed Map of the Calumet Region 4-138
Figure 4-36 Map Showing the 5 Regions of Study on Lake Calumet 4-139
Figure 4-37 Detailed Map Showing Location of Chicago River and Harbor 4-144
Figure 4-38 Grand Calumet River / Indiana Harbor Canal Area of Concern 4-160
Figure 4-39 Indiana Harbor and Indiana Harbor Canal 4-175
Figure 4-40 Sediment Sampling Stations in Indiana Harbor Canal and
Indiana Harbor 4-180
Figure 4-41 Grand Calumet Sediment Remediation Plan: Study Reaches 4-191
Figure 4-42 Comparison of Mean Metal Concentrations from the
Grand Calumet River from 1980 and 1984 Sediment Samples 4-197
Figure 4-43 Trends in Levels of DDT and Dieldrin in Carp from the
Indiana Harbor Canal (1980 -1992) 4-209
XXIX
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LIST OF FIGURES (continued)
Page No.
Figure 4-44 Sampling Grid for Soil in South Chicago Study Area 4-214
Figure 4-45 Soil Sampling Locations in the City of Chicago 4-219
Figure 4-46 Soil Sampling Locations in Six-County Suburban Region
(Outside Chicago) 4-220
Figure 4-47 Site Location Map of Cottage Grove Landfill 4-228
Figure 4-48 Soil Sample Locations (SSO1 to SS06) at Cottage Grove
Landfill 4-229
Figure 4-49 Background Soil Sample Locations (SS07 to SS08) at
Cottage Grove Landfill 4-230
Figure 4-50 Site Location Map of Land and Lakes # 2 Landfill 4-233
Figure 4-51 Soil Sample Locations (SSO 1 to SS04) at Land and Lakes
# 2 Landfill 4-234
Figure 4-52 Site Location Map of U.S. Drum n 4-237
Figure 4-53 Soil Sample Locations (SS01 to SS07) at U.S. Drum H 4-238
Figure 4-54 Site Location Map of MSD # 4 Sludge and Barrel Dump 4-241
Figure 4-55 Soil Sample Locations (SS01 to SS02) at # 4 Sludge
and Barrel Dump 4-243
Figure 4-56 Background Soil Sample Location (SS03) at # 4 Sludge
and Barrel Dump 4-244
Figure 4-57 Site Location Map of Cosden Oil and Chemical Co 4-246
Figure 4-58 Soil Sample Locations (SS01 to SS05) at Cosden Oil
and Chemical Co 4-248
Figure 4-59 Site Location Map of Land and Lakes #3 4-250
Figure 4-60 Soil Sample Locations (SS01 to SS02) at Land and
Lakes #3 4-252
xxx
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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Page No.
Figure 4-61 Site Location Map of Album Inc 4-254
Figure 4-62 Soil Sample Locations (SS01 to SS09) at Alburn Inc 4-256
Figure 4-63 Background Soil Sample Location (SS01) at Alburn Inc 4-257
Figure 4-64 Site Location Map of Estech General Chemical 4-261
Figure 4-65 Soil Sample Locations (SS01 to SS06) at Estech
General Chemical 4-262
Figure 4-66 Soil Sample Locations (SS07 to SS08) at Estech General
Chemical 4-263
Figure 4-67 Site Location Map of Pullman Sewage Farm 4-268
Figure 4-68 Sample Locations from 1990IEPA Report and 1994 U.S.
EPA Report on Pullman Factory/Sewage Farm 4-269
Figure 4-69 Site Location Map of Paxton Landfill Corp 4-273
Figure 4-70 Sample Locations (SS01 to SS05) at Paxton Landfill Corp 4-275
Figure 4-71 Children With Lead Poisoning in Lake County, IN 4-347
Figure 4-72 Distribution of Blood Lead Levels in 134 Children West
Town Lead Project 4.349
Figure 5-1 Databases for Multimedia Loadings Estimates 5-5
Figure 5-2 Case Study Geographic Areas 5-7
Figure 5-3 Comparison of Multimedia Loadings in Cook County, IL, and
Lake County, IN 5.9
Figure 5-4 Largest Sources in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN 5-11
Figure 5-5 Southeast Chicago 5-13
Figure 5-6 Air Emissions in Southeast Chicago 5-15
Figure 5-7 Discharges to Waterbodies in Southeast Chicago/Lake Calumet Area . 5-21
xxx i
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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Page No.
Figure 5-8 Southwest Chicago 5-27
Figure 5-9 Comparison of Air Emissions in Southeast Chicago, Southwest
Chicago, and North Lake County 5-29
Figure 5-10 North Lake County 5-38
Figure 5-11 Waterbodies in North Lake County 5-45
Figure 5-12 Comparison of Water Discharges in Southeast Chicago, Southwest
Chicago and North Lake County 5-47
Figure 5-13 Multimedia Loadings for Lead 5-64
xxxn
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U-S EPA > Headquarters Library
Mail code 3201
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Washington DC 20460
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 1: Introduction
Final—April 2001
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This report provides information on
sources of pollution and environmental levels
of contaminants in Cook County, Illinois (IL),
and Lake County, Indiana (IN). It compiles
information from researchers locally and
nationwide for an evaluation of the state of the
environment in the area, focusing on the
quantity of pollutants released to the
environment and the levels of contaminants in
the air, water, soil, and other media. A product
of the Chicago Cumulative Risk Initiative
(CCRI), this report is intended to provide the
basis for assessing risks to human health and
for risk reduction decision making. Overall,
this Environmental Loadings Profile should
help decision makers, resource managers, and
the public to make prudent, informed choices in
IL, and Lake County, IN.
Scope of Report
• Cook County, IL, and Lake County,
IN
• Environmental Setting and Historical
Problems
• Sources and Loadings of Pollution to
Air, Water, and Other Media
• Environmental Levels in Air, Water,
Sediment, Fish Tissue, Soil, etc.
• Integrated Environmental
Characterization
shaping the environmental future in Cook County,
One of the first steps in determining where to focus risk reduction efforts is to better
understand the current condition of the environment. This requires quantitative information on the
variety of sources of pollution, their locations, the magnitude of loadings, the types of contaminants
released, and the presence of these contaminants in the air, water, soil, food, and other media to
which humans may be exposed. As a result, to produce this Environmental Loadings Profile, data
collection efforts broadly focused on attempting to capture information on many different types of
sources, on a multimedia basis, and on many types of pollutants. While a broad picture of the overall
environmental condition is painted, some focus is provided on issues of particular concern to
children's health (such as lead and the impacts of air pollution on asthma). This report presents
1-1
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 1: Introduction Final—April 2001
some of the latest information and data, compiled from databases and researchers nationwide, into
a value-added assessment of environmental loadings in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN.
"Strong science provides the foundation for credible
environmental decision making. With a better
understanding of environmental risks to people and
ecosystems, EPA can target the hazards that pose the
greatest risks."
Expert Panel on the Role of Science at EPA
(U.S. EPA, 1992)
While pollution control
efforts during the last three decades
have successfully improved air
quality and reduced contamination
of rivers and streams, the problems
we currently face require a new way
of doing business. Twenty-five
years ago, environmental problems
were more obvious - huge
smokestacks billowing smoke into
the air, dead fish on the shorelines, and drums of hazardous wastes. Today, many of the challenges
are less apparent - trace levels of chemicals in drinking water, lead dust from paints used years ago
in houses, and stormwater runoff from streets and parking lots. These types of problems require new
approaches to environmental protection. Solutions depend on a better understanding of the complex
scientific and social policy issues which have led to local environmental conditions. This report
begins the process to gain that understanding; it provides a foundation upon which upcoming CCRI
efforts will build. These latter phases of CCRI will examine human health impacts to try to better
determine associations with environmental conditions. Furthermore, they will try to quantify
exposures and risks to the public (and certain sensitive subpopulations such as children, the elderly,
or subsistence fishermen) from pollutants. Finally, these upcoming activities should help to identify,
with some greater level of certainty, the best opportunities through which risk reduction might be
achieved. These risk reduction effects may take many forms, possibly combining education
programs with pollution prevention activities. Ultimately, this report will be successful if it helps
the local groups, government agencies, and other decision makers set priorities and reduce
environmental risks to the residents of Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN.
This introductory section presents information on the purpose and scope of this study,
background on CCRI, and the approaches used to obtain and evaluate data/information. Also
1-2
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 1: Introduction Final—April 2001
described are some limitations of the data used in the study. The remainder of the report is organized
in a manner that first presents basic facts and information and then builds details (and complexity)
in the latter sections. Specifically:
• Section 2 - Introduces the environmental setting in Cook County, IL, and Lake
County, IN; describes historical problems related to environmental quality in these
areas; and presents some statistics on general indicators of environmental condition.
• Section 3 - Provides quantitative information on sources of pollution and loadings
of specific chemicals to the environment. This section includes estimates of
emissions to air, discharges to surface waters, releases of toxic chemicals from
facilities and from spills/accidents, management of hazardous wastes, and
information on sites with hazardous chemical releases.
• Section 4 - Summarizes information on the presence of pollutants in environmental
media such as ambient air, surface water, fish tissue, drinking water, soils, sediments,
and human exposure biomarkers.
Section 5 - Provides an integrated environmental characterization, including
multimedia loadings in geographic areas of interest (e.g., Southeast Chicago),
chemicals of interest (e.g., lead) and particular types of industrial sources.
• Section 6 - References.
Appendix - Glossary of Terms and List of Acronyms/Abbreviations
1-3
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CCRJ EnvironmentalLoadings Profile
Section 1: Introduction
Final—April 2001
Scoping Questions
What are the major sources of pollution?
What pollutants are being emitted/released
in the largest quantities?
What geographic areas have the largest
loadings?
Are releases increasing or decreasing over
time?
What are levels of contaminants in various
media to which humans may be exposed?
1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE
The purpose of the
Environmental Lodings Profile is to
document sources of pollution, loadings
to the environment, and levels of
contaminants in various media. This
report is a multimedia, multipollutant
assessment of environmental conditions
in Cook County, IL, and Lake County,
IN. Identified in this report are the
largest sources, the pollutants released
in the largest quantities, and the
geographic areas that have the largest
loadings to the environment. It must be
noted, this is not a risk assessment, nor
is it an exposure assessment. Rather,
this document provides a scientific foundation on which exposure and risk assessments may be
based.
The Environmental Loadings Profile focuses on the magnitude of the release. The chemicals
described and the facilities ranked are examined based on the mass of the emission/release; not on
a risk basis. That means that no attempt has been made to account for fate and transport of
contaminants, or their toxicity, or other issues that are part of the risk assessment process.
Specifically, risk is a function of exposure and hazard. Exposure is the mechanism by which a
receptor (individual) comes into contact with a potentially hazardous constituent. Estimating the
magnitude of human exposure calls for a variety of information on sources, the movement of
pollutants through the environment, the type of contact made (ingestion, inhalation, or dermal
contact), and the frequency and duration of such exposures. An exposure assessment would look
at information on pathways by which humans may be exposed (e.g., breathing air downwind from
a point source or consuming fish caught from polluted waterbodies), the concentrations of pollutants
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in these environmental media, the frequencies and durations of these exposures, and other
information. Similarly, a risk assessment would take into account what is known about the toxicity
of the chemical(s) involved. Toxicity is the inherent property of a chemical to produce adverse
human health effects, such as cancer or other effects. All of these issues of exposure, toxicity and
whether human health impacts might occur are very complex and are beyond the scope of the
Environmental Loadings Profile.
This data compilation can assist with both source- and receptor-based assessments of
exposures/risks to populations in this area. This never-before-attempted Environmental Loadings
Profile for Cook and Lake Counties provides data that can be augmented with computer modeling
approaches to estimate exposures to chemicals from multiple sources to populations of concern.
Similarly, assessments of risks from "background" exposures can be completed using data on levels
of contaminants in the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we eat.
This study was designed to take a broad perspective of environmental conditions in this area.
The information presented was compiled from more than 400 different sources', including
researchers in Federal, State, and local agencies; colleges and universities; environmental advocacy
groups; and data bases. Much of the information is summarized (based on the original authors'
interpretations) to the county level, where possible. In some cases, the original data address areas
smaller (e.g., just Chicago or specific areas within the two counties) than the entire study area or
county. In other instances, where information primarily represents areas broader in size than the two
counties, an attempt is made to show its relevance to Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN. While
extensive data exist to quantify environmental loadings and levels in these areas, there are
uncertainties and limitations to the data. (See Section 1.4.)
1The original references used to prepare this document have been provided to the Environmental Protection
Agency
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1.2 BACKGROUND ON THE CHICAGO CUMULATIVE RISK INITIATIVE (CCRI)
The Chicago Cumulative Risk
Initiative (CCRI) was initiated by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or
Agency) to better understand the cumulative
impacts of environmental loadings in the
Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN, area.
This four-phase effort was undertaken in
response to a petition received from local
environmental groups. The timeline of
activities is summarized on Figure 1-1 and is
described in more detail below.
Four Phases of CCRI
Phase I: Environmental Loadings
Profile
Phase II: Facilitated Workshop
(Status Meeting - May
1998)
Phase III: Risk Assessment
Phase IV: Pollution Prevention and
Remediation
On February 23, 1996, the Agency
received a Section 21 petition from the Chicago Legal Clinic (representing 11 community advocacy
groups).2 The petition requested that the Agency issue a Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)
Section 6 Rule regulating the disposal of dioxins, furans, mercury, cadmium, and lead through air
deposition from eight incinerators slated to begin operating (or in one case, already operating) in
Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN. The petition alternatively requested the issuance of a TSCA
Section 4 Rule that would require data collection on cumulative effects, focusing on those risks
posed by the aforementioned chemicals. Under Section 21 of TSCA, EPA had 90 days from receipt
of the petition to prepare and issue a response.
A workgroup of EPA employees was assembled to evaluate the petition and generate a
response. The workgroup, after analyzing information collected during the investigation, determined
The petitioners were all not-for-profit organizations located in Cook County. IL. and Lake Count}'. IN. and included.
People for Community Recover>'. Lake Michigan Federation. Grand Cal Task Force, Center for Neighborhood Technology.
Citizens fora Better Environment. Southeast Environmental Task Force. South Cook County Environmental Action Coalition.
Human Action Community Organization. South Suburban Citizens Opposed to Polluting Our Environment. Lyons Incinerator
Opponent Network, and Westside Alliance for a Safe Toxic-Free Environment
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10/97
1996
1997
Figure 1-1. CCRI Timeline
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that insufficient information existed to support the initiation of Section 6 activity. The workgroup
also determined that due to the uncertain status of the planned incinerators targeted by the petition,
committing to Section 4 activity was not the most appropriate course of action. The workgroup did
conclude that several significant issues were raised during the petition investigatory process. Those
issues included: cumulative effects, loadings, and risk posed by incinerators and other point, area,
and mobile sources.
The workgroup then generated a response, signed on May 23, 1996. In that response, EPA
denied the petition and proposed that the petitioners work with the Agency to plan and implement
a community-based effort to investigate the cumulative issues (but covering a wider range of toxics
and sources) faced by residents of Cook County, H, and Lake County, IN. (The aforementioned
petitioners are currently referred to as Stakeholders.)
At a June 1996 meeting in Chicago, the Stakeholders requested that the EPA workgroup
develop an outline of the proposed project. The workgroup assembled the requested material and
presented it at an August meeting. The Stakeholders reacted favorably and discussed modifications
to the project, proposed deliverables, and the nature of Stakeholder participation. The new project,
CCRI, developed into a four-phase activity:
Phase I: Generating an Environmental Loadings Profile;
Phase II: Convening a Status Meeting to Discuss CCRI-relevant Issues
(Loadings Profile Data and Risk Assessment);
Phase ffl: Performing "Cumulative" Risk Assessment; and
Phase IV: Initiating Pollution Prevention/Remediation Activity.
Phase I involved the use of a contractor to develop an environmental loadings profile (ELP).
The ELP is an inventory of the source and nature of toxics emissions into various media (e.g., air,
water) in the two county study area that will enable CCRI participants to create a relevant list of
toxicants and approximate the cumulative exposures and risks from chemical substances. The first
draft of the ELP was completed in the 4th Quarter of FY 97. The contractor for Phase I was chosen
due to its experience in assembling similar exposure profiles for EPA's Office of Pollution
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Prevention and Toxics (OPPT) as well as for EPA Region 3. This exposure assessment contractor
performed data identification, gathering, and analysis tasks that were comprehensive in scope and
address chemical releases and ambient pollution concentrations in many media. The effort produced
a preliminary indication of major sources, pollutants that are released in the largest quantities, and
the presence of contaminants in environmental media to which humans may be exposed.
Phase n, convening a status meeting took place in May 1998. The meeting involved the
Stakeholders, EPA Headquarters and Region 5, Illinois, Indiana, local-level officials, and other
nongovernment organizations discussing and reaching accords on the aforementioned profile
(Phase I), a concept plan for performing a cumulative risk assessment (Phase HI), and customer
service issues.
Phase m will be undertaken via an Interagency Agreement with Argonne National Laboratory
to generate a concept plan for assessing risks (it will be a cumulative/comparative hybrid approach
using the policies assembled by the Agency's Science Policy Council). The contractor will then
proceed to create a responsive methodology for performing the cumulative risk assessment.
Subsequent to approval of this methodology, the contractor will be directed to perform that
assessment. Phase m will involve the implementation of a cumulative risk analysis. Because the
scope of a comprehensive, cumulative risk analysis is potentially enormous, the workgroup intends
to conduct a focused assessment that will address:
• The most significant environmental hazards;
• Their sources and exposure pathways;
• Risks of various health effects from multiple exposure sources and pathways; and
• Locations and other characteristics defining sensitive populations.
An assessment process will be implemented that focuses on a small number of contaminants,
made significant by their toxicity or carcinogemcity, in combination with (1) the volume released,
(2) their potential synergistic effects with other contaminants in the area, (3) their tendency to
bioaccumulate, (4) their potential for relatively high exposures or the exposures of particularly
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sensitive populations (e.g., children), or (5) their possible contribution to high incidence health
effects in the Chicago-area population.
Phase IV (pollution prevention, remediation, and education activities) has not been planned.
To some degree, this Phase will rely on information produced by each of the first three phases. It
is possible that some activities will be triggered by Phase I, while others may result from Phases n
andm.
An introductory meeting was held on November 1, 1996, at Region 5's offices with the
community groups (Stakeholders) to discuss the contractor selected for Phase I, its approach for data
gathering/analysis, and other issues. Subsequently, a meeting was held on February 28, 1997, to
review progress on development of the environmental loadings profile. At that meeting, a computer
system was demonstrated showing the multitude of loadings data collected to date. Discussions on
the review of more than 400 documents identified to date assisted in forming plans for future data
collection efforts.
In the next phase of the Cumulative Risk Initiative, Argonne National Laboratories has been
tasked to perform a hazard assessment and hazard mapping exercise designed to provide information
for resource allocation and better decision making. This assessment focuses only on air toxics and
their sources in the two county area, Cook County, Illinois and Lake County, Indiana. The project
uses off the shelf tools to provide a weight of evidence approach to identify geographic areas within
the study area that may merit further attention. These tools include the Toxics Release Inventory,
the Regional Air Pollutant Inventory Development System, the Cumulative Exposure Project and
monitored ambient air data. Hazards are assessed using toxicity weights and comparison levels as
toxicity screening tools. The products of the screening assessment include cumulative hazard
measures for air toxics emissions and concentrations, as well as limited information on disease rates.
This information is summarized to identify the most hazardous pollutants, sources and regions within
the study area. The base year for the assessment is 1996, although some analyses include
data for other years. The screening assessment is currently under development and should be
completed in 2001.
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1.3 APPROACH TO DATA COLLECTION, ASSESSMENT, AND INTERPRETATION
This characterization of environmental
loadings and levels in various media is based
on data previously collected by government
agencies, universities, private organizations,
and other individuals who have studied these
topics. This section summarizes the
approaches used to identify, collect, evaluate,
and analyze the information included in this
report.
1.3.1 Data Collection
Approach
• Identify Existing Data/Information
• Contact Researchers Locally and
Nationwide
• Quantify Loadings and
Environmental Levels
• Analyze, Interpret, and Present Data
This study relied exclusively on existing data; no new monitoring was conducted. As a
result, a significant portion of the effort was dedicated to identifying existing information from
organizations that had studied some of these issues. In general, previous studies looked into some
portion of the issue; however, these previous studies often only addressed a limited geographic area,
select chemicals, or only one medium. This document attempts to take a broader perspective. Such
a comprehensive multimedia environmental assessment has never been completed for Cook County,
IL, and Lake County, IN.
In general, data collection was accomplished through the following means:
Use of in-house libraries/joumals/newsletters;
• Electronic literature searches of published scientific journals;
• Telephone calls to Federal, State, and local government agencies, as well as private
organizations and colleges/universities;
Internet searches; and
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• Electronic data base searches for environmental emissions and levels data. (See
Section 3.)
More than 100 organizations3 were contacted to either obtain specific reports or to inquire
about previous studies that these investigators/organizations may have conducted in the area
(Table 1 -1). From these efforts, almost 400 references were identified, most of which were believed
to be relevant to this effort. Documents and data sets were obtained from researchers or from
libraries. These documents were used in combination with data bases to complete this
Environmental Loadings Profile for Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN.
13.1.1 Major EPA Data Bases Accessed for CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
To collect information on environmental emissions/releases and levels, a variety of data bases
were accessed. These databases included several of EPA's mainframe systems that are used to track
the regulatory status and compliance of facilities under legislative mandates such as the Clean Air
Act (CAA), Clean Water Act (CWA), and the Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA). The
primary data bases accessed are presented in Figure 1 -2 and are described briefly below. Additional
description of these systems and the data derived from them are included in Sections 3 and 4 of this
report.
Aerometric Information Retrieval System Facility Subsystem (AIRS/AFS)
The Aerometric Information Retrieval System Facility Subsystem (AIRS/AFS) contains
emissions and compliance data on air pollution point sources regulated by the EPA and/or State and
local air regulatory agencies under the CAA. AFS contains data on industrial plants and their
components: stacks, the points at which emissions are introduced into the atmosphere; points, the
emission point or process within a plant that produces the pollutant emissions; and segments,
components of the processes that produce emissions. In general, emissions data are provided for
In addition to these organizations the petitioners provided a wealth of information through initial scoping
meetings, formal data submissions, feedback on drafts, and at the status meeting A list of the petitioners can be
found in the footnote in Section 1.2.
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Table 1-1. Organizations Contacted for CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Access Indiana Information Network
Air and Waste Management Association
American Lung Association of Indiana
American Lung Association of Metropolitan Chicago
American Automobile Association - Chicago
Argonne National Laboratory
Army Corps of Engineers, Chicago District
Association of Local Air Pollution Control Officials
ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Calumet City Emergency Disaster Agency
Calumet
Calumet Environmental Resource Center - website
CDC - Centers for Disease Control & Prevention
Center for Neighborhood Technology
Chicago Fire Department (Office of Public Information)
Chicago Legal Clinic
Chicago - website
Chicago Area Transportation Study
Chicago Reporter
Chicago Sun Times
Chicago Tribune
Chicago Transit Authority
City of Chicago Department of Aviation
City of Chicago Environmental Committee
City of Chicago Department of Public Health
Cook County Commissioner's Office
Cook County Department of Environmental Control
Cook County Department of Public Health
Cook County Government
Cook County/Chicago South Unit - website
DePaul University
DNR Lake Michigan
EPA - Environmental Protection Agency
EPA - Region 5
EPA - NERL - RTF
EPA - OAQPS
EPA's Envirofacts - website
ERM Inc.
Federal Register - online via Government Printing Office (GPO) Access
Fisheries and Oceans - Canada
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Table 1-1. Organizations Contacted for CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
(continued)
Gary, IN - website
Gary Post-Tribune
GLNPO - Great Lakes National Program Office
Health and Welfare Canada
HWRIC - Hazardous Waste Research & Information Center
(also known as Illinois Waste Management and Research Center)
IDEM - Indiana Department of Environmental Management
IDEM - Office of Legal Counsel
IDEM - Office of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management
IDEM - Office of Air Management
IDEM - Office of Water Management
IDENR - Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources (old)
IDNR - Illinois Department of Natural Resources
IDPH - Illinois Department of Public Health
IEPA - Illinois Environmental Protection Agency
IEPA-Bureau of Water
IEPA - Bureau of Air
Illinois Department of Transportation
Illinois Pollution Control Board
Illinois Academy of Science
Illinois Emergency Management Agency
Illinois Department of Conservation
Illinois State Museum
Illinois Center for Health .Statistics
Illinois Institute of Technology at Chicago
Indiana University
Indiana Department of Labor
Indiana Department of Transportation
I SDH - Indiana State Board of Health
ISGS - Illinois State Geological Survey
ISWS - Illinois State Water Survey
IT Corp
Lake County, IN (Local Environmental Planning Committee)
LOG - Library of Congress
Loyola University - Chicago
Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago
Michigan State University
MRI - Midwest Reseach Institute
NASA Information Service
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Table 1-1. Organizations Contacted for CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
(continued)
National Biological Service of USGS (Indiana Dunes Lakeshore)
NIPC - Northeast Indiana Planning Commission
NIRPC - Northwest Indiana Regional Planning Commission
NLM - National Library of Medicine
NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency
NPCA - National Parks and Conservation Association website
NRDC - Natural Resources Defense Council
NTIS - National Technical Information Service
PAHLS Inc. - People Against Hazardous Landfill Sites
Queens College, NY
Research Triangle Institute
RTA - Regional Transportation Authority
Right-to-Know Net
SMART - Suburban Mutual Assistance Response Team
The Better Government Association
U.S. Census Bureau - website
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service - website
University of Chicago
University of Illinois at Chicago
University of Illinois at Chicago - School of Public Health
USGS - United States Geological Survey
West Cook County Solid Waste Agency
Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene
Wisconsin Division of Health
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• Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS)
-Facility Subsystem (AFS)
-Air Quality Subsystem (AQS)
• Biennial Reporting System (BRS)
• Resource Conservation and Recovery Information System
(RCRIS)
• Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Information System (CERCLIS)
• Emergency Response Notification System (ERNS)
• Accidental Release Information Program (ARIP)
• Permit Compliance System (PCS)
• Regional Air Pollutant Inventory Development System
(RAPIDS)
• Safe Drinking Water Information System (SDWIS)
• Storage and Retrieval of U.S. Waterways Parametric Data
(STORET)
• Toxic Release Inventory System (TRIS)
Figure 1-2. Data Bases Accessed for CCRI Loadings Profile
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criteria air pollutants (sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, particulates, carbon monoxide, volatile organic
compounds, and lead) and regulated hazardous air pollutants. In addition to air emissions estimates
for pollutants, AIRS/AFS also contains general source identification information such as: name,
address, industrial classification, and operating status.
Aerometric Information Retrieval System Air Quality Subsystem (AIRS/AQS)
The Aerometric Information Retrieval System Air Quality Subsystem (AIRS/AQS) contains
information on air quality such as measurements of ambient concentrations of air pollutants and
associated meteorological data. This information comes from input by the various State and local
agencies that manage the clean air programs within their jurisdictions. For example, States are
required to report ambient air quality data on a quarterly basis. EPA uses AQS to assess the overall
status of the Nation's air quality and to prepare reports for Congress as mandated by the CAA. The
AQS contains data on monitoring locations, parameters monitored (e.g., criteria pollutants), and data
from photochemical assessment monitoring station (PAMS) sites.
Biennial Reporting System (BRS)
The Biennial Reporting System (BRS) is a national system that contains data on the
generation, management, and minimization of hazardous waste from facilities regulated under
RCRA. BRS captures data on the generation of hazardous waste from large quantity generators as
well as waste management practices from treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. These data have
been collected every other year since 1985 and allow trends analyses. On even years, the data are
reported by the facilities to EPA about the hazardous waste activities of the previous year. BRS
contains information on the amount (tons/year) and nature of the waste (the waste code), but does
not have detailed characterization of the chemicals contained in each wastestream.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Information System (RCRIS)
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Information System (RCRIS) tracks information
on all phases ("cradle-to-grave") of hazardous waste generation, storage, treatment, and disposal.
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Containing information on permitted facilities, RCRIS provides enforcement/compliance-related
information to support permit writing as well as corrective action programs. In general, RCRIS does
not contain data to characterize the amount of waste or the types of waste codes that are managed
by facilities. BRS contains much of this type of information for large quantity generators and
facilities that treat, store, and dispose of hazardous wastes.
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Information System
(CERCLIS)
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Information
System (CERCLIS) is the official repository for site and nonsite specific Superfund data in support
of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). It
contains an inventory of abandoned, inactive, or uncontrolled hazardous waste sites (inventory of
sites, assessment and remediation activities, and financial information). The sites included in
CERCLIS are either National Priorities List (NPL or "Superfund" sites) or non-NPL sites that have
received some degree of investigation or action to remedy hazards.
Emergency Response Notification System (ERNS)
The Emergency Response Notification System (ERNS) is a data base that contains records
of all telephone calls made to the National Response Center (NRC) as a result of many different
types of spills or releases of hazardous substances. Information is collected on transportation-related
spills, U.S. Coast Guard sightings of spills at sea, and other events involving the unintentional
release of hazardous substances. Data contained in ERNS describe the organization(s) responsible
for the release, location and time of the spill, substances released, medium effected, and severity of
impact. For purposes of compiling this report, ERNS was accessed through the Right-to-Know
Network (ERNS, 1997).
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Accidental Release Information Program (ARIP)
The Accidental Release Information Program (ARIP) contains information on the causes of
accidents as well as industry prevention practices. Supplementing information contained in the
Emergency Response Notification System (ERNS), ARIP summarizes questionnaire information on
select spills/accidents where significant releases of hazardous substances have taken place. While
ERNS addresses a wide range of spills and accidents from both transportation and fixed facilities,
ARIP targets accidental releases from facilities that resulted in off-site impact or environmental
damage (ARIP, 1997). The type of information that ARIP contains (in addition to some basic
information similar to ERNS on the chemical substances spilled) includes the circumstances/causes
of the incident, public notification procedures, mitigation techniques, and other controls. For the
purposes of compiling this report, ARIP information was accessed through the Right-to-Know
Network (RTK NET).
Permit Compliance System (PCS)
The Permit Compliance System (PCS) is a national computerized management information
system that tracks surface water discharges under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES) of the CWA. The NPDES permit program regulates direct discharges from
municipal and industrial wastewater treatment facilities that discharge into the navigable waters of
the United States. Wastewater treatment facilities (also called "point sources") are issued NPDES
permits regulating their discharge. PCS contains data and tracks permit issuance, permit limits, and
monitoring data, and other data pertaining to facilities regulated under NPDES. PCS records
water-discharge permit data on more than 75,000 facilities nationwide, with more complete data on
discharges for "major" facilities. A separate program, called Effluent Data Statistics (EDS), is used
to calculate loadings based on the PCS discharge data.
Safe Drinking Water Information System (SDWIS)
SDWIS is the repository for data on public water systems and violations of EPA's regulations
for safe drinking water. Data contained in SDWIS includes the location of the drinking water
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system, the number of people served, and tracking data on violations of drinking water standards.
Under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), EPA establishes regulations, maximum contaminant
levels (MCLs), treatment techniques, and monitoring and reporting requirements to ensure that water
provided to customers is safe for human consumption.
Storage and Retrieval of U.S. Waterways Parametric Data System (STORET)
The Storage and Retrieval of U.S. Waterways Parametric Data System (STORET) is the
national data base for water quality information. STORET includes information on ambient,
intrusive survey, effluent, and biological water quality measures for the United States. Data from
monitoring efforts conducted by Federal, State, local, academic, and private organizations are housed
in STORET. Much of these data on the presence of contaminants in water, biological, and sediment
samples are used by State agencies in their biennial water quality, or 305(b), reports.
Toxic Release Inventory System (TRIS)
The Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) System (TRIS) contains information about releases and
transfers of more than 300 toxic chemicals and compounds to the environment, as reported to EPA
under Section 313 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA). TRIS
stores release-transfer data hierarchically by facility, by year and chemical, and by medium of release
(air, water, underground injection, land disposal, and off-site transfer). TRIS also stores treatment
and source-reduction data. At the facility level, TRIS stores facility name, address,
latitude-longitude, and parent company. At the chemical level, TRIS stores Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) Codes, EPA identification numbers (EPA ID), and pollution prevention data
(e.g., recycling, energy recovery, treatment, and disposal). At the medium level, TRIS stores names
and addresses of off-site transfer recipient facilities.
Regional Air Pollutant Inventory Development System (RAPIDS)
The Regional Air Pollutant Inventory Development System (RAPIDS) contains statewide
air emissions inventories of 49 pollutants of concern to the Great Lakes. The inventory contains
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emissions estimations for point and area sources of toxic air pollutants. RAPIDS and the Great
Lakes Emissions Inventory is a project of the eight Great Lakes States and Ontario working under
the Great Lakes Commission with funding from EPA. The first regional (8 State, 1 province) pilot
inventory contains point and area source data from 1993.
1.3.1.2 ACCESS Data Base
The ACCESS Data Base is a computer system designed to manage the wealth of data on
emissions, hazardous wastes, toxic chemicals, and related information. ACCESS, built on a
statistical software program called SAS, displays graphs, maps, and tables on environmental loadings
(the quantities of emissions/releases to air, water, etc.) in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN.
The system is user friendly and facilitates access to information about environmental loadings and
levels according to: year, county, ZIP Code, facility, industry type, chemical, etc. This system
integrates multimedia data for Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN, describing air emissions,
discharges to surface waters, generation/management of hazardous wastes, accidental releases, and
releases of toxic chemicals, and others. ACCESS was developed as a tool primarily to assist with
the voluminous data assembled to complete the CCRI environmental loadings profile; however, it
is flexible and can be expanded as more data are obtained. Also, ACCESS may be made available
in the future to interested parties in the community to access the data for custom inquiries.
1.3.2 Assessment of Data
Because this environmental loadings profile was compiled from data and reports prepared
by many other researchers and existing data bases, it reflects a variety of topics of interest to the
scientific/regulatory community at large. In general, environmental data are collected to meet
particular needs (regulatory, compliance, programmatic), and rarely reflect the overall condition of
the ambient environment. Although a more extensive discussion of the limitations of the data is
provided in Section 1.4, it should be noted that challenges to completing this Environmental
Loadings Profile included determining the quality of the data and the reliability of the results.
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While assessing the quality of data coming from hundreds of articles, reports, and data bases,
is a subjective endeavor; review of the level of confidence one might have in the data and
conclusions of the investigators is possible. A relatively high level of confidence was placed on the
computer data bases used in assembling this report. These sources of information generally undergo
thorough review for data quality. For example, the AERS/AFS data are typically collected by State
environmental agencies and are forwarded to EPA. Various data quality checks are conducted
throughout this process. PCS loadings data are derived from the monthly discharge monitoring
reports that are submitted by permittees to State environmental agencies and/or EPA. Also, the TRI
data, submitted by industry to EPA, undergo quality control checks as they are entered into EPA's
data base. This does not mean that these data are perfect (See limitations in Section 1.4.); however,
the data may be more applicable for developing annual loadings estimates than others.
Assessing the quality of data from reports and journal articles was included as part of the data
collection and analysis process. Three general considerations (not criteria) used in examining
data/information include: (1) level of peer review, (2) rigor of study design/data collection strategy,
and (3) substantiality of conclusions.
(1) Level of Peer Review
- The level of peer review that a document has received can provide an indication of
the quality of data collection/analyses, as well as the confidence one might have in
the conclusions.
- Generally, articles published in professional journals have received a high level of
peer review. Similarly, final government reports often undergo peer review prior to
publication. Other types of documents/reports may not have received as stringent
review and the quality of the data and conclusions may not be as reliable.
(2) Rigor of Study Design/Data Collection Strategy
- It is preferable to be able to review the approaches used by the authors to collect data.
Such a review can determine if the approach used was consistent with the objectives
of the study. This includes assessing the design of a study with respect to such
features as the number of samples/observations and the representativeness or bias of
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sample selection. Such criteria are applicable to either chemical measurement or
survey/questionnaire studies.
- Review of these types of information may not only reveal deficiencies in the quality
of the results but may also help in determining the utility of results for assessing
environmental conditions.
(3) Substantiality of Conclusions
- One way to determine the reliability of data/results from a report may be to examine
the conclusions to determine if they comport with the objectives of the study. Also,
the conclusions should be clearly supported by the data and approaches used for
interpreting the data.
- It is also desirable if a report has a discussion of the uncertainties and limitations of
the conclusions.
1.3.3 Interpretation of Data
This report compiles, summarizes, and presents data from a variety of sources to describe
environmental conditions. The approaches used to interpret data used in the Environmental
Loadings Profile varied depending on the source of the data and the topic of discussion. Discussion
of data interpretation issues that were particular to the data source/section of the report are provided
in their respective sections (e.g., Section 5 contains discussion of approaches used to analyze the
data, as well as the limitations of data sets used in multimedia loadings estimates). Typically, when
presenting findings from previously-conducted projects, the interpretation of the authors was
utilized. This preference for using the investigators' interpretation comes from the standpoint that
they are the people most familiar with the data collection and analyses efforts.
Much of Section 3 on sources/loadings relies on data from EPA's data bases and is
augmented by data, articles, and reports from State agencies and other organizations. Interpretation
of loadings data from these mainframe systems (e.g., TRI, PCS) included decisions on the data fields
of interest, conversion of loadings/units to reflect an annual loading (pounds per year), and
identification of data gaps. For example, in some cases where latitude/longitude data were not
available in a data base for a particular source, other data bases were used for such information.
1-23
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 1: Introduction
Final — April 2001
Further, for certain other data sets that lacked latitude/longitude data, ZIP Code centroids were used
to approximate the location for mapping purposes. Augmentation of the data from EPA's mainframe
data bases on environmental loadings was possible in several instances. For example, point-source
data on air emissions were primarily derived from AERS/AFS, but other point-, area- and
mobile-source data were obtained from Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA), Indiana
Department of Environmental Management (IDEM), the RAPIDS data base, the Chicago Area
Transit Study (CATS), and other studies.
1.4 LIMITATIONS AND UNCERTAINTIES
It is important to recognize that there
are limitations to this study and report. First,
this study relied on existing data - no new data
were collected (no sampling was conducted).
Rather, information was compiled from many
agencies, organizations, and individuals
(drawing from the knowledge of hundreds of
experts). In general, the information compiled
is "the best there is," and it must be pulled
together to estimate environmental loadings;
however, it is not possible to account for all
sources and all chemicals. As is the case with
all of these data bases, they only account for ^^^^^^^^^^^
those facilities and chemicals that are permitted
and/or monitored for reporting to State and Federal regulatory agencies.
Limitations
• Reliance on Existing Data
• No Single Source Exists for
Information on Multimedia
Environmental Loadings
• Data Generally Represent 1995
Loadings
• Use of EPA Data Bases and Other
Sources of Environmental Monitoring
Data
This report attempts to identify the most applicable sources of data to describe environmental
loadings in this area. Presented are estimates of the magnitude of chemical releases to a variety of
media and the locations where the loadings are the largest. As with most data sources, they are very
useful but they can be incomplete and have errors. Below is an overview of some of the limitations
of data presented in this report. The discussion is not exhaustive; rather, it introduces the nature of
1-24
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 1: Introduction Final — April 2001
some of the recognized uncertainties. This report contains data collected from the fall of 1996
through the summer of 1997, which usually represent environmental loadings in 1995. Similarly,
environmental levels data generally represent this same time period, as well as preceeding years. No
attempt has been made to evaluate more recent data to see if information has changed in the last 18
months.
As introduced earlier, numerous data bases were used in compiling loadings estimates for
air, water, waste, and toxic chemical releases. No single source of data exists to compile a document
of this size and scope. Estimates of environmental loadings are based on 1995 data from AFS, PCS,
and TRI; 1993 data from BRS; and 1996 data from RAPIDS (based on 1993 emission inventories).
While these systems are well suited for determining annual loadings estimates, there are some
limitations. Some of the limitations result from the nature of the data bases and the different
reporting procedures required by State and Federal regulatory agencies in tracking compliance under
different statues. For example, while the TRI data are very useful in estimating releases of toxic
chemicals, not all businesses that use (and release) these compounds are required to report to EPA.
Specifically, TRI reporting under EPCRA generally is required for larger businesses (more than 10
employees) that exceed the reporting thresholds; however, certain industries are exempt, such as
utilities. Other limitations result from changes in the reporting requirements (such as the addition
or deletion of specific chemicals), which hinder one from making definitive statements about
changes in TRI release estimates since the beginning of the program in 1987.
Certain shortcomings in these data become apparent when they are used for environmental
loadings estimates. Uncertainties result because of multiple "forms" of chemicals, focus on different
types of sources or chemical parameters, lack of chemical-specific information on hazardous wastes,
and many more. One result is a potential overlap among data bases, which can result in double
counting of some types of loadings and/or chemicals. This is true of estimating air emissions using
AFS, portions of TRI, and RAPIDS. Estimates from these three data sources can overlap to some
degree even though they may address different types of facilities and different chemicals. The degree
of overlap may vary from facility to facility because of the different reporting requirements (different
chemicals, reporting thresholds, etc) for data that are reported in AFS, RAPIDS, and TRI. Because
of the differences in reporting procedures (and reporting years) among the three systems with air
1-25
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 1: Introduction Final—April 2001
emission data, no attempt was made to compare or combine the data sets. Therefore, the rankings
presented are best taken within the context of the same systems.
Limitations are also recognized in the estimates of pollutant loadings to surface waters from
data contained in EPA's PCS. Unlike TRI or AFS, which present annual loadings numbers, PCS
data require additional analysis to derive annual loadings. The approach used has been applied for
more than a decade by EPA's Office of Water in its effluent guidelines program. PCS contains
monitoring, compliance, and enforcement data for facilities with NPDES discharge permits.
Facilities that are "major" must submit monthly Discharge Monitoring Reports (DMRs), which
contain measured concentration and effluent flow data for that month. A separate program, called
Effluent Data Statistics (EDS), estimates annual loadings based on the DMR data in PCS. Sources
of uncertainty come from calculations performed by EDS, such as extrapolating for missing data and
accounting for nondetected analytes. In the case of nondetects, the approach used follows standard
procedures which substitute one-half the nondetected concentration for loadings calculations. Also,
such estimates will not include loadings for all chemicals actually discharged; DMR data contain
only those pollutants/chemicals specified in their NPDES permits. Uncertainty in the loadings
estimates also results because of the lack of DMR data for some of the "minor" facilities. Facilities
are designated major or "minor" in their NPDES permits based on factors such as effluent flow,
physical/chemical characteristics of the wastestream, and location of the discharge. Because of the
lack of loadings data for "minor" facilities, total loadings to waterbodies from point source
discharges can be underestimated.
Overall, it should be recognized that environmental data have not been collected extensively
to assess the overall condition of our environment. Rather, environmental data are usually collected
for specific regulatory and management purposes to answer very site-, pollutant-, or media-specific
questions. Data are often collected using different methods, over different time periods and spatial
scales, and are difficult to compare and contrast. Such data collection results in data of limited use
for overall assessment purposes and may artificially bias evaluation of environmental condition (e.g.,
more samples tend to be collected in polluted areas than in pnstine areas). As a result of this
fragmented approach, assessing the environmental condition of an area of interest has many
uncertainties.
1-26
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section I: Introduction Final—April 2001
1.5 PEER REVIEW
The Environmental Loadings Profile was peer reviewed by four individuals, in addition to
undergoing numerous rounds of review by EPA staff and the Stakeholders. This formal peer review
evaluated data collection, analysis, and presentation as well as the general utility of the document.
Reviewers included individuals from environmental advocacy groups, state and local government
agencies, and other interested organizations. In general, the review found that the document (Draft
Dated April 1999) was suitable for publication with some revisions. Many minor changes were
made to the document to respond to the reviewers' comments, most of which improved the clarity
of the text. Additionally, other comments that were not directly used in the final document addressed
issues that were beyond the scope of the effort, mostly calling for additional/newer data and addition
of a conclusions section. As stated in the introduction, the objective of the ELP was to present the
most current data available in 1997 on loadings to the environment and concentrations of chemicals
in the environment to which people may be exposed. By design, the document does not draw
conclusions because it is intended to be used as a data compilation for assessing risks to human
health and making risk management decisions. To help clarify this point a "summary/next steps"
section has been added to the ELP in an effort to place the document in the context of the remaining
two phases of CCRI. It is hoped that the ELP will assist in these activities that will lead to risk-based
conclusions and more informed decision making.
EPA has established a public record for the peer review under Administrative Record
211045. The record is available in the TSCA Nonconfidential Information Center, which is open
from noon to 4 PM Monday through Friday, except legal holidays. The TSCA Nonconfidential
Information Center is located in Room NE-B607, Northeast Mall, 401 M Street, SW,
Washington, DC.
An additional public record has been established at the EPA Region 5 Office. This record
contains the peer review record and also contains the references used to develop the report. This
record is available at the following location: USEPA Region 5,77 West Jackson, 12th Floor Library,
Chicago, IL 60604. The library phone number is: (312) 353-2022. The library hours are Monday-
Friday 10AM to 4PM.
1-27
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2.0 Environmental
Setting
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 2: Environmental Setting
Final— April 2001
2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING AND HISTORICAL PROBLEMS
IN COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS, AND LAKE COUNTY, INDIANA
This section presents an overview of
environmental conditions in Cook County, IL,
and Lake County, IN. Various facts and
statistics are presented to introduce and illustrate
the "environmental setting" and historical
environmental problems in the area. Included
are descriptions of general environmental
indicators related to human health, how they
have changed over time (trends), and how this
area compares to other metropolitan areas
nationwide. Overall, this section is intended to
introduce Cook and Lake Counties'
environmental health and provide the context for
the following sections that describe in more
detail the sources of pollution and environmental
Environmental Setting
• Introduction to the Area
• Population/Demographics
• Historical Environmental Problems
• General Indicators of Environmental
Condition (Air, Water, Toxics,
Waste, Parks, and Others)
• Lake Michigan
levels of contaminants.
In a sense, the environment is a living, breathing organism. There are measures, or
indicators, that can tell us something about the health of the environment. These indicators, much
like a human being's vital signs, can be examined to determine the health of the environment.
Similar to when one visits the doctor, who takes measures of pulse, blood pressure, and weight - the
environment has vital signs that we can examine to get a picture of its condition, hi many respects,
the health of the environment in this area has been significantly impacted by more than 100 years
of urbanization, industrial development, and other anthropogenic stresses. Despite these impacts,
some indicators are showing positive signs that the quality of the air, water, and other media are
improving due to the pollution control efforts of the last 25 years.
The remainder of this section describes these two counties, presents information on their
populations, introduces historical environmental issues, and summarizes a variety of indicators
2-1
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 2: Environmental Setting Final — April 2001
related to air quality, water quality, toxic chemicals, parks, and other general indicators of
environmental health. Later sections of this report provide much more detail on specific sources of
pollution; environmental levels of chemicals detected in air, water, and other media; and multimedia
assessments of loadings in select areas.
2.1 POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS
2.1.1 Cook County, Illinois
Cook County is located in the northeast portion of Illinois, on the shores of Lake Michigan
(Figure 2-1). The total population in 1990 was more than 5.1-million people, 99.8 percent of whom
lived in urban areas, including Chicago's population of almost 2.8 million (U.S. Census Bureau,
1997). The demographic makeup of the population in Cook County is displayed in Figure 2-2 (U.S.
Bureau of the Census, 1990a). There are about 1,280,000 children (or about 25 percent of the
population) under age of 18 in Cook County (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1997). Of residents in
Cook County, more than 2.3-million commute to work, with a mean travel time of almost 30
minutes, and 2.4-million people (over 16 years old) are employed in a variety of industries. The
largest employers include retail trade, manufacturing, health services, finance, educational, and other
professional services (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990a).
2.1.2 Lake County, Indiana
Lake County is located in the northwest corner of Indiana (Figure 2-3) and had a population
of approximately 476,000 people based on the 1990 census (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1997). The
demographic makeup of the population in Lake County, IN, is displayed in Figure 2-4. There are
about 130,000 children (or 28 percent of the population) under the age of 18 in Lake County, IN.
The county covers about 500 square miles and includes major incorporated areas such as Gary,
Hammond, and East Chicago. Primary industries include petroleum, steel, and chemical products,
as well as numerous manufacturing companies. Agriculture, once a prime industry in Lake County,
IN, currently comprises less than 30 percent of the land area (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990b).
2-2
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13% Hispanic 4%Asian
1 % Other
25%
Black
57%
White
Total Population - 5.105.067 (1990 Census)
Source: US Bureau of the Census, 1t90».
Figure 2-2. Cook County, IL Demographics
99056
Figure 2-1. Map of Cook County, IL
-------
I J
I
,\ta&
\
9 % Hispanic
1 % Other
24% Black
66 % White
Total Population - 475,594
Source: US. Bureau of the Census,1997.
99-056
Figure 2-4. Lake County, IN Demographics
Figure 2-3. Map of Lake County, IN
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 2: Environmental Setting Final— April 2001
2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
2.2.1 Cook County, Illinois
Cook County is a highly industrialized area, with extensive signs of environmental
degradation to many resources including air, water, and land from more than a century of intense
development. Starting in the mid-1800s, industries such as steel mills, metal and building material
manufacturing, food processing, chemical-petroleum factories, and many others located in the
Chicago area (Colten, 198S). Water resources were of vital importance to these industries for
transportation and waste disposal. Waste materials from these industries were dumped on the
ground, used for fill, or discharged into the rivers, lakes, and marshes (Bhowmik and Fitzpatrick,
1988). These types of practices continued for many decades, contaminating surface waterbodies
such as Lake Michigan, Lake Calumet and the Calumet, Little Calumet, and Grand Calumet Rivers.
In the early 1900s, regulations were enacted to prohibit the dumping of organic and other types of
sewage into Lake Michigan and the rivers (Baden and Coursey, 1997). Concern over drinking water
supplies prompted the diversion of the polluted Calumet and Chicago Rivers away from Lake
Michigan (Colten, 1985). As the transportation infrastructure expanded, so did the opportunity for
industry to locate facilities further inland (Baden and Coursey, 1997).
The 20th century has seen population growth and further industrialization of the area.
Sources of pollution included the addition of municipal solid waste incinerators, hazardous waste
incinerators, sewage sludge incinerators, steel mills, foundries, and smelters. This expanded
industrial output of the area was somewhat concentrated in the southeast portion of Cook County,
in the Lake Calumet area. Waste management practices were altered after World War n to reduce
the burden on waterways and to increasingly rely on land disposal of municipal and industrial wastes
"in areas otherwise considered useless" (Colten, 1985). This shift in waste disposal practices from
water bodies to sanitary landfills created new types of problems. In the mid-1980s, 31 known
landfills were operating in the southeast Chicago area (Bhowmik and Fitzpatnck, 1988). Several
of these have been closed, and activities are underway to investigate and remediate some of these
sites.
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CCR1Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 2: Environmental Setting Final — April 2001
2.2.2 Lake County, Indiana
Lake County, located in the northwest comer of Indiana, is an area "fall of contrasts and
dilemmas, between natural beauty and environmental degradation..." (PAHLS, 1993). Bordered
by Lake Michigan to the north and the Kankakee River to the south, Lake County's heavily
industrialized areas are located in the northern part of the County, along the major waterbodies -
Lake Michigan, the Grand Calumet River, and Indiana Harbor Ship Canal. Similar to Cook County,
IL, the history of industrialization and pollution can be traced back more than 100 years when the
first major industries, such as Standard Oil and Inland Steel, established their presence along the
shore. Much of the environmental degradation of the northern portion of Lake County, IN, was
associated with the expanding industrial base in the East Chicago, Hammond, Whiting, and Gary
areas and the need for access to water.
Anthropogenic impacts to the environment included moving the Grand Calumet River a
'/z-mile south to flow straight through a cement-lined ditch. Much of the flow of the river has been
associated with waste discharges from industry and municipal wastewater treatment plants. As a
result of these discharges, dredging the contaminated sediments from these waterbodies in Lake
County, IN, has been a historical problem (U.S. ACOE, 1996). In fact, the Indiana Harbor Ship
Canal has not been dredged in 25 years by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (U.S. ACOE) because
of controversy over how to dispose of contaminated sediments. Abandoned landfills and other
hazardous wastes sites are located in Lake County, IN, including six Superfund sites. "Over $70
million has been spent to cleanup waste sites in Northwest Indiana, with another $100 million
planned over the next 10 years" (PAHLS, 1993). Other problems include an estimated 16-million
gallons of oil in the groundwater near the Amoco refinery in Whiting (PAHLS, 1993). Air quality
in the northern Lake County, IN, area occasionally fails to meet the National Ambient Air Quality
Standard (NAAQS) for ozone and paniculate matter; this may be somewhat attributed to industrial
emissions and motor vehicles (IDEM, 1994a).
2-6
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 2: Environmental Setting
Final— April 2001
General Environmental Indicators
• Population Density
• Air Quality
• Toxic Chemicals and Hazardous
Wastes
• Water Quality and Aquatic Resources
• Access to Parks
• Green Metro Index
2.3 POPULATION DENSITY
Chicago, IL, is among the more densely
populated cities in the United States, with a
density of 12,183 individuals per square mile
(U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1997). Population
density can indicate the burden that urbanization
can place on the environment. In general,
higher population densities can be related to
increases in energy consumption, challenges in
providing drinking water, air pollution from
motor vehicles, modification of wetlands and
water bodies, and other man-induced threats to
the environment. Table 2-1 compares the
population density in Chicago to other major
U.S. cities. Population density per square mile
of land area was calculated for a selected number of cities in the United States. Population data were
obtained from 1992 census data, while the land area data were obtained from the 1990 census data
(U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1997).
2.4 AIR QUALITY
The quality of the air is an important indicator of environmental conditions and certain
widespread air pollutants, such as particulate matter, ozone, and air toxics, pose serious public health
risks for susceptible members of the population. The Chicago metropolitan area (and other areas of
northeastern Illinois as well as Lake County, IN) has been designated by EPA as a severe
nonattainment area because of high levels of ozone (CATS, 1995; IDEM, 1997a). The Lake
Calumet and McCook areas of Cook County, IL, are nonattainment areas because of particulate
matter (EEPA, 1995a). In addition, northern portions of Lake County, EN, are nonattainment areas
for particulate matter and sulfur dioxide (IDEM, 1997a). Ground-level
2-7
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Table 2-1. Population Density in Major U.S. Cities
City
Population/Square Mile
Qualifier
1
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
New York, NY
San Francisco, CA
Chicago, IL
Philadelphia, PA
Boston, MA
Miami, FL
Washington, DC
Baltimore, MD
Los Angeles, CA
Detroit, MI
Milwaukee, WI
Seattle, W A
San Jose, CA
Ann Arbor, MI
San Diego, CA
23,671 Higher Density
15,610
12,183
11,495
11,405
10,309
9,528
8,985
7,437
7,296
6,420
6,198
4,676
4,247 Lower Density
3,546
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1997).
2-8
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 2: Environmental Setting Final— April 2001
ozone, commonly known as smog, is harmful to human health and may cause coughing, shortness
of breath, headache, and nausea, even at relatively low concentrations.
Ground-level ozone (Figure 2-5) is created by sunlight acting on emissions of nitrogen oxides
(NOJ and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from a variety of sources such as cleaning products,
gasoline vapors, and vehicle exhaust, and tends to be worse in the summer. Ozone problems extend
well beyond Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN, because of the unique geography and
meteorology of the lakeside locations. Emissions of ozone precursors flow out over the lake, "cook"
in the sunlight, and are transported back over the land as ozone. Depending on the wind patterns,
the high levels of ozone can impact eastern Wisconsin, eastern Indiana, western Michigan, or the
Chicago metro area.
The NAAQS for ozone is 0.120 parts per million (ppm), measured as a 1 -hour average, and
levels in metropolitan Chicago have exceeded the standard about 5 days/year over the last 7 years
(ALAMC, 1994). Figure 2-6 displays trends in the number of ozone exceedance days for
metropolitan Chicago (including Cook and other Illinois counties) from 1988 to 1994. In Cook
County, the ozone standard was exceeded on 4 days during 1995 (IEPA, 1996a). Although ozone
levels vary considerably due to weather conditions, levels were noticeably lower during the 1990s
than in previous years, and have resulted in fewer exceedances of the standard (ALAMC, 1994). It
is also useful to compare ozone exceedances in this area to the number found in other major
metropolitan areas. Table 2-2 presents information on major metropolitan areas nationwide
(including Chicago-Gary-Lake County, Ulinois-Indiana-Wisconsin) that have failed to meet the
NAAQS for ozone. All of these areas have experienced ozone exceedances; however, the Chicago
area compares favorably to the southern California, Philadelphia, New York, and Baltimore
metropolitan areas with respect to ozone levels (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1997).
Lake County, IN, has been designated as a nonattainment area for ozone, and the northern
portion of the County has been designated as nonattainment forparticulate matter and sulfur dioxide
(IDEM, 1997a). The ozone standard of 0.12 ppm was exceeded in Lake County, IN, twice in 1995
and twice in 1996 (AIRS/AQS, 1997). For both years, the highest maximum was at the same
2-9
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Table 2-2. Metropolitan Areas Failing to Meet National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone Average Number of Days
Exceeding Standards: 1991 to 1993
Metropolitan Area
1991-93,
1993'
Metropolitan Area
1991-93
1993'
Albany-Scheneclady-Tioy, NY
Allcntowji-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ
Alloona. PA
Atlanta, GA 42
Atlantic City, NJ I 0
Ballmioie, MD 48
Baton Rouge, LA 1.8
Beauinont-Poit Aithui, TX 2.7
Biniiiiigliam, AL 0 7
Boston-Lawrence-Salem, MA-NH CMSA2 3.1
Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY CMSA
Canton, OH 03
Charleston, WV 03
Chailotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC3 0.7
Chicago-Gary-Lake County, IL-IN-WI
CMSA 4.7
Cincinnati-Hamilton, OII-KY-IN CMSA 1.3
Cleveland-Akion-Lorain. OH CMSA 1.7
Columbus, OH 03
Dallas-Foil Woith, TX CMSA 1 0
Daylon-Springfield, OH 0.0
Dun oil-Ann Aibor. MI CMSA I 0
Dooi Coumy, WI4 1.6
Edinonson County, KY4
El Paso, TX 3.7
Eiie, PA
Essex County, NY4
Evansville, IN-KY
Giand Rapids, Ml 34
Gieatei Connecticut, CT5 7 5
Gieenbiiei County, WV" 0.4
Hancock and Waldo Counties, ME4 I 3
Harnsbui g-Lebancn-Cai lisle. PA 0.0
4.3
0.0
6.2
30
00
1.0
40
2.1
2.4
I 0
2.3
1 0
1 0
4 1
1 0
60
Los Angeles South Coast Air, CA6 104.3
Mancheslei, NH
Manitowoc Co. WI 2.0
Memphis, TN-AR-MS 0.3
Miami-Foil Lauderdale, FLCMSA
Milwaukee-Racine, WI CMSA 3.9
Monteiey Bay, CA7 0.4
Muskegon, MI 2.3
Nashville, TN 1.1
New York. NY-NJ-CT CMSA* 6.1
Norfolk-Virginia Beach-Newport News, VA 1 7
Owensboro, KY
Paducah, KY4
Parkersburg-Manetta. WV-OH
Philadelphia, PA-NJ-DE-MD CMSA 10 3
Phoenix, AZ 4.0
Pittsburgh-Beavei Valley, PA CMSA 0 7
Portland-Vancouvei, OR-WA CMSA 0.7
Portland, ME 11.8
Portsmouth-Dover-Rochester, NH-ME 2.2
Poughkeepsie, NY 1.4
Providence, Rl9 4.0
Reading, PA 0.3
Reno, NV
Richmond-Petersburg, VA 1.4
Sacramento, CA 9.7
St. Louis, MO-IL 1.7
Salt Lake Ciiy-Ogden, UT
San Diego, CA 118
San Joaquin Valley, CA 18.9
San Francisco-Bay area. CA 0.7
Santa Barbara-Santa Mana-Lompoc, CA 1.0
Scranton-Wilkes-Barre, PA 0.4
97.6
1 0
1.0
24
1.0
2.1
6.0
3.0
5.2
2.0
38
1 I
2.0
1.4
3 1
3.6
2 1
4.0
275
2.0
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Table 2-2. Metropolitan Areas Failing to Meet National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone Average Number of Days
Exceeding Standards: 1991 to 1993 (Continued)
Metropolitan Area
1991-93,
avg-
1993'
Metropolitan Area
1991-93
avg.
1993'
N>
HoustoH-Galveston-Biazoiia, TX CMSA 6.3
Humingloii-Aslilaiid, WV-KY-OH 1 0
Indianapolis, IN
Jellcison County, NY4
Jeisey Co., IL" 0.7
Johnstown, PA
Kent County and Queen Anne's Co , MD4 2.8
Kewaunee County, Wl4 0.8
Knox and Lincoln counties, ME4 2.3
Lake Chillies, LA 1.3
Lancnsiei, PA 0.3
Ltrwiston-Aubuin, MB 0 3
Lexmgioii-Fayeite, KY
Louisville, KY-IN 2.2
104
1.0
20
2.0
00
1.2
1 0
20
Seattle-Tacoma, WA
Sheboygan, WI
Smyth County, VA4
South Bend-Misliawaka, IN
Southeast Deseil Modified AQMO, CA10
Spnngfield, MA
Sussex County, DE"
Tampa-Si Peteisburg-Clearwatei, FL
Toledo. OH
Ventuia County, CA
Walworlli County, Wl
Washington. DC-MD-VA
York, PA
Youngstown-Waiien, OH"
2.6
(NA)
59.3
46
1 0
0.3
159
0.3
1 4
0.3
(NA)
72.6
62
1.0
9.0
3.1
1.0
NA
i
4
S
A
7
8
9
ID
II
Zeio
Not Available.
May leptesent a diffeient moiutoi ing location than one used to calculate aveiage
Includes also both the Woicestei, MA, and New Bedford, MA, MSAs.
Excludes YoikCo., SC.
Not a metiopolilan area
Piimanly lepiesenls Hailfoid-New Haven area.
Pi i manly lepiesents Los Angeles and Oiange counties.
Pi i manly lepiesents Monterey, Santa Ciuz, and San Benito counties.
Excludes the Connecticut poition.
Covets entire State of Rhode Island
Repiesents pinnaiily San Joaquin, Tuilock, Meiced, Madeia, Fiesno, Kings, Tulaie, and Kern counties.
Includes Shaion, PA
Souictr US Bui eau of the Census (1997)
-------
ATOSPHERIC'OZONE
35,000-45,000 tt
I J
99-056
Figure 2.5 Ground-Level Ozone
Source: U.S. EPA, 1995.
-------
t j
20
18
16
V)
S & 14
o PJ
en** 1O
.c >» '^
•6 «
Q) T~
8
6
4
2
19
0
3
0
1988 1989 1990
1991
Year
1992 1993 1994
99-056
Figure 2-6. Trends in Ozone Exceedances in Metropolitan
Chicago, IL (1988 - 1994)
Source: American Lung Association of Metropolitan Chicago , 1994.
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 2: Environmental Setting Final — April 2001
monitoring location; 1300 141st Street in Hammond (0.157 ppm in 1995 and 0.131 ppm in 1996).
The second highest maximum in 1995 was 0.128 ppm at the Federal Building in Gary. The second
highest maximum in 1996 was 0.122 ppm at 201 Mississippi Avenue, also in Gary. TheAIRS/AQS
data show that the 0.12 ppm standard was not exceeded at the Lake County, IN, monitoring stations
in 1993 or 1994. Lake County, IN, recorded one exceedance in 1992 (0.131 ppm at the Hammond
site).
Lake County, IN, also has the most serious particulate matter pollution in Indiana; therefore,
paniculate matter emissions have historically been a significant concern there. In the 1970s and
1980s, ambient levels of total suspended particulates (TSP) frequently exceeded health standards
by significant margins (IDEM, 1997a). The State Implementation Plan (SIP) includes a control
strategy for PM,0 (particulate matter that is less than 10 micrometers in size) that focuses on Lake
County, IN. Data indicate that PM10 levels have dropped significantly in recent years due to new
particulate matter emissions standards and pollution prevention efforts by industry (IDEM, 1997a).
The concentration of PM)0 in ambient air in the Gary, IN, vicinity shows a downward trend from
1988 to 1995 for both parameters studied (second maximum 24-hour and weighted annual mean)
in the National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report for 1995 (U.S. EPA, 1996b). None of the
data presented in this report were above the NAAQSs for PM]0. However, additional data
(AIRS/AQS, 1997a) indicate that Lake County, IN, continues to have particulate matter air pollution
problems. One monitoring station (located at 201 Mississippi Street in Gary) reported maximum
24-hour readings of 162, 157, 151, and 149 micrograms per cubic meter (/ug/m3) in 1995. The
station reported 24-hour maximums below the 150 /zg/m3 standard for the other years for which data
were acquired (AIRS/AQS, 1997).
2-14
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 2: Environmental Setting
Final— April 2001
2.4.1 Air Quality Rankings
NRDC's "Breath-taking" Rankings
• Chicago Metro Area Ranked #3 for Deaths
and #24 for Paniculate Matter Levels
• Gary-Hammond-East Chicago, IN, Ranked
#66 for Deaths and #102 for Paniculate
Matter Levels
• Three of Top 50 "Hot Spots" for Paniculate
Matter Are Located in Chicago Metro Area
Air pollution, in the form of
paniculate matter, is of concern in the
Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN,
areas as reported by the Natural
Resources Defense Council (NRDC,
1996). In the report, "Breath-taking:
Premature Mortality Due to Paniculate
Air Pollution in 239 American Cities,"
NRDC (1996) ranked the Chicago
metropolitan area third in terms of
deaths attributable to paniculate matter.
From NRDC's analysis, approximately
3,479 premature deaths each year by cardiopulmonary diseases could be linked to levels of
paniculate matter (NRDC, 1996). With respect to paniculate matter levels, Chicago's average
annual mean PM,0 concentration of 33.7 jUg/m3 was ranked #24 nationwide. Within the Chicago
metropolitan area, three specific monitoring stations "hot spots" were reported among the 50 highest
average annual mean PM,0 concentrations for the Nation (NRDC, 1996).
Similar data were reported by NRDC (1996) for Gary-Hamond-East Chicago, IN, with an
overall ranking of #66 of the 239 metropolitan areas nationwide for number of deaths attributable
to paniculate matter. The ranking for this area (including Lake and Porter Counties, IN) according
to average annual mean PM,0 concentration (27.4 Mg/m3) wa& #102. No individual monitoring
stations in the Gary-Hamond-East Chicago metropolitan area were among the top 50 "hot spots"
nationwide for paniculate matter (NRDC, 1996).
Table 2-3 presents air quality rankings reported by World Resources Institute (1993) for
selected metropolitan areas, based on EPA's Pollutant Standard Index (PSI). EPA generates this
index by taking into account daily monitoring of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter,
carbon dioxide, and ozone. PSI levels above 100 are characterized as unhealthful. The Chicago
2-15
-------
Table 2-3. Air Quality in Select Metro Areas"
Metro Area
Average PSI
Metro Area
Average PSI
Honolulu
San Francisco-Oakland
Kansas City
Washington, DC
Pittsburgh
Scranton
Chicago
Louisville
Albany
Rochester
Allentown
Cleveland
Harrisburg
Providence
Salt Lake City
New Haven
Nashville
Omaha
Austin
New Orleans
Denver
Baltimore
Philadelphia
Worcester
San Antonio
Cincinnati
Oklahoma City
Dayton
Orlando
15
20
28
32
32
33
33
33
33
34
34
35
35
35
36
36
37
37
38
38
39
39
39
39
39
40
41
42
42
Tulsa
Detroit
Grand Rapids
Dallas-Ft. Worth
Milwaukee
Las Vegas
St. Louis
Toledo
New York
Columbus
Jacksonville
Tampa-St. Petersburg
Atlanta
Baton Rouge
El Paso
Phoenix
Memphis
Tucson
Indianapolis
Bakersfield
Sacramento
Knoxville
Charlotte
San Diego
Houston
Raleigh-Durham
Fresno
Los Angeles
42
43
43
43
44
44
45
45
46
46
46
46
47
47
48
48
49
49
49
51
51
52
54
54
56
56
56
73
' EPA Aeromatic Information Retrieval System, Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) Summary, 1990.
Source World Resources Institute (1993).
2-16
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CCRJ Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 2: Environmental Setting Final— April 2001
metropolitan area's average PSI of 33 indicated relatively good air quality when compared to many
other cities nationwide.
2.4.2 Air Pollution Impacts
One adverse effect of air pollution is its contribution to respiratory illness, especially
exacerbating asthma. Children are of particular concern for air pollution's effects on asthma,
partially because they spend more time outside and breathe more air relative to their size, than do
adults. Also, children's lungs are still developing their defense mechanisms and may be more
susceptible than adults to the effects of air pollution. Table 2-4 presents data on the number of
asthmatics in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN, as estimated by the American Lung
Association (ALA, 1996a). As a result of high levels of ozone and acidic air pollution in the summer
months, about 2,000 asthma hospitalizations are believed to be associated with average summertime
conditions in metropolitan Chicago. On particularly hot days (with peak pollution levels), as much
as 24 to SO percent of the respiratory hospital admissions maybe linked to air pollution (ALAMC,
1994). Furthermore, a study of asthma in Chicago from 1980 to 1988 estimated that the mortality
rate (16.42 deaths/million for those aged 5-34 years) was about three times greater than that for the
U.S. population (Health Effects Review, 1996). A similar study found a 337 percent increase in the
mortality rates for African-Americans aged 5 to 34 years in Chicago from 1968 to 1991 (Health
Effects Review, 1996).
2.4.3 Sources of Air Pollution
Major air pollution sources include motor vehicles, industry, and many others. Ozone is an
air pollutant that is of particular concern, and motor vehicles appear to be major contributors, both
in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN. The Chicago Area Transportation Study (1995)
concluded that mobile sources contribute more than 50 percent of the VOCs and about 70 percent
of the NOX that are precursors for ozone (Figure 2-7). Stationary "point" sources, such as power
plants and other industrial facilities, are estimated to account for about 28 percent of the ozone
precursor emissions, while small businesses (dry cleaners, paint shops, etc.) contribute much of the
balance of VOC and NOX emissions in the Chicago metropolitan area (CATS, 1995).
2-17
-------
Table 2-4. Number of Asthmatics in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN
County
Cook County, IL
Lake County, IN
Number of Adult Asthmatics
167,569
15,787
Number of Pediatric Asthmatics
96,199
8,831
Source: American Lung Association, 1996a.
2-18
-------
S)
•c,
n oa
Figure 2-7. Motor Vehicle Emissions in Chicago Metro Area
Source: CATS, 1995.
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 2: Environmental Setting Final— April 2001
For Lake County, IN, the Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM, 1994a)
estimated the relative contribution of ozone precursors from various sources. For VOCs, the relative
contribution from these sources was reported for 1990 as: motor vehicles (about 36 percent), non-
road mobile sources (about 7 percent), industrial point sources (about 37 percent), and area sources
(about 20 percent). Figure 2-8 graphically displays this information.
The high level of motor vehicle usage is one explanation for the Chicago metro area's ozone
problems. It should be noted that Interstate 80/94 (the Borman Expressway) has the highest traffic
volume of any road in Indiana and is the fifth most traveled truck route in the Nation, carrying more
than 150,000 vehicles per day (IDOT, 1997). One indicator of the burden that automobile emissions
may place on the environment is the percentage of single-occupant vehicles used in commuting to
work. More than 3-million people in the Chicago metropolitan area travel to work in privately-
owned vehicles (DOT, 1993). Single-occupant vehicles account for more than 67 percent of
commuters, almost 12 percent carpool, and about 14 percent use mass transit (bus/subway/rail)
according to the U.S. Department of Transportation's (DOT) Bureau of Transportation Statistics
(DOT, 1993). Figure 2-9 compares the average number of single-occupant vehicle users in the
Chicago metropolitan area to those in other major U.S. metropolitan areas. Within Cook County,
EL, 61 percent are single-occupant vehicles, 13 percent carpool, and almost 20 percent take public
transportation (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990a). However, mass transit usage in the Chicago area
is among the highest in the Nation (Table 2-5) as reported by World Resources Institute (1993).
2.4.4 Trends in Air Emissions
Environmental trends reported by the Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources
(EDENR, 1994a) for Cook County show an overall decrease in air emissions from manufacturing
operations over the 1973 to 1989 timeframe (Figure 2-10). Specifically, in Cook County:
Particulate emissions decreased 93 percent.
Sulfur oxide emissions decreased about 75 percent.
Nitrogen oxide emissions decreased about 75 percent.
2-20
-------
t J
Non-Road
Mobile Sources
99-056
Figure 2-8. Emissions of Ozone Precursors (VOCs) in Lake County, IN
Source: IDEM, 1994a.
-------
r-J
t J
99-056
Figure 2-9. Average Number of Single-Occupant Vehicle Users in Major
Metropolitan Areas Nationwide
Source: DOT, 1993.
-------
Table 2-5. Mass Transit Passenger Miles
Metro Area
Thousand Miles Per Year (per capita)
Qualifier
New York
Washington, DC
Chicago
San Francisco-Oakland
Atlanta
Seattle-Tacoma
Philadelphia
Pittsburgh
Los Angeles
Houston
New Orleans
Miami
Denver
Minneapolis-St. Paul
Cleveland
Cincinnati
Dayton
Dallas-Ft. Worth
Detroit
Buffalo
Phoenix
Las Vegas
Tampa-St. Petersburg
Orlando
Norfolk
Harrisburg
Knoxville
Raleigh-Durham
Oklahoma City
Greensboro
1.0141 Higher Usage
0.5934 (desirable)
0.5566
0.4648
0.3919
0.3477
0.2992
0.2239
0.2154
0.1986
0.1898
0.1539
0.1520
0.1498
0.1226
0.1128
0.1006
0.0994
0.0885
0.0849
0.0758
0.0731
0.0676
0.0664
0.0588
0.0386
0.0338
0.0297
0.0199 Lower Usage
0.0022 (less desirable)
Source: World Resources Institute (1993).
2-23
-------
Decrease in Air Emissions
in Cook County, IL
from 1973 to 1989
• Participate Emissions Decreased 93%
to
•Sulfur Oxide Emissions Decreased 75%
•Nitrogen Oxide Emissions Decreased 75%
•Hydrocarbon Emissions Decreased 50%
Figure 2-10. Decrease in Air Emissions in Cook County, IL from 1973 to 1989
99-056
Source: IDENR, 1994.
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 2: Environmental Setting Final— April 2001
• Hydrocarbon emissions decreased almost SO percent.
Carbon monoxide emissions increased slightly.
With respect to trends in air emissions from transportation, IDENR (1994a) reported that
VOC emissions in Cook County decreased about 20 percent from 1973-1981 and almost 35 percent
from 1982 to 1991. Reductions of about 18 percent in NOX and about 33 percent in carbon
monoxide emissions were realized in Cook County from 1982 to 1991 (IDENR, 1994a).
2.5 TOXIC CHEMICALS AND HAZARDOUS WASTES
Other sources of pollution, including releases of toxic chemicals and hazardous wastes, can
be potentially degrading to environmental conditions. Table 2-6 presents information on the
amounts of toxic pollutants released in major U.S. metropolitan areas. The Chicago metropolitan
area has one of the highest amounts of toxic chemicals released in the United States, based on the
EPA TRI as reported by World Resources Institute (1993). TRI data for 1994 include information
on emissions/releases from 573 facilities in Cook County, IL, and 50 facilities in Lake County, IN.
Total emissions/releases/transfers for Cook County amount to more than 72-million pounds
compared to Lake County's 55-million pounds. (More detailed information on TRI data can be
found in Section 3.3 of this report.)
Toxic chemical emissions were examined by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency
(IEPA, 1995a) for the 1993 reporting year, and 9 of the top 20 ZIP Codes in the State (by total air
emissions) were located in Cook County, IL. Similarly, EEPA (1995a) found that 7 of the top 20 ZIP
Codes emitting to air for 1988-1993 were located in Cook County, IL. The specific ZIP Codes
identified in these rankings were 60501,60638,60633,60617,60525,60160,60439,60455,60632,
60658, and 60131. EPA's analysis of the TRI data also found that several of these ZIP Codes in
Cook County, IL, ranked in the top 20 statewide for the largest air emissions of chemicals with
significant human health effects (IEPA, 1995a).
Southeast Chicago contains a large number of waste sites that are potential sources of
environmental contamination as determined by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
2-25
-------
Table 2-6. Toxic Chemical Releases and Transfers in Major U.S. Metropolitan Areas
Metro Area
Amount*
(pounds per year)
Qualifier
West Palm Beach
Fresno
Washington, DC (metro area)
Tucson
El Paso
Little Rock
Raleigh-Durham
San Antonio
Oklahoma City
Miami
San Diego
Denver
Tampa-St. Petersburg
Hartford
Phoenix
Norfolk
Omaha
Jacksonville
Portland
Atlanta
Kansas City
Baltimore
Dallas-Ft. Worth
Seattle-Tacoma
Boston
Louisville
San Francisco-Oakland
Columbus
Grand Rapids
Charlotte
Minneapolis-St. Paul
Pittsburgh
Richmond
Cleveland
Philadelphia
St. Louis
Detroit
Los Angeles
Salt Lake City
New York
Chicago
New Orleans
Houston
943,459 Smaller Releases/Transfers
1,054,243 (desirable)
1,107,218
1,235,512
1,517,720
2,826,267
4,034,662
4,036,402
4,269,395
4,822,142
6,089,986
6,617,837
7,171,038
7,389,714
7,473,876
7,634,531
9,564,863
9,690,225
10,976,256
12,915,673
14,031,849
14,997,426
16,669,699
17,185,029
17,491,237
19,321,492
19,521,589
20,520,317
21,833,254
21,833,254
24,813,330
30,689,769
34,410,782
44,822,133
72,824,789
83,949,520
85,046,048
90,368,911
10,789,489
144,773,930
162,833,008
1 86,704,887 Larger Releases/Transfers
264,880,496 (less desirable)
' Based on Toxic Release Inventory (TRIS) as of March 22, 1992.
Source World Resources Institute (1993)
2-26
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 2: Environmental Setting Final— April 2001
Registry (ATSDR) and reported in Fowler (1993). ATSDR developed a hazardous substance data
base (HSDB) to study relationships between exposures to hazardous substances and the occurrences
of cancer, deaths, birth defects, and other health issues (Fowler et al, 1993). About 750 facilities
were identified by Fowler et, al (1993), most are located in industrial areas around Lake Calumet and
along the Little Calumet River. These include hazardous waste management facilities, waste
transporters, and abandoned industrial sites. Several Superfund sites are located in Lake County, IN,
and one NPL (Lenz Oil) and numerous hazardous waste sites exist in Cook County, DL (Table 2-7).
2.6 WATER QUALITY AND AQUATIC RESOURCES
2.6.1 Cook County, Illinois
The water resources of Cook County, IL, have shown signs of improvement after being
stressed by more than a century of industrial and urban development. This area has been subjected
to some of the most intense industrial activities in the United States (Bhowmik and Fitzpatrick,
1988). The flow patterns in the Chicago area have been altered, and about 20 percent of the original
Lake Calumet have been filled for use as a municipal waste disposal site for the City of Chicago.
Water quality in streams and lakes of the Great Lakes/Calumet watersheds of Illinois (an area larger
than Cook County) have been stressed by nutrients, metals, and low dissolved oxygen attributed to
municipal point source pollution, urban runoff, and other causes (IEPA, 1997a). As part of the
Illinois 305(b) water quality assessment, EEPA (1997a) rated these water resources as "good" on only
9 percent, "fair" on 81 percent, and "poor" on 10 percent of the stream miles.
Following the dredging of the mouth of the Calumet River in the 1870s, the potential
development of a harbor and the existence of open lands attracted many industries to the region.
Hundreds of acres of land were built up by dumping steel mill slag, dredge spoil, and other solid
wastes in order to improve industrial sites. During this time period, liquid wastes were discharged
directly into nearby bodies of water. Early concerns over sewage and waste disposal centered on
biological waste and the known link between diseases and contaminated water supplies (Bhowmik
and Fitzpatrick, 1988). In the 1920s, efforts were made to divert the polluted Calumet and Chicago
2-27
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Table 2-7. Superfund and Major Hazardous Waste Sites in Lake County, IN,
and Cook County, IL*
Lake County, IN
Site
Ninth Avenue Dump (NPL Site)
Midwest Industrial Waste Disposal Company
(MIDCO) II (NPL Site)
Midwest Solvent Recovery Company (MIDCO) I
(NPL Site)
Lake Sandy Jo (M&M Landfill) (CERCL1S Site)
American Chemical Service Inc. (NPL Site)
U.S. Smelter and Lead Refinery, Inc. (CERCLIS
Site)
Nature of Contamination/Pollutants
Liquid hazardous waste (VOCs, benzene, toluene,
xylenes, PAHs, metals, PCBs).
Bulk liquid and drum storage of waste (estimated
50,000 to 60,000 drums).
Estimated 14,000 drums of solvent, pesticide, and
PCB wastes.
Landfill for construction, municipal, and
industrial wastes, and drums. Contamination
included heavy metals, solvents, PCBs, and
pesticides.
Solvent - reclamation and chemical
manufacturing facility. Groundwater
contaminated with VOCs, PCBs, and phthalates,
and 35,000 buried drums of sludges and
underground wastes.
Proposed for NPL. Blast furnace slag. Lead
containing dust and various metals.
Cook County, IL
Site
Alburn Inc. (CERCLIS Site)
Pullman Sewage Farm (CERCLIS Site)
Estech General Chemical (AKA G&M
Wrecking) (CERCLIS Site)
US Drum Disposal Corporation (AKA US Drum
II)(CERCLIS Site)
Land & Lakes #3 (CERCLIS Site)
Nature of Contamination/Pollutants
Incinerator drums, lagoon.
Landfarming of industrial and municipal sewage.
Sulfuric acid, fertilizer, and pesticides
production.
Municipal and industrial waste, drums, assorted
sludge, and liquid hazardous waste.
Solid, liquid, and industrial wastewater treatment
sludge wastes.
2-28
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Table 2-7. Superfund and Major Hazardous Waste Sites in Lake County, IN,
and Cook County, IL* (continued)
Site
Land & Lakes #2 previously (AKA Cottage
Grove Landfill) (CERCLIS Site)
Cosden Oil & Chemical Company (CERCLIS
Site)
Cottage Grove Landfill (CERCLIS Site)
MSD #4 Sludge and Barrel Dump (CERCLIS
Site)
Paxton Landfill/LHL #2 (CERCLIS Site)
Lenz Oil Service, Inc. (NPL Site)
Nature of Contamination/Pollutants
Solid, sludges, and liquid from municipal,
industrial, and commercial sources, including
sludge from Metropolitan Sanitation District of
Greater Chicago (MSDGC) and river bottom
dredging from the Indiana Harbor Canal.
Facility manufactured chemicals and plastics.
Hazardous waste, sludge from unlinded lagoon.
Facility is active and operates under permit.
Receives municipal sludge generated by
MWRDGC, dries the sludge, and transports it to
CID Landfill.
Several landfills. Accepted general refuse
industrial wastes.
Solvent storage and transfer facility. Groundwater
and soils contaminated with various VOCs,
PAHs, PCBs, and inorganics.
* Only one NPL site exists in Cook County, IL, the other sites are significant hazardous waste sites that have
received more extensive investigation and/or remediation.
AKA = Also Known As
Source: U.S. EPA, 1995a,b.
2-29
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 2: Environmental Setting Final — April 200J
Rivers away from Lake Michigan (Colten, 1985). Little attention was given toward health effects
of industrial chemicals discharged into the rivers and lakes of the region until years later when the
passage of the Clean Water Act and court cases "forced industries to halt untreated discharges in the
late 70s" (Colten, 1985).
Sediments in most of the waterbodies in the area, including Lake Calumet and the Calumet
River, are known to have elevated levels of metals and organic chemicals. A recent study of Lake
Calumet sediments found toxic concentrations of lead, cadmium, chromium, and mercury (Ross et
al, 1988). The streams of the Calumet area are believed to be "grossly polluted with fecal
contamination," oily waste, pickle liquors, ammonia, cyanide, and phenolic materials (Bhowmik and
Fitzpatrick, 1988). Bottom sediments of the Little Calumet and Calumet Rivers are "composed of
ooze and organic debris, with strong sewage and petroleum odors" (Bhowmik and Fitzpatrick, 1988).
Recent data on the water quality of the rivers of the region show an improvement over the
past 30 years. Industrial discharges from point sources are being regulated. Much of the commercial
and industrial wastewaters are being treated by the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of
Greater Chicago (MWRDGC). In past decades, sewer overflows occurred approximately 100 times
a year (City of Chicago), and accounted for 45 percent of the total pollutants delivered to the rivers
of the area (Bhowmik and Fitzpatrick, 1988). During storm events, the combined sewer system
(which handles both sanitary and stormwaters) were overloaded; in order to prevent sewage backup
into homes and businesses, raw sewage flowed into the Calumet and Grand Calumet Rivers. Sewer
overflows combined with stormwater during rain events. These used to cause overflows into
waterbodies, and the Calumet River would "back up" and discharge pollutants directly into Lake
Michigan on a fairly regular basis. During very intense rainfall, the controlling locks at the O'Brien
Lock and Dam on the Calumet River were opened to prevent flooding in the Little Calumet and
Grand Calumet areas, causing these rivers to reverse flow and discharge their untreated sewage into
the Calumet River and then into Lake Michigan (Bhowmik and Fitzpatrick, 1988). The efforts under
the Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (TARP) have succeeded in reducing this problem. More discussion
of the TARP is included in Sections 3 and 4.
2-30
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 2: Environmental Setting
Final— April 2001
Water Quality in Lake County, IN
• Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor
Ship Canal are Areas of Concern
• Major Municipal and Industrial Point
Source Discharges
• Contaminated Sediments
2.6.2 Lake County, Indiana
Water quality and aquatic resources
in Lake County, IN, also have persistent
problems, many of which can be attributed
to municipal and industrial wastewater
discharges, combined sewer overflows,
and spills, as well as nonpoint source
runoff. The Grand Calumet River and
Indiana Harbor Ship Canal (GCR/IHSC)
were designated as one of the 43 Areas of
Concern (AOC) in the Great Lakes, but it
was the only one with all 14 beneficial uses impaired (IDEM, 1997a).
The majority of the Grand Calumet River's flow is formed by the effluents from industrial
and municipal sources including sewage treatment plants in Gary, Hammond, East Chicago, and
Whiting, as well as industrial sources such as USX Gary Works, Inland Steel, and LTV Steel (U.S.
EPA, 1994a). Flow in the East Branch of the river is dominated by USX Gary Works and in the
West Branch by the Hammond Sewage Treatment Plant and the East Chicago Sanitary District
(HydroQual, 1985). The West Branch, from the East Chicago and Hammond areas, flows to the
west depending on wind speed, inputs from other sources, and Lake Michigan's conditions
(HydroQual, 1985). The remainder of the West Branch flows east to the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal
and to Lake Michigan. The Indiana Harbor Ship Canal was created in 1901 when Inland Steel
financed its construction to improve shipping capacity to Lake Michigan (Ketcham and Kunchakarra,
1992). The Harbor Canal connects the Grand Calumet River to Lake Michigan, but it has not been
dredged since 1972 because of the highly-contaminated sediments. Previously, dredged spoils were
disposed in open waters of Lake Michigan, but this practice was halted (U.S. EPA, 1994a). Efforts
have been underway to find a solution to the disposal problem so the harbor can be dredged.
Recent monitoring of the GCR/IHSC found water quality violations for cyanide, as well as
for E. coli bacteria, where the criterion was exceeded about 86 percent of the time at all seven
2-31
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 2: Environmental Setting Final—April 2061
monitoring stations (IDEM, 1997a). Combined sewer overflows are of concern, and, for example,
95 percent of the storm sewers in Gary, IN, are believed to be combined sewers (Ketcham and
Kunchakarra, 1992). Overall, both the East and West Branches of the Grand Calumet River, as well
as the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal, have been designated as nonsupporting for aquatic life and
recreational use (IDEM, 1994b). The presence of metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),
pesticides, ammonia, and other contaminants are probable causes.
Sediments in the GCR/MSC are similarly impacted from years of contamination with
concentrations several orders of magnitude higher than in the water column. Sediment monitoring
data have identified a variety of contaminants including metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs), PCBs, DDT, and others (IDEM, 1997a). Similarly, fish tissue from these waters contain
PCBs, mercury, pesticides, and other contaminants at levels of concern. The most stringent fish
consumption advisories ("Do Not Eat") have been issued by the Indiana State Department of Health
for all species in the GCR/THSC because of the presence of these contaminants.
2.7 LAKE MICHIGAN
Lake Michigan is part of the largest body of freshwater in the world, the Great Lakes. The
Great Lakes also support the largest freshwater fishery in the world, despite their degradation from
more than a century of overfishing, dumping of sewage, and contamination with synthetic chemicals
(Environment Canada, 1991a,b). As early as the 1960s, the impacts of contamination of the Great
Lakes were manifested as fish consumption advisories, reproductive effects in waterfowl, and other
degradation. Much of the early focus of States, Provinces, and Federal governments was on the more
toxic, persistent chemicals such as PCBs, organochlorine pesticides (such as DDT), and heavy metals
(such as mercury). Some of these chlorinated compounds (e.g., DDT and chlordane) were used
extensively in the Great Lakes region for decades; their use peaked in the 1960s, and several were
subsequently banned in the 1970s and 1980s due to their effects on human health and the
environment. Levels of these chemicals in the Great Lakes have declined dramatically in the water,
sediments, and biota since the early 1970s, some by more than 90 percent. However, some of the
more persistent contaminants (PCBs, dioxins, mercury) are still present at unacceptably high
concentrations in certain fish species (Tremblay and Gilman, 1995). There is renewed interest in
2-32
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 2: Environmental Setting Final— April 2001
many of these chemicals because they are believed to be endocrine disrupters, and may produce toxic
effects even at extremely low concentrations (EPA, 1997b). By the 1980s, scientists had identified
the presence of more than 800 chemicals in the Great Lakes basin (Tremblay and Oilman, 1995).
2.7.1 Sources of Exposure Related to Lake Michigan
The Lake is an important resource to the citizens of the Chicago area, providing
transportation, recreation, aesthetic, and other benefits. It is the source of drinking water for more
than 95 percent of the population in the two counties. In general, the water quality of Lake Michigan
in the study area is good; having been the recipient of more than 20 years of effort to improve its
condition. However, the lake still has problems from over a century of environmental stresses from
fishing, dumping of sewage, and contamination with chemicals.
Residents of Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN, can be potentially exposed to these toxic
chemicals that are present in the water column, sediments, and biota of Lake Michigan. Such
exposures could occur from swimming/wading, or consuming fish and drinking water taken from
the Lake. For the Great Lakes area, food chain exposure is estimated to account for about 80-90
percent of exposure to organochlohne compounds; some exposure comes from air, and less than 1
percent comes from water (Hicks, 1996). Actual exposures depend on behavior/activity patterns,
location, etc., but in general, subpopulations at greatest risk include:
Pregnant Women;
• Nursing Mothers;
• Fetuses and Nursing Infants;
The Elderly;
Infants and Children;
The Chronically 111;
Native Americans;
• Sport Fishermen; and
• Urban Poor.
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CCR1 Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 2: Environmental Setting
Final—April 2001
Several studies conducted specifically on sport anglers found higher levels of PCBs in sport
fishermen than in the general population. Health effects have also been observed in children of
mothers who consumed fish from the Great Lakes. Some of the effects on newborn infants include
lower birthweight and head circumference (Hicks, 1996).
2.7.2 PCBs and Lake Michigan
One concern about Lake Michigan (and the Great Lakes as a whole) has been the presence
of PCBs in the water column, sediments, and biota and its resulting impacts to ecological and human
health. Despite the fact that manufacture was banned, and use of PCBs has declined substantially
since the TSCA was passed in 1976, levels of PCBs persist in Lake Michigan (U.S. EPA, 1994b).
While local and regional efforts in the 1970s successfully reduced dumping into the Lakes, these
contaminants are still present because of their persistence. In fact, PCBs levels frequently exceed
water quality standards in the Great Lakes. Long-range atmospheric transport and deposition of
PCBs continue to provide about 58 percent of loadings of PCBs to Lake Michigan (Environment
Canada, 1991a,b). Such atmospheric deposition comes from sources on national and global scales.
Specifically, the inputs of selected toxic chemicals to Lake Michigan from atmospheric deposition
are presented in Table 2-8. Surprising, however, is the fact that Lake Michigan is a "net source" of
PCBs due to volatilization of PCBs from the water column to the air. The rate and magnitude of
volatilization from Lake Michigan to the atmosphere often exceeds the rate of deposition, depending
on season and location (temperature/wind direction) (U.S. EPA, 1994b; Baker et al, 1993).
2.8 LEAD
Lead is of particular concern in the
Chicago area. In 1996, more than 12,800
children were found to suffer from elevated
blood-lead levels (z 15 micrograms per
deciliter Cug/dL)) (IDPH, 1997). Chicago
accounts for 72 percent of the children
State-wide with dangerous levels of lead. In
Blood-Lead Levels in Children
> 13,500 Children in Cook County, IL,
Have Elevated Blood-Lead Levels (above
15//g/dL)
> 2,100 Children in Lake County, IN, Have
Blood-Lead Levels Above CDC's Level
of Concern
2-34
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Table 2-8. Chemical Loadings to Lake Michigan and Percentage Attributable
to Atmospheric Sources
Chemical
PCBs
DDT
Benzo(a)pyrene
Lead
Total Loading
(kg/yr)
685
65
208
543
% Attributable to
Atmospheric Deposition
58
98
86
99
kg/yr - kilograms per year
Source: Environment Canada, 199la, b.
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 2: Environmental Setting Final— April 2001
Cook County, IL, almost 13,500 children have blood-lead levels above 15 fj.g/dL. Babies and
children show a greater sensitivity to lead's effects than adults. Studies have shown that even small
amounts of lead can slow mental development, lower intelligence, and cause behavioral disorders
in young children. Evidence also suggests that the potential for multimedia exposure to lead from
emissions and discharges is higher in Chicago than anywhere else in the Nation (SAIC, 1995a). In
1995, every ZIP Code in Chicago was designated a high risk ZIP Code for lead poisoning (Fomoff,
1997b). Most lead-poisoned children are exposed to lead in their homes, primarily because of the
presence of lead paint dust. Chicago has some of the oldest housing stock in the Nation; the average
house in Chicago was built between 1943 and 1955.
The Indiana Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program has a voluntary blood-lead
monitoring program in Lake County, IN, to screen for lead poisoning in children. Specifically, of
the 12,604 children screened in Lake County during fiscal years 1994-96, about 17 percent had blood
lead levels that exceeded the CDC's level of concern (;> 10Atg/dL) (Nordholm, 1997). About 1,350
black children (11 percent) and about 275 white children (1 percent) had blood-lead levels above this
concentration (Nordholm, 1997).
The primary sources of exposure are leaded paint, soil, and drinking water (Figure 2-11).
Although inhalation of lead from gasoline is no longer considered a public health problem, the lead
from dust in automobiles emissions has been deposited in the soil. Children playing near highways
may come in contact with contaminated soil. Children are vulnerable to exposure because they may
place objects coated with lead dust in their mouths or eat lead paint chips. Nationally, blood-lead
levels for both children and adults have been dropping since the 1970s largely due to the reduction
of lead levels in gasoline. While this can be considered a major achievement in the field of
environmental health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Secretary, Donna E. Shalala
states that "a significant number of children are still at risk for high lead exposure, and we have to
finish the job on their behalf (DHHS, 1997).
2-36
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t J
U)
-J
Miscellanous
Sources
(e.g., toys, jewelry
folk remedies)
Humans
Ingestion
Pregnant
Woman
(Developing
Fetus)
99-056
Figure 2-11. Example of How One May Be Exposed to Lead
2-13 lead exposure
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 2: Environmental Setting
Final—April 2001
2.9 ACCESS TO PARKS
A desirable quality of the environment is access to nature and parks. While Chicago is a
predominately urban area, more than 10 percent of its land area are parkland, among the highest in
the Nation for cities of its size (World Resources Institute, 1993). Table 2-9 presents data on urban
parkland in various U.S. cities. These parklands support wildlife, as well as recreational use by
residents. About 14 percent of the area of Cook County, IL, are devoted to parklands/open space
(NIPC, 1990).
2.10 GREEN METRO INDEX
Green Metro Index
Chicago Ranks #25 in the United States
(l=best, 75=worst)
One overall indicator of
environmental health is available. The
Green Metro Index is an environmental
ranking system for 75 major metro areas
compiled by World Resources Institute
(1993). This index combines eight measures
of environmental quality such as the average
air quality, acute air quality, water quality
violations, toxic releases, Superfund sites,
mass transit use, residential energy use, and
gasoline and electricity prices. Chicago's
position (#25) in the top third of this list
(Table 2-10) suggests that its environmental-
related conditions are somewhat better than
major cities/metropolitan areas in the United
States with respect to this particular indicator (World Resources Institute, 1993). According to the
Green Metro Index, environmental conditions are moderate; however, this equally weights all eight
measures. Because Cook County, IL, only has one Superfund site, the Green Metro index may
overestimate the environmental quality of this area.
Average Air Quality:
Acute Air Quality:
Water Quality Violations:
Toxic Releases:
Superfund Sites:
Mass Transit Use:
Residential Energy Use:
Gasoline Price:
Electricity Price:
SCORE
5
1
1
72
19
4
41
3
7
iToo
2-38
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Table 2-9. Access to Nature (Urban Parkland) in U.S. Cities
City
Honolulu
Washington, DC
Minneapolis
Tulsa
St. Paul
El Paso
Buffalo
Portland
Chicago
Seattle
Omaha
Dallas
Cincinnati
Pittsburgh
Virginia Beach
Oakland
Austin
Wichita
Columbus
Los Angeles
Toledo
Miami
Indianapolis
Newark
Ft. Worth
Denver
Oklahoma City
New Orleans
Birmingham
Tucson
Fresno
Milwaukee
Kansas City
Jacksonville
Parkland
(percent of area) Qualifier
40.68 More Parkland
20.60 (desira
17.30
14.00
12.00
11.70
11.50
11.00
10.50
10.00
9.80
9.00
9.00
7.30
7.10
7.00
6.80
5.99
5.80
5.30
5.30
5.10
5.00
5.00
4.70
4.00
4.00
3.60
3.00
2.91
1.56
1.00
ble)
0.05 Less Parkland
0.01 (less desirable)
Source- World Resources Institute (1993).
2-39
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Table 2-10. Green Metro Index for 75 Metro Areas
Metro
Area
Honolulu
San Diego
San Franciso-Oakland
El Paso
Washington
Austin
Fresno
New Bedford
Tuscon
New Haven
Rochester
San Antonio
Bakersfield
Pittsburgh
Miami
Atlanta
Boston
Albany
Toledo
Baltimore
Sacramento
Denver
Orlando
Harrisburg
Chicago
Providence
Philadelphia
Phoenix
Worcester
Scranton
New Orleans
Springfield
Las Vegas
Cleveland
Hartford
Jacksonville
Little Rock
Rank3
1
2
3
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
25
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Rank
Score
4.75
9.78
10.78
10.78
11.44
12.14
12.75
13.00
13.29
13.57
13.71
13.88
14.29
14.44
14.86
15.11
15.13
15.25
15.88
16.11
16.22
16.33
16.50
16.57
17.00
17.00
17.11
17.22
17.29
17.33
17.44
17.60
17.63
17.89
18.33
18.33
18.43
Metro
Area
New York
Dayton
Allentown
Los Angeles
Salt Lake City
Cincinnati
Portland
Charlotte
Raleigh-Durham
Syracuse
Louisville
West Palm Beach
Dallas-Ft. Worth
Houston
Oklahoma City
Nashville
Omaha
Knoxville
Norfolk
Milwaukee
Seattle-Tacoma
Richmond
Columbus
St. Louis
Detroit
Memphis
Buffalo
Kansas City
Indianapolis
Tulsa
Birmingham
Grand Rapids
Baton Rouge
Charleston
Minneapolis-St. Paul
Greenville
Greensboro
Rank
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
54
56
57
58
59
60
61
61
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
Rank
Score
18.88
19.00
19.29
19.56
19.63
19.67
19.86
10.00
20.14
20.20
20.56
20.60
21.00
21.22
21.33
22.44
22.44
23.00
23.00
23.22
23.29
23.57
23.89
23.89
24.11
25.00
25.14
25.38
27.44
27.71
27.83
28.57
28.86
30.40
30.71
31.40
33.20
NOTE: Except where indicated by equal rank, apparent ties are the result of rounding.
' (1 = best, 75 = worst)
Source: World Resources Institute (1993)
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 2: Environmental Setting Final— April 2001
2.11 SUMMARY
This section introduced some of the general issues related to environmental quality in Cook
County, IL, and Lake County, IN. Included were general indicators of environmental condition,
which were intended to introduce the types of issues that will be addressed later in the report. Air
and water quality have been problems of historical significance; however, some of the measures
(such as the lower number of ozone exceedances in recent years) may indicate that environmental
conditions are improving. Pollution control efforts with respect to air and water resources and other
environmental media are showing improvements in environmental quality. The following sections
provide additional information that characterize sources of pollution and the types of contaminants
present in environmental media that can pose risks to human health in the area.
2-41
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3.0 Sources and
Loadings
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings
Final— April 2001
3.0 SOURCES AND LOADINGS TO THE ENVIRONMENT
Sources and Loadings
Emissions to Air
Discharges to Surface Waters
Toxic Chemical Releases
Chemical Spills/Accidents
Hazardous Waste Generation and
Management
CERCLIS Sites
This section describes known sources of
pollution within Cook County, IL, and Lake
County, IN, and characterizes the magnitude of
emissions/releases from point sources and
nonpoint sources. Organized by media (air,
water, toxic releases, hazardous wastes, etc.),
each following subsection contains tables and
graphs that summarize the magnitude of
loadings from known sources. Because of the
abundance of data, summaries of the major
sources, pollutants, industries, etc. are
presented (e.g., a source characterization for
each ZIP Code, chemical, or facility might be
burdensome). More complete data for sources
and pollutants/parameters are presented in the accompanying database. The ACCESS data base
allows for custom analyses for particular pollutants, facilities, or geographic areas. Figure 3-1
summarizes the hierarchy of data from ACCESS that were primarily used in preparing in this
section.
Information is presented on point (regulated) and nonpoint sources of environmental
pollution within the study area. Organized by media (developed from various data bases), these
descriptions include lists accompanied by maps/tables/summaries of the type and geographic location
of sources. Estimates of loadings are based on the EPA mainframe data bases (TRI, PCS,
AIRS/AFS, etc.) and are augmented by other data sources (literature) and data bases on emissions
from "small" facilities and small quantity generators of hazardous waste. This is particularly true
for air emitters where emissions information is presented for the smaller "area" sources. Rankings
of the largest facilities for each medium generally include those that collectively contribute at least
80 percent of the total loadings (on certain tables, the cumulative percentage column reflects this
quantity). Numerous tables and figures are included that present the data on these sources, chemicals
3-1
-------
Benzene 15, OOO /bs
Lead 2,OOO/bs
PM1O 14,OOOJbs
Chemical
Releases
99-056
Figure 3-1. Hierarchy of Data from the ACCESS Data Base
3-2
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings Final— April 2001
and geographic areas with the largest loadings. Section 5 contains additional analyses of sources in
Southeast Chicago, Southwest Chicago, and Northern Lake County, IN. That discussion provides
more of an integrated, multimedia perspective of all types of pollution sources in these particular
areas.
Pollutants and other forms of environmental degradation come from a variety of sources.
Point sources are stationary facilities that discharge pollutants from smoke stacks, pipes, etc. under
permits issued by the Federal and/or local governments. As such, regulations governing these
facilities establish limits on the amount and type of emissions releases. Furthermore, the permits for
these point sources specify monitoring requirements for tracking the emissions. Under the authority
of Federal laws such as the Clean Water Act (CWA), the Clean Air Act (CAA), and the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), these facilities obtain permits that specify the conditions
for the releases (specific type, amount, and limits for the discharges). Although people often
associate pollution only with point sources (smokestacks reaching into the sky or pipes discharging
wastewaters into rivers), other sources may contribute significantly to the overall environmental
picture. While these less obvious sources of pollution often go unnoticed, they can be major causes
of degradation of the local environment. For example, the subsection on surface waters includes
estimates of loadings from nonpoint source runoff.
Releases of pollutants from point sources to water, air, and other media are regularly
measured or estimated to track the emissions/releases from each facility. Data from these monitoring
programs are used by EPA, State, and local agencies for compliance and enforcement purposes. This
information is entered into EPA's computer data bases, which are available for analysis of potential
impacts to human health and the environment. The primary computer data bases used to inventory,
characterize, and rank sources within each environmental medium were:
• Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) Facility Subsystem (AFS) -
Emissions to Air From Point Sources;
• Regional Air Pollutant Inventory Development System (RAPIDS) - Air Emissions
from Point and Area Sources;
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings Final — April 2001
• Permit Compliance System (PCS) - Discharges to Surface Waters;
• Toxic Release Inventory System (TRIS) - Multimedia Releases of Toxic Substances;
• Biennial Reporting System (BRS) - Hazardous Waste Generation/Management;
• Resource Conservation and Recovery Information System (RCRIS) - Hazardous
Waste Generation/Management;
• Emergency Response Notification System (ENRS) - Accidents and Spills;
• Accidental Release Information Program (ARIP) - Accidents and Spills; and
• Comprehensive Environmental, Response, Compensation and Liability Information
System (CERCLIS) - Contaminated Sites
In several instances (e.g, point sources to air and water), multiple point sources within a
facility are aggregated to the facility level For example, some larger facilities may have dozens of
individual stacks or outfalls. Estimates of releases/discharges from these individual sources are
summed for a facility as a whole to facilitate analyses and reporting. In general, data from the most
current reporting year(s) available at the time this report was written are used in this document. For
instance, data from 1995 are used for AIRS/AFS, PCS, and TRI, while hazardous waste
generation/management data are from 1993. RAPIDS data were generated in 1997 but reflect air
emissions inventory estimates as of 1993.
In some cases, multiple data sources exist that might be used to estimate loadings for a
particular type of source or for a certain medium This is true for estimating air emissions, where
AIRS/AFS, portions of TRI, and RAPIDS describe emissions from facilities in this area. Estimates
from these three data sources may overlap to some degree It is important to note the similarities and
differences among these three data sources with respect to the number of facilities covered, the
number of chemicals reported, and the age of the data. In general, AIRS/AFS contains data for a large
number of facilities, but for relatively few pollutants Inventories are not usually conducted yearly,
so AFS data may be a few years old. RAPIDS data represent about as many facilities and up to 49
chemicals The RAPIDS emissions estimates are from 1993 data TRI stack and fugitive air emissions
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings Final — April 2001
data represent fewer facilities, but potentially several hundred chemicals. TRI data are reported by
the facilities annually, and 1995 data are used in this report. Air emissions data from each of the three
data bases have utility for this report, but some overlap may occur even though they address different
types of facilities and different chemicals. The degree of overlap may vary from facility to facility.
No attempt has been made to compare or combine the data sets. Therefore, these rankings are best
taken within the context of the same systems
It should be noted, there are limitations to the information contained in these data bases.
Although some of the limitations (and caveats) are specifically discussed in the following subsections
(and Section 1 4), several general limitations are worth noting. These data bases do not contain
information on all sources, only those facilities that either have permits, are regulated, or are required
to report releases or emissions of pollutants. Furthermore, monitoring data are often only provided
for larger facilities. This is particularly true for the PCS, as well as the AFS and TRI data, which have
reporting thresholds Also, monitoring data in these data bases only cover those pollutants that are
specified in permits (or are required to be reported), therefore, other contaminants may be released
that are not addressed in the permits and are not monitored. Furthermore, some information in these
data bases pertain to past incidents and may no longer be an indication of current conditions. This
is the case in AFS because air emissions inventories are not conducted every year and actual
emissions may change over time depending on the processes, production schedules, and other factors
that influence emission levels. This is also evident in CERCLIS, because sites can remain in the data
base even after actions have been taken to remedy the situation or after it has been determined that
no further action is needed.
It should also be noted that the risks or hazards of the chemical constituents/parameters
released were not considered in the ranking of facilities in this section. As introduced in Section 1,
the Environmental Loadings Profile focuses on the magnitude of the release. The chemicals described
and the facilities ranked are examined solely on the total mass of the emission/release, not on a risk
basis. That means that no attempt has been made to account for fate and transport of contaminants,
or their toxicity, or other issues that are part of the risk assessment process
3-5
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings
Final —• April 2001
Six subsections follow, describing sources and loadings to the environment in Cook County,
EL, and Lake County, IN
• 3.1- Emissions to Air;
• 32- Discharges to Surface Waters;
• 3.3 - Toxic Chemical Releases;
• 3 4 - Chemical Spills/Accidents;
• 3.5 - Hazardous Waste Generation and Management, and
3.6 - CERCLIS Sites.
3.1 EMISSIONS TO AIR
This subsection characterizes known
sources of air pollution in Cook County, IL, and
Lake County, IN. In general, quantification of the
loadings of pollutants emitted is presented from
data contained in AIRS/AFS for point sources and
from several literature sources/data bases for area
sources and for mobile sources. As such, focus is
placed on the air pollutants emitted in the largest
quantities Descriptions are included on the
loadings of these pollutants from point sources
Also, information is provided on the location of
major emitters (by facility, city, ZIP Code) and the
types of industries that emit the largest quantities of
air pollutants. Section 5 of this report provides
Emissions to Air
• Total Loadings From Point
Sources (AIRS/AFS Data)
• Chemicals Emitted
• Major Point Sources and Their
Geographic Locations
• RAPIDS Emissions Estimates
• Area Sources
• Mobile Sources
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Section 3: Sources and Loadings Final— April 2001
additional analyses of air emissions data, focusing on AIRS/AFS, RAPIDS, and TRI data in Southeast
Chicago, Southwest Chicago, and North Lake County, IN
Table 3-1 displays the estimated total emissions of air pollutants from point sources (large
facilities) in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN. These data were compiled from the AIRS/AFS
data base and represent emissions as of 1995, although the most recent inventories may not have been
conducted during this year (AJRS/AFS, 1997) More than 2,000 facilities reported emissions to air,
and more than 1,179,000 tons of air pollutants were emitted from these point sources. As shown in
Figure 3-2, more than 50 percent of the emissions were carbon monoxide (CO) Other criteria air
pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO^, volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
and paniculate matter, composed most (99 percent) of the remainder of the total mass. Other
hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) with emissions reported in AIRS/AFS included chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs), lead, methylene chloride, and several others. For the criteria pollutants, analyses of their
emissions, major sources, and the geographic locations of point source emitters are presented below
Following these subsections are data on area sources, mobile sources, and other analyses of air
pollution loadings in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN.
3.1.1 Major Point Sources Emitting to Air
This subsection reports air emissions data from AIRS/AFS on the largest sources and the
pollutants emitted in the largest quantities. A total of 87,466 tons of VOCs, primary in the formation
of ozone, were emitted (AIRS/AFS, 1997). Almost 70 percent of the VOC emissions (60,252 tons)
were emitted from facilities in Cook County, IL, while Lake County, IN, point sources contributed
about 27,214 tons (Figure 3-3). Conversely, point sources in Lake County, IN, emitted more than
75 percent of the CO emissions for point sources in the entire study area Lake County, IN, also
emitted about 63 percent (74,064 tons) of the total NO, emissions from point sources About 93,396
tons of paniculate matter were emitted from point sources during 1995 Cook County, IL,
contributed more than 89 percent (82,884 tons) of the total for the two counties. Point sources in
Lake County, IN, emitted more than 75 percent of the paniculate matter less than 10 microns (PM10)
emissions (67,629 tons), while Cook County's point sources emitted 16,984 tons (Figure 3-4) Lake
3-7
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Table 3-1. Air Pollutants Emitted in 1995 by Point Sources
in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN
Chemical
Carbon Monoxide
Sulfur Dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide
Paniculate Matter (total)
Volatile Organic Compounds
Paniculate Matter < 1 Opm
Chlorofluorocarbons
Lead
Methylene Chloride
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Formaldehyde*
Hydrochloric Acid
Cadmium
Nickel Compounds
Chloride
Manganese Compounds
Chromium Compounds
Mercury
Emissions in Pounds
1,259,187,565
322,096,981
236,841,450
186,792,430
174,932,862
169,226,223
6,176,693
2,335,812
860,706
191,662
16,521
6,231
895
196
84
58
3
35
2,358,666.405
Emissions in Tons
629,594
161,048
118,421
93,396
87,466
84,613
3,088
1,168
430
96
8
3
<1
<1
<1
-------
-*—•
99-056
0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000
Quantity Emitted (Tons) in 1995
Figure 3-2. Emissions of Air Pollutants from Point Sources in 1995 in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN
Source: AIRS/AFS. 1997.
-------
Lake County, IN (27,214 Tons)
Cook County, IL (60,252 Tons)
Figure 3-3. Emissions of VOCs from Point Sources in 1995 by County
Source: AIRS/APS, 1997.
3-10
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Lake County, IN (67,629 Tons)
Cook County, IL (16,984 Tons
Figure 3-4. Emissions of PM10 from Point Sources in 1995 by County
Source: AIRS/APS, 1997.
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings
Final— April 2001
Point Source Emissions
Annual Loadings of Air Pollutants
from AIRS/AFS
Largest Sources of VOCs,
Paniculate Matter, PM10, CO, NO,,
SO,, and Lead
Geographic Areas (Cities and ZIP
Codes) with Largest Emissions
from Point Sources
County, IN, point sources also emitted a larger
quantity of S02 (106,047 tons) compared to
Cook County's 55,002 tons.
VOC emissions were reported by 1,617
point sources in the study area, totaling 87,466
tons (AIRS/AFS, 1997) The 79 largest point
source emitters of VOCs, contributing 80
percent of the total for the two counties, are
presented in Table 3-2. Figure 3-5 shows
locations of the 1,617 facilities reporting VOC
emissions, while Figure 3-6 identifies the
locations of the 50 largest point source emitters of VOCs in the study area. U.S Steel-Gary Works
is the largest emitter of VOCs, with 15,845 tons or 18 percent of the total Analyses of the locations
of the VOC emitters reveal that 20 percent (17,811 tons) of the total were from facilities located in
ZIP Code 46402 Similarly, point sources located in ZIP Code 60617 accounted for more than 14
percent (12,575 tons) of the total VOC emissions for the entire study area. ZIP Codes 60131 and
60501 each emitted about 6 percent of the total VOCs. The remainder of the ZIP Codes accounted
for less than 5 percent of the total VOC emissions in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN Point
sources in the City of Chicago accounted for more than 30 percent (26,882 tons) of the total, while
Gary contributed about 20 percent (17,849 tons). Table 3-3 presents the VOC emissions for the 11
cities that compose 80 percent of the total
Paniculate matter emissions were reported by 1,971 point sources in the study area, as
presented in AIRS/AFS (1997) These point sources emitted 93,396 tons of paniculate matter during
1995. The 25 largest point source emitters of paniculate matter, contributing 90 percent of the total
emissions for the two counties, are presented in Table 3-4. One facility, Bradshaw-Praeger & Co ,
a paint and allied products manufacturer in Chicago, accounted for 43,687 tons of paniculate
emissions, which were almost 47 percent of the total paniculate matter emissions from point sources
in the study area Figure 3-7 displays the locations of the 1,971 point source emitters of paniculate
matter and identities, the 50 largest emitters in the study area Analyses of the locations of the point
3-12
-------
Table 3-2. Major Point Source Emitters of VOCs in 1995 in Cook County, IL, and
Lake County, IN
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Emissions
in tons/year
15,845
8,386
4,181
4,053
3,395
3,150
3,002
1,963
1,662
1,296
1,140
853
835
831
816
784
776
760
721
593
548
543
543
483
482
462
434
411
Cumulative
Percent of
Total Emissions
18.10%
27.70%
32.50%
37.10%
41.00%
44.60%
48.00%
50.30%
52.20%
53.70%
55.00%
55.90%
56.90%
57.80%
58.80%
59.70%
60.60%
61.40%
62.30%
62.90%
63.60%
64.20%
64.80%
65.30%
65.90%
66.40%
66.90%
67.40%
Facility Name
U.S. STEEL CO GARY WORKS
ACME STEEL COMPANY-CHICAGO COKE
PLANT
SALKOVER METAL PROC.
LTV STEEL COMPANY, INC. (REPUBLIC)
3M INDUSTRIAL TAPE
AMOCO OIL COMPANY, WHITING
REFINERY
INLAND STEEL COMPANY
U S STEEL CO GARY WORKS PART 2
FLE1SCHMANN VINEGAR COMPANY
R R DONNELLEY & SONS CO.
CLARK OIL & REFINING CORPORATION
GENERAL MOTORS - ELECTRO-MOTIVE
DIVPL
PACKAGING CORPORATION OF AMERICA
VAN LEER CONTAINERS INC.
SEALED AIR CORP-PACKAGING DIV.
VISKASE CORPORATION
LTV STEEL COMPANY
CPC INTERNATIONAL INC.
GATX TERMINALS CORP.
RIETH-RILEY ASPH PLT #671 / ATLAS
INDUSTRIAL COATINGS GROUP INC.
AMERICAN NATIONAL CAN
CO-ENGLEWOOD PLT.
ACME BARREL CO.
BALL METAL DECORATING
KEIL CHEM -FERRO CO.
GENERAL FOAM CORP(DIV OF PMC, INC.)
MARATHON OIL CO-MANNHEIM
TERMINAL
ALLIED TUBE & CONDUIT CORP.
3-13
-------
Table 3-2. Major Point Source Emitters of VOCs in 1995 in Cook County, IL,
and Lake County, IN (Continued)
Rank
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
Emissions
in tons/year
401
389
386
321
314
305
296
294
292
280
276
275
269
269
266
266
259
251
247
246
234
232
211
211
196
195
183
182
182
181
Cumulative
Percent of
Total Emissions
67.90%
68.30%
68.70%
69.10%
69.50%
69.80%
70.20%
70.50%
70.80%
71.10%
71.50%
71.80%
72.10%
72.40%
72.70%
73.00%
73.30%
73.60%
73.90%
74.10%
74.40%
74.70%
74.90%
75.20%
75.40%
75.60%
75.80%
76.00%
76.20%
76.40%
Facility Name
FORD MOTOR COMPANY
LASALLE CLEANERS & DYERS INC.
MOBIL OIL CORP./STATION 05-EW9
SUN CHEMICAL (GENERAL PRINTING INK
POWELL DUFFRYN TERMINALS
JLM CHEMICALS, INC.
PHILLIPS PIPELINE
ASHLAND CHEMICAL CO.
FORD MOTOR CO. CHICAGO STAMPING
PLANT
BAGCRAFT CORP. OF AMERICA
LAWSON MARDON FLEXIBLE, INC.
CHICAGO HEIGHTS STEEL
ACME STEEL COMPANY
JERNBERG FORCINGS CO.
PRE FINISH METALS-PLT#2 LINES 2&4
SHELL OIL COMPANY
NORTHWEST WASTE TO ENERGY
SHELL OIL COMPANY, ARGO PLANT
KOPPERS INDUSTRIES, INC.
ARMSTRONG CONTAINERS, INC.
TRILLA STEEL DRUM CORPORATION
CENTRAL CAN COMPANY - KILBOURN
PLANT
KERR GROUP, INC.
CROWN CORK AND SEAL
OWENS-CORNING FIBERGLAS CORP.
DUO FAST CORPORATION
BORG- WARNER CORP. - SPRING DIVISION
WALDORF CORPORATION
MOTOROLA INC.
BENJAMIN MOORE & CO.
3-14
-------
Table 3-2. Major Point Source Emitters of VOCs in 1995 in Cook County, IL,
and Lake County, IN (Continued)
Rank
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
Emissions
in tons/year
178
169
166
164
162
162
159
158
157
150
146
145
141
140
140
135
130
130
127
125
124
Cumulative
Percent of
Total Emissions
76.60%
76.80%
77.00%
77.20%
77.40%
77.60%
77.80%
77.90%
78.10%
78.30%
78.50%
78.60%
78.80%
78.90%
79.10%
79.30%
79.40%
79.60%
79.70%
79.80%
80.00%
Facility Name
SLEEPECK PRINTING CO.
MORTON INTERNATIONAL
HARGRO HEALTH CARE PACKAGING
EDSAL MFG. CO., INC.
AMERICAN NATIONAL CAN COMPANY
THRALL CAR MFG CO PLANT #2
LAKE-RIVER TERMINALS INC.
CCL CUSTOM MFG., INC.
MEAD PACKAGING-CHICAGO FACILITY
MICROCOSM, INC.
WRICO PACKAGING
ACME PACKAGING CORPORATION
CONTINENTAL GROUP INC - WHITE CAP
DIV.
HEEKIN CAN CORP.
AG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS CORP.
MEYER STEEL DRUM INC.
COM ED - CRAWFORD STATION
RELEASE INTERNATIONAL, INC.
WHEATLAND TUBE COMPANY.CHICAGO
DIV.
UNION TANK CAR COMPANY - PLANT #1
AMERICAN DECAL AND MFG. CO.
Source: AIRS/AFS, 1997.
3-15
-------
File Edit View Locals Globals Options Window Help
^T GRAPH1 WORK.GSEG.GMAP13
_ nix
Locations ranked by Emissions in Tons per Year (Max= 15,845) -
(CHICAPS)
IF CHEMICAL='UOC ';
Press to continue
Figure 3-5. Locations of Point Source Emitters of VOCs in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN
Source: AIRS/AFS, 1997.
3-16
-------
File Edit View Locals Globals Options Window Help
~3 *
GRAPHl WORK.GSEG.G3D3
Top 50 locations by Emissions in Tons per Year (Max= 15,845)
I
(CHICAPS)
IF CHEMICAL='VOC ';
Press to continue
J
C3C:\SAS
Figure 3-6. Locations of Top 50 Point Source Emitters of VOCs in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN
Source: AIRS/AFS, 1997.
3-17
-------
Table 3-3. Cities with Largest Point Source Emissions of VOCs in 1995
City
CHICAGO
GARY
BEDFORD PARK
FRANKLIN PARK
EAST CHICAGO
WHITING
HAMMOND
ALSIP
BLUE ISLAND
WHEELING
CHICAGO HEIGHTS
Source: AIRS/AFS, 1997.
Emissions in Pounds/year
53,764,101
35,697,565
13,845,140
10,955,638
8,740,312
6,300,164
3,423,644
2,734,408
2,656,756
2,198,424
2,111,371
Emissions in Tons/year
26,882
17,849
6,923
5,478
4,370
3,150
1,712
1,367
1,328
1,099
1,056
3-18
-------
Table 3-4. Major Point Source Emitters of Particulate Matter in 1995
in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN
Rank Emissions in
Pounds per Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
87,373,739
9,732,708
8,846,158
8,362,463
7,300,240
7,252,370
7,018,517
5,295,323
4,703,260
4,094,776
2,780,197
1,894,188
1,720,737
1,392,819
1,267,372
1,262,542
1,232,470
1,223,658
1,174,483
882,394
742,681
707,176
682,811
585,304
581.036
Cumulative
Percentaee
46 80%
52.00%
56.70%
61.20%
65.10%
69 00%
72 70%
75 60%
78 10%
80.30%
81.80%
82.80%
83.70%
84 50%
85.10%
85.80%
86.50%
87.10%
87 80%
88.20%
88.60%
89 00%
89 40%
89.70%
90 00%
Facility Name
BRADSHAW-PRAEGER & CO.
ACME STEEL COMPANY
CONTINENTAL GRAIN CO-ELEVATOR CO.
U S STEEL CO GARY WORKS PART 2
MATERIAL SERVICE CORP. - YARD 41
CARGILL INC - COMMODITY MARKETING DIV.
CARGILL, INC.- OILSEEDS DIVISION
LTV STEEL COMPANY, INC. (REPUBLIC)
INLAND STEEL COMPANY
REYNOLDS METALS CO
ACME STEEL COMPANY-CHICAGO COKE PLANT
LTV STEEL COMPANY
NIPSCO-DEAN H. MITCHELL STATION - GARY
CPC INTERNATIONAL INC.
U.S. STEEL CO. GARY WORKS
AMOCO OIL COMPANY, WHITING REFINERY
COM ED - CRAWFORD STATION
HORSEHEAD RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT CO., INC.
COM ED - FISK STATION
OWENS-CORNING FIBERGLAS CORP.
RHONE-POULENC BASIC CHEMICALS CO.
CLARK OIL & REFINING CORPORATION
NORTHWEST WASTE TO ENERGY
MARBLEHEAD LIME CO.
VULCAN MATERIALS - MCCOOK OUARRY #378
Source AIRS/AFS. 1997
3-19
-------
^^^^^^^^•^^•^^•^••••i^HH^HM^MMiM^^^Hi^^^^B^Ha^^HH^MBHM^^^^^^H
File Edit View Locals Globals Options Window Help
•IjGRAPHl VVORK.GSEG.GMAP1,
Locations ranked by Emissions in Tons per Year (Max = 43,687)
(CHICAPS)
IF CHEMICAL='PT ' ;
Press to continue
Figure 3-7. Locations of Point Source Emitters of Paniculate Matter in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN
Source: AIRS/AFS, 1997.
3-20
-------
CCR1 Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings Final — April 2001
source emitters of paniculate matter indicate that Chicago accounts for about 70 percent (66,020
tons) of the total emissions Other cities with major contributions of paniculate matter from point
sources included Gary (6,181 tons or about 7 percent), Riverdale (4,3 75 tons or 5 percent), Thornton
(3,840 or 4 percent), East Chicago (3,359 tons or 3.5 percent), McCook (2,759 tons or 3 percent),
and Bedford Park (1,047 tons or 1 percent).
PM,0 (paniculate matter less than or equal to 10 micrometers in size) emissions were reported
by 321 facilities in the study area, emitting to total of 84,613 tons of PMJO (AIRS/AFS, 1997).
However, one facility (U.S. Steel - Gary Works, Part 1) accounted for 59,496 tons, more than 70
percent of the total PM,0 emissions for all point sources in the study area Collectively, only 10 point
sources provided more than 90 percent of the total PM,0 emissions Table 3-5 presents the largest
point source emitters of PM10 in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN Figure 3-8 displays the
locations of the largest 50 point source emitters of PM,0. The geographic location of these facilities
emitting PM10 included more than 61,805 tons (73 percent) from point sources in Gary, IN. Table
3-6 presents the 12 cities with PM10 emissions greater than 100 tons per year These cities
contributed more than 95 percent of the total PM10 emissions from point sources in the study area.
Emissions of CO from 1,583 point sources in Cook County, EL, and Lake County, IN, totaled
629,594 tons Only three facilities (Amoco, U. S Steel-Part 2, and Acme Steel) comprised more than
80 percent of the total CO emissions in the study area. Table 3-7 presents the largest 31 facilities;
all emitted more than 100 tons per year of CO. Cities with the largest CO emissions include Whiting
(228,503 tons or 36 percent), Gary (198,069 tons or 31 percent), Riverdale (100,514 tons or 6
percent), East Chicago (72,022 tons or 11 percent), Stickney (15,689 tons or 2 percent), Chicago
(7,291 tons or 1 percent), and Hammond (3,529 tons or 0 5 percent). The remainder of the cities
each contributed less than 1,000 tons per year of CO emissions from point sources
N02 emissions during 1995 totaled 118,421 tons in the study area Facilities in Hammond
(26,443 tons), Chicago (21,960 tons), Gary (21,420 tons), East Chicago (16,836 tons), Whiting
(8,598 tons), Riverdale (5,365 tons), and Bedford Park (5,056 tons) provided about 90 percent of
the total emissions Similarly, more than 95 percent of the 161,048 tons per year of SO, emissions
were from point sources located in just 10 cities (Table 3-8)
3-21
-------
Table 3-5. Major Point Source Emitters of PM,0 in 1995 in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Emissions
(Pounds per
Year)
118,992,314
6,303,247
5,107,036
3,778,410
3,662,071
3,652,391
3,305,695
3,169,143
2,396,613
2,197,616
1,731,005
1,300,340
1,167,934
1,047,002
1,046,814
883,310
740,000
683,089
Cumulative
Percentage
70.30%
74.00%
77.10%
79.30%
81.50%
83.60%
85.60%
87.40%
88.90%
90.20%
91.20%
91.90%
92.60%
93.30%
93.90%
94.40%
94.80%
95.20%
Facility Name
U.S. STEEL CO GARY WORKS
AMOCO OIL COMPANY, WHITING
REFINERY
ACME STEEL COMPANY
CARGILL INC - COMMODITY MARKETING
DIV
CARGILL, INC.- OILSEEDS DIVISION
U S STEEL CO GARY WORKS PART 2
LTV STEEL COMPANY, INC. (REPUBLIC)
INLAND STEEL COMPANY
CONTINENTAL GRAIN CO-ELEVATOR C
REYNOLDS METALS CO.
LTV STEEL COMPANY
REPUBLIC ENGINEERED STEELS, INC.
HORSEHEAD RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
CO., INC.
MATERIAL SERVICE CORP. - YARD 41
ACME STEEL COMPANY-CHICAGO COKE
PLANT
RHONE-POULENC BASIC CHEMICALS CO.
NALCO CHEMICAL CO.- CLEARING PLANT
CPC INTERNATIONAL INC.
Source AIRS/AFS, 1997
3-22
-------
Elite Edit \£tew Locals Globals Options Window Help
GRAPH1 VVORK.GSEG.G3D5
Top 5O locations by Emissions in Tons per Year (Max= 59,496)-^
(CHICAPS)
__j
IF CHEMICAL='PM10 ';
Press to continue
Figure 3-8. Locations of the Top 50 Point Source Emitters of PM10 in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN
Source: A1RS/AFS, 1997.
3-23
-------
Table 3-6. Cities with Largest Point Source PMIO Emissions in 1995
Citv
GARY
CHICAGO
WHITING
EAST CHICAGO
RIVERDALE
MC COOK
BEDFORD PARK
THORNTON
CHICAGO HEIGHTS
SUMMIT
HAMMOND
DOLTON
Emissions in
Pounds/Year
123,609,550
21,025,560
6,303,247
4,974,161
4,757,580
2,635,777
1,839,639
1,217,855
1,071,815
573,485
354,263
199.124
Emissions in Tons/Year
61,805
10,513
3,152
2,487
2,379
1,318
920
609
536
287
177
100
Source: AIRS/AFS, 1997.
3-24
-------
Table 3-7. Major Facilities Emitting CO in 1995 in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN
Name
AMOCO OIL COMPANY, WHITING
U.S. STEEL CO GARY WORKS PART 2
ACME STEEL COMPANY
INLAND STEEL COMPANY
LTV STEEL COMPANY
U S STEEL CO GARY WORKS
KOPPERS INDUSTRIES, INC.
R1ETH-RILEY ASPH PLT #671 / AT
ACME STEEL COMPANY-CHICAGO
AMERICAN MAIZE PRODUCTS COMPANY
LTV STEEL COMPANY, INC.
CALUMET STEEL COMPANY
MARBLEHEAD LIME CO.
A FINKL & SONS CO.
COM ED - CRAWFORD STATION
COM ED - FISK STATION
SWEETHEART CUP CORP.
NIPSCO-DEAN H MITCHELL STATION
VULCAN MATLS-LIME PLANT #540
CPC INTERNATIONAL INC.
COMMONWEALTH EDISON
LAKE LANDFILL
AMERICAN STEEL FOUNDRIES
CLARK OIL & REFINING CORPORATION
JUPITER ALUMINUM CORPORATION
J-PITT STEEL MELT SHOP, INC.
NORTHWEST WASTE TO ENERGY
U.S. STEEL - SOUTH WORKS
NATIONAL CASTINGS, INC.
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
REYNOLDS METALS CO.
Emissions in
Pounds
457,003,299
350,863,882
202,528,597
82,436,316
61,215,861
44,594,514
31,322,153
4,473,800
2,414,281
1,625,648
1,454,247
1,333,756
1,211,246
1,102,532
856,464
733,579
630,168
599,031
562,162
481,420
480,116
436,800
369,256
361,591
312,279
311,040
286,452
268,470
266,025
250,946
229.962
Emissions in Tons
228,502
175,432
101,264
41,218
30,608
22,297
15,661
2,237
1,207
813
727
667
606
551
428
367
315
300
281
241
240
218
185
181
156
156
143
134
133
125
115
Source AIRS/AFS. 1997
3-25
-------
Table 3-8. Cities with Largest Point Source Emissions of SO2 in 1995
CITY
GARY
CHICAGO
WHITING
EAST CHICAGO
BLUE ISLAND
HAMMOND
THORNTON
BEDFORD PARK
MC COOK
RIVERDALE
Emissions in Pounds/Year
91,223,774
54,516,773
53,280,290
39,241,244
29,592,748
28,348,162
11,710,112
6,946,539
2,468,558
2,437,715
Emissions in Tons/Year
45,612
27,258
26,640
19,621
14,796
14,174
5,855
3,473
1,234
1,219
Source: AIRS/AFS, 1997.
3-26
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings
Final — April 2001
Lead emissions from 54 point sources totaled 1,168 tons for the entire study area (AIRS/AFS,
1997). Lake County, IN, contributed 789 tons (68 percent); Cook County emitted 379 tons (32
percent) from facilities (Figure 3-9). The single largest emitter of lead was U S. Steel Gary Works
(Part 1), which released 786 tons (67 percent). Another significant lead emitter was Horsehead
Resource Development (303 tons or 26 percent). Overall, primary metals industries contributed
1,144 tons, or 98 percent, of the total lead emissions for point sources in the study area
In general, the air emissions data collected from point sources (and presented in AIRS/AFS)
focus on criteria air pollutants. Some emissions data are available from 1995 for a limited number
of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) such as solvents, metals, and other compounds. The magnitude
of the emissions of HAPs is typically smaller than those of the criteria pollutants; however, there is
interest in characterizing the mass of these emissions and major emitting facilities. Table 3-9
summarizes these emissions from AIRS/AFS (1997) and the largest facilities.
As shown in Table 3-10, however, EPA in the 1995 Illinois Annual Air Quality Report
(IEPA, 1996a), reported somewhat different point source emissions for Cook County, EL. These
emissions data are from the Emissions Inventory System (EIS), an on-line system maintained by the
IEPA. Sweet and Vermette (1991) inventoried sources in a 64 square kilometer area in Southeast
Chicago. Table 3-11 presents the point source emissions estimated for facilities included in this study.
3.1.2 Area Sources of Air Pollution
Area sources are smaller sources of air
pollution that individually emit below certain
threshold quantities for criteria pollutants (CO,
NO2, SO2, etc) Emissions data for area
sources are determined as emissions from a
collection of sources with similar emissions
within a geographic area, such as gas stations
and dry cleaners Emissions data for many/most
area sources are not usually
Area Source Emissions
"Smaller" Air Pollution Sources
IEPA Inventory of Smaller Point
Sources and Area Sources
Comparison of Area Sources,
Mobile Sources, and Point Sources
in Chicago Area
3-27
-------
£ile Qlobals Options Window tlelp
E
(CHIC AFS| IF CHEMICAL='PB ';
View I
Emissions in Tons
Print
CQUNliYNM
NotesI Bookmark
Goback
Figure 3-9. Lead Air Emission from Point Sources in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN
Source: AIRS/AFS, 1997.
-------
Table 3-9. Emissions of Hazardous Air Pollutants from Point Sources
as Reported in AIRS/AFS for 1995
Pollutant/Total Emissions
(Pounds/Year)
Chlorofluorocarbons
(6,176,693 Ibs. from 99 facilities)
Methylene Chloride
(860,706 Ibs. from 10 facilities)
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
(191,662 Ibs. from 22 facilities)
Formaldehyde
(16,521 Ibs.)
Hydrochloric Acid
(6,231 Ibs. from 2 facilities)
Cadmium
(895 Ibs. from 4 facilities)
Nickel Compounds
(196 Ibs. from 1 facility)
Chloride
(84 Ibs. from 1 facility)
Manganese Compounds
(58 Ibs. from 1 facility)
Mercury
(35 Ibs. from 3 facilities)
Chromium Compounds
(3 Ibs. from 1 facility)
5 Largest Facilities
Oakley Tube Corp.
Motorola Inc.
Reynolds Metals Co.
Free-Flow Packaging Co.
Matsushita Electric
General Foam Corp. (Div. Of PMC Inc.)
Amerail (Morrison-Knudsen Transit)
Kalmus and Associates
Vapor Mark IV
Beeco Manufacturing Co.
Chicago Faucet Co.
Stiffel Co.
Senior Flexonics, Inc.
The validity of this data point has not been
determined and may be suspect.
Inland Steel Co.
U.S. Reduction
NIPSCO-Dean H. Mitchell Station
Inland Steel Co.
Commonwealth Edison
U.S. Reduction
Francis and Nygren Foundry
U.S. Reduction
Francis and Nygren Foundry
NIPSCO-Dean H. Mitchell Station
Inland Steel
Commonwealth Edison
U.S. Reduction
Emissions
(Pounds/Year)
4,000,000
310,223
285,400
149,745
104,082
709,909
88,528
23,296
40,000
38,372
23,210
22,932
13,229
16,521
6,106
125
757
108
28
1
196
84
58
30
4
I
3
Source. AIRS/AFS, 1997
3-29
-------
Table 3-10. Estimated Cook County, IL, Stationary Point Source Emissions (tons/year)
Cook County
Emissions
(tons/year)
Participate
Matter
29,154.9
Sulfur
Dioxide
49,921.4
Nitrogen
Oxides
38,447.0
Volatile
Organic
Material
43,062.1
Carbon
Monoxide
68,415.8
Source: IEPA, 1996a.
3-30
-------
Table 3-11. Southeast Chicago Point Source Inventory (tons/year)
Point Source
Interlake-Riverdale
U.S. Steel- Southworks
Chicago Blast Furnace
LTV Steel
Chicago Coke Plant
Heckett - Plant 27
Heckett Eng.
Heckett Eng. Harsco
Cinders
Inland Metals
Marblehead Lime
Domtar Ind.
Great Lakes Carbon
PVS Chemicals
SCA Chemical
Ford Motor Co.
Mississippi Line
SIC Code
33 12 -Steel
manufacturing
33 12 -Steel
manufacturing
33 12 -Steel
manufacturing
33 12 -Steel
manufacturing
33 12 -Steel
manufacturing
3295 - Slag processing
3295 - Slag processing
3295 - Slag processing
3295 - Slag processing
3341 - Refining
nonferrous
3274 Lime
manufacturing
2899 - Refining
NaCl
2999 - Petro & coal
prod.
2819 -Inorganic
chemicals
4953 - Refuse disposal
3711 -Auto
manufacturing
4463 - Marine cargo
hand.
Particulate
Matter
373.6
110.0
324.2
515.0
151.6
36.5
76.8
110.9
142.5
1.2
129.7
12.9
6.9
129.7
16.3
9.0
12.4
SO2
639.8
0.1
818.9
680.3
437.4
0
0
0
0
0
532.8
0
376.8
532.8
0
1.9
0
Significant
Other
Pollutants
695.1 (NOx)
37.5 (NOx)
2, 170.0 (NOx)
420.0 (NOx)
1,7 13.0 (CO)
401.6(HC)
-
-
-
-
26.5 (NOx)
17.3 (NOx)
869.0 (HC)
-
3-31
-------
Table 3-11. Southeast Chicago Point Source Inventory (tons/year) (Continued)
Point Source
Rail-to-water
Int. Minerals
Stolt Terminals
Sherwin-Williams
Stauffer Chemical
Continental -Elv B
Cargill, Inc.
General Mills, Inc.
Jay's Foods
CID Landfill
Com-ED Peaking Units
Riverdale Plating
SIC Code
4463 - Marine cargo
hand.
4463 - Marine cargo
hand.
4226 - Warehouse &
storage
2851 Paint
manufacturing
2874 - Fertilizer mfg.
5 1 53 - Marketing grain
5153 - Marketing grain
2041 - Milling grain
2099 - Food
preparation
Landfill site
4912 - Electric power
3471 -Plating
Particulate
Matter
11.7
16.9
7
2.4
20.6
121.3
54.0
154.0
11.6
4.4
6.5
19.4
SO2
0
0
0.9
0
0
1.6
0
0
0
0
69.5
0
Significant
Other
Pollutants
-
-
9.8 (NOx)
89.4 (HC)
-
-
121.1 (NOx)
Source Sweet and Vermette, 1991
3-32
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings Final— April 2001
presented in AJRS/AFS, rather, they are tracked by State regulatory agencies and have been studied
by several investigators
3.1.2.1 Cook County, IL
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA) has inventoried smaller point source and
area source emitters in Cook County, IL, (Higgins, 1997). This data base contains information on
air emissions from many sources that are smaller and are not contained in AIRS/AFS, although there
is some degree of overlap with the facilities inventoried in AIRS/AFS Tables 3-12 to 3-14
summarize the air emissions inventoried by DEPA from small facilities in Cook County, IL, in 1995.
In all, 1,067 facilities were in the data base, emitting 12,589,069 pounds of pollutants in 1995
(Higgins, 1997) Table 3-12 shows emission rates by small emitters from various cities in Cook
County Chicago contains over one-third of all small-emitting facilities in Cook County. Out of all
cities in the county, Chicago produces the greatest amount of small emitter emissions—about
one-third by weight. Small emission sources are spread relatively evenly throughout the ZIP Code
areas of Cook County, with somewhat larger emissions in the central/west portion, and somewhat
smaller emissions in the northwest. Table 3-13 shows the types of pollutants being emitted from
these sources The pollutants emitted in the largest amounts by small emitters in 1995 were:
• Volatile Organic Matter (4,385,578 pounds),
NOX (3,783,117 pounds),
• Paniculate Matter (2,181,919 pounds), and
CO (1,024,341 pounds).
These pollutants comprised 90 percent of the emissions from small emitters in Cook County in 1995
(Higgins, 1997) Other pollutants emitted included 1,1,1-trichloroethane (87,840 pounds), which was
emitted more than twice as much as the next most emitted compound, and trichloroethylene (38,218
pounds). Table 3-14 shows emissions from different industries, based on SIC Codes. The industries
with largest emissions are the chemical industry, with 1,212,209 pounds of pollutants in 1995 (17,000
pounds per facility, on average), and the food industry, with 909,451 pounds emitted (17,000 pounds
per facility) Other industries with emissions include metal fabrication, machinery, and electrical
3-33
-------
Table 3-12. Emissions from Small Facilities in Cook County, IL, in 1995,
Sorted by City
lank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
City
Chicago
Bedford Park
Franklin Park
Des Flames
Skokie
Cicero
Bellwood
Melrose Park
Elk Grove Village
Wheeling
Miles
Schiller Park
Lansing
Alsip
Waukegan
South Holland
Northbrook
Wilmette
McCook
Broadview
Bridgeview
Arlington Heights
Riverdale
Chicago Heights
Glenview
North Chicago
Morton Grove
Lake Zurich
Summit
Forest View
Evanston
South Chicago Heiahts
Number of
Facilities
362
21
36
34
16
25
12
17
31
17
12
19
9
21
13
19
11
10
4
11
9
11
9
12
6
6
7
7
5
5
10
1
Pounds Emitted
4,686,384
642,257
460,663
451,571
264,212
240,443
238,633
238,195
226,025
217,978
186,350
172,746
1 62,097
140,280
119,697
117,830
116,687
115,183
111,735
98,785
97,687
96,485
94,658
92,953
92,216
91,570
90,517
89,087
87,395
85,336
83,865
83.128
Percent
37.23%
5.10%
3.66%
3.59%
2.10%
1.91%
1.90%
1.89%
1 .80%
1.73%
1.48%
1.37%
1.29%
1.11%
0.95%
0.94%
0.93%
0.91%
0.89%
0.78%
0.78%
0.77%
0.75%
0.74%
0.73%
0.73%
0.72%
0.71%
0.69%
0.68%
0.67%
0.66%
Cumulative Percent
37.23%
42.33%
45.99%
49.57%
51.67%
53.58%
55.48%
57.37%
59.17%
60.90%
62.38%
63.75%
65.04%
66.15%
67.10%
68.04%
68.96%
69.88%
70.77%
71.55%
72.33%
73.09%
73.85%
74.58%
75.32%
76.04%
76.76%
77.47%
78.17%
78.84%
79.51%
80 17%
Source Higgms, 1997
3-34
-------
Table 3-13. Emissions from Small Facilities in Cook County, IL, in 1995,
Sorted by Pollutant
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
g
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Pollutant
Volatile Organic Matter
NO,
Particulates
CO
SO,
PM10
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Nonvolatile Organic Matter
Trichloroethylene
Methylene Chloride
Perchloroethylene
Ethylene
Methanol
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Xylene
Styrene
Formaldehyde
Glycol Ethers
Ethylbenzene
Hydrochloric Acid
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
Diethanol
Lead
Chromium (Hexavalent)
Phenol
Propionaldehyde
Chloromethane
Benzene
Ethylene Oxide
Hydroqumolme
Acrylamide
Naphthalene
2,4-D
Isophorone
4,4'-Methyledianilme
Cumene
Vinyl Chloride
3R iFthwl Arrvlntp
Number of
Facilities
598
566
666
506
182
148
9
27
7
9
4
7
12
9
12
2
6
8
5
2
4
2
14
4
3
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
Pounds
Emitted
4,385,578
3,783,117
2,181,919
1,024,341
488,079
402,192
87,840
69,885
38,218
35,767
18,245
18,077
12,834
12,078
10,405
6,016
2,596
2,465
1,546
1,440
1,046
1,000
951
937
828
661
363
341
194
38
34
20
10
5
2
1
<1
%
Cumulative Percent
34.84%
64.89%
82.22%
90.36%
94.23%
97.43%
98.13%
98.68%
98.98%
99.27%
99.41%
99.56%
99.66%
99.75%
99.84%
99.88%
99.91%
99.93%
99.94%
99.95%
99.96%
99.97%
99.97%
99.98%
99.99%
99.99%
99.99%
100.00%
100.00%
100.00%
100.00%
100.00%
100.00%
100.00%
100.00%
100.00%
1 00.00%
1 nn nnox,
Source Higgms. 1997
3-35
-------
Table 3-14. Emissions from Small Facilities in Cook County, IL, in 1995,
Sorted by SIC
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
SIC
Code
28
20
27
34
35
36
33
38
30
72
26
65
82
49
51
32
SIC Description
Chemical
Food
Unknown
Printing
Fabr. Metal
Machinery
Electrical
Primary Metal
Measure/Photo
Plastics
Personal SVCs
Paper
Real Estate
Educational
Utilities
Nondur. Wholesale
Stone/Clav
Number of
Facilities
71
54
110
34
116
69
49
52
26
33
35
17
17
41
65
31
26
Pounds
Emitted
1,212,209
909,451
883,682
826,497
815,006
723,753
710,111
682,366
597,946
493,494
435,428
355,174
349,427
332,635
301,693
289,021
288 862
Percent
9.63%
7.22%
7.02%
6.57%
6.47%
5.75%
5.64%
5.42%
4.75%
3.92%
3.46%
2.82%
2.78%
2.64%
2.40%
2.30%
2.29%
Cumulative Percent
9.63%
16.85%
23.87%
30.44%
36.91%
42.66%
48.30%
53.72%
58.47%
62.39%
65.85%
68.67%
71.45%
74.09%
76.49%
78.78%
81.08%
Source. Higgins, 1997.
3-36
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings Final— April 2001
An IEPA (1993a) study 1990 Ozone Precursors Emissions Inventory for the Chicago Area,
Illinois Ozone State Implementation Plan found that in 1990, area sources accounted for 23.1
percent of the total Cook County, IL, volatile organic matter (VOM) emissions (point, area, and
mobile sources combined), 3.2 percent of the total Cook County NOX emissions, and 0.5 percent of
the total Cook County CO emissions Specifically, IEPA (1993a) reported Cook County, IL, 1990
total emissions from area sources as 173.72 tons/ozone season weekday for VOM, 17.38 tons/ozone
season weekday for NOX, and 15.0 tons/ozone season weekday for CO In the study, area sources
included: volatile organic liquid transfer (ship and barge); gasoline distribution (tank truck unloading,
vehicle fueling, underground storage tank [UST] breathing, etc); stationary source solvent usage
(architectural surface coating, dry cleaning, solvent degreasing, etc.); biogenics; municipal waste
incineration, industrial, commercial, and residential fuel combustion (natural gas, distillate, and
residual oil); and open burning (structural and forest fires).
Figures 3-10,3-11, and 3-12 summarize the relative contributions of Cook County, EL, area
source types to total VOM, NOX, and CO area source emissions, respectively. Detailed analysis of
the IEPA (1993a) study reveals that the largest area sources of VOM emissions were
commercial/consumer solvent use (25.4 percent of VOM area source emissions), architectural surface
coating (about 21 percent of VOM area source emissions), and vehicle refueling and solvent
degreasing (each about 13 percent of VOM area source emissions). For NOX, the largest area sources
were residential fuel combustion (59 4 percent of NOX area source emissions) and commercial fuel
combustion (24.2 percent of NO,, area source emissions). For CO, the largest area sources were
structural fires (44.3 percent of CO area source emissions), commercial municipal incinerators (32 9
percent of CO area source emissions), and residential fuel combustion (14.7 percent of CO area
source emissions) (IEPA, 1993 a)
3.1.2.2 Lake County, IN
Area-source analysis of the most recent, comprehensive inventory for Lake County, IN,
identified area source emissions of 9,084 tons/year for VOCs, 2,279 tons/year for NOV and 1,298
tons/year for CO (Koch, 1997a) Figures 3-13, 3-14, and 3-15 present the relative contribution to
Lake County, IN, area source emissions from various source categories for VOCs, NO^, and CO,
respectively. As shown in Figure 3-13, the stationary source solvents category was the largest VOC
3-37
-------
Total Area Source VOM Emissions in Cook
County, IL = 173.7 tons/ozone season day
Other area sources
14%
service station loading
5%
vehicle refueling
13%
Commercial/consumer solvents
25%
Architechtural surface coating
21%
Solvent degreasing
13%
Surface coating
9%
Figure 3-10. Relative Contribution to VOM Emissions by Cook County Area Sources
Sourci
1993
-------
Total Area Source NOx Emissions in Cook
County, IL = 17.4 tons/ozone season day
Fuel combustion - commercial
24%
Municipal incinerator - residential
Fuel combustion - industrial
10%
Fuel combustion - residential
60%
Figure 3-11. Relative Contribution to NOx Emissions by Cook County Area Sources (IEPA, 1993)
-------
Total Area Source CO Emissions in Cook
County, IL = 15 tons/ozone season day
Structural fires
44%
Municipal incinerator - commercial
33%
Fuel combustion
20%
Figure 3-12. Relative Contribution to CO Emissions by Cook County Area Sources (IEPA, 1993)
-------
Total Area Source VOC Emissions in Lake
County, IN = 9,084 tons/year
Stationary Fossil
Fuel Combustion Other Area
Waste 1% Sources
Management 1%
13%
u>
Gasoline Distribution
25%
Stationary Source Solvents
60%
Figure 3-13. Relative Contribution to VOC Emissions by Lake County, IN Area Sources (Koch, 1997a)
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings Final— April 2001
area source in Lake County, IN. Major emission sources in this source category included
architectural surface coating (1,094 tons/year), cold cleaning (856 tons/year), and automobile surface
coating (684 tons/year) However, the largest single Lake County, IN, VOC area source was in the
gasoline distribution category (vehicle fueling, 1,624 tons/year).
According to IDEM, and as shown on Figure 3-14, fossil fuel combustion was the most
significant area source of NOX emissions in Lake County, IN, accounting for nearly 96 percent of the
County's area source emissions (Koch, 1997a). In fact, the largest NOX area source was natural gas
combustion, which accounted for almost 72 percent (1,638 tons/year) of the Lake County, IN, area
source NOX emissions Sources of NOX in the waste management category included waste
incinerators and open burning of wastes, and contributed about 4 percent of the total NOx emissions
from area sources in Lake County, IN
Figure 3-15 summarizes the contribution to CO emissions from Lake County, IN, area sources
(Koch, 1997a). The largest sources were natural gas combustion (stationary fossil fuel combustion
category) at 350 tons/year (27 percent of Lake County, IN, CO area source emissions), structural
fires (other area source category) at 287 tons/year (22 percent of Lake County, IN, CO area source
emissions), residential open burning (waste management category) at 249 tons/year (19 percent of
Lake County, IN, CO area source emissions), and coal combustion (stationary fossil fuel combustion
category) at 181 tons/year (14 percent of Lake County, IN, CO area source emissions)
3.1.2.3 Southwest Lake Michigan Pilot Study
The States of Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin, working through the Great Lakes Commission
(GLC), recently conducted a pilot study, which was funded by EPA, to inventory small-point and area
sources of toxic air emissions in the Southwest Lake Michigan (SWLM) area, including Cook
County, IL, and Lake County, IN, (U.S EPA, 1995c) For Cook County, the study contains
estimated 1993 area source emissions data for a comprehensive list of source categories for 27
pollutants. The study also presents SIC Code specific emissions estimates for 25 pollutants from area
sources (i e., sources with emissions of criteria pollutants of less than 25 tons per year) For Lake
County, IN, the study presents estimated 1993 emissions data by SIC Code for 22 pollutants from
area sources (annual emissions of less than 25 tons per year of criteria pollutants) Table 3-15
3-42
-------
Total Area Source NOx Emissions in Lake
County, IN = 2,279 tons/year
Other Area
Sources Waste
<1% Management
4%
Stationary Fossil Fuel Combustion
96%
Figure 3-14. Relative Contribution to NOx Emissions by Lake County, IN Area Sources (Koch, 1997a)
-------
Total Area Source CO Emissions in Lake
County, IN = 1,298 tons/year
Other Area Sources
22%
Waste Management
30%
Stationary Fossil Fuel Combustion
48%
Figure 3-15. Relative Contribution to CO Emissions by Lake County, IN Area Sources (Koch, 1997a)
-------
Table 3-15. Total Emissions for Cook and Lake County Area Sources (Total Emissions of Criteria Pollutants Below 25 tons/year).
Pollutant
Total
Emissions (IW
Cook County
Emissions (Ib/yr)
Percent of Total
Emissions from
Cook County
Lake County
Emissions (Ib/
yr)
Percent of Total
Emissions from
Lake County
Perchloroethylene
Pclycyclic Organic Matter
Trichtoroethylene
Methylene Chloride
Lead
Cadmium
1,1,1 -Tnchloroethane
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Mercury
Naphthalene
Nickel
Copper
Chromium, total
Manganese
Cobalt
Arsenic
Chrysene
Fluoranthene
Phenol
Benzo(a)pyrene
Ethylbenzene
Chromium, Hexavalent
Benz(a)anthracene
1 ,2-Dtchloroethane
Total polychlonnated dibenzofurans
Carbon tetrachlonde
Total polychlonnated dibenzodioxins
2,3,7, 8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran
2,3,7, 8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
271117283
445308 39
299534 28
5181222
14220 79
1033342
8745 62
2845 02
124237
841 86
83470
68526
29879
19765
10717
6661
5719
4893
4604
3414
3223
2591
587
568
053
021
015
2 60E-003
381E-004
271117283
44521867
299534 28
5181222
1358789
1032669
8745 62
NC
1241 19
NC
74883
68392
28540
15937
10641
8491
032
282
056
NC
3223
2547
NC
568
044
021
013
1 04E-004
3 39E-004
10000%
9998%
10000%
10000%
9555%
9993%
100 00%
000%
9991%
000%
8971%
9980%
95 52%
80 63%
99 29%
98 04%
056%
576%
1 21%
000%
10000%
9830%
0 00%
10000%
83 14%
10000%
86 86%
398%
88 99%
NC
8972
NC
NC
63290
673
NC
2845 02
1 18
841 86
8587
1 34
1339
3828
076
170
5687
4611
4548
3414
NC
044
587
NC
009
NC
002
2 50E-003
4 20E-005
000%
002%
000%
000%
445%
007%
000%
10000%
009%
100.00%
1029%
020%
448%
1937%
071%
1 96%
9944%
9424%
9879%
10000%
000%
1 70%
10000%
000%
1686%
000%
13 14%
96 02%
11 01%
NC = Not Calculated
Source U S EPA, 1995c
J \env_ops\newtqoh\chislmp1 wk4
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings Final — April 2001
presents the estimated emissions for the pollutants included in the study for area sources in Cook
County, EL, and Lake County, IN.
As shown in Table 3-15, perchloroethylene had the highest area source emission rates in Cook
County, IL, (2,711,172.83 pounds/year). A closer look at SIC Code data indicates that 95 percent
of the perchloroethylene emissions in Cook County, IL, were from the laundry and dry cleaning
industry (SIC Codes 7211 and 7216), with small contributions from the metal stamping industry (1.7
percent from SIC Code 3469), electroplating (1 1 percent from SIC Code 3471), and electrical
transmission and distribution equipment (1 percent from SIC Code 3599) (U.S. EPA, 1995c).
Perchloroethylene emissions were not presented for Lake County, IN, so comparison between
counties is not possible (U.S. EPA, 1995c).
The SWLM Pilot Study estimated that significant sources of trichloroethylene in Cook
County, IL, included: electroplating, polishing, anodizing, and coloring (SIC Code 3471) at 40
percent of the County's emissions; industrial furnaces and ovens (SIC Code 3567) at 13 percent of
emissions; and, metal heat treating (SIC Code 3398) at 9 percent of emissions. Trichloroethylene
emissions were not presented for Lake County, IN, (U S. EPA, 1995c).
Cook County, IL, also had relatively high area source emission rates for methylene chloride,
lead, and cadmium (U.S EPA, 1995c) For methylene chloride, emissions were concentrated in the
electronic components industry (SIC Code 3679, at 45 percent of the County's emissions) and office
machines (SIC Code 3579, at 31 percent of the County's emissions) For lead, emissions are
concentrated in the storage batteries industry (SIC Code 3691, at 58 percent of the County's
emissions) and secondary nonferrous metals (SIC Code 3341, at 18 percent of the County's
emissions) The largest sources of cadmium emissions in Cook County, IL, were the secondary
nonferrous metals (SIC Code 3341, at 67 percent of the County's emissions) and the steel wire and
related products industry (SIC Code 3315, at 24 percent of the County's emissions) (U.S. EPA,
1995c)
Table 3-15 also shows that both counties had relatively significant area source emission rates
for polycyclic organic matter (POM) In Cook County, significant POM emissions sources included •
lubricating oils and greases (SIC Code 2992, at 19 percent of the County's emissions), industrial
3-46
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings
Final— April 2001
inorganic chemicals (SIC Code 2819, at 8 percent), and sheet metal work (SIC Code 3444, at 7
percent of the POM emissions). In Lake County, IN, significant POM sources included: paving
mixtures and blocks (SIC Code 2951, at 94 percent of the County's emissions), and lubricating oils
and greases (SIC Code 2992, at about 6 percent) (U.S. EPA, 1995c).
For Lake County, IN, in addition to POM, the pollutants with the highest area source
emission rates were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), naphthalene, lead, and nickel (U.S.
EPA, 1995c). The SWLM Pilot Study also found that much of the area source emissions in Lake
County, IN, were from nonclassifiable establishments (SIC Code 9999). For emissions that could be
classified, industrial inorganic chemicals (SIC Code 2819) accounted for 99 percent of the County's
lead emissions, and paving mixtures and blocks (SIC Code 2951) accounted for 95 percent of the
nickel emissions, 3 percent of naphthalene emissions, and 41 percent of cadmium emissions.
Lubricating oils and greases (SIC Code 2992) account for 38 percent of cadmium emissions and 84
percent of chromium emissions
Analysis of Table 3-15 also shows that, in most cases where data were presented for both
counties, area source emission rates in Cook County, IL, were dramatically higher than in Lake
County, IN, (U.S. EPA, 1995c). In fact, of the pollutants for which emission rates were calculated
for both counties, chrysene, fluoranthene, and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofurans are the only pollutants
that showed higher emissions rates in Lake County, IN, (U S. EPA, I995c).
3.1.3 RAPIDS Air Emissions Estimates
The Regional Air Pollutant Inventory
Development System (RAPIDS) is a multistate
pollutant emissions inventory data base It is a
regional inventory of point and area sources of
toxic air contaminants and has targeted 49
selected pollutants (RAPIDS, 1998) This
effort is a followup to the SWLM Pilot Study,
which was expanded to include additional
pollutants/industries/sources using updated
RAPIDS Emissions
• Characterization of Point and Area
Source Emissions
• 49 Toxic Chemicals
• Rankings of Emissions by Source,
Chemical, SIC Code and ZIP Code
3-47
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings Final—April 2001
emission factors by U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) in cooperation
with the States. Estimates of chemical loadings in RAPIDS are based on 1993 emissions inventory
data The RAPIDS data repository is located at the U.S. EPA's Great Lakes National Program
Office. There are similarities among the emissions information contained in RAPIDS, AFS, and TRI.
As a result, there could be a degree of overlap among these data sets with respect to facilities and
chemicals. The distinguishing features among these three data bases is their origin and the different
reporting procedures required by State and Federal regulatory agencies in tracking compliance under
numerous statutes Emission data for Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN, from the RAPIDS
data base were provided by EPA Region 5 for inclusion in this report (RAPIDS, 1998). This
subsection identifies the known sources of air pollution in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN,
using RAPIDS data. The total pollutant loadings for the two counties, for the ZIP Codes with the
largest emissions, most prevalent pollutants, and the responsible industries have been identified for
Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN using data from the RAPIDS data base.
The total RAPIDS air emissions estimate in Cook County, PL, is 11,870,015 pounds,
7,213,179 pounds from point sources, and 4,656,836 pounds from area sources The RAPIDS data
base includes 1,474 facilities in Cook County, IL. As shown in Table 3-16, the facilities with the
largest emissions include General Foam Corp (Division of PMC, Inc.) (663,900 pounds or about 9.2
percent of the total RAPIDS point source emission in Cook County), U.S Steel - South Works
(484,798 pounds), Senior Flexonics (372,507), Zenith Electronics (314,711), and LTV Steel
Company Inc. (286,726 pounds) The chemicals emitted in the largest quantities from these point
sources included trichloroethylene (2,085,998 pounds), methylene chloride (1,371,638 pounds),
polycyclic organic matter (1,215,712 pounds), and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (979,804 pounds). These
four pollutants make up 80 percent of total emissions from facilities in Cook County, IL The largest
emissions from area sources in Cook County, IL, include consumer solvent use of 1,1,1-
trichloroethane (2,051,504 pounds), perchloroethylene emissions from dry cleaners (1,980,718
pounds) and consumer use of naphthalene (317,063 pounds). In Cook County, IL, 1,1,1-
trichloroethane and perchloroethylene emissions constitute 87 percent of total area emissions.
Table 3-17 lists the toxic chemicals emitted from point and area sources in Cook County, IL
3-48
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Table 3-16. Largest Emitters in Cook County, IL, from RAPIDS Data Base
RAPIDS Source
County-wide Consumer Solvent Emissions
County-wide Dry Cleaning (Perchloroethylene) Emissions
General Foam Corp. (Div. of PMC, Inc.)
U.S. Steel - South Works
Senior Flexonics, Inc.
Zenith Electronics
LTV Steel Company, Inc.
Wheatland Tube Company, Chicago Div.
Duo Fast Corporation
Ingersoll Products
Reliable Power Products Inc.
Reynolds Metals Co.
Bagcraft Corp. of America
FPM Heat Treating, Inc.
G W Electric Specialty
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc.
Arlington Plating Co., Inc
Parkview Metal Products
General Fire Extinguisher Corp
Mobil Oil Corp-Lube Plant
Chicago Union Station Co., Power Plant
Tapecoat Co. Inc.
County- Wide Architectural Coating Emissions
Acme Steel Company-Chicago Coke Plant
County- Wide Autobody Refmishing Emissions
Now Products Corporation
John Crane, Inc.
Hysan Corp.
Lightning Metal Specialty
Ford Motor Company
Greif Bros. Corp., Seymour & Peck Div.
Emissions
(Pounds/year)
2,651,904
1,980,718
663,899
484,798
372,507
314,711
286,726
230,400
224,619
186,800
138,698
130,176
111,878
110,000
99,700
93,712
93,325
91,635
89,416
84,615
75,566
74,400
69,183
67,220
65,012
64,698
61,101
59,525
58,567
58,308
55,750
3-49
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Table 3-16. Largest Emitters in Cook County, IL, from RAPIDS Data Base (Continued)
RAPIDS Source
University of Illinois Chicago-Med Center
Celco Industries, Inc.
Accurate Anodizing Corporation
Zenith Radio Corporation
ITT Bell & Gossett
Ecolab, Inc.
Vapor Mark IV
Peace Industries, LTD.
Douglas Cleaners
Beeco Manufacturing Company
American Clyboum Finishing
Resinoid Engineering Corporation
Enamelers & Japanners, Inc. - Plants 1-5
Koppers Industries, Inc.
Scot Forge Company
1,428 Other Facilities
Total RAPIDS Emissions
Emissions
(Pounds/year)
47,775
47,440
45,760
42,826
42,252
40,951
40,722
38,970
38,938
38,373
37,800
37,064
35,150
34,855
34,101
2,117,470
11,870,016
Source: RAPIDS, 1998.
3-50
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Table 3-17. Toxic Chemicals Emitted From Point and Area Sources
in Cook County, IL, from RAPIDS Data Base
RAPIDS Chemical
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Perchloroethylene
Trichlorethylene
Methylene chloride
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Manganese
Naphthalene
Coke Oven Gas
Ethylbenzene
Cadmium
Phenol
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Lead
Benzo(a)pyrene
Nickel
Chromium
Dibutyl Phthalate
Copper
Mercury
Arsenic
Chlordane
Cobalt
Chrysene
Fluoranthene
1,2-Dichlorethane
Chromium VI
Benz(A)anthracene
Dioctyl Phthalate
PCBs
PCDF
Carbon Tetrachloride
PCDD
2,3,7,8-TCDD (EQ)
2,3,7:8-TCDF
2,4,6-Trich lorophenol
Total RAPIDS Emissions
Emissions
(pounds/year)
3,031,308
2,433,568
2,088,575
1,564,596
1,215,768
484,315
318,470
254,876
222,402
109,613
89,133
19,298
7,783
7,025
6,160
3,989
3,970
3,110
2,913
887
816
593
355
313
80
60
36
1.41
0.69
0.58
0.31
0.1058
0.0799
0.0164
0.0084
11,870,015
Source: RAPIDS, 1998.
3-51
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings Final— April 2001
The total RAPIDS air emissions estimate for Lake County, IN, is 3,370,665 pounds for point
and area sources, 3,192,805 pounds for point sources, and 177,860 pounds for area sources. The
RAPIDS data base includes 51 facilities in Lake County, IN, with total estimated annual loadings of
3,192,805 pounds (Table 3-18). The facilities with the largest emissions include U.S. Steel Co. Gary
Works (1,498,867 pounds or about 47 percent of the total RAPIDS point source emission in Lake
County), Keil Chem-Ferro Co. (965,100 pounds), and Inland Steel (309,702 pounds). The chemicals
emitted in the largest quantities from these point sources included 1,2-dichlorethane (964,600
pounds), coke oven gas (798,774 pounds), polycyclic organic matter (496,632 pounds), manganese
compounds (228,246 pounds), and perchloroethylene (187,077). These five pollutants make up 75
percent of total emissions from facilities in Lake County, IN. The largest emissions from area sources
in Lake County, IN include perchloroethylene (121,381 pounds), naphthalene (33,201 pounds) and
ethyl benzene (12,228 pounds). Perchloroethylene and naphthalene emissions constitute 87 percent
of total area emissions in Lake County, IN. Table 3-19 lists the toxic chemicals emitted from point
and area sources in Lake County, IN.
Evaluating the RAPIDS data by industry type (SIC Code) indicates that of the reported 58
SIC Code categories found in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN, primary metal facilities (SIC
Code 33) represent the highest combined level of emissions (21 percent or 3,191,947 pounds). The
"non-classified/other" category constitutes 19 percent (2,826,573 pounds), personal services (SIC
Code 72) (e.g., laundry, dry cleaning, photograph studios, barber shops and beauty salons) constitute
14 percent (2,201,710 pounds), and the chemical industry (SIC Code 28) constitutes 10 percent
(1,556,221 pounds) of emissions in both counties. Of the combined area source emissions in Cook
County, EL, and Lake County, EM, 58 percent fall into the "non-classified/other" category Table 3-20
displays the SIC codes that contribute 80 percent of total emissions in Cook County, IL, and Lake
County, IN.
In Cook County, IL, five industrial categories constitute 64 percent of total emissions. 23
percent (2,774,400 pounds) are non classified, SIC Code 72, personal services, constitutes 15 percent
(1,831,229 pounds), SIC Code 35, industrial and commercial machinery and computer equipment,
constitutes 10 percent (1,205,987 pounds), SIC Code 34, fabrication/metals, constitutes 9 percent
(1,060,702 pounds), and SIC Code 30, plastics, constitutes 7 percent (802,168 pounds). In Lake
County, IN, two industrial-type categories constitute 90 percent of total emissions The primary
3-52
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Table 3-18. Largest Emitters in Lake County, IN, from RAPIDS Data Base
RAPIDS Facility
U.S. Steel Co Gary Works
Keil Chem-Ferro Co.
Inland Steel Flat Products Part 1
Rhone-Poulenc Basic Chemicals co
Union Tank Car Co.
Globe Industries Inc
American Steel Foundries
Harbison- Walker Refractories
American National Can Co.
LTV Steel Company
48 Other Facilities
Total RAPIDS Emissions
Emissions
(pounds/year)
1,498,867
965,100
309,702
184,510
30,103
29,500
25,724
21,500
19,512
18,862
267,284
3,370,665
Source: RAPIDS, 1998.
3-53
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Table 3-19. Toxic Chemicals Emitted From Point and Area Sources
in Lake County, IN, From RAPIDS Data Base
RAPIDS Chemical
1,2-Dichlorethane
Coke Oven Gas
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Perchloroethylene
Manganese Compounds
Methylene Chloride
Lead
Ethylbenzene
Phenol
Naphthalene
Trichlorethylene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Chromium
Copper
Dibutyl Phthalate
Cadmium
Nickel Compounds
3enzo(a)pyrene
'olycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Carbon Tetrachloride
Mercury
Arsenic
Cobalt
Diethylhexyl Phthalate
PCDF
?luoranthene
Chrysene
Dioctyl Phthalate
3enz(a)anthracene
Chromium VI
PCDD
1,2,7,8-TCDF
Total RAPIDS Emissions
Emissions
(pounds/year)
964,600
798,774
496,632
308,458
228,246
141,575
134,477
82,193
61,376
48,385
25,976
19,098
17,331
13,803
8,213
6,199
4,905
2,582
2,570
2,000
1,328
672
601
255
250
78
63
21
2.47
1.43
0.007
0.0005
3,370,665
Source: RAPIDS, 1998.
3-54
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Table 3-20. Industrial Category Groups Contributing to 80 Percent of
Total Emissions in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN
SIC Code
33
Non classified/other
72
28
35
34
Total RAPIDS Emissions
Industry
Primary Metal
—
Personal Services
Chemical
Industrial and Commercial Machinery
Fabrication/Metals
53 Other SIC Codes
Emissions
(pounds/year)
3,191,947
2,826,573
2,201,710
1,556,221
1,223,963
1,082,920
3,157,346
15,240,680
Source: RAPIDS, 1998.
3-55
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings Final— April 2001
metal industry (SIC Code 33) constitutes 56 percent of emissions (1,871,513 pounds) and the
chemical industry (SIC Code 28) constitutes 34 percent (1,153,023 pounds) of emissions.
The RAPIDS data base reports 173 ZIP Code areas in Cook County, IL and Lake County,
IN, combined: 155 ZIP Code areas in Cook County, IL, (7,213,179 pounds) and 18 ZIP Code areas
in Lake County, IN, (3,192,805 pounds). Combined RAPIDS data for the two counties indicate that
two ZIP Codes in Lake County, 46402 (1,498,875 pounds) and 46320 (1,177,349 pounds) have the
highest emissions. ZIP Code areas 60617 (982,615 pounds) and 6045 5 (675,626 pounds) rank third
and fourth. Table 3-21 lists the ZIP Code areas that release 80 percent of total emissions in Cook
County, IL, and Lake County, IN. Figure 3-16 displays ZIP Code areas in Lake County, IN, that
constitute 90 percent of point source emissions Figure 3-17 displays ZIP Code areas in Cook
County, IL, that constitute approximately 75 percent of point source emissions.
3.1.4 Air Emissions by Industry Type
It is possible to identify the types of industries that emit air pollutants from SIC Codes.
Presented below, first for point sources from AIRS/AFS and secondly for area sources, are
summaries of the major industries emitting air pollutants in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN.
3.1.4.1 Point Source Emissions by Industry Type
Point source emissions of criteria air pollutants reported in AIRS/AFS (1997) come from a
variety of industry types in the Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN, area VOC emissions,
totaling 87,466 tons per year from point sources, were attributed to the primary metal industries
(40,926 tons or 47 percent), as well as other industries. Table 3-22 presents VOC emissions by two-
digit SIC Code
CO emissions (totaling 629,591 tons per year) in the study area primarily came from: primary
metals (60 percent) and petroleum (37 percent). NO, emissions, which total 118,411 tons per year,
were emitted by the primary metals (42,205 tons or 3 6 percent), utilities (26,470 tons or 22 percent),
petroleum (21,654 tons or 18 percent), and food (9,742 tons or 7 percent) industries
3-56
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Table 3-21. ZIP Code Areas That Release 80 Percent of Total RAPIDS Emissions
in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN
ZIP Code
46402
46320
60617
60455
60131
60609
60103
46312
60160
60650
60007
60406
60643
60632
60525
60053
60607
60639
60067
60076
60618
60062
60628
1 50 Other ZIP Code Areas
Area Sources
Total RAPIDS Emissions in Cook
County, IL, and Lake County, IN
Emissions
(pounds/year)
1,498,875
1,177,349
982,615
675,627
467,859
374,453
372,507
359,072
316,930
275,679
250,300
213,064
186,843
156,248
156,078
143,358
142,265
135,982
120,945
109,741
104,646
102,300
98,246
1,985,003
4,834,696
15,240,680
Source- RAPIDS, 1998
3-57
-------
Legend (Ibs/yr)
> 1,000,000
100,000-1,000,000
99-056
Figure 3-16. RAPIDS Air Emission Estimate for Lake County, IN
3-58
-------
Legend (Ibs/yr)
> 10,000
1,000 to 10,000
25 to 1,000
<25
99-056
Figure 3-17. RAPIDS Air Emissions Estimates for Cook County, IL
3-59
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Table 3-22. VOC Emissions from Point Sources in 1995 by Industry Type
Two-Digit
SIC
8
14
16
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
42
44
45
46
47
Type of Industry
FORESTRY
MINERALS
HEAVY CONSTRUCTION
FOOD
TOBACCO
TEXTILES
APPAREL
LUMBER + WOOD
FURNITURE
PAPER
PRINTING
CHEMICAL
PETROLEUM
PLASTICS
LEATHER
STONE/CLAY
PRIMARY METAL
FABR. METAL
MACHINERY
ELECTRICAL
TRANSPORTATION
MEASURE/PHOTO
MISCELLANEOUS
RAIL TRANSPT
TRUCK TRANSPORT
WATER TRANSPORT
AIR TRANSPORT
PIPELINES
TRANSPT SVCS
Emissions
in Pounds/Year
1,747
23,853
109
6,082,522
131,313
1,258,553
95,731
538,483
1,619,037
10,763,299
8,359,133
8,734,246
10,624,976
3,850,469
106,482
443,044
81,852,907
11,783,949
2,577,862
2,418,237
4,329,962
536,676
874,766
42,876
129,498
627,525
13,453
198,189
133,028
Emissions
in Tons/Year
1
12
<1
3,041
66
629
48
269
810
5,382
4,180
4,367
5,312
1,925
53
222
40,926
5,892
1,289
1,209
2,165
268
437
21
65
314
7
99
67
3-60
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Table 3-22. VOC Emissions from Point Sources in 1995 by Industry Type (continued)
Two-Digit
SIC
49
50
51
53
54
55
59
60
65
70
72
73
75
76
80
82
83
86
87
89
91
92
95
96
97
99
Type of Industry
UTILITIES
DURABLE WHSL
NONDUR WHSL
GENERAL RETAIL
FOOD STORES
GAS STATIONS
OTHER RETAIL
BANKING
REAL ESTATE
HOTELS
PERSONAL SVCS
BUSINESS SVCS
AUTO REPAIR
OTHER REPAIR
HEALTH
EDUCATIONAL
SOCIAL
ORGANIZATIONS
ENG.+MGMT. SVCS
OTHER SVCS
EXEC.+LEGIS.
JUSTICE
ENV1R.+HOUSING
ADMINISTRATE
NATIONAL SECURITY
NONCLASSIFIED
Total Emissions
Emissions
in Pounds/Year
1,497,053
312,701
6,609,424
6,396
656
24,724
1,877
1,834
85,979
2,731
1,922,713
15,345
64,022
26,385
96,928
50,515
374
1,240
9,737
1,109
3,557
1,783
6,605
79,061
79,433
5,749,522
174,803.629
Emissions
in Tons/Year
749
156
3,305
3
1
12
1
1
43
1
961
8
32
13
48
25
<1
1
5
1
2
1
3
40
40
2,875
87.466
Source AIRS/AFS. 1997
3-61
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings Final — April 2001
Analyses of paniculate matter emissions from point sources by industry type reveal that of
the total emissions (93,396 tons per year), almost 50 percent (45,088 tons) were from the chemical
industry. Table 3-23 presents the emissions of paniculate matter by SIC Code for the largest industry
types PM10 emissions totaled 84,613 tons per year from point sources in the study area. More than
83 percent of these emissions were from primary metal industries. Table 3-24 presents PM10
emissions by SIC Code.
SO2 emissions totaled 161,048 tons per year from point sources in Cook County, IL, and
Lake County, IN. The primary metal industry attributed for about 42 percent of the total, petroleum-
related industries contributed about 26 percent; and utilities emitted about 22 percent of the total S02
emissions from point sources.
3.1.4.2 Area Source Emissions by Industry Type
Summerhays generated emissions estimates by source category for area sources in the
Southeast Chicago area (U. S EPA, 1989a). The study included focused on 32 carcinogens including
chlorinated VOCs, nonchlorinated VOCs, and inorganics. The study reported the highest
carcinogenic pollutant emission rates for gasoline vapors, benzene, methylene chloride,
perchloroethylene, and formaldehyde. For noncarcinogens, the highest emission rates were for
toluene, xylene, ethylene, and acetone (U S. EPA, 1989a). Source categories included in the study
were steel mills, consumer sources (home heating and cooling, gas stations/marketing), waste
facilities, sewage treatment plants, other industrial sources, and mobile sources. The following
summarizes major emission rates by compound and source category from the Summerhays study
(U S. EPA, 1989a).
3-62
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Table 3-23. Particulate Matter Emissions from Point Sources in 1995 by Industry Type
Two-Digit
SIC
7
14
16
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
42
44
47
49
50
51
52
53
54
Type of Industry
AG SERVICES
MINERALS
HEAVY CONSTRUCTION
FOOD
TOBACCO
TEXTILES
APPAREL
LUMBER + WOOD
FURNITURE
PAPER
PRINTING
CHEMICAL
PETROLEUM
PLASTICS
LEATHER
STONE/CLAY
PRIMARY METAL
FABR. METAL
MACHINERY
ELECTRICAL
TRANSPORTATION
MEASURE/PHOTO
MISCELLANEOUS
RAIL TRANSPORT
TRUCK TRANSPORT
WATER TRANSPORT
TRANSPORT SERVICES
UTILITIES
DURABLE WHOLESALE
NONDUR WHOLESALE
BLDG MATERIAL
GENL. RETAIL
FOOD STORES
Emissions
in Pounds/Year
834
9,026,018
4,320
2,812,958
6,983
15,553
22,691
195,819
145,672
609,919
356,251
90,176,516
3,951,127
176,357
63,765
3,472,747
42,104,906
1,297,224
453,677
306,922
505,047
27,076
45,944
21,274
14,707
85,009
289
5,150,492
195,935
16,432,586
1,986
33,985
25,266
Emissions
in Tons/Year
0
4,513
2
1,406
3
8
11
98
73
305
178
45,088
1,976
88
32
1,736
21,052
649
227
153
253
14
23
11
7
43
<1
2,575
98
8,216
1
17
13
Source- AIRS/AFS, 1997
-------
Table 3-24. PM10 Emissions from Point Sources in 1995 by Industry Type
Two-Digit
SIC
14
20
22
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
40
42
44
47
49
50
51
60
65
80
82
86
99
Type of Industry
MINERALS
FOOD
TEXTILES
LUMBER + WOOD
FURNITURE
PAPER
PRINTING
CHEMICAL
PETROLEUM
PLASTICS
LEATHER
STONE/CLAY
PRIMARY METAL
FABR. METAL
MACHINERY
ELECTRICAL
TRANSPORTATION
MEASURE/PHOTO
RAIL TRANSPORT
TRUCK TRANSPORT
WATER TRANSPORT
TRANSPORT SERVICES
UTILITIES
DURABLE WHOLESALE
NONDUR WHOLESALE
BANKING
REAL ESTATE
HEALTH
EDUCATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS
NONCLASSIFIED
Total Emissions
Emissions in
Pounds/Year
1,268,512
1,155,365
29
22,962
47,370
280,155
21,578
3,059,022
7,056,832
9,994
1,128
1,201,424
142,505,259
245,867
5,095
60,241
262,498
1,310
1,110
4,915
30,344
289
1,742,161
98,564
6,247,211
4,197
6,290
108
11,529
25
3,874,836
169,226,223
Emissions in
Tons/Year
634
578
<1
11
24
140
11
1,530
3,528
5
1
601
71,253
123
3
30
131
1
1
2
15
<1
871
49
3,124
2
3
<1
6
<1
1,937
84.613
Source: AIRS/AFS, 1997
3-64
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings Final — April 2001
Steel Mills
The Summerhays study found that steel mills, specifically the coking ovens, were a significant
source of air toxics in the study area (U.S. EPA, 1989a) The pollutants with the highest emission
rates from steel mills were benzene (3,356.2 tons/year1), toluene (548.4 tons/year), coke oven
emissions2 (427.8 tons/year), ethylene (215.8 tons/year), and xylene (194.3 tons/year) In terms of
emission rates, the largest steel mills included in the Summerhays inventory were Inland Steel, U.S
Steel, LTV Steel (Chicago), and Acme Steel (U.S. EPA, 1989a)
Waste Facilities
Summerhays found that the primary pollutants emitted from waste facilities included:
methylene chloride (68.2 tons/year), toluene (40 9 tons/year), ethyl acrylate (39 1 tons/year),
trichloroethylene (30.6 tons/year), and acetone (14.9 tons/year) (U.S. EPA, 1989a). Using data
generated by MRI (1987), Summerhays reported that hazardous waste treatment, storage, and
disposal facilities (TSDFs) had the greatest total emissions, municipal landfill emissions are somewhat
lower, and abandoned waste site emissions were substantially lower (U.S EPA, 1989a). In terms of
emission rates, some of the largest TSDF facilities in the study included: the CID facility, Allied
Tube and Conduit Corporation, Chem-Clear, American Chemical Services, McKesson Envirosystems,
Metal Finishing Research, and the SCA incinerator The municipal landfills included in the study
were, in descending order of emissions rate- the Land & Lakes Landfill, the Lansing/Sexton Landfill,
and the Paxton Landfill The estimates for abandoned waste sites were based on information for 42
sites from CERCLIS (U.S. EPA, 1989a)
Emissions data in the Summerhays report (U S EPA. 1989a) were reported in metric tons per year. For
consistency within this document, metric tons were converted to English tons using a comersion factor of 1.1025
tons/metric ton
The Summerha\s (U S. EPA. 1989a) study describes coke oven emissions as total emissions of benzene-
soluble organics that are emitted from charging and leaks from coke o\ens
3-65
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings Final— April 2001
For Lake County, IN, sources, IDEM (1997a) estimated emissions from solid waste
incineration at 47 tons/year for VOC, 71 tons/year for NOX, and 139 tons/year for CO For landfills,
IDEM also estimated VOC emissions at 275 tons/year.
Sewage Treatment Plants
Emissions estimates by Summerhays for this category were based on the Calumet and West-
Southwest wastewater treatment plants (U.S. EPA, 1989a) Estimated emissions included: acetone
(203 tons/year), xylene (17.3 tons/year), methylene chloride (9.5 tons/year), toluene (7.6 tons/year),
and perchloroethylene (6.6 tons/year).
A separate study conducted by the Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources
(IDENR), entitled A Study Estimating VOC Emissions from the Calumet Sewage Treatment Plant
in the Chicago Area (IDENR, 1986), developed emissions estimates for the Calumet sewage
treatment plant that are somewhat different from those presented in the Summerhays study (U.S.
EPA, 1989a) IDENR used three different models to develop emissions estimates for VOCs
Pollutant emission rates using the model that generally produced the highest emissions rates in the
IDENR study (i.e, the Input/Output model) included' toluene (24 98 tons/year), benzene (7.36
tons/year), ethylbenzene (5 44 tons/year), tetrachloroethylene (4 43 tons/year), 1,1,1 -trichloroethane
(3 13 tons/year), and trichloroethylene (2 91 tons/year).
A similar study conducted by Noll, entitled Calculation of VOC U.S. EPA-listed Emissions
from the Calumet Sewage Treatment Works of the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago (Noll, 1987), found similar emission rates using the same input/output model Specifically,
the pollutants with the highest emission rates included: toluene (11 84 tons/year), 1,1,1-
trichloroethane (8 61 tons/year), dichloromethane (3 68 tons/year), ethylbenzene (2.08 tons/year),
benzene (1.71 tons/year), and tetrachloroethene (1.11 tons/year)
Namkung and Rittmann (1987) used a mass balance approach to estimate VOC emissions
from the Calumet and West-Southwest treatment plants Specifically, the study used VOC influent
and effluent concentrations and then calculated removal efficiencies for the three VOC removal
mechanisms operating at each plant • volatilization, biodegradation, and adsorption Namkung and
3-66
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings Final — April 2001
Rittmann's study-estimated VOC emissions for the Calumet and West-Southwest treatment plants
are shown in Table 3-25. Table 3-26 compares the results for the Namkung and Rittmann (1987)
study with the results from the IDENR and Noll studies for the Calumet plant, and Table 3-27
compares the combined Calumet and West-Southwest treatment plant emissions as estimated by the
Namkung and Rittmann (1987) and Summerhays (U.S. EPA, 1989a) studies.
For Lake County, IN, IDEM (1997a) estimated VOC emissions from wastewater treatment
(publicly-owned treatment works [POTWs] and industrial wastewater treatment plants, combined)
to be 749 tons/year
Consumer Sources
Consumer sources in the Summerhays study included home heating and cooling and gasoline
marketing (gas stations, distribution, etc.) (U.S. EPA, 1989a) The highest emission rates of
carcinogens from this source category included gasoline vapors (5,222 8 tons/year), methylene
chloride (1,195.1 tons/year), perchloroethylene (884.2 tons/year), and formaldehyde (121.3
tons/year) For noncarcinogens, the highest emissions rates included' toluene (371.5 tons/year),
xylene (70.9 tons/year), and nickel (16.3 tons/year). Summerhays estimated POM emissions from
wood burning at 2.1 tons/year for Cook County, IL, and 0.6 tons/year for Lake County, IN, (U.S.
EPA, 1989a).
Other Industrial Sources
Emissions from this source category were obtained, primarily, from data for nearly 200
facilities submitted in response to Section 313 of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization
Act (SARA), as updated by a questionnaire submitted by some facilities to EPA Region 5 (U S EPA,
1989a). Based on these data, the highest estimated emission rates for carcinogens included"
perchloroethylene (383.7 metric tons/year), trichloroethylene (374 7 metric tons/year), methylene
chloride (287 3 tons/year), and gasoline vapors (216 2 metric tons/year) (U.S EPA, 1989a) For
noncarcinogens, the highest emission rates were for toluene (2,4506 metric tons/year), xylene (960 4
metric tons/year), acetone (466 5 metric tons/year), and ethylene (140 1 metric tons/year)
3-67
-------
Table 3-25. VOC Emissions Estimates for Calumet and West-Southwest
Wastewater Treatment Plants
Pollutant
Benzene
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Ethylbenzene
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
1 ,2-Trans-Dichloroethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Total VOCs
Calumet Estimated
Emissions (Tons/year)
0.21
0.004
0.61
0.07
0.2
0.05
4.7
0.95
0.28
2.0
2.35
11.43
West-Southwest Estimated
Emissions (Tons/year)
0.01
<0.01
2.39
0.16
0.34
0.8
12.91
0.81
1.25
8.24
19.45
46.39
Source: Namkung and Rittmann, 1987.
U.S. EPA Headquarters Library
Ivte.'l code 3201
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
Washington DC 20460
3-68
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Table 3-26. Comparison of Emissions Estimates for the Calumet Wastewater Treatment Plant
Pollutant
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Toluene
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
Methylene Chloride
Total VOCs
Estimated Emissions (Tons/year)
Namkung and
Rittmann Study
(1987)
0.21
0.2
2.0
4.7
2.35
0.95
0.004
0.61
0.07
0.05
11.43
IDENR Study
(1986)
7.36
5.44
3.13
4.43
2.91
24.98
0.15
0.34
0.34
0.15
49.7
Noll Study (1987)
1.71
2.08
8.61
1.11
0.77
11.84
0.12
0.81
0.08
0
31.99
Sources: Namkung and Rittmann, 1987.
IDENR, 1986
Noll, 1987
3-69
-------
Table 3-27. Comparison of Combined Emission Estimates for
Calumet and West-Southwest Treatment Plant
Pollutants
Benzene
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Ethylbenzene
Methylene Chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
1,2-Trans Dichloroethane
1 ,1 ,1 -Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Estimated Emissions
Summerhays Study
(EPA, 1989a)
(Metric Tons/year)
0.7
NC
0.7
NC
NC
8.6
NC
6.9
NC
NC
1.9
Namkung and Rittmann
Study (1987) (Tons/year)
0.2
0.004
3.0
0.2
0.6
0.9
17.6
1.8
1.5
10.2
21.8
NC = Not Calculated
Sources: U.S. EPA, 1989a.
Namkung and Rittmann, 1987.
3-70
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings Final — April 2001
Hexavaient chromium emissions from chrome electroplating operations were estimated at 2.1
tons/year from the 41 electroplating facilities in the Cook County, IL, portion of the study area and
0 7 tons/year in the Lake County, IN, portion of the study area (U S. EPA, 1989b). For Cook
County, emissions were based on the number of chrome plating facilities; however, information on
the number of chrome plating facilities in Lake County, IN, was not available. Emission rates for
Lake County, IN, were based, therefore, on the number of manufacturing employees in the County.
This source category also included emissions from a municipal incinerator in East Chicago,
IN. Emissions estimates from this incinerator included mercury (0.6 tons/year), formaldehyde (0.4
tons/year), nickel (0.2 tons/year), cadmium (0.1 tons/year), and dioxin3 (0.0002 tons/year) (EPA,
1989b).
Midway Airport Emissions
Ricondo & Associates (1996) performed an emissions inventory at Midway Airport in Cook
County, IL Table 3-28 presents the results of the Midway Airport emissions inventory for 1995.
Contribution to Air Pollution-Related Cancer Cases
The emissions estimates included in the Summerhays report were used to estimate
contributions by source category to estimated air pollution related cancer cases in the Southeast
Chicago area (U.S EPA, 1989a). While this environmental loadings profile does not address risks,
the information from the Summerhays report is useful in assessing the relative contributions of
loadings from different pollutants and types of sources. The results of this analysis are presented in
Figure 3-18
Vigyan (1993) used emissions estimates from a 16 square mile study area, which included
Midway Airport, in Cook County, IL, to develop estimated source category contributions to air
pollution related cancer cases The study estimated that over a 70-year period about 20 cancer cases
3Dioxin emissions using a toxicm equivalence factor approach such that dioxin emissions are expressed as
if all the dioxins and fiirans \\ere emitted as 2.3.7.8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dio\m.
3-71
-------
Table 3-28. 1995 Emissions Inventory for Midway Airport
Source
Motor vehicles -
roadways
Motor vehicles -
parking lots
Power plants
Heating plants
Fuel tanks
Ground support
equipment
Aircraft
Total Emissions
Pollutant Emission (tons/year)
CO
66.7
43.36
0.15
0.18
0
335.57
3,138.77
3,584.72
voc
5.27
3.53
0.06
0.07
10.39
74.37
440.31
534.0
NOx
5.54
1.33
0.75
0.88
0
62.4
635.57
706.47
SOx
0
0
0.08
0.01
0
1.39
53.43
54.9
PM10
0.34
0
0.02
0.03
0
3.9
22.37
26.66
Source Ricondo, 1996
3-72
-------
Other industwasle facilities
1% <0.5%
Background pollutants
21%
U)
Consumer sources
8%
Steel mills
37%
Vehicles
16%
Chrome plating
17%
Figure 3-18. Relative Contribution of Emission Source Categories to Air Pollution-Related Cancer Cases in the
Southeast Chicago Area (EPA, I989a)
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings
Final — April 2001
in the study area would be attributable to air pollution, therefore, the average cancer risk across the
study area due to air pollution was approximately 2.1 x 10"4 As shown in Figure 3-19, the major
contributors to air pollution related cancer cases in the study area were road vehicles, background
concentrations,4 chrome platers, nonroad engines, aircraft engines, and steel mills. The study
(Vigyan, 1993) also estimated the percent of cancer cases in the study area associated with specific
pollutants. The results of this analysis are presented in Figure 3-20.
3.1.5 Mobile Sources
Mobile sources are a significant
contributor to total loadings of CO, VOCs, and
NOX in the Chicago area Cook County, IL, and
Lake County, IN, estimates of mobile source
emissions from 1990 are presented in
Table 3-29 For Cook County, IL, as part of
the development of its State Implementation
Plan (SIP), EEPA reported 1990 emissions from
mobile sources as 379.40 tons/day for VOM,
420 51 tons/day for NOV and 2,339.67 tons/day
for CO (IEPA, 1993a). The study found that
mobile sources in 1990 accounted for 50 5 percent of the total Cook County, IL, VOM emissions
(point, area, and mobile sources combined), 78 percent of the total Cook County NOX emissions, and
78 8 percent of the total Cook County CO emissions The largest mobile source emissions for VOM,
NOX, and CO were highway vehicles (79.7 percent of VOM mobile source emissions, 74.4 percent
ofNOx mobile source emissions, and 74 1 percent of CO mobile source emissions) Lawn and garden
equipment were the next largest source of mobile sources emissions for both VOM and CO (7 2
percent of VOM mobile source emissions and 9.9 percent of CO mobile source emissions). For NOV
construction equipment was the next largest source of emissions from mobile sources (122 percent
of NOX mobile source emissions) Figures 3-21, 3-22, and 3-23 summarize the relative
Mobile Sources
Characterization of Emissions of
VOCs, CO, and NOX
Comparison of Mobile Source
Types
Mobile Source Estimates for Cook
County, IL, and Lake County, IN
4In the Vigjan (1993) study, background concentrations are defined as ambient concentrations of
formaldehyde and carbon tetrachlonde that may be attributed to ongins other than current emissions
5-74
-------
Steel mills
14%
Solvent uses
16%
Gasoline marketing
36%
Mobile sources
24%
Figure 3-19. Relative Contribution to Carcinogenic Emissions by Sources in
Southwest Chicago, Cook County, IL (Vigyan, 1993).
3-75
-------
Carbon tetrachloride
5%
1,3-Butadiene
24%
Coke oven emissions
6%
Formaldehyde
18%
Hexavalent chromium
18%
Figure 3-20. Relative Contribution to Air Pollution Related Cancer Cases by
Pollutants in the Vigyan Study Area in Cook County, IL (Vigyan, 1993).
3-76
-------
Table 3-29. 1990 Mobile Source Emissions for Cook and Lake Counties
VOC Emissions NOx Emissions CO Emissions
(Tons/day*) (Tons/day*) (Tons/day*)
Cook County, IL 379.4 420.5 2,339.7
Lake County, IN 52.8 52/7 318
*For Lake County, IN, non-road mobile source emissions were presented in pounds/summer day. These emissions
were converted to tons/day by dividing by 2,000 pound/ton.
Sources: IEPA, I993a, Koch, 1997band 1997e.
3-77
-------
Total Mobile Source Emissions in Cook County, IL = 379.4 tons/year
Light commercial equipment othermobj|e sources
3%
Construction equipment
Lawn & garden equipment 2%
7%
Pleasure craft
3%
Aircraft
2%
On-Road
80%
Table 3-21. Relative Contribution of Cook County Mobile Sources to VOC Emissions (IEPA, 1993)
-------
Total Mobile Source NOx Emissions in Cook County, IL = 420.5 tons/day
s
Construction equipment
12%
Industrial equiment
3%
Aircraft
3%
Railroad
4%
Other mobile sources
3%
On-Road
75%
Figure 3-22. Relative Contribution of Cook County Mobile Sources to NOx Emissions (IEPA, 1993)
-------
Total Mobile Source CO Emissions in Cook County, IL = 2,339.7
Other mobile sources
3%
Construction equipment
2%
Light commercial equipment
7%
Industrial equiment
3%
Lawn & garden equipment
10%
On-Road
75%
Figure 3-23. Relative Contribution of Cook County Mobile Sources to CO Emissions (IEPA, 1993)
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings Final— April 2001
contribution of various sources to Cook County, IL, mobile source emissions for VOC, NOX, and
CO, respectively. Table 3-30, presents the 1990 Cook County, IL, mobile source emissions as
reported by Vigyan (Vigyan, 1993).
Total Lake County, IN, mobile source emissions were calculated5 using the 1990 Lake
County, IN, on-road mobile source inventory (Koch, 1997b) and 1990 Lake County non-road mobile
sources inventory (Koch, 1997e). The total calculated mobile source emissions for Lake County,
IN, were 52.8 tons/day for VOC, 52.7 tons/day for NOX, and 318 tons/day for CO.
Figures 3-24,3-25, and 3-26 summarize the relative contribution of various sources to Lake County,
IL, mobile source emissions for VOC, NOX, and CO, respectively.
The 1990 Lake County, IN, on-road mobile source inventory estimated combined mobile
source emissions from rural, suburban, and urban roads at 44.7 tons/day for VOCs, 258.6 tons/day
for CO, and 37.2 tons/day for NOX (Koch, 1997b).
The 1990 Lake County, IN, non-road mobile sources inventory estimated emissions at 16,243
pounds/summer day, 118,733 pounds/summer day for CO, and 31,000 pounds/summer day for NOX
(Koch, 1997e). For both VOC and CO, non-road mobile source emissions, lawn and garden
equipment were the largest sources (45.3 percent of non-road mobile source VOC emissions and
49.8 percent of non-road mobile source CO emissions) (Koch, 1997e). Other large sources of VOC
emissions included recreational marine vessels (13.7 percent of VOC non-road mobile source
emissions) and construction equipment (10.7 percent of VOC non-road mobile source emissions).
Other large non-road mobile sources of CO emissions included light commercial equipment (12.5
percent of CO non-road mobile source emissions) and industrial equipment (11.9 percent of CO non-
road mobile source emissions). The largest sources on non-road NO,, emissions were railroads (39.3
percent of NOX non-road mobile source emissions) and construction equipment (35.7 percent of NOX
non-road mobile source emissions) (Koch, 1997e).
^Emissions data for in the on-road inventory data were presented as tons/day (Koch, 1997b), but in
pounds/summer day in the non-road inventory (Koch, I997e) To generate a combined "total" for mobile source
emissions, non-road emissions data were divided by 2,000 pounds/ton to generate emissions estimates in tons/day.
3-81
-------
Table 3-30. 1990 Cook County, IL, Mobile Source Emissions (tons/year)
Pollutant
Total organic gases
Gasoline paniculate
Diesel participate
Benzene
1,3-Butadiene
Formaldehyde
Asbestos
Cadmium
1990 Cook County, IL
Mobile Source Emissions (tons/year)
26,718.19
116.35
1,337.7
658.58
106.47
220.61
0.045
0.019
Source: Vigyan, 1993.
3-82
-------
Total Mobile Source VOC Emissions in Lake County, IN = 52.8 tons/day
Lawn & garden equipment
7%
Recreational marine vessels
2%
Other mobile sources
6%
OJ
00
U)
On-road
85%
Figure 3-24. Relative Contributions of Lake County Mobile Sources to VOC Emissions (Koch, 1997b and e)
-------
Total Mobile Source NOx Emissions in Lake County, IN = 52.7 tons/day
Other mobile sources
Construction equipment <;Q $%
11%
Industrial equipment
Agricultural equipment
Commerciatvessels
2%
Railroad
12%
On-road
70%
Figure 3-25. Relative Contributions of Lake County Mobile Sources to NOx Emissions (Koch, 1997b and e)
-------
Total Mobile Source CO Emissions in Lake County, IN = 318 tons/day
s
Other mobile sources
5%
Light commercial equipment
2%
Industrial equipment
2%
Lawn & garden equipment
9%
On-road
82%
Figure 3-26. Relative Contributions of Lake County Mobile Sources to CO Emissions (Koch, 1997b and e)
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings Final — April 2001
Vigyan (1993) estimated non-road mobile source emissions for both Cook County, EL, and
Lake County, IN. Table 3-31 presents the estimated non-road mobile source emissions for Cook and
Lake Counties contained in this study (Vigyan, 1993).
Summerhays used data in the Southeast Chicago area 1980 and 1987 ozone State
Implementation Plans to estimate emissions from mobile sources (U.S. EPA, 1989a). Although
County-specific data were not presented, the study presented emissions data for freeway exhaust,
non-freeway exhaust, and evaporative losses. With the exception of dioxins and gasoline vapors,
the highest emission rates were from non-freeway exhausts. The study found that the highest
emission rates from mobile sources in Southeast Chicago included: gasoline vapors (15,849.5
tons/year), toluene (2,518.7 tons/year), ethylene (2,251.3 tons/year), xylene (1,947.2 tons/year), and
benzene (896.1 tons/year) (U.S. EPA, 1989a).
Midway Airport Mobile Source Emissions
Midway Airport emissions estimates were developed for both aircraft and automobiles
(Vigyan, 1993). Table 3-32 presents the total emissions estimates from aircraft and automobiles at
Midway Airport.
3.1.6 Air Emissions Summary
Estimated total 1990 VOC emissions for all sources (point, area, and mobile) for Lake
County, IN, were conservatively6 calculated by IDEM at 44,800.8 tons/year (calculated using Koch,
1997a;Koch, 1997b;Koch, 1997c; and Koch, 1997e). Figure 3-27 presents the relative contribution
to VOC emissions from point sources, mobile source, non-road mobile sources, and area sources for
6Total Lake County, IN, VOC emissions were calculated using the results of the various 1990 Lake County
emissions inventory results (Koch, 1997 a-c and e) However, the data for mobile sources (both road and non-road)
were only presented on a per day or per summer day basis and, therefore, for the purposes of this document, were
converted to a per year basis. Because no source specific seasonal adjustment factors were presented, a conservative
factor of 365 days per year was used to convert per day and per summer day emissions to annual emissions. This
probably results in an overstatement of the actual emissions, especially for non-road mobile sources, which include
sources such as lawn and garden equipment and recreational marine vessels.
3-86
-------
Table 3-31. Non-road Mobile Source Emissions
Pollutant (tons/yr)
Benzene
1,3-Butadiene
Formaldehyde
Gasoline Particulate
Diesel Particulate
Cook County, IL
157.67
66.18
56.0
82.61
668.98
Lake County, IN
29.43
12.48
10.56
17.15
82.24
Source: Vigyan, 1993.
3-87
-------
Table 3-32. Emissions Estimates Associated with Midway Airport
Pollutant (tons/year)
Paniculate
VOC
Total Organic Gases
Benzene
Formaldehyde
1,3-Butadiene
Aircraft Emissions
50.87
401.47
444.87
8.98
62.8
7.55
Automobile Emissions
0.258
Not presented
11.815
0.332
0.118
0.055
Source: Vigyan, 1993.
3-88
-------
Total 1990 VOC Emissions in Lake County, IN = 44,800.8 tons/year
Non-road mobile sources
7%
Area sources
20%
5§
Point sources
37%
Mobile sources
36%
Figure 3-27. Relative Contributions of Different Source Types to Total VOC Emissions in Lake County, IN, 1990
(Koch, 1997a-c and e)
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings Final— April 2001
Lake County, IN. As shown in the Figure, in 1990, Lake County, IN, VOC emissions from point
sources and mobile sources were about the same (37 percent of VOC emissions from point sources
and 36 percent of the total from mobile sources). Area sources accounted for about 20 percent of
VOC emissions in Lake County, while non-road mobile sources accounted for over 6 percent of the
county's VOC emissions. Comparison of 1990 data with the 1994 Lake County point source data
from AERS/AFS reveals a very significant difference (16,437 tons/year in 1990 vs. 27,214 tons/year
in 1994). Detailed analysis reveals that the difference is primarily due to increased emissions at the
U.S. Steel Gary Works facility resulting from changes in the emission factors used to estimate
emissions from coke ovens (Koch, 1997d). Comparison of the revised 1994 point source emissions
against the 1990 data for mobile source, non-road mobile sources, and area sources (which were not
expected to have changed significantly between 1990 and 1994) to estimate relative contributions
to total VOC emissions paints a different picture, as shown in Figure 3-28. It is important to note
that the 1994 data from these estimates by IDEM have not been carefully quality assurance/quality
checked (QA/QCed) and should be used with caution.
For the ozone precursors VOC and NOX, evaluation of nonpoint source 1990 Lake County
emissions data (Koch, 1997a, Koch, 1997b, and Koch, 1997e) reveals that mobile sources accounted
for the majority of 1990 Lake County CO and NOX nonpoint source emissions (over 80 percent of
CO emissions and over 63 percent of NOX emissions). Non-road mobile sources accounted for over
18 percent of CO nonpoint source emissions and more than 26 percent of NOX nonpoint source
emissions.
For Cook County, 1990 total VOC emissions for all sources (point, area, and mobile) were
751.9 tons/day, total NOX emissions for all sources (point, area, and mobile) were 538.9 tons/day,
and total CO emissions for all sources (point, area, and mobile) were 2,970.3 tons/day (EPA,
1993a). Figures 3-29,3-30, and 3-31 present the relative contributions to total emissions from point
sources, mobile sources, non-road mobile sources, and area sources for VOC, NOX, and CO,
respectively.
Table 3-33 presents the total estimated 1993 emission rates in pounds per year for all Cook
County, IL, point and area sources included in the SWLM pilot study (U.S. EPA, 1995c).
3-90
-------
Total VOC Emissions Using 1994 Point Source Data and 1990 Data for Other Sources in Lake County, IN = 55,577.8 tons/year
Area sources
16%
Mobile sources
29%
Point sources
50%
Figure 3-28. Relative Contributions of 1990 Mobile Sources, Non-road Mobile Sources, and Area Sources, and
1994 Point Sources to total Lake County VOC Emissions
-------
Total VOC Emissions in Cook County, IL = 751.9 tons/day
Non-road mobile sources
10%
Area sources
23%
Point sources
26%
Mobile sources
41%
Figure 3-29. Relative Contributions of Different Source Types to Total Cook County VOC Emissions, 1990 (IEPA,
1993)
-------
Total NOx Emissions in Cook County, IL = 538.9 tons/day
Non-road mobile sources
20%
Point sources
19%
Area sources
3%
Mobile sources
58%
Figure 3-30. Relative Contribution of Different Source Types to Total Cook County NOx Emissions, 1990 (IEPA,
1993)
-------
Total CO Emissions in Cook County, IL = 2,970.3 tons/year
Non-road mobile sources
20%
Area sources
1%
Point sources
21%
fc
Mobile sources
58%
Figure 3-31. Relative Contributions of Different Sources Types to Total Cook Cook County CO Emissions, 1990
(IEPA, 1993)
-------
Pollutant
Perchloroethylene
Polycyciic
Organic Matter
Trichloroethytene
.Manganese
.Coke oven
'Cadmium
iMethylene
gas
Chloride
iLead
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
| Nickel
iArsenic
•Chromium, total
(Ethylbenzene
1 Mercury
: Copper
1 Cobalt
(Chromium,
•Phenol
Hexavalent
iChlorobenzene
, 1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Fluoranthene
[Total polychlorinated dibenzofurans
IChrysene
j Carbon tetrachloride
Total polychlorinated dibenzodioxins
2,3,7, 8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
2,3, 7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzof uran
Cook County
Emissions (Ib/vr)
2711257.37
1312445.32
626236.80
484057.91
254875.70
192728.70
73210.42
19483.34
8748.00
6170.49
4162.38
3966.33
3774.53
2797.91
1951.06
593.15
67.50
67.43
8.74
8.42
3.43
0.66
0.39
0.31
0.22
5.03E-04
1.54E-04
Source: EPA, 1995.
Table 3-33. Total Emissions for Cook County IL, for All Sources
Included in the SWLM Pilot Study
3-95
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings Final— April 200J
Sweet and Vermette (1991) used a chemical mass balance (CMB) modeling approach to
apportion Southeast Chicago ambient air concentrations of VOCs to various sources. As shown in
Figure 3-32, the study found that under average conditions vehicle emissions accounted over 80
percent of VOCs in the air, degreasing accounted for over 14 percent, and tetrachloroethylene from
dry cleaning accounted for about 5 percent. The study also evaluated samples collected at the
Washington School in Southeast Cook County, DL Figures 3-33 and 3-34 present the CMB
modeling results from Washington School during a westerly wind for day and night samples,
respectively (Sweet and Vermette, 1991). Figures 3-35 and 3-36 present the CMB modeling results
from two Washington School samples collected during non-westerly winds. Tables 3-34 and 3-35
present the detailed CMB modeling results for the Southeast Chicago area as a whole and for the
Washington School during a pollution episode (i.e., a "high pollution" sample), respectively.
A similar study was conducted on toxic trace elements in the same Southeast Chicago study
area (Sweet et al., 1990). Tables 3-36 and 3-37 present the average CMB modeling results for fine
and coarse fractions, respectively, and Tables 3-38 and 3-39 present the pollution episode CMB
modeling results for fine and coarse fractions, respectively.
Vigyan (1993) estimated emissions from a 16 square mile area surrounding Midway Airport
in Cook County, IL. This study estimated emissions of carcinogenic pollutants from all sources in
the study area at 26,832 tons/year. Figure 3-37, summarizes carcinogenic pollutant emissions by
source category.
3.1.7 Trends in Air Emissions
IDENR conducted a study that looked at air emission trends from various sources in Illinois,
including Cook County (IDENR, 1994a). The sources evaluated included: manufacturing, mobile
sources, and other urban sources (services, wholesale and retail trade, finance, etc.).
3.1.7.1 Trends in Manufacturing Emissions
IDENR found that overall manufacturing output declined by more than 15 percent from 1969
to 1989 (IDENR, 1994a). Trends in Cook County, IL, air emissions from manufacturing sources
3-96
-------
Degreasing
14%
Tetrachloroethylene
5%
Vehicle Emissions
81%
Figure 3-32. CMB Modelling Results for VOC Emissions in Southeast Chicago
Under Aerage Conditions (Sweet, 1991).
3-97
-------
Architectural Coatings
22%
Coke Ovens
10%
Tetrachloroethylene
5%
Vehicle Emissions
49%
Degreasing
14%
Figure 3-33. CMB Modelling Results for Washington School Day Sample During
Westerly Winds (Sweet, 1991).
3-98
-------
Architectural Coatings
24%
Gas Vapors
2%
Vehicle Emissions
39%
Coke Ovens
24%
Tetrachloroethylene
5%
Degreasing
6%
Figure 3-34. CMB Modelling Results for Washington School Night Sample During
Westerly Winds (Sweet, 1991).
3-99
-------
Tetrachloroethylene
10%
Degreasing
23%
Vehicle Emissions
67%
Figure 3-35. CMB Modelling Results for Washington School Sample #1 During
Non-Westerly Winds (Sweet, 1991).
3-100
-------
Tetrachtoroethylene
5%
Gas Vapors
5%
Degreasmg
15%
Vehicle Emissions
75%
Figure 3-36. CMS Modelling Results for Washington School Sample #2 During
Non-Westerly Winds (Sweet, 1991).
3-101
-------
Table 3-34. Average CMB Modeling Results for the Southeast Chicago Area
Pollutant
Benzene
Toluene
Ethyl benzene
m,p-Xylene
o-Xylene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Sources (Percent of Emissions)
Vehicle
Exhaust
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0
0
0
Degreasing
Solvents
0
0
0
0
0
100.0
100.0
25.3
Dry
Cleaning
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
74.7
Source: Sweet and Vermette, 1991.
3-102
-------
Table 3-35. CMB Modeling Results for a Washington School Sample During a Pollution
Episode
Pollutant
Benzene
Toluene
Ethyl benzene
m,p-Xylene
o-Xylene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Sources (Percent of Emissions)
Coke
Ovens
71.6
0.8
17.0
8.3
1.4
0
0
0
Vehicle
Exhaust
26.3
45.6
68.3
71.8
66.6
0
0
0
Paint
0.6
52.0
9.4
18.4
30.3
0
0
0
Gasoline
Vapor
2.3
1.8
5.3
1.8
1.4
0
0
0
Degreasing
Solvents
0
0
0
0
0
100.0
100.0
12.9
Dry
Cleaning
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
87.1
Source Sweet and Vermette, 1991
3-103
-------
Table 3-36. Average Fine Fraction CMB Modeling Results for the Southeast Chicago Area
Pollutant
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Arsenic
Selenium
Cadmium
Tin
Lead
Sources (Percent of Emissions)
Coke Dust
23.1
5.6
0
0.6
69.8
4.2
36.1
0
17.7
0.3
6.5
Steel (Stack
and
Fugitive)
26.7
78.8
92.5
10.8
2.9
2.5
0
0
0
0
3.8
Incineration
0
4.0
0.8
12.1
14.8
85.9
0
1.7
61.8
99.7
89.0
Regional
Background
and Sulfate
28.6
7.1
6.3
70.6
11.4
6.3
46.8
37.3
22.2
0
0.1
Coal
Burning
22.1
5.4
0
6.7
1.2
0.2
19.0
61.5
0.9
-
-
Source Sweet etal, 1990
3-104
-------
Table 3-37. Average Coarse Fraction CMB Modeling Results for the Southeast Chicago
Area
Pollutant
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Lead
Sources (Percent of Emissions)
Urban Dust
63.8
35.7
71.3
55.2
43.6
93.3
59.9
Steel
6.1
21.3
26.5
6.6
35.1
6.6
12.9
Blast Furnace
30.0
42.9
2.1
38.4
20.5
0
5.4
Motor Vehicle
0
0
0
0.1
0.3
0.1
22.1
Source Sweet and Vermette, 1990
3-105
-------
Table 3-38. Pollution Episode Fine Fraction CMB Modeling Results for the Southeast
Chicago Area
Pollutant
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Copper
Zinc
Lead
Sources (Percent of Emissions)
Coke Dust
1.7
0.5
0
60.4
10.0
5.0
Steel (Stack
and Fugitive)
30.0
96.6
99.7
35.6
85.4
88.8
Power Plant
1.4
0.2
0.2
1.5
0.4
0
Oil Burning
66.4
0.4
0
2.1
2.4
0
Source Sweet etal, 1990
3-106
-------
Table 3-39. Pollution Episode Coarse Fraction CMB Modeling Results for the Southeast
Chicago Area
Pollutant
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Copper
Zinc
Lead
Sources (Percent of Emissions)
Urban/Steel
Dust
31.1
79.3
87.6
45.9
92.5
68.6
Steel (Stack and
Fugitive)
4.9
20.5
12.9
52.4
7.5
27.2
Coal Dust
0
0
0
0
0
4.1
Oil Burning
64.7
0.5
0
1.8
0.9
0.9
Source Sweet etal., 1990
3-107
-------
Others
10%
Steel mills
14%
u>
o
00
Solvent uses
16%
Gasoline marketing
36%
Mobile sources
24%
Figure 3-37. Relative Contribution to Carcinogenic Emissions by Sources
in Southwest Chicago, Cook County, IL
Source: Vigyan, 1993.
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings Final— April 2001
were evaluated from 1973 to 1989 for paniculate matter (PM), SOX, NOX, hydrocarbon, and CO and
are shown in Figure 3-38. By 1989, Cook County, IL, PM emissions had declined by 93 percent
from 1973 emission levels of almost 200,000 tons per year. For SOX, emissions declined from
almost 200,000 tons/year in 1973 to less than 50,000 tons/year in 1989; NOX emissions went from
about 75,000 tons/year in 1973 to about 25,000 tons/year in 1989; and hydrocarbon emissions
decreased from 1973 levels of about 100,000 tons/year to less than 60,000 tons/year in 1989.
Although state-wide CO emissions decreased from 1973 to 1989, Cook County, IL, emissions rose
slightly from about 40,000 tons/year in 1973 to over 50,000 tons/year in 1989.
3.1.7.2 Trend in Emissions from Mobile Sources
According to an IDENR study (IDENR 1994a), vehicle miles traveled in Cook County, IL,
grew by about 10 percent between 1973 and 1982, and by almost 30 percent between 1982 and 1991.
Furthermore, as shown in Figure 3-39, the Chicago Area Transportation Study (CATS, 1996a)
reported that the number of registered vehicles in Cook County, IL, increased by 9 percent between
1970 to 1980, by 17 percent between 1980 and 1990, and by 5 percent between 1990 and 1995. As
Figure 3-40 demonstrates, this study (CATS, 1996a) reported that average daily vehicle miles
traveled in Cook County, IL, have also steadily increased. During this same general period,
however, Cook County, IL, vehicle emission rates (cars and light trucks) decreased. Specifically,
as shown in Figure 3-41, IDENR found that for NOX, although emission rates did increase by 5
percent between 1973 and 1982, emission rates decreased by about 18 percent from 1982 to 1991
(IDENR, 1994a). For VOCs, emissions declined by about 22 percent between 1973 and 1982 and
by 30 percent between 1982 and 1991. Similarly, CO emissions decreased by 20 percent from 1973
to 1982 and by over 30 percent from 1982 to 1991.
For mobile sources as a whole (highway, rail, air, and water), the IDENR study found that
Cook County, IL, emissions of CO and VOCs decreased by over 45 percent and NOX emissions by
over 25 percent between 1973 to 1991 (IDENR, 1994a).
The 1990 Lake County, IN, mobile source inventory estimated combined mobile source
emission from rural, suburban, and urban roads at 44.7 tons/day for VOCs, 258.6 tons/day for CO,
and 37.2 tons/day for NOX (Koch, 1997b). Because Lake County, IN, is a nonattamment area for
3-109
-------
Key: CO = Carbon monoxide; PM = particulate; SOx = sulfur oxides; NOx = nitrogen oxides; HC = hydrocarbon
200000
180000
160000
140000
120000
§ 100000
Pollutant
1983
Year
1989
Figure 3-38. Trends in Cook County Emissions from Manufacturing (IDNER, 1994)
3-110
-------
35
25
1 5
•5
I
05
1970
1980
1990
1995
Year
Figure 3-39. Trend in Number of Total Vehicles Registered in Cook County, IL (CATS, 1996)
-------
90
80
70
60
S 50
I
gj 40
I
•g 30
20
10
1973
1980
1985
Year
1990
1993
Figure 3-40. Vehicle Miles Travelled in Cook County (CATS, 1996)
-------
£ -10
UJ
V
o
1
I
O
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
11973-82
11982-1991
Figure 3-41. Trends in Emission Rates of Cook County Vehicles (IDNER, 1994)
-------
CCRJ Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Water
Final—April 2001
ozone, Indiana was required to prepare an SIP to reduce emissions. The Northwest Indiana Regional
Planning Commission (NIRPC) developed mobile source VOC and NOX emissions estimates for
Lake County, IN, assuming the SIP would, and would not be implemented for the years 1996,2002,
2007, and 2010 (NIRPC, 1994). Table 3-40 presents these estimated emissions. In both cases,
emissions decrease until 2007 when they begin to increase as increased travel starts to offset
emission reductions through improvements in technology. Another study, conducted for Northeast
Illinois (including Cook County), found that estimated hydrocarbon emissions from personal
vehicles (commercial vehicles were not included in the estimates) will continue to decrease beyond
2010 (Zavattero et al., 1997). These results are presented in Table 3-41.
3.1.7.3 Emissions Trends in Other Urban Sources
An IDENR study evaluated emission trends from other urban sources (IDENR, 1994a).
Other urban sources included construction (SIC Code 15-17), wholesale trade (SIC Code 50-51);
retail trade (SIC Code 52-59); finance, insurance, and real estate (SIC Code 60-67); services (SIC
Code 70-89); and government (SIC Code 91-97). As shown in Figure 3-42, VOC emissions from
urban sources in Cook County, IL, have remained relatively constant (between 250 and 300
tons/summer day). Emissions rose slightly from 1970 to 1980 and then dropped to below 1970
levels from 1980 to 1990. Similarly, Cook County, IL, CO emissions rose from about 75
tons/summer day in 1970 to almost 90 tons/summer day in 1980, and then dropped to about 80
tons/summer day in 1990. Cook County, IL,
NOX emissions also rose between 1970 and
1980 from slightly over 40 tons/summer day to
more than 50 tons/summer day, and then
declined to about 45 tons/summer day by 1990.
3.2 DISCHARGES TO SURFACE
WATERS
Loadings can be estimated for about 86
facilities in Cook County, IL, and Lake County,
IN, which directly discharge pollutants to
Loadings to Surface Waters
• Point Source Discharges in Cook
County, IL, and Lake County, IN
• Largest Sources and Waterbodies
Receiving the Largest Loadings
• Major Pollutants Discharged
• Nonpoint Source Loadings
Estimates
3-114
-------
Table 3-40. Estimated Lake County, IN, Mobile Source Emissions
With and Without Implementation of the SIP
Year
1996
2002
2007
2010
Emissions with SIP Implementation
VOC (tons/day)
54.1
36.2
30.1
32.0
NOx (tons/day)
79.6
69.1
63.8
67.9
Emissions without SIP Implementation
VOC (tons/day)
54.1
36.4
30.3
32.3
NOx (tons/day)
79.7
69.4
64.1
68.0
Source. NIRPC, 1994
3-115
-------
Table 3-41. Projected Hydrocarbon Emission Rates in the Northeast Illinois Area.
Year
1970
1990
1996
2001
2007
2010
Hydrocarbon Emissions (tons/day)
1,357
544
237
155
131
126
Source. Zavattero et al, 1997.
3-116
-------
300
250
•8 200
oi
U)
I? 150
o
2 100
E
50
0
1970
-VOC
-NOx
-CO
1980
Years
1990
Figure 3-42. Trend in Urban Dynamics Emissions for Cook County (IDNER, 1994)
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Water
Final—April 2001
surface waterbodies. More than 414-million pounds of pollutants were discharged from these
facilities to waterbodies in 1995. Such discharges are permitted under the authority of the CWA and
the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Wastewater loadings were derived
from 1995 data contained in EPA's Permit Compliance System (PCS). The monthly Discharge
Monitoring Report (DMR) data available in PCS were analyzed using Effluent Data Statistics (EDS)
to estimate annual loadings from these point sources. This approach included using the standard
assumption that nondetected parameters are present at one-half the detection level. (See Section 1.4
for limitations of these loadings estimates.) This subsection details the point sources in the study
area, including the facilities with the largest loadings and the pollutants discharged. Following this
discussion is information on estimated loadings from nonpoint source runoff.
Industries in Cook County, PL, and Lake County, IN, have a long history of disharging to
waterbodies in the area, as shown in Bhowmik and Fitzpatrick (1998) and many other references.
This section characterizes the facilities with the largest mass loadings, as well as the types of
pollutants discharged. It should be noted that many industrial facilities in these areas discharge
indirectly to POTWs for treatment and discharge to surface waters. Particularly in Cook County,
thousands of commercial and industrial facilities discharge to the Metropolitan Water Reclamation
District of Greater Chicago (MWRDGC). These indirect discharges go to seven MWRDGC
facilities located throughout Cook County for treatment and discharge. The discussion in this section
focuses on direct discharges because they are
indicators of the actual loadings of concentrational
(e.g., total suspended solids, nutrients), as well as
toxic (e.g., lead) water pollutants (PCS, 1997).
Of the 86 facilities in the study area that
discharged in 1995,43 are located in Cook County,
IL, and 43 are in Lake County, IN. The loadings
from Lake County, IN, are substantially larger than
those from Cook County, IN. Specifically, Lake
County's loadings were about five times larger than
Cook County's (346,437,145 pounds compared to
Largest Sources
86 Point Source Dischargers in
Study Area
Largest Loadings from Sewage
Treatment Plants in Hammond,
Gary, and Chicago (Stickney)
Grand Calumet River Received
More Than 300-Milhon Pounds
of Discharges in 1995
3-118
-------
CCR1Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Water Final—April 2001
68,338,657 pounds) in 1995. Figure 3-43 displays the total mass of pollutants discharged in 1995
in both counties.
3.2.1 Largest Sources Discharging to Surface Waters
By a considerable margin, the largest dischargers to surface waters in the study area are
municipal sewage treatment plants and some large industrial facilities. According to the total mass
of pollutants discharged, only three facilities comprise 72 percent of the total for the entire study
area. Table 3-42 presents the largest facilities in the study area, based on this measure. The three
largest facilities (based on total mass of discharges) are the Hammond Municipal Sewage Treatment
Plant (STP), the Gary Wastewater Treatment Plant, and Stickney STP. Sanitary wastewaters from
Chicago and much of Cook County is handled by the Stickney Water Reclamation Plant, operated
by the MWRDGC. The Stickney STP is the largest wastewater treatment facility in the world,
handling household and industrial wastewaters, in addition to stormwater runoff (Ricondo, 1996).
Specifically, the Stickney plant serves almost 2.4-million people in Chicago and 43 suburban
communities through a design treatment capacity of 1,200-million gallons per day. These 16
facilities collectively contribute more than 99 percent of the total mass of pollutants discharged in
the entire study area.
Tables 3-43 through 3-45 present the loadings of pollutants from 1995 from the Hammond
Municipal STP, Gary Wastewater Treatment Plant, and MWRDGC Stickney STP, respectively
(PCS, 1997). Conventional pollutants made up the majority of the effluents from these POTWs;
however, metals and other toxic pollutants were discharged. In fact, the Stickney STP discharged
44,344 pounds of lead in 1995, 79 percent of the total amount of lead discharged in Cook and Lake
Counties (Table 3-46). Other dischargers of lead in 1995 included MWRDGC North Side STP,
Inland Steel, LTV Steel, and Chemical Waste Management - CID (Figure 3-44). Phenolics were also
discharged from 14 facilities in the study area in 1995, the largest of which was the MWRDGC
Calumet Sewage Treatment Plant. Figure 3-45 displays the facilities that discharged phenohcs (total
recoverable) into surface waters in 1995.
The waterbody receiving the largest loadings in the entire study area is the Grand Calumet
River. The majority of the dry weather flow of the Grand Calumet River is input from the municipal
3-119
-------
AfT.FSS Initiative
File GJobals fjptions Window Help
Source: PCS, 1997.
Figure 3-43. Total Quantity of Water Discharged by County in 1995
3-120
-------
Table 3-42. Major Point Source Dischargers to Surface Waters in 1995
in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN
Facility
Total Mass of Pollutants Discharged
(Ibs/yr)
Hammond Municipal STP
Gary Wastewater Treatment Plant
MWRDGC Stickney STP
East Chicago Municipal STP
E.I. DuPont DeNemours
LTV Steel Company
MWRDGC Calumet STP
Inland Steel Company
U.S. Steel - Gary "Works
MWRDGC Northside STP
American Oil Co. (Amoco)
CERESTAR USA
MWRDGC Kirie STP
Citgo Petroleum
Thorn Creek Basin S.D.
USX-USS South Works
182,783,675
69,177,958
45,443,631
33,852,917
21,612,173
14,926,047
10,755,231
10,591,292
7,175,826
6,332,293
3,235,798
1,476,491
1,212,248
1,029,991
879,081
676,276
Source: PCS, 1997.
3-121
-------
Table 3-43. Wastewater Discharge Loadings in 1995 from
Hammond Sewage Treatment Plant
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Total
Discharge in Lbs.
120,659,323
32,218,772
27,545,291
727,909
594,414
332,010
273,340
226,909
130,626
26,913
25,720
6,841
5,604
4,761
1,826
1,254
1,020
460
325
206
137
15
182,783,675
Cumulative Percent
66.00%
83.64%
98 71%
99.11%
99 43%
99.61%
99 76%
99 89%
99.96%
100.00%
100.00%
100.00%
100 00%
100.00%
100.00%
100.00%
10000%
10000%
10000%
10000%
10000%
10000%
100.00%
Pollutant/Parameter
SOLIDS, TOTAL DISSOLVED
SULFATE, TOTAL (AS S04)
CHLORIDE (AS CL)
OXYGEN, DISSOLVED (DO)
OIL AND GREASE FREON EXTR-GRAV METH
BOD, CARBONACEOUS 05 DAY, 20C
SOLIDS, TOTAL SUSPENDED
NITROGEN, AMMONIA TOTAL (AS N)
FLUORIDE, TOTAL (AS F)
PHOSPHORUS, TOTAL (AS P)
ZINC, TOTAL (AS ZN)
IRON, DISSOLVED (AS FE)
COPPER, TOTAL (AS CU)
NICKEL, TOTAL (AS NI)
CHLORINE, TOTAL RESIDUAL
PHENOLICS, TOTAL RECOVERABLE
CADMIUM, TOTAL (AS CD)
CYANIDE, TOTAL (AS CN)
LEAD TOTAL RECOVERABLE
CHROMIUM TOTAL RECOVERABLE
FLOW, WASTEWATER BY-PASSING TRTMNT
PLANT
MERCURY TOTAL RECOVERABLE
Source: PCS, 1997.
3-122
-------
Table 3-44. Wastewater Discharge Loadings in 1995 from
Gary Wastewater Treatment Plant
Rank
1
2
*%
j
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Total
Discharge in
Lbs.
56,046,424
8,275,498
2,396,895
1,016,479
578,753
389,869
278,829
106,421
40,892
15,657
11,697
9,597
3,966
2,051
1,453
980
732
686
546
286
140
102
4
69,177,958
Cumulative
Percent
81.02%
92 98%
96.45%
97.91%
98.75%
99.31%
99.72%
99.87%
99.93%
99.95%
99 97%
99 98%
99.99%
99.99%
99.99%
100.00%
10000%
100.00%
10000%
10000%
100.00%
10000%
100.00%
100.00%
Pollutant/Parameter
SOLIDS, TOTAL DISSOLVED
SULFATE, TOTAL (AS S04)
CHLORIDE (AS CL)
OXYGEN, DISSOLVED (DO)
OIL AND GREASE FREON EXTR-GRAV METH
SOLIDS, TOTAL SUSPENDED
BOD, CARBONACEOUS 05 DAY, 20C
FLUORIDE, TOTAL (AS F)
PHOSPHORUS, TOTAL (AS P)
NITROGEN, AMMONIA TOTAL (AS N)
ZINC, TOTAL (AS ZN)
IRON, DISSOLVED (AS FE)
CHLORINE, TOTAL RESIDUAL
NICKEL, TOTAL (AS NI)
LEAD TOTAL RECOVERABLE
CHROMIUM, HEXAVALENT DISSOLVED (AS CR)
CHROMIUM TOTAL RECOVERABLE
CADMIUM TOTAL RECOVERABLE
ARSENIC, TOTAL RECOVERABLE
CYANIDE, TOTAL (AS CN)
FLOW, WASTEWATER BY-PASSING TRTMNT PLANT
COPPER TOTAL RECOVERABLE
MERCURY TOTAL RECOVERABLE
Source: PCS, 1997.
3-123
-------
Table 3-45. Wastewater Discharge Loadings in 1995 from MWRDGC Stickney STP
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Total
Discharge in Lbs.
17,983,974
16,496,801
8,327,568
2,523,468
44,960
44,344
22,516
45,443,631
Cumulative Percent
39.57%
75.88%
94.20%
99.75%
99.85%
99.95%
100.00%
100.00%
Pollutant/Parameter
OXYGEN, DISSOLVED (DO)
SOLIDS, TOTAL SUSPENDED
BOD, CARBONACEOUS 05 DAY, 20C
NITROGEN, AMMONIA TOTAL (AS N)
AMMONIA, UNIONIZED
LEAD, TOTAL (AS PB)
CYANIDE, TOTAL (AS CN)
Source: PCS, 1997.
3-124
-------
Table 3-46. Facilities Discharging Lead to Surface Waters in 1995
in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Total
Discharge in Lbs.
44,344
5,169
2,047
1,453
1,391
1,005
325
255
105
0
0
0
0
0
56,094
Cumulative Percent
79.05%
88.27%
91 92%
94.51%
96.99%
98.78%
99.36%
9981%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
Facility Name
MWRDGC STICKNEY STP
MWRDGC NORTH SIDE STP
INLAND STEEL COMPANY
GARY WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
U S. STEEL - GARY WORKS USX C
LTV STEEL COMPANY
HAMMOND MUNICIPAL STP
CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT - CID
EAST CHICAGO MUNICIPAL STP
BUCKEYE PIPE LINE COMPANY LP
HINSDALE S.D. MCELWAIN STP
HUNTSMAN CHEMICAL CORP-WILLOW
MWRDGC CALUMET STP
USX-USS SOUTH WORKS
Source: PCS, 1997.
3-125
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ACCESS Initiative
Slobals Clptions Window Help
3 _*J
PCS Dala lot Cook IL and Lake IN (CHICPCS) IF YEAR IN 1995IF CHEMICAL IN LEAD TOTAL RECOVERABLE.LEAD. TOTAL AS.
jqStart ig GroupWise... ^ In Box g^ Out Box
^ACCESS... g|Wo.dPer(e... I ff
7:28 AM
Figure 3-44. Facilities Discharging Lead in 1995 in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN
Source: PCS, 1997.
3-126
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ACCESS Initiative
File CSIobals Options Window Help
LIM conponrmoN
I Ufl IN
utBox j ffi Buddy List||
Figure 3-45. Facilities Discharging Phenolics (Total Recoverable) in 1995 in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN
Source: PCS, 1997.
3-127
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Water Final—April 2001
and industrial sources that line the river (HydroQual, 1985). Inputs to these waterbodies also include
combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and nonpoint source runoff. The Grand Calumet River received
almost 315-million pounds of discharges in 1995, from three large STPs in Hammond, East Chicago,
and Gary, IN, as well as industrial effluents from industrial facilities such as U.S. Steel-Gary and
DuPont. This loading is larger than any other waterbody in the study area by an order of magnitude.
Similarly, the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal received wastewater discharges amounting to about
26-million pounds from Inland Steel, American Steel, and LTV Steel.
The majority of the municipal and industrial dischargers to surface waters in Lake County,
IN, are located on the Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Ship Canal (GCR/IHSC). Municipal
(sewage treatment) and industrial effluents, such as cooling waters and process waters, are
discharged under NPDES permits. IDEM (1997a) reported that 19 NPDES permittees are located
in the GCR/IHSC area of concern. Collectively, these facilities discharge approximately 833-
million gallons per day, which, during dry weather, represent the entire flow of the Grand Calumet
River (IDEM, 1997a). Waterbodies in Southeast Cook County also receive discharges from
industrial and municipal facilities. In 1995, the Calumet River received about 125,000 pounds of
wastewater effluents; the Grand Calumet River received about 675,000 pounds, and the Little
Calumet River received about 11-million pounds of pollutants. Loadings to the Little Calumet River
(not to mention pollutants flowing into Illinois from Indiana in its portion of the river) included more
than 6-million pounds of total suspended solids, 2-million pounds of nutrients ammonia/nitrogen,
and the largest inputs of zinc (more than 76,000 pounds) of any waterbody in the study area. The
Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal receives discharges from the Stickney STP and other facilities.
About one-third of the loadings to the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal in 1995 were total suspended
solids. Biological oxygen demand (BOD) loadings to the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal from
Stickney STP were the highest of any facility and waterbody in the study area, more than 8-million
pounds.
3.2.2 Discharges by Type of Industry
Of the 43 dischargers located in Cook County, IL, 16 are listed in PCS as utilities (including
municipal sewage treatment plants), 6 are primary metals facilities, and 5 are chemicals facilities.
Of the total pollutants discharged from Cook County in 1995 (68,338,657 pounds), almost 97 percent
3-128
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Water Final—April 2001
of the mass came from utilities, primarily the POTWs (65,796,734 pounds), 1.5 percent were from
the petroleum industry, and about 1 percent are from the primary metals industry; the remainder of
discharges were from 13 other industrial categories.
Similarly, 83 percent (286,438,133 pounds/year) of the total mass of pollutants discharged
to surface waters in Lake County, IN, (346,437,145 pounds/year) were from utilities such as sewage
treatment plants. As shown previously, the Hammond, Gary, and East Chicago sewage treatment
plants are among the largest sources in Lake County. Table 3-47 displays the total mass discharged
from Lake County's facilities, by two-digit SIC Code. Other significant contributors included
primary metals (about 9 percent) and chemicals industries (6 percent).
3.2.3 Pollutants Discharged to Surface Waters
Conventional pollutants were discharged in the largest quantities in both Cook County, IL,
and Lake County, IN. Such pollutants included total suspended solids, total dissolved solids,
biological oxygen demand (BOD), nitrogen, and others. Descriptions of some of the conventional
pollutants and parameters measured in effluents are summarized below:
• Suspended Solids - Can contain many types of pollutants and may act physically on
waterbodies by reducing light penetration and altering sediments/habitats;
• Oil and Grease - Can be lethal to fish, inhibit oxygen waste to waterbodies, and may
deplete oxygen levels due to chemical oxygen decrease of these compounds;
• Chemical and Biological Oxygen Demand - Can deplete oxygen levels, which can
result m mortality or other effects on fish;
• Dissolved Oxygen - A desired parameter in effluents; and
• Nitrogen - Excess nutrients can lead to eutrophication, algal blooms, and possible
fouling of drinking water supplies.
3-129
-------
Table 3-47. Total Mass of Wastewater Discharges by Industry Types
in 1995 in Lake County, IN
Two Digit
SIC Code
20
26
28
29
32
33
35
46
49
65
70
76
82
Description
FOOD
PAPER
CHEMICAL
PETROLEUM
STONE/CLAY
PRIMARY METAL
MACHINERY
PIPELINES
UTILITIES
REAL ESTATE
HOTELS
OTHER REPAIR
EDUCATIONAL
Pounds
Discharged
1,476,491
1,734
22,155,778
3,235,798
21,109
32,744,302
328
2,124
286,693,796
104,859
0
117
300
346,437,145
Source: PCS, 1997.
3-130
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Water Final—April 2001
It should be noted that there is some overlap in some of the parameters regularly monitored
in effluents. For instance, nitrogen can be measured by several methods. The various parameters
have not been summarized to preserve the original data integrity for these pollutant measures.
Similarly, the mass of total suspended solids and total dissolved solids would include other
parameters/pollutants that are also measured individually. Although numerous toxic constituents
are discharged from any number of the 100 facilities in the study area, the magnitude of their
discharges was relatively small. Presented below is a summary of the types of pollutants discharged
to surface waters in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN.
3.2.3.1 Cook County, IL
From the 43 facilities in Cook County, there were 85 parameters/pollutants to characterize
the content of the discharges. As mentioned previously, the total mass of wastewater discharges in
1995 in Cook County, IL, was 68,338,656 pounds. Five parameters made up more than 98 percent
of this mass:
• Total Suspended Solids - 30,011,900 pounds/year (26 facilities);
• Dissolved Oxygen -18,821,718 pounds/year (2 facilities);
• Biological Oxygen Demand - 12,008,590 pounds/year (13 facilities);
• Nitrogen - 5,434,854 pounds/year (11 facilities); and
• Chemical Oxygen Demand - 789,421 pounds/year (2 facilities).
Toxic pollutants discharged from facilities in 1995 in Cook County, IL, included total lead (49,768
pounds/year), total chromium (2,666 pounds/year), hexavalent chromium (113 pounds/year), and
mercury (about 1 pound/year). Table 3-48 presents the pollutants discharged to surface waters from
facilities in Cook County, IL, in 1995. This table includes the number of facilities that discharged
each pollutant as well as the total pounds of each pollutant/parameter monitored in effluents from
point sources and presented in PCS.
An MWRDGC report published in 1986, describes the contribution of five major facilities
to the influent pollutant load at the Calumet Sewage Treatment Works (CSTW) in 1982 (MWRDGC,
1986). The facilities studied for the report were the FSC Paper Corporation, Sherwin-Williams,
3-131
-------
Table 3-48. Pollutants Discharged into Water Bodies in 1995 in Cook County, IL
Compound Name
Total Suspended Solids
Oxygen, Dissolved (DO)
BOD, Carbonaceous 05 Day, 20C
Nitrogen, Ammonia Total (As N)
Oxygen Demand, Chem. (High Level) (COD)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Oil And Grease (Soxhlet Extr.) Tot.
BOD, 5-Day (20 Deg. C)
Zinc, Total (As Zn)
Cyanide, Total (As Cn)
Iron, Total (As Fe)
Fluoride, Total (As F)
Ammonia, Unionized
Lead, Total (As Pb)
Chlorine, Total Residual
Copper, Total (As Cu)
Phenohcs, Total Recoverable
Oil And Grease, Freon Extr-Grav Meth.
Total Organic Carbon (TOO
Chromium, Total (As Cr)
Aluminum, Total Recoverable
Cyanide, Weak Acid, Dissociable
Manganese, Total (As Mn)
Halogen, Total Organic
Sulfide, Total (As S)
Chromium, Hexavalent (As Cr)
Ethylbenzene
Chromium, Tnvalent (As Cr)
Mercury, Total (As Hg)
Toluene
Total Discharges (of 87 Pollutants)
Number of Pollutants Comprising 90% of
Discharges
Number of
Facilities
28
2
12
12
2
1
20
13
7
9
9
4
3
7
17
9
8
2
1
7
1
6
4
4
1
6
5
1
6
9
Water Discharges
(Ibs)
84,257,712
53,519,591
33,762,776
15,708,418
2,229,880
851,531
541,723
442,058
374,360
1 94,960
192,425
156,523
133,772
132,980
78,137
64,235
53,254
14,839
12,287
7,245
1,364
984
856
550
291
125
44
22
2
1
192,732,946
3
Source PCS. 1997
3-132
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Water Final—April 2001
Interlake Coke, Republic Steel, and Clark Oil (which had three discharges). During October 1982,
at least eight 24-hour composite samples were taken from each discharge point and from the CSTW
influent. These samples were analyzed for a number of compounds, including sulfides, sulfites,
aniline, benzene, toluene, low-boiling solvents, total phenols, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, cyanide,
ammonia-N, and chlorine (M WRDGC, 1986). Average flow rates for all dischages were determined
by averaging daily flow over this same period of time.
By multiplying the average concentrations with the average flow rates, an annual loading rate
was derived for those facilities that discharge wastewaters to the CSTW. The results are shown in
Table 3-49, along with the percent contribution of the five plants compared to the amount of
pollutant in the CSTW influent. While only 6.5 percent of the CSTW influent water came from
these plants, much larger loadings of pollutants were found to originate from them. An estimated
77 percent of the cyanide and 89 percent of p-cresol in CSTW's influent were due to effluents from
these plants (MWRDGC, 1986). Some caution is urged in interpreting the results, because in
calculating them, it was assumed that no compounds are lost from the flow due to settling,
evaporation, and other processes.
3.23.2 Lake County, IL
From the 43 facilities in Lake County, IN, the total mass of pollutants discharged for 1995
was 346,43 7,145 pounds. Fifty different pollutants were included in the permits or were monitored
for in the discharges from these facilities. However, like Cook County, IL, the pollutants/parameters
discharged in the largest quantities in 1995 included:
Total Dissolved Solids - 212,634,096 pounds/year (5 facilities);
Sulfate - 61,576,733 pounds/year (7 facilities);
Chloride - 41,671,739 pounds/year (7 facilities);
Total Suspended Solids - 9,773,013 pounds/year (37 facilities); and
• Oil and Grease - 9,176,923 pounds/year (21 facilities).
These five parameters collectively provided more than 96 percent of the total mass of
discharges to surface waters in Lake County, IN. Discharges of toxic chemicals included: lead - total
3-133
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Table 3-49. Estimated Loading Contributions, in Pounds Per Year, to the CSTW by Five Major Facilities
Pollutant
Sulfide
Sulfite
Aniline
Benzene
Toluene3
-ow Boiling
Solvents"
'henols
[Total)
D-Cresol
vl-Cresol
'-Cresol
Cyanide
Ammonia-N
Chlorine
Sherwin-
Williams
(Ibs/yr)
2,070
0
823,000
518
5,690
1 1 4,000
104,000
6,730
8,800
55,900
14,000
151,000
2.340.00O
FSC Paper
Corp.
(Ibs/yr)
3,090
170,000
0
0
0
355,000
55,600
7,720
4,630
9,270
6,180
35,500
1.140.0OO
Interlake
Coke
(Ibs/yr)
2,790
36,300
0
20,900
1,950
15,300
572,000
32,100
105,000
47,400
36,000
812,000
1.560.000
Republic
Steel
(Ibs/yr)
3,410
34,100
0
0
0
51,200
219,000
1 2,800
46,100
18,800
103,000
930,000
2 520 OOO
Clark Oil
#1A (Ibs/yr)
310,000
1 35,000
0
3,640
5,470
117,000
51,700
17,500
24.400
1 1 ,300
10,900
470,000
1 0 900 000
Clark Oil
#2A
(Ibs/yr)
507
0
0
394
25,900
1,280,000
1 30,000
2,140
338
225
28
1,350
1 770 000
Clark Oil
#3A
(Ibs/yr)
69
0
0
0
41
3,290
315
82
41
69
2
1,410
685
Total for
Five
Facilities
(Ibs/yr)
322,000
375,000
823,000
25,500
39,100
1,930,000
1,130,000
79,000
1 89,000
143,000
1 70,000
2,400,000
20 300 000
CSTW
Influent
(Ibs/yr)
965,000
0
0
16,100
53,600
5,840,000
536,000
161,000
214,000
161,000
220.000
10,500,000
1 1 300 000
Contribution
to Influent
(in Percent)
33.3
mm
_.
>100l
72. £
33.1
>100'
49.1
88.1
88.9
77.5
22.8
> 100'
a. Loading Estimates for Toluene and Low Boiling Solvents are based on grab samples obtained in March/April 1983.
b. Estimated contributions to influent over 100% may be due to idealizations used in the calculation.
Source MWRDGC, 1986.
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Water Final—April 2001
(3,052 pounds/year), total lead recoverable (3,274 pounds/year), hexavalent chromium - dissolved
(980 Ibs/year), hexavalent chromium (45 pounds/year), and mercury (27 pounds/year). Table 3-50
presents the pollutants discharged to surface waters from facilities in Lake County, IN, in 1995. This
table includes the number of facilities discharging each pollutant, as well as the total pounds of each
pollutant/parameter monitored in effluents from point sources in 1995 and presented in PCS.
IDEM (1997b) published a comprehensive water quality assessment of Wolf Lake, which
is located on the border between Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN. Dischargers to Wolf Lake
include effluents from two industrial sources, storm drainage discharges, and surface runoff
(Section 4.2 discusses ambient water quality monitoring data). Inflows to the lake during the 1992-
1993 study period were estimated by IDEM (1997b) to be:
• Nineteen percent from direct precipitation;
• Sixteen percent from Hammond Sanitary Districts' stormwater pump stations;
• Thirty percent from Lever NPDES discharge;
• Thirty-one percent from Amaizo NPDES discharge; and
• Five percent from groundwater in flow and/or surface runoff.
3.2.4 Nonpoint Sources/Stormwater Runoff
Nonpoint sources are those sources that cannot be attributed to a single pipe or outlet. For
surface water, most nonpoint source pollution is caused by compounds that have settled on the
ground and are mobilized by stormwater runoff. As a storm progresses, stormwater runs downhill
and can make its way to a surface waterbody or sewer, all the while washing off and carrying
pollutants. Pollutants spread over vast, diffuse areas can be transported in this fashion. In urban
areas, sewer systems capture much of the runoff, transporting it to wastewater treatment plants.
However, if a region is served by combined sewers, as is the case in much of Cook and Lake
Counties, intense storm events can cause combined sewer overflows (CSOs). These overflows
contain not only the nonpoint source runoff, but also untreated sewage.
Nonpoint source pollution can be particularly significant in well paved, impermeable areas.
For example, at Midway Airport, activities such as aircraft washing, fueling, and maintenance can
3-135
-------
Table 3-50. Pollutants Discharged into Water Bodies in 1995 in Lake County, IN
Compound Name
Solids, Total Dissolved
Sulfate, Total (As SO4)
Chloride (As CD
Total Suspended Solids
Oil And Grease, Freon Extr-Grav Method
BOD, 5-Day (20 Deg. C)
Oxygen, Dissolved (DO)
Oxygen Demand, Chem. (Low Level) (COD)
BOD, Carbonaceous 05 Day, 20C
Nitrogen, Ammonia Total (As N)
Fluoride, Total (As F)
Total Organic Carbon (TOO
Oil & Grease (Freon Extr.-lr Meth) Total
Chlorine, Total Residual
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Phosphorus, Total (As P)
Cadmium, Total (As Cd)
Zinc, Total (As Zn)
Iron Total Recoverable
Iron, Dissolved (As Fe)
Zinc Total Recoverable
Oxidants, Total Residual
Copper, Total (As Cu)
Phenolics, Total Recoverable
Cyanide, Total (As Cn)
Nickel, Total (As Ni)
Lead, Total (As Pb)
Lead Total Recoverable
Chromium Total Recoverable
Iron, Total (As Fe)
Nickel Total Recoverable
Benzene
Sulfide, Total (As S)
Chromium, Hexavalent Dissolved (As Cr)
Cadmium Total Recoverable
Arsenic, Total Recoverable
Flow, Wastewater By-Passing Treatment Plant
Selenium, Total (As Se)
Number of
Facilities
6
7
8
42
26
21
15
2
16
27
5
4
1
20
1
11
2
6
1
4
4
4
3
6
10
1
3
8
6
1
3
7
1
1
3
1
21
1
Water Discharges
(Ibs)
607,424,674
174,816,694
116,749,114
27,451,948
23,034,013
8,377,762
7,813,931
5,646,326
4,265,194
1,476,216
1,073,736
1,004,160
670,606
598,580
446,919
235,145
205,581
109,236
104,123
68,482
47,056
26,444
22,662
21,507
18,469
13,643
8,322
5,252
5,039
4,749
4,306
4,216
2,751
2,002
1,470
1,056
974
552
3-136
-------
Table 3-50. Pollutants Discharged into Water Bodies in 1995 in Lake County, IN (continued)
Compound Name
Naphthalene
Chromium, Total (As Cr)
Copper Total Recoverable
Chromium, Hexavalent (As Cr)
Mercury Total Recoverable
Cyanide, Total Recoverable
Benzo(A)Pyrene
Total Discharges (of 45 Pollutants)
Number of Pollutants Comprising 90% of
Discharges
Number of
Facilities
2
2
2
1
3
1
2
Water Discharges
(Ibs)
368
216
205
120
74
3
2
981,763,900
3
Source. PCS, 1997
3-137
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Water Final—April 2001
leave fuels, oils, grease, and sediments on the pavement that can run off to surface waters.
Application of deicing compounds, of which an estimated 151,100 gallons were used in 1995
(Ricondo, 1996), can intensify pollution problems during the winter. A number of facilities are
utilized at Midway Airport to address this runoff problem. These include a separate stormwater
sewer system; detention facilities for the stormwater (the Tunnel and Reservoir Plan, discussed in
Section 4.2); a valve at the detention facilities, which allows large fuel spills to be pumped away;
and maintenance facilities, in which aircrafts are washed (Ricondo, 1996).
Midway Airport generates large quantities of wastewater. Under normal operating
conditions, all overflow is sent to the Stickney Water Reclamation Plant for treatment. Calculations
were performed to estimate aircraft deicing fluid usage in the years 1995 and 2010, and to project
sanitary flow rates expected due to a terminal development project (Ricondo, 1996). It was
determined that that additional flow at the project's ultimate development will be an additional
34,250 gallons a day, and a peak of 137,000 gallons per day. Approximately 64,000 gallons of
wastewater were generated per day in 1995. It is expected that the Stickney plant, along with the
detention and treatment facilities, can accomodate the flows projected (Ricondo, 1996).
Nonpoint source pollutants in the GCR/IHSC area include oil and grease, PCBs, pesticides,
cyanide, and mercury (IDEM, 1997a). These pollutants, in combination with total suspended solids,
may contribute to low dissolved oxygen in these waterbodies of Lake County, IN. Combined CSO
is a significant source of pollutants, especially bacteria, to GCR/IHSC. EPA inventoried 14 CSOs
in the early 1980s with an estimated loading of more than 11 -billion gallons of untreated wastewater
per year (Table 3-51). The CSOs are evenly distributed among the East and West Branches of the
OCR and the IHSC (Figure 3-46). Groundwater has been estimated to provide about 10 percent of
the loadings to the Grand Calumet River of ammonia, chromium, and cyanide (IDEM, 1991).
Similarly, as much as 5 to 10 percent of the loadings of dissolved solids, sulfate, copper, iron, and
lead to the river may come from groundwater. Table 3-52 summarizes data on the migration of
contaminants in groundwater to the Grand Calumet River (IDEM, 1991).
The ambiguous nature of nonpoint sources confounds direct measurement of nonpoint source
loadings. There have been studies estimating the nonpoint source loads to surface waterbodies in
Cook and Lake Counties. However, because there were no previously existing estimates as to
3-138
-------
Table 3-51. Combined Sewer Overflows to the Grand Calumet River
cso
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10<2>
11
12
13
14
Mile-Segment0'
[Cross St.]
12.6-E.Br.
12.3-E.Br.
[Virginia St.]
11.2-E.Br.
[Hwy. 90]
11.0-E.Br.
[Buchanan St.]
10.0-E.Br.
[Bridge St.]
9.4 - E. Br.
[Hwy. 90]
7.6 - E. Br.
6.5 - E. Br.
[Cline Ave.]
4.7 - E. Br.
[Kennedy Ave.]
4.6 - W. Br.
[Indianapolis Boulevard]
6.0-W.Br.
[Columbia Ave.]
6.0 - W. Br.
[Columbia Ave.]
1.7-S.Ca.
[Turning Basin]
1.7-S.Ca.
[Opposite turning basin]
Sanitary District
Gary
Gary
Gary
Gary
Gary
Gary
Gary
E. Chicago
Hammond
E. Chicago
Hammond
(pump sta.)
Hammond
E. Chicago
E. Chicago
Est. Annual
Overflow Vol.
1.25bg/year
0.59 bg/year
0.09 bg/year
0.27 bg/year
0.43 bg/year
0.89 bg/year
0.75 bg/year
0.49 bg/year
1.80 bg/year
2.93 bg/year
1.22 bg/year
0.09 bg/year
0.23 bg/year
(3)
(l) River miles. Name of Segment or Reach: E Br. = East Branch; W. Br. = West Branch; M. St. = Main
Stem; S. Ca. = Ship Canal, from Lake George Branch to Harbor.
<2) Assumed point of entry for Magoun Avenue Pumping Station CSO.
<3) Although listed as a CSO, this outfall is a storm sewer only. This outfall has been included because it
discharges significant volumes of oily wastes which infiltrate into the storm sewer from contaminated
groundwater and soils at the Energy Cooperative, Inc., site.
Source. IDEM, 1991; U.S. EPA, 199la
3-139
-------
u>
Figure 3-46. Location of Combined Sewer Outflows-Grand Calumet River, IN
-------
Table 3-52. Groundwater Loadings of Pollutants to the Grand Calumet River
Percent of Total Loading
Pollutant
10%
Ammonia
Chromium
Cyanide
5 to 10%
Dissolved Solids
Sulfate
Copper
Iron
Lead
1 to 5%
Chlorine
Fluorine
Chloride
Less than 1%
Nitrate/Nitrite
Phosphorous/orthophosphate
Mercury
Zinc
Source. IDEM, 1991.
3-141
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Water Final—April 2001
nonpoint source loadings to Cook and Lake Counties as a whole, estimates were made for this report.
Both the existing estimates and estimates calculated for Cook and Lake Counties are presented in
this section. The estimates suggest that the nonpoint sources may be contributing significantly to
the surface water concentrations of several parameters, including lead, copper, zinc, and chemical
oxygen demand (COD).
3.2.4.1 Existing Estimates of Nonpoint Source Loadings
In September and October 1983, time series testing was performed in the Grand Calumet
River (HydroQual, 1985). By measuring concentrations of compounds in the known point outfalls
and in the instream water, estimates were determined for the unmonitored source loading rates.
These estimates were made for a number of species: the ultimate carbonaceous biological oxygen
demand (CBODJ, chlorides, ammonia, iron, lead, mercury, and sulfate. Loading rates are presented
in Table 3-53, along with the approximate milepoints (traveling distance from the Indiana Harbor,
in miles) at which the unmonitored loadings were centered. The unmonitored loadings are believed
to stem not only from sewer overflows, but also from leakage of lagoons, drainage of landfills,
nonpermitted outfalls, and unmonitored point source outfalls (HydroQual, 1985). The estimates for
the loadings vary greatly with time and position. For example, the CBODU loading estimate in
October at milepoint 7.75 of the West Branch is about half the loading in September, while the
loading estimate at milepoint 5.75 of the West Branch was about 50 percent greater in October than
in September.
Terstriep et al. (1990) developed a model that estimates nonpoint source loadings based on
inputed values for rainfall, soil parameters, and buildup/washoff parameters. They applied their
model to the Greater Lake Calumet area in Illinois, which was divided into four urban drainage
basins (Figure 3-47). It was assumed that Regions 1 and 2 drained into the Little Calumet River,
while Regions 3 and 4 drained into the Calumet River. The results of the modeling are shown in
Table 3-54. The estimates stay relatively constant between the years—about 6,000 pounds of lead
per year entered the Little Calumet, and 600 pounds enter the Calumet. Terstriep and Lee attempted
to verify the model with water quality data from the Boneyard Creek Basin in Champaign-Urbana,
IL, but found little correlation between actual and modeled loading rates.
3-142
-------
Table 3-53. Estimated Unmonitored Loads into the Grand Calumet River
Parameter
CBODU
Chlorides
Ammonia
Iron
Lead
Mercury
Sulfate
September 1983
Milepoint/Branch Discharge
5.75/West
7.75/West
12.75/East
12.25/East
12.75/East
12.25/East
12.75/East
12.25/East
5.75/West
12.75/East
12.25/East
12.75/East
12:25/East
12.25/East
(Ibs/day)
5500
7500
2100
7300
2100
7300
250
900
300
50
500
25
60
1.5
October 1983
Milepoint/Branch Discharge
5.75/West
7.75/West
12.75/East
9.25/East
12.75/East
9.25/East
12.75/East
9.25/East
12.75/East
12.25/East '
12.25/East'
12.25/East
(Ibs/day)
8000
4000
2100
7300
2100
17000
250
900
40
400
320
30
-
12.25/East
12.75/East
0.5
21000
Source HydroQual, 1985
3-143
-------
LAKE MICHIGAN
(CALUMET HAS80H]
From Bkowmit t FiOparrick.
TN8S-009.1988
99-056
Figure 3-47. Four Drainage Basins Used in Terstriep and Lee Model
Source: Terstriep & Lee, 1990.
3-144
-------
Table 3-54. Estimated Nonpoint Source Loadings
to the Calumet and Little Calumet Rivers
Year
1955
1959
1971
Constituent
Suspended Solids
Phosphorus
Lead
Suspended Solids
Phosphorus
Lead
Suspended Solids
Phosphorus
Lead
Loading (Ibs/yr)
Little Calumet
3,644,200
6,600
6,400
2,904,900
5,900
5,300
3,646,000
5,000
5,900
Calumet
437,240
770
630
352,550
700
540
436,100
580
580
Source: Terstnep etal., 1990.
3-145
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Water Final—April 2001
Ketcham and Kunchakarra (1992) performed a study in which they prioritized areas in the
Grand Calumet River Watershed for best management practice control. As part of the study, they
estimated the nonpoint source loading rate of total suspended solids (TSS) in different regions of
the watershed. They used a method outlined in Urban Targeting and BMP Selection; An
Information and Guidance Manual for State NFS Program Staff Engineers and Managers (U.S.
EPA, 1989c). The divisions used in their estimate are shown in Figure 3-48, and their estimates for
TSS loadings are presented in Table 3-55. The loading rates of TSS are nearly proportional to the
area from which they came, with an average loading rate per area of 21 pounds/year/acre.
3.2.4.2 Data and Methods Used to Estimate Nonpoint Source Loading Rates
For Cook County, EL, and Lake County, IN, directly-measured data on nonpoint source
loadings were not available at the time of this report. However, methods and data were available that
can be used to estimate nonpoint source loading rates. Much of the data are taken from Ketcham and
Kunchakarra (1992), who derived values for event mean concentrations (EMCs) (a chemical-
specific coefficient that describes the amount of chemical that gets washed away in an average
rainstorm), curve numbers and runoff coefficients (values, specific to a given land use type, that
describe how much water from a rainstorm directly runs into a surface waterbody), and areas of
different land use types. The EMCs in their report were originally from the National Urban Runoff
Program (NURP) data base. There are EMCs in the NURP data base for a number of different land
uses and for 10 parameters: total suspended solids, BOD, COD, total phosphorus (TP), soluble
phosphorous (SP), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), nitrates and nitrites, copper, lead, and zinc. Values
for the EMCs of cadmium were found in The Areawide Water Quality Management Plan (NIPC,
1979). EMC values for different land use types are shown in Table 3-56. Values for land use in
Chicago and Cook County were taken from 1990 Land Use in Northeastern Illinois Counties (NIPC,
1990), which describes land use in cities and counties in Illinois. Categorizing land use into the
types required considerable estimation, and may be a source of considerable error. Land space that
could not be categorized was assumed to be "low-density residential" for the purposes of these
calculations.
Using the data described above, nonpoint source loads were determined using a method based
on models described in An Information and Guidance Manual for State NFS Program Staff
3-146
-------
n
H
O
2}
a Puik Luguors
Grand Calumet River wi thin
Irtdiuna Harbor Ship Canal n
Cicr-J C(jli/mt River bety>e^"
Oeorge and Wolf Laka
Colin*** Pi v<»' with!'
C i k> ol Gui>
'^e Gt*o'y« CCMKII
jin-i-o * M.«'T..,f
99-056
Figure 3-48. Six Divisions of the Grand Calumet River Watershed
Used in Ketcham & Kanchakarra Estimate
-------
Table 3-55. Estimated TSS Loading Due To Nonpoint Sources for
a 2.75 Inch Storm Event in the Grand Calumet River Watershed
Region
Marquette Park Lagoons
GC River - within Gary
Indiana Harbor Ship Canal and Lake George Canal
Grand Calumet River between E. Chicago and Hammond
Lake George and Wolf Lake
Grand Calumet River - Within Hammond
Total Load
Loading (Ibs)
1 20,000
979,000
539.000
292,000
1 78,000
298,000
2,406,000
Source Ketcham and Kunchakarra, 1992
3-148
-------
Table 3-56. EMCs Used in Nonpoint Source Loadings Calculation for Lake County, IN
TSS (mg/L)
BOD (mg/L)
COD (mg/L)
Soluble Phos. (ug/L)
Total Phos. (ug/L)
TKN (ug/L)
NO2 and NO3 (ug/L)
Lead (ug/L)
Copper (ug/L)
Zinc (ug/L)
Cadmium (ug/L)
Open Space
33.00
2.00
25.00
33.00
91.00
889.00
1108.00
38.00
37.00
105.00
4.50
Commercial
275.00
4.00
76.00
1073.00
241.00
757.00
757.00
241.00
42.00
194.00
1.10
Industrial
140.00
8.00
64.00
93.00
491.00
1494.00
714.00
116.00
31.00
234.00
" 7.30
Residential
242.00
8.00
106.00
98.00
510.00
2665.00
732.00
148.00
55.00
1 1 1 .00
0.90
Highway
257.00
24.00
153.00
0.00
790.00
3030.00
710.00
700.00
150.00
614.00
2.20
Sources: Ketcham and Kunchakarra, 1992
NIPC. 1979
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Water
Final—April 2001
Engineers and Managers (U.S. EPA, 1989c). The basic calculation was to multiply the average
yearly rainfall with the EMCs and with the runoff coefficients (Table 3-57). This method of
calculation does not account for a number of parameters. The calculation does not take into account
runoff due to snowmelt or increased runoff due to freezing of soil. It also does not account for the
duration or intensity of storm events. These assumptions are not trivial, and they significantly lower
the confidence level in the calculations.
3.2.4.3 Estimates of Loadings from Nonpoint Sources
Table 3-58 shows the results of the
calculation described above. The estimates
suggest that large quantities of metals such as
lead (567,271 pounds/year) and zinc (520,871
pounds/year) are being washed off by runoff in
Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN. Large
quantities of TSS (671,694,922 pounds/year)
and BOD (24,158,656 pounds/year) loadings
were the result of runoff.
Nonpoint Source Loadings
> Estimates of Chemical Loadings
from Stormwater Runoff
» Nonpoint Source Loadings of Lead
(567,271 pounds/yr), Zinc
(520,871 pounds/yr), and
Suspended Solids (671-million
pounds/yr)
Loads due to Stormwater runoff are not contant throughout time. Table 3-59 shows estimated
loads for a 1-day rainfall of 2.5 inches—the mean maximum annual 24-hour storm event (i.e., the
nonpoint source loading in 1-day during which, for any given year, the maximum rainfall is
expected). Assuming nonpoint source loading is directly proportional to rainfall, regardless of
duration or intensity, about 7 percent of the annual nonpoint source loadings are expected to occur
in 1-day.
The loading rates per area are relatively constant in Cook and Lake Counties, Chicago, and
the Grand Calumet River watershed. The lower loading rates per area in Lake County may be
attributed to proportionally less land used for industry and highway. Figures 3-49 and 3-50 show
comparisons between the contributions of nonpoint and point sources for conventional and metal
loadings, respectively. Point source data come from the PCS, described in Section 3.2.3. According
to the estimates, nonpoint copper loadings are about 5 times the point source load, while nonpoint
3-150
-------
Table 3-57. Values for CN, Rv, and Area for Each Land Use Type
in the Grand Calumet River Watershed
Land Use Type
open space
commercial
light industrial
heavy industrial
low density residential
high density residential
highway
Weighted CN
65.80
93.50
93.60
90.50
81.40
89.20
98.00
Calculated Rv Values
0.15
0.75
0.75
0.65
0.42
0.62
0.92
Total Area:
Area (sq. mi)
4.48
3.73
7.05
27.88
12.86
2.05
1.35
59.40
Source. Ketcham and Kunchakarra, 1992.
3-151
-------
Table 3-58. Estimated Loads, in Pounds per Year, of Nonpoint Sources to Cook County,
Lake County, the City of Chicago, and the Grand Calumet Watershed (Upper Lake County)
TSS
BOD
COD
Soluble P
Total P
TKN
N02 and NO3
Lead
Copper
Zinc
Cadmium
Cook County
438,653,174
16,691,449
183,925,136
586,476
886,197
3,953,995
1.513,313
428,949
115,078
397,627
4.409
Chicago
123,898.132
5,318.733
53,219,287
163,384
261,020
1,160,984
406,000
142,054
35.321
131,446
1,276
Lake County
213,041,748
7,467,207
93,638,995
102,859
468,213
2,331,201
710,771
138,322
49,640
123,243
1,713
GC Watershed
27,941,911
1,318,730
12,220,311
27,264
77,431
275.768
118,195
24,543
6,616
35,429
883
Total Load to Cook and Lake Counties
651,694.922
24,158.656
277.564,130
689,334
1.354.411
6,285,196
2.224.083
567.271
164,718
520,871
6,123
Sources Ketcham and Kunchakarra, 1992;
NIPC, 1979,
EPA. 1989c, and
NIPC, 1990
8
-------
Table 3-59. Loading Rates per Area, in Ibs/yr/mi2,
for Cook and Lake Counties, Chicago, and the Grand Calumet River Watershed
TSS
BOD
COD
Soluble Phos.
Total Phos.
TKN
N02 and N03
Lead
Copper
Zinc
Cadmium
Cook County Chicago
467049.80 554230 07
17771.99 2379214
195831.70 23806436
624.44 730 86
943.57 116761
4209.96 519340
1611.28 181615
456.72 63544
122.53 15800
423.37 587 99
4.69, 571
Lake County
428820.83
1 5030.36
188481.14
207.04
942.44
4692.36
1430.67
278.42
99.92
248.07
3.45
GCR Watershed
470426.30
22201.96
205739.53
459.02
1303.62
4642.79
1989.92
413.20
111.38
596.48
14.86
Sources: Ketcham and Kunchakarra, 1992;
NIPC, 1979;
EPA, 1989c;and
NIPC, 1990.
3-153
-------
450000
400000
350000
300000
I
250000
01
| 200000
150000
100000
50000
Lead
Copper
Zinc
Cadmium
BCook Nonpoint
• Cook Point
|D Lake Nonpoint
ID Lake Point
Metal
Figure 3-49. Comparison Between Metal Discharges from Point and Nonpoint Sources in Cook, IL and Lake, IN
Counties
-------
450,000,000
400,000,000
350,000,000
300,000.000
250,000,000
01
| 200,000,000
150,000,000
100.000,000
50,000,000
0
Cook Nonpoint
Cook Point
DLake Nonpoint
DLake Point
TSS
TKN
Figure 3-50. Comparison Between Conventional Pollutants from Point and Nonpoint Sources in Cook, IL and
Lake, IN Counties
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Toxics
Final—April 2001
lead loadings are about 10 times the point source load. There is overlap between the point and
nonpoint source loadings, because a large portion of stormwater finds its way into sewer systems and
wastewater treatment plants. However, during large storms, a combined sewer system can overflow,
causing some of the runoff to enter surface waterbodies untreated.
3.2.5 Trends in Point Source Discharges to Surface Waters
In general, the total mass of point source discharges to surface waters stayed relatively
consistent from 1990 to 1995, with a significant increase in 1994. Figure 3-51 displays the trends
in total mass discharged for 1990 through 1995. The increase in 1994 can also be observed in the
mass of total suspended solids, the majority of which are from the large POTWs in Lake County, IN.
Trends in discharges from major POTWs were reported by U.S. EPA (199la) from studies
conducted in 1985. Table 3-60 summarizes the changes in loadings of BOD, TSS, and total flow
from these sewage treatment plants from 1968 to 1982 (U.S. EPA, 1991a).
3.3 TOXIC CHEMICAL RELEASES
Reporting of releases of toxic chemicals
through the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) is
required under Section 313 of the Emergency
Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
(EPCRA). TRI's purpose is to provide
information to the public about toxic chemicals
in their communities. Reporting of
environmental releases, off-site transfer,
treatment, etc. is required if facilities meet
certain requirements such as: (1) are primarily
engaged in manufacturing activities; (2) have
10 or more full-time employees; and (3)
manufacture or process greater than 25,000
pounds or otherwise use greater that 10,000 pounds of a toxic chemical. The list of toxic chemicals
("The TRI List") that are subject to reporting contains approximately 600 specific chemicals and
TRI Releases
Releases of TRI Chemicals to Air,
Water, and Other Media
Characterization of Facilities with
Largest TRI Releases in 1995
Geographic Areas (ZIP Codes)
with Largest TRI Loadings to Air
and Other Media
Trends in TRI Releases
3-156
-------
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Figure 3-51. Trends in total Wastewater Dicharges in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN (1990-95)
Source: PCS, 1997.
3-157
-------
Table 3-60. Trends in POTW Discharges in Lake County, IN from 1968 to 1982
Facility
East Chicago
Hammond
Gary
Parameter/Unit
Flow (mg/day)
BOD5 (Ib/day)
TSS (Ib/day)
Flow (mg/day)
BOD5 (Ib/day)
TSS (Ib/day)
Flow (mg/day)
BOD5 (Ib/day)
TSS (Ib/day)
Annual Loadings
1968
11.3
13,700
10,400
33.4
10,800
9,360
48.5
4,590
8,480
1982
16.7
10,400
15,000
37.9
540
600
41.4
3,107
2,070
Source: U.S. EPA, 199la.
3-158
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Toxics
Final—April 2001
chemical categories. Such information is submitted to EPA on EPA Form R, and is entered into the
Toxic Chemical Release Inventory System (TRIS) data base. TRIS contains information about the
releases to land, air, and water and off-site transfers of toxic chemicals from the applicable facilities.
While data are available for each year, analyses have focused on 1995 TRI releases, the most recent
year for which data are available.
Facilities With TRI Releases
• 573 Facilities in Study Area
- 529 in Cook County, IL
- 44 in Lake County, IN
• Total Loadings of TRI Chemicals
in 1995 Were Almost Equal
Between the Two Counties
• Total On-site Releases - More
Than 32-Million Pounds in 1995
• Air Emissions Were Majority of
the Total - 26-Million Pounds
In the study area, 573 facilities reported
releases of toxic chemicals under the TRI
program for 1995 (TRI, 1997). Of these
facilities, 529 were located in Cook County, EL,
while 44 facilities were in Lake County, IN.
On-site releases of toxic chemicals from all of
these facilities totaled 32,463,363 pounds
during 1995. In general, on-site releases were
quantified because they are indicators of TRI
chemicals released to the local environment to
which people may be exposed. The total on-
site releases for each county were relatively
similar: 16,950,641 pounds for Cook County,
IL, and 15,512,722 for Lake County, IN.
Table 3-61 presents information from each county on the different types of releases that comprise
total on-site releases. Emissions to air (both stack as well as fugitive) dominated the total releases;
26,807,058 pounds (or 83 percent of the total) released were to the air. Land disposal accounted for
5,408,150 pounds (17 percent of the total), while water discharges and underground injections
provided less than 1 percent of the total on-site releases in 1995 (TRI, 1997).
For Cook County, EL, the cities with the largest on-site releases were Bedford Park (14
facilities, releasing 5,105,981 pounds) and Chicago (209 facilities, releasing 4,701,253 pounds).
These two cities contributed about 58 percent of the total on-site releases of TRI chemicals in 1995
in Cook County, IL. Table 3-62 presents the cities in Cook County, IL, with the largest total on-site
TRI releases (comprising 80 percent of the total on-site releases in the county) in 1995. Geographic
analyses by ZIP Code for Cook County, IL, indicate that the following areas had the largest on-site
3-159
-------
Table 3-61. On-Sitc Releases of TR1 Chemicals in Cook and Lake Counties (Pounds/Yr.)
COUNTY
COOK
LAKE
TOTAL
NUMBER OF
FACILITIES
529
_44
573
FUGITIVE AIR
EMISSIONS
4,292,706
7.058.770
11,351,476
STACK AIR
EMISSIONS
12,587,706
2.867.876
15,455,582
WATER
DISCHARGES
50,090
197.875
247,965
UNDERGROUND
INJECTIONS
0
190
190
LAND
DISPOSAL
20,139
5.388.011
5,408,150
TOTAL
RELEASES
16,950,641
15.512.722
32,463,363
Source I'RI, 1997
-------
Table 3-62. Cities in Cook County, IL, With the Largest On-Site Releases of TRI Chemicals in 1995 (Pounds/Yr.)
u>
NUMBER OF
CITY FACILITITES
(Ibs.)
BEDFORD PARK
CHICAGO
BRIDGEVIEW
ELK GROVE
VILLAGE
ALSIP
HARVEY
MC COOK
MELROSE PARK
CHICAGO HEIGHTS
FRANKLIN PARK
CICERO
BARTLETI'
14
209
8
42
12
5
4
13
15
23
14
1
FUGITIVE AIR
EMISSIONS
(Ibs.)
627,734
1,206,043
331,190
239,333
157,093
372,964
147,858
124,040
80,709
108,333
116,913
100,505
STACK AIR WATER UNDERGROUND LAND TOTAL
EMISSIONS DISCHARGES INJECTIONS DISPOSAL RELEASES
(Ibs.) (Ibs.) (Ibs.) (Ibs.) fibs.)
4,478,247
3,467,616
520,982
402,527
442,164
217,786
387,723
389,859
275,955
243,765
186,170
190,010
0
15,835
10
30
0
0
0
0
88
10
30,930
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 1,759
0
4,490
2,800
0
0
0
25
0
0
0
5,105,981
4,701,253
852,182
646,380
602,057
590,750
535,581
513,899
356,777
352,108
334,013
290,515
Source TKI, 1997
-------
CCR1Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Toxics
Final—April 2001
TRI releases: 60501 (3,307,272 pounds or 19percent), 60638 (1,691,997 pounds or lOpercent), and
60633 (1,240,946 or 7 percent). Further analyses of TRI emissions for Cook County, IL, reveal that
stack air emissions comprise the majority (12,587,706 of 16,950,641 pounds, or 74 percent) of the
total on-site releases. Fugitive air emissions follow with about 25 percent; water discharges and land
disposal were less than 1 percent, and underground injection showed no reported releases for Cook
County, IL, in the 1995 TRI.
The 44 TRI facilities in Lake County, IN, collectively had on-site releases totaling 15,512,722
pounds for 1995 (Table 3-63). More than 75 percent (11,678,045 pounds) of the total releases in
Lake County, IN, came from 7 facilities in Gary. The 13 facilities in East Chicago released
1,866,023 pounds (12 percent), and 4 facilities in Whiting released 1,542,160 pounds (10 percent).
Analyses by ZIP Code provides similar results and are presented on Table 3-64. The ZIP Codes in
Lake County, IN, with the largest releases of TRI chemicals in 1995 included 46402 (11,675,427
pounds or 75 percent), 46312, and 46394.
3.3.1 Faculties with the Largest TRI
Releases to Air, Water, and Land
The 49 facilities with the largest total
on-site TRI releases in Cook County, EL, are
presented on Table 3-65. As noted
previously, 529 facilities in Cook County had
releases to air, water, and land, totaling
16,950,641 pounds for 1995. The largest
facilities included: Corn Products and Best
Foods (2,747,655 pounds or 16 percent),
Viskase Corp. (1,551,050 pounds or 9
percent), and Ford Motor Company
(1,185,589 pounds or 7 percent). The 10
facilities in Lake County, IN, with the largest
releases are presented in Table 3-66. Unlike
Cook County, only two facilities comprise
On-Site TRI Releases in 1995
• Fugitive Air Emissions - 11,351,476
Pounds of Ammonia, Methyl Ethyl
Ketone, Trichloroethylene, and
Others
• Stack Air Emissions - 15,455,582
Pounds of Hydrochloric Acid,
Manganese Compounds, Carbon
Bisulfide, and Others
• Water Discharges - 247,965 Pounds
of Napthalenc, Ammonia,
Anthracene, and Others
• Land Disposal - 5,408,150 Pounds
of Zinc Compounds, Manganese
Compounds, Lead Compounds, and
Others
3-162
-------
Table 3-63. On-Site Releases of TRI Chemicals in 1995 by City in Lake County, IN (Pounds/Yr.)
ON
U)
NUMBER OF
CITY FACILITIES
GARY
EAST CHICAGO
WHITING .
HAMMOND
SCIIERERVILLE
LOWELL
GRIFFITH
MUNSTER
7
13
4
12
2
2
3
1
FUGITIVE AIR
EMISSIONS
4,997,088
715,948
1,242,404
56,957
2,969
24,071
18,583
750
STACK AIR WATER UNDERGROUN
EMISSIONS DISCHARGES D INJECTIONS
2,153,956
190,888
208,128
213,486
65,976
21,880
13,562
0
32,147
79,015
78,453
8,260
0
0
0
0
0
190
0
0
0
0
0
0
LAND
DISPOSAL
4,494,854
879,982
13,175
0
0
0
0
0
TOTAL
RELEASES
11,678,045
1,866,023
1,542,160
278,703
68,945
45,951
32,145
750
Souicc 1R1, 1997
44
7,058,770
2,867,876
197,875
190
5,388,011
15,512,722
-------
Table 3-64. On-Site Releases of TRI Chemicals in 1995 by Zip Code for Lake County, IN (Pounds/Yr.)
ZIP
46402
46312
46394
46320
46375
46327
46356
46319
46323
46406
46404
46321
46401
46403
NUMIIEROF
FACILITIES
3
13
4
7
2
3
2
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
44
FUGITIVE AIR
EMISSIONS
4,995,944
715.948
1,242,404
23,186
2,969
32,140
24,071
18,583
1,631
750
394
750
0
0
7,058,770
STACK AIR
EMISSIONS
2,152.482
190.888
208,128
1 77,547
65,976
18,580
21,880
13,562
17,359
750
656
0
64
4
2,867,876
WATER UNDERGROUND
DISCHARGES INJECTIONS
32,147
79,015
78,453
8,260
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
197,875
0
190
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
190
LAND
DISPOSAL
4,494,854
879,982
13.175
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5,388.011
TOTAL
RELEASES
11,675,427
1,866,023
1,542,160
208,993
68,945
50,720
45,95 1
32,145
18,990
1,500
1,050
750
64
4
15,512,722
Soincc I'RI, 1997
-------
Table 3-65. Largest Facilities With On-Site Releases of TRI Chemicals in Cook County, IL, in 1995 (Pounds/Yr.)
Fugitive Air
Facil ity Na me Em issions
CORN PRODS & BEST FOODS
VISKASE CORP
FORD MOTOR CO.
GENERAL FOAM CORP.
ALLIED TUBE & CONDUIT CORP
3M
AKZO NOBEL CHEMICALS INC
ZENITH ELECTRONICS CORP
WHEATLAND TUBE CO.
SENIOR FLEXONICS INC
CHICAGO HEIGHTS STEEL
AMERICAN NATL CAN CO
JLM CHEMICALS INC
C P. HALL CO
SUN PROCESS
TENNECO PACKAGING
VAN LEER CONTAINERS [NC.
SHERWIN-WILLIAMS CO
CONTINENTAL WHITE CAP
CENTRAL CAN CO
HI TEMP INC
NABISCO BISCUIT CO
PRECOAT METALS
KOPPERSIND INC
ALLTRISTA METAL SERVICES CO.
HORWEEN LEATHER CO
ARLINGTON PLATING CO
U S CAN CO
BROCKWAY STANDARD INC
LAKEWOODENG &MFG CO
WERNER CO
ACME STEEL CO
NATIONAL CASTINGS INC
RELIABLE POWER PRODS INC
FPM HEAT TREATING INC
MSC LAMINATES & COMPOSITES
S1GNODE
DURACO INC
CLARK REFINING & MARKETING INC
NOW PRODS INC
MORTON INTL INC.
CLEAR LAM PACKAGING
H KRAMER & CO
JOHN CRANE INC
ENAMELERS & JAPANNERS INC
COLOR COMMUNICATIONS INC
ANDERSON COPPER & BRASS CO
ACME FINISHING CO INC
WISCONSIN TOOL & STAMPING CO
415.405
6,050
109.100
285,752
371.700
15,100
138,773
83,076
41,725
100,505
24,848
33,690
24,450
184,648
18,923
844
12,200
30,981
118,541
3,158
1,100
0
82,121
19,469
19,045
75,250
0
55,638
70,381
10,200
250
54,110
74,228
17.487
22,745
48,000
8,150
0
24,001
0
61.042
41.533
41,972
65.721
26.250
50.900
41.032
7.600
0
Stack Air Water Underground
Emissions Discharees Injections
2,332,250
1,545,000
1,076,489
428,633
217,000
538,100
319,274
344,929
253,905
190,010
223,628
200,808
206,855
6,768
170,300
184,947
164.809
124,161
31,733
146,900
131,113
129,430
46,170
67,433
93,574
37,000
106,900
50,075
33,439
92,000
93,000
34,208
14,927
69.946
64,550
35,426
74,500
82,560
53,770
76,064
10,037
27,479
23.805
0
37.300
8.550
14,297
46.700
52.000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30,930
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,485
0
0
5
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Land
Disposals
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,800
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
660
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
Releases
2.747,655
1,551,050
1,185,589
714,385
588,700
553,200
458,047
428,005
295,630
290,515
248,476
234,498
234,105
191,416
189,223
185,791
177,009
155,142
150,274
150,058
132,213
129,430
128,291
117,832
112,619
112,250
106,900
105,713
103,820
102,200
93,250
90,463
89,155
87,433
87,300
83,426
82,655
82,560
77.771
76,064
71,079
69,012
65,777
65,721
63,550
59.450
55,329
54.300
52.000
Source TRI. 1997
3-165
-------
Table 3-66. Largest Facilities in Lake County, IN, With On-Site Releases of TRI Chemicals
(Pounds/Yr.)
Facility Name
Air Stack Air Water Underground Land Total
Emissions Emissions Discharges Injections Disposals Releases
U.S STEEL 4,995,941 2,152,320 32,147 0 4,494,854 11,675,262
AMOCO OIL CO. 1,239,722 205,534 78,453 0 13,175 1,536,884
LTV STEEL CO. INC. 5,855 115,705 3,000 0 817,100 941,660
AMERICAN STEEL 625,110 81 0 0 0 625,191
FOUNDRIES
INLAND STEEL CO. 49,126 71,185 76,015 190 58,125 254,641
SILGAN CONTAINERS CORP. 0 141,310 0 0 0 141,310
A VERY DENNISON DFD 2,964 65,976 00 0 68,940
FERROCORP. 32,140 18,580 00 0 50,720
CERESTAR USA INC 21,255 3,355 8,260 0 0 32,870
UNION TANK CAR CO. 28,106 3.418 0 0 0 31.524
Source TRI, 1997
3-166
-------
CCRJ Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Toxics Final — April 2001
more than 80 percent of the total TRI on-site releases in Lake County, IN. U.S. Steel was the
dominant facility, releasing 11,675,262 pounds (or 75 percent) of the total for the county. Other
large facilities in Lake County include Amoco Oil Company, LTV Steel, American Steel Foundries,
and Inland Steel.
Descriptions below detail the TRI chemicals emitted/released to air, water, and land, as well
as the geographic locations of these facilities.
3.3.1.1 Fugitive Air Emissions of TRI Chemicals
Fugitive air emissions of TRI chemicals in 1995 totaled 11,351,476 pounds in the study area.
Cook County, IL, accounted for 4,292,706 pounds (38 percent) and Lake County, IN, contributed
7,058,770 pounds (62 percent). Characterization of the sources, chemicals, and locations (by ZIP
Code) of the facilities with the largest fugitive emissions of TRI chemicals are noted below.
In 1995,119 TRI chemicals were reported in fugitive air emissions in Cook County, IL. TRI
chemicals emitted the largest quantities in Cook County, EL, in 1995 included: methyl ethyl ketone
(643,399 pounds or 15 percent of the total), trichloroethylene (600,750 pounds or 14 percent), and
n-hexane (450,606 or 10 percent). Table 3-67 presents the 10 chemicals comprising 80 percent of
the total fugitive air emissions in Cook County, IL, for 1995. Figure 3-52 presents the geographic
locations (by ZIP Code) of the fugitive air emissions in Cook County, DL, for 1995.
In Lake County, IN, 4,000,883 pounds of ammonia were emitted in 1995, which accounted
for 57 percent of the total for the county. Other TRI chemicals released through fugitive emissions
included: methanol (627,256 pounds or 9 percent), phenol (575,230 pounds or 8 percent), methyl
ethyl ketone (568,376 pounds or 8 percent), and toluene (433,072 pounds or 6 percent). One ZIP
Code, 46402 in Gary, accounted for almost 71 percent of the total fugitive emissions of TRI
chemicals in Lake County, IN (Figure 3-53).
3-167
-------
Table 3-67. Most Prevalent TRI Chemicals Found in Fugitive Air Emissions
from Cook County, IL (1995)
Chemical
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Trichloroethylene
N-Hexane
Dichloromethane
Certain Glycol Ethers
Toluene
Methanol
Xylene (Mixed Isomers)
Ammonia
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
Number of Chemicals
Comprising 80% of Emissions:
Subtotal:
Total Mass Emitted
("Total of 1 19 Comoounds):
Emissions (Ibs)
643,399
600,750
450,606
385,155
369,430
291,331
255,141
198,122
175,462
92,732
10
3,462,128
4.292.706
Source: TRI, 1997.
3-168
-------
Legend (Ibs/yr)
200,000 to 431,000
• 100,000 to 200,000
50,000 to 100,000
< 50,000
60635 60639
0501J 60638
99-056
Figure 3-52. Fugitive Air Emissions of Toxic Chemicals
by Zip Code in Cook County, IL, in 1995
3-169
-------
99-056
Legend (Ibs/yr)
> 4,000,000
1,000,000 to 4,000,000
100,000 to 1,000,000
1,000 to 100,000
< 1,000
Figure 3-53. Fugitive Air Emissions of Toxic Chemicals
by Zip Code in Lake County, IN, in 1995
3-170
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Toxics Final—April 2001
3.3.1.2 Stack Air Emissions of TRI Chemicals
Stack air emissions of TRI chemicals in 1995 totaled 15,455,582 pounds in the two-county
area. Most of the stack air emissions (12,587,706 of 15,455,582 pounds) came from Cook County,
IN. The chemicals released, as well as the facilities and their locations, are described below for each
county.
In Cook County, EL, 123 TRI chemicals were emitted in 1995 through stacks for a total of
12,587,706 pounds. Major chemicals emitted included hydrochloric acid, carbon disulfide,
trichloroethylene, and toluene. Table 3-68 presents a list of the 10 chemicals emitted that comprised
80 percent of the total mass. Facilities located in 81 ZIP Codes in Cook County had stack emissions
of TRI chemicals in 1995; Figure 3-54 displays the ZIP Codes with the largest stack emissions of
TRI chemicals in 1995.
In Lake County, IN, 60 TRI chemicals were emitted through stacks in 1995. Of the
2,867,876 pounds emitted, manganese compounds accounted for almost one-half (1,321,822 pounds
or 46 percent). Other chemicals emitted included zinc compounds (280,372 pounds), hydrochloric
acid (255,918 pounds), copper compounds (250,238 pounds), lead compounds (113,659 pounds),
toluene (104,755 pounds), methyl ethyl ketone (100,623 pounds), and xylenes (91,506 pounds).
Collectively, these 7 chemicals comprised more than 80 percent of the total stack emissions for 1995
in Lake County, IN. One ZIP Code (46402) provided more than 75 percent of the total, and four ZIP
Codes collectively contributed more than 95 percent of the total stack air emissions of TRI chemicals
in Lake County, IN (Figure 3-55).
3.3.1.3 Water Discharges of TRI Chemicals
Water discharges of TRI chemicals amounted to 247,965 pounds in the study area in 1995
(TRI, 1997). Lake County, IN, accounted for 80 percent of the total with 197,875 pounds
discharged. In Cook County, IL, 30 TRI chemicals totaling 50,090 pounds were discharged. Three
chemicals accounted for 80 percent of the total mass in Cook County, IL: naphthalene (23,090
pounds or 46 percent), ammonia (13,838 pounds or 27 percent), and anthracene (4,389 pounds or
9 percent). Facilities in 3 ZIP Codes in Cook County account for 99 percent of the total: 60804 with
3-171
-------
Table 3-68. Most Prevalent TRI Chemicals Found in Stack Air Emissions
from Cook County, IL (1995)
Chemical Name
Hydrochloric Acid
Carbon Disulfide
Trichloroethylene
Toluene
Certain Glycol Ethers
Xylene (Mixed Isomers)
Dichloromethane
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
N-Butyl Alcohol
Number of Chemicals
Comprising 80% of Emissions:
Subtotal:
Total Mass Emitted
("Total of 123 Compounds!:
Emissions (Ibs)
2,216,949
1,530,000
1,209,679
997,700
978,497
840,226
746,708
629,440
554,296
354.891
10
10,058,386
12.587.706
Source-TRI, 1997.
3-172
-------
Legend (Ibs/yr)
• 1,000,000 to 2,876,000
• 300,000 to 1,000,000
200,000 to 300,000
150,000 to 200,000
D < 150,000
99-056
Figure 3-54. Stack Air Emissions of Toxic Chemicals
by Zip Code in Cook County, IL, in 1995
3-173
-------
99-056
Legend (Ibs/yr)
• > 2,000,000
• 100,000 to 300,000
10,000 to 100,000
D < 1,000
Figure 3-55. Stack Air Emissions of Toxic Chemicals
by Zip Code in Lake County, IN, in 1995
3-174
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Toxics Final—April 200J
30,930 pounds (or 62 percent), 60617 with 15,835 pounds (or 32 percent), and 60627 with 2,845
pounds (or 5 percent). In Lake County, IN, 16 chemicals comprised the 197,875 pounds of TRI
discharges reported for 1995 (Table 3-69). Nitrate compounds (68,000 pounds), ammonia (63,699
pounds), ethylene glycol (20,190), and zinc compounds (12,087 pounds) comprised 83 percent of
the total mass discharged in Lake County, IN. Four ZIP Codes accounted for all of the 1995 water
discharges of TRI chemicals: 46312 (79,015 pounds), 46394 (78,453 pounds), 46402 (32,147
pounds), and 46320 (8,260 pounds).
3.3.1.4 Land Disposal of TRI Chemicals
More than 5.4-million pounds of TRI chemicals were land disposed in the study area in 1995
(TRI, 1997). More than 99 percent of the chemicals were land disposed in Lake County, DM.
Characterization of the chemicals, facilities, and their geographic locations are summarized below.
Land disposal of TRI chemicals in Cook County, EL, in 1995 totaled 20,139 pounds and was
comprised of 13 chemicals (Table 3-70), including methyl ethyl ketone, ethylene glycol, benzene,
and xylene. ZIP Codes in Cook County with the largest quantities of TRI chemicals land disposed
included: 60623 (10,094 pounds or 50 percent of the total), 60007 (4,490 pounds or 22 percent), and
60658 (2,800 pounds or 14 percent) as shown on Figure 3-56.
Land disposal of TRI chemicals in 1995 in Lake County, IN, totaled 5,388,011 pounds. The
TRI chemicals land disposed in the largest quantities included: zinc compounds (3,100,000 pounds
or 58 percent), manganese compounds (1,900,000 pounds or 35 percent), lead compounds (160,000
pounds or 3 percent), and other metals, volatiles, and PAHs. Three ZIP Codes accounted for all of
the land disposal of TRI chemicals in 1995 in Lake County, IN: 46402 (4,494,854 pounds), 46312
(879,982 pounds), and 46394 (13,175 pounds).
3.3.1.5 Other Releases and Transfers of TRI Chemicals
Underground injection of toxic chemicals was limited to one facility in Lake County, which
disposed of 190 pounds of chlorine in 1995. Other transfers of toxic chemicals occured in significant
quantities in both Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN. More than 51-million (Cook) and
3-175
-------
Table 3-69. Most Prevalent TRI Chemicals Found in Water Discharges
from Lake County, IN (1995)
Chemical Name 'Water Discharges fibs)
Nitrate Compounds
Ammonia
Ethylene Glycol
Zinc Compounds
Phenol
Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether
Number Of Chemicals
Comprising 90% Of
Discharges:
Subtotal:
Total Mass Discharged
(Total of 16
Compounds):
68,000
63,699
20,190
12,087
9,065
8,000
6
181,041
197,875
Source: TRI, 1997
3-176
-------
Table 3-70. Land Disposal of TRI Chemicals
in Cook County, IL (1995)
Chemical Name (Land Disposals fibs)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Ethylene Glycol
Benzene
Xylene (Mixed Isomers)
Phosphoric Acid
Number Of Chemicals
Comprising 90% Of Disposals:
Subtotal:
Total Mass Disposed
(Total of 13 Compounds):
8,748
4,490
3,080
1,596
750
5
18,664
20.139
Source: TRI, 1997.
3-177
-------
Legend (Ibs/yr)
> 10,000
1,000 to 10,000
25 to 1,000
<25
99-056
Figure 3-56. Land Disposal of Toxic Chemicals
by Zip Code in Cook County, IL, in 1995
3-178
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Toxics
Final—April 2001
29-million (Lake) pounds of TRI chemicals were transferred off-site in 1995. Figure 3-57 displays
the geographic locations of the ZIP Codes in Lake County, IN, with the largest amounts of other
transfers of TRI chemicals in 1995.
3.3.2 TRI Releases by Industry Type
Releases of toxic chemicals that are
reported under TRI come from a variety of
industries. It should be noted that some
types of businesses such as utilities (e.g.,
power plants and sewage treatment plants)
are not required to report toxic chemical
releases under TRI. While utilities were
significant sources of air emissions and
discharges to water (discussed in Sections
3.1 and 3.2), they did not contribute to
releases reported in the TRI program. In the
future, some of these other types of
industries will be included in TRI reporting.
Industrial Sectors With
Largest TRI Releases
Primary Metals (Steel Mills) Had
Largest TRI Loadings (About 50
Percent of Total)
Metal Fabricators, Food Producers,
Chemical Producers, and Plastics
Manufactures Had Significant TRI
Loadings
Lake County Loadings Dominated by
Primary Metals (87 Percent) and
Petroleum (10 Percent) Industries
In Cook County, IL, toxic chemical release by type of industry (SIC Code) is presented in
Table 3-71. Of the 16,950,641 total pounds released on-site in Cook County, IL, the major industries
included metal fabricators (3,025,997 pounds or 18 percent), food (2,925,542 pounds or 17 percent),
plastics (2,496,136 pounds or 15 percent), primary metals (2,276,723 pounds or 13 percent),
chemicals (2,215,773 pounds or 13 percent), and transportation (1,372,449 pounds or 8 percent).
When examining the mode of release, the major industries with stack air emissions of TRI chemicals
were food (2,493,237 pounds) and plastics (2,139,017 pounds). The industry with the largest
fugitive air emissions of TRI chemicals in Cook County, IL, was the metal fabrication industry
(1,029,426 pounds).
For Lake County, IN, the predominant industry with TRI releases was the primary metals
industry (Table 3-72). In fact, more than 87 percent (13,504,641 pounds) of the total releases were
3-179
-------
46321 _J 46322^ j ( 46408 41
46319 '
99-056
Legend (Ibs/yr)
> 20,000,000
1,000,000 to 7,000,000
100,000 to 1,000,000
1,000 to 10,000
Figure 3-57. Other Transfers of Toxic Chemicals
by Zip Code in Lake County, IN, in 1995
3-180
-------
Table 3-71. On-Site Releases of TRI Chemicals in 1995 by SIC Code for Cook County, IL (Pounds/Yr.)
TWO
DIGIT
SIC
16
20
22
23
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
£ 32
« 33
34
35
36
37
38
39
50
73
SIC NUMBER OF
DESCRIPTION FACILITIES
HEAVY CONSTRN
FOOD
TEXTILES
APPAREL
FURNITURE
PAPER
PRINTING
CHEMICAL
PETROLEUM
PLASTICS
LEATHER
STONE/CLAY
PRIMARY METAL
FABR. METAL
MACHINERY
ELECTRICAL
TRANSPORTATION
MEASURE/PHOTO
MISCELLANEOUS
DURABLE WHSL
BUSINESS SVCS
TOTALS
1
20
2
1
5
10
9
125
16
31
3
8
63
148
17
31
11
13
13
1
1
529
FUGITIVE AIR
EMISSIONS
5
432,305
13,762
0
2,010
184,010
44,669
837,345
39,023
357,109
77,570
4,338
744,682
1,029,426
97,674
145,522
186,697
15,480
63,919
17,160
0
4.292,706
STACK AIR WATER UNDERGROU1N
EMISSIONS DISCHARGES D INJECTIONS
0
2,493,237
68,486
10,779
125,964
618,082
77,388
1,343,101
63,717
2,139,017
49,014
3,958
1,512,523
1,985,712
181,064
543,975
1,185,752
37,756
148,181
0
0
12,587,706
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
31,192
0
10
0
0
18,858
10
0
15
0
5
0
0
0
50,090
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
LAND
DISPOSAL
0
0
0
0
0
0
4,240
4,135
250
0
0
0
660
10,849
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
20,139
TOTAL
RELEASES
5
2,925,542
82,248
10,779
127,974
802,092
126,297
2,215,773
102,990
2,496,136
126,584
8,296
2,276,723
3,025,997
278,738
689,517
1,372,449
53,241
212,100
17,160
0
16,950,641
Source TRI, 1997
-------
Table 3-72. On Site Releases of TRI Chemicals in 1995 by SIC Code for Lake County, IN (Pounds/Yr.)
TWO-
DIGIT SIC NUMBER OF
SIC DESCRIPTION FACILITIES
20
27
28
29
30
32
33
34
37
51
FOOD
PRINTING
CHEMICAL
PETROLEUM
PLASTICS
STONE/CLAY
PRIMARY METAL
FABR METAL
TRANSPORTATION
NONDUR WHSL
1
1
13
2
1
5
13
4
3
I
44
FUGITIVE AIR
EMISSIONS
21,255
2,964
36,602
1,239,991
15,071
8,952
5,676,482
750
55,411
1,292
7,058,770
STACK AIR WATER UNDERGROUND
EMISSIONS DISCHARGES INJECTIONS
3,355
65,976
62,047
205,583
7,880
16,905
2,346,728
141,319
17,418
665
2,867,876
8,260
0
0
78,453
0
0
111,162
0
0
0
197,875
0
0
0
0
0
0
190
0
0
0
190
LAND
DISPOSAL
0
0
0
17,932
0
0
5,370,079
0
0
0
5,388,011
TOTAL
RELEASES
32,870
68,940
98,649
1,541,959
22,951
25,857
13,504,641
142,069
72,829
1,957
15,512,722
8
Source TRI, 1997
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Toxics Final—April 2001
from the 13 primary metals facilities in Lake County, IN. The petroleum industry provided about
10 percent of the total, with on-site releases of 1,541,959 pounds. While much of Cook County's
TRI releases were through stack emissions, fugitive air emissions (7,058,770 pounds) and land
disposal (5,388,011 pounds) were much larger than stack air emissions (2,867,876 pounds) in Lake
County, IN. Almost all of the land disposal volume in Lake County, IN, came from the primary
metals industry (5,370,079 pounds).
3.3.3 Trends in Releases of TRI Chemicals
The amounts of TRI chemicals released to the environment in the study area have generally
decreased since the beginning of the TRI program in 1987. For all types of releases, the amounts
released in recent years (e.g., 1993-95) are substantially lower than in the first few years of TRI
reporting. Figure 3-58 provides an overview of the trends in TRI releases from 1987 to 1995 (the
most recent year for which data are available). Some of the decrease can be attributed to pollution
prevention efforts by facilities that manufacture and use toxic chemicals. It should be noted (as
described in the limitations discussion in Section 1.4) that several changes have occurred in the
reporting requirements over the course of the TRI program; some portions of the reduction may be
attributed to these changes, such as the types of facilities that have to report and the chemicals that
were added and removed from the TRI list. Nevertheless, from TRI data, it is evident that the
amounts of toxic chemicals released to the air, water, and land have decreased in the last decade.
Because of the volumes of chemicals released through fugitive and stack air emissions, as
well as the potential for human exposure to these chemicals in the air, analyses of the TRI chemicals
in air emissions are presented in Figures 3-59 through 3-61. Specifically, these figures summarize
the major TRI chemicals emitted through fugitive and stack air emissions over the course of the TRI
program (1987 to the most recent year, 1995). In general, the chemicals emitted to air in the largest
amounts included ammonia, toluene, benzene, methyl ethyl ketone, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
3.3.4 Pollution Prevention Successes
Pollution prevention (P2) is the process of reducing the generation of hazardous wastes and
other releases. P2 is often achieved by recycling, reducing the use of toxic chemicals, and recovering
3-183
-------
6OOOOOOO
5OOOOOOO
4000OOOO
30000000
2OOOOOOO
10000000
95
Land Disposal
Underground Injections
Stack Air Emissions
Water Discharge
Fugutive Air Emissions
Figure 3-58. Trends in TRI Releases for Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN.
Source: TRI, 1997.
3-184
-------
25000000
20000000
I
15000000
i (IIII It It II H )
5000000
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
Year
1992
1993
1994
1995
• Toluene
• 1.1,1 -Trichloroethane
• Methyl Ethyl Ketone
• Ammonia
• Trlchloroethylene
• Freon 113
• Dichloromethane
DXylene (Mixed Isomers)
• Certain Glycol Ethers
•Other
Figure 3-59. Trends in TRI Chemicals in Fugitive Air Emissions from Cook
County, 11(1987-1995)
Source: TRI, 1997.
-------
u>
10000000
9000000
8000000
7000000
o
I
1
E
6000000
5000000
/KKIOOOl
3000000
2000000
1000000
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
Year
1992
1993
1994
1995
• Ammonia
• Benzene
H Toluene
• Methyl Ethyl Ketone
• 1.1,1 -Trichloroethane
• Xylene (Mixed Isomers)
01 Tetrachloroethylene
DMethanol
• Phenol
• Other
Figure 3-60. Trends of TRI Chemicals in Fugitive Air Emissions in Lake County, IN
(1987-1995)
Source: TRI, 1997.
-------
30000000
25000000
20000000
15000000
oo
10000000
Mm ui i
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
Year
1992
1993
1994
• Toluene
• Ammonia
• Xylene (Mixed Isomers)
• Certain Glycol Ethers
• Methyl Ethyl Ketone
• Carbon Disulfide
• Trichloroethylene
D1.1.1 -Trichloroethane
• Hydrochloric Acid
• Other
1995
Figure 3-61. Trends of TRI Chemicals in Stack Air Emissions in Cook County, IL
(1987-1995)
Source: TRI. 1997
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Toxics Final—April 2001
energy resources. While some reduction in the generation of wastes can be attributed to lower
production, P2 is usually achieved through the use of less solvents, substitution of source materials,
recycling, and related process changes. P2 progress is usually measured by examining TRI releases
to determine reductions. Also, certain other measures in TRI can indicate whether wastestreams
were recycled on site, treated on site, or handled in manners that reduce the amounts released to the
environment.
Described below are selected P2 success stories summarized from information provided by
the Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center (HWRIC) and for EPA's 33/50 Program to
promote P2 activities. HWRIC of IDENR published P2 success stories that demonstrate innovative
approaches to waste reduction (HWRIC, 1997). These stories show how many businesses in the
study area are working to reduce pollutant and toxic loadings to the environment. They include:
Arens Controls, Incorporated Evanston, IL, reduced waste generation from 350
gallons of spent mineral spirits to less than 5 gallons per month of nonhazardous oil
by installing an aqueous-based washing system to replace a mineral spirits method.
The useability of cutting oil was prolonged by installing an oil filtering system, which
resulted in an off-site disposal reduction of 2,400 gallons per year.
• Crosfields Catalysts of Chicago modified the calcium source of its catalyst
manufacturing process. This eliminated 311 drums of wastestream byproducts and
saved $40,000 per year in disposal costs.
• At Graham Plating Company of Chicago, HWRIC engineers tested a low-
temperature and a reverse osmosis system to recycle the rinsewater wastestream from
electroplating operations. The wastestream contained metals considered hazardous
waste. Waste volume reductions of 2,600 gallons per year were expected, along with
a reduction of water consumption estimated at 1.5-million gallons per year.
• P & H Plating of Chicago eliminated cyanide from the plating process, resulting in
a safer working environment, easier compliance with disposal regulations, and
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Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Toxics Final — April 2001
reduced treatment and disposal costs. They also developed a closed loop system to
recycle plating chemicals for reuse in the electroplating process.
• Sun Chemicals of Chicago produces packaging ink for the printing industry. They
employed numerous techniques such as reuse of water rinses into products; reuse and
reclamation of cleaning solvents; and dedication of equipment to specific products
to reduce their overall waste by 13 percent in 1990.
• Viskase Corporation, which manufactures food casings, eliminated the use of PCB-
containing capacitors. Also, by introducing nonhazardous aqueous-based degreasers,
they eliminated about 32,000 pounds per year of chlorinated solvents.
In 1991, EPA developed the 33/50 Program aimed at reducing toxic chemical pollution
through corporate environmental volunteerism. The goal was a 50 percent reduction by 1995 in
nationwide environmental releases and off-site transfers for treatment and disposal of 17 toxic
chemicals, using EPA's 1988 TRI as a baseline (U.S. EPA, 1994c). Several corporations in Cook
County, IL, and Lake County, IN, are highlighted in EPA 33/50 Program company profile reports,
as demonstrating progress toward the targeted reduction goals through voluntary participation.
In 1994, Acme Metals reported to the 33/50 Program progress in reducing lead
emissions in its Riverdale, IL, facility. Lead dross, which was previously landfilled,
is now sent to an off-site recycler. This recycling effort resulted in an approximate
reduction of 330,000 pounds of releases and transfers of lead (U.S. EPA, 1994c).
• U.S. Steel's Gary, IN, plant installed an inert gas blanketing system in 1994. Toxic
chemical vapors of volatile compounds such as benzene, cyanide, toluene, and xylene
are unable to escape over an open tank when an inert gas such as nitrogen confines
air emissions from these toxic chemicals (U.S. EPA, 1994c).
• Inland Steel reduced releases and transfers of the 17 chemicals targeted by the 33/50
Program by 86 percent between 1988 and 1993. One factor in this reduction was the
replacement of its perchloroethylene cleaning process with an aqueous degreasing
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Spills
Final—April 2001
equipment method. The new process eliminated the use of perchloroethylene and
generated no wastewater discharge. Inland also instituted a program for recycling
blast furnace and steelmaking dust and sludge. Briquettes, made from dewatered
sludge, are reintroduced into the blast and basic oxygen furnaces. This process can
produce up to 600 tons of recycled material per day (U.S. EPA, 1994c).
3.4 CHEMICAL SPILLS/ACCIDENTS
Chemical spills/releases/accidents are
other sources of chemical releases to the
environment. This section describes available
information on the number, magnitude, and
location of spills/releases/accidents in Cook
County, IL, and Lake County, IN.
Information was primarily obtained from
ERNS, ARIP, and local organizations. These
spills include releases/spills from
transportation accidents and fixed facilities.
Spills and Accidents
Spills from Fixed Facilities and
Transportation Accidents
Detailed Lists of Spills in Lake
County, IN, in 1995 and 1996
Data from ERNS and ARIP Data
Bases on Accidental Spills
Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs) are the bodies appointed by the State
Emergency Response Commission (SERC), as required by EPCRA, to develop comprehensive
emergency plans for Local Emergency Planning Districts. LEPCs collect Material Safety Data
Sheets (MSDS) and chemical release reports, and provide this information to the public. Each
county, and some large city governments, participate in an LEPC. LEPC members include State or
local officials, police, fire, public health, environmental, hospital, transportation officials, as well
as community groups and the media. LEPCs generally have information on accidents, spills, and
releases that occurred in the area of concern; emergency action taken; corrective action, if any, that
was taken; nature of the spill, release, or accident; and quantity of hazardous material that was spilled
or released. Hazardous substances are substances that may be toxic, flammable, igmtable, or
radioactive, including fuel, solvents, and similar materials.
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Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Spills Final—April 2002
3.4.1 Facilities Handling Hazardous Substances
A list of facilities handling hazardous substances was obtained from the Lake County, IN,
LEPC (1997a). The EHS (Extremely Hazardous Substance) Facilities List includes about 82 EHS
facilities, which handled EHSs; the second list contained over 290 facilities handling hazardous
substances. Related to handling of hazardous substances are underground storage tanks (USTs). In
Lake County, IN, 1,082 facilities had USTs in 1996 (IDEM, 1997a). As of June 1996, approximately
400 leaking USTs (LUSTs) were identified in Lake County, IN, of which 236 were low priority
LUST sites, 128 medium priority LUST sites, and 32 high priority LUST sites (IDEM, 1997a).
IDEM (1991) reported more than 462 USTs in the GCR/fflSC area of concern (AOC). While the
AOC does not cover all of Lake County, IN, this figure is an indication of the number of USTs that
may exist in the region. More than 150 leaking tank reports were filed in Lake County, IN, in the
AOC between 1987 and 1991 (IDEM, 1991). A list of facilities handling hazardous substances from
the Chicago LEPC was made available by Citizens for a Better Environment. In Chicago, 927
facilities were handling hazardous substances (Hamblin, 1997).
3.4.2 Accidents/Releases
The Lake County, IN, LEPC provided information on spills that occurred in 1995 and 1996
(Tables 3-73 and 3-74). This information (spill reporting sheets) provided the nature of the
spill/release and described the substance spilled or released, and actions taken (Lake County LEPC,
1997a,b).
Summary for 1995:
• Of the 35 spills/releases reported to the Lake County, IN, LEPC, about half were
caused by four major companies including AMOCO, Lever Brothers, Rhone Poulenc,
and U.S. Steel.
• Of the 35 reported spills/releases, 14 were diesel oil, furnace oil, or gasoline spills.
3-191
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Table 3-73. Accidental Releases Reported in 1995 in Lake County, IN
Date
02/02/95
02/10/95
02/27/95
04/19/95
04/21/95
04/25/95
05/01/95
05/29/95
05/30/95
06/04/95
06/20/95
06/23/95
07/19/95
07/26/95
07/28/95
07/31/95
08/01/95
08/05/95
08/06/95
08/07/95
08/09/95
08/30/95
08/31/95
08/31/95
09/19/95
09/29/95
10/22/95
10/23/95
11/01/95
Company
LTV Steel
Norfolk & Southern
PVS Technologies
Keil Chemical
Lever Bros.
Gary Airport
LaSalle Steel, Griffith
USX
Corrugated Paper Tr.
Indiana Harbor Belt
AMOCO
AMOCO
Gary Fire Dept.
Schererville Fire Dept.
Safety Kleen
Schererville Police
AMOCO
USX
Lever Bros.
AMOCO
AMOCO
Lever Bros.
Rhone Poulenc
VC Tank Lines
Spill Center
AMOCO
AMOCO
AMOCO
AMOCO
Synopsis
Ammonia gas release - 500 cu. ft.
200 gallons of fuel oil spilled in Gary
1,644 Ibs. of ferric chloride released
Ethylenediamine lead, 2 gal.
Sulfuric acid leak
Aviation gas leak, 100 Gal.
Sodium hydroxide with chromic acid, controlled leak
Blast furnace water in Sewer
Diesel fuel spill - Gary
Diesel oil spill - Hammond
130 Ibs of sulfur dioxide and 150 Ibs of hydrogen sulfide
released. Follow-up report
Sulfur dioxide 83 Ibs and 70 Ibs of hydrogen sulfide released.
Follow-up report
5 barrels of unknown material
Diesel spill - 75 gallons
200 gallons oil spill
Accident - diesel spill
Hydrogen sulfide - 24 Ibs.
Hydrochloric acid - leak
1,757 gal. of sodium hydroxide. Follow-up report
Hydrogen sulfide leak
Hydrogen sulfide leak
Sulfuric acid leak
3.5 Ibs. Dimethyl ethel; 2.5 Ibs. of ammonium chloride
Styrene spill; no report sent to this office, but Chiefs Assn. got
reported. Evacuation needed.
Diesel fuel; punctured fuel tank controlled leak. No location.
106 Ibs. of Hydrogen sulfide
328 Ibs. H2S. Controlled
Slight oil spill. No action.
12,000 gallon leak of aviation fuel at Gary Airport. Contained.
3-192
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Table 3-73. Accidental Releases Reported in 1995 in Lake County (continued)
Date
1 1/27/95
12/05/95
12/05/95
12/06/95
12/14/95
12/17/95
Company
Ronning Oil
Rhone Poulenc
Keil Chemical
U.S. Steel
Rhone Poulenc
U.S. Steel
Synopsis
1,500 gallon leak from gasoline tank.
60-80 gallons of Sulfuric Acid, contained.
Dicyclopentadiene (Sheriff's report had phonetic spelling)? -
controlled
Trivalent chrome solution, 300-500 gallons - controlled
Sulfur Trioxide release, 47 to 149 Ibs. left property.
Investigation and follow-up reports sent on 12/26.
Blast furnace recycled water left property (018 discharged),
controlled.
Source: Lake County LEPC, 1997b.
3-193
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Table 3-74. Accidental Releases Reported in 1996 in Lake County
Date
00/00/96
01/29/96
02/09/96
02/09/96
02/23/96
02/29/96
03/07/96
03/08/96
03/18/96
03/21/96
03/22/96
04/01/96
04/02/96
04/02/96
04/10/96
04/11/96
Company
Ferro Corp.
Phillips Pipeline Co. EC Terminal
East Chicago
Ryder Dedicated Logistics
Inland Steel Corp
U.S. Steel
PVS Technology
Ace Durbin
U.S. Steel
Amoco
U.S. Steel
U.S. Steel
U.S. Steel
U.S. Steel
Amoco Pipeline (East Chicago)
U.S. Steel
U.S. Steel
Synopsis
Approx. 148,190 Ibs/yr fugitive emissions of Ethylene
Dichloride from valves, flanges, open-end lines, pumps,
agitators located in Bldg. 4 (Hammond Facility)
Transmix (gasoline mixture) spill due to vandalism
25 gallons diesel fuel spilled in the parking lot at 3210
Watling St, East Chicago, IN
SO gal of diesel fuel spilled in the parking lot
Noticed an oil sheen on the river and traced it back to
their property
Ferrous chloride; 130 pounds overflowed from the top
of two ferrous chloride storage tanks
Diesel fuel leak
Coke oven gas release due to rupture
Sulphur dioxide emitted, was being monitored and was
within authorized limits
Used oil release from underground furnace oil transfer
line; size of the spill unknown
ISO gallons pickle liquor (HCL) was spilled on the
ground (underground leak)
140 Ibs of coke oven gas release
100 Ibs of ammonia was released, due to contact of bias
furnace recycled water with the blast furncace material
Liquid gas leak. Intake valve was closed.
20 gal of spent pickle liquor seeped from corroded
lange.
Half gallon of Pyranol (PCB) fluid was spilled from a
transformer. Greater than 95% of the PCB fluid was
contained within a spill pan underneath the transformer.
25 sq. ft of concrete floor and wall space were
contaminated.
3-194
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Table 3-74. Accidental Releases Reported in 1996 in Lake County, IN (continued)
Date
04/12/96
04/16/96
04/18/96
04/18/97
04/19/96
05/04/96
05/21/96
05/22/96
06/05/96
06/17/96
06/18/96
06/25/96
07/02/96
07/03/96
07/05/96
07/17/96
07/18/96
07/18/96
07/18/96
08/06/96
08/07/96
Company
U.S. Steel
U.S. Steel
U.S. Steel
U.S. Steel
Rhone-Poulenc
Werner Enterprises
U.S. Steel
U.S. Steel
Ferro Corp
U.S. Steel
Amoco
Rhone-Poulenc
Tri Union Express Line
Amoco (Whiting)
Amoco (Lake Front Property)
Amoco Refining in Whiting
Amoco (Whiting)
Amoco Refinery
U.S. Steel
Inland Steel Co.
Lake Co. Shf. Dept.
Synopsis
Spent pickle liquor acid spilled due to corroded flange
Hot strip mill process water feed line was found leaking
at a rate of 5 GPM and stopped after one hour (300 gal)
150 Ibs of Spent Acid was spilled into the soil. Approx
100 sq ft of soil inside the trench was contaminated
20 gallons of spent pickling solution leaked from the
flange and affected an are approx. 30 sq. ft. inside the
open trench
Approx. 19 Ibs of process gas containing 8.5% of SO2
was released
100 gallons of Diesel fuel was released in Gary, IN on
the parking lot at exit 9 off interstate 80/94 southbound
Underground used oil release
Light igniting oil spill
10 gal of NAOH, leak from tanker truck valve
Coke oven gas released, due to storm which blew out
pilot light. Oven lost suction, failed to ignite causing
gas to mix with air
Carry over of activated sludge from wastewater
treatment plant, due to storm overflow.
Approx. 100 to 150 gallons of cone, sulfuric acid was
released from tank 1 7 of the Hammond Plant.
Diesel fuel
Sulphur dioxide gas was released due to weld break.
Oil spill
Approx. 45 gal of liquid oil leaked discharging it into
the canal
Solids with Oil from the treatment plant overflowed due
to excessive rain into the lake
Approx. 500 to 700 Ibs of sulphur dioxide released due
to overpressure in flare stack
Approx. 1 50 Ibs of raw coke oven gas was released
Approx. 90 Ibs of Chlorine spilled from tank
Diesel fuel due to accident on North Junction 2/US4 1
3-195
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Table 3-74. Accidental Releases Reported in 1996 in Lake County, IN (continued)
Date
08/17/96
08/23/96
1 1/22/96
11/26/96
12/13/96
12/30/96
Company
ERD Waste Corp
Marine Unit
U.S. Steel
Gas City
Clark Refinery
U.S. Steel
Synopsis
Assorted inks, paints, oil waste etc. caught fire
Fuel spill
Oil spill on the Grand Calumet river
15 gal of diesel fuel
15 galofdiesel fuel
Oil sheen on the Grand Calumet river
Source: Lake County LEPC, 1997b.
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Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Spills Final—April 2001
• Reported spills/releases were comprised of the following substances/gases: ammonia,
sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, ferric chloride, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide,
ethylenediamine lead, sodium hydroxide, tri-valent chrome solution,
dicyclopentadine, sulfur trioxide, blast furnace re-cycled water, and styrene. Some
of the released/spilled substances were quantified or estimated, few did not report
quantities. Table 3-73 describes amounts released/spilled, if reported (Lake County
LEPC, 1997b).
Summary for 1996:
• Of the 43 spills/releases reported to the Lake County, IN, LEPC in 1996, about 75
percent were caused by four major companies including U.S. Steel, AMOCO, Rhone
Poulenc, and Ferro Corporation.
• Of the 43 reported spills/releases, 19 were oil spills, comprised of diesel oil, gasoline,
furnace oil, lubricating oil, and used oil.
• Reported spills/releases were comprised of the following substances/gases: ethylene
dichloride, ferrous chloride, coke oven gas, sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid,
ammonia, blast furnace recycled water, PCBs, spent acid, sodium hydroxide, carry
over activated sludge from wastewater treatment plant, and raw coke oven gas. Some
of the released/spilled substances were quantified or estimated, few did not report
quantities. Table 3-74 describes amounts released/spilled, if reported.
Cook County Government and the Chicago Fire Department were contacted to obtain
information on spills/releases/accidents that occured in Cook County, IL, over a 3-year period. The
Chicago Fire Department indicated that they had facility reports, but the information was not easily
accessed.
The ERNS data base was querried for spills/releases of hazardous substances that occured
in Cook County, IL, for the available years 1995 and 1996 (ERNS, 1997). For 1995,364 spills were
reported, and for 1996, only 91 were reported. Figure 3-62 displays the quantity of hazardous
materials spilled in 1995 and 1996. Of the total quantity of hazardous substances released/spilled
in Cook County, IL, oils (diesel, crude, gasoline, lubricating oils, miscellaneous oils, etc.) generally
accounted for approximately 80 percent. The remaining hazardous substances spilled/released were
acids, chlorinated solvents, raw coke oven gas, sulfur dioxide, caustic soda, and organic solvents.
3-197
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1400000
1200000
95
96
Years
Qty in Ibs
Oils (Fuel Oil, Lubricating Oil, waste oil, diesel. crude, fuel, gasoline, & other misc. oils)
Figure 3-62. Total Quantity of Spill/Releases of Hazardous Materials in Cook County, IL from ERNS.
Source: ERNS. 1997.
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Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Spills Final—April 2001
The industries that contributed to major spills/releases in Cook County, IL, included
Amtrack, PVS Chemicals, Commonwealth Edison, Southern Pacific, Horsehead Resource
Development, Hannah Marine Corp, Airport Group Int, Norfolk Southern, Eureka Chemical, and
the U.S. Air Force. The major manufacturing facilities that reported significant releases/spills were
located in Chicago, Lemont, Blue Island, and Bensenville, and were concentrated in ZIP Codes
60439,60666,60606,60633,60138,and 60139.
ERNS and ARIP data bases were also querried for information on the number of
accidents/spills and the type/amount of chemicals involved. Following are discriptions of
information on spills/accidents in ERNS and ARIP for Lake County, IN, and Cook County, IL. The
total number of spills/releases of hazardous materials from ERNS for Lake County, IN, are presented
in Table 3-75. Except for the years 1990 and 1995, the total hazardous materials spills/releases
relative to other years decreased (Figure 3-63). Of the total quantity of hazardous substances
released/spilled, oils (diesel, crude, gasoline, lubricating oils, miscellaneous oils, etc.) generally
accounted for approximately 30 percent. For some years (such as 1996, 1994, and 1988), oils
accounted for as much as 80 percent of the total materials spilled. The very large volume of
materials spilled/released in 1989 is explained by one incident where recycled process water from
hot strip/mill spilled, discharging approximately 8.3-million pounds into Lake Michigan. For the
year 1995,1.4-million pounds of process water discharged into Lake Michigan because of a pump
failure at U.S. Steel. The remaining hazardous substances spilled/or released were acids, chlorinated
solvents, raw coke oven gas, sulfur dioxide, caustic soda, and organic solvents.
Analysis of the ERNS data suggests that industries, such as petroleum and steel
manufacturing companies (Citgo Petroleum, Inland Steel, U.S. Steel, Amoco, Inland Steel, and LTV
Steel), accounted for more than 80 percent of the spills/releases. Other major manufacturing
facilities that reported releases/spills include PVS Technologies, Lever Brothers, Georgia Pacific,
Rhone Poulenc, and Ferro Corp. Most major manufacturing facilities that reported large
releases/spills were located in Gary, East Chicago, Whiting, and Hammond, and were concentrated
in ZIP Codes 46312, 46402, 46394, and 46320.
3-199
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Table 3-75. Number of Spills/Releases per Year in Lake County
as Reported in ERNS
Year No. of Spills/Releases
1987 35
1988 45
1989 60
1990 108
1991 92
1992 75
1993 85
1994 118
1995 102
1996 98
Source-ERNS, 1997.
3-200
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10000000
8000000
6000000
4000000
2000000
87 88 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96
Years
Quantity in Pounds
Oils (fuel oil, lubricating oil, waste oil, diesel oil, gasoline, fuel oil, & other misc. oils)
Process Water
Figure 3-63. Total Quantity of Spills/Releases of Hazardous Material in Lake County, Indiana from ERNS
Source: ERNS, 1997.
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Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Hazardous Waste
Final—April 2001
3.5 HAZARDOUS WASTE GENERATION/MANAGEMENT
Hazardous Wastes
Tracking of Hazardous Waste
Generation and Management
Number of Facilities and Amounts
of Wastes Generated and Managed
in 1993
Types of Hazardous Wastes
Generated/Managed
Small Quantity Generators
Data on hazardous waste management
are primarily available from EPA's RCRIS and
BRS data bases, as well as from State agencies.
Hazardous waste is a waste or combination of
wastes, which, because of its quantity,
concentration, or physical, chemical, or
infectious characteristics, may cause or
significantly contribute to an increase in
mortality or an increase in serious, irreversible,
or incapacitating reversible, illness. It may also
pose a substantial present or potential hazard to
human health or the environment when
improperly treated, stored, transported, or
disposed of, or otherwise managed, and has been identified, by characteristics or listing, as hazardous
pursuant to Section 3001 of the RCRA. Under RCRA, hazardous wastes are regulated from
generation until they are disposed ("cradle-to-grave"). BRS and RCRIS track information related
to all phases of hazardous waste mangaement (facilities, permits, generation, disposal, etc.).
Searches of BRS and RCRIS were the primary information sources on the amount and type of wastes
generated/managed by facilities in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN. BRS data contain
characterization of the amount and type of wastes generated, received, shipped, and managed for
1989, 1991, and 1993. These data were augmented by a data base obtained from IDEM on more
than 130 small quantity generators of hazardous wastes in Lake County, IN, (Weddle, 1997).
Facilities that generate and manage hazardous wastes can be characterized by the amount of waste
generated. RCRIS classifies these facilities as follows:
• LQGs - Large Quantity Generators (facilities that generate more than 1,000 kilograms
of hazardous waste per month);
• SQGs - Small Quantity Generators (facilities that generate less than 1,000 kilograms
of hazardous waste per month); and
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Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Hazardous Waste Final—April 2001
• CESQGs - Conditionally-exempt Small Quantity Generators.
A facility is classified as a small quantity generator (SQG) if it generates in 1 calendar month:
(1) less than 1,000 kilograms of a hazardous waste; (2) less than 1 kilogram of an acutely hazardous
waste; or (3) less than 100 kilograms of any residue or contaminated soil, waste, or other debris
resulting from the cleanup of a spill of an acutely hazardous waste. Also, the SQG status applies to
any generator that accumulates less than the amounts listed in (2) and (3) above of an acutely
hazardous waste on site at any one time.
Characterizing the chemical content of hazardous wastes is not straight forward. While data
bases for other media contain information that is well-suited for estimating loadings of individual
chemicals, BRS poses significant challenges, because hazardous wastes are assigned waste codes.
Waste codes often reflect the type of industrial process that generates the waste, not necessarily the
chemical constituents present. Only for characteristic wastes (the "D" wastes, which are defined by
the presence of a particular chemical), discarded products ("P" and "U" wastes), and select other
waste codes, can one be certain of finding the chemical of interest. Even then, it is not known
whether the chemical of interest makes up a small fraction or the majority of the total mass of the
waste. One other peculiarity for hazardous wastes is that if multiple waste types are mixed, they will
be assigned a string of waste codes to describe the waste. Again in this instance, one cannot
determine what portion of the total mass is the waste of interest, much less the chemical makeup.
Therefore, this analysis focuses on the mass of waste and the waste codes generated/managed, not
individual chemical constituents.
3.5.1 Hazardous Waste Facilities in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN
From data in BRS and RCRIS, it is possible to characterize the number of facilities managing
hazardous wastes and, in many cases, to quantify the amounts and types of waste generated/managed.
More than 8,800 hazardous waste facilities were inventoried from BRS and RCRIS in the study area
in 1993. Most of these facilities were listed in RCRIS, for which data on the amount of waste
generated/managed are not available. From BRS, 729 facilities were listed, and waste
characterization information was available for 1989,1991, and 1993. In Cook County, IL, 663 total
facilities managed a total of 2,681,424 tons of hazardous wastes in 1993. In Lake County, IN, 66
3-203
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Hazardous Waste Final—April 200 J
facilities managed 455,979 tons of hazardous waste in 1993. Figure 3-64 provides comparisons
between Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN, with respect to the number of facilities and the
amount of hazardous waste generated, received, shipped, and managed in 1993.
3.5.1.1 Cook County, IL, Hazardous Waste Facilities
In Cook County, IL, the 663 facilities were classified as: 453 fully-regulated, large quantity
generators, 3 conditionally-exempt, 115 small quantity generators, and 92 unclassified. Collectively,
these 663 facilities generated 1,796,375 tons, received 301,964 tons, shipped 209,034 tons, and
managed 2,681,424 tons of hazardous wastes in 1993. Of the 663 facilities in Cook County, IL, two
(Nalco Chemical and Amber Plating Works) managed more than 80 percent of the total mass of
hazardous wastes. Table 3-76 presents the largest 20 hazardous waste management facilities in Cook
County, IL, comprising more than 99 percent of the total. With respect to generation of hazardous
wastes, 1,796,375 tons were generated in 1993 in Cook County, IL. The geographic locations of the
hazardous waste generators in 1993 are summarized in Figure 3-65. Examination of the industry
type indicates that the chemical industry generated 1,069,911 tons (60 percent of the total), metal
fabrication generated 457,855 tons (25 percent), and electrical industry generated 133,030 tons
(1 percent). In Cook County, IL, 301,964 tons of hazardous wastes were received by treatment,
storage and disposal faclities (TSDFs) in 1993. Major TSDFs include the CID Recycling and
Disposal Facility (83,160 tons), Safety-Kleen Envirosystems (78,429 tons), Envirite (70,258 tons),
and Clean Harbors of Chicago (32,166 tons).
Of the 1,796,375 tons of hazardous wastes generated in 1993 in Cook County, IL, BRS
shows that about 60 percent contained D002 (corrosive wastes), about 22 percent are D003
(reactive), about 7 percent were D007 (chromium wastes), about 4 percent are D001 (ignitable
wastes), about 1 percent are F006 (wastewater treatment sludges from electroplating operations).
The remaining 5 percent of the wastes included more than 70 waste codes, which were composed
of a variety of spent solvents, steel mill wastes, and metal wastes.
Cook County, IL, produced more than 1.3-million tons of hazardous waste in 1994 (IEPA,
1996a) as compared to 14.5-million tons generated by the State of Illinois. Cook County typically
accounted for approximately 10 percent of all the hazardous waste generated in the State of Ilinois
3-204
-------
Number of Facilities Generating,
Receiving, Shipping, and Managing
Hazardous Waste
1 V
^^ake Countv
66 Facilities
Hazardous Waste Generated
Cook County, IL
1,796,375 tons
County, IN
436,571 tons
Hazardous Waste Received
Hazardous Waste Managed
Cook County, IL
301,964 tons
Cook County, IL
2,681,424 tons
Source: BRS, 1997
ounty, IN
105,433 tons
County, IN
455,979 tons
99-056
Figure 3-64. Comparisons of Hazardous Waste Facilities by Amounts of Waste
Generated, Received, Shipped, and Managed in
Cook County, IL, & Lake County, IN (1993)
3-205
-------
Table 3-76. Largest Hazardous Waste Management Facilities in Cook County, IL, in 1993
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Wastes Managed
in Tons/Year
1,793,831
400,334
114,090
96,495
78,793
70,979
32,222
16,239
14,148
11,933
10,894
9,466
9,360
6,801
4,049
1,568
1,392
1,352
1,316
1,103
Cumulative
Percent
66.90%
81.80%
86.10%
89.70%
92.60%
95.30%
96.50%
97.10%
97.60%
98.00%
98.50%
98.80%
99.20%
99.40%
99.60%
99.60%
99.70%
99.70%
99.80%
99.80%
Facility Name
Nalco Chemical Co.
Amber Plating Works, Inc.
Motorola, Inc.
CID Recycling & Disposal Facility
Safety Kleen Envirosystems
Envirite Corp.
Clean Harbors of Chicago
Precoat Metals
Safety-Kleen Corp.
Heritage Environmental Services
Imperial Eastman
Pyle National Co.
Beaver Oil Co., Inc.
R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co.
C.P. Systems, Inc.
Joslyn Manufacturing Co.
API Industries
Gilbert & Bennett Mfg. Co.
Safety Kleen Corp.
Chicago Extruded Metals Co.
Source: BRS, 1997; RCRIS, 1997
3-206
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File Edit View Locals Globals Options Window Help
GRAPHl WORK.GSEG.GMAP
Locations of Wastes Generated, in Tons/Year
BRS/RCRIS data for COOK IL and LAKE IN (CHICBRS)
IF YEAR='1993 ';
Press to continue
Figure 3-65. Hazardous Waste Generators in 1993 in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN
Source: BRS, 1997.
3-207
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Hazardous Waste Final—April 2001
(IEPA, 1996a). The quantities of total hazardous waste generated declined from 1992 to 1994 and
are summarized in Figure 3-66. This figure indicates total hazardous waste generated, hazardous
waste generated and managed on-site, hazardous waste generated and shipped off-site, and hazardous
waste received and managed by TSDR facilities. In 1994, Cook County generators consistantly
produced the highest volume of hazardous wastes that were shipped off-site for management,
accounting for 48.5 percent of all wastes shipped off-site during 1990 in the State of Illinois
(IDENR, 1994b). Of the total hazardous waste generated in Cook County, EL, approximately 75
percent were generated and treated onsite.
3.5.1.2 Lake County, IN, Hazardous Waste Facilities
The 66 hazardous waste management facilities listed in BRS in Lake County, IN, included
40 fully-regulated large quantity generators, 2 conditionally-exempt, 8 small quantity generators, and
16 unclassified. Collectively, these facilities generated 436,571 tons, received 105,433 tons, shipped
319,024 tons, and managed 455,979 tons of hazardous wastes in 1993. Of the 66 hazardous waste
generators/management facilities in Lake County, IN, Amoco Oil in Whiting was the largest in 1993.
Of the total 436,571 tons generated, Amoco Oil accounted for 353,138 tons (77 percent). Ten
facilities accounted for more than 99 percent of the total generated (Table 3-77). Similarly, the five
largest facilities (Amoco, Safety Kleen, Pollution Control Industries, Rhone-Poulenc, and Mason
Corp.) accounted for more than 99 percent of the total wastes managed in Lake County, IN, in 1993
(Table 3-78). Examination of the geographic locations of these facilities indicates that Whiting
accounts for the majority of the total. ZIP Codes 46394 and 46312 account for the majority of
hazardous wastes generated and managed in Lake County, IN. In 1993, a total of 105,433 tons of
hazardous wastes were received by TSDFs in Lake County, IN. These facilities included Safety-
Kleen Oil Recovery Co. (65,571 tons), Pollution Control Industries of Indiana (18,354 tons), Rhone-
Poulenc (14,615 tons), Mason Corp. (4,321 tons), and Amoco Oil (2,572 tons).
Analysis of waste codes generated in 1993 in Lake County, IN, indicates that F037 (sludges
from petroleum refineries) comprised about 70 percent of the mass of the wastes generated, as
reported in BRS. Other major wastes included D002 (corrosive wastes), K048 (petroleum refinery
wastes), D007 (chromium wastes), and F006 (wastewater treatment sludge from electroplating
operations).
3-208
-------
3500000
3000000
2500000
2000000 -
1500000 -
1000000
500000
1992
1993
Year
1994
Total
Received & Managed by TSDR Facilities
Generated & Managed On-Site
Generated & Shipped Off-Site
Figure 3-66. Hazardous Wastes Generated and Managed by Cook County, IL, in Tons, 1992-1994.
Source: IEPA, 1994.
3-209
-------
Table 3-77. Largest Hazardous Waste Generators in Lake County, IN, in 1993
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Wastes Generated
in Tons/Year
353,138
70,535
2,463
1,684
1,534
948
653
632
522
503
Cumulative
Percent
80.90%
97.00%
97.60%
98.00%
98.30%
98.60%
98.70%
98.90%
99.00%
99.10%
Facility Name
Amoco Oil Co. - Lakefront
LTV Steel Company
U.S. Steel - Gary Works
Mason Corporation
Keil Chemical Divison/Ferro Corp.
Inland Steel Company
Citgo Petroleum Corp.
AMG Resources Corporation
Avery Dennison
Marathon Pipeline Company
Source: BRS, 1997, RCRIS, 1997.
U'S
^f Headquarters Library
MailGodf-320l
/ Avenue NW
Washington DC 20460
3-210
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Table 3-78. Largest Hazardous Waste Management Facilities in Lake County, IN, in 1993
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
Wastes Managed in
Tons/Year
352,712
65,571
18,354
14,615
4,321
Cumulative
Percent
77.40%
91.70%
95.80%
99.00%
99.90 %
Facility Name
Amoco Oil Co. - Lakefront
Safety-Kleen Oil Recovery Co.
Pollution Control Industries
Rhone-Poulenc Basic Chemicals
Mason Corporation
Source. BRS, 1997; RCRIS, 1997.
3-211
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings - Hazardous Waste Final — April 2001
3.5.2 Small Quantity Generators of Hazardous Wastes in Lake County, IN
Based on information obtained from IDEM, 133 small quantity generators of hazardous waste
were located in Lake County, IN, in 1996 (Weddle, 1997). Collectively, these facilities generated
about 56,062 gallons of hazardous wastes in 1996 (Table 3-79). In general, these SQGs were
manufacturers, automobile repair shops, schools, and other facilities. Examination of the geographic
locations of the SQGs indicates that much of the wastes were generated in Hammond (13,597
gallons or 24 percent of the total), Gary (13,068 gallons or 23 percent), and Merrillville (6,562
gallons or 12 percent) in 1996. Table 3-80 summarizes the volume of hazardous wastes generated
by SQGs by city in Lake County, IN. Figure 3-67 shows that the 56,062 gallons of wastes generated
in 1996 are about 40 percent lower than in previous years (1994 - 90,755 gallons; 1995 - 96,621
gallons). Figure 3-68 indicates that ZIP Code 46320 generated 10,926 gallons in 1996 (20 percent
of the total) and 46402 generated 7,754 gallons (14 percent). From data provided by IDEM, it was
possible to characterize the type of waste generated by these SQGs (Weddle, 1997). The waste codes
generated by SQGs in the largest volumes (Table 3-81) included:
• D001 - ignitable liquid wastes;
• D003 - wastes that contain reactive cyanides and reactive sulfides, and are explosive;
• D039 - wastes that are toxicity characteristic for tetrachloroethylene;
• F001, F003, and F005 - wastes that contain any combination of one or more of the
following spent solvents: acetone, benzene, n-butyl alcohol, carbon disulfide, carbon
tetrachloride, chlorinated fluorocarbons, chlorobenzene, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol,
cyclohexanone, o-dichlorobenzene, 2 ethoxyethanol, ethyl acetate, ethyl benzene,
ethyl ether, isobutyl alcohol, methanol, methylene chloride, methyl ethyl ketone,
methyl isobutyl ketone, nitrobenzene, 2-nitropropane, pyridine, tetrachloroethylene,
tolune, 1,1,1-tnchloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-
trifluorethane, trichloroethylene, tnchloromonofluromethane, and/or xylene.
3-212
-------
Table 3-79. Small Quantity Generators of Hazardous Waste in Lake County, IN (1996)
Generator Name
CERCSTAR USA INC
WHEELING CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS
ART HILL INC LINCOLN MERC
LAKEI IEAD PIPE LINE GT TERM
I-IADADY CORP
SCHNEIDER NATIONAL
MUNSTER STEEL CO INC
ELGIN JOLIET & EASTERN RWY CO
HOWARD PUBLISHING CO
INDIANA HARBOR BELT RAILROAD
INDUSTRIAL ENGINE SERVICE INC
NIPSCO GAS MEASUREMENT DEPT HQ
MINNOTTE CROWN POINT CORP
ROLL CENTER INC
ST MARY MEDICAL CTR
HOBART PUBLIC WORKS DEPT
M&S CUSTOM SHOP INC
AMERICAN STEEL FOUNDRIES
LEVER BROTHERS COMPANY
HARSCO CORP HECKETT PLT NO 1 1
WEBB FORD INC
G&N AIRCRAFT INC
SCHEPEL BUICK INC
PEPSI COLA GENERAL BOTTLERS
DIETRICH INDUSTRIES INC
STRILLICH TECHNOLOGIES INC
HILL ART FORD INC
EAST CHICAGO MACH TOOL BALEM ASTER DIV
KOCH MINERALS INC
Quantity
(Gallons)
6542
4306
2482
1800
1729
1164
I04S
979
962
957
944
825
825
809
771
708
700
660
630
630
589
585
582
581
578
573
567
. 565
557
Address
1 100 INDIANAPOLIS BLVD
2ND & MISSISSIPPI ST
1019 W LINCOLN HWY
I500WMA1NST
1832 LAKE ST
7101 W I7TH AVE
9505 CALUMET AVE
ONE N BUCHANAN ST
601 45TH AVE
2721 16ISTST
9900 EXPRESS DR
3311 E 15THAVE
1301 N INDIANA
2 18 MISSISSIPPI ST
1500 SLAKE PARK AVE
340 S SHELBY
2233RTE4I
3761 CANAL ST
1200 CALUMET AVE
PLT 2 INLAND STEEL
9809 INDIANAPOLIS BLVD
1701 EMAINST
3209 W LINCOLN HWY
9300 S CALUMET
1435 165TH
1011 SUMMIT ST
901 W LINCOLN HWY
980 CROWN CT
1 N BUCHANAN
City
HAMMOND
GARY
MERRILLVILLE
GRIFFITH
DYER
GARY
MUNSTER
GARY
MUNSTER
HAMMOND
HIGHLAND
GARY
CROWN POINT
GARY
HOBART
HOBART
SCHERERVILLE
EAST CHICAGO
HAMMOND
EAST CHICAGO
HIGHLAND
GRIFFITH
MERRILLVILLE
MUNSTER
HAMMOND
CROWN POINT
MERRILLVILLE
CROWN POINT
GARY
Zip
46320
46402
46420
46319
46311
46406
46321
46402
46321
46325
46322
46402
46307
46402
46342
46342
46375
46312
46320
46312
46322
46319
46410
46321
46320
46307
46410
46307
46401
-------
Table 3-79. Small Quantity Generators of Hazardous Waste in Lake County, IN (1996) (continued)
Generator Name
ACUTUS INDUSTRIES INC
HOFFMAN COLLISION CTR
ASHLAND PRODUCTS INC
HEURING PAUL MOTOR
SHAVER MOTORS
PRAXAIR INC
SMITH MOTORS INC
HOFFMAN AUTO BODY
O K CHAMPION
SUN ENGINEERING INC
GARY PUBLIC TRANS
SITE SERVICES INC
SHERWIN-WILLIAMS COMPANY THE
BOSAK MOTOR SALES INC
MIDWEST PIPE COATING INC
CLASSIC OLDSMOBILE INC
HARSCO CORP HECKETT PLT NO 7
VIKING ENGINEERING INC
PATTEN TRACTOR
TECOM
IMPERIAL WALLCOVERINGS INC
REPUBLIC ENGINEERED STEELS INC
AMERICAN STEEL FOUNDRIES
OGDEN ENGINEERING CORP
PAUL SUR PONTIAC
INDUSTRIAL STEEL CONST INC
CIRCLE OLDSMOBILE INC
KERR NIELSEN BUICK INC
ST MARGARET HOSPITAL
Quantity
(Gallons)
554
540
536
536
522
520
515
513
495
474
446
440
440
392
385
384
381
379
371
350
349
343
338
335
330
326
301
290
285
Address
2ND & MISSISSIPPI AVE
9429 INDIANAPOLIS BLVD
790 W COMMERCIAL AVE, TENNANT A
USHWY6&51
1550E6IST
4400 KENNEDY AVE
6405 INDIANAPOLIS BLVD
9905 W I09TH AVE
4714 SHEFFIELD
950 MARQUETTE
2101 W35THAVE
9948 A EXPRESS DR
7930 NEVADA ST
31 1 1 W LINCOLN HWY US 30 W
925 KENNEDY AVE
6501 BROADWAY
WEST END SLAG DUMP
2300 MICHIGAN ST
6400 INDIANAPOLIS BLVD
1305 W 1ITHAVE
724 HOFFMAN ST
4000 E 7TH AVE
4831 HOHMANAVE
372 W DIVISION ST
6300 BROADWAY
86 N BRIDGE ST
1300 US 41
7301 E MELTON RD
5454 HOHMAN AVE
City
GARY
HIGHLAND
LOWELL
HOBART
MERRILLVILLE
EAST CHICAGO
HAMMOND
CEDAR LAKE
HAMMOND
LAKE STATION
GARY
HIGHLAND
HAMMOND
MERRILLVILLE
SCHERERVILLE
MERRILLVILLE
EAST CHICAGO
HAMMOND
HAMMOND
GARY
HAMMOND
GARY
HAMMOND
SCHERERVILLE
MERRILLVILLE
GARY
SCHERERVILLE
GARY
HAMMOND
Zip
46402
46322
46356
46342
46410
46312
46320
46303
46325
46405
46408
46322
46323
46410
46375
46410
46312
46320
46320
46401
46320
46403
46327
46375
46410
46404
46375
46403
46320
-------
Table 3-79. Small Quantity Generators of Hazardous Waste in Lake County, IN (1996) (continued)
Generator Name
TENNECO PACKAGING INC
SCHEFFER INC
TRANSPORTATION SUPPORT GROUP
TERRY SHAVER PONTIAC
INDIANA UNIVERSITY NORTHWEST
TRUCK CITY OF GARY INC
REPUBLIC ENGINEERED STEELS INC
DISCOUNT TRANSMISSIONS INC
BEARING HEADQUARTERS
CON WAY CENTRAL EXPRESS
CARESTONE INC
ALLSTATE ENVIRONMENTAL INC
T&M EQUIPMENT CO INC
FURNACE SERVICES INC
METAL MFC
OLSEN CADILLAC
FJM AUTO SALES INC
HIGHLAND HYDRAULICS INC
BLASKOVICII TOM CHEVROLET INC
G&J AUTO BODY
SOUTHEND BODY SHOP
PERFECTION AUTO RESTORATION INC
CROWN POINT CLEANERS
CUMMINS MID-STATES POWER INC
GOODYEAR AUTO SVC CTR
SISU SERVICES
VC TANK LINES INC
VISTA CHEMICAL CO
IMCO IND MACHINE CORP
Quantity
(Gallons)
281
280
280
271
257
253
253
241
227
225
223
222
211
206
203
201
200
191
190
188
180
ISO
177
175
172
165
165
165
160
Address
300 W MAIN
1565E9ISTAVE
5818 COLUMBIA AVE
2I2I45THAVE
3400 BROADWAY
7360 W CHICAGO AVE
2800 E DUNES HWY
36 15 CENTRAL AVE
6544 OSBURNE
201 BLAINEST
1646 SUMMER ST
1910 W9TH AVE
2880 E 83RD PL
3550 CALUMET AVE
3232 CALUMET AVE
2929 W LINCOLN HWY
3900 E 37TH AVE
9939 EXPRESS DR
425 W CHICAGO AVE
2943 JEWETT ST
3643 E 82ND CT
RR 2 550 N 625 W
600NMAINST
1440 TEXAS ST
35 15 GRANT ST
1710 E MAIN ST
1020 KENNEDY AVE
2204 MICHIGAN ST
1201 MERRILLVILLE RD
City
GRIFFITH
MERRILLVILLE
HAMMOND
HIGHLAND
GARY
GARY
GARY
LAKE STATION
HAMMOND
GARY
HAMMOND
GARY
MERRILLVILLE
HAMMOND
HAMMOND
MERRILLVILLE
HOBART
HIGHLAND
EAST CHICAGO
HIGHLAND
MERRILLVILLE
HOBART
CROWN POINT
GARY
GARY
GRIFFITH
SCHERERVILLE
HAMMOND
CROWN POINT
Zip
46319
46410
46320
46322
46408
46406
46403
46405
46327
46406
46320
46404
46410
46320
46320
46410
46342
46322
46312
46322
46410
46342
46307
46402
46408
46319
46375
46320
46307
-------
Table 3-79. Small Quantity Generators of Hazardous Waste in Lake County, IN (1996) (continued)
Generator Name
ROUSE WELDING & BODY CO INC
TYSON LINC MERC INC
TYSON FORD
FIELD TECHNOLOGIES
SHARPS GRIFFITH AUTO ELECTRIC
BEARINGS & DRIVE SYSTEMS INC
WHITECO METROCOM INC
LISS BODY & PAINT SHOP INC
IVY TECH STATE COLLEGE
KENNIGERS AUTO BODY SHOP
BRUGOS AUTOMOTIVE INC
US GYPSUM CO
UNITED CONSUMERS CLUB
ISAKSON MOTOR SALES
METRO METALS CORP E CHIC
THOMAS DODGE OF HIGHLAND INC
AD CRAFT PRINTERS INC
WHITING HIGH SCHOOL
HAMMOND LEAD PROD HALSTAB DIV
HYDRAULIC COMPONENT SVC INC
DUPONT E 1 NEMOURS & COMPANY
CHRISTENSON CHEVROLET INC
POZZO MACK SALES & SERVICE
AMOCO ACA MGMT SVCS
US GENERAL SVCS ADM
HERALD NEWS GROUP
MOBIL OIL CORP 13070 HAMMOND TERMINAL
METHODIST HOSPITAL
MARBLEHEAD LIME CO
Quantity
(Gallons)
156
148
134
134
132
127
110
110
108
108
107
105
101
94
90
87
85
81
80
76
70
62
61
60
56
55
55
54
52
Address
24031 LA VERNE DR, PO BOX 158
2440 45TH AVE
3333 GRANT ST
9956 EXPRESS DR
503 E MAIN ST
5009 CALUMET AVE
1770 W41ST AVE
1020 E SUMMIT ST
4 10 E COLUMBUS DR
3385 GEORGIA ST
401 W73RDAVE
3501 CAN ALST
8450 S BROADWAY
55 CENTER ST
4407 RAILROAD AVE
9604 INDIANAPOLIS BLVD
3201 E83RDPL
I75IOLIVERST
3 100 MICHIGAN ST
8010 NEW JERSEY AVE
52 15 KENNEDY AVE
9700 INDIANAPOLIS BLVD
3001 E15THSTPL
171 USRT4I
257-259 DOUGLAS AVE
3161 E84THPL
1527 I41STST
600 GRANT ST
N CLARK RD & LAKE MICHIGAN
City
SCHNEIDER
HIGHLAND
GARY
HIGHLAND
GRIFFITH
HAMMOND
GARY
CROWN POINT
EAST CHICAGO
GARY
MERRILLVILLE
EAST CHICAGO
MERRILLVILLE
HOBART
EAST CHICAGO
HIGHLAND
MERRILLVILLE
WHITING
HAMMOND
HAMMOND
EAST CHICAGO
HIGHLAND
GARY
SCHERERVILLE
HAMMOND
MERRILLVILLE
HAMMOND
GARY
GARY
Zip
46376
46322
46410
46322
46319
46320
46408
46307
46312
46409
46410
46312
46420
46342
46312
46322
46411
46394
46323
46323
46312
46322
46401
46375
46320
46410
46327
46402
46402
-------
Table 3-79. Small Quantity Generators of Hazardous Waste in Lake County, IN (1996) (continued)
Generator Name
BOB ANDERSON PONTIAC INC
CARROLL CHEVROLET INC
HARDINGS INC
AMOCO 19752
RELIANCE ELECTRIC-HIGHLAND
PRIMETCOINC
SOUTHLAKE NISSAN INC
GRE INC DBA WAYNES
HIGHLAND SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
AMOCO ACA MGMT SVCS
AMOCO ACA MGMT SVCS
MACK MANN BUSS WORKS INC
PERSONAL TOUCH CLEANERS
FIRESTONE
AVERY GRAPHICS DIV
TOLLEY FRANK'S AUTO SER INC
NIPSCO CONSTRUCTION DEPT HQ
Total Generated by 133 SQGs
Quantity
(Gallons)
50
45
40
39
35
34
32
32
30
30
30
27
24
17
16
15
II
56062
Address
1510 N MAIN ST
I800NMAINST
1 09 W COMMERCIAL
3550I69THST
2707 GARFIELD AVE
7917 NEW JERSEY AVE
4201 LINCOLN HWY
4010 W4TH AVE
9135 ERIE ST
747 RIDGE RD
6450 CALUMET AVE
9 122 LOUIS! AN AST
5664 HARRISON ST
489 FAYETTE ST
23326 SHELBY RD
1 020 E SUMMIT ST-B
2911 E 10THST
City
CROWN POINT
CROWN POINT
LOWELL
HAMMOND
HIGHLAND
HAMMOND
MERRILLVILLE
GARY
HIGHLAND
MUNSTER
HAMMOND
MERRILLVILLE
MERRILLVILLE
HAMMOND
SHELBY
CROWN POINT
GARY
Zip
46307
46307
46356
46323
46322
46323
46410
46406
46322
46312
43624
46410
46410
46320
46377
46307
46403
Ul
H~
-o
Source Wcddlc, 1997
-------
Table 3-80. Total Quantity of Waste Generated by Small Quantity Generators in
Lake County, IN by City and by Year
City
HAMMOND
GARY
MERRILLVILLE
HIGHLAND
GRIFFITH
EAST CHICAGO
MUNSTER
CROWN POINT
HOBART
SCHERERVILLE
DYER
LAKE STATION
LOWELL
CEDAR LAKE
SCHNEIDER
WHITING
SHELBY
STJOHN
MILLER
SHERERVILLE
BURNS HARBOR
Total
Waste Generated (Gallons)
1994
51,196
12,234
7,265
4,565
1,450
5,025
1,175
2,279
1,752
1,530
17
590
297
362
0
35
0
108
0
275
600
90,755
1995
15,970
32,299
5,582
5,136
15,969
5,914
3,231
2,163
3,177
3,796
417
853
1,146
206
191
461
0
0
110
0
0
96.621
1996
13,697
13,068
6,562
3,659
2,963
2,754
2,618
2,520
2,489
1,946
1,729
715
576
513
156
81
16
0
0
0
0
56,062
Source: Weddle, 1997.
3-218
-------
100,000
80,000
60,000
O
40,000
20,000
1994
1995
Year
1996
Figure 3-67. Trends of Hazardous Waste Generated by Small Quantity Generators in Lake County, IN, for 1994-96
Source: Weddle, 1997.
3-219
-------
99-056
Legend (gallons/yr)
5,000 to 10,926
• 1,000 to 5,000
D < 1,000
Figure 3-68. Quantity of Hazardous Waste Generated by Small-Quantity Generators
in Lake County, IN,in 1996 (by Zip Code)
Source: Weddle, 1997
3-220
-------
Table 3-81. Types of Wastes Generated in 1996 by Small Quantity Generators
in Lake County, IN
Waste Codes
D001
F003
D039
F001
D003
F005
D018
D007
D002
D009
F002
D035
D006
D008
D011
U002
P012
F006
U121
D022
D038
D010
U122
P108
P106
P098
P087
D004
F008
D059
Identified Waste Codes
Other Not Specified
Total
Waste Generated in 1996 (Gallons)
18,559
6,759
6,314
5,378
5,205
4,752
2,250
1,630
1,355
701
658
330
255
188
115
55
55
48
30
30
30
15
15
5
5
5
5
0
0
0
54,747
1,315
56,062
Source: Weddle, 1997
3-221
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings - CERCLIS
Final—April 2001
CERCLIS Sites
608 CERCLIS Sites in Cook County,
IL, and Lake County, IN
CERCLIS Does Not Contain
Environmental Loadings Data
1 NPL (Superfund) Site in Cook
County, IL
6 NPL (Superfund) Sites in Lake
County, IN
3.6 CERCLIS SITES
The CERCLA Information System
(CERCLIS) is a data base used by EPA to
track sites where hazardous substance
releases may have occurred. In general,
they are sites that may require evaluation or
cleanup by the Superfund program. These
sites are investigated to determine what
further actions (if any) are necessary to
protect human health and the environment.
Sites may be "scored," using the Hazard
Ranking System (HRS), to evaluate its
potential risks to human health and the
environment and to determine if it should
be placed on the National Priorities List (NPL) or "Superfund" List. The CERCLIS information
does not contain data on the extent and magnitude of releases from these sties. Therefore, evaluation
of CERCLIS does not directly pertain to loadings to the environment. However, HRS scoring
information may be available that can indicate the potential risks from such sites. EPA adopted HRS
to assess the relative threat associated with actual or potential releases of hazardous substances at
sites. Using HRS, a site is evaluated based on four contaminant migration pathways: (1)
groundwater; (2) suface water (threats to drinking water, human food sources, and the environment);
(3) soil exposure (threats to resident and nearby populations); and (4) air. Three major factors are
used to evaluate each pathway: (1) likelihood of release; (2) waste characteristics (toxicity and
quantity); and (3) receptor targets (human and ecological components). Based on this scoring, a site
may be nominated by EPA for inclusion on the NPL. As such, the HRS score may be a rough
indicator of the site's potential impact to human health. (See Sections 4.5 and 4.6 for HRS scores
for some of these sites, as well as soil and groundwater data).
Cook County, IL, has 462 CERCLIS sites, and Lake County, IN, has 146 CERCLIS sites.
Summaries, presented below, describe the regulatory status of these sites (e.g., whether they are
listed on the NPL or no further remedial action planned [NFRAP]), as well as their locations.
3-222
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 3: Sources and Loadings - CERCLIS Final—April 2001
Figure 3-69 displays information on the total number of CERCLIS sites in each county, as well as
the number that have been NFRAPed.
Of the 462 CERCLIS sites in Cook County, IL, only 1 site is on the NPL (Lenz Oil); 358
sites have no further action planned, and 1 site was proposed but removed from the NPL. The Lenz
Oil site is located in Lemont, IL, in ZIP Code 60439. The cities in Cook County, IL, with the largest
number of CERCLIS sites include: Chicago with 211 sites (157 of which are NFRAP), Chicago
Heights (23 sites), Elk Grove Village (12 sites), Lemont (12 sites), and Melrose Park (11 sites). The
ZIP Codes in Cook County, IL, with the most CERCLIS sites include 60411 (31 sites), 60608 (16
sites), 60622 (16 sites), 60628 (15 sites), 60007 (14 sites), and 60525 (13 sites).
Of the 146 CERCLIS sites in Lake County, IN, 6 are on the NPL, 1 is on the proposed NPL,
and 109 have no further remedial action planned. The five NPL sites and the one proposed site are
summarized on Table 3-82. Four NPL sites are located in Gary and the fifth is in Griffith. The cities
in Lake County, IN, with the largest number of CERCLIS sites include Gary (57 sites), Hammond
(41 sites), and East Chicago (21 sites).
3-223
-------
No Further Action
No Further Action
462 CERCLIS Sites in Cook County, IL
146 CERCLIS Sites in Lake County, IN
Figure 3-69. Number of CERCLIS Sites in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN.
3-224
-------
Table 3-82. NPL Sites in Lake County, IN
Site
Nature of Contamination/Pollutants
Ninth Avenue Dump (NPL Site)
Midwest Industrial Waste Disposal
Company (MIDCO) II (NPL Site)
Midwest Solvent Recovery Company
(MIDCO) I (NPL Site)
Lake Sandy Jo (M&M Landfill)
American Chemical Service Inc. (NPL
Site)
U.S. Smelter and Lead Refinery, Inc.
Liquid hazardous waste (VOCs, benzene,
toluene, xylenes, PAHs, metals, PCBs).
Bulk liquid and drum storage of waste
(estimated 50,000 to 60,000 drums).
Estimated 14,000 drums of solvent, pesticide,
and PCB wastes.
Landfill for construction, municipal, industrial
wastes, and drums. Contamination included
heavy metals, solvents, PCBs, and pesticides.
Solvent - reclamation and chemical
manufacturing facility. Groundwater
contaminated with VOCs, PCBs and phthalates
and 35,000 buried drums of sludges and
underground wastes.
Proposed for NPL. Blast furnace slag. Lead
containing dust and various metals.
Source: CERCLIS, 1997.
3-225
-------
4.0 Environmental
Levels
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels
Final—April 2001
4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS
This section describes environmental levels of
contaminants in air, water, drinking water, soil, and other
media in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN. This
information is included not only as an indicator of
environmental condition, but also because risks to human
health may result from exposures to contaminated media.
Risks can be the results of exposure to contaminants in
foods we eat, the water we drink, the air we breathe, and
materials we touch (chemicals in the soil and in our lakes
and rivers). We can also be exposed to pollutants at our
places of work and in our homes from products that we
buy and use. Some of these risks may result from not
knowing that adverse health problems may be caused by
exposure to these items
Environmental Levels
• Ambient Air
• Surface Water
• Sediments
• Fish Tissue
• Soils
• Groundwater
• Drinking Water
• Human Exposure
Biomarkers
• Indoor Air
When exposed to chemicals or pollutants at levels that are too high, or for long periods of
time, our health may be affected in various ways. We may be affected for short periods of time (e.g,
itchy eyes, skin rashes, and difficulty in breathing), or we may be affected for a longer period of time
with health problems such as cancer, emphysema, and kidney or liver disorders. Sometimes these
exposures can aggravate existing health problems (e g., air pollutants may aggravate respiratory
problems such as asthma).
The three major routes by which a person may be exposed to chemicals are:
1
2
3
Inhalation (breathing in pollutants from the air),
Ingestion (eating or drinking contaminated foods and water); and
Dermal contact (pollutants contacting the surface of the skin)
4-1
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels Final— April 2001
Figure 4-1 presents examples of how human exposure may occur through the three exposure routes.
It should be noted that the Figure does not provide an exhaustive treatment of all exposure examples
that could be mentioned. To do so, is beyond the scope of this report. It does, however, provide
some typical examples of how an individual may be exposed to chemicals/pollutants.
Human exposures to chemicals are affected by many factors; the presence of sources of
pollution is not the sole determinator that impacts to human health will occur. While current and
historical sources of pollution to the environment are indicators of the potential for exposure,
ambient levels of pollutants in soil, air, water, and other media are determining factors. Furthermore,
the frequency, duration, and magnitude of exposures to these media are major influences on the
likelihood of adverse effects to human health (ATSDR, 1992a). Figure 4-2 presents a simplified
conceptual model of the relationships among sources, environmental levels, and human exposures.
• Sources - Factors related to sources of pollution and loadings to the environment
include the type and amount of chemicals released and geographic location of the
sources. Once released into the environment, chemicals are subject to physical and
chemical processes that may carry them away from people, change their form, affect
their concentrations, and determine where they eventually reside. For instance, many
pollutants discharged to rivers, streams, and lakes will not be found in the water;
rather, chemicals may escape to the air or could be deposited in sediments and taken
up by fish.
• Environmental Levels - Measuring environmental levels in different media is
critical in determining the potential for human exposure and resulting risks to human
health from air, water, sediments, drinking water, soil, and other media.
Human Exposures - Factors that play roles in exposures include: the concentrations
of contaminants in the media; the frequency, magnitude, and duration of exposures;
and other factors. Because individuals behave differently, the resulting exposures
vary, and because individuals respond differently to the same exposure, their personal
risk will vary. Information is available on these "exposure factors" for the general
population - such as the amount of water people drink, the amount offish consumed
each day, the amount of soil ingested by children, and many others (U.S.
EPA, 1997a). This type of information can be used in conjunction with the
environmental levels data presented in this section to estimate the magnitude of
exposures that people may encounter.
4-2
-------
EXAMPLES AND SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
EXPOSURE
PATHWAY
EXPOSURE
UJ
Outdoor Air
- Emissions from Automobiles, Airplanes, Power Plants,
Factories, etc.
Indoor Air
- Tobacco Smoke
- Kerosene Healers
- Aerosol Sprays
- Carpets
- Household Cleaners (Bathroom and Kitchen Cleaners)
- Cosmetics (Hairsprays)
- Interior Paints
- Occupational Exposures
Drinking Contaminated Water:
Leaching of Substances from Water Pipes (Example — Lead); Water
Treatment Chemicals; Bottled Water; Contaminated Groundwater
Eating Contaminated Foods
- Vegetables (Root Crops— Carrots, Onions, Beets)
- Fruits and Vegetables Treated with Pesticides
- Fruits and Vegetables Contaminated from Air Pollutants That Fall on the
Exposed Plant or Dissolve in the Rainwater or Irrigation Water
- Meats That Have Been Stored Improperly or If the Animals Eat Contaminated
Soil or Feed Crops
- Fish/Shellfish That Were Caught from Contaminated Waters
- Other Wildlife
Ingesting Contaminated Soils (Pica)
Contact with Contaminated Waters and Sediments (Swimming, Boating, Wading, Skiing)
Contact with Contaminated Soils (Gardening, Playgrounds, etc.)
Use of Household Products (Cleaners, Treated Fabrics, etc.)
Fallout of Pollutants From the Air
99-056
Figure 4-1. Examples Of How One May Be Exposed To Chemicals/Pollutants
-------
Sources/Loadings
• Pollutant Type
• Amount Released
• Media of Release
• Geographic Location
Environmental Levels
• Air
• Water
• Soil
• Fish
Human Exposures
Route (ingestion, inhalation,
dermal contact]
Magnitude
Frequency
Duration
99-056
Figure 4-2. Environmental Health Paradigm — Example of
Relationships Among Loadings, Environmental Levels, and Exposure
4-4
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels
Final— April 2001
Approaches to estimate exposures and risks to populations and individuals in Cook County,
IL, and Lake County, IN, will be developed under Phase ffl of CCRI. The data on environmental
levels presented in this section will assist in these future efforts to assess risks from exposures to
pollutants in air, water, drinking water, soil, and other media. It should be noted that heightened
concerns exist for children because of their susceptibility and from increased exposures to
contaminated soil, lead paint, and certain air pollutants that may aggravate asthma (U.S. EPA,
1996a). Information on exposure-related differences between children and adults is presented in this
section, especially in the soil, drinking water, and blood-lead levels subsections.
Information presented in this section was compiled from numerous reports, data bases, and
from personal communications with organizations/individuals that monitor environmental pollution
in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN. Limitations exist because of the fragmented nature of
environmental monitoring. Specifically, measurements are made by different organizations, using
different methods, in different places, and at different times. Because monitoring is usually focused
in particular geographic areas, it is often difficult to combine these data to assess areas at larger
scales. Similarly, data gaps are evident because not all media/resources receive the same level of
monitoring. For example, some ambient air measurements represent thousands of samples at a
location, while certain pollutants in some
waterbodies are characterized by only one
measurement over a 5-year time period. As
such, the quality, completeness, and geographic
coverage of the data vary, making assessments
difficult. However, it is possible to identify
areas and resources that are impacted by
pollution in the Cook County, IL, and Lake
County, IN, areas.
This section is organized by media. (See
below.) The following subsections describe
data and information on the condition of the
resource, levels of pollutants detected from
Key Questions
Where/When Was Monitoring
Conducted?
What Types of Contaminants Were
Measured?
What Contaminants Were Present at the
Highest Levels?
Where Were the Highest Levels of
Contamination Detected?
Are Levels Changing Over Time?
4-5
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels Final April 2001
sampling, the location(s) where levels are highest, trends in levels over time (where available), and
related information that quantifies the impact of anthropogenic activities. In general, the data used
are up to date and reflect conditions over the last several years.
The focus of this section is on the pollutants that have been detected at the highest
concentrations in samples from the various media. It should be noted, as in the previous sections of
this report, that no consideration was given to the toxicity or the hazards associated with the
chemicals detected; this section reports the concentrations of chemicals in the various media. The
environmental media described in this section include:
• Ambient Air - Quantifies levels of criteria pollutants and toxics from air quality
monitoring conducted in the study area;
• Surface Water - Describes the conditions of major waterbodies in the two counties
and presents levels of metals, pesticides, and other toxic chemicals
measured in the water column;
• Sediments - Presents pollutant levels detected in sediments of major
waterbodies,
• Fish Tissue - Summarizes measured levels of pesticides, PCBs, metals, and other
contaminants identified from fish tissue monitoring;
• Soils - Provides data on levels of chemicals found in soils in select
locations in the study area,
• Groundwater - Describes groundwater contamination in the overall region, as well
as contaminants detected at select hazardous waste sites;
•- Drinking Water - Quantifies levels of pollutants present in drinking water supplies to
residents in the study area,
• Human - Presents information on the incidence of childhood lead poisoning
Biomarkers and discusses other lead-related studies of human health; and
4-6
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Air
Final—April 2001
• Indoor Air - Describes a limited number of studies that have quantified levels
of chemicals found in indoor environments, as well as other
studies currently underway.
4.1 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
This section presents information on
ambient air quality in Cook County, IL, and
Lake County, IN. Data were collected from
monitoring, which was conducted as early as
1964 for some pollutants (sulfur dioxide and
carbon monoxide), and as recent as 1995 or
1996 for all criteria pollutants, volatile and
semivolatile organic compounds (VOCs and
SVOCs), and other pollutants. Data for
paniculate matter (PM) and lead were collected
from as early as the late 1960s. Ozone data
were located from 1974, and nitrogen dioxide
data were located from 1978. For VOCs, data
start from 1985.
Many data bases, articles, studies,
journals, and reports were researched and
reviewed in preparing this section. These data sources contain information related to ambient air
concentrations in the City of Chicago and Cook County, IL, and to a lesser extent, data related to the
City of Gary and Lake County, IN. Although the reference documents were obviously produced for
different purposes and objectives, they all contain data that were extracted to characterize ambient
air quality in the study area. Although the search for reference materials was thorough, an exhaustive
list of all monitoring data for the study area was not feasible.
The documents that contained the most useful information concerning current data and trends
are briefly introduced below. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1996b) provides
Ambient Air Quality
Environmental Levels of Criteria and
Hazardous Air Pollutants
- Ozone
- Particulate Matter
- Lead
- Sulfur Dioxide
- Nitrogen Dioxide
- VOCs and SVOCs
- PCBs, Pesticides, and Others
Exceedances of National Ambient Air
Quality Standards (NAAQS)
Comparisons of Ambient Levels
Across Geographic Areas in Cook
County, IL, and Lake County, IN
4-7
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Air Final—April 2001
information regarding specific local areas including the City of Gary and Lake County, IN, and the
City of Chicago and Cook County, IL. For the cities, or "Metropolitan Statistical Areas," the report
provides historical data from 1986 through 1995 for the criteria pollutants. Data for other
contaminants and for the counties are provided for 1994 and 1995 only. AIRS/AQS (1997) contains
data from EPA's Aerometric Information Retrieval System/Air Quality Subsystem (AIRS/AQS) for
monitoring stations in the two counties; the data pertain to the six EPA criteria pollutants. Data were
extracted from AIRS/AQS for 1990 through 1996. The Illinois Department of Energy and Natural
Resources (IDENR, 1994a) reports trends for a variety of pollutants monitored in the Chicago area
from 1978 to 1990. Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA, 1996a) presents and
summarizes the ambient air quality monitoring results that the State of Illinois collected for 1995.
Pollutants are monitored at over 200 different locations throughout Illinois and at approximately 55
locations in Cook County alone.
Much of the data presented in this subsection are summarized in graphs and tables to
facilitate comparisons of the levels detected to air quality standards. Also, these graphs and tables
allow the reader to see the relative concentrations of different compounds across geographic areas.
Several data sources used in preparing this subsection presented these types of comparisons. One
issue associated with collecting information from a variety of sources is that the data are not
presented in the same units in all of the documents. Data for solids (particulates) and several other
air pollutants are reported in micrograms per cubic meter (ug/m3), and data for gases are usually
reported in parts per million (ppm) or parts per billion (ppb). The terms ppm and ppb are ways of
expressing low concentrations of gases in terms of the number of parts (e.g., liters) of a pollutant in
1-million parts (e.g., 1-million liters) of air. For air monitoring, the term is usually a measurement
of a volume of the pollutant to a volume of air. Therefore, these terms are sometimes expressed as
ppm by volume (ppmv) or ppb by volume (ppbv). For consistency (where possible), data presented
in this report were converted to micrograms per cubic meter O^g/m3). For Federal standards, such
as the NAAQS, the levels are expressed by EPA in both ppm and /ug/m3 (except for lead and
particulates, which are only in ;ug/m3).
4-8
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Air
Final—April 2001
Air Quality Monitoring
Data from More Than 60 Monitoring
Locations in Study Area
Data Obtained from AIRS/AQS, State
Agencies, and Literature Sources
The information obtained from these
and other reports represent monitoring data from
approximately 55 locations throughout Cook
County, DL, (of which, approximately 30 were
located in the Chicago metropolitan area), and
approximately 20 locations in Lake County, IN.
Several documents provide data from locations
that are not specifically identified in the text.
That is, a report may identify a monitoring location simply as "Chicago" and not provide any
additional detail on the specific portion in the city where the monitor was located. Some reports
provide data from the Continuous Air Monitoring Program (CAMP) or the Photochemical
Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS) network. Table 4-1 lists the monitoring stations and their
locations as described in the reference materials. Figures 4-3 and 4-4 display the locations of air
monitoring stations in Cook County and Lake County, respectively. Figure 4-5 provides more detail
on an area of Southeast Chicago, where several monitoring stations are located.
This subsection discusses ambient air concentrations by pollutant: ozone, paniculate matter,
lead, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, VOCs and SVOCs, and other pollutants
(polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs], pesticides, and mercury) in and around the study area. EPA
designated all or part of the study area as nonattainment for ozone, paniculate matter, sulfur dioxide,
and/or carbon monoxide in 1996 (Table 4-2).
In general, an area is designated as nonattainment when ambient air concentrations exceed
NAAQS for one or more of the EPA's criteria pollutants. A summary of the Federal NAAQS for
the primary pollutants is provided in Table 4-3. As shown, both Cook County, EL, and Lake County,
IN, are designated nonattainment for ozone. Historical, as well as recent, ozone levels in these
counties have been as high as 332 Aig/m3 (0.166 ppm). Also, paniculate matter is a problem in two
portions of Cook County, DL, and the northern portion of Lake County, IN. The northern portion of
Lake County, IN, also has problems meeting the standards for sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide.
4-9
-------
Table 4-1 Ambient Atr Monitoring Locations in Cook and Lake County
Location Location description
cmeaaosws
Addams School
Bright Elementary School
Chicago Area Pump Station (CAPS)
Carver High School
Cermak
Chicago University
CIA Building
Edgewater
Fair Dormitory
Horsehead 1
Horsehead 2
in* (central Chicago)
Industrial site
inner city-3km west or Chicago's loop
Jardme Water Plant
Lake Michigan • Chicago
Lake Michigan - Chicago/Jardine
Marsh
Mayfair Pump Station
R/V Laurentian
Southeast Chicago
Southeast Chicago
Southeast Police Station
Southeast Water Filtration Plant (SWFP)
raft High School
Urban site [20hr sample)
Urban site (4hr sample)
Virgil S Gnssom Elementary School
Washington Elementary School
2 Chicago sites
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago Area
Chicago Area
Other sites HT Cook County
Alsip
Bedford Park
Blue Island - Eisenhower High School
Calumet City
Cicero
Cicero - Roosevelt High School
Cook County
Des Raines
Des Raines • Forest Elementary School
Evanston
Hoffman Estates
4616 2N/4538E
10740 S Cathoun
805 N Michigan Avenue
13100 S Doty
735 W Harrison Street
5720 S Ells Avenue
320 S Franklin
535SN Ashland Avenue
3300 S Michigan Avenue
2701 E 11 4th Street
2701 E 11 4th Street
1 6 km from Lake Michigan Shore
Southeast Chicago
20 meters above ground level
1000 E Ohio
PAMS site
PAMS site
9810 S Exchange
4850 Wilson Avenue
Lake Michigan (offshore of Chicago)
several sites
N/A
103rd & Luelta
330G E Cheltenham
6545 W Hunbut
University of Illinois at Chicago (2 km west of downtown Chicago)
University of Illinois at Chicago (2 km west of downtown Chicago)
12810 South Escanaba
3S35E 114th Street
Jefferson Park & National Lead Plant
UATMP site
N/A
near city center
New Gary School Site
Vanous locations
CAMP network
4500 W 123rd Street
7800 W 65th Street
12700 Sacramento
1703 State Street
1830S 51st Avenue
15th St & 50th Avenue
N/A
Scott Street and Tollplaza Road
1375 5th Street
531 E Lincoln
1100W HiggmsRoad
Lemont 1 729 Houston
Lyons 1 4043 Joliet Avenue
Lyons Township 1 50th St & Glencoe Avenue
Maywood I1505S First Avenue
Maywood - Maybraok CMC Center '1500 May brook Drive
Schiller Park
South Holland
Suburban background
Summit - Graves Elementary School
4243 N Mannheim
170th and S Park Avenue
55 km north of downtown Chicago
60th Street and 74th Avenue
Late County sites
=ast Chicago
East Chicago
East Chicago
East Chicago
Gary
Gary
Gary
Gary
Gary
Gary
901 East Chicago Ave PD
Field school, building 92
Franklin school, Alder and 142nd Street
Inland Steel, number 7 Pumphouse
N/A
Federal Building, 6th Avenue and Conn
Ivanhoe School 15th Street
Gary Armor Plate Annex
201 Mississippi Avenue
15th Avenue and Broadway
Hammond i 2345 1 67th Street Superior Engineering
Hammond I Purdue University Calumet City Campus - 2233 1 71 si Street
Hammond General Services Administration • 3200 Shefield Avenue
Hammond 1 2325 Summer Street
Hammond - Clark High School ! 1921 Daws Street. Robertsdale
Hammond : 1 300 1 41 si Street
Lake County IN/A
.ake Michigan • Gary ; PAMS site
Whitino PO Box 1501 11 9th Street
4-10
-------
99-056
Source: AIRS/AQS, 1997
Figure 4-3. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations in Cook County, IL
-------
Ji.
I—^
to
98-109.21
Source AIRS/AQS. 1997
Figure 4-4. Ambient Air Quality IV Coring Stations in Lake County, IN
-------
=-V-_ >
• — —?-. -^1
£•:•<, ,&=•
C Sat....* A • V
tr+f r-r \ *3fc
/f iefe-
5±* i rTry^*- £fn
^•SL- I ASi / • I Vl
•^^ "• • ^ ^- a
•r>*_^l
•»»__ T.C -^. ns
Source: IEPA. 1986
Figure 4-5. Ambient Monitoring Locations in Southeast Chicago
4-13
-------
Table 4-2. Designated Nonattainment Areas in the Study Area
Pollutant
Ozone
Paniculate matter (PM10)
Sulfur dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Designated Area(s)
Cook County, Illinois
Lake County, Indiana
Cook County; Lyons Township
Cook County; Southeast Chicago
Lake County; East Chicago, Hammond, Whiting, and Gary
Northern Lake County, Indiana
Lake County; Portion of City of East Chicago
Source: Code of Federal Regulations, 1996.
4-14
-------
Table 4-3. NAAQS for Primary Pollutants
Pollutant
Ozone1
Paniculate matter (PM, 5)2
Paniculate matter (PM10)
Lead
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Type of average
8-hour
1 -hour/day
annual arithmetic mean
24-hour
annual arithmetic mean
24-hour
quarterly arithmetic mean
annual arithmetic mean
24-hour
[3-hour]
annual arithmetic mean
8-hour
1-hour
NAAQS
0.08ppm(160Aig/m3)
0.12ppm(235Aig/m3)
15//g/m3
65 A*g/m3
50 Aig/m3
150Aig/m3
1.5A
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Air
Final—April 2001
4.1.1 Ozone
Ozone
Nation's Most Widespread Air
Pollution Problem
Respiratory Irritant That Aggravates
Asthma
Formed From Reactions of VOCs and
NC\ in Presence of Sunlight and Heat
Cook County, IL, and Lake County,
IN, Are Nonattainment Areas for
Ozone
Both Cook County, IL, and Lake
County, IN, are designated nonattainment areas
for ozone. According to IDENR (1994b), there
has been a slight downward trend for ozone
levels in the Chicago area for the period from
1978 through 1990. (See Figure 4-6.) However,
according to U.S. EPA (1996b), trends in recent
years (1986 through 1995) show no significant
change in ozone levels for either of these two
areas. (See Figure 4-7.) Current ozone
concentrations may exceed the NAAQS in
several portions of the study area, especially
during hot summer days. For example, recent
high ozone levels of 332 ^g/m3 (0.166 ppm)
were detected at the Southeast Police Station in Chicago (EEPA, 1996a).
Ozone is a powerful oxidant capable of destroying organic matter, and has been called the
Nation's most widespread air pollution problem (American Lung Association (ALA), 1996b).
Ozone causes respiratory problems and may aggravate asthma and other respiratory diseases.
Ground-level ozone is created by sunlight acting on emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOJ and VOCs
from a variety of sources. These include hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides from sources such as
gasoline vapors, chemical solvents, combustion products from various fuels, and consumer products.
Often, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides can be emitted, or are present in one location, and migrate
to another location where sunlight and temperature cause chemical reactions to occur (U.S.
EPA, 1996b). As a result, ozone problems extend well beyond Cook County, IL, and Lake County,
IN, because of the unique geography and meteorology of the lakeside locations. Emissions of ozone
precursors flow out over the lake, "cook" in the sunlight, and are transported back over the land as
ozone. Depending on the wind patterns, the high levels of ozone can impact eastern Wisconsin,
eastern Indiana, western Michigan, or the Chicago metro area. To protect public health and welfare,
4-16
-------
f-
i—•
-j
350
300
250
i
4)
o
200
150
100
50
NAAQS for Ozone
= 235 pg/m3
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
Figure 4-6. Historical Averages of the Maximum Ozone Levels Measured at Individual
Sampling Sites in Chicago
Source IDENR, 1994b
-------
30000
oo
25000
200.00
(0
Q
13
£ 15000
8
o
O
0)
<§ 10000
5000
000
NAAQS for Ozone
= 235 ng/m3
-Gary, Indiana
•Chicago, Illinois
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
Figure 4-7. Ozone Levels in Gary, IN, and Chicago, IL (2nd 1-Hour Maximum)
Sour ISEPA, 1996
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Air Final—April 2001
EPA established (in 1979) an NAAQS of 0.12 ppm (235 Mg/m3) 1-hour average, ozone in air. The
1979 standard was recently replaced by an 8-hour standard at a level of 0.08 ppm. This standard was
promulgated by EPA in the July 18,1997, Federal Register, with an effective date of September 16,
1997 (CFR, 1997). The 1 -hour 0.12 ppm standard also remained effective until EPA determined that
an area had air quality meeting the 1-hour standard. To determine if the standard is being met,
ambient air is monitored at many locations across the country. EPA collects data from 972 sites
nationwide to determine trends of ozone concentrations (U.S. EPA, 1996b). The ozone data
collected for this report cover 1974, and 1978 through 1996.
As mentioned earlier, the previous ozone standard was a daily maximum 1-hour
concentration of 235 /zg/m3 (0.12 ppm). EPA regulations specified that the level was not to be
exceeded more than once per year, averaged over 3 years. Therefore, it was possible for an area to
have an exceedance of the standard (i.e., a 1-hour concentration above 235 ^g/m3 at a monitoring
station), but not be in violation of the standard. To determine if the standard was achieved, the
number of exceedances at a monitoring site are recorded for each calendar year, and then averaged
over the previous 3 years. If the average is less than or equal to 1, then the standard has been met.
Another way of looking at the regulation is that an area is in violation of the standard when any
single monitor records four or more exceedances over 3-year period. (Note: This method of
determining compliance was not adopted in the new 8-hour standard of 0.08 ppm. The 8-hour ozone
standard is based on the concentration of the fourth highest value measured each year averaged over
3 years.) Because (on the average) an area can have one exceedance per year and still not violate the
standard, some references present data for the second 1-hour maximum only, while others present
the maximum value measured. This can make a side-by-side comparison of data from different
references difficult. Therefore, to provide a consistent picture of ozone levels over time, most of the
trends discussed are observations from only one or two reports.
Ozone data from the PAMS network for two sites near metropolitan Chicago show that the
maximum ozone levels reported for 1995 were 0.143 ppm (286 Atg/m3) at the Chicago/Jardine area
on August 12, and 0.116 ppm (232 Mg/m3) at the Gary area on July 14 (U.S. EPA, 1996b).
Additional data from other monitoring stations indicate no significant trends were reported for the
second highest daily 1-hour ozone level for Gary, IN, and Chicago, IL, from 1986 through 1995
4-19
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Air
Final—April 2001
(U.S. EPA, 1996b). A side-by-side comparison of the data for the two cities reveals that for 3 of
these 10 years, the levels were identical, and for the remaining years, the levels differed by no more
than 12 percent. (See Figure 4-7.) Another data observation reveals that for half of those years, the
second maximum ozone level was slightly higher in Gary than in Chicago, indicating that the levels
in Chicago were higher than those in Gary for only 2 of the 10 years.
Data for the highest ozone concentrations reported in Cook and Lake Counties in 1995 are
presented in Figure 4-8. As shown in the Figure, 13 of the 16 sites were in Cook County, including
the highest reading of 332 jug/m3 at the Southeast Police Station in Chicago.
4.1.1.1 Cook County, IL
Ozone monitoring at 13 stations in the
Cook County, IL, area show the highest 1-hour
concentration recorded for ozone was 0.166
ppm (332 //g/m3) at the Chicago-Southeast
Police Station (IEPA, 1996a). The data also
showed 12 exceedances of the ozone standard
in Cook County in 1995: four of the monitoring
stations in Chicago and one in Evanston had
two exceedances each (accounting for 10), and
Alsip and Calumet City each recorded one
exceedance. Figures 4-8 and 4-9 graphically
represent ozone levels from 13 monitoring
locations across Cook County, IL, (IEPA,
1996a). The labels to the left of both Figures
list the monitoring locations starting with the "cleanest" area (lowest concentration) at the bottom,
and end with the stations that measured the highest concentrations at the top. Figure 4-8 identifies
7 (of 13) monitoring locations in Cook County, EL, where the maximum 1 -hour ozone concentration
exceeded the level (235 /ug/m3) in 1995. Figure 4-9 identifies five monitoring locations in Cook
County, IL, where the second maximum 1-hour ozone concentration exceeded the NAAQS level in
Ozone Levels in Cook County
• 12 Exceedances of the NAAQS for
Ozone on 4 Days in 1995:
- Chicago (4 stations)
- Evanston (2 stations)
- Alsip
- Calumet City
» Maximum Ozone Concentration in
1995 Was 332 vg/m3 (0.166 ppm) at
Chicago-Southeast Police Station
> Decreasing Levels of Ozone Over
Last 15 years
4-20
-------
Chicago - SE Police
Hammond
Calumet City
Evanston
Chicago - Jardine
Chicago - University
Chicago - SWFP
Alsip
Gary Federal Building
Des Plaines
Chicago - Taft
Chicago - Edgewater
Lemont
Gary-201 Mississippi St
Cicero
Chicago - CTA
0.00
50.00 100.00 150.00
Ozone Concentrations (ng/m3)
200.00 250.00
NAAQS for
= 235 ng/m
Cook County
Lake County
NAAQS for Ozone
3
Figure 4-8. Maximum Ozone Levels in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN, in 1995
Source: IEPA, 1996; AIRS/AQS, 1997.
-------
Evanston
Chicago - Jardine
Chicago- University
Chicago - SWFP
Chicago - SE Police
Des Plaines
Lemont
Chicago - Taft
Chicago - Edgewater
Alsip
Cicero
Chicago - CTA
Calumet City
0.00
261.09
274.83
50.00
100.00 150.00
Ozone Concentrations (ng/m3)
200.00 250.00
NAAQS for Ozone
= 235
300.00
Figure 4-9. Second Maximum Ozone Levels in Cook County, IL, in 1995
Sourr C.PA, 1996.
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Air Final—April 2001
1995. As noted above, this parameter (second highest maximum) can be used to identify potential
violations of the ozone standard. The highest second maximum 1-hour ozone concentration for
Cook County, IL, was just north of Chicago, in Evanston (280 ,ug/m3) (IEPA, 1996a).
In 1994, the American Lung Association of Metropolitan Chicago (ALAMC, 1994) reported
that numerous studies suggest that ozone levels as low as 80 ppb (160 //g/m3) may result in
significant adverse health effects. Therefore, ALAMC asserted that the ozone level that is unhealthy
for sensitive population segments is 80 ppb averaged over 1 hour. ALAMC (1994) reports that
between 1988 and 1994, the ozone levels in Chicago exceeded the 80 ppb threshold on 286 days, as
compared to only 33 days when the ozone levels in Chicago exceeded 120 ppb. As mentioned
earlier, the ozone NAAQS was modified by EPA from 120 ppb (1-hour) to 80 ppb (8-hour) on July
18,1997. Data for ozone levels were presented in the source documents in units of ppm, ppb, and
fj-g/m3. When comparing levels from one report to the next, the reader is reminded that 1 ppm is
equal to 1,000 ppb. This conversion is applicable to all contaminants in all cases. However, when
specifically examining the concentrations of ozone in air, a level of 1 ppb is roughly equivalent to
2 Aig/m3. This conversion is applicable to ozone only.
IDENR (1994a) presented trends for a variety of pollutants monitored in the Chicago area
from 1978 through 1990. For ozone (annual medians of 1 -hour maximum values), IDENR (1994a)
reported a downward trend during that timeframe. For the 13 years presented in the report, the
annual average began at 0.151 ppm (302 ywg/m3) for 1978, then fluctuated up and down three times
with a high of 0.158 ppm (316 A^g/m3) for 1983, and ended with a low of 0.093 ppm (186 Mg/m3) for
1990 (Figure 4-6).
Ozone monitoring data presented by Ito and Thurston (1996) were compiled from various
sources in Cook County, IL, summarizing monitoring that occurred from 1985 to 1990. The report
presented the mean concentration of 38.10 ppb (76.2 /ug/m3) for 2,191 days of ozone monitoring
throughout the entire county. The standard deviation was 19.9 ppb (39.8 fj.g/m3), and the value for
the 90th percentile was 65.6 ppb (131.2 Atg/m3). A maximum value measured was not presented.
4-23
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Air
Final—April 2001
Wadden et al. (1992) reported a mean concentration of 15.2 ppb (30.4 //g/m3) and a
maximum of 63.5 ppb (1 27 //g/m3) for 8 1 observations, 12-hour ozone samples in Chicago collected
during 1990-91. Wadden et al. also reported a mean concentration of 25.5 ppb (51 /^g/m3) and a
maximum of 147.5 ppb (295 Aig/m3) for 81, 1-hour ozone samples collected in Chicago during the
same time.
Historical concentrations of ozone in ambient air in Chicago area, based on data from the
CAMP network, show the hourly average concentrations ranged from 0.02 to 0.16 ppm (40 to 320
/ug/m3) in July 1 974, and from 0.02 to 0. 1 4 ppm (40 to 280 //g/m3) in August 1 974 (IDENR, 1 994a).
IDENR also reported that the maximum daily 1-hour ozone concentration equaled or exceeded 0. 1
ppm (200 /ug/m3) at one or more Chicago monitoring stations for 15 days in July and 9 days in
August 1974.
4.1.1.2 Lake County, IN
As noted by IDEM (1997a), Lake County,
IN, was designated by EPA as a nonattainment area
for ozone. AIRS/AQS (1997) contain data from
monitoring stations located in Lake County, IN, that
pertain to six EPA criteria pollutants. The ozone
data for Lake County, IN, are from three monitoring
stations that are operated during the "ozone season"
(April 1 to September 30). One station (201
Mississippi Avenue, Gary) was only operational for
the second half of the 1995 season, but was in
service for all of 1996. Data from the other stations
were extracted for 1992 through 1996. Figure 4-10
identifies the stations where ozone was monitored
from 1992 through 1996. Figure 4-10 also
identifies the monitoring stations where the ozone standard was exceeded in Lake County, IN, in
1995 and in 1996.
Ozone Levels in Lake County
• Three Ozone Monitoring Stations
• Maximum Ozone Concentrations
in 1995 at Each Station Were
Above the NAAQS
- Hammond (314 /ug/m3)
- Gary-Federal Bldg. (256
/ug/m3)
- Gary-Miss. Ave. (244 /ug/m3)
• No Ozone Exceedences in Lake
County, IN, in 1993-94; Only
One Exceedence in 1992
4-24
-------
350
300
250
I
o
1
200
0)
§ 150
Q)
O
N
O
100
50
NAAQS for Ozone
= 235
D201 Mississippi Street - Gary
• Federal Bldg, 6th Avenue - Gary
• 1300 141st Street - Hammond
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
Figure 4-10. Ozone Levels in Lake County, IN (Daily 1-Hour Maximum)
Source: AIRS, 1997.
-------
CCR1 Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Air
Final—April 2001
For both 1995 and 1996, the maximum ozone concentration was recorded at the same
monitoring location: 1300141st Street, Hammond, IN, (0.157 ppm [314 ,ug/m3] in 1995 and 0.131
ppm [262 Mg/m3] in 1996). The second highest maximum in 1995 was 0.128 ppm (256 /ug/m3) at
the Federal Building in Gary. The second highest maximum in 1996 was 0.122 ppm (244 ^g/m3)
at 201 Mississippi Avenue, also in Gary. AIRS/AQS data show that the ozone standard was not
exceeded at the Lake County, IN, monitoring stations in 1993 or 1994. Lake County, IN, recorded
one exceedance in 1992 (0.131 ppm (262 jug/m3) at the Hammond site). AIRS/AQS (1997) did not
identify the specific days on which the standard was exceeded. Figure 4-11 shows the second
maximum 1-hour ozone concentrations for Lake County, IN, according to data extracted from
AIRS/AQS (1997). None of these values at any of the three sites exceeded the applicable NAAQS
ozone level of 235 ng/m3 in the past 5 years.
4.1.2 Paniculate Matter
Paniculate matter (PM) is sometimes
referred to as total suspended particulates (TSP),
and includes an array of atmospheric materials
varying in size, composition, and origin (e.g.,
soot; ashes; windblown dirt, sand, and soil dust;
metals; and plant materials such as pollen)
(ALA, 1996b). In some cases, the individual
metal elements are analyzed and reported in
addition to the total PM. For example, because
of associated health concerns, EPA established a
separate NAAQS for lead; therefore, lead is often
separately monitored. Because of the larger
volume of data associated with lead than with other PM elements, lead is addressed in a separate
subsection (Section 4.1.3).
PM enters the body through the respiratory system, where the most immediate effects occur;
smaller-sized particles have been linked to health problems such as cardiopulmonary disease
Particulate Matter
Includes Total Suspended Particulates
(TSP),PMlo,andPM,.5
New NAAQS for PM25 Recently
Promulgated by EPA
Nonattainment Areas: Lyons
Township and Southeast Chicago in
Cook County, IL, and Northern Lake
County, IN
4-26
-------
250
200
CJ)
3 150
1
I
o
0 100
0)
o
N
O
50
1992
1993
1994
1995
II
1996
NAAQS for Ozone
= 235 ng/m3
D201 Mississippi Street - Gary
• Federal Bldg, 6th Avenue - Gary
• 1300 141st Street - Hammond
Figure 4-11. Ozone Levels in Lake County, IN (2nd Daily 1-Hour Maximum)
Source: AIRS, 1997.
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Air
Final—April 200J
(ALA, 1996a). These smaller particles are those that are less than 10 or 2.5 microns in diameter
(known as PM10 or PM2 5, respectively). Because of the higher risk posed by smaller particles, the
TSP standard was replaced in 1987 by the PM10 standard. The NAAQS for PM10 is an annual
arithmetic mean of 50 /ug/m3, and a 24-hour maximum of 150 Atg/m3. EPA recently promulgated a
revision to the paniculate matter standard that also regulates the concentration of PM2 s in the
ambient air. On July 1 8, 1997, EPA added a new annual PM2 s standard of 1 5 /ug/m3 and a new 24-
hour standard of 65 Mg/m3 (CFR, 1997a,b).
Cook County, IL, contains two areas that are designated as nonattainment for PM: Lyons
Township and Southeast Chicago. The northern portion of Lake County, IN, is also a designated
nonattainment area for PM. This includes the cities of East Chicago, Hammond, Whiting, and Gary.
While Chicago and Gary (in addition to other portions of the study area) have experienced localized
high levels of particulates, recent air quality data shows improvements. (See Figure 4-12 and the
discussions in the following subsections.)
4.1.2.1 Cook County, IL
Particulate Matter in Cook County
• Highest PM,0 Concentrations in 1995:
- Chicago-Fair Station ( 1 32 jug/m3)
- Chicago- Washington (117/ig/ni3)
- Lyons Township (116
EEPA (I996a) monitored PM10 at 13
stations throughout Cook County, IL. The
maximum PM10 concentrations recorded for
1995 were 132 Atg/m3 at the Chicago-Fair
Station on Michigan Avenue, followed by
Chicago-Washington (117 jUg/m3), Lyons
Township (116 Aig/m3), and Chicago-Marsh (98
A*g/m3). Figure 4-13 presents a graphical
representation of these data. AH other stations
recorded concentrations of PM10 at 83 Atg/m3 or
below. The second maximum PMto concentrations recorded for 1995 were 112 Atg/m3 (Lyons
Township) and 108 ^g/m3 (Chicago-Washington). All other stations recorded 83 Mg/m3 or below.
Figure 4-14 presents a graphical representation of these data. The average PMIO concentration
recorded for 1995 was 34.15 /ug/m3. The average of all PMIO concentrations recorded for 1990
Average PM,0 Concentration for 1990-
1995 was 35.37
4-28
-------
100 ,
90 j
80
70
3 60
in
1 so;
o>
o .
<§ 40 '
30
20
10
j NAAQS for PM10 ••
\ 150ng/m3
- Max Chicago
-Max Gary
•Avg Chicago
•Avg Gary
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Figure 4-12. PM10 Trends for Gary, IN, and Chicago, IL (2nd 24-Hour Max)
Source US EPA, 1996
-------
Chicago - Farr
Chicago - Washington
Lyons Township
Chicago - Marsh
Chicago - Carver
Blue Island
Summit
Cicero
Chicago - Mayfair
Hoffman Estates
South Holland
Chicago - CAPS
Lyons
132
20
72
40 60 80
PM10 Concentrations (ug/m3)
100
120
140
NAAQS for PM10 =
150 ug/m3
Figure 4-13. Levels of PM10 in Cook County, IL, in 1995 (24-Hour Max)
Sour :PA. 1996.
-------
Lyons Township
Chicago - Washington
Chicago - Farr
Chicago - Mayfair
Chicago - Marsh
Cicero
Summit
Chicago - Carver
Hoffman Estates
Lyons
Chicago - CAPS
Blue Island
South Holland
20
40 60
PM10Concentraions,
80
100 120
NAAQS for PM10 =
Figure 4-14. Levels of PM10 in Cook County, IL, in 1995 (2nd 24-Hour Max)
Source: IEPA, 1996.
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Air Final—April 2001
through 1995 was 35.37 /ug/m3. During that period, the average PM10 concentrations recorded for
1990 and 1994 were 38.18 /*g/m3 and 38.58 //g/m3, respectively. The average PMIO values for all
other years were below 35 //g/m3. Table 4-4 presents the averages reported for PM,0 in Cook County
from 1990 to 1995. EPA (1996a) analyzed PMIO samples for select metals and found that iron had
the highest reported TSP value of 7.86 /ug/m3 at a monitoring site in Maywood. The mean values
for iron ranged from 0.7 to 3.0 //g/m3. The next highest mean TSP values reported were for
manganese, ranging from 0.034 to 0.187 //g/m3. All other TSP means were at 0.01 ,ug/m3 or lower.
There is no significant trend for the monitored values for PM10 for the Chicago, IL, area for
the period from 1988 through 1995 (U.S. EPA, 1996b). The data are represented graphically in
Figure 4-12, along with data for Gary, IN. (See earlier at Section 4.1.2.) The data for Chicago
appear to have the following characteristics:
• The second highest 24-hour concentrations start at 84 jug/m3 in 1986 and end at 75 Mg/m3
in 1995, with two "peaks" of 99 vg/m3 in 1990, and 92 //g/m3 in 1994.
• The second highest 24-hour PM10 concentration for Cook County, IL, was reported as
112,ug/m3.
• The weighted annual mean for PM10 in Chicago starts at 39 fj.g/m3 in 1986, decreases
steadily to 33 ^g/m3 by 1993, has an increase to 37 //g/m3 in 1994, and decreases again
to 34 Aig/m3 in 1995. None of the data presented in this report were above the NAAQSs
forPM10(U.S. EPA, 1996b).
Ito and Thurston (1996) summarize data compiled from various sources in Cook County, IL,
representing monitoring that occurred from 1985 to 1990. The report presented the mean
concentration for PMIO as 40.70 /ug/m3, based on 1,529 days of sampling.
Prior to the implementation of the PM10 standard, monitoring was primarily conducted on
TSP (i.e., the particulate matter on which the NAAQS was based). Historical TSP data for Chicago
are presented for 1978 through 1990 IDENR (1994a). TSP (average annual 24-hour maximum)
levels remained relatively constant from 1978 to 1990 (EDENR, 1994a). With the exception of two
outliers (495.5 Mg/m3 in 1983 and 297//g/m3 in 1985), the values begin at 189 ^g/m3 in 1978, slowly
4-32
-------
Table 4-4. Average PM10 Levels in Cook County (//g/m3)
Monitoring Station
Blue Island
Chicago - Carver
Chicago - CAPS
Chicago - Farr
Chicago - Mayfair
Chicago - Marsh
Chicago - Washington
Cicero
Hoffman Estates
Lyons
Lyons Township
South Holland
Summit
Average:
Year
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
37
37
40
39
40
-
37
37
-
38
45
31
39
38.18
32
35
_
30
38
_
35
34
-
28
46
-
35
34.78
31
34
33
29
42
_
33
34
-
32
_
30
34
33.20
30
31
30
33
47
.
34
35
.
29
.
27
37
33.30
36
36
36
37
44
41
36
39
.
36
46
34
42
38.58
31
36
33
34
38
35
35
37
27
31
37
31
39
34.15
Source: IEPA, 1996a.
4-33
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Air Final—April 2001
decrease to 123 jug/m3 in 1986, and then slowly increase to 220 jtig/m3 in 1990. The document
reported no significant trend for annual mean TSP values from 1978 to 1990 (IDENR, 1994a). The
maximum value reported for annual mean TSP was 68 ;ug/m3 in 1979, and the minimum was 50
yt/g/m3 in both 1985 and 1986. These data are presented in Figures 4-15 and 4-16. In addition to
lead, annual mean data reported by IDENR (1994a) also showed the following metals: arsenic,
cadmium, chromium, iron, manganese, and nickel. An 11.1 percent decrease was reported for
arsenic from 1 978 to 1 990. No significant trend was reported for any of the other metals mentioned
above (IDENR, 1 994a). Data were not provided for chromium and nickel for each year during the
1978 to 1990timeframe.
Historical concentrations of TSP in ambient air in Chicago were reported by IDENR (1 994a)
for 1966 to 1970. The annual average remained fairly constant, with a slight decrease from 1 13
/wg/mj in 1 966 to 1 00 /ug/m3 in 1 970. Minimum values also remained fairly constant, with an overall
decrease over the 5-year period. Maximums ranged from a low of 202 Mg/m3 in 1967 to a high of
296 Aig/m3 in 1969 (IDENR, 1994a).
Vermette and Landsberger (1991) presented data on paniculate matter from sampling
conducted from 1985 to 1988 in Southeast Chicago, and compared those values to modeled
concentrations, based on emissions inventories, used as an ingredient in an airshed box model.
Monitored ambient air concentrations of total PM, 5 emissions were reported as 23 Mg/m3, and total
PM2S-PM,0 emissions were 18 jug/m3. The highest elemental result reported was for sulfur at 2.3
//g/m3 (Vermette and Landsberger, 1 99 1 ). The next highest elements were calcium and iron at 1 . 1 0
/ug/m3 and 1.23 /ug/m3> respectively. The remaining elements were reported below 1.0 //g/m3.
Emissions information was also presented in the report. (See Section 3. 1 .)
Ambient air monitoring was conducted from October 1985 to June 1988 at four Illinois
metropolitan areas (Sweet, et al., 1 990). Samples for the Chicago area were collected at the Bright
Elementary School, 10740 South Calhoun Street, and the Washington Elementary School, 361 1 E
1 14 Street. Results presented for these locations were for elements and PM10. Maximum values
for total PM ,0 were 49 ng/m3 and 80 MgAn3, respectively. The highest average reported was for total
PM10 at 41 ;ug/m3. The report separated the elements into fine, coarse, and total particulates. The
4-34
-------
£
500
450
I 400
I 350
§ 300
o
u
M
250
o
•o
0)
•
Q.
V)
200
150
100
50
0
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
Figure 4-15. Trends in 24-hour Maximum Total Suspended Particulates Reported in Chicago,
1978-1990
Source IDENR, 1994b
-------
70
60
en
in
| 50
fr-(
ED
h_
£
0)
CJ
§ 40
in
U
E 30
T5
Q)
13
| 2°
(A
"5
10
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
Figure 4-16. Trends in Annual Mean Total Suspended Particulates Reported in Chicago,
1978-1990
Sourr- IDENR, 1994b
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Air _ Final — April 2001
highest element reported was zinc, with an average concentration of 0.166 //g/m3, and the averages
for lead and manganese ranged from 0.02 /ug/m3 to 0.166 ,ug/m3. All other elements had averages
reported below 0.02 //g/m3. The single highest observation by Sweet, et al. (1990) was for fine lead
particulates, collected from a "streaker" sample at 2.2 /wg/m3. These types of samples are collected
over a relatively short period of time (2 hours) and can more accurately estimate "peak"
concentrations than the standard sample of 12 to 48 hours. Once again, zinc, lead, and manganese
topped the list of elements with the highest concentrations, with maximums ranging from 2.2 /ug/m3
for lead to 0.21 //g/m3 for zinc. The remaining elements were all below 0.2 //g/m3
(Sweet etal., 1990).
Sweet and Gatz (1988) present results from sampling conducted from July 1 986 to June 1987
at four Illinois sites. One site is the Bright Elementary School in Chicago. Results presented for this
location include fine, coarse, and total elements and PM,0. The averages reported for fine and
coarse PM I0 were 27 //g/m3 and 1 9 jUg/m3, respectively. The highest averages reported for elements
were lead, manganese, and zinc (0.156 //g/m3, 0.043 Mg/m3, and 0. 1 36 jug/m3 for fine particulates,
and 0.028 A^g/m3, 0.056 Atg/m3, and 0.039 jug/m3 for coarse particulates).
Sampling data presented by Wadden (1992) for 1990 and 1991 ambient air in Chicago
showed that PM10 concentration ranged from 0.24 to 73.77 (with a mean of 30.3 //g/m3); and mean
concentrations of elemental paniculate matter ranged from 0.05 ng/m3 for hafnium to 1,200 ng/m3
for silicon.
During the summer of 1 99 1 , ambient air monitoring was conducted at four Chicago area sites
by Keeler (1994). Two were at locations that are remote to Chicago (Kankakee and South Haven),
one was in central Chicago (ITT), and one was on the research vessel R/V Laurentian, while moored
on Lake Michigan (offshore of Chicago). The HT site is 1 .6 kilometers (km) from the Lake
Michigan shore. Over 1,200 ambient air monitoring samples were collected at these sites (Keeler,
1994). For fine particulates (<2.5 //m), or PM25, sulfur had the greatest average concentration of
2.44 Aig/m3 at the HT site and 1.23 ^g/m3 on the R/V Laurentian. Sulfur also had the highest
maximum concentration for the monitored elements, with 7.57 Atg/m3 at the ITT site and 4.71 Atg/m3
on the R/V Laurentian. Average concentrations of silicon and iron were 0. 1 7 //g/m3 and 0. 1 2 //g/m3,
4-37
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Air ___ Final — April 2001
respectively, at the HT site. All other average concentrations (at both sites) were less than 100
nanograms per cubic meter (ng/m3) (Keeler, 1994).
For coarse participates (2.5 to 10 ^urn), silicon showed the greatest average concentration of
2,000.2 nanograms per cubic meter (ng/m3) at the ET site and 713.3 ng/m3 on the R/V Laurentian.
Silicon also showed the highest maximum concentration for the elements that were studied, with
8,368. 1 ng/m3 at the DT site and 1,862.5 ng/m3 on the R/V Laurentian. Average concentrations of
calcium, aluminum, and iron were 1 , 1 50.7 ng/m3, 6 1 5.6 ng/m3, and 589.2 ng/m3, respectively, at the
HT site. All other average concentrations (at both sites) were less than 500 ng/m3 (Keeler 1994).
Weston (1994) presents data for a small number of chemicals monitored at the New Gary
School site in Chicago, and compares the monitored values with EEPA background data. For all
chemicals monitored, the average values were greater than the health criterion and the EPA
background data. The report presented average values for arsenic (0.00 1 5 A*g/m3), cadmium (0.00 1 8
Atg/m3), chromium (0.0290 Atg/m3), and manganese (0.0847 /zg/m3).
4.1.2.2 Lake County, IN
Lake County, IN, has the most serious PM pollution in Indiana; therefore, PM emissions
have historically been a significant concern there. In the 1970s and 1980s, ambient levels of TSP
frequently exceeded health standards by significant margins. The northern portion of Lake County,
IN, has been designated as nonattainment for PM (IDEM, 1997a).
A downward trend for PM10 levels was reported for the Gary, EN, area during the 10-year
timeframe from 1988 through 1995 (U.S. EPA, 1996b). The data appear to have the following
characteristics:
• The second highest 24-hour concentrations start at 74 //g/m3 in 1 988, "spike" at 82 /ug/m3
in 1990, and generally decrease to 53 /wg/m3 in 1995.
• The second highest 24-hour PM10 concentration for Lake County, IN, was reported as
4-38
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Air
Final—April 2001
• The weighted annual mean for PM10 in Gary starts at 33 //g/m3 in 1988, and generally
decreases to 25 /ug/m3 by 1995.
• The 24-hour PM,0 concentration for Lake County of 157 ,ug/m3 exceeds the NAAQS of
150 jug/m3 for this parameter.
Figure 4-12 (presented in Section 4.1.2) graphically presents the data for these two
parameters for PM10 for Chicago, IL, and Gary, IN. The graph shows how similar the two cities were
with respect to parameters, especially in the late 1980s/early 1990s. None of the data presented in
this report were above the NAAQSs for PM10 (U.S. EPA, 1996b). Additional data, however,
indicate that Lake County, IN, continues to have paniculate matter levels that exceed the NAAQS.
One monitoring station (located at 201 Mississippi Avenue in Gary) reported 24-hour maximum
readings of 162,157,151, and 149 ^g/m3 in 1995. The station reported 24-hour maximums below
the 150 A*g/m3 standard for the other years for which data were acquired (AIRS/AQS, 1997).
4.1.3 Lead
Lead exposure occurs through
inhalation of air and the ingestion of lead in
food, water, soil, or dust, and accumulates in
the blood, bones, and soft tissues. Because it
is not readily excreted, lead can affect the
kidneys, liver, nervous system, and other
organs (U.S. EPA, 1996b). Acute lead
poisoning can affect both adults and children;
however, the main concern is chronically
elevated levels of lead, particularly in children.
In small children, elevated lead levels can
cause nervous-system damage, resulting in
Lead in Ambient Air
• Lead Is a Pollutant of Concern,
Especially for Children
• Leaded Gasoline Was Historical
Source Until Phase-out in Late-1970s
• Decreases in Lead Levels in Cook
County, IL, and Lake County, IN, Over
Last 20 Years
• Maximum Levels in Last 5 Years
Found in Southeast Chicago Near
Horsehead Facility
4-39
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Air Final — April 2001
irreversible mental and developmental defects (ALA, 1996b). The NAAQS for lead is a quarterly
arithmetic mean of 1.5
In the past, automotive sources were the major contributor of lead to the atmosphere. For
the period from 1967 to 1969, Chicago was among the areas that reported maximum quarterly lead
averages in excess of 2 Mg/m3; and one Chicago monitor reported a concentration of 2.8 Mg/m3,
averaged over the 4 fall months in 1971 (IDENR, 1994a). A 1972 study of two Chicago sites
showed the calculated average lead values in ambient air ranged from 1.26 Mg/m3 to 8.53 /zg/m3
(IDENR, 1994a). As a result of the reducing lead in gasoline, the contribution from transportation
sources has declined significantly in recent years. Nationwide, lead concentrations in ambient air
decreased 97 percent between 1976 and 1995 (U.S. EPA, 1996b). Currently, the highest lead
concentrations are found near nonferrous smelters and other stationary lead emissions sources
(U.S. EPA, 1996b).
EPA ( 1 996b) reported a downward trend for the maximum quarterly mean lead level for both
Gary, IN, and Chicago, IL, for the period from 1986 through 1995. These data are presented in
Figure 4-17. During this timeframe, the levels of lead in ambient air were higher in Gary than in
Chicago. However, a significant drop in this parameter was reported for Gary from 1987 (1.19
/ug/m3)to 1989 (0.28 jwg/m3). Data for Chicago show a much less significant downward trend. From
1 989 to 1 995, the maximum quarterly mean lead levels for both cities were similar; neither exceeded
0.3 A
-------
t
o
§
o
O
TJ
CD
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
NAAQS for Lead
1 5
•Gary, Indiana
•Chicago, Illinois
Figure 4-17. Maximum Quarterly Mean Lead Levels for Chicago and Gary
Source- US EPA. 1996
-------
Table 4-5. Trends in Maximum Lead Concentrations in Ambient Air from 1990-1995
Site
Gary Federal Bldg 6th Ave. & Conn.
Chicago Site 2 -SW, 2701 E. 1 14th St.
j Chicago 3535 E.1 14th St.
(Chicago Site 3 - SE, 2701 E.1 14th St. ^
[Chicago Site 1 - N, 2701 E.1 14th St.
Hammond 2325 Summer St.
Bedford Park 7800 W. 65th St, Bedford Park
East Chicago Field School, Block & James Streets
Hammond 2345 167th St Superior Engineering '
[Chicago Cermak PMG Station 735 W Harrison St.
| Chicago 10740 Scalhoun, Bright School
Hammond 1300 141 Street
Maywood 1500 Maybrook Dr., Maybrook Civic Center
[Chicago Mayfair Pump Sta., 4850 Wilson Ave.
Alsip4500 W. 123rd St.
Schiller Park 4243 N. Mannheim ~"
Summit Graves Elem. School 60th St. & 74th Ave.
Chicago 13100 S. Doty j
Chicago CTA training Cntr, 642 N. Pulaski Rd.
Chicago Scentex Inc. 4645 W. Augusta
Lead Concentrations in Tota
1990
2.929
--
1.583
--
--
0.148
0.452
0.035
0.052
0.056
0.034
0.049
0.020
0.016
"0.6l4"
0.010
~
0.028
-
--
1991
--
0.582
0.044
0.268
0.161
0.093 i
0.014
0.047
0.020
0.056
0.049
0.017
0.025
0.011
0.011
0.008
—
0.005
—
—
1992
—
0.649
0.027
0.330
0.330
0.050
0.007
0.074
0.026
0.038
0.031
0.011
0.016
0.013
0.013
0.009
—
—
—
—
Suspended
1993~'~
0.272
0.026
0.245
0.263
I 0.039
L 0.009
0.052
0.029
0.029
0.031
0.012
6.019
0.027
"O.OOg"
0.018
:;
—
—
Particles (|ig/m3)
I 1994
\ ' " ' -—••--
0.325
0.041
0.299
0.065
0.131
, 0.007
0.051
0.155
0.040
0.022
0.015
0.020
0.015
0.011
0.010
__
_.
—
r 1995
..
0.464
0.015
0.416
0.346
6.051
0.008
" 0.138
0.032 """
0.018
0.014
0.015
0.013
0.012
0.009
0.007
0.048
™ """ ' " " ™— •*
0.011
0.009
Source: AIRS/AQS, 1997. " •— '
-------
0.45
—•—Chicago Sites 1,2, and 3 2701 E. 114th St.
(3 Sites Averaged)
—B— Hammond 2325 Summer St.
A East Chicago Field School, Block & James
Streets
—H- Hammond 2345 167th St. Superior
Engineering
-*-Chicago 3535 E.114th St.
-«- Bedford Park 7800 W. 65th St.
1992
1993
1994
1995
Figure 4-18. Trends in Maximum Lead Concentrations in Ambient Air (Total Suspended Particles)
from 1991-1995
Source AIRS/AQS, 1997.
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels -Air Final—April 2001
for 4 of the next 5 years (1991 through 1995) were from the three monitoring stations at 2701 E.
114th Street in Southeast Chicago (Horsehead Sites 1,2, and 3).
4.1.3.1 Cook County, IL
IEPA (1996a) reported monitoring results for lead at 10 stations in the Cook County, IL, area
in 1995. The average recorded concentration was 0.123 /ug/m3. The maximum was 0.59 /ug/m3 at
the Chicago-Horsehead 2 site, and the second maximum was 0.33 Mg/m3 at the Chicago-Horsehead
1 site. All other sites reported annual mean lead levels of 0.06 /zg/m3 or less. When the two highest
sites are removed, the average of the values from the remaining sites is only 0.04 /ug/m3. Figure 4-19
graphically presents the values from all 10 sites. The Figure shows the significant difference
between the values from the Chicago-Horsehead sites and the other sites in the County. According
to EEPA (1996a), the Horsehead sites (located at 2701 E. 114th Street) were source-oriented, and
recorded some of the highest quarterly lead averages in the State in 1995. These monitoring sites
are adjacent to the Horsehead Resource Development Company (HRDC), which performs metals
smelting operations.
IDENR (1994a) reported a decrease of 21.2 percent over the period from 1979 to 1990 for
lead in the Chicago area, with a high of 0.425 //g/m3 in 1979 and a low of 0.04 j^g/m3 in 1989. The
annual mean for lead shows a pronounced decreasing trend. This trend is shown in Figure 4-20.
4.1.3.2 Lake County, IN
Data extracted from the AIRS data base (AIRS/AQS, 1997) show ambient lead levels in Lake
County, IN, increased from 1992 to 1996. For three of the four monitoring stations that reported
quarterly arithmetic means for ambient lead, the concentrations either increased or remained constant
each year. Data from the other station showed an alternating "up and down" cycle from one year to
the next, but with a trend to increase greater than each previous year's decrease. The maximum
concentration reported for all stations in 1996 was 0.13 fj.g/m3, which is still well below the NAAQS
of 1.5/ug/m3.
4-44
-------
Chicago - Horsehead 2
Chicago - Horsehead 1
Chicago - Cermak
Chicago - Washington
Summit
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Lead Concentrations (ng/m3)
0.5
0.59
0.6
0.7
Figure 4-19. 1995 Annual Mean Lead Levels for Sites in Cook County
Source: IEPA, 1996.
-------
045
04 ;
035
03
O)
§025
§ 02
3
TJ
TO
3 015
01
005
1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
Figure 4-20. Trends in Annual Mean Lead Levels in Chicago (1979-1990)
Sour 1ENR, 1994b
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Air
Final—April 2001
Maximum lead concentrations for Lake County, IN, were also reported at these four
monitoring stations. The feature that is of interest at these three stations is that each (two during
1994 and one in 1995) had a "spike" that was at least 2.5 times higher than the average of the other
4 years for that station. At a site in Hammond, the spike of 1.55 A*g/m3 was 5 times the average of
the other 4 years reported. This value also represents the highest reported maximum lead
concentration for Lake County, IN. The lowest reported maximum was 0.11 (tg/m3, and the highest
maximum (excluding the 3 "spikes") was 0.74 fj.g/m3 (AIRS/AQS, 1997).
4.1.4 Sulfur Dioxide
It is sometimes difficult to quantify the
specific effects of sulfur dioxide (SO2), because
it frequently occurs in conjunction with other
known pollutants, such as PM and/or ozone.
For most healthy people, S02 is a temporary
irritant, chiefly causing subjective • and
comparatively minor discomfort (ALA, 1 996b).
SO, is also of concern because of its role in the
formation of acid rain. The primary NAAQS
for SO2 is an annual arithmetic mean of 0.03
ppm (80 Mg/m3), and a 24-hour maximum of
Sulfur Dioxide Levels in
Ambient Air
SO, Is a Respiratory Irritant and
Ingredient in Acid Rain
Northern Lake County Is a
Nonattainment Area for SO,
Comparable Levels of SO, in
Chicago, IL, and Gary, IN
0.14 ppm (364 jug/m3). The secondary NAAQS is an 8-hour maximum of 0.5 ppm (1,300
The northern portion of Lake County, IN, has been designated as nonattainment for SO2
(IDEM, 1997a).
A downward trend for the arithmetic mean and second highest 24-hour SO, levels for both
Gary, IN, and Chicago, IL, were reported by EPA for the period from 1 986 through 1 995 (U.S. EPA,
1996b). For all of the 10 years, the levels for both parameters measured in Gary were greater than
or equal to the corresponding measurements in Chicago. In Gary, significant fluctuation was
reported in the second highest 24-hour SO, level from 1 986 to 1 99 1 . Beginning in 1 99 1 , the values
for Gary and Chicago were similar (i.e., they never differed by more than 0.005 ppm [13 //g/m3]).
4-47
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CCR1 Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Air Final—April 2001
Both showed a small downward trend from 1991 to 1995. The data for the arithmetic mean are
highly comparable between the two cities. For the entire 10-year period, these values differed by
only 0.001 or 0.002 ppm (2.6 or 5.2 A*g/m3), or were the same. Finally, the second highest 24-hour
SO, concentration for Lake County, IN, was 101 //g/m3 (0.04 ppm) in 1995, compared to the value
of 0.027 ppm (70.2 //g/m3) for Gary. The second highest 24-hour S02 concentration for Cook
County, IL, was also 101 //g/m3 (0.04 ppm) in 1995, compared to the value of 0.023 ppm (59.8
Aig/m3) for Chicago. None of the geographic areas mentioned in the report identified concentrations
greater than the NAAQS for either SO2 parameter.
4.1.4.1 Cook County, IL
S02 was monitored at 10 stations in the Cook County, IL, area in 1995. Over 7,500 samples
were collected at each station. The highest concentration recorded was 0.126 ppm (327.6 yug/m3)
at the Lemont sampling location on Houston Street. The average reading taken in 1995 was 0.0046
ppm (12 Mg/m3). The average recorded concentration for 1990 through 1995 was 0.006 ppm (15.6
//g/m3) (EPA, 1996a).
IDENR (1994a) reported that the average annual 3-hour maximum for SO2 in the Chicago
area decreased 3.5 percent from 1978 to 1990, with a high of 0.145 ppm (377 Mg/m3) (1983), and
a low of 0.066 (172 /ug/m3) ppm (1990). For SO, (average annual 24-hour maximum), no significant
trend was indicated during the same period, with a high of 0.082 ppm (213 /ug/m3) (1979), and a low
of 0.026 ppm (68 Mg/m3) (1990). From 1984 to 1990, the values for this parameter slowly decreased
from 0.046 to 0.026 ppm (120 to 68 Atg/m3). For S02 (annual mean) a decrease of 5.2 percent was
reported over the period, with a high of 0.012 ppm (31 //g/m3) (1979), and a low of 0.006 ppm (16
/ug/m3) (1986). For sulfate (annual mean), a 1.6 percent decrease was reported over the period in
question, with a high of 12.55 //g/m3 in 1980, and a low of 10 /zg/m3 in 1987 (IDENR, 1994a).
Wadden (1992) reported a mean concentration of 9.4 ppb (24.44 Afg/m3) and a maximum of
39.1 ppb (101.66 Aig/m3) for SO, in Chicago for the 1990-91 sampling events. Ito and Thurston
(1996) presented data that were compiled from various sources in Cook County, IL, summarizing
4-48
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Air Final—April 2001
monitoring that occurred from 1985 to 1990. The report presented the mean concentration for SO2
as 24.50 ppb (63.7
IDENR (1994a) reported on the historical concentrations of SO2 in ambient air in Illinois,
including data from as early as 1964. From 1964 to 1968, the average monthly concentrations
recorded by the CAMP network in the Chicago area ranged from 0.084 to 0.175 ppm (218 to 455
A*g/m3). Also, the CAMP network recorded 24-hour maximums of 0.67 ppm (1,742 A*g/m3) in 1964
and 0.55 ppm (1,430 //g/m3) in 1965. All of these values exceed the current NAAQS for SO2.
IDENR ( 1 994a) also reports that SO2 levels in Cook County, IL, exceeded the NAAQS during 1 978,
1980, and 1984. These values were not presented.
4.1.4.1 Lake County, IN
AIRS/AQS (1997) contains SO, ambient air monitoring data from three stations in Lake
County, IN. Data were collected for two stations from 1992 to 1996, and from 1992 to 1994 for the
third station. The annual mean decreased or remained the same for the two stations that reported
data for 5 years, and increased or remained the same for the station that reported for only 3 years.
The maximum concentration reported for this parameter was 0.01 ppm (26 //g/m3), which is below
the NAAQS of 0.03 ppm (80 Mg/m3). The NAAQS for the 24-hour maximum SO2 is 0. 14 ppm (365
Atg/m3). For the 5 years of data extracted from AIRS/AQS (1997), the SO2 24-hour maximums
fluctuated up and down at all three monitoring stations, and generally varied from a low of 0.018
ppm (47 Atg/m3) to 0.077 ppm (200 Mg/m3). The secondary NAAQS for the 3-hour maximum SO,
is 0.5 ppm ( 1 ,300 yug/m3). The interesting feature of the data collected for this parameter is that over
the course of the 5 years, the values from the respective stations began to get closer. In 1992, the
three monitoring stations had readings that ranged from 0.055 ppm (143 /ug/m3) and 0.207 ppm (538
/ug/m3). In 1 995, the two remaining stations that collected data reported nearly the same value (0.111
and 0.1 12 ppm or, 288.6 and 291.2
4-49
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Air Final—April 2001
4.1.5 Nitrogen Dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) appears to weaken human defenses against respiratory infection.
Nitrogen dioxide also contributes to ozone formation (ALA, 1996b). The NAAQS for NO2 is an
annual arithmetic mean of 0.053 ppm (100 Mg/m3)- EPA (1996b) presented limited nitrogen data
from the P AMS network for three Lake Michigan sites near the Chicago metropolitan area. The data
are for mean and maximum values of NO2, as well as nitric oxide (NO) and NOX. Comparing the
Chicago data (1994) to Chicago/Jardine data (1995), shows a decrease of all reported values. The
1995 data indicate that the Gary site had higher mean and maximum concentrations of NO and NOX,
while the Chicago/Jardine data site had higher NO2 concentrations (U.S. EPA, 1996b).
4.1.5.1 Cook County, IL
NO2 was monitored at eight stations in the Cook County, IL, area in 1995. An average of
over 7,200 samples were collected at each station. The highest concentration recorded was 0.113
ppm (213 jUg/m3) at the Chicago-Edgewater location on Ashland Street. The average of the readings
taken in 1995 was 0.021 ppm (40 A/g/m3). The average of the recorded concentrations for 1990
through 1995 was 0.024 ppm (45 Mg/m3) (IEPA, 1996a).
EPA (1996b) reported no significant trend for the arithmetic mean for NO, concentration
in Chicago, IL, for the period from 1986 through 1995. During this period, the reported values for
this parameter started at 0.029 ppm (55 yug/m3), ranged from a low of 0.024 ppm (45 /ig/m3) in 1991
to a high of 0.031 ppm (58 /ug/m3) in 1994, and ended at 0.03 ppm (57 //g/m3). An arithmetic mean
of 0.0322 ppm (61 Aig/m3) was reported for Cook County, IL, and 0.023 (43 /wg/m3) for Lake County,
IN, in 1995. The highest value presented (61 /zg/m3 or 0.0322 ppm) was nearly 40 percent lower
than the NAAQS of 100 jtg/m3 (0.053 ppm) for this parameter (U.S. EPA, 1996b).
For NO2, IDENR (1994a) reported that the average annual 1-hour maximum decreased 5.5
percent over the 12-year period, with a high of 0.225 ppm (425 //g/m3) in 1978 and a low of 0.089
ppm (168 Aig/m3) in 1990. NO, (average annual 24-hour maximum) showed a 5.2 percent decrease
over the period, with ahigh of 0.097 ppm (183 Atg/m3) in 1978 and a low of 0.0495 ppm (93 Afg/m3)
4-50
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Pro/lie
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Air Final—April 2001
in 1 990 (IDENR, 1 994a). These parameters oscillated up and down over the 1 3 years studied in the
EDENR report, but showed a generally decreasing trend. For NO2 (annual mean), the report showed
a decrease of 6.8 percent over the same period, with a high of 0.051 ppm (96 jugtai3} in 1979 and a
low of 0.022 ppm (42 Aig/m3) in 1988. The annual mean for NO2 showed a pronounced decreasing
trend, with only minor fluxuations. For nitrate (annual mean), no significant trend was reported for
the period, with a high of 6.3 ^g/m3 in 1983 and a low of 4.75 Aig/m3 in 1980 (IDENR, 1994a).
Wadden (1992) reported a mean concentration of 3 1 .90 ppb (60 jug/m3) and a maximum of
70.4 ppb (133 Afg/m3) for NO2 in Chicago from 1990-91. Wadden, also reported a mean
concentration of 22.6 ppb (28 Atg/m3) and a maximum of 1 12.5 ppb (141 jug/m3) for NO in Chicago
during the same timeframe.
The Scheff and Wadden report (unknown date) presents a summary of 1987 monitoring data
from various other reports and provides average NOX concentrations from three Chicago area
locations. One location, classified as "Industrial," was on Chicago's southeast side. The "Urban"
location (which collected both 4-hour and 20-hour samples) was at the University of Illinois at
Chicago, located 2 kilometers west of downtown Chicago. The "Suburban" background site was
described as approximately 55 kilometers north of downtown Chicago. The exact location of the
suburban site was not provided by Scheff and Wadden; however, based on the description, it
appeared to be near Waukegan (just outside Cook County, to the north). The average concentrations
reported forNOx were 44.4 Afg/m3 at the suburban location, 72.4 Afg/m3 and 78.3 //g/m3 at the urban
sites, and 97.0 Afg/m3 at the industrial location.
4.1.5.2 Lake County, IN
AIRS/AQS (1997) presents NO2 ambient air monitoring data from two stations in Lake
County, IN. Data are presented for one station for 1992 to 1996 and from 1995 and 1996 for the
other station. The annual mean increased (to a maximum of 0.025 ppm or 47 /J.g/m*) and then
decreased for the station that reported data for 5 years. This maximum concentration was below the
NAAQS of 0.053 ppm (100 A^g/m3) annual arithmetic mean for this parameter. There are no
NAAQS levels for 1-hour maximum NO, For the 5 years extracted from AIRS, the NO2 1-hour
4-51
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Air Final—April 2001
maximums reported remained fairly constant, except for a "spike" of 0.434 ppm (819 /ug/m3) in
1994. For the other years, this parameter was never greater than 0.125 ppm (236 ^g/m3)
(AIRS/AQS, 1997).
4.1.6 Carbon Monoxide
When inhaled, carbon monoxide (CO) does no appreciable harm to the lungs; the impact is
that it interferes with oxygenation of the entire human body. CO combines chemically with
hemoglobin, the oxygen-transporting element of the blood, to form carboxyhemoglobin, which
cannot carry oxygen to the brain, heart, and other vital organs (ALA, 1996b). The NAAQS for
carbon monoxide is 9 ppm (10 jug/m3) for 8 hours and 35 ppm (40 jug/m3) for 1 hour.
EPA (1996b) reported no significant trend for the second highest 8-hour CO level for both
Gary, IN, and Chicago, IL, for the period from 1986 through 1995. A side-by-side comparison of
the data for the two cities reveal that for 5 of these 1 0 years, the levels were similar (different by only
about 6 percent or less). However, for 2 of the remaining years, the levels differed by about 50
percent. In 1990, the second highest 8-hourCO for Gary was 3.8 ppm (4.3 Aig/m3), compared to 5.6
ppm (6.3 Aig/m3) for Chicago. In 1 994, this parameter was 4.6 ppm (5.2 Atg/ni3) in Gary, and 7.1 ppm
(8.0 Aig/m3) in Chicago. Another data observation reveals that except for 3 years, the CO level for
this parameter was higher in Chicago than in Gary. Finally, the second highest 8-hour CO for Lake
County, IN, was 4.0 ppm (4.5 jug/m3) in 1995, compared to the value of 3.7 ppm (4.2 jug/m3) for
Gary (U.S. EPA, 1996b). Similarly, the second highest 8-hour CO for Cook County, IL, was 5.1
ppm (5.8 Mg/m3) in 1995, compared to the value of 3.8 ppm (4.3 Mg/m3) for Chicago.
4.1.6.1 Cook County, IL
EEPA ( 1996a) presented CO monitoring data from eight stations in the Cook County area for
1995. Over 8,300 samples were collected at each station. The highest concentration recorded was
8.4 ppm (9.5 A^g/m3) at the Maywood sampling location on First Avenue.
4-52
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CCRJ Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Air Final—April 2001
Historical concentrations of CO in ambient air in Chicago, including data from as early as
1964, show that from 1964 to 1968, the average annual concentrations recorded by the CAMP
network in the Chicago area ranged from a high of 17.1 ppm (19.3 Atg/m3) in 1965 to a low of 6.2
ppm (7.0 Aig/m3) in 1968 (IDENR, 1994a). Recognizing that data for 1967 were not available, this
parameter steadily decreased from 1965 to 1968. Also, the CAMP network recorded daily hourly
averages in 1964 ranging from 6.4 to 13.6 ppm (7.2 to 15.4 #g/m3). IDENR (1994a) also cited a
study of the Chicago area that used various instruments at various sites to monitor ambient air from
late August through early November of 1 973 . Study results indicated that average carbon monoxide
levels ranged from 4 to 7 ppm (4.5 to 7.9 Aig/m3) during that time.
CO (average annual 1 -hour maximum) decreased 3.7 percent from 1 978 to 1 990, with a high
of 14.4 ppm (16.3 /ug/m3) in 1983, and a low of 7.3 ppm (8.2 /zg/m3) in 1989 (IDENR, 1994a). CO
(average annual 8-hour maximum) decreased 5.3 percent over the same period, with a high "spike"
of 10.9 ppm (12.3 yug/m3) in 1983 and a low of 3.7 ppm (4.2 //g/m3) in 1990. This parameter
oscillated up and down from 1978 to 1983, and then decreased quickly to 5.55 ppm (6.27 Mg/m3) in
1985. From 1985 to 1990, the average annual 8-hour maximum for CO has slowly decreased from
5.55 ppm (6.27 Atg/m3) to 3.7 ppm (4.2 /ug/m3) (IDENR, 1994a).
During 1990-91, a mean concentration of 0.91 ppm (1.03 /ug/m3) and a maximum of 1.89
ppm (2.14 Afg/m3) for CO was reported in ambient air in Chicago (Wadden, 1 992). Ito and Thurston
(1996) presented data that were compiled from various sources in Cook County, EL, summarizing
monitoring that occurred from 1985 to 1990. The mean concentration for CO was reported as 2.05
ppm (2.32
4.1.6.2 Lake County, IN
CO data from the ABR.S/AQS ( 1 997) data base were only available from two stations in Lake
County, IN. Both stations reported a 1-hour and an 8-hour maximum. Data for the 1-hour
maximums show a "cyclic" trend that alternates from increasing to decreasing for each successive
year; however, there was an overall decrease (the 1996 value for each station is lower than the
corresponding 1992 value). Data for the 8-hour maximums at one monitoring site show a slight
4-53
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Air Final April 2001
increase, followed by a more significant drop in 1996. The data reported from the other station were
irregular, with an average of 5.64 ppm (6.37 ^g/m3) and a maximum of 8.2 ppm (9.3 //g/m3)
(AIRS/AQS, 1997).
4.1.7 Volatile and Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs and SVOCs)
Common VOC sources include gasoline vapors, chemical solvents, and consumer products.
Often, VOCs can be emitted or are present in one location, and migrate to another location where
sunlight and temperature cause chemical reactions to occur (U.S. EPA, 1996b). As mentioned
earlier, ozone is created from a reaction of NOX and VOCs in the presence of heat and sunlight. The
health effects of ozone were also discussed earlier in this section.
VOCs monitoring results are presented from a number of reports. Two sources (U.S. EPA,
1996b and ffiPA, 1996a) present results in units of parts per billion carbon (ppbC). ffiPA indicates
that this type of sampling "reduces all of the results to a common basis in terms of single carbon
atoms" (IEPA, 1996a). These sampling results are discussed briefly below, but are not presented
with or compared to the other reports, which present data using more conventional units such as parts
per billion by volume (ppbv) or Mg/m3. Comparison of the relative magnitude of the different
compounds is possible with the data sets from each study, and graphs and tables are presented to
facilitate these comparisons.
VOC data presented by EPA (1996b) for 1994 and 1995 from the PAMS network include
two Lake Michigan sites near the Chicago metropolitan area. For 1994, data were only presented
for the Chicago site. For the VOCs monitored in 1994, toluene was detected at the highest
concentration (106.1 ppbC), and had the highest mean (23.5 ppbC). The next highest mean
concentrations reported at the Chicago site were for formaldehyde (9.6 ppbC), benzene (9.6 ppbC),
and ethylene (13.4 ppbC). For 1995, benzene was the highest VOC detected (160 ppbC) at the Gary
site; however, the highest mean concentration recorded was toluene (11 ppbC) at the Chicago/Jardine
site. The next two highest recorded mean concentrations were formaldehyde (9.2 ppbC) and benzene
(7 ppbC), both at the Chicago/Jardine site. Figure 4-21 shows the benzene data presented by EPA
(1996b). Both the average and maximum for the Chicago area decreased from 1994 to 1995. In
4-54
-------
Gary-1995
Chicago/Jardine -1995
Chicago-1994 I
20
60 80 100
Benzene Concentrations (ppbC)
120 140
160
I maximum
(average
160
Figure 4-21. Benzene Levels in Chicago, IL, and Gary, IN in 1994-1995
Source: EPA, 1996.
-------
CCR1Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Air Final—April 2001
1995, the average benzene level was higher in Chicago than in Gary, but only by a small amount.
The 1995 maximum in Gary (160 ppbC) was significantly higher than that same value for Chicago.
The highest maximum value reported by DEPA (1996a) for VOCs in the Cook County, IL,
area was for formaldehyde at 86 ppbC. The highest averages reported were for isopentane (11.9
ppbC), toluene (11 ppbC), formaldehyde (9.2 ppbC), ethane (8.9 ppbC), benzene (7 ppbC), and
propane (7 ppbC). The 53 remaining VOCs had average concentrations less than 7 ppbC
(DEPA, 1996a). Results for a few VOCs, based on sampling conducted during 1986 and 1987 at the
Bright Elementary School in Chicago, IL, showed the highest averages were for benzene (1.6 ppbv),
toluene (1.7 ppbv), and o-xylene (2.2 ppbv) (Sweet and Gatz, 1988). All other organics were
reported below 1 ppbv.
McAlister, et al. (1991) presents the results for the 1990 UATMP for 38 target organic
compounds at 12 sites in the United States. Analysis of 30 air toxic pollutants were reported for the
UATMP site in Chicago. Only 8 of these 30 compounds were identified in all 29 samples collected
at the Chicago site. Mean concentrations of these compounds were provided as follows:
ethylbenzene (0.39 ppbv), carbon tetrachloride (0.44 ppbv), styrene/o-xylenes (0.84 ppbv),
1,1,1 -trichloroethane (1.44 ppbv), tetrachloroethylene (1.53 ppbv), benzene (1.55 ppbv), m&p xylene
(2.18 ppbv), and toluene (3.04 ppbv). Trichloroethylene was identified in 16 samples, and methylene
chloride and p-dichlorobenzene were identified in 12 samples. The remaining 18 compounds were
identified in 6 samples or less. The highest maximum values reported for specific compounds were
for acetylene (11.70 ppbv), propylene (14.97 ppbv), and methylene chloride (25.05 ppbv). All other
maximums were below 10 ppbv. The highest mean values reported for specific compounds were
for propylene (7.21 ppbv), vinyl chloride (8.50 ppbv), and methylene chloride (8.66 ppbv). All other
mean values were below 5 ppbv. Radian Corporation (1991) presents the results for the 1990 Urban
Air Toxics Monitoring Program (UATMP) for three carbonyl compounds at 12 sites in the United
States. The three compounds were identified in all 28 samples collected at the Chicago site. Mean
concentrations of these compounds were provided as follows: formaldehyde (4.7529 ppbv),
acetaldehyde (2.0377 ppbv), and acetone (2.9138 ppbv). Maximum values were reported as follows:
formaldehyde (13.64 ppbv), acetaldehyde (4.83 ppbv), and acetone (7.82 ppbv). Table 4-6 provides
4-56
-------
Table 4-6: VOCs Monitored at the Chicago UATMP Site in 1990 and 1991 (ppbv)
Chemical
acetylene
1 ,3-butadiene
vinyl chloride
chloromethane
methylene chloride __l
trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene
number of , positive
samples samples
29
29
29
4
4
concentration range
mean { minimum
4.18
0.13
1 8.5
maximum
0.94 11.70
0.10
8.50
29 1 2.45' 2.45
29
12 8.66 0.87
0.18
8.50
2.45
25.05
29, 4, 0.4 0.14 0.94
1,1-dichloroethane 29 1
chloroprene 29 6
1,1,1 -tnchloroethane 29 29
carbon tetrachloride '• 29 29
benzene 29 , 29
trichloroethylene ' 29
1 ,2-dichloropropane
29
bromodichloromethane 29
trans-1 ,3-dichloropropylene
29
toluene 29
n-octane 29
16
4
0.49
0.28
1.44
0.44
1.55
036
0.49
0.05
0.28
0.11
0.09
0.02
0.73 1 0 08
2 0.12
2
29
6
n-octane/t-1 ,3-dichloropropylene 29 1 2
cis-1 ,3-dichloropropylene . 29' 1
1 , 1 ,2-trichloroethane 29
tetrachloroethylene 29
chlorobenzene 29
ethylbenzene
m&p xylene
styrene/o-xylenes
29
29
4
29
3
29
29
1.08
3.04
0.68
0.46
0.32
0.03
1.53
0.03
039
218
29 29 0 84
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 29 3
m-dichlorobenzene 29 , 6
p-dichlorobenzene 29 12
o-dichlorobenzene 29 4
propylene 29
formaldehyde * 28
acetaldehyde * 28
4
0.38
0.08
0.3
0.33
7.21
28 4.7529
007
0.70
0.64
0.04
0.16
0.32
0.02
0.17
0.02
0.05
0.49
1 05
7.94
3.48
5.51
0.83
1.09
0.16
1.45
8.53
1.83
0.76
0.32
0.04
5.78
0.04
1.46
0.22 8.74
0.07 2.86
0.05 1.04
0 01 0.27
0.08 1.48
0.05 ; 0.88
3.05 14.97
2.445 13.64
28 2.0377 0.925
4.83
acetone* 28 28 2.9138 0.83 7.82
Sources: McAhster, etal, 1991; Radian, 1991.
4-57
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Air Final—April 2001
minimum, maximum, and mean values for these 38 compounds and the 3 compounds discussed in
the McAlister et al. ( 1 99 1 ) and Radian (1991) reports.
Keeler (1994) provides summaries of monitoring data collected in 1991 from one central
Chicago site and one site located offshore of Chicago on Lake Michigan. According to the report,
the VOC analyses presented were "somewhat suspect," and data quality was poor due to a
contaminant problem with a majority of the samples (Keeler, 1994). For the HT site, the highest
averages for VOCs were for l,l,2-trichloro-l,2,2-trifluoroethane, trichloro-fluoromethane, and
toluene at 1 .76 ppbv, 1 .94 ppbv, and 2.33 ppbv, respectively. The maximums for these compounds
were 6.32 ppbv, 8.76 ppbv, and 15.08 ppbv, respectively. All other VOCs studied had averages less
than 1 ppbv (Figure 4-22). For the site aboard the R/V Laurentian, maximums for
dichlorodifluoromethane, toluene, m&p xylene, and trichlorofluoromethane were 1.05 ppbv, 2.39
ppbv, 2. 1 ppbv, and 1.33 ppbv, respectively. All other maximums were below 1 ppbv. The highest
average value was for trichlorofluoromethane at 0.78 ppbv. For the polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) studied, the greatest averages reported at the EIT site were for phenanthrene
at 0.168 ^g/m3) and naphthalene at 0.507 jug/m3. At the R/V Laurentian site, the highest average
was for naphthalene at 0. 1 1 9 //g/m3. (See Figure 4-23 .) All other averages were less than 1 00 ng/m3
(0.1 /ug/m3) (Keeler, 1994). Table 4-7 presents the VOC and PAH data obtained from the Keeler
(1994) report.
Weston (1994) presented average values for benzene (64 /^g/m3), methylene chloride (1 1
iug/mj), and toluene (2,500 Atg/m3) in ambient air at the New Gary School in Chicago, but monitoring
dates were not provided. Data for benzene from various sources are provided in Figure 4-24.
Benzene data from this report are not included, because they are significantly higher than data from
other reports and distort the graphic.
Some data on VOC monitoring were collected from several studies and compiled into one
report (IDENR, 1994a). These data represent monitoring from 1986 through 1991, covering 3
monitoring stations and over 30 compounds. The highest average values presented for VOCs in the
IDENR ( 1 994a) report were for o-dichlorobenzene (20.4 jMg/mJ at Chicago, center city), m&p xylene
(20.6 jug/nr> at Carver High School and 24.6 /ug/m3 at Chicago, center city), bromodichloromethane
4-58
-------
£
Chlorobenzene
1,2-Dichloroethane
Styrene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethene
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
4-Ethyl Toluene
Ethylbenzene
O-Xylene
1.1.1-Trichloroethane
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
Tetrachloroethene
3-Chloropropene
1,1-Dichloroethene
Methyl Chloride
Dichloromethane
Dichlorodifluoromethane
M&P Xylene
Benzene
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-Trifluoroethane
Trichlorofluoromethane
Toluene
I 0.85
1.76
1.94
12.33
0.5
1 1.5
Concentrations (ppbv)
2.5
Figure 4-22. VOCs Monitored at I IT Site in Central Chicago (1991)
Source: Keeler, 1994.
-------
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
1,1-Dichloroethene
4-Ethyl Toluene
3-Chloropropene
Chlorobenzene
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
1.1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-Trifluoroethane
Styrene
Tetrachloroethene
Trichloroethene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
Ethylbenzene
Dichloromethane
Benzene
O-Xylene
Methyl Chloride 0J
Dichlorodifluoromethane B
Toluene •
M&PXylene B
Trichlorofluoromethane
0.12
0.1
10.23
10.23
• 0.24
• 0.24
10.28
10.31
• 0.33
•10.33
10.51
I 0.54
0.67
0.2
0.3
0.4 0.5
Concentrations (ppbv)
0.6
0.7
0.8
Figure 4-23. VOCs Monitored Aboard the R/V Laurentian Off-Shore Near Chicago (1991)
Sourr 'eeler, 1994.
-------
Table 4-7. VOCs and PAHs Monitored in Chicago Area in 1991
% * ^ ' " ^ > s \ «\> , " ^ \. " % u %
: - s * ^ , Chcsifcaio^ s
. * '...?''* . \v, '
- > VMft ' * **
: e&rieeftfralion
^ fiflajarSuin *>"
canceatratlikt ^
•^(VOMiS,
C ^ ^8
Volatile Organic Chemicals (values in parts per billion volume)
toluene 2.33
15.08! (a)
trichlorofluoromethane 1 .94 | 8.76
1 ,1 ,2-trichloro-1 ,2,2-trifluoroethane 1 76
benzene
m&p xylene
dichlorodifluoromethane
dichloromethane
methylene chlonde
1,1-dichloroethene
3-chloropropene
tetrachloroethene
1 ,2,4-trimethylbenzene
1,1,1-trichloroethane
0.85
0.73
0.68
0.63
0.57
0.38
0.37
0.33
030
0.29
o-xylene 0.29
ethylbenzene 0.28
4-ethyl toluene 0.24
1 ,3,5-tnmethylbenzene
tnchloroethene
0.18
0.14
6.32
4.11
6.87
1.22
1.40
0.89
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
0.47 (a)
0.45
1.44
1.95
0.76
2.52
1.96
0.79
0.55
0.23
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
carbon tetrachloride , 0.12 | 0.25 (a)
styrene
<0.1 N/A (a)
1 ,2-dichloroethane ' <0.1 N/A (a)
chlorobenzene <0.1
tnchlorofluoromethane 0.78
m&p xylene '. 0.72
N/A
1.33
2.1
toluene 0.67 ' 2.39
dichlorodifluoromethane 0.54 1 .05
(a)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(b)
methy chloride 0.51 0.75 (b)
o-xylene 033 0.72 (b)
benzene
0.331
dichloromethane 0.31
ethylbenzene 0.28
1 ,2-dichloroethane 0.24
1,1,1-trichloroethane
tnchloroethene
tetrachloroethene
styrene
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.18
1 ,1 ,2-tnchloro-1 ,2,2-trifluoroethane 0.18
carbon tetrachlonde 0.12
1 ,3,5-trimethylbenzene <0.1
0.61 (b)
0.33
(b)
0.47 (b)
0.24 (b)
0.41
0.23
0.23
0.27
(b)
(b)
(b)
(b)
0.35 ! (b)
0.23 (b)
N/A (b)
chlorobenzene <0.1 N/A (b)
3-chloropropene , <0.1 N/A
4-ethyl toluene <0.1 N/A
1,1-dichloroethene
(b)
(b)
<0 1 N/A (b)
1 ,2,4-trimethylbenzene <0 1 N/A \ (b)
4-61
-------
Table 4-7. VOCs and PAHs Monitored in Chicago Area in 1991
*'"$, ' :<' \ *£h«nfeai, o /« "^ O
' ' "* S- s ~ ' .t . I
: ; mean %* *
X^neefllratioft
• \4puMgmi. 's:
"fi&tca*itratian\
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (values in nanograms per cubic meter)
naphthalene
acenaphthylene
acenaphthene
fluorene
phenanthrene
anthracene
fluorenone
retene
fluoranthene
pryene
benz[a]anthracene
chrysene
cyclopenta(cd) pryene
benzofluoranthenes
benz[e]pyrene
benz[a]pyrene
indeno[1 ,2,3-cd]-pyrene
dibenzo[a,h]-anthracene
benzo[g,h,Gperylene
coronene
507.25
4.79
55.91
53.67
167.92
7.59
12.08
0.58
46.58
23.58
3.02
517
0.22
10.16
281
3.04
3.90j
1.39
3.32
1.39
naphthalene ! 119.38
acenaphthylene
acenaphthene
fluorene
phenanthrene
anthracene
fluorenone
retene
fluoranthene
pryene
benz[a]anthracene
chrysene
cyclopenta(cd)pryene
benzofluoranthenes
benz[e]pyrene
benz[a]pyrene
mdeno[1 ,2,3-cd]-pyrene
dibenzo[a,h]-anthracene
benzo[g,h,i]perylene
coronene
1.41
2.28
7.17
10.78
0.27
1.11
0.57
3.22
1.60
805.66
14.21
133.38
132.29
427.53
17.60
23.42
0.92
109.70
55.30
8.88
12.96
0.63
3289
9.09
15.31
10.21
3.24
7.99
3.90
421.42
3.81
8.10
15.69
31 13
0.78
2.39
1.30
8.80
5.18
0.26 1.25
062
0.09
0.91
0.25
0.25
0.41
0.21
2.50
0.52
»..w
i^ndtes
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(b)
3 74 (b)
1.03
0.80
1.63
0.58
0.33 1.39
0.16 ! 043
(b)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(b)
W
(a) Monitoring location NT site in central Chicago, 1 6 km from Lake Michigan
(b) Monitoring locaton aboard R/V Laurentan, offshore of Chicago, on Lake Michigan
Source Keeler, 1994
4-62
-------
Wadden, etal, 1992
IEPA, 1994
IEPA, 1994
IEPA, 1994
Scheff and Wadden
Scheff and Wadden
Scheff and Wadden
Scheff and Wadden
Summerhays, 1989
IEPA, 1994
Sweet and Vermette, 1991
Summerhays, 1989
Summerhays, 1989
Summerhays, 1989
1990-1991
1990-1991
1987
10
I
12
Benzene Concentrations (ng/m3)
Labels to right of bars indicate
sampling years.
Figure 4-24. Ambient Benzene Levels for Chicago Presented by Various Sources
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Air __ _ _ Final — April 2001
(20.7 /ug/m3 at Chicago, center city), toluene (23.5 ^g/m3 at Chicago, center city, and 6 1 . 1 /ug/m3 at
Carver High School), and dibromochloromethane (81.8 jug/m3 at Chicago, center city). All other
VOCs were reported below 20 //g/m3. These data are presented in Table 4-8.
The U.S. EPA (1989a) report focused on a 65-square-mile area of Southeast Chicago.
Ambient air monitoring was conducted at the Southeast Police Station and various elementary and
high schools in the area from 1985 through 1988. Monitored concentrations of benzene, toluene,
and xylenes and styrene were as high as 5.1, 13, and 43 f^g/m3, respectively. Average values of
carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, ethylene, formaldehyde, and perchloroethylene were reported as
2.7, 2.78, 4.61, 2.5, and 2.37 //g/m3, respectively (U.S. EPA, 1989a). All other monitored
constituents were reported below 1 //g/m3. Data quality is expected to be good, because the studies
were conducted by EPA, ffiPA, and other Federal and State organizations.
The Scheff and Wadden report (unknown date) presents average concentrations of 23 VOCs
sampled in 1987 from three Chicago area locations classified as: Industrial (Southeast Chicago),
Urban (University of Illinois at Chicago), and Suburban (approximately 55 km north of downtown
Chicago). The suburban site is probably located just outside Cook County, IL. The top five
monitored organics at the "Industrial" location were: 1,1,1-trichloroethane [TCA] (21.9 Mg/m3),
isopentane (19.3 Mg/m3), n-pentane (13.8 #g/m3), toluene ( 1 0.97 /^g/m3), and n-butane (10.8 f^g/m3).
These were also the top five compounds monitored at the 4-hour "Urban" location (the highest levels
were for 1,1,1-trichloroethane at 1 1.6 /ug/m3 and isopentane at 13.7 /L/g/m3). The top 5 organics at
the 20-hour "Urban" location were: 1 , 1 ,1-TCA (1 5.9 Atg/m3), isopentane (15.37 /zg/m3), n-pentane
(13.9 /ug/m3), benzene (10.9 /wg/m3), and toluene ( 1 0.3 jug/m3). The average concentration of 1 , 1 , 1 -
TCA at the "Suburban" monitoring location was 13.1 //g/m3. All other values reported were below
10//g/m3.
Sweet and Vermette (1991) present data collected for 1 1 VOCs from three monitoring sites
in Southeast Chicago, located at Bright, Washington, and Carver Schools. Samples were collected
from May 1986 through April 1990. For the data presented, the highest averages were for toluene
(8.9 /wg/m3) and benzene (4.6 f^g/m3). The remaining VOCs had reported averages less than 4 Atg/m3.
The highest maximums reported were also for toluene (56 Mg/m3) and benzene (54 /ug/m3). The next
4-64
-------
Table 4-8: Volatile Organic Compounds Monitored Near Chicago
(values presented in mircograms per cubic meter)
Chemical
acetaldehyde
acetylene
acetone
benzene
benzene
benzene
benzene
bromodichloromethane
butane
i-butane
carbon tetrachlonde
carbon tetrachlonde
carbon tetrachlonde
chlorobenzene
chloroform
chloroform
cumene
n-decane
dibromochloromethane
o-dichlorobenzene
2,2-dimethylbutane
ethane
ethylbenzene
ethylbenzene
ethylbenzene
ethylbenzene
ethylene
formaldehyde
n-heptane
hexane
2-methylbutane
methylene chloride
2-methylpentane
3-methylpentane
n-octane
pentane
alpha-pinene
n-propylbenzene
tetrachloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
toluene
toluene
toluene
toluene
1,1,1-tnchloroethane
1,1,1 -tnchloroethane
1,1,1-tnchloroethane
1,1,1-tnchloroethane
tnchloroethylene
tnchloroethylene
tnchloroethylene
1 ,3,5-tnmethylbenzene
m&p xylene
m&p xylene
m&p xylene
m&p xylene
o-xylene/styrene
o-xylene/styrene
o-xylene/styrene
o-xylene/styrene
number of
samples
28
60
28
103
34
29
78
56
71
64
103
29
63
103
103
66
65
53
63
52
76
60
103
34
29
78
60
28
56
78
77
65
77
77
39
78
60
74
103
29
60
103
34
29
78
103
34
29
73
103
29
76
77
103
34
29
78
103
34
29
concentration range
mean
38
52
72
46
28
51
76
207
13
7
07
29
74
03
03
46
64
86
81 8
204
45
99
1 4
3
18
8.8
73
6
64
92
167
195
71
64
15
86
01
85
1 8
107
1 8
89
61 1
118
235
33
41
81
175
1
12
32
68
39
206
98
246
29
39
37
maximum
900
1340
1900
5400
2300
1800
3800
58200
24100
9100
170
2300
3400
1 60
1 60
4000
27700
28200
1,02500
15000
4100
22.80
760
2600
660
19500
1670
1700
4500
13700
7600
17400
4000
3900
370
7200
140
24700
910
4100
8300
5600
1,28400
3300
131 00
2500
2300
4500
12500
590
500
1370
21200
2200
301 00
3900
76300
4400
5400
1300
78| 1881 65000
location
Carver High School
Chicago
Carver High School
southeastern Chicago
Carver High School
Carver High School
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
southeastern Chicago
Carver High School
Chicago
southeastern Chicago
southeastern Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
southeastern Chicago
Carver High School
Carver High School
Chicago
Chicago
Carver High School
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
southeastern Chicago
Carver High School
Chicago
southeastern Chicago
Carver High School
Carver High School
Chicago
southeastern Chicago
Carver High School
Carver High School
Chicago
southeastern Chicago
Carver High School
Chicago
Chicago
southeastern Chicago
Carver High School
Carver High School
Chicago
southeastern Chicago
Carver High School
location description
46117N/4509E
near city center
46117N/4509E
several sites
461 1 7N/450 9E
46117N/4509E
near city center
near city center
near city center
near city center
several sites
46117N/4509E
near city center
several sites
several sites
near city center
near city center
near city center
near city center
near city center
near city center
near city center
several sites
46117N/4509E
461 1 7N/450 9E
near city center
near city center
461 1 7N/450 9E
near city center
near city center
near city center
near city center
near city center
near city center
near city center
near city center
near city center
near city center
several sites
46117N/4509E
near city center
several sites
461 1 7NM50 9E
461 1 7N/450 9E
near city center
several sites
46117N/4509E
46117N/4509E
near city center
several sites
46117N/4509E
near city center
near city center
several sites
461 1 7N/450 9E
461 1 7N/450 9E
near city center
several sites
46117N/4509E
Carver High School 1 461 1 7N/450 9E
sample year
1990
1990-91
1990
1986-90
1988
1990
1990-91
1990-91
1990-91
1990-91
1986-90
1990
1990-91
1986-90
1986-90
1990-91
1990-91
1990-91
1990-91
1990-91
1990-91
1990-91
1986-90
1988
1990
1990-91
1990-91
1990
1990-91
1990-91
1990-91
1990-91
1990-91
1990-91
1990-91
1990-91
1990-91
1990-91
1986-90
1990
1990-91
1986-90
1988
1990
1990-91
1986-90
1988
1990
1990-91
1986-90
1990
1990-91
1990-91
1986-90
1988
1990
1990-91
1986-90
1988
1990
Chicago I near city center ! 1990-91
Source IDENR, 1994a
4-65
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels-Air Final—April 2001
highest maximums were for m&p xylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and o-xylene/styrene at 22 ftg/m3,
25 //g/m3, and 44 ng/m3, respectively (Sweet and Vermette, 1991). All remaining VOCs had
reported maximums less than
The following observations of the ambient air in Chicago in 1990 and 1991 can be made
from the data presented by Wadden et al. (1992): mean concentrations of nonmethane organic
compounds ranged from 0.14 /ug/m3 for a-pinene to 24.57 ^g/m3 for m&p-xylene. Mean
concentrations of halogenated organics ranged from 1.82 Mg/m3 for perchloroethylene to 646.17
Atg/m3 for dibromo-chloromethane. Mean concentrations of semi- volatile organics ranged from 0.40
jug/m3 (0.0004 ^g/m3) for coronene to 495 ng/m3 (0.495 ftgfm3) for naphthalene.
4.1.8 PCBs, Pesticides, and Other Compounds
Keeler (1994a) provides summaries of PCB monitoring data collected from one central
Chicago site (UT), and one site located offshore of Chicago on Lake Michigan. The average total
PCBs measured at the ITT site were at 2,139 picograms per cubic meter (pg/m3). A picogram is
1 -million times smaller than a microgram. Therefore, for clarity (and because the concentrations of
PCBs and pesticides in air are relatively low), these two paragraphs discuss concentrations in pg/m3.
The next highest averages were for total di-PCBs (1 86.00 pg/m3), total hexa-PCBs (230.00 pg/m3),
total tri-PCBs (422.00 pg/m3), total tetra-PCBs (463.00 pg/m3), and total penta-PCBs (707.00 pg/m3).
Total PCBs, measured at the R/V Laurentian site, were at an average concentration of 808 pg/m3.
The next highest averages were for total tetra-PCBs (101.00 pg/m3), total di-PCBs (107.00 pg/m3),
total mono-PCBs (164.00 pg/m3), and total penta-PCBs (290.00 pg/m3). Remaining PCB averages
(at both sites) were all less than 100 pg/m3.
In regard to the pesticides, Keeler (1994) indicates that the highest averages at the LIT site
were for atrazme (183.00 pg/m3), 4,4'-DDT (183.00 pg/m3), dieldrin (159.00 pg/m3), P,P'-DDE
(1 19.00 pg/m3), alpha-HCH (1 1 1 .86 pg/m3), and simazine (103.00 pg/m3). The highest averages at
the R/V Laurentian site were for atrazine (286.00 pg/m3), alpha-HCH (169.20 pg/m3),
hexachlorobenzene (104.00 pg/nr5), and lindane (103.00 pg/mj). All other averages for pesticides
were less than 100 pg/m3.
4-66
-------
CCR1Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Water
Final—April 2001
Keeler (1994) reports that analysis of 58 samples for vapor-phase mercury revealed an
average of 8.7 ng/m3 (0.0087 jug/m3) and a maximum of 62.7 ng/m3 at (0.0627 //g/m3) the HT site.
The 25 samples taken aboard the R/V Laurentian indicated an average of 2.3 ng/m3 (0.0023 j^g/m3)
and a maximum of 4.9 ng/m3 (0.0049 fj.g/m3). Most other metals that are considered hazardous are
such when they are solids, and fall under the category of paniculate matter. Ambient air levels for
lead and other metal particulates were discussed earlier in this document. (See Sections 4.1.2 and
4.1.3.)
The IEPA report (1985) presents estimated PCB concentrations at two Southeast Chicago
locations, based on the Real-Time Air Quality Model (RAM). The model predicted that the highest
concentrations at the Orville T. Bright and Virgil S. Grissom Elementary School sites would be
0.0034 Mg/m3 and 0.0007 yug/m3, respectively. However, the report only presented the plan to
evaluate PCBs in these locations; actual air monitoring was not completed when the report was
published.
4.2 SURFACE WATER QUALITY
Surface water quality in Cook County,
EL, and Lake County, IN, is an indicator of the
condition of the environment, especially from
the standpoint of the potential for human
exposure and risk from toxic chemicals.
Human risks from contaminated surface
waters can result from direct exposure
through recreational use (swimming/wading
and ingestion of water), and indirectly
through fish consumption and drinking water.
In general, the waterbodies in this area are stressed from past and present municipal/industrial
discharges, nonpoint source runoff, combined sewer overflow, physical alteration, and other sources.
(See Section 3.2.) Although improvements in water quality are evident, pollutants are still present
in many waterbodies at levels above standards.
Surface Waters
Assessing Levels of Contaminants and
the Condition of Major Waterbodies
- Rivers/Streams
- Lakes
- Lake Michigan
Identification of Levels of
Contaminants Present
4-67
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CCR1Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Water
Final—April 2001
This section presents data and water quality assessments from monitoring activities
conducted by Federal, State, and local organizations. In general, much of the surface water (and
related sediment and fish tissue) monitoring has been conducted by State agencies and other
organizations responsible for managing these aquatic resources. Some organizations responsible for
water quality monitoring/assessment activities are summarized in Table 4-9. The discussion in this
section is organized according to major waterbodies, such as the Grand Calumet River/Indiana
Harbor Ship Canal, Lake Calumet, select streams/rivers and lakes, and Lake Michigan. Data and
assessments presented in this section primarily are results of studies and monitoring activities
presented in reports, while other data are from STORET. Although much of the data are from recent
monitoring activities (early 1990s to the present), some data sources are from studies conducted in
the early-to-mid 1980s.
Quantification of pollutant levels is
presented for numerous major waterbodies, first
from literature sources such as State 305(b)
reports. The biennial State water quality
assessments, or 305(b) reports, document the
conditions of lakes and streams/rivers in each
State based on chemical, physical, and
biological monitoring. These reports assess
water quality according to the degree that
waters attain designated uses (e.g., recreational
use, aquatic life use, drinking water use, etc.).
For example, the five degrees of overall use support used by IEPA (1996c) in its 305(b) report are:
State 305(b) Reports
• Biennial Assessments of Water
Quality of Streams, Rivers, and
Lakes
• Based on Chemical, Biological, and
Human Use Measurements
• 1994-95 Reports Most Recent
Assessments Available
Full Support - The water quality meets the needs of all designated uses protected by
applicable water quality standards.
Full/Threatened - Water quality is presently adequate to maintain designated uses, but
if a declining trend continues, only partial support may be attained in the future.
4-68
-------
Table 4-9. Major Organizations Conducting Water Quality Monitoring and
Assessment Activities in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN
Organization
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Indiana Department of Environmental Management
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency
Illinois State Water Survey and Illinois Waste
Management and Research Center (formerly the HWRIC)
City of Chicago - Metropolitan Water Reclamation
District of Greater Chicago
Monitoring, Assessment, and
Resource Management Activities
Assessing sediment quality for Remedial
Action Plan (RAP) and sediment
management/dredging activities
Assessing water quality for RAP activities
related to Great Lakes water quality
Monitoring and assessing water quality for
305(b) reporting, RAP-related activities,
and resource management
Water quality monitoring in Lake Calumet
area and streams/rivers in Cook County
Monitoring water quality in Lake
Michigan near intakes for drinking water
purification plants
4-69
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Water
Final—April 2001
Partial Support/Minor Impairment - Water quality is impaired, but only to a minor
degree. Minor exceedences in applicable water quality standards or criteria for
assessing the designated use attainment may exist.
Partial Support/Moderate Impairment - Water quality conditions are impaired to a
greater degree inhibiting the waterbody from meeting all the needs for that designated
use.
Nonsupport - Water quality is severely impaired and not capable of supporting the
designated use to any degree.
STORE! Data
More than 70 Pollutants Examined
from 1990-1995 Monitoring Data
Highest Levels of the Most Number
of Contaminants Found in:
- Grand Calumet River
- Wolf Lake
- Chicago River
- Cat-Sag Channel
STORET contains data that summarize
environmental levels of select pollutants from
monitoring conducted from 1990-1995.
Summaries of articles and reports present those
contaminants that were detected; the retrievals
from STORET focus on select parameters to
describe water quality and levels of
contaminants. Specifically, these parameters
include several conventional pollutants
(dissolved oxygen, biological/chemical oxygen
demand, nutrients), toxics (metals, pesticides),
and bacteria (fecal cohform). More than 70 pollutants/parameters of interest, from more than 70
monitoring stations, were included in summaries of the STORET data from 1990-1995. Table 4-10
presents the STORET surface water quality parameters included in these analyses. Descriptions of
each waterbody include discussion of the pollutants present in the highest concentrations, as well as
comparisons to other waterbodies in the study area.
4.2.1 Water Quality of the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Ship Canal
(GCR/IHSC)
The Grand Calumet River (GCR) flows east-west across the northern portion of Lake County,
IN, and connects to the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal (IHSC), which flows into Lake Michigan
(Figure 4-25). The flow of the river is highly influenced by industrial and municipal effluents. In
4-70
-------
Table 4-10. Select Surface Water Parameters
Presented in STORET Data Sets
STORET
Parameter No.
299
300
310
335
530
535
556
560
610
623
625
630
665
666
671
720
1002
1007
1012
1027
1032
1034
1042
1045
1051
1055
1067
1077
1082
1087
1092
1097
1105
31616
32101
32103
32104
32105
Parameter
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Analysis by Probe
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
5 Day Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Low Level Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Total Non-Filterable Residue
Volatile Non-Filterable Residue
Oil and Grease (Freon Extr.-Grav. Method)
Oil and Grease (Freon Extr.-IR Method)
Total Nitrogen and Ammonia
Dissolved Kjeldahl Nitrogen
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
Total Nitrite and Nitrate
Total Phosphorous
Dissolved Phosphorous
Dissolved Orthophosphate
Cyanide
Arsenic
Barium
Berylium
Cadmium
Hexavalent Chromium
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Silver
Strontium
Vanadium
Zinc
Antimony
Aluminum
Fecal Coliform
Bromodichloromethane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Bromoform
Dibromochloromethane
Units
MG/L
MG/L
MG/L
MG/L
MG/L
MG/L
MG/L
MG/L
MG/L
MG/L
MG/L
MG/L
MG/L
MG/L
MG/L
MG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
/100ML
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
4-71
-------
Table 4-10. (Continued)
STORE!
Parameter No.
32106
32730
34010
34336
34423
34475
34496
34506
34531
34596
39032
39100
39110
39180
39300
39330
39340
39356
39370
39415
39500
39516
39630
39632
45617
46342
70300
71890
71900
77093
77416
77825
80082
81284
81408
81551
81552
Parameter
Chloroform
Phenols
Toluene
Diethyl Phthalate
Methylene Chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1-Dichloroethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Di-N-Octyl Phthalate
Pentachlorophenol (PCP)
Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate
Di-N-Butyl Phthalate
Trichloroethylene
P,P'DDT
Aldrin
Gamma-BHC (Lindane)
Metolachlor (Dual)
DDT
Metolachlor
PCB-1248
PCB
Total Atrazine
Dissolved Atrazine
1,2-Dichloroethene
Alachlor (Lasso)
Total Filterable Residue (Dried at 180°C)
Dissolved Mercury
Total Mercury
Cis-1 ,2-Dichloroethylene
2-Methylnapthalene
Alachlor
Carbonaceous 5 Day BOD at 20°C
Trifluralin
Metribuzin (Sencor)
Xylene
Acetone
Units
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
MG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
MG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
UG/L
Source: STORET, 1997.
4-72
-------
87°30'
87" 15'
-1^.
U)
I I
MILES
0 I 3 )
5 KILOMETERS
Figure 4-25. Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Canal
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Water Final—April 2001
GCR/IHSC
fact, the flow of the river during dry periods
can be solely from discharges from these point
source outfalls (U.S. EPA, 1994a). The ,. . , ^ .. „ ,.
• Historic Water Quality Problems
contribution of surface water runoff and other
Industrial and Municipal Effluents
Metals, Cyanide, Bacteria, etc.
A Great Lakes Area of Concern
nonpoint sources is limited because of the
relatively small watershed (HydroQual, 1985).
The East Branch of the GCR is dominated by
discharges of noncontact cooling water and
process water from U.S. Steel in Gary (U.S.
EPA, 1994a). The flow of the West Branch
comes from the treated effluents from the Hammond Sewage Treatment Plant and the East Chicago
Sanitary District; however, the eastern portion of the West Branch flows east toward the IHSC, while
the western portion primarily flows to the west into Illinois to the Cal-Sag Channel and, eventually,
to the Mississippi River (IDEM, 1991). IHSC is an important transportation pathway; however, the
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (U.S. ACOE) has not dredged it since 1972 because of difficulty in
disposing the highly-contaminated sediments (IDEM, 1997a). The Indiana Harbor is one of the most
highly contaminated harbors in the Great Lakes, and the sediments are a source of contamination to
the water column (U.S. EPA, 1994a).
More than 33 studies have been undertaken to monitor water quality in the GCR/IHSC
system. The biennial water quality (305(b)) assessment from IDEM for 1994-95 (IDEM, 1996a)
reported that the system continues to have persistent water quality problems, especially for cyanide,
ammonia, and bacteria (E. coli). The entire river, as well as IHSC, is "nonsupporting for both
aquatic life and recreational use," with probable causes of oil and grease, lead, PCBs, pesticides,
mercury, ammonia, and combined sewer overflows (CSOs) (IDEM, 1996a). IDEM's 305(b) report
also recognized that water quality has been improving. While contaminant levels are lower than in
the past, some still exceed applicable water quality standards. New water quality standards were
promulgated by IDEM on March 3, 1990, to help upgrade the use of GCR/IHSC as whole body
contact recreation waters (IDEM, 1991; U.S. EPA, 1994a). Part of the improvement in water quality
has been demonstrated in the resident populations of several species of fish, including salmonids.
However, it must be noted that the GCR/IHSC has a Group 5 fish consumption advisory (warning
4-74
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Water Final—April 2001
people not to consume any fish) because of the high levels of PCBs, mercury, and other
contaminants. In fact, all 1994 fish tissue samples from the IHSC had PCB concentrations that
exceeded 2.0 ppm (total), and the system has the highest levels offish contamination in the State
(IDEM, 1996a).
The numerous studies and assessments of the GCR/IHSC confirm IDEM's conclusions in
its 305(b) report. Previous studies conducted by EPA and other organizations have reported very
high levels of contaminants in these waterbodies. Major contaminants of concern include metals,
PCBs, PAHs, phenol, cyanide, as well as bacteria (U.S. EPA, 1991 a). Ranges of select water quality
parameters from monitoring activities from the late 1970s and 1980s are presented in Table 4-11.
Data from 1988 water quality monitoring in the GCR/IHSC indicated that metals, ammonia,
phosphorus, oil and grease, cyanide, and PCBs were present at levels that exceeded standards
(IDEM, 1991). Of particular concern were mercury, copper, lead, and cadmium. A 1988 survey
detected 24 of 145 organic compounds in ambient water samples (IDEM, 1991). Select
contaminants in the GCR/IHSC water column identified in the Indiana 305(b) water quality report
for 1988-89 are presented in Table 4-12. 1,2-dichloroethane was identified at levels that exceeded
water quality standards. Similarly, monitoring data from 1988-89 show that dissolved oxygen levels
are chronically low; levels in portions of the West Branch of the GCR were measured several times
at 0.0 milligrams per liter (mg/L) (IDEM, 1991). Water quality monitoring results from studies
conducted in 1988 in the Grand Calumet River are presented by EPA (1994a). Sample results for
select toxic metals and 1,2-Dichloroethane from the water column were averaged to produce mean
concentrations. A value of one-half the detection limit was used by EPA (1994a) for deriving the
mean values. Table 4-13 presents the mean concentrations of these pollutants.
Water quality monitoring in the GCR/IHSC, conducted in 1983 by HydroQual (1985),
studied dissolved oxygen (DO) levels. Surveys conducted in the system during September and
October 1983 found that DO levels were generally lowest in the Canal. Specifically, the East Branch
had DO levels well above the water quality standards of 4.0 mg/L. The West Branch of the Grand
4-75
-------
Table 4-11. Ranges of Water Quality Parameters in the Grand Calumet River
and Indiana Harbor Ship Canal in Lake County, IN
Parameter
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Fecal Coliforms
Oil & Grease
BOD
COD
Hardness (CaC03)
Cyanides
Ammonia
Nitrogen, Kjeldahl
Nitrate
Nitrite
TOC
Phenols
Total Phosphorus
Ortho Phosphorus
Concentration
O.001 - 0.003 mg/L
<0.0001 - 0.0007 mg/L
<1.0-8.0^g/L
<1.0-61.0|ig/L
210-6,OOO^g/L
<1.0-28.0Aig/L
<1.0-2.5/zg/L
4.0 - 24.0 ,wg/L
20.0-410-Ojug/L
210 - 270,000 mg/L
1.3 -20.0 mg/L
1.0 -41.0 mg/L
0.5 - 30 mg/L
30 - 360 mg/L
0.01 -0.1 7 mg/L
0.06 -11.0 mg/L
0.1 -81.7 mg/L
0.9- 10.2 mg/L
0.01 - 1.8 mg/L
2.3 - 7.9 mg/L
< 1.0- 64.0 //g/L
<0.01 -0.58 mg/L
<0.01 -0.30 mg/L
4-76
-------
Table 4-11. Ranges of Water Quality Parameters in the Grand Calumet River
and Indiana Harbor Ship Canal in Lake County, IN (continued)
Parameter
Sulfate
Fluoride
Chloride
IDS
TSS
DO
Temperature
Specific Conductance
PH
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Concentration
22 - 5,900 mg/L
0.1-4.7mg/L
11 -438 mg/L
162- 9,100 mg/L
<1.0- 16.0 mg/L
2.9 - 9.9 mg/L
35.0- 15.0 Degrees C
240-1, 800 uS/cm
6.1 -8.6
15-360^g/L
//g/L = micrograms per liter
mg/L = milligrams per liter
fj. S/cm = micro Siemens per centimeter
Source. U S. EPA, 199la.
4-77
-------
Table 4-12. Pollutants Identified in Ambient Surface Water of the
Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Ship Canal in 1988-89
Chemical
Arsenic
Copper
Lead
Cyanides
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Concentration Cug/L)
10-13
25-112
10-14
5-19
5 - 40,500
/j.gfL = micrograms per liter
Source: IDEM, 1991
4-78
-------
Table 4-13. Mean Surface Water Contaminant Levels from 1988 Monitoring
of the Grand Calumet River
Chemical
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Chromium (hexavalent)
Copper
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Mean Concentration (mg/L)
0.076
0.0021
0.049
0.0077
0.021
0.21
0.0017
0.0038
0.068
0.26
mg/L = milligrams per liter
Source: U.S. EPA, 1994a.
4-79
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CCRJ Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Water
Final—April 2001
Dissolved Oxygen
Critical to Aquatic Life
Chemical/Biological Wastes and
Nutrients Contribute to Reduced
DO Levels
Water Quality Standard for DO
Is4mg/L
Calumet River had DO levels of 7 mg/L (near
the junction with the East Branch), but much lower
levels towards the west, when they were below
standards (HydroQual, 1985). To the west of the
State line, DO levels were extremely low (near
6.0 mg/L during the September survey and
around 2.0 mg/L during the October survey).
Similarly, the West Branch of the Grand
Calumet River had much higher concentrations
of suspended solids, phosphorous, as well as
fecal coliform measurements in excess of 10,000 per 100 mL. Overall, this system exhibited
improved water quality relative to similar measurements from the 1970s (HydroQual, 1985).
Ambient water quality monitoring data for the years 1990-1995 were obtained from STORET
(1997) to characterize environmental levels of pollutants in the GCR/IHSC. Select parameters of
interest were identified from STORET to represent water quality: several conventional parameters
(dissolved oxygen, nutrients, etc), numerous toxics (metals, organics, pesticides), and bacteria (fecal
coliform). Seven monitoring stations were used to measure water quality in GCR/IHSC
(Table 4-14). Available monitoring results from STORET for this waterbody are presented in Tables
4-15 and 4-16, as minimum, maximum, and average concentrations for data collected between 1990
and 1995. Contaminants present in the water column of the GCR included metals, volatile organics,
and pesticides. Similarly, the IHSC contained numerous metals. The GCR had some of the highest
concentrations of pollutants in the entire study area. Specifically, 14 pollutants were found in the
GCR at the highest levels of all waterbodies. These pollutants included metals, pesticides, cyanide,
VOCs, nutrients, and oil and grease.
4-80
-------
Table 4-14. Water Quality Monitoring Stations in
the Grand Calumet River and the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal
Water Body
Grand Calumet River
Indiana Harbor
Ship Canal
Station ID
170159
1 74343
170162
4092750
170143
170147
1 70204
Sec. ID
GCR37
GCR42
.GCR34
IHC3W
IHC3S
,IHC 0
Name of Station
'GRAND CALUMET R & KENNEDY AVE AT Ml POINT 14.51
GRAND CALUMET-GARY BRIDGE STREET BR Ml PT 42
GRAND CALUMET R. AT CALUMET AVE AT MILE PT 1 1 .46
INDIANA HARBOR CANAL AT EAST CHICAGO, IN
LAKE GEORGE CANAL & INDPLS BLVD AT Ml PT 3.2
INDIANA HBR CANAL & COLUMBUS DR.AT MILE PT 3.2
IND HARBOR CANAL.MOUTH.LAKE MI.AT MILE POINT 0
Source- STORET, 1997
4-81
-------
Table 4-15. Pollutant Levels in Grand Calumet River (1990-1995)
Pollutant and Units Years Sampled No. of Total Minimum 'Mean Maximum
Stations Samples Detected Detected Detected
DO MG/L
BOD 5 DAY MG/L
COD LOWLEVEL MG/L
RESIDUE TOT NFLT MG/L
OIL-GRSE FREON-GR MG/L
NH3 + NH4- N TOTAL MG/L
TOT KJEL N MG/L
NO2&N03 N-TOTAL MG/L
PHOS-TOT MG/L P
CYANIDE CN-TOT MG/L
ARSENIC AS.TOT UG/L
BARIUM BAJOT UG/L
CADMIUM CD.TOT UG/L
CHROMIUM CR.TOT UG/L
COPPER CU.TOT UG/L
IRON FEJOT UG/L
LEAD PB.TOT UG/L
MANGNESE MN UG/L
NICKEL NIJOTAL UG/L
ZINC ZN.TOT UG/L
ANTIMONY SB.TOT UG/L
1,2-DICHLOROETHANE TOTUG/L
BROMOFRM WHL-WTR UG/L
PHENOLS TOTAL UG/L
METHYLENECHLORIDE TOTWUG/L
DI-N-OCTYL PHTHALATE TOTUG/L
BISI2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE UG
DI-N-BUTYL PHTHALATE TOTAL UG/
ALDRIN TOT UG/L
GAMMABHC LINDANE TOT UG/L
MERCURY HGJOTAL UG/L
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990,1994,1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1993
1990
1990
1990-1995
1992
1992
1991-1992
1992
1990
1990
1990-1995
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
1
1
2
3
1
2
2
1
1
3
154
74
204
172
1
202
132
201
157
100
129
140
5
28
38
175
77
5
14
85
29
1
1
17
3
1
3
2
1
1
32
1.4
1
5.2
4
4'
0.1
0.5
01
0.03
0.01
0.8
10
2
4
4
180
6
40.
4
10
07
59
28
5
15
36
2 3
1.4
0.05
0.02
0 1
7.62
3.5
25 11
17.54
4
1.37
3 15
2.18,
0.26
0.01
1.53
28.49
2
7.46
10.74
970.47
15.91.
106.8
5 36
46.35
29.33
59
28
935
16.33
36
50 77
1 5
005
0.02
0.13
12.3
24
390
223
4
25
28
19
2.2
0.17
4
130
2
20
42
6800
130
160
7
170
180
5.9
2.8
23
19
36
130
1.6
0.05
0.02
03
Source STORET, 1997.
4-82
-------
Table 4-16. Pollutant Levels in Indiana Harbor Ship Canal (1990-1995)
Pollutant and Units
DO MG/L
BOD 5 DAY MG/L
COD LOWLEVEL MG/L
RESIDUE TOT NFLT MG/L
RESIDUE VOL NFLT MG/L
OIL-GRSE FREON-GR MG/L
NH3 + NH4- N TOTAL MG/L
TOT KJEL N MG/L
NO2&N03 N-TOTAL MG/L
PHOS-TOT MG/L P
PHOS-DIS ORTHO MG/L P
CYANIDE CN-TOT MG/L
ARSENIC AS.TOT UG/L
BARIUM BA.TOT UG/L
CADMIUM CDJOT UG/L
CHROMIUM HEX-VAL UG/L
CHROMIUM CRJOT UG/L
COPPER CUJOT UG/L
IRON FE.TOT UG/L
LEAD PB.TOT UG/L
MANGNESE MN UG/L
NICKEL Nl.TOTAL UG/L
ZINC ZN.TOT UG/L
PHENOLS TOTAL UG/L
RESIDUE DISS-1 80 C MG/L
MERCURY HGJOTAL UG/L
Years Sampled No. of Total Minimum Mean Maximum
Stations Samples Detected Detected .Detected
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1994,1995
1990
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1993
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1992,1994
4
3
3
4
1
3
3
4
3
4
1
3
3
3
1
1
3
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
161
78
202
406
11
3
196
213
201
207
14
111
167
136
2
1
12
38
166
25
49
1
50
10
54
13
35
1
5.9
1
4
1
0 1
0.3
03
0.03
0.01
0.01
07'
10
2
25
4
4
53
6
10
5
10
5
180
0.1
7.55
2.32
14.16]
10.25.
6'
4
0.59
1.19!
1.39
006
0.02
0.01
1 5
24.35
2
25!
7.25'
5.26.
73547
956
45.73
5
364
8.6
27476
Oil
12.7
5.7
40
46
12
7
1.7
5.2
2.2
0.16
0.05
0.06
3
50
2
25
27
10
3300
20
120
5
170
15
403
0.2
Source. STORET, 1997.
4-83
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Water
Final—April 2001
4.2.2 Water Quality of Lake Calumet and Associated Waterbodies
Lake Calumet and Tributaries
> Historic Problems Include Point Source
Contamination and Physical Alterations
> Current Sources Include Loadings from
Tributaries and Runoff from Waste
Disposal Sites
The Lake Calumet area shows signs of
degradation from more than a century of
industrial development and alteration of its
physical features and hydrology. Some areas
of Lake Calumet have been filled, other areas
dredged; both exacerbate pollution problems
(Ross et al., 1988). Concerns over sewage
and industrial discharges of biological waste
prompted efforts in the early 1900s to reverse
the flow of the Calumet River away from Lake Michigan, a source of drinking water (Bhowmik and
Fitzpatrick, 1988). Such early efforts included construction of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal
and the Cal-Sag Channel to carry polluted waters from the Chicago and Calumet Rivers away from
Lake Michigan. Despite the history of severe contamination of Lake Calumet, the Calumet River,
and related tributaries in the southern portion of Cook County, EL, evidence exists that conditions
have improved in the second half of the century (Bhowmik and Fitzpatrick, 1988).
Past loadings to these waterbodies contaminated not only the surface water, but the associated
sediments and biota. Studies in the 1960s and 1970s of the Lake Calumet area determined that all
of the streams were contaminated to some degree. Major pollutants identified were PCBs, heavy
metals, fecal coliform, ammonia, cyanide, phenolic compounds, and others (Fitzpatnck and
Bhowmik, 1990). As shown in Figure 4-26, Lake Calumet is lined on the east with waste disposal
sites, while its west side is bordered by industries and highways (Ross et al., 1988). Key factors that
influence water quality include the dredging/use of Lake Calumet for navigation, the regulation of
flow by the O'Brien Lock and Dam, and nearby industry/waste sites. While some point source
discharges and leaching of contaminants from waste sites pose problems, CSOs also impact water
quality in the Lake Calumet area. The combined sewer system in the Chicago area is operated by
the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRDGC). Flows in excess of
capacity have traditionally been discharged into adjacent waterbodies through CSOs. In the mid-
1970s, the City of Chicago indicated that 45 percent of the total pollutants to the rivers of the area
4-84
-------
LAKE MICHIGAN
(CALUMET MABBORl
Figure 4-26. Landfills and Waste Disposal Sites in the Greater Lake Calument Area
Source: Bhowmik and Fitzpatrick, 1988.
4-85
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Water Final—April 2001
were attributable to the estimated 100 overloads per year (Bhowmik and Fitzpatrick, 1988). The
Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (TARP) system was implemented to prevent sewer overflows from
polluting the rivers in Cook County and Lake Michigan (DEPA, 1994). TARP consists of a series
of tunnels that provide an excess storage capacity of about 1-billion gallons to accommodate
overflows from significant rain storms. Only during the most severe storms is this excess capacity
of the TARP exceeded, resulting in discharge of untreated sewage into waterways. Bypasses to Lake
Michigan at the Wilmette Pumping Station, Chicago River Controlling Works, and the O'Brien Lock
and Dam occurred 12 times in the 1970s, 18 times in the 1980s, and only 3 times in the early 1990s
(ffiPA, 1994). Recent data from EPA (1996c) indicate that bypasses of the locks/dams to Lake
Michigan have not occurred since November 1990.
Monitoring conducted by the Illinois State Water Survey (ISWS) during 1987 and 1988
quantified levels of five metals and other contaminants in the water column in tributaries to Lake
Calumet (Fitzpatrick and Bhowmik, 1990). Ten sampling sites in ditches, sewer outfalls, drainage
from landfills, and runoff from sewage sludge drying beds were monitored (Figure 4-27), five for
routine measurements and an additional five for comparison and special monitoring (Table 4-17).
Concentrations of metals in water samples were identified at several locations, with maximums as
high as 98 mg/L for zinc, 65 mg/L for chromium, 4.4 mg/L for cadmium, and 12.5 mg/L for lead.
Table 4-18 summarizes the levels of contaminants measured by ISWS during 1987 and 1988 in Lake
Calumet tributaries (Fitzpatrick and Bhowmik, 1990). Results from this monitoring included:
• Arsenic - More than half of the 30 samples from 6 locations were below the
detection limit (0.007 mg/L). Concentrations detected for each of the six sites ranged
from 0.008 to 0.17 mg/L, with the highest levels found in drainage from landfill areas
east of Lake Calumet (Sewer F).
• Cadmium - Fifty-three samples from 10 locations were analyzed for cadmium. Only
two samples had levels above the detection limits (0.06 to 0.008 mg/L) including 4.4
mg/L in drainage from the MWRDGC sludge drying beds and 0.010 mg/L from
landfills east of the Lake (Sewer F).
4-86
-------
Ditch on
117th SL
Ditch on
122nd SL
SCALE OF FEET
0 1000 2000 3000
' '
1/2
SCALE OF KILOMETERS .
.E»=:?=,,5::=«SF^%x\.
Figure 4-27. Surface Water Monitoring Sites Around Lake Calumet
Source: Bhowmik and Fitzpatrick, 1988.
-------
Table 4-17. Monitoring Sites Used by the Illinois State Water Survey in Tributaries
of Lake Calumet in 1987-88
Sample Name/Location/Description
CLA- Drainage from 1-94, Doty Avenue, and fill areas west of the lake (± 35 acres)
Pullman Creek (CLB) -1-94, IDOT pump station and landfill areas west and north of the lake (± 150 acres
Indian Treaty Creek (CLC) - Drainage from wetlands north and east of the lake (± 200 acres)
Sewer F (CLF) - Drainage from landfill areas east of the lake (± 60 acres)
Sewer £ (CLE) - Drainage from holding pond/sludge drying beds south of lake
Additional Sites
Calumet River at 130th St.
Roadside ditch on 122nd Street near Stony Island Avenue receiving landfill area drainage
Roadside ditch on Stony Island Avenue at 107th Street receiving MWRDGC sludge bed drainage
Roadside ditch on Stony Island Avenue at 117th Street receiving landfill area drainage
Indian Treaty Creek (CLD)
Source: Fitzpatrick and Bhowmik, 1990.
4-88
-------
Table 4-18. Contaminants Detected in Tributaries to Lake Calumet in 1987-1988
Contaminant
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Zinc
Frequency of
Detection
12/29
2/53
7/53
6/53
44/53
Minimum Detected
(mg/L)
0.008
0.010
0.10
0.12
0.014
Maximum Detected
(mg/L)
0.17
4.4
65
12.5
98
Source: Fitzpatrick and Bhowmik, 1990.
4-89
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Water Final—April 2001
Chromium - Fifty-three samples were analyzed for chromium, from 10 locations.
Seven samples had levels above the detection limits (0.08 to 0.10 mg/L), with a range
from 0.10 to a maximum of 65 mg/L in drainage from the MWRDGC sludge drying
beds.
Lead - Lead was analyzed for in 53 samples from 10 locations, 6 of which had levels
above the detection limits (0.06 to 0.08 mg/L). Lead levels detected ranged from
0.12 to 12.5 mg/L, with the highest in waters from the MWRDGC sludge drying
beds.
Zinc - Of 53 samples tested for zinc, 44 had levels above the detection limits. Zinc
was detected ranging from 0.014 to 98 mg/L, with the maximum from a sample of
runoff from the MWRDGC sludge drying beds.
Fitzpatrick and Bhowmik (1990) combined water concentration data with information
collected on the flows of tributaries/sources to determine loadings to Lake Calumet. Drainage from
the MWRDGC sludge drying beds (at 107th Street and Stony Island Avenue) was the largest
measured source of pollutants to the wetland areas on the east side of Lake Calumet. Pullman Creek
was determined to be the largest direct input of arsenic, lead, and chromium to Lake Calumet, with
total loadings of toxic metals of more than 4 pounds per hour (Fitzpatrick and Bhowmik, 1990).
Ross et ai. (1988) assessed water quality in Lake Calumet as part of a multimedia evaluation
of the overall contamination problems in the area. It was concluded that Lake Calumet is a "severely
disturbed system" that has been impacted by physical alteration, chemical contamination, and other
anthropogenic insults (Ross et al., 1988). Problems with Lake Calumet were found to include the
presence of industry, waste sites, and major highways. Drainage of Lake Calumet is controlled by
Pullman Creek and the O'Brien Lock and Dam, and sediment contamination results in pollutants
being released to the water column. Major pollutant loadings to Lake Calumet also come from
CSOs, including an estimated 47 percent of the biological oxygen demand (BOD). Ross et al. (1988)
estimated that the annual loadings of about 2,500 of 7,000 tons of BOD that enter the Little Calumet
River system are from Indiana. Similarly, about one-third of the ammonia coming into the system
is believed to have originated from the West Branch of the Grand Calumet River in Indiana and
flowed toward Lake Calumet.
4-90
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CCRJ Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Water
Final—April 2001
Ambient water quality monitoring data for the years 1990-1995 were obtained from STORET
(1997) to characterize environmental levels in rivers and streams in the Lake Calumet area and
southeast Cook County: (1) the Calumet and Little Calumet Rivers, (2) Thorn Creek, and (3)
Calumet River Channel and Calumet Harbor. Monitoring was conducted from three, one, and seven
monitoring stations, respectively. Table 4-19 presents the seven locations in Calumet River Channel
and Calumet Harbor. Data on levels of contaminants detected are presented in Tables 4-20,4-21,
and Table 4-22 respectively. These data include minimum, maximum, and average concentrations
for various metals and conventional parameters detected in the Calumet and Little Calumet Rivers
in 1990. Monitoring results for the Calumet River Channel and Calumet Harbor are from 1994 and
1995. A fecal coliform measurement from 1992 in Thorn Creek was 127,000 per 100 mL, one of the
highest reported in waterbodies in the study area.
4.23 Water Quality of Select Streams and Rivers in Cook County, IL
Recent water quality assessments of
streams and rivers in this area by IEPA
(1997a) were provided as part of the State
water quality reporting (305(b)) program.
These assessments classified water quality as
"good," "fair," or "poor" based on a variety
of chemical, physical, and biological
parameters that are routinely monitored.
Assessments of the Great Lakes/Calumet
River watersheds (an area larger than Cook
County) indicated that the streams and rivers
were in "fair" condition. Specifically, of the
393 stream miles assessed, 9 percent were "good," 81 percent were "fair," and 10 percent were in
"poor" condition (EPA, 1997a). Figure 4-28 displays lEPA's (1996c) assessment of streams and
rivers in Cook County, IL, for 1994-95; descriptions of the conditions of select waterbodies are
summarized below:
Streams and Rivers in Cook County
• Many Major Waterbodies Assessed as
Fair to Poor Condition
- Chicago River
- Little Calumet River
- Cal-Sag Channel
- Sanitary and Ship Canal
• Levels of Contaminants in Chicago
River Among the Highest in
Study Area
4-91
-------
Table 4-19. Water Quality Monitoring Stations in
the Calumet River Channel and Calumet Harbor
Water Body
Calumet River
Channel and
Calumet Harbor
(including near CDF)
Station ID
CHDF04A94
CHDF04B94
CHDF07
CHDF0594
CHDF06
CHDF8A94
CHDF8B94
Sec. ID 'Name of Station
CALUMET RIVER CHANNEL
CALUMET RIVER CHANNEL
CALUMET HARBOR-ALONG CHICAGO AREA
CALUMET HARBOR
CALUMET HARBOR-ALONG CHICAGO AREA
CALUMET HARBOR
CALUMET HARBOR
Source: STORET, 1997
4-92
-------
Table 4 - 20. Pollutant Levels in Calumet River and Little Calumet River (1990)
Pollutant and Units Years
DO MG/L
NH3 + NH4- N TOTAL MG/L
KJELDL N DISS MG/L
TOT KJEL N MG/L
PHOS-TOT MG/L P
PHOS-DIS MG/L P
PHOS-DIS ORTHO MG/L P
CHROMIUM CR.TOT UG/L
IRON FEJOT UG/L
LEAD PB,TOT UG/L
MANGNESE MN UG/L
NICKEL Nl.TOTAL UG/L
SILVER AG.TOT UG/L
ZINC ZN.TOT UG/L
ALUMINUM ALJOT UG/L
RESIDUE DISS-1 80 C MG/L
Sampled 'No. of Total Minimum Mean Maximum
: Stations Samples Detected .Detected Detected
1990,1994:
1990:
1990
1990
1990,
1990'
1990
1990
1990
1990.
1990
1990
1990'
1990
1990
1990
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
38
2
3
3
3
3.
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
34
0.29
1
1 2
1 2
0.96
0.99
3
510
5
110
5
1
30
180
561
5.49
1 35
1.9
2.33
1.63
1.45
1.3
3.5
755
7
125
55
1
60
340
671 5
143
2.4
3.6
4 1
2.2
2 1
1.8
4
1000
9
140
6
1
90
500
782
Source: STORET, 1997.
4-93
-------
Table 4 - 21. Pollutant Levels in Thorn Creek (1990-1995)
Pollutant and Units
00 PROBE MG/L
DO MG/L
COD LOWLEVEL MG/L
RESIDUE TOT NFLT MG/L
RESIDUE VOL NFLT MG/L
OIL-GRSE FREON-GR MG/L
NH3 + NH4- N TOTAL MG/L
TOT KJEL N MG/L
N02&NO3 N-TOTAL MG/L
PHOS-TOT MG/L P
PHOS-DIS MG/L P
CYANIDE CN-TOT MG/L
ARSENIC AS.TOT UG/L
BARIUM BA.TOT UG/L
CADMIUM CDJOT UG/L
CHROMIUM CRJOT UG/L
COPPER CU.TOT UG/L
IRON FEJOT UG/L
LEAD PB.TOT UG/L
MANGNESE MN UG/L
NICKEL Nl.TOTAL UG/L
SILVER AG.TOT UG/L
STRONTUM SR.TOT UG/L
VANADIUM V.TOT UG/L
ZINC ZN.TOT UG/L
ALUMINUM AL.TOT UG/L
FECAL COLIFORM/100ML
PHENOLS TOTAL UG/L
MERCURY HG.TOTAL UG/L
'Years Sampled No. of Total 'Minimum Mean Maximum
.Stations Samples Detected Detected Detected
1990-1995
1990-1992,
1990-1993
1990-1995,
1990-1995
1990-1991,1994
1990-1995
1992
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995.
990-1991,1994-1995
1992'
1990-1995
1994-1995.
1990-1993
1990-1995'
1990-1995
1990-1994
1990-1995
1990-1994'
1992, 1995
1990-1995
1990-1994
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990
1992
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
!•
2
21
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
55
27
64
81
81
9
83
2
83
83
81
6
2
83'
3:
36
29
80
24
83'
29
2
83
8
26
76
18
2
2
52
5.8
15
3
1
1
0.02
1.3
1.1
0.37
0.26
0.01
3,
22
3
5
5
190
5
24
7
5
113
6
51
140
180
3
02
8.3
8.22
31.02'
41 48
974
267
0.34
1.3
4.4
2 35
2.02
0.01
2.6
37.8,
3.33
1361
11 07
1354.18
8.94
95.09
1748
6.5
340.79
8.75
109.81
95967
26172.22
3
0.16
12.3
11.9
57
176
54
6
1.2
1.3
12.5
18.11
17.47
0.02
3
118
4
86
28
8940
25
210
36
8
541
12
250
6189
1 27000
3
02
Source. STORET, 1997.
4-94
-------
Table 4 - 22. Pollutant Levels in Calumet River Channel
and Calumet Harbor (1994-1995)
Pollutant and Units Years Sampled 'No. of Total Minimum , Mean Maximum
Stations Samples Detected Detected Detected
DO MG/L
RESIDUE TOT NFLT MG/L
OIL-GRSE FREON-IR MG/L
NH3 + NH4- N TOTAL MG/L
TOT KJEL N MG/L
PHOS-TOT MG/L P
CYANIDE CN-TOT MG/L
RESIDUE DISS-1 80 C MG/L
MERCURY HG.DISS UG/L
1994-1995
1994-1995
1994
1994-1995
1994-1995
1994-1995
1994
1994-1995
1994
2
7
1
5
7
2
1
7
2
16,
66
1'
24
24
5
1
98
2
2 2
5
7.3.
0.2
0.8.
0.07;
0.02
110
03
745
12.23'
73
0.41
1 02
0.16
002
176.43
0.46.
14.1
120
7.3
089
1.5
0.3
002
250
06
Source- STORET, 1997
4-95
-------
Figure 4-28. Water Quality Assessments of Streams and Rivers
in the Cook County, IL Area for 1994-95
AWQMN Site
Basin Survey Site
AWQMN Site/Basin Survey Site
N Full Support
N Full Threatened
Partial Minor
Partial Moderate
Non-Support
Source: IEPA, 1996.
4-96
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Water Final—April 2001
• North Branch Chicago River: 21 stream miles assessed; 100 percent rated as
having "fair" overall resource quality. Water quality problems were mainly a result
of nutrients and pathogens from urban runoff.
• Little Calumet River - North: 8 stream miles assessed; 6 miles rated as "fair," while
the remaining 2 miles were rated as "poor." Nutrients, habitat alteration, metals, and
organic enrichment (low-dissolved oxygen) from municipal and industrial point
source pollution and hydrologic/habitat modifications have impacted the river.
• Little Calumet River - South: 16 stream miles assessed; 7 miles rated as "fair," and
the remaining 9 miles as "poor." The river has been impacted by nutrients,
pathogens, siltation, and organic enrichment (low-dissolved oxygen) from municipal
point sources and urban runoff.
• Thorn Creek: 20 stream miles assessed; all 20 miles were rated as having "fair"
overall resource quality. The creek was impacted by nutrients, siltation, and
pathogens from construction and urban runoff.
Other waterbodies in Cook County, EL, assessed by EEPA (1997a) included the Cal-Sag Channel
"poor," the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal "poor," and the Des Plaines River "fair." All 16.1
miles of the Cal-Sag Channel and 25 miles of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal were rated as
"nonsupport for aquatic life use support" (IEPA, 1996c). Most (80 percent) of the Des Plaines River
were rated as "partial support with minor impairment," while 17 percent were "partial
support/moderate impairment," and 3 percent were "full/threatened." The segment of the Des
Plaines that was "full/threatened," however, was not located in Cook County, EL (IEPA, 1996c).
The previous DEPA water quality report for 1992-93 assessed water quality in several
subbasins in the Cook County, EL, area (EEPA, 1994). These assessments used a five-level scale to
indicate the quality of the waterbodies with respect to various chemical, physical, and biological
attributes. Waterbodies assessed included the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, the Chicago River
system, the Cal-Sag Channel, and the Calumet River system. More than 60 percent of the stream
miles of this highly-urbanized area were rated as "partial support/moderate impairment" (fourth
lowest rating of five). Figure 4-29 displays the 1992-93 water quality assessment of select
streams/rivers in the area. IEPA (1994) rated the entire length of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship
4-97
-------
AWQMNSite
Basin Survey Site
AWQMN/Basin Survey Site
IFufl Support
Full Threatened
Partial Minor
H Partial Moderate
• Non-Support
Gt* • \
• COOK «\ V
I
\
l«cci« VX'«
/G21 •'^X / i
HCCCO*
i — ~*GL«n tficcar
DUPAGE * IGO^L
GBKtl i i
QBL11 I 015 i
f^_it^ '
*.--., ,-— A * g-yj '
uBKIM V *>*« t
• GLAOjT
AGBU»
Legend
a
GA
ac
OF
GG
GGA
GHE
GJ
GK
GL
GLA
GO
GVJ
GV
aw
GWA
08
GBAA
OK
G8K
08X07 GU01 *)«»
*GeK« i* VJ,
* GBL10 | GLOB A*
D»lPI«irm R
Grant Ci
jKkianCr
3uav Run
HKKoryCr
Lang Run Cr
FtagCr
MICf
Widow Cr
Indiana
•M Or
MMCr
N Mill Cr
DuPaQa R
Rock Run
UlyCadwCr
GBL
(H
HC
HCC
HCCA
MCC8
HCCC
HCCD
H
HF
HA
HAS
HAA
HB
HBA
HBO
H80A
HBOC
HBE
E Or DuPaftR
CMc 3«n 1 Ship Canal
S 3r Chicago R.
N a< CMcaao R
W. Fh. N Br CMC. R
Md Fk N Br Che. R
SkokwR.
UOcCalumotR N
Grand Catumx R
CalumalR.
MrttolhujnCr
Thorn Cf
Monti c/
Daw Or.
P*mCr.
G8K12
Source: [EPA. 1994.
Figure 4-29. Water Quality Assessments of Streams and Rivers
in the Cook County, IL Area for 1992-93
4-98
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Water Final—April 2001
Canal, a large portion of the Chicago River System, and most tributaries of the Little Calumet River
and the Cal-Sag Channel as "partial support/moderate impairment."
The 1992-93 EPA 305(b) report also assessed water quality of tributaries to Lake Michigan.
While the Chicago and Calumet Rivers were historically tributaries of Lake Michigan, they were
diverted to avoid contamination of the city's drinking water supply. Water is diverted away from
Lake Michigan at the Wilmette Pumping Station, Chicago River Controlling Works, and the O'Brien
Lock/Dam (IEPA, 1994). Bypasses have been occasionally necessary to avoid flooding during
periods of heavy rain; however, there were no bypasses in 1991 and 1993 (EPA, 1994). Of the
Chicago River system (including in South Branch, North Branch, North Shore Channel, and the
Middle Fork North Branch), 95 percent were rated as having "partial support/moderate impairment"
water quality (EPA, 1994). Furthermore, 67 percent of the Grand Calumet River, the Little Calumet
River, and the Cal-Sag Channel were rated as "not supporting aquatic life use" (EPA, 1994). This
lowest rating, on a five-point scale, was found attributable to nutrients, ammonia, and low-dissolved
oxygen.
U.S. EPA Region 5 sampled surface water contamination in 1983 in the South Deering
section of Chicago (Sanders, 1983). Water samples from three locations were collected for total
metals, mercury, arsenic, VOCs, and organics scan analyses. Sampling was conducted in ditches and
ponds along the Norfolk and Western Railroad tracks west of Torrance Avenue. Metals identified
in these samples at concentrations above EPA Rule 203 General Water Quality Standards included
boron, copper, manganese, and iron (Sanders, 1983). In addition to the metals, five VOCs were
identified at low levels: 1,2-dichloroethane, chlorobenzene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and
1,1-dichloroethane. Other organic compounds were also detected in the analyses. In general, some
levels of pollutants were identified in all three sampling locations, with the northern sampling
location having the highest concentrations (Sanders, 1983). Table 4-23 summarizes data for these
metals, volatile organics, and other organic compounds detected in these waterbodies in the South
Deering area of Southeast Chicago.
Ambient water quality monitoring data for 1990-1995 were obtained from STORET to
characterize pollutant levels in the Cal-Sag Channel, the Chicago River, and the Des Plaines River
4-99
-------
Table 4-23. Summary of Contaminants Detected in Select Waterbodies
in South Deering, Chicago in 1983
Contaminant Concentrations*
Boron
Chromium
Copper
Manganese
Iron
1,2 Dichloroethane
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Carbon Tetrachloride
1,1 Dichloroethane
Aniline
Phenol
4-methylphenol
Isophorone
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
1.02-1.43mg/L
8.4 -39.1 Mg/L
25. 4 Mg/L
1.4mg/L
1.23- 5.88 mg/L
1 -16 Mg/L
3.5 Mg/L
30 Mg/L
0.7 Mg/L
0.5 Mg/L
30 ,ug/L
8.7 Mg/L
73 Mg/L
40 Mg/L
60 Mg/L
* Concentrations presented for metals (except chromium) are those positive samples whose
concentrations were determined by U.S. EPA Region 5 to exceed IEPA Rule 203 General
Water Quality Standards.
mg/L = milligrams per liter
Mg/L = micrograms per liter
Source: Sanders, 1983
4-100
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Water
Final—April 2001
(STORET, 1997). The monitoring stations used to represent these waterbodies are listed in
Table 4-24. Available monitoring results from STORET for these waterbodies are presented in
Tables 4-25,4-26, and 4-27 as minimums, maximums, and average concentrations for parameters
detected. The Cal-Sag Channel, Chicago River, and the Des Plaines River have concentrations of
VOCs in addition to metals and conventional pollutants from monitoring conducted from 1990 to
1995. Specifically, 11 pollutants were found in the Chicago River at their highest concentrations in
the study area. These pollutants included numerous VOCs such as chloroform, methylene chloride,
tetrachloroethylene, and xylene. Levels of fecal coliform in these waterbodies include maximums
of 32,000 per 100 mL in the Cal-Sag Channel, 46,000 per 100 mL in the Chicago River, and 55,000
per 100 mL in the Des Plaines River.
4.2.4 Water Quality of Streams and Rivers in Lake County, IN
Some of the major streams/rivers in
Lake County, IN, (other than the GCR/IHSC)
include the Kankakee and Little Calumet
Rivers. The portion of the Kankakee River that
borders Lake County was assessed by IDEM
(1996a) in the 305(b) report as "fully
supporting aquatic life use." The Little
Calumet River was assessed as "nonsupporting
for aquatic life and recreational uses," which
could be associated with municipal point
sources, CSOs, and other sources. The western
portion of the Little Calumet, which flows into Illinois, has exceeded water quality standards for
numerous parameters including DO and cyanide and also had high levels of bacteria. During 1994-
95, DO violations were found in 42 percent of the samples; this was after several years of
improvement in DO in the 1988-93 time period (IDEM, 1996a). High amounts of E. Coli bacteria
were found in 75 percent of the samples taken in this portion of the Little Calumet and cyanide was
also found at excessive levels in 33 percent of the samples in 1994-95 in this portion of the River
(IDEM, 1996a).
Rivers in Lake County, IN
Kankakee River - Fully Supporting
Aquatic Life Use
Little Calumet River - Nonsupporting
for Aquatic Life and Recreational
Uses
- Low Dissolved Oxygen
- Cyanide
- Very High Bacteria Levels
4-101
-------
Table 4 - 24. Water Quality Monitoring Stations in
Select Streams and Rivers in Cook County, IL
Water Body ||Station ID Sec. ID
Cal-Sag Channel
Chicago River
Des Plaines River
5536700
46044
5536000
48116
48443
5529000
5530590
5532500
47005
H 01
H 01
HCC07
HCCC02
HCC07
G 22
G 15
G 39
G 15
Name of Station
CALUMET SAG CHANNEL AT SAG BRIDGE, IL
CAL-SAG CHANNEL AT RT 83 NE LEMONT
NORTH BRANCH CHICAGO RIVER AT NILES, IL
MD FK N BR CHICAGO R CO LN OEERFIELD RD
N BR CHICAGO R TOUHY AV CHICAGO
DES PLAINES RIVER NEAR DES PLAINES, IL
DES PLAINES RIVER NEAR SCHILLER PARK, IL
DES PLAINES R BARRY PT RD RIVERSIDE
.DES PLAINES R IRVING PK RD SCHLR PK
Source: STORET, 1997.
4-102
-------
Table 4 - 25. Pollutant Levels in Cal-Sag Channel (1990-1995)
Pollutant and Units Years Sampled No. of 'Total Minimum Mean 'Maximum
Stations Samples ; Detected Detected Detected
DO PROBE MG/L
DO MG/L
COD LOWLEVEL MG/L
RESIDUE TOT NFLT MG/L
RESIDUE VOL NFLT MG/L
OIL-GRSE FREON-GR MG/L
NH3 + NH4- N TOTAL MG/L
TOT KJEL N MG/L
N02&NO3 N-TOTAL MG/L
PHOS-TOT MG/L P
PHOS-DIS MG/L P
CYANIDE CN-TOT MG/L
ARSENIC AS.TOT UG/L
BARIUM BA.TOT UG/L
CADMIUM CD.TOT UG/L
CHROMIUM CRJOT UG/L
COPPER CU.TOT UG/L
IRON FE.TOT UG/L
LEAD PB.TOT UG/L
MANGNESE MN UG/L
NICKEL NIJOTAL UG/L
SILVER AG.TOT UG/L
STRONTUM SR.TOT UG/L
VANADIUM V.TOT UG/L
ZINC ZN.TOT UG/L
ALUMINUM AL.TOT UG/L
FECAL COLIFORM /100ML
CHLRFORM TOTUG/L
PHENOLS TOTAL UG/L
METHYLENECHLORIDE TOTWUG/L
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE TOTWUG/
1 1 1TRICHLOROETHANE TOTWUG/L
1 2DICHLOROETHANE TOTWUG/L
MERCURY HG.TOTAL UG/L
1990-1995
1990-1992
1990-1993
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995'
1990-1995
1990-1995'
1990-1995'
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1991,1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995,
1990-1995
1990-1992
1991,1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1992
1990-1995
1990-1992,1995
1990-1991,1994
1990
1990-1992
1990-1992,1995
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2'
2
2
1
2
2
2.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
56
23
60
77
76
2
79
78
78
78
71
55
53
79
3
29
30
77
63
76,
11
4
79
27
33
73
19
1
50
8
7
3
3
9
0
4
17
4
1
2
033
0.5
08
0.36
0.21
0.01
1
7
4
7
5
110
5
44
7
3
62
5
57
120
10
28
4
1
1
1
1
0.05
5 72
6 16
31.92
42.23
9 96
2
2.7
4.14
2.34
1 33
1.11
0.01
2.59
3286
4 33
8 97i
9.57'
1222.49
11 45
94.21
17.27
5.75
235.8
689
12076'
704 11
6059.48
2.8
10.7
1 75
1 57
1 67
1 33
007
10
10
64
236
34
2
7.8
98
7
4 1
3.53
0.04
5
68
5
20
26
6900
53
180
40
8
364
12
270
3097
32000
28
66
4
4
2
2
0 1
Source STORET, 1997
4-103
-------
Table 4 - 26. Pollutant Levels in Chicago River (1990-1995)
Pollutant and Units ' Years Sampled No. of Total 'Minimum Mean Maximum
.Stations .Samples Detected Detected Detected
00 PROBE MG/L
DO MG/L
COD LOWLEVEL MG/L
RESIDUE TOT NFLT MG/L
RESIDUE VOL NFLT MG/L
OIL-GRSE FREON-GR MG/L
NH3 + NH4- N TOTAL MG/L
TOT KJEL N MG/L
NO2&NO3 N-TOTAL MG/L
PHOS-TOT MG/L P
PHOS-DIS MG/L P
CYANIDE CN-TOT MG/L
ARSENIC ASJOT UG/L
BARIUM BA.TOT UG/L
CADMIUM CD.TOT UG/L
CHROMIUM CR.TOT UG/L
COPPER CU,TOT UG/L
IRON FE.TOT UG/L
LEAD PBJOT UG/L
MANGNESE MN UG/L
NICKEL NIJOTAL UG/L
SILVER AG.TOT UG/L
STRONTUM SR.TOT UG/L
VANADIUM V.TOT UG/L
ZINC ZN.TOT UG/L
ALUMINUM AL,TOT UG/L
FECAL COLIFORM /100ML
PHENOLS TOTAL UG/L
MERCURY HG,TOTAL UG/L
BROMODICHLOROMETHANE UG/L
DIBROMOCHLOROMETHANE UG/L
BROMOFORM UG/L
CHLOROFORM UG/L
METHYLENE CHLORIDE UG/L
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE UG/L
1 1 1TRICHLOROETHANE UG/L
TRICHLOROETHYLENE UG/L
CIS-1,2-DICHLOROETHENE UG/L
XYLENE
1990-1995
1990-1992
1990-1993
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990,1993-1995
1990-1992,1995
1990-1995
1990
1990,1994-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1991
1991
1990-1995
1994
1991-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1 990-1 992
1 990-1 993
1991
1990
1990-1994
1990-1992
1991
1990-1992
1990-1991
1990-1991
1991
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
53
23
57
76
76
6
75
75;
76
76
72
6
43
76
2
!!•
32
74
19.
76
6
5
76
1
21
72
22
39
14
8
2
2
25
2
2
3
2
2
1
4.2
4.4
12
5
1
1
0.06
0.2-
1 1
023
0.14'
0.01
1
22
6
5
5
93
5
14
9
6'
130
6
50
120
1
3
0.06
1
1
1
1
1
6
0.8
1
1
10
831
8.51
27
2933
7.58
1.33
026
1 48
472
086
075
0.01
1 84
37.17
6
6.82
B.5
761 19
8.3
6758
1533
9.2
322.78
6
80.14
52549
4740.72
749
012
2
1 5
2.5
388
3
205
26
28.5
19
10
13.5
13.1
60
212
40
2
1
3.3
9.8
2.06
1 9
0.03
5
60
6
10
17
3200
20
140
20
12
435
6
200
3200
46000
24
02
8
2
4
52
5
404
5
56
37
10
Source STORET, 1 997
4-104
-------
Table 4 - 27. Pollutant Levels in Des Plaines River (1990-1995)
Pollutant and Units
DO PROBE MG/L
DO MG/L
COD LOWLEVEL MG/L
RESIDUE TOT NFLT MG/L
RESIDUE VOL NFLT MG/L
OIL-GRSE FREON-GR MG/L
NH3 + NH4- N TOTAL MG/L
TOT KJEL N MG/L
NO2&N03 N-TOTAL MG/L
PHOS-TOT MG/L P
PHOS-DIS MG/L P
CYANIDE CN-TOT MG/L
ARSENIC AS.TOT UG/L
BARIUM BA.TOT UG/L
CADMIUM CD.TOT UG/L
CHROMIUM CR.TOT UG/L
COPPER CU.TOT UG/L
IRON FE.TOT UG/L
LEAD PB.TOT UG/L
MANGNESE MN UG/L
NICKEL Nl.TOTAL UG/L
SILVER AG.TOT UG/L
STRONTUM SR.TOT UG/L
VANADIUM V.TOT UG/L
ZINC ZNJOT UG/L
ALUMINUM AL.TOT UG/L
FECAL COLIFORM /100ML
BROMOFRM WHL-WTR UG/L
CHLRFORM TOTUG/L
PHENOLS TOTAL UG/L
METHYLENECHLORIDE TOTWUG/L
PCP TOT UG/L
GAMMABHC LINDANE TOT.UG/L
METOLACHLOR (DUAL) UG/L
ATRAZINE WHL SMPL UG/L
RESIDUE DISS-1 80 C MG/L
MERCURY HG.DISS UG/L
MERCURY HG.TOTAL UG/L
ALACHLOR TOTAL UG/L
MTRBUZIN TOT UG/L
Years Sampled No. of Total Minimum Mean Maximum
Stations Samples Detected Detected Detected
1990-1995'
1990-1992
1990-1993
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
990-1991,1994-1995
1990-1992,1995
1990-1995
1990-1992
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995'
1990-1995.
1990-1995
1990-1994
990-1991,1994-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1991
1992-1994
1990-1995
1990-1991
1990-1991
1990
1990
1990-1991
1990-1992
1992
1991-1992
1990-1991
1990
3
2
5.
5
5
1
5
3
5
5
5
5
3
5
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
168
47
157
215
214
1
213
137
215
215
209
15
78
215
26
74
91
215
46
215
45
10
215
24
64
214
70
3
5
48
2
4
1
4
5
27
1
9
4
1
5.4
5.5
17
1
1
4
0.01
045
0.5
0.17
0.07
0.01
1
22
0.1
5
5
260
2
24
5
3
150
5
54
120
30
2
0.9
3
2
0.01
0.02
011
021
453
0.05
005
005
02
9.06
8.86
36.15
36.73
8.79
4
0.29:
1 74
486
0.68
056
001
228
37.6
0.52'
13.04
8 1
967.17
8.1
79 18
11 84
6 1
447.19
6.42
124.08,
637.04
7800.2
2
0.98
8.3
2
0.03
002
084
0.87
707 7T
005
009
051
0.2
14.2
12.2
240
238
40
4
3.2
5 7
11
1 79
1.67
0.01
5
57
3
122
36
4705
34
178
26
11
800
9
534
3100
55000
2
1
35
2
0.06
002
2 7
2.7
1012
005
02
1.4
0.2
Source STORET, 1997
4-105
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Water Final—April 2001
Ambient water quality monitoring data for the years 1990-1995 were obtained from STORE!
to characterize environmental levels in streams and rivers in Lake County, IN. Other than the
GCR/EHSC (discussed in Section 4.2.1) the streams/rivers for which STORE! has data, include: (1)
Little Calumet River, (2) Kankakee River, and (3) Wolf Lake Channel. The monitoring stations for
these waterbodies are summarized on Table 4-28. Available monitoring results from STORE! for
(1) Little Calumet River, (2) Kankakee River, and (3) Wolf Lake Channel are presented in Tables
4-29,4-30, and 4-31, respectively. The Kankakee River had the highest concentrations of several
pollutants (alachlor, atrizine, and metolachlor) in the study area. Similarly, the Little Calumet River
had the highest measures of certain nutrient parameters, as well as the highest fecal coliform level
(163,000 per 100 mL) in the study area.
4.2.5 Water Quality of Lakes in Cook County, IL
IEPA (1997a) assessed water quality in 33 lakes, covering 2,777 acres, in the Great
Lakes/Calumet River watershed (an area larger than Cook County, IL). Overall resource quality is
"good" on 819 acres (29%), "fair" on 1,916 acres (69%), and "poor" on 42 acres (2%) (IEPA,
1997a). Figure 4-30 displays the assessed lakes for 1994-95. The primary causes of water quality
problems in these lakes are siitation, suspended solids, priority organics, metals, and habitat
alterations attributed to land disposal and contaminated sediments. EEPA's (1997a) assessments of
select lakes in the Great Lakes/Calumet River watershed are presented below:
Wolf Lake: Created during the 1920s by filling a quarry. The surface area (419
acres) receives water from its 500-acre watershed and from groundwater infiltration.
Water input also comes from American Maize and Lever Brothers Company, which
draw and use Lake Michigan water for cooling water purposes and then discharge it
into Wolf Lake. The overall resource quality is rated as "good." Pollutants to the
lake include nutrients, suspended solids, siitation, organic enrichment (low-dissolved
oxygen), and noxious aquatic plants. Primary pollution sources include urban runoff,
shoreline erosion, and contaminated sediments.
• Skokie Lagoons: Cham of inter-connecting lagoons in Cook County, EL, that were
built in the late 1930s by damming the Skokie River. Total surface area is 225 acres,
and water is received from a 14,722-acre watershed. The overall resource quality of
Skokie Lagoons is considered "fair." Causes of pollution include nutrients, organic
4-106
-------
Table 4 - 28. Water Quality Monitoring Stations in
Stream/Rivers in Lake County, IN
Water Body
Kankakee River
Little Calumet River
Wolf Lake
Station ID
5518000
5536195
5536195
170155
160189
Sec. ID
HB 42
HB 42
LCR 13
WL SL
Name of Station
KANKAKEE RIVER AT SHELBY, IN
LITTLE CALUMET RIVER AT MUNSTER, IND.
L CALUMET R S HOLMAN AV IND ST LINE MUNSTER
LITTLE CALUMET R & HOHMAN AVE AT Ml POINT 13
WOLF LAKE AT STATE LINE CULVERT
IN
.34
Source- STORET, 1997.
4-107
-------
Table 4 - 29. Pollutant Levels in Little Calumet River (1990-1995)
Pollutant and Units
DO PROBE MG/L
DO MG/L
BOD 5 DAY MG/L
COD LOWLEVEL MG/L
RESIDUE TOT NFLT MG/L
RESIDUE VOL NFLT MG/L
OIL-GRSE FREON-GR MG/L
NH3 + NH4- N TOTAL MG/L
TOT KJEL N MG/L
N02&NO3 N-TOTAL MG/L
PHOS-TOT MG/L P
PHOS-DIS MG/L P
CYANIDE CN-TOT MG/L
ARSENIC ASJOT UG/L
BARIUM BA.TOT UG/L
CADMIUM CD.TOT UG/L
CHROMIUM CRJOT UG/L
COPPER CUJOT UG/L
IRON FE.TOT UG/L
LEAD PB.TOT UG/L
MANGNESE MN UG/L
NICKEL Nl.TOTAL UG/L
SILVER AG.TOT UG/L
STRONTUM SR.TOT UG/L
VANADIUM VJOT UG/L
ZINC ZNJOT UG/L
ALUMINUM AL.TOT UG/L
FECAL COLIFORM /100ML
CHLRFORM TOTUG/L
PHENOLS TOTAL UG/L
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE UG/L
PCP TOT UG/L
TRICHLOR ETHYLENE TOT UG/L
MERCURY HGJOTAL UG/L
C-1 ,2DCE TOTAL UG/L
Years Sampled No. of Total Minimum Mean Maximum
Stations Samples 'Detected Detected Detected
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990.1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1992
1992-1993,1995
1990-1995
990-1991,1993-1994
1990-1995
1990-1995
990-1991.1993-1995
1990,1992,1994
1990-1994
1994
1990
1994
1990-1995
1994
1
2.
1
3
3
2
1
3
2
3
3
2
3
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
3
1
1
1
3
1.
56!
76
25'
134
1471
80
1
148
82
152
153
81
105
107
821
3
38
40
82'
27
82
26
3
82
14'
27
77
17
3
45
1
1
1
14
1
1.6
24
1
12
7
2
1
0 1
07'
08
005
0.06
001
07
27
4
5
5
420
5
66
7
4
130
6
50
160
190
1
2
5
0.01
2
0.07
1
7.27
8.01
265
3424
54.78
13.15,
1
0.44
1.84
2.99
0.44
0.28
001
1.77
47.2
4
14.26
9.17
2105 03
7.64
156.71
16.5
5
420.39
6.86
96.82
121984
45748.76
1
9.82
5
001
2
0.1
1
13
13
4.6
70
256
42
1
1.9
3.9
9.3
1 8
0.98
0.08
6
94
4
82
21
6295
15
370
30
7
920
8
150
4200
163000
1
45
5
0.01
2
01
1
Source STORET, 1997
4-108
-------
Table 4 - 30. Pollutant Levels in Kankakee River (1990)
Pollutant and Units
NO2&NO3 N-TOTAL MG/L
METLCHLR WTR DISS UG/L
ATRAZINE WHL SMPL UG/L
ATRAZINE DISS. PPB
ALACHLOR WTR DISS UG/L
ALACHLOR TOTAL UG/L
Years Sampled ' No. of Total Minimum 'Mean Maximum
Stations Samples 'Detected .Detected Detected
1990 1
1990 1
1990 1
1990 1
1990 1
1990 1
4
3
1
3
3
1
1.9
0.3'
56
0.77
0.3
3.2
3
059
5.6
2.31'
1 09,
3.2.
4.1
1.1
5.6
4.4
2.8
3.2
Source- STORET, 1997.
4-109
-------
Table 4-31
Pollutant Levels in Wolf Lake Channel
for 1990-1995
Pollutant and Units
DO MG/L
BOD 5 DAY MG/L
COD LOWLEVEL MG/L
RESIDUE TOT NFLT MG/L
OIL-GRSE FREON-GR MG/L
NH3 + NH4- N TOTAL MG/L
N02&N03 N-TOTAL MG/L
PHOS-TOT MG/L P
CYANIDE CN-TOT MG/L
ARSENIC AS.TOT UG/L
COPPER CU.TOT UG/L
LEAD PB.TOT UG/L
ZINC ZN.TOT UG/L
ANTIMONY SBJOT UG/L
METHYLENECHLORIDE TOTWUG/L
1 1 1TRICHLOROETHANE TOTWUG/L
BIS2ETHYLHEXYLPHTHALATE UG/L ,
Years Sampled No. of Total Minimum Mean
Stations .Samples Detected Detected
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1992-1993,1995
1990-1991
1990-1991
1990
1990-1991
1991
1991-1992
1991
1990-1991
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
42
18
56
45
1
20
27
35
5
4
3
1
3
1
2
1
3
7.5
1.3
4
2
2.
0 1
01
0.03
0.01
1
5
12
10
2
54
1.5
20
10.6
221
2018
11 56
2
022
027
0.04
001
2.4
7
12
20
2
10.7
1.5
193.33
Maximum
Detected
14.9
4.6
39
36
2
0.3
0.7
0.07
0.02
4
11
12
30
2
16
1.5
340
Source. STORET. 1997
4-110
-------
Legend
QZE
QZF
QZH
QZI
QZK
QZL
QZM
QZV
RGA
RGB
RGC
RGD
RGE
RGF
RGG
RGI
RGJ
RGK
RGL
RGM
RGN
RGP
RGR
RGT
RGV
RGW
RGX
RGZA
RGZB
RGZD
RGZE
RGZF
RGZG
RGZI
RGZK
RGZM
RGZN
RGZO
RGZQ
RGZR
RGZS
RGZV
RGZW
RGZX
RGZY
RHA
RHB
RHD
RHE
RHG
RHH
RHI
RHJ
RHK
RHL
RHO
RHP
RHQ
RHR
RHS
RHT
RHU
RHV
RHW
RHX
RHY
RHZA
RHZB
RHZC
RHZD
RHZE
RHZF
RHZH
JACKSON PK LGN EAST
WASHINGTON PK LGN
JACKSON PK LGN WEST
DIVERSY HARBOR
LINCOLN PK NORTH PND
LINCOLN PK SOUTH PND
JACKSON PK SOUTH LGN
SAND POND
BRUCE
DIAMOND
LINDEN
SILVER
BECK
OPEKA
CHURCHILL LAGOON
GAGES
BUTLER
GRAYS
BIG BEND
SAND
BRIARWOOD CENTRAL
MINEAR
CHARLES
LIBERTY
DRUCE
THIRD
DEER
CROOKED
HASTINGS
MILTMORE
SLOUGH
SYLVAN
FOREST
ARBOR
POTOMAC
VALLEY
INVERNESS (PHEASANT)
TAMPIER LAKE
AXEHEAD
BELLEAU
ELLYN
S. RIDGE (WESTBURY)
JOHNSON SLOUGH
BUSSE WOODS
BROWNS
WOLF
HUMBOLDT PARK LAGOON
MAPLE
MARQUETTE PARK LAG.
POWDERHORN
SANGANSHKEE SL
S AUK TRAIL
SKOKIE LAGOONS
ELEANOR
WAUMPUM
CALUMET
LORIN
LYNWOOD
GEORGE
TURTLEHEAD
COLUMBUS PARK LAG.
SHERMAN PARK LAGOONS
CRESTVIEW
GARFIELD PK. LAGOON
DOUGLAS PARK LAGOON
MC KINLEY PK. LAGOON
GOMPERS PARK LAGOON
HORSETAIL
PAPOOSE
PARK LAKE
ARROWHEAD
BULLFROG
SAG QUARRY WEST
WGA
WGB
WGC
WGD
WGE
WGF
WGG
WGH
WGK
WGL
WGM
WGN
WGQ
WGR
WGS
WGU
WGX
WGZC
WGZG
WGZI
WGZJ
WGZK
WGZL
WGZM
WGZN
WGZO
WGZQ
WGZR
WGZS
WGZT
WGZU
WGZV
MEADOW
MARMO
STERLING POND
ACORN
HIDDEN VALLEY
MEADOWLAKE W.
OAKTON
PARK
SALEM-REED
MEADOWLAKE E.
HERRICK
WESTBURY
HARPER
LOST ISLAND
WATERFORD (WALDEN)
OLD MILL
MALLARD
CRABAPPLE
GROVE
OLD SCHOOL
STERLING
DEEP QUARRY
PICKEREL
SPRING WGD,
WILLOW
IDA >
BLACKBIRD
HIDDEN
MUD WGN
SHERMERVILLE L
BIG BEAR
LITTLE BEAR ^
./
WGRA£-^
A / A
WGZL0 J
r \i\tcz\
/ ^fc VVVJ>
) ^^
( — ^WGZK
(
<
( s^ WGM
1 ^k A
RGD0 A
WGZS 9 WG
^^•^
'-O
WGZN ef
its
WGZML
J
S
(
\
)
/
c
\
/
(
V
X.
p
\
)
(
)
(
Key
Monitored
/\ Evaluated
9 Full Support
0 Full/Threatened
9 Partial/Minor
9 Partial/Moderate
9 Non Support
.WGE
QZL
Source: IEPA, 1996.
RHS
RGE
WGG
RGL
RGZR
RGF —•*•* WGH
~ "• RGZQ
Figure 4-30. Water Quality Assessments of Lakes
in the Cook County, IL, Area for 1994-95
4-111
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Water Final—April 2001
enrichment (low-dissolved oxygen), suspended solids, and siltation. Primary sources
of pollution include urban runoff, construction, combined sewer overflows, and
shoreline erosion. The quality of Skokie Lagoons is improving.
Douglas Park Lagoon: Located in Cook County, EL, this 19-acre lake was built in
the late 1800s for the 1902 World's Fair, by excavating a lowland area near Lake
Michigan. The overall resource quality of the lagoon is considered "good." Causes
of pollution to the lake include nutrients, organic enrichment (low-dissolved oxygen),
siltation, and suspended solids. The primary source of pollution is urban runoff.
In the previous water quality report for 1992-93,105 lakes in the Des Plaines/Lake Michigan
River Basin were assessed by EEPA (1994) as part of its 305(b) program (Figure 4-31). While about
60 lakes had "fully supported" or "full/threatened" water quality ratings, several had lower water
quality assessments, including:
Tampier Lake - "non supporting";
Jackson Park Lagoons - "partial/moderate";
Lynwood Lake - "partial/moderate";
Lake George - "partial/moderate"; and
Lorin Lake - "partial/moderate."
STORET data for surface water quality were examined for select lakes in Cook County, EL
(STORET, 1997). Table 4-32 displays the sampling stations for select lakes. In general, the lakes
characterized had more complete data sets and higher levels of contaminants as reported in STORET
than other lakes in Cook County. (Wolf Lake, which lies on the border between Illinois and Indiana,
is discussed further under Section 4.2.6.) Pollutant levels for detected parameters from monitoring
conducted between 1990 and 1995 are presented on Tables 4-33 through 4-38 for Garfield Lagoon,
Lincoln North Pond, Sherman Park Lagoon, Skokie Lagoons, Tampier Lake, and Washington
Lagoon. All of these systems had detectable levels of metals. Lincoln North Pond and Washington
Lagoon had low levels (0.06 ,ug/L) of pentachlorophenol found in 1991. Finally, Sherman Park
Lagoon and Skokie Lagoons had fecal coliform levels of 4,200 and 22,000 per 100 mL, respectively.
4-112
-------
Legend
QZE JACKSON PK LGN EAST
QZF WASHINGTON PK LGN
QZH JACKSON PK LGN WEST
QZI DIVERSY HARBOR
QZK LINCOLN PK NORTH PND
QZL LINCOLN PK SOUTH PND
QZM JACKSON PK SOUTH LGN
QZV SAND POND
RGA BRUCE
RGB DIAMOND
RGC LINDEN
RGD SILVER
RGE BECK
RGF OPEKA
RGG CHURCHILL LAGOON
RGI GAGES
RGJ BUTLER
RGK GRAYS
RGL BIG BEND
RGM SAND
RGN BRIARWOOD CENTRAL
RGP MINEAR
RGR CHARLES
RGT LIBERTY
RGV DRUCE
RGW THIRD
RGX DEER
RGZA CROOKED
RGZB HASTINGS
RGZD MILTMORE
RGZE SLOUGH
RGZF SYLVAN
RGZG FOREST
RGZI ARBOR
RGZK POTOMAC
RGZM VALLEY
HGZN INVERNESS (PHEASANT)
RGZO TAMPIER LAKE
RGZO AXEHEAD
RGZR BELLEAU
RGZS ELLYN
RGZV S. RIDGE (WESTBURY)
RGZW JOHNSON SLOUGH
RGZX BUSSE WOODS
RGZY BROWNS
RHA WOLF
RHB HUMBOLDT PARK LAGOON
RHD MAPLE
RHE MARQUETTE PARK LAG
RHG POWDERHORN
RHH SANGANSHKEE SL
RHI SAUK TRAIL
RHJ SKOKIE LAGOONS
RHK ELEANOR
RHL WAUMPUM
RHO CALUMET
RHP LORIN
RHQ LYNWOOD
HHR GEORGE
HHS TUHTLEHEAD
RHT COLUMBUS PARK LAG.
RHU SHERMAN PARK LAGOONS
RHV CRESTVIEW
RHW GARFIELD PK. LAGOON
RHX DOUGLAS PARK LAGOON
HHY MC KINLEY PK. LAGOON
HHZA GOMPERS PARK LAGOON
HHZB HORSETAIL
RHZC PAPOOSE
RHZD PARK LAKE
RHZE ARROWHEAD
RHZF BULLFROG
RHZH SAG QUARRY WEST
Source: IEPA, 1994.
WGA
WGB
WGC
WGD
WGE
WGF
WGG
WGH
WGK
WGL
WGM
WGN
WGQ
WGR
WGS
WGU
WGX
WGZC
WGZG
WGZI
WGZJ
WGZK
WGZL
WGZM
WGZN
WGZO
WGZQ
WGZR
WGZS
WGZT
WGZU
WGZV
MEADOW
MARMO
STERLING POND
ACORN
HIDDEN VALLEY
MEADOWLAKE W,
OAKTON
PARK
SALEM-REED
MEADOWLAKE E.
HERRICK
WESTBURY
HARPER
LOST ISLAND
WATERFORD (WALDEN)
OLD MILL
MALLARD
CRABAPPLE
GROVE
OLD SCHOOL
STERLING
DEEP QUARRY
PICKEREL
SPRING
WILLOW
IDA
BLACKBIRD
HIDDEN
MUD RGZV
SHERMERVILLE
BIG BEAR
LITTLE BEAR
•WGZJ
RGZK
RGZA\H ^RQZB
RGZF
RGW
RGV
RGT
WG
RHJ
WGZI
;GZU
l/VGZV
WGK.
WGE_
_ RGZY
RGX WGF _
RGZN •
IWGQ WGZT
ABRGZX WGH
—*GF
WGR RGZQ
Key
Monitored
/\ Evaluated
• Full Support
• Full/Threatened
• Partial/Minor
I Partial/Moderate
• Non Support
WGL
*RHJ
RHZD
A
WGZG
DU PAGE
WGC
WGZS
I WGZM
I WGZN
RGN
A ,
IRGQ
RGR
I B WGZC- |
RGZI RGZW ,
COOK
I RGZO
QZK
I WGZO
Figure 4-31. Water Quality Assessments of Lakes
in the Cook County, IL, Area for 1992-93
4-113
-------
Table 4 - 32. Water Quality Monitoring Stations in
Lakes in Cook County, IL
Water Body
Garfield Lagoon
Lincoln North Pond
Sherman Park Lagoon
Skokie Lagoons
Tampier Lake
Washington Lagoon
Station ID
RH-A04-W-2
RH-A04-W-3
QZ-A02-K-1
RH-A04-U-1
RH-A04-U-2
RH-A03-J-3
RH-A03-J-1
RH-A03-J-2
RG-B03ZO-1
QZ-A04-F-1
QZ-A04-F-2
Sec. ID
.RHW-2
•RHW-3
QZK-1
'RHU-1
,RHU-2
RHJ-3
RHJ-1
RHJ-2
RGZO-1
QZF-1
QZF-2
Name of Station
GARFIELD PK NW END OF LAKE
GARFIELD PK SITE 3 MID-EAST POOL
LINCOLN NORTH POND MID N END
SHERMAN PARK LAGOON SITE 1
SHERMAN PARK LAGOON SITE 2
SKOKIE LAGOONS SITE 3 SE VOLTZ RD DAM BY IS. PT
SKOKIE LAGOONS SITE 1 NEAR DAM
SKOKIE LAGOONS ST 2 N LG IS. S TOWER RD DAM
TAMPIER L SITE 1 100 YD E DAM
WASHINGTON LAGOON SITE 1 MID W SIDE
WASHINGTON PK SE CORNER OF LAKE
Source: STORET, 1997
4-114
-------
Table 4 - 33. Pollutant Levels in Garfield Lagoon (1991)
Pollutant and Units Years Sampled No. of Total Minimum Mean Maximum
.Stations Samples Detected Detected Detected
DO PROBE MG/L
COD LOWLEVEL MG/L
RESIDUE TOT NFLT MG/L
RESIDUE VOL NFLT MG/L
NH3 -f NH4- N TOTAL MG/L
TOT KJEL N MG/L
PHOS-TOT MG/L P
PHOS-DIS MG/L P
ARSENIC AS.TOT UG/L
BARIUM BAJOT UG/L
MANGNESE MN UG/L
STRONTUM SRJOT UG/L
ALUMINUM AL.TOT UG/L
FECAL COLIFORM /100ML
PCP TOT UG/L
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991,
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
91
15
15
15
14
15
15
14
1
1
1
1
1
7
1
59
9
1
1
0.01
0.3
0.01
0
20
22
7
110
54
10
0.01
1037
13
2.93
26
0.02
0.49
002
001
20
22
7
110'
54
112.86
0.01
134
26
9
5
0.07
09
005
002
20
22
7
110
54
610
0.01
Source. STORET, 1997.
4-115
-------
Table 4 - 34. Pollutant Levels in Lincoln North Pond (1991)
Pollutant and Units
DO PROBE MG/L
COD LOWLEVEL MG/L
RESIDUE TOT NFLT MG/L
RESIDUE VOL NFLT MG/L
NH3 + NH4-N TOTAL MG/L
TOT KJEL N MG/L
N02&N03 N-TOTAL MG/L
PHOS-TOT MG/L P
PHOS-DIS MG/L P
ARSENIC AS.TOT UG/L
BARIUM BA.TOT UG/L
CHROMIUM CR.TOT UG/L
COPPER CU.TOT UG/L
IRON FE,TOT UG/L
MANGNESE MN UG/L
NICKEL Nl.TOTAL UG/L
STRONTUM SR.TOT UG/L
VANADIUM V,TOT UG/L
ALUMINUM AL.TOT UG/L
FECAL COLIFORM /100ML
PCP TOT UG/L
Years Sampled No. of Total ' Minimum Mean Maximum
Stations Samples Detected Detected .Detected
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
i 1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.
1
1
1
1
35
11
11
11
10
11.
2
11
11
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
7
1
52
13
7
6
0.01
0.6
01
003
0.01
36
37
6
12
1257
45
8
121
6
831
4
0.06
8.48
36.46
32.09
17.64
0.04
1.03
0.15
0.09
0.01
36
37
6
12
1257
45
8
121
6
831
82.71
0.06,
13.7
73
61
35
0.11
2
0.2
0.17
0.02
36
37
6
12
1257
45
8
121
6
831
220
0.06
Source: STORET. 1997
4-116
-------
Table 4 - 35. Pollutant Levels in Sherman
Pollutant and Units
DO PROBE MG/L
RESIDUE TOT NFLT MG/L
RESIDUE VOL NFLT MG/L
NH3 + NH4- N TOTAL MG/L
TOT KJEL N MG/L
N02&N03 N-TOTAL MG/L
PHOS-TOT MG/L P
PHOS-DIS MG/L P
FECAL COLIFORM /100ML
Park Lagoon (1994-1995)
Years Sampled No. of Total Minimum Mean Maximum
Stations Samples .Detected Detected Detected
1994-1995'
1994-1995
1994-1995
1994-1995
1994-1995
1994-1995
1994-1995
1994-1995
1994-1995
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
m
17
14
16
21
1
22
22
4
1.8
1
1
0.01
0.1
0.1
0.01
0
200
1046
341
3.14
0.02
0.43
0.1
003
0.02
1280
15.6
9
8
0.1
1.2
0.1
0.08
0.07
4200
Source. STORET, 1997.
4-117
-------
Table 4 - 36. Pollutant Levels in Skokie Lagoons (1990-1995)
Pollutant and Units
DO PROBE MG/L
BOD 5 DAY MG/L
COD LOWLEVEL MG/L
RESIDUE TOT NFLT MG/L
RESIDUE VOL NFLT MG/L
NH3 + NH4- N TOTAL MG/L
KJELDL N DISS MG/L
TOT KJEL N MG/L
NO2&NO3 N-TOTAL MG/L
PHOS-TOT MG/L P
PHOS-DIS MG/L P
FECAL COLIFORM /100ML
RESIDUE DISS-1 80 C MG/L
Years Sampled, No. of Total Minimum Mean Maximum
.Stations Samples Detected 'Detected Detected
1990-1995
1990-1994
1990-1993
1990-1995.
1990-1995
1990-1995
1993'
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995
1990-1995'
1990-1994
1993
3
3
3
3
3
3
3.
3
3
3
3
3
1
1206
219
192
248
246
244
3
245
116
248
242
31
1
0
1
18
1
1
001
0.71
0.7
0.01
0.02
0.01
10,
592
8.08
5.39
36.37'
22.42
8.2
0.19'
0.8|
1.52'
059
0 18
009
116403'
592
17.9
20
255
98
33
2 1
0.9
4.4
5.4
0.92
065
22000
592
Source: STORET, 1997.
4-118
-------
Table 4-37. Pollutant Levels in Tampier Lake (1992)
Pollutant and Units
DO PROBE MG/L
COD LOWLEVEL MG/L
RESIDUE TOT NFLT MG/L
RESIDUE VOL NFLT MG/L
NH3 + NH4- N TOTAL MG/L
TOT KJEL N MG/L
PHOS-TOT MG/L P
PHOS-DIS MG/L P
Years Sampled No. of Total Minimum 'Mean Maximum
Stations Samples Detected Detected Detected
1992 1
1992 1
1992 1
1992 1
1992 1
1992 1
1992 1
1992 1
9 44
1 48
1, 36
1 10
1 012
!• 1.6
1 0.11
1 001
5.29
48
36
10
0.12
1 6
0.11
0.01
5.8
48
36
10
0.12
1.6
0.11
0.01
Source- STORET, 1997
4-119
-------
Table 4-38. Pollutant Levels in Washington Lagoon (1991)
Pollutant and Units
DO PROBE MG/L
COD LOWLEVEL MG/L
RESIDUE TOT NFLT MG/L
RESIDUE VOL NFLT MG/L
OIL-GRSE FREON-GR MG/L
NH3 + NH4- N TOTAL MG/L
TOT KJEL N MG/L
NO2&N03 N-TOTAL MG/L
PHOS-TOT MG/L P
PHOS-DIS MG/L P
ARSENIC AS.TOT UG/L
BARIUM BAJOT UG/L
CADMIUM CD.TOT UG/L
IRON FEJOT UG/L
MANGNESE MN UG/L
NICKEL Nl.TOTAL UG/L
STRONTUM SR.TOT UG/L
ALUMINUM ALJOT UG/L
FECAL COLIFORM /100ML
PCP TOT UG/L
Years Sampled No. of Total 'Minimum Mean Maximum
Stations Samples Detected Detected Detected
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
64'
11
11
11
1
9
11
2
11
11
1
1
1
1
r
i
1
1.
6
1
25'
12
3
3.
1
0.02
0.5
01
0.01
0
24
44
7
243
90
6
143
83
20
006
766
25.45
9.55
7.55
1
0 16
0 71
0.15
003
001
24
44
7
243
90
6
143
83
6333
006
12.6
35
17
13
1
078
1.2
0.2
005
0.01
24
44
7
243
90
6
143
83
130
006
Source STORET, 1997
4-120
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Water
Final—April 2001
4.2.6 Water Quality of Lakes in Lake County, IN
Wolf Lake
Located on Border of Illinois and
Indiana
Phosphorus Levels Higher on the
Indiana Side of Lake
Levels of Barium, PCP, DDT, and
PCBs Highest of Waterbodies
Evaluated
Wolf Lake is located on the border
between Illinois and Indiana. IDEM (1997b)
recently completed a diagnostic and feasibility
study on Wolf Lake. This study was initiated in
1992 and included water quality monitoring for
various pollutants in Wolf Lake's water
column, as well as sediment, fish, and other
surveys of the lake and its tributaries. The
concentrations of contaminants identified are
included in the analyses below of STORET
data for Wolf Lake. IDEM (1997b) found that
chemical contaminants were generally "well within stipulated limits." Some water quality
parameters of note include DO, which met general use standards of 5.0 mg/L or above throughout
the lake. However, DO levels were below 5.0 mg/L in 4 of 17 samples in the Wolf Lake Channel.
Similarly, Wolf Lake Channel had higher bacteria levels than the Lake, which could be attributed
to two stormwater pumping stations from the Hammond Sanitary District that discharge to the
channel (IDEM, 1997b). Total phosphorus was found to be significantly higher in the Indiana side
of Wolf Lake. Concentrations of organic compounds were below detection limits and no metals
exceeded general use standards (IDEM, 1997b).
STORET data from 24 monitoring stations in Wolf Lake were obtained. These monitoring
stations are listed on Table 4-39. Monitoring data from 1992 and 1993 are presented in Table 4-40
as mimmums detected, maximums, and average concentrations for various parameters. More than
10 pollutants were identified in Wolf Lake at their highest concentrations in the two-county study
area. Elevated levels of lead, barium, pentachlorophenol, DDT, and PCBs were detected in Wolf
Lake from samples collected in 1993.
4-121
-------
Table 4-39. Water Quality Monitoring Stations in
Wolf Lake (IL&IN)
Water Body
Wolf Lake
Station ID
RH-A06-A-1
RH-A06-A-2
RH-A06-A-3
RH-A06-A-4
RH-A06-A-5
RH-A06-A-6
RH-A06-A-7
RH-A06-A-8
RH-A06-A-9
RHA 01
RHA 02
RHA 03
RHA 04
RHA 05
RHA 06
RHA 07
RHA 08
RHA 09
RHA 10
RHA11
RHA13
RHA14
RHA 71
RHA 72
Sec. ID
RHA-1
RHA-2
RHA-3
RHA-4
RHA-5
RHA-6
RHA-7
RHA-8
RHA-9
•
Name of Station
WOLF L SITE 1 MID OF N SECTION W OF TRACKS
WOLF L SITE 2 CENTER OF MID SECTION W OF RR
WOLF L SITE 3 CENTER OF S SECTION W OF RR
WOLF L ST4 3600 FT E ST2 MIDLAKE
WOLF SITE 5
WOLF SITE 6
WOLF SITE 7
'WOLF SITE 8
WOLF SITE 9
'WOLF LAKE TRIB SITE 01
WOLF LAKE TRIB SITE 02
WOLF LAKE TRIB SITE 03
WOLF LAKE TRIB SITE 04
WOLF LAKE TRIB SITE 05
WOLF LAKE TRIB SITE 06
WOLF LAKE TRIB SITE 07
WOLF LAKE TRIB SITE 08
WOLF LAKE TRIB SITE 09
WOLF LAKE TRIB SITE 10
WOLF LAKE TRIB SITE 1 1
WOLF LAKE TRIB SITE 13
WOLF LAKE TRIB SITE 14
WOLF LAKE TRIB SITE 71
WOLF LAKE TRIB SITE 72
Source. STORET, 1997
4-122
-------
Table 4 - 40. Pollutant Levels in Wolf Lake (IL&IN) for 1991-1994
Pollutant and Units
00 PROBE MG/L
COD LOWLEVEL MG/L
RESIDUE TOT NFLT MG/L
RESIDUE VOL NFLT MG/L
OIL-GRSE FREON-GR MG/L
NH3 + NH4- N TOTAL MG/L
TOT KJEL N MG/L
NO2&N03 N-TOTAL MG/L
PHOS-TOT MG/L P
PHOS-DIS MG/L P
ARSENIC AS.TOT UG/L
BARIUM BAJOT UG/L
BERYLIUM BEJOT UG/L
CADMIUM CD.TOT UG/L
CHROMIUM CR.TOT UG/L
COPPER CU.TOT UG/L
IRON FE.TOT UG/L
LEAD PBJOT UG/L
MANGNESE MN UG/L
STRONTUM SR.TOT UG/L
VANADIUM VJOT UG/L
ZINC ZN.TOT UG/L
ALUMINUM AL.TOT UG/L
PCP TOT UG/L
P.P'DDT TOT UG/L
PCBS WHL SMPL UG/L
Years Sampled No. of Total Minimum
Stations Samples , Detected
1991-1994
1991-1993
1991-1994
1991-1994
1993
1991-1994
1991-1994
1991-1994
1991-1994
1991-1994
1993
1993
1993
1993
1993
1993
1993
1993
1993
1993
1993
1993
1993
1993
1993
1993
11
24
24
24
4
24
24
24
24
11
2
11
6
2
4
2
11
4
11
11
4
5
7
8
2
1
2060 ;
386
394
352
4
327
398
275'
401
187'
3
13
6
2
4
2
13,
4
13
13
5
7
7
8
2
1
01
5
1
1
1
0.01
0 14
0.01
0
0
2
11
2
3
8
6
120
100
24
45
6
65
280
002
001
2
Mean Maximum
Detected Detected
973
20.26
20.11
905
2
0.24
0.75
0.29
004
0
4.83
55.46
2.5
4.5
39.5
6.5
2769
200
401 6
188.23
19.4
2264
1433
0.11
001
2
175
295
575
175
3
2.8
6.19
2.1
0.34
0.04
6
180
3
6
56
7
12000
400
1400
580
41
550
3700
0.27
0.01
2
Source. STORET. 1997
4-123
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Water
Final — April 2001
4.2.7 Water Quality in Lake Michigan
This section describes water quality in
the portions of Lake Michigan in Cook County,
IL, and Lake County, IN. Data are included
from 305(b) reports, STORET, and other
sources on the overall condition of the lake, as
well as levels of contaminants. In general, the
water quality of Lake Michigan is very good,
with few contaminants detected in the water
column. Much of the efforts over the last 20
years to reduce the impacts of point source
discharges to the lake have been effective.
However, contaminated sediments remain from
years of pollution and fish advisories are in effect Lake-wide for PCBs, mercury, and other
contaminants present in fish tissue.
4.2.7.1 Illinois Portion of Lake Michigan
Lake Michigan
Water Quality is Generally Good
Low/Nondetectable Levels of
Contaminants in Water Column
Some Concerns Related to Sediments
and Fish Tissue Contamination
Improvement in Water Quality in
Recent Years
Assessment of water quality of the 63
miles of Illinois Lake Michigan shoreline was
performed by EPA (1996c) for the State water
quality monitoring report. Water quality on the
Illinois shorelines of Lake Michigan has
improved since the 1970s (EPA, 1996c). All 63
miles were assessed as "full supporting/
threatened" for overall use because of sport
fishing advisories. While the entire Lake
Michigan shoreline in Illinois was "fully
supporting" for drinking water use, it was rated
as "nonsupport" for fish consumption (EPA,
Water Quality in Illinois Portion
of Lake Michigan
• "Full Support/Threatened"
Condition - Sport Fish
Consumption Advisory
• All 63 Miles "Fully Supporting" for
Drinking Water Use
• 50 of 63 Miles Rated as "Fully
Supporting" for Swimming
4-124
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CCR1Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Water Final—April 2001
1996c). The presence of PCBs, chlordane, other organics, and metals (lead, zinc, and copper) are
of concern in sediments, especially in five harbors (including Chicago and Calumet) along the Lake
Michigan shoreline. To a degree, EPA (1996c) found that CSOs no longer pose a severe threat to
Lake Michigan because of improvements due to the TARP. More than 63 miles of tunnels (of the
eventual 131 miles) have been constructed to reduce bypasses of CSOs to Lake Michigan
(EPA, 1996c).
Fecal coliform measurements from 1993 were also presented in EEPA (1996c) for 32 Lake
Michigan beaches in the Chicago Park District. The geometric means for fecal coliform ranged from
6 to 76 per 100 mL, with the higher measurements located at Montrose (76), Jackson Park (73),
South Shore (43), North Avenue (43), and Rainbow South (42) locations. All locations were
assessed "full support," except Jackson Park, which was "partial/minor support" due to the presence
of pathogens (EEPA, 1996c). Jackson Park had more than 15 percent of fecal coliform measurements
of levels above 400 per 100 mL, while the other beaches ranged from 0.0 to 8.2 percent of the fecal
coliform measurements above 400 per 100 mL.
The Illinois shoreline areas of Lake Michigan are considered to have low levels of toxics in
the water column (IEPA, 1994). EPA's (1994) 305(b) report assessed 63 miles of Lake Michigan
shoreline, which were rated "full support/threatened" for overall use because of fish consumption
advisories. Organic compounds, primarily PCBs and chlordane, are of concern in fish, though they
are rarely detected in the water column. Similarly, organics and metals tend to be found in sediments
in harbor areas. Since 1979, only three organochlorine compounds (pentachlorophenol, dieldrin, and
chlordane) were detected in Lake Michigan water (IEPA, 1994). These compounds were all
identified at levels well below applicable water quality standards. Metals were rarely detected or
were found at levels below the water quality standards.
Monitoring of water quality of the southwestern portion of Lake Michigan was conducted
jointly by IEPA and the City of Chicago (IEPA, 1993b). Eighty stations in the Illinois and Indiana
areas of Lake Michigan were monitored during 1989 through 1991 to assess water quality for use
of the resource for drinking water consumption, fishing, and other purposes. Monitoring of bacteria
(fecal coliform and total coliform), conventional parameters (nutrients), and toxics (metals,
4-125
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Water Final—April 2001
pesticides, etc.) was conducted to assess current levels, as well as to evaluate trends in water quality
(EPA, 1993b). Table 4-41 summarizes data for 1989,1990, and 1991 for the levels of contaminants
that have water quality standards. Results for conventional parameters reflect measures for
approximately 300 samples per year while metals were analyzed in about 21 samples in 1989, 19
samples in 1990, and 15 samples in 1991 (EPA, 1993b). Pesticides were monitored in about 21,
16, and 6 samples over the 3 years only at the North Shore and South Shore monitoring stations.
Similarly, organochlorine and other organic compounds are measured at relatively few sites.
Pentachlorophenol was the only organochlorine detected from water column monitoring
during 1989 to 1991 and was found at two locations in 1989 at 0.002 jug/L (EPA, 1993b). Since
the inception of organochlorine monitoring in 1979, the only compounds detected in the water
column in the Illinois portion of Lake Michigan were pentachlorophenol (13 of 76 samples), dieldrin
(5 of 89 samples), and total chlordane (3 of 84 samples). EPA (1993b) and the City of Chicago
concluded that most water quality parameters indicated that this resource was in good to excellent
condition. Furthermore, water quality in this portion of Lake Michigan has improved since the
1960s and 1970s due to efforts to reduce municipal, industrial, and CSO discharges to the Lake.
With respect to total coliform, levels have dropped from maximums of 1,200 per 100 mL during the
1970s (1973,1977, and 1980) to maximums less than 140 per 100 mL during the 1980s and early
1990s (EPA, 1993b). For fecal coliform, maximum levels from 1970 to 1979 ranged from 194 to
1,700 per 100 mL to much lower levels of 10 to 410 per 100 mL from 1981 to 1991. Similarly,
levels of nutrients (ammonia nitrogen and total phosphate) have dropped substantially, which also
indicate improving water quality during the 1980s and early 1990s (EPA, 1993b).
Monitoring water quality at one location in Lake Michigan, at the Calumet Park boat launch,
was conducted by ISWS as part of a study of contaminant flow in the Lake Calumet area (Fitzpatrick
and Bhowmik, 1990). Sampling was conducted on March 1 and/or March 31,1988, with analyses
for total organic carbon (TOC), total organic halide (TOX), arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and
zinc. In general, contaminant levels were below the detection limits; however, the pollutants
identified were: TOC (2.6 mg/L), TOX (1.7 to 4.9 mg/L), and lead (0.14 mg/L).
4-126
-------
Table 4-41. Summary of Lake Michigan Water Quality Data for 1989-91
Pollutant
Ammonia Nitrogen
Total Phosphate
Fecal Coliform
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Mean Concentration
1989
0.02 mg/L
0.018mg/L
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Sediments
Final—April 2001
Lake Michigan water quality monitoring, conducted by the City of Chicago Department of
Water (in conjunction with EPA) in southern areas of the Lake during May and October 1988,
identified low levels of select metals (Fitzpatrick and Bhowmik, 1990). Arsenic was detected at an
average concentration of 0.002 mg/L and a maximum of 0.011 mg/L. Cadmium was detected at
levels as high as 0.003 mg/L while chromium had an average concentration of 0.011 mg/L and a
maximum of 0.032 mg/L (Fitzpatrick and Bhowmik, 1990).
4.2.7.2 Indiana Portion of Lake Michigan
IDEM (1996a) evaluated water quality and contaminant levels in its portion of Lake
Michigan. All 43 miles of Indiana's Lake Michigan shoreline were assessed as "fully supporting"
recreational and aquatic life uses; however, these waters were only "partially supporting" for fish
consumption use. All of Indiana's portion of the Lake are considered to be impacted by PCBs and
mercury and are under the Lake-wide fish consumption advisory (IDEM, 1996a).
4.3 SEDIMENTS
Sediments are a repository for a variety
of nutrients and contaminants, mostly a result
of over 100 years of industrial and municipal
pollution. More stringent pollution control
measures have generally reduced point sources
of contamination during the past 20 years;
however, contaminated sediments remain.
Nonpoint sources such as agricultural runoff,
groundwater contamination, atmospheric
deposition, and permit violations of effluent
discharges remain the main sources of
pollution. In some areas, contaminated
sediments are the primary source of
anthropogenic chemicals to the aquatic
Sediment Contamination
• Sediments Contain Elevated Levels of
PCBs, Metals, Pesticides, PAHs, and
Other Contaminants
• Highest Levels of Pollutants in
Waterbodies:
- GCR/IHSC
- Cal-Sag Channel
- Chicago River
- Wolf Lake
• Sediments Arc Source of Pollution to
Fish and the Water Column
4-128
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Sediments
Final—April 2001
environment (U.S. EPA, 1994a). Human exposure to contaminants in sediments can occur directly
from swimming and wading or indirectly from fish consumption or consumption of drinking water
taken from waters containing contaminated sediments.
This section presents available data regarding sediment contamination in Cook County, IL,
and Lake County, IN. Figure 4-32 shows the streams, lakes, and drainage patterns in this area.
Much of the data are summarized to provide an overall sense of contamination in these regions.
Sources are provided to aid in assessment of the data. This discussion is organized by major
waterbodies in the area and includes data from numerous reports as well as data from STORET.
Included are summaries of results from monitoring conducted from the 1980s to the mid-1990s.
Concentrations of Total PAHs
in Select U.S. Sediments
'Ross etal., 1989
2Rossetal., 1988
31DEM, 1991
4U.S.EPA, 199 la
Sediments in Cook County,
IL, and Lake County, IN, are for the
most part contaminated with heavy
metals (e.g., zinc, chromium, lead,
copper), PAHs, PCBs, and
pesticides. Metal contamination of
sediments has been found in
association with municipal
wastewater operations, coal-fired
powerplants, landfill leachate, urban
runoff, highway runoff, mining and
metal-working operations, airborne
participates, and industrial waters.
Previous studies of sediments
indicate that PAHs are generally of
anthropogenic origin, primarily from
combustion of fossil fuels
(especially coal) and petroleum
spills (Ross et al., 1988). Sources of
PAHs include discharges from coke production in the iron and steel industry; catalytic cracking in
Location
Cayuga Lake, Ithaca, NY
(Deepwater)
Penobscot Bay, Maine
Casco Bay, Maine
Lake Erie
Adirondack Lakes
Alaska
Lake Calumet
Pullman Creek
GCR-IHC
Indiana Harbor
Concentrations
1.26-2.50'
0.29-8.80'
0.21-14.43'
0.53-3.75'
4.07-12.81'
0.005-1.13'
0.34-9.642
0.5-123
U-3,3004
3,229"
4-129
-------
Calumet River system
drainage boundary
Scale of miles
LAKE
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
CALUMET
AREA
Location Map
Figure 4-32. Streams and Drainage Pattern in the Calumet Area Watershed
(Source: Fitzpatrick and Bhowmik, 1990)
4-130
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Sediments Final—April 2001
the petroleum industry; the manufacture of carbon black, coal tar pitch, and asphalt; heating and
power generation; controlled refuse incineration; and open burning (Ross et al., 1988). A list of total
PAHs found in select U.S. sediments is provided as a point of reference.
While some levels of chemicals in sediments are expected, when the levels are elevated they
may adversely impact biota (fish, benthic organisms, etc.) and ultimately human health. The overall
impact will be functions of the toxicity of the chemical and its concentration in the sediments.
Various groups have established sediment guidelines/levels and criterion based on short- (acute) and
long-term (chronic) impacts on aquatic life. Such benchmarks are necessary in order to estimate
potential effects for a given concentration of sediment concentration. Long and MacDonald's
(L&M) effects range and Ontario's Provincial Sediment Quality Guidelines are utilized as
benchmarks in this section (Table 4-42). Long and MacDonald updated and utilized the biological
effects data base for sediments (BEDS), which was initially developed by Long and Morgan (1990).
Two guideline values were determined:
The Effects Range-Low (ER-L), which corresponds to the lower 10th percentile of
the effects data for each chemical; and
The Effects Range-Median (ER-M), which corresponds to the median, or 50th
percentile of the effects data for each chemical.
Concentrations that fall below the ER-L are believed to rarely cause effects. Concentrations that are
greater than the ER-L, but less than the ER-M, represent a possible-effects range where effects would
occasionally occur; concentrations above the ER-M represent a probable-effects range where effects
would frequently occur (U.S. EPA, 1996d).
The Ontario Ministry of the Environment developed three levels of Provincial Sediment
Quality Guidelines to provide guidance for making freshwater sediment-related decisions (U.S. EPA,
1996c). These guidelines replace the Open Water Disposal Guidelines published by the Ministry
in 1976. Equilibrium partitioning and the Screening Level Concentration (SLC) approaches were
used by the Ministry to derive the guidelines. The SLC approach, as developed by Neff et al. (1986),
is an effects-based approach, using field data on the co-occurrence of benthic infaunal species in
4-131
-------
Table 4-42. Analytes and Sediment Quality Guidelines
Chemical
PAHs
Pesticides
PCBs
METALS
Benz(a)amhracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Naphthalene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranlhene
Pyrene
Chrysene
Indeno(l,2,3)pyrene
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
Total PAH
4,4 DDE
Dieldnn
Aldrin
Endnn
a-BHC
b-BHC
c-BHC
Heptachlor Epoxide
Total PCBs
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Nickel
Lead
Zinc
Silver
Arsenic
Mercury
Manganese
Sediment Quality Guidelines
L&M (ER-L)
261 ng/g
430 ng/g
160 ng/g
70 ng/g
19 ng/g
240 ng/g
85 3 ng/g
600 ng/g
665 ng/g
384 ng/g
4,022 ng/g
2 2 ng/g
22 7 ng/g
I 2 ng/g
81 ng/g
34 ng/g
20 9 ng/g
46 7 ng/g
150 ng/g
lOng/g
8 2 ng/g
015 ng/g
L&M (ER-M)
1,600 ng/g
1,600 ng/g
2. 100 ng/g
670 ng/g
S40 ng/g
1,500 ng/g
1,100 ng/g
5, 100 ng/g
2,600 ng/g
2,800 ng/g
44,792 ng/g
27 ng/g
ISO ng/g
9 6 ng/g
370 ng/g
270 ng/g
51 6 ng/g
218 ng/g
410 ng/g
3 7 ng/g
70 ng/g
071 ng/g
Ontario (SEL)
1,480 ng/g OC
1,440 ng/g OC
1,340 ng/g OC
160 ng/g OC
950 ng/g OC
370 ng/g OC
1,020 ng/g OC
850 ng/g OC
460 ng/g OC
320 ng/g OC
320 ng/g OC
10,000 ng/g OC
19 ng/g OC
91 ng/g OC
8 ng/g OC
130 ng/g OC
10 ng/g OC
21 ng/g OC
lng/g OC
5 ng/g OC
530 ng/g OC
10 ng/g
110 ng/g
110 ng/g
4%
75 ng/g
250 ng/g
820 ng/g
33 ng/g
2 ng/g
1,100 ng/g
ng/g = nanograms per gram
ng/g = microgram per gram
Source US EPA, 1996c
4-132
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Sediments
Final—April200J
sediments and different concentrations of contaminants. The three guidelines are entitled as the No
Effect Level (NEL), Lowest Effect Level (LEL), and the Severe Effect Level (SEL). SEL is the level
at which pronounced disturbance of the sediment dwelling community can be expected. A
compound found at, or above, this concentration would be considered to be detrimental to the
majority of benthic species. SEL is based on the 95th percentile of the SLC. Concentrations of
contaminants in this report are compared to SEL values only.
4.3.1 Waterbodies in Cook County, IL
Cook County, IL, contains many lakes,
streams, and rivers. Figure 4-33 displays the
location of major waterbodies. The main
waterbodies in Cook County include: Lake
Calumet, Des Plaines River, Pullman Creek,
Cal Sag Channel, Chicago River, Chicago
Harbor, Calumet River, Calumet Harbor, and
pans of Lake Michigan and Wolf Lake, which
is located on the border of Cook County, IL,
and Lake County, IN. Extensive sediment
contamination studies, however, have been
conducted for only a few of these waterbodies.
A few studies have been conducted in these
areas, and the conclusions and results of these are
Major Waterbodies in
Cook County, IL
Cal Sag Channel
Chicago Harbor
Chicago River
Des Plaines River
Lake Calumet
Lake Michigan (Parts of)
Pullman Creek
Wolf Lake
Calumet River
Calumet Harbor
reported in this section.
4.3.1.1 Lake Calumet and Pullman Creek
Lake Calumet, located 15 miles south of
downtown Chicago, was formed 13,500 years
ago as a result of retreating glaciers. The location
of this lake, which once covered the entire
present-day Chicago area, can be seen in
Lake Calumet and Pullman Creek
The Lake Calumet system has been threatened
by continued industrial activity such as waste
landfills, major highways, refineries, scrap
metal operations, and residues from previous
disposal practices.
4-133
-------
• WISCONSIN!
Figure 4-33. Map Showing Location of Illinois Waterbodies (Source: IEPA, 1986)
4-134
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Sediments Final—April 2001
Figure 4-32. A map showing the flow into and out of Lake Calumet is presented in Figure 4-34
Today, disposal facilities line the east side of the lake, and the Calumet Expressway borders the west.
Pullman Creek, a ditch filled with runoff from the Calumet Expressway and nearby industries, also
borders Lake Calumet on the west (Ross et al., 1988).
Following more than 100 years of exposure to industrial contaminants and nonpoint sources,
the Lake Calumet system continues to be threatened by continued industrial activity (e.g., waste
landfills, major highways, refineries, scrap metal operations) and residues from previous disposal
practices (Ross et al., 1988). Sampling and analyses have indicated that Lake Calumet sediments
contain high concentrations of anthropogenic metals and PAHs (Fowler et al., 1993). Zinc,
chromium, and copper were the most common metals reported in these sediments. Table 4-43
compares concentrations of contaminants detected in Lake Calumet sediments with sediments in
surrounding water systems. Among these waterbodies (Figure 4-35), Lake Calumet had the highest
concentrations of arsenic, silver, and antimony, and the second highest level of chromium (Ross et
al., 1988). Ross et al. (1988) divided Lake Calumet into five sampling regions (Figure 4-36) and
took 89 samples from November 1986 through April 1988. The study found high concentrations of
anthropogenic metals and PAHs in the Lake Calumet sediments. These concentrations were found
to be higher than those from nearby waters.
According to the study by Ross et al. (1988), the eastern wetlands and the western ditch
regions of Lake Calumet had the highest concentrations of priority pollutant metals. Most metals
in Lake Calumet sediments were present at levels many times greater than average concentrations
found in other Illinois lakes. Zinc, chromium, and copper were the dominant priority pollutant
metals in the study samples. Zinc concentrations from the four sampling areas in this study ranged
from 19 ppm to 4,800 ppm. The average zinc concentration in Lake Calumet sediments was 479
ppm, and the area with highest concentration was the western ditches. Chromium concentrations
ranged from 20 to 1,470 ppm. The average chromium concentration in the lake was 114.5 ppm, with
the highest concentration in the eastern wetland. Copper concentrations ranged from 13 to 1,150
ppm. The average copper concentration in Lake Calumet was 89 ppm, with the highest copper
concentration in the eastern wetlands. Only one of 15 samples taken from the eastern wetland was
below the detection limit; this was excluded from the calculation of the average copper
concentration. The average zinc concentration was greater than L&M's ER-M, and the average
4-135
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Surface'
Drainage
Inflow
Surface Drainage
Inflow
Storm Sewer
Outfall
Harbor Access
Channel
Storm Sewer
Outfall
SCALE OF FEET
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Figure 4-34. Flow Into and Out of Lake Calumet (Source: Ross et al., 1988)
4-136
-------
Table 4-43. Average Concentrations of Contaminants in
Sediments of Select Indiana and Illinois Water Systems
Elements
Antimony (Sb)
Arsenic (As)
Bromine (Br)
Cadmium (Cd)
Chromium (Cr)
Copper (Cu)
Iron (Fe)
Lead (Pb)
Nickel (Ni)
Phosphorus (P)
Selenium (Se)
Silver (Ag)
Sodium (Na)
Thallium (Th)
Zinc (Zn)
Lake
Calumet"
G"g/g)
2.4
29.8
4.2
1.8
76.7
57.5
2.7%
187.0
23.6
20.0
0.7
561.0
470.0
6.2
341.0
Calumet
Harbor"
(A
-------
87TZ-30-
27-30-
Thorn** J Tj'Bn.n
Lock «nd
Figure 4-35. Detailed Map of the Calumet Region (Source: U.S. EPA, 1991)
4-138
-------
Western Sh
& Slips
99-056
Figure 4-36. Map Showing the 5 Regions of Study on Lake Calumet
Source: Ross et al., 1988.
4-139
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Sediments Final—April 2001
values of chromium and copper fell between L&M's ER-L and ER-M. Table 4-44 reports the
average sediment concentrations of chromium, copper, and zinc. Average lead concentrations in the
Lake Calumet area exceeded the L&M ER-L. Ross et al. ( 1 988) reported PAH concentrations of 340
to 9,640 ppb in Lake Calumet.
PCB concentration in the Lake Calumet sediments and the sediments of the surrounding
drainage ditches ranged from 0.24 Mg/g to 3.6 Mg/g (Fowler et al., 1993). Results from preliminary
assessments showed that total sediment PAH concentrations in Lake Calumet ranged from 0 .3 to 9 .2
miligrams per kilogram (mg/kg).
In June 1 983, sediment samples were collected at 1 8 sampling sites in Lake Calumet by EPA
Region 5 (Sanders, 1983). Samples were taken from the wetlands near the active landfills and the
proposed landfills and drainage ditches along side of the Norfolk and Western railroad track.
Samples from 1 1 6th Street and the river at the Metropolitan Sanitary District (MSD) site showed the
lowest overall metal concentrations. Samples from the east side of the Burnham site and the tar pit
at the Interlake Steel site detected the highest metal concentrations. Arsenic was detected in all but
one sample, taken from the northeast comer of 122nd Street and the railroad tracks. The highest
concentrations were found in the samples from the ditch on the west side of the MSD site (3 1 Mg/g)
and both samples from the Burnham site (26 Mg/g and 20 Mg/g) (Sanders, 1983).
The highest cadmium concentrations were found at the east side of the Burnham site (14
Mg/g) and the tar pit at the Interlake site (20 Mg/g) (EPA, 1986). Chromium, copper, lead, nickel,
and zinc were detected in all samples. The sample from the east location at the Bumham site had
the highest concentration for chromium (210 Mg/g)> copper (250 Mg/g), and nickel (73 Mg/g)- The
highest lead concentration was in the sample from the tar pit at the Interlake site (4.4 mg/g). The
highest zinc concentrations were in samples from the east side of the Bumham site ( 1 .8 mg/g) and
the tar pit at the Interlake site (12 mg/g). The highest mercury concentrations were in the two
samples taken from the Burnham site (2.8 Mg/g and 2.0 Mg/g) and from the northwest location at the
Interlake site (2.3 Mg/g) (Sanders, 1983).
Three chlorinated ethanes, chloroethane (480 Mg/kg), 1,1-dichloroethane (38 Mg/kg), and
1,1,1 -trichloroethane (900 Mg/kg), were detected in the samples from the south side of 1 22nd Street.
4-140
-------
Table 4-44. Mean Sediment Concentrations of Priority Pollutants
in Sediment Samples from Lake Calumet
Location on Lake Calumet
Eastern Wetlands
Open Lake
Western Ditches
Western Shores and Slips
CrGug/g)
209
75
118
74
Cu (Aig/g)
175
44
85
45
Zn fag/g)
578
184
851
247
/wg/g - micrograms per gram
Source: Rossetal., 1988.
4-141
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Sediments Final—April 2001
Toluene was also detected in the sample (9.0 /wg/kg) (IEPA, 1986). A significant number of PAHs
were detected at 116th Street, on both the north and south sides of 122nd Street, the three samples
from 122nd Street and the railroad tracks, the east location of the Bumham site and the tar pit, and
the northwest location of the Interlake site (DEPA, 1986). PCBs were detected at the east side of the
Burnham site (Aroclor 1254, 33 /ug/g) and the tar pit at the Interlake site (Aroclor 1242, 8.0 ^g/g,
and Aroclor 1254, 3.0 Mg/g). Pesticides were detected at four locations; however, they were in the
low range of 0.1 to 0.6 jug/g (EPA, 1986).
To summarize, the highest metal concentrations in this area were in samples from the east
location of the Burnham site and the tar pit on the Interlake site (Sanders, 1983). The highest
concentrations of organic compounds were at 116th Street, both sides of 122nd Street, the three
locations at 122nd Street and the railroad tracks, the east location of the Bumham site, and the tar
pit and the northwest location of the Interlake site. Sanders (1983) concluded that because the tar
pit (S21) was used by Interlake Steel for waste disposal, high concentrations of pollutants would be
expected. The high levels of pollutants at the Burnham site can be associated with the flood plain
of the Calumet River. Most organic compounds detected were PAHs, which are residues of coal
tar. It is, therefore, not usual for this class of compounds to be detected in the sediment samples
from this area (Sanders, 1983).
Lake Calumet and Pullman Creek
Pullman Creek (Figure 4-34), a
drainage ditch that receives the runoff
from the Calumet Expressway, is not only ^ ^ , . , „ „.. ... .
Over a 9-day period, 2,500 cubic feet of sediment
was deposited on the beds of Pullman Creek
indicating that Pullman Creek is a source of
in-flowing water, sediment, and pollutants.
a source of in-flowing water, but also of
sediment (Ross et al., 1988). During a
9-day period, Ross et al. (1988)
documented the deposition of 2,500 cubic
feet of sediment, equivalent to 44 tons of
sediment, on the beds of Pullman Creek, indicating that the drainage delivered to Lake Calumet from
Pullman Creek is a significant source of sediments and pollutants. Elevated concentrations of trace
elements/metals (cadmium, bromine, lead, tin, chromium, zinc, arsenic, and nickel) were reported
at the mouth of Pullman Creek (Ross et al., 1988). These sediments were reported to contain over
50 ppm of total PAH compounds. A major PAH source is emissions from internal combustion
4-142
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Sediments
Final—April 2001
engines used in transportation. This may explain the high levels near the expressway. The
remaining samples measured by Ross et al. (1988) for PAHs had levels ranging from 0.5 to 12.0
ppm. Levels exceeding 1 ppm indicate elevated PAH contamination relative to levels in "clean
areas."
4.3.1.2 Des Plaines River
Sediment samples taken during 1984-
1993 from the Des Plaines River basin
displayed high levels of heavy metal
contamination (EPA, 1994) (Figure 4-33),
including arsenic, chromium, lead, mercury,
zinc, cadmium, chlordane, DDT, PCBs, and
heptachlor epoxide. Municipal and industrial
point source discharges and urban runoff are
believed to be the sources of contamination in
the Des Plaines River basin.
Des Plaines River: Sediment
Contamination
Arsenic
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Zinc
Chlordane
DDT
PCBs
Heptachlor Epoxide
Cadmium
4.3.1.3 Chicago River and Harbor and Calumet River and Harbor
U.S. ACOE (1980) monitored the
Chicago River and Harbor, as well as the
Calumet River. All samples taken from
the North Branch of the Chicago River
were classified as heavily polluted with
lead, zinc, chromium, and copper; 98
percent of the samples were heavily
polluted by cadmium, 19 percent by
manganese, and 12 percent by arsenic.
The degree of heavy metal pollution decreased from the North Branch of the Chicago River to the
Chicago River and Harbor
The degree of pollution decreases from Chicago
River to the harbor reach. Of the sediments, 98%
are heavily polluted by cadmium, 50% by lead,
19% by manganese and 12% by arsenic. 27% of
the samples contained mercury in concentrations
exceeding 1/ug/g.
4-143
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Sediments Final—April 2001
Harbor reach, and from the Calumet River to the Harbor reach (Figures 4-33,4-37). In the Chicago
River and Harbor, lead was the only contaminant found to be in the heavily polluted category for
more than 50 percent of the samples. Mercury, in excess of 1 /ug/g, was found in 3 of the 11 samples
(a finding of >1 /ug/g constitutes a polluted sample as cited by U.S. EPA Region 5 1977 Guidelines
for the Pollution Classification of Great Lakes Harbor Sediment) (U.S. ACOE, 1980). In general,
sediments from all three, reaches show high levels of lead. Widespread copper and zinc
contamination was also reported. High mercury levels were present in the North Branch sediments,
with some evidence of mercury contamination at generally lower levels in the Chicago River and
Harbor reach. All grab samples taken from the Calumet River and Harbor portions of the sampled
areas contained less than 10 ppm PCBs. PCB contamination in the North Branch was confined to
the mid-depths to lower portions of the sediments (U.S. ACOE, 1980).
Calumet River and Harbor
Elevated levels of various heavy
metals were reported in sediment samples
taken during January 1981 at all sampling .
The degree of pollution decreases from Calumet
locations at Chicago River and Harbor sites,
and Calumet River and Harbor sites (U.S.
ACOE, 1981) (Table 4-45). Lead, arsenic,
River to the Harbor reach. Grab samples from
this area are reported to contain less than 10
ppm PCBs. Lead concentrations in the Calumet
, . . .. , . ,, , River turning basin and in the harbor exceeded
and chromium were present in elevated levels. ,.»»,„„,,-,
theL&MER-M. The Harbor also has elevated
levels of zinc.
The average lead and chromium
concentrations from the Chicago River were
465 jug/g and 107.5 /ug/g, respectively. Silver
levels in the sediment from Chicago River (North Clark Street), were found to be 128 //g/g (US.
ACOE, 1981).
Elevated lead concentrations (656 //g/g) were found in the Calumet River turning basin; this
level exceeds the L&M ER-M of 218 Atg/g. The average lead concentration was 363 //g/g, which
also exceeds the L&M ER-M (218 //g/g). PCBs were not found above the reported detection limits
of 1 ppm (U.S. ACOE, 1981). One Chicago River sample was reported to contain a PCB
concentration greater than 10 ppm. Under classification categories of U.S. EPA Region 5 1977
Guidelines for the Pollution Classification of Great Lakes Harbor Sediment, this sample would
qualify as "polluted" (U.S. ACOE, 1981).
4-144
-------
Figure 4-37. Detailed Map Showing Location of Chicago River and Harbor
(Source: USAGE, 1981)
-------
Table 4-45. Analysis of Sediment Samples from Chicago River and Harbor
and Calumet River and Harbor Collected April 27-28,1981
Location
Calumet Harbor - Near N. break wall
Calumet Harbor - N. line of CDF, 500' of PL
Calumet Harbor - E. line of CDF on fence
line
Calumet River - Division between
Harbor/River
Calumet River - 106th St.
Calumet River - Turning Basin #3
Chicago Harbor - Outer Harbor
Chicago Harbor - Inner Harbor
Chicago River - Lake Shore Drive
Chicago River - N. Clark St.
CN
0.48
0.5
0.19
1.16
1.72
1.44
-------
CCR1 Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Sediments Final—April 2001
One sediment sample was reported from the Chicago River in 1996. A summary of these
data can be found in Table 4-46. Analysis of that sample indicates the presence of metals and
pesticides. No contaminants in the sample showed concentrations greater than the Ontario SEL
guidelines. However, among the compounds detected are chlordane-trans isomer (26,000 Mg/kg),
for which no SEL has been set, and p,p'DDE (120 ^g/kg detected, 27 ^ug/kg ER-M)
(STORET, 1997).
U.S. ACOE (1981) reported results of sediment samples from the Chicago Harbor
(Figure 4-33). Sediment lead concentrations in Chicago Harbor and Calumet Harbor exceeded the
L&M ER-M (218 jUg/g). Concentrations in the outer Chicago Harbor also exceeded the Ontario SEL
of 250 /ig/g- L&M ER-M (9.6 ^g/g) and the Ontario SEL (10 /ug/g) for arsenic concentrations fell
between the L&M ER-L and ER-M. The Calumet Harbor had elevated levels of lead and zinc (BEPA
1994). The average lead and chromium concentrations from the Chicago Harbor were 238 jug/g and
113.5 /zg/g, respectively (U.S. ACOE, 1981).
4.3.1.4 Cal-Sag Channel
Table 4-43 reports the average
concentrations of pollutants in sediments of
Cal-Sag Channel
Lake Calumet and surrounding waterbodies.
The Cal Sag Channel, as shown in Table 4-43, is
one of the most contaminated waterbodies in
Cook County, IL and Lake County IN.
As is evidenced from the table, the Cal-Sag
Channel (Figure 4-32) is the most
contaminated of the six waterbodies for all
metals tested, except for arsenic. The Cal-
Sag Channel has an average zinc concentration of 1,100 /zg/g, which exceeds the L&M ERM and
Ontario SEL (Ross et al., 1988). It also exceeded both the L&M's ER-M of 218 /ng/g and the
Ontario SEL of 250 //g/g. The mean lead concentration of Cal-Sag Channel sediments was 370 ^g/g
(Rossetal., 1988).
4-147
-------
Table 4-46. Pollutant Levels in Chicago River Sediment (1996)
Pollutant and Units Years Sampled No. of Total Minimum Mean Maximum
.Stations Samples Detected Detected Detected
TOTAL KJELDAHL N MG/KG
PHOSPHOROUS MG/KG
POTASSIUM MG/KG
ARSENIC MG/KG
BARIUM MG/KG
CADMIUM MG/KG
CHROMIUM MG/KG
COPPER MG/KG
LEAD MG/KG
MANGANESE MG/KG
NICKEL MG/KG
ZINC MG/KG
CHLORDANE-TRANS ISOMER UG/KG
IRON MG/KG
P.P'DDT UG/KG
P.P'DDD UG/KG
P.P'DDE UG/KG
ALDRIN UG/KG
CHLORDANE UG/KG
DDT SUM ANALOGS UG/KG
DIELDRIN UG/KG
ENDRIN UG/KG
METHOXYCHLOR UG/KG
HEXACHLOROBENZENE UG/KG
TOTAL VOLATILE RESIDUE, PERCENT
MERCURY MG/KG
1996 1
1996
1996
1996'
1996.
1996
1996
1996
1996
1996.
1996 1
1996 1
1996^ 1-
1996
1996
1996'
1996
1996
1996
1996 1
1996 1
1996 1
1996 1
1996 1
1996 1
1996 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5063
1576
2900
6.3
110
1
44
90
130
610
31
240
26000
18
260
620
120
5.8
18
1000
7
26
53
24
7.9
07
5063
1576
2900
6.3
110
1
44
90
130
610
31
240
26000
18
260
620
120
58
18.
1000
7
26
53
2.4
7.9
07
5063
1576
2900
6.3
110
1
44
90
130
610
31
240
26000
18
260
620
120
58
18
1000
7
26
53
2.4
7.9
0.7
Source STORET. 1997
4-148
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Sediments
Final—April 2001
4.3.1.5 Shokie Lagoons and Wolf Lake
EPA monitored surficial sediments
from 63 Illinois lakes. The mean zinc
sediment concentrations in the majority of
niinois lakes were between 60-160 /zg/g,
with the exception of Skokie Lagoons,
which had average zinc concentrations of
403 Mg/g (DEPA, 1981). Wolf Lake (Figure
4-35) had a mean lake zinc concentration of
205 jug/g- Both of these levels fall between
the L&M ER- and L&M ER-M.
Skokie Lagoons
Zinc and lead levels in Skokie Lagoons fall
between the L&M ER-L and ER-M. Lead
concentrations range from 70-250 ^g/g. PCBs
were detected in 11% of the 63 waterbodies
monitored by IEPA. Among these, Skokie Lagoons
was found to have the largest number of detected
samples of PCBs, with a mean of 235 /zg/g, which
far exceeds the L&M ER-M.
Of 63 Illinois lakes sampled, PCBs were detected in 11 percent. Skokie Lagoons had the
largest number of detected concentrations, with a mean concentration of 235 //g/g sediment dry
weight (IEPA, 1981). Skokie Lagoons also had an exceptionally high phosphorous concentration
of 4,930 Afg/g out of the 63 Illinois lakes under analyses (IEPA, 1981). This concentration exceeded
by a factor of 2, the next highest concentration encountered in any other lake. Lead concentrations
ranged from 70-250 /zg/g for Skokie Lagoons, with a mean of 152 //g/g.
Wolf Lake lead concentrations ranged
from 40-140 Aig/g, with a mean of 100 A*g/g.
Both these values fall between the L&M ER-
L and L&M ER-M. IEPA (1981) concluded
that the increased contaminant levels in Wolf
Lake and Skokie Lagoons may be due to the
closeness of these lakes to Chicago. IEPA
(1981) further expounded that the elevated
levels of lead are anthropogenic rather than natural. In the absence of significant atmospheric
precipitation and urban street runoff containing lead, a sediment lead content in the range of 20 to
50 jwg/g appeared typical of Illinois lakes (IEPA, 1981).
Wolf Lake
Zinc and lead levels in Wolf Lake fall between
the L&M ER-L and ER-M. A number of
compounds in Wolf Lake exceeded their
respective SELs, including copper, lead,
manganese, zinc, iron, and p.p'DDE.
4-149
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CCR1Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Sediments
Final—April 2001
Sediment samples from Wolf Lake collected between 1991 and 1993. A summary of these
data can be found in Table 4-47. Analyses of those samples indicated the presence of metals and
pesticides. The samples contained a few compounds with concentrations exceeding their respective
SELs, including: copper (247 mg/kg detected, 110 mg/kg SEL), lead (454 mg/kg detected, 250
mg/kg SEL), manganese (3,300 mg/kg detected, 1,100 mg/kg SEL), zinc (1,100 mg/kg detected, 820
mg/kg SEL), iron (11.3% detected, 4% SEL), and p.p'DDE (28 /xg/kg detected, 27 ^g/kg ER-M)
(STORET, 1997).
4.3.1.6 Other Lakes and Lagoons
Douglas Lagoon
Comparison of Certain Water-bodies
Using STORET Data
Among the Chicago River, Douglas Lagoon,
Garfield Lagoon, Lincoln North Pond, Marquette
Park Lagoon, SAG Quarry, Washington Lagoon,
and Wolf Lake, the Chicago River has 48% of the
highest concentrations of pollutants, Wolf Lake
has 35%, and Garfield Lagoon has 2%.
Two sediment samples are reported
for Douglas Lagoon from 1991. A
summary of these data can be found in
Table 4-48. Analyses of these samples
indicated the presence of a few pesticides.
With the exception of DDT, all pesticides
found in Douglas Lagoon sediment
samples have Ontario SEL guidelines. No
contaminants in the samples surpass any of
these guidelines; however, 30 A*g/kg of
p,p'DDE were found in one sample~a concentration surpassing L&M ER-M level of 27 //g/kg
(STORET, 1997).
Garfield Lagoon
One sediment sample was taken from Garfield Lagoon in 1991. A summary of these data
can be found in Table 4-49. Analysis of the sample indicated the presence of metals and pesticides.
The sample contained a few compounds with concentrations exceeding the respective Ontario SEL.
Among the compounds detected were arsenic (67 mg/kg detected, 33 mg/kg Ontario SEL), copper
(133 mg/kg detected, 110 mg/kg Ontario SEL), p.p'DDE (68 /ug/kg detected, 27 ,ug/kg L&M ER-M),
and mercury (0.4 mg/kg detected, 0.15 mg/kg L&M ER-L) (STORET, 1997).
4-150
-------
Table 4 - 47. Pollutant Levels in Wolf Lake Sediment (1991-1993)
Pollutant and Units
ARSENIC SEDMG/KG DRY WGT
BA MUD DRY WGT MG/KG-BA
CD MUD DRY WGT MG/KG-CD
CHROMIUM SEDMG/KG
COPPER SEDMG/KG DRY WGT
LEAD SEDMG/KG DRY WGT
MN MUD DRY WGT MG/KG-MN
NICKEL SEDMG/KG DRY WGT
SILVER SEDMG/KG DRY WGT
ZINC SEDMG/KG DRY WGT
FE MUD DRY WGT MG/KG-FE
P.P'DDT SEDUG/KG DRY WGT
P.P'DDD SEDUG/KG DRY WGT
P.P'DDE SEDUG/KG DRY WGT
ALDRIN SEDUG/KG DRY WGT
CDANEDRY TECH&MET UG/KG
DDT SUM ANALOGS MUDUG/KG
DIELDRIN SEDUG/KG DRY WGT
ENDRIN SEDUG/KG DRY WGT
HPCHLREP SEDUG/KG DRY WGT
PCBS MUD UG/KG
HCB SEDUG/KG DRY WGT
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON %
MERCURY SEDMG/KG
Years Sampled • No. of Total Minimum • Mean Maximum
Stations Samples Detected Detected Detected
1991.1993-1994
1991.1993-1994,
1991,1993-1994'
1991,1993-1994
1991.1993-1994,
1991,1993-1994
1991.1993-1994
1991.1993-1994
1993
1991,1993-1994
1991,1993-1994
1993.
1993
1991,1993.
1993'
1993
1993
1993
1993
1993
1993
1993
1994
1991,1993
9
9'
8
9
9
9
9
9
2
9
9
5
9
9
2
2
5
4
1
1
9
1
2
8
34
34
22
34
33
33
34
33.
2
34
34!
13
20
21
2
2
13
5
1
1
33
2
2
19
1 6
5
1
2
4
13
126
5
1
11
2700
1 8
1 4
1.9
1.8
46
11
1 3
1.8
1.3
21
45
2.73
01
1265
77.24
2.19
37.02
64.16
1475
890.2
19.1
1
3237
23941
6.06
8.3'
8.18
1.85
6.2
26.84
2.24
1 8
1.3
502.5
5.2
321
0.308
29.1
320
6
97
247
454
3300
50
1
1100
113000
18
26
28
1 9
7.8
58
3.8
1 8
1.3
4000
5.9
368
1
Source STORET, 1997
4-151
-------
Table 4 - 48. Pollutant Levels in Douglas Lagoon Sediment
(1991)
Pollutant and Units Years Sampled No. of Total Minimum Mean Maximum
Stations Samples Detected Detected Detected
ALPHABHC SEDUG/KG DRY WGT
P.P'DDD SEDUG/KG DRY WGT
P.P'DDE SEDUG/KG DRY WGT
DDT SUM ANALOGS MUDUG/KG
DIELDRIN SEDUG/KG DRY WGT
1991
1991
1991
199V
1991
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2.
3.6
2.7
19
22
3.4
645
23.85,
24.5
48.5
307'
93
45
30
75
58
Source. STORET, 1997.
4-152
-------
Table 4 - 49. Pollutant Levels in Garfield Lagoon Sediment (1991)
Pollutant and Units Years Sampled No. of Total Minimum ' Mean Maximum
Stations Samples Detected .Detected Detected
ARSENIC SEOMG/KG DRY WGT
BA MUD DRY WGT MG/KG-BA
CD MUD DRY WGT MG/KG-CD
CHROMIUM SEDMG/KG DRY WGT
COPPER SEDMG/KG DRY WGT
LEAD SEDMG/KG DRY WGT
MN MUD DRY WGT MG/KG-MN
NICKEL SEDMG/KG DRY WGT
ZINC SEDMG/KG DRY WGT
FE MUD DRY WGT MG/KG-FE
ALPHABHC SEDUG/KG DRY WGT
P.P'DDD SEDUG/KG DRY WGT
P.P'DDE SEDUG/KG DRY WGT
DDT SUM ANALOGS MUDUG/KG
DIELDRIN SEDUG/KG DRY WGT
MERCURY SEDMG/KG DRY WGT
199T
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991'
1991
1991
1991
1991'
1991
1991
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
63
101
2
32
128
322
371
43
385.
27000,
1.9,
4.1
17
210,
2
0.3
65
101
2.5
33.
130.5
330.5
371
44
3905
27500
4.55
7205
425
210.
15
036
67
101
3
34
133
339
371
45
396
28000
72
140
68
210
28
0.4
Source- STORET, 1997.
4-153
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Sediments Final—April 2001
Lincoln North Pond
One sediment sample was taken from Lincoln North Pond in 1991. A summary of these data
can be found in Table 4-50. Analysis of that sample indicated the presence of a few pesticides; with
the exception of DDT, all pesticides found in the sample have Ontario SEL guidelines. No
contaminants in the sample surpass any of these guidelines; however, the 32 /zg/kg of p,p'DDE found
in the sample surpasses the respective ER-M level (27 jug/kg) (STORET, 1997).
Marquette Park Lagoon
One sediment sample was taken from Marquette Park Lagoon in 1992. A summary of these
data can be found in Table 4-51. Analysis of that sample indicated the presence of metals and
pesticides; however, no contaminants in the sample had concentrations stronger than the Ontario
SEL guidelines (STORET, 1997).
SAG Ouarrv
Two sediment samples were taken from SAG Quarry in 1993. A summary of these data can
be found in Table 4-52. Analyses of those samples indicated the presence of metals. The samples
contained two compounds with concentrations exceeding their respective SELs: copper (150 mg/kg
detected, 110 mg/kg SEL) and total organic carbon (10.3% detected, 10% SEL) (STORET, 1997).
Washington Lagoon
Two sediment samples were taken from Washington Lagoon in 1991. A summary of these
data can be found in Table 4-53. Analyses of those samples indicate the presence of a few
pesticides. With the exception of DDT, all pesticides found in the sample have Ontario SEL
guidelines. No contaminants in the samples surpass any of these guidelines; however, the 21 /ug/kg
of p.p'DDE found in one sample surpasses the respective ER-L level (2.2 ,ug/kg).
4.3.2 Waterbodies in Lake County, IN
Many lakes, streams, and rivers are located in Lake County, IN. Figure 4-32 displays the
location of the major waterbodies. The Grand Calumet River (GCR), Indiana Harbor Canal (IHC),
and Indiana Harbor (IH) have been the focus of extensive sediment contamination studies, somewhat
because it is a Great Lakes Area of Concern (AOC). Many of these studies have concentrated on all
4-154
-------
Table 4 - 50. Pollutant Levels in Lincoln North Pond Sediment (1991)
Pollutant and Units
P.P'DDD SEDUG/KG DRY WGT
P.P'DDE SEDUG/KG DRY WGT
DDT SUM ANALOGS UG/KG
DIELDRIN SEDUG/KG
Years Sampled
1991
1991
1991
1991
'No. of Total
i Stations Samples
1 1
1 1
1 1
i 1 1
Minimum
Detected
53
32
85
8.7
Mean Maximum
Detected Detected
53 53
32. 32
85 85
8.7 8.7
Source: STORET, 1997.
4-155
-------
Table 4-51. Pollutant Levels in
Marquette Park Lagoon Sediment (1992)
Pollutant and Units
ARSENIC SEDMG/KG DRY WGT
BA MUD DRY WGT MG/KG-BA
CD MUD DRY WGT MG/KG-CD
CHROMIUM SEDMG/KG
COPPER SEDMG/KG DRY WGT
LEAD SEDMG/KG DRY WGT
MN MUD DRY WGT MG/KG-MN
NICKEL SEDMG/KG DRY WGT
ZINC SEDMG/KG DRY WGT
FE MUD DRY WGT MG/KG-FE
P.P'DDD SEDUG/KG DRY WGT
P.P'DDE SEDUG/KG DRY WGT
MERCURY SEDMG/KG
Years Sampled No. of Total Minimum Mean Maximum
Stations Samples Detected Detected .Detected
1992
1992
1992
1992
1992
1992
1992
1992
1992
1992
1992
1992
1992
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
19
120
2
32
47
53
552
38
130
33000
36
2
0.1
19
120
2
32
47
53.
552
38;
130,
33000
3.6
2
0 1
19
120
2
32
47
53
552
38
130
33000
36
2
0.1
Source. STORET. 1997
4-156
-------
Table 4-52. Pollutant Levels in SAG Quarry Sediment (1993)
Pollutant and Units Years Sampled 'No. of Total Minimum 'Mean Maximum
Stations Samples Detected .Detected Detected
ARSENIC SEDMG/KG DRY WGT
BA MUD DRY WGT MG/KG-BA
CD MUD DRY WGT MG/KG-CD
CHROMIUM SEDMG/KG
COPPER SEDMG/KG DRY WGT
LEAD SEDMG/KG DRY WGT
MN MUD DRY WGT MG/KG-MN
NICKEL SEDMG/KG DRY WGT
ZINC SEDMG/KG DRY WGT
FE MUD DRY WGT MG/KG-FE
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON %
MERCURY SEDMG/KG
1993
1993
1993
1993
1993:
1993
1993
1993
1993
1993
1993.
1993;
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2;
7.95
985
2
20
675
67.75.
530
30.5
187
20850
8.7
0.1'
1005
116.25
2
21.38,
108.75
109.38
549
31 63
201 5
24550.
9.5
013:
12.15
134
2
22.75
150
151
568
3275
216
28250
10.3
0.2
Source. STORET, 1997.
4-157
-------
Table 4 - 53. Pollutant Levels in Washington Lagoon Sediment (1991)
Pollutant and Units
P.P'DDD SEDUG/KG DRY WGT
P.P'DDE SEDUG/KG DRY WGT
DDT SUM ANALOGS UG/KG
DIELDRIN SEDUG/KG
Years Sampled
1991
1991
1991
1991
No. of Total
Stations • Samples
2
2,
1
2
2
2
1
2
Minimum
Detected
18
20
41
3.1
Mean
Detected
19.5'
205
41
405
Maximum
Detected
21
21
41
5
Source: STORET, 1997.
4-158
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Sediments
Final—April 2001
three waterbodies. This section, therefore, first presents the joint studies, followed by studies that
concentrate on individual waterbodies. Other waterbodies that fall within Lake County, EN, include
parts of Lake Michigan and parts of Wolf Lake, and Little Calumet River.
4.3.2.1 IHC/GCR/IH
The Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Canal (GCR/IHC) (Figure 4-38) have a
combined length of 34 kilometers (km) or 21 miles. This area has been the focus of attention since
1965 by the Federal Government, including the EPA and Alliance for Clear Energy (ACE). In 1987,
EPA was directed under Section 118 of the Clean Water Act, as amended in 1987, to ensure that
Remedial Action Plans were developed for this area (Holowaty et al., 1991).
GCR/IHC is located in a
heavily-industrialized region of
northwestern Indiana, approximately 32
km southeast of Chicago, IL. From its
headwaters (near Marquette Park
Lagoon), the East Branch of the Grand
Calumet River flows westward
(approximately 21 km) before joining the
IHC and the West Branch of the Grand
Calumet River. Waters entering IHC
flow about 8 km to the north and then
Listing of Facilities in the Grand
Calumet River and Indiana Harbor
Canal Area
5 Superfund Sites
56 CERCLIS Sites
425 RCRA Sites
23 Facilities Dealing with Hazardous Waste
9 Hazardous Waste Landfills or Surface
Impoundments
150 Leaking Underground Storage Tanks
northeast, exiting into Indiana Harbor
(ffl) and southern Lake Michigan. U.S. EPA (1994a) reported that 5 Superfund sites, 56 CERCLA
sites, 425 RCRA sites, 23 facilities that treat, store, or dispose (TSD) of hazardous waste, 9
hazardous waste landfills or surface impoundments, and approximately 150 leaking underground
storage tanks (LUSTs) lie within GCR/IHC Area of Concern.
EPA (1994a) concluded that contamination problems within the GCR/IHC have resulted in
the Indiana Harbor becoming one of the most highly contaminated harbors in the Great Lakes. The
major contaminant transport mechanism is believed to be the resuspension of contaminated
4-159
-------
JS.
Chicago
West Branch •• East Branch
(rotes, icate appradmate)
21012
Figure 4-38. Grand Calumet River/ Indiana Harbor Canal Area of Concern
(Source: IDEM, 1991)
-------
CCRJ Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Sediments Final—April 2001
sediments followed by partitioning to the water column (U.S. EPA, 1994a). Comparison of arsenic,
cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, and zinc to Ontario's SELs
indicate all parameters are of concern in some location, if not throughout the IHC area
(U.S. EPA, 1996c). The highest concentrations of contaminants found in the GCR/IHC AOC
sediments are listed in Table 4-54.
U.S. ACOE has maintained a Federal navigation project at IHC since 1910. Harbor depths
are authorized by statute and range from 6.7 meters (22 feet) in the turning basin and IHC, to 8.8
meters (29 feet) in the outer harbor for navigation purposes. Periodic dredging of the canal is
necessary to maintain the authorized depths and eliminate shoals in the outer harbor and accumulated
sediments in remaining areas. The canal has not been dredged since 1972, which has resulted in
restricting the flow of traffic on the canal. Under the present conditions, the shipping capacity in the
harbor and canal has been reduced by IS percent and has resulted in a substantial increase in
shipping costs (IDEM, 1991). Although it is more difficult for boat traffic to get through the canal,
some boats are able to power their way through the soft sediments. This frequent churning up of
sediments from both ship traffic and storm events results in the resuspension, transport, and
deposition of contaminated sediments (U.S. EPA, 1994a). The reason the canal has not been
dredged since 1972 is because of the lack of disposal sites for the dredged spoils, which are classified
as heavily polluted or toxic according to EPA guidelines (Holowaty et al., 1991). As a result, the
navigation channel in the Calumet River Branch of IHC is impassible to commercial traffic. Prior
to 1968, dredged material from the Indiana Harbor deep-draft navigation project, as authorized by
the River and Harbor Act of 1910, was placed in the open waters of Lake Michigan. After 1968, the
Federal Government prohibited the unconfined disposal of contaminated dredged material
(U.S. EPA, 1994a). Data from bathymetric surveys from 1972, 1976,1980, and 1984 indicated that
incoming sediment was equal to outgoing sediment in the Canal (U.S. EPA, 1994a). Because the
incoming sediments are probably contaminated sediments from the Grand Calumet River, this area
may be receiving a continuous load of contaminants throughout the year (U.S. EPA, 1994a).
Municipal and industrial point discharges, combined sewer overflows, and urban runoff, are
the major sources of contamination to sediments entering GCR/IHC. Thirty-nine point sources on
the GCR/IHC serve municipal sewage treatment plants, semi-integrated steel manufacturing,
chemical producers, and others (HydroQual, 1985). In addition to these permitted outfalls, the
4-161
-------
Table 4-54. Maximum Concentrations of Contaminants in GC/IHC Sediments
Contaminant
Ammonia
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
PCBs (total)
Aroclor 1248
Aroclor 1254
Aroclor 1260
Aroclor 1242
P-cresol
Chlorophenyl-phenylether
Dibenzoruran
Phenol
Di-methylphenol
Di-chlorophenol
Napthalene
Acenapthylene
Acenapthene
Highest Concentration (^g/g)
545.0
29.5
45.0
1,680.0
600.0
4.4
326,000
1,430
382,00
2.20
140.0
4,630
102.3
27.0
6.9
8.56
89.08
4.5
3.2
160.0
0.278
3.2
3.3
2,033.333+7-57.735
27.0
105.333+/-8.083
4-162
-------
Table 4-54. Maximum Concentrations of Contaminants in GC/IHC Sediments (continued)
Contaminant
Fluorene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Fluoranthene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Pyrene
Benzo(a)anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)-fluoranthene
Benzo(k)-fluoranthene
Benzo(g,h,i)-perylene
Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
Indeno(l ,2,3-c,d)-pyrene
Di-N-octyl phthalate
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Butyl benzyl pthalate
Di-N-butyl pthalate
Heptachlor epoxide
Endosulfan I
Endosulfan II
Endrin
Aldrin
Isodrin
Dieldrin
Highest Concentration (,ug/g)
160.0
105.667+/-16.921
160.000+/- 10.000
206.667+/-1 1.547
170.0
3,300.0
140.0
130.0
200.0
140.0
39.667+7-4. 163
11.0
57.000+/- 10.440
47.0
26.0
0.6
0.8
<1.0
<0.05
<0.02
<0.02
<1.0
<1.3
<0.02
4-163
-------
Table 4-54. Maximum Concentrations of Contaminants in GC/IHC Sediments (continued)
Contaminant
Chlorodane
DDT
ODD
DDE
Mirex
Methoxychlor
2,4-D
DCPA
1,2-DCB
1,4-DCB
HCB
Highest Concentration 0/g/g)
<0.2
<1.0
<0.4
<0.3
<0.2
<2.0
<0.5
<0.03
0.04
0.14
Mg/g = microgram per gram
Source U.S. EPA, 1991 a.
4-164
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Sediments
Final—April 2001
sanitary districts of Gary, Hammond, and East Chicago maintain combined sewer systems that
overflow to the GCR/IHC during even light storm events (U.S. ACOE, 1996). CSO loadings have
been estimated to exceed 11-billion gallons per year (IDEM, 1991). A number of industries are
located in the GCR/IHC area, and the hydrology of the river system has been altered due to
channeling and dredging activities (U.S. EPA, 1994a). This river system has been used primarily
for two functions: (1) for ship transportation in the canal, and (2) as a conduit for effluent
discharges from industries and sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Gary, Hammond, East Chicago,
and Whiting, IN. Of the 39 permitted outfalls on the GCR/IHC, 28 are accounted for by three
companies: US Steel-Gary Works, Inland Steel, and LTV Steel (formerly Jones & Laughlin Steel).
These companies are reported to discharge greater than 95 percent of the industrial effluent volume
(U.S. EPA, 1994a). Improvement in manufacturing practices and heightened stringency for
regulating discharges have improved water quality of the river (U.S. ACOE, 1996).
The lack of industrial pretreatment and the small size of the upstream drainage basin has
increased the contaminant problems (U.S. EPA, 1993a). As the flow from this system enters Lake
Michigan, the level of pollutants has been of particular concern. Over the past two decades, source
control has improved water quality; however, sediments and groundwater in the area have continued
to be a repository for many contaminants including PCBs, PAHs, polychlorinated dioxins and furans,
chlorinated pesticides, heavy metals, and many other pollutants (U.S. EPA, I993a). Fifty EPA
CERCLIS sites have been identified and listed in the GCR/IHC AOC (U.S. EPA, 1993a).
Table 4-55 displays selected potentially hazardous substances found in the GCR/IHC system.
Volume of Contaminated Sediments in IHC/GCR
In its Comprehensive Management
Plan for dredging the fflC, the U.S. ACOE
(1996) estimates the total annual loading of
sediments to GCR/IHC to be 152,000 cubic
yards. The Grand Calumet Task Force
estimates the annual loading to be from
15,000 to 26,000 cubic yards. U.S. ACOE
(1996) has concluded that different
methodologies employed could be a possible
Annual Sediment Load from
GCR/IHC to Lake Michigan
The GCR/IHC has reached a state of balance of
sediment deposition and scour/transport. Annual
loading of 152,000 cubic yards of sediment
containing 100,000 pounds of lead, 67,000
pounds of chromium, and 420 pounds of PCBs
enter Lake Michigan from GCR/IHC.
4-165
-------
Table 4-55. Selected Potentially Hazardous Substances Found in the
GCR/IHC System
Chemical
Sediment Concentration
I. Metals
Carcinogenic:
Arsenic (As)
Cadmium (Cd)
Chromium (Cr)
Nickel (Ni)
29.5
45.0
1,680.0
140.0
Noncarcinogenic:
Copper (Cu)
Iron (Fe)
Lead (Pb)
Manganese (Mn)
Mercury (Hg)
Zinc (Zn)
600.0
326,000.0
1,430.0
382,000.0
2.2
4,630.0
II. Inorganic Compounds:
Carcinogenic:
PAHs (11 Potential carcinogens)
PCBs (Total)
Aroclors
CDFs
DEHP (Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phathalate
11 - 3,300.0
102.3
132.0
160.0
26.0
Aig/g = microgram per gram
Source: IDEM, 1991.
4-166
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Sediments Final — April 2001
explanation for the difference in values. Another reason could be that the original U.S. ACOE study
was conducted in the early 1980s, and the reduction in total loadings is a reflection of better
management practices (U.S. ACOE, 1996).
U.S. ACOE (1996) estimates that the sediment quantity for the Calumet River and lagoons
(excluding the Federal Navigation Channel and the proposed US Steel sediment cleanup project)
totaled 1,754,000 cubic yards. Table 4-56 lists the estimated sediment volume for each GCR-IHC
reach and the total sediment volume estimate for the project area. U.S. ACOE (1996) reports that
a steel rod was used to estimate the depth of unconsolidated sediment. As seen in Table 4-56, the
estimated volume of sediment in the hot spot area of the West Lagoon was about 50,000 cubic yards.
The volume of penetrable sediment in the remaining portion of the West Lagoon was estimated to
be about 100,000 cubic yards. Holowaty et al. (1991) reported that sediments reached depths of 5
meters (17 feet) in GCR/IHC. U.S. ACOE has estimated that this small river system may contain
over 3.6-million cubic meters (4-million cubic yards) of contaminated sediments (U.S.
ACOE, 1986).
Results from the sedimentation analyses indicate 8,294 tons of sediments are delivered to the
OCR lagoons per year. This equates to a volume of approximately 8,003 cubic yards, of which 5,995
cubic yards are deposited in the West Lagoon and 2,008 in the East Lagoon. Sediment transport
between the lagoons has not been considered in these calculations. Sediment transport off the
surrounding lands has been the main factor (U.S. ACOE, 1996).
The volume of contaminated sediments in the GCR/IHC has been estimated to be 1.4-million
cubic yards in the East Branch of the GCR and 700,000 cubic yards of the West Branch and IHC
upstream of the navigation project. The authorized navigation project contains 1-million cubic
yards, and the Chicago District U.S. ACOE has estimated between 500,000 and 1-million cubic
yards of soft sediments adjacent to the authorized channel. It is, therefore, estimated that 3.5- to 4-
million cubic yards of contaminated sediments exist in GCR/IHC AOC (U.S. ACOE, 1996).
U.S. ACOE states that most of the GCR/IHC system has reached a state of balance of
sediment deposition and scour/transport. The result of this steady-state condition is an annual
loading of 100,000 to 200,000 cubic yards of sediment to Lake Michigan from the mouth of the
4-167
-------
Table 4-56. Sediment Volume Estimates for the Grand Calumet River Reaches
REACH
Giand Cal Lagoons-
East Lagoon
West Lagoon
Western portion
Eastern portion
Gary Sanitary District
DuPont
East Chicago Sanitary District
Roxana Marsh
Hammond San District
Culverts
Canal
Lake George
TOTAL
VOLUME
(yd3)
150,000
46,000
97,000
340,000
270,000
130,000
220,000
130,000
290,000
72,000
1,745,000
SOFT-SIDES
(yd1)
a
a
a
100,000
78,000
38,000
b
b
b
21,000
237,000
OVERDREDGE
(yd1)
a
a
a
30,000
29,000
6,300
20,000
7,500
17,000
19.000
129,000
TOTAL
(yd1)
150,000
46,000
97,000
470,000
377,000
174,000
240,000
138,000
307,000
1 12,000
2,111,000
yd3 = cubic yards.
, Nor considered in this phase of study.
b Included in volume estimate under column
Source U S ACOli, 1996
2.
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Sediments
Final —April 2001
Indiana Harbor. The annual sediment load to the lake contains an estimated 67,000 pounds of
chromium, 100,000 pounds of lead, and 420 pounds of PCBs (U.S. ACOE, 1997).
Concentrations of Sediment Contaminants in IHC/GCR
Compounds exhibiting the greatest
sediment concentrations in the GCR/1HC
were the various PAHs, total PCBs,
pp'-DDE, toxaphene, p-Chloro toluene,
ethylbenzene, and p-dichlorobenzene (Hoke
et al., 1993). These compounds are reported
to have been present in the 2-20 //g/g range,
with the exception of several PAHs, which
were present at concentrations as great as 100
//g/kg in the sediments. The percentage of oil
and grease ranged from 1.6 to 13.5 percent.
Detectable concentrations of most analyzed
metals were present in all study site
sediments. Iron, magnesium, and manganese were generally present in high mg/kg to low pirn/kg
concentrations in solid phase sediments. Of the metals of toxicological concern in aquatic systems,
zinc, lead, and chromium were present at concentrations as great as S.23, 3.94, and 1.22 //m/kg,
respectively. Copper, nickel, and cadmium concentrations were generally below 500
Compounds Exhibiting the Greatest
Sediment Concentrations
in the GCR/IHC
PCBs,
PAHs,
P,P'-DDE,
Toxaphene
p-Chlorotoluene
Ethylbenzene
p-diclorobenzene
Heavy Metals
Table 4-57 displays sediment data
presented by EPA (199la). These data
were from six sampling locations in the
GCR/IHC as displayed on Figure 4-38
(U.S. EPA, 1991a). Zinc concentration in
MC sediments ranged from 550 to 4,500
/zg/g. The average concentration was
2,475 t^g/g, which exceeded the Ontario
SELof820//g/g. The Indianapolis Road
GCR/IHC
Zinc, chromium, copper, lead, cadmium, iron,
manganese, mercury, nickel, silver, zinc.
concentrations in the GCR/IHC exceeded the SEL.
PCB concentrations were 90 times the ER-M
benchmark, and PAHs, such as anthracene and
phenanthrene, were 25 times greater than the ERM.
4-169
-------
Table 4-57. GCR-IHC Sediment Data for 1986
Sampling Site 1234 5 6
Location Bridge St. Cline Ave. Kennedy Ave. Indianapolis Lake George Dickey Rd.
Blvd. Branch
% Volatile Solids
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
PCB-1248
BHC
Pentachlorophenol
Pentachloroanisole
Napthalene
24(12)
3 9 (3.6)
25 (26)
12(14)
2 1 (2 9)
220(180)
ISO (ISO)
4.4 (3.4)
500 (730)
061 (090)
42 (*47)
1.4(1.4)
-------
Table 4-57. GCR-IHC Sediment Data for 19861 (continued)
Sampling Site 1234 5 6
Location Bridge St. Cline Ave. Kennedy Ave. Indianapolis Lake George Dickey Rd.
Blvd. Branch
Bis (2-cthylhexyl) phthalate
Methylnaphthalene
Dicrhylphthalate
Fluorenc
Huoranthene
Pyiene
Dibenzofuran
Acenapthene
1-2 Dichlorobenzene
Cliloronaphthalene
Bcnzoanthracene
Benzofluoranthene
4-Nitroaniline
Chlorophenyl-phenylether
p-Cresol
Dimethylphenol
Dichlorophenol
21 (ND)
ND(ll)
ND(ND)
I60(ND)
ND(24)
3,300(22)
160(5.1)
ND (4 5)
ND(1 5)
6.5 (ND)
47 (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND(ND)
ND(ND)
4.2(3.7)
ND (62)
5 9 (ND)
44 (8.6)
49 (6.7)
ND(ND)
ND(ND)
ND(ND)
ND(ND)
ND (ND)
ND(ND)
ND(ND)
ND(ND)
ND(ND)
ND(ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND(ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND(ll)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
3.2(2.0)
3.3 (2.8)
1 1 (ND)
3 0 (ND)
5.8 (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
17(ND)
ND (ND)
ND(ND)
ND (ND)
4.5 (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND(ND)
ND (ND)
12(ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND(ND)
ND (ND)
ND(ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
27 (ND)
ND(ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND(ND)
ND(ND)
ND(ND)
ND(4.0)
ND(ND)
4.0 (ND)
ND (ND)
ND (ND)
ND(ND)
Measurements represent
A«g/g = microgram per gram.
ND = Not Detected
Source U S EPA, 1991 a.
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Sediments Final—April 2001
site had the greatest zinc concentrations in this study. Chromium, copper, and lead were also present
in elevated concentrations. The mean concentrations for these metals are presented in Table 4-58.
U.S. EPA (1991a) presented data on PCB concentrations in sediments at 13IHC and IH locations.
PCB concentrations ranged from 0.09 to 31.74 A*g/g with an average of 11.45 //g/g. High PCB
concentrations reported from this study were found on the IHC at Dickey Road. Table 4-57 displays
the results of this study conducted in September 1987. The average concentration of PCBs in the
Harbor and Canal was found to be 1.55 /^g/g and 17 /ug/g, respectively (U.S. EPA, 1991a).
Table 4-59 displays data from U.S. EPA (1991a) showing the concentration of metals and PCBs at
the IHC and IH (Figures 4-38 and 4-39). Lead and zinc concentrations are highest in the IHC
between Conrail and Dickey Road. PCB concentrations are greatest in the Lake George branch of
the IHC (U.S. EPA, 1991a).
A 1979 U.S. ACOE study analyzed 34 sediment samples from 13 sites in IHC and IH.
Contaminant concentrations were compared to "U.S. EPA Region 5 classification of sediment
quality," and it was concluded that most Indiana Harbor sediments were heavily polluted (U.S.
ACOE, 1986). The two lakeward sites in this study were found to contain more moderately polluted
sediments. Sediments in the upstream branches of the canal and turning basin were more heavily
polluted.
Sediment core sampling of nutrient organics and metals showed that contaminant
concentrations varied with depth. Trends of decreasing or increasing concentrations of individual
parameters with sediment depth were not observed for the IHC as a whole. However, trends for a
few specific contaminants at specific locations were observed. Concentrations of contaminants in
the deepest sediment composite samples were lower than those observed closer to the sediment
surface (U.S. ACOE, 1986).
EPA's Great Lakes National Program Office (GLNPO) conducted two sediment sampling
surveys in August 1989 and November 1990 at the Indiana Harbor AOC, which included IH and
IHC. Contaminants found at elevated levels included heavy metals, PCBs, PAHs, oil, and grease.
The summary statistics in Table 4-60 display the range of concentrations present for each chemical
(U.S. EPA, 1996c). L&M's effects ranges and Ontario's Provincial Sediment Quality Guidelines
were utilized as benchmarks against which levels of contaminants could be compared
4-172
-------
Table 4-58. Summary Statistics for Specific Metals in GCR-IHC
Pollutant
Zinc
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Concentration
Range
(Mg/g)
550 - 450
75 - 990
70 - 600
350-1,100
Mean
Concentration
C"g/g)
2,475
534
292
728
Ontario SEL
O^g/g)
820
110
110
250
= mcrogram per gram.
Source: U.S. EPA, 199la.
4-173
-------
Table 4-59. Pollutant Concentrations From Sediments Collected Along
the Indiana Harbor Canal and Indiana Harbor
Constituent*
Arsenic Gug/g)
Chromium Gwg/g)
Iron Cug/g)
Lead (^g/g)
Manganese Gug/g)
Nickel (/ug/g)
Zinc G/g/g)
Total PCBs Gug/g)
Harbor Reach
Closest to Lake
Michigan
<0.1
108.0
24,000
255.0
978.0
30.0
930.0
1.45
Closest to Canal
<0.1
150.0
43,100
439.0
1,118.0
50.0
1,920.0
2.23
IHC
(Between Conrail and Dickey Rd.)
IHC
(Between
Conrail and
Dickey Road)
<0.1
576.0
45,000
963.0
996.0
120.0
4,280.0
10.14
Midway on
Grand Calumet
Branch of IHC
<0.1
478.0
59,900
940.0
1,207.0
70.0
3,250.0
8.06
Lake George
Branch of IHC
<0.1
602.0
60,900
153.0
1,207.0
90.0
4,120.0
17.30
A
-------
I
ffl
6
o
«B
CD
Lake George
Branch
Lake Michigan
Grand
Calumet
Branch
East Chicago
IN
N
Columbus Or.
Figure 4-39. Indiana Harbor and Indiana Harbor Canal (Source: USEPA, 1996)
4-175
-------
Table 4-60. Summary Statistics from Indiana Harbor Canal Including the Applicable Sediment Quality Criteria/Benchmarks
Chemical Parameter
Arsenic O^g/g)
Cadmium (^g/g)
Chromium (jug/g)
Copper (//g/g)
Iron (A*g/g)
Lead (/ug/g)
Manganese 0/g/g)
Silver (Atg/g)
Zinc (Mg/g)
Anthiacenc (/^g/g)
Survey
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
Minimum
32
N/A
52
OOPNQ
407
3.4 LLS
182
4 5 LLS
12 1
N/A
396
I.5LDL
1,674
N/A
0023
N/A
2,250
20 LLS
1,400
N/A
Median
56
N/A
11.7
9.3
780
345
284
275
19.7
N/A
791
695
2,420
N/A
467
N/A
3,540
3,150
3,450
N/A
Maximum
93
N/A
242
45
2,610
1,800
379
880
288
N/A
1, 354
3,700
2,280
N/A
7.08
N/A
7,960
10,000
300,000
N/A
L&M ER-L
8.2
1.2
81
34
N/A
467
N/A
1
150
85.3
L&M ER-M
70
9.6
370
270
N/A
218
N/A
3.7
410
1,100
SEL
33
10
no
no
4
250
1,100
N/A
820
370 Mg/g OC
-------
Table 4-60. Summary Statistics from Indiana Harbor Canal Including the Applicable Sediment Quality Criteria/benchmarks
(continued)
Chemical Parameter
Bcnz(a)anthraccne (//g/g)
I3enzo(a)pyrene (Mg/g)
Beti7o(g,h,i)perylene C"g/g)
Benzo(k)fluoranthene (/ug/g)
Chrysene (^g/g)
Fluoianthenc (uglg)
Fluorenc (/vg/g)
Indeno[ 1 ,2,3-cd]chrysene (^g/g)
2-Methylnaphthalene 0/g/g)
Naphthalene G/g/g)
Survey
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
{Minimum
4,200
N/A
5,700
N/A
76
N/A
SI
N/A
5,200
N/A
4,800
N/A
<6I
N/A
58
N/A
<31
N/A
3,600
N/A
Median
11,650
N/A
15,500
N/A
125
N/A
131
N/A
16,700
N/A
11,800
N/A
3,200
N/A
95
N/A
2,600
N/A
6,200
N/A
Maximum
39,000
N/A
41,000
N/A
310
N/A
230
N/A
39,000
N/A
120,000
N/A
61,000
N/A
220
N/A
42,000
N/A
24,000
N/A
L&M ER-L
261
430
N/A
N/A
384
600
19
N/A
70
160
L&M ER-M
1,600
1,600
N/A
N/A
2,800
5,100
540
N/A
670
2,100
SEL
l,480Mg/gOC
l,440A/g/gOC
320
1,340
460 A/g/g OC
1.020A*g/gOC
160Mg/gOC
320Mg/gOC
N/A
N/A
-------
Table 4-60. Summary Statistics from Indiana Harbor Canal Including the Applicable Sediment Quality Criteria/benchmarks
(continued)
Chemical Parameter
Phenanthrcne 0/g/g)
Pyiene(Mg/g)
Total PAI-I (Aig/g)
Total PCBs (^g/g)
Survey
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
Minimum
3,400
N/A
5,500
N/A
67,971
N/A
4,000 PD
N/A
Median
11,450
N/A
27,000
N/A
304,045
N/A
12,000 D
N/A
Maximum
270,000
N/A
55,000
N/A
941,340
N/A
43,000 PD
N/A
L&M ER-L
240
665
4,022
22.7
L&M ER-M
1,500
2,600
44,792
180
SEL
950 ,wg/g OC
850^g/gOC
1 0,000 Mg/gOC
530 ^g/g OC
t
M
oo
Source: US EPA, I996C.
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Sediments Final—April 2001
(U.S. EPA, 1996c). Metal concentrations for all 10 parameters (cadmium, chromium, copper, iron,
lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, silver, and zinc) sampled exceeded either the L&M effects ranges
or Ontario's SELs, and all parameters could be considered to be contaminants of concern in both
surficial as well as deeper sediments. Comparison of bulk sediment concentrations in the Indiana
Harbor to L&Ms ER-M indicated that zinc and lead pose the highest potential risk for biota (U.S.
EPA, 1996c).
Based on the L&M guidelines, this study found that the organic pollutants that pose the
greatest risk in contaminated sediment in the Indiana Harbor area of concern (AOC) are total PCBs.
On average, total PCB concentration was almost 90 times higher than the ER-M benchmark (U.S.
EPA, 1993b). PAHs, such as anthracene and phenanthrene, had mean exceedances greater than 25
times the ER-M (U.S. EPA, 1996c). In general, U.S. EPA (1996c) found the highest concentration
of organics were found at the fork of the Lake George Branch and in the IHC or by Indianapolis
Boulevard in the Lake George Branch. When compared to Ontario's SELs, only two organics
(anthracene and fiuorene) exceeded the SEL at the fork of the Lake George Branch and the IHC.
4.3.2.2 Indiana Harbor
U.S. EPA (1993b) analyzed sediment
samples from IHC and Indiana Harbor
Indiana Harbor
(Figure 4-40). Concentrations of metals in _. , . , .
Zinc, chromium, copper, lead, and manganese
and zinc concentrations in IH exceeded the SEL.
Mean fluorcne, phenanthrene, total PAHs, and
PCB concentrations exceeded the L&M ER-M.
whole sediment samples from Indiana Harbor
can be found in Table 4-61. This study found
that samples from the fork of IHC had the
highest concentrations of chromium,
manganese, lead, and zinc. Maximum copper concentrations were found at the midway sampling
point, which was on the IHC. Chromium concentrations ranged from 407 to 2,610 //g/g, with an
average concentration of 1,070 A*g/g. The measured levels were all above the L&M ER-M (370
fj.g/g) and the Ontario SEL (110 ^g/g). Manganese concentrations ranged from 1,674 to 3,280 /2g/g
with an average concentration of 2,420 /wg/g. The reported levels of manganese greatly exceeded
the Ontario SEL of 1,100 fj.g/g. L&M benchmarks do not exist for manganese. Lead concentrations
ranged from 415 to 1,354 Atg/g, with an average concentration of 807 /zg/g. The reported levels
4-179
-------
Lake Michigan
Whiting. IN
N
I
\I2 Mile
LakeGeorge_\ Branch
OOCQ
Figure 4-40. Sediment Sampling Stations in Indiana Harbor Canal and Indiana Harbor
(Source: U.S. EPA, 1993)
4-180
-------
Table 4-61. Concentrations of Metals in Whole Sediment Samples from Indiana Harbor, IN.
Sample
IH-OI-03
IH-01-04
II-I-01-05
1H-OI-06
IH-OI-07
IH-OI-08
111-01 -10
Metal Concentrations O^g/g)1
Ag
0.2
004
0.02
60
7 1
4.7
5.2
As
60
32
45
52
93
56
63
Cd
9.1
52
10.4
11.7
24.2
124
18.4
Cr
572
407
580
1,132
2,610
780
1,412
Cu
226
182
219
379
287
284
354
Fe (%)
19.7
144
23.4
7.9
28.8
12.1
21.4
Hg
0.9
0.7
0.9
1 9
2.1
1.8
1 8
Mn
2,420
1,970
2,740
2,410
3,280
1,674
2,450
Ni
50
50
<50
103
<58
95
88
Pb
589
396
415
878
1,354
1,223
791
Se
26
23
2.0
3.8
3.1
3.9
3.3
Zn
3,250
2,250
2,290
4,460
7,960
3,540
4,080
t
H*
oe
I
Mg/g = microgram per gram
< Indicates compound not detected at detection limit shown
Source- U S EPA, I993b.
-------
CCR7 Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Sediments Final—April 2001
exceeded the L&M ER-M (218 yug/g) and the Ontario SEL (250 /ug/g). Zinc concentrations ranged
from 2,250-7,960 A*g/g, with an average concentration of 3,976 Mg/g- The reported levels greatly
exceeded the L&M ER-M (410 Mg/g) and Ontario SEL (820 jug/g). Copper concentrations ranged
from 182 to 379 /ug/g, with an average concentration of 276 //g/g. All reported levels exceeds the
Ontario SEL (100 /^g/g), and 70 percent of the reported measurements exceeded the L&M ER-M
(270 A*g/g)- Total PAH compound concentration was 2,197 ng/g. Fluorene concentrations ranged
from 790 to 12,000 ng/g with an average of 7,645 ng/g. These levels exceeded the L&M ER-M (540
ng/g) and fell below the Ontario SEL (160 jug/g). Phenanthrene concentrations ranged from 3,400
to 270,000 ng/g, with an average concentration of 38,414 ng/g. These levels exceeded the L&M
ER-M (1,500 ng/g) and fell below the Ontario SEL (950 ^g/g) (U.S. EPA, 1993b).
Sediments from Indiana Harbor contained PAH and semivolatile compound concentrations
that ranged from less than 25 ng/g for dimethyl phthalate to 290,000 ng/g for 2-methylnaphthalene.
Station IH-01-07 contained fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene
(Table 4-62). Polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and -furans in the Indiana Harbor samples ranged
from 3.8 picograms per gram (pg/g) for 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran to 43,000 pg/g for
octachloro-dibenzodioxin. Anthracene concentrations ranged from 1,400 to 300,000 ng/g, with an
average of 36,271 ng/g. These levels exceeded the L&M ER-M (1,100 ng/g) and fell below the
Ontario SEL (370 /zg/g) (U.S. EPA, 1993b).
PCBs concentrations in the sediment from Indiana Harbor for Aroclor 1242 ranged from
3,000 to 43,000 ng/g. Table 4-63 displays concentrations of dioxin and furans in sediment samples
taken from Indiana Harbor. In addition, Aroclor 1254 was detected at one sampling site (1,000
ng/g). Pesticides in the Indiana Harbor sediments were below analytical detection limits (U.S.
EPA, 1993b).
In an effort to confirm the quality of sediments in the outer harbor and entrance channel, the
U.S. ACOE conducted sediment quality studies in 1984. Eighteen samples were collected from six
sites from depths at and below authorized analysis depths. The results showed that the lakeward
sediments contained low levels of nearly all parameters analyzed. Organic compounds, including
PCBs, were not detected at routine detection limits (U.S. ACOE, 1986).
4-182
-------
Table 4-62. Concentrations of Polynuclear Aromatic and Other Scmivolatile Compounds in Whole Sediment Samples From Indiana Harbor, IN.
Sample
IH-01-03
IH-OI-04
II-I-OI-05
1H-OI-06
1H-01-07
111-01-08
IH-01-10
Sample
IH-01-03
IH-01-04
IH-OI-05
IH-OI-06
IH-OI-07
111-01-08
IH-OI-IO
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon1
1,4
DCB
82
31
45
380
125
(110-140)
160
930
BBPh
-------
Abbreviations
Table 4-62. Concentrations of Polynuclear Aromatic and Other Semivolatile Compounds in Whole Sediment Samples
From Indiana Harbor, IN. (continued)
I.4DCB 1,4-Dichlorobciuenc
Napli Naphthalene
2-M-Napli 2-inethylnaphlhalene
Acnaph Accnapthcnc
DMPh Dinicthylphlhalatc
DBF Dibcnzofuran
Fluorc riuoicnc
1'licn Phcnanlhrcnc
Anlh Anthracene
Fluoia riuoranthene
Pyrcnc Pyrcnc
BDPh Bulyl Benzyl Phthalale
BaAnlh Bcnzo(a)anlhraccnc
BisPh Bis(2-Ethylhexyl)Phlhalalc
*• Chiys Chrysenc
£ DnOPh Di-n-oclylphalatc
*• BbFluor Bcnzo(b)Fluoranlhenc
Bkriuor Bcnzo(k)riuoran(hcne
BaPyr Bcnzo(n)Pyicne
IndPyr Indcno (l,2,3-cd)Pyrenc
BghiPcr Bcnzo(g,h,i)pcrylcnc
-------
Table 4-63. Concentrations of Dioxins and Furans Whole Sediment Samples from Indiana Harbor, IN.
Sample
IH-01-03
111-01-04
IH-01-05
IH-OI-06
IH-OI-07
IH-OI-08
IH-01-10
Polychlorinated-dibenzo-dioxinsor Polychlorinated-dibenzofurans
2378-
TCDF
290
27
11
600
610
(480-
740)
320
310
Total
TCDF
860
400
170
3700
3450
(2400-
4500)
2200
1700
2378-
TCDD
130
ND
ND
<59
735
(<37-
<110)
<39
<18
Total
TCDD
190
37
32
490
195
(160-
230)
230
110
12378-
PeCDF
27
12
38
56
104
(28-
-------
Table 4-63 Concentrations of Dioxins and Furans in Whole Sediment Samples from Indiana Harbor, IN. (continued)
Sample
IH-OI-03
IH-OI-04
IH-01-05
1 1-1-01-06
IH-OI-07
IH-01-08
IH-OI-IO
Polychlorinated-dibenzo-dioxins or Polychlorinatcd-dibenzo-furans
Total
HxCDF
700
250
220
1900
3600
(3500-
3700)
2100
920
123-
478-
HxCDD
53
13
17
130
390
(220-
560)
<47
32
123-
678-
HxCDD
73
23
31
210
420
(360-
480)
230
99
123-
789-
HxCDD
97
14
19
380
660
(520-
<800)
290
260
Total
HxCDD
950
350
420
2500
6800
(4600-
9000)
2600
1700
1234-
678-
HpCDF
<38
180
220
1600
3150
(3000-
3300)
340
810
1234-
789-
HpCDF
660
ND
8.8
81
96
(72-120)
700
36
Total
HpCDF
660
380
510
4200
7700
(6600-
8800)
8200
1500
1234-
678-
HpCDD
1400
410
580
5100
10750
(6500-
15000)
4700
1600
Total
HpCDD
3300
980
1200
9300
23000
(15000-
31000)
5300
3100
OCDF
1600
180
250
6900
17300
(2600-
32000)
12000
2500
OCDD
6700
2300
2900
43000
43500
(41000-
46000)
25000
12000
pg/g = picogram per dry gram.
Ranges for samples analyzed in replicate are shown in parentheses.
< Indicates that compound was not detected at detection limit.
ND = Not detected.
Source U.S. EPA, I993b.
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Sediments
Final—April 2001
Sediments of the outer harbor and entrance channel were found to contain elevated levels of
PCBs, lead, copper, arsenic, chromium, and oil and grease. PCBs (Aroclor 1242) ranged from 0.31
to 17 fj.g/g, with only one sample exceeding 10 pg/g. Sixteen PAH compounds were detected at
relatively low levels (0.004-13 A*g/g)- Chlorinated pesticides were not detected from the harbor
sediments. The 1984 study confirmed EPA and U.S. ACOE studies that sediments closest to Lake
Michigan are generally classified as nonpolluted, while those within the outer harbor and entrance
channel being moderate to heavily polluted for nutrients and metals (U.S. ACOE, 1986).
4.3.2.3 Indiana Harbor Canal
During 1977 and 1980, 19 samples
were collected in the IHC on two sampling
occasions (U.S. ACOE, 1986). Sediments
from the upstream project limits (Lake
George Branch, Calumet River Branch, and
turning basin) of IHC to the middle of the
east breakwater consisted of black or dark
brown oily silt with a petroleum odor and
visible oil. Sediments lakeward of the east
breakwater were composed of brown or gray
sand and gravel. The bulk sediment
concentrations compared to EPA Region 5 "Guidelines for the Pollution Classification of Great
Lakes Harbor Sediments" indicated that all sampling sites, with the exception of the two closest to
Lake Michigan, were heavily polluted with respect to nearly every parameter measured. The
pollutant level of the sediments was generally high from the upstream reach of the canal. Samples
from the two most lakeward sites contained moderate levels of zinc (150-160 (J-g/g), manganese (320
Mg/g), and arsenic (4-9 Mg/g); levels of other constituents were lower.
Indiana Harbor Canal
The pollutant levels were found to be high from
the upstream reach of the canal and lower towards
the lakeward sites. Concentrations exceeding
1,800 yug/g for naphthalene were found in the
turning basin and benzo(a)pyrcne was reported at
50 //g/g. The mean total PAH concentrations
were found to exceed the L&M ER-M. PCB
concentrations exceeded the SEL.
Elevated PCB levels, ranging from 5.6 to 15.7 /wg/g, were found in the canal sediment. PCB
Aroclor 1242 was the predominant isomer present. PCB concentrations also indicated a trend of
declining concentrations lakeward through the canal. A wide variety of PAH compounds were
present in sediments in the upstream reach of the canal, the turning basin, and the canal branches,
4-187
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Sediments Final—April 2001
with concentrations exceeding 1,800 jwg/g for naphthalene. The greatest number of PAHs present
in this study were found in the turning basin and branches, while the highest concentrations were
reported from Canal Street sediments. A known carcinogen, benzo(a)pyrene, was reported from the
Calumet River branch sediments at 50/^g/g. Pesticide compounds were reported below detectable
limits in the fflC sediments (U.S. ACOE, 1986).
A 1980 EPA sediment quality study sampled sediments from six sites: three in the upstream
reach of the canal and three in the harbor (U.S. ACOE, 1986). Parameters analyzed included metals
and organic compounds (PCBs and PAHs). High metal concentrations were reported from the
sediments at each sampling site. Almost all metal concentrations were found to exceed the EPA
sediment classification of heavily polluted. Sediments from the upstream portion of the canal (Lake
George Branch) showed higher concentrations of metals than those of the outer harbor.
U.S. ACOE (1986) reported variable distribution of PCB concentrations (Aroclor 1242 and
1260) were found throughout the IHC. Total PCB levels ranged from below detectable limits to 89.2
Ag/g, with most sampling sites showing concentrations exceeding the classification of polluted (s 10
Mg/g). The only nonpolluted samples were from the Lake George Branch and the most lakeward
sample (<0.02 - 2.25 #g/g), which were considered nonpolluted. The reach between the Pennsylvania
(CONRAIL) and the Elgin, Joliet, and Eastern (EJ&E) railroad bridges (Figure 4-41) was found to
contain the greatest PCB content in this study. PCB concentrations at these sites exceeded 50 //g/g
in selected sediment strata. Sediment core sampling and analysis showed PCB concentrations to be
highly variable by depth (Table 4-64); most sampling locations in the canal showed a decrease in
PCB concentration from the deepest composite sample to the surface sample. Higher PCB
concentrations were found with sediment depth at the two locations with PCB concentrations greater
than 50 ^g/g (U.S. ACOE, 1986).
The Calumet River Branch of the Canal, about midway between the turning basin and the
upper limit of the Federal deep-draft navigation project, has also been found to be contaminated with
PCBs. The conclusion reached is that PCB-contaminated sediments, especially those greater than
50 pg/g, are site-specific within the canal. Dredged materials with PCB concentrations of over 50
Aig/g are subject to the requirements of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)
(U.S. ACOE, 1986).
4-188
-------
Table 4-64. Results of PCB Analysis of Indiana Harbor Canal
Sediment Samples Collected in 1983
Sampling Location
Calumet River Branch
West side of Main Canal,
between the Turning Basin and
Dickey Road
East side of Main Canal,
between the Turning Basin and
Dickey Road
Same as above
West side of Main Canal,
between Canal Street and
Dickey Road
East side of Main Canal
between Dickey Road and
Conrail Bridge
West side of Main Canal
between Dickey Road and
Conrail Bridge
East side of Main Canal
between Conrail and EJ&E
Bridges
West side of Main Canal
between Conrail and EJ&E
Bridges
Sample Depth
(feet)
-17.9 to -19.9
-19.9 to -21.9
-21. 9 to -23.9
-23.9 to -25.4
-17.9 to -19.9
-19.9 to -21.9
-21.9to-24.1
-18.8 to -20.8
-20.8 to -22.8
-22.8 to -23.3
-18.8 to -20.8
-20.8 to -22.8
-22.8 to -25.0
-12.8 to 14.8
-14.8 to -16.8
-16.8 to -17.8
-17.8 to -18.8
-20.7 to -22.7
-22.7 to -23.9
-21.1 to -23.1
-23.1 to -24.4
-18.9to-20.9
-20.9 to -22.9
-22.9 to -24.1
-19.9 to -21.9
-21. 9 to -23.9
-23.0to-25.0
Total PCBs
C"g/g)
14.9
17.5
23.6
35.1
11.7
22.2/24.4
19.4
16.0
26.2
30.6
14.0
24.7
24.3
14.3/18.5
15.4
26.9
<0.3
18.1
22.5
O.3/O.3
<0.3
<0.3
6.4
9.3
23.1
69.9
115.0
micrograms per gram
Source-U.S ACOE, 1986.
4-189
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Sediments
Final—April 2001
In 1983, U.S. ACOE conducted sediment testing in the IHC to study the distribution of PCBs.
Twenty-seven composite samples were taken from eight sampling locations in the canal. High PCBs
levels were found, with concentrations ranging from <0.3 to 115 /ug/g dry weight. Sediments from
the north side of the IHC, between the CONRAIL and EJ&E railroad bridges, had PCB
concentrations exceeding 50 //g/g. Samples from upstream, downstream, and the opposite side of
the channel had lower concentrations. This led U.S. ACOE (1986) to conclude that this area has
localized PCB contamination. Higher PCBs levels were also found in the deeper sediments (U.S.
ACOE, 1986).
Total PAH concentrations from IHC displayed a range of 107 to 935 ppb (U.S. EPA, 1991a).
The average total PAH concentration was 343 ppb, with the highest total PAH concentration found
at site on Lake George branch of IHC. Total PAH concentrations range at the Indiana Harbor was
reported at 24 to 134 ppb, and the concentration was 81.96 ppb. Total PAH concentration in Lake
Michigan ranged from 0.91 to 13.45 ppb, with an average of 6.2 ppb. PCB concentrations in
sediments from IHC ranged from 4 to 102 ppb. PCB concentrations in Indiana Harbor were below
detection levels (U.S. EPA, 199la).
Grand Calumet River
U.S. ACOE (1996) conducted a study
of GCR/IHC, with the study area extending
west from the Grand Calumet Lagoons to the
Calumet River and north to the Indiana
Harbor Canal. Figure 4-41 displays the study
area with the 10 subdivisions employed.
Tables 4-65 and 4-66 show pollutant
concentrations in sediment samples from this
study.
Grand Calumet River
Lead and zinc concentrations decreased by 65%
between 1980 and 1984, but still exceed their
respective SEL benchmark. In general, sampling
points closest to the IHC exhibit higher
pollutant concentration. One primary
contaminant in the system is reported to be oil
and grease. Total PCB concentration,
benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, and
phenanthrene exceeded L&M's ER-M.
EPA (1991) presented data from the
Water Division of EPA, Region 5 (1985) that ranked priority pollutant organics found in the Grand
Calumet River sediments based on a comparison of sediment concentrations and EPA Water Quality
4-190
-------
Figure 4-41. Grand Calument Sediment Remediation Plan: Study Reaches
-------
Table 4-65. Pollutant Concentrations in Sediment Samples from the Grand Calumet River Lagoons
Ammonia-Nitrogen
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Chemical Oxygen Demand (g/kg)
Copper
Lead
Merc in y
Nickel
pH (std. units)
Phenol
Phosphorus
Selenium
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
Total Organic Carbon (g/kg)
Total Hydrocarbons
Zinc
East Lagoon
490
-
100
-
--
33
14
120
-
-
7.4
24
170
--
2800
66.5
55
150
770
--
75
-
4.4
-
-
42
--
-
7.5
10
56
-
3000
104
20
--
W. Lagoon Pond
220
60
36
18
31
50
2400
1300
4
23
7.3
2.8
54
--
2700
91 1
2300
1200
West Lagoon
380
—
87
-
6.5
52
II
39
~
—
7.6
7.9
38
48
2700
887
62
00
220
~
39
—
10
31
«
32
--
-
75
38
95
4.2
2300
108
57
00
970
-
110
~
25
130
32
77
1.5
—
7.4
35
55
20
4500
381
3400
380
(--) - Below Detection Limits)
All Units micrograms per gram (A
-------
Table 4-66. Scmivolatile Organic Contaminants Detected in Sediment Samples From the
Grand Calumet Lagoon Area.
Compound
\cenaphthene
Anthracene
3cnzo(a)anthraccne
3enzo(b)fluoranthenc
3enzo(k)fluoranthene
3enzo(a)pyrene
"hrysene
Dibenzofuran
}i-N-butyl phthalate*
7luorene
'henanthrene
Jyrene
East Lagoon
-
-
-
--
-
-
-
--
--
-
~
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
--
-
5.5
-
--
-
W. Lagoon Pond
—
--
--
-
-
-
-
--
10
--
--
--
West Lagoon
~
--
--
-
~
-
~
-
10
--
--
--
—
~
«
~
--
~
—
--
--
--
~
--
4,300
2,600
5,000
690
380
470
5,500
3,900
—
6,600
18,000
4,800
t
v3
All Units are migrograms per gram Cug/g) parts per million (ppm)
* = Sampling Artifact.
Source- U.S. ACOE, 1996
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Pro/tie
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Sediments
Final—April 2001
Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Life. Aroclor 1248, naphthalene, fluorene, acenapthene, and
phenol were the top five ranking pollutants based on acute toxicity. Based on chronic toxicity,
arochlor 1248, aroclor 1254, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, phenol, and di-n-butyl phthalate were the
five most toxic pollutants.
Table 4-67 presents concentrations of priority pollutants in sediments of the Grand Calumet
River system. Total PCB concentration was 23.9 f^g/g, which exceeded the L&Ms ER-M (180 ng/g).
The total PAH concentration was 1,659.4 jttg/g. Benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, and
phenanthrene were present at concentrations of 200 //g/g, above the L&Ms ER-M of 44,792 ng/g
(U.S. EPA, 1991). Table 4-68 and Figure 4-42 compare metal concentrations in OCR sediment
samples from 1980 and 1984. The trend of decreased concentrations can be seen, with the exception
of chromium concentrations. Lead and zinc concentrations decreased 65 percent, but both
concentrations still exceeded the Ontario SEL benchmarks of 250 ,ug/g and 820 //g/g, respectively.
Hoke et al. (1993) collected sediments at 10 OCR locations from October 1988 through May
1990. For all sampling sites, the sampling point that was closest to the Cook County, IL, border had
the highest levels of organic chemicals. The greatest concentrations of metals (Table 4-69) were
found in the OCR before the IHC (Hoke et al., 1993). A wide variety of organic chemicals and
metals were present in the sediments from a number of sites in the GCR system of northwest Indiana.
Hoke et al. (1993) reported that by simple visual inspection of the sediments, it was observed that
one of the primary contaminants in the system was oil and grease. The concentrations of this broad
category of petroleum hydrocarbons ranged from 1.6 to 13.5 percent on a sediment dry weight basis
(Hoke etal., 1993).
4.3.3 Lake Michigan
Each year, over 180-million
pounds of sediments enter Lake
Michigan from the IHC and GCR
(IDEM, 1991). This sediment contains
420 pounds of PCBs, 2,300 pounds of
cadmium, and 110,000 pounds of lead
Lake Michigan
420 pounds of PCBs, 2,300 pounds of cadmium,
and 110,000 pounds of lead enter Lake Michigan
from GCR/IHC. Concentrations of cadmium, lead,
and zinc in Indiana Harbor sediments were 200,
80, and 80 times those in Lake Michigan. Mean
PCB concentrations in Lake Michigan were below
the L&M ERM.
4-194
-------
Table 4-67. Concentrations of Priority Pollutants in Sediments of the
Grand Calumet River System
Pollutant
Sediment Concentration 0/g/g)
PCBs
Aroclor 1248
Aroclor 1254
Monocyclic aromatic chemicals
1,2-Dichlorobenzene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Phthalate esters
Di-N-octyl phthalate
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-N-butyl phthalate
17
6.9
0.04
0.14
47
26.0
0.6
0.8
PAHs
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Benzo(a)anthracene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Chrysene
Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
100.0
27.0
170.0
140.0
200.0
120.0
38.0
200.0
130.0
11.0
120.0
98.0
6.8
33.0
200.6
65.0
= mcrogram per gram
Source U S. EPA, 199la
4-195
-------
Table 4-68. Comparison of Metal Concentrations from the GCR Sediment Samples During
1980 and 1984
Metal
Mercury (Hg)
Cadmium (Cd)
Arsenic (As)
Nickel (Ni)
Copper (Cu)
Chromium (Cr)
Lead (Pb)
Zinc (Zn)
Concentrations (//g/g)
January 1984
0.68
7
18
140
214
561
414
955
October 1980
0.73
8
27
98
182
408
1192
2687
= mcrogram per gram.
Source: U.S. EPA, 199la.
4-196
-------
3000
2500
I D1984
• 1980
cd
as
ni
pollutant
cr
Figure 4-42. Comparison of Mean Metal Concentrations from the Grand Calumet River
from 1980 and 1984 Sediment S-mples
-------
Table 4-69. Concentrations of Metals in Sediments From the Grand Calumet River, Indiana
Parameter
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Manganese
Magnesium
Iron
UG-1
A<9/9
0.010
0009
0.007
0.017
0.030
0.108
0.051
2.506
1.71
UG-2
^9/9
0.079
0.327
0.226
0.912
0.047
2.834
3.896
3.616
19.19
UG-3
A
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Sediments Final—April 2001
that are transported to the lake. According to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1986), PCBs are
the contaminant of most concern in Indiana Harbor sediments. Approximately 190 kg of PCBs,
1,000 kg of cadmium, and 50,000 kg of lead are transported to Lake Michigan annually along with
approximately 8 x 107 kg of sediment from the harbor and canal (U.S. EPA, 1994a).
U.S. ACOE (1986) reported results from bulk analyses of surface sediment samples from
Indiana Harbor in 1977. Sediments throughout the canal were found to be heavily polluted, with the
exception of two sites closest to Lake Michigan. Sediments at the harbor mouth and entrance had
lower concentrations than the canal and branches, and were generally categorized as nonpolluted to
moderately polluted. Arsenic (5-13 /tzg/g), copper (29 //g/g), manganese (29 ^g/g), and zinc (118-
135 ^g/g) were found in the moderately polluted levels. As in other bulk analyses studies, the more
heavily polluted sediments were found in the upstream portion of the IHC.
Table 4-70 displays the levels of contamination in Indiana Harbor and Lake Michigan
sediment (U.S. ACOE, 1986; U.S. EPA, 1991a). Sediments in the harbor area are much more
contaminated than in Lake Michigan (U.S. EPA, 1994a). Concentrations of cadmium, lead, and zinc
in Indiana Harbor sediments were nearly 200, 80, and 80 times, respectively, than those in Lake
Michigan sediments. Organic chemical concentrations ranged from more than 30 times for aroclor
1248 to several orders of magnitude higher for aldrin in Indiana Harbor sediments (U.S. EPA,
1994a).
EPA (199la) presented data on PCS concentrations in sediments from Indiana Harbor and
adjacent Lake Michigan. PCB concentrations in the IHC ranged from 4.55 to 102.52 ppb. The
average concentration was 59 ppb. PCB concentrations in the Indiana Harbor were below detection
limits, and PCB concentrations in Lake Michigan ranged from 17.69 to 494.60 ppb. The average
concentration was 131 ppb. It should be noted that the sediment sampling sites in Lake Michigan
were located close to the shoreline.
4-199
-------
Table 4-70. Comparison of Chemical Composition of Indiana Harbor and
Lake Michigan Sediments
Parameter
Metals
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Zinc
Pesticides
Aldrin
PAHs
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Benzo(a)anthracene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(g, h, I)perylene
Chrysene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Indeno(l,2,3-c d)pyrene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
PCBs
PCB-I248
PCB-1254
Concentration in Sediment, /ug/g Dry Weight
Indiana Harbor
29.5
200
650.0
879.0
05
4,125.0
2.55
96
22
62
86
140
87
35
92
150
69
50
2,000
200
140
33.4
BD
Lake Michigan
10.1
0 1
4.4
11.9
BD*
54.1
00006
BD
BD
BD
BD
BD
BD
BD
BD
BD
BD
BE
0.46
BD
BD
BD
0.013
BD = Below Detection
Atg/g = microgram per gram.
Source: U.S. EPA, 199la.
4-200
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Fish
Final—April 2001
Fish Tissue
Potentially Major Source of Human
Exposure to PCBs, Pesticides, and
Other Chemicals
Elevated Levels of Metals, PCBs,
Pesticides, and Other Chemicals
Levels of Some Chemicals Are
Increasing
Fish Consumption Advisories in
Several Waterbodies in the
Study Area
4.4 FISH TISSUE
This section describes levels of
contaminants found in fish tissue from
monitoring conducted in the waterbodies of
Cook County, LL, and Lake County, IN. Fish
tissue analysis is very important because studies
conducted in the Great Lakes basin have shown
that 80-90 percent of human exposure to
organochlorine compounds, such as PCBs and
pesticides, come from the food supply (Hicks,
1996). EPA (1994a) indicated that one
"primary" route of exposure to sediment-
derived contaminants comes from consumption
of contaminated fish. The average person in the
United States eats 6.6 grams of fish per day;
recreational anglers can consume more (U.S. EPA, 1997a). Included in this subsection are
descriptions of the potential exposures from consumption of fish from waterbodies in this area,
especially for recreational/sport anglers. Also characterized are the types and levels of contaminants
identified in fish tissues sampled in streams, rivers, and lakes in Cook County, IL, and
Lake County, IN.
The Consortium for the Health Assessment of Great Lakes Fish Consumption (1996)
compared blood serum levels of PCBs and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (DDE) between sport
fish consumers and individuals who do not eat or eat very little (Comparison Group) Great Lakes
fish (Falk, 1997). The ongoing study was conducted with residents from Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
Ohio, and Wisconsin. Mean blood serum levels of PCBs and DDE for sport fish consumers were
4.67 and 5.37 ppb, respectively. The comparison group's mean levels were 1.18 and 2.87 ppb,
showing a difference of 4 times and 2 times for PCBs and DDE, respectively. Results from this
study for residents in area codes 219, 312, and 708 were obtained to examine increased exposure
from fish consumption (Falk, 1997). These results were only for sport fish consumers. Indiana, area
code 219, men showed mean PCB and DDE serum levels of 3.1 and 5.6 ppb, while women showed
4-201
-------
CCR1 Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Fish Final—April 2001
mean levels of 2.3 and 2.6 ppb, respectively. For Illinois area codes 312 and 708, men's mean PCB
and DDE serum levels were 7.4 and 6.2, while the women's levels were 2.3 and 3.2, respectively
(Faik, 1997). No explanation was given for the gender differences. Consumption patterns for the
two genders appear to be very similar.
4.4.1 Study Area
Fish tissue monitoring data were obtained from both Illinois and Indiana. Data for Illinois
were obtained from STORET, and data for Indiana were obtained from IDEM (Stahl, 1997). Cook
County, IL, data included 21 different waterbodies for the years 1985 thru 1995. The STORET data
did not indicate the species of fish or type of sample (whole or fillet). Lake County, IN, data
included 17 sites from 8 different waterbodies from 1984 to 1994. The largest number of samples
were obtained from the Indiana Harbor Canal, Grand Calumet River, and Kankakee River. Carp was
the most commonly sampled species was Carp. Types of samples included whole fish, skin-on
fillets, and skin-off fillets. Table 4-71 shows the waterbodies sampled, the number of sampling
stations on each waterbody, and the number of chemicals positively detected in fish tissue within
each waterbody.
4.4.2 Chemicals Monitored in Fish Tissue
Both Illinois and Indiana regularly test fish tissue for a wide range of chemicals, such as
metals, organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, and other contaminants. Illinois regularly performs 20
pesticide/PCB analyses on all samples (EPA, 1994). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
analyses are also performed to test for volatile and semi-volatile organics. Dioxins and mercury may
also be tested when needed (IEPA, 1994).
Indiana tests for 23 metals, 30 pesticides/PCBs, and 99 other organic chemicals including
volatile and semi-volatile compounds and PAHs (Stahl, 1997). Several metals were analyzed but
were not considered for this study because they are normally thought to be human nutrients (calcium,
iron, potassium, and sodium) (Stahl, 1997). All reported PCB results are for total PCBs.
4-202
-------
Table 4-71. Fish Tissue Sampling Sites
Waterbody
Lake Calumet, IL
Lake George, IL
Lake Michigan, IL
Wolf Lake, IL
Columbus Park Lagoon, IL
Douglas Park Lagoon, IL
Garfield Park Lagoon, IL
Humbolt Park Lagoon, IL
Lincoln Park South Lagoon, IL
Marquette Park Lagoon, IL
McKinley Park Lagoon, IL
Sherman Park Lagoon, IL
Washington Park Lagoon, IL
Cal-Sag Channel, IL
North Shore Channel, IL
Chicago San & Ship Canal, IL
Calumet River, IL
Des Planes River, IL
Lake Calumet River, IL
North Branch Chicago River, IL
Salt Creek, IL
Cedar Lake, IN
Lake George, IN
Wolf Lake, IN
Marquette Park Lagoon, IN
Indiana Harbor Canal, IN
Grand Calumet River, IN
Kankakee River, IN
Little Calumet River, IN
No. of Sampling Sites
1
l
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
I
4
1
1
II
No. of Chemicals Detected
8
5
10
2
2
5
2
4
5
5
5
4
4
4
14
5
5
5
5
5
7
21
32
13
22
58
46
33
5
Source STORET, 1997
4-203
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CCRIEnvironmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Fish
Final—April 2001
4.4.3 Fish Tissue Analyses Results
The results are reported for only
those chemicals that could be clearly
identified by the analyst. Chemicals with
unresolved peaks, possible contaminated
blanks, or any other reported analysis
problems were not considered to be detected.
Fish tissues from waterbodies in Cook
County, DL, and Lake County, IN, (including
Lake Michigan) showed 77 individual
compounds, including isomers of some
chemicals. The most commonly reported
chemicals were DDT and its analogs, PCBs,
chlordane, and dieldrin. Lead, mercury, and
zinc were the most commonly reported
metals. Table 4-71 illustrates that the
Indiana Harbor Canal, Grand Calumet River,
Kankakee River, and Lake George had the highest numbers of chemicals detected. The North Shore
Channel and Lake Michigan were the two waterbodies in Illinois from which the most detected
chemicals were reported. The higher number of detected chemicals in Indiana waters may be
attributed to the fact that they regularly test for more chemicals. (See Section 4.4.2.)
When a chemical appeared in two or more waterbodies, the waterbody with highest level of
that chemical was noted. Table 4-72 shows that 53 chemicals were detected in two or more
waterbodies. This table also gives the concentration ranges and means of chemicals detected in the
waterbodies. It also shows which waterbody contained the highest level of each chemical and the
year the highest level was detected. Twelve organic chemicals, including pesticides and PCBs, were
reported at levels above 1 ppm, and PCBs, detected at 27 pptn, were the highest recorded organic
chemical. Nineteen metals were discovered in fish tissue; 10 were detected at, or above, 1 ppm, and
magnesium, detected at 610 ppm, was the highest recorded metal. Nine chemicals had concentration
means above 1 ppm; seven of the nine were metals, including lead, which had a mean concentration
Chemicals in Fish Tissue
77 Chemicals Detected in Waterbodies
From 1984-1995
Most Frequently Detected Chemicals
Included:
- DDT (and analogs)
- PCBs
- Chlordane
- Dieldrin
- Lead
- Mercury
- Zinc
Highest Concentrations of Chemicals
Most Often Found in GCR/IHSC
4-204
-------
Table 4-72. Chemicals Detected in Fish Tissue in Two or More Locations
Chemical
1,1,1 -Ti ichlorocthnne
2-Biilanonc
2-Mcthylnaphlhalenc
Acenaphthcne
Acenaphthylcnc
Aldrm
Aluminum
Anthracene
Arsenic
Benzene
alpha-BI 1C
gamma-BIIC
Cadmium
Carbon Disulfide
Chlordane1
Chromium
Chrysene
Cooper
Concentration
Range
ing/kg
ND-0 022
ND-041
ND-52
ND-4 3
ND-28
ND-0 22
ND-122
ND-0 059
ND-0 25
ND-0 12
ND-0 053
ND-0 01 3
001-0039
ND-0 068
ND-0 58
ND-I 8
ND-0.068
ND-6 55
Concentration
Mean
nig/kg
001
00709
06563
06544
1 3167
00619
382
00193
00804
00133
00052
00033
00211
00125
00584
04656
0.0465
1435
Location of
Maximum Concentration
Wolf Lake, IN
WolfLakc.lN
Grand Calumet River, IN
Grand Calumet River, IN
Kankakce River, IN
Indiana Harbor Canal, IN
Grand Calumet River, IN
Indiana 1 larbor Canal, IN
Lake George, IN
Grand Calumet River, IN
Lake Michigan, IL
Grand Calumet River, IN
Kankakce River, IN
Wolf Lake, IN
Lake Michigan, IL
Cedar Lake, IN
Kankakce River, IN
Indiana Harbor Canal. IN
Maximum
Concentration
Year
86
86
86
86
94
90
87
94
86
86
85-87
94
86
86
86
87
90
90
i
-------
Table 4-72. Chemicals Detected in Fish Tissue in Two or More Locations (continued)
Chemical
DDT (total)2
DDDJ
DDR3
DDT3
DibcnzoCuran
Dicldnn
Endrm
Ethylbcnzcne
Fluoranthcnc
Fluorcne
Mcplachlor
lleptachlorcpoxidc
1 Icxachlorobenzenc
Lead
Maencsium
Manganese
Mercury
Mclhoxychlor
Mi rex
Concentration
Range
mg/kg
002-31
ND-046
ND-26
ND-0221
ND-I 7
ND-04
ND-0.041
ND-0064
0015-021
ND-I 41
ND-0013
ND-0051
ND-0 02
ND-89
162-610
ND-35 1
ND-I 4
0018-005
001-002
Concentration
Mean
mg/kg
03848
00649
0 1873
00207
052
OOS3
00193
00163
00613
02346
00075
0.0168
00056
1 3994
342
654
0 1257
0034
0015
Location of
Maximum Concentration
Lake Michigan, IL
Grand Calumet River, IN
Grand Calumet River, IN
Grand Calumet River, IN
Grand Calumet River, IN
Douglas Park Lagoon, IL
Grand Calumet River, In
Indiana Harbor Canal, IN
Indiana Harbor Canal, IN
Indiana Harbor Canal, IN
Indiana Harbor Canal, IN
North Branch Chicago River, IL
Lake Calumet, IL
Grand Calumet River, IN
Kankakee River. IN
Lake George, IN
Sherman Park Lagoon, IL
North Shore Channel, IL
Lake Michiean, IL
Maximum
Concentration
Year
86-95
86
86
. 86
86
86
86
86
94
92
92
85
90
87
86
86
88-90
85
90
-------
Table 4-72. Chemicals Detected in Fish Tissue in Two or More Locations (continued)
Chemical
Nickel
cis-Nonachlor
trans-Nonachlor
Oxychlordane
PCBs
Pcntachloroanisole
Plicnanthrcne
Pyrene
Selenium
Silver
Tclrachlorocthylenc
Toluene
Trichlorocthylcnc (total)
Trichloromethanc
Xylcnc (total)
Zinc
Concentration
Range
me/kg
ND-59
ND-0 057
ND-OI
ND-0 027
0 002-27 0
ND-0 018
ND-0 76
0.014-0 16
ND-20
ND-I 8
ND-0 099
0016-0037
ND-0 048
ND-I.I
0 048-0 25
6 1-122
Concentration
Mean
me/kg
1 8
00154
00277
00114
1.7553
00053
01599
00531
07222
05667
00229
00265
00177
008
0 1274
382
Location of
Maximum Concentration
Lake George, IN
Grand Calumet River, IN
Kankakee River, IN
Grand Calumet River, IN
Grand Calumet River, IN
Grand Calumet River, IN
Indiana Harbor Canal, IN
Indiana Harbor Canal, IN
Indiana Harbor Canal, IN
Lake George, IN
Lake George, IN
Grand Calumet River, IN
Lake George, IN
Lake George, IN
Indiana Harbor Canal, IN
Grand Calumet River, IN
Maximum
Concentration
Year
86
86
84
86
94
84
92
94
86
86
86
87
86
86
86
87
Illinois mid Indiana icponcd chlordanc as "alplta-chlordane." "cltlordane," and "gainina-chlordane " The values here are all llircc reported values
' Illinois only reported DIM as lolal DDT The FDA action level for DDT is for total DDT (5 ppm) Total DDT is all the isomers of DDT and its metabolites DDD and DDE
1 Indiana reported I3DI and us metabolites as separate isomers The values here are combined isoincr values The total DDT value for Indiana never exceeded the PDA action level
Somcc SIORirr, 1997
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Fish Final—April 2001
of 1.4 ppm. PCBs and acenaphthylene had mean concentrations of 1.8 and 1.3 ppm, respectively.
None of the pesticides had mean concentrations above 1 ppm. The highest mean concentration for
any of the pesticides was DDT (total) at 0.38 ppm. DDT (total) and DDE were the only pesticides
reported with concentrations above 1 ppm; the highest levels were reported as 31 and 2.6 ppm,
respectively.
Of the chemicals detected, 70 percent had their highest concentrations between the years
1984-1987. PCBs had their highest concentrations in 1994. Indiana performed a trend analysis for
Kankakee River and Indiana Harbor Canal for four chemicals between 1979 and 1994 (IDEM,
1994b). On the Kankakee River, all four chemicals (total DDT, dieldrin, total PCB, and total
chlordane) showed decreasing levels between 1979 and 1994. The Indiana Harbor Canal, on the
other hand, showed increasing levels of total DDT, dieldrin, and total PCBs over this time period.
Only total chlordane showed decreasing levels. Figure 4-43 shows trends for two chemicals in the
Indiana Harbor Canal (IDEM, 1994b).
Dioxins and furans are not regularly analyzed for in fish tissue, but some studies have been
conducted. One such study (U.S. EPA, 1994a) was conducted in 1987 on the Indiana Harbor Canal.
The results showed a dioxin toxic equivalence (TEQ) concentration of 15.16 picograms per gram
(pg/g). Of the TEQ for dioxins and furans, 78 percent of the TEQ were attributed to 2,3,7,8-TCDF;
2,3,7,8-TCDD; and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD. These are the three most toxic dioxin/furan congeners
(U.S. EPA, 1989b).
Illinois sampled fish in Lake Calumet in 1983 (ffiPA, 1986) and in 1990 (STORET, 1997).
Six chemicals (chlordane, total DDT, dieldnn, heptachlor epoxide, hexachlorobenzene, and PCBs)
were detected in both time periods. All six chemicals showed increasing levels between 1983 and
1990. The most notable change was for chlordane; in 1983, the concentration was well below the
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) action level. (See Section 4.4.4.) In 1990, the
concentration, 0.358 ppm, exceeded the action level of 0.3 ppm.
Nine chemicals (chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, gamma-BHC, heptachlorepoxide,
mercury, methoxychlor, and PCBs) were found in both Illinois and Indiana. In Indiana, endrin,
gamma-BHC, and PCBs were reported at their highest levels at the Grand Calumet River. Seven
4-208
-------
INDIANA HARBOR CANAL
DICKEY RO. BRIDGE
92
connON CARP
YEAR
INDIANA HARBOR CANAL
OZCKEY RO. BRZOOe
conriON CARP
YEAR
Figure 4-43. Trends in Levels of DDT and Dieldrin in Carp from the Indiana Harbor Canal (1980 - 1992)
Source: IDEM, 1994b.
4-209
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Fish
Final—April 2001
of these chemicals had their highest levels reported in Illinois. The seven chemicals reported at their
highest levels were found at six different Illinois locations.
Table 4-73 summarizes which waterbodies had the highest detected levels of chemicals, and
the types of chemicals in these waterbodies. The waterbody showing the most number of chemicals
at their highest levels (17) was the Grand Calumet River in Indiana. The Indiana Harbor Canal had
the second highest number with 11 chemicals, Lake George had 7 chemicals at their hightest levels,
and the Kankakee River in Indiana had 5 chemicals at their highest levels. Seven waterbodies had
fewer than four chemicals detected at their highest values. Organics, excluding pesticides, and
metals appeared to predominate in Indiana. Caution should be used in interpreting these data,
because Indiana tests for more metals and organics than does Illinois.
4.4.4 Potential Effects of Fish Tissue Contamination
FDA publishes action levels for chemicals
in various media including fish tissue DHHS,
1994. These action levels can be used as a
general benchmark; however, they do not directly
indicate the risks associated with consuming fish
containing these chemicals. Five chemicals
(chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, mercury, and PCBs)
exceeded these actions levels on at least one
occasion, with PCBs exceeding the FDA action
level 29 times. Both chlordane and dieldrin
exceeded the FDA action levels four times. The
highest PCB level was reported at 27 ppm in the
Grand Calumet River. PCBs were the only chemicals that exceeded the action level in both Illinois
and Indiana; the other four chemicals exceeded the action levels only in Illinois. FDA action levels
are developed only for single chemical exposures; they do not take into account exposure to multiple
chemicals. The fish tissue data indicate that consuming even one fish exposes an individual to
multiple chemicals. The effects of multiple chemical exposure are not clearly understood at this
time. Even though lead does not have an FDA action level, a great deal of concern exists about lead,
FDA Fish Tissue Action Levels
• Five Chemicals Were Detected
Above FDA Action Levels
• PCBs Exceeded the FDA Action
Level in 29 Fish Samples
in Illinois and Indiana
• Chlordane, DDT, Dieldrin, and
Mercury Exceeded the FDA Action
Levels in Illinois
4-210
-------
Table 4-73. Waterbodies with Highest Levels of Chemicals in Fish Tissue
Waterbody
Douglas Park Lagoon, IL
Lake Calumet, IL
Lake Michigan, IL
North Branch Chicago River, IL
North Shore Channel, IL
Sherman Park Lagoon, IL
Cedar Lake, IN
Grand Calumet River, IN
Indiana Harbor Canal, IN
Kankakee River, IN
Lake George, IN
Wolf Lake, IN
Totals
No. of
Metals
.
.
.
.
.
I
I
3
2
2
4
.
13
No. of
Organics
_
.
.
.
.
.
.
6
7
3
3
3
22
No. of
Pesticides
l
l
4
1
]
.
.
8
2
.
-
.
18
Total
l
1
4
1
1
1
1
17
11
5
7
3
53
Source: STORET, 1997.
4-211
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Soils
Final—April 2001
especially for children. Lead was found in fish tissue 14 times at levels above 1 ppm, with the
highest level reported at 8.9 ppm in the Grand Calumet River.
PCB contamination offish tissue has resulted in fish consumption advisories for both Illinois
(IEPA, 1996c) and Indiana (IDEM, 1997a). Illinois rated the 63 shoreline miles of Lake Michigan
as "full support/threatened" for overall and aquatic life uses. The threatened rating is in place
because of sport fish consumption advisories, which are the result of PCB and chlordane
contamination (EEPA, 1996c). High PCB levels in the Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal
system have resulted in a Group 5 fish consumption advisory. This is the highest level of fish
advisory, and is defined as no consumption (do not eat) for all persons (IDEM, 1997a). This river
system is considered to have the most contaminated fish in the State of Indiana with 95 percent of
the fish tissue samples exceeding the FDA action level (i.e., 2 ppm for PCBs) (IDEM, 1997a).
4.5 SOILS
Levels of contaminants in soils are
important indicators of environmental conditions
because human exposure to can occur through
direct ingestion, inhalation of volatiles and
fugitive dusts, and dermal absorption.
Furthermore, contaminated soils can contribute to
risks through ingestion of contaminated
groundwater caused by migration of chemicals
through soils to waterbodies. The mean soil
ingestion rate for children is 100 mg/day
compared to adults, which is 50 mg/day (U.S.
EPA, 1997a). For acute exposure (a "pica"
(U.S. EPA, 1997a).
Contaminants in Soil
Human Exposure Through Ingestion,
Inhalation, and Dermal Absorption
Levels of Contaminants Characterized
in Soils:
- In Southeast Chicago
- Near Highways, Playgrounds,
Schools, and Homes
- At Hazardous Waste Sites
child), the mean ingestion rate is 10 g/day
This section describes: (1) levels of contaminants in Southeast Chicago; (2) lead levels in soil
near highways, schools, and residences; and (3) levels of contaminants in soil at hazardous waste
4-212
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CCRJ Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Soils Final—April 2001
sites. Most data presented in this section are from documents/reports that provide measured soil
levels, as well as specific studies at contaminated waste sites.
4.5.1 Levels of Contaminants in Soil in Southeast Chicago
In a multimedia study of Southeast Chicago, specifically, the Lake Calumet area, EPA
(1986) placed special emphasis on waste disposal practices. This region has a long history of being
a disposal area for a wide variety of industrial, commercial, and residential wastes. EPA took soil
borings in 1983, and the Division of Land Pollution conducted a detailed soil sampling program.
The Southeast Chicago area was divided into 25 grids of approximately equal areas (Figure 4-44).
Soil samples were taken at 22 locations in the area, from three depths, ranging from 0 to 6 inches,
6 inches to 2 feet, and 2 feet to 10 feet (EPA, 1986).
The ranges of soil metal concentrations from these samples are presented in Table 4-74.
Mean concentrations at depths between 0 to 6 inches, 6 inches to 2 feet, and 2 feet to 10 feet, are
presented in Table 4-75. IEPA (1986) compared the concentrations of contaminants found in the
Southeast Chicago soils to ranges of these compounds normally found in soils by the U.S.
Geological Survey (USGS) (EPA, 1986). Contaminants found by EPA (1986) to be present in
concentrations above the normal range in soil included:
• Chromium: Concentrations were reported from nondetect to 2,500 ppm, which was
detected at Grid #14 (Republic Steel).
• Cadmium: Concentrations ranged from nondetect to 13.2 ppm, with the highest
concentration detected at Grid #15 (Wolf Lake Conservation Area).
• Manganese: Concentrations ranged from 42.5 to 9,250 ppm in surface soil and
32,600 ppm in slag. The 6-inch to 2-foot depth sample collected at Grid #10
(Addams Elementary School) showed manganese concentrations of 9,250 ppm;
according to the report, this is 2,500 ppm above the highest surface concentrations
found by the USGS.
• Selenium: Concentrations ranged from nondetect to 5.2 ppm. Four samples were
detected above the normal range at Grid #3 (Luella Playground School), Grid #8
4-213
-------
![—::;
ft **• —-<«
•*. .—,..
* Sampling
Locations
Figure 4-44. Sampling Grid for Soil in South Chicago Study Area
4-214
-------
Table 4-74. Ranges of Soil Concentrations of Metals in Southeast Chicago
for Samples Taken from Depths Ranging from 0 tolO feet
Contaminant
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
Concentration Range in ppm
0.7 to 80
<2.5 to 462
<2.5 to 13.2
<2.5 to 2,500
<2.5 to 95
3,919 to 174,518
<7.5 to 657
42.5 to 32,600
0.01 to 0.29
<25 to 162.5
<0.1to5.2
<2.5 to 5
2.5 to 550
Source: IEPA, 1986.
4-215
-------
Table 4-75. Mean Soil Concentrations of Metals in Southeast Chicago
at Various Depths
Contaminant
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
Mean Concentrations in
ppm at 0-6 inches
8.3
86
<3
19.5
31.4
18,902
114.4
657
0.08
25.6
0.58
<2.5
186.1
Mean Concentrations
in ppm at 6 inches -
2 feet
11.2
82.5
<2.5
14
18.8
17,688
52.5
1,323.2
0.07
28.9
0.55
2.7
73.1
Mean Concentrations in
ppm at 2 feet -
10 feet
5.4
58.9
<2.5
7.6
11.9
10,923
44
424.4
0.03
26.2
0.47
<2.5
56.7
Source: IEPA, 1986.
4-216
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Soils Final—April 2001
(Bright School), Grid #10 (Addams Elementary School Playground), and Grid #14
(Republic Steel).
• Zinc: Concentrations ranged from 2.5 to 550 ppm. Levels at Grid #14 (Republic
Steel) and Grid #15 (Wolf Lake Conservation Area) were high, because the borings
were in areas where slag had been deposited. Concentrations found in Grid #3
(Luella Playground School) and Grid #4 (Veterans Memorial Park) were also above
normal range.
• Lead: Concentrations ranged from nondetect to 576 ppm in soil, and 657 ppm in
surface slag.
• Organics: No significant amounts of organic compounds were detected in any of the
soil samples tested (IEPA, 1986).
Initial test results from the sampling study indicated five sampling sites where levels were
of concern to EPA (1986). These five sites were re-sampled by the Division of Land Management
in 1984:
1. Luella Playground/School (Grid #3).
2. Bright School (Grid #8).
3. Addams Elementary School Playground (Grid #10).
4. Republic Steel (Grid #14).
5. Wolf Lake Conservation Area (Grid #15).
The sampling grid approach used by IEPA was also applied to the 1984 supplemental study.
The resampling efforts confirmed that the five sites, previously identified as potential problem sites,
were potentially hazardous due to the surface concentrations of specific heavy metals, including
selenium, chromium, and cadmium. In general, total metals content in soils indicated concentrations
of specific metals to be slightly above normal soil concentrations, and metal acid digest results were
above the common range for the metals (IEPA, 1986).
4-217
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Soils Final—April 2001
4.5.2 Lead Levels in Soil Near Highways, Playgrounds, Schools, and Residences
A1985 study analyzed lead levels in soils from play areas near Illinois roads (LaBelle et al.,
1987). This study was a cooperative efforts between Argonne National Laboratory, the Public
Health Department of the City of Chicago, and the Health Departments of Cook and other Illinois
counties. Soils were analyzed for lead content, and the surface-soil lead content was compared to
local traffic activity to determine the contribution of motor vehicles to lead levels in soils near
highways. Also, the data were assessed to determine if lead levels were higher in urban or suburban
and rural areas, as well as to determine how lead levels changed according to soil depth (LaBelle et
al., 1987).
4.5.2.1 Design of Soil Sampling Survey
Three regions chosen for the comparative study were: (1) City of Chicago; (2) suburban areas
in the six counties surrounding Chicago (Cook, DuPage, Kane, Lake, McHenry, and Will counties);
and (3) the rest of Illinois (downstate). Sampling locations in the City of Chicago are shown in
Figure 4-45, and sampling locations in the six-county, suburban region (outside Chicago) are
presented in Figure 4-46. The selection of soil sampling locations was based on the following
criteria:
1. The location was in the property of a park, playground, school, or day-care center.
2. The location was near a well-traveled road.
3. The location had a play area for small children (< 7 years of age)
4. The play area had a soil surface.
Criterion No. 3, however, was not always met. The study group selected 158 locations for
sampling, and collected over 800 soil samples from surface (0-5 centimeters [cm]) and subsurface
(25-30 centimeters [cm]) soil (LaBelle et al., 1987). Most sampling locations (68 of 158) were near
base roads that carried less than 10,000 vehicles per day, and 17 sampling locations were near roads
with over 50,000 vehicles per day. Of the 158 sampling locations, 81 (51.2 percent) were in Cook
County, IL, 50 of which were located in the City of Chicago. More than one-third of the samples
were collected from areas of disturbed soil (which was expected near play equipment [either bare
4-218
-------
LAKE
MICHIGAN
Figure 4-45. Soil Sampling Locations in the City of Chicago
4-219
Source: LaBelle et al., 1987.
-------
Lake
Michigan
Figure 4-46. Soil Sampling Locations in Six-County Suburban Region (Outside Chicago)
U S. EPA Headquarters Library
Mail node 3201
1200 rj?'iny'»oni5 Avenue
Wellington DC 20460
Source: LaBelle et al., 1987.
4-220
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Soils
Final—April 2001
or vegetated]). Samples collected near play equipment, but away from buildings, were believed to
be potentially exposed to a small amount of lead paint from the equipment (LaBelle, et al., 1987).
Painted play equipment or fencing were observed near 85 samples taken from 29 locations.
Industrial sources of lead were systematically avoided in site selection; sites were required not be
within 1 mile of a smelter or other lead processing plant (LaBelle et al., 1987).
Soil samples were collected during the summer and fall of 1985. This period was just prior
to the January 1,1986, Federal-mandated, 90 percent reduction of leaded gasoline concentration,
from 1.1 to 0.1 gram per leaded gallon. However, lead already in soil, including lead from vehicle
exhaust, would be expected to remain in the soil for hundreds of years because of its relative
immobility in soil (LaBelle et al., 1987).
4.5.2.2 Lead Levels in Soils Near Highways and Playgrounds
LaBelle et al. (1987) showed that lead
levels in soils from Chicago and its
surroundings suburban counties were higher
than those in downstate soils. The
greater traffic density in Chicago, compared to
the suburbs, appeared the most likely cause of
the higher lead level in soil near highways
(LaBelle et al., 1987). Geometric-mean
surface-soil lead values in Chicago and
suburban surface soil samples were 157 and 83
ppm, respectively, as compared to 44 ppm
downstate. The same pattern held for the subsurface-soil lead levels of 118 and 49 ppm versus 27
ppm downstate (LaBelle et al., 1987).
Lead levels exceeding 250 ppm were reported for 35 locations in the City of Chicago, 27
suburban locations, and 6 downstate locations. Only 21 of these 68 locations had samples taken near
play equipment; most higher values were very close to a roadway (play equipment is typically not
located immediately next to a road). Table 4-76 compares values of surface-soil lead levels near play
Soil Lead Levels Near Highways
and Playgrounds
• Levels Higher in Chicago Than in
Suburban and Rural Areas
• Levels Near Play Equipment Lower
Than Other Areas
• Higher Levels Near Highways
4-221
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Soils Final—April 2001
equipment to other samples. In general, lead levels were lower near play equipment than in other
areas sampled (LaBelle et al., 1987). Table 4-77 compares lead concentrations according to soil
conditions (disturbed versus undisturbed) in Chicago, suburbs, and downstate. The mean
concentrations in undisturbed soils were slightly higher than disturbed soils. Furthermore, levels in
Chicago were higher than those in suburban areas and downstate (LaBelle et al., 1987). Table 4-78
displays mean lead levels in surface and subsurface soils which suggest that surface soil levels of
lead are higher than those of subsurface soils (LaBelle et al., 1987).
In conclusion, a link was indicated to exist between surface-soil lead concentration and traffic
variables. Elevated soil lead levels were noted in most sampled locations. However, the lead levels
measured in those areas (generally from 25-300 ppm) were considerably lower than those typically
found in soils surrounding industrial lead sources or houses painted with lead paint (up to 10,000
ppm) (LaBelle et al., 1987). Also, lead levels were considerably lower than the > 1,000 ppm soil lead
level guideline used to indicate general needs for blood-lead screening or soil cleanup (LaBelle et
al, 1987).
4.5.2.3 Lead Levels in Soils of West Town
Loyola University, the National Science Foundation, community-based organizations, and
students from Rudy Lozano Middle School collaborated on a research program to study soil lead
levels in the West Town of Chicago (Fitch, 1993). Soil samples were collected from a public park
(Pulaski Field House Park), located adjacent to Rudy Lozano Middle School in Chicago's West
Town neighborhood, to determine lead content. Sampling results were compared to samples
analyzed by commercial laboratory, thus verifying the accuracy of the result. The study found that
the soil in the park had higher lead levels (± 300 ppm) than desired by EPA (± 50 ppm). The study
also indicated that high lead levels were likely the result of the park's close proximity to Interstate 94
(Fitch, 1993).
Anecdotal evidence from the preliminary findings indicate pockets of very high lead
concentrations in soils around housing in the West Town area of Chicago. These findings will be
reported by the Neighborhood Based Childhood Lead Primary Prevention Project (West Town,
4-222
-------
Table 4-76. Surface Soil Lead Levels Near Play Equipment
Traffic Volume
(vehicles/day)
< 5,000
5,000 - 9,999
10,000-19,999
20,000 - 49,999
2 50,000
Samples Near Play Equipment
No. of Samples
83
26
66
92
47
Lead Cone, (ppm)*
86 ±9
99 ±29
111±17
142 ±12
108 ±21
All Other Samples
No. of Sam pies
96
30
77
87
63
Lead Cone, (ppm)'
90 ±13
141 ±33
187 ±23
265 ±26
236 ±41
' - Arithmetic mean ± standard error
Source- LaBelle et.al., 1987
4-223
-------
Table 4-77. Comparison of Lead Concentrations by Surface Soil Conditions
in Chicago, Suburbs, and Downstate
Region
City of Chicago
Suburbs
Downstate
Lead Cone, (ppm) Disturbed Soil
Mean1
201
103
64 .
Standard Error
15
23
25
Lead Cone, (ppm) Undisturbed Soil
Mean*
226
150
74
Standard Error
21
15
10
' - Arithmetic mean
Source LaBelle et.al., 1987.
4-224
-------
Table 4-78. Mean Lead Levels of Surface and Subsurface Soils in Chicago, Suburbs,
and Downstate
Region
City of Chicago
Suburbs
Downstate
Surface Soil
No. of Samples
256
244
167
Lead Cone, (ppm)"
157
83
44
Subsurface Soil
No. of Samples
50
61
48
Lead Cone, (ppm)'
118
49
27
' - Geometric mean antilog (mean In x).
Source- LaBelle et.al., 1987.
4-225
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Soils Final—April 2001
Chicago- Lead Project, 1995-1997) in the near future. (For blood lead level monitoring in the West
Town area, see Section 4.8.)
4.5.2.4 Lead Levels in Soils of Austin
Another study was undertaken near a municipal solid waste incinerator in Austin, an older
Chicago neighborhood that was once the center of industry and is currently ranked among the
poorest neighborhoods (Fitch, 1993). Fitch (1993) reported that the government estimated that the
incinerator emitted 5.7 pounds of lead per hour. The Austin Community Council wanted to
determine if these emissions resulted in elevated lead levels in surrounding area soil. In 1994, a
Loyola University chemistry class sampled three homes in the Austin community, following
protocols developed by the Chicago Department of Health. Soil samples gathered during the study
near the incinerator had elevated lead content (similar to the Pulaski Field House Park) (Fitch et al.,
1996).
The senior chemistry class from Loyola University presented a paper on soil sampled for lead
in the Austin neighborhood, Rogers Park, and near the Northwest Incinerator in Chicago (Fitch,
1993). This study was a cooperative effort between 20, fifth grade elementary students from a local
school, who sampled soil for lead levels in spring of 1994, and Loyola University students. In the
fall of 1994, Loyola University students sampled soil from residential yards and analyzed the
samples for lead levels. The soil sampling results in Austin indicated lead levels from 150 ppm to
1,850 ppm. Soil samples from Rogers Park, an industrial facility, indicated lead levels from 439
ppm to 3,067 ppm. The lead levels in soils at a radius of 500 meters from the Northwest Incinerator
were estimated to be > 1,000 ppm (Fitch et al., 1996).
4.5.3 Levels of Contaminants in Soil at Hazardous Waste Sites
This section describes levels of contaminants in soils at select hazardous waste sites in Cook
County, IL, and Lake County, IN. Most of these data were taken from environmental site
investigation (ESI) reports for the sites.
4-226
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Soils Final—April 2001
4.5.3.1 Cottage Grove Landfill
EPA conducted an ESI of Cottage Grove Landfill site in the Southeastern Chicago, EL, south
of the Little Calumet River, approximately 1-mile west of the Calumet Expressway 1-94
(Figure 4-47). The site is bordered by the Little Calumet River to the north, the Land and Lakes #2
landfill to the east, an industrial complex to the south, and a harbor with a marina used for
recreational boating to the west. Areas surrounding the site are primarily industrial and not heavily
populated; however, a private residence is onsite. Over 5,000 people are estimated as living within
1 mile of the site, and over 160,000 people are within 4 miles (U.S. EPA, 1994d). This facility
operated from 1976 to 1982, accepting hazardous waste. In addition to the landfill contents and
leachate production, sludge containing heavy metals was spread over a large site area (approximately
8 acres) from 1980 to 1983 (U.S. EPA, 1994d). The facility had a history of poor operating practices
and was sited for violations on numerous occasions by EEPA; it was not authorized to accept
industrial wastes (U.S. EPA, 1994d).
On August 17, 1993, the ESI field team collected eight soil samples from locations
(Figures 4-48 and 4-49) that were selected to identify possible contamination resulting from landfill
activities and to address exposure concerns to on-site residents (U.S. EPA, 1994d). Three soil
samples (SS01, SS02, SS03) were collected from the top of the fill area, and an additional soil
sample (SS04) was collected from the northern section of an on-site wetland pond. Soil samples
SS05 and SS06 were collected from the back and the front yards of the residence, respectively. Two
background soil samples (SS07 and SS08) were collected from two undeveloped lots, south of the
site. All eight soil samples were collected at depths of less than 1 foot (U.S. EPA, 1994d).
Soil analyses indicated levels of xylene (0.041 mg/kg), chromium (12.4 mg/kg to 66.1
mg/kg), copper (18.1 mg/kg to 65.5 mg/kg), manganese (232 to 1,070 mg/kg), mercury (0.23 mg/kg),
nickel (16.4 to 46.1 mg/kg), potassium (1,960 to 3,310 mg/kg), vanadium (13.7 to 41.6 mg/kg), and
cyanide (0.83 mg/kg). The sample locations and concentrations of contaminants are presented in
Table 4-79 (U.S. EPA, 1994d). In general, location SS06, which was collected from the front yard
of the on-site residence, contained the highest concentration of contaminants was found in
(Figure 4-48). The results indicated that several wastestreams may have affected site soils. Soil
sampling confirmed an observed release to the soil exposure pathway.
4-227
-------
v h
*rm,
c
Figure 4-47. Site Location Map of Cottage Grove Landfill
4-228
-------
Little Calumet River
SW04 D A ST01
-f- aoaaoao
**"*
DODO O
Lanota Boundary )
Mama (West of ate)
138th Street
Land and Lakes No. 2 LandfiL.—
(EatiofSte)
Legend: 4- Growduwter
Surface Water
O Soil
-c
I
I
i
Source:
Reconnaissance Inspection
April 1993
Scale:
Not to Scale
ft
Cottage Grove Landfill
Chicago, Illinois
Figure 4-48. Soil Sample Locations (SS01 to SS06) at Cottage Grove Landfill
4-229
-------
Little Calumet River
Hhrbor
Cottage
Grove
Landfill
Land & Lake
No. 2 Landfill
Glass
Recycling
Plant
Residential Area
ON
CL
Ud
C/j
u
Source:
Sampling Visit, August 1993
scale:
Not to Scale
Cottage Grove Landfill
Chicago, Illinois
Figure 4-49. Background Soil Sample Locations (SS07 to SS08) at Cottage Grove Landfill
4-230
-------
Table 4-79. Concentrations of Soil Contaminants at Cottage Grove Landfill
Substance
Acetone
Xylene (total)
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Dieldrm
4.T-DDD
Beryllium
Chromium
Copper
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Potassium
Vanadium
Cyanide
Soil Sample Location & Concentrations (mg/kg)
SS01
0 025 BE
0041
12 BD
0082
069B
526
461
SS02
11BD
086B
940
SS03
53BD
094B
242
2,800
SS04
069B
22
3,310
SS05
18B
024B
855
219
SS06
82BD
046J
069B
661
655
1070
023
305
3.200
416
083
SS07
0012UJB
OOI2UJ
4BD
004U
004U
045 B
272
271
453
012U
164
1,960
294
059U
SS08
0012UJB
0012UJ
0 38 UJB
0 0038 U
0 0038 U
023U
12.4
18 1
232
OI1U
73B
865 B
137
056U
J - Reported value is estimated; U - Substance is undetected The reported value is the contract required
quantification limit, B - Reported value less than the contract required detection limit, but greater than instrument
detection limit; P - Greater than 25% difference for detected concentrations; S - Reported value determined by
method of standards additions; W - Post-digestion spike for furnace AA analysis is out of control limits, X -
Indistinguishable coeluting isomers; Y - Compound reported from peak response exceeding range of standard
calibration; * - Duplicate analysis was not within control limits; C - Identification confirmed by GC/MS.
Source U.S. EPA, 1994d.
4-231
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Soils Final—April 2001
4.5J.2 Land and Lakes #2
EPA conducted an ESI of Land and Lakes #2, which is located in the southeastern sector of
Chicago, along the southern bank of the Little Calumet River, covering approximately 73 acres
(Figure 4-50) (U.S. EPA, 1994e). The site initially operated as the old Cottage Grove landfill from
the mid 1950s to early 1970s, and is believed to have accepted municipal refuse. The old landfill was
filled to approximately 10 feet above grade when the Land and Lakes Company purchased the site
and began operation. The Land and Lakes Company bought the property before 1974. EPA issued
a permit for land filling in 1976, and during the next 10 years, the facility received approximately
9-million cubic yards of waste. Wastes accepted included solids, sludges, gasoline-contaminated
soils, and liquid from municipal, industrial, and commercial sources, including sludge from the
MSDGC, and river bottom dredging from the Indiana Harbor Canal. The landfill operated under a
permit issued by the City of Chicago and EEPA, and was removed from the RCRA system in 1987.
In July of 1993, the City of Chicago closed the landfill (U.S. EPA, 1994e).
In October 1993, the field team collected four soil samples (SS01 to SS04) from
representative of natural soil conditions in the area (U.S. EPA, 1994e) (Figure 4-51). Analyses of
soil samples collected from several leachate seeps indicated the presence of several semivolatile
organic compounds, PCBs, and inorganic compounds (U.S. EPA, 1994e). Table 4-80 presents the
sample locations and contaminant concentrations. Sample SS01 contained the maximum value for
the SVOC anthracene (640 Mg/kg) and PCBs Aroclor-1248 (700 ^g/kg). Sample SS02 contained
the maximum values for several SVOCs, including naphthalene (720 /ug/kg), phenanthrene (2,700
Mg/kg), fluoranthene (3,000 Mg/kg), pyrene (2,700 yug/kg), benzo(a)anthracene (1,800 Mg/kg),
chrysene (1,900 Mg/kg), benzo(b)fluoranthene (2,800 Mg/kg), benzo(k)fluoranthene (2,800 Mg/kg),
benzo(a)pyrene (1,800 Mg/kg), indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene (1,600 Mg/kg), and benzo(g,h,i)prylene (1,700
Mg/kg). Sample SS02 also contained the maximum value for one pesticide, methoxychlor (77
Mg/kg), and several inorganic compounds, including cadmium (71.8 mg/kg), chromium (702 mg/kg),
copper (626 mg/kg), lead (572 mg/kg), nickel (110 mg/kg), selenium (1.1 mg/kg), silver (23.6
mg/kg), zinc (1,630 mg/kg), and cyanide (25.2 mg/kg). Sample SS03 contained the maximum value
for bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (2,300 Mg/kg) (U.S. EPA, 1994e).
4-232
-------
Source: U.S. EPA, 1994e.
USGS 7.5' Topographic Map
Lake Calumet quad (1991)
North
Not to Scale
Figure 4-50. Site Location Map of Land and Lakes # 2 Landfill
4-233
-------
Beaubien Woods
Forest Preserve
Little Calumet River
ST09 sill
Cottage
Grove
Landfill
JacK Grey Corporation
Spoils Pile
TARP Project
13811 Sireei
GI4S (background)
GWOS
Dolton Landfill
North
i
SYMBOLS
• Scdiiuoni sample
Cj Soil sample
A Surface water sample
Diicli
Source: U.S. EPA, I994e.
0 Leacliate sample
A Gruumlwuler sample
* Well dry during sampling
event- Not sampled
—— LuuJlill bounJory
Figure 4-51. Soil Sample Locations (SS01 to SS04) at Land and Lakes tf 2 Landfill
-------
Table 4-80. Concentrations of Soil Contaminants at Land and Lakes #2
Substance
Organic:
(ng/kg)
Inorganics
(mg/kg)
Naphthalene
Phenan throne
Anthracene
Fluoran there
Pyrene
Benzo(a)anthracene
Chrysene
bis(2-Ethylhexyl)phthalate
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)f) uoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Indeno( 1 .2.3-cd)pyrenc
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
Methoxychlor
PCB - Aroclor-1248
PCB-Aroclor-1254
PCB -Aroclor- 1260
Cadmium
Chromium
Coppper
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
Cyanide
Soil Sample Location and Concentrations
SS01
2,100
640
1,900
1,500
1.100
850
760
740
700 JPY
93
128
129
62
SS02
720
2,700
620
3,000
2.700
1.800
1.900
2,800 X
2,800 X
1,800
1.600
1,700
77 JP
1,300 JPY
640 JC
71 8
702
626
572 J
110
1 1 B
236
1,630
25 2 J
SS03
2,000
580
2.200
1,400
2,300
2,000 X
2,000 X
1,100
600
560
2 1 B
SS04
450 U
290 J
62 J
550
410J
240 J
270 J
100 J
390 JX
390 JX
180 J
I10J
86 J
1 2JP
46 U
46 U
46 U
077U
177
345
38 8 US*
236
026U
1U
124
064UJ
J - Reported value is estimated, U - Substance is undetected The reported value is the contract required quantification
limit, B - Reported value less than the contract required detection limit, but greater than instrument detection limit,
P - Greater than 25% difference for detected concentrations; S - Reported value determined by method of standards
additions, W - Post-digestion spike for furnace AA analysis is out of control limits; X - Indistinguishable coeluting
isomers; Y - Compound reported from peak response exceeding range of standard calibration; * - Duplicate analysis
was not within control limits; C - Identification confirmed by GC/MS
Source: U S. EPA, 1994f.
4-235
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Soils Final—April 2001
EPA (1994e) reported an observed release to the soil pathway. The source of inorganic
analytes was possibly from heavy metals contained within dried municipal sewage sludge, which was
tilled into cover material under an EEPA permit. Nearby targets included 11 workers employed at
the site and the residents, who lived in a house located within 200 feet of the landfill on the landfill
property. No schools or day-care facilities are located within 200 feet of the site (U.S. EPA, 1994).
4.5.3.3 U.S. Drum II
EPA conducted an ESI of U.S. Drum Disposal Corporation, referred to as U. S. Drum H (U.S.
EPA, 1995d). The site is located in Southeast Chicago approximately 4-miles northwest of Calumet
City (Figure 4-52), near the Paxton Landfill site. Since 1940, the site was used as a dump for
municipal and industrial wastes. During the mid to late 1970s, the site was used as a hazardous
waste transfer and petroleum recovery facility. IEPA conducted an initial site inspection in March
1979, and found an estimated 6,000, 55-gallon drums in poor condition; 4 open dump lagoons;
assorted sludge and liquid hazardous waste; 3 bulk liquid trucks; and approximately 25 semi-trailers.
The drums were believed to contain solvents, paint wastes, tar wastes, PCB-contaminated sludge,
resins, corrosives, and cyanide compounds (U.S. EPA, 1995d). This site was shut down in 1979.
Fire occurred in 1985. This site, which was never permitted under RCRA, conducted on-site
hazardous waste management activities and was sited for numerous violations of State and RCRA
laws. Corrective action was implemented in 1979, when liquid and semi-solid wastes were removed
from site and, supposedly, disposed. In 1980s, IEPA implemented removal action, in which
contaminated areas were leveled, capped with clay, covered with soil, graded, and sealed (U.S. EPA,
1995d).
Between December 1983 and April 1984, IEPA collected seven soil samples (identified as
SS01 to SS07) at the U.S. Drum H site (Figure 4-53). To a limited extent, soil sample locations
were selected based on information in EPA files regarding drum storage locations (U.S. EPA,
1995d). Soil samples were collected to identify possible contamination resulting from prior waste
transfer, leaking drums, and lagoon dumping activities. During the ESI, three on-site soil samples
were collected: one from the northwestern portion of the site, west of the concrete platform (former
loading dock); one from the northeastern portion of the site; and one from the southeastern portion
of the site. On-site soil samples were collected at depths of approximately 10 to 16 inches below
4-236
-------
if-"
_/;£;
1 > ;r
;,'; :•; i
it":
i
i\ ftyii y\ j-s.^vi
M X^7^ ^i
- * '.\S .ov- P^ •t.'U.-l •—«
K /
A &
/
/r
i \ ;a
^',
• a
-,.-i^H #/ fSLVifi'-iL
, : -jfimMtDMringls} 7--r"U 41
is?/ -!^' ' -•*•?' -'* '*
^I3lo
^ •k^.'j'E
iPl ^i^
Source:
USGS 1991
Scale:
1 :24,000
U.S. Drum II
Chicago, Illinois
Figure 4-52. Site Location Map of U.S. Drum II
Source: U.S. EPA. \995d.
4-237
-------
Concrete Platform Stained Sofl Area
Approximate Southern
Site Boundary
JI
Gravel Pile
121 High
SS06 •
Background
122nd Street
Entrance Gate to Paxton Landfill
^Telephone
Legend | phones
Soil sample . Monitoring
Sediment sample Well
Fence
U.S. Drum II
Chicago, Illinois
Source: ARCS Contractor 1995
Scale: Not to scale
Figure 4-53. Soil Sample Locations (SS01 to SS07) at U.S. Drum II
Source: U.S. EPA, 1995d.
4-238
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Soils Final—April 2001
ground surface. An off-site composite soil sample and two background samples were collected in
the open field, located west of the site's dirt access road, in an area between the site and the Alburn
Incinerator property (U.S. EPA, 1995d).
Analyses detected several pesticides, PCBs, volatile organics, semi-volatile organics, and
heavy metals. The sample locations and contaminant concentrations are presented in Table 4-81.
Analysis of the four on-site soil samples (SS01 to SS04) confirmed an observed release of hazardous
substances to site soils. SS01 contained PCB Aroclor-1248 at 0.54 mg/kg. Soil sample SS02,
collected from a dark stained area without vegetation southeast of the on-site concrete platform,
exhibited the widest range of hazardous contaminants in on-site soil samples. SS02 detected nine
SVOCs between the range of 0.5 to 310 mg/kg, and six inorganics between the range of 1.4 to 632
mg/kg. SS03 detected seven SVOC between the range of 0.58 to 2.7 mg/kg, and SS04 detected
vanadium at 75.6 mg/kg (U.S. EPA, 1995d).
This site is inactive and is not accessible to the public. No on-site workers, residences,
schools, or day-care facilities within 200 feet of the site. The residential population within 1 mile
of the site is estimated at 280 people (U.S. EPA, 1995d).
4.5.3.4 MSD #4 Sludge and Barrel Dump
EPA conducted an ESI of the MSD #4 Sludge and Barrel Dump, located in Southeast
Chicago near Lake Calumet and bordered on the south by the Calumet River (Figure 4-54) (U.S.
EPA, 1995e). The vicinity around the MSD #4 site is industrial; much of the area is occupied by
landfills. Within a 1-mile radius of the site are Land and Lakes #3 Landfill, Paxton I & n Landfills,
U.S. Drum II site, and Album Incinerator site. The site is divided into two parcels: the northeastern
parcel is operated as a gun club; the other parcel is owned by MWRDGC and is operated by Stony
Island Avenue Biosolids Processing (Stony) facility. The Stony facility is an active facility,
operating under permit issued by IEPA and NPDES. It receives municipal sludge generated by
MWRDGC, dries the sludge, and transports it to the CID Landfill. Before 1980, the Stony facility
was used for the disposal of dredged material from the Calumet River. In 1983, EPA collected
sediment samples. In 1991, an EPA Preliminary Assessment and various improvements were made
at the Stony facility (U.S. EPA, 1995e).
4-239
-------
Table 4-81. Concentrations of Soil Contaminant at U.S. Drum II
Substance
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Tnchloroethane
Tnchloroethane
Benzene
Tetrachloroethene
Toluene
Ethylbenzene
Xylene (Total)
Naphthalene
Hexachlorobutadiene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo(a)anthracene
Chrysene
bis(2-Ethylhexyl)phtha!ate
Benzo(a)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Indeno( 1 .2,3-cd)pyrene
4,4'-DDE
4,4'-DDD
PCB-Aroclor-1248
Barium
Mercury
Silver
Vanadium
Zinc
Cyanide
Soil Sample Location & Concentrations (mg/kg)
SS01
054JP
SS02
42E
58E
05J
18JE
17JE
15JE
33 D
62 D
310D
9.6 JD
13 JD
58 JD
391
14
17B
162
632*
77
SS03
27
2
12
096
13
07
0.58
SS04
756
SS05
0016UJ
OOI6UJ
OOI6UJ
0016 UJ
0016UJ
0016UJ
0016UJ
0016UJ
0016UJ
023 J
1U
031J
027J
02J
017J
1UJ
022J
012J
008J
00052UJ
0 0052 UJ
0 0052 UJ
111
021
093U
197
174*
36U
SS06
0003J
0004J
0012UJ
0.01 2 UJ
0012UJ
0012UJ
0.01 2 UJ
0012UJ
0012UJ
04U
04U
04U
04U
04U
04U
04UJ
04U
04U
04U
0 0040 UJ
00040UJ
00040UJ
532
011U
0.78 U
217
897*
3U
SS07
0015JP
0 042 JP
J - Reported value is estimated, U - Substance is undetected The reported value is the contract required
quantification limit; B - Reported value less than the contract required detection limit, but greater than
instrument detection limit; P - Greater than 25% difference for detected concentrations; S - Reported value
determined by method of standards additions; W - Post-digestion spike for furnace AA analysis is out of control
limits; X - Indistinguishable coelutmg isomers, Y - Compound reported from peak response exceeding range of
standard calibration, * - Duplicate analysis was not within control limits; C - Identification confirmed by
GC/MS.
Source- U S. EPA, 1996d.
4-240
-------
Sources:
USGS Lake Calumet Quadrangle, 1991
Not to Scale
MSD #4 Sludge and Ban el Dump
Chicago, Illinois
Figure 4-54. Site Location Map of MSD # 4 Sludge and Barrel Dump
4_24i Source: U.S. EPA. 1995e.
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Soils Final—April 2001
The sampling portion of the ESI was conducted in 1993, when a field team collected three
soil samples (SS01, SS02, SS03) (Figures 4-55 and 4-56). Each sample was collected from a depth
of 0 to 6 inches. A background soil sample (SS03) was collected northeast of the site. This location
was representative of natural soil conditions in the area; however, the background soil sample
contained high concentrations of contaminants. Because analytical results were skewed, the sample
was rejected (U.S. EPA, 1995d). Two soil samples were collected in the area where drums were
thought to have been released. One inorganic compound (silver) was identified at sample location
SS01 at 3.1 mg/kg (U.S. EPA, 1995e). The sample locations and concentrations of the contaminants
are presented in Table 4-82.
The nearby populations include people using the gun club property for hunting or other
purposes, people residing within 1-mile of the site, and sensitive environments within 200 feet of
the site. Approximately 3,540 people live within 1 mile of the gun club. The only sensitive area
within 200 feet of the site is the Lake Calumet Natural Area, which encompasses the whole site.
4.5.3.5 Cosden Oil & Chemical Company
EPA conducted an ESI of Cosden Oil & Chemical Company, located in Calumet City in
southeastern Illinois (U.S. EPA, 1995f) (Figure 4-57). The site is bordered on the west by Calumet
Expressway 1-94, on the north by the Little Calumet River, and on the south and east by Ashland
Chemical facility. CID landfill is located north of the Little Calumet River. From 1949 to 1990, the
facility manufactured a variety of products including formaldehyde, aqua ammonia,
hexamethylenetetramine (hexamine), polyethylene emulsions, and polystyrene plastic. Several steel
aboveground storage tanks were used to store products and wastes from about 1978 until 1992. The
site was shut down in 1990; dismantling and hazardous waste removal actions continued from 1990
to 1992 (U.S. EPA, 1995f).
In 1993, five soil samples (SS01-SS05) were collected from depths of less than 2 feet during
the ESI sampling. SS01 was collected within the bermed area surrounding three 850,000-gallon
styrene tanks in the northwestern portion in the site. SS02 was collected from the likely location of
the gravel-lmed drum storage area. Sample SS03 was collected from beneath aboveground product
piping north of the bermed area that surrounded the three 850,000-gallon styrene tanks. SS04 was
4-242
-------
MWRDGC Perimeler Road
Asphalt Paved Drying Beds
Legend:
O Sediment Sample
^Surface Waur Sample
Q Surface Soil Sample
vW Plvaginiics ft Olhcr Wetland Vegetal ion
—X Fence
Not (o Scale
*
MSD #4 Sludge and Barrel Dump
Chicago, Illinois
<
a
3
u
o
C/3
Figure 4-55. Soil Sample Locations (SS01 to SS02) at # 4 Sludge and Barrel Dump
4-243
-------
SS03
Land I Lakes S3
Landfill
STOSa
Legend
Sample location
SS-- Surface Soil
D
CHI0007Z
3/Z3/94
SW: Surface Water A
ST: Sedinent O
Monitoring L.2 4
Well
Area inside dotted lines r~i
was paved in 1991. L-J
Source:
USGS Lake Calumet Quadrangle 1977,
1991; MWRDGC Aerial Photograph, 1992
Notto Scale
MSD #4 Sludge and Barrel Dump
Chicago, Illinois
Figure 4-56. Background Soil Sample Location (SS03) at # 4 Sludge and Barrel Dump
4-244
u
I
o
C/5
-------
Table 4-82. Concentrations of Soil Contaminants at MSD # 4 Sludge and Barrel Dump
Substance
Phenamhrene
Carbazole
Fluoranlhrene
Pyrene
Benzo(a)anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
lndeno( 1 .2.3-cd)pyrene
Benzo(g.h,i)perylene
PCB-Aroclor-1254
Soil Sample Location & Concentrations (^g/kg)
SS01
300 J
83 J
430
610 B
360 J
300 J
500
230 J
230 J
240 J
400 P
SS02 Background
IOOJ
170 J
130 J
130 J
230 J
110J
110J
110J
170 P
SS03
1.600
450
2.400
3,300 B
2.000
1,500
2,900
1.400
690 JD
1400
160 P
Metals Concentrations ( mg/kg)
Aluminum
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Vanadium
Zinc
10,700
99S*
147 J
8
204 JN
703
1.3SO
327
0 68 JBW
3 1 JN
435
320 JN
7.200
139*
816J
059B
5
113 JN
577
1,180
229
051 JBW
357
221 JN
14.900
153*
200 J
27
232 JN
47 1
4,160
261
031 JBW
1 7JN
652
214 JN
J - Reported value is estimated; U - Substance is undetected. The reported value is the contract required quantification
limit, B - Reported value less than the contract required detection limit, but greater than instrument detection limit; P -
Greater than 25% difference for detected concentrations; S - Reported value determined by method of standards
additions, W - Post-digestion spike for furnace AA analysis is out of control limits; X - Indistinguishable coeluting
isomers; Y - Compound reported from peak response exceeding range of standard calibration, * - Duplicate analysis was
not within control limits, C - Identification confirmed by GC/MS.
Source: U.S EPA, 1995e
4-245
-------
SITE^
LOCATION*
u->
£
o-
UJ
c/5
o
I
Source: USGS Topo. Quads., 1980
Lake Calumet, Calumet City; IL-IN
SCALE (IN MILES):
1/2
Cosden Oil and Chemical Co.
Calumet City, Illinois
Figure 4-57. Site Location Map of Cosden Oil and Chemical Co.
4-246
-------
CCR1Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Soils Final—April 2001
collected just south of the polystyrene process building, in the location of the former earthen blow-
down pit. SS05, the background soil sample, was collected in the wooded area south of the site
(Figure 4-58).
Analyses of the four on-site soil samples (SS01-SS04) identified 3 VOCs, 1 PCB, and 14
inorganic contaminants (U.S. EPA, 1995f). Sample locations and concentrations of contaminants
are presented in Table 4-83. SS01 detected chloromethane (120 Mg/kg), acetone (1,200 Mg/kg)>
styrene (820 Mg/kg), cadmium (66.4 mg/kg), chromium (182 mg/kg), copper (2,440 mg/kg), lead
(1,240 mg/kg), manganese (829 mg/kg), nickel (135 mg/kg), and zinc (212,000 mg/kg). Sample
SS02 detected aluminum (21.8 mg/kg), chromium (78.6 mg/kg), manganese (4,130 mg/kg), silver
(2.2 mg/kg), and vanadium (58.4 mg/kg). SS03 detected PCB-Aroclor-1260 (600 Mg/kg), barium
(209 mg/kg), calcium (148,000 mg/kg), magnesium (96,000 mg/kg), and silver (6.5 mg/kg). SS04
detected barium (216 mg/kg), cadmium (14.5 mg/kg), chromium (455 mg/kg), iron (51,700 mg/kg),
and nickel (116 mg/kg) (U.S. EPA, 1995e). In general, the highest concentrations of contaminants
were found in sampling location SS01, which was collected within the bermed area surrounding the
three 850,000-gallon styrene tanks at the northwestern portion of the site (Figure 4-58).
No workers or other persons are routinely on-site, and the nearest residences are located
about 1,000-feet south of the site in Calumet City. The estimated population within 1 mile of the
site is 21,595 persons; no sensitive environments are located on site (U.S. EPA, 1995f).
4.5.3.6 Land and Lakes #3 Landfill
EPA conducted an ESI of the Land and Lakes #3 Landfill, located in an industrial area on
Chicago's far southside (Figure 4-59). The landfill is bordered on the north and northeast by Paxton
Landfill and Lagoon (U.S. EPA, 1996d). Land and Lakes #3, an active landfill permitted to accept
municipal and nonhazardous special wastes, began operations in 1978 (accepted solid, liquid, and
industrial wastewater treatment sludge wastes) and operates a wastewater treatment facility, which
treats leachates from other landfills. Treated effluents are discharged to the sanitary sewer system.
The facility has no leachate collection system. IEPA collected soil, sediment, and groundwater
samples in 1994, which showed elevated levels of various organics, inorganics, pesticides, and PCBs
(U.S. EPA, 1996d).
4-247
-------
TO
3
L/l
00
GO
CO
•a
n"
r
o
o
§
5'
C/l
co
CO
CO
o
n
o
B.
o.
O
o
3
I
n
o
Legend
= = Ditch
Fencing
Somple Locations
Groundwater
Surface Water
Sediment
Soil
Storrn Sewer
Retention
Bonn
Ethylbeniene
Tank
Slyrenel Polystyrene
Tonks I Process
Building
Waitewater Treatment
System
Sludge Basmi
Maintenance
I Shop |
IBIow-do»n Pit I
Cote
B&O Railroad
Industrial Property
BVWS, 1994
(Modified from USGS, 1980; ENSR. 1990)
Cosden Oil & Chemical Co
Calumet City, llhnoi
No-t To Scale
Source: U.S. EPA, 1995f.
-------
Table 4-83. Concentrations of Soil Contaminants at Cosden Oil & Chemical Company
Substance
Chloromethane
Acetone
Styrene
PCB-Aroclor-1260
Soil Sample Location and Concentrations (Mg/kg)
SS01
120
1.200J
820
SS02
SS03
600 P
SS04
SS05
Background
15 UJ
15 UJ
15 UJ
51 UJ
Metals Concentration (rag/kg)
Aluminium
Barium
Cadmium
Calcium
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
Nickel
Silver
Vanadium
Zinc
66.4
182
2,440 JE
1,240
829
135
21 2,000 JE
21.8
78.6
4,130
2.2
58.4
209
1 48,000 J
96,000 J
6.5
216
14.5
455
51,700
116
10U
66.5
0.83 U
4400 J
14.2
33UJE
16,800
47.5
1.980J
255
14.4
1.7 U
18.4
461 JE
U-compound analyzed for but not detected, P-pesticide Aroclor target analyte where greater than 23% difference exist between the two GC columns
for detected concentrations The lower of the two values is repotted and flagged with a "P'', J-Estimated value, B-reported value is less than the contract
required detection limit, but greater than or equal to the instrument detection limit, E-Estimated because of interference, N-spiked sample recovery not
within control limits
Source. U.S. EPA, 1995f.
4-249
-------
*'' V A
\i\ 5 U /-^l ~j< ','j '.ioujK'DeeringjS
!';•(" •' ! t1 . ' I ~ / ^"^
%.Z-/ ': s )• «i I X*-- _.. i1
SOURCE: USGS 1991
SCALE (IN MILES):
1/2
N
LAND AND LAKES #3
CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
Figure 4-59. Site Location Map of Land and Lakes # 3
4-250
Source: U.S. EPA, 1996d.
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Soils Final—April 2001
The site investigation field team collected six soil samples in January 1994, including four
investigative soil samples and two background soil samples. Samples SS01 to SS04 were collected
near the perimeter (northwest, northeast, southeast, and southwest site quadrants respectively) of the
landfill area to assess general soil conditions. Background samples (SS05 and SS06) were collected
from off-site locations, northwest and southeast of the site, to establish background soil conditions
(Figure 4-60).
Table 4-84 presents sample locations and contaminant concentrations. The analytical results
identified SVOCs in concentrations ranging from 2.1 to 130,000 //g/kg; pesticides, ranging from 2.1
to 6.1 Mg/kg; PCBs, ranging from 40 to 610 Mg/kg; arsenic, ranging from 6.7 to 20.7 mg/kg; barium,
ranging from 54.7 to 610 mg/kg; cadmium, ranging from 1.2 to 24.7 mg/kg; silver, ranging from
<0.94 to 5 mg/kg; lead, ranging from 47.1 to 463 mg/kg; and cyanide, ranging from <0.62 to 22.2
mg/kg (U.S. EPA, 1996d). In general, the highest concentration of contaminants was identified in
sampling location SS04, which was in the southwest site quadrant.
Samples indicated that approximately 30 acres of soil contain an observed release.
Approximately 10 workers were potentially threatened by soil exposure. The site is fenced, and on-
site soils are unlikely to affect residential areas, located 1-mile southeast of the site. An estimated
274 people reside within 1 mile of the site (U.S. EPA, 1996d).
4.5.3.7 Alburn Inc.
EPA conducted an ESI of the Album Inc., an abandoned hazardous waste landfill/incinerator
site located in Lake Calumet area of Southeast Chicago (U.S. EPA, 1995g) (Figure 4-61). Alburn,
which accepted hazardous solid and liquid waste for more than 20 years, was ordered closed by
IEPA in 1982, due to several violations and detection of several organics, inorganics, metals, and
pesticides at elevated levels in soils and water samples (U.S. EPA, 1995g). In addition to its
incinerator, the site had a 175,000-gallon surface impoundment, more than 6,000 55-gallon drums
(several were leaking to the ground), and 2 USTs. Several emergency removal actions were initiated
by EPA in the 1980s, partially in response to a drum explosion in July 1983. Following these
removal actions, which included clay capping of specific areas due to high levels of PCBs, the site
remains inactive (U.S. EPA, 1995g).
4-251
-------
C/)
o
n
C
oo
m
to
c
£
T3
oT
r
I
o
C/)
CO
o
a-
§
a-
r1
I
FORMER
PAXTON
LAGOONS
PAXTON
i/>NDFILL
APPROXIMA1F. LANDFILLED AREA
DEAD5TICK
POND
SIOMT lilANn AVENUC
5Tp<
FINCE
M>PttOXNATE SITE BOUNDAKT
•— DRMNWE DtTCH WITH fUIW DIRECTION
CULVWT
-ra—'Z.- •en
O MMMOIC/CULVERT INLET
SOL SAMPLE
A SENUENT SAMPLE
-f MONITORING WELL (CROUN0WATER SAMPLE)
SOURCE: LAND AND LAKES CO. 1993
TO SCALE
-------
Table 4-84. Concentrations of Soil Contaminants at Land and Lakes #3
Substance
Bis(2-Eihylhexyl)phthalate
Delta-BHC
Camma-BHC
Heptachlor Epoxide
Dieldnn
4.4--DDE
4,4'-DDD
Endosulfan Sulfate
Alpha-Chlordane
Gamma-Chlordane
PCB-Aroclor-1242
PCB-Aroclor-1254
Soil Sample Location & Concentrations (^g/kg)
SS01
73J
56JPX
51 JPX
180 J
140 J
SS02
6 UP
59 J
SS03
490 J
SS04
130.000 BD
7 8 JPX
6 2 JPX
12 J
28 JPX
24
25 J
610J
SS05
(Background)
I.200UJBD
21U
21U
21U
40U
44PX
46PX
40U
2 IU
2 IU
40 U
40 U
SS06
(Background)
1.400UJB
24U
24U
24U
46U
8P
46U
46U
24U
24U
46 U
46 U
Metals Concentrations (mg/kg)
Aluminum
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Iron
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Vanadium
Zinc
Cyanide
9.400
91
822
24
113 JN*
22.100
703
33.800
1.740J*
309
0 68 JBW
1 1U
434
164
089
12,600
7
897
121)
355JN*
21.300
577
29.900
672 J*
39
OS1 JBW
1 1 U
259
116
063U
9.830
86
547
091 U
247JN"
24.100
471
29.100
522 J*
379
031 JBW
087U
201
246
067U
12.000
207
610
247
248 JN*
28,900
463
24,100
589 J*
441
32S
5
352
711
222
8.010
67
75 1
12
376JN*
19.700
153
23,300
614 J*
245
057JB
094 U
254
240
062U
9,530
173
114
28
745 JN'
57,500
215
20,900
1,230 J*
504
087JB
1 IU
369
472
095
J - Reported value is estimated; U - Substance is undetected. The reported value is the contract required quantification limit, B -
Reported value less than the contract required detection limit, but greater than instrument detection limit; P - Greater than 25%
difference for detected concentrations, S - Reported value determined by method of standards additions; W - Post-digestion
spike for furnace AA analysis is out of control limits, X - Indistinguishable coeluting isomers, Y - Compound reported from
peak response exceeding range of standard calibration, * - Duplicate analysis was not within control limits; C - Identification
confirmed by GC/MS.
Source: U.S EPA, 1996d
4-253
-------
Source: USGS Topo. Map
Lake Calumet Quad; 1991
Album Inc.
Chicago, Illinois
Figure 4-61. Site Location Map of Album Inc.
Source: U.S. EPA, 1995g.
4-254
-------
CCRJ Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Soils Final—April 2001
In December 1993, the ESI field team collected 10 surface-soil samples (4 to 18 inches) and
1 background sample. Six soil samples (SS01 to SS06) were collected on site to identify potential
soil contamination from prior hazardous substance storage and dumping activities and to evaluate
the effectiveness of the cap. Samples SS01 to SS03 were collected from the west, center, and east
quadrants in the north half of the site. Sample SS04 was collected as close as possible to the
southwest comer, and SS06 was collected from the southeastern portion of the site. Three off-site
samples (SS07 to SS09) were collected from areas east and south of the site, where contaminants
could migrate along the surface water pathway. A background sample (SS10) was collected
approximately 150-yards east of the Paxton Landfill guard house. This location was representative
of natural soil conditions in the area (U.S. EPA, 1995g). A proposed background sample (SS11) was
abandoned, because it was believed that an untainted sample could not be collected (Figures 4-62
and 4-63).
Analyses results indicated the presence of 8 VOCs, 10 SVOCs, 14 pesticides, 1 PCB, 1
dioxin, and 10 inorganic substances (U.S. EPA, 1995g). The concentration ranges of contaminants
are presented in Table 4-85. Several VOCs and SVOCs ranged from 3.0 /ig/kg to 17,000 /ug/kg;
PCBs ranged from 340 ,ug/kg to 500 Mg/kg; and pesticides ranged from 0.18 /zg/kg to 180 /ug/kg.
Organics and pesticides contamination of the site was primarily found in the site's midsection. Iron
concentrations ranged from 12,400 mg/kg to 204,000 mg/kg; lead ranged from 38.2 to 1,320 mg/kg;
and mercury ranged from 0.35 to 0.87 mg/kg. Other maximum concentrations for contaminants
included: aluminum at 23,900 mg/kg; manganese at 18,300 mg/kg; antimony at 34.7 mg/kg; barium
at 1,110 mg/kg; cadmium at 13.3 mg/kg; and cyanide at 6.8 mg/kg (U.S. EPA, 1995g).
Volatile and semivolatile contamination was detected in the site's midsection (SS06) and
northwestern quadrant (SS02). Pesticides and inorganics were detected throughout the site, and in
areas south, east, and northeast of the site. The most significant contamination was located in the
site's midsection and east half of the site (U.S. EPA, 1995g).
Sample analyses indicated release of contaminants to the surface water runoff pathway. Nine
acres were contaminated (U.S. EPA, 1995g). Three factors potentially affecting the migration of
contaminants in the soil pathway are: the reduction of the thickness of the cap, migration of surface
water on site, and groundwater to surface water recharge. The site is currently inactive and is located
4-255
-------
I
I
Paxton Office
Abandoned Vehicles/Equipmei
•:f~£—"3
Ditch Line
S
B
o
PI
SS01
ST03
1055-gaUon
dnuns
SS02
Abandoned
Office Trakr
and Water T«nk
Approximate location
of fonner scrubber pit
P3
Drums T p5
SS05
Wetland Vegetabon
SS07
Fiberglass
x->. Tanks
°O
Paxton Landfill Access Road
Legend:
-•———••- Fence
Power Line
MonitaringWell
Soil sample
Sediment sample
Source:
ARCS V Contractor, 1993
Scale:
Not to Scale
Alburn Inc.
Chicago, Illinois
Figure 4-62. Soil Sample Locations (SS01 to SS09) at Album Inc.
Source: U.S. EPA. I995g.
4-256
-------
«•— Sheet Metal Buildings
Open Dumpters
Abandoned Automobiles
tome
\
II—i
Paxton Landfill
.Property
kST09
119th Street (dirt road)
Paxton Landfill
Guardhouse
SS10
(Background)
Legend: r
Sofl sample
Sediment SBnpic
-HI
1 A
STlO
(Background)
3
Pond
iiiS
Source:
ARCS Contractor, 1993
Scale:
Not to Scale
Album Inc.
Chicago, Illinois
Figure 4-63. Background Soil Sample Location (SS10) at Album Inc.
Source-U.S. EPA, 1995g
4-257
-------
Table 4-85. Concentration Ranges of Soil Contaminants at Alburn, Inc.
Contaminant
Concentrations Range
Organics G"g/kg)
Ethylbenzene
Xylenes (Total)
Acetone
1,1 Dichloroethane
2-Butanone
Benzene
4-Methyl-2-Pentanone
Toulene
Chrysene
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Phenanthrene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Butylbenzylphthalate
Benzo(a)anthracene
4,4'-DDT
delta-BHC
Aldrin
Dieldrin
4,4'-DDE
4,4'-DDD
Alpha Chlordane
PCB-Aroclor 1260
20-86
17-53
450
26
1200
44
250
290
110-3,600
46-17,000
180-980
180-980
94 - 500
130-2,800
230 - 5,700
130-4,500
79 - 3,200
150-4,100
5.3-12
0.44 - 8.7
0.35 - 8
091 - 180
0.25 - 22
1 1-68
043-51
340 - 500
4-258
-------
Table 4-85. Concentration Ranges of Soil Contaminants at Alburn, Inc. (continued)
Contaminant
Heptachlor epoxide
Methoxychlor
Endosulfan Sulfate
Endrin Ketone
alpha-BHC
gamma-Chlordane
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD
Concentrations Range
0.18-30
38-110
0.18-49
4.4
5.2
33
0.51
Inorganics (mg/kg)
Aluminum
Antimony
Barium
Cadmium
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Potassium
Cyanide
4,890 - 23,900
2.9-34.7
35.7-1,110
103-133
12,400 - 204,000
382-1,320
450- 18,300
0.35 - 0.87
1,200-3,600
0.98 - 6.8
Source: U.S. EPA, 1995g.
4-259
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Soils Final—April 2001
in a highly industrial area. No schools or day-care centers are located within 200 feet of the site
(U.S. EPA, 1995g).
4.5.3.8 Estech General Chemical
EPA issued a Screening Site Inspection (SSI) report for the Estech General Chemical (also
known as G & M Wrecking), located in Calumet City in Southeast Chicago (Figure 4-64) (Ecology
and Environment, 1991). The site is an abandoned fertilizer manufacturing plant, which produced
organic phosphate and chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, as well as contact sulfuric acid from 1950
until 1982. The pesticide plant closed in 1969. The sulfuric acid plant, which generated vanadium
pentoxide dust waste from catalyst screening, closed in 1982. In the 1980s, removal action was
implemented to remove buried drums containing waste. In 1989, on-site buildings were demolished,
and IEPA collected soil samples. No further action was recommended (Ecology and Environment,
1991).
The field investigation team collected six subsurface soil samples on site and two background
soil samples at various depths. Soil sample S1 was collected at depth of 10 feet at a site located away
from the fill area. Sample S2 was collected at 8 inches from a location near the site's northwest
corner, at the toe of the fill slope. Sample S3 was also collected at the toe of the fill slope, from a
depth of approximately 6 inches. S4 was collected near the southeast corner of the site on a level
area below the fill, from a depth of approximately 9 inches. In addition, samples S3 and S4 were
collected near the Grand Calumet River to assist in evaluating the potential for substances to migrate
from the site to the river. Sample SS was collected from the top of the fill, at an approximate depth
of 12 inches. Sample S6 was collected at an approximate depth of 18 inches from a location near
the fence on the east side. Two background samples (S7 and S8) were collected from the same hole
on Memorial Park (Ecology and Environment, 1991) (Figures 4-65 and 4-66).
Contaminant concentration ranges are presented in Table 4-86. Analyses of collected soil
samples revealed VOCs concentrations between 3 //g/kg to 140 Mg/kg; SVOCs between 47 to 91,000
Mg/kg; pesticides 14 and 910 Mg/kg; PCBs between 53,000 to 62,000 ;ug/kg; and metals between 0.1
to 177,000 mg/kg. According to Federal, State, and local file information, no incidents of direct
contact with hazardous substances attributable to the Estech site are documented; however, a
4-260
-------
SOURCE: Ecology and Environment. Inc. 1989! BASE MAPS: USGS, Lake Calumet. IL. IN Quadtangle. 7.S
Minute Series, 1965. Photorevlsed 1973; Calumet City. IU IN Quadrangle. 7.5 Minute Series.
1968. Photorevlsed 1980.
SCALE
1 MILE
Figure 4-64. Site Location Map of Estech General Chemical
Source: Ecology and Environment, 1991.
4-261
-------
2
rn
o_
I
§
Q.
S1
3
o\
to
cro
4^
o\
CO
i.
o
to
/~\
CO
C/3
O
O
CO
CO
o
ID
8
s-
I
O
n
rs'
SOURCE: Ecology and Environment, Ino. 1989.
0 600
SCALE
1000 1SOO
2000 FEET
-------
Figure 4-66. Soil Sample Locations (SS07 to SS08) at Estech General Chemical
4-263
-------
Table 4-86. Concentration Ranges of Soil Contaminants at Estech General Chemical
Contaminant
Concentrations Range
VOCsfag/kg)
Methylene Chloride
Acetone
1,2 dichloroethane
Tetrachloroethene
Toulene
Ethylbenzene
Xylenes (Total)
9-25
24 - 140
15
7
4- 16
7
3-14
Pesticides (^g/kg)
Heptachlor
Heptachlor Epoxide
Dieldnn
4,4'-DDE
4,4'-DDT
Methoxychlor (Mariate)
Alpha Chlordane
PCB-Aroclor 1254
14
62
64- 100
71- 110
130-910
110-570
130
53,000 - 62,000
SVOCs (fig/kg)
4-methylphenol
Naphthalene
2-methylnaphthalene
Acenaphthylene
Acenaphthane
Dibenzofiiran
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
3,800
140-2,900
160-1,800
1,800
130-4,600
300 - 2,400
150-6,500
85 - 34,000
77-10,000
4-264
-------
Table 4-86. Concentration Ranges of Soil Contaminants at Estech General Chemical
(Continued)
Contaminant
Di-n-butylphthalate
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Butylbenzylphthalate
Benzo(a)anthracene
Chrysene
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Di-n-octylphthalate
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Indeno( 1 ,2,3-cd)pyrene
benzo(g,h,i)perylene
Concentrations Range
74
100-45,000
130-51,000
1,300-6,400
60-
78-
190-
28,000
30,000
91,000
800-1,500
71 -
47-
540-
1,000
1,700
27,000
18,000
28,000
- 19,000
- 20,000
Inorganics (mg/kg)
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Calcium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Lead
Magnesium
1,960
- 27,800
4- 101
3-
40.9
6.7-1,060
0.35 - 3
1 -
9,760
7.6
2.8
84-
622
- 75,500
-385
-37.8
10,000
5,670- 177,000
7.6-
4,530
3,000
- 23,200
4-265
-------
Table 4-86. Concentration Ranges of Soil Contaminants at Estech General Chemical
(Continued)
Contaminant
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Potassium
Selenium
Silver
Sodium
Vanadium
Zinc
Cyanide
Concentrations Range
155-1,730
0.1-13.1
7-304
379 - 2,930
32
3.5-147
128-2,140
8.7 - 60
205-89,100
1.9-20.7
Source: Ecology and Environment, 1991.
4-266
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Soils Final—April 2001
potential target population of approximately 11,000 persons reside within 1 -mile radius of the Estech
site (Ecology and Environment, 1991).
4.5.3.9 Pullman Factory/Sewage Farm
Two reports contained data on soil levels at the Pullman Factory/Sewage Farm; an LEPA
report from 1990 and an expanded site investigation prepared by EPA in 1994. IEPA (1990) issued
an SSI report for Pullman Sewage Farm, located in the vicinity of Altgeld Gardens in southeastern
Cook County, EL (Figure 4-67). The site was primarily used for land farming of industrial and
municipal sewage (EEPA, 1990). Soil and raw sewage were discharged into the Calumet River in
early 1900s. The site pumped raw sewage from 1882 to 1892 (IEPA, 1990).
During the May 1990 SSI, IEPA collected 20 soil samples to compare background samples
to on-site samples. Two soil samples (X101 and XI02) were taken as background, from behind
Carver Primary School, because soil in this area appeared to be representative and undisturbed. The
remainder of the soil samples (XI03 to XI20) were representative of the site and the surrounding
areas, collected from depths of 0 to 6 feet (Figure 4-68).
Soil samples analyses revealed pesticides in excess of background concentrations in 5 of the
20 samples. Acetone was the highest concentration VOC at 220 ppb, and the highest SVOC was
1,800 ppb of fluoranthene. Inorganic compounds, such as aluminum, cadmium, iron, mercury, and
nickel, were found in a number of the soil samples (IEPA, 1990). Analyses indicated a potential
for direct contact with contaminants. The exposure potential to humans is based on the analytical
results indicating soil contamination in samples XI03 (4,4'-DDE 844 ppb, 4,4'-DDT 742 ppb,
chromium 59 ppm, and 4,4'-DDD 79 ppb); X105 (aluminum 13,000 pmm, nickel 27 ppm, and
cadmium 2.4 ppm); X107 (iron 14,800 ppm, nickel 16 ppm, aluminum 9,100 ppm, 4,4'-DDE 138
ppb, and 4,4'-DET 119 ppb); and X109 (4,4'-DDE 85 ppb, 4,4'-DDT 62 ppb, mercury 0.08 ppm, and
nickel 19 ppm) (IEPA, 1990). All samples were collected from the surface to a depth of 14 feet.
There are no barriers at the site due to the presence of an apartment complex and single family
homes. The nearest resident is considered to be on site, with 3,811 people living in apartments or
houses that were built on the property once occupied by the Pullman Factory and the sewage farm.
Approximately 21,590 people were estimated to live within a 1 -mile radius of the site (IEPA, 1990).
4-267
-------
LJ.-^ -Altgeld^Gartens [£%* •
Source: LISGS 7-5' Topopaphic Maps
Lake Calumet (1991) and
Blue Island (1973) Quadrangles
Figure 2-\
Site Location Map
Pullman Factory
Chicago, Illinois
Figure 4-67. Site Location Map of Pullman Sewage Farm
Source: IEPA, 1990. 4_26g
-------
—• - • !4nJ«i- 3 { I t «4i»
Pullman Factory
Figure 4-68. Sample Locations from 1990 IEPA Report and 1994 U.S. EPA Report
on Pullman Factory/Sewage Farm
Source: U.S. EPA, 1994f.
4-269
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Soils Final—April 2001
In January 1994,23 soil samples were collected from the Pullman Factory as part of EPA
Region 5's expanded site investigation (U.S. EPA, 1994f). Of these, 14 were collected from
residential properties developed on the site after the facility closed, and 5 were collected from
properties just outside the site boundaries (EPA, 1994f). Two samples were taken from schools in
the area, and one was taken from a park in the northern section of the site. The final sample,
collected from an area west of the site, was used to determine background concentrations of
contaminants.
Analyses of these samples indicated no volatile organics above the detection limits. Eleven
semivolatiles were identified above their detection limits, including bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, with
a maximum 89 ppm detected, pyrene (22 ppm maximum), and chrysene (12 ppm maximum). Two
pesticides, 4,4'-DDE and 4,4'-DDT, were detected in the samples, showing maximum concentrations
of 580 ppb and 3 70 ppb, respectively. A number of inorganics were detected, most of which were
also found in the background sample. These included arsenic (33.1 ppm maximum), chromium
(36.7 ppm maximum), lead (270 ppm maximum), and nickel (36.6 ppm maximum). Cyanide was
detected in one sediment sample at a concentration of 6.4 ppm. A comparison between the 1990 and
1994 studies is shown in Table 4-87. EPA (1994f) notes that the contaminants identified are
generally consistent with the results from the 1990 IEPA study.
4.5.3.10 Paxton Landfill LHL #2
EPA conducted an ESI of Paxton Landfill LHL #2 site, which is composed of several
landfills: Paxton I, Paxton n, and LHL Landfills, located in Southeast Chicago (Figure 4-69)
(U.S. EPA, 1995h). Properties bordering Paxton Landfills are Land and Lakes #3 Landfill,
southwest of the site, and Alburn Incinerator and U.S. Drum n, southeast of the site. Paxton I
operated from 1971 to 1976 under special waste permits authorized by IEPA and accepted general
refuse and industrial wastes. IEPA noted inadequate procedures during inspections between 1974
to 1976. Paxton II opened illegally in 1976, legally in 1978, and operated until 1992, accepting
special hazardous waste. Paxton was cited for various violations between 1976 until 1978. Site
operations in LHL landfills were poorly documented. LHL I was inactive, and LHL n operated from
1977 to 1978. IEPA permitted the landfill to handle refuse and demolition debris; no records were
available. Between 1974 and 1990, IEPA site inspections documented many violations, including
4-270
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Table 4-87. Concentrations of Soil Contaminants at Pullman Factory/Sewage Farm,
1990 and 1994
Pollutant
Concentration Ranges
1990
1994
Volatiles (^g/kg)
Methylene Chloride
Acetone
2-Butanone
Tnchloroethene
Tetrachloroethene
Toluene
Xylene (total)
2-6
25-220
12-13
4-9
10-18
6-17
2-3
—
-
—
-
-
-
_
Semivolatiles frig/kg)
Phenanthrene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo(a)anthracene
Chrysene
bis(2-Ethylhexyl)phthalate
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Ideno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
Benzo(g,h,I)perylene
240-630
200-1,800
200-1600
160-1,000
170-720
170-480
170-830
400-510
580-670
440-510
390-21,000
440-2,300
440-22,000
480-9,700
450-12,000
590-89,000
490-7,900
11,000
500-9,000
460-4,600
460-580
Pesticides (^g/kg)
Lindane
Aldnn
Heptachlor Epoxide
Dieldrin
Endrin Ketone
Gamma-Chlordane
4,4'-DDD
4,4'-DDE
4,4'-DDT
088-6
1.6
3-50
1.5-9
10
10
23-104
26-844
6-742
—
-
-
-
—
_
_
340-580
140-370
Inorganics (mg/kg)
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Calcium
1,400-13,000
0.3-0 4
1 5-17
14-97
0 1-07
07-37
2.900-83.600
5,410-25,100
_
7.3-33.1
49.6-2,590
1.3-1.4
_
3.540-67.500
4-271
-------
Table 4-87. Concentrations of Soil Contaminants at Pullman Factory/Sewage Farm,
1990 and 1994 (cont'd)
Pollutant
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Potassium
Selenium
Sodium
Vanadium
Zinc
Cyanide
Concentration Ranges
1990
6.6-59
4.5-24
6-40
4,800-29,600
6.7-128
1,600-113,000
200-1,170
0.1-0.41
8.4-51
510-2,700
0.2
67-260
6.4-28
26-167
1.1-3
1994
9-36.7
1 2.8- 1 3.3
-
9,370-36,400
1 3. 2-270
2,180-32,000
209-1.200
-
12.4-36.6
1,230-4,320
-
-
13.9-69.1
78.2-99.7
6.4
- = Not Detected.
Source: IEPA, 1990; U.S. EPA, 1994f.
4-272
-------
?^-H^fi
^£—\jfj I £_ 1" |\."!|v^-r ,K'.J:
,% fo^L- Ic'f *V'^; •^Mtf'"-
fiM=> ^ o t,^nr c^ B,V
•j I •} :J /r-__ , j'-SoutKDecring!^ --rv:
L1 ^?s~
'^Z- •"-hi" -^"' '~y?''
Figure 4-69. Site Location Map of Paxton Landfill Corp.
Source: U.S. EPA, 1995H.
4-273
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Soils Final—April 2001
inadequate cover and leachate containment problems. In 1988, Paxton contracted Roy F. Weston
to conduct facility investigation of Paxton D; various media samples were taken and analyzed, and
contaminants were found at elevated levels, posing risk to general populations (U.S. EPA, 199Sh).
In December 1993, four surface soil samples (SSO1, SS02, SS04, SS05) were collected from
the Paxton site. SS01 was collected from the north-central portion; SS02 was collected from the
southwestern comer of fenced in equipment and scrap area; SS04 25 feet north of the ditch, along
the north-central section of Paxton II; and SS05 represented background conditions (Figure 4-70).
The contaminant concentration ranges are presented in Table 4-88.
Analytical results indicated mercury concentrations between 0.10 to 0.15 mg/kg, and nickel
concentrations between 19.6 to 138 mg/kg. An on-site population of 12 workers may be affected
by exposure to the contaminants. The population within 1 -mile radius of the site is 274 people (U.S.
EPA, 1995h).
4.5.3.11 Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad
An EPA field investigation team collected four soil samples from the Indiana Harbor Belt
Railroad, located in Hammond, IN. The railroad yard handled drums and performed maintenance.
The sample results show that the soil was contaminated. One organic sample revealed several
PAHs: phenanthrene (320,000 /ug/kg) and chrysene (250,000 ,ug/kg) exceeded the required detection
limit. An inorganic sample revealed several heavy metals including lead (1,250 mg/kg); tin (64
mg/kg); cadmium (35 mg/kg); chromium (101 mg/kg); mercury (0.3 mg/kg); nickel (78 mg/kg); and
vanadium (53 mg/kg), which exceeded the required detection limit. The shallow aquifer could pose
potential contamination to groundwater. The small population using ground-water is located more
than 2 miles from the site. Migration of potential contaminants to the drinking water may be
difficult to attribute to the site (Fowler et al.3 1993).
4.5.3.12 Ruan Transport Co.
Ruan Transport Company has elevated levels of contaminants and poses a potential risk to
the general populations (Fowler et al., 1993). Ruan Transport Company was a waste
4-274
-------
SW03
IST03
SS05
STOI
SWIO
STIO
QMS
G15S
OI6S
ST06
R106
: \. Parcel I
\oRI05
SW07
(leachate)
Paxton II
Parcel ID
SWDS
(leachale)
A Soil sample
0 Groundwater sample
Surfece waler sample
H Sediment sample
-—X—
Parcel boundary
lan^iiH boundary
Clay cutoff wall
Drainage ditch and
flow direction
Fencing
Not lo Scale
Source: Roy F. Weston 1989;
E&E 1991
•- SWDS
ST05
Site Trailer
Paxton Avenue
Access Road
Paxton Landfill Corp.
Chicago, Dlinois
Source: U.S. EPA, I995h.
-------
Table 4-88. Concentration Ranges of Soil Contaminants at Paxton Landfill Corp.
Contaminant
Concentrations Range
Organics Gwg/kg)
2-Methylnaphthalene
Acenaphthene
Dibenzofuran
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo(a)anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)f1uoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Indeno( 1 ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Benzo(g,h, i)pery lene
68-160
35 - 200
50 - 240
380-1,900
37-410
450-3,100
550 - 3,400
390 - 2,200
290- 1,700
750 - 3,800
220 - 1,500
61-970
180-1,200
Inorganics (mg/kg)
Aluminum
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Calcium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
8,360-10,200
5.5 - 9.4
66 - 125
0.34 - 0 88
48,900-158,000
26.5-1,140
7.8 - 14.9
40.5 - 84.5
22,800 - 128,000
81-801
15,300-42,800
715-26,900
4-276
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Table 4-88. Concentration Ranges of Soil Contaminants at Paxton Landfill Corp.
(continued)
Contaminant
Mercury
Nickel
Potassium
Selenium
Silver
Sodium
Thallium
Vanadium
Zinc
Cyanide
Concentrations Range
0.10-0.15
19.6- 138
392 - 2,520
0.37 - 0.73
0.39
261 - 739
2-5.8
21.6-222
107-473
0.59- 15.8
Source: U.S. EPA, 1995h.
4-277
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Groundwater
Final—April 2001
hauler that stored 40 drums of PCB-contaminated waste and had a surface impoundment of unknown
size in a marsh. During a 1984 inspection, contaminated soil was observed at the site. The surface
impoundment is an unlined pit, and wastes placed in the pit migrated to the east. No permits were
issued for the waste pit. The soil sample analysis results from the pit showed PCBs, and several
SVOCs (Fowler etal., 1993).
4.5.3.13 Soils at NPL Sites
EPA, as part of their investigations, "scored" each of the seven National Priorities List (NPL)
sites in the study area (six in Lake County, IN, and one in Cook County, IL) for the likelihood of
adverse impacts to human health from groundwater, surface water, air, and soils at sites. The Hazard
Ranking System (HRS) is used by EPA to assess sites based on many factors such as the types and
concentrations of chemicals present, their toxicity, the likelihood of migration, and the potential for
exposure of populations. The scores for direct contact to soils from these seven sites are summarized
in Table 4-89.
4.6 GROUNDWATER
Groundwater quality in Lake County,
IN, and Cook County, IL, has been studied by
several research programs. A number of
indicator parameters are used to evaluate the
impact of human activities on groundwater
quality and the resulting risk to human health
and the environment. Human exposure to
groundwater may occur via ingestion of
drinking water, inhalation of vapors or mists
during showering, and dermal exposure during
bathing and other domestic use. Groundwater
use is limited, however, in Cook County, IL,
and Lake County, IN, because the majority of
Groundwater Quality
• Potential Human Exposure from:
- Ingestion of Drinking Water
- Inhalation of Vapors
- Dermal Contact
• Groundwater Not Widely Used for
Domestic Uses in Cook County, IL,
and Lake County, IN
• Groundwater Characterization Based
Primarily on USGS Study
4-278
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Table 4-89. Hazard Ranking Scores for Soils at NPL Sites
Site
American Chemical Services, Inc., IN
Lake Sandy Jo (M&M Landfill), IN
Lenz Oil Service, Inc., IL
MIDCO I, IN
MIDCO II, IN
Ninth Avenue Dump, IN
U.S. Smelter and Lead Refinery, Inc , IN
Score
SDC = O
SDC = 62.50
VSDC = Not Scored
SDC = 50
SDC =16.67
SDC = 43.75
S5 = Negligible
Source U.S. EPA, 1995ij,k,l,m,n,o (seven different documents).
4-279
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Groundwater Final—April 2001
residents receive domestic water from surface sources (Lake Michigan). Nevertheless, the presence
of toxic and/or synthetic chemicals in groundwater serves as an indication of potential human risk.
This section presents data summaries and assessments of groundwater quality derived from
regional and local monitoring activities conducted by Federal and State agencies. Much of the
discussion is based on a study conducted by the USGS (DuWelius et al., 1996). Particular emphasis
is placed on the identification of synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs) and other toxics found in the
groundwater samples. The following discussion presents a brief summary of the geologic and
hydrogeologic construct of the region and is organized by the main aquifer systems (water-bearing
units) found in the area.
4.6.1 Regional Geology and Hydrogeology
The study area is underlain by bedrock of Silurian and Devonian age, with unconsolidated
glacially-deposited materials on top. Consolidated bedrock is primarily limestone, dolomite, and
shale, which are largely flat strata. Bedrock surfaces are irregular due to erosional changes and
variations in depositional environment (DuWelius et al., 1996).
Above the bedrock, both lake-bottom and glacial sediments, including sand, silt and clay, are
common. (For the purposes of this study, regional interpretation of these strata is limited to
identification of the major unconsolidated aquifer systems.) Locally, there are deposits of gravel,
muck, peat, and organic matter, which are discontinuous across the region (DuWelius et al., 1996).
In addition, dumping of slag and fill, dredging operations, and other anthropogenic source materials
serve to change the local geology.
Two major aquifer systems are in the region. The unconfined sand aquifer (surficial) and the
Silurian-Devonian bedrock aquifer constitute a complex, integrated hydrologic system, which is
typically separated by a confining layer of silty clay. The unconfined sandy aquifer, called the
Calumet, overlays the majority of the region and is dominant toward the eastern portion (DuWelius
et al., 1996). Because of its surface exposure and permeability, most recharge to the Calumet is via
direct infiltration from precipitation and surface water runoff. However, as elsewhere, the impacts
of urbanization may be seen on aquifer recharge; extensive paving and stormwater control systems
4-280
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CCR1Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Groundwater Final—April 2001
divert recharge waters to streams. Draining and filling-in of wetlands have caused dewatering of the
upper reaches of the Calumet aquifer; nevertheless, the average depth to water is approximately 10
feet below ground surface (DuWelius et al., 1996). Although the water from this aquifer is not
broadly used in the Chicago area, some commercial/industrial, irrigation, and drinking water wells
are installed into the Calumet aquifer.
The bedrock aquifer, which consists of Silurian and Devonian age carbonates, provides water
for industrial/commercial use, and to a lesser degree, is a source of domestic water. This aquifer
system provides the industrial make-up water in the greater Chicago area (DuWelius et al., 1996).
4.6.2 Groundwater Quality
The Illinois State Water Survey (ISWS) has reported that approximately 4,300 groundwater
samples have been collected to characterize contamination in Cook County, IL (Blomberg, 1997).
The organic contaminants most frequently detected are summarized in Table 4-90.
Regional groundwater quality, evaluated by USGS, focused on 128 wells in the greater
Chicago metropolitan area (DuWelius et. al., 1996). Both water quality indicator parameters, such
as pH, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and oxidation-reduction potential (redox), as well
as sampling and analyses for metals, cations, anions, volatile and semivolatile organic compounds,
and pesticides, were measured. On a local scale, impacts to groundwater quality were observed in
both the unconsolidated Calumet aquifer and the bedrock aquifer. These impacts included elevated
levels of zinc detected in wells lined with galvanized casing material, excessively high pH, and
detection of SVOCs in water (DuWelius et al., 1996).
Tables 4-91 through 4-94 present summaries of data from this study. Measured
concentrations of contaminants in groundwater samples were compared to EPA Maximum
Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels (SMCLs). MCLs are
regulatory limits for concentrations of various constituents in public water systems that distribute
water for human consumption. MCLs are derived on the basis of human health criteria, as well as
technological and economic considerations. SMCLs are based on organoleptic (aesthetic) standards
for criteria such as taste, color, and odor. SMCLs do not carry the weight of law, but are suggested
4-281
-------
Table 4-90. Overview of Organic Groundwater Contaminants in Cook County, IL
Pollutant
Total Organic Carbon
Bromodichloromethane
Bromoform
Dibromochloromethane
Chloroform
Phenols
Methylene Chloride
1 , 1 -Dichloroethylene
Trans- 1 ,2-Dichloroethylene
Toluene
Nonpurgeable Organic Carbon (Dissolved)
Nonpurgeable Organic Carbon (Total)
Number of Positive Detects
53
1
1
1
2
7
9
1
3
1
18
1
Source: Blomberg, 1997.
4-282
-------
Table 4-91. Volatile Organic Compounds Detected in Chicago-Area Wells, 1996
Constituent
Acetone
Benzene
Chloroform
1,1-Dichloroethane
1 , 1 -Dichloroethylene
1 ,2-Dichloroethylene
Ethylbenzene
2-Hexanone
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
Styrene
Toluene
Vinyl Chloride
Xylenes
Number of Wells
with VOC
4
11
1
1
1
3
3
1
1
1
4
2
7
Number of Wells
Exceeding MCL
NA
11
0
NA
1
NA
0
NA
NA
0
0
2
0
MCL
Mg/L
NR
5
100
NR
7
NR
700
NR
NR
100
1,000
2
10,000
NA - Not applicable
NR - Not regulated
= micrograms per liter
Source: OuWeliuset al., 1996.
4-283
-------
Table 4-92. Maximum Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds Detected in
Chicago-Area Wells, 1993
Constituent
Acetone
Benzene
Chloroform
1,1-Dichloroethane
1 , 1 -Dichloroethylene
1 ,2-Dichloroethylene
Ethylbenzene
2-Hexanone
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
Styrene
Toluene
Vinyl Chloride
Xylenes
Maximum
WV
37
9,900
5
7
66
42,000
330
7
4
•5
600
10,000
400
MCL
C"g/L)
NR
5
100
NR
7
NR
700
NR
NR
100
1,000
2
10,000
NR - Not regulated
= micrograms per liter.
Source: DuWelius, et al, 1996.
4-284
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Table 4-93. Semivolatile Organic Compounds Detected in Chicago-Area Wells, 1993
Constituent
Phenol
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Ortho-cresol
Para-cresol
2,4-Dimethylphenol
Naphthalene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Dimethylphthalate
Acenaphthylene
Acenaphthene
Dibenzofuran
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Carbazole
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Bis(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate
Diethylphthalate
Anthracene
Di-n-octyl phthalate
Benzo[b]fluoranthene
Number of Wells with SVOC
8
1
2
4
4
7
4
2
4
3
3
6
8
3
15
4
4
28
3
2
4
1
NR - Not regulated
Source: DuWelius et al., 1996.
4-285
-------
Table 4-94. Maximum Levels of Semivolatile Organic Compounds Detected in
Chicago-Area Wells, 1993
Constituent
Phenol
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Ortho-cresol
Para-cresol
2 ,4-Dimethy Iphenol
Naphthalene
Dimethylphthalate
Acenaphthalene
Acenaphthene
Dibenzofiiran
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Carbazole
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
bis(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate
Diethylphthalate
Anthracene
Di-n-octyl phthalate
Benzo[b]fluoranthene
Maximum
G"g/L)
1,600
4
550
1,400
360
12
2
36
4
13
2
14
18
2
2
2
11
3
2
4
0.5
Mg/L = micrograms per liter
Source: DuWelius et al., 1996.
4-286
U S EPA Headquarters Library
Mai! code 3201
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Groundwater Final—April 2001
levels. In addition, for lead and copper, EPA provides guidance through action levels (rather than
MCLs), because these two metals are common constituents of plumbing and water supply systems.
These metals must be identified at the tap, rather than the source (DuWelius et al., 1996).
4.6.3 Volatile Organic Constituents in Groundwater
VOCs are generally associated with groundwater contamination of human origin. Organic
contaminants may result from leaking underground storage tanks (USTs), solvents and thinners,
chemical manufacturing, or a variety of industrial processes. For example, the Amoco petroleum
refinery in Whiting, IN, has been a major source of contamination for the Calumet aquifer. Over the
course of a century, an estimated 16-million gallons of petroleum have passed under the refinery and
into the ground, leaving a number of VOCs (PAHLS, 1993). In addition, VOCs may be released into
the groundwater from improperly constructed or poorly maintained solid-waste disposal facilities,
such as landfills.
Chemical analysis of groundwater samples collected in the Lake County, IN, and Cook
County, DL, region reveal that VOCs are present in both the shallow and deep aquifers that underlie
the area (DuWelius et al., 1996). Samples were analyzed for 33 volatile compounds found on the
EPA Target Compound List (TCL). VOCs were identified in 20 of the 1'28 samples collected for
the DuWelius et al. study (1996). Eighteen of the 20 affected wells were located in or near industrial
operations or in areas known to have been impacted by waste disposal or fill operations. Tables 4-91
and 4-92 summarize the detection of these organic compounds in regional wells. It should be noted
that 14 of the 20 wells in which VOCs were detected are installed into the shallow Calumet aquifer,
rather than the deeper bedrock aquifers. Shallow unconsolidated aquifers are typically more prone
to groundwater contamination than deeper consolidated bedrock aquifers.
VOCs detected by DuWelius et al. (1996) were primarily solvents and degreasers. Benzene,
ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTEX) were among the compounds most often identified.
These chemicals are constituents of petroleum products and are associated not only with
petrochemical refining operations, but also with releases from leaking USTs. The presence of the
identified VOCs in groundwater indicates anthropogenic contamination, because it is believed that
they do not naturally occur in groundwater (DuWelius et al., 1996).
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Section 4: Environmental Levels - Groundwater Final—April 2001
The presence of high levels of vinyl chloride and two isomers of dichloroethylene indicates
a probable prior release of trichlorethylene or tetrachloethylene. Neither of these two compounds,
which are used for dry cleaning and degreasing operations, were detected in any samples. However,
both of these compounds undergo microbial degradation over time when released into the
environment, producing daughter products such as vinyl chloride (DuWelius et al., 1996). The
sample that contained the highest level of vinyl chloride (10,000 micrograms per liter [>tg/L]) was
obtained from a well located at the entrance road to a landfill. The presence of low levels of several
compounds, including acetone, may possibly be attributed to background contamination of sampling
devices or to cross-contamination produced by the laboratory.
4.6.4 Semivolatile Organic Constituents in Groundwater
Groundwater samples from 128 wells were analyzed for 64 SVOCs as found on the EPA's
TCL (DuWelius et al., 1996). Of the wells sampled, 56 showed detectable levels of SVOCs;
however, several constituents detected are common laboratory contaminants and may not be
reflective of actual groundwater contaminant levels. Several phthalate compounds, which are
constituents of plastics, have been documented to be widely distributed in the environment and
appear as background contaminants.
SVOCs detected in the groundwater included plasticizers, combustion products, and organic
compounds associated with coal tar and petrochemical processing (DuWelius et al., 1996). Phenol,
phenanthrene, naphthalene, and several cresols were most commonly detected (Table 4-93).
Contamination was found most frequently near industrial operations and in areas of made land or
fill. Total SVOCs were highest along an interstate highway in an area near the western edge of Lake
Calumet. Several potential sources for these elevated levels were postulated by Roadcap and Kelly
(1994), including road salting, petroleum, and steel making. Two of the SVOCs detected in the
groundwater samples are currently regulated by the EPA: 1,4-dichlorobenzene and
benzo[b]fluoranthene. Of all the wells, only one exceeded the limit for benzo[b]fluoranthene with
a concentration of 0.5 /J.%fL. No wells exceeded the limit for 1,4-dichlorobenzene (DuWelius et al.,
1996).
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Section 4: Environmental Levels - Groundwater Final—April 2001
4.6.5 Metals in Groundwater
A number of metals occur naturally in groundwater. Drinking water standards are established
only for toxic metals, such as lead or mercury, or metals that may affect the usability of water, such
as iron and manganese. Groundwater samples were obtained from 128 wells and were found to
contain varying concentrations of metals and trace elements.
More than half the wells sampled had detectable levels of arsenic, mercury, and lead
(DuWelius et al., 1996). Three shallow wells (less than 15 feet in depth), located in areas near waste
disposal activities, exceeded the MCL for arsenic. Mercury was not identified at levels exceeding
MCL standards in any well; however, the potential for artificially high results was flagged by the
EPA quality assurance audit due to potential contamination in the laboratory. Lead levels in
groundwater exceeded the EPA action level at two locations; one was near areas of waste disposal
activities, the other was installed into the deep bedrock aquifer and is located in a residential area
(DuWelius et al., 1996). Because lead may be introduced into drinking water supplies from
plumbing, this well may not be representative of regional groundwater quality. Aluminum was
identified in 29 samples at levels that exceed the SMCL. Copper was detected in one well at levels
above SMCL; however, copper is a common component of plumbing and piping. High levels of
zinc were detected in several wells; however, it was later determined that the wells were constructed
with galvanized casing or pipes.
4.6.6 Summary of Regional Groundwater Quality
Groundwater quality in the region reflects distinct impacts from human activities, resulting
from urbanization and industrial activities. This is not surprising, if one considers the shallow depth
to groundwater, the permeable nature of the topmost aquifer, and the area's historical land uses.
SOCs often serve as a barometer for changes in groundwater quality, because they are of
manmade origin. The presence and distribution of these chemicals in groundwater underlying the
greater Chicago area indicate that industrial and waste disposal activities have contributed to the
degradation of the region's groundwater (DuWelius et al., 1996). However, based upon the limited
data available on a regional basis, it does not appear that groundwater is currently severely
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Section 4: Environmental Levels - Groundwater Final—April 2001
threatened. In addition, because the groundwater is minimally used for domestic purposes, the
overall threat to human health posed by the regional groundwater quality is not perceived to be
significant.
4.6.7 Groundwater Contamination at Hazardous Waste Sites
A number of landfills and industrial facilities are located in the Southeast Chicago area, near
Lake Calumet. Some of these facilities are on the CERCLIS list and have been subject to studies
such as expanded site inspections (ESIs), in which concentrations of various compounds were
determined. This section is a compilation of the groundwater analyses results for Paxton Landfill,
Land and Lakes #2, Cottage Grove, and Cosden Oil and Chemical Co.
4.6.7.1 Paxton Landfill
The Paxton site is an inactive landfill which accepted both municipal and industrial wastes
from 1971 to 1976. Ten monitoring wells were drilled on site and were used to obtain and analyze
groundwater samples. The majority of these are located within waste disposal areas and penetrate
between IS to 20 feet below the ground surface. One well was installed at a comer of the landfill
and is separated from the waste disposal area by a retention pond that collects surface runoff from
the site. A sample taken from this well was used to determine background concentrations of
contaminants. For each of the 10 wells, one groundwater sample was collected between October and
December 1993 and analyzed for volatile and semi-volatile organics, pesticides, PCBs, and
inorganics (U.S. EPA, 1995h). This analysis indicated the presence of 27 organic and 12 inorganic
compounds (Table 4-95). The background sample contained detectable concentrations of copper,
iron, magnesium, nickel, potassium, and sodium. However, groundwater samples from the waste
disposal areas contained even stronger concentrations of these species~at least by an order of
magnitude.
4.6.7.2 Land and Lakes #2
The Land and Lakes #2 site accepted municipal wastes from the mid 1950s to the early
1970s, and general solid wastes from 1976 to 1993. General wastes included gasoline-contaminated
4-290
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Table 4 - 95. Concentrations of Contaminants in Groundwater Samples from
Paxton Landfill from 1993
Contaminant
No. of Wells
Above CRDL
Min. Concentration
Detected (ug/L)
Max. Concentration
Detected (ug/L)
Mean Cone.
(ug/L)
Organics
Benzene
Toluene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Styrene
Xylene
Phenol
2-Methylphenol
4-Methylphenol
2,4-Dimethylphenol
Naphthalene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Acenaphthalene
Acenaphthene
Dibehzofuran
Flourene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Flouranthene
Pyrene
Benzo(a)Anthracene
Chrysene
bis(2-Ethylhexyl)phthalate
Benzo(k)Flouranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Dieldnn
4,4'-DDE
4
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5.00
5.00
100.00
68.00
66.00
240.00
180.00
290.00
340.00
640.00
75.00
590.00
26.00
16.00
71.00
61.00
150.00
39.00
61.00
43.00
16.00
17.00
37.00
10.00
10.00
0.07
0.07
240.00
220.00
100.00
68.00
66.00
280.00
180.00
290.00
340.00
640.00
7,000.00
590.00
1 30.00
16.00
71.00
61.00
1 50.00
39.00
61.00
43.00
16.00
17.00
37.00
10.00
10.00
0.07
0.07
67.75
77.33
100.00
68.00
66.00
260.00
1 80.00
290.00
340.00
640.00
3,537.50
590.00
78.00
16.00
71.00
61.00
1 50.00
39.00
61.00
43.00
16.00
17.00
37.00
10.00
10.00
0.07
0.07
Inorganics
Antimony
Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Magnesium
Nickel
Potassium
Sodium
Thallium
Vanadium
2
4
6
2
2
6
2
3
5
2
1
5
29.00
4.20
1.40
8.60
540.00
2.40
1 30,000.00
46.00
88,800.00
721,000.00
9.80
5.00
32.00
5.80
38.00
75.00
2,600.00
9.60
421,000.00
790.00
456.000.00
2,590,000.00
9.80
29.00
30.50
5.08
15.20
41.80
1,570.00
6.22
275,500.00
435.33
306,960.00
1,655,500.00
9.80
18.00
Source US EPA, 1995h
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Section 4: Environmental Levels - Groundwater Final—April 2001
soil, zinc catalyst process waste, and river bottom dredgings from the Indiana Harbor Canal. In
October and November 1993, groundwater samples were collected from five monitoring wells (U.S.
EPA, 1994e). Four of these wells are located along the site's northern boundary, which runs along
the Little Calumet River. The fifth well is southwest of the Land and Lakes #2 site, and was used
to determine background concentrations. The wells penetrate between 8 to 18 feet below the ground
surface. Samples taken from these wells were analyzed for volatile and semi-volatile organics,
pesticides, PCBs, and inorganics. This analysis indicated the presence of two organics and four
inorganics (Table 4-96). Analysis of the background sample indicated detectable concentrations for
calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, and sodium.
4.6.7 J Cottage Grove Landfill
The Cottage Grove Landfill operated from 1976 to 1982. Though it was designed to accept
municipal and industrial solid waste, the facility accepted hazardous waste, which it was not
permitted to accept (U.S. EPA, 1994d). About half the landfill area was covered with lagoon sludge
that contained heavy metals. Three monitoring wells and a residential well are located just outside
the landfill boundary. In August 1993, groundwater samples were collected from two of the
monitoring wells and from the residential well. (Samples could not be obtained from the third
monitoring well because of safety concerns arising from the detection of ignitable vapors at the
well.) One monitoring well sampled was located at the northwest comer of the waste disposal area,
where the Little Calumet River intersects the canal that forms the western border of the landfill. The
other monitoring well is east of the landfill's northern boundary, and was used to determine
background concentrations. The monitoring wells penetrate 25 feet below the ground, while the
residential well penetrates about 200 feet (U.S. EPA, 1994d). Samples obtained were analyzed for
volatile and semi-volatile organics, pesticides, PCBs, and inorganics. The analysis indicated the
presence of 8 organics and 11 inorganics, plus dilute concentrations of unknown substances
(Table 4-97). The background sample contained detectable concentrations of an unknown
compound, calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, sodium, zinc, and cyanide. Detectable
levels of zinc were also found in the residential well, but cyanide was only detected in samples from
the background well.
4-292
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Table 4 - 96. Concentrations of Contaminants in Groundwater Samples from
Land and Lakes No. 2 from 1993
Contaminant
No. of Wells Min. Concentration Max. Concentration Mean Cone.
Above CRDL Detected (ug/L) Detected (ug/L) (ug/L)
Organics
Benzene
Xylene (total)
2
1
110.00'
15.00.
180.00
15.00
145.00
15.00
Inorganics
Barium
Chromium
Potassium
Cyanide
3
3
2
2
252.00
12.00
222,000.00
13.90.
713.00'
24.50
265,000.00
29.60,
484.33
16.87
243,500.00
21.75
Source US EPA, 19946
4-293
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Table 4-97. Concentrations of Contaminants in Ground water Samples from
Cottage Grove Landfill from 1993
Contaminant
Organics
1 ,1-Dichloroethane
Xylene (total)
Benzene
Chlorobenzene
1 ,3-Dichlorobenzene
Naphthalene
Chlorobenzene
Chlorobenzene
Inorganics
Arsenic
Barium
Calcium
Chromium
Iron
Lead
Magnesium
Nickel
Potassium
Sodium
Zinc
Tentatively Identified
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown Silica
Furan
No. of Wells
Above CRDL
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
3
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
Min. Concentration
Detected (ug/L)
2.00
2.00
10.00
1.00
4.00
4.00
1.00
1.00
12.20
593.00
15,100.00
12.70
10,100.00
3.50
3,440.00
42.80
3,650.00
78,500.00
24.60
1.00
6.00
1200
30.00
Max. Concentration
Detected (ug/L)
2.00
2.00
10.00
1.00
4.00
4.00
1.00,
1.00
12.20
593.00
240,000.00
12.70
36,800.00
3.50
290,000.00
42.80
198,000.00
826,000.00
68.30
9.00
6.00
12.00
30.00
Mean Cone.
(ug/L)
2.00
2.00
10.00
1.00
4.00
4.00
1.00
1.00
12.20
593.00
137,700.00
12.70
23,450.00
3.50
129,213.33
42.80
73,183.33
339,166.67
46.45
5.00
6.00
12.00
30.00
Source US EPA. 1994d
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4.6.7.4 Cosden Oil and Chemical Co.
The Cosden site was the home of a chemical and plastic manufacturing facility, which
operated from 1949 to 1990. As part of an expanded site inspection, three groundwater samples
were taken in July 1993. The three wells sampled are located on site, and penetrate between 10 to
13 feet below the ground surface (U.S. EPA, 1995f). Samples were analyzed for volatile and semi-
volatile organics, pesticides, PCBs, and inorganics. No organic substances were detected in the
analysis, and the only inorganics detected were calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium,
and sodium (Table 4-98).
4.6.7.5 Groundwater at NPL Sites
EPA, as part of investigations at the seven NPL sites in the study area (six in Lake County,
IN, and one in Cook County, IL) "scored" each site for the likelihood of adverse impacts to human
health from groundwater, surface water, air, and soils. The Hazard Ranking System (HRS) is used
by EPA to score the sites based on many factors such as the types/concentrations of chemicals
present, their toxicity, the likelihood of migration, and the potential for exposure of populations.
Groundwater frequently is among the most important factors in the overall score for a site. The
scores attributed to groundwaters from these seven sites is summarized in Table 4-99.
4.6.7.6 Sites With No Groundwater Analysis
Many of the ESIs for sites in Cook County, IL, did not include groundwater analyses. These
sites include U.S. Drum II, Estech General Chemical, Land and Lakes #3, MSD #4, and Pullman
Factory/Sewage Farm. A lack of monitoring wells at these sites prevented easy access to
groundwater samples. Moreover, the potential for human exposure risk caused by contaminated
groundwater was low. Most of the population within 4 miles of the sites are supplied drinking water
from Lake Michigan (U.S. EPA, 1994a). In general, contamination of groundwater caused by these
sites poses little threat to drinking water supplies.
4-295
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Table 4 - 98. Concentrations of Contaminants in Groundwater Samples from
Cosden Oil and Chemical Co., from 1993
Contaminant
No. of Wells Min. Concentration Max. Concentration Mean Cone.
Above CRDL Detected (ug/L) Detected (ug/L) (ug/L)
Inorganics
Calcium
Iron
Magnesium
Manganese
Potassium
Sodium
3
2
3
3
1
3
1 1 1 ,000.00
50.40
5,330.00
256.00
22,700.00
10,400.00
210,000.00
4,610.00
75,800.00
922.00
22,700.00
77,300.00
170,666.67
2,233.47
37,543.33
610.00
22,700.00
37,866 67
Source US EPA, 1995f
4-296
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Table 4-99. Hazard Ranking Scores for Groundwater at NPL Sites
Site
American Chemical Services, Inc.
Lake Sandy Jo (M&M Landfill)
Lenz Oil Service, Inc.
MIDCO I
MIDCO II
Ninth Avenue Dump
U.S. Smelter and Lead Refinery, Inc.
Score
Sgw= 59.86
Sgw = 65.62
Sgw = 73.08
Sgw = 67.35
Sgw = 34.69
Sgw = 62.86
Sgw = Negligible
Source: U S. EPA, 1995h,ij,k,l,m,n (7 different documents).
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Section 4: Environmental Levels - Drinking Water
Final—April 2001
4.7 DRINKING WATER QUALITY
This section describes drinking water
quality in Cook County, IL, and Lake County,
IN. Monitoring drinking water is important
because of the potential for human exposure to
contaminants through mgestion as well as other
routes of exposure. Exposure to metals
(especially lead), pesticides, bacteria, and other
contaminants in drinking water is of particular
concern for children, who may be more
vulnerable than adults because of their high rate
of water consumption relative to their size as
well as their susceptibility of nervous system
damage from lead (U.S. EPA, 1996a). EPA
(1997a) estimates that the average daily
consumption of drinking water for adults is 1.4
liters, while average children from 3 to 5 years
of age can consume 0.87 liter per day (children
in the 90th percentile for this age bracket, consume
Drinking Water
• Most of Population Receives Drinking
Water from Lake Michigan
- 98% in Cook County, IL
- 96% in Lake County, IN
• Recent Successes in Protecting Lake
Michigan from Contamination
• Contaminants with Maximum
Concentrations That Exceeded
Drinking Water Standards Included:
- Vinyl Chloride
- Thallium
- Fluoride
- Lead
- Copper
1.5 liters per day).
Assessment of drinking water quality in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN, was based
on information compiled from reports, data bases, and articles from various sources, including the
U. S. EPA as well as the IEPA Bureau of Water Compliance Assurance Section, and the IDEM
Public Water Supply Compliance Section Drinking Water Branch. This section presents information
on the primary sources of drinking water, monitoring that is conducted, pollutants detected in
drinking water supplies, and violations of drinking water standards for both Cook County, IL, and
Lake County, IN.
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4.7.1 Sources of Drinking Water Supplies
4.7.1.1 Cook County, IL
Cook County's sources of drinking water are Lake Michigan and groundwater. Lake
Michigan is the primary source of drinking water, providing 98 percent of the supply to Cook
County, IL, and the surrounding area (Crumly, 1997). Efforts taken to improve water quality of the
Lake, have helped to protect this source of drinking water. Wastewater from municipalities and
many industries in Cook County are treated by Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater
Chicago (MWRDGC) treatment facilities and are discharged to a system of waterways that flow
away from Lake Michigan towards the Des Plaines River. In the early 1900s, efforts were made to
divert the polluted Calumet and Chicago Rivers to flow away from Lake Michigan to the Des Plaines
River Basin and eventually to the Mississippi River (EPA, 1994). Currently, all 63 shore miles of
Lake Michigan in the State of Illinois are rated as having "good" overall water quality and support
drinking water uses (EEPA, 1997a). Sources posing the greatest threat to Lake Michigan's water
quality include atmospheric deposition, contaminated sediments, and the sewer and overland flows
from Lake Calumet into Lake Michigan after storm events (EPA, 1997a). During very intense
rainfall, the controlling locks at the O'Brien Lock and Dam on the Calumet River are opened to
prevent flooding of the Little Calumet and Grand Calumet Rivers, causing these rivers to reverse and
flow with their untreated sewage into Lake Michigan. During the 1970s, such overflows released
contaminants from Lake Calumet into Lake Michigan approximately 100 times a year (Bhowmik
and Fitzpatrick, 1988).
Recent successes of the Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (TARP) have resulted in a reduced
number of discharges of CSOs to Lake Michigan (IEPA, 1994). This plan, adopted by MWRDGC,
consists of conveyance tunnels (Phase I) and storage reservoirs (Phase n) to transport and store
combined sewer overflows during periods of heavy rainfall. Subsequently, these flows, which are
presently discharged to the waterways, will be pumped to MWRDGC facilities for treatment (IEPA,
1994). While bypasses occurred about yearly in the 1970s and 80s, no bypasses to Lake Michigan
have occurred since November 1990 (EPA, 1996c). (Additional descriptions of the water quality
of Lake Michigan can be found in Section 4.2.5.)
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A small percentage of Cook County's population drink groundwater; however, nearly 36
percent of the State's population rely on groundwater for their drinking water source (IEPA, 1996c).
Cook County is centered over the deep Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system. The depth of this
system provides a better protection from contamination by surface activities. Abandoned wells are
the greatest threat to this aquifer system. By the 1960s, the Chicago region's groundwater levels
declined by more than 1,000 feet at some locations. The heavy demand was exceeding the resource's
ability to recharge. With deliveries of Lake Michigan water to communities in Cook County in the
1980s, the trend began to reverse.
Information on suppliers of drinking water in Cook County was obtained from the IEPA
Bureau of Water Compliance Assurance Section (Crumly, 1997; Patterson, 1997). Table 4-100
shows a list of public water suppliers in Cook County. In Cook County, 98 percent of the population
receive drinking water from systems that draw from Lake Michigan. The facilities known to supply
water from Lake Michigan are indicated in the table with shading. It is not known which satellite
facilities receive water drawn from Lake Michigan; therefore, not all facilities distributing drinking
water from the lake are shaded. Six of the suppliers listed are also referred to as parent water
suppliers because they also supply water to satellite water suppliers who, in turn, supply water to the
public. These six parent water suppliers are Chicago (M WRDGC), Evanston, Wilmette, Winnetka,
Northbrook, and Sauk. The largest supplier is Chicago MWRDGC, supplying water to
approximately 88 percent of the Cook County population. MWRDGC, as well as five of the other
drinking water suppliers, also supply water to populations in adjacent counties. The next largest
supplier in Cook County is Arlington Heights, which serves approximately 6 percent of the Cook
County population. The total population served by the 158 listed drinking water suppliers was
estimated at 5,377,290 people.
4.7.1.2 Lake County, IN
The first settlers in Lake County, IN, depended on water from lakes and nvers for their
drinking water, until these sources became too polluted. Currently, the primary source of drinking
water for over 96 percent of Lake County (and 60 percent of northwestern Indiana) is Lake Michigan
(IDEM, 1997a; PAHLS, Inc., 1993). Groundwater is the main source of drinking water outside of
municipal supplies and the Lake's watershed. Over 15- to 20-million gallons of groundwater are
4-300
-------
Table 4-100. Population Served by Drinking Water Systems
in Cook County, IL
System
Chicago MWRDGC *
Arlington Heights
Evanston *
Schaumburg
Cicero
Skokie
Oak Lawn
Glenview
Palatine
Oak Park
Des Plaines
Berwyn
Hoffman Estates
Orland Park
Mount Prospect
Calumet City
Tinley Park
Park Ridge
Buffalo Grove
Hanover Park
North Suburban Public Utility Co.
Streamwood
Elk Grove Village
Chicago Heights
Northbrook *
Bartlett
Wheeling
Harvey
South Stickney Sndst.
Miles
Lansing
Maywood
Wilmette *
Oak Forest
Park Forest
Dolton
Elmwood Park
Rolling Meadows
Morton Grove
Population Served
3000000
75463
73233
68586
67500
60278
56182
56000
55000
53648
53223
48000
46561
45000
40750
37840
37121
37075
36427
35579
35000
33705
33429
33072
33000
31581
30473
29771
29000
28384
28109
27139
26690
26203
24656
23930
23206
22591
22373
4-301
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Table 4-100. Population Served by Drinking Water Systems
in Cook County, IL
System
South Holland
Citizens Chicago Suburban Utl. Dvn.
Blue Island
Evergreen park
Melrose Park
Bellwood
Homewood
Brookfield
Franklin Park
Alsip
Palos Hills
Westchester
Leyden Twsp. Water District
LaGrange
Justice-Willow Sprgs Water Commission
Country Club Hills
Forest Park
Midlothian
Norridge
Bridgeview
Riverdale
Chicago Ridge
Hazel Crest
Markham
Hickory Hills
LaGrange Park
North Lake
Winnetka *
Western Springs
River Forest
Palos Heights
Matteson
Lincolnwood
Worth
Schiller Park
Crestwood
Richton Park
Summit
River Grove
Population Served
22105
21252
21203
20874
20280
20241
19278
18876
18500
18347
17803
17301
16000
15683
15646
15341
14900
14500
14459
14402
13671
13643
13334
13136
13021
12861
12505
12174
11984
11669
11478
11378
11365
11208
11189
10823
10523
9971
9964
4-302
-------
Table 4-100. Population Served by Drinking Water Systems
in Cook County, IL
System
Sauk*
Lyons
Glenwood
Loyola Univ. Med Center
Riverside
Flossmoor
Broadview
Steger
Calumet Park
Glencoe
Harwood Heights
Hillside
Robbins
Lemont
Lynwood
Edward Hines Jr. V.A. Hospital
North Riverside
Stickney
Countryside
Citizens Fernway Utl. Dvn.
Berkeley
Citizens Waycinden Dvn.
Northfield
Hometown
La Grange Highlands Sndst
Stone Park
Ford Heights
Olympia Fields
Posen
Palos Park
Burnham
Rosemont
South Chicago Heights
Dixmoor
Indian Head Park
Mission Brook Sndst.
Oak Forest HSP
Thornton
Kenilworth
Population Served
9926
9828
9289
8800
8774
8651
8629
8592
8418
8200
7680
7672
7500
7348
6800
6030
6005
5850
5810
5560
5139
5019
4777
4769
4700
4383
4259
4248
4226
4162
4000
3995
3693
3647
3503
3218
3200
2778
2402
4-303
-------
Table 4 -100. Population Served by Drinking Water Systems
in Cook County, IL
System
Phoenix
Prospect Heights
Central Stickney Sndst.
Merrionette Park
Hodgkins
Oasis MHP
East Hazel Crest
Sunset MHP
Chicago and Norhtwestern R R
Glenview Naval Air Station
S Palos TWSP San District
Bourbon Square Apartments
Spring Lakes MHP
Garden Home Sndst
Touhy MHP
Gleenbrook Sndst.
Arlington International Race Course
Justice-Wesley Fields
Paradise MHP
Forest View
Candlelight Village MHP
Signode Corp.
WAHoweMHC
Plum Creek Condos
Bedford Park
Willoway Terrace MHP
Madden MHC
Franciscan Sisters of Chicago
Citizens Moreland Dvn.
Golf
Buckhorn Ranch Ests. MHP
Linway Ests. MHP
Utl. Inc. county Line Water Company
Des Plaines MHP
Mccook
Glen Eden Ests. Homeowners Assn.
Citizens Midwest Palos Dvn.
Plum Grove Condos
Golf Greenwood Imprv. Assn.
Population Served
2217
2121
2000
1970
1963
1797
1570
1500
1500
1500
1430
1224
1200
1090
1088
1011
1000
780
750
750
750
700
680
570
566
550
530
525
525
492
452
392
360
340
300
270
225
168
160
4-304
-------
Table 4-100. Population Served by Drinking Water Systems
in Cook County, IL
System
Santa Fe MHP
Silo MHP
Total Population served
Population Served
88
40
5377290
Shading indicates suppliers known to draw drinking water from Lake Michigan.
Satellite facilities receiving Lake Michigan water were not shaded.
* Designates Parent Water Suppliers.
Source: Crumly, 1997; Patterson, 1997.
4-305
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CCRI EnvironmentalLoadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Drinking Water Final—April 200]
used per day in northwest Indiana (PAHLS, Inc., 1993). Towns in southwestern Lake County, IN,
get drinking water from shallow bedrock aquifers. The well water, however, used by Town of
Lowell in Lake County has been declared unsafe to drink because of naturally high fluoride levels
(PAHLS, Inc., 1993). In the last few decades, the major threats of contamination for Lake County's
groundwater are landfills, injection of wastes into deep wells, and urban runoff. Large industries
such as the Amoco and DuPont are working to clean up contaminated groundwater in areas near their
facilities.
Contaminant concentrations along the Indiana shorelines of Lake Michigan have shown the
effects of wastewater and tributary contributions from the watershed. Three public water intakes in
the near-shore Lake Michigan area serve Lake County, IN, communities. These intake pipes are
approximately 3 miles into the lake, but are close to contaminated sediments that have been
transported into the lake from the Indiana Harbor. The continued movement of these sediments into
the lake may pose a potential future risk to drinking water supplies (U.S. EPA, 1994a). The
sediments in the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal have not been dredged for more than 20 years due to
problems with disposing of the highly-contaminated sediments (IDEM, 1997a). Pollution in these
water basins is a result of direct discharges of wastes from industrial and municipal sources, runoff
from waste disposal sites, releases of oil, chemical leaks and spills, and contaminated sediments that
have been accumulating for over 100 years (PAHLS, Inc., 1993). U.S. EPA's Assessment and
Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (ARCS) Program reported that drinking water supplies
from Lake Michigan that served populations in Lake County, EN, in the Grand Calumet River and
Indiana Harbor Canal areas of concern, appeared to be safe between 1989 and 1990 (U.S. EPA,
1994a).
Table 4-101 shows the surface water quality monitoring results that were presented in
STORET (1997) for the Indiana portion of Lake Michigan. These surface water samples were taken
from 1990 to 1995 at intake points for four of Indiana's drinking water systems (East Chicago Water
Plant Intake, Whiting Public Water Intake, Hammond Water Plant Intake, and Gary West Plant
Intake). Chromium was the only contaminant that exceeded drinking water standards; however, the
average value was below this level. Lead was detected at 14 fj.gfL; and due to the seventy of health
effects that this contaminant has on children, the Action Level Goal was set by EPA at zero, and the
4-306
-------
Table 4-101. Lake Michigan Surface Water Quality at Intakes to Four Drinking Water
Purification Facilities (1990 -1995)
Parameter Name
DO MG/L
BOD 5 DAY MG/L
COD LOWLEVEL MG/L
RESIDUE TOT NFLT MG/L
NH3+NH4- N TOTAL MG/L
TOT KJEL N MG/L
NO2&NO3 N-TOTAL MG/L
PHOS-TOT MG/L P
CYANIDE CN-TOT MG/L
ARSENIC AS.TOT UG/L
BARIUM BA.TOT UG/L
CADMIUM CD.TOT UG/L
CHROMIUM CR.TOT UG/L
COPPER CU.TOT UG/L
IRON FE.TOT UG/L
LEAD PB.TOT UG/L
MANGNESE MN UG/L
NICKEL Nl.TOTAL UG/L
ZINC ZN.TOT UG/L
PHENOLS TOTAL UG/L
METHYLEN ECHLORID TOTWUG/L
DINOCTPH TOTUG/L
B2ETHHXL PHTHALAT TOT UG/L
RESIDUE DISS-180 C MG/L
MERCURY HG.TOTAL UG/L
Stations
4
3
4
4
4
2
4
4
3
4
4
1
2
4
2
4
1
3
4
4
1
1
1
4
4
Total
Observations
4
13
199
60
10
63
257
34
12
227
186
1
2
219
51
20
23
4
93
4
1
1
1
247
16
Minimum
8.4
1
4
1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.03
0.01
0.6
10
2
4
4
20
6
6
4
10
5
14
49
35
57
0.1
Weighted
Average
10.37
1.32
8.43
15.23
0.17
0.26
0.3
0.05
0.01
0.91
20.26
2
62
25.05
246.9
7.3
18.04
4.5
12.47
6.5
14
49
35
168.56
0.11
Maximum
11.3
2
46
86
0.6
0.8
1.4
014
0.01
3
30
2
120
110
1900
14
9'
b
90
9
14
49
35
335
0.2
Source- STORET, 1997.
4-307
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Drinking Water Final—April 2001
action level was set at 15 /ug/L. The minimum level of lead detected in the source water to these
systems was 6 i/g/L.
Information was obtained from the IDEM Public Water Supply Compliance Section Drinking
Water Branch. Table 4-102 shows a list of community drinking water systems in Lake County, IN
(Jones, 1997). In Lake County, IN, 96 percent of the population receive drinking water from systems
that draw from Lake Michigan (indicated with shading). The largest supplier for Lake County is
Northwest Indiana Water Company, supplying drinking water to 46 percent of the county's
population. The next largest supplier was Hammond Water Works Department, which serves 16
percent of the county's population. The total population served by the 44 listed drinking water
suppliers was estimated at 545,164 (Jones, 1997). All noncommunity water suppliers in Lake
County that supply groundwater are listed in Table 4-103.
4.7.2 Levels of Contaminants in Drinking Water
This section describes monitoring results for contaminants in drinking water in Cook County,
IL, and Lake County, IN.
4.7.2.1 Regulatory Requirements for Drinking Water
Congress has given EPA, the States, and the Indian tribal governments broad authority to set
and enforce drinking water regulations. The Safe Drinking Water Act (SD W A) was created in 1974
and amended in 1986 to protect the quality of drinking water in the United States. The law
authorized EPA to establish drinking water standards, which represent the maximum contaminant
levels (MCLs) allowable (U.S. EPA, 1984; U.S. EPA, 1988a). These levels are the maximum
permissible levels of contaminants in water, which is delivered to any user of a public water system
and are considered as primary (health-related) standards. State governments, assuming the power
from EPA, also encourage attainment of secondary (nuisance-related) standards. State governments
have the primary responsibility for enforcing drinking water standards, and monitoring and reporting
requirements (IEPA, 1997c). Community and non-community drinking water systems make up what
is referred to as public water systems. Community (year-round residential population) and non-
community (nonresidential population) water supply systems are required to monitor their dnnking
4-308
-------
Table 4-102. Population Served by Community Drinking Water Systems
in Lake County, IN
System
Northwest Indiana Water Company
Hammond Waterworks Department
East Chicago Water Works
Highland Water Works
Munster Water Company
Schererville Water Department
Crown Point Water Works
Griffith Water Department
Dyer Water Department
Lake Station Water Department
Twin Lakes Utilities Inc
Lowell Water Department
New Chicago Water Works
St. John Municipal Water Utility
Whiting Water Plant
Lincoln Utilities
Turkey Creek Utility Corporation
Peoples Water Company, inc
Apple Valley Estates
Utilities Inc
Schneider Water Department
Utilities Inc II
Glen View Mobile Home Park
Ridge Mobile Home Park
Wrights Trailer Park #1
Dalecarlia Utility
Lakeshore Subd Water Assoc
Cedar Lake Bible Conference Grounds
Ideal Mobile Home Park
Chicagoland Christian Village
Cedar Lake Mobile Home Park
Fehlberg's Main Mobile Home Park
Noble Oaks Subdivision Water Association
Char El Mobile Home Park
Colonial Mobile Home Park
Bremerton Mobile Home Park
Ross Mobile Home Court
Oakwood Mobile Home Park
Honeysuckle Mobile Home Park
Forty One (41) Ranch Mobile Home Park
Avenue Mobile Home Park
Cedar Spring Apartment
DBL Tree Winfield Water Works
Surprise Park Water Association
Total Population Served
Population Served
250270
87600
39800
23696
20000
19926
18000
17230
11500
11000
6980
6430
6412
6000
5710
5465
2629
2497
550
314
310
300
300
250
250
210
200
150
150
150
136
125
100
100
90
59
46
45
40
39
30
25
25
25
545164
Shading indicates suppliers that draw drinking water from Lake Michigan
Source Jones, 1997
4-309
-------
Table 4-103. Population Served by Noncommunity Drinking Water Systems
in Lake County, IN
System Name
Cedar Lake Monastery Golf
Marty's Diner
Dairy Queen-East Store
Coffin's Shady Beach
New Life Bible Baptist Church
Town Club
Three Stooges Bar & Grill
Melody Hill Tavern
The Other Place
American Legion Post #261
Great Oaks After 4 Supper Club
Lago's Restaurant
Shore Club
Community Bible Church
Tobe's Restaurant
Jane Ball Elementary School
Wilke's Mobile Station
Cedar Lake Fish & Game
Lake Shore Marina, Inc.
Cedar Lake Yacht Club
Latulip Harbor
Douglas Macarthur Elementary
Holy Name Parish
Crestview Motel
System City
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Population
75
36
500
25
55
150
25
25
30
50
40
300
30
180
50
60
25
50
25
45
25
695
25
40
4-310
-------
Table 4-103. Population Served by Noncommunity Drinking Water Systems
in Lake County, IN (continued)
System Name
The Liberty Restaurant
Harry O's
Hope Lutheran Church
McDonalds #13735
Coles Mart
Port Cedar
Cedar Creek Family Golf Center
Steve Pizza Palace
Boys and Girls Club of Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake Ice Cream Corp.
Reicherts Tavern
It's a Small World Child Care Center
Summer Tree Restaurant
Lemon Lake County Park
Lemon Lake County Park
Lakes of the Four Seasons (Lofs)
Lemon Lake County Park
Jolly Rogers
Lemon Lake County Park
Oak Knoll Golf Course
Hillside Community Church
Lake Region Christian Assembly
Winfield Elementary School
McDonald's - Crown Point
Pheasant Valley Country Club
System City
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Cedar Lake
Crown Point
Crown Point
Crown Point
Crown Point
Crown Point
Crown Point
Crown Point
Crown Point
Crown Point
Crown Point
Crown Point
Crown Point
Crown Point
Population
75
25
40
750
25
25
50
50
124
25
25
25
40
300
300
510
300
25
300
50
25
150
600
600
200
4-311
-------
Table 4-103. Population Served by Noncommunity Drinking Water Systems
in Lake County, IN (continued)
System Name
Youche Country Club
Church of God
WestpointTolI Plaza-Indot
Stony Run County Park
USA Interstate Restaurant
Crossroads 1-65 Truck Plaza
Super 8 Motel Diversified Hospitality
Kiddie Day Care Center
Indian Ridge Golf Course
Welsh Mart
Lake Prairie Elementary
Nona's Restaurant
Dalecarlia Bible Church
Red Rock Trading, Inc.
Conela's Restaurant
Good Shepherd Day Care
Beer Barrel
John Wood Elementary
S. Lake County Conservation
Shelby Lounge
Lake Hills Golf & Country Club
Palmira Golf & Country Club
Dick's Restaurant
System City
Crown Point
Griffith
Hammond
Hebron
Hebron
Hebron
Hebron
Hobart
Hobart
Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Merrillville
Merrillville
Merrillville
Schneider
Shelby
St. John
St. John
St. John
Population
25
25
27
200
50
1,040
25
80
156
100
310
50
25
50
50
125
50
382
25
60
50
50
300
Source: Jones, 1997
4-312
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Drinking Water Final—April 2001
water periodically. (See Section 4.7.2.2.) Violations of drinking water criteria - as well as of
monitoring and reporting requirements - are reviewed periodically by State agencies and EPA (U.S.
EPA, 1995p).
MCLs were set for contaminants of special concern to EPA, including microbiological
contaminants (e.g., coliform bacteria), turbidity, inorganic chemicals (e.g., copper and lead), organic
chemicals (including pesticides, VOCs, and SOCs), radioactive chemicals, and disinfection by-
products (primarily the trihalomethanes) produced during water treatment chemical reactions (U.S.
EPA, 1984; U.S. EPA, 1988a). National Primary Drinking Water regulations also call for periodic
monitoring of public water supplies for the specific contaminants and notification to water users
when any standards are exceeded. Local drinking water problems are reported to the State and
county health departments and the State agency with groundwater responsibility (U.S. EPA, 1995p).
4.7.2.2 Monitoring Drinking Water Quality
Illinois has jurisdiction over approximately 1-million acres (63 miles of shoreline) of Lake
Michigan, stretching along the State's northeastern border and the City of Chicago (IEPA, 1996c).
Lake Michigan is protected to a greater degree than other lakes in Illinois by having more stringent
water quality standards. Water quality in Lake Michigan is monitored through a cooperative
agreement between EEPA and the City of Chicago (IEPA, 1993b). IEPA is required to provide the
Illinois General Assembly and the Governor's Office with a separate biennial report describing the
water quality conditions of Lake Michigan. This report is published in cooperation with the City of
Chicago (ffiPA, 1993b).
Both Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN, follow the standardized framework for
monitoring drinking water quality from treatment plants and at the tap. The sampling frequency
depends on the history of the levels detected. According to the IEPA and IDEM, when chemicals
exceed either the MCL or Action Levels, sampling is required more often (Jones, 1997; Timm,
1997). If there are no detects, scheduled sampling is less frequent (Table 4-104). When a public
water system first begins sampling, it samples for SOCs quarterly for a year. If no exceedances are
detected during four consecutive quarters, the sampling schedule is reduced. VOCs are also sampled
quarterly for a year, and if no exceedances are found during four consecutive quarters, sampling is
4-313
-------
Table 4-104. Sampling Frequency Requirements
Chemicals of Concern
SOCs
VOCs
IOCS
Lead and Copper
Total coliforms
Source: Timm, 1997; Jones, 1997.
Initial Sampling Frequency
quarterly first year
quarterly first year
quarterly first year
every 6 months
monthly
Reduced Sampling Frequency
annually
annually
Surface water - annually
Groundwater - three times a year
annually
monthly
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Drinking Water Final—April 2001
reduced to annually for 3 years. Inorganic compounds (lOCs) are initially sampled quarterly, and
if no exceedances are detected for four consecutive quarters, surface waters are sampled annually
and groundwaters are sampled triannually. Lead and copper are initially sampled for two 6-month
periods, back-to-back; if no exceedances are detected, samples are collected annually for 2 years,
with half the number of required samples (Table 4-105). When drinking water is supplied to the
public by a satellite water supplier, only lead, copper, and bacteria are tested at these facilities. The
SOCs, VOCs, and lOCs will have already been tested for at the parent water supplier. The parent
water facility is tested for all drinking water contaminants.
Microbial contamination continues to be a national concern because contaminated drinking
water systems can rapidly spread disease; therefore, bacteria are routinely monitored. Total coliform
is tested by each public water system once a month. Sampling requirements regarding number of
samples needed for all contaminants of concern are based on the population being supplied and
according to the drinking water violations. Initial sampling is done at the tap (Jones, 1997; Timm,
1997). When an Action Level or MCL is exceeded, sampling is continued at the tap, within the
distribution system, and at each entry point to the distribution system (U.S. EPA, 1991b).
4.7.2.3 Contaminants Detected in Drinking Water Supplies
Cook County. IL
Results of drinking water sampling for all drinking water suppliers in Cook County, IL, were
obtained from EPA (Crumly, 1997). VOC sampling results are from February 1993 to December
1996, and IOC sampling results are from March 1989 to March 1997. Table 4-106 shows the
detected ranges for VOCs and lOCs, the mean result for each chemical detected, and the MCL.
Table 4-107 shows the lead and copper results from January 1992 to June 1996. Table 4-108 shows
the total coliform results in 1996 for all water systems that tested positive. SOC results were not
available.
4-315
-------
Table 4-105. Lead and Copper Monitoring Requirements
Monitoring Period
Initial
After corrosion treatment
Reduced
- Conditional
- Final
Lead/Copper Home Taps
6 months
6 months
1 year
3 years
Population Served
>100000
10001 -100000
3301 -10000
501 - 3300
101 -500
-------
Table 4-106. Drinking Water Results for Cook County, IL
£
i— >
-j
Chemical
VOCs
1,1,1 -Inch loroethane
1,1-Dichloroethane
1 , 1 -Dichloroethy lene
cis 1 ,2-Dichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl Chloride
Xylene (total)
IOCS
Boron
Calcium
Chloride
Chromium
Copper
Copper*
Cyanide
Fluoride
Iron
Lead*
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Potassium
Selenium
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Sulfate
Thallium
Vanadium
Zinc
Range
07-1 1
07-63
07-1 0
05-11
09-37
05-29
07
19-1400
15-220
14
42
10-1300
5 - 2280
10-30
170-15170
56-8200
3-25
11 -94
10-285
0 02 - 0 5
21 -49
16-40
1 4-10
1 -22
4-5
5.1 -360
440 - 2400
115- 660
1 -25
5
52 - 936
Units
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
rrig/L
mg/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
mg/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
mg/L
ug/L
ug/L
mg/L
ug/L
mg/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
Mean
092
391
0.87
563
2.16
1 37
07
4297
838
14
42
245.7
3391
20
1000
692
84
546
839
019
265
21 7
282
1 25
45
64.8
17734
3583
1~29
5
1463
MCL
200
7
70
5
2
10000
100
1300
1300
200
4000
15
2
100
50
2
Units
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
Comments
Represents 2/93 - 12/96
Unregulated
Represents 3/89-3/97
Unregulated
Unregulated
Unregulated
Action Level
Action Level 1/92 - 6/96
Unregulated
Action Level 1/92 - 6/96
Unregulated
Unregulated
Unregulated
Unregulated
Unregulated
Unregulated
Unregulated
Unregulated
Unregulated
Unregulated
* Data are representative of separate sampling events specifically for Lead and Copper monitoring.
Source- Crumly, 1997
. j
-------
Table 4-107. Lead and Copper Drinking Water Results for Cook County, IL
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIER < PURPOSE
ARLINGTON PK RACE TRACK INITIAL
BARTLETT INITIAL
BARTLETT
BARTLETT
BARTLETT
BOURBON SQUARE APTS
INITIAL
INITIAL
REDUCED
INITIAL
BOURBON SQUARE APTS INITIAL
BOURBON SQUARE APTS
BOURBON SQUARE APTS
BUCKHORN RANCH ESTS MHP
BUCKHORN RANCH ESTS MHP
BUCKHORN RANCH ESTS MHP
BUCKHORN RANCH ESTS MHP
CHICAGO
CHICAGO
CHICAGO
CTZNS MIDWEST PALOS DVN
DES PLAINES MHP
DES PLAINES MHP
DES PLAINES MHP
DES PLAINES MHP
REDUCED
REDUCED
INITIAL
INITIAL
INITIAL
REDUCED
INITIAL
INITIAL
CONTINUE
INITIAL
INITIAL
INITIAL
REDUCED
REDUCED
EVANSTON INITIAL
EVANSTON i INITIAL
EVANSTON ICONTINUE
FORD HEIGHTS
FORD HEIGHTS
INITIAL
INITIAL
FORD HEIGHTS i REDUCED
FORD HEIGHTS REDUCED
FORD HEIGHTS
FRANCISCAN SISTERS OF CHICAGO
FRANCISCAN SISTERS OF CHICAGO
FRANCISCAN SISTERS OF CHICAGO
FRANCISCAN SISTERS OF CHICAGO
GLENCOE
GLENCOE
GLENCOE
GLENCOE
REDUCED
INITIAL
INITIAL
REDUCED
REDUCED
INITIAL
INITIAL
REDUCED
REDUCED
GLENCOE I REDUCED
KENILWORTH [INITIAL
KENILWORTH [INITIAL
KENILWORTH
KENILWORTH
KENILWORTH
LEMONT
LEMONT
LEMONT
CONTINUE
REDUCED
REDUCED
INITIAL
INITIAL
REDUCED
LEMONT i REDUCED
LEMONT ! REDUCED
PERIOD : NO. REQ
; 1/1/95; 20
| 4/1/92! 60
I 10/1/921 60
4/1/93! 60
6/1/94 30
1/1/94
7/1/94
6/1/95
6/1/96
4/1/93
7/1/95
1/1/96
20
20
10
10
10
10
10
6/1 /96j 5
1/1/92 ! 100
7/1/92 j 100
LEAD (mg/L)
0.013
COPPER (mg/L)
0340
; 0.020! 0.397
0.011 1 0.430
0009, 0.860
0.017! 0580
0.005' 0480
0005
0.005
0.005
0.520
0420
0510
0.013| 0.210
OOOSi 0.100
0005! 0.110
0.005
0.010
0.020
0.100
0.011
0.013
1/1/93J 100 | 00131 0.012
1/1/95! 10
4/1/93' 20
10/1/931 20
6/1/94 10
6/1/95! 5
1/1/92! 60
7/1/92; 60
1/1/93 60
4/1 /92j 40
10/1/92! 40
6/1/93| 20
6/1/94 20
6/1/96
4/1/93
10/1/93
6/1/94
6/1/95
4/1/92
20
20
20
10
10
40
10/1/92! 40
6/1/94J 20
6/1/95| 20
6/1/96
4/1/93
20
20
10/1/93 20
4/1/94! 20
6/1/95
6/1/96
4/1/92
10/1/92
6/1/93
10
10
40
40
20
6/1/94j 20
6/1/96 20
0.005
0.012
0.005
0.005
1.460
0.570
0100
0100
0.005. 0 100
0.025, 0 090
0.007; o 100
0 006 i 0.045
0.005 i 0.100
0.010
0011
0.005
0.300
0.850
0.910
0.020| 0 850
0.005! 0 150
0.008I 0 130
0.009 0 170
0.011 0110
00151 0.250
0.011
0.006
0.000
0150
0.007! 0 036
0.005 1 0 089
0.018! 0.230
0.015
0.009
0.006
0.180
0.300
0.160
0.009! 0420
0.012! 0.110
0.007 0210
0.008
0.007
0005
0550
0120
0130
4-318
-------
Table 4 -107. Lead and Copper Drinking Water Results for Cook County, IL
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIER PURPOSE PERIOD . NO. REQ LEAD (mg/L)| COPPER (m^
LINWAY ESTS MHP INITIAL 4/1/93: 10 !
LINWAY ESTS MHP 'INITIAL , 10/1/93 10
LINWAY ESTS MHP REDUCED ' 6/1/94! 5
LINWAY ESTS MHP 'REDUCED . 6/1/95, 5
NORTHBROOK 'INITIAL . 4/1/92 1 60
NORTHBROOK IINITIAL 10/1/921 60 j
OASIS MHP .INITIAL 4/1/93 20 |
OASIS MHP INITIAL ; 10/1/93 20
OASIS MHP REDUCED 6/1/94J 10 ;
OASIS MHP REDUCED
PARADISE MHP INITIAL
PARADISE MHP INITIAL
6/1/95. 10 ;•
4/1/93' 20
10/1/93' 20
PARADISE MHP REDUCED \ 6/1/94! 10
PARADISE MHP CONTINUE . 10/1/94: 20
PARK FOREST \ INITIAL 4/1/92 j 60
PARK FOREST JINITIAL 10/1/92; 60
PARK FOREST [REDUCED 6/1/93! 30 j
PARK FOREST (REDUCED 6/1/94] 30 '
PARK FOREST REDUCED
PLUM CREEK CNDOS INITIAL
PLUM CREEK CNDOS INITIAL
PLUM CREEK CNDOS REDUCED
PLUM CREEK CNDOS REDUCED
PLUM GROVE CNDOS INITIAL
PLUM GROVE CNDOS INITIAL
PLUM GROVE CNDOS REDUCED
PLUM GROVE CNDOS j REDUCED
6/1/961 30 ;
4/1/93 20
10/1/93 20
6/1/94! 10 i
6/1/95; 10 ;
4/1/93J 10 j
10/1/931 10
6/1/94< 5
6/1/95i 5
PROSPECT HEIGHTS [INITIAL | 4/1/93' 20
PROSPECT HEIGHTS [INITIAL 10/1/93| 20 |
PROSPECT HEIGHTS CONTINUE : 4/1/94] 20
RICHTON PARK 'INITIAL
RICHTONPARK .INITIAL
RICHTON PARK DEDUCED
RICHTONPARK DEDUCED
RICHTONPARK .REDUCED
4/1/92 60
10/1/92 60
6/1/93! 30
6/1/94 i 30 i
6/1/96> 30 |
SANTA FE MHP 'INITIAL 1/1/94. 5 !
SANTA FE MHP ! INITIAL 7/1/94, 5
SANTA FE MHP REDUCED 6/1/95' 5
SANTA FE MHP REDUCED 6/1/96J 5
SAUK INITIAL • 4/1/921 40
SAUK INITIAL
SAUK REDUCED
SAUK i REDUCED
SAUK [REDUCED
SILO MHP 'INITIAL
10/1/92! 40
6/1/931 20
6/1/941 20
6/1/961 20 "
4/1/93: 5 ;
SILO MHP .INITIAL • 7/1/94 ; 5
SILO MHP INITIAL 1/1/951 5
SILO MHP .REDUCED 6/1/95: 5
0.005 1
0.005| v, .
0.005! 0.100
0.005: 0.100
0.016! 0.100
0.020 1 0.240
0.005 1 0.100
0005 0.190
0005 0.100
00051 0.200
0.005, 0.480
0 005 0.400
0005 1.900
0005 0.100
0005 0100
0005I 0.100
0.005 0 100
0003| 0.010
0003! 0.700
0013. 0.480
0 014; 0 661
0005! 0170
0.005 0.120
0 006j 0.270
0005I r
0.005
0.005, t.
0 021 : 2.280
0015, 1.310
0.006 1.880
0.009 0.420
0008| 0.230
0 005 0.670
0005; 0170
0 005! 0 100
0005I 0.100
0011 0.462
0 009 0 100
0 006! 0.100
0 005 0.640
0 006! 0 570
0.005 0 420
0.005 i 0.580
00111 0470
0.013 0.385
0.008 1 0.270
0006! 0360
0 007 0.675
4-319
-------
Table 4-107. Lead and Copper Drinking Water Results for Cook County, IL
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIER PURPOSE
SILOMHP ; REDUCED
SOUTH CHICAGO HEIGHTS j INITIAL
SOUTH CHICAGO HEIGHTS
SOUTH CHICAGO HEIGHTS
SPRING LAKES MHP
INITIAL
CONTINUE
INITIAL
SPRING LAKES MHP HNITIAL
SPRING LAKES MHP
SPRING LAKES MHP
STEGER
STEGER
STEGER
STEGER
REDUCED
REDUCED
INITIAL
INITIAL
PERIOD NO.REQ
6/1/961 5
4/1/92; 40
10/1/92' 40
4/1/93, 40
4/1/93 20
10/1/93! 20
6/1/94| 10
6/1/95 10
4/1/921 40
1 0/1/92 j 40
REDUCED 6/1/931 20
REDUCED 6/1/94! 20
STEGER 'CONTINUE 10/1/95 40
SUNSET MHP INITIAL 4/1/93; 20
SUNSET MHP INITIAL 10/1/93! 20
SUNSET MHP ! REDUCED
SUNSET MHP ; REDUCED
TOUHYMHP 'INITIAL
TOUHYMHP .INITIAL
TOUHYMHP 'REDUCED
TOUHYMHP .REDUCED
UTL INC COUNTY LINE WTR CMPNY
UTL INC COUNTY LINE WTR CMPNY
UTL INC COUNTY LINE WTR CMPNY
UTL INC COUNTY LINE WTR CMPNY
WAHOWEMHC
WAHOWEMHC
WAHOWEMHC
WESTERN SPRINGS
WESTERN SPRINGS
INITIAL
INITIAL
REDUCED
REDUCED
6/1/94
6/1/95
4/1/93
10/1/93
6/1/94
6/1/95
10
10
20
20
10
10
4/1/93 10
10/1/931 10
6/1/94| 5
6/1/95! 5
INITIAL 4/1/931 20
INITIAL 10/1/93i 20
REDUCED • 6/1/95 10
INITIAL
INITIAL
WESTERN SPRINGS [REDUCED
WESTERN SPRINGS | REDUCED
WESTERN SPRINGS ; REDUCED
WILLOWAY TERRACE MHP ! INITIAL
WILLOWAY TERRACE MHP INITIAL
WILLOWAY TERRACE MHP ; REDUCED
4/1/921 60
10/1/92
6/1/93
6/1/94
6/1/96
60
30
30
30
4/1/93 10
10/1/93,' 10
6/1/94
WILLOWAY TERRACE MHP \ REDUCED 6/1/95
WILMb I I b
WILMETTE
WILMbllt
WINNETKA
WINNETKA
WINNETKA
INITIAL 4/1/92
INITIAL
CONTINUE
INITIAL j
INITIAL
REDUCED
WINNETKA (REDUCED
10/1/92
7/1/94
4/1/92
5
5
60
60
60
60
10/1/921 60
6/1/931 30
6/1/94
WINNETKA REDUCED • 6/1/96
30
30
jLEAD(mg/L)| COPPER (mg/L)
i 0.007 0 420
' 00131 0700
! 00241 0.640
L 0.014J 0.620
0.005
0.005
0005
0005
! 0014
0.950
1.130
0.310
0.340
0.693
i 0015! 0.310
! 0.011
I 0019
0.016
0005
0.005
0.800
0.330
0480
0100
0.100
0005: 0.100
0005; 0.100
0.011 0150
0006
! 0.007
0.100
0.240
' 0 005 0.140
00101 0.540
; 0.006| 0.200
0 0051 0.395
0.005 0.260
0.005
0.005
0005
0.005
0.100
0.100
0005
0100
0005 0.100
0.005' 0.650
0.005^ 0 100
0.005 j 0.100
0.005
0.005
0.005
0100
0100
0100
0.005, 0.100
0.018| 0.200
0.020
0010
0014
0.013
0220
0130
0220
0.110
0.009; 0.900
0.009 1 0 150
0.005
Source1 Crumly, 1997.
0100
Purpose = Type of monitoring conducted. Monitoring is conducted for Public Water Suppliers at three different levels (initial, continued
and reduced)
No Req = Number of samples required
4-320
-------
Table 4-108. Total Coliform Results for Public Drinking Water
Systems in Cook County, IL
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIER
Alsip
Arlington Heights
Arlington Heights
Arlington Heights
Arlington Heights
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
SAMPLE DATE T. COLIFORM F. COLIFORM
3/5/96 Present
5/28/96 Present
8/6/96 Present
8/6/96 Present
11/26/96 Present
4/18/96 Present
6/20/96 Present
6/20/96 Present
6/20/96 Present
6/20/96 Present
6/20/96 Present
6/20/96 Present
6/20/96 Present
6/20/96 Present
6/20/96 Present
6/20/96 'Present
6/20/96 Present
6/20/96 'Present
6/20/96 Present
6/20/96: Present
6/20/96 'Present
6/20/96 Present
6/20/96 j Present
6/20/96 Present
6/20/96 Present
6/20/96 Present
6/20/96 Present
6/20/96 Present
6/20/96. Present
6/20/96 Present
6/20/96 Present
6/27/96 Present
6/27/96 Present
6/27/96 Present
6/27/96 Present
6/28/96 Present
6/28/96 Present
7/1/96 Present
7/1/96 Present
7/11/96 Present
7/1 1/96 Present
7/11/96 Present
7/11/96 Present
7/11/96 Present
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
.Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
4-321
-------
Table 4-108. Total Coliform Results for Public Drinking Water
Systems in Cook County, IL
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIER SAMPLE DATE T. COLIFORM F. COLIFORM
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
7/11/96 Present
7/11/96 Present
7/1 1/96 Present
7/1 1/96 Present
7/11/96 Present
7/11/96 Present
7/11/96 Present
7/1 1/96 Present
7/1 1/96 Present
7/1 1/96 Present
7/1 1/96 Present
7/11/96 Present
7/16/96 Present
7/16/96 Present
7/16/96 Present
7/16/96 Present
7/16/96 Present
7/16/96 Present
7/16/96 Present
7/1 6/96 'Present
7/1 6/96 'Present
7/16/96 Present
7/20/96 Present
7/22/96 Present
7/22/96 Present
7/22/96 Present
8/6/96 Present
8/6/96 Present
8/9/96 Present
8/9/96 Present
9/17/96 Present
9/17/96 Present
9/17/96 Present
9/17/96 Present
9/17/96 Present
10/16/96 Present
10/16/96 Present
10/21/96 Present
10/21/96 Present
10/23/96 Present
11/6/96 Present
11/6/96 Present
11/13/96 Present
11/13/96 Present
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
•Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Present
Present
Absent
Present
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
4-322
-------
Table 4-108. Total Coliform Results for Public Drinking Water
Systems in Cook County, IL
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIER
Bourbon Square Apartments
Bourbon Square Apartments
Brookfield
Buchhom Ranch Estates Moble Home Park
Buffalo Grove
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
SAMPLE DATE T. COLIFORM
12/12/96 Present
12/12/96 Present
6/17/96 Present
5/29/96 Present
6/26/96 Present
1/3/96 Present
1/9/96 Present
1/17/96 Present
2/8/96 Present
2/20/96 Present
2/23/96 Present
2/23/96 Present
2/27/96 Present
3/1 1/96 Present
3/29/96 Present
4/1/96 Present
4/1/96 Present
4/1 0/96. Present
4/12/96 Present
4/23/96 Present
5/7/96 Present
5/21/96 Present
5/28/96 Present
6/3/96 Present
6/5/96 Present
6/11/96 Present
6/12/96 Present
6/20/96 Present
6/25/96 Present
7/2/96 Present
7/5/96 Present
7/9/96 Present
7/9/96 Present
7/16/96 Present
7/17/96 Present
7/29/96 Present
7/29/96 Present
7/30/96 Present
7/30/96 Present
8/1/96 Present
8/6/96 Present
8/29/96 Present
9/16/96 Present
9/19/96 Present
F. COLIFORM
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
.Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
NR
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
4-323
-------
Table 4-108. Total Coliform Results for Public Drinking Water
Systems in Cook County, IL
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIER
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Chicago MWRDGC
Citizens Fernway Utl Dvn
Evanston
Franklin Park
LaGrange
LaGrange Park
Leyden TWSP Water District
Leyden TWSP Water District
Leyden TWSP Water District
Leyden TWSP Water District
Markham
Matteson
Matteson
Matteson
Matteson
Matteson
Morton Grove
Mount Prospect
Mount Prospect
Miles
Miles
Niles
Miles
Norridge
North Suburban Public Util Co
North Suburban Public Util Co
North Suburban Public Util Co
Northwest Suburban Muncpl Jawa
Northwest Suburban Muncpl Jawa
Oak Lawn
Oasis Moble Home Park
Oasis Moble Home Park
Park Ridge
River Grove
Riverdale
Riverdale
Robbins
Robbms
Rolling Meadows
Santa Fe Moble Home Park
Santa Fe Moble Home Park
SAMPLE DATE T. COLIFORM F. COLIFORM
10/10/96 Present
10/16/96 Present
10/17/96 Present
10/24/96 Present
11/20/96 Present
3/15/96 Present
5/29/96 Present
8/12/96 Present
6/18/96 Present
2/12/96 Present
5/20/96 Present
9/9/96 Present
10/15/96 Present
11/6/96 Present
2/6/96 Present
7/9/96 Present
7/9/96 Present
7/9/96 Present
7/9/96 Present
8/13/96 Present
6/1 1/96 Present
8/13/96 Present
6/11/96 Present
8/6/96 Present
8/6/96 Present
10/22/96 Present
9/16/96 Present
1/14/96 Present
1/23/96 Present
6/1 1/96 Present
7/16/96 Present
9/17/96 Present
7/9/96 Present
10/16/96 Present
10/16/96 Present
8/19/96 Present
9/23/96 Present
6/17/96 Present
6/17/96 Present
6/28/96 Present
8/19/96 Present
8/19/96 Present
9/23/96 Present
9/23/96 Present
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Present
Absent
Present
Present
Absent
Absent
Absent
•Absent
Absent
Absent
Present
Present
Absent
.Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Present
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
4-324
-------
Table 4-108. Total Coliform Results for Public Drinking Water
Systems in Cook County, IL
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIER
Santa Fe Moble Home Park
South Stickney Sndst
South Stickney Sndst
Stone Park
Worth
SAMPLE DATE T. COLIFORM
9/23/96 'Present
1/16/96 Present
1/19/96 Present
8/27/96 Present
8/6/96 Present
F. COLIFORM
Absent
Present
Present
Absent
Absent
Source Patterson, 1997.
4-325
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Drinking Water
Final—April 2001
Cook County Drinking Water
* As Much as 8 Years of Monitoring
Data Were Obtained and Assessed
» Highest Concentrations Detected for
Certain Contaminants Exceeded
Drinking Water Standards for:
- Vinyl Chloride
- Thallium
- Chloride
- Fluoride
- Copper
- Lead
> Ford Heights Drinking Water System
Had Most Violations in 1995
Most VOCs and lOCs in Cook County's
drinking water were either not detected or were
detected at levels far below MCLs for drinking
water. MCLs for vinyl chloride, thallium, and
fluoride were exceeded, but the mean results
were below the MCL for each of these
contaminants. Copper was analyzed during the
IOC sampling and in a separate sampling
specifically intended for the analysis of lead and
copper in drinking water. The IOC sampling
showed that copper was detected at the Action
Level, and the MCL was exceeded for thallium
in taps supplied by one facility that serves 0.02
percent of Cook County's population. Chicago
MWRDGC, the largest supplier in Cook
County, exceeded the MCL for fluoride by
twice the MCL in February 1996. Three other suppliers also exceeded the MCL for fluoride at the
tap. The MCL for vinyl chloride was exceeded twice at the tap by the same supplier in August and
October 1996; this supplier provides water for 0.07 percent of Cook County's population. The lead
and copper sampling results showed that the lead Action Level was exceeded at the tap by 11 of the
36 drinking water suppliers in Cook County, IL. Copper was at or above the Action Level for 4 of
the 36 drinking water suppliers in Cook County, 3 of which were initial samplings. In 1996, 30
facilities tested positive for total coliforms. Of these 30 facilities, 6 tested positive for fecal coliform
as well. Bourbon Square Apartments had the most bacteria violations, having tested positive for
total coliforms 85 times from April 1996 to December 1996. Chicago MWRDGC was second on
the list for the most bacteria violations in 1996. Chicago MWRDGC showed positive results 43
times from January 1996 through October 1996.
A total of 104 violations were reported in the Safe Drinking Water Information System
(SDWIS, 1997) for Cook County, IL, in 1995 (Table 4-109). These violations may be due to the
exceedance of MCLs and Action Levels or they could be due to administrative problems with the
drinking water systems. Ford Heights far exceeded all of the remaining 49 facilities in the number
4-326
-------
Table 4 -
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
109. Drinking Water Violations in 1995 for Cook County, IL
Violations System Name
20
6
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
104
FORD HEIGHTS
MELROSE PARK
BOURBON SQUARE APTS
GOLF
MARKHAM
BARTLETT
BUCKHORN RANCH ESTS MOBILE HOME PARK
DIXMOOR
NORTH SUBURBAN PUBLIC UTILITY CO
BEDFORD PARK
BELLWOOD
CENTRAL STICKNEY SNDST
CTZNS CHICAGO SBRBN UTL DVN
GLEN EDEN ESTS HOMEOWNERS ASSN
LYNWOOD
MISSION BROOK SNDST
NORTH RIVERSIDE
NORTHWEST SUBURBAN MUNCPL JAWA
PROSPECT HEIGHTS
RIVERDALE
SOUTH HOLLAND
STEGER
ALSIP
ARLINGTON PK RACE TRACK
BROADVIEW
CHICAGO
COUNTRY CLUB HILLS
CRESTWOOD
CTZNS FERNWAY UTL DVN
CTZNS MIDWEST PALOS DVN
DIVINE WORD SEMINARY
DOLTON
GARDEN HOME SNDST
GLENVIEW NAVAL AIR STATION
HARVEY
HILLSIDE
LA GRANGE PARK
LEMONT
LYONS
MORTON GROVE
OAK FOREST
OAK PARK
PALOS PARK
PARADISE MHP
PHOENIX
PLUM CREEK CNDOS
RIVERSIDE
SCHILLER PARK
SUNSET MHP
WHEELING
Total Violations
Source SDWIS, 1997
4-327
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Drinking Water
Final—April 2001
of violations reported. Ford Heights serves a population of 4,259 in Cook County. In 1991, 85
violations were reported for all drinking water systems in Cook County (Table 4-110). The number
of violations peaked at 242 in 1993 and have shown a decline since that date.
Lake County. IN
Public water suppliers in Lake County, IN, that use Lake Michigan water were tested
periodically for VOCs, lOCs, and bacteria between 1989 and 1990. Most VOCs and other organic
compounds were either not detected or were detected at levels far below the MCLs. The Action
Level for lead (15/^g/L) was exceeded by 10 //g/L for one water sample, and no bacteriological
counts were present in any sample (U.S. EPA 1994a).
More current drinking water
monitoring data for VOCs, SOCs, lOCs,
lead and copper 90th percentile results, and
total coliform positive results were obtained
from IDEM (Jones, 1997). VOC sampling
results are from February 1993 to July 1996;
SOC sampling results, May 1993 to August
1996; IOC sampling results, May 1982 to
March 1997; lead and copper 90th
percentile sampling results, January 1992 to
September 1996; and total coliform positive
results, May 1996 to December 1996.
Table 4-111 shows the range for
which VOCs, SOCs, and lOCs were
detected, the mean result for each chemical
detected, and the MCL. Tables 4-112 and 4-113 are provided for the lead and copper and the total
coliform positive results. All reported VOCs and SOCs were either not detected or were detected at
levels far below the MCLs. Beryllium, cadmium, mercury, nickel, and thallium were all detected
at the MCL during 1993 to 1994 sampling. Fluoride from one supplier exceeded the MCL at the tap.
Drinking Water in Lake County, IN
• As Much as 15 Years of Monitoring Data
Were Obtained and Assessed
• Highest Concentrations Detected for
Certain Contaminants Exceed Drinking
Water Standards for:
Beryllium
- Cadmium
Mercury
- Nickel
- Thallium
- Fluoride
- Lead
• Bacteria Tested Positive in About 25% of
Suppliers in 1996
4-328
-------
Table 4-110. Drinking Water Violations in Cook County, IL, for
1991-1996
Rank Violations Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
242
188
130
104
90
85
1993
1994
1992
1995
1996
1991
873 Total Violations
Source. SDWIS, 1997.
4-329
-------
Table 4-111. Community Drinking Water Results for Lake County, IN
Chemical
VOCs
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 ,2-Xylenes
1 ,3-Xylenes
1 ,4-Xylenes
Bromodichloromethane
Chlorodibromomethane
Chloroform
Dichloromethane
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
SOCs
2,4,5-TP (Silvex)
Di (2-ethylhexyl) Adipate
Di (2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate
IOCS
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper*
Cyanide (free)
Fluoride
Range
0.5
1
0.61
1 37
1 37-1.4
4.12
4.24 - 7.26
4.48
0.6-1.4
6.1
0.6-1.7
0.28
2.1 -5.6
0.6 - 5.4
3-5
1-16
7-400
001-4
004-5
1 -50
1.1 -1232
20-74
100-6000
Units
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
Mean
0.5
1
0.61
1.37
1 38
412
5.75
4.48
0.88
6.1
1.03
028
385
1.49
46
4.5
71.6
1.2
1.3
6.1
158.8
34.2
8928
MCL
200
5
10000
10000
10000
100
100
100
5
1000
5
50
400
6
6
50
2000
4
5
100
1300
200
4000
Units
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
-
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
Comments
Represents 2/93 - 7/96
MCL for xylenes (total)
MCL for xylenes (total)
MCL for xylenes (total)
MCL for trihalomethanes (total)
MCL for trihalomethanes (total)
MCL for trihalomethanes (total)
Represents 5/93 - 8/96
Represents 5/82 to 3/97
Action Level (1/92 - 7/96)
-------
Table 4-111. Community Drinking Water Results for Lake County, IN
Chemical 1 Range
Lead* il-2875
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Sodium
Sulfate
Thallium
* Data are representative of sep
Source Jones, 1997
0.1 -2
1 -100
2-10
5.6 - 80000
27 - 340000
1-2
arate sampling events spec
Units
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
:ifically for Le
Mean
7 1
0.4
13.1
5.3
16844
84790
1.3
;ad and Cop
!
MCL
15
2
100
50
2
ser monito
Units
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ug/L
ring
Comments
Action Level (1/92 - 7/96)
Unregulated
Unregulated
-------
Table 4-112. Lead and Copper Community Drinking Water Results for Lake County, IN
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIER
APPLE VALLEY ESTATES
APPLE VALLEY ESTATES
APPLE VALLEY ESTATES
APPLE VALLEY ESTATES
AVENUE MOBILE HOME PARK
AVENUE MOBILE HOME PARK
AVENUE MOBILE HOME PARK
AVENUE MOBILE HOME PARK
BREMERTON MOBILE HOME PARK
BREMERTON MOBILE HOME PARK
BREMERTON MOBILE HOME PARK
BREMERTON MOBILE HOME PARK
CEDAR LAKE BIBLE CONFERENCE GROUNDS
CEDAR LAKE BIBLE CONFERENCE GROUNDS
CEDAR SPRING APARTMENT
CHAR EL MOBILE HOME PARK
CHAR EL MOBILE HOME PARK
CHAR EL MOBILE HOME PARK
CHAR EL MOBILE HOME PARK
CHICAGOLAND CHRISTIAN VILLAGE
CHICAGOLAND CHRISTIAN VILLAGE
CHICAGOLAND CHRISTIAN VILLAGE
CHICAGOLAND CHRISTIAN VILLAGE
COLONIAL MOBILE HOME PARK
COLONIAL MOBILE HOME PARK
COLONIAL MOBILE HOME PARK
COLONIAL MOBILE HOME PARK
CROWN POINT WATER WORKS
CROWN POINT WATER WORKS
CROWN POINT WATER WORKS
CROWN POINT WATER WORKS
CROWN POINT WATER WORKS
DALECARLIA UTILITY
DALECARLIA UTILITY
DALECARLIA UTILITY
DALECARLIA UTILITY
DYER WATER DEPARTMENT
DYER WATER DEPARTMENT
DYER WATER DEPARTMENT
DYER WATER DEPARTMENT
DYER WATER DEPARTMENT
EAST CHICAGO WATER WORKS
EAST CHICAGO WATER WORKS
EAST CHICAGO WATER WORKS
EAST CHICAGO WATER WORKS
EAST CHICAGO WATER WORKS
EAST CHICAGO WATER WORKS
FEHLBERG'S MAIN MOBILE HOME PARK
FEHLBERG'S MAIN MOBILE HOME PARK
FEHLBERG'S MAIN MOBILE HOME PARK
FEHLBERG'S MAIN MOBILE HOME PARK
FORTY ONE (41) RANCH MOBILE HOME PARK
FORTY ONE (41) RANCH MOBILE HOME PARK
FORTY ONE (41) RANCH MOBILE HOME PARK
FORTY ONE (41) RANCH MOBILE HOME PARK
GLEN VIEW MOBILE HOME PARK
GLEN VIEW MOBILE HOME PARK
GLEN VIEW MOBILE HOME PARK
GLEN VIEW MOBILE HOME PARK
GLEN VIEW MOBILE HOME PARK
PURPOSE PERIOD NO. REQ LEAD(mg/L)
INITIAL
INITIAL
REDUCED
REDUCED
REDUCED
REDUCED
INITIAL
INITIAL
REDUCED
REDUCED
INITIAL
INITIAL
INITIAL
REDUCED
INITIAL
INTIAL
REDUCED
REDUCED
INITIAL
INITIAL
REDUCED
REDUCED
INITIAL
REDUCED
INITIAL
REDUCED
INITIAL
REDUCED
INITIAL
REDUCED
INITIAL
INITIAL
REDUCED
REDUCED
REDUCED
FOLLOW-UP
INITIAL
FOLLOW-UP
REDUCED
REDUCED
REDUCED
REDUCED
INITIAL
REDUCED
INITIAL
INITIAL
REDUCED
INITIAL
REDUCED
INITIAL
REDUCED
FOLLOW-UP
SPECIAL PURPOSE
FOLLOW-UP
1/1/94
7/1/93
6/1/95
6/1/96 10
6/1/95
6/1/96 5
7/1/93
1/1/94
6/1/95
6/1/96 5
1/1/94
7/1/93
1/1/94
7/1/93
7/1/96 5
1/1/93
7/1/94
1/1/95
6/1/96
6/1/95
1/1/94
7/1/94
6/1/96. 5
6/1/95
7/1/93
1/1/94
6/1/96 5
6/1/96 30
7/1/92
6/1/95
1/1/93
6/1/94
7/1/93
6/1/96 5
1/1/94
6/1/95
1/1/93
7/1/92
6/1/96 30
6/1/95
6/1/94
1/1/93
7/1/92
7/1/93
6/1/96 30
6/1/95
6/1/94
6/1/96 5
7/1/93
6/1/95
1/1/94
1/1/94
6/1/96 5
7/1/94
6/1/95
7/1/93
6/1/96 10
1/1/95
1/1/94
7/1/95
0005
0011
00014
00036
0001
0001
0005
0002
0005
0005
0001
0001
0024
001
00019
0005
0002
0001
0001
00013
0005
0007
0001
0005
0001
0001
0005
00046
0004
0003
0005
0001
0002
0009
0001
00055
0002
0002
00108
0007
0004
0013
0026
0012
0012
0012
001
0005
0001
0005
0001
0007
02875
0002
0005
0018
0003
0002
0001
0001
COPPER (mg/L)
019
016
015
008
005
005
0027
002
0614
0016
0007
00055
01
008
005
001
0009
0005
0005
0.9
0725
02
0064
0015
001
0006
0005
005
005
005
004
0037
078
0515
031
018
0301
0246
019
0106
0072
0092
005
005
.0039
0015
0011
0038
0026
0019
0018
01
007
0.06
001
002
001
001
001
001
4-332
-------
Table 4-112. Lead and Copper Community Drinking Water Results for Lake County, IN
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIER
GRIFFITH WATER DEPARTMENT
GRIFFITH WATER DEPARTMENT
GRIFFITH WATER DEPARTMENT
GRIFFITH WATER DEPARTMENT
GRIFFITH WATER DEPARTMENT
HAMMOND WATER WORKS DEPARTMENT
HAMMOND WATER WORKS DEPARTMENT
HAMMOND WATER WORKS DEPARTMENT
HAMMOND WATER WORKS DEPARTMENT
HIGHLAND WATER WORKS
HIGHLAND WATER WORKS
HIGHLAND WATER WORKS
HIGHLAND WATER WORKS
HIGHLAND WATER WORKS
HONEYSUCKLE MOBILE HOME PARK
HONEYSUCKLE MOBILE HOME PARK
HONEYSUCKLE MOBILE HOME PARK
HONEYSUCKLE MOBILE HOME PARK
IDEAL MOBILE HOME PARK
IDEAL MOBILE HOME PARK
IDEAL MOBILE HOME PARK
IDEAL MOBILE HOME PARK
LAKE STATION WATER DEPARTMENT
LAKE STATION WATER DEPARTMENT
LAKE STATION WATER DEPARTMENT
LAKE STATION WATER DEPARTMENT
LAKE STATION WATER DEPARTMENT
LAKESHORE SUBD WATER ASSOC
LAKESHORE SUBD WATER ASSOC
LAKESHORE SUBD WATER ASSOC
LINCOLN UTILITIES
LINCOLN UTILITIES
LINCOLN UTILITIES
LINCOLN UTILITIES
LINCOLN UTILITIES
LINCOLN UTILITIES
LOWELL WATER DEPARTMENT
LOWELL WATER DEPARTMENT
LOWELL WATER DEPARTMENT
LOWELL WATER DEPARTMENT
LOWELL WATER DEPARTMENT
MUNSTER WATER COMPANY
MUNSTER WATER COMPANY
MUNSTER WATER COMPANY
MUNSTER WATER COMPANY
MUNSTER WATER COMPANY
MUNSTER WATER COMPANY
NEW CHICAGO WATER WORKS
NEW CHICAGO WATER WORKS
NEW CHICAGO WATER WORKS
NEW CHICAGO WATER WORKS
NEW CHICAGO WATER WORKS
NEW CHICAGO WATER WORKS
NOBLE OAKS SUBDIVISION WATER ASSOC
NOBLE OAKS SUBDIVISION WATER ASSOC
NOBLE OAKS SUBDIVISION WATER ASSOC
NOBLE OAKS SUBDIVISION WATER ASSOC
NORTHWEST INDIANA WATER COMPANY
NORTHWEST INDIANA WATER COMPANY
OAKWOOD MOBILE HOME PARK
PURPOSE PERIOD NO. REQ LEAD(mg/L) COPPER (mg/L)
REDUCED
INITIAL
REDUCED
INITIAL
REDUCED
INITIAL
INITIAL
SPECIAL PURPOSE
SPECIAL PURPOSE
REDUCED
REDUCED
INITIAL
REDUCED
INITIAL
INITIAL
INITIAL
REDUCED
REDUCED
REDUCED
INITIAL
REDUCED
• INITIAL
REDUCED
REDUCED
INITIAL
INITIAL
REDUCED
INITIAL
INITIAL
INITIAL
INITIAL
REDUCED
REDUCED
REDUCED
SPECIAL PURPOSE
INITIAL
REDUCED
INITIAL
INITIAL
INITIAL
INITIAL
REDUCED
INITIAL
REDUCED
FOLLOW-UP
REDUCED
FOLLOW-UP
INITIAL
REDUCED
FOLLOW-UP
REDUCED
FOLLOW-UP
REDUCED
INITIAL
6/1/96
7/1/92
6/1/95
1/1/93
6/1/94
1/1/92
7/1/92
7/1/93'
1/1/94
6/1/94
6/1/95
7/1/92
6/1/96
1/1/93
7/1/93
1/1/94
6/1/96
6/1/95
6/1/96
1/1/95
6/1/95
7/1/95
6/1/94
6/1/96
7/1/92
1/1/93
6/1/95
7/1/95
7/1/96
7/1/93
1/1/93
6/1/95
6/1/96
6/1/94
7/1/94
7/1/92
6/1/94
7/1/92
1/1/93
1/1/96
7/1/95
6/1/95
7/1/92
6/1/96
1/1/93
6/1/94
7/1/93
7/1/92
6/1/95
1/1/93
6/1/96
7/1/93
6/1/94
1/1/94
6/1/95
6/1/96
7/1/93
1/1/92
7/1/92
7/1/93
30 . 0 005
0001
0005
00015
0001
0027
0022
0013
001
0005
0005
0005
30 0 005
0005
001
00015
5 0 0023
00029
5 000315,
0001
0001
0001
0005
20 0 005
0005
0005
0005
00033
10 0001
0005
0005
001
20 0 005
0005
0005
0.001
0011
0012
0007
00066
00112
0008
0027
30 0011
0013
0007
0015
00235
0002
0002
20 0 003
0003
0003
00014
00018
0002
0001
00103
00092
0001
0176
0165
0113
00995
0089
021
013
0076
0069
037
024
023
02
0039
0155
0058
0055
0044
005
005
005
005
02
02
017
013
012
008
005
001
036
019
019
013
013
0052
079
047
03
01
006
018
016
016
014
014
012
049
023
019
016
0008
0004
0125
006
005
001
0154
0108
0436
4-333
-------
Table 4-112. Lead and Copper Community Drinking Water Results for Lake County, IN
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIER
OAKWOOD MOBILE HOME PARK
OAKWOOD MOBILE HOME PARK
OAKWOOD MOBILE HOME PARK
EOPLES WATER COMPANY, INC
PEOPLES WATER COMPANY. INC
PEOPLES WATER COMPANY, INC
PEOPLES WATER COMPANY, INC
RIDGE MOBILE HOME PARK
RIDGE MOBILE HOME PARK
IDGE MOBILE HOME PARK
IOGE MOBILE HOME PARK
ROSS MOBILE HOME COURT
ROSS MOBILE HOME COURT
OSS MOBILE HOME COURT
ROSS MOBILE HOME COURT
SCHERERVILLE WATER DEPARTMENT
SCHERERVILLE WATER DEPARTMENT
SCHERERVILLE WATER DEPARTMENT
SCHERERVILLE WATER DEPARTMENT
SCHERERVILLE WATER DEPARTMENT
SCHNEIDER WATER DEPARTMENT
SCHNEIDER WATER DEPARTMENT
SCHNEIDER WATER DEPARTMENT
SCHNEIDER WATER DEPARTMENT
ST JOHN MUNICIPAL WATER UTILITY
ST JOHN MUNICIPAL WATER UTILITY
ST JOHN MUNICIPAL WATER UTILITY
iT JOHN MUNICIPAL WATER UTILITY
iT JOHN MUNICIPAL WATER UTILITY
SURPRISE PARK WATER ASSOCIATION
SURPRISE PARK WATER ASSOCIATION
SURPRISE PARK WATER ASSOCIATION
SURPRISE PARK WATER ASSOCIATION
TURKEY CREEK UTILITY CORPORATION
TURKEY CREEK UTILITY CORPORATION
TURKEY CREEK UTILITY CORPORATION
TURKEY CREEK UTILITY CORPORATION
TWIN LAKES UTILITIES, INC
FWIN LAKES UTILITIES, INC
TWIN LAKES UTILITIES, INC
TWIN LAKES UTILITIES. INC
TWIN LAKES UTILITIES, INC
UTILITIES INC II
UTILITIES, INC
UTILITIES, INC
UTILITIES, INC
UTILITIES, INC
WHITING WATER PLANT
WHITING WATER PLANT
WHITING WATER PLANT
WHITING WATER PLANT
WHITING WATER PLANT
WHITING WATER PLANT
WRIGHTS TRAILER PARK*1
WRIGHTS TRAILER PARK #1
PURPOSE
REDUCED
REDUCED
INITIAL
REDUCED
INITIAL
INITIAL
REDUCED
INITIAL
REDUCED
REDUCED
INITIAL
REDUCED
INITIAL
REDUCED
INITIAL
INITIAL
INITIAL
REDUCED
REDUCED
REDUCED
REDUCED
INITIAL
REDUCED
INITIAL
REDUCED
REDUCED
INITIAL
• INITIAL
•REDUCED
REDUCED
INITIAL
REDUCED
INITIAL
INITIAL
REDUCED
REDUCED
INITIAL
INITIAL
REDUCED
REDUCED
INITIAL
REDUCED
INITIAL
REDUCED
INITIAL
REDUCED
INITIAL
INITIAL
FOLLOW-UP
FOLLOW-UP
REDUCED
REDUCED
REDUCED
INITIAL
INITIAL
PERIOD NO. REQ
6/1/96 5
6/1/95
1/1/94
6/1/96 10
7/1/93
1/1/94
6/1/95
7/1/93
6/1/96 5
6/1/95
1/1/94
6/1/95
1/1/94
6/1/96 5
7/1/93
7/1/92
1/1/93
6/1/96 30
6/1/95
6/1/94
6/1/95
7/1/93
6/1/96 5
1/1/94
6/1/95
6/1/96 20
1/1/93
7/1/92
6/1/94'
6/1/96' 5
1/1/94
6/1/95
7/1/93
1/1/94
6/1/96 10
6/1/95
7/1/93
1/1/93
6/1/94
6/1/95
7/1/92
6/1/96 20
7/1/96 10
6/1/96 5
7/1/93
6/1/95
1/1/94
7/1/92
1/1/93
7/1/93
6/1/96 20
6/1/94
6/1/95
1/1/94
7/1/94
LEAD (mg/L)
0005
0005
0001
0005
0005
0005
0005
0001
0005
0005
0001
0005
0001
0005
0001
0005
0005
0005
0005
0005
0005
0005
0005
0005
0005
0005
0001
0001
0001
0 00975
00035.
00056
00015
00011'
00024
0008
0005
0005
0005
0008
0005
0005
0005
0005
0001
0005
0001
0.021
0013
00077
00075
00073
00051
00017
0001
COPPER (mg/L)
02435
0.201
01495
029
023
019
003
0065
00545
001B
0005
00295
0005
000135
00011
034
032
031
027
02
0215
016
01
008
105
09S4
0825
0562
0372
028
023
005
00375
021
016
014
0093
023
021
02
02
02
1 232
0065
0058
0007
0005
005
005
005
005
00!
005
005
002
Purpose = Type of monitoring conducted Monitoring is conducted for Public Water Suppliers at three different levels (initial, continued
and reduced)
No Req = Number of samples required
-------
Table 4-113. Total Coliform Results for Community Drinking Water
Systems in Lake County, IN
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIER
COLONIAL MOBILE HOME PARK
FEHLBERG'S MAIN MOBILE HOME PARK
FEHLBERG'S MAIN MOBILE HOME PARK
FEHLBERG'S MAIN MOBILE HOME PARK
FEHLBERG'S MAIN MOBILE HOME PARK
FEHLBERG'S MAIN MOBILE HOME PARK
FEHLBERG'S MAIN MOBILE HOME PARK
FEHLBERG'S MAIN MOBILE HOME PARK
FEHLBERG'S MAIN MOBILE HOME PARK
FEHLBERG'S MAIN MOBILE HOME PARK
FEHLBERG'S MAIN MOBILE HOME PARK
GRIFFITH WATER DEPARTMENT
HAMMOND WATER WORKS DEPARTMENT
HAMMOND WATER WORKS DEPARTMENT
LAKE STATION WATER DEPARTMENT
NOBLE OAKS SUB WATER ASSOC
NOBLE OAKS SUB WATER ASSOC
RIDGE MOBILE HOME PARK
RIDGE MOBILE HOME PARK
RIDGE MOBILE HOME PARK
ST JOHN MUNICIPAL WATER UTILITY
ST JOHN MUNICIPAL WATER UTILITY
ST JOHN MUNICIPAL WATER UTILITY
ST JOHN MUNICIPAL WATER UTILITY
SURPRISE PARK WATER ASSOC.
SURPRISE PARK WATER ASSOC
SURPRISE PARK WATER ASSOC
SURPRISE PARK WATER ASSOC
TWIN LAKES UTILITIES, INC
TWIN LAKES UTILITIES, INC
TWIN LAKES UTILITIES, INC
TWIN LAKES UTILITIES, INC
TWIN LAKES UTILITIES, INC.
TWIN LAKES UTILITIES, INC
UTILITIES, INC
SAMPLE DATE
7/1/96
5/13/96
5/20/96
6/5/96
6/11/96
6/12/96
12/10/96
12/13/96
12/13/96
12/13/96
12/13/96
6/19/96
5/13/96
5/16/96
10/2/96
8/6/96
8/14/96
10/8/96
10/14/96
10/14/96
9/9/96
9/17/96
10/1/96
10/8/96
5/6/96
5/9/96
7/9/96
7/12/96
12/12/96
12/18/96
12/18/96
12/18/96
12/18/96
12/18/96
6/24/96
T. COLIFORM
PRESENT
PRESENT
ABSENT
PRESENT
ABSENT
ABSENT
PRESENT
ABSENT
ABSENT
ABSENT
PRESENT
PRESENT
PRESENT
ABSENT
PRESENT
PRESENT
ABSENT
PRESENT
ABSENT
PRESENT
PRESENT
ABSENT
PRESENT
PRESENT
PRESENT
ABSENT
PRESENT
ABSENT
PRESENT
ABSENT
ABSENT
ABSENT
ABSENT
ABSENT
PRESENT
F. COLIFORM
PRESENT
ABSENT
ABSENT
ABSENT
ABSENT
ABSENT
ABSENT
ABSENT
ABSENT
ABSENT
ABSENT
PRESENT
PRESENT
ABSENT
ABSENT
ABSENT
•ABSENT
'ABSENT
ABSENT
ABSENT
ABSENT
ABSENT
ABSENT
ABSENT
PRESENT
ABSENT
.ABSENT
.ABSENT
ABSENT
ABSENT
ABSENT
ABSENT
ABSENT
ABSENT
ABSENT
Source Jones, 1997
4-335
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Human Exposure Biomarkers
Final—April 2001
Hammond's Water Works Department was the only large population server (second largest in the
county) reported to have a contaminant present at levels as high as the MCL. The remaining 16
facilities ranged from 0.1 to 3.3 percent of the population served. Hammond also exceeded the lead
Action Level on two occasions, and both total coliform and fecal coliform were detected in May
1996. Repeat sampling showed an absence of both total coliform and fecal coliform. Eight of the
44 parent water suppliers in Lake County, IN, also exceeded the Action Level for lead. Table 4-113
shows that 11 of the 44 parent water suppliers in Lake County had positive detects of total coliform
from May 1996 to December 1996.
A total of 361 violations were reported in SDWIS for Lake County, IN, during 1995
(Table 4-114). MCLs and Action Levels or administrative problems with the drinking water systems
could be the reasons for these violations. Three of the 16 drinking water systems were responsible
for 329 violations. Cedar Lake Mobile Home Park was reported with the most violations at 147.
Cedar Lake serves a population of 136 in Lake County. In 1991,38 violations were reported for all
drinking water systems in Lake County was 38 (Table 4-115). The number of violations increased
significantly to 361 in 1995. In 1996, the number of violations reported dropped to 88.
4.8 HUMAN EXPOSURE BIOMARKERS
One of the most reliable ways to
measure an individual's exposure to
environmental pollution is through human
tissue monitoring. Blood lead levels are the
most prevalent type of human monitoring
because of the potential for childhood lead
poisoning. This is of particular concern in
Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN. Almost
30 percent of the children in Chicago are
estimated to have lead poisoning. Estimated
prevalence rates for childhood lead poisoning
(blood lead levels > 10 micrograms per deciliter |>g/dL]) in the City of Chicago are 27 percent for
Human Exposure Biomarkers
• Indicator of Human Exposure
to Chemicals
• Childhood Blood Lead Monitoring
Conducted in Cook County, IL, and
Lake County, IN
• Almost 30% of Children in Chicago
Are Estimated to Have Lead Poisoning
4-336
-------
Table 4-114. Drinking Water Violations in 1995 for Lake County, IN
Rank Violations System Name
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8'
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
147
104
78
8
7
5
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
CEDAR LAKE MOBILE HOME PARK
IDEAL MOBILE HOME PARK
WRIGHTS TRAILER PARK #1
LAKESHORE SUBD. WATER AS
FEHLBERG'S MAIN MOBILE HOME PARK
INDEPENDENCE HILL WATER
SURPRISE PARK WATER ASSOCIATION
TURKEY CREEK UTILITY CORPORATION
CEDAR LAKE BIBLE CONFERENCE GROUNDS
CHAR EL MOBILE HOME PARK
GLEN VIEW MOBILE HOME PARK
LINCOLN UTILITIES
LOWELL WATER DEPARTMENT
NOBLE OAKS SUBDIVISION WATER ASSOCIATION
OAKWOOD TRAILER PARK
WHITING WATER PLANT
361 Total Violations
Source. SDWIS, 1997
4-337
-------
Table 4-115. Drinking Water Violations in Lake County, IN, for
1991 -1996
Rank Violations Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
361
111
88
74
73
38
1995
1994
1996
1993
1992
1991
748 Total Violations
Source: SDWIS, 1997.
4-338
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Human Exposure Biomarkers Final — April 2001
children 12-24 months of age, and 28.4 percent for children 24-60 months of age (Fornoff, 1997a).
In Lake County, IN, the estimated prevalence rate for lead poisoning in children 6 years of age and
under is 17 percent (Nordholm, 1997).
This section focuses on human exposure biomarkers in Cook County, IL, and Lake County,
IN. This discussion generally focuses on lead levels found in children's blood; it is not intended to
identify the sources of exposure (such as lead paint, air pollution, etc.). Also included is a brief
discussion of a human tissue monitoring/epidemiological study of African-American women to
determine exposures to chlorinated hydrocarbons as a result of Great Lakes fish consumption.
Information on childhood blood lead levels was collected from various public health organizations
including the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC), the Illinois Department of Public Health (IDPH), Indiana State
Department of Health (ISDH), Cook County Department of Public Health, and the City of Chicago
Health Department. Summarized below are statistics highlighting the severity of the problem and
current strategies used by Lake County, IN, and Cook County, IL, to address the high blood lead
levels of the children in their communities. Included is an example of how community concern
about high blood lead levels of children in their neighborhood spurred the funding of a project in
Chicago's near-west side, aimed at creating a "lead safe zone."
4.8.1 Concern for Blood Lead Levels in Children
Childhood lead poisoning is considered one of the most significant environmental health
problems in the United States today. It is also one of the most preventable (CDC, 199la). The
health effects of elevated blood lead levels are well known, and children are particularly vulnerable.
Lead poisoning in children causes IQ deficiencies, reading and learning disabilities, impaired
hearing, reduced attention spans, hyperactivity, and antisocial behavior (U.S. EPA, 1996a). The
developing brains and nervous systems of young children are easily harmed by lead; and their
behavior patterns, such as increased hand-to-mouth behavior create a potential for increased
exposure from lead-based paint and contaminated soils (Calabrese, et al., 1989).
Lead is extremely toxic even at low levels. New studies have demonstrated that adverse
health effects occur at blood levels previously considered safe. As a result, CDC has progressively
4-339
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Human Exposure Biomarkers
Final—April 2001
lowered its "level of concern" to the current 10
Aig/dL figure (ATSDR, 1992b). CDC has issued
guidelines for State and local health departments
as an update to its 1991 strategic plan to prevent
childhood lead poisoning. These guidelines
suggest that children with levels > 15 /ug/dL should
receive individual case management. Medical
evaluation and environmental inspection activities
and remediation should be done for all children
with blood lead levels *20 ^g/dL. Medical ^^^^^^^^
intervention, including chelation therapy, is
necessary for children with blood lead levels >45 /^g/dL (CDC, 1991b).
4.8.2 Blood Lead Screening/Monitoring Programs
CDC's Action Level for Lead in
Blood Has Lowered in the Last 30
Years
1960-1970
1970-1985
1985-1991
1991-
30/zg/dL
25 A*g/dL
10/ug/dL
Source: ATSDR, 1992b.
Blood lead monitoring of children to identify incidents of lead poisoning has been conducted
in the study area for a number of years. In the summer of 1997, however, CDC issued new
guidelines outlining a strategy for targeted screening as opposed to universal screening (CDC,
1997a). This strategy calls for State and local
health departments to set criteria to determine
children athigh risk forpotential lead exposure.
These recommendations are necessary because
data indicate that while the average exposure of
children in the United States has declined,
many children, especially those living in low
income families and in older housing with
deteriorating leaded paint, continue to be
heavily exposed to lead (CDC, 1997b).
Lead exposure nsk factors are evident in
the study area. In the Chicago metropolitan
area, 271,500 (or 43.1 percent) of children, 0.5-
Lead Exposure Risk Factors
43% of Children in Chicago Metro
Area Live in Pre-1950 Housing
34% of Children in Lake County, IN,
Live in Pre-1950 Housing
21% of Families with Children Under
5 Years in Cook County, IL, Live
Below Poverty Line
24% of Children 6 Years and Under in
Lake County, IN, Live Below the
Poverty Line
4-340
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Human Exposure Biomarkers
Final—April 2001
5 years old, live in pre-1950 housing (ATSDR, 1990). Furthermore, Cook County, IL, 1990 Census
data report that 21 percent of all families with children under 5 years of age live below the poverty
line (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1997). In Lake County, IN, 11,822 children 6 years old and under
(24 percent) live below the poverty line. Also, 34 percent of Lake County, IN, children live in
housing units built prior to 1950 (Nordholm, 1997). Approximately 24,400 (or 37.3 percent) of the
children 0.5-5 years of age residing in the Gary- Hammond-East Chicago metropolitan area live in
pre-1950 housing (ATSDR, 1990). According to guidelines outlined by CDC, these children are at
increased risk for potential exposure to lead.
Pediatric Lead Poisoning
High Risk ZIP Code Areas
Cook County, IL
All Chicago ZIP Codes
60022
60093
60153
60201
60202
60305
60402
60406
Source: Fornoff, I997a.
60411
60426
60472
6050!
60513
60546
60666
60804
The IDPH is required by a 1995
amendment to the Illinois Lead Poisoning
Prevention Act to designate areas of the
State where children 6 years of age and
under are considered to be at high risk for
lead exposure. This strategy addresses
perhaps the most serious remaining
potential sources of lead exposure:
deteriorating paint from older homes, and
dust and soil contaminated with lead from
past residues of leaded gasoline (U.S. EPA,
1996e). In developing the risk index,
IDPH used 1990 census data and the
following factors: percentage of housing in a ZIP Code built before 1949, percentage of housing in
a ZIP Code built between 1950 and 1959, and the percentage of families in a ZIP Code at 200
percent of the Federal poverty level (Fornoff, 1997b). These criteria were combined and given equal
weight to come up with a risk index. IDPH ranked all Chicago ZIP Codes as high-risk. Children
living in high-risk ZIP Codes are more likely to have elevated blood lead levels than children living
elsewhere. The City of Chicago Health Department identified 12 neighborhoods of particular
concern to receive U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) lead abatement
grants (Deppe, 1997). According to the guidelines set up by IDPH, children age 6 years and under
should be screened annually, and must be screened before entering school if they live in a high-risk
ZIP Code. Children living in low-risk Zff Codes should be assessed annually using an Illinois
4-341
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Human Exposure Biomarkers
Final—April 2001
Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program assessment questionnaire. A "yes" response to any
of the questions indicates that the child should be screened for blood lead levels (Fomoff, 1997a).
These screening efforts play a key role in ensuring prompt and appropriate environmental,
educational, and medical interventions (CDC, 1997a).
Pediatric blood lead screening in Lake County, IN, is performed on a voluntary basis.
Participants are recruited from Maternal and Child Health Clinics, Supplemental Food Program for
Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Clinics, and a private physician network (Nordholm, 1997).
The Childhood Lead Prevention Program received a grant from CDC to target screening programs
in certain high risk counties where they will cooperate with ISDH Environmental Epidemiology
Branch.
4.8.3 Childhood Blood-Lead Surveillance Data
Both the IDPH and the ISDH Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Programs keep blood
lead registry information for children ^6 years old. In Cook County, IL, analyzing laboratories are
required to report results of all blood lead testing to IDPH. Lake County, IN, has no mandatory
reporting requirement as yet (Nordholm, 1997a).
IDPH routinely publishes a surveillance
report with information by county on the
number of children screened and identified with
elevated blood lead levels (IDPH, 1997). A
summary of the blood lead levels in children 6
years of age and under for Cook County, IL, as
presented in that report is shown in Table 4-116.
In 1996,136,432 children in Cook County, IL,
were screened for lead poisoning. During that
time period, 13,448 children (10 percent) were
identified with blood lead levels > 15 jug/dL; and
271 of those children demonstrated levels
indicative of severe lead poisoning (s45 ;/g/dL)
Childhood Lead Poisoning
in Cook County, IL
• 10% of Children 6 Years and Under in
Cook County, IL, Have Blood Lead
Levels z IS/ug/dL
• Recent IDPH Estimates Put Chicago
Lead Poisoning Levels ( > 1 O^ug/dL)
at 30%
• Percentage of Children in Chicago
With Lead Poisoning is 3 Times
Higher Than the Percentage of
Children in Suburban Cook County
4-342
-------
Table 4-116. Summary of Blood Lead Levels for Children < 6 Years in Cook County, IL
(Chicago and Cook County Without Chicago)
Locntion
Chicago
Base Pop. of
Children 6
and Under
296,408
Total
Year Tested
1993 175,731
1994 130,008
1995 99,097
1996 118,156
%of
15-19 Screened
/jg/dL Pop.
11,408 6%
8,137 6%
6,808 7%
7,418 6%
%of
20-44 Screened
fjg/dL Pop.
7,684 4%
6,250 5%
4,579 5%
5,217 4%
45 % of
Atg/dL Screened
and over Pop.
318
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Human Exposure Biomarkers
Final—April 2001
(IDPH, 1997). It should be pointed out that the percentage of pediatric lead poisoning cases in the
city of Chicago is over 3 times the percentage of children in suburban Cook County with elevated
levels. The IDPH surveillance report does not identify numbers of children with blood lead levels
between 10-15 Mg/dL levels which CDC considers to be of concern. The addition of data in this
range would most likely double the figures for estimated prevalence of lead poisoning in Cook
County (Fomoff, 1997a).
Childhood Lead Poisoning
in Lake County, IN
17% of Children 6 Years and Under in
Lake County, IN, Have Blood Lead
Levels
Of the Screened Children With Lead
Poisoning, 64% are Black, 13% are
White, and 23% are Other Races
Summary data for blood lead testing
for children 6 years of age and under for
Lake County, IN, were obtained from the
registry of pediatric blood lead levels kept by
the ISDH Childhood Lead Prevention
Program. During the reporting period of
fiscal years 1994,1995, and 1996, a total of
12,604 children in Lake County, IN, were
screened. Of those screened, 2,113 children
age 6 years and under (or 17 percent) had
levels of lead in their blood exceeding the
level of concern (a 10 A*g/dL). Tables 4-117 and 4-118 show the breakdown of pediatric lead
poisoning by race and age, respectively. Of the Black children screened for lead poisoning, 21
percent had blood lead levels 2 10 //g/dL, 8 percent of the White children had comparable results,
and 16 percent of children of other races demonstrated lead poisoning (Figure 4-71). Also, of the
lead-poisoned group, 764 (or 36 percent) were children under 36 months of age (Table 4-118)
(Nordholm, 1997). This is of particular importance, because of the mouthing behaviors of toddlers.
Young children of this age may put anything from toys and food to paint chips in their mouths,
thereby increasing the potential for exposure. Also, a small number of people (mostly children) will
exhibit behavior called "pica," which is the deliberate ingestion of a non-food item such as soil, paint
chips, or plaster. This may result in significant increases in potential exposure (Calabrese, 1989).
4-344
-------
Table 4-117. Summary of Blood Lead Levels in Children < 6 Years by Race in Lake County, IN
(Fiscal Years 94, 95, 96)
Kacc
While
Black
Olhcr
Totnl
linsc Pop.
or
Children 6
nncl Under
49,121
Tola! No.
Children 6
and Under
Screened
12,604
%of
0-9 Screened
ftg/dl. Pop.
2,990 24%
4,948 39%
2,553 20%
10,491
%of
10-14 Screened
/jg/dL Pop.
189 1%
840 7%
308 2%
1,337
%of
15-19 Screened
//g/dL Pop.
48 45 Sciccned
Aig/dL Pop.
3
-------
Table 4-118. Summary of Blood Lead Levels in Children < 6 Years by Age in Lake County, IN
(Fiscal Years 94,95,96)
Age
<6Mo
6Mo-l Yr
1 Yr-3 Yrs
3 Yrs-5Yrs
< 6 Yrs
lotal
Base Pop.
or
Children 6
and Undei
49.121
Total No.
Children 6
and Undci
Screened
12.604
%of
0-9 Sci ccned
Hgtdl. top.
159 1%
883 7%
2,560 20%
5.322 42%
1,567 12%
10,491
%of
10-14 Screened
Aig/dl, Pop.
13 45 Screened
Aig/dl, Pop.
2
-------
BLACKS
WHITES
OTHER
21% Have Lead Poisoning 8% Have Lead Poisoning 16% Have Lead Poisoning
6,295 screened
3,267 screened
3,042 screened
Figure 4-71. Children with Lead Poisoning* in Lake County, IN
*Lead P ing is defined by CDC as a blood lead level >10 ug/dL
Source. dholm, 1997
99-056
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Human Exposure Biomarkers
Final—April 2001
Lead Poisoning in West Town
• West Town's Demographics
- 75% of Population are Hispanic
- 46% of Population Live Below the
Poverty Line
- 71 % of Homes Were Built Before
1940
• 39% of Children Screened Had Lead
Poisoning
4.8.4 Lead Project in West Town
Lead poisoning is a problem affecting
almost 40 percent of the children in the West
Town community of Chicago (Neighborhood
Based Childhood Lead Primary Prevention
Project, 1997). To attack this problem, CDC
and HUD funded the West Town Lead Project.
This is an example of a community-based
approach to creation of a "lead safe zone,"
which Project Coordinator H. Hastings
describes as "a contiguous area in which
children can live without threat of hazardous
lead exposure" (Hastings et al., 1997). This project is a comprehensive effort that includes blood
lead screening, education, and lead hazard reduction. The study area is a 4-block section of the West
Town community on Chicago's near-west side. According to 1990 Census data, the West Town
Lead Project area is comprised of the following demographic sample: 75 percent Hispanic, 46
percent living on incomes below poverty level and 71 percent of homes were bui It before 1940, with
many in deteriorating condition (Hastings et al., 1997). Of the 134 children screened for blood lead
in this community, 39 percent had blood lead levels above the level of concern (* 10 ^g/dL) (Figure
4-72). Of the children screened, 23 percent had levels between 10-15 /ug/dL; 7 percent had levels
between 15-20 ^g/dL; and 9 percent had levels greater than 20 ;/g/dL. These results are consistent
with the screening results in the ZIP Code that encompasses the project area (Hastings et al., 1997).
Another aspect of the West Town project is the examination of environmental sources of
lead, especially dust samples in the housing. Of the 125 units that had baseline dust lead loadings
measured, 94 percent contained at least one sample with an elevated level (i.e., floor >100
micrograms per square foot [jug/ft2], window sill >500 >ug g/ft2, and window well >800 Afg/ft2). After
lead hazard reduction is performed, housing units must pass the HUD clearance testing criteria of
100 Aig/ft2 for floors, and the IDPH health criteria for horizontal surfaces of 200 /ug/ft2 (Hastings et
al., 1997). To date, 110 housing units have been thoroughly inspected. All were found to contain
lead hazards (Hastings et al., 1997).
4-348
-------
15-20ug/dl_
7%
>20 ug/dL
9%
23%
<10|ig/dL
61%
Figure 4-72. Distribution of Blood Lead Levels in 134 Children
West Town Lead Project
Source: Binns, H. (1997)
99-056
4-349
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Indoor Air
Final—April 2001
4.8.5 Human Tissue Monitoring to Estimate Exposures to Chlorinated Hydrocarbons from
Fish Consumption
Researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago are following a cohort of pregnant
African-American women who regularly consume Great Lakes fish (Waller et al., 1996). These
women are being recruited from prenatal clinics at the University of Chicago Lying-in Hospital and
the University of Illinois at Chicago Hospital. The information obtained in this study will help
identify populations at risk of adverse health effects due to the consumption of Great Lakes fish.
Biological specimens collected include maternal blood, cord blood, placenta, adipose tissue, infant
meconium, and breast milk, if possible (Waller et al., 1996). The children of these women will also
be studied to determine their exposure to contaminants via maternal exposure.
4.9 INDOOR AIR QUALITY
Indoor air pollution is now recognized as an
area of environmental concern. Studies indicate
that people spend approximately 90 percent of their
time indoors, and indoor levels of many pollutants
may be at least 2-5 times higher than outdoor levels
(U.S. EPA, 1993c). In addition, the young, the
elderly, and the chronically ill, those who spend the
longest periods of time indoors, may be the most
susceptible to the effects of indoor air pollution.
Major indoor pollutants in the home include radon,
environmental tobacco smoke, biologicals, carbon
monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, organic gases, respirable particles, formaldehyde, pesticides, asbestos,
and lead (U.S. EPA, 1995q).
Summarized below are three studies that looked at indoor air quality in Cook County, IL, and
Lake County, IN. They include results of an ATSDR health consultation performed in Southeast
Chicago; an ongoing human exposure research project looking at the effects of multimedia exposures
Indoor Air Quality
People Spend Most of Their Time
Indoors
ATSDR Health Consultation on Indoor
Air Quality in Southeast Chicago
Other Studies of Indoor Air Underway
With Results Expected in the Near
Future
4-350
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CCR1 Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 4: Environmental Levels - Indoor Air Final—April 2001
to pollutants at the community and regional levels; and a recently published study on the effects of
a common biological pollutant on inner city asthmatic children.
4.9.1 ATSDR Health Consultation for Southeast Chicago Indoor Air Investigation
The concern of citizens in Southeast Chicago prompted an indoor air quality investigation
by ATSDR and the IDPH on the possible health effects from exposure to hazardous substances in
their neighborhood (ATSDR, 1996). In 1994, IDPH collected indoor air samples periodically for
1 year from 10 homes in Southeast Chicago, representing the areas of Altgeld Gardens, Beverly, and
Torrence. They also administered questionnaires before sampling to document any activities that
might affect the chemical levels. ATSDR tested the samples for VOCs, SVOCs, lOCs, carbon
dioxide, temperature, and relative humidity.
Several approaches were used in the evaluation of the results. First, they compared the
chemical concentration levels from the Southeast Chicago study homes to indoor air concentrations
from similar studies in the United States. The range and concentration for each chemical detected
in all 10 homes are summarized in Table 4-119. With the exception of xylene and methylene
chloride, the range of chemical concentrations from the study homes falls within the range of levels
in studies of other homes in the United States. Xylene exceedances occurred on three sampling
dates; however, the levels of xylene detected were determined not to be harmful (ATSDR, 1996).
Also, the levels of methylene chloride in the study samples were higher than expected. One possible
explanation for this finding is laboratory contamination. This is unlikely, however, due to the small
amounts of methylene chloride found in the blank samples, and the consistent discovery of the
chemical throughout the investigation. Also, solvents such as paint strippers and propellants in
aerosol products, such as paints and insect sprays, could possibly account for high levels of
methylene chloride; however, IDPH administered questionnaires to the households designed to rule
out this sort of activity (ATSDR, 1996); therefore this explanation also seems unlikely. ATSDR has
been unable to determine the cause of the elevated levels of methylene chloride, and states that even
at the elevated levels detected, methylene chloride is not expected to cause harmful effects
(ATSDR, 1996).
4-351
-------
Table 4-119. Levels of Chemicals Found by ATSDR in Indoor Air Samples of 10 Homes in
Southeast Chicago
Substance
# Detects/
# Samples
Mean
(Average)
C"g/m3)
All Homes
Range
G"g/m3)
All Homes
Comparison
Range
G"g/m3)
Volatile Organic Compounds
Benzene
Bromochloromethane
Bromodichloromethane
1,3-Butadiene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloromethane
Chloroprene
Dibromochloromethane
m-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
p-Dichlorobenzene
1 , 1 -Dichloroethane
1 ,2 -Dichloroethane
cis- 1 ,2-Dichloroethylene
trans 1,2-Dichloroethylene
Methylene Chloride
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene
48 / 48
2 / 48
4 / 48
39 / 48
45 / 48
1 / 48
47 / 48
48 / 48
1 / 48
6 / 48
1 / 44
1 / 36
18 / 27
3 / 48
9 / 48
4 / 48
4 / 48
42 / 42
41 / 45
48 / 48
4.188
0.004
0.188
0.424
0.517
0.01
1.804
2.001
0.004
0.02
0.005
0.003
4.867
0.008
0.114
0.01
0.008
161.202
1.116
2.611
1.34-33.89
U-0.16
U - 6.89
U - 2.54
U-1.26
U - 0.46
U - 10.57
0.97 - 4.33
U-0.18
U - 0.26
U - 0.24
U-0.12
U- 95.53
U - 0.32
U-1.53
U-0.16
U-0.16
2.01-1194.4
U - 9.48
0.54-13.13
U-97
U-2.2
U-13
U-330
U-106
U-81
U-53
4-352
-------
Table 4-119. Levels of chemicals found by ATSDR in Indoor Air Samples of
10 Homes in Southeast Chicago (continued)
Substance
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl Chloride
m,p-Xylene
o-xylene
# Detects/
# Samples
33 / 34
42 / 47
3 / 48
48 / 48
46 / 46
Mean
(Average)
(Mg/m3)
All Homes
24.767
0.493
0.009
597.81
11.552
Range
fcg/m3)
AH Homes
1.25-207.68
U - 2.52
U-0.2
5.72 - 27047
1.13-186.25
Comparison
Range
(^g/m3)
U-300
U-15
U-170
U-68
Semivolatile Organics
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
26 / 48
20 / 48
11/48
33 / 48
36 / 48
21 / 48
29 / 48
0.075
0.012
0.002
0.006
0.055
0.056
0.006
U- 1.042
U- 0.122
U - 0.04
U - 0.026
U-0.6
U - 0.82
U - 0.047
U - 0.05
U - 0.023
U- 0.017
Metals
Lead (Pb)
Selenium (Se)
Zinc (Zn)
28 / 28
7 / 24
23 / 23
0.057
0.002
0.122
0.01 - 0.83
U - 0.008
0.03 - 0.206
0.1-0.2
0.027 - 0.5
U - Compound not detected
A*g/mJ = micrograms chemical per cubic meter of air
Source: ATSDR, 1996.
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Section 4: Environmental Levels - Indoor Air Final—April 2001
ATSDR employed another approach in evaluating the indoor air sampling results from the
Southeast Chicago study homes. The results were compared to health-based guidelines such as
ATSDR's Inhalation Minimal Risk Levels and EPA's Reference Concentrations. If the indoor air
concentration in Southeast Chicago homes exceeded the reference concentrations for that chemical;
ATSDR compared the indoor air concentrations with air concentrations identified in human and
animal studies to cause harmful effects. The evaluation also assessed the possibility of harmful
effects occurring from additive and synergistic effects of the group of chemicals. Employing these
methods, ATSDR concluded that the chemical concentrations in indoor air of homes in the
Southeast Chicago study are unlikely to cause noncancerous harmful effects (ATSDR, 1996).
ATSDR also evaluated the chemicals
for carcinogenic effects. They utilized a
mathematical model developed by EPA to
... . u r • Indoor Air Sampling of 10 Homes in
estimate the potential increase in number of _ . . ~u-
f Southeast Chicago
cancers from exposure to these chemicals.
Using this model, ATSDR concluded the risk of
developing cancer from indoor air exposure in
... „.. , , . . , Determined Not to Be Harmful
Southeast Chicago study homes is low and may
ATSDR Health Consultation
Levels of Xylene and Methylene
Chloride Were Elevated But
be zero (ATSDR, 1996). These conclusions
were based on the best available risk assessment information and methods currently available
(ATSDR, 1996).
4.9.2 National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS)
The National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) is a Federal interagency
research project. Its focus is to examine total human exposure to multiple chemicals as experienced
by individuals in their everyday lives. Such estimates of total exposure incorporate information on
potential exposures for chemicals encountered in the home, office, and other environments. Sample
collection began in mid-1995 and was expected to be completed by mid-1997. Draft results are
expected to be published in 1998-99 (U.S. EPA, 1997b). The project was conducted in three
geographic areas, one included portions of Illinois and Indiana. Specifically, approximately 30-35
counties in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin were studied by researchers
4-354
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Section 4: Environmental Levels - Indoor Air Final—April 2001
at Research Triangle Institute and the Environmental Occupational Health Sciences Institute (U.S.
EPA, 1997b).
Researchers measured the levels of chemicals in the air participants breathe - in food,
drinking water, and other beverages - and in the soil and dust around their homes. Blood and urine
samples of some participants were analyzed to determine chemical levels, and questionnaires were
administered to identify possible sources of exposure to chemicals (U.S. EPA, 1997b). The
chemicals studied by NHEXAS include VOCs, such as formaldehyde and benzene; metals, such as
lead and mercury; and pesticides, such as chlorpyrifos and diazinon (U.S. EPA, 1997b). It is the
hoped that these results will help individuals, communities, States, EPA, and others to understand
the greatest health risks from various chemicals and decide whether steps to reduce those risks are
needed (U.S. EPA, 1997b).
4.9.3 National Cooperative Inner City Asthma Study
The National Institutes of Health funded a study aimed at identifying risk factors for children
with severe asthma in eight major inner city areas, one of which was Chicago. This study, called the
National Cooperative Inner City Asthma Study, involved researchers from Cook County Memorial
Hospital and participants from Chicago's inner city. Factors studied in the indoor environment
included indoor allergens (dust mite, cat, cockroach), tobacco smoke, and indoor pollutants. The
first reports from this study have been released. Investigators found the combination of cockroach
allergy and exposure to high levels of this allergen may help explain the frequency of asthma-related
health problems in inner city children. Children meeting this combination of criteria had almost four
times as many hospitalizations and twice as many medical visits as compared to the other asthmatic
children in the study. They also had significantly more days of wheezing and missed school. Similar
patterns were not found for the combination of allergy to dust mites or cat dander and high levels of
the respective allergen (Rosenstreich et al., 1997). These results are of particular importance to this
study area, because Cook County, IL, has been previously reported to have twice the asthma
mortality rate of the United States as a whole (Weiss et al., 1992). Future journal articles from the
National Cooperative Inner City Asthma Study will present data on environmental tobacco smoke
and chemical pollutants.
4-355
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50 Integrated
Characterization
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization
Final— April 200J
5.0 INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION
This section presents integrated
information on environmental pollution in
Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN.
Three major subsections provide overviews of
environmental loadings, ambient levels, and
general indications of environmental quality
according to (1) geographic areas of interest,
(2) chemicals of interest, and (3) major
industries with the largest air, water,
hazardous waste, and toxic chemical loadings.
This section of the Environmental Loadings
Profile is intended to provide multimedia
information for a more holistic perspective of
environmental loadings, including
information on the chemicals released in the
largest quantities. For geographic analyses,
this section describes select areas with the greatest number of sources and the largest loadings, and
characterizes the types of chemicals released in these areas and found in the ambient environment.
This section is a value-added summary of some of the data included in Sections 3 and 4 of
the report, with attention on multimedia loadings and levels. In general, this section highlights and
presents information in a different context. As a result, this section does not include rigorous
literature citations; it is intended to be more easily read and minimizing citations simplifies the
discussion. The majority of the report has focused on the counties as a whole. Section 3 of this
report presented information on sources, generally organized according to media and pollutant.
Section 4 identified chemical levels information across the two counties from ambient monitoring
data. This section includes multimedia analyses of the sources and chemicals released in certain
geographic areas such as Southeast Chicago/Calumet area, Southwest Chicago/Cook County, and
North Lake County (Gary, Hammond, East Chicago, and Whiting). Similarly, information is
Integrated Environmental
Characterization
Multimedia Perspective
Case Studies on Geographic Areas
- Southeast Chicago
- Southwest Chicago
- North Lake County
- Lake Michigan
Multimedia Chemical Profiles
- Lead, VOCs, PCBs, Mercury,
PAHs, and Endocrine Disrupters
Industrial Sector Multimedia
Loadings Analysis
5-1
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CCRJ Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization
Final— April 2001
presented on ambient levels of contaminants found in air, water, fish tissue, sediments, groundwater,
soils, and drinking water in these select "case study" areas. In addition, a multimedia summary is
presented on Lake Michigan, which focuses on sources of pollution, environmental levels, and the
use of the Lake as the primary drinking source for most of the population in the area. The next
subsection includes profiles for specific chemicals and groups of chemicals from all types of sources
(air emissions, water discharges, hazardous waste generation, and toxic chemical releases and
transfers). These profiles focus on lead, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs), mercury, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the group of chemicals
considered to be endocrine disrupters. Limited summary data are also presented on levels of these
chemicals in the ambient environment.
Finally, this section provides a multimedia examination of the major industries and sources
to provide a characterization of the loadings from industries as a whole. Examining SIC Codes
reveals the industries with the largest combined loadings to the various media. For example, it
provides the loadings from the largest facilities from each media/data base (AFS, RAPIDS, BRS,
PCS, and TRI) on point source releases. (More information on these data bases is presented in
Sections 2 and 3 of this report.) Although limitations exist to the use of these data for such purposes,
this information can provide a screening level indication of the industries with the largest combined
loadings from air emissions, water discharges, hazardous waste generation, and toxic chemical
releases and off-site transfers. Profiles are presented on chemical primary metals/iron and steel,
petroleum, utilities (sewage treatment plants, power plants), food processing, and other industries.
It should be noted that recognized
limitations and uncertainties are inherent in
these types of analyses. Section 1.4 of this
report describes overall uncertainties and
limitations of the data presented; however,
discussed below are some limitations and
uncertainties that are pertinent to analyses
performed in preparing Section 5 of the
Environmental Loadings Profile.
Uncertainties in Multimedia Chemical
Loadings Estimates
• Multiple "Forms" of Chemicals
• Lack of Chemical-Specific Data for
Hazardous Wastes
• Overlap in Data Bases
• Potential for Double Counting
5-2
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization Final— April 2001
Estimates of environmental loadings are based on 1995 data from AFS, PCS, and TRI; 1993
data from BRS; and 1996 data from RAPIDS (based on 1993 emission inventories). Some of the
limitations result from the nature of the data bases and the different reporting procedures required
by State and Federal regulatory agencies in tracking compliance under numerous statues. To some
degree, this lack of uniformity occurs because several of the systems were established primarily as
permit compliance and tracking systems for point sources under specific media/regulations. Certain
shortcomings in these data become apparent when they are used for environmental loadings
estimates. Uncertainties result because of multiple "forms" of chemicals, lack of chemical-specific
information on hazardous wastes, and potential overlap among data bases. Some of these limitations
may result in double counting of some types of loadings and/or chemicals. The names of chemicals
in these systems are not uniform; any given "chemical" might appear in different ways or even may
be reported in multiple forms. For example, information on lead might be reported in one or more
of the data bases as lead, lead compounds, lead (TSP), lead total recoverable, lead as PB, and several
others. Some of these parameters are specific to the medium and or the data bases in which they
appear.
While several of these data bases are well-suited for estimating loadings of individual
chemicals, BRS poses significant challenges, because hazardous wastes are assigned waste codes.
As a result, characterizing the chemical content of hazardous wastes is not usually possible. One can
not determine from the waste code designations what chemicals are present and in what quantities.
For example, many waste codes reflect the type of industrial process that generates the waste, not
the chemical constituents present. Only for characteristic wastes (the "D" wastes, which are defined
by the presence of a particular chemical), discarded products ("P" and "U" wastes), and select other
waste codes, can one be certain of finding the chemical of interest. Regardless, the concentration
or amount of chemicals present is not reported like in TRI, AFS, and other systems. One other
peculiarity for hazardous wastes is that multiple waste types may be commingled and assigned a
string of waste codes to describe the waste. Therefore, one cannot determine what portion of the
total mass that is the waste of interest, much less the chemical makeup. As a result, the estimates
of mass of particular chemicals in hazardous wastes may be over estimated (if one assumes that the
total mass of a particular waste is the chemical of interest) or underestimated (if one cannot be
certain the chemical of interest is present in other waste codes).
5-3
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization Final — April 2001
As is the case with all of these data bases, they only account for those facilities and chemicals
that are permitted and/or monitored for reporting to State and Federal regulatory agencies. In
addition, the potential exists for double counting because of overlap among systems (Figure 5-1).
This is true of estimating air emissions using AFS, portions of TRI, and RAPIDS. Estimates from
these three data sources may overlap to some degree even though they may address different types
of facilities and different chemicals. The degree of overlap may vary from facility to facility because
of the different reporting requirements (different chemicals, reporting thresholds, etc.) for data that
are reported in AFS, RAPIDS, and TRI. Because of the differences in reporting procedures (and
reporting years) among the three systems with air emissions data, no attempt has been made to
compare or reconcile the data sets. Therefore, these rankings are best taken within the context of the
same systems. Overlap among systems can also occur with other media. TRI includes information
on water discharges, land disposal, and transfers of materials offsite, there could be overlap and
potential double counting of loadings that might also be documented in BRS and PCS.
In addition to the uncertainties in loadings estimates, the use of ambient monitoring data has
limitations. As mentioned in Section 4, ambient monitoring is not usually conducted uniformly
across areas, in all years, and for all chemicals; therefore, uncertainties exist in the ability to
extrapolate from a few data points to a geographic area. Associating ambient levels of pollutants to
point source inputs requires much more rigorous monitoring and assessment work than is possible
for this report; however, general indications of the overall health of the system may be apparent
when looking at both loadings and ambient levels in the water column, sediments, fish, groundwater,
and other media. It should be pointed out that sediments, and to some degree fish, act as sinks and
accumulate contaminants over long time periods. Contaminants found in these media may reflect
historic loadings, nonpoint source inputs, as well as more recent discharges from industrial,
municipal, and combined sewer overflow (CSO) sources.
5-4
-------
056
AFS = Point source air emissions
RAPIDS = Air emissions of toxic chemicals from point and area sources
BRS = Hazardous wastes generated, received, managed and shipped
PCS = Discharges to surface waters
TRI = Toxic chemical releases and transfers
Figure 5-1. Databases for Multimedia Loadings Estimates
5-5
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization
Final— April 200J
5.1 CASE STUDIES OF SELECT GEOGRAPHIC AREAS
Geographic Case Studies
Focus on Southeast Chicago,
Southwest Chicago,
North Lake County, and Lake Michigan
Multimedia Loadings and Ambient
Levels
- Air Emissions
- Water Discharges and Surface
Water Quality
- Sediments and Fish Tissue
- Hazardous Waste Generation
- Groundwater, Soil, and Drinking
Water Quality
This subsection provides case studies
of select geographic areas in Cook County, EL,
and Lake County, IN, from the holistic
perspective by documenting multimedia
loadings and ambient levels of pollutants in
various media. First presented is a top-down
inventory of sources and loadings summarized
at the county level, across media, and
including all chemicals. Following that
discussion are examples, or case studies, that
profile environmental conditions in three
geographic areas. These areas were the
subject of the case studies because they were
believed to have the greatest number of
sources, the largest loadings, and high ambient
levels of chemicals. In addition, these areas have been the focus of previous studies. Specifically,
this subsection focuses on Southeast Chicago, Southwest Chicago, and North Lake County
(Hammond, Gary, East Chicago, and Whiting). Lake Michigan is also discussed in this section,
mostly from the perspective of the Lake as a receptor of pollution and the potential for human
exposure through use of the resource. These geographic areas are shown on Figure 5-2.
The geographic case studies are multimedia summaries of sources and environmental
conditions. Emphasis is placed on estimating loadings to air, with descriptions of the major sources
in the areas and the chemical pollutants emitted (as reported in AFS, RAPIDS, and TRI for stack and
fugitive air emissions). Extended discussion is also presented on the waterbodies that receive the
largest cumulative loadings from multiple point source discharges, as well as descriptions of
hazardous waste generation in the three areas. This information is complemented by select data on
air quality, water quality, and the presence of chemicals in air, water, sediments, fish, soil,
groundwater, and other media to which people may be exposed. In general, these data were taken
5-6
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North Lake County
ey Creelt.Meadows
€> ;1996 DeLiaime .S
Figure 5-2. Case Study Geographic Areas
5-7
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization Final— April 2001
from earlier presentations in Sections 3 and 4. As such, they reflect the same years of interest (e.g.,
STORE! data are from 1990 to 1995).
More than 5,000 facilities in Cook County, EL, and Lake County, IN, are sources of
environmental pollution. Collectively, these sources produce about 8-billion pounds of pollution,
which includes air emissions, water discharges, hazardous waste generation, and toxic chemical
releases and transfers. In general, BRS drives the total loadings, especially in Cook County, with
about 4.5-billion pounds of hazardous waste generated in 1993. In general, environmental loadings
of pollutants are greater in Lake County than Cook County (Figure 5-3). Specifically, the total mass
of pollutant loadings to air and water is larger in Lake County. In Cook County, toxic chemical
releases are slightly larger, and hazardous waste generation is significantly larger than Lake County.
Though Lake County often has larger loadings, Cook County has a significantly greater number of
inventoried facilities. For example, in the AFS data base for point source emitters to air, more than
95 percent of the facilities inventoried are in Cook County; however, Lake County emits about two-
thirds (67 percent) of the pollutant loadings. A relatively few large facilities generate much of the
air, water, and toxic chemical pollution in Lake County.
Table 5-1 displays the largest facilities for each major type of loadings (air emissions, water
discharges, hazardous waste generation, and toxic chemical releases and transfers). Figure 5-4
shows the locations of some of the largest facilities in the two county area. Cook County's largest
facilities include Acme Steel, Corn Products & Best Foods, Bradshaw-Praeger, and Nalco Chemical.
Large facilities in Lake County include Amoco Oil Co., U.S. Steel-Gary, Inland Steel, LTV Steel,
Hammond Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant, and Keil Chemical/Ferro Corp. Many of these
facilities are among the largest sources to several media and are described in more detail below in
the context of the geographic case studies.
5-8
-------
Air Emissions (AFS)
Air Emissions (RAPIDS)
Hazardous Waste (BRS) Generated
Water Discharges (PCS)
TRI Releases (TRI)
TRI Releases and Transfers (TRI)
11,870,9
16,950,
74,713,885
1,576,959,415 Ibs
3,370,665 Ibs
2,949,888 Ibs
46,427,145 Ibs
,512,772 Ibs
45,684,2 pr Ibs
99-056
Figure 5-3. Comparison of Multimedia Loadings in Cook County, IL, and Lake County. IN
-------
Table 5-1. Multimedia Facility Rankings - Top
Facilities in Loadings to Each Media
Facility
Amoco Oil Co.
U.S. Steel - Gary
Acme Steel
Inland Steel
Bradshaw-Praeger
LTV Steel
Commonwealth Edison
Keil Chemical/Ferro
General Foam/PMC
Senior Flexonics
Zenith Electronics
Nalco Chemical
Amber Plating Works
Motorola, Inc.
Safety Kleen Envirosystems
CID Recycling & Disposal
Corn Products & Best Foods
Ford Motor Co
Viscase Corp.
Safety Kleen Oil Recovery
Steel Co
H Kramer & Co.
Total Number of Facilities
Percent of Total Mass
Contributed by Top IS
Rank
AFS
(1995)
l
2
3
4
5
6
7
3,397
86%
RAPIDS
(1993)
I
9
10
2
3
4
5
1.5012
40%
BRS
Generators
(1993)
3
5
1
2
4
6
7
607
94%
PCS'
(1995)
11
10
8
6
86
99%
TRI
Releases
(1995)
4
1
15
6
7
14
12
2
5
3
540
73%
TRI
Releases +
Transfers
(1995)
2
4
12
6
13
1
3
5
897
58%
1 The highest ranking water dischargers were sewage treatment plants, which generally did not have multimedia loadings
Much of RAPIDS data address area sources of chemical emissions, which are grouped by type of industry (e.g., dry
cleaners); therefore, the total number of individual facilities included in the RAPIDS inventory are much higher.
Source- AIRS/AFS, 1997; RAPIDS, 1998, BRS, 1997, PCS, 1997; TRI, 1997.
5-10
-------
Amber Plating Works
'.
I
V
StlckneySTP
•
• Nalco Chemical
General Foam
Cook County
Amoco Oil
Ford • J-TV Steel
V A Intend
•Inland Steel
• FerroCorp Safely Kk«n 4
Acme Steel Kell Chem] .
US Steel-UIFy 4&
""-7 A-
/
^
- ••_ .-- ••„-- •-.—- ,
Lake County
Figure 5-4. Largest Sources in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN
5-11
j
t
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization
Final— April 2001
5.1.1 Southeast Chicago/Calumet Region
The Southeast Chicago/Calumet Region
has a large number of facilities with air
emissions, water discharges, hazardous waste
generation and treatment, and toxic chemical
releases/transfers. As discussed in previous
sections, more than 100 years of intense
industrialization have degraded environmental
conditions in this area, resulting in documented
pollution of the air, water, sediments, soil,
groundwater, and other resources.
Southeast Chicago
• Area Includes 11 ZIP Codes
• Historic Environmental Problems
• Large Number of Facilities in
Concentrated Area
• Acme Steel, Clark Oil, LTV Steel,
Ford Motor Co., Safety Kleen, and
U.S. Steel-South Works
This subsection provides an overview of
the magnitude of current environmental loadings, particularly to air and water, as well as summary
data on levels of select contaminants identified in air, surface waters, sediments, fish tissue,
groundwater, drinking water, and other media in Southeast Chicago and neighboring areas around
Lake Calumet. For this subsection, Southeast Chicago is defined in a manner modeled after previous
studies such as A Guide to Southeast Chicago's Major Polluting Industries (Hamblin and Hoelscher,
1996) and U.S. EPA's Estimation and Evaluation of Cancer Risks Attributed to Air Pollution in
Southeast Chicago (U.S. EPA, 1989b). Specifically, pollution sources were inventoried in the areas
comprising ZIP Codes 60617, 60619, 60620, 60627, 60628, 60633, 60643, 60406, 60409, 60419,
and 60426. Discussion of other aspects of environmental quality in the Southeast Chicago area
generally addresses a similar area, including adjacent communities. Approximately 1.2-million
people live in Southeast Chicago (Harley, 1998). Figure 5-5 displays a map of the Southeast
Chicago/Calumet area.
5.1.1.1 Air Quality
Southeast Chicago has more than 350 point sources of air pollution (355 in AFS, 152 in
RAPIDS, and 47 in TRI for air emissions) with estimated annual loading of almost 400-milhon
5-12
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Figure 5-5. Southeast Chicago
Rainbow Park -Clarke
^Turning Basin
Gately'StadiumJBart
Qljve-Harvey College
South Peering
Turning Basin
Calumet Park
Turning Basin
Altgeld Gardens
nr—
River
ore.st Prcr-ven/c ] 60627|
i
Kickapoo Meadows,
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization Final — April 2001
pounds per year. Facilities in this area emit about 50 percent of the total mass emitted in Cook
County, when measured using data from AFS. This area's contribution of total TRI air emissions
and RAPIDS emissions in Cook County are only about 15 and 13 percent, respectively. Figure 5-6
displays the air emissions estimates for Southeast Chicago from AFS, RAPIDS, and TRI. Table 5-2
lists the largest air emitters in the area, based on AFS, TRI, and RAPIDS data. Based on AFS data,
the largest facilities in Southeast Chicago are Acme Steel Co. (238,402,927 pounds), Clark Oil &
Refining Corp. (35,529,291 pounds), Acme Steel Co.- Chicago Coke Plant (33,720,838 pounds),
LTV Steel Co., Inc. (21,765,922 pounds), and Continental Grain Co. (11,242,777 pounds). The
cities of Riverdale, Chicago, and Blue Island had the largest loadings, collectively accounting for
more than 98 percent of the total for Southeast Chicago. The pollutants emitted in the largest
amounts included carbon monoxide (209,207,871 pounds or 53 percent of the total mass of AFS
emissions in Southeast Chicago), sulfur dioxide (51,612,490 pounds), total paniculate matter
(46,236,587 pounds), VOCs (32,417,726 pounds), and four other pollutants, including 665,848
pounds of lead (Table 5-3).
TRI air emissions in Southeast Chicago totaled 2,388,251 pounds during 1995, which
included 69 chemicals emitted from 47 facilities. The largest TRI emitters included Ford Motor Co.
(which emitted 1,185,589 pounds, almost 50 percent of the total), Allied Tube & Conduit Corp.
(588,700 pounds), Sherwin-Williams Co. (155,142 pounds), Acme Steel Co. (111,808 pounds), and
Clark Refining & Marketing, Inc. (77,771 pounds). Table 5-2 includes a list of the largest TRI air
emitters in Southeast Chicago. Almost 67 percent of the TRI air emissions in Southeast Chicago
came from facilities located in Chicago, 25 percent from Harvey, and 5 percent in Blue Island, with
Riverdale, Calumet City, and Dolton contributing the balance. About 50 percent of the emissions
were from the transportation manufacturing industrial sector (Ford Motor Co.), 32 percent from
primary metals/iron and steel, and 12 percent from chemical producers. Chemicals emitted by these
facilities were predominantly VOCs, including methyl ethyl ketone (529,463 pounds), methyl
isobutyl ketone (429,663 pounds), xylene (362,890 pounds), glycol ethers (340,786 pounds),
1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (105,840 pounds), toluene (84,732 pounds), methanol (81,752 pounds), and
62 others that collectively total to 2,388,251 pounds (Table 5-3).
5-14
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400,000,000
390,000,000 —
30,000,000 —
U)
o
1
(A
E
111
3
20,000,000 —
10,000,000 _
395,820,644
AFS
355 Facilities
RAPIDS
152 Facilities
Area Sources
TRI
(Stack & Fugitive)
47 Facilities
99-056
Figure 5-6. Air Emissions in Southeast Chicago
-------
Table 5-2. Largest Air Emitters in Southeast Chicago
AFS Facility
Acme Steel Co
Clark Oil & Refining Corp.
Acme Steel Co.-Chicago Coke Plant
LTV Steel Co., Inc. (Republic)
Continental Gram Co.-Elevator Co.
Cargill Inc. - Commodity Marketing Div.
Cargill, Inc. - Oilseeds Division
Acme Packaging Corp.
Marblehead Lime Co
Horsehead Resource Development Co.
11 5th Street Corp.
Ball-Incon Glass Packaging Corp.
Republic Engineered Steels, Inc.
U.S. Steel - South Works
Ford Motor Co
340 Other Facilities
TOTAL
Emissions
(pounds/year)
238,402,927
35,529,291
33,720,838
21,765,922
11,242,777
11,070,249
10,694,601
5,083,713
4,716,780
2,998,448
2,318,736
2,195,996
1,663,076
1,509,582
1,023,727
395,820,644
TRI Facility
Ford Motor Co.
Allied Tube & Conduit Corp.
Sherwin-Williams Co.
Acme Steel Co.
Clark Refining & Marketing Inc.
Witco Corp.
Ashland Chemical Co.
LTV Steel Co., Inc.
Steel Co.
11 5th Street Corp.
American Clyboum Finishing
Co
Spraylat Corp.
Acme Packaging Corp.
Ingersoll Products Corp.
Horsehead Resource
Development Co.
32 Other Facilities
TOTAL
Emissions
(pounds/year)
1,185,589
588,700
155,142
111,808
77,771
44,947
33,030
30,790
28,000
21,936
18,300
17,457
17,448
13,060
9,726
2,388,251
RAPIDS Facility
U.S. Steel - South Works
LTV Steel Co., Inc.
Ingersoll Products
G.W. Electric Specialty
Horsehead Resource Development Co.
Acme Steel Co. - Chicago Coke Plant
Hysan Corp.
Ford Motor Co.
American Clyboum Finishing Co.
Modem Drop Forge Co.
11 5th Street Corp.
Ellis Cleaners
Globe Industries, Inc.
Acme Steel Co.
Kingsgard Cleaners, Inc.
137 Other Facilities
Total for RAPIDS Facilities
Area Sources
Total RAPIDS Emissions for Southeast Chicago
Emissions
(pounds/year)
484,798
286,726
186,800
99,700
93,712
67,220
59,525
58,308
37,800
28,182
27,404
22,651
16,400
14,013
13,884
1,604,016
698,525
2,302,541
Source AIRS/AFS, 1997; TRI, 1997, RAPIDS, 1998.
5-16
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Table 5-3. Major Air Pollutants/Chemicals Emitted in Southeast Chicago
AFS Chemical
Carbon Monoxide
Sulfur Dioxide
Paniculate Matter (Total)
Volatile Organic Compounds
Nitrogen Dioxide
Paniculate Matter (<10 //m)
Lead
Chlorofluorocarbons
Methylene Chloride
TOTAL
Emissions
(pounds/year)
209,207,871
51,612,490
46,236,587
32,417,726
31,722,601
23,747,450
655,848
129,922
90,149
395,820,644
TRI Chemical
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
Xylene (Mixed homers)
Certain Glycol Ethers
1 ,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
Toluene
Methanol
Ethylbenzene
N-Butyl Alcohol
Benzene
Hydrochloric Acid
Ethylene
Ammonia
N-Hexane
Zinc Compounds
Trichloroethylene
Sec-Butyl Alcohol
52 Other Chemicals
TOTAL
Emissions
(pounds/year)
529,463
429,663
362,890
340,786
105,840
84,732
81,752
70,633
70,325
31,987
31,981
30,830
29,470
27,780
21,715
18,319
16,400
2,388,251
fj.m = micrometers
Source: AIRS/AFS, 1997; TRI, 1997
5-17
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization Final— April 2001
RAPIDS contains data on point and area sources in Cook County, IL. The RAPIDS data base
includes 152 point sources in Southeast Chicago, with total estimated annual loadings of 1,604,016
pounds (Table 5-2). The facilities with the largest emissions (based in the 1993 emissions
inventories) included U.S. Steel-South Works (484,798 pounds or about 30 percent of the total
RAPIDS point source emissions in South Chicago), LTV Steel Co., Inc. (286,726 pounds), Ingersoll
Products (186,800 pounds), G.W. Electric Specialty (99,700), Horsehead Resource Development
Co. (93,712 pounds), and Acme Steel Co.-Chicago Coke Plant (67,220 pounds). The chemicals
emitted in the largest quantities from these point sources included manganese (482,370 pounds,
mostly from U.S. Steel), coke oven gas (254,876 pounds), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (200,279 pounds),
trichloroethylene (143,801 pounds), cadmium (104,540 pounds), and 25 other chemicals (Table 5-4).
Because area source data in RAPIDS are county-wide estimates and do not have the exact geographic
location of the sources, it is not possible to determine which loadings are from area sources located
in Southeast Chicago. Therefore, for estimation purposes, it was assumed that about 15 percent of
the area source emissions for all of Cook County come from business located in Southeast Chicago.
That assumption is based on the fact that in TRJ, Southeast Chicago represented about 15 percent
of the total air emissions for all of Cook County. Using this assumption, the estimated contribution
of area sources in Southeast Chicago is about 698,525 pounds per year from 8 types of area sources.
The largest emissions from area sources include consumer solvent use of 1,1,1-trichloroethane
(307,726 pounds), perchloroethylene emissions from dry cleaners (274,684 pounds), and consumer
use of napthalene (36,657 pounds). The total RAPIDS air emissions estimate for point and area
sources in Southeast Chicago of 2,302,541 pounds.
5.1.1.2 Water Quality/Sediments/Fish
Waterbodies in Southeast Chicago have a long history of chemical pollution from industrial
and municipal sources. (See Chapters 2 and 3.) For more than 100 years, manufacturing and
municipal wastes have been discharged to the Calumet, Grand Calumet, and Little Calumet Rivers.
In addition, physical alteration of these waterbodies from dredging and filling wetland areas has
impacted water quality. While some efforts during the last few decades (e.g., the Tunnel and
Reservoir Plan) have helped to reduce inputs of nutrients, bacteria, and other contaminants to these
waterbodies, they have contaminated sediments and continue to receive loadings from point sources.
5-18
-------
Table 5-4. Toxic Chemicals Emitted from Point and Area Sources in Southeast Chicago
from RAPIDS Data Base
RAPIDS Chemical
Manganese
Coke Oven Gas
1,1,1-Trichioroethane
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Trichloroethylene
Cadmium
Ethylbenzene
Methylene Chloride
Perchloroethylene
Phenol
Benzo(a)pyrene
Nickel
Copper
Mercury
Cobalt
Chromium
Lead
Arsenic
Chromium VI
Naphthalene
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Fluoranthene
Chrysene
1 ,2-Dichlorethane
Benzo(a)anthracene
PCBs
Carbon Tetrachloride
PCDF
PCDD
2,3,7,8-TCDF
2,3,7,8-TCDD(EQ)
TOTAL
Point-Source
Emissions
(pounds/yr)
482,370
254,876
200,279
181,459
143,801
104,540
69,720
68,921
66,804
22,724
6,812
788
446
296
74
62
21
16
5
0.88
0.24
0.01
0.01
0 00275
0.0021
0.00014
0.00010
0.0000093
0.000001 1
0.0000002
...
1,604,016
Area Source
Emissions*
(pounds/yr)
074
—
307,726
9
386
0.11
13,985
28,944
297,108
5
32
0.11
2
0.38
—
013
—
—
0.019
47,560
2,657
42
53
11
5
—
...
0.0845
00153
00024
0.0003
698,525
Total
(pounds/yr)
482,371
254,876
508,005
181,468
144,187
104,540
83,705
97,865
363,912
22,729
6,844
788
448
296
74
62
21
16
5
47,561
2,657
42
53
11
5
0.00014
0.00010
0.08451
0.0153
0.0024
0.0003
2,302,541
* Because the RAPIDS data for area sources represent the county-wide emissions, estimates for Southeast Chicago
were made assuming that 15 percent of Cook County's area sources were located in this area
Source: RAPIDS, 1998.
5-19
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization Final— April 200J
In addition, nonpoint source runoff contributes to the loadings to these waterbodies, as can runoff
from the numerous landfills, contaminated sites, and other sources in this highly industrialized
region.
Southeast Chicago and adjacent sections of Cook County have numerous facilities that
discharge to waterbodies in this area, including the Calumet River, Grand Calumet River, and
especially the Little Calumet River. Specifically, the Calumet River received about 125,000 pounds
of wastewater effluents; the Grand Calumet River received about 675,000 pounds, and the Little
Calumet River received about 11-million pounds of pollutants in 1995 (Figure 5-7). In addition,
loadings to Thorn Creek approached 1-million pounds. Loadings to these waterbodies included
conventional water pollutants, such as total suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, oil and
grease, iron, nitrogen, and other pollutants. Loadings to the Little Calumet River in this area (not
to mention pollutants flowing into Illinois from the Indiana portion of the river) of 11 -million pounds
in 1995 included more than 6-million pounds of total suspended solids, 2-million pounds of nutrients
ammonia/nitrogen, and the largest inputs of zinc (more than 76,000 pounds) of any waterbody in the
study area (Table 5-5). Other metals and organics included in loadings to the Little Calumet River
include copper (15,305 pounds), phenolics (15,615 pounds), and cyanide (30,332 pounds).
While most of the rivers and streams in Cook County were rated as in "good" or "fair"
condition by EPA in its 1994-95 water quality assessment report, parts of the Little Calumet River
were rated as "poor" condition (IEPA, 1997). lEPA's assessment commented that municipal and
industrial point sources, in addition to other stressors, were impacting water quality in the Little
Calumet. The Cal-Sag Channel was also one of the areas rated as "poor" water quality. Though the
direct point source loadings to the Cal-Sag are not substantial, it receives inputs from both the North
and South Branches of the Little Calumet, as well as the Grand Calumet River, flowing west from
Indiana. lEPA's previous water quality assessment of these systems rated 67 percent of the Little
Calumet, Grand Calumet, and Cal-Sag Channel, as "not supporting aquatic life use" (IEPA, 1994).
This lowest rating, on a five-point scale, was found to be attributable to nutrients, ammonia, and low
dissolved oxygen. More than 2-million pounds of nutrients were discharged to the Little Calumet
in 1995. Examining monitoring data for these waterbodies indicates some of the highest ambient
levels of certain measures of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), as well as phenols and solvents
5-20
-------
Little Calumet River
(11 million Ibs)
Thorn Creek (1 million Ibs)
«— Grand Calumet (675,000 Ibs)
- Calumet River (125,000 Ibs)
""""" Others
Zinc (76,000 Ibs) -
Phenolics (15,000 Ibs)
Copper (15,000 Ibs)
Nutrients (2 million Ibs)
Other
Total
Suspended
Solids
(6 million Ibs)
99-056
Cyanide (30,000 Ibs)
Figure 5-7. Discharges to Waterbodies in Southeast Chicago/Lake Calumet Area
5-21
-------
Table 5-5. Combined Point Source Discharge Loadings to the Little Calumet River (IL)
in 1995
Pollutant/Parameter/Chemical
BOD, 5-DAY (20° C)
SOLIDS, TOTAL SUSPENDED
OIL AND GREASE (SOXHLET EXTR.) TOT.
NITROGEN, AMMONIA TOTAL (as N)
CYANIDE, TOTAL (as CN)
FLUORIDE, TOTAL (as F)
ARSENIC, TOTAL (as AS)
BARIUM, TOTAL (as BA)
BERYLLIUM, TOTAL (as BE)
CADMIUM, TOTAL (as CD)
CHROMIUM, HEXAVALENT (as CR)
CHROMIUM, TOTAL (as CR)
COPPER, TOTAL (as CU)
IRON, TOTAL (as FE)
LEAD, TOTAL (as PB)
MANGANESE, TOTAL (as MN)
THALLIUM, TOTAL (as TL)
NICKEL, TOTAL (as NI)
SILVER, TOTAL (as AG)
ZINC, TOTAL (as ZN)
ANTIMONY, TOTAL (as SB)
SELENIUM, TOTAL (as SE)
PHENOLICS, TOTAL RECOVERABLE
CHLORINE, TOTAL RESIDUAL
MERCURY, TOTAL (as HG)
BOD, CARBONACEOUS 5-DAY, 20° C
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)
TOTAL
Water Discharges
(pounds)
12,982
6,291,131
174,733
2,006,879
30,332
1,917
256
117
0
23
58
117
15,305
1,246
255
307
0
117
117
76,823
0
0
15,615
2,156
0
2,371,510
293,431
11,295,427
Number of
Facilities
1
2
3
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
Source- PCS, 1997.
5-22
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization Final— April 2001
in the Cal-Sag Channel and mercury (dissolved) in the Calumet River. Also, levels of fecal coliform
were very high in the Little Calumet, the Cal-Sag Channel, Thorn Creek, and other streams and
rivers in the Southeast Chicago area.
Wolf Lake, which lies on the Illinois/Indiana border, has a few point source inputs, including
Lever Brothers, which discharged more than 500,000 pounds of total suspended solids, oil and
grease, chemical oxygen demand, and other pesticides in 1995. Ambient water column monitoring
data indicate that 12 pollutants are present at their highest concentrations in the study area, including
barium, iron, lead, manganese, PCBs, pentachlorophenol, zinc, and other chemicals. Similarly, high
levels of barium, iron, and PCBs were found in Wolf Lake's sediments. Thirteen contaminants were
identified in fish tissue samples from three sites in Wolf Lake, including the highest concentrations
of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (0.022 milligrams per kilogram [mg/kg]), 2-butanone (0.41 mg/kg), and
carbon disulfide (0.068 mg/kg) in the study area.
Sediments in waterbodies in Southeast Chicago and the Lake Calumet area are contaminated
with metals, PAHs, organic solvents, PCBs, and other chemicals. While levels in the Cal-Sag
Channel are generally higher than the other rivers and lakes in the area, many have sediments with
chemicals present at levels of concern. The sediments on the eastern side of Lake Calumet generally
have been found to have higher concentrations than other parts of the lake, with zinc, chromium,
copper, PAHs, arsenic, and other contaminants present. Many of these chemicals are also present
in fish tissue samples collected from the Little Calumet, Cal-Sag Channel, Calumet River, Lake
Calumet, and other waterbodies in the Southeast Chicago area. From five to eight chemicals were
detected in fish from these systems, with hexachlorobenzene present in fish from Lake Calumet at
its highest level in the study area (0.02 mg/kg). Sampling in Lake Calumet in the early 1980s and
again in 1990 detected chlordane, DDT, dieldren, PCBs, and other chemicals. The levels of
chlordane detected m 1990 exceeded the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) action level.
5.1.1.3 Hazardous Wastes
In Southeast Chicago, 48 facilities generated 164,888,294 pounds of hazardous wastes mass
in 1993. The largest generator, Safety Kleen Envirosystems accounted for about 45 percent of the
5-23
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization Final— April 2001
total for this area, with 73,352,994 pounds. CID Recycling and Disposal generated 40,217,320
pounds (24 percent), Republic Engineered Steels generated 15,331,720 pounds, Sherwin Williams
generated 9,410,150 pounds, LTV Steel generated 6,806,000 pounds, and General Tube Corp.
generated 3,459,356 pounds. These 6 facilities generated 90 percent of the total hazardous waste
in Southeast Chicago, with the majority of the mass generated by facilities in Dolton, Calumet City,
Chicago, and Blue Island. The waste codes generated in the largest amounts included 67,162,008
pounds of a mixture of D001 and F001 through F005, or spent solvent wastes. Other wastes
generated in the largest quantities included 27,294,130 pounds of F039 (leachate from landfills
containing specific chlorinated benzenes and phenols) and 15,338,118 pounds of K062 from steel
finishing operations. These wastes comprised about 70 percent of the total mass, with the remainder
being more than 500 mixtures of various waste codes. Southeast Chicago has several large facilities
that receive hazardous wastes from other generators for treatment, storage, disposal, recycling, and
other processing. More than 525-million pounds of hazardous wastes were received by these
facilities in 1993, with the largest being CID Recycling and Disposal (166,319,262 pounds), Safety
Kleen Envirosystems (156,858,008 pounds), Envirite Corp (140,515,088 pounds), and Clean
Harbors of Chicago (64,331,546 pounds).
5.1.1.4 Soils
Levels of certain contaminants have been identified in soils in Southeast Chicago. The most
comprehensive survey of soil contamination was conducted by the Illinois EPA (IEPA, 1986).
EEPA compared the concentrations of contaminants found in Southeast Chicago soils to ranges of
these compounds normally found in soils, concluding that several metals were present in
concentrations above the normal range. Chromium was found with a maximum concentration of
2,500 parts per million (ppm), which was detected to the east of Lake Calumet. Concentrations of
cadmium ranged from nondetect to 13.2 ppm, with the highest concentration detected in the Wolf
Lake Conservation Area. The highest levels of manganese (9,250 ppm in surface soil) were found
in Southeast Chicago near Addams Elementary School. Other metals detected at elevated
concentrations in Southeast Chicago included selenium, zinc, and lead, which was found in
concentrations as high as 576 ppm. More extensive discussion of soil contaminants is presented in
Section 4.5.
5-24
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization Final— April 2001
5.1.1.5 Groundwater and Drinking Water
Groundwater contamination in Southeast Chicago and the Calumet region has been well
documented, especially in the areas around waste disposal sites near Lake Calumet. Some of the
highest concentrations of metals, VOCs, semivolatile organics, PCBs, and other contaminants were
detected in this area, often at concentrations exceeding drinking water standards (DuWelius et al.,
199S). Though groundwater is generally not used as drinking water in this region, it is an indicator
of the impact of industrialization on this resource. In Southeast Chicago, the highest groundwater
contaminant levels were often identified to the south and east of Lake Calumet, near waste disposal
sites and industrial facilities. Specific contaminants found in these areas included vinyl chloride (a
carcinogen) at concentrations as high as 10,000 micrograms per liter (/ug/L), or 5,000 times higher
than the drinking water standard; 1,2-dichloroethene at 42,000 Mg/L; benzene at 9,900 Mg/L; and lead
from several wells around Lake Calumet at levels above EPA's 15 //g/L action level.
Ten facilities that supply drinking water to the Southeast Chicago area had violations listed
in the SDWIS data base. A total of 77 violations were recorded for all 10 facilities over the course
of 7 years, dating from 1991 to 1997. The violations ranged from 2 for the drinking water systems
serving Harvey, Calumet Park, and Blue Island, to 27 for Markham. The Markham facility, serving
a population of 13,334, was ranked 13th on the violations list of all drinking water systems in the
study. The majority of the violations reported in drinking water systems serving Southeast Chicago
were due to the presence of coliforms (bacteria). Violations involving lead and copper were a close
second. Of the 10 facilities listed with violations in this region, Calumet City, which serves the
largest population (37,840), was ranked the fourth highest in the region with 9 violations between
the years of 1991 and 1997.
5-25
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization
Final— April 2001
5.1.2 Southwest Chicago
Southwest Chicago has significant
loadings to the environment from a multitude
of industrial facilities, a large sewage treatment
plant, and other types of sources. The food
processors, chemical and plastics
manufacturers, and other industries in the area
contrast the heavy primary metals, petroleum,
and manufacturing industries in Southeast
Chicago. Loadings of criteria pollutants
reported in AFS are about half the magnitude of
Southeast Chicago's emissions, but TRI air
releases of chemicals are three times larger.
Also, hazardous waste generation is largest in
this area, mostly due to one large generator, Nalco Chemical.
Southwest Chicago
• Defined by 10 Cities and 5 ZIP
Codes
• Emissions from Food Processors,
Paint Manufacturers, and Plastics
Manufacturers
• Large Sewage Treatment Plant
• Largest Hazardous Waste
Generator in Study Area
This subsection provides an overview of the magnitude of current environmental loadings,
particularly to air and water, as well as summary data on levels of select contaminants identified in
ambient air, surface waters, sediments, fish tissue, groundwater, drinking water, and other media in
Southwest Chicago and neighboring areas. For the purposes of this analysis, Southwest Chicago is
composed of about 10 cities and 5 ZIP Codes, some of which are in the City of Chicago. This
definition is based on the study area used by EPA in Estimation and Evaluation of Cancer Risks
Attributed to Air Pollution in Southwest Chicago (Vigyan, 1993); however, it has been expanded to
cover adjacent towns and ZIP Codes that have significant sources of pollution. Specifically, the
cities included in this definition of Southwest Chicago are Berwyn, Bedford Park, Bridgeview,
Burbank, Cicero, Forest View, Lyons, Me Cook, Stickney, and Summit, including the areas covered
by ZIP Codes 60501,60629,60632,60638, and 60652. Approximately 1.75-million people live in
the Southwest Chicago area (Harley, 1998). Figure 5-8 displays a map of the Southwest Chicago
area.
5-26
-------
=F»UI Mill'i i
Figure 5-8. Southwest Chicago
NortH" Riverside Park Shoo'iCtr
Jorth.Riversidep
^portsmwis Park Racetrack
JHawttiom* Racetrack
Richard j;OaleYCo«ege
1 \ fcgj 41Iil.kl.TV I
nil V»IL»/ l-yvn
ne Valley Community Cod «ga
St Xaviec.CoMege-
-------
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization Final— April 2001
5.1.2.1 Air Quality
Southwest Chicago has more than 415 point sources of air pollution (417 in AFS, 269 in
RAPIDS, and 82 in TRI for air emissions), with estimated annual loadings of over 200-million
pounds per year. AFS emissions are the largest, with 191,493,040 pounds, followed by TRI with
7,490,596 pounds, and RAPIDS for point and area sources of 1,489,377 pounds and 698,525 pounds,
respectively. Though Southwest Chicago has smaller AFS emissions than Southeast Chicago, the
TRI emissions are about three times larger (Figure 5-9). This area contributes about 44 percent of
the total TRI air emissions in Cook County. Table 5-6 lists the largest air emitters in the area, based
on AFS, TRI, and RAPIDS data.
According to AFS data, the largest polluters in Southwest Chicago are Bradshaw-Preager &
Co. (87,380,728 pounds, or 45 percent of the total), Koppers Industries, Inc. (32,129,783 pounds),
CPC International, Inc. (19,998,310 pounds), Reynolds Metals Co. (7,405,144 pounds), 3M
Industrial Tape (7,329,130 pounds), and General Motors - Electro-Motive Division Plant 1
(3,862,457 pounds). Although 417 emitting facilities are in the area, the top 5 contributed more than
80 percent of the total mass. Facilities in the chemical industry emitted 124,620,624 pounds, or 65
percent of the total, with the majority of the balance contributed by food (21,128,892 pounds), paper
(9,890,467 pounds), and primary metal (8,491,045 pounds) industries. The pollutants emitted in the
largest amounts included total particulate matter (98,014,424 pounds or 51 percent of the total mass
of AFS emissions in Southwest Chicago), carbon monoxide (34,417,214 pounds), VOCs
(24,399,113 pounds), and nitrogen dioxide (17,585,023 pounds). Methylene chloride emissions in
this area were 724,688 pounds, which is 84 percent of the loadings for the two-country area. Lead
emissions from these sources totaled 447,732 pounds. Table 5-7 presents the compounds emitted in
Southwest Chicago from AFS and TRI. About 50 percent of the emissions came from facilities
located in Chicago (96,654,401 pounds), with remaining significant loadings in Bedford Park
(35,604,009 pounds), Stickney(33,016,450 pounds), and McCook (16,694,296 pounds). Table 5-8
presents the AFS loadings by City and ZIP Code.
TRI air emissions in Southwest Chicago totaled about 7,490,596 pounds in 1995 from 82
facilities that emitted 84 chemicals. The largest TRI emitters included Com Products & Best Foods
5-28
-------
600,000,000
400,000,000
U)
•3 300,000,000
tu
200,000,000
100,000,000
: F
395,820,644
r
1,574,920,769
191,493,040
-2,302,541
2,38£
-2,187,902
7,490
Southeast
Chicago
AFS
RAPIDS
TRI AIR
-3,262,395
9, 778, 855
99-056
Southwest North
Chicago Lake County
Figure 5-9. Comparison of Air Emissions in Southeast Chicago,
Southwest Chicago, and North Lake County
5-29
-------
Table 5-6. Largest Air Emitters in Southwest Chicago
AFS Facility
Bradshaw-Praeger & Co.
Koppers Industries, Inc.
CPC International, Inc.
Reynolds Metals Co.
3M Industrial Tape
General Motors - Electro-Motive Div. Plant 1
Vulcan Materials-Lime Plant #540
Owens-Coming Fiberglas Corp.
Viskase Corp.
General Foam Corp (Div. of PMC, Inc.)
Gatx Terminals Corp.
Ball Metal Decorating
Nalco Chemical Co. - Clearing Plant
Sweetheart Cup Corp.
MWRDGC
402 Other Facilities
TOTAL
Emissions
(pounds/year)
87,380,728
32,129,783
19,998,310
7,405,144
7,329,130
3,862,457
3,489,112
2,037,974
1,797,724
1,682,362
1,598,946
1,002,329
939,935
939,754
829,159
191,493,040
TRI Facility
Com Products & Best Foods
Viskase Corp
General Foam Corp.
3M
Akzo Nobel Chemicals, Inc.
C. P. Hall Co.
Nabisco Biscuit Co.
Precoat Metals
Alltrista Metal Services Co.
National Castings, Inc.
Koppers Industries, Inc
Signode
Now Products Inc.
CMC
W. R. Grace & Co.
67 Other Facilities
TOTAL
Emissions
(pounds/year)
2,747,655
1,551,050
714,385
553,200
458,047
191,416
129,430
128,291
112,619
89,155
86,902
82,650
76,064
50,694
46,970
7,490,596
RAPIDS Facility
General Foam Corp. (Div. of PMC, Inc)
Reynolds Metals Co.
Bagcraft Corp. of America
Mobil Oil Corp. - Lube Plant
Now Products Corp.
Celco Industries, Inc.
Accurate Anodizing Corp
Koppers Industries, Inc.
Douglas Furniture Corp
AMD Industries, Inc.
Gatx Terminals Corp
Alltrista Metal Services Co.
Shell Oil Company, Argo Plant
Castle Metal Finishing Corp.
National Castings, Inc.
254 Other Facilities
Total for RAPIDS Facilities
Area Sources
Total RAPIDS Emissions for Southwest Chicago
Emissions
(pounds/year)
663,899
130,176
111,878
84,615
64,698
47,440
45,760
34,855
33,764
30,883
30,123
24,669
18,346
14,560
11,458
1,489,377
698,525
2,187,902
Source- AIRS/AFS, 1997; TRI, 1997; RAPIDS, 1998
5-30
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Table 5-7. Major Air Pollutants/Chemicals Emitted in Southwest Chicago
AFS Chemical
Paniculate Matter (Total)
Carbon Monoxide
Volatile Organic Compounds
Nitrogen Dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide
Paniculate Matter (<10 /um)
Methylene Chloride
Lead
Chlorofluorocarbons
Trichloroethane
TOTAL
Emissions
(pounds/year)
98,014,424
34,417,214
24,399,113
17,585,023
10,062,520
5,819,527
724,688
447,732
14,302
8,497
191,493,040
TRI Chemical
Hydrochloric Acid
Carbon Disulfide
Dichloromethane
N-Hexane
Chloromethane
Xylenes (Mixed Isomers)
Toluene
Ammonia
Methanol
Sulfuric Acid
N-Butyl Alcohol
Certain Glycol Ethers
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Sec-Butyl Alcohol
Manganese
69 Other Chemicals
TOTAL
Emissions
(pounds/year)
2,144,638
1,535,800
817,822
529,500
373,000
327,707
321,757
289,606
195,426
150,041
149,053
139,447
81,278
46,099
35,993
7,490,596
= micrometers
Source: AIRS/AFS, 1997; TRI, 1997.
5-31
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Table 5-8. Air Emissions From AFS in Southwest Chicago by City and ZIP Code
City
Chicago
Bedford Park
Stickney
McCook
Bridgeview
Cicero
Summit
Forest View
Lyons
Berwyn
Bedford
Stickney Township
Burbank
TOTAL
Emissions
(pounds/year)
96,654,401
35,604,009
33,016,450
16,694,296
3,108,865
2,910,759
2,246,944
793,853
293,177
100,615
38,268
24,434
6,969
191,493,040
ZIP Code
60632
60650
60501
60525
60638
60455
60629
60652
60402
60534
60499
60502
60176
60529
60405
60605
60005
60656
60459
60514
60457
TOTAL
Emissions
(pounds/year)
91,998,768
35,854,296
31,909,525
16,670,447
7,735,687
3,111,311
2,080,131
1,138,297
491,669
245,140
65,505
52,888
47,288
23,849
21,314
18,607
10,483
7,207
6,170
3,192
1,267
191,493,040
Source: AIRS/AFS, 1997
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization Final— April 2001
(2,747,655 pounds or 36 percent of the area's total), Viskase Corp (1,551,050 pounds), General
Foam Corp. (714,385 pounds), 3M (553,200 pounds), and Akzo Nobel Chemicals, Inc. (458,047
pounds). Table 5-6 includes a list of the largest TRI air emitters in Southwest Chicago. About 68
percent of the TRI air emissions in Southwest Chicago came from facilities located in Bedford Park,
11 percent (852,172 pounds) from Bridgeview, 9 percent (681,572 pounds) from Chicago, and the
remainder from McCook and Cicero (no TRI air emissions were from Summit, Lyons, or Forest
View). More than 90 percent of the loadings in the area came from 5 ZIP Codes, including
3,307,272 pounds, or 44 percent of the loadings, from 60501. Other ZIP Codes with large
contributions included 60638 (1,691,997 pounds), 60455 (852,172 pounds), and 60525 (541,371
pounds). The remaining 15 percent were emitted by sources in 5 ZIP Codes. The food industry was
the largest emitter of TRI chemicals, with 39 percent (2,892,535 pounds) of the loadings. Plastics
(2,290,692 pounds), chemical (895,364 pounds), and paper (625,754 pounds) industries provided
much of the remaining air emissions. Chemicals emitted by these facilities were 2,144,638 pounds
of hydrochloric acid (mostly from Com Products & Best Foods), which were the majority of the
chemical's release in the entire study area), and 1,535,800 pounds of carbon disulfide. These two
chemicals comprised 50 percent of the area's TRI emissions. The remaining 84 chemicals provided
the balance, with the largest being dichloromethane (817,822 pounds), n-hexane (529,500 pounds),
chloromethane (373,000 pounds), xylenes (327,707 pounds), and toluene (321,757 pounds).
The RAPIDS data base includes 269 point sources in Southwest Chicago, with total
estimated annual loadings of 1,489,377 pounds (Table 5-6). The point source facilities in RAPIDS
with the largest emissions included General Foam Corp. (Division of PMC, Inc.), which emitted
663,899 pounds, or 45 percent of the total emissions for this area. Other large emitters included
Reynolds Metals (130,176 pounds), Bagcraft Corp. of America (111,878 pounds), Mobil Oil - Lube
Plant (84,615 pounds), Now Products Corp. (64,698 pounds), Celco Industries (47,440 pounds),
Accurate Anodizing Corp. (45,760 pounds), Koppers Industries (34,855 pounds), and Douglas
Furniture Corp. (33,764 pounds). These point sources in Southwest Chicago emitted 32 chemicals.
Chemicals emitted in the largest quantities included 756,179 pounds of methylene chloride (50
percent of the total mass); 263,866 pounds of polycyclic organic matter; 247,555 pounds of
1,1,1 -trichloroethane; 100,228 pounds of trichloroethylene; and 62,823 pounds of perchloroethylene
(Table 5-9). Most of the methylene chloride were emitted by General Foam (663,899 of the 765,178
5-33
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Table 5-9. Toxic Chemicals Emitted from Point and Area Sources in Southwest Chicago
from RAPIDS Data Base
RAPIDS Chemical
Methylene Chloride
Polycyclic Organic Matter
1,1,1-trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Perchloroethylene
Ethylbenzene
Phenol
Cadmium
Dibutyl Phthalate
Nickel
Manganese
Chromium VI
Arsenic
Lead
Mercury
Cobalt
Copper
Dioctylphthalate
1 ,2-dichlortoethane
Naphthalene
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Fluoranthene
2,3,7,8-TCDD (EQ)
Chrysene
PCBs
Benzo(a)anthracene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Benzo(a)pyrene
PCDF
PCDD
2,3,7,8-TCDD
2,3,7.8-TCDF
TOTAL
Point-Source
Emissions
(pounds/yr)
756,179
263,866
247,555
100,228
62,823
36,535
13,433
2,317
1,723
1,104
788
761
693
659
486
124
102
1.4
0.29
0.18
0.17
0.14
0.024
0.019
0.019
0.015
0.011
0.0072
0.0007
0.00013
0000017
0.0000053
1,489,377
Area Source
Emissions*
(pounds/yr)
28,944
9
307,726
386
297,108
13,985
5
0.11
—
0.11
0.74
0.019
—
—
0.38
—
2
...
11
47,560
2,657
42
0.0003
53
—
5
—
32
0.0845
0.0153
—
00024
698,525
Total
(pounds/yr)
785,123
263,875
555,281
100,614
359,931
50,520
13,438
2,317
1,723
1,104
789
761
696
659
486
124
104
1.4
11.29
47,560
2,657
42
0.0243
53
0.019
5
0.011
32
0085
0.0154
0.000017
0.0024
2,187,902
* Because the RAPIDS data for area sources represent the county-wide emissions, estimates for Southwest Chicago
were made assuming that 15 percent of Cook County's area sources were located in this area.
Source RAPIDS, 1998.
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization Final— April 2001
pounds), while several facilities had sizable 1,1,1-trichloroethane emissions, including Bagcraft Corp
of America (110,882 pounds), Reynolds Metals (103,000 pounds), and Douglas Furniture (16,200
pounds). Because the area source data in RAPIDS are county-wide estimates and do not show the
exact geographic location of the sources, it is not possible to determine which loadings are from area
sources located in Southwest Chicago. Therefore, for estimation purposes, it was assumed that about
15 percent of the area source emissions for all of Cook County come from business located in
Southwest Chicago. This is identical to the assumed area source emissions for Southeast Chicago.
Using this assumption, the estimated contribution of area sources in Southeast Chicago is about
698,525 pounds per year from 8 different types of area sources. The largest emissions from area
sources include consumer solvent use of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (307,726 pounds), and
perchloroethylene emissions from dry cleaners (274,684 pounds). The total RAPIDS air emission
estimate for point and area sources in Southwest Chicago is 2,187,902 pounds.
5.1.2.2 Water Quality/Sediments/Fish
A considerable portion of industrial and municipal wastewaters generated in the Chicago area
flow away from the city, eventually to the Mississippi River. As mentioned earlier, much of the
natural hydrology was altered to reverse the flow of rivers away from Lake Michigan. In addition,
much of the commercial and industrial wastewaters are treated by the Metropolitan Waste
Reclamation District of Greater Chicago's (MWRDGC) sewage treatment plants (STP). Several of
the larger MWRDGC plants discharge to the Des Plaines River system, especially the Stickney STP,
which discharges to the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. Located in Southwest Chicago, the
Stickney STP is the largest municipal wastewater treatment plant in the world and has the capability
to serve more than 2 million people with a design capacity of 1,200 million gallons per day
(MWRDGC, 1999). The Stickney plant discharged more than 45-million pounds of pollutants in
1995. Though other facilities in the study area had larger total mass discharges than Stickney STP,
this facility had some of the highest loadings of individual chemical parameters. About one-third
of the loadings to the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal in 1995 were total suspended solids. Other
pollutant loadings included about 2.5-million pounds of nutrients, 22,000 pounds of cyanide, and
44,000 pounds of lead. Biological oxygen demand (BOD) loadings to the Chicago Sanitary and Ship
Canal from Stickney STP were the highest of any facility and waterbody in the study area, more than
5-35
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization Final— April 2001
8-million pounds. Other permitted discharges to the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal include
MWRDGC Lemont STP (1-million pounds). The other waterbodies in the Des Plaines system
receiving sizable loadings form point sources include Flagg Creek (almost 5-million pounds, most
of which was total suspended solids) from the MWRDGC Hinsdale S.D. McElwain STP, Higgens
Creek (over 1-million pounds) from MWRDGC Kirie STP, Salt Creek (almost 250,000 pounds)
from MWRDGC Egan Water Reclamation Plant, and West Branch (about 200,000 pounds) from
MWRDGC Hanover Park STP.
One of the major waterbodies in Southwest Chicago is the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal,
which is the main conduit for surface water from the Chicago area toward the Des Plaines River.
All 25 miles of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal were rated as "poor" quality and "nonsupport
for aquatic life support" by DEPA in its 1994-1995 water quality assessment (ffiPA, 1996). EPA's
recent national assessment of sediment contamination reported that sediments in the Canal were
among the most heavily contaminated in the county (U.S. EPA, 1997c). Metals, nutrients,
pesticides, and other chemicals are present in sediments from historic loadings from municipal and
industrial discharges, as well as nonpoint source runoff. Five chemicals were detected in fish tissue
at one sampling location on the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, though none were present at levels
that were highest in the study area.
5.1.2.3 Hazardous Wastes
Southwest Chicago has the largest mass of hazardous waste generation of the three case study
areas, with a 1993 total of 2,140,213,512 pounds from 82 facilities. Most of the generated mass (97
percent) were from one facility, Nalco Chemical Co., which is the largest hazardous waste generator
in the entire two county area. Nalco generated most of the 2,081,515,538 pounds of D002 (corrosive
wastes). Other large facilities in Southwest Chicago included Precoat Metals (33,056,218 pounds),
HH Howard Co. (3,521,652 pounds), Berkshire Furniture (2,926,214 pounds), Koppers Industries
(2,522,380 pounds), Chicago Extruded Metals (2,412,326 pounds), and 3M Company (1,709,584
pounds). The remaining 75 facilities each generated less than one tenth of 1 percent of the total
mass. Besides D002, other waste codes generated included 32,862,862 pounds of D007 (chromium
wastes), D001 (2,896,748 pounds), and a mixture of D002 and D008 (corrosive and lead wastes)
5-36
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization
Final— April 2001
amounting to 2,208,208 pounds. Mixtures of more than 120 waste codes comprise the remainder
of the less than 1 percent of the mass of hazardous wastes generated in Southwest Chicago.
5.1.3 North Lake County (Hammond, East Chicago, Gary, and Whiting)
North Lake County
Hammond, East Chicago, Gary,
and Whiting
Largest Facilities and Loadings to
Air and Water in Study Area
Degraded Water Quality and
Contaminated Sediments/Fish in
Grand Calumet River and Indiana
Harbor Ship Canal
North Lake County, including the cities
of Hammond, East Chicago, Gary, and
Whiting, is an area with numerous large
industrial facilities with multimedia loadings to
air, water, and other media. In addition, this
region has a well documented history of
anthropogenic stress to the environment from
about 100 years of development. As a result,
the air quality, water quality, and presence of
toxics in ambient media may pose risks to
human health and ecological resources. The
major waterbodies in this area, the Grand
Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Ship Canal, receive the largest point source loadings in the entire
study area by an order of magnitude. These systems are also a Great Lakes Area of Concern because
of contaminated sediments, fish consumption warnings, and related degradation to the health of the
system.
This subsection provides an overview of the magnitude of environmental loadings, including
air emissions, discharges to waterbodies, hazardous waste generation, and toxic chemical releases
and transfers in North Lake County (Figure 5-10). Summary data are also presented on the levels
of select contaminants in ambient air, surface waterbodies, sediments, fish tissue, groundwater,
drinking water, and other media in North Lake County to which people may be exposed. About
410,000 people live in North Lake County (Harley, 1998).
5-37
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Figure 5-10. IM-. ... Lake County
Indiana Harbor Light 2
Jnrfiana Harbor East Breakwater Light
Indiana Harbor North Bulkhead Light
IndianaiHarbor Light 6
Imliiu HuilxA Jndiana Harbor East Bulkhead Light
diana Harbor Light 8
jndiana Harbor Boat Club
jndiana Harbor South Bulkhead Light
jiulfington Harbor Breakwater Light
Butdngton Harbor Range Front Light
Woodmar "Shopping Ctra
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization Final— April 2001
5.1.3.1 Air Quality
The northern area of Lake County, IN, has more than 100 facilities (106 in AFS, 36 in
RAPIDS, and 34 in TRI) that emit pollutants to the atmosphere, as documented in AFS, RAPIDS,
and TRI (for stack and fugitive emissions). More than 1.5-billion pounds of air pollutants were
emitted from facilities in the cities of Hammond, East Chicago, Gary, and Whiting. This total
loading comprised more than 99 percent of the total air emissions in Lake County and about two-
thirds of the atmospheric loadings in the study area. In other words, several of the largest emitters
in all of Cook County, EL, and Lake County, EM, are located in this area, including U.S. Steel-Gary
Works, Amoco Oil Co. - Whiting Refinery, Inland Steel, and others (Table 5-10). When examining
the loadings to air in this region of Lake County, facilities in Gary account for about 45 percent of
the AFS emissions and 73 percent of the TRI air emissions. Sources in Whiting (Amoco Oil)
comprise about 35 percent and 14 percent of these types of air emissions, respectively, with East
Chicago and Hammond providing the balance. Analysis of air emissions by industrial sector (SIC
Code) indicates that primary metals production accounts for about 57 percent of the AFS total and
82 percent of the TRI air emissions in this region. The pollutants emitted in North Lake County
(Hammond, East Chicago, Gary, and Hammond) include numerous criteria air pollutants (carbon
monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter, VOCs, lead, and others) amounting
to most of the 1.5-billion pounds. TRI air emissions, which total to about 9.8-million pounds,
include 77 compounds such as ammonia, manganese compounds, methyl ethyl ketone, methanol,
phenol, toluene, zinc compounds, and many other VOCs, P AHs, and metals. Table 5-11 summarizes
the pollutants emitted in the largest quantities in the four-city area as reported in AFS and TRI.
Fifty-one facilities and seven area sources are included in the RAPIDS data for Lake County,
IN. Thirty-six facilities were determined to be located in North Lake County, based on ZIP Code
information. Because the area source data in RAPIDS are county-wide estimates and do not have
the exact geographic location of the sources, it is not possible to determine loadings from area
sources in the four-city area. Therefore, for estimation purposes, it was assumed that about 75
percent of the area source emissions for all of Lake County come from business located in the four
major cities included in this analyses. That assumption is based on the fact that for all of Cook
5-39
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Table 5-10. Largest Air Emitters in North Lake County (Hammond,
East Chicago, Gary, and Whiting)
AFS Facility
Amoco Oil Co - Whiting Refinery
U.S Steel Co. - Gary Works Part 2
U.S Steel Co - Gary Works
Inland Steel Co.
LTV Steel Co., Inc.
Commonwealth Edison
NIPSCO-Dean H Mitchell Station - Gary
Reith-Riley Asphalt Plant #671 / Atlas
American Maize Products Co.
Jupiter Aluminum Corp.
Methodist Hospital
Lehigh Portland Cement Co.
Keil Chemical-Ferro Co.
American Steel Foundries
92 Other Facilities
TOTAL
Emissions
(pounds/year)
541,338,197
401,097,072
270,356,725
157,631,587
76,735,156
49,188,019
28,219,906
28,217,930
9,895,880
2,423,809
1,693,161
1,130,941
1,030,318
910,106
1,574,920,769
TRI Facility
U S Steel
Amoco Oil Co.
American Steel Foundries
Silgan Containers Corp.
LTV Steel Co. Inc.
Inland Steel Co.
Ferro Corp.
Union Tank Car Co.
Cerestar USA Inc.
Rhone-Poulenc
Harbison- Walker Refractories
Jupiter Aluminum Corp.
Harsco Corp.
Davies Imperial Coatings Inc.
20 Other Facilities
TOTAL
Emissions
(pounds/year)
7,148,261
1,445,256
625,191
141,310
121,560
120,311
50,720
31,524
24,610
24,565
18,385
6,640
6,250
3,000
9,778,855
RAPIDS Facility
US Steel - Gary Works
Keil Chemical-Ferro Corp.
Inland Steel Co.
Rhone-Poulenc
Union Tank Car Co.
American Steel Foundries
Harbison- Walker Refractories
LTV Steel Co., Inc.
Amoco Oil Co
Ortman Fluid Power
Lehigh Portland Cement Co.
25 Other Facilities
Total Facility Loadings
Area Sources
Total RAPIDS Loadings for North Lake County
Emissions
(pounds/year)
1,498,869
965,100
309,702
184,510
30,101
25,724
21,500
18,862
17,740
11,076
8,587
3,129,277
133,395
3,262,395
Source- AIRS/AFS, 1997; TRI, 1997; RAPIDS, 1998
5-40
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Table 5-11. Major Air Pollutants/Chemicals Emitted in North Lake County
(Hammond, East Chicago, Gary, and Whiting)
AFS Chemical
Carbon Monoxide
Sulfur Dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide
Paniculate Matter (<10//m)
Volatile Organic Compounds
Paniculate Matter (total)
Lead
Hydrogen Chloride
Cadmium
Chlorine
Mercury
Chromium Compounds
TOTAL
Emissions
(pounds/year)
1,004,244,531
212,093,470
146,594,219
135,241,222
54,161,685
20,999,783
1,578,611
6,231
895
84
35
3
1,574,920,769
TRI Chemical
Ammonia
Manganese Compounds
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Methanol
Phenol
Toluene
Zinc Compounds
Hydrochloric Acid
Copper Compounds
Naphthalene
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Lead Compounds
Benzene
Cyanide Compounds
Propylene
Methyl Ten-Butyl Ether
Anthracene
N-Hexane
Certain Glycol Ethers
1,2-Dichloroethane
Ethylene
Dichloromethane
Phenanthrene
Ethylbenzene
1 ,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
Chromium Compounds
Cyclohexane
N-Butyl Alcohol
49 Other Chemicals
TOTAL
Emissions
(pounds/year)
4,015,182
1,351,827
636,275
631,715
583,240
499,505
380,657
284,894
250,540
173,777
161,620
119,168
87,640
81,000
66,100
63,140
49,200
45,887
42,848
35,320
31,600
27,875
19,240
17,721
17,064
15,564
15,048
10,505
9,778,855
Source: AIRS/AFS, 1997, TRI, 1997.
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization Final — April 2001
County, for most media, the majority (at least 75 percent and sometimes more than 90 percent) of
the loadings come from the more developed areas in the northern portion of the County.
From the RAPIDS data, it is estimated that 3,129,277 pounds of air pollution are emitted by
point sources (Table 5-10) and 133,395 pounds come from area sources such as dry cleaners, auto
refmishing shops, and other area sources. Thirty-one chemicals emitted from 36 point sources
included 1,2-dichloroethane, coke oven gas, manganese, compounds, and several others. The
facilities with the largest loadings were U.S. Steel-Gary Works (1,498,869 pounds), Keil Chemical-
Ferro Corp. (965,100 pounds), Inland Steel (309,702 pounds), Rhone-Poulenc (184,510 pounds),
Union Tank Car Co. (30,101 pounds), American Steel Foundries (25,724 pounds), and Amoco Oil
(17,740 pounds). Major pollutants emitted by the 36 facilities that were inventoried for the RAPIDS
study are presented in Table 5-12. Examination of the pollutants emitted from point sources in the
largest quantities reveals that all 964,600 pounds of 1,2-dichloroethane came from Keil Chemicals-
Ferro Corp; 95 percent of the 798,774 pounds of coke oven gas and 89 percent of 124,110 pounds
of lead were from U.S. Steel-Gary; 78 percent of the 136,075 pounds of methylene chloride were
from Rhone-Poulenc; and about 40 percent of the mercury were emitted by the NIP SCO-Dean H.
Mitchell Station. Perchloroethylene emissions in this area totaled 278,112 pounds (187,077 pounds
from point sources and 91,035 pounds from area sources) with about 64 percent from Inland Steel,
and much of the remainder from dry cleaning establishments.
Total area source emissions in this four-city area are estimated at about 133,395 pounds per
year. The major area sources in this area include dry cleaning establishments (about 91,035 pounds),
architectural coatings and auto refinishing (about 32,407 pounds), cold degreasers (about 4,125
pounds), and the remainder from residential wood combustion, chromium electroplaters, gasoline
dispensing, and residential coal combustion. Major chemicals emitted by area sources are presented
in Table 5-12, with perchloroethylene (91,035 pounds), napthalene (24,901 pounds), ethylbenzene
(9,171 pounds), and methylene chloride (4,125 pounds) as the chemicals emitted in the largest
quantities. Other metals, PAHs, and dioxins and furans are the remaining chemicals emitted from
area sources in Hammond, Gary, East Chicago, and Whiting. Quantities of the dioxins and furans
emitted from area sources were estimated to include PCDD (0.0044 pounds); PCDF (0.00053
pounds); 2,3,7,8-TCDD (0.000198 pounds); and 2,3,7,8-TCDF (0.000031 pounds). Point source
5-42
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Table 5-12. Toxic Chemicals Emitted from Point and Area Sources in North Lake County
(Hammond, Gary, East Chicago, and Whiting) from RAPIDS Data Base
RAPIDS Chemical
1 ,2-dichloroethane
Coke Oven Gas
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Manganese Compounds
Perchloroethylene
Methylene Chloride
Lead
Ethylbenzene
Phenol
1,1,1 -trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Copper
Naphthalene
Chromium
Dibutyl Phthalate
Cadmium
Nickel Compounds
Benzo(a)pyrene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Mercury
Arsenic
Cobalt
Diethylhexyl Phthalate
PCDF
Fluoranthene
Dioctyl Phthalate
Chrysene
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Chromium VI
Benzo(a)anthracene
PCDD
2,3,7,8-TCDD
2,3,7,8-TCDF
TOTAL
Point-Source
Emissions
(pounds/yr)
964,600
798,774
496,615
221,339
187,077
136,075
124,110
68,703
31,835
19,098
19,076
13,801
12,934
10,392
8,000
6,187
3,257
2,551
2,000
1,000
672
601
255
250
37
21
12
555
1.34
0.48
0.00112
00002
3,129,277
Area Source
Emissions'1'
(pounds/yr)
__
--
—
0.54
91,035
4,125
~
9,171
31
—
—
1.3
24,901
1,958
160
008
0.08
23
—
-
—
—
.-
0.00053
31
—
38
1,919
—
148
00044
0.00019
0000031
133395
Total
Emissions
(pounds)
964,600
798,774
496,615
221,340
278,112
140,200
124,110
77,874
31,866
19,098
19,076
13,803
37,835
12,350
8,160
6,187
3,257
2,574
2,000
1,000
672
601
255
250
68
21
50
1,925
1.34
1.96
0.00552
0.00019
0.000231
3,262,672
* Because the RAPIDS data for area sources represent the county-wide emissions, estimates for the four-city area were
made assuming that 75 percent of Lake County's area sources were located in these cities.
Source RAPIDS, 1998.
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization Final— April 2001
emissions of these compounds in these four cities included: PCDD (0.00112 pounds), PCDF (250
pounds), and 2,3,7,8-TCDF (0.0002) pounds.
Emissions of VOCs from facilities in this area contribute to the formation of ozone, which
is one of the primary air quality problems. EPA designated this area of North Lake County as
nonattainment for ozone, particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide. Although
ozone is a regional phenomenon and many other sources (such as automobiles) in the immediate area
and from adjacent areas contribute, annual loadings of VOCs in the four-city area exceed 55-million
pounds. Based on AFS data, about half of the VOC loadings come from U.S. Steel-Gary, Amoco
Oil, LTV, and Inland Steel. Nitrogen oxides, another ingredient in the formation of ozone, are
emitted in excess of 145-million pounds. Particulate matter, both total particulates and the smaller
PMIO (less than 10 microns in size) are emitted in large quantities from these facilities in northern
Indiana. U.S. Steel-Gary emits about 90 percent of the PM,0 loadings in the four-city area.
Lead is an air pollutant of concern because of its toxic effects to children. Total lead
emissions to air have dropped dramatically nationwide in the last few decades because of the phase-
out of leaded gasoline. Point-source emissions of lead and lead compounds to the air in North Lake
County in 1995 were about 1,698,140 pounds, as reported in AFS and TRI. Most of those emissions
were from U.S. Steel-Gary, which released 1,572,000 pounds of lead and lead compounds in 1995.
RAPIDS data for lead indicate that U.S. Steel-Gary emitted 111,478 of the total 124,110 pounds of
lead in this area.
5.1.3.2 Water Quality/Sediments/Fish
Water quality in North Lake County has been severely impacted by almost 100 years of
chemical and municipal discharges, alteration of waterbodies, and other anthropogenic stresses.
Much of this part of Lake County, IN, lies within the Little Calumet-Galien watershed (or
cataloguing unit), with about 40 facilities discharging to rivers and streams. The East Branch of the
Grand Calumet begins in Gary and flows west to join the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal and the West
Branch of the Grand Calumet River (Figure 5-11). Several of the largest facilities in the entire study
area discharge effluents to these waterbodies, including the Hammond Municipal STP, East Chicago
5-44
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Figure 5-11. Waterbodies in North Lake County
Wolf
f< L
Lake George
The Forks
Buffington Harbor
Gary
Harbor
Grand Calumet River
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Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization Final— April 2001
Municipal STP, Gary Wastewater Treatment Plant, U.S. Steel-Gary, and several others. Combined
annual loadings to the Little Calumet-Galien system from these point sources are almost 350-million
pounds (based on 1995 discharge data, which include four facilities in Illinois that discharge to
waterbodies in the watershed). In addition, inputs to these waterbodies from combined sewer
overflows (CSOs) and nonpoint source runoff add to the loadings from industry and sewage
treatment plants. The cumulative impact of these discharges on the water quality in the area is
substantial, especially the long-term accumulation of toxics in the sediments of the Grand Calumet
River and Indiana Harbor Ship Canal.
The waterbody receiving the largest quantity loadings in the entire study area is the Grand
Calumet River. As mentioned in Sections 2 and 4, the majority of the dry weather flow of the Grand
Calumet River is input from the municipal and industrial sources that line the River (HydroQual,
1985). The Grand Calumet River receives effluents from three large STPs in Hammond, East
Chicago, and Gary, IN, as well as industrial effluents from U.S. Steel-Gary and DuPont.
Collectively, these 5 facilities discharged an estimated 314,602,550 pounds of pollutants into the
Grand Calumet River in 1995, a mass greater than any other receiving waterbody in the study area
by an order of magnitude (Figure 5-12). Table 5-13 displays the combined loadings to the Grand
Calumet River. More than two-thirds of the discharged mass were total dissolved solids. Other
major pollutants discharged were conventional pollutants such as total suspended solids, oil and
grease, sulfate, chloride, and other parameters, as well as metals such as cadmium, chromium,
copper, and lead. In addition, the Grand Calumet River also received the large quantities of organics
(PAHs, VOCs, and other forms of organics).
Similarly, the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal received wastewater discharges amounting to about
26-million pounds from Inland Steel, American Steel, and LTV Steel. Pollutants discharged by these
facilities in 1995 included conventional parameters, such as total suspended solids, sulfate, chloride,
an oil and grease. About 5,700 pounds of cyanide, 5,000 pounds of zinc, 3,000 pounds of phenolics,
and 2,000 pounds of lead were discharged to the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal from these facilities.
One large facility in the northern part of Lake County, Amoco Oil Refinery m Whiting, discharges
directly to Lake Michigan. Wastewater loadings from this facility for 1995 were about 3,235,799
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400,000,000
350,000,000
300,000,000
re
0)
W
•D
I
a.
•a
ro
o
"ra
3
C
250,000,000
200,000,000
150,000,000
100,000,000
50,000,000
350,000,000
Others
Indiana Harbor Ship Canal
Grand Calumet River
50,000,000
Chicago Sanitary
& Ship Canal
13,000,000
99-056
Southeast
Chicago
Southwest
Chicago
North
Lake County
Figure 5-12. Comparison of Water Discharges in Southeast Chicago,
Southwest Chicago and North Lake County
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Table 5-13. Combined Point Source Discharge Loadings to Grand Calumet River
in 1995
Pollutant/Parameter/Chemical
OXYGEN, DISSOLVED (DO)
BOD, 5-DAY (20° C)
OXYGEN DEMAND, CHEM. (LOW LEVEL) (COD)
SOLIDS, TOTAL SUSPENDED
OIL AND GREASE FREON EXTR-GRAV METH
NITROGEN, AMMONIA TOTAL (as N)
PHOSPHORUS, TOTAL (as P)
CYANIDE, TOTAL (as CN)
CHLORIDE (as CL)
SULFATE, TOTAL (as SO4)
FLUORIDE, TOTAL (as F)
ARSENIC, TOTAL RECOVERABLE
CADMIUM, TOTAL (as CD)
COPPER, TOTAL (as CU)
IRON, DISSOLVED (as FE)
NICKEL, TOTAL (as NI)
NICKEL TOTAL RECOVERABLE
ZINC, TOTAL (as ZN)
ZINC TOTAL RECOVERABLE
CADMIUM TOTAL RECOVERABLE
LEAD TOTAL RECOVERABLE
CHROMIUM TOTAL RECOVERABLE
COPPER TOTAL RECOVERABLE
CHROMIUM, HEXAVALENT DISSOLVED (as CR)
PHENOLICS, TOTAL RECOVERABLE
BENZENE
BENZO(A)PYRENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
NAPHTHALENE
FLOW, WASTEWATER BY-PASSING TRTMNT PLANT
CHLORINE, TOTAL RESIDUAL
SOLIDS, TOTAL DISSOLVED
MERCURY TOTAL RECOVERABLE
BOD, CARBONACEOUS 5-DAY, 20° C
TOTAL
Water Discharges
(pounds)
2,532,118
108,739
9,808
1,226,423
6,744,491
306,536
72,760
1,872
35,124,916
54,021,576
277,630
546
1,090
6,624
18,392
4,761
3,966
32,423
19,091
686
3,274
2,194
102
980
6,647
1,755
2
38
168
325
8,980
212,613,193
27
1,450,417
314,602,550
Number
of
Facilities
4
2
I
5
4
5
3
4
4
4
3
1
2
2
3
1
1
3
2
1
4
4
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
3
4
4
3
4
Source PCS, 1997
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U.S EPA Headquarters u;-..iv
Mail cods G?01
1200 Penns y!vama Ave-,. c- OV7
Washington DC 2C4S(;
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Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization Final — April 2001
pounds, which included 411,825 pounds total suspended solids, 365,135 pounds total organic
carbon, other conventional parameters, and a few metals such as chromium and selenium.
The impact of these loadings to water quality is reflected in numerous ambient water quality
assessments, especially IDEM's 1994-95 Biennial Water Quality Assessment Report, which stated
that the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Ship Canal are "nonsupporting for both aquatic
life and recreational use" with probable causes of oil and grease, lead, PCBs, pesticides, mercury,
ammonia, and CSOs (IDEM, 1996a). Other monitoring and assessment efforts on the water quality
of the Grand Calumet have found excessive levels of metals (such as lead, mercury, cadmium,
copper), PAHs, phenol, cyanide, solvents, bacteria, and other pollutants in the water column,
sediments, and fish tissue. In addition, low dissolved oxygen has been a long-term problem in these
waterbodies; this may be partially attributable to high BOD and nutrient-containing discharges from
municipal, industrial, and CSOs to the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Ship Canal. The
degraded water quality in these waterbodies is also reflected in warnings not to consume fish caught
from these waters, which have the highest warning level to prevent fish consumption, because they
have the highest levels offish contamination in the State (IDEM, 1996a).
Ambient levels of many pollutants in the Grand Calumet and Indiana Harbor Ship Canal
were among the highest in the study area. Specifically, 14 pollutants were identified in the water
column at the highest concentrations, including metals, pesticides, cyanide, VOCs, nutrients, and
BOD. While in some cases it is possible to identify relationships between ambient levels and point
source discharges, many times there are many confounding factors such as nonpoint sources,
unmonitored pollutants, atmospheric sources, and sediments releasing pollutants to the water
column. For example, 1 -2-dichloroethane was identified in one water sample in the Grand Calumet
in 1990; however, no facilities on this waterbody have loadings data that specifically include this
chemical. Similarly, relatively higher levels of barium were identified in water column samples of
the Grand Calumet, yet the chemical is not specifically listed in permits, so monitoring of this
particular chemical effluents may not be required.
The sediments of the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Ship Canal are some of the
most heavily contaminated in the Great Lakes, with elevated levels of PCBs, PAHs, metals,
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pesticides, and other pollutants. EPA's recent nationwide sediment contamination study found that
these waterbodies are among the more highly contaminated areas in the Nation (U.S. EPA, 1997c).
While contaminated sediments result from years of pollution, significant sedimentation continues
to occur. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, EPA, and IDEM have conducted numerous studies
to identify the magnitude and extent of sediment contamination and have a remedial action plan
underway. While most metals are present in the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Ship
Canal's sediments, the metals of greatest concern are zinc, lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury, and
others, because their levels exceed guidelines. Furthermore, PCB and PAH concentrations exceeded
sediment quality guidelines by 90 and 25 times, respectively (U.S. EPA, 1996c). The highest
concentrations were generally found in the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal, though there are indications
of decreasing levels in lead and zinc in the Grand Calumet. Sediment loadings from these
waterbodies to Lake Michigan were believed to contain about 100,000 pounds of lead, 67,000
pounds of chromium, and 420 pounds of PCBs per year (U.S. ACOE, 1996).
As might be expected, elevated concentrations of many of these chemicals have been
detected in fish tissue from these waterbodies. In fact, the greatest number of chemicals detected in
fish tissue in the study area were from the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal and the Grand Calumet River,
with 58 and 46 chemicals, respectively. Furthermore, fish tissue from these waterbodies contained
the highest concentrations of numerous chemicals in the entire study area, such as PAHs, pesticides,
lead, PCBs, zinc, and more than 10 other chemicals. Fish tissue from the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal
had increasing concentrations of DDT, dieldren, and PCBs between 1979 and 1994 (IDEM, 1994b).
5.1.3.3 Hazardous Wastes
Hazardous wastes were generated by 53 facilities in 1993 in North Lake County with a total
mass of 866,276,500 pounds. The largest generator, Amoco Oil - Lakefront, generated almost 82
percent of the total mass for this area. LTV Steel was the second largest generator, with 141,070,762
pounds or 16 percent of the total. Other facilities each contributed less than 1 percent of the total:
U.S. Steel-Gary Works (4,926,464 pounds), Keil Chemical-Ferro Corp. (3,068,634 pounds), Inland
Steel (1,895,044 pounds), Citgo Petroleum Corp. (1,306,044 pounds), and AMG Resources Corp
(1,264,778 pounds). The waste codes generated in the largest amounts included 572,157,024 pounds
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of a mixture of 5 petroleum refining wastes (F037, K048, K049, K050, K051) from Amoco. Wastes
from LTV Steel included K062 (steel finishing waste) and D002 (corrosive wastes ), with a total
mass of 125,560,000 pounds. A wastestream containing K048 (a petroleum refining waste)
amounted to 97,524,678 pounds. These wastestreams accounted for more than 90 percent of the
total mass. Remaining wastes contained more than 600 mixtures of waste codes. Two facilities in
this area received hazardous wastes in 1993 for treatment, storage, disposal, recycling, or other
processing, including Safery-Kleen Oil Recovery Co. (131,141,086 pounds) and Amoco Oil-
Lakefront (5,144,688 pounds).
5.1.3.4 Groundwater and Drinking Water
Groundwater contamination in this area of Lake County includes documented concentrations
of volatile organics (possibly associated with petroleum facilities), semivolatiles, pesticides, and
PCBs. Highest levels of VOCs and pesticides in this area were found in areas between Lake George
and the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal, including benzene as high as 1,850 fj.g/L which exceeded EPA's
drinking water standard. Similarly, other VOCs associated with petroleum, including xylene,
toluene, and ethylbenzene were detected in groundwater samples from in this area. Though certain
metals were found in groundwater samples in North Lake County, their prevalence and
concentrations were generally lower than those identified in Cook County. Groundwater samples
in the Gary area included benzene at elevated levels and 11 semivolatile organics.
The following drinking water problems were found in North Lake County. From 1991 to
1997, there were a total of 206 violations in the drinking water systems serving Gary, East Chicago,
Whiting, and Hammond (81 of the total 206 violations were reported in 1995). Drinking water
suppliers in Gary reported 143 of those violations. East Chicago and Whiting had 26 violations
each, and Hammond reported 11 violations. The East Chicago Water Plant, Whiting Public Water
Facility, and the Hammond Water Plant draw their drinking water supply from Lake Michigan.
Wright's Trailer Park # 1 drinking water facility, located in Gary, and serving 250 people, was second
on the list of violators in the entire study area. This facility accumulated 129 violations between
1991 and 1997, 78 of them in 1995. The 129 violations reported involved 47 contaminants,
coliform, lead and copper, DBCP, dioxin, silvex, 2,4-D, and atrazine. The Whiting Water plant,
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which serves 5,710 people, had 26 violations between 1991 and 1997. Antimony, arsenic, barium,
beryllium, cadmium, chromium, fluoride, lead and copper, mercury, nickel, selenium, and thallium
had two violations each. East Chicago Water Works, which serves 39,800 people, reported 26
violations between 1991 and 1997. Twenty-six contaminants, including pesticides and PCBs, were
listed as parts of their violations. The Glen View Mobile Home Park drinking water facility, located
in Hammond, serves a population of 300. Eleven violations were reported between 1991 and 1997.
Five of the 11 violations were due to problems with coliform, and the remaining 6 reported
violations were due to lead and copper and nitrate levels.
5.1.4 Lake Michigan
Lake Michigan is part of the Great
Lakes, the largest system of fresh surface
water in the world. The lake is an important
resource to the citizens of the Chicago area,
providing transportation, recreation, aesthetic,
and other benefits. It is the source of drinking
water for more than 95 percent of the
populations in the two counties. In general,
the water quality of Lake Michigan in the
study area is good; having been the recipient
of more than 20 years of effort to improve its
condition. However, the lake still has
problems from over a century of
environmental stresses.
Lake Michigan
• Multiple Uses of the Lake and
Potential Human Exposures
• Historical Problems and Improved
Conditions
• Direct Discharges and Other Sources
• Levels of Chemicals in Lake Michigan
Waters, Sediments, and Fish Tissue
• Use as Source of Drinking Water
This subsection provides summary information on sources/loadings to Lake Michigan in the
two county area as well as various measures of its condition. Included are characterizations of
sources and the levels of contaminants in the water column, sediments, and fish tissue. This
information is useful to residents of Cook County, EL, and Lake County, EM, who can be potentially
exposed to toxic chemicals that are present in these media. Exposures to Lake Michigan's
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contaminants could occur from swimming/wading or consuming fish and drinking water taken from
the lake.
Historical problems of the lake and associated tributaries (described earlier in this report) are
more than 100 years old. Typhoid, cholera, and other epidemics occured in the late 1800s because
of drinking water contamination after rainfall washed refuse out into the lake to the drinking water
intake points. Concerns over sewage and industrial discharges prompted efforts in the early 1900s
to reverse the flows of the Chicago and Calumet Rivers away from Lake Michigan. Construction
of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal and the North Shore and Cal-Sag Channels provided the
means to carry polluted waters away from Lake Michigan. Still, for much of this century, the lake
suffered from local- and regional-scale stresses from discharges of municipal and industrial wastes.
In the last few decades, additional progress has been made in reducing these impacts. Wastewater
from municipalities and many industries in Cook County are treated by Metropolitan Water
Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRDGC) treatment facilities. More recently, the
Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (TARP) has been implemented, which prevents sewer overflows from
polluting the rivers in Cook County and Lake Michigan.
5.1.4.1 Point Source Discharges to Lake Michigan
Few of the approximately 86 major facilities in Cook County, EL, and Lake County, IN,
directly discharge pollutants to Lake Michigan. As described earlier, considerable efforts have been
made to reduce the input of wastewaters into Lake Michigan, particularly in Cook County, IL. As
a result, much of the discharges go to other waterbodies (e.g., the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal)
that flow away from the lake. However, a few facilities discharge to the lake and some discharge
to rivers that indirectly flow into the lake. Of the 414 million pounds of pollutants that were
discharged to water bodies in 1995 in the two counties, it is estimated that less than one percent of
the mass (about 3.5-million pounds) were directly discharged to Lake Michigan (PCS, 1997).
Confirmed facilities with outfalls to Lake Michigan included Amoco Oil Co.- Whiting, Praxair,
NIPSCO - Dean Mitchell Station, and State Line Energy. More than 90 percent of the almost 3.5-
million pounds discharged in 1995 came from Amoco, including 2,056,607 pounds of chemical
oxygen demand; 411,825 pounds of total suspended solids; 365,135 pounds of total organic carbon;
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and 278,689 pounds of oil and grease. Other estimated loadings from Amoco included 253 pounds
of total chromium, 45 pounds of hexavalent chromium, and 184 pounds of selenium. Other facilities
in the area may discharge some portion of their wastewaters directly to Lake Michigan, but the
loadings cannot be confirmed due to conflicting data from different information sources. For
example, some data indicate that U.S. Steel South Works may discharge wastewaters directly to the
lake, while other data show their outfalls going to the Calumet River. If one were to assume that all
ofU.S. Steel South Works' discharges in 1995 went directly to Lake Michigan, that would contribute
another 676,276 pounds, almost all of which were total suspended solids. Adding this value to the
previous total brings the estimated total direct discharges to Lake Michigan in the two county area
to about 4.1-million pounds, or about 1 percent of the total loadings to all waterbodies.
In addition to the loadings coming from the few facilities that directly discharge to the lake,
there are indirect wastewater loadings, particularly from facilities that line the Grand Calumet River
and Indiana Harbor Ship Canal. The Grand Calumet River received almost 315 million pounds of
pollutants in 1995, from three large STPs in Hammond, East Chicago, and Gary, IN, as well as
industrial effluents from U.S. Steel-Gary and DuPont. This loading is larger than any other water
body in the study area by an order of magnitude. Similarly, the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal received
wastewater discharges amounting to about 26-million pounds from Inland Steel, American Steel, and
LTV Steel. Depending on wind direction and other factors that influence flows between the lake and
these waterbodies, some portion of these loadings may reach Lake Michigan.
5.1.4.2 Other Sources of Pollution to Lake Michigan
In addition to direct inputs to the lake from point sources, there are other sources of pollution,
such as nonpoint source runoff, atmospheric deposition, sediment entrainment, and unanticipated
combined sewer overflows and back ups to the lake. While there is potential for combined sewer
overflows to impact Lake Michigan, this problem has been virtually eliminated in Cook County in
recent years by the Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (TARP), which has been implemented to prevent
sewer overflows from polluting the rivers and Lake Michigan. Historically, flows in excess of
capacity were discharged untreated into adjacent water bodies, which sometimes overflowed into
the lake. In the mid-1970s, the City of Chicago estimated that 45 percent of the pollutant loadings
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to the rivers of the area were attributable to the estimated 100 overloads per year. Bypasses to Lake
Michigan at the Wilmette Pumping Station, Chicago River Controlling Works, and the O'Brien Lock
and Dam occurred 12 times in the 1970s, 18 times in the 1980s, and only 3 times in the early 1990s.
Data from 1996 indicated that bypasses of the locks/dams to Lake Michigan have not occurred since
1990. To a degree, CSOs no longer pose a severe threat to Lake Michigan because of the 75 miles
of tunnels (of the eventual 131 miles) constructed to reduce bypasses to Lake Michigan.
Another source of pollution to Lake Michigan comes from contaminated sediments,
particularly from the Indiana Harbor Canal and Grand Calumet River. It has been estimated that
each year, over 180-million pounds of sediments are transported to the lake, containing 420 pounds
of PCBs, 2,300 pounds of cadmium, and 110,000 pounds of lead. The IHC was last dredged in
1972; the lack of subsequent dredgings has resulted in restriction of the flow of traffic on the canal.
Although it is more difficult for boat traffic to get through the canal, some boats are able to power
their way through the soft sediments. This frequent churning up of sediments from both ship traffic
and storm events results in the resuspension, transport, and deposition of these highly contaminated
sediments, some of which settle in the lake.
Another characterized source is the result of long-range atmospheric transport and deposition
of pollutants, such as PCBs. This issue has received greater attention as a source to the lake, because
most of the direct sources have already been controlled. It has been estimated that about 58 percent
of loadings of PCBs to Lake Michigan come from atmospheric deposition. In addition, Lake
Michigan is a "net source" of PCBs to the Cook County, EL, and Lake County, IN, area due to
volatilization of PCBs from the water column to the air. The rate and magnitude of volatilization
from Lake Michigan to the atmosphere often exceeds the rate of deposition, depending on season
and location (temperature/wind direction).
5.1.4.3 Ambient Levels in Water, Sediment, and Fish Tissue in Lake Michigan
Various studies have been conducted to characterize levels of chemicals in the water column,
sediments, and fish tissue in Lake Michigan. Past loadings to these water bodies contaminated not
only the surface water, but the associated sediments and biota. Recent improvements have been seen
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in water quality; however, the sediments and fish tissue do not improve as rapidly. Information on
levels of contaminants in these media is useful for assessing the magnitude of potential human
exposures from direct contact during swimming/wading or from consuming fish and drinking water
taken from the lake. Water quality of the 63 miles of Illinois Lake Michigan shoreline has improved
since the 1970s. These waters are considered to have low levels of toxics and are suitable for
swimming and use as a source of drinking water. Since the inception of organochlorine monitoring
in 1979, few compounds have been detected in the water column in this portion of Lake Michigan.
DEPA and the City of Chicago regularly monitor these waters to ensure their suitability for public
use. Their assessments have concluded that this resource was in good to excellent condition.
Cook County has a long history of beach closings due to pollution, primarily due to combined
sewer overflows. The TARP has reduced this problem in recent years. Forty-five public beaches
are located in Cook County and data show that bacteria (total coliform) levels have dropped from
maximums of 1,200 per 100 mL during the 1970s to maximums less than 140 per 100 mL during
the 1980s and early 1990s. Fecal coliform measurements from 1993 ranged from 6 to 76 per 100
mL, with the higher levels at Montrose, Jackson Park, South Shore, North Avenue, and Rainbow
South locations. All locations were assessed "full support," except Jackson Park, which was
"partial/minor support" due to the presence of pathogens. Thirty six of the Cook County beaches
had beach closings from 1981 through 1994, ranging from 5 to 9 occasions. The beaches with the
most closings (8 or more) were Tower, Lloyd, Elder and Lakefront/Maple (U.S. EPA, 1999a). The
reasons for closings were either pollution (1986-1992, except 1991) or" locks open "(1981-1985 and
1991). No beach closings occurred during 1993-1994. In 1997, beach closings were mostly limited
to northern Cook County, where Clark, Northwestern, Lighthouse, and Greenwood beaches were
closed for 2 days in August due to open locks at the Wilmette Pumping Station (U.S. EPA, 1999b).
Also, Jackson Park beach had closures through about a 10 day period in August, 1997 due to
elevated bacteria levels.
Seven Lake Michigan beaches in Lake County, IN, are reported to have had closings between
1981 and 1994. Several beaches in Lake County, IN, have been closed for several years or
permanently due to pollution, spills, and related causes (U.S. EPA, 1999a). The number of beach
closings ranged from 4 to 13 occasions. Of these beaches, Hammond Lake Front Beach and Jerose
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Park had 8 or more closing periods. Hammond Lake Front Beach has been closed permanently due
to pollution. Jerose Park has also been closed permanently on two reported occasions and 5 times
for entire seasons.
While the water column has shown improvements from the control efforts, the sediments are
slower to respond to the reduced loadings. The presence of PCBs, chlordane, other organics, and
metals (lead, zinc, and copper) are of concern in sediments, especially in harbors (including Chicago
and Calumet) along the Lake Michigan shoreline. PCB contamination of fish tissue has resulted in
fish consumption advisories. Illinois rated the 63 shoreline miles of Lake Michigan as "full
support/threatened" for overall and aquatic life uses. The threatened rating is in place because of
sport fish consumption advisories, which are the result of PCB and chlordane contamination in the
Illinois portion of Lake Michigan. Fish tissue monitoring data collected over the last decade from
the Illinois water of Lake Michigan showed high levels of several organochlorine pesticides such as
DDT (total), Mirex, benzene hexachloride, and chlordane. The highest concentrations of these
compounds were detected in fish in the Illinois waters of Lake Michigan.
The 43 miles of Indiana's Lake Michigan shoreline were assessed by IDEM in 1996 to be
"fully supporting" recreational and aquatic life uses; however, these waters were only "partially
supporting" for fish consumption use. All of Indiana's portion of the lake are considered to be
impacted by PCBs and mercury and are under the lake-wide fish consumption advisory. As
described above, the flow to the lake from the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Canal
contributes to water quality, sediment, and fish tissue concerns. The majority (about one billion
gallons per day) of the river's water flows into Lake Michigan via the Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal
(U.S. EPA, 1999). The Grand Calumet River is known to be contaminated with PCBs, PAHs, and
heavy metals, such as mercury, cadmium, chromium, and lead. In addition, there are high levels of
coliform bacteria, BOD, suspended solids, oil, and grease. These contaminants originate from both
point and nonpoint sources.
Sediments in the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Canal (a Great Lakes Area of
Concern) are highly contaminated with PCBs and other chemicals. The channel has not been
dredged in over 25 years because of restrictions on disposing of the contaminated spoils. PCB
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concentrations in the Indiana Harbor Canal sediments ranged from 4.55 to 102.52 ppb, with an
average concentration of 59 ppb. PCB concentrations in sampling sites in Lake Michigan, located
close to the shoreline, ranged from 17.69 to 494.60 ppb. The average concentration was 131 ppb.
High levels of PCBs, mercury, and other contaminants in the Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor
Canal system have resulted in a Group 5 fish consumption advisory. This is the highest level offish
advisory, and is defined as no consumption (do not eat) for all persons. This river system is
considered to have the most contaminated fish in the State of Indiana with 95 percent of the fish
tissue samples exceeding the FDA action level. In fact, all 1994 fish tissue samples from the IHSC
had PCB concentrations that exceeded 2.0 ppm (total).
5.1.4.4 Drinking Water Sources
Lake Michigan is the primary source of drinking water for the local populations, providing
98 percent of the supply to Cook County, IL, and 96 percent of Lake County, IN. In Cook County,
most drinking water is supplied from the Jardine and the South Water Purification Plants, which
serve more than 5 million people in Chicago and the Illinois suburbs. These two plants are the
largest drinking water purification plants in the world and collectively they can supply 2.5 billion
gallons of water per day. The intakes points for these plants are located two to three miles offshore
in Lake Michigan. Currently, all 63 shore miles of Lake Michigan in the State of Illinois are rated
as having "good" overall water quality and support drinking water uses. As mentioned above, water
quality measurements have rarely detected chemicals in the water column in areas near the drinking
water intakes for Cook County's supplies.
Lake County, IN, also relies on Lake Michigan as the major source for drinking water. Three
public water intakes are approximately 3 miles into the lake, but are close to contaminated sediments
that have been transported into the lake from the Indiana Harbor. The continued movement of these
sediments into the lake may pose a potential future risk to drinking water supplies. Surface water
samples were taken in the early 90s from the intake points for four of Indiana's drinking water
systems (East Chicago Water Plant, Whiting Public Water, Hammond Water Plant, and Gary West
Plant). Chromium was the only contaminant that exceeded drinking water standards; however, the
average value was below this level. Lead was detected at levels of potential concern.
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5.2 MULTIMEDIA CHEMICAL PROFILES
This subsection provides multimedia
profiles of specific chemicals and groups of
chemicals released from facilities in Cook
County, EL, and Lake County, IN. This
subsection reorganizes data presented earlier in
Sections 3 and 4, and summarizes total loadings
of select chemicals to all media (air emissions,
water discharges, and hazardous waste
generation, and toxic chemical releases and
transfers.) Included is in-depth analysis of the
multimedia loadings of chemicals such as lead,
VOCs, PCBs, mercury, PAHs, and the group of
chemicals known as endocrine disrupters. In
addition to the information on their loadings, data
are also provided on the presence of these
chemicals in ambient media as identified by
monitoring programs (more detailed information
presented in Section 4).
Multimedia Chemical Profiles
• Multimedia Loadings of Select
Chemicals - Lead, VOCs, PCBs,
Mercury, PAHs, and Endocrine
Disrupters
• Air Emissions, Water Discharges,
Hazardous Waste Generation, and
Toxic Chemical Releases and
Transfers
• Three Levels of Estimates for
Multimedia Loadings
• Ambient Levels of Select
Chemicals
on ambient levels and the data sources are
For these high-profile chemicals, estimates are provided on loadings to all media in the two-
county area. These loadings data were extracted from the following data bases.
• AFS - point source air emissions;
RAPIDS - air emissions of toxic chemicals from point and area sources;
BRS - hazardous wastes generated and received;
5-59
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization
Final — April 2001
PCS - discharges to surface waters; and
TRI - toxic chemical releases and transfers.
(See Sections 1 and 3 for additional information on these data bases.)
Uncertainties in Multimedia
Chemical Loadings Estimates
» Multiple "Forms" of Chemicals
» Lack of Chemical-Specific Data for
Hazardous Wastes
» Overlap in Data Bases
» Potential for Double Counting
As introduced earlier in this section,
uncertainties exist in estimating multimedia
loadings of particular chemicals or groups of
chemicals, mostly resulting from the limitations
of the data sources. Some of the uncertainties
associated with these estimates result from the
different reporting requirements of these data
systems and the lack of uniformity among the
data systems on reporting of chemical
information. In addition, the potential exists for
double counting because of different "forms" of
the same chemical, as well as overlap among systems. Three types of estimates of total loadings are
included for the multimedia chemical profiles, recognizing that the number of uncertainties and the
potential for double counting of individual chemicals is more prevalent here than in the analyses
presented earlier. These three estimates span a range from low to high, based on including different
data sets in the estimates for each chemical or group of chemicals:
Low Estimate - includes loadings from AFS, RAPIDS, PCS, and TRI releases;
Medium Estimate - adds BRS wastes received and TRI transfers to the above
estimate; and
• High Estimate - adds BRS generated to the above estimate.
5-60
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization Final— April 2001
The confidence in the low estimate is greater than the high estimate for reasons explained
above about determining chemical content of hazardous wastes as well as for potential double
counting due to overlap in these systems.
Described below are multimedia loadings estimates for select chemicals of interest: lead,
VOCs, PCBs, mercury, PAHs, and endocrine disrupters. Summaries of the three estimates for each
chemical/group are presented in Table 5-14. Brief descriptions of each chemical (or group) are
provided on typical uses of the chemicals, potential modes of release, ways people might become
exposed, and possible health effects. These summaries are by no means comprehensive, and
interested readers might want to consult other documents (such as the ATSDR Toxicological
Profiles) for additional information on these chemicals.
5.2.1 Lead
Lead is a naturally occurring metal found in all parts of our environment, but most of it
comes from human activities like mining, burning of fossil fuels, batteries, metal products (solder
and pipes), and other uses. Because of health concerns, lead from gasoline, paints and ceramic
products, caulking, and pipe solder has been dramatically reduced in recent years. Exposure to lead
may occur mostly from breathing workplace air or dust (lead smelting, foundries, and manufacturing
industries); eating lead-based paint chips; drinking water that comes from lead pipes or lead soldered
fittings; and breathing or ingesting contaminated soil, dust, air, or water. Lead is of great concern,
especially for children who are susceptible to lead's effects on central nervous system, kidneys, and
the immune systems, which may result in learning deficiencies and other deleterious effects
(ATSDR, 1998).
Estimates of total lead loadings in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN, range from
2,835,415 to 572,092,157 pounds per year. Lead is included in loadings data from all media, in 8
different forms, with contributing amounts in AFS (2,235,812 pounds), RAPIDS (142,260 pounds),
PCS (56,094 pounds), and TRI releases (301,250 pounds). Wastes generated that contain lead
(including D008 and U144) total 565,727,570 pounds. Table 5-15 and Figure 5-13 present
summaries of loadings of lead to the environment. These totals represent several different forms of
5-61
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Table 5-14. Estimates of Multimedia Loadings of Select Chemicals/Groups of Chemicals
Chemical/Group
Lead
VOCs
PCBs
Mercury
PAHs
Endocrine Disrupters
Range of Loadings Estimates
Low
(pounds/yr)
2,835,415
197,369,837
2
4,304
106,231
3,223,098
Medium
(pounds/yr)
310,464,594
692,261,931
3
4,857,466
192,680
322,328,490
High
(pounds/yr)
572,092,157
754,579,973
3
6,485,336
515,998
1,466,217,318
5-62
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Table 5-15. Multimedia Loadings of Lead
Chemical
Lead
Lead
Lead compounds
Lead total recoverable
Lead. Total (as Pb)
0008
U144
Total
AFS
(Ib/yr)
2.335.812
2.335.812
RAPIDS
(Ib/yr)
142.260
142.260
BRS
Generated
(Ib/yr)
305.986.112
505.800
306.491.912
BRS
Received
259,232.522
3.136
259.235.658
3.274
52.820
56.094
7.791
293,459
301.250
1.704.511
1.824.661
3.529.172
2.485,862
293.459
3.274
52.820
0
0
2.835.415
4.190.373
2.118.120
3.274
52.820
259.232.522
3.136
310.464.594
-4.190.373
2.118.120
3.274
52.820
565.216.634
508.936
572.092.157
OS
U)
-------
ON
4-
ro
0)
U)
J3
350,000.000 i—
300,000,000
250,000,000
(A
O)
C
^
0)
O
4,000,000 —
306,491,912
3,529,172
99-056
AFS RAPIDS BRS BRS
Generated Received
PCS
TRI TRI
Releases Transfers
Figure 5-13. Multimedia Loadings for Lead
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization Final— April 2001
the parent chemical and could be an over or underestimate of actual loadings because of the nature
of the data reported in the data bases.
As presented in Section 4, lead has been identified in almost all media, including air, water,
sediments, fish, soil, groundwater, and human tissue. In recent years, the highest ambient air lead
levels have generally been monitored in Southeast Chicago near the Horsehead Resource
Development Co. In 1995, the average lead concentrations from 10 sites across Cook County were
0.123 micrograms per cubic meter (/ug/m3), with a maximum of 0.59 Atg/m3 at the Horsehead 2
monitoring site. The highest water column concentrations detected were 11 /zg/L of dissolved lead
at Calumet Harbor (near the confined disposal facility) and 400 Aig/L total lead at Wolf Lake site 3.
Lead was found at elevated levels in sediments throughout the study area, with maximums of 322
milligrams per gram (mg/kg) of lead at Garfield Park Lagoon and 10S jug/g of suspended lead in the
Des Plaines River at Riverside, IL. The highest lead level detected in fish tissue was 8.9 mg/kg in
1987 in the Grand Calumet River in Lake County. Groundwater levels of lead were generally
highest in Southeast Chicago near Lake Calumet and were found above EPA's 15 Mg/L drinking
water action level. Limited data on soil levels in Southeast Chicago detected lead at concentrations
as high as 576 ppm and, in the Austin neighborhood, as high as 1,850 ppm. Additional data on
ambient levels of lead, especially for children's blood levels, can be found in Section 4.
5.2.2 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are prime ingredients of ground level ozone, or smog.
Ozone is formed when nitrogen oxides (NOJ, and VOCs react with oxygen in the air in the presence
of strong sunlight when temperatures are higher during summer. These compounds, known as ozone
precursors, are often emitted from automobiles and other vehicles, from power plants, use of
cleaning solvents, and other sources. When inhaled, ozone can damage the lungs and can cause chest
pain, coughing, nausea, throat irritation, and congestion. It may also worsen bronchitis, heart disease,
emphysema, and asthma (U.S. EPA, 1996a).
This subsection summarizes information on sources of VOCs and ambient ozone levels in
the two-county area. Table 5-16 presents a summary of loading of VOCs to the environment.
5-65
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Table 5-18. Multimedia Loadings of VOCs
Chemical
VOCs
1,1-Dichloroethane
U076
1.1-Dlch!oroelhene
D029
U078
1 ,1 , 1-Trichloroelhane
U226
1.1,2-Trichloroethane
U227
1 ,2-Dichlorobenzene
U070
1,2-Dichloroethane
0028
U077
1.2-DichloroeUiene (total)
1 ,2-Dichloropropane
1 ,2,4-Tr ichlorobenzene
1 ,2.4-Trimethylbenzene
1 ,3-Dichlorobenzene
1.4-Dichlorobenzene
D027
U072
1.4Dioxane
Acetone
Acetonitrile
U003
Acrylonitrile
Ally! alcohol
POOS
AFS
db/yr)
RAPIDS
(Ib/yr)
3.050.408
964.880
BRS
Generated
(Ib/vr)
BRS
Received
(Ib/yr)
PCS
(Ib/yr)
TRI
Releaeee
(Ib/yr)
TRI
Transfers
(Ib/yr)
Low
Total
(Ib/yr)
4.448.474
49.404
8.800
154.818
65.424
4.513.612
1.309.028
350
649,348
4.448.474
1.674.502
16.544
20
14.804.292
26.976
1.416
7.823.548
14.368
2.288.222
328
656.542
1.882
348
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
. 1
1
1
1
85.096
35.320
166.063
275
1
177
51
101.036
14.404
197.849
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
3.135.503
0
1
0
1
0
1.000.001
0
0
1
1
1
166.063
1
1
0
0
275
0
1
0
178
51
0
Medium
Total
(Ib/yr)
1
0
1
14.804.292
0
3.236.539
26.976
1
0
1
1.416
1.014.405
7.823.548
14.368
1
1
1
363.912
1
1
2.288.222
328
275
656.542
2
1.882
f79
52
348
High
Total
(Ib/yr)
1
4.448.474
1
14.853.696
8.800
3.236.539
181.594
1
65.424
1
4.515.028
1.014.405
9.132.576
14.718
1
1
1
363.912
1
1
2.937.570
4.448.802
275
2.331.044
2
18.426
179
52
368
-------
Table 5-16. Multimedia Loadings of VOCs (cant.)
Chemical
Benzene
D018
U019
Benzyl chloride («chtorololuene)
P028
Bromoacetona
Carbon dfsulfide
P022
Carbon telrachloride
0019
CFCs
Chlorobenzene
D021
U037
Chloroelhane
Chloroform
U044
Chloromelhane
Oichlorodifluoromelhane
Eplchlorohydrln
Ethyl benzene
Elhylene oxide
Hexachlorobuladlene
m-Xylene
Methvl melhacrylata
Mettiylene chloride
U080
Naphthalene
U165
o-Xvlene
AF3
(Ib/yr)
6.176.693
860,706
RAPIDS
(Ib/yr)
2,000
304,595
1.706.170
366.855
BRS
Generated
(lb/yr»
27.112.616
35.856
548
44
216.314
152.972
191.148
4.449.348
10.43G
228.642
BRS
Received
(Ib/yr)
218.390.146
21.144
2.350
438
3.639.748
1.497.870
270
28.796
22.132
85.558
PCS
|lb/yr)
1.755
1
1
1
1
1
15
1
1
1
149
1 L
TRI
Releases
(Ib/yr)
157.937
317
1.536.405
6
373.000
1
1.579
130.014
10.483
10.879
3.457
239,239
a 777
TRI
Transfers
(Ib/yr)
12.551
1
187.000
4
1
1
421
680.960
21,000
26.834
1.269
138.149
750
Low
Total
(Ib/yr)
159.692
0
0
317
0
0
1.536.405
0
2.006
0
6.176.693
1
0
0
1
1
0
373,001
1
1.579
434.624
10.483
1
10,880
3.457
2.566.877 1
0
606.243
0
9778
Medium
Total
(Ib/yr)
172.243
218,360.146
21.144
318
2.350
0
1.703.405
438
2.010
3.639.748
6.176,693
1
1,497.670
270
1
1
28.796
373.002
2
2.000
1.115.584
31.483
1
37.714
4.726
2.566.877
22,132
744.392
85.558
10528
High
Total
(Ib/yr)
172.243
245.502.762
57.000
316
2.898
44
1.703.405
216.752
2.010
3.792.720
6,176,693
1
1.689.018
270
1
1
4.478.144
373.002
2
2.000
1.115.584
31.483
1
37.714
4.726
2.566.877
32,562
744,392
314.200
10528
in
ON
-------
Table 5-16. Multimedia Loadings of VOCs (cont.)
Chemical
p-Xylene (total)
U239
Pyridine
U196
Styrene
Tetrachloroelhene
D040
U210
Toluene
U220
Trichloroethylene
D039
U228
Trichlorofluoromethane
Unspecified VOCs
Vinyl acetate
Vinyl chloride
D043
Total
AFS
(Ih/yr)
191,662
174.932.862
182.161.923
RAPIDS
(Ib/yr)
2.114.551
8,509.257
BRS
Generated
(Ib/yr)
124.040
32
970.574
74.524
1.362.402
9.816.194
205.986
2.904
24.870
62.318.042
BRS
Received
(Ib/yr)
65.378
23.454
9.721.304
4.208
251.164
213.761.598
15.713.482
1.596
753.650
489.602.208
PCS
(Ib/yr)
1
38
1
1
1
1.962
TRI
Releases
(Ib/yr)
30
145.999
138.173
1,831.072
1.810.434
10.891
6.696.675
TRI
Transfers
(Ib/yr)
1
131.407
131.955
2.816.522
803.684
44,084
5.289.886
Low
Total
(Ib/yr)
1
0
30
0
145.999
138.211
0
0
1.831.073
0
4.116.648
0
0
0
174.932.862
10.891
1
0
197.369,837
Medium
Total
(Ib/yr)
1
65.378
31
23.454
277.406
270.166
9,721.304
4.208
4,647.595
251.164
4.920.332
213,761.598
15.713.482
1.596
174.932.862
54.975
1
753.650
692.261.931
High
Total
(Ib/yr)
1
189,418
31
23,486
277,406
270.166
10,691,878
78.732
4.647.595
1.613,566
4.920.332
223.577.792
15.919,468
4.500
174.932,862
54,975
1
778,520
754.579.973
OS
00
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization Final — April 2001
Multimedia loadings of VOCs in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN, are estimated to range from
197,369,837 to 754,579,973 pounds per year. These estimates are based on data on about 100
individual VOC chemicals, data on unspecified VOC emissions, and other materials such as
hazardous wastes that contain these chemicals. The contributions to the totals from the different
media/data bases are: 182,161,923 pounds for AFS emissions; 8,509,257 pounds for RAPIDS
emissions; 1,982 pounds of water discharges from PCS; 6,696,675 pounds of TRI releases; and
5,289,886 pounds of TRI transfers. Hazardous wastes containing VOC chemicals included
62,318,042 pounds generated and 489,602,208 pounds received in 1993. The VOC chemicals with
the largest multimedia loadings included trichloroethylene (from 4,116,648 to more than 240-million
pounds), benzene (from 159,692 to more than 245-million pounds), unspecified CFCs (6,176,693
pounds), methylene chloride (from 2,566,877 to 2,599,439 pounds), unspecified VOCs (174,932,862
pounds), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (from 3,135,503 to 3,418,133 pounds), 1,2-dichloroethane (from
1,000,001 to 10,161,699 pounds), carbon disulfide (from 1,536,405 to 1,920,157 pounds), and
toluene (from 1,831,073 to 6,261,161 pounds).
VOCs are often identified in ambient media at detectable concentrations from monitoring
programs. In addition, ozone levels in air are often a result of regional emissions from point, area,
and mobile sources of VOCs (and nitrogen oxides). Some individual VOCs detected in ambient air
by various monitoring programs included toluene (maximum concentration of 106 parts per billion
[ppb] in Chicago), benzene (maximum concentration of 160 ppb in Gary), formaldehyde (mean
concentration of 9.6 ppb), ethylene (13.4 ppb), and many other VOCs (U.S. EPA, 1996b). More
extensive VOC monitoring data are presented in Section 4.1.7 of the Environmental Loadings
Profile.
VOCs, because their tendency to volatilize to the air, are not regularly found in water column,
sediment, and fish tissue samples at detectable concentrations. However, they are occasionally found
in these media. For example, 1,2-dichloroethane was detected in the water column in the Grand
Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Ship Canal at a maximum concentration of 40,500 //g/L. Other
VOCs detected in waterbodies in the area included bromoform at 2.8 //g/L and methylene chloride
at 19 //g/L in the Grand Calumet River, in 1990 and 1992, respectively. Water column samples from
the Cal-Sag Channel contained maximum levels of VOCs such as methylene chloride (4
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization Final— April 200J
tetrachloroethylene (4 /zg/L); 1,1,1-trichloroethane (2 /ug/L); and 1,2-dichloroethane (2 /wg/L). The
Chicago River had some of the highest concentrations of VOCs in the water column including
tetrachloroethylene (maximum of 404 jug/L), trichloroethylene (546 Mg/L), chloroform (52 //g/L),
and several other VOC. Focused sampling in waterbodies in Southeast Chicago in 1983 detected
several VOCs, including 1,2-dichloroethane (maximum of 16 //g/L); chlorobenzene (3.5 //g/L),
chloroform (30 //g/L), carbon tetrachloride (0.7 //g/L); and 1,1-dichloroethene (0.5 /ig/L). Wolf
Lake Channel had a maximum of 16 /^g/L of methylene chloride in 1991-92.
Limited data exist on the presence of VOCs in sediments. Focused sampling in areas around
Lake Calumet in 1983 identified chloroethane (480 Mg/kg); 1,1-dichloroethane (38 A*g/kg); 1,1,1-
trichloroethane; and toluene (9.0 Mg/kg) in sediments on the east side of Lake Calumet. Other
monitoring efforts detected maximum concentrations of VOCs in sediments in the Grand Calumet
River and Indiana Harbor Ship Canal, including dichlorophenol (3.3 /ug/g), dimethylphenol (3.2
jug/g), and several other VOCs such as p-chlorotoluene, ethylbenzene, and p-dichlorobenzene at
concentrations ranging from 2 to 20 jug/g (Hoke et al., 1993).
Certain VOCs were detected in fish tissue samples from waterbodies in the area, including:
1,1,1-trichloroethane at a maximum of 0.022 mg/kg in Wolf Lake; 2-butanone at a maximum
concentration of 0.41 mg/kg in Wolf Lake; benzene at a maximum of 0.12 mg/kg in the Grand
Calumet River; carbon disulfide at a maximum of 0.068 mg/kg in Wolf Lake; ethylbenzene at a
maximum of 0.064 mg/kg in the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal; tetrachlorethylene at a maximum of
0.099 mg/kg in Lake George; toluene at a maximum of 0.037 mg/kg in the Grand Calumet River,
and total xylenes at a maximum of 0.25 mg/kg in Indiana Harbor Ship Canal.
VOCs were identified in 20 of the 128 wells sampled in this region as part of a groundwater
study conducted by USGS and EPA in 1993 (DuWelms et al., 1996). Eighteen of the 20 wells with
detectable concentrations of VOCs were located in areas with industrial operations, waste disposal,
or fill material. Compounds most frequently detected included solvents and degreasers used in
industrial and manufacturing processes. Many of the chemicals detected in groundwater can be
associated with petroleum refining and coking operations, such as benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene,
and xylenes (BTEX). Several VOCs were identified at levels exceeding drinking water standards,
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization Final— April 2001
including maximums for benzene (9,900 ^g/L), 1,1-dichloroethylene (66 //g/L), and vinyl chloride
(10,000 Mg/L). Other VOCs detected included maximums for acetone (37 jug/L), chloroform (5
/zg/L); 1,1-dichloroethane (7 yt/g/L); 1,2-dichloroethene (42,000 ytzg/L); ethylbenzene (330 /ug/L); 2-
hexanone (7 Afg/L); methyl isobutyl ketone (4 f^g/L); styrene (SjUg/L); toluene (600 /zg/L); and
xylenes (400 Mg/L)- The high concentrations of vinyl chloride and 1,2-dichloroethene were
identified in groundwater near the entrance to a landfill in Southeast Chicago near Lake Calumet and
may be the result of spillage or leakage from transports, or possibly illegal dumping (DuWelius et
al., 1996).
5.2.3 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of manufactured organic chemicals that
contain 209 individual chlorinated chemicals. They have been used widely as coolants and lubricants
in transformers, capacitors, and other electrical equipment; however, the manufacture of PCBs was
banned in the United States in 1977 because of evidence that they build up in the environment and
cause harmful effects to human heath and wildlife. Despite decreasing use of PCBs, they remain in
the environment for years, often concentrating in sediments and fish tissue. They can be released into
the environment from hazardous waste sites that contain PCBs; illegal or improper dumping of PCB
wastes; and leaks from electrical transformers containing PCBs. Human exposure can occur by
eating food, including fish, meat and dairy products containing PCBs; breathing air near hazardous
waste sites that contain PCBs; drinking PCB-contaminated well water; and repairing or maintaining
PCB transformers. PCB inhalation and ingestion may cause liver, kidney, stomach, thyroid gland,
and skin damage, and certain PCB compounds/mixtures may be carcinogens (ATSDR, 1998).
Only 3 pounds of PCBs were estimated in loadings to the environment in Cook County, IL,
and Lake County, IN. Less than 1 pound was estimated (0.69 pounds) in air emissions from sources
inventoried for RAPIDS. Two additional pounds of PCBs were included in TRI releases and
transfers in 1995. No hazardous waste codes were identified that directly indicated the presence of
PCBs. PCBs are present in environmental media such as air, surface water, sediments, fish tissue,
and others as a result from years of accumulation in ambient media from their previous use. In
particular, PCBs are commonly detected at levels of concern in sediments and fish tissue. Current
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Section 5; Integrated Environmental Characterization Final— April 2001
loadings of PCBs are mostly atmospheric deposition from long-range transport. Recent measures
to reduce the use and release of PCBs into the environment have been successful; however, they are
still detected because of their persistence in the environment.
Limited PCB air monitoring has been conducted in the Chicago area at the sites in central
Chicago and offshore in Lake Michigan. The average total PCBs measured in central Chicago were
2,139 picograms per cubic meter (pg/m3) and 808 pg/m3 in Lake Michigan. PCBs, because of other
physical/chemical properties, tend to accumulate in sediments (and fish) and are rarely found in the
water column at detectable concentrations. One sample from Wolf Lake (Site #3) had 2.0 //g/L total
PCBs, and a maximum concentration of 0.27 fj,§/L of PCB-1248 was detected in the water column
in the primary setting basin of the confined disposal facility near Calumet Harbor. PCBs are of
major concern in sediments in much of the area, particularly in the Grand Calumet River and Indiana
Harbor Ship Canal. An estimated 420 pounds of PCBs are annually deposited in Lake Michigan
from sediments transported out of the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Ship Canal.
Because of high levels of PCBs (and other contaminants) fish consumption warnings and bans have
been issued for these waterbodies and for Lake Michigan. Detected total PCB levels in sediments
of these waterbodies are as high as 102.3 mg/kg (ppm). PCBs have been detected in sediments at
lower concentrations, 4,000 /ug/kg (ppb) in Wolf Lake and 600 //g/kg in Salt Creek. (Extensive data
and discussion on PCB levels in sediments are presented in Section 4.3 of this document.)
PCBs were one of the most frequently detected organic compounds in fish tissue samples
from this area, with 29 samples exceeding the FDA action level for these compounds. The highest
concentration, 27 ppm, was detected in the Grand Calumet River in 1994. The mean detected PCB
level in the study area was 1.76 ppm. Only three wells in the study area yielded detectable
concentrations of PCBs, though two of the samples exceeded EPA's drinking water standard of 0.5
A/g/L for total PCBs. The largest concentration, 0.99 //g/L for total PCBs was found north of the
Grand Calumet River near steel industry. One other sample contained total PCBs at 0.17 jug/L; this
sample was found near Lake Calumet in areas with filled land and waste disposal activities
(DuWelius, 1996).
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5.2.4 Mercury
Mercury is a naturally occurring metal used to produce chlorine gas and caustic soda and also
in thermometers, dental fillings, and batteries. Mercury can be found in the environment in several
forms, including methyl mercury. Exposure may occur from eating fish or shellfish contaminated
with methyl mercury; breathing vapors in air from incinerators and industries that burn
mercury-containing fuels and other sources. Exposure to high levels of inorganic mercury salts can
cause kidney damage, nervous system effects, nausea, and diarrhea. Exposure to methyl mercury is
more dangerous for young children than for adults, because more of it passes into children's brains
where it interferes with normal development (ATSDR, 1998).
Estimates of mercury loadings in the two-county area range from 4,304 to 6,485,336 pounds
per year. Mercury loadings include five different forms of the chemical measured in air emissions,
water discharges, and hazardous wastes generated and received, with contributing amounts in AFS
(35 pounds), RAPIDS (4,274 pounds), and PCS (28 pounds). Major sources of mercury in this area
areNIPSCO-Dean H. Mitchell Station (30 pounds in AFS and 404 pounds in RAPIDS), Inland Steel
(4 pounds in AFS and 240 pounds in RAPIDS), East Chicago Sanitary District (220 pounds in
RAPIDS) and U.S. Steel-South Works (87 pounds in RAPIDS). Two waste codes, D009 and U151,
containing mercury were generated and received in 1993 in amounts of 1,627,614 and 4,852,962
pounds, respectively.
Mercury has been detected in ambient media including air, surface waters, sediments, fish,
soil, and other media in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN. Though mercury is not routinely
monitored in ambient air, it is a chemical of increasing concern emitted from incinerators, power
plants, and other sources. Air monitoring conducted in 1991 in central Chicago and offshore in Lake
Michigan detected vapor-phase mercury (Keeler, 1994a). The average concentration of 58 samples
at the central Chicago site was 8.7 nanograms per cubic meter (ng/m3) (0.0087 /J,g/m*), with a
maximum of 62.7 ng/m3. The average concentration from 25 offshore samples was 2.3 ng/m3, with
a maximum of 4.9 ng/m3. Detected levels of mercury in surface waters in the area include
concentrations as high as 3.1 /i/g/L (dissolved mercury) and 1.1 /zg/L (total mercury) near the
confined disposal facility near Calumet Harbor and 0.3 Aig/L (total mercury) in the Grand Calumet
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River. Sediment levels of mercury included maximums of 6.2 mg/kg at Axehead Site #1,2.2 mg/kg
in the Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Ship Canal, and 1 mg/kg in Wolf Lake. Mercury was
one of the most commonly detected contaminants in fish tissue, with the highest concentrations
detected in Sherman Park Lagoon (1.4 mg/kg) between 1988 and 1990 and 0.47 mg/kg in Marquette
Park Lagoon in 1990. The highest mercury levels detected in fish tissue exceeded the FDA action
level. Soil levels of mercury detected in Southeast Chicago were as high as 0.29 ppm, and mercury
was detected in 69 groundwater samples at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1.1 jUg/L, though none
of the levels exceeded drinking water standards.
5.2.5 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of over 100 different chemicals that
are formed during the incomplete burning of coal, oil and gas, garbage, or other organic substances
like tobacco or charbroiled meat. PAHs are usually found as a mixture of these compounds, such as
soot, coal tar, crude oil, creosote, and roofing tar. Exposure to PAHs may occur by breathing air
contaminated by fires, coal tar/asphalt production plants, coking operations at steel mills,
smokehouses, municipal trash incineration, cigarette smoke, vehicle exhausts, and many others.
PAHs can cause harmful effects on the skin, body fluids, and the ability to fight disease after both
short- and long-term exposure. Some PAHs are believed to cause cancer (ATSDR, 1998).
This subsection summarizes information on sources of PAHs and ambient levels in the two
county area. Multimedia loadings of PAHs ranged from 106,231 to 515,998 pounds per year, with
the majority of the mass accounted for by hazardous wastes. Estimates of loadings of PAHs include
32,322 pounds in RAPIDS; 170 pounds in PCS; 73,739 pounds TRI releases; and 891 pounds TRI
transfers. About 323,318 pounds of hazardous wastes were generated, and 85,558 pounds were
received that contain PAHs. The individual PAH chemicals with the largest TRI loadings included
anthracene, with 54,299 pounds released and 890 pounds transferred, and phenanthrene with 19,440
pounds released in 1995 based on TRI. Air emissions of PAH compounds in RAPIDS were
estimated at 9,607 pounds of benzo(a)pyrene, 418 pounds of chrysene, 391 pounds of fluoranthene,
38 pounds of benzo(a)anthracene, and 21,868 pounds of unspecified PAHs. The majority of the
mass of hazardous wastes containing PAHs were 228,642 pounds of napthalene wastes (U165).
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PAHs have been identified in various media in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IL;
however, because of their physical-chemical properties as semivolatiles, they have a tendency to be
found in bottom sediments of waterbodies, fish tissue, and groundwater. In fact, limited data
indicate the presence of these compounds in ambient air and the water column. Twenty PAHs were
monitored in ambient air in central Chicago and offshore in Lake Michigan in 1991 (Keeler, 1994a).
Phenanthrene and napthalene were found in central Chicago, with average concentrations of 0.168
and 0.507 /ug/m3, respectively. Napthalene also had the highest maximum concentration of 0.806
Mg/L in central Chicago. Offshore average concentration of napthalene was 0.119 Atg/m3, while all
other PAHs had averages of less than 0.1 pg/m3. Maximum concentrations of other PAHs in central
Chicago and offshore included: acenapthene (0.133 and 0.081 A^g/m3), fluorene (0.132 and 0.016
^g/m3), and fluoranthene (0.110 and 0.088 Mg/rfl3). More detailed information on this study can be
found in Section 4.1.7 of this report.
No PAHs were specifically identified in water column data from STORET forthe years 1990
to 1995, though these compounds were found frequently at high levels in sediments of waterbodies
in this area. The highest concentrations were generally in the Grand Calumet River and Indiana
Harbor Ship Canal. Maximum concentrations of select PAHs in these waterbodies included
napthalene (2,033 //g/g), pyrene (3,300 //g/g), phenanthrene (207 //g/g), fluoranthene (160 //g/g), and
others (U.S. EPA, 199la). Several PAHs, including pyrene, athracene, and phenanthrene, were
identified at concentrations that exceeded sediment quality guidelines. More recent monitoring
results, from studies conducted in 1989 and 1990, reported the presence of PAHs in the Indiana
Harbor Ship Canal at concentrations several orders of magnitude above sediment quality guidelines
(U.S. EPA, 1996a). Maximums for select PAHs included anthracene (300,000 //g/g),
benzo(a)anthracene (39,000 Atg/g), benzo(a)pyrene (41,000 /zg/g), fluoranthene (120,000 /zg/g),
fluorene (61,000 fJ-g/g), and napthalene (24,000 jug/g)- Total PAH concentrations ranged from
67,971 to 941,340 Mg/g, considerably higher than applicable sediment quality guidelines for total
PAHs which range from 4,022 to 10,000 //g/g (U.S. EPA, 1996d).
Several PAHs were also identified in fish tissue samples collected from waterbodies in Cook
County, IL, and Lake County, IN. Most of the maximum concentrations of these chemicals were
found in fish sampled from the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal. Specifically, the maximum
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concentrations for the following PAHs were detected in this waterbody: anthracene (0.059 mg/kg),
fluoranthene (0.21 mg/kg), fluorene (1.41 mg/kg), phenanthrene (0.76 mg/kg), and pyrene (0.16
mg/kg). Maximum concentrations of other PAHs from other waterbodies in the study area include
acenapthene at 4.3 mg/kg from the Grand Calumet and acenapthylene at 2.8 mg/kg in the Kankakee
River.
Some of the most frequently detected compounds in ground-water in this area were PAHs,
specifically phenanthrene and napthalene (DuWelius et al., 1996). Most of the PAHs were found
in groundwater in areas with industrial activity and waste disposal sites. Napthalene was detected
in 7 wells, with a maximum concentration of 12 Mg/L. Phenanthrene was found in 8 wells, with a
maximum of 14 /zg/L. Several other PAHs were detected in groundwater, including fluorene
(maximum concentration 2 i/g/L), fluoranthene (2 /ug/L), and benzo(a)fluoranthene at 0.5 /ug/L
which exceeded EPA's proposed drinking water standard of 0.2 //g/L for this chemical.
5.2.6 Endocrine Disrupters
Endocrine disrupter chemicals (EDCs) are a group of chemicals that are believed to cause
adverse heath effects in humans and wildlife. EDCs include organochlorine pesticides such as DDT,
industrial chemicals such as PCBs, drugs, and contaminants such as dioxins (CENR, 1996). The
concern is that these chemicals, even at extremely low concentrations, can act as "hormone
imposters" and exert effects such as mimicking or interfering with hormones (EEPA, 1997b).
Adverse biological effects that may be associated with exposures to EDCs include cancer,
reproductive and developmental alterations, amd neurological and immunological effects. Because
of the growing concern about the presence of these chemicals in the environment, government
agencies have initiated research programs to address potential risks posed by this group of chemicals.
This subsection summarizes information on sources of EDCs and ambient levels in the
two-county area. Loadings of endocrine disrupters in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN, are
estimated to range from about 3,223,098 to 1,466,217,318 pounds per year. Table 5-17 summarizes
the loadings of endocrine disrupters. This estimate includes data on 26 of the 74 chemicals listed
by IEPA as endocnne disrupters (IEPA, 1997b). For many of the endocrine disrupters, no data were
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Table 5-17. Multimedia Loadings of Endocrine Disrupter Chemicals
Chemical
AFS
(Ib/yr)
RAPIDS
(Ib/yr)
BR9
Generated
(Ib/yr)
BRS
Received
(Ib/yr)
PCS
(Ib/yr)
TRI
Releases
(Ib/yr)
TRI
Transfers
(Ib/yr)
Low
Total
(Ib/yr)
Medium
Total
(Ib/yr)
High
Total
(Ib/yr)
Endocrine Disrupter Chemicals
2.4-D
0016
U240
2.4-Dichlorophenol
2.4.5-T
AWrin
Amitrole (Aminotriazole)
Cadmium
D006
Chlordane
D020
U036
ODD
DDT
Di-n-bulyl Phthalate
U069
Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
Dioxins (2.3.7.8-)
Di(2-Ethylhexyl)Phthalate
U028
Furans (2.3.7.8-)
U213
Heptachlor
Hexachlorobenzene
D032
Lead
895
2.335.812
115,812
816
008
1
142.260
91.582
826
300
456
8
830.877.078
602
74
42
4.152.584
188
32.692
306.491.912
618
6.748
1,038
35.467.974
771.608
25,700
209,540
160
163.770
4.190
711.074
259.235.658
- 1.803
1
56,094
35
6.660
1.701
3.422
301,250
226
365.038
3.737
99.229
3,529,172
35
0
0
0
0
0
0
125.170
0
816
0
0
0
0
1.701
0
0.00
0.08
3.422
0
1
0
0
1
0
2,835,416
261
616
6.748
0
0
0
1.038
490.208
35.467.974
816
771.608
0
0
25.700
5.438
209.540
0.00
008
102.651
163.770
1
4.190
0
1
711.074
265.600.246
261
92.200
7.574
300
456
8
1.038
490.208
866.345.052
816
771.608
602
74
25.700
5.438
209.582
180.00
0.08
102.651
4.316.354
1
4.190
186
1
743.766
572.092.158
ISl
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Table 5-17. Multimedia Loadings of Endocrine Disrupter Chemicals (cont.)
Chemical
Lindane
U129
Mercury
D014
U247
Methyl Parathion
PAHs
Parathion
PCBs
Pentachlorophenol
Slyrene
Toxaphene
Total
APS
(Ib/yr)
35
0
2.336.742
RAPIDS
(Ib/yr)
4.241
32.322
1
295.453
BRS
Generated
(Ib/yr)
227.836
60.308
1.627.870
160
488
323.318
120
122
194
1.143.888.770
BRS
Received
(Ib/yr)
62.832
4.853.162
6.748
6.748
9.173.750
85,558
4.328,168
315.115.064
PCS
(Ib/yr)
28
170
58.096
TRI
Releases
(Ib/yr)
0
73.739
1
145.999
532.607
TRI
Transfers
(Ib/yr)
0
891
1
3.998.294
Low
Total
(Ib/yr)
0
0
4.304
0
0
106.231
0
2
0
145,999
0
3,223.098
Medium
Total
(Ib/yr)
62.632
0
4.857.466
6.748
9.173.750
192.680
0
3
4,328,168
145,999
0
322,329.528
High
Total
(Ib/yr)
290.668
60.308
6.485.336
7.246
9.173.750
515.998
120
3
4.328.290
145.999
194
1.466.218.318
in
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CCR1Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization Final— April 2001
available on their loadings to the environment from air emissions, water discharges, hazardous waste
generation, or toxic chemical releases and transfers. This may be explained by several reasons,
including the fact that several of these chemicals are pesticides, whose uses have been banned in the
United States. In addition, many of these chemicals are not the types routinely measured in air
emissions, water discharges, or other types of releases (e.g., many of these chemicals are not on the
TRI list.). Therefore, much of the loadings of the endocrine disrupter chemicals were accounted for
by hazardous wastes containing these chemicals, and the more commonly monitored compounds
such as lead, cadmium, PAHs, and styrene.
Loadings of endocrine disrupter chemicals were from all media sources, including 2,336,742
pounds of air emissions from AFS; 295,453 pounds of air emissions from RAPIDS; 58,096 pounds
of water discharges from PCS; TRI releases of 532,807 pounds; and transfers of 3,998,294 pounds
(Table 5-17). Hazardous wastes determined to contain some quantities of endocrine disrupter
chemicals (based on review of waste code information and also from the methodology used by
Illinois EPA in 1997 report on endocrine disrupters) amounted to 1,143,888,770 pounds generated
and 315,115,064 pounds received. The individual chemicals with the largest loadings included lead
(from 2,835,415 to 572,092,157 pounds); cadmium (from 125,170 to 866,835,260 pounds); mercury
(from 4,304 to 6,485,336 pounds); chlordane (from 816 to 772,424 pounds); di-n-butyl phthalate
(from 1,201 to 215,020 pounds); and di(2-ethyl hexyl)phthalate (from 3,422 to 4,419,005 pounds).
Total loadings from other chemicals, such as pesticides, included methyl parathion (from 0 to
9,173,750 pounds); lindane (from 0 to 350,976 pounds); DDT (from 0 to 25,700 pounds);
hexaclorobenzene (from 1 to 743,766 pounds); 2,4-D (from 35 to 100,035 pounds); and 2,3,7,8-
Dioxins were 0.08 pounds.
While many of the endocrine disrupters are not routinely released by point sources, they are
present in environmental media from years of use and from nonpoint sources. Specifically, many
of these chemicals have been identified in sediments, fish tissue, and other media years after their
use. Summarized below are select data on the presence of some of the endocrine disrupter chemicals
in ambient air, water column, sediments, fish tissue, and groundwater in Cook County, IL, and Lake
County, IN.
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Numerous endocrine disrupter chemicals have been identified in the ambient environment
in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN, particularly in sediments and fish tissue. As mentioned
above, many of the organochlorine pesticides and herbicides are no longer used; however, their
persistence in the environment is demonstrated by their presence in these media. This discussion
focuses on select chemicals identified in various media to which people might be exposed. Table
5-18 presents an overview of EDCs detected in water column and sediment samples in this area
(information on the endocrine disrupter chemicals lead, mercury, PAHs, and PCBs was presented
earlier in this subsection and is not duplicated here).
Ambient air monitoring conducted in 1 99 1 in central Chicago and offshore in Lake Michigan
detected a few endocrine disrupters at very low concentrations, usually in the picogram/per cubic
meter (pg/m3) range (a picogram is 1 million times smaller than a microgram). Average
concentrations at the central Chicago site included atrazine (183 pg/m3); 4,4'-DDT (183 pg/m3);
dieldrin (150 pg/m3); and P,P'-DDE (119 pg/m3). Offshore concentrations of endocrine disrupter
chemicals included atrazine (286 pg/m3), hexachlorobenzene (104 pg/m3), and lindane (103 pg/m3),
while all other averages for pesticides were less than 100 pg/m3 (Keeler, 1994a).
Several endocrine disrupter chemicals have been identified in the water column in this area.
Specifically, nine chemicals were found in the water column from monitoring conducted between
1990 and 1995 as presented in STORET and the literature. Maximum concentrations of these
chemicals (Table 5-18) include: alachlor in the Kankakee River at 3.2 ^g/L (total) and 2.8 jug/L
(dissolved), aldrin in the Grand Calumet River at 0.05 jug/L, atrazine in the Kankakee River at 4.4
jug/L (dissolved) and 5.6 ^g/L (total), cadmium in Washington Lagoon at 7 ,wg/L, lindane in both
the Des Plaines and Grand Calumet Rivers at 0.02 Mg/L, metolachlor (dual) in the Des Plaines River
at 2.7 /wg/L, metolachlor (dissolved) in the Kankakee River at 1 . 1 Aig/L, and three chemicals in Wolf
Lake (P,P'-DDT at 0.01 ^g/L, total PCBs at 2 //g/L, and pentachlorophenol at 0.27 j
These chemicals are more prevalent in sediments of the waterbodies in this region, though
they have been detected in Cook County more frequently than in Lake County. About 1 0 endocrine
disruptor chemicals were identified in sediments (Table 5-18), including chlordane (trans isomer),
which was detected at a maximum concentration in the Chicago River at 26,000 //g/kg. In general,
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Table 5-18. Concentrations of Select Endocrine Disrupter Chemicals in Water Column and Sediment Samples
Water Column
Chemical
Alachlor (total)
Alachloi (dissolved)
Aldi in (total)
Atra/.inc (dissolved)
Aliazmc (whole sample)
Cadmium (total)
Lmdanc (total)
Mctolacliloi (dual)
Mctolnchlor (dissolved)
I'.P'-DDT (total)
PCBs (whole sample)
I'cnlaclilorophcnol (total)
Maximum
Concentration
(Mg/L)
32
28
005
44
56
7
002
27
1 1
001
2
027
Waterbody
Kankakec River
Kankakee River
Grand Calumet River
Kankakee River
Kankakec River
Washington Lagoon
Des Flames River and Grand Calumet River
Des Flames River
Kankakee River
Wolf Lake
Wolf Lake
Wolf Lake
Sediments
Chemical
Aldrm (sed-dry weight)
Aldnn
Cadmium
Cadmium (mud-dry weight)
Chlordanc (dry-tech & exposed met)
Chlordane
Chlordanc (trans isomer)
DDT (sum analogs mud)
DDT (sum analogs)
Dicldrm (sed)
Dicldrm (scd-dry weight)
Dicldrm
Endrm (sed-dry weight)
L'ndrin
Hexachlorobenzene
Melhoxychlor
P,P'-DDD (scd-dry weight)
P,P'-DDD (sed-dry weight)
P.P'-DDR
P,P'-DDE
P.P'-DDT (scd-dry weight)
P,P'-DDT
PCBs (mud)
2,3,7,8-Dioxms and l-'uians
Maximum
Concentration
G*g/kg)
1 9
58
4,500
6,000
78
18
26,000
210
1,000
87
58
7
1 8
26
24
53
140
620
68
120
260
18
102,300
3 8-43,000 pg/g
Waterbody
Wolf Lake
Chicago River
Giand Calumet River
Wolf Lake
Wolf Lake
Chicago River
Chicago River
Garfleld Lagoon
Chicago River
Lincoln North Park
Douglass Lagoon
Chicago River
Wolf Lake
Chicago River
Chicago River
Chicago River
Garficld
Chicago River
Giii-ficId
Chicago River
Wolf Lake
Chicago River
Chicago River
Indiana Harbor Canal/
Grand Calumet River
oo
Pg/g
micrograms per liter
micrograms per kilogram
picograms per gram
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization Final— April 2001
the Chicago River and Wolf Lake had the most number of endocrine disrupters at their maximum
concentration. Some of the chemicals detected in the Chicago River included aldrin at 5.8 #g/kg,
DDT (sum of analogs) at 1,000 /^g/kg, and dieldrin at 7 Mg/kg- The maximums for cadmium were
4,500 //g/kg in the Grand Calumet River and cadmium (mud-dry weight) at 6,000 A*g/kg in Wolf
Lake. Other chemicals detected in these sediments included dieldrin, endrin, hexachlorobenzene,
and methoxyclor.
Fish tissue samples in this area containing endocrine disrupter chemicals at their highest
concentrations in the study area included aldrin at 0.22 mg/kg in the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal,
cadmium at 0.039 mg/kg in the Kankakee River, chlordane at 0.58 mg/kg in Lake Michigan, and
DDT (total) at 31 mg/kg in Lake Michigan. DDT, as well as its metabolites ODD and DDE, were
detected at their highest concentrations in the Grand Calumet River. Dieldrin's maximum
concentration was 0.4 mg/kg in Douglas Park Lagoon. Endin was detected in the Grand Calumet
River at concentrations as high as 0.04 mg/kg. Other endocrine disrupters detected in fish tissue in
the study area were heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, hexachlorobenzene, lindane, methoxychlor, and
mirex (more information on fish tissue levels can be found in Section 4.4 of the Environmental
Loadings Profile).
Groundwater monitoring conducted in 1993 by USGS and EPA identified several endocrine
disrupter chemicals in the study area. The EDCs most frequently detected were pesticides, such as
endrin (as endrin aldehyde) and P,P'-DDT, which were found in 14 and 9 wells, respectively. Other
endocrine disrupters detected were aldrin (4 wells with a maximum of 0.014 Mg/L); P,P'-DDD (4
wells with a maximum of 1.5 Mg/L); dieldrin (4 wells with a maximum of 0.28 //g/L); gamma-
chlordane (3 wells with a maximum of 0.21 //g/L); heptachlor (2 wells with a maximum of 0.11
/ug/L); and several others. Most of the pesticides were detected in groundwater from areas in
Southeast Chicago near industrial and waste disposal facilities in the vicinity of Lake Calumet.
Concentrations of lead, mercury, and PCBs were also detected in groundwater in Cook County, IL,
and Lake County, EN, and were described earlier in this section. Other EDCs found in groundwater
were styrene in 1 well at 5 ^g/L, well below the 199 //g/L drinking water standard for that
compound; di-n-butyl phalate in 15 wells at a maximum concentration of 5 jUg/L; and cadmium from
1 well at 2 //g/L, which is below its drinking water standard of 5 /zg/L.
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Industry Type Analysis
Multimedia Loadings from Industrial
Sectors
Ranking of Industries by Air
Emissions, Water Discharges,
Hazardous Waste Generated and
Received, and Toxic Chemical
Releases and Transfers
Focus on Chemical, Primary Metals,
Petroleum, Metal Fabrication, and
Other Sectors
5.3 INDUSTRY TYPE ANALYSIS
Analysis of the industries with the
largest multimedia loadings indicates that the
chemical, primary metals, and petroleum
industries are the biggest sources to the air,
water, land, and other media in Cook County,
IL, and Lake County, IN. This section
presents multimedia loadings summaries
according to the types of industries that
produce air emissions, generate hazardous
wastes, discharge chemicals to waterbodies,
and have various types of toxic chemical
releases and transfers. These data were
primarily derived from the data bases
described above, including AFS, RAPIDS,
BRS, PCS, and TR1 This analysis examines the amount of pollution generated, rather than the
potential risks from particular chemicals and media of the release that might result in human
exposures. For example, hazardous wastes generated are generally placed in containers and shipped
off site for treatment or disposal and, therefore, may not represent a sizeable loading to the air we
breathe, the water we drink, and other media to which we might be exposed.
All sources in Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN, generate about 8-billion pounds per
year of air pollution, water pollution, hazardous wastes, and toxic chemical releases/transfers.
Hazardous waste generation, at about 4.5-billion pounds, accounts for much of the total. The
discussion below presents a relative ranking of the major industries in the two-county area.
Table 5-19 summarizes rankings of industry types, based on loadings within each "media/data base."
In general, the largest industries are usually among the largest across all media. Specifically, the
industries with consistently large loadings are the chemical, primary metals, and petroleum
industries. For the seven media/data bases, the chemical industry appears in the top five largest
sources in each, with a number one ranking in hazardous wastes generated. The primary metals
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Table 5-19. Rankings of the Largest Industrial Sectors by Multimedia Loadings
SIC Code
20
27
28
29
30
32
33
34
36
37
49
51
73
99
-
Industry
Food
Printing
Chemical
Petroleum
Plastics
Stone/Clay
Primary Metal
Fabrication/Metals
Electrical
Transportation
Utilities
Nondurable
Wholesale
Business Services
Nonclassified
Other/Area Sources
AFS
5
10
3
2
~
7
1
9
--
—
4
6
~
8
—
RAPIDS
—
~
3
10
6
—
2
5
7
9
~
—
—
—
1
BRS
Generated
_.
8
1
3
—
~
5
2
4
~
7
9
6
—
—
PCS
5
~
3
4
—
9
2
--
—
~
1
—
—
—
—
TRI Releases
3
~
5
6
4
~
1
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
TRI Transfers
6
7
2
3
8
~
1
4
5
—
—
__
__
__
oo
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CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile
Section 5: Integrated Environmental Characterization Final— April 2001
industry also appears in the top five for all media/data bases, but it ranked number one in three
instances. The petroleum industry appears in the top ten in all seven media, but its highest ranking
is number two (for AFS). Described below are multimedia loadings estimates for the largest
industries in the study area: chemical, primary metals, petroleum, metal fabrication, and others, such
as food, plastics, stone/clay, and electrical industries.
5.3.1 Chemical Industry
The chemical industry, SIC Code 28, accounts for about 25 percent of all loadings in the
study area. The chemical industry's major loadings are hazardous wastes (2,142,296,092 pounds
generated in 1993), which was more than twice as much as any other industry's. This industry also
has significant TRI releases and transfers. Specifically, the chemical industry released 2,280,002
pounds of toxic chemicals and had off-site transfers of 20,714,587 pounds (about 25 percent of the
total transfers for all sources). About 5 percent of all wastewater discharge loadings come from
chemical producers (22,207,153 pounds). Air emissions from this industrial sector are much smaller
than the primary metals industry; point source emissions in AFS are 139,343,132 pounds, which is
about one order of magnitude smaller than primary metals facilities. One large chemical and allied
products producer, Bradshaw-Praeger, contributed about 87-million pounds or 63 percent of the
industry's total AFS loading. About 10 percent of the RAPIDS air emissions (1,556,221 pounds)
estimate were attributed to chemical producers such as Keil Chemical/Ferro Corp. (965,100
pounds).
5.3.2 Primary Metals Industry
Primary metals facilities (SIC Code 33) include steel mills and contribute the largest air
emissions in the study area (1,241,249,781 pounds or more than 50 percent of all emissions reported
in AFS). To some degree, a few large steel mills account for much of the total loadings, including
U.S. Steel-Gary, Acme Steel AFS, Inland Steel, and a few others. From RAPIDS, the primary
metals industry was the largest emitter, with 3,191,947 pounds of the 15,240,680 pounds total for
point sources and area sources in the two-county area. Major emissions from the steel industry
documented in RAPIDS included U.S. Steel-Gary Works, with 1,498,869 pounds (mostly coke oven
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gas, polycyclic organic compounds, and manganese compounds), U.S. Steel-South Works (484,798
pounds); Inland Steel (309,702 pounds); and LTV Steel (286,726 pounds). The primary metals
industry also has significant loadings of chemicals to surface waters and multimedia toxic chemical
releases and transfers as reported in TRI. In 1995, total water discharges in PCS were 33,709,597
pounds, which was the second largest of any industrial sector (behind utilities which had
352,543,500 pounds discharged). TRI releases and transfers from this industry are the largest in the
area, with 15,845,690 pounds released and 23,987,413 transferred offsite in 1995.
5.3.3 Petroleum Industry
The petroleum industry (SIC Code 29) has several large facilities in the area, with Amoco
Oil in Whiting, IN, as one of the largest air emitters and generators of hazardous wastes. Overall,
the petroleum industry had air emissions in APS of 611,352,550 pounds (about half as large as the
primary metals industry); RAPIDS emissions of 155,867 pounds (about one-tenth as large as the
chemical industry's); hazardous waste generation of 712,337,916 pounds (about one-third as large
as the chemical industry's); and TRI releases of 1,662,949 pounds and transfers of 17,143,493 (much
smaller than both the chemical and primary metals industries'). Besides Amoco Oil, which appears
near the top of lists of the largest air emitters and waste generators, Clark Oil and Refining is the
other largest source in this industry, with AFS air loadings in 1995 of 35,529,291 pounds and TRI
air emissions of 77,771 pounds.
53.4 Metal Fabricators
The Chicago area is known as having a large number of metal fabricators, including foundries
and other types of manufacturers of metal products (SIC Code 34). While this industry's air
emissions in AFS are two orders of magnitude smaller than the primary metals industry, their
emissions of toxic chemicals in RAPIDS are significant (1,080,308 pounds compared to primary
metals' 3,191,947 pounds). Also, generation of hazardous wastes is more than four times larger
(941,533,254 pounds) than the primary metals industry's and second only to the chemical producers.
Toxic chemical releases and transfers of 3,292,426 and 9,759,039 pounds, as reported in TRI for
1995, are smaller than both the primary metals and chemical industry.
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5.3.5 Utilities
Utilities in the Cook County, IL, and Lake County, IN, area include power plants and
municipal sewage treatment plants, which are significant sources of air pollution and have the largest
discharges to waterbodies by more than an order of magnitude. Air emissions from these facilities
are 136,837,367 pounds (in AFS) or 6 percent of the total. Only the primary metals, petroleum, and
chemical industries have collectively larger loadings to air than the power plants. The largest utility
sources include Commonwealth Edison in Hammond (49,188,019 pounds), NIPSCO - Dean H.
Mitchell Station (28,219,906 pounds), Commonwealth Edison - Crawford Station (27,212,134
pounds), and Commonwealth Edison - Fisk Station (20,851,427 pounds). The utilities with the
largest loadings to waterbodies are the sewage treatment plants, with 3 52,543,500 of the 414,775,802
pounds discharged to waterbodies in the study area. The sewage treatment plants with the largest
discharges, based on 1995 data in PCS, are Hammond Municipal STP (182,783,675 pounds), Gary
Wastewater Treatment Plant (69,177,958 pounds), MWRDGC Stickney (45,443,631 pounds), East
Chicago STP (33,852,917 pounds), MWRDGC Calumet STP (10,755,231 pounds), and MWRDGC
Northside STP (6,332,293 pounds).
5.3.6 Other Industries
Several other industrial sectors have significant loadings to the environment in Cook County,
FL, and Lake County, IN. In general, these smaller industries may have sizable loadings to one
medium or another. Rarely will they have consistently large multimedia loadings like chemicals,
primary metals, petroleum, and similar industries. This section summarizes loadings from the food,
plastics, stone/clay, and electrical industries and provides comparison to the previously mentioned
industry sectors to provide context.
The food industry (SIC Code 20) has significant air emissions (as reported in AFS),
wastewater discharges and TRI releases. Specifically, 39,798,970 pounds were emitted, based on
AFS data; 1,476,491 pounds were discharged to waterbodies; and 2,975,269 pounds of toxic
chemicals were released from food processing facilities. The largest facilities in this industrial sector
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include Com Products and Best Foods, which had the majority of the area's TRI air emissions of
hydrochloric acid.
The plastics industry (SIC Code 30) had the sixth largest air emissions in the area as
estimated in RAPIDS. More than 800,000 pounds were emitted, which trailed only area sources,
primary metals, chemicals, machinery, and metal fabricators in air toxics emissions. TRI releases
were also significant from the plastics industry, with a combined loadings of 2,588,108 pounds,
which is the fourth largest behind primary metals, metal fabrication, and food. The plastics industry
generated little hazardous waste and had no direct discharges to surface waters.
The stone/clay industry (SIC Code 32) emitted 28,198,006 pounds (AFS), which was the
seventh largest in the area. Other types of loadings were relatively small, including only 21,109
pounds discharged to waterbodies and 65,353 pounds of TRI releases. TRI off-site transfers, on the
other hand, were sizeable at 357,232 pounds.
The electrical industry (SIC Code 36) is notable for having large masses of hazardous waste
generated, as well as large TRI off-site transfers. Specifically, 265,479,444 pounds of hazardous
waste were generated in 1993 by these facilities, which ranked the fourth largest behind the chemical
metal fabrication, and petroleum industries. The TRI transfers were 5,004,354 pounds in 1995,
which were the fifth largest.
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Section 6: References Final — April 2001
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Section 6: References Final — April 2001
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World Resources Institute. 1993. The 1993 information please environmental almanac. Houghton
Mifflin Company: New York.
Zavattero, D.; J. Ward and C. Strong. 1997. Air Quality Impacts of Travel Changes. Draft Report.
CATS. Chicago, IL.
6-37
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Appendix -
Glossary and Acronyms
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS
and
LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS
AIRS/AFS - Aerometric Information Retrieval System Facility Subsystem
AIRS/AQS ~ Aerometric Information Retrieval System Air Quality Subsystem
ALAMC — American Lung Association of Metropolitan Chicago
AOC -Area of concern
ARCS -- Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments Program
ARIP — Accidental Release Information Program
ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
BEDS - Biological Effects Data Base
BOD — Biological Oxygen Demand
BRS - Biennial Reporting System
BTEX - Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene
CAA -- Clean Air Act
CAMP — Continuous Air Monitoring Program
CATS - Chicago Area Transit Study
CBOD -- Carbonaceous Biological Oxygen Demand
CCRI - Chicago Cumulative Risk Initiative
CDC - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CERCLIS ~ Comprehensive Environmental, Response, Compensation and Liability
Information System
CESQG — Conditionally-exempt Small Quantity Generator
CFC — Chlorofluorocarbon
CMB ~ Chemical Mass Balance
COD -Chemical Oxygen Demand
CSO - Combined Sewer Overflow
CWA--Clean Water Act
DDE — Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane
DDT — Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
DO — Dissolved oxygen
EHS -- Extremely Hazardous Substance
EPA — U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EPCRA ~ Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
ERNS ~ Emergency Response Notification System
ESI — Environmental Site Investigation
FDA - Food and Drug Administration
GCR/IHSC -- Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Ship Canal
GLC - Great Lakes Commission
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS (continued)
HAP -- Hazardous Air Pollutant
HRS -- Hazard Ranking System
HSDB ~ Hazardous Substance Data Base
HUD - U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
HWRIC — Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center
ICMS - Integrated Chemical Management System
IDEM - Illinois Department of Environmental Management
IDPH - Illinois Department of Public Health
IEPA - Illinois Environmental Protection Agency
IH - Indiana Harbor
IOC -- Inorganic Chemicals
ISDH - Indiana State Department of Health
ISWS - Illinois State Water Survey
LEPC - Local Emergency Planning Committee
LQG — Large Quantity Generator
LUST - Leaking Underground Storage Tank
MCL ~ Maximum Contaminant Level
MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet
MWRDGC ~ Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago
NAAQS - National Ambient Air Quality Standards
ND - Not detected
NHEXAS — National Human Exposure Assessment Survey
NIOSH - National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
NIPC — Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission
NIRPC - Northwest Indiana Regional Planning Commission
NPDES -- National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
NPL — National Priorities List
NRC — National Response Center
NRDC — Natural Resources Defense Council
NURP -- National Urban Runoff Program
OAQPS - U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
OSHA — Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PAMS — Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations
PCB - Polychlorinated Biphenyl
PCS — Permit Compliance System
POM-Polycyclic Organic Matter
POTW - Publicly Owned Treatment Works
RAP - Remedial Action Plan
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS (continued)
RCRA — Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RCRIS ~ Resource Conservation and Recovery Information System
SARA — Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
SERC - State Emergency Response Commission
SIC Code - Standard Industrial Classification Code
SIP - State Implementation Plan
SMCL - Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level
SOC ~ Synthetic Organic Chemical
SP -- Soluble Phosphorus
SQG - Small Quantity Generator
SSI -- Screening Site Inspection
STORET -- Storage and Retrieval of U.S. Waterways Parametric Data
STP - Sewage Treatment Plant
SVOC — Semi-volatile Organic Compound
SWLM -- Southwest Lake Michigan
TARP ~ Tunnel and Reservoir Plan
TCL — Target Compound List
TEQ - Toxic Equivalence
TKN - Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
TOC - Total Organic Carbon
TOX - Total Organic Halide
TP -- Total Phosphorus
TRI -- Toxic Release Inventory
TSCA - Toxic Substances Control Act
TSDF-- Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facility
TSP - Total Suspended Paniculate
UATMP — Urban Air Toxic Monitoring Program
U.S. ACE — U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
U.S. EPA — United States Environmental Protection Agency
USGS -- U.S. Geological Survey
UST ~ Underground Storage Tank
VOC ~ Volatile Organic Compound
VOM - Volatile Organic Matter
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS (continued)
Action Levels — A term used by Federal agencies such as EPA, NIOSH, OSHA for guidance
purposes in establishing quantitative levels of toxicants at which actions need to be taken to
prevent or reduce exposure or contact. For example, the term refers to EPA guidance levels for
the amount of lead and/or copper in public water supplies used for human consumption.
AIRS/AFS - Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) Facility Subsystem (AFS) --
computerized data base that contains emissions and compliance data on air pollution point
sources regulated by EPA, State, and/or local air regulatory agencies.
AIRS/AQS ~ (Aerometric Information Retrieval System Air Quality Subsystem) -- contains
information on air quality such as measurements of ambient concentrations of air pollutants and
associated meteorological data. AQS is used by EPA to assess the overall status of the Nation's
air quality and to prepare Reports to Congress as mandated by the CAA.
Ambient Air — Surrounding air. Any unconfined portion of the atmosphere.
Ambient Water Quality ~ The existing water quality of a stream or lake.
Anthropogenic Insults -- Environmental alterations resulting from the presence or activities of
humans.
AOC ~ Specific areas of concern to the Great Lakes with water quality-related problems as
designated by the International Joint Commission of the Great Lakes.
Aquifer Systems ~ Subsurface geologic formations that yield economically important amounts
of water to wells or springs.
Area Sources -- Small sources of air pollution that individually emit below certain threshold
quantities for criteria pollutants. For this study, area sources include: volatile organic liquid
transfer (ship and barge); gasoline distribution (tank truck unloading, vehicle fueling, USTs
breathing, etc.); stationary source solvent usage (architectural surface coatings, dry cleaning,
solvent degreasing, etc.); biogenics; municipal waste incineration; industrial, commercial, and
residential fuel combustion; and open burning.
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS (continued)
ARIP (Accidental Release Information Program) -- Contains information on the causes of
accidents as well as industry prevention practices. Supplements information found in ERNS.
Targets accidental releases from facilities that resulted in off-site impact or environmental
damage.
Atmospheric Deposition — Pollutants that fall from or are deposited by the atmosphere, whether
solid, liquid or gas. Settling or "deposition" of suspended particles from the air onto the ground
surface or structures.
Bathymetric Surveys - Surveys of underwater depths, primarily ocean floors.
Benthic Species — Flora and fauna found on the bottom of lakes, rivers, or oceans. The presence
or absence of certain benthic organisms is sometimes used as an indicator of water quality.
Bioaccumulate - The process of concentration of substances by living organisms as they breathe
contaminated air, dnnk contaminated water, or eat contaminated food. Chemicals move through
the food chain and tend to concentrate in organisms at the upper end of the food chain.
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) — A measure of the oxygen required to break down organic
materials in water. Higher organic loads require larger quantities of oxygen, which in turn may
reduce the amount available for aquatic life resulting in unacceptable levels.
BRS (Biennial Reporting System) - National system that contains data on the generation,
management, and minimization of hazardous waste from facilities regulated under RCRA.
BTEX (Benzene, ethyl benzene, toluene, and xylenes) ~ Hazardous constituents of petroleum
products.
Carcinogenic - Capable of causing or contributing to the development of cancer.
CERCLIS (Comprehensive Environmental, Response, Compensation and Liability
Information System) —Computerized data base of contaminated sites. Contains information on
hazardous waste sites investigated for consideration for Superfund remedial activities. Sites
included are either NPL or non-NPL sites that have received some degree of investigation or
action to remedy hazards.
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS (continued)
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) ~ A family of inert, nontoxic, and easily liquefied chemicals
used in refrigeration, air conditioning, packaging, insulation or as solvents and aerosol
propellants. CFCs drift into the stratosphere where they take part in chemical reactions, which
result in reduction of the ozone layer.
Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Programs — In most cities and towns, counties and
states, lead poisoning prevention programs are run through the state health department. The
primary focus is surveillance, screening, and ensuring medical or environmental follow up to
children identified as lead poisoned. The programs also provide public education activities.
CMB (Chemical Mass Balance) - An approach requiring that the quantities of contaminants
entering a system, less the quantities stored or transformed, should be equal to the quantities
leaving a system.
CN (Curve number) - A numerical value related to the infiltration rate of a soil.
Carbon Monoxide (CO) — A colorless, odorless, poisonous gas, produced by incomplete
burning of carbon-based fuels, including gasoline, oil, and wood.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) - A measure of the oxygen required to oxidize all
compounds in water, both organic and inorganic.
Community System — A public water supplier that serves a year round residential population
such as a group of homes receiving water from the same source.
Cradle-to-Grave ~ The documentation of the management of hazardous wastes from the time
when they are first generated through final disposal (including treatment, storage, and
transportation).
Criteria Air Pollutants - A group of very common air pollutants regulated by EPA on the basis
of criteria (information on health and/or environmental effects of pollution). Criteria pollutants
include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, volatile organic compounds,
paniculate matter, and lead.
CSO (Combined Sewer Overflow)- Can be caused by intense storm events in regions served
by combined sewers. These overflows discharge source runoff and untreated sewage into water
bodies.
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS (continued)
DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene) - A breakdown product of DDT.
DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) -- A pesticide which has been banned from
registration and interstate sale for virtually all but emergency uses due to its persistence in the
environment and accumulation in the food chain.
Demographics -- The statistical study of populations with reference to natality, mortality,
migratory movements, age, and sex, among other social, ethnic, and economic factors.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) —Oxygen that is freely available in water to sustain the lives offish and
other aquatic organisms.. Traditionally, the level of dissolved oxygen has been accepted as the
single most important indicator of a water body's ability to support desirable aquatic life.
EHS (Extremely Hazardous Substance) - Any of the chemicals identified by EPA on the basis
of toxicity and listed under § 302 of SARA (subject to revisions).
EMCs (Event Mean Concentrations) -- The average concentrations of contaminants in runoff
water.
Effluents — Wastewater - treated or untreated - that flows out of a treatment plant, sewer, or
industrial outfall. Generally refers to wastes discharged into surface waters.
Emission Rates -- The rate at which a substance is discharged or emitted.
EPCRA (Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act) - This law also known
as Title HI of SARA is the national law on community safety. The Act requires each state to
appoint a State Emergency Response Commission (SERC) that in turn divides their districts into
Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPC). EPCRA is designed to protect the public
health, safety and environment of local communities from chemical hazards.
ERNS (Emergency Response Notification System) — A data base that contains records of all
telephone calls made to the National Response Center as a result of many different types of spills
or releases of hazardous substances.
Eutrophication -- The deterioration of the esthetic and life-supporting qualities of lakes and
estuaries, caused by excessive fertilization from point and nonpoint loadings, high in phosphorus,
nitrogen, and organic growth substances.
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS (continued)
Exceedances — Measurements of EPA criteria pollutants above the levels set for that pollutant
by NAAQS. An area is not necessarily in violation of NAAQS when an exceedance is reported.
For example, an area can have up to 3 carbon monoxide s over a 3-year time frame and still be in
compliance. If a 4th is measured, then the area would be in violation.
Exposure Routes -- Ways that an individual may be exposed to harmful chemicals or pollutants.
The three major exposure routes include: inhalation (breathing in pollutants from the air);
ingestion (eating or drinking contaminated foods and water); and dermal contact (pollutants
contacting the surface of the skin).
Fecal Coliform Bacteria - Bacteria found in the intestinal tract of humans and other warm-
blooded animals. The presence of fecal coliforms in water or sludge is an indicator of pollution
and possible contamination by disease-causing microorganisms.
Fugitive Air Emissions - Unintentional releases of air pollution (as opposed to controlled
releases from an exhaust stack or a vent). Fugitive emissions can result from leaks in plant
equipment such as valves, pump seals, flanges, and sampling connections, etc.
Grab Samples -- A single sample of soil or of water taken without regard to time or flow.
Green Metro Index — An environmental ranking system for 75 major metro areas complied by
the World Resources Institute. Combines eight measures of environmental quality such as
average air quality, acute air quality, water quality violations, toxic releases, Superfund sites,
mass transit use, residential energy use, and gasoline and electricity prices.
Groundwater ~ Water beneath the surface of the Earth, usually found in porous rock
formations. Groundwater is the source of water found in wells and springs, and is sometimes
used for drinking. As it moves through regional flow systems, its physical and chemical
characteristics are modified by the environments and constituents encountered.
Group 5 Fish Advisory — The highest level of fish advisory. It is defined as no consumption
(do not eat) for all persons.
Habitats — The natural abode or locality of an animal or plant.
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS (continued)
HAPs (Hazardous Air Pollutants) -Chemicals that can cause serious health and environmental
effects. Unlike criteria pollutants, these pollutants are not covered by ambient air quality
standards, as stated in the Clean Air Act. Examples include such pollutants as
chlorofluorocarbons, lead, methylene chloride, asbestos, vinyl chloride, etc.
Heavy Metals - Metallic elements whose specific gravity is approximately 5.0 or higher (e.g.,
mercury, chromium, cadmium, arsenic, and lead). They can damage organisms at low
concentrations and tend to accumulate in the food chain.
HRS (Hazard Ranking System) - The system used by EPA to evaluate the severity of
contamination at hazardous waste sites. EPA scores the sites according to the type, amount, and
toxicity of contaminants present at the site, and actual or potential pathways of human and
environmental exposure. This score is the major criterion in determining if a site should be on
the National Priorities List, and if so, what ranking it should have compared to other sites on the
list.
HSDB (Hazardous Substance Data Base) ~ Data base developed by ATSDR to study
relationships between exposures to hazardous substances and the occurrences of cancer, deaths,
birth defects, and other health issues.
ICMS (Integrated Chemical Management System) ~ A computer system developed to
manage data for the CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile. It contains data on sources/loadings
of air emissions, hazardous wastes, toxic chemicals, and related information. Built on SAS, it
displays graphs, maps and tables in a user-friendly interface.
Indicator Parameters — Used to evaluate the impact of human activities on groundwater quality
and the resulting risk to human health and the environment.
Indoor Air Pollution ~ An area of environmental concern. It includes pollution trapped inside a
habitable structure. Major indoor air pollutants include radon, environmental tobacco smoke,
biologicals, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, organic gases, respirable particles,
formaldehyde, pesticides, asbestos, and lead.
Influent — An input stream of fluid, such as water into a reservoir, basin, or treatment plant.
Inorganic Analytes — Chemical substances of mineral origin, not of basically carbon structure.
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS (continued)
lOCs (Inorganic Chemicals) - A group of naturally occurring metals and minerals of mineral
origin, not of basically carbon structure.
Landfill ~ Disposal of solid waste by burying in layers of earth in low ground.
Leachate - A liquid that has percolated through wastes, agricultural pesticides, or fertilizers and
has extracted dissolved or suspended materials from this process.
Lead — An EPA criteria air pollutant. Exposure can occur through inhalation of air or ingestion
of lead in food, water, soil, or dust. Acute lead poisoning can affect both adults and children. In
children, elevated lead levels can cause nervous-system damage, resulting in irreversible mental
and developmental defects.
Lead Poisoning - A condition identified by elevated blood lead levels which can cause IQ
deficiencies, reading and learning disabilities, impaired hearing, reduced attention spans,
hyperactivity, and antisocial behavior.
LEPC (Local Emergency Planning Committee) -- Committee appointed by a State Emergency
Response Commission (SERC) to develop comprehensive emergency plans for Local Emergency
Planning Districts.
Loadings - The quantities of emissions/releases to air, water, etc.
Long and Mac Donald's (L&M) Effects Range - Method for determining effects of sediment
concentrations. Utilizes the Effects Range-Low (ER-L), which corresponds to the lower 10th
percentile of the effects data for each chemical and the Effects Range-Median (ER-M), which
corresponds to the median, or 50th percentile of the effects data for each chemical.
Concentrations that fall below the ER-L are believed to rarely cause effects. Concentrations
greater than ER-L, but less than ER-M, represent a possible-effects range where effects would
occasionally occur; concentrations above the ER-M represent a probable-effects where effects
would frequently occur.
LQGs (Large Quantity Generators) - Facilities that generate more than 1,000 kilograms of
hazardous waste per month.
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS (continued)
MCLs (Maximum Contaminant Levels) - Regulatory limits for concentrations of various
constituents in public water systems that distribute water for human consumption. MCLs are
derived on the basis of human health criteria, as well as technological and economic
considerations.
Media — Specific environments such as air, water, soil, sediments, tissue, etc.
Microbiological Contaminants ~ Microorganisms such as coliform bacteria found in
contaminated water.
Migrate — To move from one area to another.
Model — A mathematical or physical system, programmed to follow certain specified conditions.
Results are used to understand/predict a physical, biological, or social pattern that is analogous in
some way.
MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) A worksheet required by OSHA that contains information
about hazardous chemicals in the workplace. Information described includes exposure limits,
and precautionary details. MSDSs are used to fulfill part of the hazardous chemical inventory
reporting requirements under EPCRA.
NAAQS (National Ambient Air Quality Standards) - Standards set by the EPA for the
allowable concentrations of criteria pollutants in the air.
National Cooperative Inner City Asthma Study - Funded by the National Institutes of Health,
this study is aimed at identifying nsk factors for children with severe asthma in eight major inner
city areas, including Chicago.
NHEXAS (National Human Exposure Assessment Survey) — A Federal interagency research
project that is focused on examining total human exposure to multiple chemicals as experienced
by individuals in their everyday lives.
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations - Regulations that call for periodic monitoring
of public water supplies for the specific contaminants and notification to water users when any
standards are exceeded.
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS (continued)
NO2 (Nitrogen Dioxide) - A criteria air pollutant that is emitted by combustion sources
including power plants, steel mills, automobiles, etc. It plays a major role in the formation of
smog. NO, belongs to the family of poisonous highly reactive gases called oxides of nitrogen
(NOJ.
NPDES (National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System)-- Permit program established by
the CWA, that regulates direct discharges from municipal and industrial facilities into the
navigable waters of the United States.
Nonattainment Areas - A geographic area in which concentrations of one or more of EPA's
criteria air pollutants violates levels allowed by the National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
Noncarcinogenic — A substance that is not known to cause cancer.
Nonpoint Sources ~ Sources of pollution that cannot be attributed to a single discharge point,
such as rainwater, runoff from agricultural lands, etc. For surface water, most nonpoint source
pollution is caused by compounds that have settled on the ground and are mobilized by
stormwater runoff.
Non-community System — A public water supplier that serves a non-residential population such
as businesses, schools, or restaurants.
NPL (National Priorities List) - List of the most seriously contaminated uncontrolled or
abandoned hazardous waste sites in the country that have been identified for remedial action
under Superfund.
NURP (Nationwide Urban Runoff Program) -- A national program that has established a
comprehensive data base of runoff coefficients for a number of different land uses and 10
parameters including total suspended solids; biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen
demand, total phosphorus, soluble phosphorous, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrates and nitrites,
copper, lead, and zinc.
Nutrients — Substances that promote growth such as nitrogen and phosphorous.
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS (continued)
Ontario's Provincial Sediment Quality Guidelines - Three levels developed by the Ontario
Ministry of Environment to provide guidance for making freshwater sediment-related decisions.
Three guidelines are No Effect Level (NEL); Lowest Effect Level (LEL); and Severe Effect
Level (SEL). SEL is the level at which pronounced disturbance of the sediment dwelling
community can be expected. A compound found at, or above, this concentration would be
considered to be detrimental to the majority of the benthic species.
Organochlorine Compounds — Contaminants such as PCBs and pesticides. Human exposure
comes primarily from the food supply including contaminated fish.
Ozone - One of EPA's criteria pollutants that is created when sunlight causes a reaction to occur
with nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons in the air. It is a powerful oxidant capable of destroying
organic matter. Has been called the Nation's most widespread air pollution problem. Causes
respiratory problems and may aggravate asthma.
Ozone Precursors -- Volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides that react in the
atmosphere under certain concentrations (heat and sunlight) to create ozone.
PAHs (Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons) -- A family of organic chemicals based on
benzene. Sources include discharges from coke production in the iron and steel industry;
catalytic cracking in the petroleum industry; manufacture of carbon black, coal tar pitch, and
asphalt; heating and power generation; controlled refuse incineration; and open burning.
Parent Water Supplier — A public water supplier that sells drinking water to satellite water
suppliers.
Particulate Matter — Sometimes referred to as total suspended particulates (TSP) and includes
an array of atmospheric materials varying in size, composition, and origin (e.g., soot, ashes,
metals, pollen, and windblown dirt, sand, and soil dust. PM10 are paniculate matter with a
diameter of less than 10 microns and PM,5 have diameters less than 2.5 microns, and are subsets
of TSP.
PCBs (Polychlorinated Biphenyls) ~ A group of toxic, persistent chemicals that until banned
from production in the United States, were used for insulating purposes in electrical transformers
and for other purposes.
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS (continued)
PCS (Permit Compliance System) -- National computerized management information system
that tracks surface water discharges under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
of the CWA. Contains data and tracks permit issuance, permit limits, and monitoring data
pertaining to facilities regulated under NPDES.
Pica Child ~ Refers to exposure assumptions made in the risk assessment process of children,
looking as ingestion rates of non-food items such as soil, paint chips, or plaster.
Point Sources ~ Stationary facilities that discharge pollutants from smoke stacks, pipes, etc.
under permits issued by the Federal and/or local governments.
P2 (Pollution Prevention) - The process of reducing the generation of hazardous wastes and
other releases through recycling, reducing the use of toxic chemicals, and recovering energy
resources.
PMIO ~ Particulate matter with a diameter of less than 10 microns.
PM2S - Paniculate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 microns.
POTW (Publicly-owned treatment work) - Wastewater treatment plant.
Prevalence Rate — The total number of cases of a disease at a given time/the total population at
risk at a given time.
Public Water Supplier ~ Provides drinking water to the public either by having 15 or more
connections or by serving at least 25 people per day for 60 days out of the year. Public water
suppliers can be broken down into two types of systems: community and non-community.
QA/QC (Quality Assurance/Quality Control) — The checks, audits and procedures performed
in order to ensure that data are of desirable quality.
RCRIS (Resource Conservation and Recovery Information System) - Tracks information on
all phases (cradle-to-grave) of hazardous waste generation, storage, and disposal. Contains
information on permitted facilities.
R. ~ Runoff Coefficients. A ratio used in calculation of stormwater runoff pollutant loads. It
represents the total mass of pollutant that runs off/the total mass of pollutant that is dissolved in
rainwater.
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS (continued)
SAS — A statistical software package used to analyze data.
Satellite Water Supplier — A public water supplier that purchases its water supply from a parent
water supplier.
SDWA (Safe Drinking Water Act) - Created in 1974 and amended in 1986 to protect the
quality of drinking water in the United States. The law authorized EPA to establish drinking
water standards, which represent the maximum contaminant levels allowable.
SDWIS (Safe Drinking Water Information System) — Contains information on water
suppliers and violations of the Safe Drinking Water Act. These violations may be due to the
exceedance of MCLs and Action Levels or they could be due to administrative problems with the
drinking water systems.
Sediments ~ Repository for a variety of nutrients and contaminants. In some areas are the
primary source of anthropogenic chemicals to the aquatic environment.
Sensitive Populations -- Groups of people/organisms, such as the elderly, children, or nursing
mothers who may be at a higher risk from exposure to a specific pollutant.
SIC Codes (Standard Industrial Classification Codes) - Assigned codes established by the
U.S. Department of Commerce that group industries with similar products or services.
SIP (State Implementation Plan) -- A detailed description of the programs a State will employ
in meeting its requirements under the Clean Air Act. These plans must be approved by EPA.
Siltation ~ Filling or becoming obstructed with fine particles of sand or rock.
SLC Approach — Screening level concentration approaches — an effects-based approach to
make sediment-related decisions. The approach uses field data on the co-occurrence of benthic
infaunal species in sediments and different concentrations of contaminants.
Sludge — A heavy, slimy deposit, sediment, or mass (e.g., waste resulting from oil refining,
precipitate in a sewage tank, etc.).
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS (continued)
SMCLs (Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels) ~ Suggested standards for various
constituents in public drinking water systems that distribute water for human consumption. They
are based on organoleptic (aesthetic) standards such as taste, color, and odor. Unlike MCLs, do
not carry the weight of law.
Smog - A mixture of pollutants, primarily ground-level ozone, produced by chemical reactions
in the air of volatile organic.
SOC (Synthetic Organic Chemicals) — Man-made organic chemicals such as solvents.
Soil Pathway — Transfer of soil contamination to humans, via ingestion, inhalation, or dermal
contact. This term is used in risk assessments, referring to the means by which people/organisms
become exposed to contaminants in the soil.
SOX (Sulfur Dioxide) ~ An EPA criteria pollutant formed primarily by industrial fossil fuel
combustion. It is of primary concern because of its role in the formation of acid rain.
SQGs (Small Quantity Generators) -- Facilities that generate less than 1,000 kilograms of
hazardous waste per month. Examples include auto shops, dry cleaners, photographic
developers, and other small enterprises.
STORET (Storage and Retrieval of U.S. Waterways Parametric Data Base) - A national
data base for water quality information. Includes information on ambient, intrusive survey,
effluent, and biological water quality measures for the United States.
Stormwater Runoff — Stormwater that runs downhill and makes its way to a surface water body
or a sewer.
Surface Water Quality — An indicator of the condition of the environment. Human risk from
contaminated surface waters can result from direct exposure through recreational use and
ingestion of water, and indirectly through fish consumption.
Suspended Solids -- Matter that can contain many types of pollutants and may act physically on
water bodies by reducing light penetration and altenng sediments/habitats.
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS (continued)
TARP (Tunnel and Reservoir Plan) -- System implemented to prevent sewer overflows from
polluting rivers in Cook County, IL, and Lake Michigan. Consists of a series of tunnels that
provide an excess storage capacity of about 1-billion gallons to accommodate overflows from
significant rain storms.
305(b) Reports — State Water Quality Reports prepared biennially to satisfy requirements under
§305(b) of the Clean Water Act.
33/50 Program - An EPA program to promote pollution prevention activities.
TRI (Toxic Release Inventory) - A national inventory of annual toxic chemical releases from a
specified group of manufacturing processes. The purpose is to provide information to the public
about toxic chemicals in their communities.
TRI List - A list of approximately 600 specific toxic chemicals and chemical categories that are
subject to reporting. This list is subject to revisions.
TRIS (Toxic Release Inventory System) - Contains information about releases and transfers of
more than 300 toxic chemicals and compounds to the environment as reported to EPA under
Section313ofEPCRA.
TSDFs (Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities) - Facilities that treat, store, or dispose of
hazardous waste. These facilities are regulated by EPA under RCRA.
TSP (Total Suspended Particulates) - See Paniculate matter.
Turbidity — Cloudy or hazy appearance in a clear liquid caused by suspended silt or organic
matter.
Urban Runoff— Stormwater runoff in urban areas. Urban runoff transports relatively larger
loads of pollution than rural runoff due to larger deposits of pollutants on the ground and less
pervious ground surfaces.
Violations - A pollutant-specific determination that a metropolitan statistical area is out of
compliance with the NAAQS regulations. Depending on the pollutant, a violation may be based
on the number of exceedances of the NAAQS levels, or it can be based on the concentration of a
particular measurement (e.g., fourth highest reading at a monitoring station in one year).
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Final —April 2001
CCRJ Environmental Loadings Profile Pa«e *8
GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS (continued)
VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) — Organic compounds containing the element carbon and
which produce vapors readily. Examples of VOCs include gasoline, benzene, toluene and
tetrachloroethylene, the principal dry cleaning solvent.
Volatilization - Evaporating rapidly; diffusing freely in the atmosphere.-
Wastestreams - Unwanted materials which are leftover from a manufacturing process, and are
not a product or byproduct. Wastestreams can refer to all media including air, water and solid
waste.
Water Quality Monitoring - Assessment of water quality for use of the resource for drinking
water consumption, fishing, and other purposes. Water is monitored for bacteria (fecal coliform
and total coliform), conventional parameters (nutrients) and toxic pollutants (metals, pesticides,
etc.).
Water Quality Assessments/Ratings - Ratings for the quality of water in various water bodies
and used in state 305(b) reports. Ratings include: "fully supported," "full/threatened,"
"partial/minor," "partial/moderate," and "nonsupporting".
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Final — April 2001
CCRI Environmental Loadings Profile Page 19
FREQUENTLY USED UNITS
g/m3 — grams per cubic meter
kg/yr ~ kilograms per year
km — kilometers
Ib/yr ~ pounds per year
/ug/dL -- microgram per deciliter
~ microgram per square foot
-microgram per gram
//g/kg - microgram per kilogram
/ig/L — microgram per liter
/4g/m3 ~ micrograms per cubic meter
mg/g — milligram per gram
mg/kg - milligrams per kilogram
ng/g - nanograms per gram
ng/m3 — nanograms per cubic meter
pg/g - picograms per gram
pg/m1 ~ picograms per cubic meter
ppb -- parts per billion
ppbC -- parts per billion Carbon
ppbv -- volumetric parts per billion
ppm ~ parts per million
yd3 ~ cubic yards
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