EPA-R4-72-010 Environmental Monitoring Series
October 1972
Reviews of Current Literature
on Analytical Methodology
and Quality Control
No. 13
Office of Research and Monitoring
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
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NOTICE
This bulletin is prepared monthly by the staff of the Analytical
Methodology Information Center (AMIC), Information Systems Section, Battelle,
Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, under EPA Contract No. 68-01-0166,
to inform personnel of the Analytical Quality Control Laboratory and other
segments of the National Analytical Methods Development Research Program of
recent publications on methodology. Personnel associated with the center are
Mr. Ralph Darby, Project Director, Mr. Robert Little, Project Leader,
Mr. John Mortland, Miss Verna Holoman, Mr. Ronald Snyder, Mr. Michael
Mackan, Mr. Ronald Byrd, and Mr. George Long, Abstractors.
The 3" x 5" format of the citations and use of card stock is intended
to facilitate removal and filing of items of interest. Because of space limi-
tations, the index terms accompanying the citations are selected from a complete
list as representative of the important concepts presented in each article.
Comments and suggestions regarding the content of the "Reviews" or
requests from EPA personnel to be placed on the mailing list should be directed
to the Project Officer:
Dr. Cornelius I. Weber
Analytical Quality Control Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center
Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
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REVIEWS OF CURRENT LITERATURE ON
ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL
No. 13
By
Analytical Methodology Information Center (AMlC)
Information Systems Section
Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201
Contract No. 68-01-0166
Project 16020 HJE
Prepared for
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND MONITORING
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D'.C. 20460
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\
NATIONAL ANALYTICAL METHODS DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM
ANALYTICAL QUALITY CONTROL LABORATORY
REVIEWS OF CURRENT LITERATURE ON
ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL
No. 13 October, 1972
Arrangement of the citations following the major research areas of the Analytical
Quality Control Laboratory and other segments of the National Analytical Methods
Development Research Program. Items which apply to more than one area are cross-
referenced.
CONTENTS
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS Page 1-17
Scope; Wet chemical methods; Nutrients; NTA; Trace metals; Helium glow;
Chromatography (thin layer, gas, liquid); Spectroscopy (atomic absorption;
flame emission, arc-spark, visible, UV, IR, fluorescent); Radiochemistry;
Automation of methods; Ion-specific and other probes; Mass spectrometry;
Mass spectra; NMR; Instrument-computer interface; Chlorinated hydrocarbons
(pesticides, PCB's, other); Trace organics; Petroleum processes (reforming,
hydroforming, platforming, catalysts); Petroleum additives; Reduced crudes;
Sulfur isotopes; Boiling range determination; Asphatenes and carboids;
Weathering; Organometallics; Elemental analysis; Paraffinic distribution;
Petroleum wastes; Water quality standards; Effluent monitoring.
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS Page 18-35
Scope: Plankton; Periphyton; Macrophyton; Macroinvertebrates; Fish;
Sample collection (grab samplers, artificial substrates); Sample
processing (preservation, staining, automatic and manual sorting and
counting); Organisms identification (taxonomic keys, optical and electron
microscopy, gas chromatography, electrophoresis, karyosystematics); Biomass
measurements (drying, freeze-drying, ashing, ATP, DNA, chlorophyll measure-
ment, calorimetry); Metabolic rates (primary productivity, respiration,
electron transport, nitrogen fixation); Culturing; Biomonitoring; Bioassay;
Bioaccumulation of hazardous materials; Community structure (indicator
organisms, species diversity, community stability); Mathematical models;
Statistical analysis.
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3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS Page 36-44
Scope: Pollution indicators; Waterborne pathogens; Sampling; Detection;
Identification; Enumeration; Monitoring; Survival; Automation; Instrumenta-
tion; Cell counting; Selective and differential media; Growth factors;
Metabolic products; Membrane filter procedures; Microbiological standards;
Specific bacteriophage; Fluorescent antibody techniques; Radioactive
tracers; Antigen identification; Photomicroscopy; Optical measurements;
Data handling, presentation, and interpretation.
4. METHODS AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION Page 45-47
Scope; Collaborative testing; Laboratory and analyst performance evaluation;
Inter- and intralaboratory quality control; Evaluation of laboratory equip-
ment; Statistical treatment of analytical data; Experimental design.
5. INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT Page 48-51
Scope; Intake systems (methods of sampling, connecting lines, wells, motors,
pumps, mode of operation); Sensors (electro-chemical, electro-biological,
thermodynamic, mechanical, optical, nuclear); Analyzers (analog and digital
amplifiers, output displays); Recording systems (telemetry, data logging,
digital data processors).
ii
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1. PHYSICAL AJfD CHPCCAL METHODS
AMIC-3J1H
"PERCHLORATE DETERMINATION BY THERMOMETRIC ENTHALPY TITRATION", Carr, P. W., Jordan,
\
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHHtlCAL KtTHODS
Atttc-5896
"THE CYCLINT, OF MERCURY THROUGH THE ENVIRONMENT", Gavis, J., Ferguson, J. F.. Water
Research. Vol. 6, No. 9, September 1972, pp 989.1008.
A review Is presented of what la now known about the mercury cycle In the
aquatic environment and where the gaps In our knowledge lie. It describes the aquatic
chemistry of mercury In the presence of chloride ions and the sulfate-sulflde system,
the affinity of mercury for the sulfhydryl group In proteinaceous matter, the
formation of methylated mercury compounds by mlcroblal mediation, and the tendency for
mercury in solution to adsorb on suspended solids. The paper then describes how
mercury behaves in a typical local aquatic system based on facts known from its
chemistry. It presents, finally, an estimate of the global cycle of mercury, and
concludes that although man has created serious local problems by his indiscriminate
discharge of mercury into the environment, he has had but negligible effect on a
global scale.
IHDEX TERMS: Path of pollutants. Aquatic environment, Mercury, Adsorption, Anaerobic
conditions, Aerobic conditions, Chemical properties, Physical properties. Water
analysis, Chemical analysis, Ions, Heavy metals, Water pollution sources,
Toxlclty, Freshwater, Sea water. Oxidation-reduction potential, Mercury cycle,
Mercury compounds, Biological magnification, Methylatlon, Inorganic mercury,
Organomercury compounds, Fate of pollutants.
AMXC-5901 I
"A METHOD FOF ISOLATING SUSPENDED SOLIDS FROM SEWAGE EFFLUENTS FOR MEASUREMENT OF
OXYGEN DEMAmr, Montgomery, H. A. C., Water Research, Vol. 6, Ho. 9, September 1973,
pp 1097-1100.
A rapid filtration method for Isolating suspended solids from water samples
has been devised as a men nil of measuring the oxygen demand and therefore the biological \
activity of sewage effluents. The filtration procedure made use of a mixture of a
filter-aid such as Celite, with the sample, a filter paper come overlain with a pad
of moist filter-aid, and a gentle suction system. After filtration, the solids,
i filter-aid and paper were decanted into a breaker, the mix gently macerated, then
[ suspended In a chosen medium. Results showed solids consumed 02 by (a) endogenous
! respiration, (b) biological oxidation of residual organic matter, and (c) nitrification.!
Oxygen uptake appeared nearly proportional to the concentration of suspended solids,
suggesting application as a relatively rapid method of estimating the Initial rate of !
02 AfumnA and the quality of the treated effluent. Another experiment attempted to j
establish the order of activity of the mechanics of 02 uptake. Endogenous respiration !
appeared to be most active, followed by nitrification by Hltrosomonas and Nitrobacter '
and finally oxidation of dissolved organic matter. It was concluded that the filtration!
procedure was valid as a means of isolating suspended solids from biologically treated j
sewage effluents for the measurement of oxygen demand for periods up to 2U h. ;
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Suspended solids, Sewage effluents, Isolation, j
Filtration, Oxygen demand, Bacteria, Respiration, Nitrification, Oxidation,
Biochemical oxygen demand, Water quality control, Monitoring, Organic matter,
Biological treatment, Nitrobacter, Nitrosomonas,
AMIC-5898
"THE DETERMIHATION OF STABLE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 15 WASTE EFFLUENTS AT MICROGRAM PER
LITER LEVELS BY AUTOMATIC HIGH-RESOLUTIOH IOH EXCHANGE CHROMATOOHAPoT", Katz, S.,
Pitt, W. W., Jr., Scott, C. D., Water Research, Vol. 6, No. 9, September 1972,
pp 1029-1037.
A technique is described for the determination of stable ultraviolet-
absorbing organic compounds in water at ulcrogram per liter levels by automatic
high-resolution Ion exchange chromatography. Samples were concentrated prior to
analysis by vacuum distillation and freeze-drylng. Seventy-seven peaks were
obtained from a municipal primary sewage effluent) each constituent was present at
less than 100 mlcrograms/1. Thirty-eight peaks were obtained from a municipal
secondary sewage effluent, with each constituent at less than 20 mlcrograms/1.
Thirteen compounds have been identified as relatively stable to primary treatment.
The concentrations of compounds in industrial primary and secondary effluents were
estimated at up to 1 mllllgram/1; the secondary treatment caused little degradation.
Chromatograms of the effluents appear to depend upon sewage plant operating conditions
as well as upon the type of feed sent to the treatment plant.
IKCGX TERMS: Organic compounds, Sewage effluents, Pollutant identification.
Automation, Distillation, Freeze drying, Waste water (pollution). Water
pollution sources, Chemical properties, Reliability, Carbohydrates, Anlon
exchange, Separation techniques, Ion exchange chromatography, Vacuum
distillation, Sample preparation, Reproduclblllty, Sensitivity, Ultraviolet
absorption.
AMC-5909
"EFFECT OF TURBULENCE ON BOD TESTING", All, H. I., Bewtra, J. K., Journal Water
Pollution Control Federation. Vol. W», No. 9, September 1972, pp
Samples were collected from raw, settled, and biologically treated wastewater
to determine the Influence of mixing (turbulence) on the blooxldation rate of substrates
normally laboratory tested by 3-day BOD analysis. Two sets of standard BOD bottles
were Inoculated and all tests conducted utilized the "Standard Methods" procedure.
The first set was kept under quiescent conditions while the second set was continuously
mixed with magnetic stlrrers. In order to maintain test validity, DO was measured by
an oxygen probe and by the Wlnkler method. Continuous recording from an incubated
bottle was also attempted with a fixed probe but poor readings resulted. The BOD pro-
gression studies showed a significant Increase In 5-day BOD values If contents were
continuously stirred during analysis. Rate constant values showed significant increases
In «n. samples except the treated effluent, while Increase In ultimate carbonaceous
oxygen fa*»*4 was significant only In the treated effluent samples. Data obtained
under quiescent conditions should, therefore, be carefully Interpreted especially in
applying wastevater treatment techniques.
INDEX TERMS: Biochemical oxygen demand, Measurement, Turbulence, Sewage effluents,
Evaluation, Water analysis, Waste water (pollution), Dissolved oxygen, Oxygen
demand. Dissolved oxygen analyzers, Biological treatment, Waste water treatment,
Wlnkler method.
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1. PHYSICAL A»D CHaCICAL METHDtB
i AMIC-5930
"THE VARIABILITY OF OCEAHOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIOBS OFF THE COAST OF HORTH-WEST AFRICA",
: Jones, P. G. W., Peep-Sea Research. Vol. 19, No. 6, June 19T2, pp 1*05-1*31.
During >fay-june 1969 two sections, 30 nautical mile* apart, were worked off
the coast of north-west Africa near Cape Blanc. Temperature, salinity, phosphate,
• silicate and nitrate were recorded to a depth of 500 «eters using standard equipment
and techniques. Both sections were worked on three occasions, separated by periods of
50 and 77 hours, respectively. Considerable variation in the distribution of the
. parameters was observed, both between successive surveys of the same section and also
between the two sections of the same survey. Observations were also nade over a period
of 2U hours at two locations on the edge of the continental shelf, and narked
i variation with tiae in the distribution of the parameters was recorded at both locations
| The nature of the variability is discussed in the light of the upwelling process
I operating throughout the period of observation.
!
j INDEX TERMS: Coasts, Africa, Variability, Physiochemical properties, Upwelling, Saline
j water. Oceanography, Hutriente, Plankton, Chemical analysis, Water sampling,
I Computer programs, Water analysis, Salinity, Phosphates, Silicates, nitrates,
Dissolved oxygen, Chlorophyll, Water temperature, Cape Blanc, Shipboard
measurements, Salinometers, Sample preservation.
AMIC-5933
! "FATB AID BEHAVIOR OF FIVE CHLORIHATED HYEHOCARBOIS IK THREE HATURAL HATERS", Oloffs,
P. C., Albright, L. J., Szeto, S. *., Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 18, So. 9,
September 1972, pp 1393-1398.
Water samples removed from two rivers and from the subtldal zone of Georgia
Strait In British Columbia were treated with either 0.025 ppm of DOT, llndane,
alpba-chlordmne, or mi mm -chlordane, or 0.1 ppm Aroclor 1260 (PCB). The samples were
Incubated in the laboratory for up to 12 weeks at the temperatures of these natural
waters at the time of sampling and the chlorinated hydrocarbons determined by
gas-liquid chromatography and standard extraction techniques. Llndane persisted in all
water samples throughout the experiment, but large proportions of the other compounds
were transported Into the atmosphere during incubation except when the containers were
sealed. lo metabolic breakdown could be demonstrated. As demonstrated with
C-ll*
-chlordane, uneven distribution of the pesticides occurred rapidly, but was
prevented, or reversed, by addition of a surfactant to the water. Total bacterial
counts were generally higher In treated than in untreated water samples.
IMDEX TERMS'*. Chemical analysis, natural streams. Water analysis, DDF, Water sampling,
Polychlorlnated blphenyls, Surfactants, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides,
Fate of pollutants, Chlorinated hydrocarbons, Gas liquid chromatography,
Llndane, Chlordane, Aroclor 1260.
AMIC-5932
"CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF SUSPEHDED PARTICULATE MATTER COLLECTED DT THE BORTHBAST ATLANTIC",
Copln-Montegut, C., Copin-Montegut, 0., Deep-Sea Research, Vol. 19, No. 6, June 1978,
pp 1*1*5-1*52.
Chemical analyses of suspended particulate Batter have been carried out on
samples from different depths between 0 and 1*000 m, in the northeast Atlantic. The
total mass of suspended matter, particulate organic carbon, silicon, iron, aluminum,
and phosphorus were determined by standard chemical methods. In surface waters
(0-150 m), the average concentration in particulate matter (nass per vol) is 3.8 higher
than between 150 and 'tOOO m. For carbon the ratio is I*. 5 and for phosphorus 10.8.
On the other hand, silicon, aluminum and Iron are often as abundant in deep water as
In the surface layer.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Atlantic Ocean, Sea water, Carbon, Iron, Aluminum,
Phosphorus, water pollution, Pollutant identification. Filtration, Organic
Bitter, Depth, Phosphates, Water sampling. Surface waters, Particulate matter,
Silicon, Sample preparation, Organic carbon.
AMIC-59'*0
'A SIMPLE ajJPVrER-SPECTROPHOTOMETER INTERFACE", Willie
R. C., Turner, T. J.,
The Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 1*3, Bo. 8, August 1972, pp 1207-1209.
A simple, Inexpensive technique is presented for Interfacing a
spectrophotometer to a digital computer thereby providing a data acquisition system.
The Interface system Includes a voltage divider for the production of an analog signal,
a relay system which Initiates the computer operation and detects a change in optical
density, a differential amplifier,, and an analog to digital converter.
LWDEX TERMS: Electronic equipment, Digital computers. Automatic control, Spectra-
photometry, Instrumentation, Laboratory equipment, Automation, Computer-
spectrophotometer Interface, Data acquisition. Analog to digital converters.
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1. PHYSICAL AMD CHBOCAL METHODS
! AMIC-5946
! "THE SPECTKIM OF PARTICULATB ORGAIIC MATTER OF SHALLOW-BOTTOM BOUIDARY WATBBS OF
1 JAHAICA". Reiawlg, H. M., Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 17, to, 3, my 1972,
' PP 3|n-31w.
In an attempt to determine absolute abundaace of aggregates and other
pmrticulate fractions in terms of volume and calculated partlculate organic carbon
(POC), the author microscopically analyzed water samples collected near the
water-solid-subatrate interface in shallow Janalcan water*. Sample* were also analyzed
j by wet ashing for total POC to determine any possible relationship between visible
I partlculate material and carbon retained by glass-fiber filters. Parallel analyses
i were carried out on water samples collected from effluent streams of marla* sponges to
assess the availability of particle fractions and total POC to this group of filter
feeders. It was concluded fro» the analyses that aggregates comprise less than 5
j percent of discrete partlculate naterlal and less than 0.5 percent of total POC.
! About 86 percent of POC Is not accounted for by discrete partlculate material.
Parallel analyses of exhalant water samples from marine sponges indicate that about 35
percent of the missing POC is available to these filter feeders and is probably
colloidal in nature.
IHDEX TERMS: Organic natter, Water analysis, Microscopy, Filtration, Suspended solids,
Organic carbon, Particulatea.
AMIC-5951
AID MATERS OF SOMES SOUND, A FJORDLIKE ESTUARY I» MAINE", Folger, D. W.,
8. H., Jones, B. P., Cory, R. L., Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. IT, Ho. 3,
Nay 1972, PP 39*J»02. *
The characteristic* of sediments and waters of SOUKS Sound, a fJordllke
estuary In Maine, were studied in order to evaluate the effects of its physiography.
The following were detezmined both by observation and standard chemical laboratory
procedures: salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, bacterial activity, and
suspended matter In the water; circulation of bottom water in the southern third of
the estuary; toe size distribution of soils; organic carbon, calcium carbonate; and
mineral and major element composition of bottom sediments. Bottom sediments In the
Somes Sound estuary coarsen progressively seaward from clay in the upper and middle
parts through silt and sand to gravel at the mouth. Most contain less than 5 percent
CaC03 except in the lower sound where shell fragments are abundant and the
concentrations reach 20 percent. Organic carbon is most abundant (3-5 percent) In
the clay of the upper sound, which smells strongly of H2S. Eplfauna, especially
holothurians, cover most of the bottom near the mouth of the sound. Infauna predominate
in the fine sediments of the middle and upper sound but are absent where H2S Is high.
Anaerobic bottom waters were not observed. The movement of a bottom drifter suggests
that the net direction of flow of bottom water is landward, and the distribution of
some sediment components that bottom-water flow is counterclockwise. Partlculate
matter suspended in the water ranged from 0.6-U.l mg/liter, with greatest concentrations
In bottom waters above areas covered with fine-grained sediments.
AMIC-59V7
"DISTRIBUTION OF ORGAXIC CARBOI III A GLACIAL ESTUARY HI ALASKA", Loder, T. C., Hood,
D. W., Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 17, Ho. 3, May 1972, pp 3^9-355.
The distribution Is described of organic carbon in a glacial estuary In
Alaska. Rorth Dave* Inlet was sampled for partlculate organic carbon (POC), dissolved
organic carbon (DOC), paniculate nitrogen (PI), and total partlculate matter (PM).
POC was determined by infrared analysis, DOC by a wet oxidation method, PI by using
a nitrogen analyzer, and PM by filtration. The POC in glacial runoff ranged from
0.2^-1.24 us/liter and DOC varied from 0.15-0.53 depending on the season and amount
of local rainfall. Inlet waters ranged from 0.035-0.6$ as/liter of POC and 0.65-1.6
of DOC. Values of POC, PI, and PM decreased with depth in the top 20 m of the inlet
and with distance from the mouth of the river. About half of the POC was deposited in
the inlet; the remainder was carried out in suspension. Curing summer a biologically
active layer just beneath the freshwater lens was characterized by high POC and DOC,
low C:l ratios, and low PM. Adsorption or release of organic compounds by the glacial
clays was not detected.
IHDEX TERMS: Estuaries, Spatial distribution. Chemical analysis, Alaska, Adsorption,
Sea water, Vfcter sampling. Brackish water, Organic carbon, Glacial water,
Partlculate organic matter, Dissolved organic matter, Partlculate organic carbon,
Dissolved organic carbon, Partlculate nitrogen.
AMIC-5951
2/2
TERMS: Bottom sediments, Chemical analysis, Estuaries, Sea water, Water
properties. Soil properties, Aquatic soils, Hypolimnlon, Seston, Bottom
sampling, Benthlc fauna, Maine, Mineralogy, Geomorphology, Somes Sound,
Organic carbon.
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1. PHYSICAL AMP CHBCCAL METHODS
AMIC-5955
"FATTY-ACID ECOLOGY OF A TIDAL MARSH"
Vol. 17, Bo. 3, May 1972, pp
Jeffries, H. P., Limnology and Oceanography,
A study was made of the fatty-acid ecology of small tidal marsh, Biasel's
Cove, located in Rhode Island. Samples of grasses, fish, and shrimp were collected
and a quantitative estimation of fatty-acid methyl esters was obtained by either gas
i or thin-layer chromatography. A salt marsh has differing biochemical patterns: The
grasses have a terrestrial pattern rich in 16-18 C fatty acids, the animals a marine
pattern dominated by long-chain polyunsa,turates. The patterns vary, but they remain
i far more distinct than at corresponding positions in the structure of an offshore
community. Bach .pattern la reflected in the diet of two species of marsh fishes.
Their most probable diet is a mixture of 5 parts detritus to 1 part marine invertebrates
This ratio is also a boundary condition; It can»ot go any higher and still account for
the patterns occurring in the digestive tracts. Food is so abundant during spring that
[ despite Identical diets the two species could avoid competition.
, INDEX TERMS: Tidal marshes, Ecology, Chemical analysis, Salt marshes, Gas chromatographs
Shrimp, Nutrients, Biodegradatlon, Marsh plants, Patty acids, Sputina alternlflo»,
Spartlna patens, Ruppla maritima, Fundulus majalls, Fundulus heteroclltus,
Palaemonetes pugio, Thin layer chromatography, Microphytes, Macrolnvertebrates.
AMIC-596* I
'TETEBMIHATIOH OF HYDROCARBON RESIDUES HI WATER", Deabaunes, E., Inhoff, C., Water \
Research. Vol. 6, Ho. 8, August 1972, pp 885-893. i
The pollution of waters by hydrocarbons and their halogeaated derivatives
presents nunerous problems, such as the unpleasant taste which is conferred to drinking
water by traces of fuel oil. The method of determination described permits the !
detection of traces of hydrocarbon* using apparatus In which these are carried over by j
a current of purified air and then analyzed quantitatively by the 'Hydrocarbon Analyzer
Beckmann1 equipped with a flame lonlzatlon detector and qualitatively, by gas j
chromatography (OCX Beckmann) by two detectors, catharometer and flame lonlzatlon.
This second analysis la carried out on the condensate of vapors collected at the j
outlet of the 'Hydrocarbon Analyzer'. The reproduclblllty of the method la about 100
percent if the recommended procedure Is followed whereby 2 or 3 determinations are
made for various concentrations so that variations resulting from the temperature of !
the solvent and the syringe, purity of the sample and accuracy of the syringe are
taken Into account. Those factors cause an error of about lt-5 percent,
INDEX TERMSs Pollutant Identification, Gas chromatography, Water analysis, Organic j
compounds, Pollutants, Water pollution, Chemical analysis, Laboratory equipment,
Research equipment, Hydrocarbon residues. Flame lonlzatlon gas chromatography,
Reproduclbillty, Precision, Thermal conductivity detector, Sample preservation,
Fuel oil, Catharometer, Hydrocarbon analyzer.
AMIC-5956
"RADIOECOLOGICAL IHVESTIGATIOHS IH A THERMAL SPRIHG REGION", Lovrlc, C., Strohal, P.,
Limnology and Oceanography. Vol. 17, Mo. 3, May 1972, pp lAl-Wt.
The possible accumulation of naturally occurring radlolsotopes in aquatic
organisms and sediments of a radioactive thermal spring area is Investigated. Samples
were collected over a period of two years with a benthos net, and radioactivities
in water, plants, animals, and sediments due to lead, radium, protactinium, radon
and bismuth radlolsotopes were measured by means of garana ray spectrometry. The data
indicate that orgpuiiaus living in the thermal spring area accumulate the radloisotopes
investigated. Some of the radloisotopes are probably present in the biota only as
daughter products of long-lived radioisotopes due to several radioactive equilibria.
Most of the activities are alpha-emitting radioisotopes which produce intensive
specific lonization. The level of radioactivity measured suggests the possibility of
investigating the influence of small doses of radiation on biocenoses, since such
conditions have existed for centuries.
INDEX TERMS: Radioecology, Thermal springs, Water analysis, Soil analysis, Path of
pollutants. Radioactivity, Lead radioisotopes. Radium radloisotopes, Spring
waters, Water pollution, Pollutant identification, Biota, Mud, Aquatic soils,
Absorption, Physiochemical properties, Bioaccumulatlon, Radon radlolsotopes.
Gamma ray spectrcmetery.
AMC-5971*
"MICROWAVE SPECTROSCOPY", Karasek, F. W., Research/Development, Vol. 23, Ho. 9,
September 1972, pp 38-UO.
Microwave rotational resonance spectroscopy (MRR) occurs in the high
frequency, long wavelength spectral region where only purely rotational molecular
changes are found. The spectra are unique, and such a high degree of resolution can be
achieved that each compound of a complicated mixture has many specific, narrow absorp-
tion tends. This resolution of absorption bands allows chemical identification
according to specific rotational and bond characteristics. Band intensity contains the
quantitative information and is a function of the permanent dipole moment magnitude and
the numbers of molecules In the lower energy state of transitions. Applications in
trace-gps pollutant monitoring and the analysis of complex mixtures are now underway.
IMEX TERMS: Laboratory equipment, Pollutant identification. Chemical analysis,
Microwave spectroscopy, Mixtures, Microwave rotational resonance, Chemical
composition.
l_
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1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMtC-6007
"CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF WATER SAMPLES COLLECTED ON AMCHITKA ISLAND, ALASKA", Beeten, W.
A., Young, R. A., Washington, C. L., Schroder, L. J., U. S. Geological Survey,
Federal Center, Denver, Colorado, Report Ho. Amchltlsa-S9, 1971, 23 pp. NTIS Roport
No. uses i*7U 135.
This report presents the chemical data from the Amchltka Island study
area obtained from water samples collected for and analyzed by the U. S. Geological
Survey between October 1965 and November 1970. Samples were taken from springs,
lakes, streams, the ocean, and precipitation as roof runoff or fresh snow. Water
samples from deep test holes were collected by swabbing or by use of a submersible
pwmp. Water samples from snail-diameter test holes were collected by the use of
a thief sampler. The samples were subjected to general chemical or spactrographic
analyses. Analyses of water samples from test holes are tabulated by increasing
latitude and increasing depth of sampling zone. Analyses of water samples other than
test holes are tabulated by increasing latitude and decreasing longitude of sampling
points. The study area from which samples are reported lies within latitude 51 degrees
j Si minutes and 51 degrees 39 minutes Horth and longitude 179 degrees 2U minutes aad
: 178 degrees 38 minutes East.
; INDEX TERMS: Water properties. Chemical analysis, Water analysis, Chemical properties,
; Physical properties, Water sampling. Freshwater, Salt water, Spectroscopy,
: Heavy metals, Alkaline mirth metals, Alkali metals, Dissolved solids.. Salts,
i Amchltka Island, Sample preparation.
AMIC-6009
"DETERMIKATIOII OF MERCURY IK SAMPLES PROM THE DUTCH ENVIRONMENT", De GoelJ, J. J. M.,
Interuaiverslty Reactor Institute, Delft, Netherlands, Report Ho. CONF-71o8l8J», 1971
(Paper presented at the American Nuclear Society Topical Meeting on Nuclear Methods
in Environmental Research, August 23-2U, 1971, University of Missouri, Columbia,
Missouri). 21 pp. ims Report Ho. IRI-133-71-17.
Samples of sediments; biological tissues and fluids (birds, fishes, and man);
human hair; foodstuffs; industrial products and Pharmaceuticals; and plants and water
were analyzed for mercury by neutron activation analysis. These samples, ranging from
100 mg-lg, were irradiated In quartz vials, automatically decomposed and oxidized by
sulfuric acid aad hydrogen peroxide, "«* volatilized at 200 C with HBr into a sodium
acetate solution. Inactive mercury was added to the solution and stirred for 1 hr to
break the mercury Into small droplets to ensure Isotoplc exchange. The Kg was then
collected on a sintered glass filter, washed with water then acetone, and finally dis-
solved la nitric acid and counted in a well type sodium Iodide crystal. A sensitivity
and an accuracy of l.O-O.l ppb/gram sample and 97-93 percent yield were achieved,
respectively. Results showed that (1) one quarter of the birds tested had been killed
by methylmererury; (2) in the food chain: sediments - grass - cow - milk, cumulative
effects were absent; (3) Rhine River sediments showed increases of 18-23 ppm compared to
previous tests; and (U) while Dutch fish, seals and coastal marine organisms were
generally contaminated, imported canned fish and cod liver oil were in low ranges.
Separate measurements showed not only that tuna had higher concentrations but that about
80 percent of the mercury in «TI fish was present as llpophilic methylmercury.
INDEX TERMS! Mercury, ICeutron activation analysis, Chemical analysis, Heavy metals, Body
fluids, Industrial wastes. Pollutant identification. Water pollution sources. Irra-
diation, Separation techniques, Biological samples, Methyl mercury, Environmental
samples, .
AMIC-6008
"SURVEY OF EHVIRONMENTAL HADIOACTIVITr ", Voss, M. D., Iowa State University, Ames
Laboratory - USAEC, Ames, Iowa, Report No. IS-2791, Contract Ho. W-7U05-ENO-82,
February 1972, 37 PP.
As part of the environmental monitoring program, the Ames Laboratory of the
USAEC Is monitoring the environmental effects of the Ames Laboratory Research Reactor
(ALKR) by determining gross alpha and beta In air, soil, vegetation, river water, ALRR
outfall, bottom sediment, precipitation, well water, and pond samples. A Sharp Low
Beta-Matlc three-inch system is used for the alpha and beta determinations. Data
collected from 1962 (ca. 3 years before start up of the reactor} to 1971 indicate that
the ALRR has not contributed a significant amount of radioactivity to the environment
in the Ames area.
INDEX TERMS; Rain, Soil, Sediments, Ponds, Wells, Vegetation, Nuclear powerplanta,
Radioactivity, Soil analysis. Water analysis. Alpha rays, Beta rays.
AMM-661
"SEASONAL CHANGES DT PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION, COMPOSITION, AND STRONTIUM EXCHANGE
CAPACITT Ot PAHTICUIATE MATTER SUSPENDED IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER", Wildung, R. E.,
Routson, R. C., Schmidt, R. L., Bftttelle Memorial Institute, Pacific Northwest Labora-
tories, Rlchland, Washington, Report No. BNWL-1638, Contract No. AT (U5-D-1830,
January 1972, 26 pp.
A centrifugatlon method was employed to fractionate partlculate matter sue.
pended la the Columbia River In order to determine seasonal changes in particle size
distribution, composition and strontium exchange capacity. The largest seasonal increase
in the concentration of suspended matter (over 100 fold) occurred during the spring
freshet; this Increase was accompanied by a change In particle size distribution with the
clay fraction accounting for approximately 63 percent of the total solids as compared to
a range of lU-30 percent for other periods of the year. Whereas seasonal changes in the
primary mineral composition were not pronounced, the relative concentrations of the
layer silicate minerals commonly present in colls Increased during spring and summer
corresponding to the periods of spring runoff and the return of Irrigation water to the
river. Mineral composition also differed between size fractions. The Sr exchange
capacity of materials isolated in the spring Increased with decreased particle size
likely reflecting relative differences In mineral type as well as Increased reactive
surface area. Increases in suspended partlculate concentration due to the spring runoff
and the return of irrigation waters resulted in a large capacity for cation sorption and
transport during the spring and summer months. In fact, the Sr exchange capacity of
partlculate matter in equivalent volumes of river water amounted to 6 to 26 times higher
in the spring than during other periods of the year.
M^og^ma&T'H^r&Sn!^
exchange capacity, Partlculate matter. Seasonal changes, Mlca-lllite, Chlorite.
-------
i. PHYSICAL AMD CHBUCAL METHODS
"PREUMNARY RADIATION SURVEILLANCE OF AN AQUATIC SYSTEM NEAR THE NEVADA TEST SITE
JUNE - JULY, 1967", Klein, W. L., Brechbill, R. A., Envlrosmental Protection Agency,
Western Environmental Research Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada, Report No. SWRHL-65r,
Memorandum of Understanding No. SF 51* 373, February 1972, 23 PP.
This report is the culmination of a three-month preliminary radiation
surveillance study of an aquatic system In Upper Pahranagat Lake near the Nevada Test
Site. The objectives of this study were to determine the concentrations of fission
products in selected samples and to establish the necessary methodology for radiation
surveillance in an aquatic ecosystem. Biological samples from a freshwater lake near
the Nevada Teat Site (NTS) were analyzed for the presence of selected radlonuclides la
order to establish a base line for this particular system and to develop methodology
necessary for any further definitive studies of this type. Radlonuclide concentrations
were found to be insignificant in water, aquatic plant, and fish samples. Sediment
samples had detectable levels of Cs-137, K-UO, Sr-90, and U. Strontium-90 levels
in fishbone were low (2.38 pCl/g bone ash) compared to those found in bovine femur
samples (6.9 pCi/g bone ash) collected during the same period.
INDEX TERMS: Surveys, Aquatic environment, Radioecology, Radiochemlcal analysis,
Measurement, Nevada, Aquatic plants, Water pollution sources, Sediments, Aquatic
soils, Plant tissues, Freshwater fish, Aquatic algae, Biological samples, Sr-90,
Cs-137, Pahranagat Lake, Gaama ray spectrometry, Animal tissues, Microphytes
AMIC-6025
'VATER QUALITY CRITERIA DATA BOOK, VOLUME 2. INORGANIC CHEMICAL POLLUTION OF
FRESHWATER", Davis, T. R. A., Burg, A. W., Butters, K. M., Wadler, B. D., Arthur D.
Little, Inc., Life Sciences Division, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Water Pollution Control
Research Series 18010 DPV 07/71, July 1971, 280 pp.
A survey of the literature dealing with inorganic chemical compounds was
conducted to obtain and reference data relevant to the establishment of water quality
criteria. More than 5,000 publications were reviewed. While nearly 300 Inorganic
species may exist In freshwater only 87 were identified in the literature. A wide
distribution In concentrations in potable and polluted water was found. Data on acute
toxicity, chronic toxlcity, earcinogenlclty, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity of
Inorganic chemicals have been tabulated. Due to the design of most of these
toxleologleal determinations, it is difficult to extrapolate from this data to human
health. This inability is furthered in that the concentrations of many materials in
freshwater are reported in terms of elemental analysis alone without reference to the
ionic or complex form of the material. However, toxlcity varies with the complex ion
and oxidation state. Correlations have been made of minimum lethal oral dose versus
mavim.im concentrations reported in freshwater, and of minimum chronic toxic dose ver-
sus muTrHMm concentration reported in drinking water. Examples of inorganic species
which approach a safety limit have been observed.
IHDEX TERMS: Inorganic compounds, Chemicals, Water quality standards, Freshwater,
Water pollution, Water pollution sources, Animal pathology, Toxlcity, Bloassay,
Chemical analysis, Lethal limit, Water pollution effects, Water quality control.
Public health, Potable water, Teratogenlcity, Carclnogenicity, Mutagenicity,
Bare earth elements.
AMIC-6015
"DETERMINATION OF MANGANESE, COPPER, AND IRON IN HUMAN BLOOD BY NEUTRON ACTIVATION
ANALYSIS", Das, H. A., Hoede, D., Kroon, J. J., Zonderhuls, J., Reactor Centrum
Nederland, Petten, Netherlands, Report Mo. RCN-155, September 1971, 20 pp.
Procedures are given for the determination of manganese, copper, and iron in
blood. Manganese and copper were determined by thermal neutron activation, followed
by chemical separation. The iron-concentration was obtained by Instrumental fast
neutron activation analysis. The average concentrations of Mn and Cu in human blood
were 16 plus or minus 5 ng/g and 0.9 plus or minus 0.2 mlcrogram/g, respectively. The
Fe concentration ranged from SUO-toO micrograms/g.
INDEX TERMS: Manganese, Copper, Iron, Neutron activation analysis, Heavy metals.
Pollutant identification. Chemical analysis, Separation techniques, Methodology,
Blood, Biological samples, Body fluids.
AKIC-6030
"AUTOMATED SEPARATIONS III ROUTINE ACTIVATION ANAUfSIS OF MERCURY", de GoelJ, J. J. M.,
Interuniversity Reactor Institute, Delft, Netherlands, Report No. CONF-710626-1,
1971 (Paper presented at the 2nd Symposium on the Recent Developments in Neutron
Activation Analysis, 26 June - 1 July 1971, Churchill College, Cambridge), 9 pp.
NTIS Report No. I.R.I.-311-71-5.
A procedure has been adopted for an automated chemical separation of mercury
from those samples which require such for a nondestructive measurement of the metal by
neutron activation analysis. The problems of loss and adsorption of radioactive Hg
while processing irradiated samples are avoided. The automated Instrument devised
carries out the destruction, oxidation, and distillation of the irradiated samples.
This automation includes Introduction of chemicals at appropriate times, control of
the temperature in various stages of the treatment, and passage of air through the
instrument during complete treatment. This instrument handles 6 samples simultaneously
and produces 30-36 samples daily. Mercury analysis has a sensitivity of 1-0.1 ppb
using a 1 g sample, an accuracy 3-1* percent in the ppm-range and 10-15 percent in the
ppb-range, and a chemical yield of 97-98 percent. In one 5-day week about 90
Irradiated samples (including standards and blanks) can be chemically processed,
measured, and computed. The sensitivity and chemical procedure were satisfactory for
nearly all of 2500 samples analyzed - sediments; mammalian, avian, and fish tissues;
biological fluids; human hair; foodstuffs, industrial products and Pharmaceuticals;
plants and water.
INDEX TERMS! Separation techniques, Automatic control, Neutron activation analysis,
Mercury, Methodology, Instrumentation, Plant tissues, Biological samples,
Biological materials, Sensitivity, Precision, Chemical recovery, Sample prepara-
tlon, An<"»1 M««i»«, Pgtgctton Halts.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AID CHBCCAL MHBOD3
AfflC-6031 "
"PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF EXTRACTION PROCESSES", Slekierskl, S., Institute of Nuclear
Research, Warsaw, Poland, Report Mo. CONF-7005'«0..1, 1971 (Presented at the Polish-
Italian Seminar on Some Chemical, Ceramic, and Metallurgical Aspects of Nuclear
Fuels held In Zakopane, Poland, 29 May 1970), 8 pp. HTIS Report Ho. IHR-P-1339.
The thermodynamics of the extraction process, based on the modern theory of
the structure of liquid water has been discussed. A significant Increase In the
entropy of the system due to the removal of an uncharged organic molecule from the
aqueous phase, connected vlth the change of the structure of water, is a main factor
determining the transfer of the molecule from the aqueous to the organic phase. The
model described can be applied to the description of the extraction mechanism of
metals in the forms of chelatee, aolvated salts and ion-pairs.
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Solvent extractions, Thermodynamlc behavior,
Salts, Entropy, Ions, Mathematical models, Electrolytes, Physlcochemlcal
properties, Chemical analysis, Free energy, Pollutant identification,
Solvation, Ion pairing, Metal chelatee, Lanthanum, Trlbutylphoaphate, Sample
preparation. Chemical structure.
"EFFECT OF BUFFER INTENSITY AMD ORGANIC MATTER ON THE OXYGENATTON OF FERROUS IRON",
Jobln, R., Ghosh, M. M., Journal American Waterworks Association, Vol. 64, Ho. 9,
September 1972, pp 590-59^
Research was initiated to determine the effect of buffer intensity and the
organic content of water on the rate of conversion of soluble Fe(ll) to insoluble
Feflll). The effect of buffer intensity was determined by varying the alkalinity of
synthetic water using different concentrations of sodium carbonate and bubbling carbon
dioxide and air through the water. The results Indicate that oxygenation of Fe(ll)
in aqueous medium is a first-order reaction, and that buffer Intensity affects the
Pe(ll) oxygenation rate at values higher than .004 e/pH. To test the effects of
organic ccoponnds oa oxygenation of Fe(ll), various concentrations of humlc and tannic
acid were added to test waters. The results show that both acids retard the rate of
oxygenation, with tannic acid having more effect than humlc acid. In the presence of
organic matter, the Fe(lI)-Fe(lII) redox couple acts as a catalyst for the oxidation
of organic natter. In such systems, both complexatlon of Fe(ll) and reduction of
Fe(ll) by organic matter are possible. A model was also developed to show the
efficiency of iron removal processes.
IICEEX TERMS: Iron, Oxygenation, Reduction (chemical), Hydrogen ion concentration,
Chemical reactions, Tannic acid, Humlc acids.
"DEVELOPMENT OF A MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO PREDICT THE ROLE OF SURFACE RUNOFF AMD
GROUHDWATER FLOW IN OVERFERTILIZATION OF SURFACE WATERS", Johnson, J. D., University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Dissertation Abstracts No. 72-361, 1972, 26* pp.
Automatic pump samplers were used to collect over 800 water samples from a.
watershed and a city drainage channel for identification and quantification of various
sources of the nutrients N and P. The water samples were analyzed for four components
of N, total and soluble P, and four components of solids. Streamflow was determined
at the time of sampling. These data were used to develop a mathematical model of
surface runoff and groundwater flow as factors in overfertillzatlon of surface waters.
The model Included nutrient sources from precipitation, feedlots, municipal sewage
treatment effluent, industrial effluent, septic tank effluents, forest and wildland
runoff, and a conglomerate of surface runoff and groundwater flow. The results of
regression on Streamflow were utilized to obtain an equation for the base flow.
Such information is essential for development of effective control techniques.
INDEX TERMS: Mathematical models, Surface runoff, Base flow, Forecasting,
Eutrophlcation, Surface waters, Mathematical studies, Equations, Watersheds,
Nutrients, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Pollutant Identification, Automation, Minnesota,
Instrumentation, Precipitation (atmospheric), Feed lots, Municipal wastes,
Industrial wastes. Effluents, Septic tanks, Water sampling. Sewage effluents.
Water pollution sources, Water quality control.
AMIC-oOW
"AUTOMATED REACTIOH-RATE METHODS OF ANALYSIS", Malmstadt, H. V., Cordos, E. A.,
Delaney, C. J., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. Ut, No. 12, October 1972, pp 26A-32A, 36A,
38A, UOAJHA.
The Inherent advantages and possible limitations of reaction-rate methods of
analysis as compared to equilibrium methods are reviewed, and the general concepts of
encoding reaction-rate information are presented. Much of the discussion is focused on
the automated systems that make it possible to perform hundreds of accurate, sensitive,
and selective quantitative determinations per hour via rate data and to develop new
methods more rapidly.
INCEX TERMS: Automation, Spectrophotometry, Computers, Instrumentation, Phosphates,
Reaction rate analysis, Blood, Glucose, Sample preparation.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AID CHEMICAL METHODS
AM1C-6050
"COMPUTED CONTROLLED STOPPED-FLOW STUDIES - APPLICATION TO SIMULIAAEOUS KIHETIC
ANALYSES", Sanderson, D., Bittlkofer, J. A., Purdue. H. L., Analytical Chemistry.
Vol. Wf, No. 12, October 1972, pp 193i»-1939.
Kinetic data are used to develop analytical methodology for the simultaneous,
computer controlled, stopped-flow spectrophotometrlc determination of cyataine and
thiolactlc acid in mlxturea of the two. The design and construction of a fully
automatic stopped-flow instrument featuring a computer controlled sample preparation
unit, a newly designed sampling system, and real tine data collection and treatment
are described. The instrument IB used for a kinetic study of the exchange reaction
between a »i( II)-citrate complex and thlol aclda. Information obtained from this
study Is used to develop an analytical procedure for the simultaneous d«t«nnination of
two thlol acids, cyatelne and thiolactlc acid in mixtures. Samples of thlol acids
were determined quantitatively in the concentration range of .00001 M to .0001 H.
Results for the two-component systems are Included.
INDEX TERMS: Computers, Automatic control, Heavy metals, Control «yst«»«. Data
collections, Aqueous solutions, Pollutant identification. Data processing. Nickel,
Organic acids, Amino acids, Cations, Chemical reactions, Stopped-flow
apectrophotometry, Exchange reaction kinetics, Thiolactlc acid, Cystelne, Metal
complexes, Metal chelates, Mixtures.
AfflC.6052 „ „ ,
"COMPUTER ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS OF GAS CHROMATOGHAPHIC DATA , Landowne, R. A.,
Morosanl, R. W., Herrmann, R. A., King, R. M., Jr, Scbmus, H. 0., Analytical Chemistry,
Vol. UU, Ho. 12, October 1972, pp 1961-1971.
A computerized system for a multiple instrument gas chromatographic labora-
tory is described. Simultaneous operation of all chromatograpbs is possible in real
time even while the computer performs other functions. A set of resident programs
control* the entire process which requires * minimal amount of operator interaction
regardless of the complexity of the ehromatographlc analysis. In either method,
development or routine analysis, only a few input parameters are required to choose
several nodes of data handling, with each instrument capable of operating in its own
Independent fashion. A teletypewriter is used almost exclusively for output* of
results, while most sample information and mode selection is entered through simple
data twitch boxe*. Peak resolution and baseline determination is accomplished for
almost all situations encountered without resorting to special routines. (Feprlnted
from Analytical Chemistry, Vol. M», Ho. 12, October 1972, PP 1961-1971. Copyright
1972 by the American Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the copyright
owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Computers, Automatic control. Gas ehromatography, Automation, Computer
programs, Control systems, Data collections. Electronic equipment, Pollutant
identification, Data acquisition, D«ta interpretation.
AMIC-6051
"CONVERSATIONAL MASS SPECTRAL RETRIEVAL SYSTEM AND ITS USE AS AH AID IH STRUCTURE
DETERMIHATION", Heller, S. R., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. ¥t, No. 12, October 1972,
pp 195-1961. *•
An interactive, conversational mass spectral retrieval system consisting
of a collection of computer programs designed to give immediate retrieval of mass
spectral data Is described. The system options include a peak/intensity search, a
molecular weight search, a complete molecular formula search, an imbedded molecular
formula search, and printout of the peaks and intensities of the entire spectrum.
The programs used to generate and search the files, as well as the file structure, are
described. (Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry. Vol. U4, No. 12, October 1972, pp
j 1951-1961. Copyright 1972 by the American Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission
I of the copyright owner.)
jINDEX TERMS: Data storage and retrieval. Design criteria. Automation, Computers,
Computer programs. Control systems, Pollutant Identification, Physical properties,
Mass spectra, Molecular weight, Chemical structure, Molecular structure, Data
acquisition. Data interpretation.
AJGC.605U
"PHOTCELECTROK SPECTRA OF PHOSPHORUS HALIDES, ALKYL PHOSPHITES ADD PHOSPHATES,
ORCAIO-PHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES, AHD RELATED COMPOUBDS", Betterldge, D., Thompson, M.,
Baker, A. D., Kemp, H. R., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. W», So. 12, October 1972,
pp 2007-2010.
The photoelectron spectra of 15 phosphorus-containing compounds including
the pesticides Dlcblorvos, Dlsulfoton, and Butonate, have been subatalned* by W-
photoeleetron spectroscopy. The spectra of the compounds are sufficiently different
to allow qualitative identification based on the molecular orbital theory, the synmietry
of phosphorus and llgand orbitals, and by comparison of the spectra of l*sa complex
molecules such as simple phosphorus halldes. Instrument memory and side reaction
effect* were observed during measurement. Compound involatility and molecular com-
plexity increased the difficulty of investigation.
INDEX TER(6: Pollutant identification, Organophosphorus pesticides, Chemical analysis,
Phosphorus compounds, Halidea, Agricultural chemicals, Phosphates, Ultraviolet
photoelectron spectroscopy, Spectrochemlcal analysis, Dichlorvoe, Disulfoton,
Butonate, Photoelectron spectra, Phosphites.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL MITaOBS
"CURCUKLN METHOD FOP 3PECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF BORON EXTRACTED FROM
RADIOFREQUENCY ASHED ANIMAL TISSUES USING 2-ETHYL-l,3-HEXANEDIOL", Mair, J, W. Jr.,
Day, H. G., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. kk, Ho. 12, October 1972, pp 2015-2017.
Work on the nutritional significance of boron la animals required, the
development of a sensitive and accurate method for Its determination at the subulcrogram
level. The method developed (Curcumin method) requires gentle conbustlon of
tissues In a low temperature radiofrequency axelted oxygen plasma followed by
extraction from a 1 N HC1 solution of the ash using 2-ethyl-l,3-hexanedlol In chloroform
(10 percent v/v). Boron In the organic phase Is converted to the highly absorbing
rosocyanln complex using glacial acetic acid (0.375 percent tf/v) followed by concern*
trated sulfuric acid. The concentrate Is diluted with 95 percent ethanol and subse-
quently analyzed spectrophotometrlcally. Beer's law was obeyed down to 0.002 mlcrogram/
ml, and the method exhibits a total error of about 10 percent over concentrations
ranging between O.OO2 and 0.020 mlcrognun/ml. Data show that 100.3 plus or minus 5.1
percent of the standard Borax added to the unashed tissue samples was recovered. The
use of XE-SU3 boron-specific resin proved to be a convenient, quantitative means for
Concentrating as little as 1 microgram of boron from large volumes of solution.
INDEX TERMS: Spectrophotometry, Boron, Chemical analysis, Resins, Separation
techniques, Pollutant Identification, Methodology, Trace elements, Curcumln
method, Radlofrequency ashing, Animal tissues, Biological materials, Sample
preparation, 2-ethyl-l 3-hexanediol, Sodium tetraborate decahydrate, Borax.
I
AMIC-6057
"REDUCTION OF A MATRIX EFFECT IN SPARK SOURCE MASS SPECTROMETRY USING A SOLUTION DOPI1IO
TECHNIQUE", Guldoboni, R. J., Evans, C. A., Jr., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. IA, Ho. 12,
October 1972, pp 2027-2030.
A sensitive and comprehensive method is developed for the analysis of major.
minor and trace species using spark source mass spectrographlc techniques when a com-
parative standard is not available. The technique employs simple solution doping, which
permits quantitative analysis through the use of synthetic standards. The method was
applied to the analysis of several NBS standards with precision of plus or minus
8-10 percent and average deviations from certified values of plus or minus 10 percent
The technique can be employed for the analysis of a wide variety of materials
including metals, minerals, semiconductors and powders. Easily prepared standards
can be used for the quantitative analysis of aqueous solutions such as might be
encountered In water pollution analysis.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Aqueous solutions, Water pollution, Pollutant
identification. Solution doping, Matrix effect, Spark source mass spectrometry.
AMIC-6056
"MAXIMIZATION OF SENSITIVITIES IN TANTALUM RIBBON FLAMELESS ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROMETRY", Hwang, J. Y., Mokeler, C. J., Ullucci, P. A., Analytical Chemistry, Vol.
UU, No. 12, October 1972, pp 2018-2021.
Four parameters, composition of purge gas, temperature, flow rate of purge
gas, and height of measurement, which affect the sensitivity of atomic absorption
spectrometry were studied with the aim of maximizing performance. An Instrument
Laboratory Inc. Model 253 double beam AA spectrophotometer modified with an atomlzatlon
chamber containing a tantalum ribbon as a heating element was used to analyze aqueous
solutions of 37 metals. Argon, helium, nitrogen and hydrogen were used as purge gases.
Data from the analyses show that detection limits for the metals range from 10 to .0001
ng. It Is concluded that it is Important to optimize the temperature and height of
measurement and the chemical composition, thermal characteristics, and flow rate of the
purge gas to achieve maximum sensitivity in the flameless technique reported. The
technique is easy to use, sensitive, and has good precision (Z-k percent rel etd dev) at
the nanogram level. It will be useful in the analysis of the trace and ultnttrace
elements in biological samples and air partlculate samples since the technique provides
excellent sensitivities and consumes only a few mlcroliters of sample solutions.
Applications of the technique to directly determine Cr, HI, Mn, Be, and Pb In human sera
and blood samples are available.
INDEX TERMS: Heavy metals, Aqueous solutions, Gold, Beryllium, Calcium, Cadmium,
Cobalt, Chromium, Copper, Iron, Mercury, Potassium, Cesium, Magnesium, Manganese,
Lead, Strontium, Titanium, Zinc, Biological samples, Detection limits, Flameless
atomic absorption Spectrophotometry, Blood, Varadiua*. Tto.TUim, Antimony, Barium,
Indium.
AMIC-6058
"EQUILIBRIUM AND KINETIC SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF SULFONEPHTHALEIH DYE MIXTURES
BY THE METHOD OF PROPORTIONAL EQUATIONS", Ellis, 0. L., Mottola, H. A., Analytical
Chemistry, Vol. I*, No. 12, October 1972, PP 2037-20U3.
Equilibrium and kinetic absorptiometric methods based on proportional
equations have been developed and compared for the determination of binary and ternary
mixtures of sulfonephthalein dyes. The kinetic determinations are based on the rather
selective oxidation of sulfonephthalein dyes by periodate ion In basic medium (pH 7 to
10) catalyzed by manganese(II) and the difference In rate of oxidation exhibited by
the Individual dyes. A selective determination of Cresol Red is also Included. The
kinetic determinations compare well with the equilibrium determinations and show an
advantage in the case of an unreactlve absorbing background. (Reprinted from Analytical
Chemistry, Vol. W», No. 12, October 197S, PP 2037-20^3. Copyright 1972 by the American
Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Dyes, Water analysis, Spectrophotometry, Absorption, Phenols, Sample
preparation, Cresola.
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i. PHYSICAL Airo CHEMICAL KSTHOZB
"USE OF THE MICROWAVE-EXCITED EMISSIVE DETECTOR FOR GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY FOR QUANTITATIVE
MEASUREMENT OF INTER-ELEMENT RATIOS", Dagaall, R. M., West, T. 5., Whltehead, P.,
Analytical Chemistry. Vol. Ufc, No. 12, October 1972, pp 201^-207$.
The detector system of a gas chraaa.togFO.ph was nodi fled by the use of a
narrov, water-cooled, three-quarter wave microwave cavity for use In determining
Inter-element ratios. Two apertures on opposite sides of the cavity were used for
monitoring the discharge with a Sectarian DU monochromator fitted with a 960IB
photonultlpller and a low resolution Hilger and Watts aonochrcBBtor fitted with an
R166 solar blind photonultipller. The responses of the two photomultlpllers were
recorded simultaneously. In the investigation of compounds of carbon and chlorine,
Iodine, phosphorus, sulfur, or bromine, one monochromator was set to the emission
wavelength of atomic carbon and the other set for the emission characteristics of the
particular heteroatom. The results showed that the use of the simple expedient of
simultaneously monitoring emission from two atomic lines can be used to determine the
quantitative relationship between the heteroatome and the number of carbon atoms in
the compound. In each instance the measured ratio was found to be independent of
carrier gas. flow rate and concentration. The results obtained from chlorine- and.
bromine-containing compounds can be satisfactorily explained on the basis that the
emitting species are diatomic (CIS and Br2). The ratios of chlorine or bromine
emission to atomic carbon emission were both carrier gas flow rate and concentration
dependent. The analytical utility of this technique is clearly limited by the
sensitivities of the detectors to the elemental emissions monitored and by the relative
interference of other elements at these wavelengths. The use of microwave-excited
atonic emissions for the determination of inter-element ratios Is considered to offer
a valuable aid In the Identification of unknown eluates in gas chronatography.
AMIC-6062
"CALCULATKM OF RETENTION VOUflCS IN GRADIENT ELUTION ADSORPTION CHROMATOGRAPIff , Popl,
M., Dolansky, V., ttosteeky, J., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. kk, So. 12, October 1972,
PP aces-sow.
A sljnple method is presented for calculating the retention volumes of solute
components in the gradient elution of mixtures. This calculation la advantageous
for consideration of the separability of individual components thereby allowing for
adjustment of the gradient course, without experimented, data, to achieve maximum
separation In adsorption elution chromatography. Tne equations of Snyder and his
eo-woriwra *re used as th« basic relationship for the calculation. Experimentally,
nodel mixtures of benzene-naphthalene-anthracene and benzene - biphenyl - para-
terphenyl were used on either neutral or acid alumina with a gradient of n-pentane-
ethyl ether for measured and calculated volumes for the mixture components analyzed.
INDEX TEEMS: Orffinie compounds, Estimating equations, Adsorption, Chemical analysis,
Retention volumes, Mixtures, Gradient elution adsorption chromatography,
Benzene, Naphthalene, Biphenyl, Anthracene, Alumina, Adsorbents, Eluents,
Organic solvents, p-Terphenyl.
AKEC-6061 (Continued)
2/2
INDEX TERMS: Gas chromatography, Organic compounds, Organophosphorus compounds,
Sulfur compounds, Instrumentation, Chlorides, Iodides, Phosphates, Sulfldes,
Bromides, Iodine, Phosphorus compounds, Laboratory equipment, Microwave
emission detectors, Iodine compounds, Bromine compounds, Chromatographs,
Inter-element ratios, Phosphites, Carbon tetrachlorlde, Coloroform, Methyl
Iodine, Dichloromethane, Trlchloroethylene, Tetrachloroetiiylene, Ethyl chloride,
Chlorobenzene, Dichloroethane, Ethyl iodine, n-propyl iodide, Amyliodide,
lodobenzene, Triethylphosphlte, Trlmethylphoephate, Trlmetnylphosphlte,
Trlethylphosphate, Tributylphosphate, rrlphenylphosphate, Carbon disulfide,
Dlmethylaulfoxlde, Thiophen, Dibutylsulflde, Dibutyldlsulfide, Bromofora,
Bromobenzene, Ethyl-2-bromopropionate, Dlbromoethane, n-Amyl bromide, Ethyl
bromide, Propyl bromide.
AMIC-606U
"ISFRARED SPECTROPHOTOKETRIC DETERMI1IATION OF SMAU. AJCUHtS OF LACTIC A8D PYRUVIC
ACIDS", Riva, A., Blsognanl, Analytical Chemistry, Vol. UU, Ho. 12, October 1972,
p 2101.
Due to the problem of detection and quantitative analysis of lactic and
pyruvle acids using the Dollnsky and Wilson IR absorption method, a more suitable
method has been devised based on the IRS (internal Reflection Spectroscopy) technique.
A known quantity of either acid was dissolved In distilled water and a volume of an
ethanolic solution of Amberllte LA.2 was added. The solvents were then distilled
under reduced pressure. With this procedure the spectrum of Amberlite as well as the
spectra of combined Amberlitc and either acid was tested. Quantitative and qualitative
spectra were recorded with a Perkin-Elmer IR spectrophotometer equipped with an ftfLft
unit (Frustrated Hiltiple Internal Reflection). Reproducibillty of the method was
found to be fully satisfactory and the smallest absolute amount detected waa 2.5 mg
of either acid. Sensitivity may be further Improved by reducing the amount of resin
for each initial concentration of acid and employing micro Internal reflection
accessories.
IHDEX TER»6: Organic aclda, Chemical analysis, Aqueous solutions, Organic compounds,
Infrared •peetrophotometry, Lactic acid, Pyrwric acid, Reproduclbillty,
Detection limits, Sensitivity, Amberllte resin, Internal reflection spectroscopy.
U
-------
1. PHYSICAL AJTD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-6065
"SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF URA5IUM(IV} WITH POTASSIUM IRON(III) CYANIDE",
Gayer, K. H., Lifshltz, H. T., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. W», No. 12, October 197S,
pp 210U-2107.
A fast spectrophotcmetrlc procedure which alleviates the need for extraction
has teen developed for the determination of U(IV) In aqueous solution In the presence
of a large excess of uranyl Ion and organic reagents. With this method the aqueous
U(IV) solution Is reacted with the ferric Ion (ferric chloride) In acid medium to
yield the ferrous Ion which Is then reacted with potassium ferrieyanide to produce a
small dark complex. This complex has the characteristics of a bluish solution and Is
subject to reproducible spectrophotcaetrlc absorption of risible light. Solutions of
U(IV) or Fe(ll) concentrations higher than 0.01 mM and 0.1*25 M, respectively, have a
tendency to form an aggregate precipitate rather than the dilute colloidal suspension
needed for accurate spectroscoplc determination. Chemical Interference by the cations
Ca, Mg, and Pb was observed; any species that reduces Fe(lII) under the conditions of
this method will Interfere.
INDEX TERMS: Spectrophotometry, Aqueous solutions, Color reactions, Chemical reactions,
Cations, Organic compounds, Reduction (chemical), Uranium, Potassium ferricyanide,
Chemical Interference, Uranyl, Organic reagents.
AMIC-6068
"DETERMINATION OT SILVEB IS PRECIPITATION DOWN TO 10 TO THE MHIUS 11 POWER M COHCEHTRA"
TICKS BY ION EXCHABOE AND HEUTHON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS", Warburton, J. A., Young, L. G.,
Analytical Chemistry. Vol. Ufc, Mo. 12, October 1978, pp 2C&3-20U5.
Thermal neutron activation analysis has been uaed to determine the
concentration of silver In precipitation. The (n, gamma) reaction for Ag-109 and
Ag-110 was used, the determinations being made by gamma-ray spectrometry using the
2l»-second half-life Ag-110 radlosiotppe. The silver content of precipitation In the
eastern Sierra of the United States was generally in the concentration range of
0.2-0.6 plcomoles. Evidence Indicates that this natural 'background' concentration
of silver increases by about a factor of 10 east to the Rockies. Samples collected in
mountainous areas where silver iodide Is being released for weather modification pur-
poses contained silver In concentrations as much as 0.2-0.6 plccmoles. To effect
detection of silver at these low concentrations, sample enrichment by ion-exchange was
used prior to activation.
INDEX TERMS: Precipitation (ataospherlc), Ion exchange, Neutron activation analysis,
Water analysis, Chemical analysis, Stable isotopes, Silver Iodide, Chemical
reactions, Water pollution, Pollutant identification, Snow, Radioactivity
techniques, Silver, Gamma ray spectrometry. Detection limits, Silver radlolsotopea.,
Radioactive decay.
AMIC-6067
"A SIMPLIFIED SEPARATION OF STRONTIUM, RADIUM, AHD LEAD FROM ENVIROHMSMTAL MEDIA BY
PRECIPITATION FOLLOWED BY FRACTIONAL ELUTION", Gregory, L. P., Analytical Chemistry,
Vol. UU, No. 12, October 1972, pp 2213-2215.
Successful separations of strontium, radium, and lead from biological and
environmental samples have been achieved with nitric acid at about the strength of the
common laboratory reagent, 16 H (70 percent w/w). A report Is given of how the diffi-
culties Inherent In multiple separations using fuming nitric acid and in the alternative
ion exchange methods have been overcame by a simple and reliable two-stag* procedure.
In the first stage, the insoluble alkaline earth carbonate or phosphate precipitate Is
separated from the sample and dried. A single treatment using laboratory reagent 70
percent HN03 reduces the calcium content to about the same amount as the added strontium
carrier. In the second stage, the resulting dilute solution of calcium, strontium, and
impurities is sorbed on a small column of cation exchange resin. Fractional elution of
the strontium using ammonium lactate solution at room temperature gives radio-chemically
pure strontium in high yield. A logical development of this method Is the procedure for
determining the three long-lived bone-seeking radlonuclldes, Pb-210 (t sub 1/2 22 yr),
Sr-90 (t sub 1/2 28 yr), and Ra-226 (t sub 1/2 1600 yr) in the one sample of bone ash.
Advantage is taken of the insolubility of lead, radium, and barium (used to carry the
radium) in 70 percent HN03. The nitric acid separation thus becomes a preparatory step
for the sequential separation of these radlonuclldes from the same column by fractional
elution using ammonium acetate, anmonium lactate, and alknUnn EDTA eluente, respectively
INDEX TERMS: Chemical precipitation, Separation techniques, Strontium, Lead, Heavy
metals, Water analysis, Soil analysis, Foods, Chemical analysis. Radioactivity
techniques. Environmental samples, Biological materials, Radium, Chemical recovery,
Sample preparation..
AMIC-6069
"KINETIC BEHAVIOR OF ENZYMES IMMOBILIZED IN ARTIFICIAL MEMBRANES", Blaedel, W. J.,
Kissel, T. R., Boguslaskl, R. C., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. Wt, No. 12, October 1972,
pp 2030-2037.
Steady state flux and distribution equations are presented to show how
enzymes fixed In gels may be used for analysis or for the study of Imnobllized enzyme
kinetics. Experimental support of the equations has been obtained with urease in three
systems: a membrane-covered sensor, a membrane separating two solutions, and a
membrane Immersed in a solution. The relative merits of the three systems for analysis
and for the determination of rate constants for the immobilized enzyme are examined.
It has been shown in the past that one use of Immobilized enzymes In analytical devices
Is for assaying organophosphorus Insecticides through their inhibition of the hydrolysis
of a fluorogenlc ester with chlorinesterase Imnobllized in a starch gel.
INDEX TEEMS: Membrane processes, Enzymes, Organophosphorus pesticides, Assay, Kinetics,
Sample preparation.
12
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1. pmSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-6070
"ULTRATRACE LEVEL DETECTION OF MERCURY BY AN X-RAY EXCITED OPTICAL FLUORESCENCE
TECHNIQUE", D'Sllva, A. P., Fassel, V. A., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. Wt> Ho. 12,
October 1972, pp 2115-2116.
A new technique is reported which has the capability of quantitatively
determining Hg at nanogram {ppb) levels. Observations made in earlier experiments
concerning the behavior of the Hg spectrum under X-ray excitation and In an argon-
nitrogen gas mixture were used in developing this technique. A Hg vapor generation
system similar to that used in atomic absorption analysis was continuously flushed by
an Ar-1 percent N2 gas mixture. The Hg vapor released into this gaa was fed to a 2-mn
l.d. quartz tube placed in a Pb-shlelded enclosure. The wide open end of the discharge
tube at the top waa sealed with a fylar film to facilitate X-ray Irradiation of the
gases. A tungsten target X-ray tube (CEG-50, Machlett Laboratories, Sprtngdale,
Connecticut) operated at varying power levels was used in these experiments. A 5-cm
length of the 2-mm l.d. discharge tube was focused on the slit of a 0.25-oeter Jarrel-
Aah grating spectrometer. The spectral features were recorded using Instrumentation
already described. The fluorescent signals obtained from 3 different 10-ppb level
(10 ng/ml) experiments Indicate that the method is reproducible. The detection limit
of this technique is expected to be at the fractional ppb level since a number of
experimental variables remain to be optimized.
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, X-ray fluorescence, Irradiation, Methodology, Heavy metals,
Optical fluorescence, Environmental samples, Optical spectra, Detection limits,
Reproducibility.
"DELTA COD GET HOD OVER BOD TEST", Gaudy, A. F., Jr., Gaudy, E. T., Industrial Water
Engineering, Vol. 9, Ho. 5, August/September 1972, pp 30-38.
Delta COD represents the moat straightforward measurement of the amount
of organic matter available In a biological treatment facility. The BOD test estimates
what delta COD actually measures. Moreover, alnce ultimate BOD can only approach
delta CQD as an upper limit, the latter parameter gives a more conservative estimate of
the ultimate biochemical oxygen demand of a waste sample. The determination of delta
COD is a meaaurenmt of only that portion of the COD of the waste which is available as
biological substrate for acclimated microorganisms (or which may be otherwise removed
due to the presence of the blomass, e.g., the small amount of colloidal COD which
could be adsorbed on the cell surfaces). Th« residual COD, if sufficient aeration
time has been allowed, Is composed of material not utllizable by a microbial population.
Thus one can employ delta COD to assess the amount of biochemical oxygen-demanding
organic matter present, regardless of the presence of some non-biodegradable COD In the
waste. The use of delta COD as the primary operational parameter In biological
treatment should do much to enhance Intelligent and careful daily control of the pro-
cess, since Information on plant efficiency is available Immediately rather than 5 days
later as it would be If BOD sub 5 Is used. The COD test run on the effluent does not
distinguish between metabolizable and non-jnetabolizable organic matter remaining In the
effluent, and it Is therefore absolutely necessary that frequent checks on the metab*» •
lizable or&ukic content of the effluent be made.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical oxygen demand. Biochemical oxygen demand, Organic matter. Aerobic
treatment. Biological treatment. Activated sludge, Aerobic conditions, Pollutant
identification. Water purification, Microbial degradation, Water pollution sourcesj
Sewage effluents. Metabolism. Substrate removal. Substrate utilization. 1
f~.rt _|
AMIC-6071
"INTERFERENCE BY COPPER(II) IN DETERMINATION OF MOLYBDENUM( VI) USING TOLUENE-3,4-DITH
DITHIOL", MUham, P. J., Maksvytis, A., Barkus, B., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. M*,
No. 12, October 1972, pp 2102-210U.
An experiment was conducted to examine the effect of copper, in the absence
of masking agents, on the determination of molybdenum using dithlol. Individual and
combined effects caused by variations in the concentration of Cu, Mo, and HC1 were
separated. The ratios of Cu to Mo cover the range moat often encountered during
analysis of biological and mineral materials. One hundred sixty-eight unique
combinations of Cu, Mo, HC1 were prepared in duplicate; each solution was mixed with
dithlol and allowed to stand, with occasional shaking, at 20 plus or minus 5 C, for an
hour. Reagent grade isoamyl acetate was added, the mixture shaken, and the liquid
phases separated by centrifugatlon. Mo was spectrophotometrically determined in the
isoamyl extract and Cu In the filtered aqueous phase using atomic absorption
spectrophotometry. The precipitate was digested to dryness with HND3 and HC10U and
the residue dissolved In dilute HC1. The resulting solution was analyzed for molybdenum
and copper. Copper(ll) reduces the amount of extractable MoD3 only if copper dlthlolate
is precipitated. The resulting loss of molybdenum waa analytically significant for Cu
to Mo ratios (w/w) as small as 1/1 in 0.5-5 M HC1. Higher acid concentrations increase
the copper tolerance and with 10 M HC1 the interference was negligible at the highest
Cu-to-Mo ratio tested (UOO/1).
INDEX TERMS: Copper, Molybdenum, Chemical analysis, Heavy metals, Pollutant identifi-
cation, Cations, Aqueous solutions, Methodology, Spectrophotometry, Solvent
extractions, Toluene-3 U-dlthlol, Chemical interference, Biological materials,
Sample preparation, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
-—
AMXC-6085
"HOTE OK THE FLAMELESS ATOMIC ABSORPTION RESPONSE OF MERCURY WITHOUT ADDED REDUCING
AGEHT", Gutemaann, W. H., Llsk, D. J., Grier, N., Bulletin of Environmental
Contamination amd Toxicology, Vol. 8, No. 3, September 1972, pp 13«-139-
Results are reported on the analysis of mercury In a 1 N sulfuric acid solu-
tion by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry without the addition of stannoue
chloride as a reducing agent. It was observed that a positive AA response to mercury
waa obtained although It was of somewhat lover magnitude than when stannous chloride was
added. Mercury response with this method required a sulfuric acid concentration of 0.1
to 6 N. A somewhat similar but lover mercury response was also noted when phosphoric
acid was substituted for sulfuric. However, response was more erratic with phosphoric
acid. When no reducing agent was ua«d, a longer aeration time was required. The
mechanism for this observation is discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, Reduction (chemical), Heavy metals, Chemical reactions,
Flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Sample preparation. Atomic
absorption spectrophotometry.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHBCtCAL METHODS
AKCC-6067
"W IRRADIATION OF ARCCLOR 1254", Herring, J. L., Hannan, E. J., Bills, B. B.,
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Vol. 8, No. 3, September 1972,
Solutions of Aroolor 125k in acetone were diluted with distilled water,
hexane, and benzene and Irradiated with an UV light and sunlight to study the breakdown
mechanism of PCB's. Benzene and hexane samples were concentrated with a rotary
evaporator. Water samples were extracted with hexane In a separatory funnel. A ga*
chromatograph with a tritium electron capture detector was used to follow the degrada-
tion of the first 10 peaks which represent tetra-, penta-, and hexaohloroblphenyls.
In general, the PCB's degraded fastest In hexane, then water, and slowest In benzene.
Some peaks Increased In size suggesting that more highly chlorinated PCB's were
dechlorlnated to form PCB's with lower molecular weights and shorter retention times.
Results with sunlight and the UV lamp agreed fairly veil. Differences la degradation
rates with different solvents are discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Degradation (decomposition), Polychlorlnated blphenyls. Gas chromatog
raphy, Water analysis, Ultraviolet radiation, Sample preparation, Aroclor
Electron capture gas chromatography. Chlorinated hydrocarbons, Fate of
pollutants.
AMIC-6091
"MEHCUrar LEVELS DT MUSCLE TISSUES OP PRESERVED MUSEUM FISH", Evans, R. J., Bailfl, J. B.,
D'ltrl, F. M., Enrlronmantal Science and Technology. Vol. 6, Ho. 10, October 1972,
pp 901-905.
nameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to establish the
total mercury levels In 57 preserved fish specimens of various species collected in
the Lake St. Cialr-tfestera take Erie region of the Great Lakes between the years of
1920-65. Only five fish were found to contain mercury levels in excess of 0.5 ppm-
three large muskellunge collected ia lake St. Clair in 1939 (2.38, 1.57, and 1.5§ ppm)
and two adult sea lampreys collected In the Clinton River tributary to Lake St. Clair
in 1938 (0.90 and 1.29 ppm). A trend was established relating the mercury content of
selected categories of fishes with the year and location of collection for the fish
specimens. The 1970-71 mercury levels in fish from the two study areas were found to
average more than those preserved museum specimens in the same categories taken from
the same area.
TERMS: Fish, Mercury, Absorption, Lake Erie, Lake St. Clair, Freshwater fish,
Biological samples, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Museum specimens,
Sample preparation.
AMIC-6089
"COHFIRMATION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUE IDENTITy, PART III. EERIVATIVE FORMATION IH SOLID
MATRIX FOR THE CONFIRMATION OF EKDRIN BY GAS CHROMATOCRAFH", ChaU, A. S. Y., Bulletin
of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Vol. 8, No. §, September 1972,
pp 169-176.
A simplified method employing a solid matrix for analysis of pesticides has
been extended to the confirmation of endrln. The method involves a chemical derivation-
gas chromatographic technique. The solid matrix consists of an alumtm/aulfuric acid
mixture. Extraction and clean-up procedures were described in Part I of the paper.
Acid-catalyzed isomerlzation of endrin in solid matrix is accomplished by adding the
sample to a pipette containing sodium eulfate, letting It stand, eluting with benzene,
and collecting the eluate In a Kontes concentrator tube for analysis. Application of
the method to water, fish, and mud extracts has been routinely used In the author's
laboratory. As little as 1 ng of endrln in a cleanup sample can be confirmed with the
method.
INDEX TEFMS: Water analysis, Endrln, Mud, Gas chrcwatography, Fish, Pollutant
Identification, Separation techniques, Methodology, Chlorli»ted hydrocarbon
pesticides, Pesticide residues. Sample preparation, Cleanup, Biological samples,
Chromatograms, Detection limits, Iscuerizatlon, Chemical interference.
AMXC-6098
"SEPARATION OF OIL DISPERSIONS FROM WATER BY FIBROUS BED COALESCEflCE", Langdon, W. M.,
Nalk, P. P., Wasan, D. T., Environmental Science and Technology. Vol. 6, Ho. 10, October
1972, pp 905-910.
A 1 so. ft coalescer unit using commercially available phenol formaldehyde-
coated glass fibers of 3.2 micron diam has been designed for removing a trace quantity
of dispersed oil from water. It was tested on both a synthetic stream and on an actual
industrial effluent stream. The Influent stream contained 85-100 ppm by volume
of oil, and the effluent contained an average of 1 ppm by volume of oil. Thus oil
removal efficiency of essentially 100 percent was obtained at a superficial velocity
of 1 ft/mln. The Influent and effluent oil concentrations were measured by both light
transmission and light reflectance apparatus. The pressure drop increased frco 2 to 25
pel over run times which varied from IV to 305 hr, owing mainly to accumulation of oil
In the bed. Consequently, the removal efficiencies were obtained under unsteady-state
conditions. The present design is suitable for large-scale operation by the use of both
multiple cells and larger individual cells.
INDEX TERMS: Oil, Separation techniques, Effluent streams, Coalescence, Removal,
Kerosene.
-------
1. PHY3ICAI tlTT) I-H1MTPAT MTTHDCS
AMIC-6093
"FATE OF DDT IB SEVERN ESTUARY SEDTMEHTE", Albone, E. S., Egllnton, G., Evans, H. C.,
Hunter, J. M., Rhead, M. M., Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 6, Ho. 10,
October 1972, pp 91U-919.
The functions of eetuarine sediments as pollutant sink and aa pollutant bank
are assessed In relation to the fate of DDT In the environment. Carbon-lU labeled
p,p'-DDT was exposed to estuarlne mud In situ and In the laboratory and to anaerobic
sewage sludge. After Incubation, samples were extracted and analyzed by scintillation
counts, electron capture gas chromatography, thin-layer chronatography, gc-oass
spectrometry, and autoradiography or radloscannlng to determine ratios of DDT to DDD.
The determinations show that p,p'-DDT was degraded more slowly when Incorporated In
3itu In Severn estuary sediments than when Incubated in sediment samples maintained
under hydrogen In the laboratory. These transformations are compared with the more
extensive degradation of DDT on Incubation In anaerobic sewage sludge. In all Incuba-
tions, metabolites Included p,p'-DDD. The wider application of the techniques
developed Is discussed.
INDEX TERMS: DDT, Blodegradatlon, Sediments, Activated sludge, DDD, Radioactivity
techniques. Gas chromatography, Degradation (decomposition), Estuaries, Sewage
bacteria, Tracers, Incubation, Separation techniques. Water pollution effects,
Sewage treatment. Sample preparation, Fate of pollutants, p p' DDT, p p1 DDD,
C-lk, Electron capture gas chromatography, Mass spectrometry. Thin layer
chromatography, Radloscannlng, Autoradlography, Metabolites.
AJOC-6095
"HEHVE QAS-ISOPHOPYL MEmLPHOSPHCWOFLUORIDATE (08) -DECOMPOSITION ABD HYDROSTATIC
PFESSOTE OH THE OCEAH FUOOR", Adams, W. A., Environmental Science and Technology.
Vol. 6, Ho. 10, October 1972, p 926. " ""•
Previous calculations of the rate of decomposition of nerve gas disposed In
the oceans have not considered the effects of increases In hydrostatic pressure. The
authors shov that the half-life of hydrolysis of Isopropyl methylphosphonofluorldate
(06) Increases by approximately 25 percent at a depth of I»OOO meters and 69 percent at
10,000 meters. Consequently, It la Important to consider these effects with respect
to disposal of toxic substances, Including radioactive materials, in the sea or in
deep wells since their fate Is dependent on the high pressures In the environment.
IBEEX TEIMSs High pressure. Degradation (decomposition), Radioactive wastes,
Injection wells, Radioactive waste disposal, Oceans, Waste disposal wells,
Waste disposal. Water pollution effects, Isopropyl methylphosphonofluorldate,
Nerve gas.
AMIC-609U
"EFFECT OF DISSOLVED SALTS ON HATER SOLUBILITY OF LINDAHE", Masterton, W. L., Lee, T. P.,
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 6, So. 10, October 1972, PP 919-921.
Since it Is sometimes necessary to estimate equilibrium concentrations of
pesticides in marine and brackish waters, tests were conducted using lindnne to deter-
mine the effects of salt concentration on pesticide solubilities. Fourteen different
l!l salts at four concentrations were added to solutions of ehlordane, analysed by elec-
tron capture gas chromatography, and the results compared with those from control
samples. In 10 cases, salting out was observed; the greatest decrease in solubility was
found with the alkali fluorides, KF and NaF. The four electrolytes that salt in llndane
(Hal, KI, (CH3)UHC1, (CSH5)'»HCl) are ones containing large ions. The order of the
Setschenow parameters calculated from solubility data for lindnne parallels that for
benzene. Except for the fluorides, the extent of salting out Is less for llndane
than for benzene.
INDEX TERMS: Solubility, Sea water, Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides, Brackish
water, Salts, Water analysis, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Halidee,
Electron capture gas chromatography, Lindane, Potassium fluoride, Sodium
fluoride. Sodium chloride, Potassium chloride. Lithium chloride, Sodium bromide.
Rubidium chloride, Cesium chloride, Ammonium chloride, Potassium bromide,
Sodium iodide, Potassium iodide, Tetramethyl ammonium chloride, Tetraethyl
ammonium chloride.
15
AMIC-6098
"A SURVEY OF THE TOTAL CADMIUM CONTEST OF l»06 FISH FROM 1*9 HEW YORK STATE FRESH
WAIERS", Lovett, R. J., Outenmann, W. H., Palckala, I. S., Youngs, W. D., Llsk, D. J.,
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 29, Ho. 9, September 1972,
pp 1283-1290.
Fish from Hew York State fresh waters were surveyed for total cadmium.
Ten gram samples were dry ashed at W35 C using the procedure of Bandemer and Evans,
but without the addition of magnesium nitrate. The ash was then dissolved In 0.8 N
HC1 and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry using a tantalum boat
accessory. The majority of samples contained 20 ppb or below. The remainder showed
concentrations up to 100 ppb with only few above this concentration. Fishes from
central Hew York waters rarely contained cadmium greater than 20 ppb. Fish from
Adirondack waters contained cadmium above 20 ppb most consistently. These higher
concentrations may be related to generally higher background cadmium levels in this
Adirondack area where many metallic ore deposits are located with which cadmium is
typically associated. Cadmium accumulation only occasionally appeared species-
dependent. Ho relation was obvious between total residues of the metal and size
or sex of fish or age of lake trout. The cadmium concentrations observed are compara-
ble to those commonly present in many other foods.
•IMEX TERMSt Heavy metals, Pollutant Identification, Hew York, Cadmium, Freshwater
fish. Chemical analysis, Trace elements, Sport fish, Separation techniques,
Commercial fish, Pan fish, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Ashing, Sample
preparation, Biological magnification, Bioaccumulatlon.
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1.
PHYSTGAI 4KD QQBHCJLL METHODS
"BUNKER C OIL IN SEDIMENTS AHD BENTHIC ANIMALS FROM SHALLOW DEPTHS IK CHEDABUCTO BAT,
N.S.", Searratt, D. J., Zltko, V., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
Vol. 29, No. 9, September 1972, pp 13*7-1350.
A survey is presented of the distribution and pcasible effects of Bunker C
fuel oil on sublittoral biota In Chedabucto Bay 26 months after the wreck of the
tanker 'Arrow'. Sediment samples were collected and the concentration of Bunker C oil
determined by U.V. spectrophotometry, while the oil content of whole animals or separate
organs was determined by standard techniques. Soft sediments showed considerable
fluctuations In Bunker C oil content but little evidence of diminution of Bunker C
concentration following the wreck. Coarse sediment Maples and most benthic speeles
showed maximum oil concentrations about 1 year after the wreck and some reduction since
then. Herbivorous or browsing species had higher oil content than carnivorous or
omnivorous species. There la evidence from fluorescence emission spectra that some
carnivorous or omnivorous species are able to assimilate and partly metabolize Bunker C
oil, but no evidence that Bunker C or Its fluorescent derivatives and fraction* were
being concentrated In higher parts of the food chain.
INDEX TERMS* Benthic fauna, Sediments, Oil spills, Shallow water, Path of pollutants,
Soil analysis, Oil pollution, Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores, Metabolism,
Chemical analysis, Food chains, Bottom sampling. Crabs, Mussels, Lobsters, Water
pollution effects, Bloassay, Aquatic soils. Absorption, Bunker C oil, Starfish,
Sea urchins, Periwinkles, Fuel oil, Assimilation, Ifccroinvertebrates, Biological
magnification.
"FIHGERPRINTINQ OIL SLICKS", Water and Pollution Control, Vol. 110, No. 9, September
1972, pp 31-36.
Computer analysis of the fluorescence of oil under ultraviolet light has
provided a 'fingerprinting' technique for rapid identification of oils In an oil slick.
five different types of crude oil, Including Kuwait, North African, Middle Eastern
and Venezuelan, have been identified based on markedly different fluorescence patterns.
Detection at levels as low as one ppb of oil In sea water has been accomplished. The
use of a xenon Instead of mercury lamp has Increased accuracy of identification by
production of up to 20 different wavelengths of light for examination.
INEBX TERMS: Pollutant Identification, Oil spills, Computers, Oil pollution,
Ultraviolet radiation, Chemical analysis, Crude oil. Fingerprinting,
Fluorescence spectra, Oil characterisation, Fluorescence spectrophotometry,
Data Interpretation.
"POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL RESIDUES! ACCUMULATE* IN CAYUOA LAKE THDOT WITH AOE".
Bache, C. A., oerum, J. W., Youngs, H. D., Lisk, D, J., Science. Vol. 177, No. 1055,
September 29, 1972, pp 1191-1192.
rrout were taken from Cayhuga Lake, Ithaca, New York In October, 1970 and
analyzed for the presence of PCB's. The fish were mechanically chopped, ground,
and thoroughly mixed without evisceration and samples were dried and extracted with
hexane for 3 hr. The extracts were concentrated and the PCB's separated from DDT
residues and other constituents using aulfurie icid partitioning and column chromatog
raphy on silica gel. Analysis was made by electron capture gas cnrcnatography) the
concentration was estimated by the method of Rlsebrough in which the response of «ch
PCB isomer Is taken as equal to that of the corresponding weight of p,p -DDE. Combined
gas ehromatography-oBSS spectrometry was used to verify the presence of various PCB
Isomers In a 12-yr old lake trout. The method described above was sensitive to about
0.25 ppm of PCB's. PCB concentration was shown to progressively Increase with maturity,
That there exists a relationship between fish age and PCB concentrations was highly
significant.
INDEX TEHMS: Polychlorlnated blphenyls, Lake trout, Growth stages, HS.SS spectrometry,
Pollutant Identification, Separation techniques, Solvent extractions, Gas
chromatography, Freshwater fish, Water pollution effects, Cold-water fish,
Bioaccumulation, Cayuga Lake, Electron capture gas chromatography, Chlorinated
hydrocarbons, Column chrcuatography, Biological magnification, Sample preparation,
Sensitivity, Detection limits, p p' DDE, Mass spectra.
16
AMIC-6127
"NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF MERCURY IN FISH, FLOUR, AND STANDARD REFERENCE ORCHARD
LEAVES BY ELECTRODEPOSITION RADICCHEMISTRY", Heltzman, M. W., Simpson, R. E., Journal
of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 55, No. 5, September 1972,
pp 960-965. |
A method for neutron activation analysis of mercury is described In which :
electrodeposltion la used to Isolate the mercury carrier In the recovery step. Although
the recovery of mercury carrier Is variable, the results yielded by this technique are
comparable to those obtained using sulfide precipitation In neutron activation analysis.
The method was also compared to gp.a chromatography and atomic absorption techniques and
similar results were obtained. No interferences were evident in the samples analyzed:
fish, flour, and standard orchard leaves. The method can detect ppb levels of mercury.
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, Neutron activation analysis, Hadlochemical analysis, Freshwater
fish, Chemical analysis, Electrolysis, Methodology, Radioactivity techniques,
Pollutant identification, Electrodeposltion, Chemical recovery, Orchard leaves,
Biological materials, Flour, Chemical Interference, Detection limits, Sample
preparation.
-------
1. mSICAL AID CHEMICAL METROES
AMIC-61UO
"CAMPESTEROL AND BETA-SITOSTEROL CONTENT OF SOME VEGETABLE OHS", Thorpe, C. W.,
Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 55, No. 5, September
197^, PP 1085-1087.
A digestion precipitation technique, coupled with conversion of the dlgi-
tonldes to the sterol acetates for gas liquid chromatography, was used to determine the
free and total campesterol and beta-sitosterol content of U8 samples of erode and
refined corn, cottonseed, soybean and peanut oils. The results show that the ratio of
beta-sitoaterol to campesterol may be used to identify an Individual oil and tend to
confirm that sterols are lost during refining of the crude oils. It is recommended
that the official method, 28.o8l-28.o88, modified for the analysis of caapesterol and
beta-sitosterol be collaboratlvely studied.
INDEX TERMS: Pollutant Identification, Chemical precipitation, Oil seed crops.
Soybeans, Peanuts, Organic compounds, Separation techniques. Corn (field),
Sterols, Vegetable oils, Gas liquid chrcmatography, Campesterol, Beta-
sltosterol, Corn oil, Cottonseed oil, Dlgltonln, Chemical composition.
"nENTIFICATIOir OF POLYCHLOBOBiraENYLS BY HIGH RESOLUTION PROTOH MAGNETIC RESONANCE",
Bartle, K. D., Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Vol. 55,
Ho. 5, September 1972, pp 1101-1103.
Mass spectrometry allows the number of chlorine atoms per polydBlorobiphenyl
molecule to be determined but not the positions of substitution. A method of identi-
fying PCB components from high resolution proton magnetic resonance spectra is
Illustrated by application to 2,5,2',5'-tetrachloro- and a.S.^a'jU'jS'-hexachloro-
blphenyls separated by gas chromatography from a commercial PCB mixture.
INDEX TERMS: Polychlorlnated biphenyls, Pollutant identification, Mass spectrometry,
Methodology, Separation techniques, Proton magnetic resonance, Mass spectra,
2 3 I* 2' I*1 S'-hexachlorobiphenyl, Chlorinated hydrocarbons, PMR spectra, Gas
liquid chromatography, 252' 5'-tetraehloroblphenyl. Mixtures, Electron
capture gas chrcmatography.
AMK-6HU
"STUDY OF THE SILICIC ACID PROCEDURE OF ARMOUR ADD BURKE FOR THE SEPARATION OF
POLYCHLORINATED BIFHENY.LS FROM DDT AM) ITS ANALOGS", Masumoto, H. T., Journal of the
Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 55, No. 5, September 1972,
pp 1092-1100.
The silicic acid procedure of Artnour and Burke for the separation of
polychlorinated biphenyls from DDT and its analogs produces an adequate separation
of Aroclor 1260. However, the procedure cannot completely separate p,p'-DDE from
Aroclors 1221, 1232, 12^2, and 125U. Factors causing variable column properties such
as room humidity, silicic acid activation and deactivation, and column preparation were
examined. The 7 hr mlnumum period for silicic acid activation was found to be Inade-
quate for reproducible water-silicic acid preparations. A 2U hr minimum period is
suggested. The use of Celite in column preparation often results in improperly prepared
columns and should be eliminated. Nonreproducible columns might also be due to a
heterogeneous water-silicic acid adsorbent which la a result of an Irregular distribu-
tion of water molecules onto the silicic acid particles.
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Polychlorin&ted biphenyls, DDT, Aqueous solutions,
Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, DDE, Chemical analysis, Silica, Inorganic
compounds, Gas chronatography, Pollutant identification, Msthodology, Metabolites,
Silicic acid procedure, p p' DDE, Aroclor 1221, Aroclor 1232, Aroclor 121*2,
Aroclor 125U, Aroclor 1260, Adsorbents, Chemical interference, Column preparation,
Reproduclbility, Isomers.
"QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF CADMIUM IN WATER-SOLUBLE COLOR ADDITIVES BY ATOMIC
ABSORPTION SFECTROSCOPY", Moten, L., Journal of the Association of Official Analytical
Chemists, Vol. 55, Ho. 5, September 1972, pp IW-lW.
A quantitative method Is presented for the determination of cadmium at low
levels (5-20 ppm) in water-soluble color additives by atomic absorption spectroseopy.
Absorption measurements were made on aqueous solutions of typical cclor additives to
which known amounts of cadmium had been added. These measurements were made in order
to determine (1) the reproduciblllty of the absorption measurements of cadmium in
aqueous solutions of color additives; (2) the effects of variations in pure dye
contents on absorption measurements (samples of color additives submitted for
certification vary in pure dye content from 85 to 97 percent); (3) the effects of
sodium chloride on sodium sulfate on absorption signals during cadmium measurements.
The method requires no pretreatment of sample and should be applicable to all
water-soluble color additives.
INDEX TEBMS: Cadmium, Aqueous solutions, Pollutant identification, Heavy metals,
Methodology, Solubility, Sodium chloride, Sodium sulfate, Dye concentrations,
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Color additives, Detection limits,
Fluoresceln, TrlphenyLnethane, Azo dyes, Absorbance, Chemical interference,
Reproduciblllty,
Sea also:
Category 2, AMIC-5899, 59*5, 6013, 6029, 6oWt, 6110
Category >*, AMIC-6<*9, 6060, 6063, 6138
Category 5, AMIC-5950, 6003.
17
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Z. BtOLQOTCAl. METHODS
AMIC-3259
"A GRAPHIC COMPUTATION PROCEDURE FOR KENDALL'S TAU SUITED TO EXTENSIVE SPECIES-DENSIT*
COMPARISONS", Client, A. V., The American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 87, No. 2, April
1972, pp U59-V71.
A rapid computation for Kendall's tau IB presented ID the context of a
species-density comparison Involving 53 'bird species (with extensive tied frequencies)
in two spruce-fir communities. Paired ranks are plotted in the manner of a con-
ventional correlation diagram, with the Q score obtained as the sum of points below and
to the right of each point. Cumulative species frequencies, entered retrogresslvely
along the abscissa, permit (P plus Q) scores to be obtained after subtracting tied
values appearing to the right of each point at the same height. The S score Is then
obtained as the summtlon of P plus Q minus 2 times the summation of Q. A simplified
ranking procedure is Incorporated, which serves mainly to reduce the graph to Its
minimi size since, In fact, the method works equally well when the raw frequencies
are plotted directly. This method extends the range of feasible noncomputer tau
computation to comparisons of 100 or more paired ranks.
INDEX TERMS: Population, Correlation analysis. Statistical methods, Data
interpretation, Kendall's tau.
AMIC-3263
"THE CONTRIBUTION OF LEPTODORA AMD OTHER ZOOPLANKTON TO THE DIET OF VARIOUS FISH",
Costa, R. R., Cummins, K. W., The American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 87, Ho. 2, April
1972, pp 559-56U.
The gut contents of various fish were examined to determine what effect
fish had upon the removal of Leptodora klndtll (Kocke) and other zooplankton species of
Sanctuary Lake, Crawford Co., Pa.Pish caught at any time, but particularly those col-
lected during regular zooplankton tows, were examined. They were identified, measured
and their gut contents removed and stained in Congo Red. The entire contents were
identified, and particular attention was given to the zooplankton component, especially
the fluid-feeding predator, Leptodora kindtli (Focke). A total count of each identifi-
able species was made and its percentage composition determined. The relative quantity
of an item present in the gut was then compared to the relative quantity of that same
item in the food complex. In this manner an index of selectivity (ivlev's (1961) Index)
was determined.
INDEX TERMS: Fish, Food habits, Food chains, Fish food organisms, Zooplankton,
Population, Rotifers, Waterfleas, Copepods, Crustaceans, Leptodora kindtii.
"AM ESTIMATE OF PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY IN A PENNSYLVANIA TROUT STREAM USING A DIURNAL
OHCEH CURVE TBCHHIOUE", McDlffett, W. 7., Carr, A. E., Young, D. L., the American
Midland Naturalist. Vol. 87, No. 2, April 1972, pp 56U-570.
Primary productivity and community respiration were determined for a
relatively unpolluted trout stream In Pennsylvania by using an upstream-dovnstream
diurnal oxygen curve technique. Two diurnal oxygen curves were constructed from
analyses of water samples collected on different days at 2-hour Intervals In the day
and at 3-hour Intervals at night. Water temperatures were also recorded at the sampl-
ing times. From the data obtained, the rate of change of oxygen (X) between stations
and diffusion rate (D) were calculated. Since the rate of change of dissolved oxygen
at night can be attributed only to community respiration (R) and diffusion, an estimate
of respiration within the reach was obtained by subtracting nighttime values of dif-
fusion from the observed rates of change. Gross primary productivity was then
estimated using the equation P equal to X minus D plus R. Values of U.92 and
6.38 g oxygen/sq. m/day were obtained. Community respiration was 2.30 and 2.02 g
oxygen/sq m/day for the same days. These values are compared with community metabolism
data from other streams.
INDEX TERMS: Primary productivity, Respiration, Analytical techniques, Diurnal,
Streams, Diffusion, Photosynthesis, Dissolved oxygen, Water analysis,
Pennsylvania, Data interpretation.
AMTC-3321
"EFFECTS OF ACCLIMATION AND ACUTE TEMPERATURE EXPERIENCE ON THE SWIMMING SPEED OF
JUVENILE COHO SALMON", Griffiths, J. S., Alderdice, D. F., Journal of the Fisheries
Research Board of Canada, Vol. 29, No. 3, March 1972, pp 251-26U.
Juvenile coho salmon were studied to determine the effects of acclimation
and acute temperature experience on swimming speed. Swimming performance of Juvenile
coho salmon (OncornyBchus kisutch), 7.5-9.5 cm in total length, was investigated in a
stamina tunnel, generally at 3 C intervals of temperature over the range of thermal
tolerance. Optimum (ultimate maximum) performance (5.8 lengths/sec) occurred at a
combination of acclimation and test temperatures neflr 20 C. A declining ridge of
sub-optimum performance (test temperature ridge) was found at acclimation temperatures
below 20 Cj maximum performance at each acclimation temperature level was found on the
ridge at test temperatures higher than those of acclimation. Conversely, maximum
performance at given test temperatures occurred on a second ridge (acclimation
temperature ridge) at acclimation temperatures near thoae of testing. There was an
apparent shift in location of the acclimation temperature ridge, indicative of seasonal i
performance compensation and Improved capacity to perform at low acclimation
temperatures during the winter period. At test temperatures below 5 C, maximum
performance occurred at acclimation temperatures of about 6-8 C. Lowest performance
within the zone of thermal tolerance was associated with acclimation and test
temperatures of 2 C.
INDEX TERMS: Swimming, Velocity, Adaptation, Water temperature, Water pollution effects,
Mortality, Juvenile growth stage, Smolt, Thermal stress, Acclimlzatlon,
Oncorhynchus kisutch, Thermal tolerance, Coho salmon.
18
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Z. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-3626
"NOTES ON A MANGROVE LAGOON AHD MAHOHOVE CHANHELS AT LA PAHOUERA, PUERTO RICO",
Almodovar, L. R., Pagan, F. A., Nora Hedwigla. Vol. 21, No. 1, 1971, PP 8M-253.
The high salinity lagoon and mangrove swamp areas near La Parguera, Puerto
Rico were studied to elucidate some aspects of the biology, distribution, ecology, and
other factors related to benthic marine al^ae. Algpe were collected by placing
concrete blocks In the lagoon for a six-month period. Fish were also collected
and their stomach contents analyzed. The algal collections shoved that submerged
vegetation In the lagoon Is restricted to four green algae, Acetabularia eranulata,
Batophora oerstedl, Anadyomene Stellata, and Udotea flabellum. Due to the limited
number o? species present, attempts were made to transplant other species. However,
all except one (Hallmeda opuntla) died within two weeks. Analysis of fish shoved that
algae found In the stomachs were eaten outside the lagoon. It is concluded that fish
do not account for the absence of a greater variety of algae In the lagoons} instead,
factors such as salinity and water temperature are higher than normal for optimum
growth. Salinity and temperature In the channels were found to be at normal levels
and algal vegetation attached to rhlzophoree was plentiful, although limited to a
few species.
INDEX TERMS: Salinity, Water temperature, Mariae al^ae, Food chains, Distribution
patterns, Mangrove swamps, Ecology, Water quality, Chlorophyta, Sessile algae,
Species diversity, Acetabularla erenulata, Batophora oeratedl, Anadyomene
stellata, Udotea flabellum.
AMIC-58S7 (Continued)
3/S
INDEX TEWE: Pyrrophgrta, Blolumlnescence, Dinoflagellates, Physiological ecology,
Assay, Bloassay, Protozoa, Animal physiology, Plant physiology, Marine algae,
Phytoplankton, Kinetics, Separation techniques, Qonyaulax polyedra, Pyrodinlum
bahamense, Pyrocystis lunola, Lueiferin, Luclferase, Particulate matter,
Biochemical properties. Sample preparation.
AMIC-5837
"PAOTICULATE BIOLUMINESCENCE IN DINOFLAGELLATES:
TION", Fuller, C. W., Kreiss, P., Sellger, H. K.,
September 6, 1972, PP 86U-885.
DISSOCIATION AND PARTIAL RECOHSTITU-
Science, Vol. 177, Ho. l«52,
With the same extraction conditions used for Gonyaulax polyedra,
species, P
soluble and
particulate biolumineacence can be Isolated from two additional species, Pyrodlnium
bahamense and Pyrocystis lunula. Soluble luciferin and luclferase were dissociated
from the particulate systems of all three species. Cells were grown at 25 C using a
photoperlod of 12 hours light followed by 12 hours darkness with illumination of
8800 lu/sq m (2000 lu/sq m for P. lunula). Trie particulate system was extracted from
harvested cells by previously described methods. Soluble bloluminescence was assayed
by adding a sample to a solution of 0.1 M phosphate buffer, ammonium sulfate, 0.001 M
2-mercaptoethanol and 1 mg of bovine serum albumin, and luciferase by the maximum rate
of light emission with a saturating amount of luciferin. Luciferin was assayed by
measuring the total light emitted vith exogenous luciferase added to increase sensiti-
vity. Particulate biolumincBcence was assayed by Injection of 0.1 ml of a sample into
1.9 ml of citrate-phosphate buffer (final pH 5.7, the optimum for all three species).
In all three species the addition of exogenous luciferin to a particulate system that
had been stimulated by acid and resuapended at pH 8.2 recharged the system, so that it
again emitted a flash of light when the pH was lovered to 5.7. The activity of the
luclferin-recharged particles in the presence of soluble luciferin was always higher
than the activity of these particles after centrlfugation and resuspenslon in buffer
free of luciferin. Comparison of kinetics, profiles of activity as a function of pH,
and emission spectra for 'native' and recharged particulate systems offer evidence that
recharging may be a physiological event.
AMXC-5888
"ABAHDOHED LAFVACEAN HOUSES: A UNIQUE FOOD SOURCE IN THE PELAGIC ENVIRONM5NT",
Alldredge, A. L., Science, Vol. 177, No. l«052, September 8, 1972, pp 885-887.
Direct field and laboratory observations are reported of copepods feeding
on the clogged filters of abandoned larvacean (tunicatea) houses in the open ocean.
Field observations were made at 10-15 n in the Florida Current 6-10 Km west of Bimlnl,
Bahamas using conventional scuba techniques. Abandoned houses were identified to
species according to their size, shape, and the presence of a filtering apparatus.
Those of greatest abundance were of Oikopleura longjcauda, Oltopleura fusiformis, and
Megflpcercua abyasorua. Up to 33 percent of the abondoned larvacean houses observed
on 15 dives had one to five Oncaea mediterranea (Copepodai Cyclopoida) resting on the
incurrent filters or darting about on the inner apparatus, where particles are collected
Abandoned house filters contain naked dlnoflagellates, coccollthophores, unidentified
organic particles, and a few diatoms, sllicoflagellates, and tintinnide. An examination
of the copepod fecal pellets revealed coccolith fragments and unidentified organic
matter. This discovery of the use of concentrated nannoplankton on abandoned larvacean
houses by pelagic copepods, as either a major or a supplementary food source, reveals
avenues in the pelagic food web, of the form: nannoplankton from larvacean houses to
copepods and other Crustacea to carnivores. Techniques were also developed for
photographing the larvacean houses in the field for the first time.
•INDEX TERMS: Copepods, Food webs, Path of pollutants, Nannoplankton, Scuba diving,
Zooplankton, Invertebrates, Foods, On-alte data collections, Photography,
Tunlcates, Food sources, Particulate organic matter, Pelagic animals, Ostracods,
Marine environment.
-------
2.
AMJC-5829
"CALCIUM OXALATE CRYSTALS IN THE AHAGOiriTE-PRODUCING OREEN ALBA PENICILL1J5 AMD
RELATED GENERA", Frledmann, E. I., Roth, W. C., Turner, J. B., McEwen,"
Vol. 177, No. 1(052, September 8, 1972, pp 891-893.
Calcium oxalate crystals occur In the marine green algae Penicillin.
Rhipocffphalus, and Udotea, known aa producers of sedimentary aragonite needles. In
contrast to the externally deposited aragonite crystals which are generally less than
15 micrometers long, the oxalate crystals are larger (up to 150 micrometers) and are
located In the vacuolar system of the plant. Under the light microscope the crystals
appear as single aclcular structures. In the transmission electron Microscope the
crystals appear to be encased In a chamberllke structure within the granular vacuolar
material. Their appearance Is similar to the electron microscopic image of calcium
oxalate crystals In higher plants. For x-ray diffraction analysis the intracellular
crystals were isolated from specimens of P. dunetosus, collected in the Florida Bay,
by dissolution of the aragonite sheath in~warm 65 percent acetic acid and subsequent
digestion of the organic natter In 5.25 percent cconercial sodium hypochlorlte solution
at 70 C. The acetone washed and dried sample was mounted in a Llndeaann glass
capillary and photographed with Nl-flltered CuK sub alpha radiation in a Debye-Scherrer
powder camera of 57.3 nn radius. The diffraction pattern corresponds to that of one of
the tetragonal monohydrates reported in the powder diffraction file of toe American
Society for Testing and Materials. No calcium oxalate was found in the related but
noncalclfylng genera Avrainvillea and CladocephalUB.
INDEX TERMS: Cnlorophyts, Crystals, Marine algae, Sedimentation, X-ray diffraction.
Electron microscopy, Crystallography, Calcium oxalate, Aragonite, Marine
sediments, Sample preparation, Light microscopy, Calcification.
AMIC-5897
"ACUTE TOXICOLOGY OF SODIUM NITRILOTRIACETIC ACID (NTA) AND NTA-CONTAINING! DETERGENTS
TO MARINE OBOAKISMS", Eisler, R., Gardner, G. R., Hennekey, R. J., et al., Mater
Research. Vol. 6, Ho. 9, September 1972, pp 1009-1027.
Static acute toxlcity test* were conducted at 20 C and 2,0 percent salinity
with (CH2-COOHa)3H.H20 (HTA) and two NTA-containing commercial household synthetic
detergents (syndets), using adults or Juveniles from eleven species of marine fishes end
invertebrates. Concentrations of NTA in the medium allowing 50 percent survival of
individual test species in 168 h, equal TL50 (168 h) values, ranged between 1800 mg
per 1 for grass shrimp, Palaemonetes vulgaria, and greater than 10,000 mg per 1 for the
quahaug clam, Mercenarla mercenaria. The two syndets tested were considerably more
toxic than HTA to marine organisms~under Identical assay conditions. Fishes were the
least resistant group of organisms tested to ayndets; TL50 (168 h) values for teleosts
ranged between U.6 and 36.0 mg per 1 total packaged product. Hlstopathology was In-
vestigated for grass shrimp, hermit crab, quahaug clam, sandworm, scup, striped bass
and numlchog that survived high concentrations of NTA or ayndets for 168 h. The
effect of blomass, water temperature and salinity on acute toxlcity of NTA and syndets
to mumMichogB was also investigated. Mixtures of NTA and salts of cadmium or mercury
were evaluated for toxiclty to muunlcnog. An observed decrease In biocldal properties
of Cd (2 plus) was observed vlth increasing levels of NTA. Results of studies with
lTEA-Hg (2 plus) mixtures were inconclusive. Tests with mixtures of syndet and
Cd (2 plus) or Hg (2 plus) demonstrated that toxlcity to mummlchog of these mixtures
could be expressed as a simple summation of the toxlcity of individual components.
It is concluded that NTA might be hazardous to marine fishes and macrolnvertebratea
when used as a partial replacement for sodium trlpolyphosphate in household syndets.
AMIC-5893
"PHTHALATE EFFECT ON HEALTH STILL NOT CLEAR", Chemical and Engineering News, Vol. 50,
No. 39, September 18, 1972, PP 1^-15.
A review Is presented of medical research on the effects of phthalate on
health. Animal studies have shown phthalic acid esters (PAE) are relatively inert and
generally have a low order of chronic toxic!ty. Human lageationa of the most widely
used PAE, dl-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), have resulted In symptoms of nausea and
vertigo. Analysis of patients who have been treated with blood stored in blood bags
made out of DEHP revealed significant quantities of the plastlclzer in the spleen, lung,
liver, and abdominal fat; research by others has confirmed these results aa well as the
absence of PAE'a, as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, in the blood of
normal volunteers who have not undergone transfusion. More recent research has shown
that 98 percent of DEHP accumulated in liquid stored whole blood can be washed out with
continuous-flow centrifugatlon. PAE's nave also been detected in rivers, such aa in the
Charles River, where a total phthalate concentration of 0.9 - 1.9 PP* "»» found
employing high-pressure liquid-solid chromatography. DEHP residue levels from 0.2 to
10.0 micrograms per gram (whole fish basis) have been detected In fish from various
locations, with the higher levels associated with industrallzed areas. Embryo-fetal
toxiclty was manifested in fetal malformations in rats given intraperltoneal doses In
varying amounts of the six least toxic PAE compounds. Naturally occurring sources of
the phthalate moiety include cigar smoke, tobacco leaves, grapes, cranberries, poppies,
oxidized corn oil, soil, and crude oil. The significance for man of these toxlcologlcal
results is still largely unknown. The use of substitute materials where possible for
the plaatlcifcer ia highly recommended,
INDEX TERMS: Toxicity, Water pollution effects, Public health, Animal pathology, water
pollution sources, Phthalate, Phthalic acid, Plasticizera, Phthalate eaters.
__
AMIC-5897 (Continued)
2/2
HffiEX JERKS: Toxlcity, Hitrilotrlacetic acid, Detergents, Marine fish, Cadmium,
Mercury, Animal pathology, Bloassay, Striped baas, Biomaas, Water temperature,
Salinity, Macroinvertebratea, Starfish, Sandworms, Hermit crab, Mud snail,
Grass shrimp, Munalchogs, Quahaug, Scup, Bay mussel.
-------
it. JIOLOOICAI. HKTHODB
Amc-5899
"BIOCHEMICAL OXIDATION OF VOLATIIE OBGAHIC ACIDS BY ACTIVATED SLUDGE", Sato, T.,
Water Research. Vol. 6, Ho. 9, September 1978, pp 1059-1078.
Biochemical oxidation of the aodlum salts of formic, acetic, proplonlc,
butyric, valeric, and caproic acids by activated sludge was investigated using Warburg
manometers. A serlee of experiments were conducted to determine the relation between
sludge concentration and uptake rate; oxygen uptake using various acetates as sub-
strates) the effect of substrate concentration; the percentage oxidation, and oxygen
uptake rates and substrate removal rates with volatile acid salts; the change In
oxygen uptake rates with volatile acid salts; oxygen uptake with simultaneous addition
of formate and acetate; oxygen uptake and substrate removal; and respiratory quotient
(RQ). The conclusions were as follows: (l) The oxygen uptake of activated sludge was
proportional to the sludge concentration with endogenous respiration as well aa after
the addition of substrate. (2) No difference was observed among the oxygen uptake of
sodium, potassium, calcium and ammonium salts of acetic acid. (3) The volatile acid
salts were utilized by activated sludge, but inhibition was observed at high substrate
concentrations, (k) The percent oxidation of formate was higher than those of other
I acid salts. (5) The oxygen uptake rate of activated sludge In a state of endogenous
respiration and In the presence of formate decreased with time but increased with
other acid salts. (6) When formate and acetate were added simultaneously, no
interaction between them was observed. (?) When acetate was added to activated sludge,
adsorption occurred initially followed by approximately linear Increases in substrate
removal and oxygen uptake. (8) The RQ values of endogenous respiration, acetate,
formate and skim milk were respectively 0.9, 1.13, 1.6l and 1.00.
INDEX TERMS: Biochemical oxygen demand, Blodegradation, Activated sludge, "Organic
acids. Warburg respirometer.
AMK-5931
"A HEW TTPE OF FlJUnCKW PUMP OH THE VA.CCUM PRINCIPLE", Lenz, J., Doep-5ea Research,
Vol. 19, Ho. 6, Juno 1972, pp l*53-*59.
A new type of vacuum plankton pump Is described including its advantages
over existing sampling gear. This new model consists of three separate unit*: power
and winch, tank, and filter units. In biomass studies, the pump as one type of gear for
quantitative plankton sampling is in some respects superior to the water bottle and net,
singly or in combination. The pump is used to suck sea water Into two 500-litre tanks,
which can be alternately filled to permit continuous sampling. The application of a
vacuum offers several advantages, the chief being that the pumped organisms, not being
forced to pass through the rotating mechanism of an Impeller or centrifugal pump, are
obtained in an undamaged state. There are three main limitations to the application of
the plankton pump. The first, concerning sampling depth, is the difficulty of handling
pipes longer than 100-200 m. The second drawback lies In the considerably smaller amount
of water delivered by a pump when compared to the volume filtered by a larger net In the
sane time. Lastly, delicate organisms such as medusae and chaetognaths are often
damaged by the rotating parts of an Impeller or centrifugal pump. An additional cause
of damage may lie in the strong frlctlonal forces prevailing in the water while passing
through the hose and pump at high speed.
IflEEX TBKMS: Plankton, Biomass, Sampling, Pollutant identification, Sea water, Filters,
Copepods, Salinity, Depth, Daphnla, Data collections, Zooplankton, Water
temperature, Efficiencies, Invertebrates, Evaluation, Equipment, Vacuum pumps,
Pleurobrachla, Acartia clausi, Calanus helgolandicus, Sarsla tubulosa, Halltholus
cirratus, Ctencphores, Macrolnvertebrates, Vacuum plankton pump.
AMIC-5900
"PARAfCTERS INFLUENCING PHOSPHORUS ELIMINATION BY ALGAE", Hunken, K.-H., Sekoulov,
I. D., Water Research. Vol. 6, No. 9, September 1972, pp 1067-1096.
A detailed study of the most Important parameters Involving algal
P-elimlnation has shown that intensification of the process is possible when optimizing
algal P-precipitation. The most suitable algae for this process are the filamentous
blue-green algae because they can be easily settled in Just over half an hour. To
maintain a pH above 9 throughout the reaction time continuous artificial illumination
! Is required. Light and thermal efficiency is Improved If the lamps are installed in
the water and operated automatically by pH control. The optimal algal concentrations
1 under light Intensities between 7000 and 15,000 Ix are approximately 0.8 g per 1. The
! relationship between the algal concentration in mg per 1 (dry wt.)f eliminated
j nitrogen, and eliminated phosphorus was determined. At pH levels above 9, the photo-
I synthetic reaction obtained averaged 11 mg C02 per 1 per hr and the C sub t (total
carbonate carbon) value fell at a rate of 0.25 mVal per 1 per hr. This rate can be used
[ for determining the retention time of P-ellminatlon in purified or unpurified sewage.
The Ca- Ion concentration in sewage is usually sufficient for calcium phosphate precipi-
tation. For a full calcium phosphate precipitation an excess of 10 mg per 1 calcium
over the phosphorus concentration was necessary. The C sub t value decreases during
photosynthesis in the same manner as the P-elimination. For an algae free effluent a
combination of an algal filter and a settling basin was satisfactory. Parallel to
P-elimination we observed a decrease up to 98 percent of the total bacterial numbers
in the effluent during a 2U-hr detention period.
INDEX TERMS: Phosphates, Absorption, Chemical precipitation, Cyanophyta, Waste
treatment, Hydrogen ion concentration, Light Intensity, Nutrient removal.
21
AMIC-5936
"raOTOQXIDATIVE DEATH IN BLUE-GREEN ALGAE", Abeliovich, A., Shilo, M., Journal of
Bacteriology. Vol. in, No. 3, September 1972, pp 682-689.
Investigations on photcoxldatlve death in blue-green algae are presented
and its possible ecological significance is discussed, when incubated in the light
under 100 percent oxygen, wild-type blue-green algae (Anacystls nldulana, Synechocoecua
cedrorum) die out rapidly at temperatures of k- to 15 C, and at 35 C (or at 26 C in the
case of £. cedrorum) in the absence of C02. Photosynthesis is impaired in these cells
long before they die. Blocking of photosystem II at high temperatures in the presence
of C02 sensitizes the algae to photoxidatlve death. Photooxldative death and
bleaching of photosynthetlc pigments are separable phenomena. Photooxidative
conditions were demonstrated in Israeli fish ponds using A. nidulans as the test
organism during dense summer blooms, when dissolved C02 la low, and in winter, when
water temperatures generally drop below 15 C. This finding suggests that photooxidative
death may be responsible for the sudden decomposition of blue-green blooms in summer,
and may be a factor in the absence of blue-green blooms in winter.
INDEX TERMS: Cyanophyta, Mortality, Photosynthesis, Light intensity, Oxygen, Carbon
dioxide, Ponds, Water pollution effects, Water temperature, Plant pigments,
Aquatic algae, Thermal stress, Physiological ecology, Plant physiology, Viability,
Cultures, Degradation (decomposition), Eutrophication, Photooxidation, Anacystis
nidulans, Synechococcus cedrorum, Carotenoids, Chlorophyll a, Potassium cyanide,
3-(3 ^-dichlorophenyl)-! 1-dimethylurea.
-------
Z, BIOLOGICAL MTTHOIB
»
"TOE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICLES IN THE OCEAN", Sheldon, R. W., Prakash, A.,
' Sutcliffe, W. H., Jr., Limnology and Oceanography. Vol. 17, Ho. 3, May 1972. PP 3S7-3"»0.
j Surface- and deep-water samples were collected from various grographleal
i locations in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans, and particle si«es determined
I with a model T Coulter counter. Frequency distributions were determined for particles
sizes of 1-100 microns. Plots of frequency distributions versus geographic location
! and depth show that there were definite geographic variations in the distribution of
i particle size spectra, and certain areas of the ocean can be characterized simply by
1 the size-frequency distribution of the suspended particulate material. Perhaps the
clearest case Is that of the subtropical areas. Particle spectra from temperate
' waters are also quite characteristic. Not every sample from the equatorial and polar
waters was characteristic. The form of the particle size distributions in the surface
! waters varied from place to place but at depth It was remarkably uniform and resembled
i that of the subtropical surface water except that the total concentration of particulate
material was less. In the subtropical areas the particle size spectra of the surface
waters showed roughly equal amounts of material In each size grade, and at depth the
form of the size spectra was similar except that the concentration level was lower.
In other areas there was no definite similarity between the form of the spectra at the
surface and at depth. In the deep water the total concentration of material was
moderately variable even though the size distributions were of more or lesa constant
fora. By extrapolating the data to larger and smaller particle sizes, a hypothesis is
derived to show that, to a first approximation, roughly equal concentrations of
material occur at all particle sizes within the range from 1 micron to about
1,000,000 microns, i.e. from bacteria to whales.
INDEX TERMS: Suspended solids, Standing crops,Particle size, Distribution patterns, Sea
-
"LIFE CYCLE AND SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF THE COPEPOD LIMNCCALANUS MACRURUS SARS IN A HIGH
ARCTIC LAKE", Roff, J. C., Carter, J. C. H., Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 17,
No. 3, May 1972, pp 363-370.
The population structure, life cycle, and abundance of the copepod
LlmnocalanuB macrurus, one of the two multicellular zooplanktonic species in Char Lake,
northwest Territories, has been studied for 18 months. The population Is univoltlne,
taking about 9 months to develop from egg to adult. Total population density was lower
in 1970 than in 1969, whereas the phytoplankton blomass and productivity ware.virtually
Identical in both years. The life cycle of L. macrurus was very similar in both years
of study and also showed close similarity to that of a southern Ontario population.
(Reprinted from Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 17, No. 3, May 1972, PP 363-370.
Copyright 1972 by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc. Reprinted
by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Life cycles, Copepods, Seasonal, Animal populations, Zooplankton,
Crustaceans, Biomass, Primary productivity, Environmental effects, Biological
communities, Arctic, Water temperature. Aquatic animals. Secondary productivity,
Limnocalanus macrurus, Population density, Char Lake, Stenothermal.
"A COMPARISON OF CHEMICAL, ISOTOPIC, AHD ENZYMATIC METHODS FOR MEASURING NITROGEN
ASSIMILATION OF MARINE PHlfTOFLAHXTOH", McCarthy, J. J., Eppley, R. W., Limnology
and Oceanography, Vol. 17, No. 3, May 1972, PP 371-362.
Shipboard cultures of natural aee-water enriched with nitrate, ammonium, or
urea were used to compare different techniques for measuring nitrogen assimilation by
phytoplankton and to measure the rates of uptake of these nutrients when more than one
was present. Increases In particulate nitrogen, decreases of nitrogenous nutrients,
and the uptake by phytoplankton (using the N-15 Isotope technique) balanced rather well
and for the nitrate-enriched culture were in good agreement with the estimate of nitro-
gen assimilation from nitrite reductase activity. Glutamic dehydrogenase activity was
present with both NADH and NADPH in all three cultures; either singly or as a sun it
agreed poorly with ammonium uptake estimated by the N-15 isotope technique. The pre-
sence of ammonium almost totally suppressed the uptake of nitrate and urea over a wide
range of concentrations. The suppression of nitrate uptake in the presence of urea was
nearly the same as the suppression of urea uptake in the presence of nitrate. Compari-
sons between the isotopic and enzymatic techniques were also made In seawater samples.
Nitrite reductase activity was usually much greater than the rate of nitrate uptake
estimated by the N-15 Isotope technique. Comparisons with chlorophyll a and ATP analy-
sis indicate that chlorophyll-containing cells were primarily responsible for the
nitrite reductase activity. The rate of pyrldine nucleotlde oxidation with both NADH
and NADPH was more consistent with the ATP than with the chlorophyll a content of sea-
water samples, suggesting that this enzymatic activity was not restricted to
the phytoplankton. (Reprinted from Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 17, No. 3, May
1972, PP 371-302. Copyright 1972 by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography,
Inc. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
AMIC-59U9 (Continued)
2/2
INDEX TERMS: Nitrogen, Phytoplankton, Cultures, Sea water. Measurement, Reduction
(chemical), Methodology, Chemical analysis, Radlochemlcal analysis, Nutrients,
Nitrates, Ammonium salts, Ureas, Enzymes, Nitrites, Absorption, Radioactivity
techniques, Nitrogen compounds, Assimilation, Enrichment, P&rtlculate nitrogen,
Shipboard measurements, Enzymatic Inhibitors, Culturing techniques.
22
-------
2. BIOLOOICA1. KKTHODS
AMIC-5952
"TEHPERATOPE, TRAN5PAIEMCY, AMD PYTOPLAIflOON PBODUCTIVUY IH CRATER LAKE. OREOOH,
Larson, D. W., Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 17, Mo. 3, May 1972, pp &10-l»17.
A llmnologlcal Investigation was conducted In Crater Lake, Oregon, In
order to obtain Information on transparency, thermal gradients, and the phytoplankton.
Sampling proceeded from a single Index station at maximum depth. Water temperature was
determined with an electrical resistance thermistor for every meter to 20 m and every
10 m below that. Transparency was measured with a submarine photometer and two Secehl
disks. Water samples were collected at depths of 0, SO, 1)0, 70, 110, 200, and sometimes
500 m for measuring total alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and chlorophyll a. Phyto-
plankton primary productivity was measured In situ with C-lU. Maximum productivity and
the largest concentration of chlorophyll a In Crater Lake during summer 1968 and 1969
occurred at depths where temperatures were near k C and measurable light less than k
percent of surface Illumination. It is suggested that the phytoplankton In the lake
consists mostly of ollgothermal-ollgophotlc populations that are limited to depths
greater than 70 m In simmer, but occupy the 0 - 70-o> stratum in winter, so that a rather
constant rate of production per unit area is maintained throughout the year.
INDEX TERMS: Phytoplankton, Thermal stratification, Water temperature, Limnology,
Physlcoohemlcal properties. Instrumentation, Water analysis, Water sampling.
Primary productivity, Oregon, Radioactivity techniques, Water properties,
Standing crops, Transparency, Crater lake, C-lk, Chlorophyll a,
AMC-595U
"OROHTB IBTERACTTOHS BETWEEN CHIAMYDOMDNAS GLOBOSA SHOW AND CHLOROCOCCUM ELLIPSOIDEUM
DEASON AUD BOLD» THE ROLE OF EXTRACELLULAR PRODUCTS", Kroes, H. W., Limnology and
Oceanography, Vol. 17, Ho. 3, *y 1972, pp U23-U32.
Extracellular substances were Isolated from Chlorocoeeum culture filtrates
and the four salt-free groups of substances obtained tested separately on Chlamydomonaa
growth. Hie extracellular substances were separated by a combination of freeze-drying
and solvent extraction-evaporation techniques coupled with water distillation for steam
volatile substances, ether extraction-evaporation for llpophllic substances, and column
separation-colorlraetry for separation of water soluble pigment substances. For
separation of higher molecular weight substances the filtrate was not freeze dried but
subjected to ultraflltration and a membrane-pressure process. The group of steam-
volatile substances had an overall promoting effect. The lipophilic group Inhibited !
growth initially but had no lasting effect. The yellow, water-soluble pigments (phenolic
compounds) could act as chelatlng substances. The high molecular weight fraction
(proteins and polysaccharldes) promoted growth in the initial phase but had an |
inhibiting effect later on. These effects observed were mostly small but statistically
significant. In algal Interactions, Inhibition phenomena are not likely to be caused by
strong 'antibiotic* substances. Factors such as pH may be more important than
extracellular coa^ounds as such.
INDEX TERMS: Cultures, Growth rates, Environmental effects, Competition, Aquatic plants.
Proteins, Phenols, Liplds, Carbohydrates, Aquatic algae, Organic acids,
Chlorococcus elllpsoldeum, Chlamydononas globosa, Growth interactions,
Polysaccharldes, Sample preparation, Extracellular substances, Metabolites.
AMIC-5953
"PHYTOPLANKTOH IN LAKE TAHOE: BEEP-LIVING POPULATIONS", Klefer, D. A., Holm4Jansen, 0.,
Goldman, C. R., Richards, R., Herman, T., Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 17, No. 3,
hfay 1972, pp 1*18-^22.
Most of the phytoplankton biomass in Lake Tahoe Is located below the
euphotic zone. Chlorophyll concentration was low (0.1-0.2 mlcrogram/llter) In the upper
50 m, reached a maximum (0.7 mlcrogram/llter) at 100 m, and then dropped rapidly to 0.2
' mlcrogram/llter at 200 m. Below this it decreased slowly except for two peaks at
j 320 and 350 m. The vertical distribution of phytoplankton volume agreed with that of
I chlorophyll. The six dominant species in cell numbers were: Asterlonella formosa,
[ FragJLlarla crotonensls, Meloaira crenulata, Stephanodl scus rotula, Elnobryon soclale
j and Elakatothrix gelatinous.There were no qualitative differences in species
composition throughout the water column, although the surface samples contained many
small thecate dlnoflagellates. The amount of pheophytin between 100-475 m ranged from
15-25 percent of the total chlorophyll a pigment, similar to values found in the
euphotic zone. This Indicated that the chlorophyll In the aphotlc zone derived from
live algal cells rather than detritus, a conclusion supported by the healthy appearance
of the cells and by their demonstrated photosynthethic capacity of being capable of
fixing. C02 at significant rates when exposed to near-surface illumination. The
relationship between the distributions of phytoplankton standing crop and production is
best explained by passive sinking of cells out of the euphotic zone and accumulation
in deep waters. This recruitment of deep phytoplankton from surface waters may be an
Important feature of deep oligotrophic lakes, limiting primary production and nutrient
regeneration in the euphotic zone.
INDEX TERMS: Phytoplankton, Blomasa, Spatial distribution, Primary productivity,
Standing crops, Euphotic zone, Lake Tahoe. ^
, __
AMIC-5958
"ALGAL POPULATIONS IN ARCTIC SEA ICE: AH INVESTIGATION OF HETEROTBOPHY", Horner, R.,
Alexander, V., Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 17, No. 3, May 1972, pp l*5U-^58.
A description is given of the population composition, metabolism and
heterotrophy problem of arctic sea ice algae. Samples of sea ice were taken
(organisms occur as a brown layer, 2-3 cm thick on the underside of year-old sea Ice)
with corers. Three sections about 15 cm long were taken from the top, middle, and
bottom of the core and allowed to melt at temperatures of 8-10 C or 15-20 C. Microscopicj
examination of melting ice showed that calinity-changes caused no physical damage to the
organisms but rapid temperature increases during examination caused the flagellates
to disintegrate. Tracer kinetic experiments were carried out according to the method
of Wright and Hobble (1965). Complex algal populations in the bottom few centimeters
of arctic sea ice were accompanied by bacteria, protozoans, and other organisms.
Community uptake of dissolved organic substances, assayed with C-lU-glycine,
C-Ik-glucose, and H-3-acetate was slow. Microscopic examination of autoradiogmphs
suggests that heterotrophic metabolism by the algae was negligible and that
assimilation of the added substrate was almost exclusively by bacteria.
INDEX TERMS: Arctic Ocean, Marine algae, Sea ice, Protozoa, Metabolism, Chrysophyta,
Pyrrophyta, Marine bacteria, Euglenophyta, Chlorophyta, Plant populations,
Absorption, Sampling, Core drilling, Heterotrophy, Heterotrophic nutrition,
Cryptomonads, Light microscopy. Dissolved organic matter, Assimilation.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METBDPB
AMIC-5959
"DATA ON SHE COMPOSITION AND DAHC SURVIVAL OF FOUR SEA-ICE MICROALOAE", Bunt, J.
Lee, C. C., Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 17, Ho. 3, May 1972, pp 1*58-1*61.
s..
Changes In cell numbers, carbon and pigment content of four species of
microalgae Isolated from antarctic sea ice were followed over a period of 6 months, the
first 3 in the light and the last 3 in complete darkness. Cell carbon and pigments
were determined by standard techniques, and cell counts using phase contrast
microscopy. With one exception, nil organisms retained their viability throughout
even though the medium vas not supplemented with organic substances capable of
serving as nutrients. In another series of experiment a, growth responses to organic
supplements were variable and pigment composition was also affected.
INDEX TERKB: Nbrlne algae. Sea ice, Photoperlodlsm, Carbon, Cultures, Antarctic
Ocean, Growth rates, Organic matter, Nutrients, Chrysophyta, Plant pigments.
Limiting factors, Chlorophyll a, Phase contrast microscopy, Survival,
Carotenolds, Flagellates.
AMIC-5963 " ——'
"EFFECT OF TEMPERATUJE OW THE REMOVAL OF HTA (NITRIIjOTRIACETIC ACID) DURIMO SEWAGE
TFEATHHrr", Ed«n, G. E., Culley, O. E., Rootham, R. C., Water Research. Vol. 6, No. 8,
August 1972, pp 877-883.
The blodegradatlon of nitrilotriacetate has been studied using activated.
sludge units of the porous-pot type. At 20 C, after acclimatization, degradation was
complete, bat at temperatures below 10 C degradation was less complete until at 5 C It
passed through the treatment process virtually unchanged. It is concluded that in the
United Kingdom In winter an appreciable proportion of any HTA in sewage would pass
through sewage treatment works into rivers.
IBDEX TERM3S Blodegradation, Nltrllotrlacetlc acid, Sewage treatment, Temperature,
Biochemical oxygen demand, Removal.
AMIC-5962
"UNDERESTIMATION OF STANDING CROP BY THE SURBER SAMPLER", Kroger, R. L., Limnology
and Oceanography, Vol. 17, No. 3, May 19T2, PP V75-U78.
Before the flow of water rom Jackson Lake into the Snake River was
stopped by closure of a dam, invertebrates were collected in five Surber samples from
a down-stream riffle. After the water had. receded from the riffle, five 0.093-sq m
areas of the exposed streambed substrate were hand-collected and the invertebrates
removed. Predrawdown samples contained I*,286 Invertebrates weighing 6.3 g while post-
drawn samples contained 15,1*90 weighing 13.6 g. Large differences between submerged
and exposed samples resulted from passage of smaller insects through the fine meoh of
the Surber sampler and from backwash created by the sampler. The Surber sampler
collected only about one-fourth of the invertebrates present in the 0.093-square meter
areas.
IHDEX TERMS: Standing crops, Aquatic insects, Estimating, Biomass, Sampling,
Surber sampler, Jackson Lake, Snake River, Arachnids, ifacroinvertebratea,
Underestimation.
AKEC-5967
"EFFECT OF LDC NEUTRALIZED IROW HYDROXIDE SUSPENSIONS OK JUVENILE BROOK TROUT
(SALVEIIHUS FOHTIHAUS. MITCHIIX)", Sykora, J. L., Smith, E. J., Synak, M.,
Water Research, Vol. 6, Bo. 8, August 1972, pp 935-950.
The experimental dosing apparatus was a modified proportional diluter
equipped with a neutralization device and with a series of detention and oxygenatlon
tanks. Ferric hydroxide was obtained by neutralization of ferrous sulfate using calcium
hydroxide. After neutralization, oxygenation, and detention, suspended iron was
released automatically at regular intervale into the test aquaria. Four concentrations
of iron were maintained, each containing 10 young brook trout (3 months old). The data
on length of brook trout revealed a definite trend toward smaller size with increasing
concentration of suspended ferric hydroxide, with the largest trout In 6 mg Fe per liter
and In the control. The average weight of brook trout was much lower in high iron
concentrations than In the control and 6 mg Fe per liter. The final mean weight of fish
in 50 mg Fe per liter represented only 16 per cent of the control, with gradually
Increasing percentage proportions occurring In lower iron concentrations. The final
mean weights of the fish In 6 mg Fe per liter and in the control were almost Identical.
The average growth rate computed for five different size groups of fish revealed a
sudden decline In growth of brook trout exposed to 12, 25, and 50 mg Fe per liter. The
growth rate of brook trout in 6 mg Fe per liter and in the control shove only a leveling
trend as of the thirty-fifth week. It is assumed that impaired visibility due to high
turbidity prevented the fish from feeding which in turn resulted in slow growth in high
iron concentrations - 12, 25 and 50 mg Fe per liter.
INDEX TERMS: Bloassay, Water pollution effects, Growth rates, Brook trout, Turbidity,
Size, Tbxlcity, Iron, Heavy metals, Freshwater fish, Ferric hydroxide, Lime.
-------
METHODS
AMIC-5973
"SYNCHRONY INDICES BASED OH COMPUTER-CORRECTED ALGAL CELL DATA". Rooney, D. W.,
Mathematical Bioaclencea. Vol. ll», No*. 1/2, June 1972, PP 59-#*-
A method 18 described that utilizes the detslslon-mafclng capability of *
digital computer to detect and correct probable error* In algal cell counts used for
synchrony Index computation*. The computer use* appropriate criteria to Identify and
alter points on a log cell number versus time plot Incongruous with neighboring point*.
Repeated simulations have been employed to test the effectiveness of the method In
eliminating the positive bias in Index values computed from Imprecise count*. The
effectiveness of the method has been found to vary Inversely with the degree of
synchrony In an algal culture—the less the synchrony, the more the remaining bias.
INDEX TER>fc: Algae, Digital computers, Equations, Computer programs, Computer models,
Cultures, Automation, Automatic control, Data processing, Efficiencies,
Synchrony index.
AfflC-60114.
"ECOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS OR THE BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES FROM THE CENTRAL OREGON
COHnwarPAL SHELF", Carey, A. O., Jr., Oregon State University, Departmwit of
OceanograpUy, Corvallls, Oregon, Report No. RLO-1750-57, 1970, 33pp.
The distribution and abundance of benthlc invertebrates have been charac-
terized on tha continental shelf vest of Newport, Oregon by standard techniques.
The infaune was collected by deep>oea anchor dredge and anchor-box dredge from a
transect of five station* across the shelf, and the macro-eplfauna by quantitative
three meter bean trawl from four stations. The composition and abundance of the
fauna change* with Increasing depth and distance from shore. The macro-epifauna is
comprised of a sparse mollutkan assemblage Inshore, while at the shelf edge it
consists of numerous echlnoderna and Crustacea. The infaunal composition exhibits
a seaward trend, changing from a nearshore filter-feeding arthropod assemblage to a
burrowing polychaet* dominated one. Abundance increases seaward vrtth the largest
numerical density and blomass supported at the 200 m depth at the shelf edge. Poly-
chaete worms were demonstrated to form closely associated species groups at the inner,
middle, and outer portions of the continental shelf. These faunal trends can be cor-
related with various aspects of the benthlc environment that are changing with
increasing depth and distance from shore. Sediment may play a major role in determining
the distribution and abundance of fauna; it is, however, but one of an interacting
complex of environmental features that affect the fauna.
INDEX TEKM5I Ecology, Invertebrates, Oregon, Continental shelf, Ecological distribution;
Benthlc fauna, Mollusks, Nematodes, Deep-water habitats, Distribution patterns,
Infauna, Echinoderms, Arthropods, Polychaetes, Macrolnvertebratea, Epifauna.
AMIC-6013
"Zn-65 IN BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES OFF THE OREGON COAST", Carey, A. G., Jr., Oregon
State University, Department of Oceanography, Corvallis, Oregon, Report No.
RLO-1750-55, Contract No. AT (l»5-l)-1750, 1970, 27 pp.
Rsdloecological studies of benthic invertebrate fauna off central and
northern Oregon demonstrate that Zn-65 entering the Northeast Pacific Ocean via the
Columbia River Is concentrated by the sublittoral, bathyal, and abyssal favjna.
The Zn-65 (pci/g ash-free dry vt) and specific activity (microcuries Zn-65/g £n)
in the fauna decreases fairly regularly with distance from the river and markedly
with depth within the first 1*00 m. The major route of the isotope to the fauna
appears to be through the food web. Tne radioecology of the benthic organisms differs
from that of the pelagic fauna.
INDEX TERMS: Zinc radioIsotopes, Benthic fauna, Path of pollutants, Food chains,
Columbia River, Heavy metals, Invertebrates, Marine animals, Depth, Pacific
Ocean, Sampling, Equipment, Annelids, Mollusks, Chemical analysis, Zn-65,
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Porlfera, Bioaccumulation, Sample
preparation, Macroinvertebrates, Ssiith-Mclutyre grab, Gamma ray spectrometry,
Echinoderms, Arthropods, Brachlopods, Coelenterates, Allocentrotus.
-i
AMIC-6018
"TECHNIQUES FOR SAMPLING BENTHIC ORGANISMS", Carey, A. G., Jr., Oregon State University,
Department of Oceanography, Corvmllis, Oregon, Report No. RLO-1750-58, Contract Nos.
AT (J»5-l)-1750 and AT (55-l)-1758, 1968, 19 PP.
A brief description is given of sampling gear and of field methods
devised for obtaining quantitative benthic samples and environmental information.
An anchor-box dredge, Smith-HeIntyre grab with integrated water bottle and pinger,
and a beam trawl with odometer wheels are described with the appropriate techniques
for gear operation and shipboard sample processing. Shipboard procedures for otter
trawltng and coring with Bouma-fleineck and Fowler-Kulm corera are described.
INDEX TERMS: Sampling, Equipment, Benthic fauna. Methodology, Trawling, Core drilling,
Cores, Dredging, On-aite data collections, Water sampling, Data collections,
hfarlne animals, Otter trawl, Smith-Mclntyre grab, Infauna, Epifauna, Anchor-box
dredge.
25
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2. BIOLOOICA1. METHODS
AMIC-6020
"A COMPAHXCOB OF BENTOIC 1NFAUHAL ABUMPAJKTE OH TWO ABYSSAL PLAINS IN THE NOWHEAST
PACIFIC OCEAN WITH COMMENTS ON DEEP-SEA FOOD SOURCES", Carey, A. 0., Jr., Oregon
State University. Department or Oceanography, CorvallH, Oregon, Report So. RLO-1750-67,
Contract No. AT (J*5-1)-S227, 1970, Uo pp. *
Benthic iiifaura was sampled In the Northeast Pacific Ocean at twelve station*
on an east-went transect acroaa Cascadia and Eastern Tufte Abyssal Plain* to determine
the effects of continental Influences and depth. The two plains, separated by the East
Pacific Riae, differ In depth, distance from the continental margin, and presumbly
therefore In the supply of food material available to organisms on the sea floor. Five !
benthlc ecological zones were distinguished: Cascadia Plain Slope Base, Eastern
Cascadla Plain, CHOcadi^ Ueep-Fe* Channel, Western Caocadia Plain, and Eastern Tufts ;
Plain. These differ in faunnl biomnss, numerical density, ind gross composition of the !
fauna by phyla. The Slope Base environment supports the most abundant fauna, undoubted-j
ly because of its proximity to the continent. The numerical density of infauna on
Eastern Tufts Plnln le similar to that on Eastern and Western Cascadia Plain; however,
the blomass la significantly lower in the deeper, more distant environment. It lo
concluded that these differences in the benthlc fauna are caused by different levels of
food supply. Faunal densities, biomnsa, und composition are similar to those found In
other upper abyssal environments. The mean numerical abundance ranges from 176/sq m
to 1053/sq m, and the mean blomass from 0.78 g/uq m to 7.89 g/sq m. Polychaeta and
Arthropoda together comprise 65.6 to 93.5 percent of the fauna of the 12 stations.
Food sources of the abyssal fauna are discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Betithic fauna, Ecological distribution, Animal populations, Blomass,
Deep-water habitats, Marine animals, Food abundance, Annelids, Primary producti-
vity, Pacific Ocean, Species density, Infauna, Caacadla Plain, Tufts Plain, Food
sources, PolYChaetes,
A MIC-6O22
"sore sraciEs OF PHYLLOXCIDAE, SYLUDAE, NEPHTYIDAE, OOMIADIDAE, APISTOBRANCHIBAE AHD
SPIOHIDAE (POLYCHAETA) FROM THE NORTHEAST PACIFIC OCEAN", Banae, K., Washington
University, Departnent of Oceanography, Seattle, Washington, Report No. RLQ-1725-203,
Contract Ho. AT (U5-D-1725, (»o Date), 81 pp.
Polychaetoua annelids were studied In collections from various museums
aad from Washington waters. The study of the types of Incompletely described specimens
Is reported along with the description of two new species. Additions to the descrip-
tions of other species were node, and seven new records are for the cool-temperate
northeast Pacific Ocean are given.
INDEX TEfWS: Annelids, Pacific Ocean, Systematlcs, Marine animals, Ecological
distribution, Spatial distribution, Gpeclfttion, Polychaetea, Macroinvertebrates.
AMIC-6021
"NONJaiOLOGICAL UPTAKE GF ZINC.65 FROM A MARINE ALGAL NUTRIENT MEDIUM", Tomllnson, R. D.J
Renfro, W, C., Oregon State University, Department of Oceanography, Corvallis, Oregon,
Report Ho. RLO-2227-T-129, Contract No. AT (1*5-1)-2227, 1970, 21 pp.
The nature and magnitude of experimental errors due to Zn-65 adsorption on
inorganic surfaces were examined in a. laboratory system designed to measure Zn-65
uptake by marine phytoplankton. In the pH range, 6.3 to 7,5, a precipitate formed in
the algal nutrient medium and accumulated up to 70 percent of the Z.n-65 in the medium
within 2k hours. It was concluded that Zn-65 adsorption by undetected precipitates
could result in serious errors in measurements of Zn-65 uptake by marine phytoplankton.
The relationship between the percent adsorption Of Zn-65 in the contained sample and
wetted glass surface area/pipette sample volume was shown to be linear for volumetric
pipettes of 1-15 ml. At a pH value of 8.0, glassware with surface area/sample volume
ratios as small as those of 20 ml volumetric pipettes adsorbed 7-11 percent of the
contained sample activity. Use of polypropylene apparatus reduced zinc adsorption
during experimental transfere.
INDEX TERMS: Adsorption, Marine algae, Free surfaces, Z.Inc radiolaotopes, Phytoplankton,
Physicochemlcal properties, Chemical precipitation, Hydrogen Ion concentration,
Z,inc, Experimental error, Culture media, Zn-65, Orthophosphates.
AMIC.6026
"SCATTERIHG LAYERS AHD VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF OCEANIC ANIMALS OFF OREGON", Pearcy,
W. G., Mesecar, R. S., Oregon State University, Department of Oceanography, CorvalllB,
Oregon, Report No. RLO-1750-65, Contract Nos. AT (1*5-1) -1750 and NOOO-1U-67-A-0369-007,
1971, 16 pp.
Thia paper reviews some of the distributional features of vertically migrating
ralcronekton off Oregon, describes a new conducting cable-midwater trawl system using an
eight net opening-closing codend unit, and gives some preliminary results on trawl
catches relative to sound scattering layers. A variable complex of organisms, including
euphausllds, a sergeatld shrimp, and mesopelagic fishes were often common in 12 and
38.5 kHz scattering layers. The depth range of many specieo was broad, and sometimes
largest catches were made at depths above or below scattering layers. Variability was
large among nets fished either horizontally or vertically during single tows.
INDEX TERMS: Marine animals, Oregon, Sounds, Biomass, Depth, Electronic equipment,
Spatial distribution, Sampling, Nekton, Vertical migration, Scattering layers,
Vertical distribution, Lanternflshes, Stenobrachius leucopsarus, Dlaphus thet&,
Tarletonbeanla crenularls, Melanostomiatldae, Tactostoma macropus, Sergestes
slmllle, Euphauflia pacifies., Euphauslids, Echosounders.
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2. BIOLOOICAL METHODS
AMIC-60S7
"SURVEY OF TECHNIQUES USED TO PHESERVE BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS", rainier, E. j., Kubbard,
ft. W,, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California, NASA Contract Report
No. 11W»22, Contract No. NAS2-6201, January 1972, 390 pp. NTIS Report Mo. 1172.18060.
The purpose of this report was to document aod summarize existing techniques
uaed to preserve biological materials. This Infornatlon la presented In a handbook
format that categorizes the moat Important preservation techniques available, and
Includes a representative sampling of thousands of applications of those techniques
to biological materials and organisms. The handbook Is divided Into four main sections!
(1) a review of reviews, (2) tables of techniques of preservation, (3) Indexes, and
(U) a comprehensive bibliography.
INDEX TERMS: Surveys, Methodology, Freeze drying, Refrigeration, Incubation, Dialysis,
Chemicals, Drying, Freezing, Radiation, Cytaloglcal studies, Plant tissues,
Algae, Microorganism*, Bacteria, Invertebrates, Fungi, Enzymes, Animal parasites,
Viruses, Biological materials, Biological samples, Sample preservation. Chemical
preservation, Lyophillzation, Animal tissues. Histologies! studies. Body fluid*,
Vertebrates, Heat sterilization. Fixation, Embedding, Ashing, Hlstochemletry.
"RADioAcrmw TRANSPORT a WATER—COHTINUOUR RELEASE OF RADIONUCUDES a A SMALL
SCALE ECOSYSTEM", Gloyna, E. F., Yousef, Y. A., Padden, T. J., The University of Texas
at Austin, Center for Research In Water Resources, Austin, Texas, Technical Report-31,
EHE-T1-1. CRVR-75, Contract Ho. AT(11-1)^*90, September 30, 1971, 66 pp. HTIS Report
Ho. OK) (90-21,
Itodel rivers were simulated In two channels of a research fluue equipped
with oxidation-reduction, DO, fluorometrlc, radiation, temperature, luminescence, and
pH sensing probes. The control channel of the model river system contained a typical
bottom sediment and received a potable water supply. The second channel, In addition
to bottom sediment, contained a lush community of rooted aquatic plants In one end and
received water which was rich In phytoplanltton. Both channels were subjected to a
continuous release of Cs-lJ1* and Sr-85 for periods up to thirty-five days. The
distribution of the radionuclides In the bottom sediment, plants, alffie and water was
determined. Under the conditions of the release, less than maximum permissible
concentration, the radioactivity continued to Increase on the surface of bottom
sediments until a quaal-«qulllbrlum level was reached at approxlaateljr 25 days after
Initiation of release. At this condition or saturation, the specific activity of
bottom sediments associated with Cs-ljfc and Sr-85 approached 55 picocuries/sq cm and
3.3U plcoourles/sq cm, respectively, and sediment concentration factors were 275 ml/
so on and 85 al/sq cm. In the case of rooted plants, quasi-equilibrium for Cs-13
-------
AMIC-6032
'^COLUMBIA RIVER THERMAL EFFECTS STUDY. VOLUME I: BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS STUDIES",
Environmental Protection Agency, Seattle, Washington, Report No. TID-25902, January
1971, 102 pp.
The purpose of this report Is to present the available knowledge on tempera-
ture requirements and tolerances of anadromous fish In the Columbia River. The
information and. data presented are limited to conditions and species found In the
main stem Columbia River In those areas remaining accessible to anadromous flab. The
material Includes information from the literature and from the files of Northwest
fisheries agencies, with particular emphasis on new knowledge developed by the research
studies conducted as part of the Columbia River Thermal Effects Study (CRTES). The
research studies conducted as a part of the CRIES were designed to develop Immediate
answers to the needs of water quality agencies of the Northwest in considering the
adequacy of water quality criteria limits and goals for water temperatures in the
Columbia River. The field studies were limited to the most critical aspects of the
lethal and sublethal thermal effects on various life stages of the anadromous fish.
By their nature, many of the projects conducted as a part of the study are site-specific
to conditions in the lower Columbia River near Prescott, Oregon, and in the Hanford
reach of the Columbia River. Prescott is the proposed site of the first
privately-developed nuclear power plant in the Northwest; the Hanford reach is the last
unlmpounded reach of the river above the estuary and the Bite of the only existing
nuclear plants in the Region, operated by the Atomic Energy Commission.
IHDEX TERMS: Columbia River, Anadromoua fish, Thermal stress, Water pollution effects,
Fish physiology, Mature growth stage, Juvenile growth stage, Heat resistance,
Environmental effects, Thermal pollution, Secondary productivity, Fish diseases,
Fish production, Commercial fish
Crustaceans. Protozoa.
•cial fish. Salmon, Yellow perch, Sticklebacks, Smelts,Shad,
Insects, Bacteria, Water temperature. Sturgeon.
AMIC-603U
"SEPAflATISG COBSTITUEHTS OF KATURAL PHYTOPLAIKTCK POPULATIONS BY COKTBIUOUS PASTICLE
ELECTPOPHORESIS", Bayne, 0. R., Lawrence, J. M., Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 17,
Mo. 3, May 1972, pp 1*81-1*89.
A continuous particle electrophoreals (CPE) system was used to isolate
components of mixed phytoplankton suspensions. Twenty-one freshwater phytoplankton
genera were tested. All algal cells examined migrated toward the anode and different
mobilities frequently resulted in fractionation of mixtures of different genera.
Organic debris, clay particles, and bacteria often exhibited distinct mobilities that
led to their separation from other constituents, Tris (hydroxyroethyl) amino methane,
pH 9.2, provided greater particle mobility and better resolution than aodlw
diethylbarblturate, pH 8.6. Increase In buffer pH tended to make algal particles more
negative and Increased mobility. A direct relationship existed between applied field
gradient and particle mobility. Resolution generally improved at higher field gradient
The effectiveness of the separation was limited by such algal properties as motility,
size, formation of aggregates, and buoyancy. (Reprinted from Limnology and
Oceanography. Vol. 17, Mo. 3, May 1972, PP WlJ»89. Copyright 1972 by the American
Reprinted by permission of the copyright
Society o:
owner.)
and Oceanography, Inc.
UttEX TERMS! Phytoplankton, Aquatic algae, Plant populations. Separation techniques.
Organic matter, Clays, Bacteria, Hydrogen ion concentration, Movement, Size,
Aggregates, Buoyancy, Cyanophyta, Chloropbyta, Euglenophyta, Chrysophyta, Aquatic
populations, Pollutant identification, Continuous particle electrophoreals.
AMIC-6033
"COMPARISON OF SAMPLES OF STREAM BOTTOM FAUNA COLLECTED DURI1JG THE DAY AND AT NIGHT",
Clifford, H. F., Limnology and Oceanography. Vol. 17, No. 3, May 1972, PP ^-^l-
Bottom samples were taken throughout the year at 1600 and 2300 hours from a
riffle region of a brown-water stream of Alberta, Canada. For the abundant taxa, the
variance of numbers was much greater than the mean for both day and night samples. For
the entire study period, there were no significant differences between day and night
samples for total numbers, total number of taxa, and total volume-biomass. (Reprinted
from Limnology and Oceanography;, Vol. 17, Ho. 3, May 1972, pp U79-"*8l. Copyright 1972
by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc. Reprinted by permission
of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Blomass, Streams, Benthic fauna, Bottom sampling, Freshwater, Pollutant
identification, Photoperiodism, Diurnal distribution, Aquatic insects,
Systematics, Immature growth stage, Oligochaetes, Ostracods, Macrolnvertebrates,
AMIC-6035
"A HEW METHOD FOR CONCENTRATIBG PHYTOPLANKTOS BY FILTRATION WITH CONTINUOUS STIRFIMJ",
Morris, I., Yentsch, C. S., Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 17, No. 3, May 1972,
PP 1*90-1*93.
Phytoplankton (both natural populations and cultures) have been concentrated
20-fold to 200-fold by passage through an ultrafiltratlon cell with continuous
magnetic stirring. Conditions yielding maximum recovery of physiologically active
phytoplankton have been developed. Recovery of C-ll*-dioxide assimilation activity
was comparable to that of chlorophyll, generally varying from 55-75 percent for natural
populations and from 70-95 percent for cultures. Modification of the apparatus to give
a continuous flow of seawater into the filtration cell would make this method suitable
for concentrating 50-60 liters to 100 ml, possibly yielding suspensions which would
allow study of the activity of enzymes in cell-free extracts, pathways of carbon dioxide
assimilation, rates of respiration, rates of assimilation of inorganic nitrogen
compounds, and so on.
INDEX TERMS: Filtration, Phytoplankton, Cultures, Carbon dioxide, Pollutant
Identification, Photosynthesis, Marine algae, Sea water. Radioactivity techniques,
Separation techniques, Methodology, Chlorophyta, Continuous magnetic stirring,
Concentration, C-lk, Ultrafiltration, Phaeodactylua trlcormitum, Tetraselmis,
Aphanizomenon holsaticum, Dunallella tertiolecta, Nannochloris atomus.
26
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BIOIOQICAL
AMIC-6036
"SIZE SEPARATION OF MARINE SESTOK BY MEMBRAME AMD GLASS -FIBER FILTERS", Sheldon, R. W. ,
Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 17, No. 3, May 1972, pp
A method la presented for the size separation of marine seiton by both
membrane and glass -fiber filtration. The average minimum sizes of particles retained
by metal membranes and perforated polycarbonate membranes were similar to the stated
pore sizes when relatively snail seawater sample* with moderate concentration* of
particles were filtered. When large samples or high concentrations were filtered, the
average retention size was less than the stated pore size. All cellulose ester mem-
branes (Mlllipore) retained particles much smaller than the stated pore site, even from
small samples with low particle concentrations. Glass-fiber filters had retention
characteristics similar to membrane filters.
INDEX TERMS: Marine microorganisms. Size, Separation techniques, Pollutant Identifica-
tion, Sea water, Shape, Retention, Seston, Glass-fiber filters, Membrane filters.
AMIC-6039
"Ml ECOLOGICAL STUIH OF THE MACROPHYTIC YEOATIOH OF DOODHADHARI LAKE, RAIFUR, M.P.
3 CHEMICAL FACTORS", Unni, K. S., Hydrobiologla. Vol. Uo, No. 1, August 31, 197S,
PP 25-36.
A study was conducted in order to determine the Influence of chemical
constituents of water on the distribution of aquatic plants in Dobdhadharl Lake.
Every month a collection was made in early morning and in .late afternoon in order
to gain an understanding of the monthly variations. Water samples were taken at every
half meter depth Interval; the factors estimated were dissolved oxygen, free carbon
dioxide and alkalinity, pH, total hardness, magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium
and specific eonductvlty. Seasonal change in chemical composition of the water
vac quite significant, the most prominent being the fluctuation of dissolved oxygen,
both in the vertical and horizontal directions. The macrophytic vegetation was found
to exert a profound influence on the restricted volume of water and on the environment
through photosynthesis and respiration. The concentration of dissolved oxygen,
free carbon dioxide, hydrogen ion concentration and alkalinity have been found to
be greatly influenced by the macrophytlc vegetation.
INDEX TERMS: Aquatic plants, Ecological distribution, Physicochemical properties,
Water analysis, Freshwater, Seasonal, Aquatic environment, Chemical analysis,
Water quality, Spatial distribution, Sampling, Variability, Microphytes,
Doodhadharl Lake,
AMIC-6038
"DIFFERENTIAL EFFECT OF CHLORAMPHENICOL AND ACTINOMfCIN D ON PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN THE
DECAPOD CRUSTACEAN UPOGEBIA LITTORALIS", Pataryas, H. A., Mylonas, N., Papaehatzakis, T.,
Hydrobiologla , Vol. 1*0, No. 1, August 31, 1972, pp 19-23-
A study has been made of the effect of chloramphenlcol (CAP) and actinomycin
D on the in vivo Incorporation of radioactive leucine by the hepatopancrea-s of the
crustacean Upogebia. Xittor&Us in an effort to determine -what effect the antibiotics
have on protein synthesis in a crustacean. Freshly collected animals were Injected
with 0.026 mlcrocurlea of C-ll»-leucine and divided into groups. The animals were killed
by deep freezing after 1, 3, 6, 8 and 12 hr, the hepatopancreas homogenized with TRIS
buffer at pH 7.5, the homogenate boiled with NaOH, and the mixture centrlfuged for 20
min at 1510 g. The protein was precipitated from the supernatant with 3 M TCA» and the
ether dried sample was extracted with acetone, dried, and the radioactivity measured
with an automatic Nuclear Chicago gas flow counter. Inhibition of protein synthesis was
noted within 6 hours after administration of chloramphenlcol; maximum inhibition
occurred 8 hours after treatment. No Inhibition was noted after administration of
actinomycin D} on the contrary, this antibiotic appeared to slightly stimulate protein
synthesis as measured by the rate of C-lU-leuelne incorporation, within 6 to 8 hours
after treatment.
INDEX TERMS: Antibiotics (pesticides), Proteins, Crustaceans, Water pollution effects,
Industrial wastes, Absorption, Radioactivity techniques, Methodology, Chemical
analysis, Shrimp, Biosynthesis, Upogebia llttoralis, Chloramphenicol,
Pharmaceuticals, Actinomycin D, Sample preparation, Hepatopancreas, Leuclna.
AMIC-60i»0
"A ME1HOD FOR DETERMINIHG THE SURFACE ABEAS OF STONES TO ENABLE QUANTITATIVE DENSITY
ESTIMATES OF LITTORAL STONEDWELLING ORGANISMS TO BE MADE", Calow, P., Hydroblologia.
Vol. Uo, No. 1, August 31, 1972, pp 37-50.
Due to the difficulty encountered when attempting to make quantitative
density estimates of stone-dwellIng littoral fauna, a detailed description of a method
which allows the accurate determination of the surface areas of Irregularly shaped
stones is given. Since this method would be difficult to accomplish in the field,
practical and statistical procedures are described for correlating surface area
with some more easily measured linear, stone parameter. Stones were obtained from a
200-m shoreline with a solid limestone base of a variable depth of glacial drift
and weathering debris over it. In order to obtain a truly representative sample of
stones from the 'Ha Mire' shore, a random sample was made. This was achieved by
dividing the ahore on a map into a number of equally spaced longitudinal and lateral
divisions. The positions for stone collection were then fixed by a series of 50
random co-ordinates. Stones so collected were taken back to the laboratory where
their greatest length and longest perimeters were measured (cm). Surface areas
of Irregularly shaped stones were determined by coating the stones with a rubber
latex solution, removing the mould and calculating the weight of an even film of water
which covered the surface of the mould which mirrored the stone surface. Similar
work on standard bodies of knovn surface area revealed that .0020 (plue or minus
.00012) g of water film covered 1 sq cm of mould. This factor was then used in
estimating the surface areas of the stones. A relationship was found to exist between
surface area and the product of the stones longest length and largest perimeter. The
statistical treatment of raw data which would be obtained from the sampling described
was discussed.
29
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a.
AMIC-6O&O (Continued)
a/a
INDEX TEWC:
Clones
Methodology, Littoral, Benthic fauna, Statistical methods, Aquatic
, Perlphyton, Data collections, Species density, Surface area,
AMIC-6Ot2
"DIIBCT OBSEWATICaS CW Bffi SUBUTTOWU. MARIME ALGAE OF AtCTLL, SCOTLAND",
Mllborn, J. A., Hydrobiologia, Vol. Uo, Ho. 1, August 31, 1972, pp 55-68.
Norton, T.
Diving surveys were nude off Argyll, on the west coast of Scotland, June
1966 . May 1968, In order to obtain a general qualitative description of the major
component* of the flora aa related to depth. Divers collected n1 gnc from 3-ffl depth
zones at 11 sites, some of which were exposed to the full force of the Atlantic while
others were extremely sheltered. More than half of the algal species found were con-
fined to the subllttoral zone. The greatest variety of species was found In shallow
water at sites sheltered from excessive turbulence. With increasing depth the number
of species found steadily decreased. There was no evidence of a specifically distinct
algal flora confined to deeper water. Ho algae were found deeper than 36 n below ELWS
at any site, but the lower limit of algal growth was reduced to 9 m in a turbid water
loch and to 3 a at a site where the herbivorous echinoderm Ophlocomina nlgra was
abundant. Fairly distinct algal communities were found on different substrates. The
major cangunltiea recognized underwater were algae attached to stable substrata, algae
attached to unstable substrata and epiphytic on other algae, especially on the stipes
°* Laa^nari> hyperborea. On stable rock in areas subject to water movement L. hyper-
borea forest was the dominant vegetation whereas on unstable substrata and In sheltered
localities L. saccharina was dominant.
IHDEX TERMS: Marine algae, Phaeophyta, Chlorophyta, Sessile algae, Marine plants,
Rhodophyta, Littoral, Sublittoral, Scotland, Epiphytes, Epilithic.
AM1C-60U1
"REARING AND MAINTENANCE OF PLECOPTERAN NXMPHE", Kapoor, N. N.t Hydrobiologla, Vol.
No. 1, August 31, 1972, PP 51-53.
A device for the rearing and laaintenance of Plecopterans was designed and
constructed. This apparatus is satisfactory for rearing other aquatic species.
A desired water temperature and current velocities can be achieved in the apparatus.
A description and diagram of the apparatus are included.
IfflJEX TEHMB: rtoneflles, Growth chambers, laboratories, Design, Growth stages,
Immature growth stage, Caddisflles, Mayflies, Aq-uatic insects, Larval growth
stage, Animal growth, Nymphs, Plecoptera, Arthropods.
AMIC-6C43
"CAUSES OF MORTALITY IN THE ENtEMIC TILAPIA OF LAKE CHIWA (MALAWI)", Morgan, P. K.,
Hydrobiologia. Vol. Uo, No. 1, August 31, 1972, pp 101-119.
During 1966 and 1967 extensive mortalities of Tilapia shlrana chilwae took
place in Lake Chllwa, Malawi. By collating field observations and physico-chemical
data from the lake with experimental evidence from the laboratory, it has been possible
to predict what the most likely causes of mortaility of Tilapia might have been.
! High winds caused bottom erosion in October, 1966, and the released mud deoxygenated the
water. Total deoxygenation of the water results if the level of suspended matter is
raised to 12,860 ppm. Tilapia are able to survive levels of oxygen as low as 0.6 mg/1,
but become distressed below this figure. The median lethal alkalinity for T. s_. ehilwae
in artificial lake water la 61.6 meq/1. This concentration was reached in the lake in
December, 1966, and probably caused further mortalities. T. jj. chilwae is remarkably
tolerant of high temperature, and this factor alone is unlikely to have caused natural
mortalities. Elevated temperatures can cause decreased resistance to low oxygen
and high ionic concentration, however, and the dense blooms of Anabaena may have
caused sufficient deoxygenation of the water at night to cause further mortalities.
T. s. chilwae is more resistant to high alkalinity and high temperature than T.
' " ira. This undoubtedly reflects the long history of stress in the endemic
TJo doubt the heightened resistance of T. s. chilwae has enabled it to
populate Lake Chilwa, despite its characteristic instability.
IHO3X TERJ6: Mortality, Tilapia, Water quality, Environmental effects, Fish populations,
PbyBiochemical properties, Water pollution effects, Freshwater fish, Lethal limit,
lake Chllwa, Tilapia shlrana chilwae, Tllapia melanopleura.
30
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BIOLOGICAL KJTHOPa
AMIC-60W* """" " ~
"NlTHOOc-N AND PHOSPHORUS DYNAMICS IB THREE CEHTPAL TEXAS IMPOUNDMENTS", Hannan, H. H.,
Young, M. C., Muyhe-w, J. J., Hydrobiologla. Vol. 1*0, Ho. 1, August 31, 1972, pp 121-129.
In order to Investi^te the role of man-made Impoundments In nutrient
entrapment, nitrogen and phosphorus budgets were calculated for 3 central Texas
Impoundments: Lake Dunlap, Lake McQueeney, and Lake Gonzales. Each Impoundment
was sampled at l»-hr intervals over a diel period (luring February, May, August, and
November, and at mid-afternoon and between 2 A.M. and dawn during the other months.
The water samples were taken with a 2-1 Keramerer water sampler 0.5 m below the surface
and 1 m above the bottom and analyzed by previously described methods for nitrate,
nitrite, KJeldahl nitrogen, ammonia, dissolved Inorganic phsophate, total organic
phosphate, total phosphate, and chlorophyll a. Annual nitrogen budgets for the three
lakes show they all serve as nutrient traps. AH three lakes lost phosphorus on an
annual basis. This loss was attributed to the small demand by autotrophs and the
addition of phosphorus from alj.ochthonous sources around the lakes and from sewage plant
effluents upstream. Based on nitrogen-phosphorus ratios, It Is postulated that nitrogen
Is the nutrient factor which limits algpl growth In all three Impoundments.
INDEX TERMS: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Limiting factors, Impoundments, Essential nutrients,
Kinetics, Water sampling, Water analysis, Chemical analysis, Nitrates, Nitrites,
Phosphates, Ammonia, Growth rates, Freshwater algae. Lake Dunlap, Lake Gonzales,
lake McQueeney.
"EFFECTS OF AHOCLOR 12U2 (A POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL) AND D1JT ON CULTURES OF AN ALGA,
PHOTOZOAK, DAJHKD, OSTRACOD, AHD GUPPY", Margin, J. K., Bulletin of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology. Vol. 6, No. 3, September 1972, pp 129-137.
In laboratory bioessays, Aroclor 12U2 appeared to temporarily Inhibit the
growth rate of Chlamydomonas as evidenced by cell counts and C-ik uptake, while DDT
did not appear to have any effect. A greater concentration of PCB was found in the
algpl cells than In the media, indicating that concentration and passage of the
blphenyl compounds through the food chain may take place. Neither Aroclor 12^2 nor
DDT in the amounts tested appeared to have any effect on the growth or cell density of
Tetrahymena vorax cultures. Daphnia pulex were quite sensitive to additions of
iroclor 12W as low as 0.02 ppm.TlTe toxlcity of PCB and DDT to the ostracod
Cypridopais vldua appeared to be approximately the same. Young guppies died in
concentrations of 2 ppm Aroclor 12U2. Aroclor 12^2 appears to have a much lower
toxlcity to cladocerans and guppies than p,p'-DDT. Although the effect of PCB on
algal growth appeared to be temporary, in view of its evident capability to be passed
through the food chain and its selective toxlcity to certain zooplankton, it would be
unwise to attempt to predict its effect on the ecosystem without further study,
INDEX TERMS: Bloassay, Growth rates, Daphnia, Protozoa, Chlamydomonas, Ostracods,
Population, DDT, Path of pollutants, Toxlcity, Food chains, Aroclor 12U2,
Guppy, Biological magnification, Daphnia pulex, Cyprldopsls vidua, Poecilla
reticulate, Tetrahymena rorax.
AMIC-60U5
"SPECIAL LAKE WATER TREATMENT PROBLEMS", Vaughn, J. C., Journal American Water Works
Association, Vol. 6k, No. 9, September 1972, pp 585-589.
Water treatment plants depending on surface water for filtration trealanent
are liable to many Intake delivery problems. Icing up of intakes can be avoided
by design techniques, backflushing, temperature control, and cleaning by blasting.
Blockage of Intakes by fish (alewlves) has been remedied by protective nets and screens,
Algal collections on screens or nets require positive pressure for removal
(Dlchotomoalphon, Cladophora) or installation of revolving screens and pulverizing
equipment. Plankton (Fragllarla, Tabellarla, Asterlonella, and Synedra) can best
be gotten rid of by a good surface-wash system so that broken-up mats can be removed
from filters by backwashlng. Problems with tastes and odors can result from micro-
organisms (Dlnobryon) or chemicals. Treatment usually involves oxidation by excess
chlorine treatment and/or adsorption onto activated carbon. Microstrainers and sludge
blanket devices required normal maintenance and some supplementation. The most diffi-
cult and expensive problem Involves wintertime diatoms (Meloslra). A side issue of
their proliferation is development of colloidal turbidity; doubling coagulant dosage
appears somewhat remedial. Calcium carbonate and pH changes appear related to Meloslra
blooms.
INDEX TERKE: Water treatment, Water pollution effects, Treatment facilities, Influent
streams. Great Lakes, Aquatic algae, Ice, Fish, Microorganisms, Odor, Taste,
Plankton, Chemicals, Phenols, Chlorine, Oxidation, Adsorption, Activated carbon,
Sludge treatment, Diatoms, Coagulation, Calcium carbonate,, Hydrogen Ion
concentration, Filtration, Plankton nets, Nuisance algae, Cladophora, Dinobryon,
Interference, Alewlves, Dlchotomosiphon, Fragilaria, Tabellarla, Asterlonella,
M^lofllra.
31
AMIC-6086
"IHHIBITIOfr OF MITOCHOHDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT BY GUTHION, SOME RELATED INSECTICIDES,
AND DEGRADATI7E PRODUCTS", Heidker, J. C., Pardini, R. S., Bulletin of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology. Vol. 8, No. 3, September 1972, pp 1^1-1%.
Heavy beef heart mitochondria (HBHM) were used to investigate the chronic
effects of guthlon and its metabolic desulfuration and photolnduced breakdown products
on electron transport. The pesticides and electron transport carriers were added in
ethanol or water. The results show that ethyl guthlon, guthion, ethyl guthion oxygen
analog, and guthlon oxygen analog depressed the mitochondrial NADH-oxidase enzyme
system at concentrations of 138.9 and 1389 nanomoles of pesticide per rag of
mitochondria! protein. Benzazimide and anthranillc acid were noninhlbltory. It was
concluded that none of the guthlon derivatives or breakdown products tested was
inhibitory to the mitochondrial succinoxldaee system. Since ethyl guthion and guthlon
were the most potent inhibitors of the NADH- oxldase system, it is suggested that the
phosphorodithloate structure may be Important in this inhibition.
INDEX TERMS: Bioassay, Pesticide toxlcity, Enzymes, Organophosphorus pesticides,
Guthion, Ethyl guthlon, Dylox, Di-syston, Electron transport, Benzazimide,
Anthranilic acid, Metabolites, Mitochondria.
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2.
tanaoee
"DIEL PERIODICITY OF CHLOROPHYLL A CONCEHTRATION IK OREOC* COASTAL WATERS", GlooschenlCO,
W. A,, Curl, H,, Jr., Snail, L. FT, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board ot Canada,
Vol. 29, No. 9, September 1972, pp 1555-1259.
Samples of phytoplankton were collected from the surface water and at depths
of 10, 15, 25, and 50 m In Oregon coaatal waters and fron two station* In th« mid-
Pacific for use In determining dlel periodicities. Phytoplankton was filtered from
sea water and stored in a desiccator In a freezer for subsequent pigment analysis or
laboratory culturlng. Pigment was extracted with acetone and analyzed by the mathod of
Shlckland and Parsons. The culture medium consisted of filtered sea water enriched
with nutrients Including thiourea. It was found that concentrations of chlorophyll a
in phytoplankton exhibited a dlel periodicity in Oregon coastal waters. Vfeximu* ~
surface concentrations often occurred around mldalght and highest 25-m concentrations
early in the evening (or even in late afternoon). Concentrations at intermediate
depths fell in between and in a predictable progression with depth and time of day.
Minimum chlorophyll a values occurred in the afternoon. No definite periodicity was
established at 50 m.~ Laboratory studies wiU» Skeletonema costatum demonstrated that
the diel cycle of chlorophyll a per cell was related to the light intensity and dura-
tlon to which cells were exposed. Highest concentrations of the pigment occurred early
in the dark period and lowest concentrations in the light period when cells were grown
under photoperiods of 9, 12, and 15 hr at a light intensity of approximately 12/00 ft-c.
Pigment bleaching probably was responsible for the low concentrations during the light
period. Addition of an external carbon source during the dark period prolonged the
high chlorophyll a concentrations in the dark before the decline began. Under low
light (UOO ft-c) chlorophyll a synthesis occurred only in the light. A correction for
AKIC-5O97 i
"EFFECTS OF SOLAR RADIATION AND UPWELLINO OH DAILY PRIMARY PRODUCTION OFF OREGON",
Snail, L. P., Curl, H., Jr., Qlooschenko, W. A., Journal of the Fisheries Research
Board of Canada. Vol. 29, Ho. 9, September 1>72, pp 1269-127$.
Primary production was measured in units of gC per sq m per day (equals P)
and gC per gram Chi a per day on a per meter squared ^aals (equals P sub Chi) for k
years in Oregon coaatal waters and offshore areas. P, and particularly P sub Chi, were
functions of daily photosyntaetlcally usable radiation Inshore except in summer, and
offshore apparently during all seasons. Values of P and P sub Cbl for a given dally !
input of usable radiation were higher inshore than offshore, probably because of more
efficient use of penetrating light by the relatively heavy coastal phytoplankton
populations in nutrient-rick water. Evidence is presented that inshore phytoplankton
populations in winter are acclimated to low light relative to inshore populations in
spring. P and ? sub -hi are related to the Interaction of daily radiation and degree
of upwelling in Oregon coastal waters in summer. ? is a function of photic depth off.
shore and Inshore, except In stunner. Probably the presence of large quantities of
non-photosyntheslzlng detritus, even in areas of upwelling, destroys the relation In
sumner. Here apparently is no simple relation Involving daily production and certain
significant environmental factors which will allow prediction of dally production in
all regions of the ocean during all seasons. (See also AKtC-6lU7.)
i
INDEX TERMS! Phytoplankton, Primary productivity, Aquatic plants, Solar radiation,
Upwelling, Oregon, Environmental effects, Photosynthesis, Coasts, Measurement,
Euphotlc tone, Light penetration, Light Intensity, Aquatic populations,
Sea water, Chlorophyll a.
AMIC-6096 (Continued)
2/2
diel pigment periodicity is recommended for models estimating photosynthesis from
chlorophyll and light data and for oceanographlc surveys during which sampling of
chlorophyll a is carried out throughout the 2U-hr day.
INDEX TERMS: Phytoplankton, Dlel migration, Photosynthesis, Cultures, Photoperlodif
Chlorophyll a, Sample preparation, Skeletonema costatum.
AMic-6099
"ACUTE TOXICm OF YELLOW PHOSPHORUS TO ATLANTIC COD (GADUS MORHUA) AND ATLANTIC SALMON
(SALIC SALAR) SMOLTS", Fletcher, G. L., Hoyle, R. J., Journal of the Fisheries Research
Board of Canada. Vol. 29, No. 9, September 1972, pp 1295-1301.
The acute toxicity of yellow phosphorus (P1*) to Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)
and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts was investigated using two experimental
procedures: (a) continuous exposure and (b) single brief exposure. In continuous-
exposure experiments, PU waa lethal to cod and seawater-nalntained salmon at concentra-
tions as low as 1.39 and 0.79 ndcrograma/liter, respectively. Salmon that were exposed
to A concentrations of Uo mlcrograms/llter or less developed a distinct external red
color and showed signs of extensive hemolysis. At death, salmon that had been exposed
to P1* concentrations of 90 mlcrograms/llter and lower showed a progressive decline in
hematocrlts. In contrast, cod were never observed to show any evidence of external red-
ness, hemolysis, or reduced heoatocrlts. In the brief-exposure experiments, cod and
salmon were subjected (20 mln to 3.5 hr) to P^ concentrations ranging from 2lv5 to 4030
micrograms/llter. Taese brief exposures resulted in mortalities to both species that
were delayed for as long as 2 weeks. Salmon turned 'red' l6-2t hr following exposure,
and at death shove* evidence of hemolysis and reduced hematocrlts. None of the cod
exhibited any of these symptoms.
•INDEX TERMSt Atlantic salmon, Toxicity, Smolt, Flea diseases, Marine fish, Growth
stages, Juvenile growth stage, Water pollution effects, Lethal limit, Bloassay,
Animal pathology, Commercial fish, Sea water. Yellow phosphorus, Atlantic cod,
Grilse, Parr, Sajmo salar, Gadus morhua.
-------
BIOljQOICAL
A MIC-6101
"TOXICITlf OF HYDRCOEH SULFIDE TO GOLDFISH (CABA8SISUS AURATUS) AS IKFLUENCED BY
TEMHSRATUFE, OXYGEJf, AMD BIOASSAY TECHHIQUES", Adelman, I. R., Smith, L. L. Jr.,
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 29, No. 9, September 1972,
pp 1309-1317.
Bioassays were conducted to teat the effect of temperature and oxygen on
H2S toxlclty to goldfish (Carasslua auratus) and to Investigate some factor a that
Influence bloassay results"!Relation of H2S toxlclty to temperatur* la negatively
logarithmic over the range of 6.5-25 C. The mean 96-hr TL50 at 6 C was 530 mlcrograms/
liter and at 25 C was U micrograma/litar. At temperaturea of lU, 20, and 26 C, moat
acute mortality from K2S ended by 1L days and the 11-day TL5O'a at these temperatures
were algnlflcantly different. In bloaesaya with and without prior oxygen acclimation,
decreaalng oxygen concentrations increased H2S toxlclty. In the former, mean TLJO's
were 62 and U3 mlcrograma/llter H2S at oxygen concentrations of 6 and 1.5 milligrams/
liter, respectively, and In the latter, 71 and 53 mlcrogramB/llter H2S at the same oxy-
gen concentrations. Variability In bloassay results was not affected by test tempera-
tures of 1U( 20, and 26 C, and In moat caaea 1 week of temperature acclimation was
adequate. Stocks of flan responded differently after 11 daya of bloassay, although
differences were not detected after k days of bioassay.
IKDEX TERMS! Bloassay, Toxlclty, Oxygen, Hydrogen sulflde. Methodology, Lethal limit,
Fhyslochemical properties, Water properties, Water pollution effects, Water
temperature, Dissolved oxygen. Water analysis, Goldfish, Carasalus auratus.
~l
AMC-6103
"CRAMOE IH THERM. ICOZHE AS A CAUSE OF REDUCTIOH OF BBHTKIC FAUNA DCWHETHEAM OP A
RESERVOIR", r.ntaJrHin, D. M., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada Vol. 29,
Ho. 9, Septeafcar 1972, PP 1329-133^-" " :
A study la presented of the thernal effects on benthic fauna located down-
stream from a reservoir. A great reduction In the kinds and numbers of Ephemeroptera
and other Insects In the Saskatchewan River is attributed to changes In river
temperatures caused by the reservoir. The river la warmed in winter and cooled in
summer. Consequently, mayfllea and other Insects with strict thermal requirements
cannot hatch and grow suceaafully. The effect Is evident 70 miles downstream.
B1DEX TERMS! Beuthic fauna, Water temperature, Reservoirs, Thermal stress, Thermal
pollution. Hater pollution effects, Water cooling, Heated water, Crustaceans,
Leeches, Thermal stratification, Mollusks, Larvae, Limiting factors, Caddlsflies,
Aquatic Insects, Macrolnvertetorates.
AMIC-6102
"EEPTH DISTRIBUTIONS OF BENTHIC POLYCHAETES IB WO FIORDS ON EIXESt«RE ISLAND, N.W.T.",
Curtis, M. A., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 29, So. 9,
September 1972, pp 1319-1327.
The relation between depth and population density Is described for a number
of benthic polychaetes in Hare and Tanquary fiords on Ellesmere Island. Benthic fauna
of the two fiords was collected in replicate grab samples taken at standardized depths
from 6 to 100 m. From this collection, 66 polychaete speclea were Identified. Two
of theae, Hartmanla moorei Pettlbone and Zeppellnla monoatyXa (Zeppelin), have not pre-
viously been reported in the Arctic. Populatlon~a*enslties of common species demonstrate
a marked relation to depth and the distributions of single species were similar In each
fiord. Distribution* at leas than 10 m In Tanquary Fiord appear to be greatly modified
by the presence of fiord water, a brackish surface layer formed during the summer ice
melt. Among the polychaetea, depth ranges and depths of greateat abundance usually
differed and so the species appeared to be scattered along the depth gradient rather
than grouped In distinct assemblages.
INDEX TEFM3: Ecological distribution, Benthic fauna, Fjorde, Spatial distribution,
Bottom sampling. Animal populations, Water quality, Environmental effects,
Annelids, Ellesmere Island, Polychaetes, Macrolnvertebrates.
33
AMIC-610U
"EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO SUBLETHAL DDT OH THE LOCOMOTOR BEHAVIOR OF THE GOLDFISH
(CARASSIUS AURftTjjS), Davy, F. B., fdeerekoper, H., Journal of the Fisheries Research
Board of Canada7^ol. 29, Ho. 9, September 1972, PP 1333-1336. "
A report is given of the effect* of chronic exposure to sublethal doaea of
DDT on the loconotor behavior of the goldfish, Carasalus auratus. A highly significant
time-dependent correlation between consecutive turns In the locomotor pattern of normal
goldfish attributed to a 'memory1 process in the pertaining locomotor control mechanism
in the central nervous system, is significantly reduced within U days by chronic
exposure of the fish to 10 mlcrogram/liter p,p'-DDT. Keeping the fish in clean water
during 130-139 days did not result in the restoration of the above correlation.
INDEX TERMS: Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, DDT, Movement, Fish behavior. Water
pollution effects, Water analysis, Chemical analysis, Fish physiology, Goldfish,
Carasslus auratus.
-------
a.
AMC-6105
"SOME ASPECTS OF THE BIOLOGY OF OAMMARELLUB HOMARI (CRUSTACEA, AMPHIFODA) IN THE
NORTHWESTERN ATLANTIC", Steele, D. H., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of
Canada. Vol. 29, No. 9, September 1972, pp IJW-IW. ~~
Gammarellus homari is a subllttoral Atlantic amphipod found from eastern
Hewfounrtland and the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence north to Ellesmere Island. It is
distinguished from 0, angulosus by its larger sice, smaller eyes and when alive by
Its red coloration." It appears to produce a single brood of young per year. Ovlgarous
females are found at depths of 12-15 m in the winter and the young are released in late
winter or spring. It Is not known where the males occur or where the adult females
spend the remainder of the year.
INDEX TERMS! Systematlcs, Distribution patterns, Growth stages, Crustaceans, Atlantic
Ocean, Invertebrates, Ecology, Amphlpoda, Oammarellus homari, Hacrolnvertebrates.
"ELECTRICAL RESPONSES OP THE OLFACTORY BULB OF PACIFIC SAUOH OHCOFHYNCHUS HEBKA AND
OKORBmCHUS KISUTCH", Eara, T. J., Journal of the Fisheries Research fioard~o?"c'anada,
Vol. 29, Io. 9, September 1972, pp 1351-1355.
Olfactory toolbar electrical responses elicited by nasal Infusion of food
extract*, band rinse, and several amlno acid solutions were studied In sockeye
(Oneorfaynehus nerka) and echo (0. klsuteh) saloon fro several different sources.
Comparlsonwas also made In rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Significant variations
In the olfactory bulbar responses were observed among different species and even among
the same species from different sources. The estimated lowest threshold concentration
for L-eerlne was between .000001 and .0000001 H in saloon. Olfactory responses of
rainbow trout were always several tljMS larger than those of salmon. Pretreatment of
nasal cavity with .0001 M solutions of HgC12 or CuSOU (27 or 16 ing/liter, respectively)
for 10 sec completely blocked the olfactory responses in all fish species studied.
The effect was reversible) the responses returned to their original level by rinsing.
Exposure of fish to 0.1 Bg/llter HgC12 for up to 3 days reduced the olfactory responses
to Uo-10 percent of those of normal fish. CuSOU was the more toxic.
DOjEX TE»B| Toxicity, Rainbow trout, Sockeye salmon, Bioassay, Copper sulfate, Copper,
Mercury, Heavy Mtals, Water pollution effects. Fish behavior. Fish physiology,
Mercury chloride, Olfactory response, Oncorhynchus nerka, Oncorhynchus klsuteh,
Salso galrdnerl, Coho salmon.
AMIC-6106
"BLOOD COHCEHTRATIOHS OF TRICAINE METHANE SULPHOHATE IH SHOOK TBOUT, SALVELIHJB
FOmHALLIS, EURIHO ANESTHETIZATIOH, BRA1KHIAL IRRIGATIOH, AND FECOVEW",' Houston, A.
H., Woods, B. J., Journal of the Fisheries Hesearch Board of Canada. Vol. 29, Ho. 9,
September 1972, pp
AKIC-6110
"CADMIUM UPTAKE BY MARIHE ORQAHISMS", Eisler, R., Zaroogian, 0. E., Hennekey, R. J.,
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 29, No. 9, September 1972,
pp 1367-1369.
Blood concentrations of trlcane methane sulphonate increased rapidly upon
immersion of trout in 100 mg/llter solutions of the anesthetic at 3.5-5 C, and also
rose significantly during irrigation for 15 nln with either 50 or 100 mg/liter
solutions. Clearance was rapid following transfer to running freshwater recovery
tanks. Graphical estimates of 50 and 90 percent blood clearance times were 20 and
55 mln, respectively.
INDEX TERMS: Brook trout, Bloaasay, Fish behavior, Toxicity, Water pollution effects,
Trlcalne methane sulfonate, Anesthetics, Salvellnus fontinalls, Blood, Biological
samples, Drugs.
Adults of muBDichog, Fundulus heterpclltus, scallop Aqulpeeten irradians,
oyster Craseostrea vlrglnica, and eubadult lobsters Hoaarus amerlcanue were imasrsed
for 21 days in flowing sea water containing 10 mlcrograma/liter of cadmium as CdC12.
2-1/2 H20. After exposure of the animals, 16 pooled tissue samples were prepared,
8 experimental and 8 control. Samples were (1) whole mummlchog, (2) whole oyster meats,
(3) scallop adductor muscle, (U) scallop remaining soft parts. (?) lobster muscle frcsi
abdomen and claws, (6) lobster gill, (7) lobster viscera and (8) lobster remainder.
Samples preparation involved dry ashing and digestion in 6 If HC1. Analysis waa by
atomic absorption spectroscopy. Cadmium residues in whole animals and selected tissues
were consistently higher in exposed organisms than controls; edible portions of treated
lobster (muscle), scallop (adductor muscle), and oyster (whole animal) contained more
cadmium per unit wet weight than controls by 25 percent, 19 percent, and 352 percent,
respectively. Therefore, Cd concentrations in water not previously considered
hazardous may, by man's ingestlon of sea foods, prove to be hazardous.
INDEX TERMSi Cadmium, Food chains, Oysters, Lobsters, Absorption, Heavy metals.
Public health. Path of pollutants, Biological magnification, Atomic absorption
spectrophotometry, Biological samples, Sample preparation, Mummlchogs, Scallops.
-------
AMIC-6112
"ATMOSPHERIC CARBCW DIOXIEE: ITS ROLE Iff MAXBTAIKaTj PHYTOPLAJOCTOt STATOI10 CHOPS",
Schladler, D. W., Brunskill, 0. J., Emerson, S., Broeeker, V. S., Pang, T.-H.,
Science. Vol. 177, September 29, 1972, pp U92-119U.
The rate or Invasion of carbon dioxide Into an artificially eutrcphlc
Canadian Shield lake with Insufficient Internal sources of carbon was determined by
two method*: measuring the carton: nitrogen! phosphorus ratios of seston after weekly
additions of nitrogen and phosphorus, and measuring the loss of radon-222 tracer tram
the epllimnion. Both methods gave an Invasion rat« of about 0.2 gran of carbon per
square meter per day. Hie results demonstrate that Invasion of atmospheric carbon
dioxide nay be sufficient to permit eutrophlcatlon of any body of vater receiving an
adequate supply of phosphorus and nitrogen.
INDEX TERMS: Phytoplankton, Carbon dioxide, Standing crops, Eutrophlcatlon, Seston,
Ollgotrophy, Water pollution effects, Radioactvlty techniques, PriBary producti-
vity, Limiting factors, Essential nutrients, Epllimnion, Tracers, Carbon,
Nitrogen, Fertilization, Phosphorus, Chlorophyll a. Inorganic carbon, Dissolved
carbon, Rn-222.
AMIC-olW
TSFFBCT OF SBEL1ERS Off THE RESISTANCE OF DOMINANT AND SUBMISSIVE BLUEOHXS (LEPOMIS
MACROCHIRUS) TO A LETHAL COHCENTRATIOH OF ZINC", Sparks, R. E., Waller, W. T7J
Cairns, J., Jr., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 29, Ho. 9,
September 1972, pp 1356-1358.
Due to differences In fish behavior In bloassay, a study was undertaken to
determine whether dominant and submissive bluegllls (Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque)
would have different times to death when exposed to a lethal concentration of zinc
and whether shelters would affect survival times. When pairs of bluegllls were kept
in bar*, 10-gal compartments for 5 days, doolnant-Bubmlssive relations developed,
and the dominant fish survived a subsequent exposure to 32 mg/llter zinc longer than
submissive fish. A flowerpot shelter in each compartment reduced the number of
aggressive encounters between fish and removed the response difference. Ibese results
indicate that dominant-submissive relations may be a source of variability In the
results of bioassays that use fish.
IHEEX TERMS: Bloassay, Fish behavior, Sunflshes, Zinc, Lethal limit, Lepomls
macrochlrus, Zinc sulfate, Shelters.
AMIC-61U7
"ESTIMATES OF PRIMARY. PRODUCTION OFF OREGON USING AS IMPROVED CHLOBOPEYIX-LIOHT
TECHNIQUE", Small, L. F., Curl, H. Jr., Glooschenko, W. A., Journal of the Fisheries
Research Board of Canada. Vol. 29, No. 9, September 1972, pp 1261-1267.
An existing equation for the estimation of primary production from chlorophyll
and light data was examined, and revisions were made to allow more precise applications
of the equation to upvelllng areas and other regions with relatively large fluctuations
In chlorophyll concentration and production per unit of chlorophyll during th« day. The
revised equation was developed by estimating production In 2-hr increments through the
daylight period, and integrating by parts to arrive at production In terms of gC/sq
m/day. Total dally production in coastal waters was estimated within plus or minus 13
percent of mean C-lb estimates, on the average, while in offshore waters the estimates
averaged within plus or minus 21 percent of mean C-lU estimates. Estimates by the
revised equation averaged 52 percent better in coastal waters, and 32 percent better in
offshore waters, than the basic unrevlsed equation. (See also AMIC-6097.)
INDEX TERMSs Estimating equations. Primary productivity, Oregon, Methodology, Solar
radiation, Light penetration, Light intensity, Upvelllng, Coasts, Measurement,
Sea water, Photosynthesis, Chlorophyll a.
A MIC-6156
"KINETIC STUDIES OF C. PYPE1IDIIIOSA USING gk PERCENT C-13-C02", Fowler, E. B., Adams,
W. H., Christenaon, C. W., KoLLoan, V. H., Buchholz, J. R., Biotechnology and
Bloengineering. Vol. lU, No. 5, September 1972, pp 819-829.
Chlorella pyrenoldosa has been grown in mass quantities on 91* at. percent
C-13-C02 by use of special rocking culture boxes made of lucite and an automatic pH
monitoring - C02 injection system. Three experiments were done. Experiments 1 and 2
Involved growth kinetics In 5-liter growth chambers where 8 runs were performed, such
that the Inoculum for each run (120 hr) contained the C-13 which had been Incorporated
by the previous run, thereby maintaining the cells more nearly in the log growth phase.
Relative mass was plotted versus time. A continuing culture In a 25-1 box for 10 runs
constituted the third experiment. No inhibition or adjustment periods were observed.
The limiting slope of the growth curve for experiments 1 and 2 Increased from 0.25 to
0.29 as the cellular content of C-13 Increased frost natural to 92 percent or more. The
limiting slope In 3 increased frca 0.13 to 0.16 as C-13 Increased from 1.1 percent to
92.7 percent. Amounts of Incorporated C-13/run vere determined by mass spectrometrv.
Growth appeared stimulated by the C-13 but ttols was not attributed to C weight
differences. Growth was affected by light intensity as affected by cellular mass,
becoming a deleterious factor as density increases. Differences imparted by C-13 bond
energies may affect the enzyme systems thereby affecting growth kinetics.
INDEX TERMS: Metabolism, Nutrients, Plant growth, Growth rates, Cultures, Laboratory
equipment, Growth chambers, Carbon radlolsotopes, Carbon dioxide, Light Intensity,
Photosynthesis, Light penetration. Enzymes, Aquatic algae, Primary productivity,
Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Growth kinetics, C-13, Growth media.
Se« also:
Category 1, AfflC-3876, 3896, 59"^, 5951, 5955, 6085, 6037, 6055, 6U1
Category 3, AMIC-592*, 6o88, 6109,
Category 5, AMIC-6003.
35
-------
A WC-2659
"FLOCCULAflT PRODUCTION PROM KER06EMB", Biotechnology and Bioengineering. Vol. Ik,
Ho. 3, May 1972, pp 379-390.
Growth studies in shake flask* and femanters were mode to obtain
extracellular polymer and biomus production from kerosene-utilizing Corynebacterium
hydrocarboclastus. Polymer accumulation peaked la the fermenter after 50-60 hr
cultivation, amounting to about 5.5-6 g/l broth. Initial kerosene relume (2 percent
v/v) yielded polymer and cell value* corresponding to JJ-AO percent and 67-87 percent
w/w of kerosene supplied, respectively. Exponential phase polymer and cell production
rates were 0.25 g/l hr and 0.27 g/l hr with mnxlimmi production of polymers at 6 g/l.
TERMS: Rutrlents, Metabolism, Growth rates, Polymers, Corynebacterlum
hydrocarboclastue, Substrate utilisation, Flocculant*, Kerosene, Hydrocarbon-
oxidising bacteria, Hydrocarbons.
AMIC-5919 "I
"EMULSIFICATICW AMD DBGRADATIOM OF 'BUHKER C1 FUEL OIL BY WCROOROAHISMS ", ZaJiC, J. E.I
Supplisson, B., Biotechnology and Bioengineering. Vol. Ik, Bo. 3, May 1972, pp 331-31*3."
An enrichment culture procedure has been used to Isolate nixed culture
systems which grow upon 'Bunker C' fuel oil. When Inoculated into a mineral salts
aqueous medium containing Bunker C oil, the mixed cultures initiate oil emlslf icatlon.
EmulJlfloatlon usually is observed in 2fcJ»8 hr. The role of microbes in this
«mul*lfication is discussed. It appears that certain metabolic products produced by
the microbe possess properties of surfactants. Bacteria and fungi have been isolated
which possess the ability to cause emulslflcatlon. Freeze-dried biomasa is also capable
of emulsifying oil. Chrcmmtographic analyses of biodegraded Bunker C fuel oil show
that microorganism* selectively metabolize the n-paraffin fraction.
TERMS: Mlcrobial degradation. Sewage bacteria, Fungi, Metabolism, Separation
techniques, Microorganisms, Gas chromBtography, Blomaas, Freeze drying. Fuel
oil. Bunker C oil, EmulsifIcatlon, Enrichment, Culture media, Substrate
utilization, n-Parafflns, Culturing techniques, Chemical composition, Chemical
recovery.
AMIC-5918
"MEASUREMEBTS OH THE IHTERFACIAL AREAS OF HYDROCARBOM IH YEAST FEHMZHTATIOHS AMD
HELATIOHSHIPS TO SPECIFIC GROWTH RATES", Wang, D. I. C., Oehoa, A., Biotechnology and
Bloenglneering. Vol. lU, Ho. 3, May 1972, pp 3^5-360.
Experiments have been performed to assess the absolute values of the
interfaclal area of hexadecane as the carbon source for the growth of Candida intermedlsJ
A sedimentometer, mounted directly in the fenaenter, was used to measure the Interfaclalj
hydrocarbon area during active growth of this organism. The specific hydrocarbon j
Intel-facial area was found to be directly related to the Impeller speed, hydrocarbon ;
concentration and surfactant concentration in a 1-llter working volume, turbine-agitated
fermenter. The specific growth rate was in turn found to be directly related to the
specific hydrocarbon interfaclal area. Cessation of logarithmic growth and onset
of linear growth was found at all instances to be governed by the specific hydrocarbon
surface area.
IKDEX TERMS: Fermentation, Yeasts, Surfaces, Permeability, On-water interfaces,
Metabolism, Nutrients, Growth rates, Cultures, Fungi, Chemical reactions.
Surface area, Hexadecane, Candida intermedia, Growth media, Substrate
concentration, Sedlmentometer, Hydrocarbons, Interfacial area. Culture media.
AMTC-5920
"BACTERIA WHICH ATTACK PETROLEUM HYDROCARBOHS IH A SALIRE 1*DIUM", Soli, <}., Bene, E.M.,
Biotechnology and Bioengineerlng. Vol. Ik, Mo. 3, Msy 1972, pp 319-330.
An investigation was made in order to study in detail organisms which can
digest petroleum hydrocarbons in a saline environment and the conditions under which
the biological process of oil degradation can be further enhanced and subsequently
used on a practical basis. Bacterial strains were Isolated from California coaatal
areas which showed the ability to oxidize normal paraffins, iso-paraffina, and aromatic
hydrocarbons in a synthetic seavater medium. Itoe ability to utilize a particular
hydrocarbon was established not only on the basis of visible bacterial growth but also
through a chroaatographic technique which waa standardized anl which could define the
amount of each hydrocarbon consumed by the bacteria In a mixture. Some of the strains
exhibited vigorous hydrocarbon oxidation when exposed to synthetic mixtures of
hydrocarbons as well as crude oil. Under conditions of aeration and agitation, mixed
cultures could destroy approximately 50 percent of a South Louisiana crude oil In a
period of U8 hr.
IKDEX TERMS: Microbial degradation. Saline water. Pollutant Identification, Cultures,
M&rine bacteria, Aerobic bacteria, Metabolism, Hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria,
CorynebacteriuD, Arthrobacter, Achromobacter, Aromatic hydrocarbons, Culturing
techniques, Culture media, Chemical recovery, Crude oil, Substrate utilization,
laoparafflns, n-Parafflna, Petroleum residues.
-------
AMIC-5921
TggRABAnai AMD KOEMLIZATIOH OF PETROLEUM BY WO BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM COASTAL
WATERS", Atlas, H. M., Bartha, R., Biotechnology and Bioettgiaeeriag. Vol. Ik, No. 3,
May 1978, PP 297-306.
within the framework of a study on the oil blodegradation potential of tbe
sea the ability of a riavotacterlua sp. and Brevlbaoterium ip. to metabolite a paimf-
flnlc crude oil and a chemically defined hydrocarbon mixture wa» Investigated, Major
components of the crude oil were Identified by combination gas chromatography and MM
•pectronetry. The rate and extent of total hydrocarbon biodegradation was measured.
In addition, COS erolutlon from th« crude oil was continuously monitored In a shaker-
aounted gas train arrangement. Degradation started after a 2 to U day lag period, and
reached Its maximum within two weak*. At this tine up to 60 percent of the crude oil
and 75 percent of the model hydrocarbon mixture, each added at the level of 1 ml per
100 ml artificial sea water, were degraded. Mineralization (conversion to C02) was
slightly lower due to formation of products and bacterial cell material. n-Parafflns
were preferentially degraded aa compared to branched chain hydrocarbons. Biodegradatlon
of n-parafflna In the range of C12 to C20 was simultaneous; no dlauxle affects were
observed.
INDEX TERMS! Oil, Mlcroblal degradation, Sea water. Pollutant Identification, Oas
chromatography, tfass spectrometry, Metabolism, Marine bacteria, Aerobic bacteria,
Oily water, Cultures, Mineralization, Coastal water, n-Parafflns, Crude oil,
Flavobacterlum, Brevlbacterlum, Aliphatic hydrocarbons. Substrate utilization,
Chemical composition, Hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria.
AWC-5921* (Contlnuad)
2/2
ttfWSt Klcroblal degradation. Measurement, Organic compounds, Chemical analysis,
Nutrients, Infrared radiation, Ultraviolet radiation. Water analysis, rate of
pollutants, Mediterranean Sea, Partieulate organic matter, Dissolved organic
smtter. Sample preparation, Organic carbon, Organic nitrogen. Substrate
utillcatloa.
AKIC-5921*
"MEASUREMENTS OF MICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND ORGANIC MATERIAL IN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN
SEA", Banoub, M. W., Wllliamo, P. J. leB., Deep-Sea Reaearch. Vol. 19, Bo. 6, June
1972, pp U33-W*3.
Measurements of mlcroblal activity and organic material ire reported for
four stations In the western Mediterranean Sea. Water samples were collected and
analyzed for partieulate carbon and nitrogen after combustion by infra-red analysis and
colorimctry, respectively; the limit of detection of the method was 1 microgram of
nitrogen per liter. The filtrates of the samples were analyzed for dissolved organic
carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus by utilizing modified ultraviolet
irradiation procedures; the limit of detection approached 0.5 mlcrogram-atomic nitrogen
per liter. Measurement of microbial activity was manifested in the turnover of glucose
and amino acids, which was determined by following the uptake ind respiration of added
trace amounts of both uniformly carbon-ll*-labelled-D-glucose and a L-amino acid mixture.
In near surface water the rate of heterotrophlc turnover of glucose and amlno acids was
found to be 30-50 percent per day; the rate of turnover decreased with depth, it was
detectable at 300-500 m but not at l8oo m. The organic analyses of the water column
indicated a transition zone in the region of 100 m with higher concentrations above than
below; the difference was greatest in the partieulate fraction. The inorganic nutrients
show the reverse distribution to the organic fraction. Typical concentrations for the
water In the first 100 m ind the deeper water were respectively: 0.05-0.15 and 0.03-
0.08 mlcrograns-at ?/l for dissolved organic phosphorus; 3.0-6.0 and 2.0-6,0 mlcrograms-
at H/l for dissolved organic nitrogen plus ammoniaj 1.2-5.0 and 0.5-1.0 mlcrograms N/l
for partieulate nitrogen; JtOO-700 and 200-1*00 mlcrograms C/l for dissolved organic
carbon and 18-50 and 5-10 mlcrograms C/l for partieulate organic carbon.
37
AMIC-5925
"GROWTH MOTELS OP CULTURES WITH TWO LIQUID PHASES. VI. PARAMETER ESTIMATION AND
STATISTICAL AHALISIS", Shah, P. S., Erickson, L. E., Fan, L. T., Biotechnology and
Bioengineerlng, Vol. lt». No. k, July 1972, pp 533-570.
Parameter estimation studies and statistical analyses have b«en conducted
employing mathematical models developed previously by the investigators and experimental
data collected by the last author. A batch fermentation process In which Candida
lipolytlca were cultured on n-hexadecane dissolved in dewaxed gas oil was employed to
ob-Uln the experimental data. The kinetic data from a number of batch experiments
conducted at different Initial substrate concentrations and different dispersed phase
volume fractions were analyzed assuming that the basic model parameters (maximum
apeciflc growth rate, saturation constant, substrate phase equilibrium constant,
adsorption constant, desorptlon constant) did not change from experiment to experiment.
A modified Gauss-Newton method was used to minimize the conventional sum of squares
criterion on computer. The Individual confidence Intervals were obtained for each
individual parameter. The models were compared employing the F-test for equality of
variances and an analysis of residuals. For the two best models, the estimated
parameter values were compared with available experimental information. The results
showed good agreement between the experimental data and the values predicted by the
mathematical models. The results presented in this work did suggest that growth on
avail segregated drops may be nore Important than continuous phase growth on dissolved
substrate.
UtEGX TERK3t Mathematical models, Cultures, Computers, Computer programs, Growth rates,
Statistical methods, Model studies. Fermentation, Estimating equations, Culturing
techniques, Growth kinetics, Substrate utilization, Candida lipolytlca.
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Mrraocs
AmC-5987
"PRELIMTSAHir RESEARCH OK 1HE UPQUfTIC BACTERIAL PCTCHHOraiLES Of SOIL AHD VAffiR",
Ereuil, C., Gounot, A. M.. Canadian Journal of Microbiology. Vol. 18, Bo. 9,
September 1972, pp
AKIC-59S9
"DIFFEREHTIATKHr BETWEEN PSEUDOM3HAS TESTOSTEBOin: AHD P.
CHROMATCORAPHY", Brooks,
J. B., Weaver, R.
Canadian Journal of Microbiology. Vol. 18,
ACIDOORAlfS BY OAS
S.
E. Tatum, H. W., Billlngaley
No. 9, September 1972, pp IV
A.,
AMK-5936
"SXTKXIC BACTERIAL OfiOWTM RATES IK RIVER WATER"
Vol. 2U, ft>. 2, August 1972, pp 166-171*.
Hendrlcka, C, W., Applied Microbiology,
Dl Iterant soil extract media and other media wer* assayed for a comparative
evaluation of both total and llpolytlc population* of bacteria taken from toil and w«tea
samples during winter. By Incubating at a low tensperature, paychrophillc mlcroorganli
wer« counted and Isolated, Gram-negative bacteria, especially Pseudomoms specie*,
were the most numerous. (In french)
HUKX TERMS: Soil bacteria, Aquatic bacteria. Pollutant Identification, P*eudomonas,
Assay, Glacial soils, Aquatic soils, -later temperature, Soil temperature,
Psychrophillc bacteria, i.tpolytlc bacteria, Culture Media, Thermal tolerance.
Enteric bacteria, Including stocked strains of pathogenic specie* and
QTg*n1*ms naturally present In the •trean, were capable of growth In a chemostat with
autoclered rlTer water taken 750 m below a sewage outfall. Maximal specific growth
rates for all orpin 1ms occurred at 30 C, whereas culture generation time* ranged
between 33.3 and U6 hr. Of the six laboratory strain* of enteric species used,
gacherlchla coll and Eaterobacter aerogenes grew at generation time* of 3^.5 and
33-3 hr, respectively, while the remaining Proteus, Arizona, Salmonella, and Shlgella
spp. reproduced at * rate two to three times slower than the conforms. Little or no
growth occurred in the water it incubation temperatures of 20 and 5 C, and death was
observed for Salmonella senftenberg at 20 and 5 C and for E. aerogenea and Proteus
rettgeri at 5T. ifhen enteric bacteria naturally present Tn the river water were
employed in similar experiments, conform bacteria demonstrated a generation time of
approximately 116 hr, whereas fecal coliform* failed to grow. Growth of the bacteria
from the river demonstrated a periodicity of approximately 100 hr, which suggests that
much of the growth of these organisms in the chemostat nay be on the glass surfaces.
This phenomenon, however, was not observed with any of the stocked enteric specie*.
neither the stock cultures nor the aquatic strain* were capable of growth In autoclaved
river water taken above the sewage outfall at the three temperature* tasted. (Reprinted
from Applied jftcroblotogy. Vol. 24, Ifo. 2, Augu*t 1972, pp 168-17&. Copyright 1978, by
the American Socle^ for Microbiology. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
IHDEX TEK1C: Enteric bacteria, Freshwater, Growth rates, Rivers, Sewage effluent*,
Pathogenic bacteria, Collforms, Aerobic bacteria, Culture*, Water temperature.
A study was undertaken to investigate the possibility of distinguishing
Pseudomonaa testo«teronl and P. aeldovorana by gas liquid chromatography and to test
the homogeneity of strain* identified by other a»thod». All strain* of both specie*
were distinguished from each other on the basis of levulose ( d-f ructose ) and maonltol
utilization. Several growth media were tested to select a medium on which the
organisms would produce the most characteristic metabolic profile* with the least
background interference from volatile compound*. Twenty mlllllltera of spent culture
medium from each of the above test* were acidified with H2SC4, heated for 1 hr at 80
C, cooled under tap water and extracted with ethyl ether to test for aclda and hydroxy
aclda as butyl aster* and trifluoroacetlc anhydride (OTA) butyl ester* by flame
ionlzatlon gas chromatography. Acids from cultures were tentatively Identified by
comparing retention time* of unknown compounds on both polar and nonpolar column*
with retention time* of known standards. Pseudomonas acidovorans was distinguished
from P. teatOBteronl by gas chromatography on the basis of acid* detected after 20 hr
growth on heart infusion agar plates. The data obtained support the finding* of other
worker* that P. acldovoran* and P. testosteroni are two different species and Indicate
that gas chromatography may be used effectively to distinguish other member* of the
genus.
INDEX TERMS: Gas chroma tography, Pollutant identification, Pseudomonaa, Aerobic
bacteria, Water pollution source*, Urine, Soil contamination, Soil bacteria,
PMUdomonas testosteroni, Pseudomoms acldovorans, Culture media.
. . . . . -g.
AKLC-59U2
"EHnSRITOL AS A SELECTIVE SUBSTRATE FOR THE GROWTH OF SERRATIA MABCESCEHS". Slotnlck,
I. J., Dougherty, M., Applied Microbiology. Vol. 2U, Mo. 2, August 1972, pp 292-293.
; Serratla mareescens grew on a basal medium containing 0.5 percent
jerythiitol a* sole source of carbon for growth and energy. Only an occasional strain
|of Enterobacter aerogenes among several member* of the family Enterobacteriaceae
jwere able to utilize erythrltol. (Reprinted from Applied Microbiology. Vol 2U, Bo. 2,
August 1972, pp 292-293. Copyright 1972 by the American Society for Microbiology.
Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
IKCEX TERMS J Growth rate*, Enteric bacteria, Pathogenic bacteria, E. coll, Salmonella,
Shlgella, Pseudomonas, Collfonu, Aerobic bacteria, Aquatic bacteria, Organic
compound*, Serratla marceicens, Selective media, Erythrltol, Substrate utilization,
Culture media, Enterobacter, ELebaiella, Erwlnla, Proteus vulgarls, Proteus
•organ!, Proteus rettgerl, Proteus mlrabllis, Salmonella typhlmurlum, Shlgella
•Osnel, Cltrobacter freundli, Edwardaiella tarda, Paeudomonas aeruglno*at
Substrate*.
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mCHOBIOLOOigq. MBIHOBa
AKtC-5970
"AN AUTOMATIC, MJLTICHAMBER SOIL-HASHIIIO AFPABATUB FOR KEMOVIBO FUHOAL SPOKES FROM
SOIL", Blssett, J., Wldden, P., Canadian Journal of Microbiology. Vol. Ifl, Ho. 9,
September 1972* DP 1399-ltoU.
An automatic soil-washing apparatus for washing fungus spores out of a
large number of soil samples simultaneously consists essentially of tea tubes vertically
mounted in a 'base which allows water and air to circulate through each tube, the tubes
are fitted with sieve assemblies to retain the coll samples ami tight fitting caps
which allow passage of air. The air agitates the soil as the water washes out the
spores. The apparatus Is also fitted with a siphon which automatically drains the wash'
Ing columns when the water reaches a certain level. Tests of the apparatus indicated
that superficial spores were removed from Bost of the soil particle*, this allowed
organisms growing in soil as vegetative mycella to be Isolated more readily without the
serious competition commonly encountered from organisms sporulatifig heavily la the soil,
Virtually no cross-contanlnatlon of soil samples occurred In the multlchambared
apparatus.
INDEX TERMS: laboratory equipment, Mechanical equipment, Soil analysis, Design, Soils,
Soil fungi, Soil contamination. Sample preparation, Spores, Penlcllllum
jantblnellum, Removal.
AMIC-5972
"STOMACHIlCj A HEW COBCEPT IH BACTERIOLOGICAL SAMPLE PREPARATIOH", Sharpe, A. H.,
Jackson, A. K., Applied Microbiology. Vol. 2k, Ho. 2, August 1972, pp 175-178.
An entirely nev •<»-t«g device, particularly suitable for preparing bacterial
suspensions from foods, fabrics, swabs, and other fairly soft Materials, has been
developed. With this technique the sample and diluent are put into an Inexpensive,
sterile plastic bag which Is vigorously pounded on its outer surfaces by paddles when
placed inside the machine. The resulting compression and shearing forces effectively
remove even deep-seated bacteria. After samples are taken for analysis the bag and its
remaining contents are thrown away. Labor involved In cleaning and sterilizing
reusable hoaogeniier cups or probes is eliminated, and the device is Immediately ready
for reuse. Running costs are thus drastically reduced, compared with conventional
homogenizers. Additional advantages of this device, which Is simple and inexpensive to
manufacture, are low noise level, negligible temperature rise, and the small storage
space required for bags. Collfoxm counts In samples of beef cuts, chicken, comminuted
meats, processed beef, pastry, vegetables, and fish prepared by this method compared
favorably with those In samples prepared by conventional techniques.
IHEEX TERMS t Conforms, Foods, Fish, Isolation, Enteric bacteria, Separation
techniques, Sample preparation, Biological samples, Homogenizatlon, Stomaching.
AMIC-5971
"AH IHEXPEBSIVE VERSATILE IHCUBATOR FOR SOIL BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH", Dyck, F. B.,
Campbell, C. A., Weinberger, J. F., Blederbeck, V. 0., Canadian Journal of Microbiology,
Vol. 18, Ho. 9, September 1973, PP 1513-1517.
A household freezer was converted to an inexpensive incubator by Incorporating
a heating system and a controller unit. The temperature was automatically varied
slnusoldally over a 2^-hr cycle or maintained at a constant level. Cost,excluding labor,
was too dollars. The specifications are •flxlmuB and mini mm temperatures, 38 and minus
21 C; maximum and p1n1nr'a ranges of the sinusoidal temperature, 22 and k Cj accuracy,
plus or minus 0.5 C.
UHEX TERMS! Incubation, Automatic control, Microorganisms, Laboratory equipment.
Cultures, Mechanical equipment, Instrumentation, Temperature, Design, Construction
materials, Growth chambers, Incubators.
AMIC-60V7
"THE HECESSIW OF COHTROLLIBQ BACTERIAL POPULATIONS IH POTABLE WATERSt COMMOHITY WATER
SUPPLY", GeldrelcB, E. B., Hash, H. D., Reasoner, D. J., Imylor, R. H., Journal
American Water Works Association. Vol. 6k, Ho. 9, September 1972, pp 596-602.
Bacteria carried past the disinfection barriers In preparation of potable
water can be monitored by continuous turbidometrlc measurement and standard plate-count
techniques. Once in the distribution system, suppression must be accomplished) the
critical level of such suppression occurs when the general bacterial population exceeds
1,000/ml. Ibis population can be controlled to below a 500/ml level by maintenance of
a residual chloride level of approximately 0.1-0.3 mg/1.
HEEX TERMS« Water pollution control, Bacteria, Potable water, Chlorlnatlon, Turbidity,
Monitoring, Water quality control, Public health, Taste, Water purification, Odor,
Pollutant Identification, Enteric bacteria, Pathogenic bacteria, E. coll,
Coliforms, Pseudomonas, Clostrldlum, Salmonella, Shigella, Mycobacterlum,
Achromobacter, Proteins, Artbrobacter, Galllonella, Leptothrix, Spirillum,
Serratla, Corynebaeterlum, Bacillus, Flavobacterlum, Plate counts.
39
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3•
AMIC-6068
"EFKECT OF HEPTACHLOR AND RELATED COMPOUNDS OK GROWTH OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUICUS",
Langlols, B. E., Sides, K. G., Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,
Vol. 8, Ho. 3, September 1972, pp i5tM6U.
Cultures of Staphylococcua aureus In tryptlcase soy broth were exposed to
purified chlordane, 99.8 percent gamma, chlordane, 99.5 percent nonaehlor, aad 72, 73,
71*, 99, and 99.8 percent heptachlor to determine the cause of greater growth Inhibition
with 72 percent heptachlor than with 99.8 percent heptachlor. Subsequent tests were
also conducted to determine the effect of Initial population, effect of sklmmilk
broth, and effect of static vs. shaking Incubation. All pesticides caused an initial
decrease In population and Increases in the length of the lag period and the generation
time. The initial study suggests that the effect on viability as veil as length of lag
phase depend on the amount of chlordane and ganma chlordane rather than heptachlor In
the pesticides. Both are constituents of technical (72-7** percent) heptachlor.
However, generation time In TSB appears to depend on the amount of heptachlor and
possibly chlordane present. In the related tests it was found that S. aureua was
not affected by heptachlor or chlordane when grown In sklmmllk. In addition, larger
Initial populations resulted In Increased viability In TSB with chlordane and
heptachlor. When the Initial population was less than 100,000/ml, growth was greater
in the pesticide samples under static than under shaking Incubation. The reverse was
found when the Initial population was over 1,000,000/ml.
INDEX TERNE: Cultures, Incubation, Pesticide toxiclty, Bloassay, Growth rates,
Heptachlor, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Population, Inhibitors,
Staphylococcus aureus, Culture media, Chlordane, Nonaehlor, Gamma chlordane,
Survival.
AfflC-6109
"EFFECT OF WO IODOPHORS OH BACTERIAL AMD FUNGAL FISH PATHOGENS", Rosa, A. J.,
Smith, C. A., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 29, Ho. 9,
Septenber 1972, pp 1359-1361.
In In vitro tests on nine species of bacteria (Aeromonas salmonlcida, A.
llmiefaeiens, Vitro >inqu ill arum, Cytopbam paychrophila, Chondrococcua columnaris,
redmouth bacterium, fluorescent and nonf lucre scent pseudononada, andTorynebaeterlum
sp) aad two species fungi (Phomaherbarum and Saprolegnla parasitlca). the majority
of strains tested did not survive a 5-oln exposure to either B
a concentration of 25 ppn active Ingredient.
Betadine or Wescodyne at
HHEX TEBK3: Bloassay, Pathogenic bacteria, Pungl, Toxlcity, Lethal limit, Betadine,
Wescodyne, Iodine compounds, Redmouth bacterium, Aeromonas salmonlclda, Aeromonas
llquefaclens, Vibrio anquillarium, Cytophaga. psychrophlla, Chondrococcus
columnaris, Corynebacterlum, Phoma herbarum, Saprolegnla parasitlca.
AMIC-6090
"WINTER SURVIVAL OF FECAL INDICATOR BACTERIA IN A SUBAflCTIC ALASKAN RIVER", Gordon, R.C.,
Alaska Water Laboratory, College, Alaska, Report Ho. EPA-R2-72-013, August 1972, Ul pp.
Survival of fecal indicator bacteria in a subarctic Alaskan river was studied
during the winter of 1969-70 when there was total ice cover and the water temperature
was 0 C. Most of the domestic pollution entered the river from one source. Since
no additional pollution entered downstream from this source, an uninterrupted study
covering seven days of flow time (210 river miles) was possible. Nine sample stations
were established to obtain total collform, fecal collform, enterococcus and water
chemistry data. Samples were collected four to eight times from each station during
the two week period of data collection, and a discharge measurement was made at each
station during the same period. Bacteria survival was examined with and without
consideration for the effect of dilution. After seven days flow time, total conforms
were reduced to 3.2-6.5 percent of the initial count, fecal conforms to 2.1-U.2 percent,
and the enterococci to 18.1-37.3 percent depending on dilution consideration.
IHDEX TERMS: Path of pollutants. Sewage effluents, Blolndlcators, Coliforms, Pathogenic
bacteria, Water temperature, Dissolved oxygen. Alkalinity, Hydrogen ion concen-
tration, Conductivity, Statistical methods, Nitrates, Phosphorus, Water pollution
effects, Enteric bacteria, Domestic wastes, Biochemical oxygen demand, Alaska,
Water pollution sources, Survival, Chena River, Yukon River, Enterococci, Fecal
collforms.
AMIC-61U9
"A TAXONOMIC STUDY OF S0f« COHYHEFORM BACTERIA
Microbiology. Vol. 71, Bo. 3, August 1972, pp
Bousfield, I. J., Journal of General
Some 110 features (biochemical tests, microacoplc and cultural characteristics,
and DMA base composition) have been used as a basis for the numerical, computer-
assisted analysis of 158 corvneform bacteria In order to determine their suitability
of fit In their present taxonomlc divisions. The general conclusions of the work
Include the following: (1) The genus Corynebacterlum «"«< the taxonomy of
Brevibaeterlum are not satisfactory. (2) Several organjn»» previously classified as
flavobacterla seem better placed In the coryneform group. (3) Certain non-cellulolytic
strains could more properly be placed In the genus Cellulomonas, e.g., Hocardla
eellulnna. (U) The boundary between Hocardia and (Artrobacter) la Ill-defined and
several organisms of the Hycobacterlum rhodochrous type seem transitional. (5) The
taxonomy of the genus Microbacteriua Is shown as unsatisfactory but a solution has
not been provided.
IHDEX TERMS: Systematics, Sewage bacteria, Computers, fethematlcal studies, Soil
contamination, numerical analysis, Speclatlon, (ferine bacteria. Cultures,
Activated sludge, Vegetation, Coryneform bacteria, Nucleic acids, DHA, Guanlne,
Cytoslne, Biochemical tests, numerical taxonomy, Organic bases.
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AMIC.6150
'TACTORS AFFECTI1B THE COMCEHTRATIOM OF FAECAL BACTERIA I* LAJD.DRA I» ACE WATER", Evaas,
M. R., Owens, J. D., Journal of General Microbiology. Vol. 71, »o. 3, August 1972,
pp W77-W5.
The rate of discharge and the concentration of faecal bacteria In the water
from a subsurface field drain were monitored by standard techniques ialtially for one
winter without application of animal excrement to the pasture, and, subsequently, for
two winters when pig excrement was sprayed over the pasture. The concentration of
Escheriehla coll and enterococci In the water were found to to affected toy three sola
factorst the flow rate of the drain discharge; the amber of bacteria in or on the soil
and vegetation; and the application to the land of large volumes of semillquid animal
excrement over short period* of time. In the absence of excrement application, the
concentration of faecal bacteria in the water was related to the flow rate and to time
by an equation of the form: log bacterial concentration equals a plus b log flow rate
minus c days, where a, b and c are constants. The concentrations of bacteria In the
water declined with time, the 90 percent reduction tloes being 57 days for E. coll and
96 days for enterococci. The spraying of pig excrenent over the pasture reruiCTln a
30- to 900-fold Increase In the concentrations of faecal bacteria in the drain discharge
within 2 h of the start of the spraying. The concentrations of faecal bacteria
returned to their normal levels over a period of 2 to 3 days.
IKEGX TERMS: Drainage water. Farm wastes, Envlronnental effects. Subsurface drainage,
Enteric bacteria, Subsurface waters, Hogs, Flow rates, Equations, Water pollution
sources, Percolation, Soil water movement, Seepage, Pollutant Identification,
Biochemical oxygen demand, E. coll, Filtration, Membranes, Discharge (water),
Enterococci, Biochemical tests, Fecal conforms.
AWC-615Z "
•AasmnATiai AID roxicm or EXOGEBOUB AKDK> ACIDS ra THE MBTHAHE-OXIDIZIIIG BACTERIUM
tCTHrtOCOOCUB CAFBULATUB". Vol. 71, "0. 3, August 1972, pp 5M-551*.
Tracer studies are described which deal with the pathways fof amlno acid syn-
thesis used by Mstfrylocoecus capsuUtus. and with kinetics and relief of growth inhibi-
tion by asdno acids. Bacterial growth was followed by optical density measurements
using a colorlastrlc technique. Carbon-lU-labelled amlno acids are Incorporated by
exponentially growing cultures, and these amlno acids are separated from culture samples
by ascending paper chromtography. The radioactive areas (amlno acids) on chronatograms
were located by autoradlography, purlnes and pyrlmidlnea detected by u.v. light, nucleic
acid bases separated by a filtration technique, and radioactivity of cells on membrane !
filters were determined by liquid scintillation spectronetry. Of 21 amlno acids tested,
only L- and D-thraonlne, L-phenylalanine, L-histldlne, L-tyroaine and L-homoserlne !
inhibited exponential growth of Methylococcus eapsulatua at 1.0 mM. Inhibition by :
L-threonlae was relieved by L-methloniae, L-honoflerlne, L-alanine and L-valine, but not
by L-lyslne, 2,6-diamlnoplmellc acid or L-«rglnlne. C-lU-labelled methane, l-aspartate, ,
L-threonine, L-tamoserlne, L-glutamlc acid, L-phenylalanlne and L-tryptophan were all i
assimilated. The results suggested that the branched pathways for threonlne, Isoleuclnaj
methlonlne and lyslne synthesis from aspartate is functional. An explanation of
threonlne-lnhlbitlon In terms of an interference vith col-product regulation of thla
pathway la proposed.
DUSX TERMS: Toxlclty, Amino acids, Methane bacteria, Path of pollutants, Absorption,
Pollutant Identification, Growth rates, Cultures, Radlochemical analysis,
Metabolism, Inhibition, Radioactivity techniques, Methylococcua capsulatus.
Organic bases, Biosynthesis, Assimilation. Culturlng techniques. Biological
AMC.6151
"THE NUTRITION OF BACILLUB MEGATERIUM AMD BACILLUS CEFEU3, White, P. J., Journal of
General Microbiology, Vol. 71, Ho. 3, August 1972, pp 505-51&.
A study of the nutritional requirements of Bacillus megaterlum and Bacillus
eereus Involved an assessment of growth by photoelectric colorimetry, nutritional
requirements by standard techniques, and total and viable counts by phase-contrast
microscopy. Out of nine strains of Bacillus megateriuB from culture collections,
only fire tnrew in a minimal medium that contained glucose and asnonium sulphate as
principal nutrients. One strain required blotln, while three other strains required
I two or more amino acids for growth. A freshly Isolated strain of B. negateriua
| required three amino acids for growth. Three strains of Bacillus ?ereua from a culture
I collection each required two or more amlno acids for growth"! From two of these strains,
i subatralns Independent of amino acids were developed by serial transfers. Ability
to grow In a minimal medium is therefore not so valuable as a distinction between
IB. megaterlun and B. eereus aa previously had been supposed.
[IHDEX ffiFKS: Amino aclda, nutrients, Cultures, Nutrient requirements, Amlno acids,
I Vitamins, Water pollution sources, Aquatic bacteria. Soil bacteria, Growth rates,
Viability, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus eereus, Glucose, Ammonium sulfate,
Biotln, Photoelectric colorimetry, Phase contrast microscopy, Substrate
utilization.
Ul
AMIC-6153
"BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY AMD OCCURREBCE OF VIBROS 19 DUHDESESS CRABfBAT IN OREGOH
PHOCESSIIC PLAJfTS AHD MARKETS", Allen, E. C., Voodburn, M., Journal of Milk and Food
Technology. Vol. 35, Ho. 9, September 1972, pp 51*0-51*3.
Dungeness crabmaat samples from Oregon processors and retail markets were
analyzed for Vibrio parahaemolytlcus. numbers of fecal streptococci, and aerobic total
plate count. Samples were collected" from three processors during one comnerclal
season. Five of 31 samples of crabmeat from Oregon retail markets and U of 75 craHneat
samples from Oregon processors were positive for halophilic vibrios. Positive samples
from processors were raw crabmeat and picked crabmeat. The numbers of fecal
streptococci in crabmeat from both processors and retail markets were generally within
the guideline of less than 1000 organisms per gram of crabmeat. The median aerobic
total plate count of 1.2 million organisms per gram for the crabmeat samples from
retail markets was above the limit of 100,000 organisms per gram established by
New York City and used elsewhere. The median plate count of to-be-packed crabmeat
from processors remained within this limit.
mtEX TERKSi Commercial shellfish, Crabs, Marine aninala, Pollutant Identification,
Foods, Food processing Industry, Oregon, Animal parasites. Animal pathology.
Enteric bacteria, Cultures, Streptococcus, Marine bacteria, Vibrio
parahaeaolytlcus, Cancer magister, Macroinvertabrates, Halophllic bacteria,
Fecal streptocci.
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MICHUJrlUUXHCAL
"INACTlVA!-ir,N OF FAIMDHELLA TYPHIMURIUM BY bOKbo.C A*JU-", Park, H. E., tortn, E. H.,
.Journal of Milk -ind Food Technology, Vol. y>t No. 9, September 1972, pp 532-539.
Nutrient broth, sklmmllk, and evaporated milk at pH 5.0, 5.5, or without
pH adjustment Mid with and without 2,000 and 3,000 ppm sorblc acid vere evaluated at
7, 13> «nd 37 C for their effects on Salmonella typhimurtum. The combination of
3,000 ppm sorblc acid and acetic acid at pH 5.0 nost effectively inactivated
§• typhimurluiii In all media and at all temperatures. Complete inactivation by this
treatment required from 12 hr or less In nutrient broth at 37 C to 55 days In
evaporated milk at 7 C. In some instances, treatment with 3,000 ppm sorbic acid
combined with lactic acid at pH 5.0 was equally effective. Reduction of sorblc acid
concentration to 2,000 ppm or raising the pH of the substrate to 5.5 increased the
time needed for inactivation of 3. typhlmurluai. Inactivation of S. typhimurlum was
most rapid in nutrient broth at 3*7 C and required progressively more time either as
the temperature was reduced or as more complex foods were substituted for the broth.
Growth of 5. typhlmurium occurred at 37 and 13 C in plain nutrient broth, in nutrient
broth at pH 5.0 or 5-5, and In nutrient broth with 2,000 or 3,000 ppm aorbic acid
(pH not adjusted). Growth In sklmmilk occurred under similar conditions except when
• the pH was reduced to 5.0 with acetic acid. In evaporated milk, growth at both
temperatures was possible only In untreated samples and in those acidified to pH
5.5. In some instances, a lag period of 25-29 days occurred at 13 C before growth was
evident.
j INDEX TEKMSi Hydrogen ion concentration, Cultures, Temperature, Growth rates, Aqueous
i solutions. Enteric bacteria, Aerobic bacteria, Inhibition, Salmonella typhimurlum,
Sorblc acid, Inactivation, Culture media.
AMIC-6157
"MDI€L PDF Tiff, GBWTH C; •"•i.tOftlC MICTOGRGANIEME UNDER OXYGtN L1MIT1HG CONDITIONS", 4yder.
D, N., Sinclair, C. G., Blotechnolo^.- grid Bjpgnginepring, Vol. I1*, No. 5-, September
1972, pp 787-796.
A simple dynamic model is proposed which will allow fementers to be run at
throughputs which fully utilize the mass transfer capabilities of the fermeters
while not decreasing the yield froo the substrate. The model is compared with
one previously proposed, which w»a originally formulated for double substrate
limitation when both substrates were supplied in the feed. Computer solutions
of the model are given which show the effects of the parameters used. Experimental
results from growing Candida utilis on a high concentration of glucose were found to
be similar to those predicted by the model.
IHDEJC TERMS: Growth rates, Model studies, Limiting factors, Oxygen sag, Aerobic
conditions, Aerobic bacteria. Fungi, Anaerobic conditions, Deficient elements,
Mathematical studies, Computers, Data processing, Substrate concentration,
Aerobic mlcroor^niama, Substrate utilization, Candida utllia, Data
interpretation. Glucose.
AMC-6155
"RAPID DIAGNOSIS FOR STREPTOCOCCUS AGALACTIAE AND STREPTOCOCCUS UBERIS". Smith, A. R.,
Johnston, S. M., Journal of Milk, and Food Technology, Vol. 39,'Bo. 6, June 1972,
pp 383-38^.
In comparison with other media the TKT-ferrlc citrate medium lends itself
well for use in a rapid screening method for Streptococcus agalactlae and Streptococcus
uberls isolation and identification from milk samples in that:(a) nonprofeasionsT
technicians can rapidly identify positive colonies as S. agalaetlae or S. uberla on
initial Isolation} (b) additional confirmatory teats (CAMP/ etc.) are usually uuneces-
sary, thereby reducing labor and media costs; and (c) the medium la selective for
streptococci and inhibitory to contaminants thereby Increasing the number of isolations.
IHEEX TERMSl Aerobic bacteria, Cultures, Milk, Sampling, Pollutant Identification,
Aqueous solutions, Pathogenic bacteria. Isolation, Streptococcus agalactiae,
Streptococcus uberls, TKT-ferrlc citrate medium, Colonies, Blood agar, Hemolysls,
Culture media, Selective media.
AMIC-6158
"THE EFFECT OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND PARTICLE SURFACE AREA ON THE MICROBIOLOGICAL LEACHING
OF A ZINC SULFIDE COHCEHTRATE", Torma, A. E., Walden, C. C., Duncan, D. W., Branlon,
R. M. R., Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. lU, No. 5, September 1972, pp 777-786.
The effects of carbon dioxide-enriched air on the rate of zinc extraction
during the microbiological leaching of a high-grade zinc concentrate by Thiobaclllua
ferrooxidana have been studied. Under normal air-aeration conditions, the leach rate
is limited, initially by the availability of solid substrate surface area per unit volume
of leach liquor, then by availability of carbon dioxide. If carbon dioxide-enriched
air is supplied, along with excess substrate, the zinc extraction rate Increases as the
carbon dioxide content increases until some other, as yet unknown, factor becomes
limiting.
HJDEX TERMS: Carbon dioxide, Particle size, Leaching, Environmental effects, Free
surfaces. Particle shape. Limiting factors, Thiobaclllus ferrooxidana, Sulfur
bacteria. Oxidation, Zinc sulflde, Substrate utilization, Substrates, Biological
activity.
-------
NRHODS
AMIC-6159
"THE 'ROTARY COLUMH1 HETHOD TOR GROWTH OF LAflCE -SCALE (JUAJfTITIES OF CELL MDHDLATKR8 ",
Santera, 0. G., Biotechnology and Bioenglneerlng, Vol. lU, Bo. 5, September 1972,
pp 753-775.
A method and an apparatus that reduce the heavy expenses involved In
traditional method* for the ln.rge-acg.le nonolayer production of prtmry and secondary,
•train and line cells and of the blologlcals derived therefrom are described. The
method Is based on the principle of gathering In a single unit a sheaf of colums by
means of general manifold* fitted with cocks. The growth of cells on the glass wall*
la Irrespective of the number, length, and diameter of the columns used. The apparatus,
placed In a thermo-adjustable room and connected to adequate devices vhlcb allow It to
rotate on Its longitudinal axis and to be in a vertical position, need not be dis-
mounted nor transported since It can be connected by a number of tubes to the necessary
services. Sterilization. Is carried out by flowing steam and fluids are poured in or
drained off by vacuum or pressure. A microscope fitted to the bearing structure allows
the operator to observe the cell monolayers and the cytopathic effect of viruses on the
whole length of the outer columns. During the various working stages pH is under
continuous control and automatically adjusted. The whole working cycle is extensively
described (cleaning, sterilization, seeding, incubation, trypelnization of the mono-
layer, culture and harvesting of the virus) and results compared with those obtained
by traditional methods.
AWC-6160 (Cootinusd)
a/a
initial dilation, and It was considered pmdant to examine samples imsdlately after
collection.
OBDBX TERMSj Methodology, Activated sludge, Evaluation, Variability, Sewage bacteria,
Sewage sludge, Hydrogen ion concentration, Enzymes, Separation techniques,
Sampling, Sewage lagoons, Enumeration, Heterotrophic bacteria. Counting,
Homoganiiatlon, Spread-plate techniques, Culture media.
IHDEX TERMSs
pment, Temperature,
TERMSs Viruses, Methodology, Cytological studies. Equlpi , —,.—«-;.?'
Hydrogen ion concentration, Cultures, Steam. Incubation, Microscopy, Cell mono-
layers, Rotary colvurai method, Culturlng techniques, Growth studle*, S
Trypsinlzatlon, Aujeszky disease virus, A2 Hong Kong Influenza vim*.
.
Sterilization,
AMIC.6160
"AB EVALUATION OF PROCEDURES FOR ENUJCRAriMG BACTERIA IN ACTIVATED SLUEOE", PIJte, E. B.,
Carrlngton, E. G., Ashburner, P. A., Journal of Applied Bacteriologf, Vol. 35, Ho. 2,
June 1972, PP 309-321.
A procedure for counting viable heterotrophlc bacteria in activated sludge
was evolved from a study of the effects of modifications to procedures at the different
stages of enumeration. Samples were obtained from sewage works and from various
experimental plants at the Water Pollution Research laboratory Including (l) an outdoor
plant which treats batches of settled sewage, and (2) small experimental units treating
settled sewage alone or with up to 5 mg/1 amounts of toxic metal ions (Cu, Cr, Zoi, If!)
added singly or in combination, or with added detergents, or treating petrochemical
wastes. Samples from laboratory plants were analyzed very shortly after collection.
Optimal counts were obtained with Caaitone-glycerol-yeast extract agar (CGY) with
incubation for 6 days at 22 degrees. Homogenization of mixed liquor was conveniently
performed, with minimal lethal effect on the bacteria, by treating samples, diluted
1/10 in sodium tripolyphosphate solution (5 mg/1), in a boiling tube Immersed in the
Kerry ultrasonic cleaning bath for 1 min. Counts were significantly affected by the
pH value of diluent and CGY, but not by the homogenization method or by treating
homogenized samples with enzymes or N-acetyl cystelne, or by adding colloidal peptlzlng
agents to the diluent. Replicate colony counts showed variances greater than the mean,
although precision increased with increasing nunber of colonies/dishJ there was a
direct relationship between colony counts and volume plated for up to about 1000
colonies/dish. Counts on spread plates tended to be higher and more precise than on
dilution frequency plates, although the 2 methods showed satisfactory correlation.
Counts were not significantly affected by the method of sampling and preparing the
A«C-6l6l
"BUCTHQHMICROSCOPIC OBSEHVATIOHB OB THE EEGRADATIGH OF CELLULOSE FIBRES BY CELLVIBRIO
FULVUS Aro.BPOBOCrroPHAOfc ttfXOCOCCOIIES", Berg, B., Hofsten, B. V., Pettersson, G.,
Journal at Applied Bacteriology, Vol. 35, Bo. 2, June 1972, pp 215-219.
CellvlbrtQ fulvus and Sporocytophaga myxococcoides were grown on different
types of cellulose fibres and the degradation was followed by means of light and elec-
tron microscopy. Some of the specimens were freeie-drled, contrasted with gold and
examined by scanning electron microscopy. Other specimens were examined with trans-
mission electron microscopy after being (l) prefixed in buffered 2-5 percent
gluteraldehyde, (S) brought to pH to 6.8, (3) further fixed In Z percent osmium tetra-
oxlde solution suspended in 2 percent agar, dehydrated, embedded in Epon, and
(U) sectioned on an oLtratome with glass or diamond knives. The very compact fibres
prepared from cottom were degraded slowly by C. fulvus. The bacteria penetrated into
the lumen of the fibres, accumulated there in'large numbers, and degraded the fibres
from within. Sporocytophaga myxoeoceoides attacked fibres both from the outside and
from within by typing etna* contact with the cellulose. Llgnin free pulp fibres, which
hare a very open structure, were rapidly degraded by both kind* of bacteria. Cellvlbrlo
fulvus also degraded these fibres from within. It is concluded that structure of the
fibre" greatly Influences the rate at which different kinds of cellulolytlc bacteria
decoapose cellulose.
IHDEX TEtVBt Cellulose, Fibers (plant), Microbial degradation, Electron microscopy,
Cotton, Pollutant identification, Sporocytophaga myxococcoides. Transmission
electron microscopy, Cellvlbrlo fulvus, Flexlbacterium, Scanning electron
microscopy, Agars, Fate of pollutants, Light microscopy.
-------
3. MICHOBIULOCICAL MEMOES
AMIC-6162
"OBOWTH AND CELLULASE FORMfVTICW BY CELLYIRBIO KJLVUS", Berg, B., Hofsten, B. v.,
Pettersson, 0., Journal of Applied Bacteriology, Vol. 35, Ho, 8, June 1972, pp 201-211*.
Grovth eind cellulase formation by Cellvlbrio fulvus were studied by
investigating how culture conditions Influence the formation of cartxutymethylcellulose
(CSC) hydrolyzlng enzymes and some properties of the enzyme components occurring In
culture filtrates of stationary phase cultures. Culture samples ware alloyed to
Incubate and the protein content waa determined by standard techniques, hydrolysis
of CtC by a colorlmetric method, a vicel degradation activity by a standard procedure,
and protein concentrations In cellulolytic enzymes by ion exchange chroma tography.
this aerobic cellulolytic bacterium grew on several sugars and polysaccharides, but not
on highly substituted cellulose derivatives, organic acids and alcohols, Ifhereas no
growth was obtained on long cotton fibres, It occurred on such fibres cut Into small
pieces, and on filter paper and chromatography powders derived from cotton. Lignln
free wood pulp was rapidly degraded. The organisms grew best a pH 7-3 and utilized
nitrate, ammonium and some amlno acids as nitrogen sources. The bacteria have
cell-bound cellulase but the enzyme was also found In the culture medium. Glucose
repressed cellulase formation and the enzyme activity of cultures grown on cellulose
was much higher than on sugars. Reducing sugar was not detected In cellulose cultures.
The pH optimum for hydrolysis of CMC was 7 and the enzyme was Inhibited by mercuric
acetate but not by p-chloromercuribenzoate or EDTA. Fr&ctlonation of cellulase
preparations from cultures grown on partially hydrolyzed filter paper gave many
components of different molecular weights. The activities of these components against
carboxymethylcellulose and mlcrocrystalline cellulose differed.
IKDEX TERMS: Growth, Mlcroblal degradation, ellulose. Cotton, Lignins, Cellvlbrlo
fulvus, Cellulase, Cellulolytic bacteria. Ion exchange chromatography.
AMIC-6163 |
"EFFECT OF GLUTARALDEHYDE OH THE OUTER LAYER OF ESCHERICHIA COLT", fftinton, T. J.,
Russell, A. D., Journal of Applied Bacteriology , Vol. 35, Ho. 2, June 1972, pp 193-199.|
The affects of glutaraldehyde on the outer layers and especially the protein
components ot Escheriehla coll were studied by the following methods: (l) determining ,
amount of sodium lauryl sulphate (SIS) in the cell walls by spectrophotometry, (2) I
determining electrophoretlc mobilities of suspended spores or vegetative cells with a
mlcroelectrophoresis apparatus, and (3) extracting purified protein and polysaccharlde
components from E. coll using homogenized phenol and water at 68 C. At pH 3 and 8
sodium lauryl sulphate lysed cell walls of Eseherlchla coll. Pretreatment with
glutarldehyde at pH 3 and at pH 8 prevented this lysis. §LS induced nanf-tnnym lysis of
E. coll cells at to degrees; pretreatment of cells with glutaraldehyde also prevented |
this lysis. Electrophoretlc studies indicated that glutaraldehyde accumulated on the j
surface of E. coll cells more rapidly in acid than in alkaline conditions, and that it j
blocked amlno groups on the surface layer of Bacillus sub tills spores. The relation-
ship of these findings to the bactericidal efficiency of glutaraldehyde in acid and
solution is discussed.
IM3EX TEFMS: E. coll, Proteins, Aqueous solutions, Cytologlcal studies, Separation
techniques, ElectrophoreslA, Adsorption, Protective coatings, Inhibitors,
Surfactants, Cultures, Glutaraldehyde, Polysaccbarides, Sodium lauryl sulfate,
Bacillus subtllls.
alsoi Category 1, A MIC-5933.
-------
%. MBTHDDB AID PERFOBMAIICB SYAU1MCIOB
"RATIO MATCHING - A STATISTICAL AID FOR DISCOVERING GEHEHIC RELATIOHSHIPS AMOMG
SAMPLES", Anders, 0. U., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. UU, Ho. 12, October 1972,
pp 1930-1933.
A statistical technique of matching the ratloa of elemental concentrations
of a sample with the equivalent ratios of other samples can provide correlations which
indicate potential generic relationships among samples. The technique is applied by
calculating 'concentration ratios' which are obtained by dividing the concentration of
each element by that of each element. These data are used to construct a
'concentration ratio matrix'. The ratloa for two samples can be compared by forming a
"ratio matrix of the two samples'. This triangular matrix Is obtained by dividing each
of the elements of the 'concentration ratio matrix1 for one sample by those of another.
This ratio can be reduced to an element of a 'correlation matrix', whose elements are
defined as the proportion of elements in the ratio matrix which meet a 'matching
criterion". The statistical significance of a correlation between two sample* is then
evaluated by carrying out correlation between random samples of the same type. The
technique was evaluated by applying It to data obtained from neutron activation
analysis of As, Sb, Cu, Zn, Au, Cd, Hg and Cr In 91 sediment samples from Michigan and
California waterways. One potential application of the method Is fingerprinting of
wastes from certain Industries.
INDEX TERMS: Sediments, Heavy metals, Industrial wastes, Correlation analysis, Copper,
Zinc, Gold, Cadmium, Mercury, Chromium, Data Interpretation, Fingerprinting,
Arsenic, Antimony, Ratio matching.
AMIC-6063
"OELKTOI AS A MATRIX FOR A MERCURY REFERESCE MATERIAL", Anderson, I>. H., Murphy, J. J.,
White, V. H., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. UV, No. 12, October 1972, pp 2099-2100.
Gelatin produced by hydrolysis of collagen from M***! bones and hides has
been found to be useful as a mercury reference material In the determination of
mercury In plant and animal tissues. Oelatln la particularly useful for this
application since it contains trace quantities of elements likely to be encountered
in the biological samples being analyzed. Reference material is prepared by drying
to determine the moisture content of the gelatin, reconstituting by •^
-------
k. MgrHOm MID PBRTUMUUreB SVALUATIUH
AMIC-6130
"COLLABORATIVE STUDY OF THE OFFICIAL AOAC FLA* PHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR THE
BETERMIWmON OF SODIUM IK FERTILIZERS", Coromln»s, L. F,, Jourml ofthe Association
of Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 55, So. 5, September 1972, pp 9*-9«0.
Two official final action method* for flame photometric analysis of sodium
in fertilizers were used by 9 collaborators to analyze prepared samples. A total
of 600 results were then evaluated using Youden's method. The evaluation showed
one method to be more precise than the other based upon the standard deviation of
systematic errors. It was also found that results were comparable when different
types of flame photometers were used.
INDEX TERMS: Quality control, Analytical techniques, Statistical methods,
Instrumentation, Collaborative studies, Precision, Errors.
AMIC-6132 (Continued)
2/2
INDEX TERMS: Fluorides, Quality control, Statistical methods, Plant tissues,
Chemical analysis, Spectrophotometry, Volumetric analysis, Alfalfa, Grasses,
Leaves, Collaborative studies. Sample preparation, Ion selective electrodes.
Pine needles.
"COLLABORATIVE STUDY OF AHALYTICAL METHODS FOR FLUORIDE lit VEOETATIOH: EFFECTS OF
IHDIVIDUAL TECHNIQUES OB RESULTS", Jacobson, J. S., McCune, D. C., Journal of the
Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 55, «o. 5, September 1972,
pp $91-1603,
A collaborative test of analytical methods and techniques for fluoride
in samples of vegetation was carried out by 64 participants and effects on the
magnitude and variability of analytical results were assessed. When data were
grouped according to the techniques employed ^ the collaborators, statistical
analyses indicated that many variations in techniques ware affecting the analytical
results. Both the data and the information supplied by participants support the
following conclusions: (l) An explicit set of instructions, specifically designed
for samples of vegetation, should be published to reduce the number of variations in
analytical procedures used by different laboratories. (2) The semiautoinatad method,
specifically developed for vegetation samples, is m preferred technique because it
is simpler and faster than older methods and gives results comparable to those
obtained by the Wlllard-lf inter method. (3) Th« *°AC official final action method
for fluoride may be used for the analysis of vegetation If modifications are made.
Results of this collaborative study also suggest that additional studies should be
performed to discover why alkaline fixative agents used for ashing affect angt;;al
results and whether simpler and more precise analyses will be obtained by replacing
titrimetric or spectrophotometric techniques with the use of the selective ion
electrode.
AMIC-6169
"CHAHTB FOR CONPHBHCE LIMITS AMD FOR FAILURE RATES", Nelson, W., Journal of Quality
Technology. Vol. k, No. 4, October 1972, pp lgo-195.
Simple charts for determining upper confidence limits for a product failure
rate are given and their use Is illustrated. They are also used to determine
statistical demonstration tests. These charts are applicable when the number of
failure* has a Polsson or binomial distribution or when the distribution of time to
failure for a product is exponential. (Reprinted from Journaj^of Quality Technology.
Vol. U, So. U, October 1972, pp 190-195. Copyright 1972 by the American Society for
Quality Control. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Quality control. Statistical methods, Confidence limits. Data
interpretation, Failure rates.
-------
MKTHUDB AMD PERTOHMAIICE EVALUATION
" MIC-6l?0
"ON APPROXIMATIONS TO THE t-DISTOIBUTION", Dudewicz, E. J.. Dalai, 5. R., Journal of
Quality Technology. Vol. k, No. U, October 1972, pp 196-198. ~
The distribution function of the Student's t-dlstrlbutlon is often needed
in applied statistics, e.g., in computing the significance probability (p-ralue) of the
usual test when comparing two means, and in computing tables needed for statistical
procedures which do not assume known variances. It has been customary to either use
a table-lookup or to calculate values via an Infinite series or via an approximation
which performs poorly for * small number of degrees of freedom. The authors note an
algorithm for evaluation of this distribution function which can be implemented in a
fast, accurate and short computer program. (Reprinted from Journal of Quality
Technology. Vol. k, No. k, October 1972, pp 196-198. Copyright l9?2 by ihe American
Society for Quality Control. Reprinted by permission of the copyright ovner.)
INDEX TERMS: Computer programs, Quality control. Statistical method*. Probability.
Student's t-distribution, Significance.
AMIC-6171
"A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR THE SOLUTION OF DOUBLE SAMPLING PLANS", Chow, B., Dickinson,
P. C., Hughes, H., Journal of Quality Technology, Vol. U, No. k, October 1972,
pp 205-209.
A computer program la described which provides solutions to double sampling
plans when given an acceptable quality level and a lot tolerance percent defective.
Output from the program include*: (1) sample sites, (2) acceptance and rejection
numbers, and (3) average outgoing quality limit. The user may also request values fori
(1) proportion defective, (2) probability of acceptance, (3) average total Inspection, '
(k) average outgoing quality, and (5) average sample numbers. Hie data may be obtained
for four sampling plans which minimize either the consumer's or the producer's risk.
INDEX TERMS: Computer programs, Quality control, Sampling, Statistical methods, !
Double sample procedures, Acceptance testing.
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5.
A me 5906
"MWIHG MMHBT METEK3 FOR CONTROL IKSTRIMEHTATIor', tfccKatale, B. K., Measurement ami
Data. Vol. 6, Ho. k, July/August 1972, PP 7^-75.
A new, weatherproof process mater, with a Bovlag •agn.tle.sch.nl.. hm»
been Introduced as having or exceeding tiie capabilities of the Bourdoa *«*•«*«•
In accuracy, readability, and ruggedness. Tn« mrter al»o meets ttoe. '•W*'4'"""'
of elertri^odes, and afford-the caw of calibration and field adju«t~irt while
being competitive In coit and Installation.
IMEX TEBMBJ Automatic control, Instrumentation, Automation, Flow measurement,
Electrical equipment, Moving magnet meter, Process meters, Precision.
AMIC-5910 (Continued)
2/2
HEBC TBRK5I Construction, Ions, Membranes, Temperature, Equations, Electrical
Impedance, Hydrogen ion cooc«ntrmtlon, Particle size. Resistance, Drying,
Sieves. Measurement, Pollutant Identification, Anodes, Cathodes, Selectivity,
Design, Maintenance, Ion selective electrodes, Silver chloride, EMF, Loading
(chemical).
ELECTRONS. PARTI. * S1W» OP mF^TOBS MVOLVE0 Df Iffi
COKSTRUCTIOH OK A HETEROGENEOUS IOH SELECTIVE ™*^ > ™"tfiA' B'' £?°JC
Research EBtabllahment, Aldermaaton, England, Report Ho. AWFE-0-46.71, October
16 pp.
A method is described for the preparation of heterogeneous chloride Ion
selective electrodes, and the effects of specific P«f»«*«w « E" ^J^^-t
variety of silver chloride electrodes were prepared to determine which parameter.
governthe response of these electrodes. The parameters considered were the *
!i«e™f .ilve/chloride, loading (defined ae the percentage of active »*
in the matrix dry volume), the preparation of material, and the effect,
washing of the resulting iwibranes. Measurements were made of theEMF's of cells
Incorplrating the electrodes, the response to a decade change in chloride concentration
££ tt£ «s?ftance. of the electrodes. The 60 - 600 micron, silver ^^?.f^cle
el«e. were produced by grinding under dichloroethane oven drying, «dJ*"^«f
sieving. Each of the sieved fractions was mixed with the appropriate amount <* *
flnelTpowdered thermoplastic powder to give loading, of 20, Uo, 60, and 80 percent by
volu« ofsilver chloride. In this way the construction of the electrodes including
^Sng of the membrane, va. accomplished. A 10-mlnute, 0.1 molar ""rtc^14 «f
was made after initial measurements, and the measurements were then repeated. The
measurements includet EMF, response to decade change ln«^f"« !^! S« ^A- values
('A- values), effect of nitric acid washing, and electrode impedances. Tne A values
were found to be unaffected by any of the parameters evaluated, and the electrode
impedances were deemed satisfactorily low at the higher loading^leveljh.
AKEC-5950
"TOR ELBCTHOCHEMICAL CHAMCTERJSTICS OF NATURAL REDOX CELLS", Whitfield, M.,
Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 17, Ko. 3, May 1972, pp 383-393.
A description is &xen of experiments designed to determine equilibrium
exchange currant densities in a variety of natural redo* cells. Such experiment, also
permit quantitative assessment of the possibility of using such cells as energy
producers. Tne cells studied represent the systems, air-saturated water-anoxie water
and air-saturated water-reduced sediment*. The cells of the former system were
designed to contain fairly high concentrations of degraded organic material, and those
of the latter for field situations (reduced mud and mud at roots of Zostera bed). The
inert electrodes used were platinum mesh or sheet and gold sheet. The equilibrium
exchange current densities (l) were calculated and compared with the current drains
imposed by modern electrometers. The results indicate that instrumental loading
should be negligible, but the small values of 1 oljaerved may result in the slow
attalnnent of a steady-state potential. This effect may not be so serious in
reduced sediment, where the Eh IB closely correlated with sulfide activity. In other
cases some of the irregularities in electrode behavior may be removed by discharging
the cell in situ and measuring its recharge characteristics.
IHBEX TERMS: Electrochemistry, Oxidation-reduction potential, Reduction (chemical),
Electrical properties, Freshwater, Sea water, Organic matter, told, Sedlmenta,
Oxidation, Chemical reactions. Measurement, Silts, Aquatic soils, Oxygen sag,
Aerobic conditions, Anaerobic conditions, Redox cell, Reprodueibility, Inert
electrodes. Substrates.
Itfi
-------
HKTHWOJIT DEVELOPMENT
AMIC-Wi
"MODIFICATIONS OF SHIELDED NET RADIOMETERS TO MEASURE SOLAR RADIATION PROFILES IN
WATER", Idao, S. B., Limnology and Oceanography. Vol. 17, No. 2, May 1972, pp M62-l»66.
Five specific and successful modifications of polyethylene-shielded net
radiometers to measure solar radiation underwater were developed and tested for use
in determining both downwelling and upwelling radiation. A field trial of the
instruments Indicated that they yielded a logarithmic extinction relation in very
turbid vrater with the upwelling radiation being equal to about 2.2 percent of the
downwelling radiation at any level. Since the modifications are simple to make, their
' use should greatly enhance the possibilities of studying underwater light to a good
degree of precision with fair economy. The spectral characteristics of the net
radiometers may also favor their use over some more conventional light meters in many
biological and physical applications.
INDEX TERMS: Solar radiation, Light intensity. Underwater, Light penetration,
j Upwelling, On-slte data collections, Aquatic environment, Calibrations,
• Measurement, Turbidity, Equipment, Instrumentation, Shielded net radiometers.
! Sensitivity.
i
~T
AMIC-6003
"REMOTE MEASUREMENT OF POLLUTION", National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
Langley Research Center, Report No. NASA 3P-285, 1971, 253 pp. NTIS Report No.
1172-18324.
This report, which was prepared by a Working Group on Remote Measurement
of Pollution, resulted from a review of Information about pollutants, e.g. their
physics, chemistry, biological effects, and distribution, and contains a consensus
of remote sensing possibilities for identifying and monitoring pollutants. The
review covered gaseous air pollution, water pollution, particulate air pollution, and
instrumentation. Methods available for remote monitoring of water pollution fall Into
three broad categories: In-sltu sensors coupled to telemetry) direct detection by
sensors aboard a satellite, and Inferential methods based on observation of material
not in Itself classed as a pollutant. These techniques are discussed along with the
potential of using these techniques for detecting oil, suspended sediment, chemical
and toxic wastes, solid wastes, thermal effluents, radioactive wastes, nutrient
wastes, and living organisms. The Instrumentation presently available is also
discussed. Reconmendatlons are made regarding future directions of remote sensing.
HBDEX TERMS: Remote sensing, Water pollution. Thermal pollution, Industrial wastes,
Oil, Instrumentation, Domestic wastes, Radioactive wastes, Suspended solids,
Btolumlnesceuce, Aerial photography, Bacteria, Red tide, Phytoplankton, Acid
mine water, Water temperature, Fraunhofer line discriminator, Multichannel
scanning radiometers, Pulsed laser systems, Scanning spectrometers, Chlorophyll
correlation radiometer, Polarimeters, Scintillation counters.
AMIC-5961
"PORTABLE SPECTRORADIOMETER FOR UNDERWATER ENVIRONM3NTS", Burr, A. H., Duncan, M. J.,
Limnology and Oceanography. Vol. 17, No. 3, May 1972, pp I4o6-Vf5.
A battery-powered spectroradlometer Is described which can be operated
either manually or automatically in remote field applications. The submersible 6-kg
probe is connected by cable to the control box on the surface with power supplied
by 2 small 12.V storage batteries and a 6-V dry cell. The PIN photodlode measures,
successively, the radiation transmitted by 16 Interference filters and a 1 percent
neutral density filter mounted In a rotating wheel. The probe can be easily maneuvered
Into restricted environments. The Incident spectrum is determined by measuring
successively through 16 interference filters transmitting in narrow wavebands from
UOl-698 nm. Minimum detectable spectral Irradlance is 0.002-0.015 mlcroW/sq cn/zm
and Is lowest at longer wavelengths. The Instrument can measure with an accuracy of
plus or minus 5 percent or less to depths where spectral Irradianee is 0.03-1.2 percent
Of surface. Construction and operation details are Included.
ISDEX TERMS: Underwater, On-slte data collections. Light intensity, Light penetration,
Aquatic environment, Design, Construction, Automation, Radiation, Equipment,
Instrumentation, Euphotlc zone, Reliability, Spectroradlometer, Precision,
Detection limits, Sensitivity, Performance evaluation.
AMIC-6017
"THERMAL STUDY OF THE MISSOURI RIVER IN NORTH DAKOTA USING INFRARED IMAGERY", Crosby,
0. A., U. S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,
Bismarck, North Dakota, Report No. NASA-CR-125639, 1971, 51 pp. NTIS Report No.
N72-183'«6.
Studies of infrared Imagery obtained from aircraft at 305- to l,52U-meter
altitudes indicate'the feasibility of monitoring thermal changes attributable to the
operation of thermal-electric plants and storage reservoirs, as well as natural
phenomena such as tributary Inflow and ground-water seeps, In large rivers. No
identifiable sources of ground-water inflow below the surface of the Missouri River
(North Dakota) could be found in the Imagery. The thermal patterns from the generating
plants and the major tributary Inflow are readily apparent In imagery obtained from an
altitude of 305 meters. Though the patterns are generally discernible In the Imagery
from 1,067-meter and l,52b-meter altitudes, there Is not sufficient ground resolution
to make toy but the most general qualitative analyses. The quality of the Imagery
varied with land-water temperature relations an well as with Instrument properties.
Portions of the tape-recorded Imagery were processed in a color-coded quantization to
enhance the displays and to attach quantitative significance to the data. Apparent
radiant temperature computations from the 305-meter imagery were generally within 1 C of
•ground-truth data. The study indicates a marked decrease in water temperature in the
Missouri River prior to early fall and a moderate Increase in temperature In late fall
because of the Lake Sakakawea Impoundment. At the present time, thermal additions
generated by the poverplants have little affect on the temperature regimen of the
Missouri River at high rates of river discharge.
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IHSTRUMEHT PEVELOPMEHT
AMC-6017 (Continued)
2/2
IBDEX TERMS: Thermal pollution, Remote settling, Water temperature, Missouri River,
Thermal poverplants, Electronic equipment, Ground truth.
AMIC-6053 (Continued)
2/2
INDEX TERMS: Adsorption, Mercury, Electrodes, Optical properties, Ions, Lead,
Cadmium, Zinc, Pollutants, Pollutant Identification, Electrochemistry,
Analytical cheBlstry, Deposition (metals), Stripping (metals), Spectroelectro-
ehealcal characteristics, Platinum, Spectroelectrochemistry, Molar absorptivity,
ThaUlttB.
AKtC-6053
"SPECTRQEiECTHOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF MSTAL EEPOSITIOS AHD STRIPPIH3 AMD OF SPECIFIC
ADSORPTION OH MERCURY-PLATI1IUM OPTICALLY TRANSPARENT ELECTRQEES", Helneman, W. R.,
Kuwana, T., Analytical Chemlstiy, Vol. 1&, So. 12, October 1972, pp 1972-1978.
Optical and electrochemical characteristics of the mercury-platinum optically
transparent electrode (Hg.Pt OTE), as applied to the deposition of a metal Into the
thin mercury film, are evaluated. Substantial mercury character can be achieved with
film thicknesses of as little as 10 mC mercury/sq cm (ca. 150 A), as evidenced by the
stripping behavior for lead. The use of the Hg-Pt OTE for the evaluation of molar
absorptivities of metals dissolved in mercury and the detection of Ionic surface excess
at the electrode-solution Interface is described. Light passing through the Hg-Pt OTE
during the diffusion controlled reduction of metal ions is attenuated by the
accumulation of electrodeposlted metal in the thin mercury film. The rate of this
attenuation is related to the molar absorptivity of the metal In mercury. Molar
absorptivities for Pb, Cd, Tl, and Zji which were determined in this numer are compared
with reported values for the bulk metal. The existence of a surface excess of a metal
Ion can be detected by a perturbation on the transmission absorbance-tlme curve. This
is quantitatively demonstrated for lead tetrabromide. A step change in the applied
potential was also found to produce an optical perturbation which is attributed to the
attendant change In the surface concentration of non-electroactive Ionic species such
as nitrate and bromide. Signal averaging was necessary to resolve the small optical
responses Involved. Use of the Hg-Pt OTE for stripping analysis Is considered.
(Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry. Vol. kk, No. 12, October 1972, 1972-1978.
Copyright 1972 by the American Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the
copyright owner.)
AMIC-6066
"CHEMICAL EHEICHMEHT ADD EXCLUSION WITH ION EXCHANGE M3MBRABES", Elaedel, W. J.,
Kissel, T. R., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. W, No. 12, October 1972, pp 2109-2111.
Chemical gating, exclusion, and enrichment of Ionic species by ion exchange
membranes are Illustrated by noting the response of a membrane-wrapped, Ion-selective
electrode when It Is dipped into various solutions. A sulfonated fluorocarbon cation
exchanger and an Inert polyvinyl alcohol (FVA) membrane having no exchange sites were
wrapped around four types of electrodes: flat glass, combination glass, monovalent
cation, and saturated calomel reference electrodes. After a FVA spacer film was
added to the electrode to act as a combination spacer and reservoir for inside solution,
a calibrated and rinsed wrapped electrode pair was Immersed In 100 ml of a solution
containing an ion to which the electrode was directly (heavy water or ammonium ions)
or indirectly (hydroxide ions) sensitive In order to illustrate enrichment or the speed
of Ion penetration. Electrode response was recorded as a function of time after
Immersion, and was taken as an Indication of how fast the concentration of the sensed
Ion built up In the inside solution. Some systems were chosen to Illustrate the
slowness of co-ion penetration, while others were chosen to Illustrate the rapid
penetration of counter ions or their enrichment in the inside solution. In general,
all of the experiments demonstrate that ion exchange membranes show high permeability
to counter ions and virtually no permeability to co-ions in dilute solutions.
Permselectlvity of the ion-exchange membrane* resulted In short-time enrichment effects
of counter Ions ranging from 5 to 100 for the systems studied, which may be of analytic
analytical use in sampling and In Increasing the sensitivity of Ion-selective
electrodes.
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5. INSTRUMENT DBVELOPMEBT
AMIC-6066 (Continued)
2/2
INDEX TERMS: Ion exchange, Permselective membranes, Hydrogen Ion concentration,
Temperature, Thin films, Aqueous solutions, Anodes, Cathodes, Reservoirs,
Heavy water, Pollutant identification, Glass electrodes, Monovalent cation
electrodes, Saturated calomel reference electrodes, Co-Ions, Sensitivity.
AMIC-6116
"ELECTRODES FOR MAGHETIC FLCWJETERS", Grey, S., Water and Sewage Work. Vol. 119,
August 1972, PP 93-98.
The two types of electrodes produced for electro-magnetic flownteters are
'standard', the model most commonly used, and 'bullet nose', which are designed with
self-cleaning capabilities. Selection of material for construction of the electrodes
is based primarily on their resistance to corrosion and abrasion, depending upon the
application. A standard type should be set flush with the liner or a flow tube, and a
bullet nose type should project approximately one-fourth Inch Into the liner's inside
diameter. These two types of electrodes are removable and easily Inspected, cleaned,
and replaced. The following methods of cleaning electrodes are offered by different
manufactures: Internal scraper, heating, ultrasonics, and hot water flushing methods.
Precautions should be taken to keep a magnetic flow system from malfunctioning due to
action of the raw sludge flow. Hie principles and purpose of the electrodes are
discussed.
IHDEX TEBMSi Electrodes, Flow measurement, Electrical equipment, Velocity, Sludge,
Cleaning, Pollutant Identification, Construction, Maintenance, Flow, Plowmetera,
Magnetic flowmeters.
AMIC-6lll»
"UTILITIES COOPERATE FOR AUTOMATIC METER READIHG", Walden, R. M., Jr., Water and Sewage
Works, Vol. 119, August 31, 1972, PP 20-26.
Vestlnghouse la developing am automatic meter reading system which Is the
prototype of an Integrated, modular system employing Integrated circuit designs and
data processing via a mini-computer. The system, now being tested in Raleigh, If. C.,
is modular by design with various components being fitted together for a tailored
system with a minimum of 'non-standard* apparatus. An Integrated circuit encoder, which
replaces the electro-mechanical encoder, solves a previous reliability problem with
a non-volatile memory which enables the encoder to 'remember* the meter reading If
power to the circuit fails. The encoder has readout and control circuits and parity
coding so that transmission errors may be determined by the mini-computer decoder.
The edge card connected, 3-encoder circuit board is designed for residential
applications to read water, gas, and electric meters over the same system.
INDEX TERK3: Minicomputers, Data collections, Automatic control, Instrumentation,
Automation, Electronic equipment, Research and development. Design, Prototypes,
Data storage and retrieval, Electric switches, Swltchgear, Data processing,
Telemetry, Analytical techniques.
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