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JiBOUT THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT INITIATIVE (GEMI)
GEMI is a group of leading companies dedicated to fostering
environmental excellence by business worldwide. Through the
collaborative efforts of its members, GEMI promotes a worldwide
business ethic for environmental management and sustainable
development, to improve the environmental performance of business
through example and leadership. Below is a list of GEMI's member
companies as of August, 1994.
o o o
GEMI MEMBER COMPANIES
Allied Signal Inc.
Amoco Corporation
Anheuser-Busch Companies
Apple Computer, Inc.
AT&T
Boeing Company
Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Browning-Ferris Industries
The Coca-Cola Company
Colgate-Palmolive Company
Consolidated Rail Corporation
Coors Brewing Company
Digital Equipment Corporation
The Dow Chemical Company
Duke Power Company
The DuPont Company
Eastman Kodak Company
Florida Power & Light
Georgia-Pacific Corporation
Johnson & Johnson
Merck & Company, Inc.
Occidental Petroleum Corp.
Olin Corporation
Procter & Gamble Company
The Southern Company
Tenneco Inc.
Union Carbide Corporation
WMX Technologies
Reprinted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
with permission of GEMI
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!M
Green
Lights
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©1994
Global Environmental Management Initiative (GEMI)
2000 L Street, N.W., Suite 710
Washington, D.C. 20036
(202) 296-7449
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgments 3
Abbreviations Used in this Document 4
I. Introduction 5
II. EPA Organizational Chart 7
III. EPA Voluntary Initiatives Contacts 9
A. 33/50 10
B. Climate Wise 12
C. WAVE 14
D. WasteWi$e 16
E. Global Change Division Programs 18
• Green Lights 18
• Energy Star Computers 19
• Energy Star Buildings 20
• Other Initiatives • • 22
F. Design for the Environment 23
G. Building Air Quality Alliance 24
H. Programs in Development 26
Appendix A: State Initiatives 28
Appendix B: GEMI Participation 31
Appendix C: DOE-Managed CCAP Programs 32
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This document was prepared by:
Anne Fahrig, GEMI/Law Companies Group, Inc. Intern, Duke University
Joel Kurihara, Senior Manager, Policy and Planning,
Environmental Quality Group, Consolidated Rail Corporation
Jane McGuire, GEMI Program Manager,
Environmental Policy Center, Law Companies Group, Inc.
The writers gratefully acknowledge the extensive input from:
Debbie Boger, Design for the Environment, EPA
Susan Bullard, Green Lights, EPA
Karen Butler, Green Lights, EPA
Lee DePont, 33/50, EPA
John Flowers, WAVE, EPA
Pam Herman, Climate Wise, EPA
Thomas Hersey, Erie County Office of Pollution Prevention
Andrew Mastrandonas, Environmental Policy Center/Law Companies Group, Inc.
Scott Nadler, Consolidated Rail Corporation
Libby Parker, Design for the Environment, EPA
Julie Rosenberg, Building Air Quality Alliance, EPA
Natalie Roy, National Roundtable of State Pollution Prevention Programs
David Sarokin, 33/50, EPA
Polly Strife, Digital Equipment Corporation
Chris Tirpak, 33/50, EPA
Stephanie Von Feck, WAVE, EPA
Linda Wynn, WasteWi$e, EPA
Comments, questions, and requests for further GEMI information may be directed to:
GEMI
2000 L Street, N.W., Suite 710
Washington, D.C. 20036
202-296-7449
AUGUST 1994 GEMI REFERENCE TO EPA VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS
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ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS DOCUMENT
BPPD Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention Division
CCAP Climate Change Action Plan
CTSA Cleaner Technology Substitutes Assessment
DfE Design for the Environment
EE&T Economics, Exposure and Technology
EMS Environmental Management System
EPACT Environmental Policy Act
ESAP Environmental Self-Assessment Program
GAO General Accounting Office
GEMI Global Environmental Management Initiative
ICC International Chamber of Commerce
IRR Internal Rate of Return
MOU Memorandum of Understanding
OPP Office of Pesticides Programs
OPPE Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation
TQM Total Quality Management
TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act
WAVE Water Alliances for Voluntary Efficiency
GEMI REFERENCE TO EPA VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS
AUGUST 1994
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I. INTRODUCTION
In March 1994, GEMI members met with representatives of several EPA voluntary pro-
grams. These EPA representatives displayed creativity, entrepreneurial spirit, and a willing-
ness to take some organizational risks in looking for ways to work with business. As a result
of this meeting, GEMI decided to work with these EPA representatives to produce a single
document that provides information about all of the Agency's voluntary programs.
The information in this document was collected through discussions which covered the his-
tories and structures of the many voluntary programs created in recent years. These pro-
grams are managed out of the media-specific EPA offices, and are not organized as a group.
However, an informal information-sharing network has grown within the Agency so that
program officers can share experiences and help each other with their voluntary programs.
Also, the number of voluntary programs is growing rapidly. For example, a major environ-
mental initiative—the Climate Change Action Plan—is composed entirely of voluntary
initiatives which are administered through several agencies. In fact, virtually every media-
specific office at EPA has at least one voluntary program, and the Air Office is involved in
more than eight.
The goals of these programs are usually focused on achieving environmental benefits beyond
what the law requires. Each program targets specific pollution streams to reduce, or energy
uses to modify. From EPA's perspective, this all may make sense. If an Office of Air exists
fundamentally to improve air quality, then it is logical to sponsor voluntary programs to
achieve air pollution reductions beyond those required by law.
Problems arise, however, when corporate environmental managers in the regulated commu-
nity must decide in which voluntary programs they should enroll, if any. These same man-
agers are already tasked with insuring that companies meet a complex and increasingly pre-
scriptive set of state and federal requirements. During their deliberations, they may wonder
whether or not EPA, at some managerial level, values some programs over others. Also,
making voluntary reductions may be disadvantageous if future state or federal laws or reg-
ulations do not give credit for reductions made under a voluntary program.
These concerns seem to boil down to issues of coordination. Whatever the role of voluntary
programs, that role must be coordinated with legal requirements faced by companies and
with other aspects of corporate management systems. If these issues are not addressed, then
the increasing number of programs, while perhaps logical from an Agency perspective, may
create confusion for the regulated community and discourage involvement in voluntary ini-
tiatives to reduce pollution.
AUGUST 1994 GEMI REFERENCE TO EPA VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS
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We have spoken with several company representatives who have participated in these vol-
untary programs. Their recollections are uniformly a mix of good and bad experiences in
working with EPA, which works according to priorities that differ from those of business.
Yet, looking at the histories of the older programs, it seems that companies may benefit from
voluntary participation, through public recognition, cost savings, and the long-term rewards
of innovation. Such programs may allow environmental managers to raise corporate aware-
ness of environmental issues without resorting to threats of fines and lawsuits due to viola-
tions of environmental statutes. Furthermore, voluntary programs tend to entail business-
government-nonprofit dialogues. These dialogues may result in making businesses better
prepared for tougher environmental laws, and may help regulators write better rules.
While GEMI recognizes the concerns and potential benefits outlined in this introduction,
this document does not address them further. GEMI does not formally support voluntary
programs. GEMI merely recognizes that the programs exist, that they are growing in num-
ber, and that an outline of all the programs to date (and of those soon to come), may be of
use to other environmental professionals.
The writers went through several weeks of interviews and rough drafts to publish this ref-
erence guide. Every attempt was made to be true to the intentions of those who were inter-
viewed. Any mistakes or omissions are solely the responsibility of the authors.
GEMI REFERENCE TO EPA VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS AUGUST 1994
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Location of Voluntary Programs Within Environmental Protection Agency
ADMINISTRATOR
DEPUTY ADMINISTRATOR
Assistant Administrator
for
Water
Assistant Administrator
for Air
& Radiation
Assistant Administrator
for Policy, Planning
& Evaluation
Office of Water
Mananement
Office of Policy Analysis
Air & Energy Policy Div.
Office of Atmospheric
Programs
Office of Radiation
and Indoor Air
I
Global Change Division
Indoor Air Division
Assistant Administrator
for Prevention, Pesticides
& Toxic Substances
Assistant Administrator
for Solid Waste &
Emergency Response
Office of Solid Waste
Municipal & Industrial
Solid Waste Division
Waste Reduction and
Management Branch
Office of Pollution
Prevention & Toxics
WASTEWI$E
GREEN LIGHTS BUILDING AIR
ENERGY STAR PROGRAMS QUALITY ALLIANCE
METHANE REDUCTION PROGRAMS
Env. Assistance
Division
DESIGN FOR THE
ENVIRONMENT
33/50 PROGRAM
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY VOLUNTARY
INITIATIVES
A. 33/50 Program
B. Climate Wise
C. WAVE
D. WasteWi$e
E. Global Change Division Programs
• Green Lights
• Energy Star Computers
• Energy Star Buildings
• Other Initiatives
F. Design for the Environment
G. Building Air Quality Alliance
H. Programs in Development
GEMI REFERENCE TO EPA VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS AUGUST 1994
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III. PROGRAM CONTACTS
For more information on EPA voluntary programs, please contact the following people:
33/50
TSCA Assistance Hotline
Phone: 202-554-1404
Monday through Friday
8:30 a.m.-5:00 p.m. EST
Office of Pollution Prevention & Toxics
EPA Headquarters (7408)
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
Phone: 202-260-6907
Climate Wise
Pamela Herman, Climate Wise Co-Director
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
OPPE (2126)
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
Phone: 202-260-4407/Fax: 202-260-0512
Gerald Kotas
U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Energy Efficiency 8c
Renewable Energy
1000 Independence Ave.
Washington, D.C. 20585
Phone: 202-586-9220/Fax: 202-586-9260
WAVE
John E. Flowers
WAVE Program Director
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(WH-547)
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
Phone: 202-260-7288
WasteWi$e
WasteWi$e Hotline: 1-800-EPA-WISE
Lynda Wynn
Phone: 202-260-0700/Fax: 260-4196
U.S. EPA, (5306)
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
Green Lights/Energy Star
Hotline: 202-775-6650
Faxline: 202-233-9659 (for information by fax)
U.S. EPA (6202J)
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington D.C., 20460
Fax: 202-775-6680
Golden Carrot
Michael L'Ecuyer 202-233-9127
AgSTAR
Lisa Reiter 202-233-9257
Natural Gas STAR
Andrea Osborne 202-233-9044
Coalbed Methane Outreach Program
Dina Kruger 202-233-9039
Landfill Methane Outreach Program
Cindy Jacobs 202-233-9042
Design for the Environment
EPA's Pollution Prevention Information
Clearinghouse (PPIC)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, S.W. (3404)
Washington, D.C. 20460
Phone: 202-260-1023/Fax: 202-260-0178
Building Air Quality Alliance
Indoor Air Quality Information Clearinghouse
1-800-438-4318
Pesticide Use/Risk Reduction Initiative
Martin S. Lewis or Sherry L. Click
BEAD/OPP/EPA (7503W)
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
Phone: 703-308-8144
AUGUST 1994
GEMI REFERENCE TO EPA VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS
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A. 33/50 PROGRAM
HISTORY
The 33/50 Program relies on the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) to identify potential par-
ticipants and to assess the success of the program. TRI, which existed before the 33/50
Program, is a national inventory of industrial toxic chemical releases and transfers reported
to the government by business on a yearly basis as required by law.
The 33/50 Program began in the late 1980's with high-level meetings held to discuss ways
in which business might reduce their TRI-reported releases. These meetings included:
• Senior EPA officials • American Paper Institute
• Chief executives of major corporations • Members of the transportation sector
• Chemical Manufacturer's Association • Environmental non-profits
• American Petroleum Institute
Discussions focused on going beyond the TRI requirement of reporting releases. The group
decided to use the release information as a starting point for encouraging release reduction,
and, therefore, pollution prevention. During these meetings the structure of the 33/50
Program was crafted. After concerns of all participants were addressed, the program was
formally announced in February, 1991.
The 33/50 Program now involves 1200 parent companies out of 8000 companies that emit
targeted chemicals. These 1200 companies represent 5000 to 6000 facilities.
Fifteen company case studies are available from the 33/50 Program office, with approxi-
mately five more planned. These case studies summarize experiences businesses have had
with the 33/50 Program. The documents outline the implementation of the program and
benefits to the program participants. The case studies are valuable to companies that are
considering the program, but are unsure of its value.
GOALS
• Reduce 17 TRI pollutants by 33% by 1992
• Reduce 17 TRI pollutants by 50% by 1995
The 33% goal was met by participating companies one year early—1991—due to the
creative efforts in the industrial sector.
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The 17 Chemicals Targeted by the 33/50 Program are:
Benzene Cadmium & compounds Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform Chromium and compounds Cyanide compounds
Dichloromethane Lead & compounds Mercury & compounds
Methyl ethyl ketone Methyl isohutyl ketone Nickel & compounds
Tetrachloroethylene Toluene 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene Xylenes
These are "high priority" chemicals, so named by EPA after the Agency reviewed the TRI
chemicals for both relative toxicities and volumes of use.
COMPANY PARTICIPATION
Companies that report using or releasing one or more of the 17 chemicals listed above have
been encouraged by EPA to consider joining the 33/50 Program. The process begins when a
company submits a letter to EPA stating the intention to participate. This letter should iden-
tify reduction targets and outline reduction strategies.
BENEFITS OF PARTICIPATION
Johnson & Johnson reports that participation in the 33/50 Program has helped significant-
ly in formulating reduction initiatives and in obtaining corporate support for their imple-
mentation. The Program's focus on a distinct set of chemicals has helped Johnson &
Johnson to develop and choose among specific source reduction projects for the Program's
targeted chemicals. As a result of its pollution reduction efforts, the company has reduced
releases and transfers of 33/50 Program chemicals by 77%.
PROGRESS
Measures by which 33/50's progress is tracked:
• The extent of industry's participation in the 33/50 Program
• The amount and types of wastes reduced
• The extent to which waste reduction at the source—pollution prevention—
contributes to overall reductions
These measures are tracked in Progress Reports that document the impact of the 33/50
Program, and track industrial progress towards achieving the overall national goal of a 50%
reduction by 1995. As mentioned above, the 33% goal was reached one year early, 1991.
Continued progress has led EPA to expect reaching the 1995 goal.
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A number of studies have been completed or are underway to evaluate the success of the
program, including studies by the Manufacturers Alliance for Productivity and Innovation,
Citizens Action, INFORM, and Congress (GAO).
FUTURE
EPA is certain that companies will meet the 1995 goal of a 50%, national reduction in tar-
geted chemicals. In anticipation of this, and to recognize those who have made significant
contributions towards achieving that goal, EPA's 33/50 Program coordinators are designing
an awards program to be held in 1996. The awards will recognize innovation in toxic
release reduction and the commitment to pollution prevention.
Other countries in addition to the U.S. have, or plan to implement, TRI-like release inven-
tories and community-right-to-know programs. As in the U.S., these inventories may be the
basis for voluntary reduction programs. Representatives from Taiwan and Switzerland have
met with 33/50 Program personnel to discuss the creation of similar programs in their coun-
tries. The OECD and the European Union are also looking into the role of voluntary pro-
grams on a national level.
B. CLIMATE WISE RECOGNITION PROGRAM
HISTORY
President Clinton committed the U.S. to reducing greenhouse gas emissions to 1990-levels
by the year 2000 in accordance with the Climate Convention of the 1990 Rio Earth Summit.
In July 1993, trade associations and other industry representatives met to suggest ways of
achieving the necessary reductions. Three months later, the President announced the Climate
Change Action Plan, designed to encourage reductions of greenhouse gas emissions. The
Action Plan presents 47 possible actions industry might take.
One of the programs in the Plan is the Climate Wise Program. Climate Wise is designed to
be an "umbrella" program to encourage participation in the full range of Action Plan ini-
tiatives. Climate Wise also reinforces provisions of the 1992 Environmental Policy Act
(EPACT). Under Climate Wise, the Voluntary Greenhouse Gas Reduction Reporting System
established by EPACT is used to help identify and recognize emissions reductions achieved
by industry. Furthermore, the Climate Wise initiative is prompting the Department of
Energy and EPA to centralize and comprehensively evaluate reductions information related
to the 47 Action Plan initiatives.1
Appendix C is a matrix that characterizes the DOE Climate Change Action Plan programs.
12 GEMI REFERENCE TO EPA VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS AUGUST 1994
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Climate Wise is a partnership initiative run jointly by EPA and the Department of Energy.
Climate Wise is managed by EPA's Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation (OPPE).
Within OPPE, the program resides in the Air and Energy Policy Division, which is in OPPE's
Office of Policy Analysis.
EPA must develop a cohesive program despite two basic challenges. First, the program must
be both specific and far reaching, since virtually all businesses use energy for a wide variety
of purposes. Second, there is a bureaucratic difficulty because programs related to the
Climate Wise initiative are managed in a variety of government agencies, including offices
in EPA, the Department of Energy, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the Department
of Transportation.
GOAL
The program is designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by:
• Encouraging reductions across all sectors of the economy
• Encouraging participation in the full range of Action Plan initiatives
• Fostering innovation
Climate Wise Challenge
Climate Wise challenges businesses to find creative ways to limit, reduce, or mitigate green-
house gas emissions through participation in Climate Change Action Plan programs.
Company actions may include:
• Auditing and tracking energy use and efficiency
• Altering production processes to reduce emissions
• Switching to fuels with lower carbon-contents
• Switching to renewable energy supplies
• Implementing programs to encourage group transportation
to work (e.g., carpools, mass transit)
• Implementing carbon sequestration activities—urban and
rural tree planting.
• Participating in other voluntary initiatives, such as Green Lights,
Motor Challenge, and WasteWi$e
Pledge Program
The Climate Wise Pledge Program provides participants with early recognition for their
efforts. It is designed to encourage planning to meet emissions reduction achievements.
AUGUST 1994 GEMI REFERENCE TO EPA VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS 13
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Pledge program participants are required to identify and commit to actions that reduce
greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, organizations are encouraged to:
• Publish a corporate policy statement
• Establish an energy management structure
• Set performance improvement targets
• Monitor and evaluate performance levels
• Increase awareness of energy efficiency among employees and report
performance changes and improvements to employees and stakeholders
Current Climate Wise Pledge participants include: DuPont, Martin Marietta, Quad
Graphics, AT&T, and Weyerhaeuser.
BENEFITS OF PARTICIPATION
The Climate Wise Pledge Program gives organizations early recognition for their reduction
commitments. Furthermore, participation provides companies with access to a centralized
information system. Climate Wise staff are designing a technical assistance program that
will include consulting services, workshops, guides, and a technical assistance clearinghouse.
C. WAVE
(WATER ALLIANCES FOR VOLUNTARY EFFICIENCY)
HISTORY
The concept of a voluntary program dedicated to achieving water use efficiency originated
in the Office of Water in the wake of the success of other voluntary programs. The program
was designed similar to Green Lights (an energy-saving program), but in this case to pro-
mote more efficient water use. In December 1992, EPA held a press conference to announce
its intent to start the Water Alliances for Voluntary Efficiency (WAVE) program.
Hotels and lodging associations were targeted by EPA for this program. These associations
had expressed interest in the idea, and EPA thought that hotels and lodging establishments
could help educate the public. Hotels participating in the WAVE program provide informa-
tion about water efficiency to their customers.
GEMI REFERENCE TO EPA VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS AUGUST 1994
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GOALS
WAVE strives to benefit the lodging industry and the environment through:
• Reducing water and energy consumption through the installment of
water-efficient equipment
• Linking water-use efficiency to reduced costs
• Informing hotel guests and employees about the benefits of
water efficiency
In the long term EPA wishes to focus national attention on the importance of water and the
need for more efficient water use. For this reason, EPA hopes to eventually expand the scope
of the WAVE program to include schools, hospitals and businesses.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF MEMBERSHIP
Hotels and motels that choose to take part in the WAVE program must sign a Memorandum
of Understanding (MOU) with EPA. WAVE participants agree to:
• Appoint a WAVE Implementation Manager
• Survey water use devices in all facilities
• Consider options for achieving greater water use efficiency and implement
those options that maximize efficiency—provided they are profitable and
do not compromise business operations
• Upgrade water use devices so that 90% of the projected reductions in water
use (by volume) are realized within five years
• Incorporate water-efficient devices in new facility design
• Provide annual information to EPA on efficiency measures implemented
and the related savings in water, energy, and costs
• Inform customers and employees about the benefits of water use efficiency
BENEFITS OF MEMBERSHIP
The program provides members with water and energy saving ideas that will actually result
in a profit to WAVE partners. By changing to water efficient equipment and procedures, a
hotel or motel can cut its water use by more than 15%. Most of the time the costs of invest-
ments in such water-efficient equipment can be recovered in three years or less. Promising
opportunities for cost-effective savings include changes in plumbing fixtures, cooling sys-
tems, kitchens, laundries, landscaping, and swimming pools. EPA also provides the follow-
ing products and services:
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Options Analysis System—a computer software package that allows WAVE
Partners to survey water use in facilities, evaluate water efficiency options,
and choose the most cost-effective water efficiency upgrade.
Training Workshops—meetings that will inform hotel management on the
benefits of water efficiency and provide technical information to facility
engineers.
Supporter Program—WAVE supporters are equipment manufacturers,
water management companies, and utilities that have agreed to educate
customers about water efficiency.
Endorser Program—membership associations and other organizations that
support WAVE.
Public Recognition—WAVE will place public-service advertisements in
major publications and EPA will distribute ready-to-use promotional mate-
rials to promote WAVE activities.
D. WASTEWI$E PROGRAM
HISTORY
WasteWi$e was conceived in the fall of 1992 by the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency
Response. Success of voluntary programs such as Green Lights and 33/50 had proved that
business and government could work together to help the environment. EPA's research
found that by reducing the amount of waste generated, companies can save money on pur-
chasing, mailing, disposal, packaging, and transportation costs. This fundamental idea
prompted a discussion between EPA and an ad hoc group of business representatives to
decide how to structure a voluntary solid waste reduction program. The program was
intended, in its earliest stages, to require numerical targets for waste prevented, amount
recycled, and purchase of recycled goods. Through consultation with businesses, EPA found
that a flexible program was needed to elicit corporate support, allowing companies to set
their own goals on a case-by-case basis.
WasteWi$e was launched January 1, 1994 with a letter from the EPA Administrator to all
of the Fortune 500 and Fortune Service 500 Companies. WasteWi$e gained 281 charter
members by May 20, 1994.
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GOAL
WasteWi$e strives to reduce municipal solid waste. Members work toward this goal in three ways:
• Waste prevention
• Recycling collection
• Manufacture or purchase of recycled products
RESPONSIBILITIES OF MEMBERSHIP
Members must agree to provide the EPA with their goals and a yearly progress report. The
annual reporting form asks companies to describe what they did, and to estimate the following:
• Waste prevented
• Amount of recyclable material collected
• Additional money spent on recycled products
Members are required to identify and implement three significant waste prevention actions2,
establish or improve a program to collect recyclables, and increase their purchase or manufac-
ture of recycled products. There is no restriction with respect to the size of the company. Trade
associations and non-profit groups may also join. In addition, companies may start gradually
with a pilot program at a single facility. Each participant in WasteWi$e is assigned a WasteWi$e
representative that offers assistance and checks in with members several times a year.
BENEFITS OF MEMBERSHIP
EPA provides technical assistance to member companies. Reducing municipal solid waste
has potential to reduce operating costs dramatically in the following ways:
• Less waste relieves burdens on disposal facilities, conserves natural
resources, reduces pollution and lowers companies' purchasing and dis-
posal costs.
• Recycling reduces waste disposal bills and in some cases, can generate rev-
enue from the sale of recycled materials.
• Buying or manufacturing recycled products ensures continuation of recy-
cling efforts and will eventually drive down the cost of recycled goods.
WasteWi$e companies have saved millions of dollars by simply reducing the waste they gen-
erate. For example, NYNEX phone company was able to save $9 million in one year by
switching to two-sided phone bills.
2 e.g., reduce paper use, redesign products or packaging methods that use less material.
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Anheuser-Busch Companies have been achieving results in each of the three WasteWi$e
areas for many years. The company recycles one can for each can of beer filled by its 13
breweries—17 billion—making it the largest recycler of aluminum beverage containers in
the world. The 13 breweries also reuse or recycle 95% of all solid waste they generate. By
finding recycling markets for many by-products, Anheuser-Busch breweries save nearly $1
million a year in landfill charges. Bill Sugar, Senior Director of Anheuser-Busch
Environmental Affairs, feels that WasteWi$e is a logical program for Anheuser-Busch to be
involved in, as it is consistent with the accomplishments they have made with respect to
waste prevention, recycling, and purchase of recycled goods. He feels that this program will
offer recognition for the company's progress, encouragement to company employees, and
will perhaps push Anheuser-Busch's environmental practices to a new level.
EPA provides brochures and tip sheets on waste prevention, and recycling to WasteWi$e
member companies. In addition, companies may use the WasteWi$e logo on internal mate-
rials (e.g., letterheads) and in general promotional materials.
E. GLOBAL CHANGE DIVISION PROGRAMS
EPA's Office of Air and Radiation is responsible for the growing number of programs that
fall under the umbrella of the Global Change Division. Green Lights was the first program.
Its success, combined with the President's Climate Change Action Program, led to the for-
mation of Energy Star Programs (Energy Star Computers, Energy Star Buildings, and
"Golden Carrot") and Methane Reduction Programs (AgSTAR, Natural Gas STAR, the
Ruminant Livestock Methane Program, Coalbed Methane Outreach Program, and the
Landfill Methane Outreach Program).
The following sections summarize the Green Lights, Energy Star Computers, and Energy
Star Buildings programs. Other initiatives under the Global Change Division are also briefly
explained.
GLOBAL CHANGE DIVISION
GREEN LIGHTS PROGRAM
HISTORY
Green Lights was officially launched on January 16, 1991. It is considered the Flagship pro-
gram of the Global Change Division. There were originally 39 Charter members from major
U.S. corporations, but today the partnership has expanded to include public and private orga-
nizations of all sizes. There are small and medium-sized businesses; federal, state, and local
governments; non-profit groups; schools; universities; and health care facilities. EPA has also
developed a series of Ally Programs with the lighting industry and an Endorser Program with
organizations that help promote the Green Lights ideas.
18 GEMI REFERENCE TO EPA VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS AUGUST 1994
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GOAL
The program's goal is to prevent pollution by encouraging U.S. institutions to use energy-
efficient lighting technologies.
PARTICIPATION
There are currently over 1,500 participants in the program. Participants are required to sur-
vey their domestic facilities and upgrade lighting wherever it is profitable and improves or
maintains lighting quality. A profitable project is one that—on a facility aggregate basis—
maximizes energy savings while providing an annualized internal rate of return (IRR) that
is greater than the prime interest rate plus 6 percentage points. This target is a "floor" rather
than a "ceiling"; most lighting upgrades yield 20-40% IRRs. Participants must complete
their lighting upgrades within 5 years.
While the Green Lights program is flexible enough to allow organizations to approach
implementation in their own ways, participants are encouraged to plan a "kickoff" meeting
with the assistance of EPA representatives soon after joining the program. This meeting con-
veys the organization's commitment to maximize energy savings, and provides a forum in
which to discuss plans. A Green Lights team should be formed which identifies financial
needs, conducts trial installations, and develops the 5 year action plan. Green Lights partic-
ipants are asked to annually apprise EPA of their progress by using a 1-page Green Lights
Implementation Report for each of their lighting surveys and upgrade projects.
BENEFITS OF PARTICIPATION
EPA provides technical assistance including: a decision support software package, lighting
upgrade workshops and manuals, a financing registry, and ally programs.
EPA recognizes participants for their participation in the program through newsletters, arti-
cles, media events, and public service advertisements. Also, EPA encourages participants to
take advantage of their own opportunities for public recognition through appropriate use of
the Green Lights logo and other materials that can be incorporated into internal communi-
cations, public relations, marketing, and advertising.
GLOBAL CHANGE DIVISION
ENERGY STAR COMPUTERS
GOAL
Research has shown that much of the electricity generated through computer use is wasted.
EPA's Energy Star Computers program is a voluntary program for computer manufacturers.
AUGUST 1994 GEMI REFERENCE TO EPA VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS 19
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They are asked to develop desktop computers, monitors and printers that can power-down
while not in use. Energy Star Computers can reduce energy consumption by up to 70%.
A Presidential Executive Order, in effect since October, 1993, directs U.S. agencies to pur-
chase only desktop computers, monitors, and printers that meet EPA Energy Star require-
ments for energy efficiency. This Executive Order should save taxpayers $40 million annu-
ally. EPA urges private and other public organizations to commit to a similar Energy Star
purchasing policy.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF MEMBERSHIP
Computers Partners agree to manufacture personal computers and monitors capable of
achieving a low-energy state during times of inactivity. EPA defines a "low power state" as
less than or equal to 30 Watts for either the computer or the monitor.
Similarly, Printers Partners agree to manufacture printers capable of entering a low-power
state. "Low power state" is defined in the chart below:
Printer Speed
(pages/Min)
1-7
8-14
15 and up
& color laser printers
Default Time to
Low-Power State (Minutes)
15
30
60
Max Power in Idle
State (Watts)
30
30
45
BENEFITS OF MEMBERSHIP
Energy Star Computers Partners selling compliant products may use the Energy Star5** logo
to label their equipment. Partners may also promote their efficient products by using the
logo in advertisements, brochures and catalogues.
GLOBAL CHANGE DIVISION
ENERGY STAR BUILDINGS
HISTORY
EPA's Energy Star Buildings program is a voluntary energy-efficiency program for U.S. com-
mercial buildings. The program involves a five-stage process that builds on the Green Lights
program. Green Lights serves as the first stage in the Energy Star Buildings implementation
20 GEMI REFERENCE TO EPA VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS AUGUST 1994
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process. Like Green Lights, Energy Star Buildings focuses on the use of proven technologies
to realize the most profitable investment opportunities.
GOAL
The goal of the Energy Star Buildings program is to maximize energy efficiency and profits
simultaneously. The U.S. spends $70 billion a year to operate commercial and industrial
buildings. New energy efficient technologies could cut this energy use by more than 40%,
or roughly $28 billion per year.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF MEMBERSHIP
The Energy Star Buildings program is based on an implementation process that considers
system interactions and allows for additional energy savings while lowering capital expen-
ditures. EPA asks participants to perform upgrades only where profitable.
The five steps to energy efficiency are:
1) Implementing Green Lights
2) Tuning up the building's systems
3) Investing in upgrades that reduce heating and cooling loads
4) Improving fans and air-handling systems
5) Improving heating and cooling plants
For 1994 EPA is working with 25 building owners on Energy Star showcase projects. Each
participant has committed to complete a comprehensive, 5-stage upgrade within one year.
This showcase program will result in buildings that can be used as examples for the nation-
al program rollout in 1995.
To participate in the Energy Star Buildings program, organizations must first join EPA's
Green Lights program. They must also sign an addendum to the Green Lights Memorandum
of Understanding (MOU). Once an organization becomes a full Partner in Energy Star
Buildings, it should survey all U.S.-owned commercial buildings to identify profitable effi-
ciency upgrades which may yield a rate of return from energy savings greater than prime
rate plus 6%. Of these identified Energy Star Building upgrades, 90% should be completed
within seven years.
BENEFITS OF MEMBERSHIP
EPA publicly recognizes companies for their participation in the Energy Star Buildings pro-
gram. EPA will provide technical assistance to help plan and implement building upgrades.
Assistance includes a general upgrade/retrofit manual, a fan system upgrade manual, soft-
AUGUST 1994 GEMI REFERENCE TO EPA VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS 21
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ware to calculate savings from upgraded fan systems, a database of financing programs for
building efficiency upgrades, case studies, and many other informational guides.
GLOBAL CHANGE DIVISION
OTHER INITIATIVES
Energy STAR Programs
"Golden Carrot" incentive programs establish partnerships among indus-
trial end-users, original equipment manufacturers, and other suppliers, util-
ities, distributors, and state agencies to promote delivery of state-of-the-art,
more efficient technology to the marketplace.
Methane Reduction Programs
AgSTAR is a voluntary program which encourages the widespread use of
technologies to increase livestock production profits. By investing in these
technologies, AgSTAR participants realize substantial returns through
reduced electrical, gas, and oil bills, revenues form high-quality manure by-
products and savings on manure management operational costs. Partners
also reduce pollution associated with water resources, odor, and global
warming.
Natural Gas STAR is designed to encourage natural gas companies to
adopt best management practices that can profitably reduce emissions of
methane—the major component of natural gas.
The Ruminant Livestock Methane Program identifies and encourages use
of best management practices for increasing efficiency of milk and meat
productions. The result is a reduction in methane emissions from cattle in
key regions.
The Coalbed Methane Outreach Program encourages US coal mines to
remove and use methane that is otherwise wasted during mining. In addi-
tion to reducing emissions of methane, these projects have important eco-
nomic benefits for the mines and their local economies.
The Landfill Methane Outreach Program encourages landfill owner/operators
to turn a liability into an asset. Through this program, EPA is working with
municipal and private landfill owners and operators, states, utilities, and other
federal agencies to promote the use of landfill gas as an energy resource.
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F. DESIGN FOR THE ENVIRONMENT
HISTORY
EPA's Design for the Environment (DfE) Program was established in September 1992 in
order to further the Agency's goals of promoting pollution prevention and risk reduction
in American industry. Many sectors of industry were already thinking in terms of "design-
ing for" certain qualities or traits in their products, and EPA wanted to establish a pro-
gram to help industry design products, processes, and technologies with the environment
in mind.
GOALS
The DfE Program works to bring industry the information and tools it needs to integrate
pollution prevention and risk management into its decision-making processes. Through the
DfE Program, EPA develops voluntary partnerships with industry, professional and envi-
ronmental organizations, state and local governments, other federal agencies, and the pub-
lic. These partnerships develop environmental risk, performance, and cost information
about industry processes and alternative processes. This information will enable industry
decision-makers to make choices that will reduce environmental risk in a cost effective
manner, resulting in a cleaner environment and an improved economic outlook for
American industry.
DfE PROJECTS UNDERWAY
Institutional Projects
• Accounting and Capital Budgeting: EPA is working with the private sector
to develop accounting processes that consider environmental costs and
benefits, thereby helping businesses to recognize their environmental costs.
• Chemical Design: EPA and the National Science Foundation are encourag-
ing universities to research alternative methods for chemical production
which minimize or eliminate hazardous substances.
• Curriculum Development: The National Pollution Prevention Center at the
University of Michigan, established by the EPA, is developing curricula in
a variety of disciplines which incorporate pollution prevention, life-cycle
analysis, and DfE principles, rather than traditional end-of-pipe pollution
control techniques.
• Risk Management/Insurance: Through a cooperative effort with the
American Institute of Chartered Property Casualty Underwriters, EPA is
AUGUST 1994 GEMI REFERENCE TO EPA VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS 23
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helping to incorporate pollution prevention into the curriculum for the
Institute's certification program for Associates in Risk Management.
Financing: EPA will conduct outreach to businesses and the financial com-
munity to find ways to address the problem of obtaining money for pollu-
tion prevention investments.
Cooperative Industry Projects
Dry Cleaning Project: DfE is working with the dry cleaning industry and
environmental organizations to reduce exposure to perchloroethylene
("perc"). EPA will examine alternative technologies, solvents, and control
methods as part of a Cleaner Technology Substitutes Assessment.
Printing Project: EPA and industry are working together to collect pollution
prevention information specific to small and medium-sized printers. Project
committees are developing cleaner technology assessments, and outreach
strategies and information products to communicate the results of the pro-
ject to printers.
Printed Wiring Board Project: DfE is working with the printed wiring
board industry to identify and evaluate alternative manufacturing process-
es, technologies, and chemicals that may reduce environmental impact.
Cleaning Products: EPA and the General Services Administration (GSA) are
working together to promote the use of environmentally preferred cleaning
products in government-owned buildings. This is an effort to develop stan-
dards for cleaning products, performing integrated risk assessments, and
evaluating product performance.
G. BUILDING AIR QUALITY ALLIANCE
HISTORY
The program, which will commence sometime in 1994, is based primarily on material con-
tained in Building Air Quality, A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers3. Early
in 1994, key leaders representing a variety of interests met and noted the success of volun-
tary programs, such as Green Lights. They felt that a similar voluntary partnership program
could best implement the ideas in the Building Air Quality manual.
3 This manual was published in 1991 by EPA and the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
24 GEMI REFERENCE TO EPA VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS AUGUST 1994
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GOAL
The goal of the Program is to improve indoor air quality in commercial and public buildings.
GUIDING PRINCIPLES
The following principles serve as an underlying philosophy that reflect participants' com-
mitment to improving indoor air quality.
• Make Indoor Air Quality a Priority: Institute health, open communication,
and respect as priority principles for building operators and occupants.
• Know How to Prevent Pollution: Implement training schedules to educate
building staff in current indoor air quality practices and disseminate new
guidance as it becomes available.
• Practice Indoor Air Quality Management: Prevent pollution by implement-
ing best indoor air quality management practices.
• Fix Things That Go Wrong: Establish effective problem-resolution proce-
dures and act to solve problems promptly.
PARTICIPATION
The Building Air Quality Alliance will include Alliance Members and Building Partners.
Alliance Members will be national organizations that can spur changes in indoor air quali-
ty. They will develop policies and operating principles for the Alliance. The Alliance mem-
bership will represent diverse interests, including national non-profit organizations, associ-
ations, and governmental entities. The Alliance will be created through a multilateral
Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) among Alliance Members.
Building Partners will include building owners and managers who have committed to a set
of Guiding Principles. They have pledged to implement an Action Plan of indoor air quali-
ty management practices adopted by the Alliance. Building Partners will join by submitting
a statement of commitment to the Alliance.
BENEFITS OF MEMBERSHIP
Building Partners will receive support from the Alliance in the form of guidance, training,
and recognition for their commitment. In addition, their efforts to improve indoor air qual-
ity may lead to:
• Increased marketability
• Better health and productivity for building occupants
AUGUST 1994 GEMI REFERENCE TO EPA VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS 25
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• Improved energy efficiency
• Reduced cleaning and other costs due to bad air quality
The Building Air Quality Alliance will be formally launched in Fall, 1994.
H. PROGRAMS IN DEVELOPMENT
NATIONAL WASTE MINIMIZATION PLAN
A National Waste Minimization Plan has recently been announced. The program will con-
sist of various voluntary approaches. A special section on hazardous waste minimization
may be included. A draft plan was issued in May to industry groups, and EPA is now tak-
ing public comments. Meetings will continue this summer by invitation only. Organizers
want to implement the program by November, 1994.
EPA Administrator Carol Browner has put large quantity hazardous waste generators on
notice that they have to meet waste minimization requirements. In August a list will be pub-
lished that names all waste generators and will be made available to community groups.
Citizen groups will be able to see which companies in their communities are emitting haz-
ardous wastes. Implicit in the list is the information that these companies are required to
have waste minimization programs.
Browner is encouraging the listed companies to make public their waste minimization pro-
grams, although it is not being required. This is not a traditional voluntary program, but
rather a strong-arm effort by EPA to get companies to publicly disclose waste minimization
programs, and if they have not implement such programs, being on the list may prompt
them to do so.
PESTICIDE USE / RISK REDUCTION INITIATIVE
The Pesticide Use/Risk Reduction Initiative, announced in June 1993, is a joint effort of the
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the United States Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) and EPA to reduce the use of pesticides that pose unreasonable risks
to humans and the environment. Through a coordinated strategy, the federal government is
committed to work with all affected interests (including commodity organizations, public
interest groups, federal, state and local government agencies, researchers and industry rep-
resentatives) to develop a plan which reduces the risks posed by pesticides while maintain-
ing cost-effective pest control methods. The Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP), coordinates
26 GEM I REFERENCE TO EPA VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS AUGUST 1994
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EPA's activities in support of the Initiative. (The lead for the use/risk reduction initiative
within OPP will be phased-in to OPP's new pilot division, Biopesticides and Pollution
Prevention Division (BPPD)). This includes coordinating EPA's efforts with those of USDA
and FDA, providing pesticide usage data, conducting economic and biological analyses of
policy options and meeting with affected interests to identify opportunities for the reduction
in pesticide use and risk.
The EPA, USDA and FDA have set up an interagency task force to develop an overall strat-
egy and implementation plan for the Initiative. There are five subgroups that have been
charged with developing the major components of the overall strategy. The groups have
been organized around the following topics:
• Measuring progress—comprehensive program to measure pesticide use in
relation to its associated risk
• Incentives—legislative, regulatory, and administrative incentives that will
foster a reduction in pesticide use/risk
• Alternative technologies that reduce pesticide use/risk
• Research—setting priorities, insuring proper funding, demonstrating the
results, and incorporation of results into production practices
• Implementation issues to identify barriers, find solutions, and ensure the
strategy becomes a reality.
EPA has stressed that the development of a commodity-specific pesticide use/risk reduction
strategy is a bottom-up flexible process which depends upon the input, commitment and
good faith of pesticide users.
EPA has prepared a guidance document to assist pesticide user organizations. The guidance
is not intended to be a directive and allows for maximum flexibility so that EPA can be true
to its commitment to build these strategies from the bottom-up.
AUGUST 1994 GEMI REFERENCE TO EPA VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS 27
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APPENDIX A
TRENDS IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY:
STATE AND LOCAL INITIATIVES
The following state and local programs are worth mentioning because they, like the federal vol-
untary programs, may suggest the possible direction of future environmental policies towards
pollution prevention, waste reduction, and government-sponsored technical assistance.
Partial Listing of State and Local Initiatives
(As cited in EPA's 1993 Reference Guide to Pollution Prevention Resources and the Waste
Reduction Resource Center's Summary of State Waste Reduction Programs.)
Alaska
Colorado
Georgia
Hawaii
Illinois
Iowa
Massachusetts
Minnesota
New Mexico
Tennessee
Washington
West Virginia
Waste Reduction Assistance Program (WRAP)
Small Business Hazardous Material Management
Project (HMMP)
Denver Water Conservation Program
Pollution Prevention and Waste Reduction Program
Project Petro (Waste Oil Recycling Program)
Georgia Multimedia Source Reduction and
Recycling Program
Hazardous Waste Minimization Program
Illinois Hazardous Waste Research and Information
Center's (HWRIC's) Pollution Prevention program
Iowa Waste Reduction Center
Toxics Use Reduction Institute
Minnesota Technology Assistance Program (MNTAP)
Municipal Water Pollution Prevention Program
Waste Reduction Assessment and Technology Transfer
Training Program (WRATT)
Waste Reduction, Recycling, and Litter Control Program
Pollution Prevention and Open Dump Program
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TWO SPECIFIC EXAMPLES:
The Erie County, NY Pollution Prevention Program
The Erie. County Office of Pollution Prevention (ECOPP) Program was established in 1990
to provide assistance to industry, public institutions, and local governments to evaluate and
develop methods to produce less waste, especially hazardous materials. ECOPP fills the void
where small and medium-sized businesses have been left out of state-wide pollution preven-
tion programs and regulations despite their proportional contribution to the overall pollution
problem. ECOPP's services are confidential, non-regulatory and free of charge. They provide:
• On-site reviews of operating practices, processes, and equipment, along
with follow-up letters with site-specific recommendations for implementing
pollution prevention concepts.
• Industry and trade group workshops.
• Publication of newsletters for their constituency (mailing list of over 4,000
companies).
This assistance is focused on reducing waste generation at its source in the manufacturing
process, instead of reducing its volume once it has been generated.
Pennsylvania
Although this is a regulatory program, it resembles voluntary programs such as Erie County
Pollution Prevention Program and WasteWi$e. Pennsylvania's PK-4 Program is based on new
regulations that address the problem of industrial solid waste, an issue that has previously
been neglected by the federal government due to insufficient information. Industrial solid
waste accounts for 94% of all U.S. waste and includes combustion residues, foundry sand,
inorganic chemical wastes, pulp and paper wastes, fuel-contaminated soil, asbestos-contain-
ing wastes, nonhazardous waste oil, industrial equipment, and many other materials.
Pennsylvania's regulations establish the following environmental safeguards: groundwater
protection system, pollution prevention requirements, and guidance for regulators and the
regulated community. Two of these three major areas of interest correspond with the prin-
ciples of WasteWi$e:
• Both PK-4 and WasteWi$e concentrate on source reduction or preventing
waste before it is generated. PK-4 requires Pennsylvania's businesses to
submit a permit application for each major type of waste being processed
or disposed.
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• PK-4 and WasteWi$e provide technical assistance to waste generators.
Pennsylvania's DER has hired additional staff to help produce and dis-
tribute permit applications and information sheets, as well as providing
the public with information sessions to explain Pennsylvania's new regu-
lations. WasteWi$e provides technical assistance to member companies
and case studies describing the savings other companies have achieved
through the program.
Pennsylvania's program stands out, as it is based on a set of regulations that reflect the full
environmental cost of disposal and require source reduction at the same time.
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APPENDIX B
Participation of GEMI Members in
Voluntary Programs4
33/50 Program
Allied Signal Inc. Georgia-Pacific Corporation
Amoco Corporation Johnson & Johnson
Anheuser-Busch Companies Merck & Company, Inc.
AT&T Occidental Petroleum Corp.
Boeing Company Olin Corporation
Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. Procter & Gamble Company
Coors Brewing Company Tenneco Inc.
Dow Chemical Company Union Carbide Corporation
DuPont Company Eastman Kodak Company
Green Lights
Allied Signal Inc. Duke Power
Amoco Corporation Florida Power & Light
Boeing Johnson & Johnson
Browning-Ferris Industries Merck & Co. Inc.
The Coca-Cola Company WMX Technologies
Digital Equipment Corp.
Climate Wise
AT&T
The DuPont Company
Georgia Pacific Corporation
Energy star Computers
Apple Computer Company
AT&T
Digital Equipment Corp.
WasteWi$e
Anheuser-Busch Companies Florida Power & Light
AT&T Georgia-Pacific Corp.
Boeing Johnson & Johnson
Browning-Ferris Industries Procter & Gamble
Coors Brewing Company Union Carbide
The DuPont Company WMX Technologies
Eastman Kodak Company
'Based on EPA Information provided in June, 1994
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DOB CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION PLAN
PROGRAMS
•Umbrella* Cross-Cutting Program*:
Climate Wise
Qimate Qufleme
Commercial Energy Efficiency Opportunities:
Coordination of Rebuild America & EPA
Energy Star Buildings
State Revolving Fund for Public Buildings
Cost -Shared Demonstration of Emerging
Technologies
Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Information and Traininc
Residential Energy Efficiency Opportunities:
"Golden Carrot" Market Pull Partnerships
Enhanced Residential Appliance Standards
Home Energy Ratings Systems & Energy-
Efficient Mortgages
"Cool Communities" Program in Cities &
Federal Facilities
Upgrading Residential Building Standards
Energy Value Homes
Industrial Energy Efficiency Opportunities:
Motor Challenge
"Golden Carrot" Programs for High-Efficiency
Industrial Air Compressors, Pumps, Fans, Drives
Accelerating Adoption of Energy Efficient
Pollution Prevention Technologies for Industry
Expand and Enhance Energy & Diagnostic Centers
Accelerate Source Reduction, Pollution
Prevention & Recycling
Energy Supply Opportunities:
Commercialize High Efficiency Gas Technologies
Renewable Energy Market Mobilization
Collaborative & Technology Demonstration
Promote Integrated Resource Planning
Retain and Improve Hydroelectric Generation
at Existing Dams
Accelerated Development of Efficiency Standards
for Electric Transformers
Methane Reduction and Recovery Opportunities:
Expanded RD&D for Methane Recovery from
Coal Mining
Expanded RD&D for Methane Recovery from
Landfills
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