EPA R4-72 008 Environmental Monitoring Series
August 1972
Reviews of Current Literature
on Analytical Methodology
and Quality Control
No. 11
Office of Research and Monitoring
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
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NOTICE
This bulletin is prepared monthly by the staff of the Analytical
Methodology Information Center (AMIC), Information Systems Section, Battelle,
Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, under EPA Contract No. 68-01-0166,
to inform personnel of the Analytical Quality Control Laboratory and other
segments of the National Analytical Methods Development Research Program of
recent publications on methodology. Personnel associated with the center are
Mr. Ralph Darby, Project Director, Mr. Robert Little, Project Leader,
Mr. John Mortland, Miss Verna Holoman, Mr. Ronald Snyder, Mr. Michael
Mackan, Mr. Ronald Byrd, and Mr. George Long, Abstractors.
The 3" x 5" format of the citations and use of card stock is intended
to facilitate removal and filing of items of interest. Because of space limi-
tations, the index terms accompanying the citations are selected from a complete
list as representative of the important concepts presented in each article.
Comments and suggestions regarding the content of the "Reviews" or
requests from EPA personnel to be placed on the mailing list should be directed
to the Project Officer:
Dr. Cornelius I. Weber
Analytical Quality Control Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center
Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
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REVIEWS OF CURRENT LITERATURE ON
ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL
NO. 11
By
Analytical Methodology Information Center (AMIC)
Information Systems Section
Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201
Contract No. 68-01-0166
Project 16020 HJE
Prepared for
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND MONITORING
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
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\
*•
NATIONAL ANALYTICAL METHODS DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM
ANALYTICAL QUALITY CONTROL LABORATORY
REVIEWS OF CURRENT LITERATURE ON
ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL
No. 11 August, 1972
Arrangement of the citations followings the major research areas of the Analytical
Quality Control Laboratory and other segments of the National Analytical Methods
Development Research Program. Items which apply to more than one area are cross-
referenced .
CONTENTS
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS Page 1-19
Scope: Wet chemical methods; Nutrients; NTA; Trace metals; Helium glow;
Chromatography (thin layer, gas, liquid); Spectroscopy (atomic absorption;
flame emission, arc-spark, visible, UV, IR, fluorescent); Radiochemistry;
Automation of methods; Ion-specific and other probes; Mass spectrometry;
Mass spectra; NMR; Instrument-computer interface; Chlorinated hydrocarbons
(pesticides, PCB's, other); Trace organics; Petroleum processes (reforming,
hydroforming, platforming, catalysts); Petroleum additives; Reduced crudes;
Sulfur isotopes; Boiling range determination; Asphatenes and carboids;
Weathering; Organometallics; Elemental analysis; Paraffinic distribution;
Petroleum wastes; Water quality standards; Effluent monitoring.
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS Page 20-35
Scope: Plankton; Periphyton; Macrophyton; Macroinvertebrates; Fish;
Sample collection (grab samplers, artificial substrates); Sample
processing (preservation, staining, automatic and manual sorting and
counting); Organisms identification (taxonomic keys, optical and electron
microscopy, gas chromatography, electrophoresis, karyosystematics); Biomass
measurements (drying, freeze-drying, ashing, ATP, DNA, chlorophyll measure-
ment, calorimetry); Metabolic rates (primary productivity, respiration,
electron transport, nitrogen fixation); Culturing; Bioraonitoring; Bioassay;
Bioaccumulation of hazardous materials; Community structure (indicator
organisms, species diversity, community stability); Mathematical models;
Statistical analysis.
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3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS Page 37-41
Scope: Pollution indicators; Waterborne pathogens; Sampling; Detection;
Identification; Enumeration; Monitoring; Survival; Automation; Instrumenta-
tion; Cell counting; Selective and differential media; Growth factors;
Metabolic products; Membrane filter procedures; Microbiological standards;
Specific bacteriophage; Fluorescent antibody techniques; Radioactive
tracers; Antigen identification; Photomicroscopy; Optical measurements;
Data handling, presentation, and interpretation.
4. METHODS AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION Page 42
Scope; Collaborative testing; Laboratory and analyst performance evaluation;
Inter- and intralaboratory quality control; Evaluation of laboratory equip-
ment; Statistical treatment of analytical data; Experimental design.
5. INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT Page 43-44
Scope; Intake systems (methods of sampling, connecting lines, wells, motors,
pumps, mode of operation); Sensors (electro-chemical, electro-biological,
thermodynamic, mechanical, optical, nuclear); Analyzers (analog and digital
amplifiers, output displays); Recording systems (telemetry, data logging,
digital data processors).
11
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1. PKXSJ.UAL AND CW3UCAL METHODS
AMIC-2U3U
"OXYGEN RELATIONSHIPS IN THE CASS RIVER DOWNSTREAM PROM CARO, MICHIGAB", Michigan
Water Resources Commission, Department of natural Resources, Laming, Michigan,
January 1971, 37 pp.
Water quality standards for Michigan Inland waterways, which designate the
particular use or uses for which a stream or lake sector will be protected, were
adopted In 1968. The primary purpose of the studies described In this report was to
establish a relationship between dissolved oxygen concentrations In the Cass Hirer
downstream from Caro and the quantity and quality of treated waste effluents being
discharged to the river so that additional restrictions, designed to adequately
protect the designated uses of the river, could be determined. Excessive oxygen
depleting waste discharges from the Michigan Sugar Company have been responsible for
fish mortalities in the Casa River downstream from Caro. On occasion, these wastes
have also caused taste and odor problems In the water supply. A continuous U8-hour
water quality survey was conducted during a high flow, low temperature period when
process wastewater was being discharged from the Michigan Sugar Company holding
ponds. The survey shoved that significant increases In BOD, suspended solids, and
suspended volatile solids concentrations} a significant increase in total conform
bacteria densities; and a significant decrease in dissolved oxygen concentrations
occurred in the Cass River downstream from the waste discharges of the Caro area. The
data gathered were used to determine the waste assimilation capacity of this reach
of the Cass River. Waste assimilation rates were used to predict dissolved oxygen
concentrations in the river under various river flow and temperature conditions and
various waste loads.
INDEX TERMS: Water quality. Dissolved oxygen, Water quality standards, Industrial wastes
AJOC-3127
"SIMPLE METHOD TOR SOOTHE EETECTI01I OF RESIDUES OF DIETHYLSTIIBESTROL (DBS) IH MEAT
COHTAMIHATED AT LEVELS AS LOW AS ONE PART PER BILLION", Smith, W. 0., McNeil, E. E.,
Analytical Chemistry. Vol. I*, No. 6, May 1972, pp 108ft-1087.
A new rapid method is presorted for the identification of nanogran quantities
of dlethylstllbesterol (DES) residues in meat. Extraction with acetonltrlltwater (9»D
is followed by tbe removal of contaminating llplds from extracted DES with the aid of
Immiscible solvent systems, and the detection of the extracted DES by electron
captor* gas chrcaatography. To prepare samples for analysis, 20 gm of meat were
coarsely chopped, combined vlth 100 ml of a acetonltrlle:water mixture, and divided
into four aliquots! "cold aliquot", "cold control", "heated aliquot", and "heated
comtrol". All specimens were then subjected to a series of solvent extractions
and additions to remove fatty acid Interference nnd recover the added DES. The
recovery was 73.2-83.1* psrceat for over 100 specimens tested. "Cold" and "heated"
aliquot samples were treated with ethanol and analyzed with a gas-liquid apparatus
fitted with an electron capture detector, IB spectra further indicated DES recoveries
were successful down to the sanogram level.
INDEX TERMS* Methodology, Pollutant identification, Solvent extractions, Chemical
analysis. Carbon radloisotopes, Radioactivity techniques, Separation techniques,
Dlethylstllbestrol, Electron capture gas chromatography, Meat, Gas liquid
chromatography, C-lU, Infrared spectrophotometry, Acetonltrile, Hormones,
Steroids, Scintillation counting, Biological samples. Detection limits, Infrared
spectra, Chemical recovery.
AMIC-2868
"DETERMINATION OF SUBMICROGRAM QUANTITIES OF MERCURY BY THE COULOMETRIC-IODIMETHIC
TITRATION OF CYANIDE PRODUCED IN A LIGAND-EXCHANOE REACTION", Rohm, T. J., Nipper,
H. C., Purdy, W, C,, Analytical Chemistry, Vol. UU, No. fc, April 1978, PP 869-872.
Submlcrogram quantities of mercury (II) have been determined by a coulomstrlc-
lodlmetrlc tltratlon of cyanide produced in a llgand-oxchange reaction. A modified
Karas and Pinter procedure was employed in order that any cyanide produced could be
determined by standard constant-current coulometry. Kinetic-colorlmetrlc determina-
tions of Hg were performed at ^90 nanometers, somewhat below the absorbance Mnriinum of
farroia in slightly acid solution. Inorganic and organic mercury ccopounds, other tto&a
mercuric chloride, exerted the same catalytic effect on the kinetic reaction. Silver
exerted on even stronger (twice that of Hg) catalytic effect than mercury and therefore
had to be removed from the test solutions. Palladium did not Interfere and
interference by gold was negligible. This method is very sensitive for the determina-
tion of concentrations aa low as 1 to 2 ppb of Hg in aqueous solution, and has the .
added advantages of (l) not requiring the use of atomic absorption spectrophotosjstry
and (2) being more selective than the dlthlzone procedure.
INDEX OERMS: Mercury, Chemical analysis, Volumetric analysis. Water pollution,
Pollutant Identification, Cyanide, Coulometrlc lodimetrlc tltratlon, Silver,
Ferroeyanlde, Constant current coulometry, Palladium, Ligand exchange.
AMIC-3129
"HIGHLY SELECTIVE AND SENSITIVE SPECTROPHCTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF IRON(II) AND
COBALT(in) VITfl U-(2-PnaDTLAZO)HESORCIBOL(PAR)", Yotsuyanagi, T., Yamashita, R.,
Acmura, K., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. W», No. 6, May 1972, pp 1091-1093.
A spectrophotooetrlc method is used for determining Fe or Co after chelation
with fc-(2-pyrldyla«o)-resorclnol (PAR). Sample preparation involves adding sodium
L-ascorbate to an Fe solution and 15 percent hydrogen peroxide to a Co solution and
mixing each with 0.1 percent PAR. After adjusting the pH of the iron solution to 10
and the cobalt solution to 8.3, EDTA is added and the absorbance Is measured at 500 nm
for Fe or 510 nm for Co. For optimal conditions, 20 mlcrograms of Fe (II) and Co
requires 0.3 ml and 0.2 ml of PAH, respectively. Various metal cations (Al, Ba, Bi,
Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, H«, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Pb, Sn, Sr, V, and Zn) In moderate amounts
(0-100 mlcrograms) and Ag (50 micrograms) caused only a alight interference. Among
the metal ions studied, the only Interference was caused by Pd, however, it could be
easily avoided. Without interference, the method proved very selective and sensitive
for the determination of 0 - 20 nanogrom quantities of Fe or Co.
INDEX TERMS: Iron, Cobalt, Spectrophotometry, Pollutant identification, Heavy metals,
Trace elements, Colorimetry, Chemical analysis, Cations, Color reactions,
Chemical reactions, M2-Pyrldylazo)resorclnol, Chemical Interference, Sample
preparation, Absorbance, Sensitivity.
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-3253
"ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRr SIMPLIFIES HEAVY-MSTALS AMAIYSIS", Wllley, B. F.,
Duke, C. M.| Wojcleszak, A. L., Thomas, C. T., Journal American Waterworks Association,
Msy 1978, PP 303-306.
In the atonic absorption spectrophotometrlc technique for the determination
of heavy metal ions, the sample la atomized by a flame. Ike measurement of the
unknown IB determined by the amount of a given wavelength of light that la absorbed
from a light bean directed through the flans Into a monochromator and to a detector-
mater recorder system. Each metallic element has Its own characteristic absorption
wavelength and a cathode tube emitting this wavelength in used for the specific
metal being determined. The method Is quite accurate and reproducible within
Its detectable range but la subject to some minor Interferences which can be overcome
without difficulty. According to the personnel of the Water Purification Lab of
Chicago, this technique la rapid and reliable and la considered superior to wet
chemistry for the analysis of heavy metals. The basic operating principles, procedures
for adjusting the Instrument settings, and precautions concerning operation are
presented.
IHDEX TERMS: Heavy metals, Instrumentation, Trace elements, Pollutant Identification,
Water pollution. Methodology, Alkaline earth metals, Water analysis, Chemical
analysis, Alkali metals, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
AMIC-35M*
"ANALYSES OF POTASSIUM TEREPHTHALATE-BE1EOATE MIXTURES BY COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY",
Scogglns, M. W., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. M>, Ho. 1, June 1972, PP 1285-1288.
A column chromatographlc procedure used to separate simple aromatic
dlcarboxylates from benzoates Is applied to the separation of mixtures of potassium
terephthalate and bencoate for ultraviolet spectrometric analysis. Sample solutions
containing mixtures of potassium terephthalate saturated with NaCl or blends of these
compounds, prepared by grinding weighed quantities terephthalic and benzole acids with
potassium carbonate, were placed in a NaCl solvent-saturated Amberlite XAD-2 resin
column to affect separation. The compounds were then sequentially eluted with respec-
tlve solutions of NaCl (flow rate 1-3 ml/mln) and water (flow rate 5 ml/mln) and saved
for UV spectrophotometric analysis. The data indicated that potassium terephthalate,
when ™«fc^ng up 20-70 percent of the weight of a sample solution, was determined with a
standard deviation of 0.5U and an average recovery of 99.6 percent. Benzole acid was
determined In a 10 - 60 weight percent range with a standard deviation of 0.78 and an
average recovery of 99-1 percent; however, recovery could be improved to 99.U percent
by measuring benzoate In the 0.08 - 1.0 percent range. The recovered potassium
benzoate and terephthalate were determined by their characteristic UV spectra at 222
and 2UO nm, respectively. Conversion of potassium benzoate to benzole acid with
mineral acids resulted in a 30 percent increase in sensitivity.
IHEEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Chemical analysis, Organic compounds, Potassium
compounds, Pollutant identification, Organic acids, Aromatic compounds, Salts,
Methodology, Column chrcoatography, Benzoate, Mixtures, Potassium terephthalate,
Sample preparation. Ultraviolet spectroscopy, Benzole acid, Ultraviolet spectra,
Chemical recovery Terenhthalle acid. _
AMIC-3538
"AUTOMATIC SPARK GAP CONTROL FOR SPARK SOURCE MASS SPECTROMETRY", Colby, B. N.,
Morrison, 0. H., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. V4, No. 7, June 1972, pp 1263-1266.
The design, construction, and operation of an inexpensive automatic spark
gap controller for spark source mass spectrometry are presented as well as results
showing Its effectiveness. The spark gap controller is designed to operate with
metals such as Fe, Al, stainless steel, Cu, Ta, and tungsten, keeping the breakdown
voltage constant within 5 percent of the desired value averaged over any 100 msec
period. For a graphite electrode, while operating with a 27 kV spark, control is
within plus or minus .2 milll-lnch for the mean vibration. This spark gap control
and vibration yielded an optimal precision of 3.6 percent RSD for detection of Cu-63
In graphite. This high precision with spark gap control resulted from elimination
of changes in Ion production which could run as high as 100 percent. The effect of
spark ^p control on production of Interfering ions was demonstrated by a 7-carbon
unlvalent Ion. The behavior of this ion during detection suggests a means of
reducing C-polymer Interference.
INDEX TERMS: Mass spectronetry, Automatic control, Heavy metals, Aluminum, Copper,
I Steel, Tungsten, Radloisotopes, Instrumentation, Control, Precision, Sample
preparation, Tantalum, Tungsten, Cu-63, V-51, Cr-52, Chemical interference,
Detectors, Spark source mass spectrometry.
AMIC-3553
"ARGON-WATER MIXTURES AS REAGENTS FOR CHEMICAL lONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY", Hunt,
D. F., Ryan, J. F., Ill, Analytical Chemistry, Vol. W*, No. 7, June 1972, pp 1306-1312.
The feasibility of using Ar-water mixtures as reagents for chemical
lonlzatlon mass spectrometry (CIMS) was determined by measuring the mass spectra of
U-decaaone, dl-n-pentylamlne, and 5-alpha-dlhydroxy-corticosterone (DC). Samples of
these compounds were injected into the spectrometer equipped with a dual electron
impact (El)-chemical lonlzatlon source for spectral analysis. Before analysis adjust.
meat of the peak heights at m/e Uo and 19, where the arsenate/hydronlua Ion ratio is
2 to 5, was accomplished by allowing water to evaporate from an ampoule through a
metering valve into a stream of argon (O.U torr). Spectra containing abundant fragment
Ions and ions In the molecular weight region (M plus one) were obtained by repetitively
scanning the Ar-water spectrum and monitoring with a storage oscllllacope. At a
resolution of 10,000, the CI (Ar-water) and El spectra of DC resulted In accurate
mass spectral data which deviated less than 2.5 ppn from calculated values. The
results Indicate that this CI (Ar-water) spectrum exhibited characteristic features
of both CI (methane) and El modes and was applicable for analysis of small quantities
of biological materials.
INDEX TERMS: Argon, Organic compounds, Chemical reactions, Chemical analysis,
Instrumentation, Computers, Methodology, Water, Reagents, Chemical lonlzatlon mass
spectrometry, Mixtures, Hydrocarbons, b-Decanone, Amines, Dl-n-pentylamlne,
5-alpha-dlhydrocortlcosterone, Steroids, Mass spectra.
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1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-3570
"SUBMARINE SEEPS:
Science, Vol. 176,
APE THEY A MAJOR SOURCE OF OPEN OCEAN OIL POLLUTION"
Ho. Itf&O, June 16, 1978, pp 1357.1258.
Bluer, M.,
The relative contribution of submarine seeps as a possible major source of
open ocean oil pollution was assessed by reviewing pertinent literature. One article
estimated that about 630 billion barrels Is the maximum aaount of offahor* oil that
Is a likely source of submarine seepa. Another estimates an influx of 0.5 percent
of the annual oil production (i.e. 11,000,000 tons In 1970) Into the oceans from all
sources. Since the oil formation potential of source beds is finite (when considering
both the oil pollution from human activity and natural seepages), If annual
submarine seepage had averaged 5,OOO,OOO tons since the early Tertiary, the average
offshore oil field would have lost to the oceans more than 1500 times the total oil
existing on site before commercial offshore oil production started. The Implication
la that seepage Is orders of magnitude less, on a worldwide basis, than the oil
pollution caused by nan.
INDEX TERMS: Oil pollution, Ocean, Oily water, Water pollution sources, Oil reservoirs,
Oil fields, Submarine seeps, Crude oil.
AMC-3660
"GROUND WATER FOUJUTIOH IH ARIZONA, CALIFORNIA, NEVADA, AND UTAH", Funrlman, D. K.,
Barton, J. R., Puhrlman, Barton and Associates, Provo, Utah, Water Pollution Control
Research Series 16060 BRU 12/71, December 1971, 2kg pp.
Oround water pollution problems which exist In the states of Arizona,
California, Nevada, and Utah wore Investigated using data obtained from an extensive
literature search and interviews with engineers, scientists, and governmental
officials concerned with water pollution within the four state area. Mineralization
of ground water Is the most prevalent factor in the degradation of ground water quality
with natural processes being a major contributor to the problem. Cannon causes of
pollution due to Ban's activities Include Irrigation, oil field brine disposal, and
over-pumping of aquifers, with nitrate pollution being the most prevalent. Most
degradation is caused by an excess of total dissolved solids; however, specific toxic
substances (of natural origin) are also found in the ground water. Boron and. arsenic
In toxic aaounts have been found In ground water, especially in Arizona and Southern
California. A list of conditions causing ground water pollution Is also Included.
INDEX TEEMS* Oroundvater, Water pollution, Reviews, Southwest 0. S., Water pollution
sources, Irrigation waters, Boron, Water quality, Heavy metals, 2 U-D, Dalcyson,
Path of pollutants, Arsenic, Mineralization.
AMK-3658
"ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR PESTICIDES AMD PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS. VOLUME VI. GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS", Zweig, 0., Sherma, J., Academic Press, New York, Hew York,
1972, 765 pp.
Gas chromatographlc techniques for the analysis of pesticides and plant
growth regulators have been compiled into a single volume. Part I of this volume
covers the general aspects of analysis. The chapters included are "Sample Preparation"
"Detectors for Gas Chromatography of Pestlcides"by L. A, Bearer, "Qualitative Analysis
of Pesticides", "Formulation Analysis" by N. R. Pasarela, "Chlorinated Pesticides",
"Organophosphate Pesticides", and "Miscellaneous Classes of Pesticides". Parts II-V
cover, respectively, the analysis of individual insecticides; fungicides; herbicides
and plant growth regulators; and nemtlcides and soil fumlganta.
INDEX TERMS: Gae chromatography, Pesticides, Methodology, Pollutant identification,
Plant growth regulators. Fungicides, Insecticides, Herbicides, Instrumentation,
Chemical analysis, Equipment, Pesticide residues, Water analysis, Milk, Plant
tissues, Soil analysis, Sample preparation, Chemical structure, Biological
samples, Isomers, Metabolites, Food products, Dairy products.
AMIC-3661
"ORGANICS", Skrlnde, R. T., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. W*, No. 6,
June 1972, pp 911-915.
Literature related to the Identification of organic wastes, including
pesticides, detergents, and phenols, In both waste water and natural waters is reviewed
briefly. No results or detailed descriptions of methods are Included.
INDEX TERMS: Organic wastes, Reviews, Wastewater, Water quality, Statistical methods,
Mathematical studies, Cultures, Pollutant identification, Automation, Computers,
Instrumentation, Hydrocarbons, Oil wastes, Separation techniques, Industrial
wastes, Aronatics, Bibliographies, Chromatography, Spectroraetry, Mercury,
Fluorlmetry, Oil spills, Phosphorus, Sediments, Ureas, Colorimetry, Pesticides,
Mortality, Detergents, Nitrilotriacetie acid.
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-3862
"DETERGENTS", Banerjt, S. K., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. UU,
No. 6, June 1972, PP
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1. PHYSICAL AHD CHEMICAL METHODS
Amc-in.58
"COMPUTER-CONTROLLED MASS SPECTRAL CHARACTERIZATIONS OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC POLLUTANTS",
Keith, L. H., McOulre, J. M., Presented before the American Chemical Society, Division
of Water, Air, a»d Waste Chemistry, Hew York City, Hew York, August 1972, 6 pp.
A continuously monitored computer-controled gas chroBRtography-nass
(GC-MS) spectrometer apparatus was used to examine various Industrial organic pollu-
tants. Th* Instrument consisted of a Finnlgan quadripole MB interfaced to a OC. Data
collected from the GC-MS analysis of pollutants was controlled by a System 150 con.
troller and PDP-8 computer. About 500 spectra (30 to 1*00 amu) can be collected on
2 tape reels and about 2,600 of the same spectra can be transferred and stored on an
auxiliary disc system. The value of the system is that spectral plots can be obtained
in 6 minutes from the tape vs. 3,5 mln from the disc, and limited mass reconstructed
gas chronatograma require 30-35 mln vs. U-5 mln, respectively. Using these Instru-
ments, organic pesticides are determined by matching spectra obtained from MS analysis
with the best 5 matches of 11,000 stored in a computer. The system lend* Itself to
Identification of hydrocarbons, pesticides, metabolites, alcohols, and other organic
compounds
INDEX TERMS: Computers, Miss spectrometry. Gas ehromatography, Data storage and
retrieval, Characterization, Organic pollutants.
AMIC-5U39
"PROCEDURES FOR TRACE ANALYSIS OF DISSOLVED IHOR3AHIC AHD ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS IB
WATER", Christian, D., Matkovieh, E., Schertz, W., University of Kentucky, Water
Resources Institute, Lexington, Kentucky, Research Report No. Us, 1971, 57 pp.
RTIS Report Ho. PB 207 667.
Solvent extraction of metal chelates, a new anodic stripping voltammetrlc
method, flame emission speotroscopy, and volumetric titration were used for trace
analysis of dissolved organic and Inorganic constituents In water. Acetone was found
to yield the best sensitivity in a study of different solvent systems for the atomic
absorption determination of cobalt. A two-thirds saturated calcium chloride system
was found best for salting out (separating) acetone from water to allow solvent
extraction of metal chelates into the solvent. Solvent extraction of several elements
as dlthlzone or APDC chelates Into acetone proved successful. The anodic stripping
voltammetric method for the study of highly Insoluble chela tea was developed for
stability studies of the poorly characterized APDC chelates (ammonium
l-pyrrolldlnecarbodlthloate with metal Ions). Polarographic waves are obtained when
the chelates are highly insoluble and the shift in the anodic stripping peaks of a
metal is used to calculate •etal/ligand ratios and stability constants. Over sixty
elements were successfully measured by flame emission spectroscopy using the nitrous
oxide-acetylene flame. Optimum instrumental and flame parameters and detection limits
for each element were determined by signal Integration. High concentrations of neutral
salts have been shown to enhance titration curve breaks of weak bases titrated in
either aqueous or nonaqueous solutions.
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis, Cobalt, Separation techniques, Inor^nlc compounds, Atomic
absorption spectrophotometry, Organic compounds, Anodic stripping, Volteunnetry.
AMIC-5U38
"STUDIES ON THE RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION OF THE SEA", Bernhard, M., Comltato
Nazlonale Per L'Energia Nucleare, Laboratorio Per Lo Studio Delia Contaminazlone
Radloacttlva Del Mare, La Spezla, Italy, Annual Report No. RT/BIO-(71)H, 1971, 8U pp.
WTTS Report »o. EUR l»701.
The seventh Annual Report of the CNEN-Euraton Contract of Association
Is presented. The program laid down In this contract calls for studies of the factors
which influence the distribution of radiolsotopes and stable Isotopes in the marine
environment. The programme is divided into two parts: (a) relevant environmental
factors in the Ligurian Sea and in the Gulf of Taranto, where the Italian fuel
processing plant will be constructed, and (b) the Influence of environmental factors
on the uptake, accumulation, and loss of radiolsotopes by components of the marine
environment. The report covers the following topics: Chemical Environmental Factors
In Marine Contamination, First Trophic Level of the Food Chain, First Heterotrophlc
Level of this Food Chain, First Heterotrophlc Level of Microorganisms, Fisheries
Biology, Special Developments, and Vessels.
INDEX TERMS: Radiolsotopes, Radioactive wastes, Sea water, Food chains, Iron, Zinc,
Algae, Bacteria, Crustaceans, Pesticides, Radioactivity techniques, Absorption,
Nutrients, Phosphates, Growth rates, Toxiclty.
AMIC-5W»3
"PESTICIDES IDENTIFICATION AT THE RESIDUE LEVEL", Biros, F. J., American Chemical
Society, Washington, B.C., Advances In Chemistry, Series 101*, 1971, 182 pp.
This symposium was concerned with several topic areas pertinent to the
problems associated with the Identification and confirmation of pesticide residues at
submlcrogram levels. The purpose of this symposium w»a to survey the present status of
the classical physical, chemical, and biochemical techniques employed for residue
analysis) to evaluate critically the more recently applied, relatively unexploited
techniques which have become available for the detection, quantitation, and characteri-
zation of pesticide residues; and finally, to examine and discuss the current needs and
problems, stimulate and encourage greater research activity, and point the way to future
developments in the analysis of pesticide residues. The four general topic areas dis-
cussed were: philosophical aspects of ultramicroan&lysis, instrumental techniques,
mlcrochemical methods, and biological assay methods. Individual emphasis was placed on
gas-liquid chromatographic detectors, Infrared and ultraviolet spectrophotometry, paper
and thin-layer ehromatography, mass spectrometry, and neutron activation analysis.
Other papers discussed recently developed techniques employing chemical and photo-
mechanical conversion of pesticides into derivatives useful for the confirmation of the
parent residue at picogram and nanogram concentration levels. The utility of biological
assay methods for the Identification of residues was included, particularly from the
point of view of enzymatic and Irammological techniques.
INDEX TERMS: Pesticide residues, Pollutant Identification, Analytical techniques,
Selectivity, Chemical analysis, ehromatography, Spectroscopy, Organic pesticides,
Herbicides, Polychlorlnated blphenyls, Bloaasay, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesti-
cides. Enzymatic techniques, Immunologlcal techniques. Chemical interference,
Detection limits, Manometry, Potentiometry, Sensitivity.
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-5W»U
"WATER QUALITY CRITERIA", U. S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, Washington, D. C., Report of the National Technical Advisory
Committee to the Secretary of the Interior, April 1, 1968, 23fc pp.
The report of the National Technical Advisory Committee on Water Quality
Criteria is presented. Water quality criteria are recommended for (1) recreation and
aesthetic uses, (2) public water supplies, (3) fish, other aquatic life, and wildlife,
(U) agricultural uses, and (5) Industry.
INDEX TERMS: Water quality standards, Recreation, Aesthetics, Water purification,
Water treatment, Chemical analysis, Water analysis. Water quality control,
Water properties, Water management (applied), Water pollution, Aquatic life.
Industrial water, Agricultural watersheds, Public water supplies.
"STUDIES OF THE BIOGEOCHEMISTRY OF BORON. I. CONCENTRATIONS IB SURFACE WATERS,
RAINFALL AND AQUATIC PLANTS","Boyd, C. E., Walley, W. W., The American Midland
Naturalist, Vol. 88, No. 1, July 1972, PP 1-1>».
A study was made of form concentrations in surface waters, rainfall, and
aquatic plants in the southeastern U.S. Surface water samples were taken from small
streams, swamps, ponds, and reservoirs in South Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia,
Mississippi, Louisiana, and Florida. These samples were frozen in polyethylene bottles
until analysis. Rainfall samples were collected from the sites over a ia-month period
and preserved in a like manner. Three series of aquatic plant samples were also taken.
For analyses, rainfall samples and some surface water samples were concentrated 3-10
times under Infrared lamps; plant samples were ashed, dissolved in HC1. All samples
were filtered before analysis. Soil samples from some plant stands were also analyzed
using hot water-soluble boron determinations. The boron concentrations in streams,
swamps, ponds and reservoirs were usually below 100 ppb. Levels of boron in rainfall
varied greatly between different periods of precipitation, but the highest concentra-
tions were observed during winter. However, most rainfall samples contained less than
10 ppb boron. Boron levels In 22 species of aquatic macrophytes from a reservoir
ranged from 1.2 to 11.3 ppm dry weight. The plant populations accrued from 0.5 to 6.8
mg boron per sq a. Boron uptake studies on Typha. latlfolia populations indicated a
maximum uptake rate of during early spring growth. Boron concentration in T. latlfolia
and Juneus effusus samples from different sites varied considerably. There~was no
significant correlation between concentrations of boron in soils and in plant tissues.
INDEX TERMS: Boron. Surface waters, Rainfall, Aquatic plants, Chemical analysis. Soil
analysis, Absorption, Path of pollutants, Water analysis, Standing crops, Sample
preservation, Biogeochemistry, Curcumlum method, Sample preparation, Macropnytes.
AMIC-5529
"APPLICATION OF ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY TO PLAIT ANALYSIS. I. COMPARISON OF
ZMC AMD MANGANESE ANALYSIS WITH OFFICIAL AOAC COLORIMETRIC METHODS", Smith, D. L.,
Schrenk, W. 0., Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 55,
No. U, July 1972, pp bb9-t>T5.
A rapid and simple atomic absorption spectroscoplc method has been
developed for determining zinc and manganese in plants. The method has been applied
to sample solutions containing 0.2-1.U mlcrograms clnc/ml and O.U-2.14 micrograms
manganese/Hi. Operating conditions for performing the analyses have been established
for a trl-flame burner (air-acetylene or nitrous oxide-acetylene flame) and a total
consumption burner (oxygen-acetylene flame). No significant Interferences were
noted from other ions present In plants when the tri-flame burner was used, but
potassium, sodium, and sulfate Ions caused slight decreases in the zinc absorption
and the phosphate ion produced as much as a 20 percent decrease in signal for the
total consumption burner. Wet- and dry-ashing techniques produced similar results,
but variations in some cases were somewhat greater than desirable. Percent recovery
of added zinc (10 or 20 mlcrograms) and manganese (12 or Zk microgmms) ranged from
87 to 106 percent with most results being near 100 percent. Typical sensitivities
for Zn were 0.03 and 0.05 mlcrogram/ml for the trl-flame burner with an air-acetylene
and a nitrous oxide-acetylene flame, respectively. Sensitivities of about 0.06
mlcrogram/ml for Zn and 0.17 mlcrogram/ml for Mn were obtained with a total consumption
burner. The other sensitivities for Mn were 0.10 and 0.16 mlcrogram/ml for the tri-
flame burner with an air-acetylene and nitrous oxide-acetylene flame, respectively.
A comparison of the AOAC and atomic absorption methods indicates that the atomic
absorption method is as reliable and accurate as the official AOAC colorlmetric
methods. The atomic absorption method is simpler and faster than the AOAC method.
AMIC-5529 (Continued)
2/2
INDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Vegetation, Zinc, Manganese, Colorimetry,
Instrumentation, Methodology, Heavy metals, Cations, Ions, Potassium, Alkali
metals, Alkaline earth metals, Atomic absorption spectroscopy, Chemical recovery,
Biological materials, Sample preparation, Precision, Chemical Interference,
Detection limits.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-5537
"TOTAL NITROGEN IN FERTILIZER;", Rexroad, P. R., Journal of the Aeaoclatlon of
Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 55, Bo. 5, July 1972, pp 707-70O.
Automation and mercury pollution are discussed with the reeoMnendatlon that
copper be re-evaluated as a. catalyst in KJeldahl systems In order to prevent mercury
or other possible pollutants from KJeldahl systems In gaseous, liquid, or solid
fonts from contaminating the environment at unsafe levels. An editorial change has
been Bade In method 2.051 of the AOAC's 'Official Methods of Analysis' to Increase
the alkalinity of the digestion system.
INDEX TERMS: Water pollution sources, Nitrogen, Fertilizers, Chemical analysis,
Automation, Mercury, Copper, Pollutants, Catalysts, Chemical reactions, Heavy
metals, Water pollution control, Nitrogen compounds, Zinc, Alkalinity, Analytical
techniques, KJedahl procedure, Chemical digestion.
"DETERMIHATIOH OF LEAD IK FISH BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETKY AND BY
POLAROORAPHY. II. COLLABORATIVE STUDY, Gajan, R. J., Larry, D., Journal of the
Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 55, So. k, July 1972, pp 733-736.
A dry-ashing technique in conjunction with atomic absorption spectrophoto-
metry and polarography was employed by 19 laboratories to determine lead in fish at
levels of 1-11 ppm. Each collaborator was given UOO g raw fish, 8 solutions of unknown
Pb concentration (0-11 ppn), a known spiking solution CiO micrograms/ml), and instruc-
tions. Elgit samples (25 g) were prepared by spiking with 1 ml of an unknown concen-
tration, analyzed, and compared to the results for known spiked samples. The average
lead recoveries from 6 paired samples at 1-2, 5-6, and 10-11 ppm levels were 97.7 per-
cent by polarography and 100.7 percent by atomic absorption. The average standard
deviations were 0.32 and O.Ul ppm, respectively, and the average coefficients of
variation were 7.9 and 13.1 percent, respectively. With collaborators reporting on
both methods, the results of the overall method average were It. 3 ppm for polarography
and U-.U ppm for atomic absorption. Since there were nc significant differences (p
greater than 0.05) found between the method averages, except at one of the unsplked
levels, the 2 methods can be used to confirm each other at levels of 1-11 ppm. The
polarographlc method has been adopted as official first action for the determination j
of lead in fish.
I1CDEX TERMS: Lead, Fish, Polarographlc analysis, Pollutant identification, Chemical
analysis, Heavy metals, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Dry ashing,
Sample preparation, Intel-laboratory tests, Collaborative studies, Data
interpretation.
AMIC-5539
"DETERMINATION 0? LEAD IN FISH BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY AMD BY
POLAROGRAPHY. I. EEVELOPMENT OF THE METHODS", Gajan, R. J., Larry, D., Journal of
the Association of Official Analyticaljheajsts, Vol. 55, No. k, July 1972, pp 727-732.
A method for the determination of lead In fish by atomic absorption
spectrophotometry and polarography Is described. The samples were dry-ashed at 500 C
and dissolved in IN HC1; lead was determined by both methods. Good agreement between
atomic absorption apectrophotometry and polarography was obtained at levels of 1.0 to
10.0 ppm. Over this range the recoveries averaged 96.1 percent for polarography and
93.8 percent for atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Twelve species of fresh and
salt water fish were analyzed.
INDEX TEFMS: Polarographic analysis, Lead, Freshwater fish, ferine fish, Heavy metals,
Water pollution, Pollutant Identification, Salmon, Trace elements. Methodology,
Catfisheo, Perches, Suckers, Carp, Chemical analysis, Atomic absorption
upectrophotometry, Dry-ashing, Biological samples, Sample preparation, Sheeps-
head, Coho salmon, Chemical recovery.
AMTC-551*!
"COLLABORATIVE STUDY OF A METHOD FOR DETERMINING LEAD IN PLANT AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS",
Hoover, W. L., Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 55,
No. U, July 1972, pp 737-7W).
A method for the determination of lead In food products was collaboratively
studied. The method Involves co-preclpltatlon of lead with strontium sulfate,
conversion to carbonate, dissolution in nitric acid, and determination by atomic
absorption spectrophotometry. Eight collaborating laboratories reported analytical
results for 3k teat samples. Results indicated that the systematic error was essen-
tially the same as the random error at the 99 percent level. Acceptable coefficients
of variation were observed. The method has been adopted as official first action.
INDEX TERMS: Lead, Foods, PoUutant identification, Chemical analysis, Heavy metals,
Atonic absorption spectrophotometry, Collaborative studies, Plant products,
Interlaboratory tests, Sample preparation, Biological samples, Animal products.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHOrS
AMIC-55^
"SIMPLE, RAPID DIGESTION TECHNIQUE FOB THE DETBRMINATIOIJ OF MERCURY IS FISH St
FLAMELESS ATOKIC ABSORPTION", Holak, W., Krlnlts, B., Williams, J. C., Journal of the
Aaaoclatlon of Official Analytical Cheat ate. Vol. 55, Wo. U, July 1972, pp 7U.-7U3.
A simple and rapid digestion technique Is described for the determination
of mercury In fish by nameless atomic absorption. The sample Is digested with nitric
acid In a closed system In a commercially available vessel made of Teflon. A 30-mln
digestion at 150 C la sufficient to convert the mercury to an Inorganic form so that
It can then toe reduced to the elemental state, aerated, and determined by atomic
absorption. The proposed digestion compares favorably with the official AOAC sulfuric-
nitrie-perchloric acid digestion.
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, Fish, Aeration, Temperature, Pollutant Identification, Heavy
metals, Pikes, Chemical analysis, Flaneless atomic absorption, Sample preparation,
Chemical digestion, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Absorbance, Tuna,,
Chemical recovery, Mineral acids, Biological samples.
AMIC-55W.
"nO-TITIES OF POLYCHLQRIBATED BIPHENYL ISOMERS IH AROCLOPS", Webb, R. 0., McCall,
A. C., Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chomlsta,
Vol. 55, Ho. », July 1972, pp 7>»6-752.
Twenty-seven polychlorinated blphenyls (PCB) In Aroclore 1221, 12U2, and
125U were separated and Identified by matching both their gas-liquid chronatographlc
(GLC) retention tloes and Infrared spectra with known compounds prepared by the
QoBberg or Ullmann reactions. Each Aroclor was mixed with p,p'JJDE prior to
chromtographio analysis in order to relate observed PCB retention times to those
for p,p'-DDE. The compounds identified by these methods are tabulated as well as
those compounds prepared In this study that failed either the GLC or IR tests and
were concluded to be absent from the Aroclors.
INDEX TERMS: Polychlorlnated blphenyls, Aroclors, Pollutant identification. Infrared
•pectroscopy. Gas liquid chromatography, Sample preparation, Clilorinated
hydrocarbons, Isoners, Flame lonization gas chromatograpby.
AMZC-55^3
"IMPflOVED EXTRACTION PROCEDURE FOR DIMETRIDAZOLE AS APPLIED TO ASSAY OF SAMPLES OF
ANIMAL ORIGIN", Allen, P. C., Journal of the Association of Official Analytical
Chemists, Vol. 55, Ho. 1», July 1972, PP 7'*3-7'*5.
An extraction procedure was used to remove dlmetrldazole (a drug residue)
from various biological tissues for polarographlc analysis. Samples for analysis,
including swine liver and guinea pig liver, kidney, muscle, fat, and feces were
homogenized with benzene in the presence of a base to convert all dimetrldazole to
free base and to form a single phase liquid extract. The extract of each sample was
then spiked with 3 concentrations of dimetrldazole (267, 33-3, and 1 ppm) and analyzed
polarographlcally. Analysis of samples containing 267 and 33-3 ppm showed average
recoveries of 88.2 percent (range, 70.5 to 99.2 percent) and 87.8 percent (range,
78.6 to 101 percent), respectively. The average coefficient of variation for detection
of these levels of drug was 3.33 percent. Under assay conditions, 1 ppm dlmetridazole
in tissues could not be detected.
INDEX TERMS: Solvent extractions, Polarographlc analysis, Pollution Identification,
Separation techniques, Drugs, Dlmetrldasole, Biological samples, Sample
preparation, Chemical recovery, Detection limits.
AMIC-55^5
"LIQUID CHROMATOGHAPHY OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS", Ives, B. f., Giuffrida, L.,
Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 55, No. k, July 1972,
PP 757-761.
Two column materials (Durapak-OPN and kQ percent cellulose acetate), used
for liquid chronatographlc analysis, were compared using a continuous monitoring
UV detection system for the orders of elution and resolution of 18 polycycllc aromatic
hydrocarbons. The detection system consisted of a nitrogen pressurized sample
injection to control the rate of sample flow onto the column and subsequently control
the rate of UV spectrometric analysis of compounds eluted from the column. The order of
elution of the polycycllc hydrocarbons from both column materials is tabulated as
Individual retention tines relative to pyrene. Neither system resolved all the
compounds, but the use of both systems increased the number of compounds which were
detected. The linearity of this detection system ranged from about O.S5 to greater
than 12 mlcrograms using pyrene as a test compound, a tungsten or deuterium lamp,
and a wavelength of 3358 Angstroms.
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Aromatic compounds. Organic compounds, Chemical
properties, Laboratory equipment, Instrumentation, Monitoring, Chemical analysis,
Liquid chromatography, Polycycllc compounds, Aromatic hydrocarbons, Ultraviolet
spectroseopy, Detection systems, Food additives, Preservatives, Duropak OPN,
Cellulose acetate, Scanning spectrometer, Sample preparation.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC~55U7
"QUANTITATIVE FLUOHODENSITOWETJUC MEASUREMENTS OF AFIATOXIH Bl WITH A FLYIHG-SPOT
DENSITOMETER. i. FLUORODESSITCMETRIC STUDY OF THE BEKAVIOB OF AFUTOXIH BI STAHDAFD
SPOTS ON DIFFERENT 'JfJES OF SILICA DEL", Beljaars, P. R., Fabry, F. H. M., Journal
of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 55, l»o. U, July 19727
PP 77S-7M.
A description of a method for the quantitative fluorodensltometrie measure-
ments of aflatoxin Bl with a flying-spot deMltometer and a fluorodensltooetrlc study
of the behavior of aflatoxin Bl standard spots on different types of silica gel are
presented. Three different types of silica gel layers were spotted with standard
aliquots of aflatoxin Bl covering a range of 0. >*-20 ng. Silica gel H plates were
developed with a mixture of chlorofonB-tricWoroethyleue-n-aiiiyl alcohol-fonnlc acid
(80 plus 15 plus k plus 1), while silica gel G and MI-C-HB plates were developed with
a mixture of chloroform-acetone (90 plus 10). Sharp and defined separation patterns
for aflatoxins Bl, 82, Gl, and 02 were recorded on H and MH-G-HK plates, while
unsatisfactory separation was found on 0 plates. The relationship between peak area
and concentration was linear for H and MK-G-HR plates, but not for 0 plates.
Variations of plus or minus 15-80 percent were calculated among the fluorescence of
standard Bl spots between plates with same sorbent layers. Co-efficient* of variation
of plus or minus 5-7 percent for single densitemstrie measurements on one plate unter
normal routine conditions were calculated for a series of 3 or 1* standard aflatoxin
Bl spots ranging from 1 to k ng on H and MH-G-HR plates. Coefficients of variation of
plus or minus 11-12 percent were calculated for 0 plates. Results obtained in this
investigation are compared with those found by previous investigations.
AMC-55l»8
"RAPID ICTHOD FOR THE aUAHTITATIVE MSASUREieHT OF NUMEROUS PHARMACEUTICALKf IMPORTANT
AWHES", Matthew, W. R,, Browne, H. C., Weber, J. B., Journal of the Association of
Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 55, Ho, U, July 1972, PP 7«9-793.
A simplified variation of the bromottoymol blue method has been used
successfully to analyze nuneroua pharmaceutlcelly Important amines. A single benzene
extraction of the yellow amlne-dye complex is made possible by buffering the dye
solution at pH 7.0 and by maintaining the orgnnlc-to-aqueou* ratio at not less than
3:1 so that a complete transfer of the amlne-dye complex into the benzene phase is
obtained. Any variation In the solubility of the complex Is compensated for by the
simultaneous determination of a known standard of equal volume. The solutions are
read spectrophotcmetrically at k$Q nm. This method Is presently used for the routine
analysis of 29 aromatic amines In pharmaceutical products and takes only about 15
minutes to complete.
IHEEX TEl96t Methodology, Chemical analysis, Antibiotics (pesticides), Colorlmetry,
Nitrogen compounds, Ammonium compounds, Spectrophotometry, Separation techniques.
Solvent extractions, Pollutant identification, Water pollution sources.
Measurement, Color reaction, Amines, Pharmaceuticals, Alkaloids, Sample
preparation.
AMIC-55^7 (Continued)
2/2
INDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Fluorescence, Water pollution sources, Pollutant
identification, Fungi, Aflatoxin Bl, Fluorodensitometry, Silica gel, Mycotoxlna,
Thin layer ehromatography, Reflectance flying spot denBltcoeter, Coefficient
of variation, Metabolites, Precision.
AMIC-55^9
"DETERMIKATIOH OP RESIDUES FROM HERBICIDE N-(l,l J>IMBTHYLPROFYNYt)-3,5-
DICHlJOROBEIGAMIDE BY ELECTRON CAPTURE GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY", Adler, I. L.,
Gordon, C. F., Haines, L. D., Wargo, J. P., Jr., Journal of the Association of
Official Analytical Chemists. Vol. 55, »o. l», July 19T£, pp~S02-8oT.
Terminal residues of n-(l,l-dlmethylpropynyl)-3,5-
-------
1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-5550
"DETECTION OF HEXACHLOROBENZENE RESIDUES IN DAIRY PRODUCTS, MEAT FAT, AND EGGS",
Smyth, R. J., Journal of the Association of Official Amlyttcal Chemists. Vol. 55,
HO. U, July 19^2, pp eoe-ooe.
A gas chrometographic procedure, using deactivated Florlsil for cleanup
of fatty acids. Is employed for the detection of hexachlorobenzene residues extracted
with hexane from dairy products, neat fat, and eggs. The extracted residues,
Including alpha-benzene hexachloride, hexachlorobenzene, llndane, heptaehlor, aldrln,
heptachlor epoxide, DDE, dleldrln, endrln, ODD, and DDT, vere eluted from the column
containing a mixture of DC-200 and QF-1. The retention tines for these pesticides
are tabulated In reference to the retention time of aldrln. The pesticides detected
by this method were confirmed by thin-layer chromatography; the lower detection Unit
of the pesticides examined was about 0.002 ppm based on a 1 g sample of fat.
INDEX TERMS: Pesticide residues, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Pollutant
Identification, Gas chromatography, Heptachlor, DDE, Dleldrin, DDD, DDT, Aldrln,
Bndrin, Separation techniques, Biological samples, Thin layer chromatography,
Detection limits, Sample preparation.
"THIN LAYER CHROMATOCRAPHIC DETECTIOS OF CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS AS CROSS-
COHTAKDlAlfTS IS PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS", Bontoyan, W. R., Jung, P. D., Journal of the
Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 5=1, No. U, July 1972, pp 851-850.
Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide contamination studies are reported
In vhlch a TIC method Is used to analyze a variety of dust and liquid formulations.
Eight gram samples are extracted with 20 ml acetone, followed by elutlon with
n-hexane on silver nltrato-aluminum oxide G TIC plates. This paper also reports
the results of a k year study, using a large collaborative sampling, In which
the detection limits and utility of the described procedure were examined. The
method has been adopted as official first action for the detection of contamination
by 0.01 percent aldrln, dleldrln, endrln, and technical DDT and by 0.05-0.10 percent
chlordane, Strobane, and toxaphene.
INDEX TERMS: Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Pollutant identification, Dusts,
Aldrln, Dleldrin, Endrln, DDT, Thin layer chromatography, Detection limits,
Chlordane, Strobane, Toxaphene, Carbaryl, Milathlon, Maneb, Captan, Bordeaux,
Rotenone, Ferbam, Dlthlocarbamate, Zlneb, Parathion.
AMIC-5551
"ANALYSIS FOR CRUDE FATTY ACIDS (TOTAL FATTY ACIDS AHD WISAPOWIFIABLE MATTER) IN FEED
GRADE FATS: REPORT OF THE JOINT AOAC-AOCS COMMITTEE OH THE AHALYSIS OF FEED GRADE
FATS", Quackenbush, F. W., Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists,
Vol. 55, No. U, July 1972, pp tM-850.
A method for analysis of total fatty acids plus unsaponlflable matter that
employs a newly designed-llquld-extraction apparatus has given satisfactory results In
a collaborative test. Seven collaborators analyzed samples of prime tallow, chicken
fat, yellov grease, 2 samples of cottonseed fatty acids, and 2 samples of acidulated
soap stock. The method permits removal of hexaae-soluble unsaponlflable matter as a
separate fraction. The 3 animal fat samples yielded results which were close to the
theoretical value, 95.6, for a triglyceride with 85 percent Cl8 and 15 percent
016 fatty acids. The U samples of hydrolyzed vegetable fats gave lower values,
probably because of the presence of dark Insoluble material. Nevertheless, the
method seems to be acceptable for analysis of such low grade samples. The method
has been adopted as official first action.
INDEX TERMS: Llpids, Carbon, Separation techniques, Aqueous solutions, Water pollution.
Pollutant identification, Solvent extractions, Vegetation, Soaps, Fatty acids,
Liquid-liquid extraction, Precision, Biological materials, Sample preparation,
Collaborative studies, Animal fats, Vegetable fats.
10
AMIC-5555
"LAR3E, INEXPENSIVE OVEN USED TO DECOBTAMIHATE GLASSWARE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PESTICIDE
ANALYSIS", Laaberton, J. G., Claeys, R. R., Journal of the Association of Official
Analytical Chemists, Vol. 55, Ho. k, July 1972, PP 098-899.
The construction of a large, Inexpensive oven Is described for the removal
of Interfering contamination from glassware used in chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide
analysis. In order to determine the effectiveness of the oven, pieces of laboratory
glassware that had been exposed to chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides were baked
overnight at 230 C. The glassware was then rinsed thoroughly with acetone and the
resulting solution diluted with two parts water and extracted with hexane. Chromato-
grains of the hexane solution showed the glassware contamination reduced to Insignificant
levels at a sensitivity of 0.01-0.05 nanogram of the pesticide. A description and
diagram of the oven are Included.
INDEX TERMS: Pesticides, Chemical analysis, Heptachlor, Dleldrin, Laboratory equipment,
Waste dilution, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Gas chrcmatography,
Temperature, Water poliution, Aldrln, DDT, DDE, Solvent extractions, Polychlori-
nated blphenyls, Glassware, Decontamination, Ovens, Thin layer chromatography.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
I AMIC-5557
1 "SAHD AHD GRAVEL OVERLAY FOR COHTROL OF M3RCURY IH SEDIMENTS", Bongers, L, H.,
< Khattak, M. N., Martin Marietta Corporation, Research Institute for Advanced Studio*,
| Baltimore, Maryland.
i The release of toxic mercurials by mercury-enriched sediments was examined.
under laboratory conditions in order to develop a sand or gravel overlay technique
which would prevent sedimentary Hg release into water supplies. To measure Hg released
j from sediments, guppies were placed In water columns containing Hg-enrlched sediment
(?00 micrograms per gram of sediment) obtained from a freshwater section of the
Patapaco River In Maryland. Following a period of incubation, the Hg levels in the
i fish and sediment were determined by flameless atomic absorption. Tests shoved a
| release of 1 mlcrogram of methyl mercury per square meter per day. Release was faster
I in anaerobic sediments than aerobic ones; however, using ascorbate, Hg could be
1 released at high rates from aerobic sediments as well. Ibis release of toxic mercury
| could be prevented by a layer of sand or gravel. 6 cm in thickness, applied over the
Hg-enrlehed sediments. Thinner layers of sand (1.5 and 3 cm) were unsatisfactory.
The cost of applying 3-inch layers of sand or gravel was about $3 to iltOOO per acre.
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, Sediments, Bloasaay, Path of pollutants, Water pollution control,
Water quality control, Water pollution treatment, Flame atomic absorption,
Methyl mercury, Mercury release, Sand overlay, Gravel overlay.
AJUC-556'1
"ME EFFECT OF CHLORIHATION OH SELECTED ORGANIC CHEMICALS", Barnhart, E. L.,
Campbell, G. H., Hydrosclence, Inc., Westwood, New Jersey, Water Pollution Control
Research Series 12020 EXG 03/72, March 1972, 103 pp.
Semi-continuous activated sludge systems were employed to study the resis-
tance of fourteen Industrial organic chemicals to change through biological treatment,
either as the Initial compounds, or as degradation products. The chemicals Investi-
gated were methanol, Isopropanol, t«butanol, benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, benzole
acid., phenol, m-cresol, hydroqulnone, aniline, nitrobenzene, dlmethylamine, and acetone.1
Liquid-gas chromatography was used to Identify specific components In the system. The
ability of each of the chemicals to participate in reactions with chlorine was then I
determined In a series of batch experiments using spectrophotometrlc procedures to |
determine reaction products. Certain of the test compounds formed persistent degrada-
tion products during treatment and five of the initial compounds reacted readily with
chlorine under conditions commonly employed in effluent chlorlnation. Five of the
chlorlnatlon products were further studied in resplrometer experiments to evaluate
their persistence In mixed mioroblal systems. The results Indicate that varying
degrees of toxlclty exist for the compounds tested. The four day median tolerance
limit of fish (Plmephalea promelas) was determined for five chlorinated organic
compounds. The 96-hr toxlclty range varied from 0.1 - 0.01 mg/1 for U-chloro-3-methyl
phenol to 1.0 - 10 mg/1 for 2,4,6-trlehloroaniline. In the final phase of the study,
a series of bench scale, continuous flow ecosystems were used to evaluate longer term
effects of three of the chlorinated products. Several varieties of organisms repre-
senting different levels In the food chain were tested.
INDEX TERMS: Toxlclty, Bloasaay. Blodegradation, Benthos, Metabolism, Chlorlnation,
Fathead alnnov. Organic solvents. :
AMIC-5559
'VASTE WOOL AS A SCAVEHGER FOR MERCURY POLLUTION IK WATERS", Tratnyek, J. P.,
Arthur D. Little, Inc., Canbrfdge, Massachusetts, Water Pollution Control Research
Series 16080 HUB QUflZ, April 1972, "*9 PP.
Hie feasibility of using waste textile fibers for removing Hg pollution from
waters and bottom sediments was Investigated by screening 13 different fibers, Includ-
ing dyed and undyed wools, nylons, and wool-polyesters, for their effectiveness in
reducing Hg levels In solutions. The procedure consisted of saturating the fibers In
solutions (at pH 2 to 10, temperature 5 to 35 C) containing mercuric chloride, methyl
mercuric chloride, phenyl mercuric acetate, bis(2-methoxyethyl) mercury, °r metallic Hg
for a given time and removing samples for analysis of Hg by flameless atomic
absorption. The order of effectiveness was wool greater than wool-polyester, greater
than nylon, greater than polyester. At the 1 ppm level of mercury In water used in
most of the experiments, 90 to 95 percent of the organic and inorganic Hg was removed
within 24 hours. Large quantities of Kg could be removed at higher concentrations up
to 300 mg per gram of fiber. Variations In pH and temperature did not greatly alter
sorption of Hg; however, the presence of sulflde in water does reduce the efficiency
of wool.
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, Water pollution treatment, Separation techniques, Mercury
chloride, Methyl mercuric chloride, Phenyl mercuric acetate, Removal,
Bls(2-methoxyethyl) mercury.
AMIC-5579
"TRACE-QUAHTITY EHOINEERIHG", Fair, J. R., Crocker, B. B., Null, H. R., Chemical
Engineering, Vol. 79, Ho. 17, August 7, 1972, pp 60-71*.
This paper reviews the problems faced by chemical engineering In dealing with
materials present in low concentration in mixtures. Separation techniques for both
homogeneous and nonhomogeneous mixtures are discussed. The scope of the discussion Is
limited to fluid diluents but not only to pollution and environmental aspects.
Unifying concepts and technical/economic considerations rather than details of
individual techniques are emphasized. Trace quantities are considered to be concentra-
tions of less than 5000 ppm and the discussion deals primarily with those less than
1000 ppm.
INDEX TEHMSj Trace elements, Pollutant identification, Mercury, Sulfur compounds.
Nitrogen compounds, Separation techniques, Distillation, Evaporation, Salts,
Aqueous solutions, Adsorption, Ion exchange, Membrane processes, Coagulation,
Nucleation, Filtration, Chemical precipitation, Reverse osmosis, Reviews,
Solvent extractions, Pollutants, Water pollution effects, Detection limits.
11
-------
1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-5580
"RAPID SEPARATION OF METAL CHELAOES BY COLUMN LWUID-LWWID CHROHVTOORAPHY UEIH&
ULTRAVIOLET DETECTION", Huber, J. F. K., Kraak, J. C., Amlytleal Chaalatry. Vol. W»,
No. 9, August 1972, pp 155U-1558.
The separation of metal-beta-dlketonates has been accomplished by column
liquid-liquid chromatography. Included in the study are the acetylacetonates and the
trtfluoroaeetylacetonates of Be(ll), AI(III), Cr(lII), Fe(lII), Co(ll), CoClII),
Cu(ll), Zn(ll), Zr(lV), and Fu(III) A ternary liquid-liquid system composed of
water, 2>2,U-trlmethylpentene and ethanol was employed. The water-rich phase was
used as the stationary medium while the water-poor phase served as eluent. Several
of these two-phase systems, varying in quantitative composition, were evaluated
for chromatographic selectivity. The addition of a trace of chelating llgand to the
phase system suppressed undesirable hydrolysis reactions of chelates. A six-component
mixture of metal acetylacetonates can be separated In less than 25 minutes.
(Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry. Vol. UU, No. 9, August 1978, pp 155^-1558.
" :hemlc
copyright owner.
the American Chemical Society. Reprinted toy permission of the
INDEX TERMS: Pollutant identification, Separation techniques, Aqueous solutions,
Chemical analysis, Chelatlon, Alcohols, Water pollution, Beryllium, Aluminum,
Chromium, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Selectivity, Heavy metals, Water
analysis, Methodology, Liquid liquid chromatography, Metal chelates. Column
chromatography, Zirconium, Rubidium, Spectrophotometrlc detector. Ultraviolet
spectra, Acetylacetonates.
AfflC-5583
"ELECTRONIC SPECTRA OF 2-AMINOQUIHOLIHE AMD U-AMMOQUISALDINE. EVIDENCE FOR THE
CYCLIC AKtDIHE STRUCTURES OF THE SINGLY PROTOKATED CATIONS", Korl, P. J., Caponacchla,
A. C., Schulnan, S. 0., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. UU, No. 9, August 1972, pp 1611-1615.
Electronic absorption, fluorescence, and Infrared spectroscoples have been
employed to show that the singly protonated (at heterocycllc nitrogen) species derived
from 2-aulnoqulnoline and b-amlnoquinaldlne have the protonated amldlne electronic
structures in ground and lowest electronically excited singlet states. The neutral
and doubly protonated compounds, however, appear to be well behaved irylamlnes and
arylanuonlum ions, respectively, In ground and lowest excited singlet states. The
anomalous pKa values corresponding to ground and excited state prototropic equilibria
of the 2-amlnoqulnollne and U-amlnoqulnaldlne are attributed to the relative contribu-
tions of the basicity and acidity of the amldlne species and those of the acidity and
basicity of the arylamlne and arylammonium ion species to the overall free energy of
prototropic exchange. (Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry. Vol. UU, No. 9, August
1972, pp 1611-161$. Copyright 1972 by the American Chemical Society. Reprinted by
permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS t Chemical analysis, Fluorescence, Dyes, Industrial wastes, Water pollution
sources, Organic compounds, Electronic spectra, 2-amlnoquinollne, Electronic
absorption spectroscopy, ^-aminoqulnaldlne, Infrared spectroscopy, Drugs,
Fluorescence spectroscopy, Chemical strucutre.
—I
AMIC-5582
"RAMAN SPECTRA-STRUCTURE CORRELATIONS FOR PYRAZIBES. NEW METHOD FOR OBTAIMIHC SPECTRA
OF TRAPPED NAKOLITER GAS CHROMATOGRAPH FRACTIOUS", Oertel, R. P., Myhre, D. V.,
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. M», No. 9, August 1972, pp 1589-1593.
Raman spectra-strucutre correlations have been formulated (based on data
for 32 pyrazlnes variously substituted vrtth alkyl, allcoxy, and vinyl groups) which
allow convenient, unequivocal determination of the ring-substititlon pattern of pure
pyrazlnes and, in many cases, components of a pyrazlne mixture. The sample to be
analyzed is collected from the exit port of the gas chromatograph in a borosilicate
glass melting point tube cooled with dry ice-acetone. One end of the tube is sealed
and the other end is drawn into a fine capillary according to the size of the sample.
The end of the capillary la sealed, with formation of a small spherical head of glass
at the end; then, the sample la distilled to the end of the capillary by heating the
tube at 225 C while cooling the capillary with dry ice. The tube is then collapsed
near the Junction of the large diameter portion and the capillary section, trapping
the sample within the capillary (free of any air gap). Exprimental data obtained
by this method indicate that samples of less than one nanollter may be analyzed by
this method and may be preserved for further spectrometric analysis.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Gas chromatography, Methodology, Sampling, Laboratory
equipment, Instrumentation, Pyrazlnes, Raman spectra, Sample preparation,
Raman spectrophotoraeter, Spectral analysis, Ethoxy pyrazine, Ethyl pyrazlne,
Isopropyl pyrazlne, Methyl pyrazine, Vinyl pyrazlne, Detection limits.
AMIC-558U
"HEW, DIRECTLY DIGPML AUTOMATIC TITRATTOJI APPARATUS", Hleftje, D. M., Mandarano, B. M.,
Analytical Chemistry. Vol. >A, No. 9, August 1972, pp 1616-16S1.
In this new system the tltrant is delivered in the form of uniform submicro-
llter droplets whose production rate is controlled by an electronic digital pulse
train. Tltrant delivery rate is determined by measurement of the pulse frequency while
the total titrant volume is related to the cumulative pulse count. A digital control
system can be used to adjust tltrant delivery for end-point anticipation or for
tttratlons involving slow reactants. Data are presented for use of this system in
several simple acid-base tltratlons using derivative potentiometrlc end-point detection.
This system has only one moving part, the piezoelectric blmorph strip, which almost
never needs to be replaced. AH other components are electronic. Extension of this
semi-automatic system to fully automated or computer-controlled laboratory situations
is discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Automatic control, Automation, Volumetric analysis. Electronic equipment.
Chemical analysis, Instrumentation, Computers, Laboratory equipment, Drops
(fluids). Size, Aqueous solutions. Digital control, Potentlometry, Precision.
12
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AfflC-5586
"EXTRACTION OF AHIOHS INTO CHLOHOFOFW BY SURFACTANT CATIONS. REIEVANCE TO DYE
EXTRACTION METHOD OF ANALYSIS OF LONG CHAIR AMINES", Blavas, H. K., Mandal, B. M.,
Analytical Chemlatry, Vol. W», No. 9, August 1978, pp 1636-16^0.
Anlon Interference with the analysis of long chain amines by the dye
extraction method has been Investigated using the anionle dye, disulflne blue
VH 150. Fire milllllters of a mixture of dye (.00001 - .0001 mole per liter)
and salt solution were equilibrated with 5 ml of cetyltrlmethylammonium bromine
solution in chloroform. The absorbance of the organic layer was measured aad dye
concentration determined spectrophotonetrlcally. Interference occurred as a result
of competition from the anions with the dye ion for extraction Into the organic
phase. Anions such as F(--) SC42(—), and acetate did not Interfere; however, for
the anions examined the degree of Interference followed the order: CIOU(-) greater
than l(-) greater than Br9-) greater than H03(-) greater than Cl(-), This is also
the order of extraction of the anions Into chloroform by the ammonium Ions.
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Dyes, Spectrophotometry, Absorption, Chemical
reactions, Ions, Anions, Chemical analysis, Methodology, Equilibrium, Ion
exchange, Acetates, Aqueous solutions. Nitrates, Iodides, Ammonium salts,
Organic compounds, Chlorides, Fluorides, Bromine, Nitrates, Solvent extractions,
Amines, Chemical Interference, Perchloratea, Chloroform.
AMIC-5599
"HBUUENCE OF AMALGAM FORMATION ON CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY", Beyer lain, F. H., Nicholson,
R. S., Analytical Chemlatry, Vol. Wf, Ho. 9, August 1972, pp 16U7-1650.
SOBS discrepancy between the cyclic voltammetry theory aad experimental
results was noted during research Involving stripping analysis and the use of
hanging mercury drop electrodes. Because the theory did not Include the effects
of amalgam formation, calculations were attempted that Included this factor. The
approach of Relnmuth was used, assuming that the effects of finite electrode volume
are negligible. The results of these calculations were then evaluated experimentally
for reduction of cadmium In aqueous solution and sodium In neeton!trile. Excellent
agreement between theory and experiment was obtained in both cases. The theory shows
that the ratio of anodic to eathodlc peak currents is always greater than unity
and that enhanced peak potential separations occur under some conditions.
INDEX TERMS: Electrodes, Electrochemistry, Pollutant Identification, Cadmium, Sodium,
Heavy metals, Aqueous solutions, Mathematical studies. Equations, Methodology,
Evaluation, Testing procedures, Theoretical analysis, Akali metals, Cyclic
voltamnetry, Stripping analysis, Amalgam, Hanging mercury drop electrodes,
Reinmuth's approximation, Data Interpretation, Acetonltrlle.
AMIC-5588
'VANADIUM DETERMINATION IN BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS AT NANOGRAM LEVELS BY A CATALYTIC
METHOD", Welch, R. M., Allaway, H. H., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. W*, No. 9, August
1972. PP 16UU-16U7.
A spectrophotometrlc method, based on the development of color by products
produced by a V-catalyzed oxidation reaction, was used to measure V In biological
materials. Biological samples were digested with nitric-perchloric acid and vanadium
was separated from Interfering elements by complexlng with 6-qulnolinol In chloroform
at pH b.O. Vanadium was then released from the complex by readjusting the pH to
9.^-9.5 with an aqueous ammonium nitrate buffer. Once separated, the V was then
determined in the aqueous phase by opectrophotometrlcally measuring the production of
oxidation products resulting from the V-catalyzed oxidation of gplllc acid by acid-
persulfate. The extraction procedure eliminated all interfering elements (Cr, Fe, Co,
Nl, Mn), recoveries of 9U - 98 percent of the V added to plant material and 90-100
percent of V.l»8 added to standard V solutions were obtained. The method was sensitive
to 5 ng quantities of V in biological materials and the results compared favorably with
those from neutron activation analysis.
IMDEX TERMS: Spectrophotometry, Catalysts, Heavy metals, Solvent extractions, Chemical
reactions, Chemical analysis, Separation techniques, Efficiencies, Pollutant
identification, Vanadium, Biological samples, Chemical Interference, Sample
preparation, Detection limits, Chemical recovery, Precision.
13
AMIC-5591
"ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE STUDY OF COPPER(l) COMPLEXES IN ACETONITRILE", Heerman, L. P.,
Recbnitz, G. A., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. W», Ho. 9, August 1972, pp 1655-1658.
A cuprous sulflde-membrane Ion-selective electrode was used to measure
the formation constants of cuprous Ion complexes with the halldes and with thiourea
in aeetonitrile. Tetraethylammonlum perchlorate (TAP) or sodium perchlorate served
as supporting electrolytes and calibration curves were first recorded by adding
increments of a .01 M or a .025 M Cu (I) perchlorate solution to a known volume
Of solution containing a supporting electrolyte. For complexation studies with
chloride the total Cu (I) concentration was kept constant at .005 M during the
titratlon; with bromide or iodide, the Cu (I) concentration was .001 M, and the thiourea
tltratlons were performed at Cu (I) concentrations In the range of .005-.0005 M.
The llgand concentration varied from 0 - .01 M for the halides (except chloride) and
from 0 - ,02 M for thiourea. During analysis, the electrode showed an almost Nernstlan
response (slope of 55-56 mv/decade) In pure solution and concentrations to at least 30
mlcromoles in the presence of complexing ligands. The electrode appears particularly
applicable for studying interactions of Cu(l) Ions with organic ligande in aeetonitrile.
INDEX IERMS: Copper, Chelatlon, Heavy metals, Halides, Chemical reactions, Permselec-
tive membranes, Cations, Electrochemistry, Sulfldes, Potentiometers,
Instrumentation, Acetonltrlle, Thiourea, Formation constants, Ion selective
electrodes, Cowplexatlon, Organic solvents.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-5592
"REDUCTION OF AROMATIC FLUORINE COMPOUNDS", Campbell, B. H., Analytical Chemistry,
Vol. >tk, No. 9, August 1972, PP 1659-1663.
The reduction of fluoro-aromatic compounds using mercury electrodes was
studied In three compounds: fluorlnated benzenes, fluorlnated blphenyls, and
naphthalenes. The benzene series presented a structurally simple ease and the effects
of electron withdrawing groups are well known. The biphenyl series allowed comparison
of the effects of reducing fluorine on one ring with that on both rings. The
naphthalene series represented the next stop in a more extensive pi system. All
data indicated a loss of fluoride upon controlled potential electrolysis of the
compounds and the reactant minus the fluoride was also found as a product of electroly-
sis. The reduction mechanism Is shown to be ECE where each electron transfer step
involves one electron and the chemical step is protonation. The concept that the
species produced by the first reduction step exhibits longer life as the aronatlclty
Increases was proved by increased reversibility of the reduced molecule with Increase
in aromatlclty.
INDEX TERMS: Aromatic compounds, Reduction (chemical), Electrolysis, Kinetics,
Chemical reactions, Chemical analysis, Water pollution sources, Pollutant
identification, Fluorine, Electrochemistry, Gas chromatography, Fluorine
compounds, Benzene, Biphenyl, Naphthalene, Electron transfer, Dlmethylfornamlde,
Mercury electrode, Cyclic voltammetry.
AMC-5595
"COCKED KM EXCHANBE-SOLVENT EXTRACTION (CIESE) STUDIES OF MSTAL IONS ON ION
EXCHABBE PAPERS", De, A. K., Bhattacharyya, C. R., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. U,
Ho. 9. August 1972, pp 1686-1688.
Amberlite SA.2 cation exchange and SB-2 anion exchange paper strips
were used to study synerglstlc effects and chromatographlc separations during
combined Ion exchange-solvent extraction (CIESE) studies of metal ions.
2-Thenoyltrlfluoroaceton« (TTA) and trl-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) were used throughout
the work. Initial zones of the solutions were spotted with fine glass capillaries
and the chromatographlc runs were carried out in glass Jars by the ascending paper
chronatographic technique. Zone development was carried out by spraying with
suitable reagents. Tables are presented shoving the separation of metal Ions on each
of the two papers. The synerglstlc behavior of the TIA-TBP mixed solvent system using
SA«2 paper for copper and cobalt is also given. Using the SB-2 paper, several
oxidation states of the same metals were separated. All of the date developed seem
to Indicate higher selectlvlties that may be due to both the Ion exchange and
partition mechanism of CIESE.
INDEX TERMS: Ion exchange, Solvent extractions, Ions, Heavy metals, Chromatography,
Separation techniques, Resins, Cation exchange, Anlon exchange, Pollutant
Identification, Alkali metals, Selectivity, Synerglstic effects, Trl-n-butyl
phosphate, 2-Thenoyltrlfluoroacetone.
AMIC—5
"AUTOMATIC SORTING OF INFRARED'SPECTRA", Rann, C. S., Analytical Chemistry, Vol.
No. 9, August 1972, pp 1669-1672.
With a calculator-teletype reader system for the automatic sorting of
Infrared spectra the operator Is required to enter digits of the unknown spectrum
Into the calculator, load the tape into the teletype reader, and start the program.
The program then runs unattended until the library tape has been processed. Any
comparison spectrum with a figure of merit less than 5 would be printed out by the
teletype, together with a reference number which enables the details of the compound
and an infrared spectrum chart to be located in the main library of drug spectra. The
system described greatly increases the facility of the technique for Identification
of organic compounds using Infrared spectra.
INDEX TERMS: Automation, Electronic equipment, Data processing, Organic compounda,
Computers, Pollutant identification, Computer programs. Instrumentation,
Infrared spectra. Sorting, Calculators, Teletype readers, Drugs.
AMIC-5596
"FLUORmE IOH ACTIVITY ELECTRODE AS A SUITABIJE MEANS FOR EXACT DIRECT DETERMINATION OF
URINARY BTJUORrte", Tusl, J., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. kk, No. 9, August 1972,
pp 1693-169"*.
Urine samples were taken from male adults supplied with one oral 8o-og
dose of sodium fluoride for analysis on an Orion lonanalyzer Fluoride Electrode. Three
mlillliters of urine were diluted with water to 10 ml and mixed with 10 ml of total
ionic strength adjustment buffer (TISAB) or citrate buffer before analysis. Equally
diluted samples were diffused at 60 C for 2U hrs from HC10U, and fluoride was then
determined by the spectrophotometrlc lanthanum alizarin complexorate method as a
reference. Studied curves for the determination of fluoride were prepared using
standards treated In the same manner as the samples. The results indicated high
specificity of urinary analysis using the fluoride electrode. The use of TISAB
eliminates cannon interferences with fluoride electrode measurements due to the pre-
sence of calcium phosphate or aluminum. The results Indicated that the pretreatment
of urine with perchloric acids is necessary only In unusual cases. It la suggested
that fluoride electrode results should be checked periodically by diffusion and photo-
metric analysis.
INDEX TERMS! Fluorides, Electrodes, Urine, Electrochemistry, Analytical techniques,
Spectrophotometry, Photometry, Calibrations, Ion selective electrodes. Biological
samples, Buffers, Chemical interference.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-5597
"USE OF POTASSIUM PHTHALIMIDE TOR IEENTIFICATION OF AUffLEHE BIS HALOES AMD BIS
SVLFOWTES", Alien, C.F. H., Glauser, J. P., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. kk. Mo. 9.
Auguat 1972, pp 169<»-1696. * v '
The chemical reaction of K phthallalde with alkylane bis halides or
alkylene bis sulfonates to form imide derivatives can used for the qualitative
analysis of these alkylene compounds. Preparation of derivatives requires mixing
one gram of either bis hallde or bis sulfonate, two equivalents (.7 plus .OU gm)
of K phthallmlde, and 20 ml of dimethylformamlde; refluxing for an hourj cooUng
to 100 C; adding Ice and five ml of 10 percent NaOHj and stirring to remove the
phthallmlde present. The bis Imlde formed Is then Isolated toy filtration after
recrystalllzatlon. Several new tie phthallmldo derivatives were Isolated and their
melting points (MP) are tabulated. The Isolated derivatives, that were already
recorded in the literature, were Identified by comparison of MP, mixture HP, and
by Instrumental methods Including IR spectroscopy and NMR spectra. The yields
of recrystallized derivatives with high MP and low solubility were U6 to 57 percent.
The usefulness of this procedure can be extended to dlol Identification by addition
of a preliminary step-formation of a sulfonate ester.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical reactions, Chemical analysis, Mass apectrometry, Separation
techniques, Kalides, Sulfonates, Alkylene bis aulfonates, Alkylene bis halldes,
Imldes.
A.KIC-5600
"SPECIES IDEMTIFICATIC* IM VISIBLE-ULTRAVIOLET VAPOR SPECTROMSTRY", Alderdlce, D. S.,
Crawford, B. R., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. kk, No. 9, August 1972, PP 1703-1706.
An observational procedure Is presented for species Identification by
visible-ultraviolet vapor spectrometry. The primary features of this procedure,
which may be referred to aa an absorbance-tempenture correlation, are as follows;
(l) attainment of good thermal equilibrium between vapor and condensed phases in
most cases; (2) discrimination between voltlle optically absorbing species;
(3) positive identification of the absorbing species by close correlation of the
observed slope with known latent heat data; (U) an alternative experimental approach to
the accurate determination of latent heats; (5) determination of molar absorptivity
in the absence of complete vapor pressure data; and (6) a possible means of determining
vapor pressure for the absorbing species. Under less than Ideal experimental
conditions for the Identification of bromine vapor, the absorbance-temperature correla-
tions were shown to be both meaningful and amenable to simple Interpretation.
INDEX TERMS* Chemical analysis, Equations, Temperature, Bromine, Pollutant
identification, Vapor pressure, Ultraviolet vapor spectrometry, Absorbance,
Molar absorptlvltles, Ultraviolet spectra.
AMIC-5599
"RELATION BETWEEN RETEHTION INDICES AHD BOILING POINTS OF HYDRCCABBONS DIFFERING
SLIGHTLY IN THEIR VAPOR PRESSURES", Sojak, L., Hrlvnak, J., Krupclk, J., Janak, J.,
Analytical Chemistry. Vol. W», So. 9, August 1972, pp 1701-1703.
Observations were made of the gas chromatographlc behavior of a variety
of hydrocarbons obtained with a 200 meter open tubular squalane column at various
specific temperatures. It was found that a relatively small change In column tempera-
ture reversed the retention sequences of these compounds. In addition to column
temperature, It was noted that the proportionality constant of the relation between
retention Indices and boiling points for straight-chain alkenes was a function of the
number of carbon atoms and the structure of the pairs of Isomera. Mathematical equa-
tions expressing precisely the retention behavior of straight-chain alkenes separated
on squalane were derived taking Into account the differences of the activity
coefficients and the temperature dependence of vapor pressures and the activity
coefficients of the compared isomers. The influence of different structures of Isomera
on their retention times is greater, the smaller the difference between their boiling
points.
INDEX TERMS: Vapor pressure, Organic compounds, Equations, Temperature, Gas
chromatograph-y., Vater pollution, Pollutant Identification, Kinetics, Boiling
point, Retention index, Isomers, Activity coefficients, Oleflnlc hydrocarbons,
Alkenes, Alkanes.
AMJC-56C*
"HIGH SENSITIVITY THERMXHEMICAL ANALYSIS", Smith, E. B., Barnes, C. S., Carr, P. H.,
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. Ufc, No. 9, August 1978, pp 1663-1669.
A lock-in amplifier and linear ramp generator system has been developed
which permits an rms temperature resolution of 3-^ mlcrodegrees C. This temperature
resolution approximates the theoretical Johnson noise limit of the signal source.
The system was employed to Improve the sensitivity of thermometric analysis. In
a 100-ml calorlmetrlc vessel, solutions of 15 mlcromolar perchloric acid have been
titrated with sodium hydroxide with a precision and accuracy of better than 10
percent. This reaction generated 20 mlllicalorles of heat and caused a temperature
change of approximately 0.2 mlllldegreee f At higher concentrations (1.5 mlcromolar;
the optimum precision achieved van 0.2 percent which is the limiting precision
of the volume delivery device. (Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry, Vol. W», Ho. 9,
August 1972, pp 1663-1669. Copyright 1972 by the American Chemical Society. Reprinted
by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Temperature, Aqueous solutions, Colorimetry, Water pollution, Electrical
equipment, Volumetric analysis, Tnermochemlcal analysis, Thermometric analysis,
Precision, Amplifiers, Detection limits.
15
-------
1. PHYSICAL AITO CHEMICAL METHDIE
AMTC-56UO ~
"A FIVE-MINUTE SOLUTION FOR STREAM ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY", Busch, A. W., Journal Water
Pollution Control Federation, Vol. W*, No. 7, July 1972, pp 1U53-1U56.
It IB shown that the stream assimilative or purification capacity that doe*
not lower the stream's oxygen content below a predetermined value in the significant
capacity and should be the maximum capacity made available for Intentional waste
asslmilatlin. The assimilative capacity Is determined by the product of the m-tn-iMn
surface (rasa) transfer coefficient, the maximum DO deficit, and the surface area
being considered. It is emphasized that there is a difference between predicting
reparation coefficients and establishing assimilative capacity although the literature
often implies a relationship. The assimilative capacity Is dependent on the
instantaneous stream situation and is not related to the average condition. Earlier
research on the importance of surface conditions in reaeratlon Is also discussed.
These results can be used to project probable minimum transfer coefficients contrasted
with the absolute minimum measured in the laboratory under quiescent conditions. It is
concluded that the maxmlum assimilative capacity of a stream that can be depended on to
accommodate Intentional pollution is equal to the minimum reaeratlon capacity of the
stream. This knowledge can be applied practically by reserving any assimilative
capacity exceeding the mlnimlum for any unintentional pollution (e.g., stormvater
runoff, agricultural drainage) since only Intentional discharge is usually measured.
INDEX TERMS; Organic wastes, Natural streams, Reaeratlon, Oxygen, Waste treatment,
Oxygenation, Dissolved oxygen, Mass transfer, Water pollution control, Statisti-
cal methods, Mathematical studies, Water quality control. Probability,
Assimilative capacity, Oxygen transfer, Miss transfer coefficient.
AMIC-5643 I
"REMOVAL OF IBTAI. IONS BY SOIL", Wentlnk, 0. R., Etzel, J. E., Journal Water '
Pollution Control Federation. Vol. W», No. 8, August 1972, pp l36i-l5f U '. !
A study was conducted to investigate ion exchange methods In removing metal
plating wastes using different types of soil. Chrome, copper, and sine in sulfate I
forms were chosen as the heavy metal Ions for study. Solutions of these compounds were I
added to samples of three soil types: Xenla silt loam, Chalmers sllty clay loam, and !
Elston loam by introducing them at the top of the soil column at a low hydraulic rate
using a venoclyaia apparatus. Testing to determine cation exchange capacity was
accomplished by the sodium saturation method whereby exchange sites in the soil sample
are saturated with sodium and the sodium ions are replaced with ammonia ions. The
concentration of recovered sodium is measured by flame photometry and the results are
expressed In tents of me/100 g of oven-dry soil. The technique was modified for use on
soil containing the teat Ions with metal ion concentrations measured by atomic absorp-
tion aethoda. Metal on removal in the three sample types was accomplished by an Ion
exchange mechanism with exchange capacity increasing with clay mineril content. Chrome
in concentrations up to 300 mg/1 could be removed completely in all three soils, so
could copper after an Initial conditioning period. Zinc removal was accomplished at
efficiency rates of not leas than 99.7 percent. It was also found that regeneration of
all three soil types was possible.
INDEX TERMSj Soils, Heavy metals, Waste water treatment. Cation exchange, Ions,
Industrial wastes, Chromium, Copper, Zinc, Ion exchange, Ciays, Sulfates,
Sampling, Soil types, Leaching, Leachate, Loam, Flame photometry, Methodology,
Metal plating wastes. Pollutant removal, Venoclysis apparatus, Sodium saturation,
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Ion exchange capacity.
AMIC-56U1
"STREAM POLLUTION FROM ANIMAL PRODUCTION UNITS", Bobbins, J. W. D., Howells, D. H.,
Kriz, G. J., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation. Vol. kk, No. 8, August 1972,
pp 153°-15M».
The results of a 2-year study to Investigate the actual and potential
Importance of animal wastes in agricultural land runoff Indicates that stream quality
surveys could be limited to analysis of a few key indexes, with the remainder being
estimated. Data were collected at 12 study altee on waste lagoons, direct discharge
operations, and watersheds to determine the amount and strength of raw waste and
waste that reached the streams under varying conditions of rainfall, runoff, and
temperature. Automatic samplers developed for the study were used. Samples were
tested for total and fecal conforms, fecal streptococci, BOD, COD, total solids,
volatile solids, total organic carbon, KJeldahl nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite
nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total phosphate, orthophosphates, specific conductivity,
and pH. Regression analysis was used to evaluate results and revealed high correlation
among many of the pollution Indexes. Testing for total organic carbon was particularly
promising as an index that could be used in estimating others. It was concluded from
results that the extent c>f water pollution caused by farm animal production Is almost
entirely dependent on the production and waste-management practices utilized rather
than on the volume of wastes Involved.
INDEX TERMS: Water pollution sources, Animal wastes, Water quality control, Farm
wastes, Agricultural runoff, Streams, Conforms, Regression analysis,
Eutrophlcation, Standard methods, Sample preservation, Pollution index.
16
AMIC-561*7
"RADIOISOTOPE TRACING OF OIL REFINERY WASTEWATER DILUTION", Siegel, H., Telfer, A.,
Bastln, E. L., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation. Vol. kk, No. 8, August 1972,
pp 1637-161*2.
An aqueous solution of potassium bromide (Br-8s) was used as a
radio!sotope tracer to determine If initial dilution of an oil refinery wastewater
discharged through a subsurface diffuser into a tidal estuary met Water Quality
Control Board specifications. Initial tests with fluorescent dyes indicated that
the dilutions were proportional to tidal current velocity. Field tests were made
both at flood and ebb tides using submerged scintillation detectors to measure
Br-82 concentration. The tidal velocities were measured at three points near the
diffuser. The dilution of the wastewater in the receiving water wap determined
by measuring the Br-8£ concentration in the effluent pipe and comparing concentrations
at the points where the tidal velocity was also measured as a function of time and
depth. The resulting dilutions were plotted as vertical dilution profiles. A simple
hydrodynamlc model was determined from these field test results. Maximum dilution is
obtained when a constant dilution is maintained throughout the discharge period.
INDEX TERMS: Oil wastes, Waste dilution, Tracers, Bromides, Aqueous solutions, Water
quality standards, Oil industry, Fluorescent dyes, Estuaries, Velocity, Tides,
Profiles, Spectrometers, Model studies, Mathematical models, Hydrodynamics,
Potassium bromide, Br-fl2, Bromine radlolsotopes, Scintillation detectors.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AHD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-56148
"EFFECT OF COPPER AND SILVER IONS ON ALGAE", Young, R. 0., Lisle, D. J.. Journal
Watei^Pollutlon Control Federation. Vol. M», No. 8, August 1972, pp 16U3-16V7.
Laboratory experiments were conducted with a mixture of copper and silver to
determine whether fewer total Ions with recognised toxlclty to fish would affect the
control of certain algal species. Pure cultures of Cyanophyta and Chlorophyta species
were grown on artificial media and additions of copper sulfate and silver nitrate were
made from stock solutions. Algal growth was measured at Intervals by optical density
readings in a spectrometer. The effects of the additions varied with the species.
With Anabaena floe-aquae, for example, 0.1 mg/JL of mixed Ions caused diminution of
growth, while 0.1 mg/1 copper alone had no effect whereas with Anaeyslls nldulans
copper was more effective than the mixture. The use of copper imposes a hazard to
desirable fish species and this hazard Is Increased by addition of silver ions.
Although the copper-silver combination was usually slightly more effective in this
study, Its utility Is questionable due to the Increased risk to fish and to greater
cost.
INDEX TERMS: Copper, Ions, Aquatic algae. Plant growth, Water pollution effects,
Toxlclty, Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Cultures, Chlorella, Copper sulfate, Fish,
Spectrometers, Water pollution control, Growth rates, Anabaena, Heavy metals,
Algal control, Water quality control, Laboratory tests, Silver, Synerglatlc
effects, Silver.
AMIC-5653
"BELATKMSHIP BEWEEH ATMOSPHERIC CAHBOK DIOXIDE AMOUNT AND PROPERTIES OF THE SEA",
Plass, G. H., Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 6, Ho. 8, August 1972,
PP Tas^fco.
The variation of the atmospheric COS amount with the properties of the sea
Is obtained from numerical solution of the equilibrium equations. Solutions are given
when: there la Insufficient time for equilibrium with either CaC03 deposits or the
clay sediment*} there is sufficient time for equilibrium with the C&C03 deposits, but
not with the clay sediments; and the time Is sufficiently long for equilibrium with
both CaC03 deposits and the clay sediments. The variation of the partial pressure of
the atmospheric COS Is shown as a function of the total C02 In the sea Had atmosphere,
the mean temperature of the sea, and the volume of the sea. The implications for
theories of climatic change are discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Carbon dioxide, Atmosphere, Sediments, Sen water, Equilibrium, Calcium
carbonate, Chemical precipitation, Air-water Interfaces, Boundary processes,
Water properties, Bottom sediments, Clays, Volume, Inorganic compounds, Chemical
reactions, Water temperature. Mathematical studies, Climatic changes.
AMIC-5650
"COHCENTRATION OF MERCURY IN THE MANUFACTURE OF FISH PROTEIN COHCEMTRATE BY ISOPHOPYL
ALCOHOL EXTRACTION OF SHEEPSHEAD ANT CARP", Gaslewicz, T. A., Dlnan, F. J.,
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 6, No. 8, August 1972, pp 726-727.
Sheepshead (Archosargus probatocephalus) and carp (Cyprlnus carplo) caught
In the eastern end of Lake Erie and the mouth of the Nlapira River were finely
ground without evisceration, and a representative sample was obtained for mercury
determination. The remaining .ground fish was converted to fish protein concentrate
(FPC) using isopropyl alcohol as the extracting solvent. Mercury determinations for
both whole fish and PFC samples were performed using flameless atomic absorption
after the samples were dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid for 2 hours. The
mercury level was found to correlate with a fishiflsh protein concentrate enrichment
factor of approximately 5. The results indicated that no mercury was extracted from
the fish by laopropyl alcohol extraction, and that only fish of low initial mercury
concentration may be used as starting material In this process If the resultant FPC
Is not to exceed the maximum allowable mercury concentration level.
INDEX TERMS: Carp, Mercury, Chemical analysis, Lake Erie, Pollutants, Water pollution
effects, Food chains, Solvent extractions, Freshwater fish, Pollutant
identification, Heavy metals, Trace elements, Sheepshead, Biological magnifica-
tion, Arehosargus probatoeephalus, Cyprlnus carpio, Fish protein concentrate,
Niagara River, Isopropyl alcohol, Enrichment.
"MERCURY UPTAKE BY POLYAMIHE-CARBOHYDRATeS", Masrl, M. S., Friedman, M., Environmental
Science and Technology, Vol. 6, No. 8, August 1972, pp 7'*5-71^.
A study was conducted to compare mercury binding by dlaldehyde starch (DAS)
derivatives with binding by natural and modified carbohydrates, poly(aminostyrene),
and wool. The results suggested that polyamino derivatives of carbohydrates might be
useful in recovering mercury compounds from water. They also suggest a possible role
of amlno groups, other basic groups in proteins, and other biological materials In
the accumulation and distribution of mercury in the environment. In th« experiments,
DAS-MDA and DAS-PDA resins were prepared in similar manners by stirring for 2-3 days
at room temperature, filtering, and washing. Mercury uptake was measured by
equilibrating a weighed ssnple of adsorbent in a measured volume of HgCl2 solution
for one day at room temperature with a mechanical shiker. The concentration in the
mother liquor was measured and mercury uptake was calculated by the difference between
this and the original concentration. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to
measure the mercury concentrations.
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, Absorption, Carbohydrates, Cellulose, Polymers, Organic compounds]
Path of pollutants, Aqueous solutions, Separation techniques, Resins, Amino acids,
Filtration, Proteins, Distribution, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry. i
17
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1, PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-5655
"CADMIUM, CHROMIUM, LEAD, KERCURY: A PLENARY ACCOUNT FOB WATER POLUUT10H. PART
1-CCCURREHCE, TOXICITlf AND DETECTION", Cheremlslnoff, P. V., Hablb, Y. H., Wat«r
and Sewage Works, Vol. 119, No. 7, July 1972, PP 73-71*, 78, 80, 88-86.
The nature, sources, and uses of cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury are
discussed and their toxlclty to aquatic life and wildlife Is reviewed. Analytical.
technique a for detecting these elements Include atonic absorption speetrophotometry,
polarograpfty, dlthirone chloroform extraction, colorlmetrjr, Ion exchange concentration
techniques, and neutron activation analysis.
INDEX TERMS: Pollutant Identification, Water pollution effects, Reviews, Heavy metals,
Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Mercury, Water pollution sources, Toxlclty, Industrial
wastes, Zinc, Fish, Sulfates, Aquatic planta, Aquatic animals, Wildlife, Lethal
limit, Mortality, Salts, Spectrophotometry, Polarography, Separation techniques,
Solvent extractions, Colorlmetry, Ion exchange, Neutron activation analysis,
Reduction (chemical), Daphnla, Methodology, Detection limits. Precision,
Sensitivity, Water quality criteria.
AMIC-567l»
"ETABILm OF ELEMENTAL PHOSPHORUS IN EDIBLE MUSCLE TISSUE OF COD DURING PROCESSING
MCLUDim ICING, FFEEZIHS AMD THAWING, FROZEN STORAGE, SALTING, AND COOKING",
Dyer, W, J., Hlltz, D. P., Aekman, R. G., Hlngley, J., Fletcher, G. L., Journal
Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Vol. 29, No. 7, 1972, pp 1053-1060.
Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) were exposed In vivo to elemental phosphorus
in a sea water filled laboratory aquarium for later use In determine phosphorus
stability during processing of the fish by procedures simulating commercial
methods. Samples were taken by excising several cores with a cork borer, 1.1 or 1.5
cm In diameter, from the thicker parts of the white muscle of the round fish or the
fillets. An extraction method for elemental phosphorus from cooked fish was
modified as follows: methanol and isooctane were added to the sample, then the
mixture was homogenized. Ice cooled, filtered, and the Isooctane layer separated.
After Iced storage, freezing and thawing, frozen storage, or cooking, from Uo
to 100 percent of the original phosphorus remained. In pickle- ?.nd in kench-salted
cod, 25 percent or more of the phosphorus remained after 1-1/2 to 2 months. The
rate of decrease of elemental phosphorus wae more rapid during Iced or frozen
storage when the Initial concentration exceeded 500 ng/g. Commercial processing
Is not reliable to make cod polluted with elemental phosphorus sage for human
consumption.
INDEX TERMS: Phosphorus, Separation techniques, Sampling, Fish, Comnerclal fish, Food
processing industry. Sea water. Freezing, Public health, Water pollution effects,
Atlantic Cod, Godus morhua, Placentla Bay, Methanol, Isooctane, Homogenation,
Cooking, Pickling, Food storage, Biological samples, Sample preparation.
AM1C-5657
"MERCURY AMD OTHER METAIS IH URBAN SOILS", Klein, D. H., Environmental Science and
Technology. Vol. 6, No. 6, June 1972, PP 560-562.
A study of the concentration of mercury and 10 other metals in soil samples
was conducted in an area of varied land use surrounding Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Other metals analyzed were silver, calcium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron,
nickel, lead, and zinc. The region studied Included Industrial, agricultural,
residential, and airport areas, as well as an unimproved wooded land. Two-inch cores
of surface soil were taken from 26U sites, avoiding golf courses and Institutional
lawns, where mercurials may have been used for treatment. The samples were freeze-dried
homogenized, and screened, and were oxidized at room temperature with nitric acid and
potassium permanganate. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used for mercury
analysis and standard techniques were used to determine the other metals. All of the
metals were more concentrated In Industrial soils and all except calcium and lead were
more concentrated In agricultural than In residential soils. One well-developed
fallout pattern for mercury was attributed to an asphalt plant.
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, Heavy metale, Sampling, Soil analysis, Calcium, Cadmium, Cobalt,
Chromium, Copper, Iron, Nickel, Lead, Zinc, Industrial wastes, Michigan,
Agricultural wastes, Statistical methods, Fallout, Air pollution, Asphalt, Water
pollution sources, Chemical analysis, Cities, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry,
Silver, Standard methods, Sample preparation, Sample preservation, Asphalt
Industry.
18
AMIC-5702
"DIESEL OIL COHTAMIHATION OF BROWN TROUT (SALMO TRUTTA L.)", Mackle, P. R., Mefiill,
A. S., Hardy, R., Environmental Pollution.~7oT. 3, No. f, January 1972, PP 9-l6.
Three brown trout caught 1/2 - 3 km downstream from a dleoel oil spillage
were analyzed together with a sample of the pollutant oil and three brown trout
caught 3 km upstream. After preparation In pristine solvent, flesh extractions were
chronatographed on silicic acid columns. The hydrocarbon fraction was found to
contain other lipoidal fractions and It was necessary to chromatograph four times to
remove other llplds. Analysis was tben carried out by ultraviolet and fluorescence
spectroscopy and gas chronatography. Two columns were used for the latter with the
second also coupled to the mass spectrometer. Hydrocarbons Isolated from the
contaminated fish were found to be chemically identical to those present in the
dlesel fuel. Both the fish after cooking and the hydrocarbon fraction extracted
from uncooked fish had a smell and taste similar to those of the fuel oil.
INDEX TERMS: Oily wastes, Hydrocarbons, Brown trout, Oil, Oil spills, Separation
techniques. Cold-water fish, Llplds, Fluorescence, Ultraviolet radiation.
Mass spectronetry, Gas chromatography, Water pollution effects, Pollutant
Identification, Aromatic compounds, Isolation, Water pollution, Absorption,
Northern Ireland, Thin layer chromatography, Diesel fuel, Sample preparation,
Biological samples, Oil characterization.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
"BRITISH ISLES COASTAL WATERP: THE COHCEHTRATIONS OF SELECTED HEAVY f«TALS HI SEA
WATER. SUSPENDED MATTER AND BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS^ PILOT SURVEY", Preston, A.,
Jefferles, D. F., Dutton, J. W. R., Steele, H., Steele, A. K., Environmental Pollution.
Vol. 3, No. 1, January 1972, pp 69-82.
Data from British Isles coastal waters on the concentrations of selected
heavy metals in sea water, suspended matter, and biolndicator* hare been obtained
by a method utilizing solvent extraction followed by atomic absorption spectrophoto.
metry. (AAS). The analysis of representative biological samples was accomplished by
direct AAS on a hydrochloric acid solution of the material after wet-oxidation of the
oven-dried sample, using high purity nitric and perchloric acids. The results
show that there are some areas where significant contamination exists, and the east
Irish Sea appears to have the highest concentrations of most metals. However, data
In most regions Indicate that the concentrations of the metals examined are not
significantly higher than these In the open Atlantic Ocean adjacent to the
British Isles. The sampling of seaweeds strongly suggests that concentrations of most
metals, ineludlncludlng those in polluted areas, have changed little over the ten years
up to 1970; the concentrations of cadmium may well, on average, have fallen over
this period. In the Irish Sea, where the most detailed examination has been made,
there is a rapid decrease in sea water concentrations from the shoreline to offshore,
and, in general, the proportions of a metal associated with suspended matter remain
fairly constant with respect to variations of total concentrations In either tine
or space.
INDEX TERMS: Heavy metals, Sea water, Bloindlcators, Organic matter. Suspended solids,
British Isles, Coastal waters.
AMIC-5T59
"AUTOMATIC HATEE SAMPLER MONITORS POLLUTION LOW-COST, EASY-TO-BUILD UNIT IS REAL
COHTRIBUnOH TO YOUH LOCAL ECOLOGY GROUP", Rakoff, F. B., Popular Science, Vol. 201,
Ho. 2, August 1972, p 112.
The construction of a low cost, easy-to-bulld automatic water sampler
to monitor water pollution at different depths of rivers, lakes and sounds is
described. The salient features of this device Include: adjustable trigger-release
line, lockable trigger-release bolt, sample depth determined by the distance between
the hollow cylinder and bottom-sensor weight, and a bottom sensor that slackens the
trigger release thus allowing spring tension to draw the stoppers into the cylinder.
Water samples are recovered by removing the drain-tube paper clip and placing the tube
In the storge vessel.
INDEX TERMS: Water sampling, Water pollution, Monitoring, Automation, Water pollution
sources, Saline water, Freshwater, Water analysis, Automatic water sampler.
See also: Category 2, AMIC-397S, 5219, ^90, 5673, 5686, 5691, 570*s 5705
Category 5, AMIC-5585, 56U9, 5661.
19
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2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
"EUTROPHICATION", Foehrenbach, J., Journal Watery Pollution Control Federation, Vol. *»
No. 6, June 1972, pp 1150-1159.
The literature Is reviewed on several aspects of the eutrophlcatlon process
for some natural bodies of water. Some of the more pertinent aspects of the
eutrophlcatlon process Included are the following: a review of the role of various
nutrients; analysis of the effect of different waste products on several bodies of
water; methods to control the rate of eutrophlcatlon of a body of water by proper
management of Its watershed; and approaches for the removal of nutrients from bodies
of waters.
INDEX TERMS: Reviews, Eutrophlcatlon, Nutrients, Organic wastes, Industrial wastes,
Water pollution control, Waste water (pollution), Bloassay, Ecosystems,
Biodegradatlon, Algae, Water pollution effects, Ollgotrophy, Sea water,
Freshwater, Biochemical oxygen demand.
AMTC-3972
"PREDICTING THE EFFECT OF POLLUTION IN ESTUARIES", Barrett, M. J., Proceedings of the
Boyal Society of London. Series B, Vol. 180, No. 1061, March 21, 1975, pp 511-526.
The use of mathematical models to predict the effects of pollutant addition
to estuaries is discussed. Methods were developed earlier for predicting the
distribution of dissolved oxygen and ammoniacal and oxidized nitrogen In the Thames
estuary. These methods are reviewed and more recent developments In the application
of jaodeling are described. The methods are based on evolving a series of equations
specifying the rate at which the concentration of a pollutant at a given point In the
estuary is changed by the process to which it is exposed, e.g., dispersion by tidal
action, biodegradatlon, or chemical transformation. The appropriate equations can be
solved to give predictions of water quality for given situations. The methods devised
In the Thames study proved very successful. A model has been derived for calculating
temperature and dissolved oxygen distributions based on mixing processes. Another
model Is used to describe the kinetics of nitrification in the activated-sludge process
The equations are based on the concept that the rates of oxidation of ammonia and
nitrite are proportional to the rates of growth of Hltrosomonas and Hltrobacter and
that these growth rates are proportional to the concentration of the bacteria and a
function of the concentration of ammonia or nitrite.
INDEX TERMS: Mathematical models, Water pollution effects, Statistical methods,
Estuaries, Water quality, Distribution patterns, Organic wastes. Diffusion, Tides,
Circulation, Nitrification, Bacteria, Activated sludge, Biolndlcators,
Experimental design.
AMIC-3088
"THERMAL EFFECTS", Coutant, C. C., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol.
UU, No. 6, June 1972, pp 1250-1291*.
The biological and ecological aspects of thermal discharges in relation to
fish, plankton, benthos, species diversity, and nuisance organisms are reviewed
together with sampling problems and the development of mathematical models for
aquatic ecosystems. Results of present and previous research programs on thermal
effects are summarized. Included also are conclusions and recommendations concerning
the discharge of waste heat, water temperature standards, and beneficial uses of
waste heat.
INDEX TERMS: Reviews, Thermal pollution, Water pollution effects, Fish, Powerplants,
Growth stages, Life cycles, Freshwater fish.
AMIC-5219
"THE EFFECTS OF WASTE DISPOSAL IN THE NEW YORK BIGHT. FINAL REPORT, SECTIONS
7, 8, AMD 9", National Marine Fisheries Service, Sandy Hook Sports Fisheries Marine
Laboratory, Highlands, New Jersey, Final Report, February 1972. 128 pp. NTIS Report
Nos. AD 739 539, AD 739 537, AD 739 538, and AD 739 531.
The report describes results of studies conducted to obtain data to assess
the effects of waste disposal on the marine environment of the New York Bight. The
report presents data collected in the area over a 2-year period. It is divided into
nine sections: Section No. 1, Introduction; Section No. 2, BentMc Studies:
Investigations of the benthic melo-fauna and macrofauna distribution in the New York
Bight, benthic microbiology, pathological effects of wastes on larger benthic
crustaceans, and investigation of basic chemical variables affecting species diversity;
Section No. 3» Zooplankton Studies: distribution, seasonal occurrence and vertical
migration of zooplankton populations In the dumping grounds; Section U, Flnflsh Studies:
species distribution and relative abundance, feeding habits, and somatic effects and
parasites of fish found in the area; Section No. 5, Chemical Studies: Investigations of
total orf£Lnlc carbon and distribution of certain abundant heavy metals In the bottom
sediments; Section No. 6, Hydrographlc Studies: surface and bottom water circulation
and temporal changes in the areas as inferred from density patterns, surface and bottom
drifters, direct current measurements, and by analysis of physical characteristics of
the water masses; Section No. 7, Conclusions; Section No. 8, Literature Cited;
Section Wo. 9, Bibliography. (See also: AfCC 5220-522^.)
INDEX TERMS: Pathology, Benthos, Waste disposal, Water pollution effects, Water
pollution sources.
20
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2. BIOLOGICAL METHOE6
AMXC-5U90
"OXYGEN SUPERSATURATIONS IH THE CHUKCHI AMD EAST SIBERIAN SEAS", Codlspotl, L. A.,
Richards, P. A., Deep-Sea Research. Vol. 18, 1971i PP 3M-35L
Dissolved oxygen was determined In water samples collected at various
depths from the Chukchi and East Siberian Seas between the Bering Strait and
approximately 170 degrees E. Unusally high oxygen concentrations, sometimes greater
than 150 percent of saturation values, primarily arose from in situ pbotoaynthetlc
production. The highest concentrations were observed in stratified waters that
probably left the surface In winter when the water was nearly saturated with air
and contained high nutrient concentrations. These oxygenated strata were generally
separated from the surface by shallow pycnoclines. High oxygen concentration*
were also observed in the relatively warm waters of the Bering Strait inflow. These
high concentrations were presumably contributed to by the nutrient enrichment
of the surface layers by turbulence. Comparing dissolved oxygen data obtained
by the Winkler method to gas chromatographlc analysis of samples yielded a 95
percent confidence limit (plus or minus 23) for the differences of minus
0.67 to 0.65 ml/1.
IHDEX TERMS: Dissolved oxygen, Water properties, Supersaturatlon, Salinity,
Photosynthesis, Primary productivity, Turbulence, Water temperature.
AKEC-5526
"THE RELATIOHSHIP OF FIESHJfATER MftCROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES COLLECTED BY FLOATT1IO
ARTIFICIAL SUBSTRATES TO THE MAC ARTHUR -WILSON EQUILIBRIUM MODEL", DlckBOn, K. L.,
Calms, J., Jr., The American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 88, No. 1, July 1972, pp 68.75.
The colonization of floating-type artificial substrates by freshwater
macroinvertebratee was studied to see if an equilibrium between colonization and
extinction would result in a relatively stable number of species. Twenty-seven
substrate samplers were anchored In a riffle area of the Hew River, Virginia. These
consisted of a styrofoam float with four U x It-in panels of 3 M Mo. 300 conservation
web attached. Three samplers were removed each week, placed in plastic tubs, and
all organisms were separated and preserved in 70 percent ethanol. Micro Invertebrates
were identified to species where possible. Diversity and density data for
macroinvertebrates from each sampler were recorded and a community structure analysis
was calculated. The Invasion of the samplers by mcrolnvertebrates appeared to fit
the simple exponential models for colonization and extinction poroposed by MacArthur
and Wilson. However, community interactions did not produce permanent stability.
This was probably due to a lack of diversity of habitats on the samplers. These
results suggested that a prohibitive number of samplers would be necessary to collect
reliable quantitative data. However, the data did indicate that the floating-type
samplers can be valuable in water quality monitoring to collect qualitative data.
INDEX TERMS! Model studies, Artificial substrates, Sampling, Biological communities,
Water quality, Systematlca, Bloindlcators, Virginia, Distribution patterns,
Regression analysis, Mathematical models, Monitoring, Data collections,
Equilibrium, Rates, Animal populations, Research equipment, Macrolnvertebrates,
Colonization, Extinction, Sample preservation. Species diversity. Species density,
AfflC-5525
"CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM LIMNOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UPPER POTOMAC RIVER",
Kaesler, R. L., Cairns, J., Jr., The American Midland naturalist. Vol. 88, No. 1,
July 1972, pp 56-67.
The application of Q-mode cluster analysis and correlation coefficients to
data from a llmnological survey of the Potomac River indicates that a great deal of
redundancy exists in typical llmnological data. The Potomac River survey was conducted
from 1956 to 1966 to access the effects of a new power station. Cluster analysis
of the survey data Involved five steps: (a) choosing a coefficient of similarity
(b) computing a matrix of Jaccord coefficients in the Q-node, (e) clustering via the
unweighted pair-group method, (d) displaying graphically the clusters using
dendrograms, and (e) assessing distortion in the dendrograms. This analysis clearly
Indicated redundancy in the data and showed that information gained by the survey was
largely summarized by the distribution of aquatic insects and, to a lesser extent,
diatoms. It is suggested that the cost of such surveys could be greatly reduced by
eliminating fish, protozoans, non-insect Invertebrates and possible non-diatom algae
from consideration.
INDEX TERMS: Limnology, Aquatic insects, Distribution patterns, Surveys, Correlation
analysis, Diatoms, Invertebrates, Fish, Protozoa, Monitoring, Blolndlcators,
Powerplants, Thermal pollution, Potomac River, Water pollution effects, Aquatic
biota, Cluster analysis, Monocacy River, Jaccord coefficients, Dendrograms,
Macroinvertebrates, Data interpretation, Species diversity.
AMIC-5527
"A SURVEY OF THE EPKJEAN TRICLAD TURBELLARIAJJS OF TENNESSEE", Darlington, J. T.,
Chandler, C. M., The American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 88, No. 1, July 1972, pp 158-
166.
A survey of trlclads in streams, springs, lakes, and ponds In Tennessee was
conducted from 1966 to 1971. Collections were made from 6l sites, at each of which
the water temperature was taken and the substrate categorized as eroding or depositing.
The current was also described as turbulent, swift, moderate or sluggish. Eight
species were Identified: Cura foreman!!, Dugesla dprptocephala, Dugesia tlgrina,
Phagocata graellls, Phagocata morgani, "giaeogata~yelata, Phagpcate vernal! g7 and
Proeotyla rluviatills. The dlstrlbutlorT of C. foreman!!, D. dorotocephila,
D. tjgrlm, and P. norgani was essentially state-wide, Phagocata gracilis ranged
througho'it the middle and western portions of the state, whereas P. velate, P. vernalis,
and Pr, fluviatllls occurred at only a few sites. Unpublished records on lo<:al areas
fromThe investigations have been included.
INDEX TERMS: Systematics, Tennessee, Surveys, Freshwater, Streams, Springs, Lakes,
Ponds, Water temperature. Seasonal, Distribution patterns, Bioindlcntors,
Aquatic animals, Turbellaria, Planarlans, Cura foreman!!, Dugesla dorotocephala,
Dugesia tigrlna, Phcgocota gracilis, Phagocata morgani, Phagocata velata,
Phagocata vernalis, Proeotyla fluvlatilis, Substrates, Flatworme.
21
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2. BIOUOQICM. METHODS
"CHljOROFmrLL AMD THE MABOALEF PKJMEMT RATIO IK A ICUimiH LAKE", Mathls, B. J.,
The American Midland Naturalist. Vol. 8, Ho. 1, July 1972, pp 232-235.
Margalef's plgaent diversity Index waa used to estimate the suco«Mlonal
stage of a plankton community In a mountain late. In tbl> method, optical. density
of plant pigments In 90 percent acetone la measured with • spactropbofeBjeter to
establish a yellow/green ratio. Chlorophyll Is lost as call* become nitrogen deficient
and thus, according to Margalef, the yellow/green ratio Increases, In general, as
succession advances. In this study, 1000-ad. water samples were taken at a depth of
3.5 m from Mountain Lake, Virginia. Plgnents were extracted, the samples were
centrlfuged, their optical density was determined colorlmetrlcally, and chlorophyll *
determinations were made. Water temperature, alkalinity, pB, and specific conductance
were determined In the field and turbidity was measured In the laboratory. These
latter data Indicated an ollgotrophlc lake with an Immature plankton community.
However, the M&rgalef ratio suggested an older more stable community, It Is suggested
that more comparative studies are needed before the Index can be valuable In estimating
successions! stages In aquatic communities.
IKDEX TEflMS: Lakes, Plgaents, Succession, •Eutrophlcation, Chlorophyll, Plankton,
Biological conmnltles, Ecosystems, Spectrophotonetry, Virginia, Sampling,
Separation techniques, Centrifugitlon, Turbidity, Water temperature, Alkalinity,
Hydrogen Ion concentration, Water quality, Hutrlents, Colorimetry, Deficient
elements. Aquatic algae, Blolndlcators, Virginia, Trophic level, Jfargalef
pigment ratio, Pigment diversity index, Chlorophyll a, Cartenolds, Sample
preparation, Mountain Lake.
"c,rrc**m OF HYDROQEB SULFUR OB FISH BOOS AMD TRY", Smith, L. L., Ofceld, DM,
Hater Research. Vol. 6, Bo. 6, June 1972, pp 711-720.
Rainbow trout (Salmo galrdnerl). walleye (Sjtsogtedion vltreum). and the
ecBBBn sucker (Catastomus commsTBonl) were used to determine the acute toxlclty and
•ublethal effects of hydrooao stOflde (K8) on eggs and fry of freshwiter fiah. To
determine the toxlclty, the fry or egg* (100 to 1000) were exposed to 0.00? to 0.086
ppm and 0.013 *o 0.067 PP» respectively, until most eggs or fry were dead or eggs
batched. These bloassays were conducted at varying conditions of oxygen, pH, and
temperature. Frost the results, LT-50's were calculated by standard procedures. Incu-
bation Of the fish eggs at levels of HE In nature and In polluted environments showed
that these concentrations may be lethal, retard growth, extend incubation, and result
In deformed fry. Lowered oxygen levels Increased the effects of US, and extremely low i
levels (0.006 to 0.012 mg per 1) stimulated fry and egg growth. From TL-50 calculations;
It was estimated that safe levels of HS for development of fry and eggs are probably .
less than 0.006 og per liter. j
IH1MX TERMS: fish eggs, Pry, Water pollution effects, Pollutant identification.
Hydrogen sulflde, Bloaseay, Growth stages. Water pollution, Inorganic compounds,
Sulfldas, Sulfur compounds, Toxlclty, Rainbow trout, Freshwater fish, Aquatic
animals. Walleye, Wildlife, Suckers, Toxins, Blolndicators, Water pollution
sources, Lethal limits, Salmo galrdneri, Sltzostedion vltreum, Catostomus
ccmversonl, Mutageas, Mutation.
AMIC-5551*
"TOXIC EFFECTS OF THE MYCOTOXIHS AFLATOXIW Bl, RUBRATOXIK B, PATULI", ABD
DIACETOXYSCIRPENOL ON THE CFU5TACEAH CYCLOPS FUSCUS". Reiss, J.. Journal of the
Association Analytical Chemists. Vol. 55, No. <*, 1972, pp 895-896^
The crustacean, Cyclops fuacus, was used as a blolndlcator for determining
the toxic effects of the mycotoxlns, aflatoxln B-l, rubratoxln B, patulin, and
dlacetoxysclrpenol on invertebrate animals. To determine these effects, samples
of 20 to 30 C. fuscuB were exposed to 100, 10, 1, and 0.1 mlorograms per ml
concentrations of each myotoxln and mortalities were noted. Aflatoxln B-l was most
toxic, followed by diacetoxysclrpenol and rubratoxln B. Patulin showed toxlclty only
at the highest level (100 mlcrograms per ml). Duplicate tests did not differ more
than 2 to 3 percent.
IHDEX TERKB: Invertebrates, Toxlclty, Blolndlcators, Aquatic animals, Aquatic life,
Bioassay, Copepods, Pollutant identification, Water pollution effects, Cyclops
fuscus, Mycotoxins, Aflatoxln B-l, Rubratoxln B, Patulin, Dlacetoxysclrpenol,
Sample preparation.
AMIC-5605
"THE LIJWOLOOY AHD FISHES OF OUOOTHOPHIC GLACIAL LAKES IN NOKIH AMERICA (ABOUT 1800
A.D.)", Ryder, R. A., Journal Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 29, Ho. 6, 1972,
pp 617-628.
The general limnology and fish composition of Ik North American ollgotrophlc
lakes is described as It likely was about the year 1800, prior to the adverse effects
of man-made eutrophlcatlon, exploitation, and introductions of exotic species. The
general description Includes glacial history and geomorphology, climate and growing
season, morophometry of the lake basins physical and chemical characteristics,
macro inverted rates, and zoopl&nkton. Flah populations are described with respect to
their zoogeographlc origins and the species composition of each lake. The relative
degree of environmental change brought about by the activities of nan in each lake la
summrlzed.
IHDEX TERMS: Limnology, Freshwater fish, Oligotrophy, Environmental effects. History,
Geomorphology, Aquatic animals, Eutrophication, Water pollution effects.
22
-------
2. BIOUX3ICAI. MSTHOD6
AMIC-5607
"THK EUTRDPHICAITOB PROBLEM", Beeton, A. M.,
i, W. T., Journal Fi«h«rl«»
I *e*eareh Board of Canada. Vol. 29, »o. 6, 1978, PP 673-<88.
I The trophic state of a laka !• maintained by oontlnued Input* of nutrients.
I In very large lakes the Inahore •nvlronmenta are affected flrat toy increased nutrient
loading and, depending upon the morphology and morphonatygradwUly the offshore
inter* are altered. The nearahore water* of lake Hlchlgan have greater concentrations
\ of nitrogen and phosphorus and a lower •ilica content than open lake waters. Diatom*
I are more abundant Inahore than offshore, the doubling tines for diatom population*
I are shorter Inshore, and species favored by nutrlent.rlch conditions arc Bare
i abundant inshore. Cat* on plankton, nitrogen concentration*, and fish, fro* early
i studies on Lake Erie, shov progressive change* frost the shore lakevard and fron the
i western basin eastward.
i
| INDEX TERMS: Eutrophlcation, Nutrients, lake Michigan, nitrogen, Diatom*, Fish,
; lake Erie, Oltgotrophy, Sewage, Lake Huron, Lake Ontario, Saginav Bay, Green
j Bay, Plankton, Water pollution effect*, Productivity, Distribution pattern*.
A MIC-5616
"LOCH LQMDHDt MAM'S KWBC-rS OH THE SATMONtD COMMUNITY", tfeltltnd, P. S.,
Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Vol. 29, No. 6, 1972, pp 8Ug-86o.
Journal
Loch Loaond, the largest area of fresh water In Great Brltlan, has 'been
utilised by BBO for many hundreds of years. There are fifteen species of fish at
present in the loch; all of these are native. Several of them have formed the basts
of commercial and sport fisheries in the piet but the only two species of importance
at present (as sport fl*h) are salmon (Ealao salar) and trout (r.glmo trutta). Man
ha* Influenced the loch In way* other than fishing: several fish species have been
introduced (none successfully)) nutrient Input Is Increasing; loch witer Is used for
domestic and Industrial supply) many forma of recreation take place on the loch; and
It 1* of major Importance as in amenity. In spite of these stresses th»jr» Is no
Indication of any major change In the fish populations within recorded time; nor le
there any evidence ttet they will alter In the foreseeable future, providing a
rational conservation program 1* developed for the area, fComplete reportr.ovavailable.)
IHDEX TERMBt Biological coBBunlties, Water poUution effects, SaOaonlds, Freshwater
fish, Limnology, Aquatic populations, Eutrophlcatlon, Exploitation, Fish
stocking. Nutrients, Water quality, Loch Lomond, Great Britain, Scotland.
AMIC-5610
"FACTORS OF ECOLOCIC SUCCESSION IH OUOOTROPHIC FISH COMtJHITIES OP TflE lAUHENTIAlf
GREAT LAKES", Smith, S. H., Journal Fisher-lea Research Board of Canada. 1972,
PP 717-730.
The effects of exploitation, drainage modifications, specific marine fish,
and cultural eutrophlcatlon on the succession of fish communities In the Great lake*
is reviewed. The degree and sequence of response of families of fish and specie*
within famllle* differed for each factor, but the sequence of change among families
and species ha* been the same In response to each factor a* It affected various
lakes at different times. The ultimate result of the disruption of fish communities
has been a reduction of productivity of ollgotrophlc species that ranges from extreme
In Lake Ontario to moderate In Lake Superior. Since ollgotrophlc species (primarily
salmonlnea, coregonlnes, and deepwater cottlds) are the only kinds of fiah that
fully occupied the entire volume of the deepwater Great Lakes (Ontario, Huron,
Michigan, and Superior), the fish biomass of these lakes ha* been reduced as various
species declined Or disappeared. In Lake Erie, which Is shallow, and In the shallow
bays of the deep lakes, ollgotrophlc species were replaced by mesotrophlc species,
primarily perclds, which have successively Increased and declined. All ollgotrophic
species are greatly reduced or extinct In lakes Ontario and Erie, and are in various
stages of decline In lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior, from greatest to least,
respectively.
INDEX TEPMS: Biological communities, Great Lakes, Succession, Environmental effects,
Water pollution effects, Productivity, Water quality, Fisheries, Eutrophlcatlon,
Blomass.
AMIC-5626
"EFFECTS OF TEMPERATOBE OH 06MDTIC AMD IONIC REGULATION IN GOLDFISH", Macfcny, W. C.,
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, Dissertation Abstracts No. 72-73,
1971, 180 pp.
Goldfish were used to determine the effects of acute and chronic changes in
temperature on water permeability and on salt uptake and excretion. Water permeability
a* measured both by urine flow and by trltlated water efflux was greater at higher
temperatures. This may be due to changes In the effective surface >rea of the gill
used for gas exchange rather than a real change In epithelial permeability. Wator
permeability a* measured by urine flow showed temperature acclimation. Renal absorption
of Na and Cl was independent of temperature over an Intermediate range of temperatures
(1U-2U C) in goldfish acclimated to 22-24 C. But at temperatures near the lower limit
of thermal tolerance (6.5 C) renal Na and Cl and reabsorptlon were inhibited. The rate
of renal excretion of Na and Cl shoved temperature acclimation in that NA AND Cl excre-
tion measured at 20 C was 7 to 8 tines greater In 10 C acclimated fish than In 30 C
acclimated fish. Plasma osmolallty and ion composition in fish acclljrated to tempera-
ture* between 10 and 30 C was constant but plasma osmolality, Na, and Cl concentrations
were lower in fish acclimated to 6,5 C. The net uptake of Ha by fish which had been
acclimated to 10, 20, and 30 C in demlneralized water increased with acute temperature
Increases. However, sodium and chloride uptake In normal fish which had not been
depleted of salts wa* very variable and was not clearly affected by acute temperature
changes. Uptake in these fish did not show temperature acclimation. However, the
average difference between uptake and excretion In these fish was zero indicating that
they were in salt balance. (Complete report not available.)
23
-------
AMIC-S&S (Continued) 2/2
INDEX TERMS 1 Absorption, Sodium, Cnlorlne, Permeability, Water tampermturo. Ions,
Salts, Water pollution effects. Urine, Bloassay, Fish physiology, Goldfish,
Excretion, Osmotic regulation. Ionic regulation.
Or TKHTTIOrOLUEIIE (TNT)", Qring, D. M. Indiana University,
, Dissertation Abstracts No. 72-6782, 1971, 113 PP.
AMC-5630
"BIOLOGICAL
Bloomlngton,
Short term toxic effects, long tem genetic effects, and the blodegrada-
blllty of trinitrotoluene (1RT) were Investigated ualng Chlajydomonas relnbardl and
Eseherlehla coll. It was found that low concentrations (3.0 alcrognm/UL) of alpha
1W arc qulte~Eeaclc to C. reinhardl whereas E. coll was capable of removing enough
nrr ce (a colored complex formed from TUT) from growth medium to render It less
toxic to C. rel"*>*rdl. The frequency of spontaneous nutation In both E. coll and
C. reinhardl was suppressed ten-fold by alpha TNT. In addition, the rate of
spo«EaneottT*Mutatlon was suppressed in E. coll. It was also determined that E.
coll
WM capable of reducing at least one of~the~nTtro groups of TBT to its respective
amine fora. Indicating that modern sewage treatment methods may be useful for
treating TUT In wast* waters. (Complete report not available.)
IHDEX TEH6t Toxlelty, E. coll, Blodegradatlon, Genetics, Pollutants, Wiste treatment.
Water poUutton effects, Bioassay, Trinitrotoluene, Chla«vdoiionas relnhardl,
Chl*mjrdo»onas, Mutagens, Mutation.
AMIC-5629
"EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AMD SALIMITY Olf GROWTH, FOOD COltVERSIOH, SURVIVAL AMD
TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE OF JUVENILE BLUE CRABS, CALLTHECTES SAPHXB RATHBUH",
Holland, J. S., Jr., Texas A and M University, College Station, Texas, Dissertation
Abstracts Ho. 72-5671*, 1971, 191 pp.
Caged Juvenile blue crabs, Calllnectes sapldus Rathbun, (5-bO mm) were
maintained at different temperatures (15-35 C) and salinities (1-21 percent) for
30-U5 days. Underwater weight was recorded for Individual crabs at 5-
-------
BIOLOGICAL METHODS
»
"EFFECTS OF ELEVATED TEMPERATOFE OH JUVENILE COHO SAUOK ARD BEWTHIC DWERTEBRATSB
IJ» MOBEI. STRKAM COMMUNITIES", Iverson, R. A., Oregon St«t« University, Corrmllla,
Dragon, Dissertation Abstracts Mo. 78-9815, 1978. 106 PP-
Juvenile echo salmon (Oncorhynchua klsutch (Walb«um)) and aquatic
Invertebrates were subjected to experimentally Increased, but naturally fluctuating,
temperatures In a model stream channel. Coho of the 1969. 1970, and 1971 year
classes were reared In the heated model stream and In an unheated control stream,
both located at the Oak Creek laboratory vest of CorvaUts, Oregon. Tne average
Increment of experimental over control temperature was U.J C over the entire
experimental period of 22 months. Temperatures In the control stream were generally
favorable for growth of coho If food organisms were scarce, while temperatures In
the heated stream were favorable for growth If food organisms vere abundant. Vhlle
population size was nearly the same In the two streams, coho In the control stream
grew much more rapidly than In the heated stream. Total production of coho of the
1971 year class, which were reared from the egg stage, was approximately five
times as great In the control as In the heated stream when the experiment wae
terminated In August 1971. The difference in production resulted from larger
population alze and higher growth rate In the control stream. Production of aquatic
stages of Insects was approximately twice as great In the control as In the heated
stream over the period May 1970-Msy 1971. This difference between streams was
especially marked In mayfly ind stonefly nymphs, which were the most abundant insects
In both streams, and which appeared to be the major sources of food for coho.
The reduced growth rates of coho In the heated as compared to the control stream
probably resulted from effects of temperature on the Invertebrate food supply as
AMC-5633
"TOLEASE OF DISSOLVED OKJAHIC MATTER VI MARINE HIACROPHYTEE", Brylinsky. M.,
Unlvarslty of Qeorgla, Athens, Georgia, Dissertation Abstracts No. 78.10,923, 1971,
125 pp.
The amount of photoassimilated carbon released as dissolved organic carbon
was investigated for six species of benthlc marine microphytes and one species of pela-
gic marine maorophyte. Release rates ranged between 0.223 and 1.805 mg C/gm hr. Per-
cent release values ranged from 1.09 to 3-82 percent. Spermatophytes had slightly
higher percent release values than algae. The results of qualitative analysis performed
on the soluble carbohydrates released showed neutral carbohydrates to be liberated In
the largest quantity followed by leaser amounts of acidic and basic carl-oliydrates.
Olycolic acid was not observed to be released In significant quantities. Investigations
performed on the ability of release products to be utilized by heterotrophic organisms
shoved that 20-30 percent of the released carbon was assimilated within one hour.
Preliminary calculations on the contribution of organic release products to the
dissolved organic carbon pool of sea water show this to be relatively low in terms of
absolute amounts of organic natter. A technique is presented for the concentration and
measurement of dissolved carbohydrate materials In seawater. Analyses of aeawnter
samples collected In various Inshore plant comnunltles and the Sargasso Sea Indicate
that the basic procedure Is useful in obtaining detailed information on the dissolved
carbohydrate materials present In seawater. (Complete report not available.)
INDEX TERMS: Sea water, Marine algae, Carbohydrates, Marine planto, Marine
microorganisms, Water analysis, Benthlc flora, Dissolved organic carbon.
AMIC-5632 (Continued)
2/2
well as from direct effects of temperature on the coho in raising their standard
metabolic rates so that energy available for growth was reduced. (Complete
report not available.)
INDEX TERMS: Salmon,Streams, Growth rates. Invertebrates, Model studies, Thermal
pollution, Water pollution effects, Aquatic pollutions, Mayflies, Stoneflles.
AMIC-5635
"STUDIES OH ALGAL GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AMD REPRODUCTION", Murray, S. !»., California
University, California, Dissertation Abstracts No. 72-lU,66l, 1971, 119 PP.
is coccinea var.
filamentous
.a and Porphyra,
ibnia-type of life
The life history of the Banglophycean red algae Proph,
dowsonll has been completed In laboratory culture. An undescrT
phase, distinct In certain respects from the Conchocelia of Bai
is reported. Callcrphyllls firmm has been shown to have a Polys
history In laboratory culture. This Is the first laboratory confirmation of a
typical Polyslphonla-type of life history in the Cryptonemiales. The rates of apical
cell division for the marine red alga Pleonosporium dasyoldea were determined at
various light intensities. Rates of apical cell division were found to be correlated
with the total amount of Illumination received per 2U hour period. An analysis and
discussion of the mechanisms of apical cell division in flliments of unlimited arid
limited growth of P. daByoldes is presented. The PAAP batch test has been evaluated
In terms of Its ef?ectlveness. It has been demonstrated that the prescribed
method of medium preparation results In the removnl of Fe and Mn from the medium
during filter sterilization and consequently reduces algal yields. CO2 limits the
growth of the green alga Selenastrum caprlcornutum, the prescribed test organism,
and the concomitant Increase in medium pH during the period of experimentation
appears to have an effect on nutrient availability In the test cultures. The effects
of light intensity and the method of air addition are also discussed. (Complete report
not available.)
IHDEX TERMS: Algae, Growth rates, Systematlcs, Life history studies, Growth stages,
Reproduction, Carbon dioxide, Cultures, Limiting factors, Porphyropsls coccinea
var. dawsonl 1, Callophyllls f irma, Plenosporiura daayoideajjglenaatrum caprlcornutum.
-------
BIOLOGICAL METOPES
AMXC-5636
"OTHBAM MUMAL BZCOVEWf AFTER MANGANESE STRIP HUB reciAMM-ICW", Hill. D. M.,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blaeksburg, Virginia,
Dissertation Abstract* Ho. 72-16,889, 1972, 73 PP.
In order to measure the effectiveness of nu>0uneM strip mine
relative to stream faunal recovery, periodic stream monitoring aetlTltles and acute
and chronic toxlclty studies were conducted from July, 1968 through September, 1970.
The streams under study drained areas representing four degrees of reclamation;
reclaimed, partially reclaimed, unreclaimed, aad unaffected. Analysis of the
physical, chemical, and biological parameters monitored Indicates that the pollutant
limiting to populations of fish and bottom organisms In the reclaimed and partially
reclaimed streams Is inorganic silt. 'Complete' reclamation of spoil areas
measurably reduces levels of slltatlon and turbidity, thus permitting recovery of
the previously stressed faunal communities. The acute toxlclty studies indicated
that aablent levels of suspended silt and nanganeee Ions in the study streams are
not high enough to be acutely limiting to resident fish species. However, chronic
exposure of rainbow trout to about 700 Jackson Turbidity Units of suspended Inorganic
silt resulted in significantly lower growth rates than for fish reared under toe
same conditions In non-turbid water, suggesting adverse physiological effects of
suhlethal levels of silt in suspension. (Complete report not available. )
i IHDEX TERMS: Toxlclty, Silts, Benthlc faum, Growth rates, Reclajtatlon, Acid mine
water, Turbidity, Limiting factors, Strip mines, Manganese, Rainbow trout,
Inorganic silt, Recovery.
AKIC-5637 (Continued)
z/a
unUbelled flowing seav&ter. OLC.EC analyaes of Tripboturua maxlcanua, showed that
older fish had higher DDT residue concentrations, suggesting that fish accumulate DPT
residues from the environment during their life span. The EOT residue content of
different sice classes of Engraulls mordax Qlrard ranges from 0.2 to 8.8 ppm, wet
weight. These findings are" discussed In the context of * staple model of TOT residue
assimilation food and DOT residue loss via transport in the reproductive materials.
(Complete report not available.)
TERMS s DDT, ferine fish, Phytoplankton, Shrimp, Bioassay, Absorption, Marine
algae. Pesticide residues, Water pollution effects, California, Sea water,
Water analysis. Chemical analysis, Adsorption, Path of pollutants, Electron
capture gas chrcaatogmphy, Biological magnification.
AMIC-5637
"DDT RESIDUES IH COASTAL MARIHE PBYTOFLAKKTOH AND THEIR TRAHSFER IH PELAGIC FOOD CHAUB1;
Cox, J. L., Stanford University, Stanford, California, Dissertation Abstracts Ito.
72-5903, 197S, H*9 PP.
Stwiies were conducted on the entry and transfer of DDT residues In pelagic
marine food chains. Analyses were done on phytoplankton and detrttal material collected
by a net or by continuous-flow centrifugation. Seawater samples were extracted
by continuous flow, liquid-liquid extraction. Gas-llquld chromatography with electron
capture detection (OUC-EC) was employed for the analyses. GLC.EC analyses were also
performed on samples of surface and mldwater fishes and zooplaakton. Experimental
work with C-lU-DDT was done with pure cultures of phytoplankton and with a cownon
euphauslld shrimp. Phytoplankton samples collected in Monterey Bay, California, from
1955 to 1969 contained compounds Identified as p,p'-DDT, p,p!-DDD, and p,p'J3DE.
Total concentrations of these compounds were approximately three times greater In the
later samples. Uptake studies with pure cultures of marine phytoplankton showed that
the algal cells, when exposed to low parts per trillion nominal concentrations of
C-lU-DDT in the medium, could concentrate the labelled DDT by factors ranging from
30,000 - 80,000. DDT residue concentrations in whole seawater ranged from 2.3 pg/ml
off Oregon and Washington, to 5.6 pg/ml off southern California. DDT residue concentra-
tions in partlculate material ranged from 1.2 to 5.7 mierograms/g C (with one exception).
Experimental results are described which implicate adsorption as the uptake mechanism
for algal cells; these experiments also support the Idea, that small particles carry
most of the DDT residues in whole seawater. Euphausla paclflca Hensen can acquire suf-
ficient DDT residues from its food to account for amounts found In its tissues. Direct
uptake of C-lk-DDT from water is partially reversible by returning animals to
__"" ' " ' ' 26
"THE ACCUMULATIOH AHD SIOHIFICABCE OF SLUDGE BEAR SAJT DIEGO OUTFALL", Chen, C. W.,
Orlob, 0. T., Journal Hater Pollution Control Federation, Vol. W», Ho. 7, July
1972, pp 1362-1371-
Samples of marine sediment from the San Diego sewage outfall were collected
monthly over a 6-year period and analyzed for BOD, COD, nitrogen concentration, sand
and silt composition, and in situ water temperature. The ecological response of
benthlc animals wa« also s^SiJledT The most sensitive indicator of environmental
response to wastewater discharge proved to be sediment BOD. This was shown by the
changing patterns of BOD contours, which were related to outfall installation a»d
treatment plant performance. Analysis of the benthlc animal data, showed little change
in community composition. A tentative conclusion of the study was that an Increase of
more than 3 mg/g of BOD in the sediment in the threshold at which an adverse reaction
In the benthic comBunlty nay be expected.
IHDEX TERKE: Sewage sludge, Wastewater treatment, Monitoring, Indicators, Water
pollution effects, Biochemical oxygen demand, Water quality, Sedimentation rates,
Discharge (water), Benthlc fauna, Biological communitleB, Sediments, Chemical
oxygen demand, Nitrogen, Emrlronnental effects, Biolndleators.
-------
"RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LAKE TROPHIC STATE AMD BZTnOOER AK) FHO6FHOHJE LOADMO RATES",
Shannon, E. E., Brezonik, P. L., Euvlmniantal Science ana Technology, Vol. 6, Ho. 8,
August 1978, PP 719-785.
Nitrogen and phosphorus budget* vere calculated for 55 north-central
Florida lakes by considering watershed land use patterns and population characteristics,
Nitrogen and phosphorus contributions to the lakes from the various land use areas, the
residences within the watershed, and point sources, such as sewage treatment plants,
were estimated, totaled, and expressed as annual loadings per unit lake volume.
Significant multiple regression relationships between a quantitative Index of trophic
state (TS1) and the nitrogen and phosphorus loadings Indicate that lake trophic state
Is largely dependent on the gross supply of nitrogen and phosphorus to the lake.
Furthermore, it appears that phosphorus loading is more significant (or the limiting
factor). Graphical relationships between the TSI and nitrogen and phosphorus loadings
were devised, and these may be useful In predicting lake response to a particular
nitrogen or phosphorus loading. Sources of uncertainty In relating lake trophic state
to nutrient supply are discussed in light of the results.
INDEX TEFM5: Water pollution effects, Trophic level, Nutrients, Industrial wastes,
Lakes, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Mathematical studies, Waste water (pollution),
Limiting factors, Wnter pollution sources, Trophic state index.
AMIC-5666
"GROWTH OF OOMIUM MUUICOCCUM IH SYNTHETIC M33IA", SeJto, S., Journal of Phyeology.
Vol. 8, Bo. 2, June 1972, pp 169-175.
A selected median, to which various types of nutrients would be added, was
used to determine the nutrient requirements of 2 strains of the alga, Gonlum
multieoccum, grown In both continuous light and the dark. The nutrients added include
C and N sources, vitamins, minerals, and trace elements. In most cases, comparison
of nutrient additions were made after a 50 to 70 h incubation, and some after 3 days.
Acetate, as carbon source, most efficiently supported algal growth In both continuous
light and dark, and could be replaced by pyruvate or lactate In the light only.
Sugars were Ineffective as a C source. Thlamlne was required for optimal growth,
and Vitamin B-1P reduced the lag phase but did not change the overall yield. Aa
sole N source*, nitrate, ammonia, and urea were equally effective; however, nitrite,
arginlne, glutamine, and uric acid supported scant growth. Optimal concentrations
of Ca» Mg, and Fe for maximal growth were determined. From the results an optimal
medium was devised in which a growth rate of 5.8 doublings per day was obtained
at 25 C In continuous light.
INDEX TEFM3: Nutrient requirements, Essential nutrients, Aquatic algae, Vitamins,
Nitrates, Chlorophyta, Nitrites, Trace elements, Growth rates, Photoperlodlsm,
Amino acids, Gonium multlcoccum, Culture media, Viramln B-12, Substrate
utilization.
AMIC-5656
"PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS: UPTAKE AND DISCHARGE BY THE MARINE MUSSEL MYTILUS EDULIS",
Lee, R. F.. Sauerheber, F., Benson, A, A., Science, Vol. 177, No. UQU6, July SB,
1972, pp 3^-3^6.
The marine mussel, Mytilus edulis, was exposed to petroleum hydrocarbons
in order to determine the uptake of these potentially harmful pollutants and the
toxicltles of these compounds in marine shellfish. Shellfish (av. dry weight without
shell, 0.30 g) were collected and exposed for 2 to 360 hours to solutions consisting
of the following labelled and unlabelled hydrocarbons: naphthalene, toluene,
benzopyrene, tetralin, mineral oil, and heptadecane. After exposure, the mussels were
dissected, and the hydrocarbons were extracted from specific tissues (gills, mantle,
adductor muscle, and gut) for analysis. Those hydrocarbons extracted from tissue
containing nonlabelled hydrocarbons were separated chromatographically and analyzed
spectroscopically. Labelled hydrocarbons from tissue extracts were identified by
thin-layer chromatography and autoradiography. Mussels actively took up the labelled
hydrocarbons but did not metabolize any of the compounds. Transfer of exposed mussels
to freshwater resulted in discharge of most of the hydrocarbons. The nontoxic
parafflnic hydrocarbons were taken up (10 mg per mussel) to a greater extent than the
aromatic hydrocarbons (2 to SO micrograms).
INDEX TERMS: Radioactivity techniques, Mussels, Water pollution effects, Oil
pollution, Toxlclty, Absorption, Separation techniques, Bloassay, Path of
pollutants, Mussels, Hydrocarbons, Sample preparation, Heptadecane, Tetra-
hydronaphthalene, Toluene, Naphthalene, 3 "*-benzopyrene, Mytilus edulis,
Thin layer chromatography.
AMIC-5667
"THE FRESHWATER DIATOM CYMBELLA CUBSIFORMIS NOM. NOV.". Hufford, T. L., Collins, G. B.,
Journal of Phyeology, Vol. b, No. 2, June 1972, pp 18&-1&7.
Dlatometers and hand sampling were used to collect samples of the pennate
diatom Cymbella curslformls from Cedar Bog in Ohio. The living material was cleaned
by a hydrogen peroxide-potassium dichromate method and portions were examined with a
light microscope. Other portions were dried, gold plated in a vacuum evaporation,
and examined with a scanning electron microscope. This report describes the
morphology, ecology, and taxonomy of this diatom. Differences from Cymbella cistula
were delineated and the taxon was raised to specific rank.
INDEX TERMS: Diatoms, Plant morphology, Systematics, Biolndlcators, Nutrients,
Cymbella curslformls, Scanning electron microscopy, Dlntoneters, Sample
preparation.
27
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HTQT f?OTfI A T
AMIC-5668
"SC* MORPHOLOOTCAI. VARIATIONS M 1HE DIATOM CYMBEtLA CISTOtA". Hurford, T. t.,
Collins, Q. B., Journal of Phyeoloqy. Vol. 8, Mo. 5, June 1572, pp 192-19$.
Several populations of Cymbella clstula were collected from Cedar Bog and
Caldwell's Pond In Ohio and studied. An aliquot of each sample was axamined in the
living condition and the remainder via* cleaned by a hydrogen peroxide-potassium
dichromate method before examination. Examination waa by bright field and Homankl
Interference contrast microscopy and by scanning electron microscopy. An epiphytic
population contained smaller specimens than any recently reported. Those specimens
were as small as ?U by 11 microns. They could be mistaken for C. clatula var.
maculata. However, they have Isolated puncta and somewhat coarser striae than that
variety.
INDEX TERMS: Diatcms, Plant morphology, Systenatlca, Blolndlcators, Aquatic algae,
Ohio, Epiphytology, Chrysophyta, Electron microscopy, Cyubella. clstula.
Scanning electron microscopy, Sample preparation, Cedar Bog, Caldwell's Pond,
Interference contrast microscopy, Light microscopy.
AHIC-5673
"MDBILrZATIOB OF MERCUEV FROM SEDIMENTS IWfO OUPPIES (POECJXIA lETICULATA)"
D. C., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Vol. 29, No. 7, July 1972,
pp 1035 -1W1.
Oupples (P. reticulate;) were exposed in aquaria to aerobic and anaerobic
sediments to which various forme of mercury were added and to sediments from two sites
of Industrial pollution. Whole body levels of total mercury (atomic absorption
analysis) in these fish were used as a measure of mobilization of mercury from these
seimsnts. Spot checks for methylmercury were carried out at Intervals during the tests
Under aerobic conditions there was little mobilisation of mercury from sediments to
which mercuric chloride or sulphide had been added but total mercury concentrations
rose rapidly in fish exposed to sediments containing metallic mercury, the proportion
of methylmercury in fish reached maxims, of 30 percent for metallic mercury, Uo percent
for mercuric chloride, and UJ percent for mercuric sulphide. In anaerobic sediments,
total mobilization was low and only mercuric chloride was significantly methylated.
Both mobilization and methylatlon were proportionately greater In Industrial sediments
with a low mercury content than in sediments with a higher mercury content, enrichment
of sediment* with llgnosulphonate showed no real effects aeroblcallyj however,
anaeroblcally, it stimulated methylatlon of mercury.
IHDEX TERMSJ Mercury, Biology, Sediments, Absorption, Path of pollutants, Gupples,
Mobilization, Llgnosulfonate, Methylatlon, Fate of pollutants, Mercury compounds.
AMIC-5670
"THE USE OF A HAIR LOOP TO ISOLATE UNJCELLS INTO PURE CULTURE", Edmonds, P. R.,
Journal of Phycology, Vol. 8, Ho. 2, June 1972, PP 205-206.
A method Is described for forming and using a microhalr loop to Isolate
algal unicells into pure culture. Loops mde from the distal end of cat vibrissiae are
fine enough to nake a loop of 50 microns or less. The loop is most useful for rela-
tively large cells like Cyllndrotheea elosterium (25 to 100 microns) and Euglena
(57 microns long, Zk microns wide); however, it has been used to isolate cells as small
as 5 to 10 microns such as Chlorella. Advantages of the loop technique over conven-
tional mechanical methods are described.
INDEX TERMS: Cultures, Isolation, Algae, Laboratory equipment, Separation techniques,
Methodology, Design, Diatoms, Euglena, Chlorella, Chlorophyta, Plankton,
Analytical techniques, Cylindrotheca closterium, Hair loop, Unlalgal culture,
Culturlng techniques.
AMIC-5675
"A COMPACT RECIRCULATIOH UHIT FOR THE REARIHG AHD MAINTENANCE OF FISH", Scott, K. H.,
Olllesple, D. C., Journal Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 29, No. 7, July
1972, pp 1071-107U.
A compact reclrculfttlon unit for rearing fish was evaluated over an
8-month period by determining the optimal number of rainbow trout that could be
maintained in a healthy state. Ihe recirculation unit consists of a i600-i uoi.om
-------
AMIC.5676
"TEMPERATOIC CONTROL SYSTEM FOR fECinCULATIOH FISHW1OLDIKO FACILITIES"
Scott, K. P.,
Journal Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Vol. 39, Ho. 7, July 1972, pp 1088-lOc*.
The temperature control system vu used In a USD-gallon tank over an
8-month period to rear rainbow trout under accurately controlled temperature*. The
conditioning unit Included heating, refrigeration, filtration, and aeration device*
on a caster-mounted frame. The heating of water toy an electric resistance element
and the cooling by a water-cooled hermetic refrigeration compressor were performed
In i stainless steel combination cooler-heater unit. The system ms able to
maintain temperatures below 2 C (0.8 C) which made it valuable for low-temperature
Investigations, ffeterlals of construction were either plastic, fiberglass,
•poxy-coated steel, or stainless steel. Substituting Tl for stainless steel In the
cooler-heater makes the system suitable for use In freshwater or saltwater Installa-
tions. This system proved compact, reliable, accurate, mobile, and operated at a
temperature supportive for malntlnlng fish for research purposes.
INDEX TERMS: Fish handling facilities, Water temperature, Rainbow trout, Fish,
Instrumentation, Control systems, Laboratory equipment, Electrical equipment,
Temperature control, Gages, Valves, Construction materials, Reliability, Fish
tanks, Heating devices, Cooling devices.
AKIC-5680
CHAJCES IM TOE FORMATION OF SULPHIDE IN A MARINE 5EDIVKHT",
Nedvell, D. B., Floodgate, 0. D., tfcrine Biology. Vol. lU, Ho. 1, ffey 1972, pp 18-21*.
The Influence of temperature upon sulflde formation by.sulphate-reducing
bacteria was investigated with sediment sulfureta Incubated at constant temperatures
in the laboratory. Sulflde was estimated by the tltrlmetric method using a standard
sodlum-thlosulfate solution giving 99 percent efficient recovery. Pyrite was
determined using colorlmetrlc determinations with blpyrldyl. Redox potential in the
sediment was measured with a mill1voltmeter using platinum and calomel electrodes.
It was found that, in addition to a decrease In the rate of sulflde formation with
temperature, there was a change in the origin of the sulflto. Thun, at 5 and 10 C,
the majority of sulflde originated from organic sulfur, while culfite contributed
the greater proportion of the sulflde at 20 and 30 C. Cuch chijiges preouimbly reflect
those In the natural environment during winter and summer.
MEEX TURKS: Sulfur bacteria, Sediments, Organic compounds, Sulfatee, Cultures, Water
temperature, Oxidation-reduction potential, Btoassay, Sulfur, Pyrite, Sulfltee,
Seasonal, Winter, Sumner, Sulfur compounds, Chemical reactions, Deduction
(chemical), Chemical analysis, Colorimetry, Volumetric analysis, Incubation, Pnth
of pollutants, Sea water, Chemical recovery, Sulfureta, Mobilization, Sample
preparation.
—t
AMIC-5679
"BIOASSAY OF BIOTIN AND ITS DISTRIBUTION IN THE SEA", Ohwada, K., Marine Biology,
Vol. 1U, No. I, fey 1972, pp 10-17.
The marine bacterium, Achromabacter sp., was used as an indicator organism
for the bioaaaay of biotin in various seawater samples. The organism showed a growth
response In a synthetic seavmter medium proportional to dissolved blotln in the range
from 0.1 to 8.0 mg/1. The growth response was measured turbldlmetrlcally with a
spectrophotometer after incubation for Ufl hr at 25 C with constant shaking. Water
samples for blotln analysis were taken at different depths from the E. China Sea,
the N. Pacific Ocean, and the bays and inlets along the Pacific coast of Japan. Blotln
concentrations in surface waters were in the range from less than 0.1 ng/1 up to
57.9 ng/1. The concentrations were generally high in surface waters, and rapidly
decreased with depth down to 50 m. The vertical distribution of biotin followed
closely the concentration of chlorophyll a, with high concentrations restricted to the
euphotic layer. Biotin concentrations in surface vaters were high during the sunnier,
but in autumn and winter the concentrations decreased markedly.
INDEX TERMS: Bioassay, Sea water, Bioindlcators, Distribution patterns, Vitamins,
Cultures, Biotin, Achromabacter, Vertical distribution, Chlorophyll a.
L.
29
AMIC-5681
"ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PLAHKTON PRODUCTION", Subbaraju, R. C., Krlshnamurthy, K.,
Marine Biology, Vol. Ik, No. 1, M»y 1972, pp 25-31.
A study was carried out In the nerltlc and estuarine waters of Porto Novo,
Coromandel Coast, Bay of Bengal, India between 1960 and 1967 on the ecological aspects |
of plankton production. Representative samples were collected from both nearshore and
estuarine waters of Porto Novo, and the plankton volumes recorded by the displacement j
method to the nearest 0.10 CC and expressed in cc/cu m. The average displacement volume
of plankton usually varied between 2 and k cc/cu m. During summer, with a season of high
plankton productivity, the average plankton displacement volume rose to 9 cc/cu m.
Generally speaking, the average zooplankton density (standing crop) was usually between j
80,000 and 100,000 organ!sma/cu m, of which copepods alone comprised usually between
70,000 and 90,000 organlsms/cu m. The average copepod density per sample varied from
30,000 to 50,000 ors&nlms/cu m. However, in the summer months, the copepod density was
usually not less than 100,000 organ!sms/cu mj in some years this was even higher (from
125,000 to 170,000 organisms/cu m). Copepods comprised between flo and 95 percent of the
zooplankton population. The maximum non-copepod population In the zooplankton seldom
reached 30 percent, was often below 25 percent, and usually less than 20 percent.
During the period hferch to October (in some years as early as February, and in some years
up to November), either an Increasing or a steady trend of plankton production waa evi-
dent. It would appear that salinity and rainfall determine the occurrence and
distriution of plankton In Porto Novo.
INEEX TERMS: Ecology, Aquatic productivity, Zooplankton, Phytoplankton, Neritic, Sea
water, Estaurine environment, Diatoms, Copepods, Dlnoflagellates, Crustaceans,
Annelids, Water pollution effects, Standing crops, Mollusks, larvae, Varine nlg?ie.
Secondary productivity, Cephalochordates, Hemichordatea, Arthropods, Bay of Bengal,
Coelenteratea, Ctenophora, ChRgt-ngna tim, Cyphonantea, EchlnodprmB, Tunipatga-
-------
tt. BUlLOOICAX. METHODS
AMIC-5682
"PRIMARY PR00UCTIOM AT TOE THERMOCLTHE LEVEL IM THE HERIT1C ZOHE OP WE BOHM-OCCIWIITAl
MEDITERRANEAN", Cahet, 0., Flal», M.t .7«>c Off KODIAK ISUUTO, ALASK',1
Marine Biology Vol. 1U, Ho. 1, May 1978, pp 58-57.
Long, E.
Marine fouling and boring off Kbdlak Island, Alaska, wa« studied at depths
of 5, 15, and 30 • by exposing wood/asbestos test panels and retrieving them at
monthly and cumulatively longer Intervals. Fouling was moderate between June and
October and negligible between November and May. Thf fouling coranunltle* at 15
and '3D m were quite dissimilar, probably due to a large surf ace-to-bottom salinity
gradient. The coBwunlty at the 30 m level was dominated by Balanus erenatua and
Pseudochlttnopoma occldentalls, that at 15 o by Alcyonidiua polyoum and Obeli* borealis.
At the 5 m deep, pierside site, the most common organisms were B. crenatus, 0. borenlle
and Desnacystls sandnlla. Borer attack was a trace at 5 and 15""m ani sllght-Ty more
severe ai 30 m.
IKDEX TERMS: Artificial substrates, Fouling, Depth, Sampling, Perlphyton, Equipment, |
Mo Husk B, Eenthlc fauna, Invertebrates, Crustaceans, Wood borers, Barnacles, |
BryozoRS, Hydroida, Sponges. '
AMZC-5683
"SPECIES DIVERSITY AMD FAUNAX AFFimTIES OF MEIOBEHTHIC COPEPODA IH THE DEEP SEA",
CouU, B. C., Marine Biology, Vol. lU, Ho. 1, May 1972, pp U8-51.
This first attempt at measuring species diversity of the numerically
abundant marine melobenthos on a vertical gradient Into the deep sea support* the
stability-time hypothesis developed with the mcrofaum. Diversity, as measured by
rarefaction, indicated highly evolved, stable and unique assemblages In the deep
sea. Shelf samples were consistently dominated by a few species} below 1000 m many of
the species were new and few were duplicated from sample to sample. Rarefaction curves
are clearly separable for the three environments, with the vertical component of
diversity Increasing to abyssal depths. Rarefaction analysis of shelf samples above
and below the Cape Hatteras zoogeogmphlcal boundary further revealed distinct splits
in the faural assemblages. Faunal affinity analyses indicate that the deep-flea fauna
Is not homogeneously distributed over wide expanses of the ocean floor and are
contrary to previously reported macrofaunal findings.
IHDEX TERMS: Sea water, Copepods, Benthlc fauna, Mirlne animals, Water pollution
effects, Deep water, Crustaceans, North Carolina, Spatial distribution, Statistical
methods, Species diversity, Rarefaction index, Cape Hatteras, Cape Lookout,
Trellis diagram techniques, Species diversity Index, Jfecrolnvertebrates.
AMJC-5685
"OOHIADELLA GRACILIS, A POLYCHAETE HEW TO BRITISH SEAS", Walker, A. J. M., Marine
Biology, Vol. IH, No. 1, May 1972, pp 85-87.
Polychaetes of the genus Gonladella Hartman were found in Liverpool Bay,
England, in sand and sandy gravel below depths of 1? m. The worms had most of the
characteristics of G. gracllls (Verrlll), a species previously recorded only from
eastern North America and South Africa.
INDEX TERMS: Annelids, Systematlcs, Distribution patterns, Gonladella gracllls,
Liverpool Bay.
30
-------
a.
MBCTOBB
AMIC.5693
"HYDROBIOLCOICAL VOttS OH THE HIGH-SALINITY WATERS Of THE SINAI PENINSULA", For, T. D.,
Marine Biology. Vol. 1U, No. 2, May 1972, pp 111-119.
A U-year survey was made of the high-salinity seas surrounding the Slnal
Peninsula and the saline Is goons bordering on It. These high-salinity bodies of water
have Ionic content similar to that of the sea. The Red See has formed a uetiMllne
marine fauna by successfully adapting to salinities of about l»5 percent. The saline
lagoons having salinities of 6-8 percent are also Inhabited by Bethallne fauna.
Lagoons of greater salinity are inhabited by a small number of euryhallne marine
organisms. Hypersaline lagoons are those Isolated from the sea or with salinity values
greater than 100 percent. Hypersaline continental fresh-water elements Inhabit these
pools. The specific observations made are also discussed In light of their possible
general application to other nearshorc and lagoon areas.
INDRX TERMC: Salinity, Lagoons, Hydroblology, Halophlllc animals, Halophytes, Sea
water, Salt tolerance, Macrophytes, Macroinvertebrates, Vertebrates.
AMIC-5695
"MARINE OAMMARHEA (CWJBTACEAl AMHUPOUA) PROM TOE INDIAN REGION. FW1LY AMPHITHOHJAB1;
Rablndraneth, P., Marine Biology, Vol. IU, No. P., May 1972, pp 161-1/8.
This paper deals vlth 6 species of marine gaoiimrid>-nn amphlpojs belonging
to the fanlly Asjpltholdae. The specimens described were collected from Mand-pam
(Oulf of Mannar), India and Thankasserry (Qullon, Kerala], India. The collection
Includes 3 new species, nas»ly Aaplthoc (Aapithoe) serrallcauda, Ampithoe (Pleonexes)
auriculat« and Cvmdusa Imbroglio!Ampithoe (Ampithoe; kergueTenl Stebblny (ItJtxJ) la m
nev record for this region, while Ampithoe rAn^Iihoeyramondj Audouln (l82f) and
Cyaadusa flloaa Savlgny (1816), the two well-known tropTcopoTltan members, are briefly
redescrlbed. Ike study supports Barnard's (1970) contention that the penus ^
Bate (l857) (since reduced to subgenerlc status under the genus Ampithoe Leach,
represents only 'a grade of evolution', but suggests that the structure of the 1st
maxillary and mandlbular palps and the outer lobes of the lower lip should also be ;
taken Into consideration. In combination vlth the telsonlc processes, for distinguishing'
Pleonezes from Anplthoe. Based on this concept, a reappraloal of some of the species
of the genera Is suggested. The subgenus Ampithoe Is created to hold those species of
Aiiplthoe shoving typical characteristics of the genus. i
INDEX TERMSs Crustaceans, Anphlpoda, Marine anlmls, Invertebrates, Systewtlcs, I
Sea water. Pollutant Identification, Sampling, Ampithoe (Pleonexes) mirlculata, !
Ampithoe (Aapithoe) serratlcauda, Cymadusa Imbroglio, Anplthoe (Ampithoe) !
nunondl, Cvnadusa fllosa, Aiaplthoe {Ampithoe) kerguelenl, Gaaple preparation, J
Gulf of Mannar, India. |
AMIC-5691*
"ECOLOGY OF A EUTBOPHIC ENVIRONMENT: MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA", Blanc, F.,
Leveau, M., Bonin, M.-C., Laurcc, A., Mirlne Biology, Vol. lU, No. 2, May 1972,
pp 120-129.
Nuaierous data on physical, chemical and biological parameters In the
dilution layer of the Rhone mouth have been studied by multivarlate techniques:
principal-component analysis, p-irt correlation. A new technique of cluster analysis
is also proposed. By these means, a very euryhallne group of zooplankton species
has been isolated and the extremely low sensibility of phytoplankton towards salinity
has been shown. However, temperature seems to be the most Important ecological
factor. Instability and eutrophy of this area do not appear to disturb the
phytoplankton cycle, which occurs with Its usual successions. Chlorophyll a and
organic matter do not seem of value for estimation of the blomass in the area studied.
(in French)
INDEX TERMS: Phytoplankton, Statistical methods, Zooplankton, BiomBSs, Diatoms,
Succession, Isolation, Ecology, Eutrophlcatlon, Mathenatlca.1 studies, Salt
tolerance, Primary productivity, Crustaceans, Chlorophyll a, Data
Interpretation, Cluster analysis, Multivarlate analysis.
—I-
AMIC-5696
"THE SUBLETHAL EFFECTS OF A DETEHGENT ON THE HKPRODUCTION, DEVKLOPMEN"1, AND
SETTLEMENT IN THE POUTCHAETCOS ANNELID CAPITELLA CAPITATA", B<-llftn, 0., Relsh, D. J.,
Foret, J. P., Marine Biology, Vol. 1U, No. 3, ,Tune~l97P, pp l8l-l8B.
Polyethylene-glycol fatty acid was used to investigate the sublethnl effect
of detergents on the various growth stages of the polychaete Capltelli capitata.
Measurement of sublethal effects on both laboratory-reared arid fleid-coll»cted
animals were based on the survival of Juveniles, appearance of egg mass«a, number
of eggs produced, number of trochophore and metatrochophore larvae, and young benthlc
worms. To produce these effects, worms from the laboratory and field were exposed to
detergent concentrations of 100, 10, 1.0, 0.1, and 0.01 mg per ml. All concentrations
teeted reduced the number of trochophores, metatrochoFhorce, ind young benthic worms
and Increased the time required to reach the next stage. This time was inversely
proportional to concentration. Only higher concentrations influenced survival rate
and the number of eggs produced and laid. A 90 percent decrease in the number of
benthic worms produced Occurred between the control and the 100 mg concentration
employed. The effect of the detergent was similar with both field-collected and
laboratory-reared larvae.
INDEX TERMS: Annelida, Water pollution effects, Toxlclty, Detergents, Growth stages,
Bloasaay, Invertebrates, Worms, Life cycles, Surfactants, Water pollution sources,
Benthic fauna. Benthos, Larvae, Larval growth stage, Sampling, Resistance,
Reproduction, Animal physiology, Polychaetes, Capltella capltata, Survival,
Sublethal effects, Polyethylene-glycol fatty acid, Sample preparation, Eggs,
Trocbophores, Metatrochophores, Fatty acids.
32
-------
2. BIOUOICAI. METHODS
AMIC-5697
"INVESTIGATIONS ON THE INKLUENCt OK Oil. POLLUTIONS CN MARINE ALOAE. I. THE EFFECT
Of CRUDE-OIL FI1JC ON THt CG2 GAS EXCHANGE OUTSIDE TOE WATER", Schrann), W., Marine
Biology, Vol. 1U, No. 3, June 1972, PP 189-198.
Oil pollution In the sea la generally restricted to thin oil films floating
on the water surf ice. Such oil films tend to coat littoral plants or animals during
low tide. The effects of coating with crude oil on the COS-uptake of various marine
algae have been Investigated under conditions of emersion. In enersed algae,
Cog-uptake IB more or leas depressed, depending on the thickness of the oil flln
(0.1 to 0.0001 mm) and the type of crude oil (Iran, Libya, Venezuela). On the other
hand, water loss during exposure Is reduced, so that the oil-covered algae are able
to photosyntheslze over a longer period than algae without oil cover. After retranafer
to oil-free sea water, In most cases photosynthesis rates remained depressed
throu^iout the period of observation. There are two effects which probably Interfere
with gaa exchange: (1) lowering of diffusion rates of photosynthetlc gases and of
water evaporation by the oil films; (2) toxic effects of crude-oil components. (In
German)
INDEX TERMS: Marine ilgae, Water pollution effects, Photosynthesis, Oil pollution,
Toxlclty, Chemical reactions, Carbon dioxide, Water pollution sources, Oil spills,
Sea water, Marine plants, Phaeophyta, Oily water, Evaporation, Diffusion,
Rhodophyta, Fucua vealculoous, Laminar!a digitate, Porphyra umblllcalis. Sample
preparation. Crude oil.
AMIC-5699
"PROCEDURES ADOPTED FOR TOE LABORATORY CULTIVATION OF TRICHODESMIUM ERYTHRAEUM",
Ranamurthy, V. D., Marine Biology, Vol. !>*, No. 3, June 197&, pp 232-^3^.
Various culturlng techniques were Investigated for the axenic or pure
cultivation of the marine blue-green alga Trichodesmium erythraeum isolated a depth
of 9 - 12 m in the Bay of Bengal during the pre-bloom period In ^rch, 1965. Modified,
enriched, Erdschrelber medium, containing a differential concentration of streptomycin, j
tetracycllne, and sulfadlazlne for inhibiting mlcroblal growth, was used for cultivating
the algae. Sub-cultures were formed every 7-9 days by Inoculating fresh medium with |
10 - 15 cells per 10 ml. The Ingredients in the culture medium Include: nitrate,
phosphate, a 50 ml estuartne soil extract, seawater (3.3 percent salinity). Vitamin
B12, glbberellic acid, and antibiotics. Instructions for the isolation of the algae
and the preparation of the culture media are presented.
IBDEX TERMS: Cultures, Cyanophyta, Marine algae, Isolation, Marine plants,
Eutrophlcation, Oceans, Sampling, Separation techniques, Cultivation, Vitamin B,
Plant growth regulators. Nitrates, Phosphates, Nutrient requirements, Essential
nutrients, Trichodesmium erythraeum, Culturlng techniques, Culture media,
Bay of Bengal, Axenic cultures, Indian Ocean, Soil extracts, Enlschreiber medium,
Estuartne soils, Glbberellc acid.
AMIC-5698
"ECOLOGICAL ENERGETICS OF THE SEA-WEED ZONE IN A MARINE BAY 01* THE ATLANTIC COAST
OF CANADA. II. PRODUCTIVITY OF THE SEAWEEDS", Mann, K. H., Marine Biology, Vol. lU,
No. 3, June 1972, pp 199-209.
SCUBA diving techniques were used to follow the growth of seaweeds In
St. Margaret's Bay, Nova Gcotla over a 2-year period. It was found that the blades
of Laminaria longlcruris, L. digitate, and Agarum cribroaum turn over their blomass
many times a year and have~among the highest productivities of any natural community.
The SCUBA divers punched holes of about 5 mm diameter at a distance of 10 cm from the
Junction of stripe and blade. The movement of these holes was followed throughout
the seasons and new holes were punched when the old ones approached the tips of the
blades. The blades were found to behave like moving belts of tissue, growing at the
base and eroding at the tips. All sizes of plants grew about 200 cm annually with the
year's growth amounting to 1-5 times the Initial length. Blomass Increase was approxi-
mately proportional to the square of the length increment. Maximum growth rates were
achieved between January and April when water temperature was close to 0 C. Minimum
rates occurred in the July-October period. It is obvious that these plants make a
considerable contribution to the productivity of coastal waters. Since their maximum
growth is at lower temperatures, this contribution may be more significant in northern
waters.
INDEX TERMS: Growth rates, Primary productivity, Energy budget. Marine algae, Marine
plants, Biomass, Canada, Coasts, Atlantic Ocean, Seasonal, Bays, Sea water,
Organic natter, Mortality, Water temperature, Phaeophyta, Sampling, Scuba diving.
Ecology, Standing crops, Path of pollutants, Seaweeds, Laminarla longlcruris, Hova
Scotia, Lamlnaria dlgltata, Agarum cribrosum, St. Margaret's Bay.
._ ..
AMIC-5700
"DENSITY-GRADIENT CENTRIFUGATION AS AN AID TO SORTING PLANKTONIC ORGANISMS. 1. GRADI-
ENT MATERIALS ", Bowen, R. A., St. Onge, J. M.. Colton, J. B. Jr., Price, C. A.,
Marine Biology, Vol. lU, No. 3, June 1972, pp 2k2-2kJ.
Density-gradient centrifugation was studied as an aid to the sorting of
ichthyoplankton and it was shown that fish eggs and larvae can be separated by this
method using gradients of sucrose or silica. Preserved samples were layered over
linear gradients in 100 cc swinging buckets and centrifuged for 1 hr at 1000 rpm.
In the sucrose gradients, zooplankton were confined to two ends of the gradient and
the fish eggs to an Intermediate zone. Using silica gradients, in the form of Ludox
AM, the fish eggs banded in one narrow zone, the fish larvae in another, and nearly
all of the invertebrate plankton were in between. Both sodium bromide and dextran
gradients were also tried but proved unsuitable. Six classes of zooplankton were
studied and only Salpa overlapped appreciably with fish eggs. There was no overlap
with larvae. The Ludox AM gradient was found to offer the most advantages.
INDEX TERMS: Zooplankton, Larvae, Fish eggs, Separation techniques, Marine fish, Silica,
Invertebrates, Isolation, Refractivity, Copepods, Marine animals, Holluaks, Marine
algae, Gastropods, Phaeophyta, Density-gradient centrifugation, Isopyenic
centrifugation, Sample preservation, Salpa, Ludox AM, Sucrose, Density gradients,
Tunicates, Phaeocystls, Sorting, Sodium bromide, Dextran, Olkopleura, Sagttta,
Pteropods, EuphauolldB, Gadus morlwa, Urophycls.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
I AMIC-5701
"INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS OB rNTRASPECIFIC VARIATION IN FUCUS VESICULOSUS",
Jordan, A. J., Vadas, R. L., Nhrlne Biology. Vol. 1U, No. 3, June 197&, pp 2W3-252.
The veslculation and branching of the marine brovn algae, Fucus vesiculosus,
were examined for samples taken from three locations on the Milne Coast. These sites
were a normal salinity exposed area, a low salinity protected area, and a normal
salinity protected area. After collection, the top and bottom of each plant were cut
and each segment was numbered and weighed and the vesicles and dichotomies were counted.
The vesicles were measured and their volumes calculated. A total of 10 measurements of
morphometric characteristics and ratios of these measurements were compared for each of
300 plants by statistical analyses on a computer. The results Indicated that decreased
salinity correlated with Increnned veslculation and branching. Increased wave action
correlated with decreased veal dilation.
INDEX TERhE: Phaeophyta, Salinity, Environmental effects, Plant morphology, Genetics,
Variability, Waves (water), telne, Statistical methods, Sea water, Coasts,
(ferine algae, Pucus vecleulosus, Vesiculatlon, Sample preparation, Branching.
iPAWN AND TAUPOLT! ", Cooku, A.
AMIC-5705
"THE EFFECTS OF DDT, DIELDRIN AND 2.U-D ON AMPHIKIAN I
Environmental Pollution, Vol. 3» K°- !f January 197?,
Frog and toad spawn were collected and hatched under laboratory conditions
with DDT treatment at three different stages of development. Lar^e cJurrps of upavn
were divided and one small clump was Immersed for 2l4 hr In 1 liter of saline treatment
medium with a concentration 0.5 ppm DDT, The second clump was a control and was
Immersed for 2U hr In saline with ethanol added. After treatment, both clumps were
allowed to hatch in fresh saline and tadpoles wera observed for up to 3 weeks in the
saline. Frog and toed tadpoles were also collected end observed during DDT treatments
at different stages of development. Tissue samples from both the hatched and collected
tadpoles were analyzed for DDT by gas-11quid chroma tography using an electron-capture
detector. Well developed spawn were not affected by DDT and DDT was detected only in
hatching tadpoles after freshly laid spawn had been treated. In the cnce of tadpoles
that were treated, they were most susceptible either Just before or Just after develop-
ing hind limb buds and at these and later stages they became hyperactive when tissue
concentrations reached 2-3 and 3-1* ppm, respectively. Toads were more resistant than
frogs at all stages of development. Dleldrin caused lower mortality among tadpoles
and bad less effect on behavior.
INDEX TERMS: Animal behavior, DDT, Dleldrin, ? U-D, Frogs, Toads, DDE, Chlorinated
hydrocarbon pesticides. Mortality, Pesticide residues. Water pollution effects,
Pesticide toxlclty, Tadpoles, Rana temporarla, Bufo bufo, Trlturus vulgarls,
Newts, Spawn, Gas liquid chromatography, Electron capture gas chromntography.
Physiological saline.
AMIC-57C*
"DOT AND PCB IN SOUTH SWEDISH STREAMS", Sodergren, A., Svensson, BJ., Ulfstrand, S.,
Environmental Pollution, Vol. 3, No. 1, January 1972, pp 25-36.
Gammarus pulex (Amphlpoda) was used as an indicator organism in a regional
study of chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in different streams in southern Sweden. On
three occasions (February, April, and August, 1970) samples of G. pulex were collected
in 9 different streams, dried, and analyzed for pesticide residues by extraction and
gas chromatographlc procedures. Among the pesticide residues, llndane, p,p'-DDE,
p,p'-DDT and PCB have been found in most samples, levels of DDT and PCB residues
covarled regionally in spite of the different mechanisms involved In the dispersal
of the substances. Seasonal changes in residue concentrations seemed to be correlated
with run-off conditions. Only diffuse relationships between residue levels and the
age and trophic levels of organisms were found.
INDEX TERM3: Biolndlcators, Pesticide residues, Distribution patterns, Streams, Gas
chromatography, DDT, ^olychlorinated blphenyls, Bloaasay, Llndane, Separation
techniques, Water pollution sources, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides,
Amphipoda, Gammarus pulex, Sample preparation, Biological samples.
AMIC-5737
'VILLEELLA ORDINATA BOERGESEK, 1930 (CHLOROPHYCEAE, CLADOPHORALES): FIRST RECORD FOR
AMERICA", van den Hoek, C., de Rlos, N., Journal of Phycology. Vol. 8, No. 2, June
1972, pp 207-208.
The tropical chlorophycea Wiileella ordlnata, known so far from 2 localities
on the coasts of northwest and southern India, and 2 localities on the coast of South
Africa, is recorded for the first time from the Caribbean coast of Venezuela. The
material from Venezuela is described and pictured, and It Is compared with the holotype.
INDEX TERMS: Chlorophyta, Systematlcs, South America, Aquatic plants, Nuisance algae,
Sessile algae, Marine plants, terlne algae, Africa, Geographical regions,
Willeella ordlnata, India, Venezuela, Caribbean coast.
31*
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2. BIOLQC1CAI. METHODS
"TTUA1S WITH AN AUTOMATED PLANKTON COUNTER", Fulton, J., Journal of the Fisheries
Research Board of Canada, Vol. 29, No. 7, July 1972, pp 1075-107B.
An opto-electronlc plankton counter-slzer counted samples of tooplankton In
seven size classes about six times faster, with greater precision and likely greater
accuracy than human sorters. Samples used In the trials were of low diversity, and
dominant taxa In each of the seven size classes could be quickly Identified under a
low-power microscope before machine counts were made. Sample concentrations of leas
than 3000 organisms per liter were found to b« optima for machine counting. In
samples of greater concentration, coincident passage of two or more small organisms
caused a bias In favor of the larger size classes. A schematic diagram of the equip-
ment and the method of operation ire Included.
INDEX TCRSB: Zooplankton, Automation, Laboratory equipment, Microscopy, Aquatic
animals, Instrumentation, Size, Evaluation, Methodology, Parathemisto,
Scoleclthrlcella, CnJjinus paclflcus, Sagltta elegans, Precision, Sample
preparation, Counting.
See also:
Category 1, AMIC-3880, 1*006, 5^38, 5523, 5561, 56U8, 5706
Category 3, AMIC-5687.
35
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3. MICROBIOLOGICAL MgTHOCB
AMIC-5U76
"EFFECTS OF PROLINE ANALOnin.;: OH TO FORMATION OF ALKALIHE PHOSPHATASE IK ESCHERICHIA
COLI", Morris, H., Schlesln^-r, M. J., Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. Ill, Ho". 1, July
1575, pp 203-210.
Two of the four proline analogues tested for their effect on the formation
and activity of Eschericht'i coll alkaline phosphates* were able to substitute for
proline In protein synthesis In a proline auxotroph. One of these, S.Wehydroprollne,
effectively replaced proline and led to formation of an active enzyme under condition*
where no proline was present In the polypeptldes. Substitution of azetldine-2-
carboxylate for proMne prevented active enzyme formation, producing Instead altered
monomerlc forms of the alkaline phosphatase. These were detected with antibodies
specific to denatured forms of the enzyme, and they were also characterized, together
with cellular proteins, by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamlde gel electrophoresls.
Alkaline phosphitase, as well as several other proteins, is localized exterior to the
bacterial cell cytoplasm in the perlplaantic space. In the presence of azetldlne-2-
carboxylate, a substantial number of these periplasmlc proteins retain their specific
site of localization, and the denatured sub-units of alkaline phosphatase were only
detected in the periplasmlc fraction of the cell. Thus, secretion of the»e proteins
does not appear to require a high degree of specificity In the native structure of the
polypeptlde chain. The analogues U-allohydroxyproline and l»-thlazolldlne carboxylate
were unable to substitute for proline In protein synthesis but they inhibited growth
of E. coll.
INDEX TERMS: E, coll, Enzymes, Proteins, Growth rates, Biochemistry, Inhibition,
Proline, Alkaline phosphatase, Biosynthesis, Metabolites, Gel electrophoresls.
AMIC-5576
"MICROBES AS TRACERS OF WATER MOVEMENT", Wlnpenny, J. W. T., Cotton, N., Statham, M.,
Water Research, Vol. 6, Nos. t/5, April/May 1972, PP 731-739.
Two species of Bacillus, two plgmented yeasts Serratla marcescens, and a
lambda-like bacteriophage of E. coll 1O.2 were investigated as markers for measuring
the path of water in the heavTly polluted Taff River. Preliminary analysis of the
Taff River for natural populations of these organisms showed that the Bacillae
species were unsuited as markers due to their high population. To measure the movement
of these waters, dosing experiments were conducted by releasing high concentrations of
3. marcescens, the two plgmented yeasts, and the phage (released some time after the
bacteria)~ into the river and measuring the presence of these microorganisms in water
samples taken 9600 ft. downstream. The or^nisras were detected in the water by cell
and phage counts obtained by standard selective culturlng procedures. S. mareescens
proved to be an excellent marker due to its red color on a culture medium and the ease
of separating it from other bacteria by its antibiotic resistance. The phage proved
to be the best marker due to Its easy detection, high selectivity for its host organism,
low natural concentration in the river, longevity, and the lack of a public health or
pollution problem from its use.
INDEX TERMS: Tracers, Bioindicators, Tracking techniques, Microorganisms, Pollutant
identification, Bacteriophage, E. coll, Cultures, Sampling, Yeasts, Separation
techniques, Color, Flow characteristics, Culture media.
36
"AMIC-5577 """ " " ~~ " " ' " '
"NEWER MEMBRANE CONCENTRATION PROCES^S AND THEIR APPLICATION TC THE HETECTION OF
VIRAL POLLUTION OF WATF.BS", Ellender, R. D., Sweet, B. H., Water Research. Vol. 6,
Bos. U/5, April/May 1972, pp 7U1-7U6. '
Two ultraflltration membrane systems, pressure ultraf-lltration (PF) and
osmotic ultrafiltration (OF), were tested for their ability to remove viruses from
large volumes of water. Both systems operate by dehydrating viral solutions and
trapping the viruses on filters. The OF method is suited for recovery of viruses when
high Inputs of viruses (above 1 PFU per ml) are concentrated from distilled water
rather than tap water; In this case, recovery is between 80 to 100 percent. The °F
method is superior to the OF method because the speed of concentration is much faster,
and there is no rejection of salts which eliminates any potential buildup of interfer-
ing complexes during the filtration process. The virus recovery by the PF system is
over 99 percent with a viral Input of 30,000 per ml. The design of both systems is
Included.
INDEX TERMS: *Vlru»es, Separation techniques, Methodology, Permeelective membranes,
Filtration, Laboratory equipment, Membrane processes, Pollutant identification,
Pressure ultraflltration, Membrane filters, Osmotic ultraflltration, Detection
limits.
AMIC-5652
"EFFECT OF CHEMICAL STRUCTURE ON MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF METHYL-SUBSTITUTED ALIPHATIC
ACHS", Hammond, M. V.t Alexander, M., Environmental Science and Technnology, Vol. 6,
No. 8, August 1972, pp 732-735.
The ability of soil microorganisms to degrade unsubstituted mono-and
dloarboxylic acids and dimethyl-substituted compounds was determined by analyzing
metabolites from bacteria previously exposed to these acids. For analysts the
metabolites were solvent-extracted from the bacteria, separated by gas chromatography,
and identified by mass spectrometry. The rates of bacterial degraclation of the
organic acids were determined by measuring dissolved oxygen In a liquid medium. The
results showed that soil microorganisms rapidly degraded unsubstituted mono- and
dicarboxyllc acids, but all dimethyl-substituted compounds tested were relatively
resistant to mlcrobial attack. An Arthrobacter formed a single product in large
amounts from 2,2-dlmethylglutarlc acid.Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry suggested
that the metabolite was 2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropanoic or 2,2-dlroethyl-3-oxobutanoic
acid. Only a single product was detected in cultures of a gram-negative bacterium
grown on l*,U-dimethylvalerlc acid, and this was Identified as trimethylacetlc acid.
It is suggested that dimethyl substitution renders fatty acids refractory to mlcrobial
degradation by posing a hindrance to beta-oxidation.
INEEX TERMS: Blodegrndatlon, Soil bacteria, Pollutant Identification, Gas chroma-
tography, Mlcrobial degradation, Mass spectroroetry, Cultures, Separation
techniques, Oxidation, Soil microorganisms, Organic acids, Aliphatic acids,
Metabolites, Mass spectra, Substrate utilization, Fatty acids.
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3. MIChOiIQLOQICAL METHGCB
AMIC-5687
"THERMAL POLLUTION AND THE AQUATIC MICROBIAL COMMUNITY: POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES ",
Korvath, P. S.t Brent, M. M., Environmental Pollution. Vol. 3, No. 2, April 1972,
pp 1U3-1W;.
Construction of nuclear power plants to meet Increased needs for electricity
may create the problem of thermal pollution. This artificial warming of our lakes
and rivers could have serious llomologlcal effects. Of primary concern is the effect
of thermal pollution on the composition of the blotlc community and especially on the
activities of the micro-organisms in the aquatic ecosystem. Disruption or alteration
of the microblal populations present in a given area will affect all life-forms present
in this environment.
INDEX TERMS: Thermal pollution, Aquatic microorganisms, Water pollution effects,
Aquatic environment, Limnology, Water temperature, E. coll, Cultures, Water
pollution, Chlorophyta, Organic matter, Ecosystems, Serratia marcescenc,
Aerobacter aerogenes, Leuconostoc.
AMIC-57'»0
"PRODUCTIOlf OF TYPES A AMD B EPOFES OF CLCSTRIDIUM HOTULINUM BY TOE BIPHASIC METHOD:
EFFECT ON SPORE POPULATION, RADIATION RESISTANCE, AND TOXIGEKICITY", Anellls, A.,
Berkovltz, D., Kemper, D., Powley, D. B., Applied Microbiology Vol. 23, No. I*,
April 1972, PP 73J»-739. '
It is shown experimentally that a biphaslc system Is a more rapid,
convenient, and economical means of obtaining Clostrtdium botullnum spores than the
conventional deep broth culture methods. There was no essential difference In the
radiation resistance on the toxin-forming capability of the spores produced by the two
techniques. Three representative strains of C. botullnum were propagated in a broth
of 5 percent HBL trypticase, 0.5 percent peptone7 an? 5.125 percent K2HPOU. Filter
sterilized NaHC03 was added prior to Inoculation. After inoculation and incubation
at 30 C for up to 12 days, sporulatlon was accomplished in an agar of practically the
same composition. For spore counting, sample taken periodically were heat shocked,
decimally diluted, Inoculated into triplicate tubas, mixed, stratified after solidifi-
cation, and incubated for 36 to W hours at 30 C. The macrocolonles in the triplicate
tubes were then averaged. Dry smears of cultures were then stained with aqueous
methylene blue and the percentage of germinated cpores was estimated microscopically.
For measurement of radiation resistance, spores were Irradiated with Co-6o gamma rays.
Samples were also observed for k days for typical botulinal death and toxlcity values
were calculated.
INDEX TERMS: Clostrldium, Cultures, Spores, Toxlcity, Radiation, Clostrldium
botullnum, Inoculation, Agars, Radiation resistance, Culture media, Culturing
techniques.
AMIC-5739
"EFFECT OF Zn2 FLUE ON BACTERIAL CONJUGATION: INHIBITION OF MATING PAIR FORMATION",
Ou, J. T., Anderson, T. F., Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. Ill, No. 1, JtOy 1972,
pp 177-185.
It is ahown that nonlethal concentrations of the zinc ion inhibit the
formation of mating pairs in E. coll, but has no detectable effect on the later stages
in the mating process. E. coTi strains were grown and mated in a nutrient broth using
an Indicator medium for measuring lactose utilization and R streptomycin resistance.
Mating pair formation was measured by light microscopy and by a Coulter counter.
Kinetic studies were also made to analyze Hfr cell recovery. These showed that zinc
reduces the fertility of the male but that Its effect disappears within 2 mln after
zinc is removed from the medium. Short treatment of female cells had no apparent
effect on their ability to form mating pairs.
INDEX TERMS: E. coll, Zinc, Fertility, Biolndlcators, Chromosomes, Cultures, Analytical
techniques, Kinetics, Cytologlcal studies, Centrifugatlon, Incubation,
Reproduction, Deoxyribonuclelc acid, Rlbonucleic acid, Light microscopy, Coulter
counter, Agars.
AMIC-57U1
"PRACTICAL TRAY-RACK FOR CULTURE DISH INCUBATION", Woodward, M. P., Dolan, C. T.,
Applied Microbiology, Vol. 23, No. k, April 1972, pp 829-830.
Standard cafeteria type trays (12-1/2 by 16-1/2 Inches) were modified to
faclllate their use as racks for agar dishes during incubation. Four legs 1-3/k
inches long were attached to the bottom, and 0.1*5 caliber cartridge cases to serve as
cups for legs of another tray were fastened to the top. All legs were fastened 7-1/2
Inches apart. The modified trays could facilitate 12 agar dishes each, and be stacked
8 to 10 high safely.
INDEX TERMS: Incubation, Laboratory equipment, Cultures, Storage, Microbiology,
Equipment, Trays.
37
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MICBOBIOLOOICAL METHODS
AMK-57<»2
"SIMPLIFIED STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL OF STOCK CULTURES", Nagel, J. 0., Kun*,
Applied Mlcrobioloey, Vol. 23, "o. U, April 1972, pp 837-838.
L. J.,
Multiple replicate units of stock cultures of certain bacteria and yeasts
can be prepared, stored, and retrieved for u»e by a method that eliminates the need
for multiple ontainers. The method involves the coating of sterile glass beads with
a mixture of equal parts of broth culture and horse blood and storing the coated
beads In a single labeled, plastic tube In a mechanical freezer. The cultures Main-
tained by thin method were satisfactorily stored for periods of more than one month
for Clostrtdlum sporogenes and to more than 10 months for Escherlchla coll.
INDEX TERMS: Bicterla, Cultures, Yeasts, Storage, E. coll, Salmonella, Pseudomonaa,
Shlgella, Clostrldlum, Streptococcus, Sample preservation, Glass beads.
AMIC-57W*
"TECHNIQUE AMD APPARATUS FOR RAPIP AND INEXPENSIVE ENUMERATION OF BACTERIA", Sharpe,
A. H., Dyett, E. J., Jackson, A. K., Kllsby, D. C., Applied Microbiology, Vol. 2k,
No. 1, July 1972, pp M.
A foot-operated dlluter/dispenser and a projection viewer were developed
for use vlth a rapid bacterial counting technique employing agpr droplets. The
dlluter/dispenser consists of two pedals acting on pistons which ire connected to
each other and also by flexible tubing to a small handplece which accepts either
glass pipettes or polypropylene drinking straws. One piston sucks 0.5 to 2.0 ml
of liquid Into the pipette or straw and the other piston expels 0.1 ml of liquid.
The viewer enables the user to view the enlarged droplet (ten times) on a ruled screen
to facilitate dispersion of the droplet with the hindplece. Statistical evaluation
of droplet and plate counts using a paired *t* test was performed and the results were
reported at the 95 percent confidence level. The equipment allows the advantages of
the droplet technique to be properly realized and assists many conventional bacterio-
logical tests which may be made at the same time. Significant cost and labor savings
are made, with reductions In incubation time, Incubator space, and preparative work.
INDEX TERMS! Bacteria, Analytical techniques, Cultures, Laboratory equipment.
Sensitivity, Evaluation, Microbiology, Enumeration, Counting, Sample
preparation.
™f
AMIC-57k3
"IMPROVED PROCEDURE FOR IDENTIFICATION OF GROUP D ENTEHOCOCCI WITH TWO HEW MEDIA",
Lee, W.-E., Applied Microbiology, Vol. Zk, Ho. 1, July 1972, pp 1-3-
With the use of Pfizer selective enterococcus aedlum as a screening process,
tyroslne decarboxylase (TD) medium and D-broth were devised for additional confirmation
of the identification of group D enterococci. The sendsolld TD medium was used
in a method similar to inoculating a motllity tube. TD activity was indicated by
clarification of the medium near the line of Inculatlon because the insolubility
of tyrosine provided an otherwise milky suspension. D-broth was used to show the
tolerance of organisms to 6.5 percent NaCl at pH 8.2. In addition, enterococcal
species (except Streptococcus durana) could also be demonstrated by the acid formation
due to the fermentation of raannitol or arabinose. With this Improved system, about
97 percent of enterococci could be accurately identified and confirmed. (Reprinted
from Applied Microbiology, Vol. 2U, No. 1, July 1972, pp 1-3. Copyright 1972 by the
American Society for Microbiology. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Pollutant identification. Pathogenic bacteria, Streptococcus, Enteric
bacteria, Fermentation, Methodology, Isolation, Biochemistry, Culture media,
Identification, Group D enterococci, Streptococcus durans, Streptococcus sanguis,
Streptococcus faecalls, Streptococcus fiecalls var. liquefaclens, Streptococcus
faecalls var. zymogenes, Streptococcus faecium, Streptococcus bovis, Streptococcus
mitls, Streptococcus salivarius, Pfizer medium, Tyrosine decarboxylase medium,
D-broth, Substrate utilization, Precision, Streptococcus sanguls.
38
AMIC-57U5
"COHCENTRATION AND PURIFICATION OF POL10VIRUS BY ULTRAFILTMTION AND ISOPYCNIC
CEHTRIFUGATION", Ouskey, L. E., Wolff, D. A., Applied Microbiology, Vol. 2U, No. 1,
July 1972, pp 13-17.
A CsCl-gradlent centrlfugptlon and an ultraflltmtion technique, utilizing
a Dlaflo XM-50 ultrafllter membrane, were compared for the concentration and
purification of large quantities of poliovirua. Sample preparation for both techniques
Involved centrlfuging infected cells, freeze-thawing 3 times, recentrifuglng, and
extracting with fluorocarbon Freon to remove nonviral proteins and cellular debris.
Total recovered virus from the freon-extracted sample was somewhat greater using
Dlaflo membrane filtration rather than the CsCl cushion centrifugation. During con-
centration of the virus, Improved efficiency could be obtained by eliminating
extraneous contaminating proteins by trypsin digestion. Further purification and
concentration of the ultrafiltered pollovirus preparations by isopycnic centrifugation
showed a l,72U.fold volumetric concentration of virus. The advantages of using the
combined ultrafiltratlon and isopycnic centrifugation procedures include an econmomy
of time and effort with the production of a concentrated, relatively pure virus
preparation.
INDEX TERMS: Isolation, laboratory equipment, Separation techniques, Membrane processes,
Filtration, Dialysis, Spectrophotometry, Methodology, Pollovirus, Isopycnic
centrifugation, Concentration, Ultrafiltratlon, CsCl cushion centrlfugation,
Ultrafllter concentration. Membrane filters, Urldine-5-H-3, Uridine-H-3,
Scintillation counting. Liquid scintillation, Recovery, Sample preparation
Ultraviolet spectra.
-------
3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHCCG
AMIC-57^6
"ELIMINATION OF MYCOPLASMA CONTAMINANTS FROM VIRUS STOCKS BY TREATMENT WITH NOHIONIC
DETEHGEHTS", Wolford, R. G., Hetrlck, F. M., Applied Microbiology, Vol. 2U, So. 1,
July 1972, pp 18-21.
Five nonlonio detergents (Tweens 20, l«5, 60 and 80 and Triton WR-1339)
were tested for their ability to Inactivate four Hycoplasma apeclea which are common
contaminants of tissue cultures. To determine the effectiveness of the detergents,
MycoplasiiB species, numerous viruses (vacclna, vesicular stomatitis virus, Newcastle
disease virus, California encephalitis virus, poliomyelitis virus type 1, or herpes
simplex) and My coplasim-contaminated viral cultures were exposed to the detergents.
Tween 2Q was the most effective, in that 2.5 mg/ml completely inactivated cultures
of M. homlnis, M. hyorhinis, and Acholesplasma laidlawll within 1 hr and M. orale
wltJiin 3 hours. The other detergents exhibited various degrees of activity against
the mycoplasmas, with Triton WR-1339 being the least effective. All k Tween compounds
were highly virucidal for herpes simplex virus. Tween 20 also was vlrucidal against
vesicular stomatitis virus, California encephalitis virus, and Newcastle disease
virus and Tween 80 was active against California encephalitis and Newcastle disease
viruses. Detergent treatment procedures were effective in two instances In eliminating
mycoplasma contaminants from virus preparations while retaining most of the viral
infectlvlty.
INDEX TERMS: Viruses, Treatment, Toxicity, Cultures, Mycoplasma, Nonlonlc detergents,
Decontamination, Cample preparation, Culturing techniques.
AMIC-5789
"EFFECTS OF ACETATE AJHD OTHER SHORT-CHAIN FATTY ACTDS ON SUGAR AND AMINO ACID UPTAKE
OT BACILLUS SUgrrtlS", Sheu, C. W., Konlngs, W. H., Freese, E., Journal of Bacteriology,
Voiriir," N"0"."2, August 1972, pp 525-530.
Bacillus subtills strains were grown on C-lU-labeled L-amino acids, alpha
metnylglucoslde, and fructose as growth media and exposed to acetate and other short-
chain fatty acids In order to ascertain metabolic inhibitory mechanisms. Acetate and
the fatty acids exhibited strong, non-competitive inhibition on the uptake of L-serine
and other L-amino acids, but only slightly affected that of alpha methylglucoside
or fructose, whether measured In whole cells or energized (NADH) membrane vesicles.
Inhibitory effects proved to be similar to those of 2,U DNP, and later it was concluded
that the mechanism was an 'uncoupling* of the amlno acid carrier proteins from the
electron transport system.
INDEX TERMS; Growth rates, Inhibition, Amino acids, Carbohydrates, Bacteria,
Metabolism, Nutrients, Inhibitors, Absorption, Biological membranes, Proteins,
Carbon radlolsotopes, Bacillus subtills, Fatty acids, Acetate, Electron transport,
Fructose, Alpha-roethylglucoslde, Serine, Aminolsobutvrlc acid, C-lU, Substrate
utilization, 2 l*-dlnltrophenol.
AMIC-57U8
"MACHINE FOR AUTOMATIC BACTERIOLOGICAL POUR PLATE PREPARATION", Sharpe, A. N.,
Biggs, D. R., Oliver, R. J., Applied Microbiology, Vol. 2U, No. 1, July 1972, pp 70-76.
A fully automatic system for preparing poured plates for bacteriological
analyses has been constructed and tested. The machine can make decimal dilutions of
bacterial suspensions, dispense measured amounts into petri dishes, add molten agar,
mix the dish contents, and label the dishes with sample and dilution numbers at the
rate of 2,000 dishes per 8-hr day. In addition, the machine can be programmed to
select different media ao that plates for different types of bacteriological analysis
may be made automatically from the same sample. The machine uses only the components
of the media and sterile polystyrene petrl dishes; requirements for all other
materials, such as sterile pipettes and capped bottles of diluents and agar, are
eliminated. (Reprinted from Applied Microbiology, Vol. 2U, No. l,,_July 1972, pp 70-76.
Copyright 1972 by the AmericanSociety for Microbiology. Reprinted by permission of
the copyright owtier.)
INDEX TERMS: Laboratory equipment, Automation, Automatic control, Instrumentation,
Pour plate preparation, Petri dishes, Culture media, Sample preparation,
Culturing techniques.
AMIC-5790
"EFFECTS OF FATTY ACIDS ON GROWTH AND ENVELOPE PROTEINS OF BACILLUS 3UBTILIS",
Sheu, C. W., Freese, E., Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. Ill, No. 2, August 1972,
pp 516-52U.
Fatty acids of different chain lengths were added to cultures of Bacillus
subtllls growing in nutrient sporulatlon medium, and the effects of these fatty acids
on growth, oxygen uptake, adenosine trlphoaphate (ATP) concentration, and membrane
protein composition were examined. All fatty acids inhibited growth, the effect
being reduced in the presence of glycolytlc compounds and reversed by transfer to
medium without fatty acids. The inhibition of growth was correlated with a reduction
In both the rate of oxygen consumption and the concentration of ATP per cell. Fatty
acids of Increasing molecular weights were increasingly inhibitory, but did not
adversely affect the electron transport system. The mechanism of inhibition was
thought to be a reversible reaction between fatty acids and the cell membrane or its
proteins, causing structural changes or uncoupling the electron transport system,
thereby blocking ATP generation and associated membrane transport of essential compounds
Into the cell. (See also: AMIC-5789.)
INDEX TERMS: Growth rates, Inhibition, Metabolism, Inhibitors, Membrane processes,
Cultures, Absorption, Nutrients, Biological membranes, Proteins, Organic acids,
Bacillus subtilis, Fatty acids, Adenosine trlphosphate, Electron transport,
Oxygen consumption.
39
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3. MICRliJlOLOGICAl MKTHOU:
AMIC-5791
"EFFECT OF CYCLOPENTANEGLYCINK ON METABOLISM IH GA1MOHELLA TYPHMJHIUM"
O'Heill,
J. P., Freuncllich, M., Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. Ill, No. Z, Auguat 1972,
pp 510-515.
Cyclopentaneglyclne (CPG) Inhibited the growth of wild-type Salmonella
typhlmurium. The Inhibition was overcome by Isoleucine or any isoleucine precursor
formed after threonlne during amino acid biosynthesis. CPG appeared to mimic
isoleucine as a strong inhibitor of the activity of L-threonlne deamlnase. The
analogue was a poor Inhibitor of laoleucyl-transfer ribonuclelc acid synthetase.
CPG did not appear to be Incorporated into protein nor did it replace Isoleucine in
repression. Cells that bad recovered from growth inhibition by CPG has derepresaed
levels of the isoleucine-villne biosynthetic enzymes.
INDEX TERMS: Metabolism, Cultures, Microorganisms, Enzymes, Inhibition, Amino acids,
Organic compounds, Organic acids, Biochemistry, Enteric bacteria, Toxicity,
Salmonella typhlmurlum, Cyclopentaglyclne, Culture media, Biosynthetic pathways,
Synthetase, Metabolic regulation, Biosynthesis.
"ISOLATION £ND CHARACTERIZATION OF n-BOTANt -UTILIZJNr, MICHOOROANirK ", McLee, .'>.
Kormendy, A. C., Wayman, M., Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 18, No. 8,
August 1972, pp 1191-1195.
G.,
Fifteen bacterial strains and four molds capable of growth on n-butane were
isolated and partially classified. The bacteria were mostly Arth'roVicter sp. and
Brevlbacterlum sp.; among the molds Penicllllum nlgrlcans, Allescheria boydil, und
Graphium cumelferum were identified, while the remaining mold had. the appearance of
Gllocla.dlum, but was not firmly identified. Although able to grow on other =ilkan.,-3
ani orthodox media, the bacterial Isolates could not use methane. Growth rates on
n-butane were unaffected by varying air or substrate partial pressures In the range of
10-90 percent atmoephere. High partial pressure of oxygen was Inhibitory to most
bacterial isolates, the degree of Inhibition varying widely, however. Growth rates on
n-butanol and on glucose were significantly higher than those on n-butane. Among
the molds, only the Graphium would grow well in a submerged, staking culture.
INDEX TEHM3: Isolation, Cultures, Respiration, Fungi, Pollutant identification,
Microor^nisms, N-butane, Substrate utilization, Characterization, Culture media.
AMIC-5802
"VIBRIO PSYCHROEHTTHRUS EP.
N.: CLASSIFICATION OF THE PSYCHROPHILIC MARINE BACTERIUM,
NRC 100U", D'Aoust, J. Y., Kushner, D. J., Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. Ill, No. 2,
August 1972, pp 3>»0-3U2.
A red-pignented organism, formerly known as marine psychrophlle NBC
has been classified as Vibrio psychroerythrus sp. n. Classification was mainly based
on morphology, the ability of the organism to oxidize and ferment glucose, Its
sensitivity to vibriostat 0/129, and' its deoxyribonuclelc acid base composition of
Uo.O moles percent guanlne plus cytoslne, determined by thermal denaturation. The
organism give positive reactions for catalase, oxldase, and starch hydrolysis and
produced acid from maltose and dextrin but not from arablnooe. It was Indole- and
citrate-negative and reduced nitrate to nitrite without producing gas.
INDEX TERMS: Systematics, Marine bacteria, Cultures, Biochemical tests, Psychrophilic
bacteria, Vibrio psychroerythrus, Culture media.
AMIC-5809
"THEORETICAL EVALUATION OF THE ELEMENTAL BALANCE DURING MICROBIAL CULTIVATION ON
N-ALKANES AHD U-ALCOHOLS", Mlnkevich, 1. G., Popkov, G. P., Eroshin, V. K.,
Prllcladnaya Biokhlmlya 1 Mlkroblologlya, Vol. 8, No. 2, March/April 1972, pp 160-166.
The paper contains an analytical method of calculating the balance of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen when cultivating microorganisms on n-alkanes
and n-aleohols with anmonla aa nitrogen source. It presents equations showing the
relationship between oxygen uptake per g of synthesized biomass and economic coeffi-
cient with respect to carbon. This relationship has been investigated. (In Russian)
INDEX TERMS: Microorganisms, Blomass, Mathematical studies, Cultures, Oxygen
requirements, Nutrient requirements, Ammonia, Oxygen demand, Nfethematlcal models,
Organic compounds, Alcohols, Carbon, Evaluation, Bioassay, Nitrogen compounds,
Essential nutrients, Measurement, Equations, Microbiology, Pollutant identifica-
tion, Hydrogen, Nutrient balance Culture media, n-elkanes, n- alcohols,
Substrate utilization, Aliphatic hydrocarbons.
UO
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MLUKUBiULUOiCAL METHODS
"KCHEMF, OF AHALYZ.TNG PRODUCTS OF MICROBIOLOGICAL TRAHLFQKMATION OF AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS", Andreyev, L. V., Golovlyova, L. A., Klnkelstein, Z. I., Skryabln, G. K.,
Prilcladmya Blokhimiya 1 Mlkrobiologiya, Vol. 8, No. 1, January/February 1972,
pp 75-HI.
The paper gives an optimal scheme for analyzing blosynthetlc products to be
used In isolation and selection of microorganisms transforming arcnatlc hydrocarbons
into mono- and dicarboxylic acids. Fractionation and identification of bioaynthetlc
products can be performed by mlcrothin-layer chronatography on ammonium oxide as well
as by gas chrome tography. The »Jnta obtained thromjh analysis of productB of xylene
transformation by the cultures; Nocardia sp. strain IA and Socardia eorallina 77A are
presented to illustrate the idvantages of the above scheme"! [In Russian!
INDEX TERM3: Isolation, Chemical analysis, Biodegradation, Cultures, Mlcrobial
degradation,Metabolism, Fungi, Yeasts, Gas chronRtography. Aromatic compounds,
Rillutant identification, Separation techniques, Pollutant identification,
Organic acids, Nocardia eorallina, Aromatic hydrocarbons, Dicarboxylic acids,
Thin layer chromatography, Xylene, Blotransfonnatlon, Monocarboxylic acids,
Sample preparation. Substrate utilization, Metabolites.
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U. METHODS AMD PEHFORHAKCE 5VALUATICH
-»
"INTEKACTIVT-, COMPUTING IN WATER QUAI.ITf MANAGEMENT1', Merten, A. G., Falkner, C. H.,
Journal Writer Pollution Control Federation, Vol. W», No. 8, August 1972, pp 1601-1610.
An Interactive computer program is described that generates solutions to the
problem of determining the required reduction In organic discharges to a river so that
minimum dissolved oxygen levels are maintained. The program consists of over 20
commands that can be generated from a teletype to generate, test, compare, and store
vrasto reduction solutions. Other programs are available to generate and maintain the
data that -ire referenced by the program. The program has the ability to store
solutions and recall them as needed, allowing solution and analysis of a sequence of
problems. The program hts l.een used pxtpnslvely to study wast* reduction requirements
on the Wisconsin Fiver.
INDEX TErae: Water quality, Computer programs, Mathematical studies, Water analysis,
Analytical techniques, Water pollution control, Organic wastes, Dissolved oxygen,
Waste water treatment, Wisconsin River, Interactive computer program, Waste
reduction.
AMIC-5658
"DISCUSSIOW. STATISTICAL EXPfEESION OH EFFLUENT QUALITY CTANDAKDE", Wheatland, A. B.,
Water Research, Vol. 6, Nos. U/5, April/toy 1972, PP 339-3"*0.
Samples from lU sevage works were collected over a one year period, analyzed
for suspended solids and BOD, and the results statistically analyzed. The date
calculated Included: (1) annual mean for each works and (S) the concentrations which
were exceeded on 5, 50 and 95 percent of the days. A plot of these data showed an
essentially linear relationship between the annual mean and the corresponding
percentlles. The results showed that In order to ensure then an effluent would have
a biochemical oxygen demand less than 20 mg/1 for 95 percent of the time it would be
necessary to design a works to produce an effluent having an average BOD no greater
than 11 mg/1. Also to ensure that the suspended solids content of the effluent was
leas than 30 mg/1 for 95 percent of the time It would be necessary to design the
sedimentation tanks and the rest of the plant so that the concentration of suspended
solids would be on average no greater than 17 mg/1.
INDEX TERMS: Effluents, Biochemical oxygen demand, Sewage treatment, Statistical
methods, Water quality control, ffethetnatlcal studies. Standards, Tuspended
solids, Data Interpretation, Hlver Trent.
--f
See also: Category 1, AhQC-55^0, 5^1, 5552
Category 2, AMIC-5525, 5?60
Category 5, AMIC-5660.
1*2
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5. INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT
AMIC-39U6
"ERRORS IN TOE GRAN ADDITION METHOD. PART III. EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF ERRORS
BY MEANS OF A FLUORIDE-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE", Parthasarathy, N., Buffle, J., Monnier, D.,
Analytic* Chimlca Acta. Vol. 59, No. 3, May 1972, pp W»7-l»52.
Erros Incurred In the Gran addition technique were experimentally
determiner! with a fluoride-selective electrode. A sample of known concentration
was placed In a polyethylene beaker and 20 ml of total Ionic Strength Buffer (TISAB)
was added. The fluoride-selective electrode and a reference saturated calomel
electrode were immersed In the solution and the emf was measured. 0.5-ml aliquots of
a (l plus l) dilution of pure fluoride solution with TISAB were then added up to
10 ml and the'corresponding potentials were measured. Results obtained In this
experiment agreed with the theory proposed in previously reported parts of the study.
Maxim! precision can be obtained by making the concentration of the standard solution
as close as possible to that of the unknown solution and by determining electrode
slope very precisely. It is also necessary that the following condition be met:
1 less than F equals (V sub mx times (c plus C sub s)/(V sub o tines (C sub 0 plug
C sub S)) less than 3.
INDEX TERMS: Electrochemistry, Analytical techniques, Electrodes, Fluorides,
Statistial methods, Least squares method, Fluoride electrode. Gran addition
method, Buffers, Errors, Ion selective electrodes.
AMIC-5585
"MINIATURE ON-LINE DIGITAL COMPUTER FOR MULTIPURPOSE APPLICATIONS. APPLICATIONS TO
KINETIC ANALYSES", Parker, R. A., Pardue, H. L., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. kk, No. 9,
August 1972, pp 1622-1628.
A miniature on-line digital (MOLD) computer employing stored programs and
suitable for multipurpose use has been developed. It Includes analog circuitry for
preconditioning of analog signals and a memory bank for storing analytical data.
Results are available as a numerical display in decimal format. Due to the low
cost of the system, it is economically feasible to dedicate it to a signal experiment.
Since it involves little interfacing from one instrument to another, and since the
operating program can be changed quickly, it can be applied to a variety of different
problems. Atomic emission and absorption instrumentation can easily be Interfaced
and programmed to provide direct concentration readout. With minor modifications, GC
integration with direct mass readout could be achieved. The MOLD computer was
evaluated using electronically simulated kinetic response curves and single- and
two-component analysis using first order reactions for inorganic and organic compounds.
It was apparent that a limited number of mathematical operations could be performed and
that a small percentage of accuracy and/or selecting was sacrificed; however, the
benefits gained with fast, easily obtained results could outweigh these inadequacies.
INDEX TERMS: Digital computers, Analytical techniques, Instrumentation, Kinetics,
Electronic equipment, Sensitivity, Evaluation, Computers, Gas chromatography,
Kinetic analysis, On-line computers, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry,
Performance evaluation.
AM1C-5601
"SOME COMMENTS ON THE SIGNAL-TO-NOISE CHARACTERISTICS OF PEAL PHOTOMULTIPLIER AND
PHOTODIODE DETECTION SYSTEMS", Kantini, R. F,., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. Ul», No. 9,
August 1972, pp 1708-1709.
Comments are made on an earlier paper, which concluded that the
photomultlplier (PVT) system possesses a definite signal-to-nolse advantage
over the photodiode system below about .000000009 amp photocathode current. These
comments suggest that certain variables related to noise characteristics of the
PMT were not considered and that the FMT-low gain amplifier combination is probably
not as favorable as reported. Over prolonged periods, the PMT exhibits unavoidable,
uncontrollable drifts, which are especially severe at low anode currents. The PWT,
however, is outstanding in photon counting applications where It can be utilized
as a high-gain pulse amplifier. It Is also suggested that In the applicable current
range, the performance of either device Is subject to many external empirical
parameters, and system design Is perhaps more important than the detector system itself
INDEX TERMS: Electrochemistry, Electrodes, Cathodes, Electronic equipment, Dynodes,
Photomultlplier detector, Photodiode detector, Signal-noise ratios, Amplifiers,
Photon counting, Photoelectric devices.
AMIC-56U9 :
"GO ON-LINE; IT'S VITAL FOR AUTOMATION", Genthe, W. K., Arthur, R. M. , f3rinivasara#iavanj
R., Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 7, July 1972, pp U?-I»U. i
i
An on-line BOD reapirometer has been evaluated in a primary treatment
plant as a monitor of effluent organic loading. Large wastewater samples nre
automatically withdrawn and during a preset period (15 mir. to .several hrs. ] the C2 ':
consumption of the waste-consuming biota is measured. This measurement is 'iccomplished ]
by monitoring pressure changes in the sealed test column as CO? is given up and ;
stripped off by bubbling the sample through a caustic soda solution. The pressure j
decrease can be measured by a solid state transducer which registers the change in j
pressure as a direct measure of oxygen consumption. Improved models of the system J
provide continuous, unattended BOD monitoring as well as minimizing airflow and sludge t
bulking in the treatment process. Correlation between one -hour OD's measured by the j
Instrument and BOD's from standard lab tests shows that accuracy is adequate and also j
gives insights into the biological processes at work and the biodegradability of the {
entrained waste materials.
TERMS: Monitoring, Biochemical oxygen demand, Sewage treatment, t,ewage effluents,
Instrumentation, Evaluation, Waste water treatment. Automation, Organic loading,
ResTjlrometers.
INDEX TERMS:
Resplrometers.
J
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5. INSTRUMENT DEVtiLOfMEHT
AMIC-5660
"TOE USE OF COMPUTERS IK rHIL/.UELJUIA'n WA1ER POLLUTION CONTROL ACTIVITIES", Guarino,
C. F., Water Research, Vol. 6, Nos. U/5, April/May 1972, pp 597-600.
The use of computers for various purposes in the Philadelphia water depart-
ment is briefly described. Computers have been used to maintain proper operational
records, to monitor condition of mechanical equipment, to furnish information for
the design of 1'uture plgnts, ind for statistical analysis of data. The use of
computers has aided sensor development .",nd possible automation of treatment facilities.
In one specific application, the computer Is used for multiple regression analysis on
data sets containing BOD, total carbon,, and COD. This work has Indicated that a
combination of COD and total carbon Is a good predictor of BOD. The computer Is also
used in field evaluations of various sensors such as dissolved oxygen probes and
turbidmeters.
INDEX TERMS: Computers, Water pollution control, Data processing, Automation,
Monitoring, Biochemical oxygen demand, Chemical oxygen demand, Process control,
Data interpretation, Organic carbon.
AMIC-5661
"AN AUTOMATIC SYSTEM FOR THE CONTINUOUS DETERMINATION OF ORGANICS IN WATEF AND
WASTEWATER", Bleier, H., Water Research, Vol. 6, Nos. U/5, April/May 1972, pp 605-609.
A new system Is described which will automatically measure the concentration
of organic matter in waste water. The samples for analysis are mixed and homogenized,
sulfuric acid is added, and purified air is used to expel Inorganic carbon. After
mixing with reagents, the sample gpes through a reaction unit where organic carbon Is
oxidized to carbon dioxide, which is then expelled in a separator unit. Continuous
potentlometrie titration is used to measure COD In. the liquid, and the gas goes to
fi relative conductometric carbon dioxide analyzer. A atrip chart recorder is used to
record results. The instrument has been used for automatic continuous measurement of
different effluents and for determining TOC in individual samples. More than 80
different pure organic substances have been analyzed and the results of the
analysis can be seen within 20 minutes after input. The system reliability Is better
than plus or minus 0.5 percent.
INDEX TERMS: Automation, Organic wastes, Analytical techniques, Instrumentation,
Chemical oxygen demand, Carbon, Water analysis, Volumetric analysis, Monitoring,
Amino acids, Carbohydrates, Aromatic compounds, Acids, Activated sludge, Pulp
wastes, Turbidity, Adsorption, Ren-activity, Suspended solids, Chemical analysis,
Carbon dioxide, Oxidation, Effluents, Treatment plants, Waste water treatment,
Organic compounds, Strip chart recorder, Sulfuric acid, Potentiometric titration,
Recorders, Ketones, Aldehydes, Sensors, Organic carbon.
AMIC-5562
"SEWER CONTROL AND PLANT AUTOMATION", Anderson,
U/5, April/May 1972, PP 611-615.
Water Research, Vol. 6, Nos.
An automted sewer control system In Minneapolis-St. Paul Is described. The
control system uses computer operated Inflatable rubber dsms ami cylinder operated
gates in major sewers. The leased-line computer system also connects to sewer level
measurements, rain gauges, river quality monitors, and gate position Indicators. The
computer can take lUo measurements and control to gates. In this paper average daily
flow, strength, and dally flux of COD and their relation to process control are
discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Automation, Sewers, Control systems, Runoff, Treatment plants, Computers,
Monitoring, Rainfall, Analytical techniques. Water analysis, Chemical analysis,
Chemical oxygen demand, Water quality, Flow rates, Automatic control, Process
control.
See also! Category 1, AMIC-5601*
Category U, AMIC-56I»"5.
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