EPA-R4-73-023c Environmental Monitoring Series
May 1973
Reviews of Current Literature
on Analytical Methodology
and Quality Control
No. 16
Office of Research and Monitoring
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D. C. 20460
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NOTICE
This bulletin is prepared monthly by the staff of the Analytical
Methodology Information Center (AMIC), Information Systems Department, Battelle,
Columbus laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, under EPA Contract No. 68-01-1832,
to inform personnel of the Analytical Quality Control Laboratory and other
segments of the National Analytical Methods Development Research Program of
recent publications on methodology. Personnel associated with the center are
Mr. Ralph Darby, Project Director, Mr. Robert Little, Project Leader, and
Miss Verm Holoman, Abstractor.
Bie 3" x 5" format of the citations and use of card stock is intended
to facilitate removal and filing of items of interest. Because of space limi-
tations, the index terms accompanying the citations are selected from a complete
list as representative of the important concepts presented in each article.
Comments and suggestions regarding the content of the "Reviews" or
requests from EPA personnel to be placed on the mailing list should be directed
to the Project Officer:
Mr. Luther Garrett
Director
Research Information Division
Office of Research and Monitoring
Environmental Protection Agency
UQk M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 2002^
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REVIEWS OF CURRENT LITERATURE ON
ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL
No. 16
By
Analytical Methodology Information Center (AMIC)
Information Systems Department
Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201
Contract No. 68-01-1832
Prepared for
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND MONITORING
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
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NATIONAL ANALYTICAL METHODS DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM
ANALYTICAL QUALITY CONTROL LABORATORY
REVIEWS OF CURRENT LITERATURE ON
ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL
No. 16 My, 1973
Arrangement of the citations following the major research areas of the Analytical
Quality Control Laboratory and other segments of the National Analytical Methods
Development Research Program. Items which apply to more than one area are cross-
referenced.
CONTENTS
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS Page 1-2?
Scope: Wet chemical methods; Nutrients; NTA; Trace metals; Helium glow;
Chromatography (thin layer, gas, liquid); Spectroscopy (atomic absorption;
flame emission, arc-spark, visible, UV, IR, fluorescent); Radiochemistry;
Automation of methods; Ion-specific and other probes; Mass spectrometry;
Mass spectra; NMR; Instrument-computer interface; Chlorinated hydrocarbons
(pesticides, PCB's, other); Trace organics; Petroleum processes (reforming,
hydroforming, platforming, catalysts); Petroleum additives; Reduced crudes;
Sulfur isotopes; Boiling range determination; Asphatenes and carboids;
Weathering; Organometallics; Elemental analysis; Paraffinic distribution;
Petroleum wastes; Water quality standards; Effluent monitoring.
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS Page a8-te
Scope: Plankton; Periphyton; Macrophyton; Macroinvertebrates; Fish;
Sample collection (grab samplers, artificial substrates); Sample
processing (preservation, staining, automatic and manual sorting and
counting); Organisms identification (taxonotnic keys, optical and electron
microscopy, gas chromatography, electrophoresis, karyosystematics); Biomass
measurements (drying, freeze-drying, ashing, ATP, DNA, chlorophyll measure-
ment, calorimetry); Metabolic rates (primary productivity, respiration,
electron transport, nitrogen fixation); Culturing; Biomonitoring; Bioassay;
Bioaccumulation of hazardous materials; Community structure (indicator
organisms, species diversity, community stability); Mathematical models;
Statistical analysis.
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3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS Page ^3-51
Scope; Pollution indicators; Waterborne pathogens; S atop ling; Detection;
Identification; Enumeration; Monitoring; Survival; Automation; Instrumenta-
tion; Cell counting; Selective and differential media; Growth factors;
Metabolic products; Membrane filter procedures; Microbiological standards;
Specific bacteriophage; Fluorescent antibody techniques; Radioactive
tracers; Antigen identification; Photomicroscopy; Optical measurements;
Data handling, presentation, and interpretation.
4. METHODS AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION Page 52-53
Scope; Collaborative testing; Laboratory and analyst performance evaluation;
Inter- and intralaboratory quality control; Evaluation of laboratory equip-
ment; Statistical treatment of analytical data; Experimental design.
5. INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT Page 5^.57
Scope: Intake systems (methods of sampling, connecting lines, wells, motors,
pumps, mode of operation); Sensors (electro-chemical, electro-biological,
thermodynamic, mechanical, optical, nuclear); Analyzers (analog and digital
amplifiers, output displays); Recording systems (telemetry, data logging,
digital data processors).
ii
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1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMXC-6697
"EITECT OF IOM PAIRIHO OK THE pH OF SEAWATER", Kester, D. R., Limnology and Oceanography.
Vol. 17, Bo. 6, November 1972, pp 959-960.
The author disagrees with Wangersky's statement that the dominant influence
on the pH of water not In contact with the atmosphere results from changes in ion
pairing caused by pressure. Instead the cause should be attributed to biogenic
oxidation and calcium carbonate dissolution.
IBDEX TERMS: Hydrogen ion concentration, Water pressure, Calcium carbonate. Ion
pairing, Biogenic oxidation.
AMC-6783
"CORRELATED STUDIES OF VANCOUVER LAKE - WATER QUALITY PREDICTION STUDY", Bhagat, S. K.,
Funk, W. H., Johnstone, D. L., Washington State University, Department of Civil
Engineering, Pullman, Washington, Report No. EPAJte-72-111, November 1972, 120 pp.
This study deals with the restoration of water quality of shallow, polluted,
and eutrophlc lakes. Dredging and removing of lake bottom sediments and introducing
better quality water are the restoration measures explored in this study. Vancouver
Lake, Washington, which is connected to the Columbia River was used as a test case.
The bacterial quality of the Columbia River was assessed by determining total
conforms, fecal conforms, fecal streptococci, plate counts, Sphaerotllus counts, and
pigmented bacteria. Additional determinations were made of BOD, COD, total solids,
total volatile solids, suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, phosphates,
nitrates, phytoplankton, pH, alkalinity, hardness, sulfates, chlorides, DO, the
Pearl-Benson index, temperature and conductivity. Quality of Vancouver Lake sediments
was assessed by measuring the organic natter, phosphorus, and nitrogen in sediment
core samples. The potential of the sediments to support phytoplankton populations
was also evaluated. A few samples were analyzed for trace elements by neutron
activation. Hydrologlc, hydrographic, hydrodynamic, and water quality information
provided by separate but correlated studies, was combined with the aid of mathematical
simulation models. Dissolved oxygen was used as an Indicator of the overall water
quality in the system. Photosynthesis, atmospheric reaeration, biological
respiration, and advectlon were the mechanisms considered in the computation of diurnal
changes in dissolved oxygen level. In addition to the DO model, the aquatic life
model for Computing time-varying levels of phytoplankton and bacteria was also tried.
The validity of these models was verified with the actual field data. After
AKtC-6783 (Continued)
Card 2/2
verifications of the models under the existing conditions, they were used to project
and predict the water quality of Vancouver Lake as will be affected by dredged lake
depths and Introduced flows from the Columbia River.
INDEX TERMS: Dredging, Water quality, Water analysis, Mathematical models,
Forecasting, Enteric bacteria. Nutrients, Phytoplankton, Sediments, Restoration,
Vancouver Lake,
AMIC-678<»
"OILY WASTE DISPOSAL BY SOIL CULTIVATION PROCESS", Klncannon, C. B., Shell Oil
Company, Houston Refinery, Deer Park, Texas, Report No. EPA-R2-72-110, December
1972, 111* pp.
The effectiveness and cost of the soil cultivation process for disposal of
oily wastes freu petroleum were Investigated. Crude oil tank bottoms, high molecular
weight fuel oil (bunker C or No. 6), and a waxy raffinate (an intermediate waxy oil
product containing highly parafflnic components) were spread and cultivated into soil.
At regular intervals over approximately 18 months, microbiological analyses were made,
hydrocarbon types of oil were added to and extracted from the soil and the oil content
of soil core samples at depths up to six feet was determined. Also, metals, nitrogen,
phosphorus, and sulfur contents of the soil and characteristics of the extracted oils
were examined by infrared absorption and gas chromatography ind rainfall-runoff relation.
ships were studied. The main results of the investigation were as follows. The oil
decomposition rate was about 0.5 Ibs/cu ft of soil per month without fertilizers and
about 1.0 Ib/cu ft/month when fertilized. Major microbiological species active in the
soil were members of the genus Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Flavobacterium, Nocardia,
and Pseudomonas. Differences In decomposition rate and microbial species due to
hydrocarbon type were minimal. Infrared and gas chromatography examinations of oil
extracted from fertilized and unfertilized soils showed differences in organic acid
contents and boiling ranges. Oil and fertilizer chemicals did not infiltrate vertically
into the soil at the test location under prevailing conditions. Rainfall runoff water
contained 1) up to 100 ppm extractable soils found to be naphthenic acids and 2) up to
150 mg/1 amnonla as N when the nutrients were excessive in the soil.
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1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-67f& (Continued)
Card 8/2
INDEX TERMS: Waste disposal, Microblal degradation, Soil analysis. Oily wastes, Gas
chromatography. Rainfall-runoff relationships, Anmonia, nitrates, Phosphates,
Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Heavy metals, Resins, Crude oil, BunXer C oil,
No. 6 fuel oil. Waxy rafflnate, Infrared spectrophotometry, Boiling point,
Aromtlcs, Paraffins, Saturates.
AMIC-68U8
"THE APPLICATION OF MULTI-ATTRIBUTE SCALING PROCEDURES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF
INDICES OF VALUE", O'Connor, M. F., University of Michigan, Engineering Psychology
Laboratory, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Technical Report No. 037230-1-T, Contract No.
NOOOlU-67-A-0181-0031*, June 1, 1972, 158 pp. NTIS Report No. AD Jk6 155.
Multi-attribute scaling procedures were used to develop water quality
Indices for waters to be used for human consumption and for support of fish and
wildlife. Scaling procedures were applied to this task by assessing, from water
quality engineers, (l) Judgments about which variables should be Included in the
Index, (2) the type of rule for combining the variables, (3) the relative importance
weights of the different variables, and (k) a curve describing the functional
relation between water quality and each variable. The experimenter used a modified
Delphi procedure for obtaining concensus among the engineers for each of the indices.
Even after the applications of the Delphi procedure, the engineers disagreed on the
Importance weights, so a sensitivity analysis applied the different indices to actual
measurements on samples of river water. This analysis indicated that the
disagreement about the weights was not crucial to the measurement of water quality.
The parameters .considered as Indicators of water quality were: fecal conforms,
phenols, DO, dissolved solids, pH, fluorides, hardness, nitrates, chlorides,
alkalinity, turbidity, color, sulfates, temperature, ammonia, and phosphates. An
additive equation was used to combine the chosen parameters into a water quality
Index.
INDEX TERMS: Water quality, Mathematical models, Phenols, Dissolyed^oxygen, Dissolved
Water
AMIC ^850
"OIL/WATER INTERFACE DETECTOR", Moreau, J. O., ESSO Research and Engineering Company,
Florham Park, Hew Jersey, Final Report No. EE.IWMR.72, Contract No. C-1-35C&9,
December 1971, 99 pp. STIS Report No. COM-72 11295.
A survey of manufacturers was conducted to find all equipment that could
differentiate between oil and water on a continuous basis and thus be used aa an
oil-water interface detector during tanker deballasting. 85 possibly applicable
devices were found. Based on manufacturers' information, these devices were evaluated
In relation to shipboard conditions such as installation, safety, maintenance, and
operation requirements. The device which seems best suited to ballast control
applications Is the Sensall W*0 Series In-Line Interface Sensor which measures sonic
attenuation. The Senaall would have a probe detector mounted in the discharge line and
would alarm at oil concentrations well below 1 percent. Laboratory and shipboard tests
would be required, however, before this device could be recommended for installation
aboard ship. The BUS sonic interface detector and the Gallbrith Oil Overboard
Discharge Alarm system will also merit further study If they can be modified to meet
shipboard safety restrictions.
INDEX TERMS: Oil-water interfaces. Oily water, Electrical equipment, Detectors,
Detection limits.
A MIC -6851+
"PRELIMI11AHY ANALYSES OF URBAN WASTES, NEW YORK METROPOLITAN REGION", Gross, G. M.,
State University of New York, Marine Sciences Research Center, Stony Brook, New York,
Technical Report No. 5, February 6, 1970, 32 pp. NTIS Report No. AD 71*6 959.
Preliminary analyses were made of 17 sewage sludge samples from sewage
treatment plants serving 11.9 million persons in the New York Metropolitan Region.
The sludges consist of about 55 percent organic matter, which, in turn, accounts for
about 55 percent of the toal oxygen demand of the sludges. About **5 percent of the
sludge consists of alumlnosilicate material, chemically similar to shale. The samples
are enriched, compared to sedimentary rocks and soils, in the following elements;
silver (l50x), chromium (lOx), copper (50x), tin (30x), and zinc (30x). All of these
elements are cannon Industrial materials, and are known to be highly toxic to marine
organisms; some are carcinogenic. Further studies are required to determine the
chemical form in which they occur in the sludges and whether they are released to
organisms or to seawater after dumping or deposition of the sludges. These
preliminary analyses indicate the semi-quantitative spectrochemical analyses may be
useful for determining order-of-magnitude concentrations of at least 2U elements
commonly occurring in sewage sludges. Other techniques are required to detect other
possible pollutants, with usable precision. Loss on ignition is a useful technique
to use in analysis of organic matter (volatile matter) in sewage sludges not
containing large amounts of hydrous aluminosilicates.
INDEX TERMS: Sewage sludge, Pollutant identification, Methodology, Alkali metals,
Alkaline earth metals, Heavy metals. Rare earth metals, Optical emission
spectroscopy, Aluminosilicates.
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-6857 ~
"ADSORPTION OF CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS FROM SEAWATER BY A CROSSLINKED POLYMER",
Harvey, G. R., Woods Hole Oceanographlc Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts,
Report No. WHOI-72-86, Contract No. CQ-16020, November 1978, 31 pp. NTIS Report
NO. PB-213 95i*.
A synthetic resin, Anberllte XAD2, was evaluated as an adsorption medium
for chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDT, DIE, dleldrin, and PCB) In seawater with the
objective of developing an anlytical method for recovering low concentrations of
these compounds. Testing of the resin was conducted with seawater containing
dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and DOT, DEE, dieldrin, and PCB. The results with
the DOC samples showed that coastal seawater contained about 20 percent hydrophobia
organic matter and that at flow rates of 0.7 and 1.1* bed vol./nln the resin
preferentially adsorbed hydrophobia matter. Recovery of DDE, dieldrin, and DDT
from seawater was 125, 108, and 92 percent respectively. The resin showed very good
adsorption capacity. Chlorinated hydrocarbons were eluted with acetonitrile and
ethanol. Analysis of Woods Hole seawater gave PCB ranges of 7.1 to 35 ppt and DDT
ranges of less than 0.1 to 3.3 ppt. Concentrations of PCB's were also determined in
water of the North Atlantic Ocean from the surface and various depths. The
concentrations averaged 20 ppt. The surface water of the Sargasso Sea contains
lover concentrations of PCB than the North Atlantic. The method developed is
deemed suitable for seawater analysis and probably for freshwater. It is suggested
that the resin could be used for In situ sampling while a ship is underway.
INDEX TERMS: Polychlorlnated biphenyls, Adsorption, Separation techniques, Sea water,
Water analysis, DDT, DDE, Dieldrin, Amberlite XAD-2, Sargasso Sea.
AMIC-6859
"OILY WATER SEPARATION SYSTEM", Skocypec, R. J., Esso Research and Engineering Company,
Florham Park, Hew Jersey, Final Report No. EE.2TMR.72, Contract No. C.1-350U9,
January 1972, 51* pp. NTIS Report No. COM-72 10561.
This report describes the evaluation of an oily water separation system for
marine use consisting of an AMF-Cuno Super Auto-Klean Filter (Model AK-511) upstream
Of an Esso Coalescer. The Cuno-Filter was evaluated as a unit for particulate removal
while the Esso Coalescer was evaluated aa an oil removal device. The system's
effectiveness was highly inconsistent due to plugging of the eoalescer by wax. The
beet performances achieved were with two coalescers in series downstream of a surge
tank for gross oil removal. Oil removal efficiencies were near 90 percent for these
tests over a wide range of influent oil contents. The Cuno-Fllter was found to be
unsuccessful in removing particulates in this application. However, it should be
noted that the Cuno filter was not specifically designed for this application. General
application of this type of eoalescer where a highly polished effluent is desired is
discouraged for dirty ballast water treating because of wax plugging which makes the
coalescer inoperative. The coaleecer is, however, recommended for removing oils with
known low wax contents. Plugging due to suspended solids is not thought to be
significant.
INDEX TERMS: Oily water, Separation techniques, Filtration, BalOast water,
Performance evaluation, Esso coalescer, Cuno filter.
AMic-6861
'^CORRELATION OF OILS AND OIL PRODUCTS BY GAS CHHOMATOGRAPHY", Zaflriou, 0., Blumer, M.,
Myers, J., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, Technical
Report No. WHOI-72-55, Contract No. EPA 15080 KEC, July 1972, 101 pp. NTIS Report No.
PB 211 337.
Environmental samples of oil and oil products can be correlated with possible
sources by comparison of their stable compositional features. Procedures for
correlating samples with suspected sources by gas chromatographic analysis under
standardized conditions are presented in manual form. A high rate of success for the
method in realistic situations is estimated by analyses of artificially aged oils and
of potential spill sources found in Greater New York Harbor and Portlsind, Maine. The
method is suitable for routine use for weeks-old oil samples, and for monitoring levels
of hydrocarbons in organisms and sediments. Slightly modified, it can be used in
low-level and research work studying the fate and effects of petroleum hydrocarbons.
INDEX TERMS: Oil pollution, Chemical analysis, Pollutant identification, Oil spills,
Weathering, Methodology, Oily water, Separation techniques, Water pollution,
Water analysis, Oil characterization, Oil fingerprinting, Flame ionlzatlon gas
chromatography, Crude oil, Chemical composition, Fuel oil, Sample storage, Sample
preparation, Data Interpretation.
AMIC-6878
'^OAS-LIQUID-SOLLD CHROMATOGRAPHY OF FREE ACIDS", Dl Corcia, A., Analytical Chemistry,
Vol. 1*5, No. 3, March 1973, PP
The use of gas-liquid-solid chromatography has been extended to the elutlon
of free acids. The coating of the graphitlzed carbon black, such as graph! tlzed
Sterling FT (FT-G), by means of a suitable amount of an involatile stationary phase
(FFAP) makes possible the linear elutlon of free acids at the nanogram level. By
varying the liquid/solid ratio, gas -liquid-solid (GLS) columns have been evaluated in
terms of selectivity, efficiency, and time of elution for acid compounds. On these
bases, GLS columns have been compared with a GL column normally used for the analysis
of acids. The results confirm that the surface of the carbon la very effective in
separating molecules differing mainly in their geometric structure. In addition, GLS
columns retain peak broadening also at high linear carrier gas velocities. On FT-G
coated with 0.3 percent FFAP, the separation of C2-C5 fatty acids, including
2-methylbutyric and 3-methylbutyric acids, in a very dilute wnter solution
(approximately "to ppm) has been obtained in about 1.5 minutes. The separation of the
isomers of seme aromatic acids has been also performed. ( Reprinted from Analytical
Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 3, March 1973, PP ^92-1*96, Copyright 1973 by the American
Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner. )
INDEX TERMS: Organic acids, Chemical analysis, Pollutant identification, Separation
techniques, Molecular structure, Selectivity, Efficiencies, Chemical properties,
Aromatic compounds, Gas-liquid-solid chromatography, Detection limits, Gaa liquid
chromatography, Chromatographic columns.
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-6933
"STUDIES IN CHEMICAL IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY", Ryan, J. F., University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, Dissertation Abstracts No. 72-33m 382, 1972,
129 PP. (Complete report not available from AMIC.)
Chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) was used to distinguish
between acids, aldehydes, esters, ethers, and ketones, as well as between primary,
secondary, and tertiary alcohols. Two methods were used to identify functional
groups present in a sample molecule. The first was based on a determination of the
sample's proton affinity relative to that of the source gas. The second method was
based on the unique set of ions produced by each functional group in CI spectra using
nitric oxide as a source gas. Argon-water source-gas mixtures were used to produce
high and low resolution mass spectra which exhibit ions characteristic of both
electron Impact and chemical ionization methods of ionization. Mass spectra of
different functional groups were obtained using trlmethylsllyl cation as an ionization
reagent. Peaks due to electrophilic attachment were observed in all cases. Finally
negative ion chemical ionization mass spectra were recorded using oxygen as a reagent
gas.
INDEX TERMS: Organic compounds, Chemical reactions, Methodology, Pollutant
identification. Mass spectrometry, Alcohols, Organic acids, Ionization, Chemical
analysis, Ethers, Chemical ionization mass spectrometry, CI mass spectra,
Aldehydes, Ketones, Esters, Reagents, Mass spectra, CI spectra, Chemical structure,
Functional groups.
AMIC -6962
"PROCESSES AFFECTING THE OCEANIC DISTRIBUTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE", Culberson, C. H.,
Oregon State University, Corvallls, Oregon, Dissertation Abstracts No. 73-3957, 1972,
188 pp. (Complete report not available from AMIC.)
The stoichlometrlc model of organic decomposition in seawater (Redfield,
Ketchum, and Richards, 1963) was used to describe the oceanic distribution of total
carbon dioxide. It was assumed that the concentration of total carbon dioxide was the
sun of three terms: (1) the initial concentration of carbon dioxide, (2) the increase
in carbon dioxide due to the oxidation of organic matter, and (3) the Increase in
carbon dioxide due to the solution of calcium carbonate. The vertical and horizontal
distribution of total carbon dioxide in the Pacific, Indian, and South Atlantic Oceans
was shown to conform to this model. The model for the distribution of total carbon
dioxide was applied to the vertical distribution of carbon-13 at the North Pacific
(1969) GEOSECS intercalibration station (Kroopnick, De-user, and Craig, 1970). Values
of delta C-13 calculated from the stoichiometric model agreed to within plus or minus
3 percent with the measured values at this station. Near-bottom chemical measurements
were made on three cruises: YALOC-69 to the Eastern Tropical Pacific, Y6908F off the
Oregon Coast, and TT-U6 to the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic. Salinity, oxygen, pH,
alkalinity, silicate, phosphate, nitrate, and nitrite were measured at heights from 0.5
to 300 m above the bottom. No measurable salinity, oxygen, silicate, phosphate, nitrate,
or nitrite gradients were observed. A statistically significant near-bottom increase
in pH and alkalinity was found. However, the increase was small and could have resulted
from undetected analytical and/or sampling errors.
INDEX TERMS: Carbon dioxide, Oceans, Model studies, Spatial distribution, On-site data
collections, Water chemistry, Stoichiometric models.
AMIC-6982
"OXTOEH-CARBOH DIOXIDE-NUTRIENTS RELATIONSHIPS IN THE NORTHEASTERN PACIFIC OCEAN AMD
SOUTHEASTERN BERING SEA", Alvarez-Borrego, S., Oregon State University, CorvaUis,
Oregon, Dissertation Abstracts No. 73-7816, 1973, 186 p. (Complete report not available
from AMIC.)
The vertical distribution of density, salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen,
apparent oxygen utilization, nutrients, preformed phosphate, pH, alkalinity,
alkalinitytchlorlnity ratio, "in situ1 partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and percent
saturation of calclte and aragonite, for the Southeastern Bering Sea, is studied and
explained in terms of biological and physical processes. Sane hydrologlcal
interactions between the Bering Sea and the North Pacific Ocean are explained. In the
Northeastern Pacific Ocean the oxygen-phosphate and oxygen-nitrate relationships for
the region of the water column above the oxygen minimum zone vary systematically with
latitude. In the entire water column, these slopes vary with depth. An effect on the
slopes of the oxygen-phosphate and oxygen-nitrate relationships, similar to that
observed when decreasing latitude, Is observed when comparing winter versus summer
data. The winter slopes are higher than the summer slopes. Multiple regression
analysis was applied to the oxygen, phosphate, nitrate, and potential temperature data
from stations at different geographic locations in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
Confidence intervale for the regression coefficients are consistent with the values
predicted by the Redfield model for the delta 02:delta K>k and delta 02:delta N03
ratios for biological processes. After the field oxygen, phosphate and nitrate data
were found consistent with Redfield1s model, preformed phosphates were calculated by
using the model, and potential temperature versus preformed phosphates diagrams were
constructed for different stations In the Pacific and Indian Oceans to study their
AMIC-6982 (Continued)
Card 2/2
water masses. In the Northeastern Pacific Ocean the total inorganic carbon
dioxide-oxygen relationship varies with depth. Multiple linear regression analysis
was applied to express total Inorganic carbon dioxide, normalized to constant
salinity, as a function of potential temperature and total alkalinity and oxygen
normalized to constant salinity. Results of the regression are In agreement with the
assumption that total alkalinity changes in the open ocean are only due to salinity
changes in calcium carbonate dissolution or precipitation, and with Redfield's
model for the prediction of the total inorganic carbon dioxide-oxygen ratio for the
biochemical oxidation.
INDEX TERMS: Dissolved oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Nutrients, Pacific Ocean, Model studies,
Spatial distribution, Water temperature, Bering Sea, Vertical distribution,
Regression coefficients, Multiple linear regression analysis, Seasonal variation.
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1. PHYSICAL USD CHEMICAL METHODS
"AMM-76IB —
"LAH3ER DIAMETER COLUMNS FOR MODERN, HIGH SPEED LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY", DeStefano,
J. J., University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, Dissertation Abstracts No.
72-31, 933, 1972, IkZ pp. (Conplete report not available from AMIC.)
Relatively large Internal diameter columns are shown to exhibit superior
efficiencies for both retained and unretalned solutes when compared to narrow-bore,
analytical liquid-liquid (LLC) and liquid-solid (LSC) chromatographlc columns. Ihls
high level of column performance is ascribed to the 'infinite-diameter1 column
phenomenon proposed by Knox and Parcher. The controlled surface porosity support
used in the LLC studies is shown to be capable of handling only modest amounts of
solute without overloading. The totally porous silica adsorbent, Porasll A, used
for LSC is found to be better suited for preparative applications because of its
higher sample capacity. Sample sizes between 20 and 100 milligrams are demonstrated
in two examples of preparative separations. The effects of sample volume and
concentration, support particle size, and carrier velocity on column performance are
also discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Efficiencies, Separation techniques, Laboratory equipment, Research
equipment, Particle size, Chromatographic columns, Column preparation. High
speed liquid chromatography, Sample size, Chemical concentration, Liquid liquid
chromatography, Liquid solid chromatography, Adsorbents, Porasll A.
Kolihova,
AMIC-7030 ~ "" " ~ - .... ,-
"ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF COPPER IN VARIOUS PREMIXED FLAMES"
D., Sychra, V., Analytic'a Chimiea Acta, Vol. 63, No. 2, February 1973, pp
The atomic fluorescence of copper revealed that its spectrum consists of 9
resonance lines instead of the previously reported two. Analytical curves of the
resonance fluorescence lines measured in the premlxed oxygen-argon-hydrogen flame
are linear over U decades of concentration: from the limit of detection up to a
concentration of about 15 mlcrograms/ml. Detection limits for all the copper lines
In the 3 flames studied are tabulated. Interferences from solute volatilization
and spectral Interferences were found to be Insignificant for 1000-fold (by weight)
amounts of 28 common cations and anions In the premlxed air-hydrogen and shielded
air-acetylene flames. The absence of interferences and the high sensitivity of the
atomic fluorescence method allowed a rapid direct determination of copper in blood
serum to be made after 25-fold dilution of serum with twice-distilled water.
INDEX TERMS: Copper, Physical properties, Chemical analysis, Aqueous solutions, Cations,
Anions, Heavy metals, Pollutant identification, Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy,
Characterization, Atomic fluorescence spectra, Detection limits, Ionic
interference, Chemical interference, Sensitivity.
AMIC-7032
"THE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL NITROGEN IN PLANT MATERIALS WITH AN AUTOMATIC
5ITBOOES AlttiysZR", Fiedler, R., Proksch, 0., Koepf, A., Analytlca Chlmlca Acta,
Vol. 63, Ho. 2, February 1973, PP U35-WO.
A description is given of an automatic analyzer which has been used for the
measurement of total nitrogen In chemical compounds and botanical material after the
combustion method of Dumas in vacuum. Several chemical compounds and plant materials
were analyzed using the nitrogen analyzer. The analysis of chemicals by means of the
nitrogen analyzer yielded excellent results which entirely agree with the theoretical
nitrogen content of the samples. The standard deviation of a single determination waa
of the order of 1 percent or less, of the nitrogen content of the sample. In the
analysis of plant materials, the values obtained with the N analyzer tended to be
slightly higher than those obtained by the KJeldahl procedure. The standard deviation
of the single nitrogen analyzer values was of the order of i-k percent of the mean
nitrogen content of the samples, and relatively higher for wheat, barely and rice
grain. Statistical evaluation of all analytical results showed that the comparative
reproduclblllty and accuracy of the automatic analyzer and the KJeldahl method were
very god.
INDEX TERMS: Nitrogen, Chemical analysis, Plant tissues, Laboratory equipment,
Methodology, Nitrogen compounds. Grasses, Wheat, Barley, Research equipment, Rice,
Organic compounds, Inorganic compounds, Regression analysis, Automatic nitrogen
analyzer, KJeldahl procedure, Reproduclbllity, Accuracy, Biological materials,
Ammonium sulfate, Am
AMIC-7038
"THE FLUORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHATE WITH THIAMINE", Holzbecher, J., Ryan, D.
E., Analytica Chimiea Acta. Vol. 6k, No. 1, March 1973, PP 11*7-150.
Phosphate may be determined down to the one ppb level by a fluorlmetric
method which involves converting the phosphate to hexadimolybdatophosphate by adding
ammonium molybdate to an acidified phosphate solution. The hexadimolybdatophosphate is
then reacted with non-fluorescent thiamine to produce the highly fluorescent thiochrome,
the fluorescence Intensity of which is measured at 375 nm. The standard deviation of
seven determinations of 50 ppb of phosphate was 3 percent; for 5 ppb the deviation was
less than 10 percent. Fifty ppb of phosphate was successfully determined in the
presence of a 10,000-fold molar amount of acetate, chloride, nitrate, perchlorate or
thiocyanate, or a 1,000-fold amount of bromide, fluoride, or tartrate. Results were
also satisfactory with a 100-fold amount of citrate, EDTA, iodide or persulphate. A
10-fold amount of silicate or hexacyanoferrate(lll) could be presented but larger
amounts increased the fluorescence intensity; an equivalent amount of sulphide strongly
quenched the fluorescence, A 10,000-fold molar amount of Nl(ll), Mn(ll), or Cd(ll),
and a 1,000-fold amount of Cu(ll), Co(ll), Ca(ll), Zn(ll), or Al(lII) did not Interfere.
A 10-fold amount of iron(lll) and an equivalent amount of iron(Il) could be present,
but an order of magnitude increase in concentration decreased the fluorescence.
Mercury(H) and mercury(l) markedly increased the fluorescence even at equimolar ratios.
Important factors In the determination of phosphate with thiamine are the starting
acidity, the thiamine concentration, the molybdenum concentration and the final pH.
INDEX TERMS! Fluorometry, Phosphates, Pollutant identification, Chemical analysis,
Aqueous solutions, Methodology, Chemical reactions, Anions, Cations, Heavy metals,
Alkaline earth metals, Molybdenum, Trace levels, Thiamine, Chemical indicators,
Detection limits, Accuracy, Ionic interference.'
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1, PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL WIUUUS
AMXC-70l»3' ~~
"THE DETERMINATION OF MANGANESE IN URINE BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY", Van Onaer,
D. G., Purdy, W. C., Analytlea Chlmlca Acta, Vol. #», Ho. I, March 1973, pp 93-105.
An atomic absorption procedure was developed for the determination of urine
manganese. Urine samples were digested with a mixture of nitric, sulfurlc, and
perchloric acids containing molybdate as catalyst. This wet digestion was followed by
cupferron extraction into methyl Isobutyl ketone to yield stable extracts of urine Mn
at concentration levels quantifiable by atomic absorption spectrometry. A two-point
standard addition technique was used and involved extracts of buffered, digeated
aliquots containing 10 and 20 ppb Mn(ll) in the aqueous phase. Of the substances tested
for extraction Interference, only bismuth, antimony, and thallium were found to
Interfere.
IHDEX TERMS: Manganese, Chemical analysis, Methodology, Solvent extractions, Stability,
Hydrogen ion concentration, Efficiencies, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry,
Urine, Metal chelates, Biological samples, Sample preparation, Preconcentration,
Chemical interference, Ionic interference.
A MIC -70 kk ~~ ' ' "" ' ~ ~ "~
"THE INDIRECT SFECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF THE SULPHATE ION WITH
2JVMINOPERIMIDISE", Jones, P. A., Stephen, W. I., Analytiea Chimlca Acta. Vol. 6k,
No. 1, March 1973, PP 85-92.
A new spectrophotometrlc determination of the sulphate ion is described which
uses 2-amlnoperimldine hydrochloride as a precipitating reagent. The excess of the
reagent is measured at 305 nm. The procedure deals with sulphate In the range lt-120
ppm, and relies on simple calibration. The relative standard deviation for 50 ppm of
sulphate is 3.7 percent. The interference of 100 ppm of phosphate, fluoride and nitrate
is only slight in the determination of 50 ppm of sulphate. The method is recommended
for the determination of sulphate in rain and surfa.ce waters.
INDEX TERMS: Spectrophotometry, Sulfates, Methodology, Surface waters, Rain, Aqueous
solutions, Anlons, Cationa, Chemical reactions, Calibrations, Phosphates,
Fluorides, Nitrates, Chemical precipitation, Chemical analysis, Pollutant
Identification, 2-AmlnoperlmldIne, Sensitivity, Chemical interference, Accuracy,
Absorbance.
AMIC-7052
"THE DIRECT DETERMIHATION OF CHROMIUM IN URINE BY SELECTIVE VOLATILIZATION WITH ATOM
RESERVOIR ATOMIC ABSORPTION", Ross, R. T., Gonzalez, J. 0., Segar, D. A., Analytlea
Chlmlca Acta. Vol. 63, No. 1, January 1973, PP 205-209.
Samples of urine were analyzed by the atom reservoir atomic absorption
technique for the presence of chromium before and after digestion. The samples were
digested by adding 1 ml of nitric acid to 1 ml of urine in teflon vials. The vials
were tightly closed to prevent leaks and were placed in an 80 degree oven for 1 and Sk
h. After heating, the samples were cooled to room temperature, and then SO microliters
were removed by means of an Eppendorf pipette and injected into the heated graphite
atomizer. The relative standard deviation for peak signals calculated from twenty
injections of 20-mlcrollter allquota of urine containing 20 ppb of chromium was 2
percent. For aqueous solutions of the same concentrations the relative standard
deviation was 10 percent. These data are In close agreement with the reproduclbllitles
cited in the literature. The detection limit obtained for chromium was 2.5 ppb for
20-microllter urine samples. Injections of up to 100 microliters are possible with
this technique, and such injections could increase the sensitivity of the method. The
ease of application and shortness of analysis time of this technique promise further
applicability toward trace metal analyses in other biological materials.
INDEX TERMS: Trace elements. Chromium, Methodology, Chemical analysis, Heated graphite
atomizer, Urine, Atom reservoir atonic absorption spectrophotometry, Sample
preparation. Accuracy, Precision, Biological samples, Detection limits.
AMIC-7053
'DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF LESS THAN 1 PART-PER-BILLION FLUORIDE IN RAIN, FOG, AND
AEROSOLS WITH AN ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE", Warner, T. B., Breasan, D. J,, Apalytjea
Chimlca Aeta. Vol. 63, No. 1, January 1973, PP 165-173.
Soluble fluoride in rain, snow, fog or aerosols can be determined directly
in samples containing down to 0.28 ppb by an Inexperienced analyst after brief training
with a lanthanum fluoride electrode. The method Involves little sample handling, 10-ml
samples suffice, a determination takes 15-22 min and the technique can be extended over
8 decades of concentrations. Probable uncertainty ranges from 10-20 percent near 0.28
ppb to 3-6 percent above 100 ppb. The general technique compares the rate of change of
potential in the unknown with that in nearby standards, and should be useful for trace
determinations with other ion-selective electrodes as well. One possible application is
the direct determination of other halides in rain. There does not seen to be any
intrinsic reason why more dilute samples could not be handled if suitable standards
could be prepared.
INDEX TERMS: Fluorides, Rain, Fog, Aerosols, Snow, Ion selective electrodes, Detection
limits, Sample preparation, Response time.
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1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-7055_______
"THE EXTRACTION OF THE CHROMIUM(III)-EDTA COMPLEX BY SOLUTIONS OF ALIQUAT-336 IH
VARIOUS ORGANIC SOLVENTS", Irving, H. M. N. H., Al-Jarrah, R. H., Analytics Chlmlca
Aeta. Vol. 63, Bo. 1, January 1973, pp 79-81».
The percentage of chromlum(III) extracted as the complex anlon CrY(H20) from
solutions containing a 10 percent excess of EDTA (Kkf) by the liquid anion-exchanger
Aliquat-336-Cl IB shown to increase with change of organic solvent ('diluent') in the
order amyl alcohol less than chloroform less than 1,2-dichloroethane less than hexone
less than carbon tetrachloride less than benzene less than nitrobenzene less than
p-xylene less than hexane. With mixtures of p-xylene and chloroform there is a
minimum at O.U mole fraction of xylene. The order of solvents can best be correlated
with their solubility parameters. With hexane the organic phase separates into to
layers of which the one of larger volume (80 percent of total) contains very little
extracted ion-pairs. The enhanced concentration of chromium(lll) in the organic phase
of smaller volume can be exploited analytically.
INDEX TERMS: Chromium, Aqueous solutions, Separation techniques, Anlon exchange, Trace
elements, Methodology, Organic solvents, EDTA, Metal chelates, Ion exchange
resins, Allquat-336-Cl, Sample preparation.
AMIC-7057
"STUDIES IN THE COMPLEX FORMATION OF METAL IONS WITH SUGARS. PART I. THE COMPLEX
FORMATION OF COBALT(ll), COBALT(lII), COPPER(ll) AND NICKEL(II) WITH MANNITOL",
Dolezal, J., Klausen, K. S., Langmyhr, F. J., Analytlca Chimlca Acta, Vol. 63, No. 1,
January 1973, PP 71-77.
The complex formation of mannitol with cobalt(ll), cobalt(lll), copper(II) and
nickel(ll) In alkaline media (0.1 to k M potassium h droxlde) was studied by
Spectrophotometry. Cobalt(ll) and cobalt(lll) reacted with mannitol to form 1:1
complexes; the conditional constant (in k M potassium hydroxide) of the former complex
was found to be 220,000. The reaction of copper(ll) with the sugar gave two complexes.
In the range 0.5-U M potassium hydroxide and with the ligand in large excess, a CuM
compound was formed; In mixtures with a small excess or with the reactants present in
equlmolar amounts, the species Cu2M predominated. In 0.5 M potassium hydroxide, the
conditional constant of the latter compound was found to be 63 million. The low
stability of the niclcel(II) complex(es) with mannitol made it impossible to draw any
definite conclusions as to the composition of the species formed in alkaline medium.
INDEX TERMS: Heavy metals, Cations, Spectrophotometry, Alkali-aggregate reactions,
Chemical reactions, Chelatlon, Organic compounds, Chemical analysis, Cobalt,
Copper, Nickel, Carbohydrates, Manganese, Mannitol, Complexation, Ligands,
Absorbance.
AMIC-7059
"THE ATOMIC ABSORPTION DETERMINATION OF ZINC WITH A GRAPHITE FURNACE", Clark, D.,
Dagnall, R. M., West, T. S., Analytlca Chlmlca Acta, Vol. 63, No. 1, January 1973,
pp 11-18.
The use of a heated graphite furnace has been evaluated for the atomic
absorption determination of zinc. Interference and the use of solvent extraction to
overcome such have been investigated. Flve-microliter aliquots were applied to
different points along the furnace. The peak height obtained by heating at lower
temperatures varied with the sample position, heating at a higher temperature yielded
rather constant peak heights. All the ions tested caused interference when present
in large amounts. Many of the interferences can be successfully avoided by using most
of the solvent extraction systems. Results of the study of solvent extraction for the
elimination of interference show that organic solvents cause no problems with the
graphite furnace; no surface tension, viscosity, density or enhanced 'nebulizer*
effects were noted. It was also found that the detection limit obtained with aqueous
solutions can be lowered by preconcentratlon in the solvent extraction step, the
limiting factor being reagent in solvent blanks. Determinations of zinc were made in
the 0.002-1 ppm range.
INDEX TERMS: Zinc, Aqueous solutions, Pollutant identification, Heavy metals, Chemical
analysis, Anlons, Cations, Alkali metals, Ionic interference, Atomic absorption
Spectrophotometry, Solvent extraction systems, Heated graphite furnace, Detection
limits, Chemical concentration.
AMIC-7060
"A NEW, SENSITIVE METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF STREPTOMYCIN", Duda, E.,
Analytical Biochemistry, Vol. 51, No. 2, February 1973, PP 651-653.
In order to avoid the difficulties involved in most chemical methods for the
determination of streptomycin, a new assay method based on the periodate-thiobarbituric
acid method has been developed. This method uses the observation that the reaction
product of streptomycin gives a sharp absorption maximum at t!5. This maximum Is
absent from spectra of other compounds tested - including deoxy sugars, streptidine,
N-acetyl-glucosamlne. A quantity of the streptomycin solution was mixed with
potassium metaperiodate in 1 N H2SOU. The mixture was incubated for 15 min at 37
degrees; 2 percent NaAsO2 in 0.5 N HC1 was added with shaking; and a 0.3 percent
thiobarblturic acid reagent was added after the brownish color disappeared. This
mixture was placed in a waterbath for 10 min and the absorbance was measured at U5 nm.
The method described gives reproducible results; its sensitivity Is equal or better
than the sensitivity of other chemical streptomycin assays (the color is stable at
least for an hour), and ita higher specificity allows its use in cases in which the
former methods are not applicable.
INDEX TERMS: Antibiotics (pesticides), Methodology, Assay, Spectrophotometry, Pollutant
identification, Aqueous solutions, Chemical analysis, Chemical reactions.
Biochemistry, Streptomycin, Thiobarbituric acid, Absorbance, Reproducibllity,
Sensitivity, Absorption spectra, N-acetyl glucosamine, Etreptidine, 2-deoxy-D-
glucose.
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1. PHYSICAL AMI) CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-7061 ~~
"JCDIFICATIOH OF AN ISCO DRUM FRACTION COLLECTOR TO PERMIT USE OF STOPPERED TEST
TUBES", Prints, M. P., Franz, R, K., Jernberg, N. A., Analytical Biochemistry, Vol.
51, Ho, 2, February 1973, PP >*82-i»85. ' ~~
An laco Fraction Collector has been modified to permit use of stoppered test
tubes for collection of column effluents. This unit was developed for and serves a
critical function as part of the system used for automated tritium-hydrogen exchange
measurements. The primary need for a stoppered test tube fraction collector was (1) to
reduce evaporation from 300-mlcroliter column fractions obtained during overnight
experiments, and (2) to prevent radioactive cross contamination. However, such a
stoppered system should also be valuable for other applications, such as for minimizing
evaporation of volatile organic solvents used In either llpid or partition
chromatography.
INDEX TERMS: Chromatography, Fraction collector.
AMIC-7067
"A RAPID, INEXPENSIVE COULOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF SULPHUR IH PETROLEUM PRODUCTS",
Carter, J. M., Analyst, Vol. 97, No. 1161, December 1972, pp 929-936.
A method has been developed for determining sulfur in oil using a combustion
chamber and measuring with a coulometric cell the quantity of sulfur dioxide produced.
The coulometer used was a Thorn T.E. 110, and the combustion chamber was a modified
Gallenkamp C and H mlcrofurnace. With the setup described in this report, it was
possible to determine sulfur in oils in the range of 0.01 to 1.0 percent m/m. The
advantages of the method are: Samples can be analyzed in triplicate in 5 minutes; a
low degree of operator skill is required to operate the equipment; the method has good
precision (coefficient of variation of the mean la l.U perecent); the method should be
usable for determining nitrogen In oil; small samples (0.5 microliter) are used; and
the cost of the set up is low (600 pounds).
INDEX TERMS: Sulfur, Oil, Laboratory equipment, Recovery, Detection limits, Sample
preparation, Precision, Couloraetrlc titration.
AMIC-7072
"TWO HISTHUMENTS FOR ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF SOLUTIONS BY A DILUTION METHOD",
Fowrl«r, P. W. F;, Aten, A. H. W., Jr., Van Hooidonk, J., International Journal of
Applied Radiation and Isotopes. Vol. 2k, No. 3, March 1973, PP W-151.
Two methods are described for the determination of the concentration of a
main component in an aqueous solution by activation with a radioactive neutron source.
The first method employs a rotating table with eight luclte vessels which contain the
unknown and reference samples. The neutron source is contained in a luclte plug filled
with paraffin and positioned in the center of the table. The second method employs a
cylinder or sphere which contains the sample for activation. The neutron source is
placed in the center for sample activation and then replaced by one or more counters
for analysis. Corrections necessary for analysis by either method are given. The
first technique has the advantage of using less material and of being less susceptible
to disturbing influences due to impurities or differences in concentration. The second
instrument is easier to obtain since it requires no special equipment except a neutron
source, a counter, and glassware.
INDEX TERMS: Aqueous solutions, Neutron activation analysis, Laboratory equipment,
Sample preparation.
AMIC-7073
"TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSIS BY PROTON-INDUCED X-RAY EXCITATION", Young, F. C., Roush, M. L.,
Herman, P. G., International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Vol. 2U, No. 3,
March 1973, PP 153-163.
The potential for the simultaneous analysis of samples for traces of all
elements with an atomic number (Z.) greater than or equal to 15 by x-ray fluorescence
using 2.5-MeV protons is dexcribed along with the advantages and limitations of the
technique. Only miligram quantities of material are required and the sensitivity
changes quite slowly and smoothly from element to element in contrast to the method of
neutron activation. The technique is nondestructive and a minimum or no work in sample
preparation is required. The sample must be thin and reasonably uniform. For maximum
sensitivity, the sample must be either self-supporting or mounted on a very thin
backing. Samples are generally placed in a high vacuum for irradiation although the
potential exists to Irradiate samples outside the vacuum by passing the beam through a
thin window. This technique has been applied to a variety of environmental and
biological materials, including air pollution, sediment, plankton, perch blood and liver
enzyme, and hemoglobin. For samples of 0.1 mg/sq cm In thickness, sensitivities as
small as 0.1 ppm can be expected.
IHDEX TERMS: X-ray fluorescence, Trace elements, Pollutant identification, X-ray
analysis, Chemical analysis, Environmental samples, Biological samples,
Multielemental analysis, Chemical composition, Sensitivity, Detection limits.
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1.
AMIC-707U
"CHEMICAL QUALITY OF THE WATER IK TUCSON BASIN, ARIZONA", Laney, R. L.t University
of Arizona, Water Resources of the Tucson Basin, Tucson, Arizona, Geological Survey
Water-supply Papor 1939-D, 1972, W pp.
#16 The purpose of this phase of the Tucson basin study was to determine the
area! and vertical distribution and source of the common chemical constituents In the
ground water and surface water and the effects of the geohydrologic environment on
the water In the Tucson basin. The common chemical constituents are silica, Iron,
calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride, and fluoride.
This report presents an analysis and evaluation of the chemical quality of the ground
water in the basin In relation to its environment and delineates the depths above
which potable water may be obtained in the aquifer. Changes in the concentration of
dissolved constituents In the ground water in recent years are assessed by a comparison
of chemical analyses made before and after 1950. Water-quality Information Is
presented for chemical quality and suspended sediment in surface water In the major
streams In the basin.
INDEX TERMS: Water quality, Surface waters, Groundwater, Arizona, Santa Cruz River,
Pantano Wash, Rilllto Creek, Bear Creek, Tanque Verde Creek.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AHIC-7081
AMIC-7077
"METHOD FOR HIGH-SPEED LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF BENOMJfL AMD/OR METABOLITE
RESIDUES IM COW MILK, URINE, FECES, AND TISSUES", Klrkland, J. J., Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Vol. 21, No. 2, March/April 1973, PP 171-177.
Residues of benomyl (methyl l-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzIinidazolecarbamate) and/or
methyl 2-benzimidazolecarbamate, methyl 5-hydroxy-2-benzimidazolecarbamate, and methyl
U-hydroxy-2-benzlmldazolecarbainate may be simultaneously determined in cow milk,
tissues, urine, and feces. The first step in the method consists of hydrolyzing the
sample in aqueous acid to convert benomyl to methyl 2-benzimidazolecarbamate and to
free the metabolites from conjugates. The freed materials are then extracted Into an
organic solvent, the extract is cleaned up by a solvent-solvent, partitioning process,
and the components are determined In a single scan by high-speed strong cation exchange
liquid chromatography. Recoveries of th various components average about 80 percent
in cow milk and urine, with average recoveries of about 50-80 percent obtained from
tissue samples and feces. Recoveries for the various compounds have been demonstrated
at the 0.01-0.02-ppm level in cow milk, at the 0.05-0.1-ppm level in tissues and feces,
and at the 0.2-ppm level in urine. No interference with the method was found from a
number of other pesticides with tolerances In milk and meat tissues.
INDEX TERMS: Pesticide residues, Fumlgants, Carbamate pesticides, Milk, Cattle,
Pollutant identification, Chemical analysis, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides,
Urea pesticides, Organophosphorus pesticides, Phenolic pesticides, Benomyl,
Biological samples, High-speed liquid chromatography, Metabolites, Methyl
2-benzimldazolecarbamate, Methyl 5-nydroxy-2-benzimidazolecarbamate, Methyl
U-hydroxy-2-benzimidazplecarbamate, Tissues. Urine. Feces, Chemical recovery, Chemi
cal InterferenceTsanrple preparation, Cation exchange liquid chromatography.
"HYDROLYSIS OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF SODIUM 2,2-DICHLOROPROFIONATE UNDER SELF-
IHDUCED ALKALINE CONDITIONS", Tanaka, F. S., Wlen, R. G., Journal of Agricultural
and Food Chemistry, Vol. 21, Ho. 2, March/April 1973f PP 2B5-2US.
Aqueous solutions of sodium 2,2-dlchloroproplonate were previously reported
as having an approximate pH of 5 to 6. The data obtained in this study show that
freshly prepared solutions of greater than about 0.9 m concentration exhibit a basic
pH. Upon standing, however, these Bait solutions become acidic due to the hydrolysis
of the 2,2-dichloropropionate to yield pyruvate and hydrochloric acid. The
approximate pH of the sodium 2,2-dichloroproplonate solutions is estimated at
different concentrations, and the rates of pH change due to hydrolysis are reported
for a dilute, intermediate, and high concentration of material under mildly alkaline
conditions.
IHDEX TERMS: Dalapon, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Hydrolysis, Aqueous solutions,
Chemical reactions, Chemical degradation. Pollutant identification, Herbicides,
Hydrogen ion concentration, Vacuum distillation, Organic acids, Mass spectrometry,
Nuclear magnetic resonance, Sodium 2 2-dichloroproplonate, Flame lonlzation gas
chromatography, Metabolites, 2 2-Dichloroproplonic acid, Gas liquid chromatography,
Pyruvlc acid, Hydrochloric acid, Infrared spectroscopy, Sodium dalapon,
AMIC-7082
"THE p-VALUE APPROACH TO QUANTITATIVE LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION OF PESTICIDES AND
HERBICIDES FROM WATER.2.SELECTION OF WATERrSOLVENT RATIOS AND NUMBER OF EXTRACTIONS",
Buffet, I. H., Journal of Agricultural AND Food Chemistry, Vol. 21, No. 2,
March/April 1973, PP 206-29**.
In this paper, equations are developed from liquid-liquid extraction theory
for the number of extractions and water:solvent ratios for maximum recovery for
typical p-values (P-value is defined as the fraction of the total solute that
distributes Itself in the nonpolar phase of an equlvolume solvent pair). A computer
program analysis of the equations developed indicates that a pesticide which has a
p-value greater than or equal to 0.90 in an aqueous solvent system can be extracted
from the aqueous phase with 95 percent recovery in no more than 5 successive
extractions of at least 50 ml with a total volume of more than 500 ml of solvent.
The equations were successfully tested with serial extraction of 2,U-D by separatory
funnel and vortex stirring extraction procedures. The contribution to the total
error of Initial LLE step was estimated to be less than 20 percent for a four-step
serial extraction.
INDEX TERMS: Water, Solvent extractions, 2 k-D, Water-solvent ratios, Chemical
recovery.
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AKEC-7083 ~
"STRUCTURE ACTIVITlf CORRELATIONS OF BIODEGRADABILITY OF DDT ANALOGS", Kapoor, I. P.,
Metcalf, R. L., Hlrwe, A. S., Coats, J. ?., Khalsa, M. S., Journal of Agricultural
and Food Chemistry. Vol. 21, No. 2, March/April 1973, pp 310-315.
Methoxy-methlochlor (2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-2-(p-methylthiophenyl) -
1,1,1-trlchloroethane), methyl-ethoxychlor (2-(p-methylphenyl) . 2-(p-ethoxyphenyl) -
1,1,1-trlchloroethane), and chloro-tnethylchlor (2-(p-chlorophenyl) - S-(p-methylphenyl)
1,1,1-trlchloroethane) were studied for metabolic pathways In mice and Insects (ealt
marsh caterpillar) and for biodegradability in a model ecosystem which included algae,
fish, snails, and mosquitoes. The compounds were radiolabeled and radloassayed by
scintillation counting. The metabolic products were identified "by cnromatography. The
distribution of metabolites is shown for each organism. All three compounds are highly
degradable with methoxy-inethiochlor the most fugitive. With Gambuaia biomagnifications
of undegroded products were 300-fold for methoxy-m
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1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-7139
"THE MOVEMENT AMD IMPACT OF PESTICIDES USED FOR VECTOR CONTHOL OH THE AQUATIC
ENVIRONMENT IN THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES", Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory,
Inc., Buffalo, New York, Report No. TS-00-72-09, Contract No. 68-01-0129, July
1972, 202 pp.
This report summarizes a case study of a specific vectoricide program
which covers the kinds and quantities of pesticides used, their route from the point
of initial application into the water environment, their ultimate effect on the
ecosystem, and the laws and regulations which affect their use. Cape Cod was chosen
for this study because it has a long history of mosquito abatement programs which
formerly Included the use of persistent vectorlcides but in recent years has been
limited to easily degradable light mineral oil. With this treatment history, the
area affords an opportunity to study the long-term effects of vectoricldes without
interference from effects caused by recent applications. The Bass Hole Marsh In
Dennis and the Herring River Marsh in Harwich were selected for intensive study. A
literature search was conducted and interviews were held with concerned officials,
businessmen and private citizens throughout New England. Additional field work was
undertaken In the two marshes to observe the effects of vectoricides on the aquatic
environment, and soil and water samples were analyzed to check the general level of
vectoricide residues.
INDEX TERMS: DDT, Path of pollutants, Mosquitoes, Pest control, Environmental effects,
Dieldrln, Invertebrates, Pesticide toxiclty, Microbial degradation, Chemical
degradation, Soil analysis. Water analysis, Fish, Food chains, Sediments,
Fuel oil, Malathion, Methoxychlor, Naled, Abate, Carbaryl, Species diversity.
AMIC-71UO
"THE EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDES IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT, IRRIGATED CROPLANDS,
SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY", University of California, Food Protection and Toxicology Center,
Davis, California, Report No. TS-00-72-05, Contract No, 68-01-0131*, June 1972, 268 pp.
This case study attempts to assess the impact of agricultural pesticides
on the aquatic environment of the San Joaquin Valley, and to point out some possible
courses of action. The following approaches were used: (1) University scientists and
officials of federal, state, and county agencies were interviewed for information and
expert opinions. (Z) The literature of pesticides was surveyed and reviewed, relying
primarily on the unique collection, files, and services of the Environmental
Toxicology Library of the Food Protection and Toxicology Center at the University of
California at Davis. (3) Information of pesticide use was retrieved from a data bank
containing files of detailed records in machine-readable form. The study embraces
the following topics: (1) description of the study area; (2) Inventory of uses; (3)
application techniques and types of pesticide material being used; (1*) routes of
pesticide entry into the aquatic environment; (5) the degradation, metabolism, and
persistence of pesticides in the aquatic environmentj (6) Impacts of pesticide
pollution on the aquatic environment; (7) alternatives to pesticides for pest control;
(8) laws and regulations governing agricultural pesticide use in the San Joaquin Valley.
INDEX TERMS: Path of pollutants, Water pollution effects, Pesticide kinetics,
Aquatic environment. Water pollution sources, Agricultural chemicals, Pest
control, Aquatic life, Aquatic productivity, Legal aspects, Metabolism, Persis-
tence, Degradation (decomposition), Agricultural runoff, Insecticides, Herbicides,
Nematocides, Fumlgants, Mitlcides, Pesticide drift, Volatility, Application methods,
Pisclcides, Pesticide residues, Biodegradatlon, Path of pollutants.
11
AMIC-TlM
"RESIDUES OF MS-222 IM NORTHERN PIKE, MUSKELLUNOE, AND WALLEYE", Allen, J. L.,
Luhning, C. W., Hartnan, P. D, U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Southeastern
Fish Control Laboratory, Warm Springs, Georgia, Investigations In Fish Control Report
No. U5, July 1972, 8 pp.
#16 Residues of MS-S22 in muscle of northern pike, muskellunge, and walleye
following anesthesia at selected temperatures were measured by the modified
Bratton-Marshall colorImetric method (Walker and Schoettger. 1967b) and confirmed by
thin-layer chromatography (Allen, Luhning, and Harman, 1970;. The mean concentration
of MS-222 residues at the 0-hour withdrawal Interval ranged from 2.1* to 19.5 ppm. The
level of MS-222 residues at 0-hour withdrawal was highest in northern pike and lowest
In walley. After Sk hours withdrawal from the anesthetic, residues were detected in
only 2 of the 12 northern pike analyzed by thin-layer chromatography, and these two
samples were shown to contain less than 2.0 ppm.
INDEX TERMS: Walleye, Colorimetry, Pollutant identification, Freshwater fish. Pikes,
Temperature, Chemical analysis, MS-222, Northern pike, Muskellunge, Muscle, Thin
layer chromatography, Drugs, Esox masquinongy, Esox lucius, Stizostedlon vitreum,
Anesthetics, Trlcane methanesulfonate, Detection limits.
AMIC-711*3
"GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY OF ORGANONITRCGEN PESTICIDES, USING A NITROGEN-SPECIFIC DETECTION
SYSTEM", Laski, R. R., Watts, R. R., Journal of the Association of Official Analytical
Chemists. Vol. 56, No. 2, March 1973, PP 32H-332.
A gas-liquid chromatographlc system with a nitrogen-specific detector
(electrolytic conductivity detector) was investigated for the determination of 95
organonitrogen pesticides. Each compound was chromatographed, using DC-200 liquid
phase on a solid support of 80-100 mesh Chromosorb W (HP). Retention times and
response data are given for these pesticides.
INDEX TERMS: Pollutant identification, Chemical analysis, Methodology, Urea pesticides,
Carbamate pesticdes, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Triaaine pesticides,
Organophosphorus pesticides, Phenolic pesticides, Herbicides, Insecticides,
Aliphatic pesticides, Acaricides, Fungicides, Gas liquid chromatography,
Organonitrogen pesticides, Retention time, Isomers, Electrolytic conductivity
detector.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-71H'
"GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF ETHYLENE THIOUKEA RESIDUES", Haines, L. D.,
Adler, I. L., Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemlats, Vol. 56,
No. 2, March 1973, PP 333-337.
Residues of ethylene thlourea on food crops were determined by extracting
the sample with methanol, partially purifying the extract on an alumina column, and
derlvatizing the ethylene thiourea extracted with 1-bromobutane in the presence of
dlmethylformamide and sodium borohydride. The resulting derivative was measured by
gas chromatography, using a flame photometric detector. The method is suitable for
routine use and is sensitive to 0.01 ppm.
INDEX TERMS: Pesticide residues, Chemical analysis, Pollutant identification,
Thiocarbamate pesticides. Fungicides, Methodology, Flame photometric gas
chromatography, Ethylene thiourea, Sample preparation, Column chronatography,
Sensitivity, Chemical recovery.
AMIC-71^5
"COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS FOR THE SEPARATION AND
IDENTIFICATION OF PHOTOALTERATION PRODUCTS OF PARATHION", Joiner, R. L., Baetcke, K. P.,
Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 56, No. 2, Iferch
1073, PP 33S-3W.
Twelve thin layer chromatographic systems were compared for the separation
of photoalteration products of parathion. R sub f values for each component in each
system are presented. Infrared spectra confirmed the identity of separated
components. The following U systems were designated superior and gave excellent
separation of the components: petroleum ether-ethyl ether-glacial acetic acid
!80 plus 15 plus 5 and 50 plus ^5 plus 5), methanol-chloroform-ammonium hydroxide
2k plus 75 plus 3.5), and methanol-ehloroform-petroleum ether (10 plus 20 plus 70).
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Pollutant identification, Methodology, Organo-
phosphorus pesticides, Chemical analysis, Phenolic pesticides, Insecticides,
Parathion, Thin layer chromatography, Photodecouiposition, *Degradatlon products,
Sample preparation.
AMIC-71^7
"REVERSE PHASE THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF SOME ASOCLORS, HALCWAXES, AND PESTICirES",
Stalling, D. L., Hucklns, J. N., Journal of the Association of Official Analytical
Chemists. Vol. 56, No. 2, March 1973, PP 367-372.
The components of Aroclors 1232, 12W3, 125U, and 1260J Halowaxes 1099, 1013,
and lOlVj and several chlorinated peetlcides were resolved by reverse phase thin layer
chromatography (RPTLC), which permits component separation by partition between a
nonpolar stationary phase and a polar mobile phase. R sub S values of resulting
spots were calculated for 2 of I* new solvent systems (mobile phases). RPTLC patterns
were reproducible and characteristic of each material examined. The spots were
recovered from the plates and characterized by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and/or
GLC-maas spectrometry. In some cases, single GLC peaks of Aroclor standards were
resolved into more than one component by RPTLC, whereas some RPTLC spots of Halowaxes
were resolved into as many as U GLC peaks. The analysis of environmental residues
of chlorinated compounds was facilitated by this technique.
INDEX TERMS: Polychlorinated biphenyls, Pollutant identification. Chlorinated hydro-
carbon pesticides, Pesticide residues, Chemical analysis, Separation techniques,
Aldrin, Dieldrin, Reverse phase thin layer chromatography, Chlorinated
naphthalenes, Aroclor 1232, Aroclor 12U8, Aroclor 1251*, Aroclor 1260, Halowax 1099,
Ralowax 1013, Halowax lOllv, Solvent extraction systems, GLC-Mass spectrometry,
Gas liquid chromatography, p p' DDT, p p' DDE, Chlordane, Isomers, Precision,
Reproducibillty, Sensitivity, Carassius auratus, Goldfish, Electron capture gas
chroraatography.
AMIC-71U8
'DETERMINATION OF AMMONIACAL NITROGEN IN THE PRESENCE OF UREA WITH AN AMMONIA ELECTRODE",
Woodls, T. C., Jr., Cunnings, J. M., Jr., Journal of the Association of Official
Analytical Chemlats, Vol. 56, No. 2, March 1973, PP 373-37^.
A recently introduced commercial electrode is shown to be suitable for the
determination of amnonlacal nitrogen in the presence of urea. The results compare
favorably with those of the reduced pressure distillation method. Standard
deviations for the electrode method and the reduced pressure distillation method
for ammonlacal nitrogen in urea ammonium phosphate are 0.12 and 0.09 percent,
respectively.
INDEX TERMS: Ureas, Nitrogen, Ammonia, Methodology, Chemical analysis, Reliability,
Ammonia electrode, Ion selective electrodes, Ammonium, Accuracy, Reduced pressure
distillation, Urea ammonium phosphate, Urea ammonium nitrate. Urea ammonium
polyphosphate, Urea ammonium sulfate, Chemical recovery.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-71U9
"BAPID, SENSITIVE METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF MEHCUHY IM A VARIETY OF BIOLOGICAL
SAMPLES", Deitz, F. D., Sell, J. L., Brlsto, D., Journal of the Association of
Official Analytical Chemists. Vol. 56, Wo. 2, March 1973, pp 378-382.
A simple, rapid method Is described for the routine determination of
mercury at levels as low aa 2 ng (2 ppb) In a wide variety of biological samples.
Vanadium pentoxide-catalyzed wet digestion at ll»0 C was used for complete
oxidation of organic tissue. Mercury was determined by flameless atomic absorption
spectrophotometry, utilizing a syringe technique to transfer mercury-containing
vapor to the absorption cell. Replicate analyses of samples on different days
showed good precision and accuracy. Coefficients of variations for determinations
within a day.'s run ranged from 2 to 17 percent at mercury concentrations of 30 to Uo
ppb. Results obtained by this method agreed very closely with those obtained by
neutron activation analyses of the same samples. On a routine basis, 2 analysts can
analyze 30-*vO samples/day.
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, Pollutant identification, Chemical analysis. Milk, Soil analysis,
Alfalfa, Biological samples, Flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry,
Accuracy, Sample preparation, Meat, Precision, Detection limits.
AffiC-7150
"DFRf ASHIMG TECHNIQUE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ARSENIC IH MARINE FISH", Leblanch,
P. J., Jackson, A. L., Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemist;
Vol. 56, Mo. 2, March 1973, "pp 3«3-3tx>.
A dry ashing procedure, followed by the silver dlethyldithiocarbamate
colorimetrlc determination of arsenic in marine fish, is presented. The sample was
first homogenized and a portion pre-ashed with magnesium nitrate, using Infrared heat,
followed by ashing in a 500 C muffle furnace. The residue was dissolved in HC1 and
the arsenic reduced by means of zinc and HC1 to arsine, which was complexed with
AgDDC and determined colorimetrlcally at 535 nm. At temperatures of U60 C and above,
efficient ashing was obtained. The effect of various volumes of ashing aid (50
percent magnesium nitrate) vas also studied. Maximum recovery and precision were
obtained when a minimum of 8 ml 50 percent magnesium nitrate was used. Standard
recoveries of Inorganic arsenic added to NBS orchard leaves and a sample of dry
marine fish tissue gave values of 91-98 percent. Analyses of a number of standard
NBS orchard leaves and marine fish As-1 and As-2 gave coefficients of variation of
7.0, 6.0, and 8.1 percent, respectively. Results from dry ashing and wet digestion
of a number of species of marine fish were not comparable. Levels of arsenic found
In different species of marine fish ranged from less than Q.k to 27.0 micrograma As/g
wet weight. Crabs were found to contain elevated amounts of arsenic.
INDEX TERMS: Colorlmetry, Marine flah, Pollutant identification, Methodology,
Arsenic, Dry ashing, Sample preparation, Silver dlethyldithiocarbamate, Chemical
recovery, Precision, Detection limits.
AKtC-7151
"DIIECT TTTRIMETRIC MICRODETERMINATION OF FLUOflODIFEN, LINUHON, FANEHON, AND PEBULATE",
Abba», S. L., Ghosh, A. K., Rizvi, S. A. I., Saxena, 0. C., Journal of the Association
of Official Analytical Chemists. Vol. 56, Wo. 2, March 1973, PP W-St^.
The herbicides fluorodlfen, llnuron, faneron, and pebulate have been
determined in Individual standard solutions by direct tltratlon against gallium
chloride solution, using different indicators. The same technique was applied to
estimation of these herbicides In treated soils. The complex between gallium chloride
and fluordlfen or linuron was formed in a 1:3 ratio, whereas the complex with faneron
or pebulate was in a 1:1 ratio. Recoveries for fluorodifen, linuron, faneron, and
pebulate were 99.9-101.5, 99.0-102.lt, 97.1-101.3, and 98.3-101.2 percent, respectively.
Treatment with herbicide lowered the pH of the soil.
INDEX TERMS: Herbicides, Volumetric analysis, Pollutant identification. Soil analysis,
Chemical analysis, Dyes, Soil contamination, Methodology, Chemical reactions,
Urea pesticides, Halogenated pesticides, Fluorodifen, Linuron, Faneron, Pebulate,
Chemical indlators, Chemical recovery, Bromocresol green, Catechol violet,
Xylenol orange, Organic dyes, Gallium chloride, Metal complexes, Complexatlon,
Phenylurea pesticides.
AMIC-7152
"CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM MODELS OF LAKE KEYSTONE, OKLA.", Falls, C. P., Varga, L. P.,
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 7, Ho. U, April 1973, pp 319-327.
A series of equilibrium models were formulated and compared with chemical
and physical observations made from May, 1966 to June, 1968. Water properties
determined were temperature, dissolved oxygen, dissolved C02, suspended solids,
dissolved aolids, pH, and concentrations of Ca, Mg, Sr, Ha, K, bicarbonate, carbonate,
sulfate, fluoride, silica, sulflde, and chloride. X-ray diffraction of sediments and
suspended solids showed the presence of montmorillonlte, Icaolinite, llllte, quartz, and
ealclte. The models were based on the thermodynamlc equilibrium condition of
evaporite minerals (halite, gypsum, dolomite, calcite, and SrSOU), clays (kaolin!te,
sodium montmorillonlte, and calcium montmorillonlte), and the liquid and gas phases
which comprise the Lake Keystone drainage basin. Ten components were calculated by
Gibbs phase rule, using analytical data for the total chemical compositions and the
available thermochemical data. The model which simulated the experimental data most
closely was based on the hypothesis that waters, originally in equilibrium with the
common evaporite minerals of the Permian formation within the Arkansas River drainage
basin, were diluted by fresher waters not exposed to these minerals as they flowed
toward the reservoir, Hie waters then approached a state of chemical equilibrium with
clay minerals which adjusted their final composition.
INDEX TERMS: Mathematical models, Water quality, Sediments, Thermodynamic behavior,
Depth, Distribution patterns, Keystone Lake, Chemical equilibrium.
13
-------
1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AfflC-7153
"KIHETIC STUDY OP PHOSPHATE REACTION WITH ALUMINUM OXIDE AMD KAOLINI3E", Chen,
Y.S.R., Butler, J. N., Stunm, W., Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 7,
No. U, April 1973, PP 387-332.
To better define the role of sediments In cycling nutrients In water systems,
the quantitative reaction kinetics of phosphate with clay minerals (alumina and
kaollnlte) were studied at 25 C and 50 C. Reactions were carried out In cylindrical
water-Jacketed reaction vessels covered with luclte plates to prevent loss of water
vapor. Temperature and pH were carefully controlled. Precipitates were examined by
electron microscopy and materials were Identified by X-ray diffraction. The reaction
of aqueous phosphate (approx 0.0003 M) with alumina and kaollnlte shows a rapid (12.SU
hr) adsorption step followed by a slow process, obeying a first-order rate law, which
extends over the next 60 days and probably Involves nucleatlon and growth of a
hexagonal A1POU phase. For kaollnlte with 10.7 sq m/g surface area, solids
concentration 7.5 g/1, pH equals k.6, as well as for alpha-A1203 with surface area
10 sq m/g, solids concentration 2.5 g/1, and pH equals k.J, the first-order rate
constant at 50 C Is 0.022/day. Increasing temperature Increases the rate with an
activation energy of S.k Kcal/mol. Addition of fluoride Ion decreases the amount of
phosphate Initially adsorbed but does not affect the first-order rate. The rate
constant Increases proportionally to the solid surface available, and decreases with
increasing pH to essentially zero at pH more than or equal to 7. Successive addition
of phosphate aliquots to the same sample of solid uses up the sites available for the
rapid Initial step but does not strongly influence the rate of the slow step.
INDEX TERMS: Phosphates, Sediments, Cycling nutrients/ Kaollnlte, Water temperature,
Hydrogen ion concentration, Chemical reactions, Kinetics, Alumina, Rate
constants. Activation energy.
AMIC-715^
"IRON-PHOSPHATE COMPOUND IDENTIFICATION IN SEWAGE SLUDGE RESIDUE", Seltz, M. A.,
Rledner, R. J., Malhotra, 5.' K., Klpp, R. J., Environmental Science and Technology,
Vol. 7, Ho. k, April 1973, PP 35^-357.
The iron phosphate compound, vlvianite {Fe3(POl»)3.8H20), has been identified
by use of X-ray powder diffraction techniques, as existing in the dried secondary
sludge residue of the Milwaukee Jones Island sewage treatment plant. In identifying
this compound, various methods of drying the sludge residue were evaluated. Magnetic
separation techniques were used to concentrate and separate vlvianite from the bulk of
the dried material. Analysis indicated that vlvianite existed In a concentration of
about 1 wt percent of the dried material.
INDEX TERMS: Pollutant identification, Sewage sludge, X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction,
Methodology, Separation techniques, Sewage treatment, X-rays, Pollutants,
Vlvianite, X-ray powder diffraction, Sample preparation.
TTT
AMIC-7157
"PERSISTENCE OF PARATHIOH IN SIX CALIFORNIA SOILS UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS",
Iwata, Y., Westlake, W. E., Gunther, F. A., Archives of Environmental Contamination
and Toxicology, Vol. 1, So. 1, February 1973, PP (*-96.
Six California soils, Mocho silt loam, Llnne clay, Madera sandy loam,
Laveen loamy sand, Windy loam, and Santa Lucia silt loam, were contaminated with
parathlon with moisture contents of 1*0 percent saturation or simulated floding to
investigate parathlon persistence. The samples were kept in enameled trays fitted
with glass covers for periods up to 8 months. Samples were extracted by adding a
benzene-acetone mixture, repeated shaking, decanting the supernatant onto a column of
sodium aulfate and collecting the eluate. The recovery of parathlon was 95-101
percent. The extracts were analyzed by GLC using an alkali flame lonlzatlon
phosphorus detector and columns (1.52 m x 3.2 mm o.d.) packed with 10 percent OV-101
on 80/100 mesh Gas Chrom Q for parathlon In the presence of aminoparathion or a
mixture of 15 percent DC-200 and 15 percent QF-1 separately coated on Gas Chrom Q for
aminoparathion. The studies show that most parathion applied to soils disappears
rapidly but low levels are retained for long periods. The persistence of parathion
Is partially dependent on soil type. In Mocho silt loam, Linne clay, Madera sandy
loam, and Laveen loamy sand, degradation is rapid and is attributed to a combination
of hydrolysis and strong microbial activity that overshadows differences in soil
type. In contrast, loss from Santa Lucia silt loam and Windy loam soils is slow and
is attributed to hydrolysis. The organic matter contents of the six soila correlate
well with the parathlon persistence, Parathion disappears faster In the soils with
lower organic matter. Parathion degradation did not appear to be greatly accelerated
by flooding.
AMIC-7157 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Microbial degradation, Hydrolysis, Soil -Analysis, Separation techniques,
Soils, Gas liquid chromatography, Persistence, Parathion, Chemical recovery.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-Tlw
"TRANSIENT AMD STEADY-STATE SALT TRANSPORT BETWEEN SEDIMENTS AHD BRINE IN CLOSED
LAKES", Lennan, A., Jones, B. F., Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 18, Bo. 1,
January 1973, pp 72-85.
Several physical and chemical factors In the development of higher salt
concentrations in waters of closed lakes were examined quantitatively. The study also
considered the conditions required to maintain a steady-state concentration of salts
and the time Involved in Its attainment. The results of a model are applied to saline
Lake Abert (Oregon) to illustrate the Importance of salt transport from the sediments
as a factor controlling the salt concentration In lake brine. In a lake without
outflow dissolved salts may migrate across the sediment-water Interface In response
to a concentration difference between lake and interstitial brine. Transport of salt
upward Is transient; its direction can be reversed by external input of salt or by
depletion of salts stored in the sediments, and a steady-state concentration In lake
water is not attainable. Downward transport can be a stationary process if the
sedimentation rate is rapid compared with molecular diffusion of salt in interstitial
brine, but characteristic rates are too slow to lead to steady-state concentrations
within the lifetime of a. closed lake. In Lake Abort, dlffusional flux upward was much
more important than Input of salt from other sources; 14-5 percent of the salt of lake
brine In 1963-19614- was added from the sediment pore space during the preceding 25
years, only 0.1 percent from external inflow. The sediment source will dominate
Input during high water level. Such models permit comparison of salt transport across
the sediment-water Interface with other input sources at different times of the
lake-s history.
INDEX TERMS: Mathematical models Sediments, Salts, Lakes, Cycling nutrients, Transport.
AMIC-7165
"pH BUFFERING OF PORE WATER- OF RECENT ANOXIC MARINE SEDIMENTS", Ben-YaakOV, S.,
Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 18, No. 1, January 1973, PP 86-91*.
The purpose of this study was to examine the chemistry of pore water of
anoxlc marine sediments and to propose a model to explain the mechanisms controlling
the pH. The proposed model shows that the pH is controlled by four processes:
(1) the presence of high concentrations of weak acids and bases which are byproducts
of organic decomposition; (2) transfer of charge from the nonprotolytic species to
the protolytic ions (sulfate to hydrogen sulfide ion); (3) precipitation of metal
sulfldes; (U) precipitation of calcium carbonate. The first two (which are dependent
on bacterial sulfate reduction) will tend to shift the pH of pore waters toward 6.9.
Precipitation of sulfide will increase the pH toward 8.3. The upper limit of pH Is
controlled by precipitation of calcium carbonate, as the concentration of C03(—•)
increases manyfold at the higher pH range. The lower limit, of pH in pore water,
under these conditions, is controlled by sulfide precipitation and the upper limit is
probably controlled by CaC03 precipitation. The presence of organic acids in the pore
water of anoxic sediments probably has only a minor effect on the pH of the waters.
Oceanic data are not inconsistent with the assumptions of the factors controlling pH, and
the predicted pH ranges agree with measured values.
INDEX TERMS: Hydrogen ion concentration. Sediments, Mathematical models, Connate water,
Decomposing organic matter, Sulfates, Carbonates, Reduction (chemical),
Controlling factors.
15
AHrC-7169
"CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NEARSHORE ENVIRONMENT OFF THE SOUTH COAST OF ANVERS
ISLABD, ANTARCTIC PENINSULA", Warlike, D. A., Klehter, J., Oppenheimer, C. H.,
Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 18, No. 1, January 1973, PP lSl-1^2.
A study was carried out In Arthur Harbor and vicinity, Antarctic Peninsula,
in February and March, 1973, to establish the characteristics of bottom sediments and
the overlying water column, to determine the bacterial numbers in water and sediment
samples, to relate these quantities to several environmental parameters, and to
determine which, if any, of them act as determinants of bacterial distribution. In
addition, the possibility of bacterial liberation of nutrients from the surrounding
rock outcrops, and their addition to the nearshore nutrient budget, were investigated.
The sediments are dlamlctons and display great lateral variability. Their organic
carbon content falls within the range of values for oceanic sediments. Silica
concentrations in the interstitial water of these sediments seems to be controlled by
blogenlc processes of sedimentation. Bacteria are preferentially associated with
sediments rich in clay-sized materials and show little or no correlation with organic
carbon in these samples; the surface properties of the fine sediment may be Important.
Bacterial numbers in the water column are similar to those reported for open-ocean areas
below 200 m in lower latitudes. Nutrient values are high, but many nitrite values are
low relative to nitrate as in lower latitudes before the growth season and in the
open ocean below the euphotlc zone. These similarities may indicate that primary
productivity at the time and place of investigation was low.
INDEX TERMS: Sediments, Distribution patterns, Nutrients, Sea water, Connate water,
Bacteria, Water quality, Culture media.
AMIC-7170
"A FIELD FIXATION TECHNIQUE FOR DISSOLVED PHOSPHATE IN LAKE WATER".
Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 18, No. 1, January 1973, PP 1^3-1*
Shapiro, J.,
Natural water samples containing dissolved orthophosphate may be fixed In the
field and analyzed for orthophosphate in the laboratory as much is 2 weeks later.
This fixation method involves adding reagents to the water sample and extracting the
phosphomolybdic acid formed into Isobutanol within 30 sec. In the laboratory the
phosphomolybdate in Isobutanol was washed with dilute HC1, made to volume, and
stannous chloride was added to reduce the compound to Its blue form. The color was
read In a spectrophotometer and compared with standards. Storage of the samples for
7 days results in values that are at most 15 percent different from the Initial values;
after 2 weeks the greatest deviation was less than 20 percent. With this fixation
method, it Is not necessary to keep the extract in the dark. Ho special preservation
methods are necessary either for the water samples or the extracts, and Instead of
carrying water samples back from the field one need bring back only small vials of
extract.
INDEX TERMS: On-site investigations, Solvent extractions, Phosphates, Spectrophotometry,
Pollutant identification, Chemical analysis, Lakes, Chelatlon, Chemical reactions,
Color reactions, Sample preservation, Orthophosphates, Accuracy, Natural waters,
Sample storage, Sample preparation, Isobutanol, Phosphoraolybdlc acid.
-------
1. FHISICAL AHD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMTC-7176
"SEASONAL FLUCTUATIONS OF IOHIC COFFER IK KNIGHTS FOND, MASSACHUSETTS", Kimball, K. D.,
Limnology and Oceanography. Vol. 18, No. 1, January 1973, PP 169-172.
Ionic copper levels in Knights Pond (Mass.) were measured 3^ times from
April 19, 1971 to March 20, 1972, In order to investigate the copper cycle In this
Inland pond. DO, pH, temperature, total residue, and Ca-Mg hardness vere also measured.
Precipitation was measured daily. Copper in samples was complexed with sodium
diethyldithiocarbamate, the complex extracted with xylene, and the absorbance of the
xylene-chelate determined with a spectrophotometer. Copper concentrations In the pond
ranged from below detectablllty to 105 mi crograms/liter over the 11 months. Values were
low from sunnier through late fall, at which time they ascended to their highest level
during midwinter and then slowly decreased throughout late winter and spring toward
the summer low values again. Ho significant correlations were found between copper
and pH, total residue, or hardness. Moderate linear correlations were found between
dissolved oxygen and copper at the surface stations. Copper is apparently concentrated
in the vegetation during the growing season and released from the leaf litter by
decomposition in the fall. The chemical characteristics of the watershed are unable
to completely complex or precipitate this additional copper, resulting In increased
concentrations in the pond during fall and winter.
INDEX TERMS: Copper, Path of pollutants, Seasonal, Water pollution sources. Water
analysis, Decomposing organic matter, Dissolved oxygen, Hydrogen Ion concentration,
Water temperature, Hardness (water), Leaves.
AMIC-7183
'VATEF. EXAMINATION . ASSESSMENT . CONDITIONING . CHEMISTRY - BACTERIOLOGY . BIOLOGY",
Holl, K., Walter de Gruyter, Sew York, New York, 1972, 389 pp.
This book is concerned with the investigation and quality assessment of
primarily drinking water. Due to the Interrelationship of potable water with other
types of water, including wastewater. those topics are also treated. Those areas of
interest that are covered include (l) general on-site investigations and laboratory
tests, (2) chemical examination methods, (3) pollution indicators, (U) tap water
analysis, (5) examination and assessment of swlnming bath water, surface waters,
and wastewater, (6) the bacteriology of drinking water, and (7) the biology of water.
INDEX TERMS: Waste water (pollution), Water analysis, Methodology, Potable water,
On-site investigations, Laboratory tests, Pollutant Identification, Biological
properties, Water chemistry, Water properties, Chemical analysis, Water quality,
Indicators, Water pollution, Water sampling, Swimming pools, Mineral water, Surface
waters, Aquatic microbiology, Domestic wastes, Industrial wastes, Eutrophicatlon.
15"
"HEW METHODS FOR TflE DETERMINATION OF ELEMENTS IN TRACE AMOUNTS", Belcher, R.f
Zeltachrift fur Analytische Chemle, Vol. 263, "°. k, March 6, 1973, pp 257-263.
Recent methods for the determination of elements In trace amounts are
discussed, which have been mainly developed in the author's laboratories. The review
comprises the following sections:reagents and reactions, charge transfer reactions,
candolumlnescence, molecular emission spectroscopy in flames, enzymatic methods,
gas-liquid chromatography of metal chelates, mass spectrometiy of metal chelates.
INDEX TERMS: Methodology, Pollutant Identification, Mass spectrometry, Chemical
reactions, Anlons, Cations, Trace levels, Chemical elements, Molecular emission
spectroseopy, Metal chelates, Gas liquid chromatography, Enzymatic techniques,
Candoluminescence, Heagenta, Chemical indicators, Detection limits, Chemical
Interference, Ionic interference, Sensitivity, Apoenzymes, Charge transfer
reactions.
AMIC-7185
"APPLICATION OF RADICCHEMICAL METHODS IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH", Lleser, K. H.,
Zeitechrlft fur Analytische Chemle. Vol. 263, No. k, March 6, 1973, PP 30U-307-
Activation analysis, dilution analysis and Indicator methods (C-ll*, T)
are discussed in general. The high sensitivity of radiochemical methods is emphasized.
(In German)
INDEX TERMS: Radiochemical analysis, Methodology, Indicators, Chemical analysis,
Carbon radlolsotopes, Radioactivity, Heavy metals, Alkali metals, Alkaline earth
metals, Halogens, Environmental research, Sensitivity, Environmental swnples,
C-lU, Rare earth elements.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-7187
"X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPE OP METALS IN AMIHO ACID COMPLEXES AND PROEMS",
Jung, G., Ottnad, M., Zeltschrift fur Analytlache Chemle. Vol. 263, No. k, March 6.
1973, PP 888.285.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy gives information about the oxidation
states and the Uganda of metal ions in metalloprotelns. To Interpret the spectra of
the metalloenzymes the photoelectron spectra of amino acid complexes were recorded.
Drastic differences were noted for the binding energies of Cu and Co In the complexes
and In the proteins. This Is probably due to metal-metal Interactions In the
Investigated eiythrocuprelns. Sulphur-containing compounds are very suitable for X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopic measurements. It could be shown that sulphur Is not
involved In the binding of the metal ions. (In German)
INDEX TERMS: Amino acids, Proteins, X-ray speetroscopy. Pollutant identification,
Metals, Ions, Copper, Cobalt, Sulfur compounds, Chemical analysis, Chemical
reactions, X-ray photoeleotron spectroscopy, Metal complexes, Organometallics,
Photoelectron spectra.
AMIC-7188
"SEPARATION AND PRECONCENTRATION", Irving, H., Zeltschrlft fur Analytiaehe Chemle.
Vol. 263, No. k, March 6, 1973, PP 364-871.
A general review is given of methods for separation and preconcentration of
analytes. Among the methods of preconcentration which were reviewed are ashing,
evaporation, freeze concentration, froth flotation, reverse osmosis, adsorption,
liquid-liquid extraction, amalgam methods, volatilization, eleetrodepositlon, and ion
exchange. Separation methods reviewed included molecular sieves, gel filtration, gel
permeation, gaseous diffusion, ultrafiltration, electrophoresis, sublimation,
distillation, foam fractionation, absorption chromatography, gas-solid ehromatography,
scavenging by colloids, crystallization, freeze separation, zone refining, paper,
partition, and thin layer ehromatography, liquid-liquid extraction, ion exchange,
electrodeposltion, amalgam methods, and masking and demasklng. Several of the
techniques are discussed in relation to analysis of water for heavy metals, organic
compounds, and other contaminants.
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Water analysis, Organic compounds, Aqueous
solutions. Heavy metals, Ion exchange, Evaporation, Reverse osmosis, Adsorption,
Preconcentration, Biological samples, Molecular sieves, Freeze concentration,
Volatilization, Copreclpitation, Gel filtration, Gel permeation, Ultrafiltration,
Electrophoresis, Sublimation, Partition chromatography, Electrodeposition.
IT
AMIC-7189
"ajS-DmyDROXrHAPHlHAiENE AS INDICATOR FOR USE COMPLEXOMETRIC TITRATION OF IROS(III)
WITH EDTA", Manku, 0. S., Zeitschrlft fur Analytiaehe Chemle, Vol. 863. No. U.
March 6, 1973, P 335.
2,3-Dlhydroxynaphthalene has been used as a metal Indicator for the
ccmplexooetric titratlon of Fe(lII) with ETTA. The pH of the acidic Fe(lII) solution
(0.1-67 mg) was adjusted to about 2 with amnonia and 1M HCl-sodium acetate buffer
(pH 5) and 0.5 perecent w/v ethanolic 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene were then added. The
resulting solution was diluted with distilled water and titrated against a
0.010-0.050 M BDBA solution until a sharp color change from purple to colorless was
observed. The relative standard deviation for the procedure was 0.8-1.5 percent.
Cyanide, sulfocyanlde, oxalate, Kl(ll), V(IV), vanadate, molybdate, tungstate,
uranyl and Cu(ll) Ions were found to seriously interfere with the procedure. No
interference was caused by these ions: bromide, borate, tartrate, citrate, fluoride,
Zn, Cd, Ca, Ba, Sr, Mn(ll), Mg, and Be. Given amounts of the following ions could be
tolerated In relation to a known quantity of Fe(III): Al, Sb, Bi, Co, Zr, Ti,
phosphate, thlosulfate, and iodide.
INDEX TERMS: Heavy metals, Iron, Chelation, Methodology, Cations, Volumetric analysis,
Chemical analysis, Anlons, Alkali metals, Alkaline earth metals. Strontium,
Chemical reactions. Pollutant identification, a 3-Dihydroxynaphthalene,
Complexometrlc titratlon, EDTA, Chemical indicators, Chemical Interference,
Complexation, Metal chelates.
AMIC-7190
"MICRO-DETERMINATION OF FORMIC, OXALIC AND ACETIC ACIDS IN THEIR MIXTURE BY SELECTIVE
OXIDATION", Jaiswal, P. K., Zeitschrift fur Analytlsche Chemle, Vol. 263, No. U,
March 6, 1973, PP 335-336.
Formic, oxalic and acetic acids have been determined in their mixture by
selective oxidation with Ag(Hl) and Cu(lll) reagents. Ag(lII) oxidizes only formic
acid under specific conditions. Dlperiodato cuprate(lll) solution oxidizes only
formic and oxalic acids under verified conditions, whereas ditellurato cuprate(lll)
solution oxidizes formic, oxalic as well as acetic acids. Thus by the use of these
three oxidants the three acids can be determined separately in their mixture.
Formic, oxalic and acetic acids require 2, 2 and 8 equivalents of oxidant for their
complete oxidation. The quantities of the three acids have been calculated in g.mole.
Experiments have been repeated several times with about 0.00002-0.00006 g.moles of
substance and results are obtained with plus or minus 0.8 percent deviation.
Interferences are observed in the presence of other inorganic and organic substances.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical reactions, Methodology, Organic acids, Oxidation, Chemical
analysis, Pollutant identification, Oxalic acid, Acetic acid, Mixtures, Formic
acid, Silver, Ditellurato argentate, Dlperiodato cuprate, Chemical interference,
Accuracy, Precision, Ditellurato cuprate, Reagents.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHCDS
AMTC-7196
"AMIOB EXCHAHOE SEPARATIONS OF THE ELEMENTS EXTRACTABLE WITH TRIBUTTL PHOSPHATE.
Koch, W., Kbrkisch, J., Hjkrochimiea Aeta. Vol. 2, Mureh 1973, pp 225-SWi..
IV",
Methods are described for the separation of elements that can be extracted
with TBP with the employment of the strongly basic anlon exchanger Dovex 1, X8 In its
chloride form and an aqueous-organic mixture of 30 vol. percent TBP, 60 vol. percent
raethylglycol, and 10 vol. percent of 12 M hydrochloric acid. In particular, separations
of uranium were studied from elements that are extracted well by IBP from hydrochloric
acid solutions and from those that are only poorly extracted by TBP. The differing
adsorption behaviors may be explained through the resulting KIA1E-effect. The behavior
of the elements In the mixture containing TBP was compared with that in pure
aqueous-hydrochloric acid mixtures and the difference was explained through the above
effect. Separation-procedures are given for uranium from In(III), TI(III), Th(IV),
Pb(ll), *i(II), MlV), As(lII,V), Sn(lI.IV), Mo(Vl), V(IV,V) and Sb(V). In the
separation from bismuth It was possible to establish the existence of a competition of
the two differing strongly adsorbed elements for the functional groups of the resin,
which leads to the fact that only a. part of the uranium is adsorbed. Similarly there
was found a reciprocal action between uranium and manganese, whose consequence was that
the manganese is preferentially eluted. In addition, a procedure Is described for the
separation of the elements selenium and tellurium and also for various
speetrop'hotometric methods for the quantitative determination of the studied metal ions
In mixtures containing TBP. (In German)
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Solvent extractions, Anion exchange, Methodology,
Heavy metals, Ion exchange resins, Tributyl phosphate.
AHIC-7199
"DETECTION OF ORGANO-PHOSPHORUS PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN AUTOPSY TISSUE BY THIN-LMTER
CHROMATOGRAPKY", Tewarl, S.-V.) Harplanl, S. P., MlkrochlmlCa Aeta. Vol. 2, Wirch
1973, PP 321-32U.
The present paper describes a method of extracting organophosphoms
pesticides from postmortem human tissues (liver), and their separation and
identification by thin-layer chromatography. The respective metabolites are also
separated. The insecticides used as controls were: ethyl parathlon, methyl parathion,
malathion, diazinon and meta systox. The liver sample was extracted by homogenizing
with anhydrous sodium sulfate and redistilled acetone, filtering, evaporating the
solution, extracting the residue with n-hexane, and partitioning with acetonitrlle.
After evaporation of the acetonltrile layer, the residue was dissolved in ethanol for
spotting on thin layer plates, four solvent systems were evaluated:
cyclohexane-acetone CW:5 and 1*0:15), cyelohexane-ethylmethyl ketone (U0:l), and
benzene. Benzene was suitable for separation of ethyl parathion, methyl parathion,
malathion, dlazinon and meta-systox on silica gel thin layers. Rhodamine B was used
as the detection reagent. Our solvents were superior for separation of mixtures of
metabolites of some of these pesticides.
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Solvents, Dlazinon, Thin layer chromatography,
Liver, Sample preparation, Ethyl parathion. Methyl parathion, Meta-systox,
p-Nltrophenol.
18
AraC-7210
"THE MULTISPECTRAL COBCEPT AS APPLIED TO MARINE OIL SPILLS", Estes, J. E., Senger,
L. W., Remote Sensing of Environment. Vol. 2, No. 3, October 1972, pp lfcl-163.
The detection and measurement of oil pollution In the marine environment are
receiving augmented attention, as the incidence of oil spills increases with a
corresponding demand for information to direct cleanup operations and assign legal
responsibility. Owing to the complex behavior of oil on water, Its susceptibility to
transport and modification forces, and the physlochemlcal anomalies associated with
Its presence, both aerial and surface-based sensors are necessary components of a
complete and effective monitoring system. Ultraviolet, thermal infrared, and microwave
sensors exhibit capabilities potentially good for oil detection. Radar, in particular,
possesses excellent promise for mapping an oil slick's area extent since it is operative
day or night, under even adverse weather conditions. Since no present remote sensor
system can as yet provide accurate Information on the type or thickness of an oil
slick, complementary data must be collected using surface-based mechanisms. Radlometric,
meteorological, and oceanographlc information are essential for a valid interpretation
of remotely sensed data and a more complete analysis of the oil spill situation.
Several potentially operational systems, coordinating remote sensing and surface data
collection systems, for monitoring marine oil pollution are discussed, but more
research is clearly needed to demonstrate the actual feasibility of any given method.
IKDEX TERMS: Oil spills, Remote sensing, Pollutant identification, Physical properties,
Data collections. Oil pollution. Aerial photography, Radar, Marine environment,
Multlspectral sensing system, Data interpretation, Ultraviolet Imagery, Thermal
infrared imagery. Microwave radiometry, Correlation spectrometry.
AfflC-7211
"ORGANIC MERCURY COMPOUNDS IN COASTAL WATERS", Fitzgerald, W. F., Lyons, W. B.,
Mature, Vol. SkS, No. 5398, April 13, 1973, PP 1*52-^53.
Determinations of total and inorganic mercury were made on coastal and river
waters near Long Island Sound. Two different 100-ml sets of samples were collected in
glass bottles and acidified to pH 1.0 with redistilled concentrated nitric acid. One
set was analyzed immediately for inorganic Hg; the other was photooxidized for 2l» hr
and aliquots were analyzed for total Hg. Flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry
was used in both cases. The total Hg concentrations were found to be 0.01*5-0.073 ppb
and those of inorganic Hg were 0.021-0.033 ppb. It is significant that as much as 50-60
percent of the mercury present in those waters may exist either as organic compounds
or in association with organic matter.
IKDEX TERMS: Mercury, Pollutant identification, Rivers, Heavy metals, Chemical analysis,
Water analysis, Sea water, Trace elements. Water sampling, Coastal waters, Organic
mercury, Flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Metal complexes, Sample
preparation, Long Island Sound, Photooxidation.
-------
1. PHYSTnAT. AMP CHEMICAL METKCDS
AMIC-7215
"CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON PESTICIDES AND BELATED COMPOUNDS IK ADIPOSE TISSUE FROM
PEOPLE OF JAPAN", Curley, A., Burse, V. W., Jennings, R. W., Villanueva, E. C., et al.,
Nature, Vol. 2U2, No. 5396, March y>, 1973, PP 338-3&0.
Japanese autopsy adipose tissue samples were analyzed by electron capture gas
chromatcgraphy and the following chlorinated hydrocarbons were found:
hexaehlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls, dlohlorodiphenyl trlchloroethane
(DDT), dleldrln (HEOD), heptachlor epoxide, and the alpha, gamma, and beta tsomers of
hexachlorocyclohexane (HCCH). Two-column gas chromatography, Coulson conductometry
and 'Florisil' elutlon patterns were accepted as sufficient confirmation for the
presence of all reported compounds except hexaehlorobenzene and PCBs. HCB was
substantiated by electron capture and electrolytric conductometric gas-liquid
chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The presence of PCB's was
verified by electrolytic conductivity and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. All
samples analyzed were positive for PCBs. Eighty percent of the samples had a PCB
concentration of less than 1.0 ppm.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Polychlorinated
biphenyls, Pesticide residues, Pollutant identification, Methodology, Dleldrln,
DDT, Insecticides, Fungicides, Animal tissues, Adipose tissue, Heptachlor epoxide,
Isomers, Metabolites, Hexaehlorobenzene, GC-Mass spectrometry, Column chromatogra-
phy. Sample preparation, Gas liquid chromatography, Llndane, Japan.
AMIC-7216
"RAPID DETERMINATION OF VERY LOW NITROGEN LEVELS IN WATER", Banker, S. F.,
Bloom, S. D., Dietrich, F. S., Nature, Vol. 2l*2, No. 5395, torch 23, 1973,
pp 270-271.
There is a new approach to N-lU assay which is associated with the
evaporated detritus of less than U ml of water. This method, termed charge particle
(nuclear) activation analysis (CPPA), has an activation and subsequent decay of
minus 5.9 MeV and 71.0 s, respectively. The presence of nitrogen is measured by
counting the number of 2.31 MeV gamma rays emitted in the decay reaction. The present
overall accuracy is about plus or minus 25 percent at concentrations greater than
2O mg/kg; the test is sensitive down to 20 ng/kg. The testing time per sample is
about 3 mln without any destruction of the sample. The method has been applied to
water samples from Lake Tahoe, the Sacramento Fiver, municipal wells, and public
drinking fountains.
INDEX TERMS: Assay, Water analysis, Methodology, Pollutant identification, Radioactivity
techniques, Nutrients, Nitrogen, Garaim rays, Chemical analysis, Potable water,
Rivers, Municipal water, Neutron activation analysis, Trace levels, Charged
particle activation analysis, N-lU, Nitrogen radloisotopes, Sensitivity, Detection
limits, Lake Tahoe, Sacramento River, Accuracy.
AMIC-7217
"A SIMPLE MODIFICATION OF A FLAME PHOTOMETER FOR ROUTINE TRACE POTASSIUM
AHAUTSIS". Knolle, W. R., Applied Spectroscopy. Vol. 27, Ho. 2, March/April
1973, P ite.
A flame photometer was modified for potassium analysis in the ppb range in
solution In order to avoid the cost and inconvenience Involved in changing the grating
and photomultipller tube on a general purpose instrument. An Instrumentation
Laboratory model IL 153 atomic absorption spectrometer was uced in the flame emission
mode with an RCA 1P21 photomultiplier tube operated at 1200 V. The modification
consisted of setting the grating of the spectrometer to zero wave length and using It
as a mirror instead of as a monochromator. A first order least squares analysis of
the data obtained front standards prepared with delonlzed water, which had been
demlnerallied and. filtered, yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.99991. Five 2-ml
samples of dilute HF were analyzed for K, and the calculated standard deviation
multiplied by a statistical factor yielded 1.1 ng of K as a detection limit. This
easily realizable working limit Is 2 orders of magnitude better than that achieved
without the modification. This modification should be generally applicable to any
emission flame photometer where the detection limit is restricted by photomultiplier
tube and grating response.
INDEX TERMS: Potassium, Aqueous solutions, Chemical analysis, Flame photometry,
Pollutant identification, Instrumentation, Laboratory equipment, Trace levels,
Detection limits.
AMIC-7218
"HEAVY METALS IN BRITISH WATERS", Preston, A., Nature, Vol. 2U2, No. 5393, March 9,
1973, PP 95-97.
The program of research and development on heavy metals in the marine
environment, conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, has two
chief objectives: (1) the establishment and continued monitoring of concentrations
in fish and shellfish of commercial importance in Britain to provide a basis for
estimates of human intake of heavy metals and (2) to provide data to assist an
understanding of the behaviour of heavy metals when they are introduced into the marine
environment—the factors determining their geographical distribution, or biological
fate, including their effect, if any, on marine resources and the kinetics of their
metabolism in representative marine organisms. The results of seawater sampling
on a pilot scale around the British Isles -w that contamination is restricted to a
few areas, chiefly, but not exlulvely, linked to induOrial development, and that
even in these areas contamination does Sot spread very far offshore. Monitoring
of cctnmercial fish species shows that, except for sedentary shellfish, variations in
Inshore seawater metal concentrations are not reflected to any great extent in the
edible portions of these species. Of course concentrations in Inshore fish are
sometimes higher than those in offshore fish, especially in the case of Cd, Hg, and
Pb. This strongly indicates that metal pollution problems are essentially national
or regional problems.
INDEX TERMS: Heavy metals, Sea water, Path of pollutants, Research and Development,
England, Coastal waters, Fate of pollutants.
19
-------
1.
PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AKCC-721*1
AKEC-7819
"OCCURRENCE OF SOME CHLORINATED ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS IK THE ENVIRONMENT"
A. J., Riley, J. P., Nature, Vol. 2kZ, No. 5392, March 2, 1973, PP 37-38.
Murray,
Preliminary data are presented on the environmental (air and water)
distribution of aliphatic chlorocompounds. The chlorinated hydrocarbons are stripped
from 10- to 100-ml water samples by bubbling with nitrogen and are retained in a cooled
slllcone packed trap for analysis by electron capture gas ehromatography. The
coefficient of variation of the method was less than 1? percent. Analyses carried out
on samples of surface waters from the North East Atlantic showed the presence of
significant amounts of the same principal chlorinated hydrocarbons that were detected
in the air samples.
INDEX 1ERMS: Water analysis, Sea water, Pollutant identification, Organic compounds,
Ecological distribution. Chemical analysis. Methodology, Atlantic Ocean, Air
pollution, Water pollution, Electron capture gas ehromatography, Chlorinated
hydrocarbons, Aliphatic hydrocarbons, Sample preparation, Accuracy, Methyl
chloride, Chloroform, Carbon tetrachlorlde, TrichJoroethylene, Tetrachloroethylene
AHCC-7525
"HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS IN AND OVER TOE ATLANTIC", Lovelock, J. E., Maggs, R. J.,
Wade, R. J., Mature, Vol. Ski, No. 5386, January 19, 1973, pp 19^-196•
A study conducted to compare the observed global distribution of CC13i' (a
propellant solvent) with the predicted distribution from models of the behavior of an
ideal inert gas revealed two halomethanes: methyl iodide and carbon tetrachloride. It
was found that these 2 compounds and CCIJF were uniformly distributed both in air and
sea. Analyses were made by gas ehromatography using a new electron capture detector
which is capable of coulometric measurements. All three gases were found in the air
and In the sea wherever and whenever they were sought. CC13F is one of the few
substances present and easily measured in the air which Is wholly anthropogenic in
origin. CH3I is probably a singular product Of marine biology and may be a key
compound in the natural cycle of iodine between the seas and the land. CClU seems very
likely to be a product of natural inorganic chemistry, possibly the reaction of methane
in the troposhere with chlorine in a complex sequence of reactions. This substance also
is passed through the environment in quantities exceeding 1 megaton annually.
INDEX TERMS: Water pollution, Water analysis, Sea water, Atlantic Ocean, Air pollution,
Gasea, Organic compounds, Pollutant identification, Water pollution sources,
Ecological distribution, Halogenated hydrocarbons, Electron capture gas chroma-
tography. Methyl Iodide, Carbon tetrachloride, Aliphatic hydrocarbons,
Halomethanes.
20
"FAST LIQUID CHBOMATOGRAHff", Hatano, H., Research/Development, Vol. 2^, Ho. k,
April 1973, PP 28-33.
Instrumentation developed in Japan Is described, Including the latest
chromatographs and detectors available. The specific equipment Is: (1) an automatic
liquid chromatograph, consisting of a. chromatographic separation system which utilizes
an automatic fractionation mode, a two-wavelength spectrophotometrlc detector, and
an automatic operation system) (2) an automatic amlno acid analyzer equipped with
three constant-flow delivery pumps and a three-wavelength flow photometric detector in
continuous flowing node; (3) an automatic liquid chromatograph equipped with a
three-wavelength flow-spectrophotometrlc detector selective to wavelengths of 200 and
750 nmj (U) a high speed liquid chrooatograph equipped with a high efficiency column
for gel-pemeatlon chromatography. It has also been equipped with a differential
refractometer operating on Fresnell's principle; and (5) the FLC-1 fast chromatograph
equipped with a flow spectrophotofluorimeteir. The ultraviolet absorption,
differential refractlometric, and flow spectrophotofluorimeter. The ultraviolet
absorption, differential refractometric, and flow spectrophotofluorimetric detectors
have been used with this equipment. Hitachi KLA-5 amlno acid analyzers have been used
for accelerated analyses of amino acids and related ninhydrin compounds. The Hitachi
6311. liquid chromatograph has been used for other organic and biological compounds.
INDEX TERMS: Instrumentation, Laboratory equipment, Research equipment, Organic
compounds. Automatic control, Chemical analysis, Pollutant identification, High
speed liquid chromatography, Spectrophotofluorimeter, Automatic amino acid
analyzer, Ultraviolet absorption detector, Differential refractometric detector,
Biological samples, Sensitivity.
AMIC-72U6
"MATRIX EFFECT AND GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN THE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF
.SEDIMENTS IN WATERS", Hellmann, H., Zeitschrlft fur Analytlsche Chemle, Vol. 263,
No. 1, January 1973, pp 11*-19.
The intensity of the fluorescence of heavy metal traces, such as zinc, in
waters can be described as a function of grain size distribution. Contrary to that
of pure metals, it increases with grain size. For a parameter, the sample component
in the grain diameter range below 6 microns is suited best. In the sediments
of waste polluted waters, the same parameter is frequently found In close correlation
to the zinc content of the samples. The analytical a-tid prncticfil consequences are
discussed in the present paper. (In German)
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis. Zinc, Sediments, X-ray fluorescence, Particle size.
-------
1. PHYSICAL ADD CHEMICAL METHODS
T
"DETERMINATION OF hEHCUHY CONTENTS IS DIVERSE SAMPLES OF FISH AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL
MATERIALS BY NEUTBOH ACTIVATION ANALYSIS", Ruf, H., Rofade, H., ZeltBChrift fur
Analytlache Chemle. Vol. 263, No. Z, January 26, 1973, pp llS-lST
Mercury contents in diverse samples of fish and other biological materials
have been determined by neutron activation analysis measuring the activity of Hg-197.
A method described In the literature was used for the Indispensable separation of the
mercury activity utilizing the volatility of HgCIS and the low electric potential of
deposition of mercury metal. The separation of Au-198 usually found In the Irradiated
materials was accomplished by volatilisation of the mercury metal at 850 C. Seriously
high contents of mercury were found in some samples of Japanese canned tuna and in
whitefish of the Rhine River. (In German)
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, Fish, Neutron activation analysis, Foods, Biological samples,
Sample preparation.
AMC-72IV9
"CLEAH-UP OF CRUDE EXTRACTS CONTAINING PESTICIDE RESIDUES BY AN AUTOMATIC
APPARATUS BASING UPON THE PRINCIPLE OF 'SWEEP DO-DISTILLATION1", Pflugmacher, J.,
Eblng, W., Zeltschrlft fur Analytische Chemle. Vol. 263, No. 2, January 26, 1973,
pp 120-127.
An automatic apparatus has been constructed which cleans up crude extracts
baaing upon the principle of 'sweep co-distillation1 for gas-chromatographic residue
analysis of insecticides. With this instrumentation, e.g. crude extracts from 13
crops containing 27 phosphorus pesticides has been cleaned up using unique conditions.
Average recovery values reach from 66.lt to 112.k percent. Concentration levels of
the residues had been elected in accordance with the German tolerance list. The
apparatus Is suitable for further applications. (In German)
INDEX TERMS: Pesticide residues, Automatic control, Laboratory equipment, Research
equipment. Gas ehromatography, Instrumentation, Insecticides, Organophosphorus
pesticides, Methodology, Chemical analysis, Sweep co-distillation, Cleanup,
Chemical recovery.
AMC-7251
"OXYGEN EEMABD OF EFFLUENT FROM A BLEACHED KRAFT PULP MILL", Ogden, J. G., Ill,
Water, Air, aal Soil Pollution. Vol. 1, Ho. I*, September 1972, pp 365-371*.
Since the fall of 1967, a 160 hectare former tidal estuary has been damned
and used as a waste water treatment facility for a 500-700 metric tons per day bleached
sulfate kraft pulp mill at Abercromble Point, Nova Scotia. The treatment system Is
subdivided into a 16 hectare settling pond to remove coarse suspended solids, and a
lUb hectare stabilization pond. Volume of the two basins indicates a total detention
time of 15 to 25 days, depending upon plant flow rates. Total solids Input to the
treatment system (determined by evaporation at 105 C) amounts to 1.29 £/!•• Settling
and oxidation In the basin accounts for approximately 0.29 8/1. Because on plant flow
rates of 95 million per day, nearly 100 metric tons of solids are released to the
marine environment dally. Determinations indicate that at present loadings, more than
10 metric tons of BOD per day are entering a poorly flushing coastal environment.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COB) values are from 2 to 10 times greater than BOD, Effects
of mechanical aeration and massive lime treatment of the effluent for removal of
solids and 02 demand are discussed. Consequences of alternative treatment methods and
continued utilization of the treatment basin are considered.
INLEX TEEMS: Oxygen demand, Effluents, Pulp and paper industry, Chemical oxygen demand,
Biochemical oxygen demand. Organic loading, Water sampling, Water chemistry, Gas
Chromatography, Industrial wastes, Characterization, Bleached pulp wastes,
Gravimetric analysis, Total oxygen demand.
AMIC-7252
"ABSORPTION OF AMMONIA FROM ATMOSPHERIC PLUMES BY NATURAL WATER SURFACES", Calder,
K. L., Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 1, No. k, September 1972, pp 375-380.
A simple model is presented that incorporates the major features of
atmospheric transport and diffusion of a NH3 plume together with aqueous absorption as
the plume traverses a water surface. The model is based on the well-known concept of
the deposition velocity, although empirical data concerning the latter is quite
meager. A specific application is considered to the gas release from a NH3 stripper of
a hypothetical sewage treatment plant, and it is concluded that NH3 absorption by
adjacent water masses could be considered.
INDEX TEFWS: Ammonia, Absorption, Mathematical models, Path of pollutants, Model
studies, Diffusion, Gases, Atmospheric transport, Water surfaces.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-725U
"THE DISTRIBUTION Of HEAVY METALS IN SEDIMENTS OF SORFJORD, WEST NORWAY", Skel, J. M.,
Price, N. B., Calvert, S. E., Holtedahl, H., Water. Air, and Soil Pollution. Vol. 1,
Ho. V, September 1972, pp U52-i»6l.
Sediment cores were taken from 16 sites In SorfJord, West Norway and frozen.
The surface 2-cm sections were sampled, dried, and ground for chemical analysis by
X-ray fluorescence for the presence of Ag, Ba, Bl, Cd, Cu, In, Pb, Sb, Sn and Zn.
Unusually high concentrations were found; the concentrations of Zn and Pb reached
approximately 10 percent by weight In some sediments. The concentrations of most of the
elements were positively correlated, those of Pb, Cd, and Cu with Zn being particularly
well developed; correlations also existed between Sb and Zn, and Ag and Cu. The
concentrations of the metals In the bottom sediments decreased southwards and northwards
from a locality close to a source of Industrial waste.
INDEX TERMS: Heavy metals, Bottom sediments, Soil analysis, Pollutant Identification,
X-ray fluorescence, Distribution, Sampling, Aquatic soils, Chemical analysis,
Fjords, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Zinc, Cores, Water pollution sources, X-ray
analysis, Norway, Silver, Barium, Bismuth, Indium, Antimony, Tin, Norway, SorfJord.
AKLC-7256
"TITRIMETRIC MICRODETERMINATION OF NICKEL AND COBALT, SEPARATELY AND IN PRESENCE OF
EACH OTHER", Saxena, S., Pandey, J. D., Zeltsehrlft fur Analytlsche Chemle, Vol.
263, No. 3, February 7, 1973, P 208.
A new method for the determination of Jfi and Co, separately and in mixture
Is based on titratlon with hippuric acid. Xylenol orange (and chronazurol red S) are
employed as Indicators. Maximum error observed for Ni and Co was 2.0 percent and 1.9
percent, respectively, when determined separately and 1.9 percent and 1.9 percent,
respectively, when determined from a mixture. Amounts taken were In the range of about
6oJM)0 mg. The following ions caused interferences: Pb, Fe, Ga, Al, Nd, Gd, Zr, Te,
Nb, Re. No interferences are caused by Tl, Mg, Cd, Be, Ca, Ba, Zn, In, Pr, U. A
most Important precaution in this method is a thorough cleaning of the beakers used
with sodium carbonate or chromic acid, since otherwise the exact colour change may be
not Obtained.
INDEX TERMS! Nickel, Cobalt, Volumetric analysis, Pollutant identification, Heavy
metals, Cations, Alkaline earth metals, Ionic Interference, Chemical indicators,
Accuracy, Rare earth elements, Sensitivity.
AMIC-7360
"REDUCTION OF MERCURY WITH CYSTEINE IN COMMINUTED HALIBUT AND HAKE FISH PROTEIN
CONCENTRATE", Splnelli, J, Steinberg, M. A., Miller, R., Hall, A., Lehmm, L.f
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Vol. 21, No. 2, March/April 1973,
pp 264-268.
A study was made to determine the effectiveness of cystelne in reducing the
mercury content of comminuted fish and fish protein concentrate (FPC). Coa««lnut«d fish
tissue was extracted with 0.1 M NaCl containing cysteine HC1.H20 in concentrations
ranging from 0 to 0.5 percent. The amount of Hg that could be extracted from the fish
was related to the concentrations of cysteine and the pH of the tissue, but the
relation was not linear. The most efficient use of cysteine in reducing the Hg content
of coamlnuted fish was obtained when the cysteine-containing extraction solution was
percolated through the fish contained In the column. When cysteine was used In an
aqueous system, only minimal cysteine (U-8 percent) residues vere left in the product.
Indicating that cysteine does not bind irreversibly with the fish proteins.
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques. Mercury, Fish, Biological samples, Cysteine.
AMIC-7265
"ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DISCHARGE OF TREATED WASTEWATERS INTO COASTAL
WATERS", Hlavka, G. E., Journal of Milk and Food Technology, Vol. 36, No. 1,
January 1973, PP 23-27.
The Southern California Coastal Water Research Project (SCCWRP) Is attempting
to attain a substantial understanding of the ecology of the coastal waters of
Southern California. The goals and objectives of the project are to: (a) determine
the Input rates and distribution of the substantial and trace-level organic and
inorganic materials entering the coastal waters; (b) investigate the natural
phenomena of the Southern California Bight in present and recent times; (c) determine
the effects of man on the coastal waters and distinguish them from natural phenomena;
(d) develop Indices of environmental health; (e) develop the capacity to predict
man-Induced effects on the coastal waters; and (f) determine the methods by which the
coastal water environment nay be enhanced. The findings should be useful in efforts to
limit harmful effects and to promote enhancement of the coastal environment. The
major effort thus far has been an information search In 17 task areas of physical and
chemical oceanography, marine bioloffir, and environmental engineering. In addition,
several new research projects have been started under SCCWRP direction. Discussed are
some of the technical problems associated with such an effort such as quantifying the
natural fluctuations of physical, chemical, and biological parameters; establishing
environmental criteria; and correlating observed effects with pollutant distributions.
INDEX TERMS: Waste water (pollution), Waste treatment, Water pollution effects, Water
pollution sources, Water quality standards, Research and development, Waste
identification. Multiple-purpose projects, Pollutants, Path of pollutants, Aquatic
life, Blolndlcators, Water analysis, Ecology, Coastal waters.
22
-------
1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-7270
"TRACE OIL AS A POLLUTABT IN WATER", Jfelueg, H. J., Krawczyk, D. F., Journal of
Petroleum Technology. Vol. 25, Iferch 1973, PP &3-SW.
An approach used by the EPA Regional laboratory at Redmond, Washington, to
trace an oil or a petroleum product found In or on water to a source Is delineated.
Sample preparation Involves extracting a volume of the sample with a solvent, rinsing
with distilled water to form an emulsion, and extracting with additional solvent. The
solvent is filtered and removed completely by passing clean, dry nitrogen over the
solvent-oil mixture in a hot water bath. The oil is then defalcated so that further
analysis can proceed. The paper strip and gas chromatographlc methods are used for
comparing a source with a spill and the ehromatographie fluorescence method is used
for comparing samples of petroleum products. Infrared scans are used to compare oily
water with potential sources. Sulfur and metallic techniques are used to determine
sulfur and metal content. All the data collected are compared with data on crude and
refined products and some judgoent can be made as to whether the sample Is a crude or
refined product and on the locality of the original crude. The 'fingerprints' of the
oil can then be compared with possible sources.
HffiEX TERMS: Tracking techniques, Oil spills, Water pollution sources, Pollutant
identification, Methodology, Water analysis, Oil characterization, Oil finger-
printing, Sample preparation, Petroleum products, Chemical recovery, Chemical
composition, Precision.
AMK-7298
THE EXTRACTION OF DIVALE8T COBALT, COPPER, ZHK AND CADMIUM FROM HYDHOCHLORIC
ACID SOIOTIOHS BY TRI-n-BUm. PHOSPHATE", Sato, T., Journal of Applied Chemistry
and Biotechnology. Vol. 28, Ho. 12, December 1972, pp 1233-1212.
The partition of divalent cobalt, copper, zinc, and cadmium between
hydrochloric acid solutions and solutions of trl-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) in benzene or
kerosene has been investigated under different conditions. Further the absorption
spectra of both the aqueous and organic phases have been studied, and the infrared
spectra of the organic phases have been examined. It was found that the order of the
extraction efficiency of TBP for divalent netals is Zn greater than Cd greater than
Cu greater than Co for aqueous HC1 less than 8 M and Zn greater than Cd greater than
Co greater than Cu for aqueous HC1 greater than 8 M.
IHXEX TERMS: Cations, Cobalt, Copper, Zinc, Cadmium, Solvent extractions, Aqueous
solutions, Heavy metals, Separation techniques, Efficiencies, Trl-n-butyl
phosphate, Organic solvents. Chemical Indicators, EDTA, Xylenol orange, Infrared
spectra, Absorption spectra. Hydrochloric acid, Benzene, Kerosene.
AMC-7271
"REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTING OIL SLICKS", Catoe, C. E., Journal of
Petroleum Technology. Vol. 25, March 1973, pp 267-278.
Those signature properties of oil slicks that make them amenable to remote
sensing are described with emphasis on those signature properties that are useful In
(l) detecting oil films on water surfaces, (2) mapping the areal extent of the slicks,
(3) measuring the thickness of the slicks, and (k) identifying oil types. The
reflective and fluorescent signatures are correlated with detection in the ultraviolet,
visible, infrared, microwave, and radar regions. Remote sensing techniques are
considered in two broad categories: Imaging techniques (spatial dimension), and
nonimaglng techniques (spectral dimension). The Imaging techniques are panchromatic
photography, Infrared photography, multispectral photography, ultraviolet Imagery,
Infrared Imagery as well as multispectral, optical-mechanical scanner imagery, color
photography, infrared color photography, radar, and passive microwave imagery.
Nonimaglng techniques include Infrared radiometry, Infrared spectral radlometry,
passive r&dlometry, Fraunhofer line discriminator, Barrlnger correlation spectrometer,
and wide-range Image spectrophotometer.
ISDEX TERMS: Oil spills, Remote sensing, Pollutant identification, Optical properties,
Fluorescence, Reflectance, Methodology, Physical properties, Water pollution,
Sea water, Cil films, Oil types.
AMTC-7293
'VOLUM3TRIC DETERMINATION OF NICKEL BY HIGH FREQUENCY IKPEDDCTKY", Bara-Temes,
S.f BermeJo-Martinez, F., Prieto-Bouza, A., Mlcrochemleal Journal, Vol. 17,
Ho. 6, December 1972, pp 625-631.
A method is proposed for the determination of nickel by high frequency
inpedlmetry in the presence of aluminum, iron, calcium, and mercury by the use of
TTHA in NaHC03 medium. A sample volume containing not more than 6 mg of nickel is
placed in the titration cell to which is added 1 ml of one percent sodium bicarbonate
solution. The mixture Is then removed for 2 mln to sllov precipitation and then
diluted with deionlzed water to 80 ml. Titration is carried out with 0.01 M disodium
salt of TTHA solution. The method is accurate in the presence of not more than
O.OOOU mole of noninterfering substances.
IHDEX TERMS: Nickel, Volumetric analysis, Aqueous solutions, Chemical analysis, Heavy
metals, Methodology, Separation techniques, Iron, Aluminum, High frequency
Irapedimetry, Chemical interference, Accuracy, Alkaline media. Sodium bicarbonate.
-------
1.
PHVSTriAi. AHP cmarmaT. METHCPS
"ALPHA-A1203 AS AH ADSORBENT IN THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY", Korczak, B.,
Wegreynek, J., Habl*, H., Sliwlok, J., Mlcrochemlcal Journal, Vol. 17, Ho. 6,
December 1978, pp 638-637.
The utility of laboratory-made alpha-A12O3 as an adsorbent In the thin
layer chronatographlc separation of selected organic compounds was determined by the
separation of a mixture of test-dyes (butter yellow, Sudan G and indopbenol) and
calculation of the following coefficients: R sub f, Lpt, I sub g and t. The
comparison vas made conducting the same experiments with A1203 produced by Woelem.
Aluminum oxide was prepared by sieving aluminum hydroxide (USSR) to unify granule
diameter and roasting at 1250 C for 5 hr. It was shown to have several advantages
common to proper adsorbents for TLC purposes.
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Methodology, Organic compounds, Pollutant
Identification, Chemical analysis, Adsorbents, Thin layer chronatography,
alpha-Aluminum oxide, Alumina, Butter yellow, Sudan G, Indophsnol, Organic dyes.
AMIC-7311
"GAS CHROMftTOGRAPHIC SEPARATION,. BY CARBON NUMBER AND HYDROCARBON TYPE, OF
SATURATED HYDROCARBON MIXTURES AND DIFFERENT NAPHTHAS OVER MOLECULAR SIEVES 13X",
Garilli, F., Fabianl, L., Fllia, 0., Cuse, V., Journal of Chromatography. Vol. 77,
No. 1, March It, 1973, PP 3-10.
A gas-solid chromatographic method is described for separating hydrocarbon
mixtures according to hydrocarbon type and carbon number by the use of molecular
sieves 13X. Practical applications of this analytical method are reported, including
the analysis of the charge and the end-products of a platforming plant, and in
addition, some quantitative and qualitative determinations on virgin naphtha from
different types of crude oil.
INDEX TERMS: Methodology, Separation techniques, Molecular structure, Chemical analysis,
Pollutant identification, Flame lonization gas Chromatography, Gas solid Chroma-
tography, Naphtha, Mixtures, Aliphatic hydrocarbons, Oil types, Aromatic hydro-
carbons, Molecular sieves.
AMIC-7312
"THE USE OF GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOQRAPHY FOR SELECTMO EXTRACTIVE SOLVENTS FOB
-UQUID EXTRACTION PROCESSES", Abramovlch, Z. I., Bondarenko. M. F., Kruglov, E.
et al., Journal of Chroafttogragliy. Vol. 77i No. 1, March it, 1973, pp 37-l»o.
A.,
Gas -liquid Chromatography has been used to Investigate the group selectivity
of 28 solvents In the separation of cyclic and aliphatic sulfldes from the hydrocarbons.
The solvents containing -OH and -HH2 groups were found to be the most selective In
separating the cyclic sulfldes and monocycllc aromatic hydrocarbons. The data obtained
allowed an extractive solvent (phenol) to be chosen for separating the cyclic sulfldes
from the keroaene-gas-oil fractions. With the straight-run petroleum fraction
875-350 degrees the possibility of obtaining the sulflde concentrates with the help of
liquid extraction was experimentally confirmed.
INEEX TERMS: Solvent extractions. Selectivity, Separation techniques, Phenols, Alcohols
Nitrogen compounds, Sulfur compounds, Gas liquid Chromatography, Organic solvents,
Esters.
AMIC-7326
"COMPARISON OF FLAME AND FLAMELESS ATOMIC ABSORPTION FOR THE DETE74MINATION OF CALCIUM",
Cragln, J. H., Herron, M. M., Atomic Absorption Newsletter, Vol. 12, Ho. 2,
March-April 1973, PP 37-36.
Select glacial snow samples from Creeland were analyzed for calcium by both
flame and flameless atomic absorption in order to compare the suitability of these
techniques. A Perkln-JSlraer Model 303 atomic absorption spectrophotometer and ft
single-element Ca Intenaltron hollow cathode lamp were used. FlaoeleEs absorption
values were obtained with an HGA-70 Graphite Furnace which was modified to interrupt the
inert gas flow during atomlzatlon. Comparisons of the results from the two methods
showed good agreement in reference to standard deviitlons. rhe addition of 0.1 percent
La to samples gave no increase in abaorbance indicating the absence of Interferences for
flame determinations. Consequently ill flame measurements were performed without this
additive. Precision was appreciably better with the graphite furnace: average standard
deviations are 1.9 mlcrograms/1 for the flame and 0.3 microgr-un/l for the furnace.
Flame and flameless atomic absorption determinations of calcium compare well in the 5 to
20 mlcrograma/1 range. Below 5 micrograms/1 calcium, the Graphite Furnace because of Its
Improved precision is preferred to the flame.
INDEX TERMS: Calcium, Methodology, Snow, Aqueous solutions, Chemical analysis,
Pollutant identification, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Flameless atomic
absorption spectrophotometry, Precision, Detection limits, Absorbance, Seneltivity,
Graphite furnace.
21*
-------
1. PmrSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMZC-7327
"SOME OBSERVATIONS ON SEABOARD MSHCUHT SOLUTIONS FOR ATOMIC ABSORPTION SFECTROSCOFT",
Odashima, T., Kumagai, Y., Atomic Absorption newsletter. Vol. 12, Ho. Zt
March-April 1973. P 39.
Measurements made with a Hitachi Model 807 atomic absorption spectrometer
showed that the atomic absorption of mercury at 25^ ran la alr-acetylene flames Is
greatly Influenced by certain types of standard mercury(II) solutions. When
mercury(II) chloride was used for standard solutions, rectangular absorption peaks were
obtained, but when mercury(ll) nitrate was used, there was tailing of the peaks. The
tailing effect can be eliminated by adding sufficient quantities of halldes such as
KC1, KBr, KSCN, or K3.
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Standard solutions.
AMIC-7329
"THE APPLICATION OF FLAMELESS ATOMIC ABSORPTION IP HYDROGEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS"
Edmunds, W. M., Glddings, D. R., Morgan-Jones, M., Atomic Absorption Newsletter,
Vol. 12, No. 2, March-April 1973,- PP ~
A satisfactory procedure for the determination of trace metals in natural
waters, baaed on the use of the heated graphite atomizer (HGA) has been developed. Mn,
Fe, Hi, Cu, Co, Cr, Mo, Pb and Cd were Investigated in water samples varying from dilute
groundwaters to brines. Sample sizes were 10, 20, 50 or 100 raicrollters and the sample
was injected into the furnace in triplicate by applying a constant pressure.
Measurements were made using the standard calibration curve and the standard addition
procedures. The overall precision varied between plus or minus 5 percent to plus or
minus 10 percent at the 10 micrograms/1 level; precision for Cu, Co, Mn, Mo and
possibly Hi was better than for the other elements. The sensitivity achieved was in
general comparable with that quoted for the HGA by other workers, except for cadmium
which Is approximately ten times less sensitive. The detection limits shown for Co,
Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo and Pb are generally of the same order as those quoted by the
manufacturers, whereas the limit for Ni is slightly better. Relatively similar
detection limits are obtained by solvent extractions. The results of solvent extraction
and direct flame analyses of Cyprus groundwater samples showed good agreement in terms
of accuracy of the method.
INDEX TERMS: Methodology, Chemical analysis, Water analysis, Brines, Heavy metals,
Trace elements, Grovtwiwater, Heated graphite atomiser, Flanseless atomic absorption
spectrophotometry, Sensitivity, Accuracy, Detection limits.
AMCC-T330 !
"TOE DETERMINATION OF TRACE METALS AMD THEIR SBJHIPICAJJCE IK CLIHICAL CHEMISTRY",
Delves, H. T., Atomic Absorption Newsletter. Vol. 12, Ho. 2, March-April 1973, pp 5Q-51*.
Because of the relationship of both essential and non-essential trace metals to
human health and environmental conditions, analysis of trace metals in tissue, blood,
urine, and plasma, la Important. The author reviews his own and others' work in
developing methods of analyzing lead in blood and urine, copper in plasma, and copper
and zinc In plasma protein fractions. Difficulties with flame AA analysis of lead
in blood and urine have been overcome by using flame-assisted mlcroeampling techniques
or furnace atomlzation techniques. Flame microsaaipling has also been used to determine
copper in plasma. Furnace atomlzation has proven useful for determining less volatile
metals and has been used to investigate copper and zinc concentrations In plasma
fractions. The sensitivity and precision of this technique are given for £n, Cd, Mn,
Pb, Cu, Co, Fe, and HI,
INDEX TERMS: Copper, Lead, Zinc, Cadmium, Manganese, Cobalt, Iron, Nickel, Blood,
Plaama, Sample preparation. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Flame micro-
sampling. Furnace atomlzation, Sensitivity, Precision.
AMIC-7333
"TRACE ELEMENT DETERMINATION WITH SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTOR X-RAY SPECTROMETERS",
Glauque, R. D., Goulding, F. S., Jaklevic, J. M., Pehl, R. H., Analytical Chemistry,
Vol. U5, No. k, April 1973, PP 671-681.
A method of obtaining high sensitivity and accuracy in X-ray fluorescence
analysis using semiconductor detector spectrometers is discussed. Mono-energetic
exciting radiation la employed to generate characteristic X-rays from trace elements
in thin, uniform specimens. Corrections for absorption effects are determined;
enhancement effects are omitted as they are negligible for many thin specimens. A
single element thin-film standard ie used to calibrate for the X-ray geometry, ^nd
theoretical cross sections and fluorescent yield data ire employed to relate the
X-ray yields for a wide range of elements to the thin-film standard. Various
corrections which affect the accuracy of the method are discussed including the method
for determining X-ray spectral background. Samples of orchard leaves, tissue, blood,
and other biological materials are prepared for analysis by freeze- or oven-drying,
pulverizing, and pressing into pellets. Rock, glass, and pottery specimens are
prepared by pulverizing, collecting on thin filters, and transferring the dust to
Mllllpore filters. Elements in solution are absorbed on cellulose powder, dried,
pulverized, and pressed Into pellets. Elements in air can be analyzed directly from
filter papers. Samples of orchard leaves, rocks, pottery, and air partlculate filters
were analyzed for metals including Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Br, Kb, Sr, Pb, K, Cu,
Ti, V, Ga, and Se. Using a single excitation energy, the concentrations of more than
fifteen trace elements may be simultaneously determined during a fifteen-minute
interval for concentrations of 1 ppm or less.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
-r
AM1C-7333 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX 1ERM5S X-ray spoctroscopy. Air, Aqueous solutions, Separation techniques. Heavy-
metals, Rooks, Blood, Sample preparation, Orchard leaves. Semiconductor detector.
Detection limits.
AMIC-7336
"TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSIS IN WATER BY PROTON ACTIVATION", Bankert, S. F., Bloom, S. D.,
Sauter, G. D., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. 1*5, Ho. k, April 1973, PP 692-697.
Charged particle activation analysis (CPAA) has been applied to the
measurement of trace amounts of pollutants in calibrated water samples. The
activating particles are 1U.7 MeV protons in a microampere (or less) 'beam from the
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory 30-inch cyclotron. The short half-live gamma spectrum
of the activated sample is assayed In a Nal-Oe(Li) anticoincidence detector system.
A fast transit system carries the sample from the bombardment site to the counting
position in about 1.8 seconds. As of now, the technique is capable of simultaneously
detecting ppm quantities of boron, nitrogen, bromine, selenium, sodium, cadmium,
and chromium in concentrated water samples evaporated to dryness on tantalum foils.
However, it Is applicable to any thin sample which can be fixed to a foil.
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis, Nitrogen, Bromine, Boron, Cadmium, Chromium, Sodium,
Sample preparation, Proton activation analysis, Selenium, Detection limits.
AMTC-T337
"SEPAKATIOH AMD CHARACTERIZATIOH OF DDGTHnjftTROBIFHElHL AND DIMETHYLBIPHElTflAMIllE
ISOlde BY CHHQMATOORAFHIC AHD SFECTRXETKIC tGTHQDS". Dudley, P. A., Noall, M. W.,
Desiderlo, D. M., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. <*5, Ho. U, April 1973, PP 703-706.
DlaeotiBad U-nitro-m-toluldine vhen coupled with toluene yields a mixture of
dimethyl positional isooers of 2'-,3'-, or U"-dimethyl-It-Hi t rob iphenyl. The
2',3-dlmethyl-U-nitrobiphenyl isomer is of Interest as a precursor for the carcinogen
2',3-dimethyl-Jt-diphe.nylamlne and the related hyroxamic acid. The 2',3-dimethyl-U-nitro
Isomer is separated on a preparative scale from the 3,3'- and 3,M-dimethyl IsomerB
in a cyclohexana-heptane-nitromethane liquid-liquid partition chromatography system.
The chromatographlc system resolved S'jS-dimethyl-Jt-biphenylamlne from the two
corresponding dimethylamina ioomers and from the nitro compounds. The
2',3-dimethylnitro or amine isdnera may b« analyzed by GLC on a U-nm x 5-foot column
of Z percent CV-17 on Oas Chrom P. The methyl positional isomers of the nitro and
amlne compounds and their corresponding hydrocarbons have been characterized and
compared to reference hydrocarbons by mass spectrometry. The 2',3-dimethyl nitro and
amlne compounds are additionally characterized by physical constants, IR, and UV
spectral data.
INDEX TERMS! Separation techniques, Characterization, OC-mass spectrometry, Sample
preparation, Zimethylbiphenyls, DimethyIbiphenylamines, Infrared spectra,
Ultraviolet spectra.
AMIC-7338
"ON-THE-FLY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-INFRARED SPECTROMETRY USING A CHOLESTERIC LIQUID
CRYSTAL-EJTLUENT INTERFACE", Lephardt, J. 0., Bulkin, B. J., Analytical Chemistry,
Vol. U5, No. I*, April 1973, PP 706.710.
A GCIR system Is described which combines the features of trapping and
on-the-fly techniques. The heart of the system Is a cholesteric liquid crystal film.
The system was used to obtain infrared spectra of toluene, chloroform,
1,2-dlchloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, nitrobenzene, m-chloroanillne, o-toluidine,
o-chloroaniline, and n,n-dimethylaniline. It was found that on-the-fly IR spectra of
organic vapors can be obtained with quantities as small as 50 micrograms. The liquid
crystal fractionates sample from carrier gas. The technique yields spectra which are
solution rather than gas phase spectra, eliminating problems of rotational structure
and vapor-liquid frequency shifts. The system can also be used for on-the-fly spectra
of organic vapors In an air stream, with comparable efficiency. Color shifts occurring
on adsorption and desorption of the effluents onto the liquid crystal film can be
monitored to trigger infrared scanning and eliminate delay time errors associated with
gas cell operation. The range of the system can be extended by changing the carrier
gas to effluent ratio for high boiling materals.
INDEX TERMS: Toluene, Chloroform, 1 2-dichloroethane, Carbon tetrachloride,
nitrobenzene, m-Chloroaniline, o-Toluidine, o-Chloroanlllne, N N-dimethylanlline,
CC-Infrared spectrometry, Infrared spectra.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AMD CHgmCAL JETHO3S
AMIC-73t2
"SELECTIVE DEIE»aHATIO» OF HE1EHO-OHJANICS BY A DUAL-CHANNEL DETECTOR BASED ON PLAtC
CONDUCTIVITlf AMD EMISSION", Aue, W. A., Hill, H. H.f Jr., Analytical Chemistry.
Vol. Ug, No. I*. April 1973, PP 729-732.
A simple dual-channel detector was constructed from a regular FID and a
apeetroraeter and used to study lonlzatlon and emission processes occurring In hydrogen
flames. The response of the system was tested with dodecane, trimethyl-phosphate,
dl-n-butyl-dlsulflde, tetraethyl lead, tetraethyl tin and ferrocene under air-rich and
hydrogen-rich conditions. The results showed that both emission and lonlzation
responses can be used to determine the metals In the nanogrom and plcogram ranges,
respectively; while the response to carbon IB repressed by several orders of magnitude.
The method should prove useful for biological and environmental samples.
INDEX TERMS: Iron, Lead, Tin, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Carbon, Gas chroraatography, Flame
lonlzatlon detector. Detection limits, Dodecane, Trlnethylphosphate,
Dl.n-butyl-dlsulflde, Tetraethyl lead, Tetraethyl tin, Ferrocene, Biological
samples, Environmental samples.
AMIC-7353
"X-RAY MICRODETERMINATION OF CHROMIUM, COBALT, COFFER, MERCURY, NICKEL, AND ZINC Itf
WATER USING ELECTROCHEMICAL PFECONCESTRATION", Vaseos, B. H., Klrsch, R. P., Letterman,
H., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. U, April 1973, PP 792-79^.
The sensitivity of x-ray fluorescence for the analysis of metal Ions in
aqueous solutions can be improved by preconcentratlon of the solutions. A
preconcentratlon procedure has been developed which consists of electrodeposltlon of
the metals to be determined onto n pyrolytlc graphite electrode. This separates the
reducible metal ions from the dilute solution into a form particularly suitable for
analysis by x-ray fluorescence. After deposition, a thin dish is cleaved from the
electrode surface and analyzed. The method has been evaluated by analysis of Cu, Hg,
Zn, Hi, Co, and Cr In solutions of low electrolyte concentration (approximately fresh
water) and with conventional levels of supporting electrolyte. By the criterion of
•total error', all the results fall into the 'excellent1 category except for the Cr
results which are 'acceptable'. It is concluded that the method is useful for ppm
determinations of the metals studied, is amenable to improved sensitivity, and can be
modified for analysis of additional metal Ions,
INDEX TERMS: X-ray fluorescence, Aqueous solutions, Water analysis, Copper, Mercury,
Zinc, Nickel, Cobalt, Chromium, Electrodeposltlon, Sensitivity, Preconcentration.
AMTC-7358
"XDEMXXFICATIOH OF HEAVIER AHOMA.TIC COMPOBEHTS IN KEFOFWED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS BY
DIRECT COUPLED CAPILLARY OAS CHHOMATOGRAMY-MASS SFECl'HOMETRY", SwejlBiger, J. T.,
Dlckson, F. E., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. U5, No. U, April 1973, PP 811-813.
Tba objective of this research was to Identify as many components In the
CIO and heavier range of reformed petroleum products and to utilize to the fullest
extent possible the capabilities of the mass spectrometrlc Interface In Identifying
the capillary OC peaks. It was possible to Isolate the C10-C11 fractions from a
typical reformste and the Cll-ClU fraction from an alkylated refornate. The major
peaks appearing In the capillary GC of the C10-C11 cut (21 peaks) were identified and
95 percent (13 peaks) In the Cll-Cll* fraction were identified. The C10-C11 fraction
was Isolated by preparative gas chromatography using a 5-1/2 ft column packed with
OV-1 on Chronosorb P. This fraction was injected into a 200 ft column with
(m-phenoxy, phenoxy) benzene/squalane and programmed from 50 to 90 C at 1 C per
minute. The Cll-ClU fraction was isolated by distillation of components boiling above
187 C. The distillate was injected In a 150-ft column coated with polyphenyl ether
and programmed from 50 to 160 C at 5 C per minute. Mass spectra were obtained at
70 eV with an Ionizing current of 150 micro amps. The GC peaks were scanned at 2 sec
per decade for the C10-C11 fraction and U sec per decade for the Cll-ClU decade. The
chromatograms, formulas, compound names, and boiling points of the fractions are
listed.
INDEX TERMS: Reformates, GC-mass spectrometry, Boiling point, Gasoline, Kerosene, Oil
characterization.
AMC-7359
"SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF GULFATE ION WITH BARIUM IODATE AND THE LINEAR
STARCH IODINE SYSTEM", Hinae, W, L., Humphrey, R. E., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. ^5,
No. U, April 1973, PP 81U-815.
A spectropnotometric method has been developed for the determination of sulfate
ions in the low ppm range which Involves an ion-exchange reaction with a slightly
soluble sulfate and release of an absorbing anlon into the solution. Barium iodate and
linear starch iodide were used in solutions of sodium sulfate. Two dilution procedures
were used to cover larger ranges of concentrations. Sulfate ions were measured over
the range of I-1* ppm with a lower dilution, and the effective molar absorptivity for
sulfate was 31,000. With a higher dilution, the range was h-lk ppm and the molar
absorptivity was 9^00. Color reactions were stable and the results were reasonably
reproducible. A very limited study of interferences showed that bicarbonate, bomte,
hydroxide, and sulflte ions could not be tolerated while bromide, chloride, and nitrate
ions had no effect. Results with barium iodate compare favorably with those from the
chloroanllate method.
INDEX TERMS: Aqueous solutions, Sulfates, Spectrophotometry, Sample preparation,
Detection limits, Chemical interference.
See also; Category 2, AMIC-70&, 7079, 7138, 7156, 7172, 7325, 7372, 7^79
Category 3, AMIC-7391*
Category k, AMIC-7171
Category 5, AMIC-6858, 72U2.
27
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2*
AMIC-6610
"A HEW SPECIES OF PSEUDOCCCIUM (CKLQPOFKfTA, SZFHOSALES) FROM IKE WEST COAST OF
FLORIDA", Dams, C. J., Mathleaon, A. C., Phyeologla. Vol. 11, Hos. 3/U, December
1972, pp 273-877. ^
A new species of Pseudocodlum (p. florIdanum) 1» described from deep waters
(37 to 55m) off the west coast of Florida. It la the third described species of
Pseudocodium, and the first record of the genus from the northern hemisphere. X-ray
diffraction studies Indicate the presence of beta, 1-U mannan in its cell walls. The
affinities of Pseudocodlum are discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Systematic*, X-ray diffraction, Distribution, Florida, Pollutant
identification, Chlorophyta, Marine algae, Pseudocodium florldanum.
AMIC-6703
"MONITORING ZINC CONCENTRATIONS IN WATER USING THE RESPIRATORY RESPONSE OF BLUEGILLS
(LEPOMIS MftCROCHIRUS RAFIHESqUE)", Sparks, R. E., Cairns, J., Jr., McNabb, R. A.,
Suter. 0., II. Hydrobiologia. Vol. Uo, Bo. 3, October 30, 1972, pp 361.369.
Polyethylene cannula tubing was inserted Into the mouths and opercular
cavities of bluegllls to measure and record variations in pressures as affected by
zinc concentrations. Five fish were exposed to each of three zinc concentrations
(3, 6, and 20 mg/1) and six were exposed to UO mg/1. Fifteen-minute recordings were
taken every half hour for three hours and every hour thereafter for 2U hours or until
the fish died. Since swimming caused pressure changes, a 3-minute sample which was
relatively undisturbed was taken from each 15-minute recording for data analysis.
Breaths appeared as regular peaks and valleys on the recordings for both mouth and
gill cavities. In five of the six fish exposed to a zinc concentration of Uo mg/1
and In four of five fish exposed to 20 mg/1, the breathing rate increased at first,
then shoved a rapid decrease prior to the death of the fish. Cough frequencies of the
control fish were very low, ranging from 0 to 1 cough/min. At the lowest zinc
concentration tested, 3 mg/1, the mean cough frequency increased to 2 coughs/min.
Mean coughing frequencies at each zinc concentration peaked two to three hours after
the zinc was Introduced. The maximum coughing frequencies were proportional to the
zinc concentration. It is concluded that measuring cough frequency by this method is
a good monitoring technique for zinc and probably other heavy metals. However,
cumulation of the mouth alone should be sufficient.
IBDEX TERMS: Fish physiology, Monitoring, Zinc, Water pollution effects, Respiration,
Bioassay,
AKtC-6781
"TRAHBFER Of CS-137 FROM EETOITOS TO PRIMAIW PBODUCER", Wlttannp, M., Oak Rldga National
Laboratory, Ecological Sciences Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Report No. COKF-711213-1
.Jteewribar 13, 1971, 12 pp.
A combination of radlotracer, microcosm, and systems analysis techniques was
used in evaluating recycling of minerals from detritus back to the vegetation. A
greenhouse experiment with microcosms of increasing complexity showed the effects of
millipedes and snails on Cs-137 movement from leaf litter to tree seedlings. Millipedes
increased the organic matter content of the soil and the concentration and availability
of Cs-137. The increase In growth and mineral uptake by plants suggests that millipedes
affect both nutrient and Cs-137 kinetics in similar ways. With snails there were
smaller increases in Cs-137 turnover in soil and less tree growth than with millipedes.
Snails also reduced plant growth by consuming part of the foliage. Gross transfer
coefficients for movement of Cs-137 from detritus to plants were determined through
analysis of Cs-137 turnover using a simulation model.
INDEX TERMS: Detritus, Cycling nutrients, Tracers, Path of pollutants, Model studies,
Vegetation, Ecosystems, Laboratory tests, Radioecology, Systems analysis, Food
chains, Trophic level, Plant growth, Animal growth. Snails, Trees, Analog
computers, Computer models, Analog models. Decomposing organic matter,
Mobilization, Cs-137, Transfer coefficients, Cesium radlolsotopes, Paravitrea,
Millipedes, Fate of pollutants, Dlxldesmus erasus, Plants.
AMIC-6912
"FRESHWATER ALGAE FROM THE ITASCA STATE PARK MINNESOTA", Meyer, R. L., Brook, A. J.,
Nova Hedwigia, Vol. 22, Nos. 1-2, 1971, pp 614.9-658.
Recorded are the Cyanophyta, Rhodophyta, Chloromonadophyceae and Cryptophyceae
of the region of Itasca State Park in northwestern Minnesota. The 32 genera and 107
species of Cyanophyta, one speciea of Rhodophyta, 2 species of Chloromonadophyceae and
U genera with 12 species of Cryptophyceae are annotated with description of habitat and
principle subcomnunlty.
INDEX TERMS: Aquatic algae, Cyanophyta, Rhodophyta, Aquatic habitats, Systematics,
Speclatlon, Lakes, Ponds, Ecological distribution, Springs, Trophic level,
Cryptophyta, Chloromonads, Itasca State Park, Houston, Epiphytes, Metaphyton.
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METHODS
A MIC -6980
"DGSMXDS PROM SOUTHEAST UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.", Farster, x., gem.
Vol. S3, MOB. 2-3, 1972, HP 515 -6W».
collected by the author from the southern portion ot the United Stat«»
ware compared with a collection of the late A. M. Scott from Florida, Mlasisaippl and
Louisiana. The deamld flora found expands the floral listing for the area. Of the
260 taxa found, 30 are new descriptions with 19 forma and varieties In the genera:
Cpsmarium (13). Euastrum (2), Groenbladla (l), Micrasterlas (X), Pleurotaenlum (1),
Staurastrua (l) and Staurodesmus (i).
INDEX TERMS: Aquatic algae, Speciatlon, Systematics, Aquatic habitats, Chlorophyta,
Southeast U. S., Desmlds.
AMIC-6937
"A STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF CALCIUM ON THE EFFECTS OF DOT ON FISHES", Keffler, L. R.,
University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, Dissertation Abstracts No.
73-1275, 1972, 131 pp. (Complete report not available fromAMIC.)
Investigations were undertaken dealing with a likelihood of a relationship
between calcium deficiency and DDT poisoning. Goldfish, Carasslus auratus. and golden
shiners, Motemigonus erysoleucas, were tested using sixteen different combinations of
calcium and DOT concentrations. Because of the possibility of Influence by the
accompanying anion, three different salts were used as sources of the calcium ion. A
series of different experimental tests indicated good probability of the suspected
relationship between calcium and DOT. Fishes poisoned with DDT in the laboratory were
observed to give evidence of all the symptoms of calcium deficiency. Increasing the
concentration of calcium ions in the water from 0 to 200 ppm seemed to alleviate the
DOT poisoning symptoms of fishes and decrease the death rate, when the DDT concentration
did not exceed 20 ppb. Goldfish were more responsive to treatment than were golden
shiners. Of the calcium salts used calcium chloride was more effective than either
calcium carbonate or calcium gluconate. Two possible conclusions to be drawn are that
DDT is not simply a neurotoxin, and. that the calcium differences between hard and soft
water may be sufficient to give a survival advantage to fishes in the hard water
regions of the country.
INDEX TEHMS: Calcium, DDT, Water pollution effects, Bloassay, Poisons, Pesticide
toxlcity, Freshwater fish, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Laboratory teats,
Insecticides, Goldfish, Golden shiner, Carassius auratus, Notemlgonus erysoleucas.
29
"THE UPTAKE, STORAGE, ADD RELEASE OF DIE1BRIS AMD SOME EFFECTS OF IIS RELEASE IB THE
FISH, CICHLASOMA BIMdCULATOM (LJMHAEUS)", Brodcway, D. L., University of Michigan,
,>«m Arbor, MieMepn, Dissertation. Abstracts No. 73-6797, 1972, 111 pp. (Complete
report not available from AMIC.)
The uptake of the pesticide dleldrln from vater, its storage In tissues of a
tropical fish (Clchlasoma blmaculatum) and its release from storage has been
Investigated. Several /parameters considered to be Indicators of the effects on the fish
of the release of dleldrln from tissue storage were also measured. Dleldrln In acetone
solution was added to vater in continuous-flow exposure vessels. The concentration of
insecticide in water and fish tissue was measured by electron-capture, gas-liquid
chromatography. Blood- and brain-dleldrin concentrations were higher in fiah killed by
dleldrln than in fish exposed to dleldrln, but not killed. Uptake-release experiments
ware performed in which fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations (l or 2 ppb) for
up to 3U days. After this exposure, tissue residue levels had nearly reached a
plateau. When exposure was terminated, the whole-body residue concentration factors
on a wet-weight basis were between 6,000 and 11,000. Whole-body concentrations were
higher than brain, and blood concentrations were lowest. After the exposure period,
the fish were held In water without dieldrin up to 59 days and subjected to fasting
and/or a 5 C temperature rise. During the release period, fasting alone caused only a
alow rate of loss of the whole-body dieldrin residues. Fasting plus a 5 C temperature
rise produced a more rapid loss of whole-body dleldrln residues. Fish which were fed
normally and subjected to the 5 C Increase in temperature showed a very rapid loss of
dieldrin and little loss of fat. Two types of measurements were made to study the
probability of post-exposure sublethal effects: 1) blood- and brain-dleldrin
AMC-69UU (Continued)
Card 2/2
concentrations were measured in Juvenile fish, and 2) excretion of 17-OHCS hormone
metabolites In urine was measured In catheterized adult fish. During the post-exposure
period there was not a significant Increase in blood- or braln-dieldrln concentration
above the final concentration of the exposure phase. The quantity of hormone
metabolite excreted in urine was always higher in fish exposed to dieldrin than in
controls after the first day of urine collection. The level of hormone excretion,
however, decreased continuously in exposed fish after the first day. Under the test
conditions utilized in these studies, there vas no evidence that dieldrin was released
In toxic quantities when a fish was forced to utilize its fat stores.
INDEX TERMS: Absorption, *Dleldrin, Bioassay, Pesticide toxiclty. Laboratory tests,
Pesticide residues. Path of pollutants, Fish physiology, Freshwater fish,
Bioaccumulatlon, Cichlasoma bimaculatum, Mobilization, Excretion, Metabolites,
Hormones, Fate of pollutants.
-------
s.
AMXC-6996
"FOE RELATIONSHIP BETOEEH IONS AND CILIARY ACTIVITY IN THE OILL OP MYTILUS EPUIJE".
Felton, B. H. D., Fordham University, New Yortc, New York, Dissertation Abstracts Ho.
73-l!*75. 1972, 198 PP. (Complete report not available from AMIC.)
Previous authors have reported that Ions stimulate or inhibit ciliary
activity In Mytilus edulis. This Investigation attempts to clarify the relationship
between the major Ions In artificial sea water (ASW) of normal balance to the beating
of lateral cilia and other types of cilia in the excised gin of Mytilus edulis. ASW
was used to perfuse a ganglion-nerve gill preparation. The rate of ciliary beating
was determined by timing the metachronal waves with a stroboacope. The effect of Sa,
K, Ca, Mg and Cl, on the basal beat frequency and on the cilloexeitatory effect of
5-hydroxytryptamlne (5-HT), KC1 and caffeine was determined. Li, B«, Mn were studied
for the sane effects. By replacing the ions in ASW of normal balance with substitutes,
such as other Ions, choline, gluconate salts, or aorbitol, it was possible to detect
the influence of the najor Ions. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) 0.000016 M does not inhibit
ciliary activity of the gill In ASH. In a 1:1 choline/Na ASW, TTX 3 microM
(1 mlcrogram/ml) inhibits lateral cilia and blocks the cilioexcitatatory effect of
KC1. Li 1*2 mM Is cllloinhibltory and also blocks excitation by 5-HT. Nerve
stimulation with electrical current is partially blocked by Li. The addition of 5-HT
to gills In ASW causes a rapid efflux of Ca from the gill tissue followed by an Influx
of Ca. The Ca efflux and influx in gill tissue was measured with a Ca selective
electrode and also with CaJ*5 in a scintillation counter. Caffeine was found to be
cllioexcitatory in this Investigation, and was tested by the same methods described for
5-HT. When Mn was substituted for Ca In the presence of TTX in 1:1 choline/Na ASW,
cilloexcltatlon by 5-HT and caffeine were not blocked. When Ba or Mn is substituted
BIOLOGIC*!. MBTHCP6
AMC-6999
AMIC-6998 (Continued)
Card 2/2
for Ca In ASW, the basal beat frequency is elevated. The effect of excess ions on the
basal beat frequency and on the cllioexcitatory effect of 5-HT was also studied.
5 JIT, a known cllioexcitatory agent and metabolic activator in Mytllua gill, has now
been shown to cause a change in the membrane permeability of gill tissue to Ca. 5-HT
causes a rapid efflux followed by an Influx of Ca from internal stores of the ion in
gill tissue. This indicates that the chain of events initiated by 5-HT in gill tissue
of Mytilus edulia Involves Ca release, increased glycolysls, and the formation of ATP
which results In cllioexcitation.
INDEX TERMS: Cations, Anions, Inhibition, Water pollution effects, Animal physiology,
Halldes, Heavy metals, Alkaline earth metals, Alkali metals, Clams, Mytilus
edulis, Ciliary activity, Excitation.
"POPULATION DYNAMICS AND THE EFFECT OF IMOHOANIC IOHS ON CERTAIN MICBOCHUSTACEA",
Carpenter, C. B., University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, Dissertation Abstracts
Ho. 73-388U, 1972, 1O8 pp. (Complete report not available from AMIC.)
Some of the primary and moat important mlcrocrustacean species were used In a
field study of freshwater ponds with reference to seasonal changes in population density
and effects of environmental conditions. Samples taken from two fresh-water ponds were
analyzed for numbers of mlcrocrustacea per liter of pond water, pH. water temperature,
air temperature, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity (methyl orange), carbonate
alkalinity (phenolphthalein), bottom dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide and light
Intensity at the surface of the pond. The representative microcrustacea were Boamina
longJrostrlB, Ceriodaphnla reticulata, Daphnia spp., Diaptomus spp., and copepoda
nauplius larvae of unidentified species. Because of high negative correlations with the
alkalinity parameter laboratory studies were executed to determine the effects of the
component lona on the organisms In a controlled testing regime. LD-50 values were
determined for nine clones (6 Daphina magna, 2 Daphnia pulex, and 1 Cerlodaphnia
retleulata) when they were exposed to NaClT KC1, NaHC63,"TfflC~03, NaOH, KOH, Na2C03 and
K2C03. Factorial analysis of the data was used to determine the extent of each main
cation and anion effect and any interaction effects. On the basis of the factorial
analysis, the negative correlations between the organisms and the alkalinity parameters
are valid with respect to Information from both lab tests and field data.
INDEX TERMS: Crustaceans, Zooplankton, Bloassay, Sodium compounds, Potassium compounds,
Environmental effects, Cations, Invertebrates, Carbonates, Ponds, Waterfleas,
Copepods, Laboratory tests, Freshwater, Population density, Data interpretation.
AMIC-7003
"THE EFFECT OF CALCIUM OB GROWTH AND MORPHOGENESIS OF CHLORELLA. GOLENKINIA, AHD
SCENEDESMUS". Rahimlan, H., Washington State University, Pullman, Washington,
Dissertation Abstracts No. 73-73, 1072, 89 pp. (Complete report not available from
AMIC.)
Morphogenetlc effects of calcium on Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Scenedesmus
obllquus, and Golenklnia mlnutlssima strains 929 and 930 were studied, as were the
effects of strontium, barium, and ethyleneglycol bisamlnoethylether tetraacetic acid
(EGTA) on ScenedesrouB. Inoculated cells were starved in a calcium-free medium for one
week before the time of inoculation. Organisms were grown under controlled conditions
at a temperature of about 20 C and illuminated with an intensity of 350 ft-c from
cool-white fluorescent lamps regulated to provide 16 hours of light and 8 hours of
darkness. Cultures were aerated with a mixture of 3 percent C02 in air. Growth was
measured in terms of increase In the cell population and Increase in the amount of
fresh and dry matter. The results were as follows: (l) Calcium was shown to be
necessary for production of the maximum number of cells in each species studied. (2)
In the presence of Ca the cultures yielded a greater weight production and greater dry
weight per gram of fresh weight than in the absence of Ca. (3) In the presence of Ca
the starch content of cells was greater. CO The K/Na ratio in the cells was greater
in the presence of Ca. (5) The number of cells produced was significantly decreased
when Sr or Ba was substituted. (6) Calcium played a role in cell morphology- (7)
Calcium was shown to be necessary for colony formation In Seenedesmus. (8) Cell size
was found to be inversely proportional to the number of cell production. (9) Seta
formation in Golenklnia was shown to require Ca. (10) In the presence of higher thnn
0.6 mM of EGTA, a specific chelating agent for Ca, the algal cells died, (ll) It is
-------
8. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-7OO3 (Continued)
Card 2/8
hypothesized that Ca Is required for activating enzymes involved In wall formation and
cell division a* well as for maintaining membrane integrity. This has already been
established for urldlne dlphosphqglucose pyrophosphorylaae and urldlne dlphoaphoglucose
fructose transglycosylase which function In wall formation.
INDEX TERMS: Water pollution effects, Calcium, Plant morphology, Aquatic algae,
Plant physiology, Plant growth, Strontium, Ethyleneglycol bieaminoethyletter
tetraacetlc acid. Barium, Chlorella pyrenoldoaa, Scenedeamus obliquus, Golenkinla
minutissima.
AMIC-7008
"THE CARBON CYCLE IN THE EPILIMNION OF TWO MICHIGAN LAKES", Miller, M. C., Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan, Dissertation Abstracts No. TS-SW, 1972,
233 pp. (Complete report not available from AKEC.)
The planktonic communities of two contrasting lakes were examined to
quantify budgets and dynamics of dissolved and partlculate organic carbon. Rates of
primary production, extracellular secretion, partlculate carbon sedimentation, Input
of humlc material, heterotrophlc uptake of glucose, acetate and glycolate, and oxygen
depletion were determined In relation to simultaneous measurements of standing crops
of algal carbon, total dissolved, and particulate organic carbon and humlc organic
carbon. Benthlc metabolism affected the planktonlc heterotrophs more In the shallower
lake. In general, the heterotrophic uptake of small organic molecules varied directly
with planktonlc algal production and secretion. The size of the partlculate organic
carbon pool was proportional to the rates of primary production. The size of the
dissolved organic carbon pool was apparently related inversely to the amounts of
limiting nutrients. In the deeper of the two lakes the inputs of dissolved organic
carbon Into the surface waters ranked by importance were: autolysls and algal cell
rupture, runoff In rainwater, secretion by and decomposition of aquatic plants,
phytoplankton secretion, and particulate organic carbon decomposition In the water
column. Bates of transfer and organic carbon pools are discussed and a model
Integrating these results is presented.
INDEX TERMS: Biological communities, Cycling nutrients, Essential nutrients, Carbon
cycle, Epillmnlon, Water pollution sources, Metabolism, Benthos, Dissolved organic
carbon, Partlculate organic carbon, Substrate utilization.
__
AMXC-706U " " I
"EFFECTS OT IBOH OH ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT", Carter, J. L., McKlnney, R. E.,
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division. Proceedings of the American
Society of Civil Engineers. Vol7 99. BoV EEa. April 1973.^^ 135-152.
Research was conducted in order to relate the iron Ion concentration with the
rate of biological metabolism as well as sludge bulking conditions in activated sludge
treatment. Five-liter batch activated sludge units were fed glucose and an Inorganic
substrate using a typical fill and draw procedure. Sodium bicarbonate buffer was used
to minimize the precipitation of important elements. Various concentrations of iron
ware fed during this study. Teats consisting of COD, BOD, MLSS, MLVSS, and sludge
volume index (SVI) were conducted to evaluate these systems. Other related parameters
such ae temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and individual ion analysis were periodically
measured. Iron was measured using the trlpyridlne method described In 'Standard
Methods'. Hates of metabolism were determined by measuring the soluble COD and MLVSS
for various time Intervals after feeding. Microscopic observations were conducted
regularly throughout the research. This work showed that insufficient Iron in
activated sludge treatment systems decreases the rate of organic metabolism and causes
bulking conditions. Variations in other biological treatment parameters may be
associated with iron or other inorganic nutrient limitation conditions.
INDEX TERMS! Activated sludge, Iron, Sewage treatment, Metabolism, Heavy metals,
Chemical oxygen demand, Biochemical oxygen demand. Pollutant effects, Substrate
utilization.
AMtC-7065
"BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXATION IN THE GREAT LAKEG", Mague, T. H., Burris, R. H.,
BloSclence. Vol. 23, No. k, April 1973, PP 236-839.
The acetylene reduction technique was used for assessing potential N2-flxation
in lake water samples. Water samples from Green Bay and Lakes Erie, Superior, Huron and
Michigan were passed 61*-mlcron silk plankton netting to concentrate the phytoplankton
prior to testing. One-mi samples of the concentrate were transferred to glass serum
bottles to which acetylene was added directly without other modification of the
atmosphere. The bottles were Incubated for approximately 30 min; acetylene reduction
was terminated by the addition of 5 N H2SOU and the serum stoppers were sealed against
possible leakage. Four replicate bottles were prepared from each sampling site, and one
was Immediately inactivated with acid to serve as a control. The quantity of ethylene
was determined by flame lonlzation after gas chromatographlc separation from acetylene
on a 1.2 m x 2 mm column of Poropak N run at 75 degrees C. Acetylene reduction by the
phytoplankton in Lake Superior, the western end of Lake Huron, and eastern Lake Michigan
was barely detectable in September of 1970, but in southern Green Bay of Lake Michigan
and the shallow basin of Lake Erie it was comparable in rate to that In eutrophic
Wisconsin lakes. Acetylene reduction activity in Green Bay was low in the mouth of the
main tributary, increased to a maximum 5-15 km northeast into the bay, and then decreased
farther northeast. Vigorous acetylene reduction was always associated with an abundance
of heterocystous blue-green algae.
INDEX TERMS: Nitrogen fixation, Great Lakes, Phytoplankton, Water sampling, Oligotrophy,
Eutrophlcation, Nitrogen cycle, Cycling nutrients, Green Bay, Acetylene reduction,
Flame lonizatlon gas cnromatography, Sample preparation.
-------
2. BIOLOOICAI. MBTHCPS
AKXC-7O79
"DJWAMICS OF A SALT OF (a.U-DICHLOHOFHBNOJOO ACETIC ACID IN FISH, WATER, AHD HHHCaOL",
Sehultz, D. P., Journal of Agricultural and Pood Chamlstry. Vol. 31, No. S. March/April
1973, PP 086-192: * '
The uptake, distribution, and dissipation of C-lU-labeled dlrosthylamine salt
or (2,'t-dichlorophenoxy)acetlc acid (1)1*1.2,4.0} from water by three species of fish was
studied concurrently with the dissipation of DMA-2,lt-D from water and hydrosol. Pish
«ere exposed to 0.5. 1.0, or 2.0 rag/1, concentrations of herbicide for up to Ok days.
Radioactive residues of 2,U-D were determined by radlometrlc procedures In eight or
more tissues and organs. Residues of 2,k-D were determined in muscle and whole-body
extracts by gas chromatography. Radioactive residues were found In all flah tissues
and organs analyzed, but actual 2,U-D content was negligible in muacle, Indicating that
most of the C-lWesldue was a metabollte( a) of 2,ll~D. Residues of 2,l4~D declined in
water to less than 0.1 mg/1. after 35 days and in hydrosol to less than 0.1 rag/kg after
Ik days.
INDEX TERMS: Pesticide toxiclty, Water analysis, Bioassay, Hydrogen ion concentration,
Radioactivity techniques. Water temperature. Freshwater fish, DMA-2 4-D, Tissue,
Bioaccumulation, Sample preparation. Gas liquid chromatography, Channel catfish,
Lepomls macrochirus, Largeroouth bass, Fathead minnow.
AMIC-7138
"STUDIES AND INVESTIGATIONS OF THE FATE AND EFFECT OF THE SHELL OIL SPILL, PLATFORM B,
BLOCK 26, SOUTH TIMBALIER BAY (DECEMBER 1, 1970—NOVEMBER 30, 1971), Hesources
Technology Corporation, Houston, Texas, Oil and Hazardous Materials Program Series
OHM 72 05 001, Contract No. 66-01-0051, January 1972, 116 pp.
This report represents a formal documentation of selected field study
activities for one major spill incident which initially occurred offshore Louisiana on
December 1, 1970 and lasted until April 16, 1971. The report Is baaed on data and
information obtained through three field surveys undertaken by EPA. The purpose of
these field studies was to determine the area! extent of the spilled material, the fate
of the spin, and the effect of the material on the biota. The geologic, climatic, and
oceanographic parameters of the study area and their Impact on the biota are defined.
A biological and zoogeophysical description of the study area is also presented. The
data obtained in this study shoved or suggested that: (1) water-dispersable fractions
(probably aromatic compounds) from the crude oil spilled were transported through the
water column and deposited in sediments at least 60 feet deep; (2) the sedimentary
deposits of crude oil contain significant quantities of CClU extractablesj (3) for the
most part, there was little or no correlation between numbers of species present and
any other parameters; (4) the fauna was lov In number at and Inmedlately around the rig
with numerical increases at a one- to two-mile radius from It; and (5) the effects on
fish varied from no abnormalities to loss of cells and 'sloughing' and swollen
branchial filaments.
INDEX TERMS: Oil spills, Oil pollution, Water pollution effects, Water pollution
sources, Marine animals, On-site investigations, Crude oil. Fate of pollutants,
Benthic fauna, Species diversity.
AHXC-71l»2
"METHODS OF ESTIMATING TUB HALF-LIFE: OP BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OP TOXIC CHEMICALS IK
WATER", Marking, L. L., Investigations In Pish Control Report No. U6, July 1972, 9 pp.
In the absence of analytical methods, the half-life of biological activity
of a chemical (the time required to decrease Its toxic activity by one-half) can be
estimated by bloassays. The methods presented require the determination of LC50 values
(concentration producing $0 percent mortality) for organisms in aged solutions
containing unknown residual concentrations. The half-life of biological activity is
determined by plotting (1) the percent concentrations remaining in aged solutions or
(2) the deactlvatlon Indices against aging time on cyclic semilogarithnlc graph paper.
By the first method, a 5-day half-life for antinycln, a fish toxicant, was determined
using resistant channel catfish (Ictalurua punctatus) and goldfish (Carasslua auratus)
and for sensitive green sunfish (Lepomls cyanellus) and rainbov trout (Saline galrdnerl)
In soft water at pH 7.5. The second method, using only rainbow trout, also estimated a
5-day half-life for antlmycin in soft water at pH 7.5. These methods could be used also
to determine the half-life of antimycin at different pH's, temperatures, and light
intensities, the factors thought to Influence the toxicant's efficacy. The methods are
not limited to fish and fish toxicants.
INDEX TERMS: Antimycin A, Pisclcides, Bioassay, Water pollution effects, Pesticide
toxiclty, Methodology, Fish control agents, Rainbow trout, Channel catfish,
Pesticide kinetics, Biological activity, Half-life, Green sunfish, Goldfish.
AKtC-7156
"UPTAKE AND BIOTRANSFORMATION OF PHENYLMERCURIC ACETATS BY AQUATIC OSGANI3MS",
Fang, 3. C., Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 1, No.
February 1973, pp 1B-26.'
1,
Oupples (Labiates reticulatua), snails (Hellsoma campanulata), elodea (Elodea
canadensis), and coontail tCeratophylluin deirersum) vrere exposed to 0.05-0.5 microM of
Hg-203-labeled phenylmercuric acetate (PMA) in order to study the uptake and metabolism
of the sllmlcide by aquatic organisms. Studies were carried out in all glass aquaria
with aeration at 25-29 C. A gamma-scintillation spectrometer was used to periodically
measure radioactivity in samples of water and organisms. After measuring the total
Hg-203 content, samples were homogenized In water containing HC1, extracted with
benzene, purified according to the Westoo (1968) method, and analyzed by electron
capture gas chromatography. Inorganic Hg-203 content was determined by the Clarkson
and Greenwood (1970) method. Some guppies and elodea were placed in fresh water after
the uptake period to determine PMA loss rate. The organisms tested were found to readily
take up PMA. The PMA uptake was related to the time of exposure and the PMA
concentration, the absorbed PMA being mainly converted to Inorganic mercury.
Ethylmercuric chloride was a minor metabolic product. Mercury-203 was not quickly
eliminated from the guppy, elodea, and coontail when they were placed in fresh water,
the biological half-life of Hg-203 residues ranging between "*3 to 53 days.
INDEX TERMS: Bioassay, Absorption, Metabolism, Radioactivity techniques, Radiochemlcal
analysis, Phenylmercurie acetate, Slodea canadensis, Leblstes reticulatus,
Helisoma carapanulata, CeratophyHum demersum, Biot-rans formation, Biological
.fication, Bioaccumulatlon, Metabolites, Sxcretion, Fate of pollutants, k'g-203,
imicides.
-------
2. BIOIXOICAI. MKEttCPS
AMK-7158
"AH ANALYSIS OF FACTORS OOVERHIMO PHODUCTIVITr IN LAKES AND RESERVOIRS", Bryllneky, M.,
Mann, K. H., Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 18, No. 1, January 1973, PP l-l1*.
Data, collected as part of the International Biological Program from kj
lakea and 12 reservoirs, distributed from the tropics to the arctic, were subjected to
statistical analysis to establish which factors are Important In controlling
production and how they are related. In the whole body of data, variables related to
solar energy Input have a greater Influence on production than variables related to
nutrient concentration; In lakes within a narrow range of latitude, nutrient-related
variables assume greater Importance. Morphological factors have little Influence on
productivity per unit area In either case. Chlorophyll a concentration Is a good
Indicator of nutrient conditions and when combined with an energy-related variable
constitutes a good estimator of primary production. (Reprinted from Limnology and
Oceanography. Vol. 18, No. 1, January 1973, pp l-l1*. Copyright 1973 by the American
Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc. Reprinted by permission of the copyright
ownar.)
INDEX TERMS: Primary productivity, Secondary productivity, Limiting factors, Nutrients,
Lake morphology, Solar radiation, Statistical methods, Hydrogen ion concentration,
Conductivity, Data interpretation, Chlorophyll a.
•100-7160
"EHHAHCENEHT OP HEP PFttMAIW PHODOCTIVITlf BY HERBIVORE GRAZING IN AQUATIC LABORATORY
MICROCOSMS", Cooper, D. C., Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 18, Mo. 1, January 1973,
EP
AMIC-7159
"DIURNAL PERIODICITY IN THE PHYTOPLANKTON ASSEMBLAGE OF A HIGH MOUNTAIN LAKE",
Tilzer, M. M., Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. ]B, No. 1, January 1973, pp 15-30.
Diurnal changes In phytoplankton stratification and photosynthesis of high
mountain lakes (Vorderer Flnstertaler See) were studied at all seasons. The dominant
flagellates usually ascend in the evening and at night and migrate downward with
Increasing light Intensities. Maximum migratory speeds are higher than 1 m/hr and
almnt independent of cell sise. The vertical stratification pattern of flagellates la
the result of varying upward and downward migrations, hut the vertical stratifications
of nonmotile species depend on the turbulence of the water. Over the day the mean
photosynthesis of the entire water column varies In about the same proportions as the
Input of light energy. At a given depth algae seem to be adapted to the dally mean
value of light intensity. Near the lake surface, around noon (1000-lUOO hours),
photosynthesis is considerably reduced due to downward migration, light saturation, and
light inhibition—all caused by high light intensities—but at greater depths the
utilization of light energy frequently is increased. During low light periods (early
morning, evening) suboptlmal light intensities in deeper layers of the lake cannot be
utilized as effectively. By phototactic vertical migrations, the diurnal shifts of
light energy utilization can be partly compensated.
INDEX TERMS: Diurnal distribution, Phytoplankton, Photosynthesis, Light Intensity,
Migration patterns, Primary productivity, Sample preservation.
33
The role of herbivore grazing Intensity as a factor affecting net primary
productivity was Investigated by Introducing varying blomasaes of a starved herbivore
(Notropia spilopterus) into replicate autotrophlc microcosms. The microcosms consisted
of 15 aquaria containing 15 1 of sediment from a eutrophlc pond. After 20 days, the
enhancement of net primary productivity In the experimental microcosms was directly
related to herbivore blomass up to a certain density and Inversely related above this.
The relationship approximates the first derivative of a slgmoid population growth model.
Enhancement of primary production under these experimental conditions appears to be due
to reductions of standing crop and increased turnover rates of producer populations.
The results suggest that these responses were Independent of Increased nutrient
regeneration rates brought about by grazing.
INDEX TERMS: Bioassay, Cycling nutrients, Fish, Grazing, Primary productivity, Blomass,
Notropia spilopterus .
AMC-7163
"DIATOMS IN ALKALINE, SALINE LAKES: ECOLOGY AMD GEOCHb'MICAL IMPLICATIONS", Hecky,
R. E., Kllhan, P., Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 18, No. 1, January 1973, PP 53-71.
Six diatoms achieved dominance in 26 alkaline, saline lakes in East Africa.
There la a pronounced tendency for these species to replace each other as alkalinity
Increases. Cyclptella meneghlnlana is usually dominant in less concentrated lakes and
Nltzschla fruBtulum is favored as the alkalinity exceeds 80 meq/liter. Coscinodiacua
rudolfl'and Navlcula elkab are occasionally dominant at intermediate alkallnitles.
Navlcula elkab la usually aubdomlnant when N. frustulum is dominant. Most of these
species when dominant are considered functionally planktonic In these waters. The
presence of the cyanophyte Oscillatorla (Arthrosplra) platensls in bloom seems to be a
prerequisite for N. elkab and N. fruatulum to enter the plankton. There is some
evidence that the~anlonic composition of these lakes may be selective for some of the
benthonlc species. Geochemlcal data Indicate that the production and preservation of
diatom fruatulea appear to control silica concentrations in the waters. Relatively
poor correlations were observed between sodium and silica and between pH and silica.
These data have important Implications for theoretical models of geochemical evolution
in closed basins. Little or no dissolution of fossil diatom frustules was observed In
the sediments of these highly alkaline, high pH waters. (Reprinted from Limnology
and Oceanography, Vol. Ifl, No. 1, January 1973, pp 53-71. Copyright 1973 by the
American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc. Reprinted by permission of the
copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Diatoms, Saline lakes, Alkalinity, Dominant organisms, Lake sediments,
East Africa.
-------
AMIC-717S
"USE OF A BOD QXTOEM PROBE FOR ESTIMATIHO PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY", Cs*pl«wskl, R. L.,
Pwkor, M., Limnology and Oceanography. Vol. IS, No. 1, January 1973, PP 152-15U.
The accuracy of a BOO oxygon probe for field meaauremsnta of primary
production by the light and dark bottle oxygen technique has bean analyzed. Water
samples were taken from various depths with a Van Dorn sampler and subsamples placed
In light and dark BOD bottlea. DO was measured In each bottle before and after a
6-hr In situ Incubation. A single water sample was used to measure DOC and to
calibrate the oxygen probe. Preparation time at the beginning of each experiment was
l.U min per bottle, and the time required to measure DOC at the end of each Incubation
was 0.6 mln per bottle. The light bottle change In ICC for seven photosynthesis vs.
depth experiments ranged from minus O.Uo to plus 0.90 ppm and the dark bottle change
plus 0.05 to minus 0.70 ppm. The ambient DOC was 7-K> ppm. Variability vaa reduced
by pairing the 2 readings from each bottle; a one-way ANOVA vaa used to estimate
experimental error. A figure is presented with which to estimate the number of
replicate bottles needed to obtain a given accuracy In estimating photosynthetic rates.
The BOD oxygen probe was shown to be a rapid, convenient instrument when used to
estimate primary production, and Its accuracy in certain cases may be comparable to
that of the Winkler method.
INDEX TERMS: Primary productivity, On-site data collections, Dissolved oxygen,
Measurement, On-alte tests, Water sampling, BOD oxygen probe, Photosynthetic
rates.
AMIC-7173
"PRODUCTION OF THE GIANT KELP, MACRCCY5TI3, ESTIMATED BY IN SITU INCORPORATION OF
C-14 I» POLYETHYLENE BAGS", Tovle, D. tf., Pearse, J. S., Limnology and Oceanology,
Vol. IB, No. 1 January 1973, pp 155-159.
Incorporation of C-14 by the giant kelp Macro.
situ by enclosing Individual blades within polyethylene
waa carried out In full sunlight for 3 hr. The contents of the bag were removed to an
'stia pyrlfera was measured in
;s In a kelp bed. Incubation
opaque container, transported a dimly lit laboratory, and rinsed in unlabeled seawater.
Duplicate samples from 3 sections of each kelp blade were solublllaed, mixed with K202
and added to scintillation fluid for counting. Incorporation waa highest in the tips of
the blades in the canopy, about 0.315 mg C/g/hr on the basis of wet weight. In the
densest part of the kelp bed, total wet standing crop of Macroeystia was about 5.9
kg/sq m, and production of ^acrocyatis blades in that area was estimated to be at least
6.8 g C/sq m/day, or about 17 g organic matter/sq m/day.
INDEX TERMS: Kelps, Photosynthesis, On-site investigations, Estimating, Plant tissues,
Marine algae, Marine plants, Phaeophyta, Primary productivity, Laboratory tests.
Radioactivity techniques, Carbon radloisotopes, Methodology, Standing crops,
Macrocystls pyrifera, Photosynthetic rates, C-lU-, Scintillation counting, Sample
preparation.
AKEC-TOT
"MODIFICATIONS OF THE BIHQE-EKKAH BOX CORER TOR USE WITH SCUBA OR DEEP SUBMERGENCE
RESEARCH VESSELS", Row, 0. T., Clifford, C. H., Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. IS,
BO. 1, January 0973, PP 172-175. T
The Birge-Ekman box carer has been modified for use by SCUBA divers or deep
•ubaergence research vessels, thus allowing control in the precision of sampling. Data
•uggest that the modified box carer exhibits greater accuracy and precision in
estimating the abundance of species and Individuals than conventional surface ship
samplers or smaller corers used widely for in situ investigations. (Reprinted from
Limnology and Oceanography. Vol. 18, Mo. 1, January 1973, PP 1J2-175. Copyright 1973
by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc. Reprinted by permission
of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Sampling, Equipment, Scuba diving. Shallow water, Deep water, Construction
Design, Blrge-Ekman box corer, Research vessels, Precision.
AMIC-7178
"A QUANTITATIVE PUSH-NET SYSTEM FOR TRANSECT STUDIES OF LARVAL FISH AMD MACROZCOPLANK-
TON", Miller, J. M., Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 18, No. 1, January 1973,
pp 175-178.
A surface plankton sampler that quantitatively samples contiguous segments of
a. transect has characteristics that Include operability in shallow water by two
investigators, paired, self-cleaning nets, a minimum of obstructions preceding the nets,
and a high ratio of filtering area to mouth area. Flow through each net and the
distance traveled are monitored and recorded continuously with modified TSK current
meters. At a boat speed of about 3 mph (1.31* m/sec), a sample was obtained in 3 min
from a 2ki-m segment of a 7.2-km transect in Kanehoe Bay (Oahu, Hawaii). At this
operating speed, the combination of 505-micron Bitex nets and 333-micron Nitex bags
yields fish larvae (2-25 am) in good condition. Larvae of 92 species of fish (size
range, 2-20 mm) have been taken with the gear from Kaneohe Bay over a one-year period.
Total sampling time was less than 2 hr with this system. Using the sampling technique
being described, small scale variations in the abundance of surface zooplankton can be
detected.
INDEX TERMS: Larvae, Distribution patterns, Zooplankton, Fiah, Water sampling,
Equipment, Hawaii, Spatial distribution, Construction, Design, Invertebrates,
Plankton nets, Surface waters, Macrolnvertebrates, Push-net sampling system,
Praneaus insularum, Kaneohe Bay.
-------
«• BtOLQOlOAI. MMBCP8
AMIC-7aOl
"3t.iMB-i»HABrriSQ osorvnai i» A FOLU/TED OTRKAM (WIWTEH/SPRIW)", troeii, j.,
Vol. 65, So. I, January-February 1973, W 57-66.
Sauries vet* taken bi-weekly for U months (winter to spring) from site* above
and below the savage effluent outfall In Sugar Creek (Missouri). 311m was removed with
sterile implements from rocks in and 25 cm from the bank of the channel. After
suspension In sterile water, small pieces were plated onto Isolation medium. Colonies
arising on the Isolation medium were transferred to corn meal agar for Identification.
Species of Peniclllium and allied genera were transferred to Czapek1s solution agar for
identification. Excluding Geotriehum and yeasts (ca. ItOO loslatea), some 30 genera
accounted for approximately TOO isolates. Numbers vary from 220 for Peniclllium species
to only eight for Curvularia. Ljpecles of several interesting genera were isolated only
once or twice. These included Rhinocladlella, Dtplodla, Cyllndrocladium., Sporothrlx,
Paeeilomyees. and two non-Kyphomycetea, Ceratocystig caplllifera, C. moreau and a.
Coprlnus sp. In addition, a few sterile forms and a variety of Phycomycetes were
Isolated. Of 669 Isolates, 290, representing U2 percent of the total, were recovered
from the channel; 399, or 58 percent, were recovered near the bank. Distribution of
isolates by site and collection date shows temporal and spatial variation between
genera. Distinct differences in number and type of isolates between channel and edge
sitea, and above and below the effluent outfall are noted. Problems of studying
geofungl In aquatic systems and the significance of their presence are discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Water pollution, Isolation, ,"
-------
BIOLOO
ICAI.
AMC-7227
Vol
MARINE POOD teas AMD 'POLLUTANT ANALOGUES'
70, Wo. 3, 1972, HP 1O53-1059.
J. D,, Fishery
The several species of fish living in the Gulf of California have been shown
to possess quite different concentrations or cesium (and cesium In respect to potassium)
than the same species of fish living in the Salton Sea. The Salton Sea fish display
simple trophic steps of concentration, whereas those In the Gulf all show about the same
levels. These differences are reasonably well explained by simplified trophic models of
the two environments. The concentration factor found in the known and describable food
chain of the Salton Sea, applied to a model of an assumed unstructured food web in the
Qulf, leads to reasonable results. This suggests that study of the concentrations In
marine organisms of such natural trace substances as cesium may lead to an understanding
of the trophic position of the organiws, and hence constitute 'pollutant analogues'
that may yield a better understanding of the existing or potential distribution of
pollutants in marine organisms.
INDEX TEIWS: Pood chains, Food webs, Cesium, Fish, Mathematical models, Trophic level,
Path of pollutants, Pollutant analogs, Saltern Sea, Gulf of California.
AM1C-7250
"EFFECTS OF KRAFT MTU, EFFLUENT ON A MARINE BENTHIC COMMUNITY", Peer, D. L.,
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol. 1, No. k, September 1972, pp 359-361*.
A quantitative survey of a marine benthlc community was taken Just prior to the
discharge nearby of a bleached kraft paper mill and the area was surveyed again 2 yr
later. Ten quantitative benthos sanples were taken at each of three sites using a
0.1-m Van Veen bottom grab. The contents were sieved through an 0.6-nro mesh and the
residue was preserved in a solution of ID percent formalin and seawater. The animals
were hand sorted from the sediment residue, separated Into taxonomic groups, counted,
blotted, and weighed. It was concluded that: there has been a change in the
con^osition of the benthic community since 1967; some of these changes may be accounted
for by the reduction in tidal currents and resulting changes in sediment particle size
conpositlon; and the main cause of the changes is the flocculation of material from the
mill effluent. It la not known whether the animals are responding to the physical
effect of the flocculated material or to toxic compounds contained by it.
INDEX TERM!5: Pulp wastes, Hater pollution effects, Benthic fauna, Biological <.~*~.^*.
Bottom sampling, Sediments, Nematodes, Crustaceans, Annelids, Suspended solids,
Marine environment, Data Interpretation, Polychaetes.
communities, INDEX
AMD3-7253 • ,
"BIOLOOr OF SBA MUSSELS (MCTIIJUS CAUTORHIAKUS (CONRAD) AHD M. EDULIS (LIKN.))
BEFORE AHD AFTER THE SANTA BARBARA OIL SPILL U96o)", KargerT J. R. E., Hater, Air,
ana Soil Pollution, Vol. 1, Ho. U, September 1978, pp 381-388.
Effects of the 1969 Santa Barbara Oil Spill on sea mussels were investigated
by comparing blonaas characteristics of mussel populations in polluted and clean areas
before, during, and after the discharge. In accordance with directions outlined by
Connell (1971) the following null hypotheses were tested: (a) Mussels collected in
August 1969 from areas experiencing oil pollution were not lighter in body weight than
those collected from the same locations In previous years, (b). Mussels collected from
areas experiencing oil pollution in August 1969 were not lighter in body weight than
those collected in subsequent years from the same locations. Animals In exposed areas
were not significantly lighter in body weight than those In clean areas. Likewise no
deleterious effect in the form of lowered body weights could be detected in mussels
from polluted areas in three successive years subsequent to the oil spill. Mussels were
not sanpled until 7 «o after the initial spill so that any iranediate deleterious effect
generated by the oil could have been compensated for by the time of examination. It is
noted that the spill in question occurred at a time of minimal growth on the part of the
sea mussels involved and that an adverse response might have resulted if the oil had
washed ashore during a period of heightened growth.
INDEX TERMS: Oil spills, Water pollution effects, Mussels, Oil pollution, Biomass,
Mytllus californlanus, Mytllus edulis, Santa Barbara Oil jplll, Macroinvertebrates,
Data Interpretation.
AMIC-7257
"INVESTIGATIONS ON NUTRIENT FACTORS LIMITING PHYTOPLANKTON PRODUCTIVITY IN TWO CENTRAL
VIRGINIA PONDS", Samsel, G. L., Jr., Reed, J. R., Winfrey, H. J., Water Resources
Bulletin, Vol. 8, No. U, August 1972, pp 825-833.
Laboratory and field studies were initiated to evaluate at regular Intervals by
C-lU and chlorophyll enrichment bioasaay some of the nutrients, particularly eunmonla,
that might limit phytoplankton photosynthesis In two central Virginia ponds.
Preliminary comparisons of the phytoplankton, their production, and the chemical
characteristics of the water were determined. Araaonia, phosphate, nitrate, iron, carbon
dioxide, silica and chloride differed moat markedly among the various nutrients analyzed.
Investigations were continued to compare the validity of using field and laboratory
ecosystem work to predict changes in trophic levels resulting from nutrient enrichment,
i.e., eutrophicatlon. Laboratory experiments uaing aquatic mlcroecosystema and field
experiments employing in situ plastic cylinders and battery Jars support the view that
ammonia is a key factor regulating 'trophic' features in these two ponds.
TERMS: Limiting factors, Nutrients, Primary productivity, Phytoplankton, Ammonia,
Bioassay, Photosynthesis, On-site investigations, Essential nutrients, Chlorophyll,
On-site tests, Laboratory tests, Water chemistry, 3eston, Ponds, Oligotrophy, Water
sampling, Chrysophyta, Chlorqphyta, Cations, Aquatic algae, Trophic level,
Ecosystems, Anions, Sutrophlcatlon, Enrichment, Photosynthetlc rates, C-lU,
-------
8. BIOU3QICAI.
"THE DETEJWINATION Of PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN A STREAM USINO AN EXACT SOLUTION TO THE
OXXOfflf BAIAHCE EQUATION", Homberger, O. M., Kelly, M. 0., Water Resources Bulletin,
Vol. 8, No. U., August 1972, PP 795-801.
A promising technique for recognition of early stages of cultural
eutrqphication relies on determining production and respiration In streams. The most
successful and most widely used method of estimating production of a segment Is the
upstreem-dovnstream, diurnal curve method introduced by Oduo (1956). This technique
Is equivalent to obtaining an approximate solution to the oxygen balance equation. An
exact solution of the balance equation is reported as a method for calculating primary
production. Data presented by Owens (1966) are analyzed; effects of depth and oxygen
saturation are studied. A major advantage of the method described here is that
continuous temporal variation of net production nay be rigorously handled. The method
is shown to be well suited to studying energy budgets of streams, and thereby the
eutrophicatlon process.
INDEX TERMii: Photosynthesis, Eutrophication, Respiration, Streams, Mathematical studies,
Data interpretation, Oxygen balance equation.
C-7325 (Continued)
Card 2/2
concluded that no single heavy metal caused acute toxlcity. The combined concentration
of several of the heavy metals could be deleterious to aquatic organisms.
INDEX TERMS: Waterfleas, Bloassay, Toxlcity, Oil wastes, Separation techniques,
Heavy metals, Fathead minnow, GC-Mass ape ctr one try. Atomic absorption spectro-
photometry, loa selective electrodes, Daphnla magna, Pinnephales promelaa, Creaols
Dimethyl phenol, Ethyl phenol, Henelcosane, Docosane, Tricoaane, Fentacosane,
Aliphatic hydrocarbons, Paraffins, Methyl cyclohexane, Methyl ethyl phenol, Propyl
phenol.
AMIC-7325
"IDENTIFICATION OF TOXIC COMPONENTS IN OIL REFINERY EFFLUENTS AND DETERMINATION OF THEIR
EFFECT UPON THE AQUATIC BIOTA", Dorris, T. C., Burks, S. L., Curd, M. R., Waller, G. R.,
Broemellng, L. D., Oklahoma .'State University, Oklahoma Water Resources Research
Institute, Stillvater, Oklahoma, Contract No. DI-lU-31-0001-3321, September 1972,
113 pp. NTIS Report No. PB-213 ^93.
The objectives of this research were: (1) to isolate and Identify toxins In
oil refinery effluents, and (2) to determine ecological effects upon aquatic biota.
Toxic organic fractions were Isolated from oil refinery effluent samples by solvent
extraction, adsorption on activated carbon, and flash evaporation. Toxicity of
extracted fractions and effluent sample;; was determined by microbioassaya with Daphnla
magna. Fish bioassays were performed with fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to
determine the l*6-hr median tolerance level of the effluents. Analyses of toxic organic
fractions were performed with gas-liquid chromatography to resolve the complex mixtures
of compounds. Demonstrably toxic fractions which could be chromatographically resolved
were Identified by combination gas chrom'itogrnphy - mass spectrometry. Analyses of
toxic heavy metals in the effluents were performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry
Specific ion electrodes were used to determine ammonia, chloride, floride, and sulfide
concentration in the effluents. Uptake of toxins by fish was measured by atomic
absorption analyses of the heavy metals content of the fish. Organic compounds were
extracted from the exposed fish by steam distillation-ether extraction and
chromatographed to compare with extracts from the effluents. Compounds tentatively
Identified were cresol, dimethyl phenol or ethyl phenol, heneicosane, docosane,
tricosane, and pentacosane. The flash evaporation extracts contained many other
compounds which have not yet been identified. The concentration of toxic heavy metals in
the effluent samples was generally below published US hour LC50 values and it was
AMIC-7363
"PERIPHYTON AND PHTTOBEWTHON ALi INDICATOR.; OF WATEH QUALITY", Wood, R. D., Mallett,
J., Ventura, L., University of Rhode Island, Water Resourcea Center, Kingston, Rhode
Island, Completion Report, Contract No. lU-31-0001-3328, June 1972, U6 pp.
Three Rhode Island rivers, Hunt, Pavcatuck, and Caugatucket, were studied to
determine physical and chemical parameters upstream and downstream from pollution
sources to determine perlphyton and phytobenthon which develop tn healthy and polluted
waters, and to summarise species and communities indicative of textile mill effluents.
Five aspects of the work were (1) field sampling and handling of samples and on-the-spot
measurements, (2) bench analysis of water samples, (3) biological analysis of slides with
respect to kinds of algae, (k) biological analysis for quantitative evaluation, (5)
compilation of data. Specific measurements were: temperature, pH, redox, alkalinity,
DO, oxygen saturation, conductivity, phosphates, nitrates, silicates, color, velocity,
collforms, turbidity, and diel periodicity. Biological sampling was done with immersed
glass slides supplemented by scraping rocks, sucking organisms from sediment with a
cooking baster, gathering epiphytes from twigs and raacrophytes, plankton samples from
raw water, and macrophytes. One of two duplicate slides was permatized for species
identification and the other was scraped for quantitative counts in a 3edgwirk-Rafter
chamber. Diatoms were mounted with hyrax and studied by phase contrast microscopy.
Chlorophll and pigment were also determined. Data have been collected for correlation
analyses of factors and predominate taxa. From approximately 150 microalgae species,
nine were detected which were sensitive to textile mill effluents. Of these, the
presence of Scenedesmus dlmorphus and S. quadrtcuada indicated mill pollution.
INDEX TERMiJ: Bloindlcators, Water pollution effects, Aquatic algae, Benthic flora., Perl-
phyton, Diatoms, Pollutant identification, Industrial wastes, Water sampling,
Textile mills.
-------
"APPLICATION OP BIOLOGICAL MOHITORIHO SVSTEMS TO SIMULATED INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISCHARGE
SITUATION", Cairn*, J., Jr., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,
Department of Biology and Center for Environmental Studies, Blackaburg, Virginia,
Completion Report, Contract No. DI-lU-31^000-35^7, August 1973, 26 pp. BTIS Report
Ho. PB 213 1*68.
A method of measuring fish breathing rates and movement was used to determine
(1) whether fish could distinguish zinc spills from harmless fluctuations In temperature
and water hardness, (2) whether fish exposed to low concentrations (.075 mg/1) of zinc
for long periods (up to Ul weeks) could still exhibit warning responses to higher
concentrations, and (3) whether they could respond to 7ji and Ca (an antagonistic
combination) and iii and Cu (a synerglstlc combination). The monitoring apparatus
consisted of aquaria containing stainless steel electrodes to detect breathing rates
and light beams and photocells to detect movements. The results show that calcium at
1^7 mg/1 did not cause continued stress detections. Bluegills did not become incapable
of responding to a simulated zinc spill (3 mg/1) after long term exposure (kl weeks) to
what Is presumed a biologically safe concentration (0.075 mg/l). Calcium (110 mg/1)
does act antagonistically with zinc (3.7 mg/1), and copper (0.3 mg/1) does not appear to
act synerglstlcally with I.1* mg/1 sine. A dally change In temperature of 5 degrees C
did produce a number of detections when no toxicant was present. However, when the
first temperature treatment day Is used to establish baseline breathing rates then no
detections are obtained on the following treatment days. These biological monitoring
techniques should be applicable in field situations for detecting not only heavy metals,
but other toxicants as well.
INDEX TERMS: Bioindicators, Calcium, Zinc, Toxiclty, Fish physiology, Copper, Water
temperature, Monitoring, Sunfishea.
AMIC-737a
"MERCURY POLLUTION OF GOLF COURSE LAKES", Koirtyohann, 3. R., Meera, R., Graham, K.,
Basaett, B., University of Missouri, Missouri Water Resources Research Center,
Columbia, Missouri, Completion Report, Contract No. DI-lU-31-0001-3525, August 20,
1972, 26 pp. NTIS Report No. PB-213 508.
Fish, water, algae, and bottom sediment obtained from golf course lakes near
Columbia, Kansas City, St. Louis and New Bloomfield, Missouri, were analyzed by
Flameless AA for mercurial fungicides used In greens treatment. The purpose of the
study was to determine the extent of contamination of the lakes, the potential health
hazard from eating fish from the contaminated lakes, the route of mercury from green to
lake, and the levels of mercury in other lakes to establish background levels. The
results Indicate that there can be significant pollution of lakes on golf courses from
the greens treatment, especially if organically bound mercury is used in the treatment.
The flesh of mature largemouth bass is the most sensitive indicator. Bass taken from
golf course lakes contain 1^7 microgrema of mercury per gram of wet tissue, depending
on size and other factors. Background mercury levels in bass are 0.1-1 microgram/g.
Many lakes with no known source of mercury contamination produce mature bass which
contain significantly more mercury than the 0.5 ppm recommended by the FDA as the
maximum for human food. Smaller bass generally contain less mercury.
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, Lakes, Golf courses, Frogs, Chara, Fish, Sediments, Atomic
absorption spectrophotometry, Sample preparation, Splrogyra.
AMC-7373
"AW 8CO3V3TEMATIC STUDY OF THE SOUTH RIVER, VIRGINIA", Cairn*, J., Jr., Dlckson, K. L.,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Biology Department and Center for
BnvlroraBBntal 3tudl««, Blackaburg, Virginia, Virginia Water Resources Center, Blaeksburg,
Bulletin 54, July 1972, 96 pp. NTIS Report No. PB-213 159.
A biological survey of the fish, macroinvertebrates, algae, aquatic plants,
protozoans, and bacteria was conducted on the South River, Virginia, in September 1970,
to measure the ecological condition of a system receiving agricultural, domestic, and
industrial wastes. Eight sampling stations were located to determine the effects of
various wastes on the biota of the South River. The fauna and flora at each station
were examined to determine the diversity, density, and distribution of, aquatic life In
relation to physical and chemical water quality. Results of the study indicated that
the discharge of domestic and industrial wastes In Waynesboro, Virginia: (1) exceeded
the waste assimilative capacity of the river and caused the dissolved oxygen to be
entirely depleted In certain reaches of the river at times of low flow and high
temperature; (2) enriched the system by adding nutrients such as carbon, phosphorus, and
nitrogen, causing a definite shift in the composition of the flora; and (3) decreased
the diversity of fish and raacrolnvertebrates and caused qualitative shifts in algae,
higher plants, bacteria, and protozoans when compared to areas of the South River
upstream of Waynesboro. The study indicated that biological recovery waa not complete
fourteen miles downstream cf Waynesboro at Harrlston, Virginia.
INDEX TERMS: Water pollution effects, Industrial wastes, Domestic wastes, Agricultural
runoff, Water quality, Algae, Fish, Bacteria, Protozoa, Benthos, Heavy metals,
Nutrients, Species diversity, Macroinvertebrates.
AMIC-7376
"OBSERVATIONS ON THE TRANSPARENCY OF THE WATERS OF THE PULICAT LAKE WITH PARTICULAR
REFERENCE TO PLANKTOH PRODUCTION", Kaliyaraurthy, M., Hydroblologia, Vol. kl, No. 1,
February 26, 1973, PP 3-11.
The relationship of the transparency of the waters of Lake Pullcat to plankton
productivity was investigated for the period January 1968 to December 1970. Light
penetration was measured at varying times with a Secchi disc 20 cm in diameter from a
stationary boat. Simultaneously, plankton was collected by hauling a 50-cra diameter tow
net for 15 minutes. The plankton was fixed in 5 percent formalin and counted using a
Sedgwlck-Rafter counting cell. Marked sectoral and seasonal variations were observed in
relation to transparency but no tidal effects were noted. Varying relationships were
noted between plankton and the attenuation coefficient 'K.1 In -he two sectors oT the
Lake.
INDEX TERMS: 2ooplankton, Phytoplankton, Light penetration, Aquatic productivity,
Primary productivity, Secondary productivity, Turbidity, Plankton nets. Aquatic
life, Secchi disks, Tidal effects, Estuarlne environment, Transparency, Leke
Pulicat, Seasonal variation.
-------
AKTC-7379
"THE EFFECTS OP POLLUTION OH OAMMABUS PULEX (L) SUBSP, PULEX (SCHELLBNBEH3) IN THE
INLET STREAMS OF ROUTHERNE MEHE, CHESHIRE", Horough, J. S., Hydroblologia, Vol. 1*1,
No. 1, February 28, 1973, PP 13-35.
Two inlet streams, Rostherne Brook and the Southern Drain of Delia Meadow,
flowing Into Rostherne Mere, Cheshire were sampled for aacrolnvartebrata, and their
physical and chemical conditions analyzed. The physical and chemical factors for these
streams were similar, except for the stream beds and the pollution of Rostherae Brook.
Both streams had large populations of Gammarus pulex and the life history of thi«
organism was studied. The ratio of adult organism to Juvenile differed In the two
streams, Rostheme Brook having a higher proportion of adults In winter and Juveniles in
sunnier as opposed to the Southern Drain in which a normal life history was exhibited.
Experiments showed that these differences were not related to differences In stream bed
conditions. It was considered that the different adult to Juvenile ratios were therefore
caused by pollution in Rostherne Brook. The Juveniles were more tolerant to pollution
and therefore more able to survive the simmer when pollution effects were at a maximum.
The life history was altered in Rostherne Brook by pollution. Instead of the dual life
history produced by overwintering Juveniles and speedy summer maturation, a simple
alternation of Juveniles and adults was oeen. This change In life history enabled
jammarus to survive in the polluted waters of Rostherne Brook.
AMIC-736O (Continued)
Card S/2
INDEX TERMS: Marina algae, Phytoplankton, Nannoplankton, Chrysophyta, Cyanophyta,
Pyrrophyta, Ecological distribution, Dominant organisms, Caribbean Sea,
Sillcoflagellatea, Coccollthophores, Species diversity.
INDEX TERMS: Water pollution effects, Life history studies, Amphipoda, Physical
properties, Chemical properties, Water sampling, Benthic fauna, Juvenile growth
stage, Resistance, Freshwater, Macrolnvertebrates, Gammarus pulex, Rostherne Brook,
Dolls Meadow, England.
AMIC-7380
"PHYrOPLANKTON OBSERVATIONS IN THE EAJTERN CARIBBEAN 3SA", Marshall,
HydrobiolQgla, Vol. 1*1, No. 1, February 28, 1973, pp 1*5.55.
a.,
In order to obtain phytoplankton and hydrographlc data, water samples were
taken at 11 sites along transects in Caribbean Sea on two different cruises, January
1969 and January 1970, west of the Lesser Antilles. Another series of collections
were made off the coast of Venezuela (January 1968). A total of 88 taxa were noted
in these samples, of which there -were W* diatoms, Ul pyrrhophyceans, 2 cyanophyceans
and 1 sillcoflagellate. Totals of 37 and 38 different phytoplankters were observed
during crul&es EU6K-67-68 and El-C-70, respectively, with 58 species noted in the
extensive samplings of E 500-68-69. A dlatomaceaous flora predominated in each series
of collections. The phytoflagellates were well represented, but in low numbers. The
overall phytoplankton concentrations were low for each of the areas studied during
these three January cruises. Even the preliminary data on the coccolithophore
concentration does not Indicate a major development at this time of the year. The
present results indicate a substantial contribution made by the nannoplankton. In
this series of January collections they consisted predominately of the diatom Helosira
sp. In these offshore waters various species of the genus Rhizoaolenia were most
abundant. Only one bloom condition was noted and this consisted of Noctiluca
acintlllana. There were 13 phytoplankters found during each of the three cruises,
having a distribution that extended over the eastern Caribbean. These were the
diatoms, Coacinodiscus sp., HMzosolenla alata, ft. hebetata semlspina, Havicula sp.,
Thalasalothrix frauenfeldii, Pleurosigma sp., and the pyrrohophyceans, Ceratlum fusus,
C. trlehoceros, C. tripos, Podolampas spinifera. These were in addition to Dlctyocha
fibula, Skujaglla thiebantli, and Sic
a intracellularis.
39
AMIC-7382
"GROWTH OP A FLOATING AQUATIC WEED, 3ALVINIA. UNDiiR STANDARD CONDITIONS
Hydroblologia, Vol. Ul, No. 1, February 28, 1973, pp 77-106.
Gaudet, J. J.,
Experimental flasks containing basal nutrient medium ware inoculated with
stock cultures of Salvinia minima or j, molesta and placed in growth chambers for
Investigation of factors affecting growth rates. Determinations were made of total
nitrogen, pigments, amlno acids, trace elements and C-lU uptake in plants and pH,
conductance, DO, H03, urea, ammonium, POU, SOU, total iron, K, Na, Mg, and Ca in water.
The results obtained were as follows: 1) Growth of the floating aquatic weed, Galvlnla,
in sterile culture was exponential for at least 2 weeks under standardized conditions.
2) Increase in light intensity or in C02 resulted in increases in growth rate, but did
not extend the exponential period of growth. 3) This aquatic plant, like many others,
discriminates against calcium relative to strontium. I*) In culture Salvinla exhibited
luxury consumption of N and P. 5) Because of high C/N ratios, Salvinla may not be a
favorable source of animal food, but might be useful in nutrient removal schemes. 6) In
sterile culture, oalvlnia molesta produced fewer leaves than Salvlnia minima, but
maintained a significant Increase in leaf area and dry weight. This may be correlated
with the ability of the first species to rapidly spread over tropical waterways.
INDEX TERMS: Aquatic plants, Floating plants, Ferns, Growth rates, Cultures, Bloassay,
Salvinla molesta, Salvinla minima, Culture media.
-------
e.
IAl.
AMIC-7383
"STUDY OF THE CHAKJBS IN THE STRUCTURE! OF TWO ALOAL POPULATIONS: All R-TYPE FACTOR
ANALYSIS", Symona, r.t Hydrobiologla, Vol. Ul, No. 1, February 28, 1973, PP 107-112.
Two algal populations of the same pond were studied over a period of 6
months. For each of those populations an r-type factor analysis has been executed.
Three independent species structures were proposed for each of the populations.
Characteristic differences between the two populations are discussed under the
assumption that one of them should be more self-regulating than the other one.
A possible Interaction between the development of diatoms and green algae is put
forward as a perspective for further research.
INDEX TEHM3: Diatoms, Chlorophyta, Plant populations, Biological communities, Species
diversity.
AMIC-73H6
'THE USE OF FISH AS GOJ^Rli IN INDUSTRIAL WA3TE LINES TO PREVENT FISH KILLS", Cairns,
J., Jr., Jparks, R. E., Waller, W. T., Hydroblologla, Vol. Ul, No. 2, March 29, 1973,
pp 151-167.
The use of movements and breathing rates of blueglll sunflsh as In the
detection of sublethal concentrations of zinc can be applied to industrial waste lines.
Fish movement patterns and breathing rates would be monitored according to methods
described In the authors' previous papers. Since industrial waste and water qualities
are apt to vary unpredlctably, a redundant detection system Is desirable. If that
monitoring system were automated the rate'of data acquisition and analysis could be
greatly speeded up. At an actual Industrial site, a monitoring unit would be located on
each waste stream In the plant and on the combined waste stream. The experimental fish
in each unit would be exposed to waste diluted with water from the river above the plant,
and control fish would be exposed to upstream water alone. The Information from each
monitoring unit could be analyzed by a central data processor, and when there was a
warning response, the Industry could tell which waste stream was at fault. If the
problem was outside the plant, the control fish would show responses. It is likely that
"fish sensors' In continuous monitoring units at industrial sites can warn of developing
toxic conditions in time to forestall acute damage to the fish populations in streams.
(See also AffiC-3231, 3232 and 7369.)
INDEX TEflMS: Industrial wastes, Toxicity, On-site data collections, Water pollution
effects, Methodology, Movement, Bioindlcators, Automatic control, Effluents, Water
pollution control, Bluegills, Biomonltoring, Breathing.
to
AKrc-7388
OF A BRACKISH WATER HABITAT BY COPEPOD SPECIES", Help, C. Hydroblologla,
Vol. "*!, No. 2, March 29, 1973, pp 139-196.
A shallow brackish water pond in Belgium was sampled for copepods to
study how species attain separation of niches. Samples were taken fortnightly by
pushing glass rods 5 cm into the sediment and withdrawing the sample containing
the sediment and the water column. Temperatures were also regularly recorded.
Samples were fixed with 70 percent alcohol, washed In a trough, and the material
washed away was caught in a sieve with 50 rau mesh. Animals were extracted from detritus
under a microscope and counted. Copepods were Identified to species and females
carrying eggs were noted. Eleven species were identified: Halicyclops magnlceps,
Dlacyclops bistetosus, Megacyclops /trills, Canuella perplexa, Tachldlus dlscipes,
Amphlascoldes debllls, Schlzopera compacta, Nltocra typlca, Nltocra splnlpes,
Mesochra lllljeborgl, and Paronychocamptus nanus. The successful species show a
separation in time with regard to the date of maximum occurence and the date of
maximim reproductive activity. The succession of the five species examined is:
Mesochra lllljeborgl, Paronychocamptus nanus, Tachidiua disclpes, Halicyclops
magnieeps and Canuella
ps and Canuella perplexal Moreover , these species and others show a
separation in space: C. perplexa is an endopsammic, Paronychocamptus nanus a
mesopsannilc, and TachTdius discipes an epepsammic species. Three cyclopold
species are planktonic. Two other species (Nitocra typica and Mesochra lilljeborgl)
are more numerous in the periphyton than in the benthos.
ronyc
erple
INDEX TEFMS: Dominant organisms, Brackish water, Copepods, Juccesaion, Miches, Benthos,
Sediments, Sampling, Reproduction, 3ample preparation.
AMIC-7393
"ECOLOGY OF YELLOWSTONE THERMAL EFFLUENT 3Y3TKMJ: INTERSECTS OF BLUE-GREEN ALGAE,
GRA/ING FLIEG (PAHACOENIA, iPHYDRIDAE) AND WATER MITE.i (PA-RTHUNiaLLn, HYDRACHN3LLAE)",
Wiegert, R. G., Mitchell, R., Hydrobiologia, Vol. Ul, No. 2, March PP, 1973,
pp 251-271.
Studies of succession, population dynamics and species intersects of alkaline
hot spring effluent communities in the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone national Park
have been used to define the 3 basic elements in the biological interactions of the
characteristic algal-bacteridl-arthropod ecosystems. The 3 rnajor blotic elements in
these comnunltles were (1) an algal mat comprising several species of filamentous
blue-green algae, (2) a primary blophage, the brine fly Paracoenia turblda, which feeds
on the algal mat as both larva and adult, and (3) a red water mite, Parfnunlella
thermalls, whose larvae are parasitic on adult Paracoenia. Additional animals are found
in this simple community; some other genera of brine fly (^phydra, Lamproscatella), a
parasitic wasp (Pteromalldae, Urolepis), and lycosid spiders are present throughout their
life cycle. Other species are important component:; of the system (i.e. the predaceous
dollcopodid flies), but they spend only part of their life cycle in or on the mat. The
dominant primary producers were grazed by ephydrid flier,, rtieue in turn harbored larvae
of the water mite Partnunlella. The ^igh instrinic rite of increase of the fly enabled
it to exploit temporary cool spots in the mat. ?he lower fecundity and longer life cycle
of the mite restricted its ability to exploit temporarily suitable habitat. Thus the
Intersect of mites with flies is a sensitive measure of stability in the algal mat.
Springs with a variable-flow pattern and consequent mat instability had both a lower
mean incidence of parasitism and a lower mean larval load per fly. The data support
the hypothesis that the abundance and relative densities of organisms In higher trophic
-------
AMIC-7393 (Continued)
cW S/S
levels con be predicted front knowledge of the growth and stability patterns of the
filamentous blue-green ilgaJ mat in thermal spring effluents.
JNDKX TCKM:j: Hot springs, Ecosystems, Aquatic bacteria, Aquatic algae, Biological
comnunltle.i, 3uccenalon, Ecology, Trophic level, Parasitism, Predatlon, Stability,
Arthropod.'!, Population dynamics, Jpecles Interaction.
, w-™™.
AMIC-7IW3
"TOXIC EFFECTS OF MERCURY ON THE ACTIVATED .3LUDOE PROCE3J", Ghosh, M. M., Zugger, P. D.,
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. ^5, No. 3, March 1973, PP '*2l4-U33.
A study to determine the toxic effects of mercury on the activated sludge
process was made In the laboratory under controlled batch-fed conditions. The threshold
mercury concentrations that were required to inhibit biological activities were between
2.5 and 5.0 mg Hg (2 plus) /I, when the food: microorganism ratio was 1.0 and the mixed
liquor volatile suspended solids concentration was 2,000 rag/1. However, at dosages as
high as 10.0 rag Hg (2 plus) /I, recovery occurred within a few hours. Chemical oxygen
demand reduction was obtained In the samples having higher mercury concentrations, but
the demand reduction and growth of sludge were both reduced from the conditions present
In the nons-tressed studies.
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, Activated sludge, Toxlclty, Chemical oxygen demand, Blomaas,
Aerobic conditions, Heavy metals, Reduction (chemical), Growth rates, Artiflcal
substrates, Absorption, Oxygen, Volatile suspended solids, Substrates utilization.
AMIC-7**O5
"ALOAL HESPOHSE TO DBTEHOEBT PHOSPHATE LEVELS", Francisco, D. £., Weiss, C. M.,
Journal Water Pollution Control federation. Vol. 1*5, No. 3, March 1973» PP U80-U89.
Algal assays were performed on treated wastewater3, some containing phosphate
detergents and others containing a non-phosphate detergent. The controls for the
bloassay were established using raw wastewater. Bach test and control culture was
prepared In triplicate, with a total volume of 100 ml In a flask seeded with 1000
cells/ml of the test alga, HelenasU-um caprleornutuBi. The flasks were -capped loosely
with aluminum foil, Incubated at 2U. C under 100 ft-c of cool-white fluorescent
Illumination, and swirled once daily. Growth response of the test alga was determined
at 3, 5, 7, ID, and lU days by hemocytometer counting. For growth corr?)arison, the
standard algal assay medium (NAAM) was used. In general, phosphate detergent wastewater
allowed the same growth as did non-pnosphate detergent wastewater at each level of
treatment. Tertiary treatment for phosphorus removal resulted in much less growth than
secondary treatment. Tertiary-treated phosphorus detergent wastewater allowed
significantly greater growth than the non-phosphorus wastewater at a concentration of 2
percent. Simply removing detergent phosphates from wastewater apparently will not
control eutrophicatlon, except where the receiving water is very strongly
phosphorus-limited and wastewater is the principal phosphorus source, but may allow
significantly better tertiary phosphorus removals.
INDEX TERMS: Aquatic algae, Detergents, Phosphates, Bioassay, Waste water (pollution),
Water pollution, Eutrophlcation, Nutrients, Plant growth, .Sewage treatment.
Tertiary treatment, Water sampling, Water analysis, Physicoqnemical properties,
oelenastrura capricornutum.
AMIC-7^20
"THE REACTIONS OF ROACH (Bl/TILUJ RUTILUJ (L.)) TO CHANGii.i IN THI-J CONCENTRATION OF
DISJOLVED OXYGEN AMD FREE CARBON DIOXIDE IN A LABORATORY CHANNEL", -itott, B.,
Cross, D. G., Water Research, Vol. 7, No. 5, May 1973, PP 793-805.
Experiments were carried out with roach (Rutilua rutilus) in a laboratory
channel to determine their behavior in relation to levels of dissolved oxygen and free
carbon dioxide. The channel was made by Joining 9 iron-framed glass aquaria by FVC
pipe set in marine plywood at the end of the aquaria. The sides of the aquaria were
covered with polyethylene sheeting to prevent the fish seeing out. Dechlorlnated,
deoxygenated water was used and N2 was bubbled through aerators to replace the air
above the channel. Before experiments on avoidance reactions were started between 25
and 3fl roach, 10-12 cm long, were introduced Into the apparatus, confined to an area
consisting of either tanks 1-U, or 1-5, and fed on Tublfex and Daphnia. The fish were
kept in the original area for at least 5 weeks before a homing experiment vms attempted.
This consisted of opening the gate at the downstream end of the area and driving the
fish to tanks 5 or 9 with a hand net and the light from a torch, All the gates In the
channel were then closed and the fish allowed about 1 h to settle down before all the
gates were re-opened by remote control. Subsequently the positions of the fi^r were
noted at Intervals of about 2 h. Falling concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the
channel caused the roach to move downstream to better oxygenated water by means of -i
predominantly appropriate response. When an aerated water flow was restored the fl-;>-•
quicfcly reoccupled their original position. Fi:;h newly introduced into the channel
responded in a similar manner except that they did not return to the origins] position.
Roach acclimated to a reduced level of dissolved oxygen needed a rather lower oxygen
level to cause the downstream movement. An increase in the amount of free carbon
-------
ft* BXQ&OOXCA
AMS.C-7U3O (Continued)
Card 2/2
dioxide together with a reduction In oxygen content Induced fish to respond to
levels of oxygm than If the oxygen only was reduced.
INDEX TERMS: Dissolved oxygen, Carbon dioxide. Water pollution effects, Bloassay, Fish
behavior, Channels, Anaerobic conditions, Rutilus rutllus. Avoidance reactions,
Roach.
"TOXICIITf, RESIDUE TONANICS, AMD RSTODUCTIVE EFFECTS OP PHTHALATE ESTERS IN AQUATIC
INVERTEBRATES", Sanders, H.O., Meyer, F.L., Walsh, D]P], Environmental Research,
Vol. 6, Mo. 1, March 1973. EP 8U-90. '
Scuds (Oejnarus paeudolInmaeua) , glass shrimp (Palaemonetes kadlalcensla),
erayflsh (Orconectes nala), waterfleas (Daphnia magna.), aquatic aovbugs [Aaellus
brevlcaudUB). and"three species of Immature aquatic Insects, damselfly nymph"
etrika,
"AM ESTIMATOR FOR THE SIZE OF AN ANIMAL POPULATION", Holgate, P., Bio
Vol. 60, No. 1, April 1973, PP 135-1<*0-
A method of estimating animal populations which Is popular among
zoologists Is to take the total bf the ages of animals that die during a given
year as an estimator of population size. In this note the bias and variance
of the estimator are Investigated for a stationary model, and for one based on
a branching process. A numerical Illustration is given.
INDEX TSHM3: Statistical methods, Animal populations, Estimating, Data Interpretation.
ilschnura verticalls). burrowing mayflies (Hexagenia blllneata), and midge larvae
Chlronomus pluppsua) were collected from streams and ponds In issourl for use
In studying the bloaccunulatlon, blomagnlficatlon, and toxlclty of dl-2-ethylhexyl
and di-n-butyl phthalate8. Acute toxlclty teats were conducted for 96 hours under
static conditions aa TL50 values. Accumulation experiments were conducted in an
Intermittent-flow system. The phthalate esters were labeled with C-lU for radlometrlc
analysis of water and organisms. Reproductive tests were conducted with Daphnla In
the Intermittent-flow system with concentrations of 3, 10, and 30 ppb. The acute
toxlcltles were low and ranged from 2.1 mg/liter to greater than 32 rag/liter. Residue
accumulation was rapid resulting in body residues 70-13,600 times that of the water
concentration. Phthalate residues were essentially gone after 10 days in fresh
water. A reproductive treatment of 60 percent occurred in Daphnia magna exposed
continuously to 3 ppb of dl-2-ethylhexyl phthalate.
INDEX TERMS: Crayfish, Midges, Mayflies, Toxlclty, Bloassay, Reproduction, Dl-n-butyl
phthalate, Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, Biological magnification* Scuds, Glass
shrimp, Palaemonetes kadlakensls. Aquatic sowbug, Bioeccumulatlon, Plastlclzers,
Daphnla nagna; Qamarus pseudollmnaeus, Orconectus nala, Asellus brevicaudus,
Ischnura vert
na. Qamarus pseudollmnaeus, Orconectus nala, Asellv
rticalls, Hexagenla biltneata, Chironomua plumoaus.
"SOME TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATION VARIATIONS OBSERVED IN MARINE ORGANISMS THAT
SUOOEST CAUTION IN SAMPLING", Folaom, T. R., Hodge, V. F., Wong, K. M., Klshore,
R., Qulnn, V. P., Scrippa Institute of Oceanography, Soledad Marine Radioactivity
Laboratory, La Jolla, California, Report No. TID-26198, May 2^-26, 1972, 1U pp.
Data were accumulated on accumulations of Kg, Se, Zn, Pb, Pb-210, and
Po-210 in elk kelp, Zn, Se, and Po-210 in albacore, Po-210 in skipjack, Po-210,
Pb-210, Hg, Se, and Zn in dolphins, and Po-210 in horse clams, bubble snails,
brown turban snails and sea hares. Analysis of these data shows that concentrations
of metals vary greatly from one organ to another. If whole-body residues or
residues In organs not specific for certain elements are measured, errors much
larger than those from analytical procedure may result. Consequently, it is only
possible to draw valid conclusions from data which have been obtained with normal,
averaged, or otherwise standardized conditions.
INDEX TERMS: Bloindlcators, Mercury, ZAnc, Lead, Data interpretation, Selenium,
Bioaccumulation, Albacore tuna. Dolphins, Polonium, Scandium, Horse clam, Bubble
snail, Turban snail, Sea hare, Skipjack tuna, Slk kelp.
See also: Category 1, AMIC-7063, 7139, 7HH, 7183, 7265
Category 3, AMIC-717U, 7272.
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AMIC-T105
"SIMPLIFIED GAS CHROMATOORAPHIC PROCEDURE TOR IDENTIFICATION OP BACTERIAL METABOLIC
PRODUCTS", Carlsson, j., Applied Microbiology, vol. 25, Ho. 2, February 1973, pp 267-289.
A rapid and simple procedure la described for analysis of fermentation productc
from anaerobic bacteria grown In glucose broth. A L-ml aample of the culture is drained
through cation-exchange resin In a Pasteur pipette. The effluent fluid la directly
analyzed 1sothermally in a gas chromatograph for volatile fatty aclda (C2 to C6) as well
as for lactic, pyruvlc, and succlnlc acids. This procedure Is considered to be suitable
for routine use In clinical bacteriology.
INDEX TERMS: Anaerobic bacteria, Separation techniques, Gas chromatography. Cultures,
Methodology, Conforms, Enteric bacteria, Pollutant Identification, Fatty aclda,
Lactic acid, Pyruvlc acid, Succlnlc acid, Sample preparation, Lactobaclllua
actdophilus, Blfidobacterlum erlksonii, Subacterium limosum, Chronatograns, Glucose
broth.
AMIC-7102
"ULTHASTRUCTURB OF STAPHJOOCOCCUS EPIDEFHIOIS AFTER FREEaE-ETCHHIG ABD THIN SECTIONING",
ailchrlst, j. E., DeVoe, I. w. , Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 19, No. 2,
February, 1973, pp
lococcua epldermidla was Isolated from a gradient plate and
etched for «m«iiiin*t.iFm of iii-1-.rMtnytMirg. Typical of Staphylococcua , the cell walls
consisted of three layers: a dense outer layer, a rather electron translucent middle
layer, and a very dense layer next to the cytoplasmlc membrane. Numerous mesosomes
of both the vesicular and laminar types were evident In thin sections. Single vesicular
structures that appeared to be Invaglnatlons of the trilanlnar cytoplasmlc membrane were
also observed.
INDEX TEHMS: Pollutant identification. Separation techniques. Electron microscopy,
Staphylococcua epidermidis, Ultrastructure, Freeze etching, Thin sectioning.
AKXC-7108
STUDIES OF THE CELL ENVELOPE OF VIBRIO PARAHABMOLYTICUS". Deneke, C. P., Colwell, R. R.,
Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 19. No. 2. February 1973, pp
Components of the cell envelope of vibro parahaemolyticus were investigated.
ated
of
Vibrio parahaemolytlcus is an estuarine microorganism associated with diseases
marine and estuarine animals and seafood-borne enteritis in man. Purified
llpopolysaccharide (IPS), isolated using a U5 percent phenol extraction procedure,
was found to contain lipld A fraction to 27 percent of the IPS by weight. In the
lipid A fraction, glucosamine was the only amino sugar to be presented, and a high
molar ratio of phosphate to amino sugar (2.5:1) was noted. Two hydroxy fatty acids,
hydroxydodecanolc and hydroxynyrlstic, were identified among the fatty acids by
gas-liquid chromatograpny. A role of the lipopolysaccharldes in the salt requlrenent
of marine bacteria Is suggested.
INDEX TEH43: Separation techniques, Marine bacteria, Pollutant identification,
Pathogenic bacteria, Gas chroniatography, Foods, Cultures, Gas liquid chromatography
Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Fatty acids, Seafoods.
AMIC-717U-
"THE VALIDITY OF THE APPLICATION OF SIMPLS KINETIC ANALYSIS TO HETEROGENEOUS MICROB1AL
POPULATIONS", Wllllama, P. J. LeB., Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. IB, No. 1,
January 1973, PP 159-165.
It is shown by use of a mathematical model that heterogeneous populations do
not adhere to the Mlchaelis and Menten equation; at lov substrate concentraion, observed
rates are higher than predicted ones. The discrepancy between observed and predicted
values Increases as the population becomes more diverse. If kinetic analysis based on
the Mlchaelis and Menten equation is used to determine the rate of turnover of
substrates In natural waters, the rate may be underestimated unless measurements are
made at very low added substrate concentrations.
INDEX TERMS: Mathematical models, Aquatic bacteria, Growth rates, Metabolism, Nutrients,
Population, Absorption, Data Interpretation, Substrate utilization.
-------
MICHOBIOIflOICAI. METHODS
Ainc-nt5
"CONTAMINATION OF SURFACES BY BACTERIAL NEUSTON", DISalvO,
Oceanography* Vol. Jfl, Ho. I, January 1973, PP 165-168.
L. H., Limnology and
AMC-72O6
"AOAR-PLUO CUTTER AND INOCULATION DEVICE",
Bo. 1, January-February 1973, pp 236-239.
Kurtzman, ft. H., Jr., Mycologla, Vol. 65,
A method waa developed by Investigating primary bacterial fouling of glass
both underwater and at the air-sea surface. A, sampler called the Kt or mousetrap
device was constructed for the Investigations. Thia device basically consisted of a
plexiglass case fitted with doors which could be actuated by the springs and bars of a
9 by 16 cm rattrap. The sampling surfaces were marbles mounted on the stainless steel
Inside the case. When the sandier was lowered Into the water, the doors were opened by
shifting the sampler weight to a door control line. After a specified period of time,
the doors were closed, the sampler retrieved and the marbles removed and treated to
remove fouling organisms for counting. In two replicate experiments, bacteria were
counted from: (a) marbles lowered and raised through the air-sea interface, (b) marbles
lowered through the Interface but protected by the MT device, (c) water samples obtained
at the air-sea Interface, and (d) water samples obtained beneath the surface.
Interface water samples were collected with sterile stainless steel screens 25 sq
cm, having 1-ma openings and a wire thickness of O.U ma. It was found that
interfaoial water samples contained about one order of magnitude higher viable counts
than subsurface waters, and marbles contacting the air-sea Interface retained almost
;hree orders of magnitude more bacteria then protected marbles. It waa found that
;here were dally fluctuations in bacteria retained. The measurements shov that rapid
Irreversible sorptlon of over 1000 bacteria/cm occured within \*2 minutes of iansrsion
Ln natural waters typically containing 1000-100,000 colonies/ml. It is suggested that
the rapidity of this attachment could aid in the linkage of particles near the sea
surface and act as a mechanism for the formation of organic aggregates.
An agar-plug cutting device la described which can be made In a vide variety
of sliea and can be sterilised, by any ordinary means. The device is constructed from
a cutoff No. IB syringe needle, a serum stopper, and an antibiotic assay cup or other
abort length of stainless steel tubing. The tubing which serves as a cutter Is drilled
lengthwise to allow the syringe needle to be inserted. A second, larger hole is drilled
lengthwise in the tubing, but only to a depth of about 2 nm. The serum stopper is
placed over the needle to provide an air-tight seal so that when the cutter is Inserted
Into the agar, the vacuum created "by withdrawing the needle will retain the plug in the
tubing. The needle is also used to eject the plug onto the plate to be Inoculated. A
control unit was also developed to Improve the use of the device. Using the completed
device, it was possible to inoculate 50 plates In 10 minutes.
INDEX TERMS: Laboratory equipment, Agar-plug cutter, Inoculation.
AMIC-7175 (Continued) Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Air-water interfaces, Sampling, Fouling, Marine bacteria, Viable counts.
AMIC-7207
"FB02EJI PREPARED MICROBIOLOGICAL CULTURE MEDIA", Witlin, B., Mycopathologla et
Myeologla Appj.lcata, Vol. kg, NOS. 2-3, March 15, 1973, pp 137-139.
Thirty culture media were stored in a freezer at -5 C and -20 C and
evaluated at weekly Intervals for periods of one year. After storage, the media
were removed, observed for physical appearance, thawed at room temperature,
Inoculated with test organisms (Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Enterobacter,
Salmonella, Pseudompnas, Proteus, Candida. Trichophyton, Tielserria, Corynebacterlum,
Mycobacterlum) and incubated. With the exception of blood agar, the frozen and
thawed media were satisfactory with regard to appearance, consistency, and as a
substitute for biochemical reactions. Consequently, single freezing of culture
media provides a practical and convenient method for preserving and storing
noncellular substrates for long periods.
INDEX TERMS: Storage, Bacteria, Freezing, Culture media.
-------
MTCROBIOL
AKtC-7261 (Continued)
AfCC-7223
"BACTERIAL IDEHTIFICATION BY. MICROCAUORIME.TRY", Bollng, E. A., Blanchard, 0. C.,
Rusaell, W. J., Nature, Vol. 2kl, No. 5390, February 16, 1973, pp
Card 2/2
Seventeen species from K> genera of Enterbacterlaceae were grown on brain-heart
Infusion (BHI) medium and analyzed by mlcrocalorlnetry as a means of differentiating
species. The profiles wre recorded on a strip chart recorder for periods up to I!* hrs.
Using the curves, it was possible to discriminate between all the species tested.
{ Profiles are included for Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebslella, Proteus vulgar Is,
I Enterobactar cloacae, Escherlehla coll, and Proteus rettgerT. Streptococcus faecalis
I was also among the bacteria investigated. Mlcrocalorlnetry promises to be a rapidTand
specific means of characterization of Enter obacterlaeeae and possibly other bacteria.
INDEX TEHMSs Pollutant Identification, Cultures, Streptococcus, E. coll, Spec iat ion,
Separation techniques, Mlcrocalorlmetry, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebslella,
Proteus vulgarls, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus rettgeri.
the zygoaiycetes, waa used to test these 3 diagnostic reagents for cross-reactivity.
Evaluations of the nixed Candida reagent, the mixed Aaperglllua reagent, and the
zygomycete reagent in tissue sections showed good sensitivity and specificity for their
respective diseases. Blind studies using tissue sections showed that these reagents
provided a rapid, reliable and reproducible procedure for the detection and
identification of these fungi In tissue. Trypain digestion of tissue sections prior to
FA staining was evaluated and found to enhance greatly the staining results in most of
the tissues tested. In no case did digestion reduce fluorescence, or affect sensitivity
or specificity. The feasibility of counterstaining by FA fungi in tissue sections
previously stained with conventional histological stains was evaluated.
INDEX TEBMS; Pathogenic fungi, Pollutant identification, Hunan diseases, ethodology,
Reliability, Fluorescent antibody techniques, Reagenta, Candida spp, Aspergillus
spp, Zygonycetes, Antisera, Animal tissues, Staining, Candldiasls, Aspergillosls,
Histology, Sample preparation, Serotypes.
AMK-7261
"APPLICATION OF THE FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE TO THE DIFFERENTIATION OF
AaPEKGILLUS SPQCIES, CANDIDA SPECIES AND ZYGOMYCETES IK PARAFFIN SECTIONS OF
FORMALIN-FIXED TISSUES", Williams, E. R., University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill,
North Carolina, Dissertation Abstracts No. 73-W99, 1972, 129 pp. (Complete report
not available from AMIC.)
• The results of this study showed that It is possible to differentiate the
Candida spp., Aspergillus spp. and zygomycetes in paraffin sections of formalin-fixed
tissues through the use of fluorescent antibody (FA) procedures with 2 diagnostic
reagents. Hyperinmune antisera were produced against C_. albleans serotype A, C.
albieans serotype B, C_. krusei, C. parapailosls, C_. trqpiealls, C. pseudotrgpicalla, A.
flavus group (A. oryzae), A. fumTgatus, Rhlzopus arrhizua, R. oryzae, Absldla~
eorymbifera, and Mueor pusTllus. Antiaera demonstrating indirect fluorescent antibody
CIFA) titers of 1:8 or higher and their corresponding preimnunlzation sera were labeled
with fluorescein Isothiocyanate. Subsequent testing of the labeled antiglobulins and
their corresponding preimnunlaation globulins on cultures of homologous and heterologous
fungi demonstrated that 8 of the 13 reagents prepared were unsuitable for further
evaluation, A mixed screening reagent for the diagnosis of candldlasls and
aspergilloals was prepared by using a mixture of labeled A. fumigatus and £.
faeudotropicalla adsorbed vith R. arrhlzus and A. ramosa. A second reagent for the
dentlfIcation of candldiasls was prepared by mixing labeled C. alblcans serotype A and
C. krusel. A third confirmatory reagent for the identification of zygomycosls was
prepared against H. arrhlzus antiglobulina. This latter reagent will Identify all of
the medically important zygomycetes with the exception of M. pusillug. An extended list
of medically important fungi, those other than the CandldaTspp., Aspergillus spp. and
AJHC-7266
"DISTRIBUTION OF VIBRIO PARAHAEMOLmCUS IS THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT", Listen, J.;
Baross, J., Journal C3T"M11X and Food Technology, Vol. 36, No. 2, February 1973,
pp 113-117.
Vibrio parahaemolyticus has been isolated widely from marine environments
but appears to be moat abundant In inshore and estuarlne areas when ambient temperatures
rise seasonally to levels permitting growth of the organism. Japanese and U.S. studies
of coastal areas have shown a direct relationship between temperature and abundance
of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and this correlates with the seasonal incidence of Vibrio
parahaemolyticus food poisoning in Japan. The organism has been isolated from water,
sediment, plankton, fish and shellfish. In North America it deems to be most abundant
In moUuscan shellfish and In waters of high organic content. Counts of LO-200/ml
of water, 1-7/g of sediment and up to 100,000/g of oyster tissue have been reported
for North American Inshore areas. Limited information on market seafood samples
indicates very low incidence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus on fin fish in Europe and
North America and high Incidence in Japan during summer months. Limited data on
market samples of frozen and fresh shellfish in U.S.A. suggest sporadically high
incidence on shrinp, crabneafc, oysters, and clams.
INDEX TERMS: Distribution patterns, Water pollution effects, Water pollution sources,
Path
-------
AMIC-7267
"VIBRIO PARAHAEMOLYTICUo METHODOUXJY hXJH ISOLATION FKUM aj-XKOOUJ AMU Kt'IDBUC
iiPKCIMENiT, Flshbeln, M., Wentx, fl., Journal of Milk and Food Technology, Vol. 36,
No. 2, February 1973* PP US-123.
Tlw newly revised procedure In the Bacteriological Analytical Manual
of the Pood and Drug Administration for the analysis of Vibrio parahaemolyticua
In seafood samples and epidemic specimens, media and teat regeant formulations,
enrichment and Isolation procedures, and the biochemical and serologlcal diagnostic
criteria of Vibrio parahaeroolytleus are presented. The biochemical schema for the
separation of other Interfering marine vibrios is Included.
INDEX TERMS: Pathogenic bacteria, Isolation, Analytical techniques, Methodology,
Pollutant Identification, Marine bacteria, Public health, Human diseases, Enteric
bacteria, Anaerobic bacteria, Pish, Shellfish, Crustaceans, Marine animals,
Epidemics, Vibrio parahaeiaolyticua, Seafood, Feces, Culture media, Biochemical
tests, Vibrio alglnolytlcus, Marine environment. Selective media, Enrichment.
AMIC-7272
"ECOLOGY OF VIBRIO PARAHAEMOLYTICUS IN CHESAP3AKE BAY", Kaneko, T., Colwell, R. R.,
Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 113, Mo. 1, January 1973, pp 2U-32.
The seasonal incidence of Vibrio parahaemplyt1cus was studied to determine Its
ecological niche in the natural environment; its habitat and role in the natural cycles
of plankton, water, and sediment; and the mechanisms by which it survives the winter.
Samples of sediment, plankton, and water were collected monthly from the Rhode River In
Chesapeake Bay. For total viable counts, YE and SWYE media were used. Vibrio
parahaemolytleu3 waa Isolated on TCBS medium. Bacterial counts were made for unflltered
water, filtrates, zooplankton, and sediments. The incidence of Vibrio parahaemolyt1cus
and related vibrloa waa found to be correlated with water temperature. The vibrios
could not be detected in the water column during the winter months, although they were
present In sediment. From late spring to early summer, when water temperatures were lU
plus or minus 1 C, vibrios over-wintering In sediment were released from the bottom
communities and attached to zooplankton, proliferating as the temperature rose. The
number of vibrios In and on plankton was reflected in the water column bacterial
population densities at water temperatures of ca. 19 C. Interaction between sediment,
water, and zooplankton was found to be essential in the natural estuarine ecosystem.
The bacterial population associated with zooplankton was found to be predominantly on
external surfaces and was specific, differing from that of the sediment. Vibrio spp.
and related organisms comprised the total bacterial population associated with
zooplankton in summer months. The ecological role of Vibrio app., including Vibrio
parahaemolytlcus, was found to be significant, with respect to their property"
chitin digestion and in relation to the population dynamics of zooplankton in
Chesapeake Bay.
_ __
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis, Zooplankton, Cultures, Water temperature, Distribution
patterns, Sediments,, Niche a, Seasonal, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Culture media.
AMIC-7271*
"DIFFERENTIATION OF SOME EKTEROCOCCI BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPKY", Amstein, C. F., Hartman,
P. A., Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 113, Ho. 1, January 1973, pp 38-Ul.
If enterococcl are to be useful as Indicators of fecal pollution in foods, it
will be necessary to differentiate fecal and non-fecal types. A method was attempted
which involved determining relative fatty acid compositions of 37 enterococci by gas
chromatography. Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus faeclum, and Streptococcus
faecium var. cassellflavus, and a motile yellow-pigtnented streptococcus, contained very
low levels of C sub 19:0 cyclopropane fatty acid and four unidentified components,
compared to the other strains of enterococci examined. The studies clarified the
relationships between existing species and varieties, but shoved no significant
differences In the fatty acid patterns of enterococci grouped according to plant, animal,
or human source.
INDEX TERMS: Pollutant identification, Gas chromatography,
techniques, Bioindicators, Fatty acids.
Streptococcus, Separation
-------
AKEC-7275
"OaMOTIC REVERSAL OF TEMPERATURE bETornvrrr IN KJCHEBTCHIA COLI", Bllsky, A. Z.,
Armstrong, J. B., Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 113, No. 1, January 1973, PP 76-81.
Forty temperature-sensitive mutants, unable to grow on tryptone or nutrient
agar at 1*2 C, were Isolated from Eacherlchia coll K-12. When 0.5 percent NaCl was added
to the medt'an, 3? grew at the nonpermlsalve temperature. Several were tested with
different amounts of NaCl added to tryptone broth; all grew best when the osmolallty of
the medium was between UOO and 1,000 millloamolal. One of the mutants was studied In
more detail. Uucrose, tnosltol, KC1, and MgC12, as well aa NaCl, permitted growth at
1*2 C. Qlycerol, however, had no effect. When shifted from 30 to 1*2 C without osmotic
protection, the mutant stopped growing but did not lyse, die, or leak significant amounts
of Intracellular material. In a similar shift experiment, a second mutant leaked all of
Its trlchloroacettc acid-soluble pools into the medium. The majority of the mutants were
hypersensitive to certain antibiotics, indicating possible cell envelope defects.
INDEX TERMS: Temperature, Pollutant Identification, Osmosis, Antibiotics (pesticides),
Stability, Isolation, Environmental effects, Mutants, S. coll K-12, Sensitivity,
Bacterial physiology, Biochemical tests.
AMIC-7276
"RADIATION-RESISTANT MUTANTS OF oALMDNaLLA TYFHIMURIUM LT2: DEVELOPMENT AND
CHARACTERIZATION", Davles, H., Sinskey, A. J., Journal of Bacteriology, Vol.
No. 1, January 1973, PP 133-l^U.
113,
A series of repeated exposures to gamma irradiation with intervening outgrowth
of survivors was used to develop radloresiatant cultures of 3almonella typhlmurium LT2.
Stepwise Increases In resistance to both ionizing and ultraviolet Irradiation were
obtained independently of the presence or absence of Integrated P22 prophage. Single
clonal Isolates, representing parent and radioreslstant populations, retained the
general characteristics of the LT2 parent, including serologlcal properties, phage
typing, antibiotic sensitivities, mouse virulence, and most biochemical test reactions.
Resistant cells were generally larger and contained 1.8 to 2.1 times more ribonuclelc
acid and protein than parent cellj, but deoxyribonuclelc acid (DNA) contents were
similar. Heterogeneity In the populations with respect to release of H2S, utilization of
carbon sources, and growth on minimal medium Is considered to be ancillary, rather than
causally related, to increased radioresistance. The resistant isolates displayed an
increased ability to reactivate gamma-irradiated P22 phage. DNA polymerase I and
polynucleotlde-joining enzyme activities were elevated in extracts of radioresistant
cells relative to parent cells. It is suggested that the observed increases in
radioresistance result from a selection of mutations leading to an increased capacity to
repair DNA.
INDEX TERMS: Resistance, Radiation, Pollutant identification, Biochemical character-
istics, Mutants, Bacterial physiology, Salmonella typhimurium LT2, Characterization,
AKIC-7261
"IHTERACTIOHS OF TBTRAtOMBIA PYRUD»H3, ESCHERICHIA COLI, AZOTOBACTER VIMELAMDII,
AND OUUC03E It A MINIMAL MEDIUM", Joot, J. L., Drake,~jT~F., Fredrlckson, A. 0.,
T«uchljr«, H. M., Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 113, No. 2, February 1973, PP 83U-81*.
A study wa> made of the food web formed from a protozoon, two bacteria, and a
glucose minimal medium la chemostat culture. The system was also divided Into simpler
parts, first by omitting the protozoon to obtain a competition system, and then by
omitting one or the other of the bacteria to obtain two food chain;;. In the competition
studies, one bacterium was displaced by the other at all holding times ut>ed. In the
food chain studies, sustained oscillations of the population densities of predator and
prey developed at short holding times, and then changed to damped oscillations at longer
holding times. In addition, the level of residual glucose remained high at long holding
times. A new model of mlcroblal growth Is necessary to explain these results. In the
food web studies, predatlon of the protozoon on the two bacteria stabilized the
competition between the latter and allowed their coexistence in the same habitat. Thus,
Cause's principle was circumvented.
INDEX TERMS: E. coll, Food webs, Competition, Food chains, Predatlon, Trophic level,
Minimal media. Glucose, Tetrahymena pyriformis, Azotobacter vinelandli, Continuous
cultures. Species Interaction.
AMIC-7286
"METHOD FOR EXPOSING BACTiHlAL CULflJHiio UN oOLii) MtDlw TO A DeiKINJiU GA:J MIXXIRcJ
NYLON BAGS", Hill, S., Laboratory Practice, Vol. 22, No. J, March 1973, p
In order to avoid any alteration of bacterial growtu, a method has been devised
for using nylon bags in the exposure of bacterial cultures on solid media to a defined
gas mixture. The bags ensure a constant gas composition throughout the Incubation
period. Large numbers of cultures can easily be handled and growth can be observed
without exposing the cultures to air. A description is given of the apparatus which has
been used successfully for investigating the effect of 02 concentration on colony
formation of Derxia gumnosa grown on solid K-free media (Hill, 1971). The obligate
anaerobes Clostrldlum pasteurianum and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans have been grown on
solid media in nylon bags: Clostridlum pasteurianum on thiog'Iy'cb'llafce medium (Oxold
Ltd, England) under N2 plus 1 percent C02 and Desulfovibrio desulT'irtcans on Baars's
medium (Pankhurst, 1966) under N2.
INDEX TERMS: Cultures, Bacteria, Methodology, Gases, Mixtures.
-------
3» MICRQBIQTiMTCAT-
AMIC-7306
"LOW COST MULTICHANNEL SCANNING pH-STAT", Kuenen, J. O., Cuperus, P., Harder, W.,
Laboratory Practice, Vol. 22, No. 1, January 1973, PP 36-38.
A scanning pH-stat Is described which can control the pH In 12 cultures. The
instrument consists of a commercial on/off pK controller connected to a generator
giving a pulsating DC voltage which operates a magnetic valve. Opening the valves
results In either the addition of alkali or acid to the culture. The scanner functions
i as a multipoaltlon switch connecting a specific pH electrode to the corresponding
magnetic valve. Depending on the capacity of the switch any number of electrodes and
magnetic valves can be accomodated. In the system constructed, 12 positions were used.
A tine basis generator operates a solenoid which actuates the 12 position switch to
monitor each culture and provide pH correction. The scanner has proved to be essentially
trouble free during more than two years of operation.
INDEX TEHMG: Cultures, Hydrogen ion concentration, Control systems, Automatic control,
pH stat.
AMIC-7391*
"BIOIflGICAL OXIDATION OF THE HYDROCARBONS IN AQUEOUS PHASE", Liu, D. L., Dutka, B. J.,
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation,Vol. 1*5, No. 2, February 1973, pp 232.239.
Biological oxidation of hydrocarbons in aqueous phase by Pseudomonas
desmolytica was studied by raanometric and gas chromatographic techniques. The
organisms were grown on media containing n-decane and Indulin C In a cyclone
fennenter for 20 hours before the harvesting of the cells. Cell-free extracts were
prepared by centrifugatlon and chemical treatment. Overall oxygen consumption
as determined in a differential' respirometer was taken as a measure of enzyme
activity. Oxidation products were identified using a chromatograph equipped for
flame ionization detection. Cell free extracts prepared from cells grown on
n-decane plus the thiolignin Indulln-C were more active in oxidation of n-decane
than were corresponding cells grown on n-decane alone. The hydrocarbon-oxidizing
enzyme was most active at pH 7 and could be precipitated by 30 percent ammonium
sulfate. Manometric and gas chromatographic studies indicated that the Initial
oxidate attack occurred at the terminal methyl carbon and required both oxygen and
nicotlnamlde adenlne dlnucleotide. These studies suggest that Indulin-C or other
nontoxic surfactant may be used to accelerate biological treatment of petroleum
wastewater.
INDEX TERMS: Mlcrobial degradation, Oil wastes, Oxidation, Gas chromatography,
PSeudomonas desmolytica, n-Decane.
-58"
AMIC-7395
"ENUMERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF WATER BACTERIA WITH PHOSPHORUS.32", Khanna, P.,
Journal water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 1*5, No. 2, February 1973, PP 262-268.
A co-precipitation method for enumerating bacteria in water samples is baaed on
the fact that non-multiplying cells utilize phosphorus by rapidly turning over
ribonuclelc acid and phosphoprotelns. Since these compounds are insoluble In cold
trichloroacetic acid (TCA), they can be precipitated out and-measured so that the
incorporation of radioactive phosphorus can be followed. The method was tested by
mixing buffered E. coll, P-32, and carrier phosphorus and incubating for various time
periods. After Incubation, a clear solution of eggwhlte equilibrated with carrier
phosphorus was added, the mixture stirred, and cold TCA added to cause precipitation.
The precipitate was then centrifuged, washed in TCA, ethanol, ethanol-ether, and ether,
suspended in acetone, and filtered through a Whatman No. 1* disk. The P-32 activity was
read from the filters with a Qeiger-Mueller counter as an estimate of the bacterial
population. The method, which provided results In 't hrs., showed a linear relationship
between population and phosphorus uptake in exposures up to 1U hrs. Tests with E. coll,
Streptococcus faecalis, Aerobaeter aeroeenes, and P_roteus vulgar is showed that ~
gram-poaitive and negative cells can be differentiated by appending 1 percent KDH and 2
percent bile salt, respectively, to test samples.
INDEX TERMS: E. coll, Radioactivity techniques, Absorption, Phosphorus, Pollutant
identification, Separation techniques, Co-precipitation, Streptococcus faecalis,
Aerobaeter aerogenea, Proteus vulgoria.
AMIC-7397
"ISOLATION OF SALMONELLAE FROM M3DERATBLY POLLUTED WATERS", Dutka, B. J., Bell, J. B.,
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. k-5, No. 2, February 1973, pp 316-321*.
Qualitative sampling techniques and enrichment broth/selective agar combinations
for the demonstration of Salmonella in receiving waters were compared. The sampling
procedures used were: (1) placement of collecting pad(s) at a specific station;
(2) collection of a 5-gal (lfl.9-l) grab sample; (3) field filtration of 50 gal (189 1)
of water in 5-gal (lfl.9-1) units; (k) collection of approximately ^00 ml of water for
coliform, fecal coliform, and fecal streptococcus density determinations and for 20 and
35 C standard plate count tests. One to eight days later the collecting pads were
retrieved, and Procedures 2, 3, and k were repeated. All water samples, collecting pads,
and filters were put on test within 6 hr of collection. Strips of the collecting pad(s),
and the various filters were aseptically placed in both prewarmed tetrathionate and
selenlte enrichment broths. After incubation at 1*1,5 c for 20 plus or minus 2 hr,
colonies resembling salmonellae were screened using phenylalanlne and Mac Conkey'a agars
and Incubated overnight at 35 C. Cultures showing reactions typical of Salmonella with
these media were slide tested with Salmonella polyvalent 0 antisera. Specific 0 and H
antlsera were used to identify fully all suspected salmonellae. The collecting pad and
50-gal (189-1), field-filtered samples were equally efficient in Isolating Salmonella
from waters containing low to moderate numbers of conforms. The efficiency of the
collecting pads did not Increase with prolonged exposure (3 to 5 days). The use of the
50-gal (189-1) on-site filtering technique is recommended for routine stream surveys.
Tetrathionate broth/brilliant green agar proved to be the most productive broth-agar
combination, but in different geographical locations, other media combinations may
prove to be more productive.
-------
3.
MTCTHfiBIOmnTCAL METHODS
AMIC-7397 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Water sampling, Isolation, Hater pollution, Salmonella, Methodology,
Pollutant identification, On-site tests, Laboratory tests, Selective media,
Culture media, Enrichment, Culturing techniques, Biochemical teata, Serotypea.
AMIC-7398
"WATER QUALITY MODELS TOR TOTAL COLIFORM", Canale, R. P., Patterson, R. L., Gannon,
J. J., Powers, W. F., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 14-5, No. 2,
February 1973, PP 325-33~S""""
First-order kinetic formulations approximated the death curve of total
collform bacteria following an Initial growth period in experiments where domestic
wastewater was added to Lake Michigan water. Three separate studies using water
collected during different seasons have demonstrated that the first-order rate
coefficient is temperature dependent and relatively independent of Illumination,
prechlorination, and season of the year. The rate coefficient exhibits a linear
variation with temperature. The seasonal changes In total coliform density in the bay,
as measured at the Traverse City municipal water intake, can be approximated using
weighted sine and cosine series, auto-regression, and multiple-regression statistical
models. Although it is possible to obtain a satisfactory fit of the data with each of
these approaches, such models cannot be reliably used for long-range predictions.
Historical data collected in Grand Traverse Bay demonstrate regular seasonal
variations as well as long-range trends for total conform density and turbidity.
Additional data convey a consistent spatial pattern of total coliform at beaches in
near-shore regions of the bay. These data and data from more recent surveys along with
circulation patterns predicted from modeling studies suggest that a deterministic
approach based on continuity equations may be possible.
INDEX TERMS: Coliforms, Water quality, Model studies, Turbidity, Temporal distribution,
Environmental effects, Seasonal, Water temperature, Kinetics, Grand Traverse Bay,
Survival.
__
AMJC-7399
"OCCURRENCE OP SALMONELLA IN OXIDATION DITCHES", Kampelmacher, E. H., van Boorle Jensen,
L. M., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. l»5, No. 2, February 1973,
pp 3118-352.
An Investigation was undertaken to determine the capability of oxidation
ditches of the type used in small municipalities for the treatment of wastewater. Two
oxidation ditches that treat slaughterhouse wastes were studied in reference to their
ability to remove Salmonella. Five 100-ml samples of circuit liquid, influent, and
effluent ware collected within 30 min, transferred together to a liter bottle, and
thoroughly shaken. The mixed samples were tested for salmonellae within a U-hr period
using tetrathlonate enrichment media prepared by the Muller-Kauffman method, and the
most probable number (MPN) computed. Variable numbers of Salmonella species were present
In the effluent of the plants studied. The number of aalmonellae/lOO ml was less than
20, vlth one exception (350/100 ml). The ability of the plants to remove Salmonella was
comparable to that of conventional wastewater treatment plants. Exact measurements of
Salmonella reduction In the plant effluents were not possible, but it was feasible to
determlnebacterla counts In the Influent, circuit liquid, and effluent during specific
periods. In one of the plants, Salmonella contamination could be traced to its source.
Results of the investigation support a theory about the circulation of Salmonella
bacteria in natural systems.
INDEX TERMS: Oxidation lagoons, Salmonella, Pollutant identification, Waste water
(pollution), Waste water treatment. Effluents, Sampling, Slaughterhouse wastes,
Tetrathlonate broth, Enrichment, Most probable number test, Influents.
"MICROBIAL DECOMPOSITION OF PENTACHLOROPHENOL", Klrsch, E. J., Etzel, J. P., Journal
Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 1+5, No. 2, February 1973, PP 359-363.
A soil sample was obtained from the grounds of a wood products manufacturer in
Terre Haute, Indiana, who used pentachlorophenol (PCP) and added to nutrient broth in
order to obtain definitive evidence of PCP biodegradation in heterogeneous cultures of
microorganisms. The biodegradation of sodium pentachlorophenate was observed in both
proliferating and nonprollferatlng mixed bacterial populations that had previously
received lengthy acclimation to the blocide. Definite proof of dissimilation was
obtained by measuring the release of C-1U02 from radioactive sodium pentachlorophenate.
The maximum yield of C02 in a 2k-hr exposure period was 68 percent in nonproliferatlng
cultures. The rate and extent of decomposition in proliferating cultures was
significant but less than found in. nonproliferating cultures. Spontaneous,
nonbiological decomposition of sodium pentachlorophenate was observed but did not
exceed 0.1 percent In a W-hr reaction period.
INDEX TERMS: Microbial degradation, Wood preservatives (pesticides), Cultures,
Microorganisms, Radioactivity techniques, Bioassay, Radiochemical analysis,
Pentachlorophenol, Fate of pollutants, Sodium pentachlorophenate, Bacterial
populations, Substrate utilization, Degradation products, Heterotrophy.
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3. MICROBIQI.gflTC*L MgTHOIS
AMIC-7^2
"MICROBIAL COJtOJNITY STRUCTURE IN CONTAMINATED ESTUARI/UI SEDIMENTS", Roach, A.,
Silvey, J. K. 0., GuthrJe, R. K., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol.
No. 2, February 1973, pp 365.368.
1*5,
Punch cores were taken at l*-m intervals along transects In estuarlan flats
near Flour Bluff, Texas. One tenth ml of mud from a subcore drawn at 2 dm of each
core and at each 0.5 dm of the cores waa diluted 1:1,000 and placed on an extract
medium. The extract medium was designed to give the broadest possible cross section
of mlcrobial population and was prepared by (1) adding 500 ml of deionized water to
500 g of mudj (2) ooklng for 30 minutes at 90 C In a double boilerj (3) allowing
mud to settle and decanting; CO adding 2 g yeaat extract, 15 g mannitol, 0.5 g each
of calcium sulfate and magnesium sulfate, 20 g agar, and sufficient deionized water
to make 1 liter. Frequencies were plotted for each organism encountered on five
plates per subcore sample. A Raunkiaeran frequency spectral analysis showed that
a structured community rather than a heterogeneous mixture existed laterally over
the space of some 80 m in uniform bottom mud. Moreover, such structure resembled
that of an undisturbed, climax surface community. A community coefficient analysis
showed no significant stratification or vertical discontinuity to a depth of 8 dm.
INDEX TERMS: Biological communities, Bstuarine environment, Sediments, Distribution
patterns, Bacteria.
AMJC-7U07
"EVALUATION OK COLIFORM TESTS FOR CHLORINATED SECONDARY EFFLUENTS", Lin, S.,
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. U5, No. 3, March 1973, pp ^96-506.
The purpose of this investigation was (1) to determine whether or not the
LES two-step enrichment MF technique for total conform assay on chlorinated effluents
is comparable to the recommended MPN method and (2) to compare fecal coliform detection
by M-FC MF technique on chlorinated secondary effluents with the MPN procedure. Grab
samples of secondary effluent were collected from three Illinois treatment plants,
chlorinated with up to 6 mg/1 of chlorine, stirred, dechlorlnated after various periods
of contact by sodium thlosulfate, and assayed. The results showed that the LES two-step
MF procedure is comparable to the completed MPN techniques for total coliform detection
In chlorinated secondary effluents. Total coliform recovery In chlorinated effluent by
the LES. two-step MF technique was approximately 1.5 times that observed using the
M-Endo, one-step MF procedure. Fecal coliform recovery using the M-FC MF technique on
chlorinated effluent was less than that obtained using confirmed MPN in EC broth.
Estimates of MPN densities in chlorinated secondary effluent might be useful from
currently acceptable MF procedures by using a mathematical relationship similar to
log MPN equals to 1.062 log MF minus 0.01^.
INDEX TERMS: Cultures, Chlorination, Separation techniques, Sewage effluents, Fecal
collforma. Membrane filter, Most probable number test, Method evaluation.
50
AMIC-7MO
"A aaOQLOEA BACTERIUM WITH GELATINOUS MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDE MATRIX", Tezuka, Y.,
Journal Mater Pollution Control Federation, Vol. U.5, No. 3, March 1973, PP 531-536.
A zoogloea-forming bacterium Was isolated from activated sludge and identified
tentatively as belonging to the genus Zoogloea. The bacterium grew in liquid media with
the formation of amorphous gelatinous colonies In which the bacterial cells were sparsely
embedded. The gelatinous substance was Isolated and purified partially: it waa a
mucopolysaccharlde composed primarily °t two amlno sugars. One of these sugars was
identified as N-acetylglucosamlne, and the other was suggested to be N-acetylfucosamlne.
The molar ratio of the former to the latter was approximately 1:2. The polymer was quite
resistant to the action of the mlcrofloras from wastewater and soil.
INDEX TERMS: Pollutant identification, Cultures, Separation techniques, Activated sludge,
Zoogloea.
AMlC-7^13
"ENTERIC VIRUS SURVIVAL IN ALGAL-BACTERIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYGTEMS-I. LABORATORY
STUDIES", Sobsey, M. D., Cooper, R. C., Water Research, Vol. 7, No. 5, May 1973,
pp 669-685.
The survival of a representative enteric virus, pollovirus type 1, in
laboratory models of algal-bacterial sewage treatment systems and the interactions of
pollovirus with stabilization pond water vas studied. In laboratory reactors a fraction
of the total pollovirus present rapidly adsorbed to stabilization pond water solids by a
reversible process, conforming to a Freundlich adsorption isotherm. In laboratory
cultures the growth of Scenedesum quadrlcauda and Bacillus megaterlum in sterile
sewage had no detrimental effect on poliovirua survival, whereas the growth of
heterogeneous populations of stabilization pond bacteria in the same nedium resulted in
substantial virus inactivatlon. Appreciable poliovirus inactivatiori occurred in
laboratory cultures of mixed algal-bacterial populations obtained from stabilization
ponds. Because the degree of antiviral activity in these cultures was greater than that
In cultures of stabilization pond bacteria alone, additional mlcrobial factors must
contribute to this virus inactivating phenomenon. The results of this study suggest
that in algal-bacterial treatment systems both virus adsorption to solids and virus
Inactlvation due to microbial activity play a role in reducing the enteric virus
concentration in wastewater.
INDEX TERMS: Waste water treatment, Oxidation lagoons, Biological treatment, Laboratory
tests, Bioassay, Sewage effluents, Enterovirus, ourvival, ^cenedesmua quadricauda,
Bacillus megaterium, Inactivation, Data interpretation, Heterotrophy.
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3. MICBOBIOIOQICAL METHODS
AHLC-Jklb
"SUH L'ISDLafENT ET L'ACTIVTTE BACTERIOLrTIQUt DE QUELtiUELi MYXOBACTERIBS I30LKKS
DE L'EAU", Haverdy, J., Water Research, Vol. 7, No. 5, May 1973, PP 687-693.
Four strains of Myxobacteria were Isolated In samples of river water. Their
bacterlolytlc activity was studied In relation to 2U strains of Oram-negatlve bacilli
and ID strains of Gram-positive bacteria. Their morphology and cultural characteristics
are described and their role In the phenomena of self-purification la discussed. (In
French)
INDEX TERMS: Isolation, Cytologlcal studies, Pollutant identification, Water sampling,
Methodology, Myxobacteria, Fate of pollutants, Bacterlolytic activity. Gram.
negative bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria, Biochemical characteristics.
"TBAITEMENT EXPERIMENTAL D'EPURATIOTf D'UtfE EAU DE SURFfCE PAR LAOUNAGE: ASPECTS
CHIMIQUES ET MTCHOBIOLOGICUEG", Water Research, Vol. 7, No. 5, May 1973, PP 707-728.
Polluted river water was treated by lagooning in an experimental bed. The
evolution of the most representative parameters of the organic and bacterial pollution
has been studied in relation to the period of retention. The predominant bacterial
populations have been identified and their qualitative and quantitative variations have
been related to the degree of pollution. The analytical results are commented upon the
advantages of the method are stressed. (In French)
INDEX TERMS: Methodology, Chemical properties, Lagoons, Water pollution, Isolation,
Microbiology, Pollutant identification, Biolndicators, Chemical analysis, Dominant
organisms, Water treatment, Rivers, Water analysis, Bacterial populations.
"THE OCCURRESCE AND POSSIBLE SOUHCE OF THE COLIFORM BACTERIA ON THE SHORELINE OF
NORTHERH LAKE MICHIOAH", Mack, W. N., Dekker, C. L., Michigan State University,
Department of Microbiology and Public Health, East Lansing, Michigan, Completion Report,
Contract No. 1U-31-0001-3598, November 1972, 25 pp. NTIS Report No. PB 213 503.
During studies on the presence of collform bacteria in a marina used by
pleasure watercraft in northern Lake Michigan, it was determined that there were more
collform organisms present in the water than could be accounljed for by the presence
of the watercraft. This resulted in a study to determine the source of these
organisms. Samples of water were collected from thirteen rivers and creeks draining
the 12-mile beach study area. The water was analyzed for conforms by Standard
Methods. All the streams were found to contain conforms with larger numbers In
the rivers. Tvo of the rivers drained watershed areas in which man and domesticated
animals reside. Those streams draining remote areas contained more collform
bacteria than streams draining populated areas. Of the organisms identified U3-86
percent were of Escherichia coll, variety I; the other species were Escherichia
freundll and Aerobacter. The organisms washed into Lake Michigan from the streams
accumulated along the beach but very few organisms were recovered as little as
1000 feet out into the lake from the shoreline.
INDEX TERMS: Collforms, Lake Michigan, Water pollution sources, Pollutant identifi-
cation, E. coll, Rivers, Streams, Recreation, Bioindicators, Escherichia fruendli,
Aerobacter.
AMIC-7l*26
"PHAGE-TYPING OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUHEUS", Parker, M. T., In:
Vol. 7B, Academic Press, New York, 1972, pp 2-28.
Methods in Microbiology,
This chapter of 'Methods in Microbiology' discusses the historical development
and present technical methods of phage typing as a. means of distinguishing
Staphylocoecua aureus, interpretation of results from phage typing, staphylococci from
domestic animals, taxonomlc significance of phage typing, and the future potential of
the method. The section on technical methods thoroughly reviews the media and
conditions of growth, propagation and testing of phages, typing, and reading and
reporting of results. The section on interpretation discusses the range and causes of
variability and long-term changes in typing patterns.
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Pollutajit identification, Phage typing, Data
interpretation, Culture media, Gtaphylococcus aureus.
See also: category 1, AMIC-6781*, 7169, 7183.
51
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U. MBTHnra AMD PERFORMANCE EVATllATIOJ
AMIC-6972
"A METHOD FOR COMPITTING REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS UTILIZING INCOMPLETE OBSERVATIONS",
Lynch, C. J., The American University, Washington, D.C., Dissertation Abstracts Bo.
73-1350, 1972, 78 p. (Complete report not available from AMIC)
A method Is presented for estimating coefficients of linear regressions when
some observation data are missing at random. The linear model Is given by Y sub t
equals beta sub o plus beta sub 1 X sub t 1 plus ... plus beta sub PX sub tP plus e sub
t, where the index t Identifies the observation number and the e sub t are Independent
random disturbance terms with mean value 0 and (unknown) variance sigma squared.
Coefficients are estimated for the conditional distribution of Y given fixed values
of the X's. Obaervation data consist of vectors drawn from some unspecified multivariate
population. Some observation vectors have components missing at random, but It Is
assumed that N of these vectors have at least one X value available. These N vectors
are used for computing estimators of the regression coefficients. In the process of
deriving these estimators, denoted by s sub ij, missing data are approximated as
regressands In least squares equations whose parameters are computed over the subset
of complete observations. The s sub ij are then Inserted in classical least squares
formulas and estimators (consistent (C) estimators) of the parameters beta sub k, k
equals 0, 1, ..., P are derived. The asymptotic varlance-covarlance matrix of the C
estimators is derived for the case of no missing dependent variables. Monte Carlo
experiments were conducted to compare the C estimators to classical least squares
estimators based on the subset of complete observations and to Glasser's estimators,
the only other published set of consistent estimators applicable to more than two
non-random Independent variables. The experiments were conducted for N equals 25
with P equals 3 and for N equals kO with P equals 5. The sample mean-square-error
AMIC-7095
"OPTIMUM SAMPLE SIZES TOR Tlffi COMPARISON OF THE CONTROL AND TREATMENT", Nam, J-M.,
Biometrics, Vol. 29, No. 1, March 1973, PP KJ1-1Q6.
The optimum sample sizes for the control and treatment groups for
testing the difference between average survival times are investigated when the
costs of testing the two groups differ. Situations are considered where the
test cost per subject Is constant and independent of its survival time as well
as where it is proportional to its survival time. The optimum sample sizes are
greatly preferred over equal sample sizes when the difference between the cost
for the control and that for the treatment Is large.
INDEX TERMS: Statistical methods, Sample size determination.
AMIC-6972 (Continued)
Card 2/2
and, separately, the absolute value of the sample bias were used as test criteria.
The Monte Carlo experiments suggest that the C estimators retain their relative
superiority over Glasser's estimators with respect to both mean-aquare-error and bias
and over classical least squares with respect to mean-square-error for N equals 25 with
P equals 3 and for N equals Uo with P equals 5« The Monte Carlo experiments also
suggest that the C estimators retain their relative superiority over classical least
squares with respect to bias for N equals <*0 with P equals 5, but the reverse Is true
for N equals 25 with P equals 3.
INDEX TERMS: Statistical methods, Regression analysis, Least squares method, Model
studies, Estimators, Regression coefficients, Incomplete observations, Monte
Carlo method, Varlance-covarlance matrix, Mean square error, Variance, Bias, Data
interpretation.
AMIC-7171
"OK THE STORAGE OF SEAWATER SAMPLES FOR AMMONIA DETiiRMJNATION", Degcbbls, D.,
Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 18, No. 1, January 1973, PP 11*6-150.
In order to clarify conflicting results concerning the effect of
storage on ammonia concentration, a study was initiated to Investigate the effects
various storage parameters. Seawater samples were collected from Monterey Bay,
California. Portions of the samples were analyzed immediately in shipboard
laboratories. The remaining portions were stored in glass or polyethylene containers;
filtered or unfilteredj slow frozen or quick frozen and with or without added
preservatives. After various periods of time up to 20 days, samples were thawed,
analyzed by the phenol-hypochlorlte method, and the results compared with those
from the unstored samples. The results showed significant changes in samples
stored without treatment. Anmonia increased when stored in glass, but decreased
when stored In polyethylene containers. Guick freezing and slow freezing stabilized
ammonia concentrations, although variability was Increased; quick freezing had no
advantage over slow freezing. Preservation with phenol at the same concentration
used in the analytical method (Q.k g 100 per ml) stabilized unfrozen samples for
up to 2 weeks.
INDEX TERMS: Storage, Ammonia, Filtration, Freezing, Sample preservation, Sample
containers.
52
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It. METHODS ARC PERTOHHUICE EVALUATION
AMIC-71*1*5
"A TEOT OF HQUALITY OF MEAN.; OF CORRELATED VARIATE3 WITH MI33INC DATA ON ONE RESPONSE"
Morrison, D. F., Blometrlka, Vol. 60, No. 1, April 1973, pp 101-105.
A statistic is propo;iea lor testing the hypothesis of equality of
tha means of a blvarlate normal distribution with unknown common variance and
correlation coefficient when observations are missing at random on one of the
varlates. Expressions for the second and fourth moments of the statistic have
been obtained, and normal, t and Cornish-Fisher approximations to the percentage
points under the null hypothesis have been found from them. The expected
squared lengths of the confidence intervals for the mean difference have been
used to measure the additional sensitivity of the test over that of the
conventional paired t.
INDEX TERMS: Statistical methods, Hypothesis testing. Missing data.
"A TWO-SAMPLE PROCEDURE FOR SSLECTING THE POPULATION WITH THE LAKGKoT MEAN FRCM
SEVERAL NORMAL POPULATIONS WITH UNKNOWN VARIANCES", Ofosu, J. B., Blometrlka, Vol. 60,
No. 1, April 1973, pp 117-121*.
This paper gives a two-sample procedure for selecting the population with the
largest mean from k normal populations with unknown variances. The method is based on
a two-sample procedure proposed by Stein {19^5). Tables necessary for the application
of the procedure are given for selected values of k. Comparisons of the minimum values
of the expected sample sizes using the proposed procedure are made with the
corresponding single-sample sizes for known variances (Bechhofer, 1951*). Comparisons
are also made of the expected total sample sizes for the single-sample procedure, the
two-sample procedure given In this paper and the two-sample procedure proposed by
Bechhofer, Dunnett and Sobel (195U) which assumes that the populations have known
variance ratios. It Is shown that the expected total sample sizes are not much
Increased by Ignorance of the variance ratios.
INDEX TERMS: Two-sample procedure, Mean values.
53
AMIC-7U81
"REPORT OF ANALYSES OF WATER SAMPLES SUBMITTED TO SCRIPPS NOVEMBER 1971 FOB THE LAKE
NICHIGAfl IBTBRCALIBRAIION/IOTEICOMPARI30N PROGRAM (filIP)", Folsom, T. R., Hodge,
V. F., Wong, K. M., Hansen, N., Scrlpps Institution of Oceanography, .5oledad
Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, La Jolla, California, Report No. TID-26199,
Contract Nos. AT (OU-3)-3U, N00011»-69-A-0200-6oil, April 6, 1972, 6 pp.
Water samples were collected at 1*5 m in Lake Michigan and from the surface
near a Chicago water intake station. The latter sample was spiked with radionuclides.
Including Cs. The pH of both samples was adjusted to 1.0 with.dilute NaOH and Cs-133
and Pu-236 spikes were added. The samples were agitated for 15 rain, 10 g of pure AMP
added to each, and the agitation continued for 15 mln more. The AMP precipitates were
combined for gamma assay after which they were analyzed for stable Cs, Pu recovery,
and Cs-13l* and Cs-137. The sample of Lake Michigan water contained 0.058 plus or
minus O.OlU pCl (plus or minus 1 gamma)/kg Cs-137, 0.005 PCI/kg Cs-13U, and 0.0007 plus
or minus 0.0003 pCl/kg Pu-239 and Pu-SW. In the spiked sample waa found 3.66 plus or
minus 0.10 pCl/kg Cs-137, 2.76 plus or minus 0.08 pCl/kg Cs-131*, and 0.0373 plus or
minus Pu-239 and Pu-2UO. It was concluded that although considerable care was used
In these analyses, they should not be used for final evaluation of the relative
capabilities of the several laboratories or of the general conditions in Lake
Michigan because (a) not enough samples were supplied, (b) the low level reference
standards have not been intercompared in all laboratories, and (c) absolute checks of
radioactivity of several of these Isotopes are still controversial at these very low
concentration levels.
AMIC-7>*8l (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis, Methodology, Performance evaluation, Intercallbratlon
programs, Method evaluation, Cesium radioisotope3, Plutonium radlolsotopes,
Chemical recovery, Interlaboratory teats.
-------
5. INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMSHT
AMIC-682U
"GUIDE TO SELECTINO UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER -SYSTEMS", Instruments and Control Systems,
Vol. U6, Wo. 3, March 1973, PP 8l*-66.
The general characteristics of uninterruptible power systems are described.
There are basically two systems: rotating power systems which employ flyvheels to
filter the effects of transients, maintain rotation after power failure, and start the
auxiliary prime mover; and static systems which employ batteries and DC-to-AC converters,
The advantages and disadvantages of the systems are described, and manufacturers are
listed.
INDEX TEHM3: iilectrlcal equipment, Uninterruptible power systems.
AKEC-6858
"DEVEIOPMENT OF AN OIL/WATER POLLUTION MONITOR", McGrath, F. K., Naval Postgraduate
School, Monterey, California, Master's Thesis, June 1972, 35 pp. NTIS Report No.
AD Jkl 06k.
Because of the simplicity, ruggedness, and state of the art, ultrasonic
techniques were chosen for monitoring oil In bilge and ballast water from ships.
Crystalline quartz was used to produce ultrasonic waves at 30 Mhz which were monitored
for attenuation using another quartz crystal. The system was tested in the laboratory
with a tank designed to circulate contaminated water past the monitor. Calibrations
were made with distilled water before testing with water containing up to 500 ppm fuel
oil. Results with contaminated tap water were Inconclusive, but attenuation was found
to vary linearly with oil concentration when the contaminant level was less than 500
ppm In distilled water. Turbulence disturbed the signals, but could probably be
eliminated by filtering. Although results are preliminary, the method Is potentially
useful for monitoring relatively low levels of oil In water.
INDEX TERMS: Oily water, Monitoring, Electronic equipment. Ultrasonics, Fuel oil.
AMIC-7125
"MEASUREMENT OF CURRENT AKD POOBHTIAL DISTRIBUTION AT ROTATINO-DISK ELECTRODES",
Miller, B., Bellavance, M. I., Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 120,
Ho. 1, January 1973, PP "»2-53.
Current distribution at the rotating disk electrode has been experimentally
evaluated by several techniques Including single and double reference probe potential
napping, ring-disk electrode collection efficiency and resistive interaction,
Interrupter and steady-state resistance measurements, and automatic ohmlc compensation
method*. Mapping experiments are in quantitative agreement with the predictions of
Bowman's theory for this system and were further confirmed by resistance determinations
and theoretically based correction methods. The Implications of the data for various
ring-disk and nonsteady-state experiments and also the utility of an approximate
approach to estimating the degree of nonunlform current distribution are examined.
INDEX TERMS: Zeta potential. Electric currents, Measurement, Laboratory tests,
Electrical resistance, Electrical properties, Instrumentation, Rotating disk
electrode, Current distribution, Collection efficiency, Potentlometry, Sensors.
AMIC-7179
"AN INEXPENSIVE,RECORDING TIDE GAUGE", Tempel, If. R., Limnology and Oceanography,
Vol. 18, No. 1, January 1973, pp 178-180.
An Inexpensive, recording tide gauge that can operate a standard recorder
remote from the sensing unit without line power has been constructed and tested In a
arml) tidal pond on the north shore of Long Island. The unit consists of a k-in.
ID PVC tube about k m long and is similar In principle to the mechanical drum-float type
instrument. Readout is accomplished electronically so that a 0-1 mA recorder can be
incorporated for remote recording. This innovation reduces the cost of the instrument
to less than 50 dollars If a recorder Is already on hand.
INDEX TERMS: On-alte data collections, Remote sensing, Instrumentation, Tidal waters,
Tides, Calibrations, Measurement, Volume, Recording tide gages, Flax Pond.
51*
-------
5. raSTRUMGHT DEVELOPMENT
AMIC-72U2
"A TECJWKJUE US1NO POROUS CUPS TOR WATER SAMPLE AT AOT DEPTH Of HE UHSATURAIED
ZOHE", Wood, W. W., Water Resources Research, Vol. 9, NO. 2, April 1973, pp W36-W8.
An Improved design of the Parlzek-Laiw tj-.teiu IE described which permits the
collection of water samples at any specific depth, saturated or unsaturated. In
general, the system operates by applying a vacuum greater than soil suction to a
buried porous cup, and thereby water la Induced to flow from the unsaturated material
Into the cup. Gas pressure is then applied to one tube of a two-tube system and the
sample Is forced to the surface. A check valve In the cup assembly prevents
pressurizatlon of the porous cup. This construction permits complete collection at
any depth vlthout the loss of samples. A detailed description of construction and
operation illustrates the advancement over previous designs.
INDEX TERMS; Water sampling, Methodology, Equipment, Artificial recharge, Unsaturated
flow, Design, Installation, Groundwater, suction lyslmeters, Porous cups, Zone of
unsaturatlon.
AMIC-7367
"SELECTIVE POTASSIUM-SENSITIVE ELECTRODES BASED CK POTASSIUM TETRA-P-CHLORCPHEHYLBORATE-
POLY.(VHIYL CHLORIDE) SENSOR MEMBRANES", oavies, J.E.W., Moody, G. j., price, w. M.,
Thomas, J.D.R., laboratory Practice, Vol. 22, No. 1, January 1973, pp 20-25.
The fabrication and performances of three different sensor membranes
comprising varying quantities of potassium tetra-p-chlorophenylborate ion exchanger,
but Incorporating a fixed quantity of poly(vinyl chloride) matrix, are discussed with
regard to potential behaviour In pure potassium solutions and in the presence of
possible interferants. Response times, gamma radiation stabilities and operational
life times are also discussed. Electrodes of comparable performance are obtained by
coating platinum or silver with an Ion exchanger/PVC mixture.
INDEX TERMS: Fabrication, Selectivity, Laboratory equipment, Physical properties,
Performance evaluation, Potassium PVC electrodes, Ion selective electrodes,
Sensors, Matrix membranes, Chemical Interference, Ionic Interference, Ion
exchange electrodes, Selectivity coefficients.
55
AMIC-7351
"A HEW MCCEL FOR TBS RESPCHSE OF A CYANIDE SELECTIVE SILVER IODIDE MEMBRANE
BLECTBODE", Bound, a. P.. Fleet, B., von Storp, H., Evans, D. H., Analytical
Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, Ho. 4, April 1973, pp 788-789.
Selectivity data are presented for a pure Agl membrane In a mercury-mercuric
chloride test cell. K values were calculated from results obtained with Individual
solutions and with solutions containing a constant level of iodide to which varying
concentrations of cyanide were added. A model is included which describes the
behavior of the electrodes and accounts for the differences In K values obtained with
the two solutions.
INDEX TERMS: Electrodes, Ion selective electrodes, Cyanides, Selectivity, Membrane
electrodes.
AMIC-7352
"A PENICILLIN SELECTIVE ENZYME ELECTRODE", Papariello, G. J., Mukherjl, A. K.,
Shearer, C. M., Analytical chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. k, April 1973, pp 790.792.
An enzyme electrode has been developed which utilizes penicillin
beta-lactamase (penieilllnase) and Is responsive to intact penicillin. The electrode
is prepared by Immobilizing the penieilllnase In a thin membrane of polyacrylaad.de gel
molded around and In Intimate contact with a hydrogen ion glass electrode. When this
electrode Is exposed to an aqueous solution of penicillin adjusted to a pH of 6.4,
the immobilized enzyme hydrolyzes the penicillin to produce the corresponding
penlclllolc acid. The Increase in hydrogen ion concentration from the penicilloic
acid Is sensed by the glass electrode and a potentlometrlc response Is recorded.
This electrode is analytically useful in the penicillin concentration range of
0.0001-0.05 M. The response tine Is dependent upon the age of the electrode, with the
typical response time being 15-30 sec. pH affects the solubility and stability of
penicillin, and the reactivity of penicillinase. The authors found the electrode to
be most sensitive and responsive at pH 6-7. If the electrode Is prepared as
recommended, (1) there is enough penicillinase to react with more than 0.5 mole of a
penicillin; and (2) the electrode will function In an acceptable manner for up to 2
weeks making possible a hundred or more measurements.
INDEX TERMS: Fabrication, Physical properties, Aqueous solutions, selectivity, Research
equipment, Pollutant Identification, Antibiotics (pesticides). Chemical reactions,
Penlcllllnaae, Enzyme electrodes, Penicillin, Penicillin enzyme electrode,
Membrane electrodes, Substrate concentration, Detection limits, Response time,
Specificity.
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5. mSTRUMEHT DEVEIOPMrlhT
AMIC-7375
"A THERMAL WAVE FLOWMETEH FOR MBASURBIG COMBEED SEWEF FLOWS", Blase, R. A.,
Eahlaman, p. w., Hydrospace-Challenger, Inc., Rockvllle, Maryland, Report Ho.
EPA-R2-73-1U5, Contract Ho. EPA lU-12-911, March 1973, 100 pp.
A study of the application of thermal technique* to the measurement of flow
rates In combined sewers has been conducted. The utilization of flush-mounted hot wire
or hot film anemometers In a direct reading mode was extensively Investigated. It was
concluded that such a direct reading application was not feasible due to shins In
calibration caused by the build-up of contamination and the lack of commercially
available units vlth sufficient ruggedness and reliability for application In a
combined sever pipe. A particular technique, which la based upon measuring the
tlne-of-fllght of thermal pulses generated at various positions around the periphery of
the pipe, vas Investigated In depth. A full scale prototype unit using five thermal
wave sensors distributed around one-half of the circumference of the pipe vas fabricated
and tested. These tests Indicated that the present configuration does not provide
signals which have adequate precision to enable this unit to measure the fluid flow with
the desired accuracy.
ODBC TERMS: Flow rates, Flow measurement, Anemometers, Velocity, Combined sewers,
Testing procedures, On-slte tests, Waste water (pollution), Thermal wave
flovmeter, pollutant effects.
AMIC-7^38
"AERIAL SURVEILLANCE SPILL PREVENTION SYSTEM", Rudder, C. L., Relnheimer, C. J.,
Berrey, J. L., McDonnell Douglas Corporation, McDonnell Aircraft Company,
Reconnaissance Laboratory, St. Louis, Missouri, Report No. EPA-R2-72-007, Contract
Mo. EPA, OHM 68-01-OlUO, August 1972, 112 pp.
An aerial surveillance system, consisting of four Haaselblad cameras and a
Zeiss RMK 1^23 camera, was evaluated for the remote detection of both real and potential
•pills threatening *".I.ET"* waterways. Twenty-three nultlband and baseline missions were
flown over oil refineries and other Industrial sites located adjacent to the
Mississippi River. Baseline flights were effective In counting storage tanks, locating
and Identifying storage equipment and pipeline systems and determining dike conditions.
Stereoscopic analysis of baseline Imagery was used to estimate the height of tanks and
dikes, drainage patterns and the area of openly stored waste products. The multlband
Imagery was obtained by combining each of nine filters with each of three different
black-and-white films. Spectral contrast Image enhancement was accomplished by either
suppressing or transmitting the target reflected radiation through proper film/filter
selections. Spills, effluents and waste areas were hence Identified on the multiband
Imagery, normal and false color Imagery was evaluated vlth the multlband Imagery to
determine the best film/filter combinations for the areas of Interest. Finally, the
personnel, equipment and procedures required to Implement an aerial surveillance spill
prevention system were determined.
INDEX TERMS: Remote sensing. Industrial wastes, Oil wastes, Waste disposal, Thermal
pollution, Powerplants, Steel mills, Refineries, Titanium plants, Asphalt,
Gasoline, Fly ash, Process water, Lime sludge, Sulfurlc acid, Coal, Cement plants.
AKIC-7W3
"EXISTING AUTOMATIC*, CONTROL AMD INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS YOU METROPOLITAN WATER
FACILITIES", Poertner, H. 0., Colorado State University, Department of Civil -
Engineering, Fort Collins, Colorado. Tecluilcal Report Ho. 1, Contract Bo.
DX-lA-31-0001-3ltlO, January 1972, :'»9 PP. NTIS Report No. PB 21U-266.
A survey was made of existing and planned applications of instrumentation in
water and wastevater systems of selected urban and metropolitan areas of the United
States. The basic goal was to make available Information concerning Instrumentation
and automation that would be useful to decision-makers in providing and operating such
system*. Summaries are Included on specific applications of monitoring, data logging
and analysis, data processing and reduction, conventional supervisory control,
automation, and computer control of operations. The various systems reported upon are
water supply, water treatment, wutewater and stormwater collection, wastevater
treatment and disposal, water quality monitoring, and hydrologlc data collection.
INDEX TERMS: Instrumentation, Automation, Electronic equipment, ftydrologlc data,
Control systems, Data collections, Data transmission, Methodology, Water quality,
Monitoring, Distribution systems, Cities, Surveys.
AMIC-7U56
"THROUGH THE MINI MAZE", Folts, J., Automation, Vol. 20, No. 2, February 1973,
pp W*-U8.
A discussion is presented which represents an effort to give those
researchers Interested In using minicomputers some idea of the real costs of mini
systems and the hidden pitfalls of minicomputer application. The applications
considered are those in which (1) no changes are made in the mini system without
first taking It off-line; (2) multifunctional tasks are considered and the application
programs are altered or replaced while the system Is still on-line; and (3) multi-
functional tasks Involve Incorporating on-line Interaction with terminals and the ability
to change application programs while simultaneously performing background computations.
Extensive record-keeping and stmnary report generation Is also Involved. Three classes
of machines that will provide the 'computer horsepower1 to perform the above tasks are
described and assessed on the basis of costs and performance. In addition, the pitfalls
of system design are discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Data collections, Real costs, Monitoring, Data processing. Equipment, Water
pollution, Automatic control, Design criteria. Industrial production, Minicomputers,
Performance evaluation.
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AMIC-7<»59
"DETECTORS FOH MEASUREMENT OP WATER POLLUTION", Process Biochemistry, Vol. 8, Ho.
March 1973, PP 31-33. *'
3,
A symposium on this subject was held in January at the Electronics Division of
the institution of Electrical Engineers, papers presented by representatives from
Instrument companies, the Water Resources Board, the Department of the Environment, the
Water Research Association and River Authorities covered the following topics or areas
of Interest: (1) 'improvements to the Organic Cartonlc Monitor1, (2) 'Recent
Developments in Sensors and Systems for Monitoring Water Quality', (3) 'The Application
of Oaa permeable and Selective Ion Electrodes to Continuous Water Quality Monitoring1,
CO 'The Uoe of an Annonla-Sensltlve Membrane Electrode', (5) 'Application of
Atmospheric Turbidity Monitoring Techniques to Water Turbidity Monitoring*, (6) 'Automa-
tic Monitoring of River Water Quality', (7) 'Some Operational Problems Associated vlth
River Water Quality Monitors', (8) 'Practical Experiences In River Water Quality
Monitoring'.
INDEX TEEMS: Measurement, Water pollution, Monitoring, Instrumentation, Methodology,
Automatic control, Pollutant Identification, Detectors, sensors, Ion selective
electrodes, Membrane electrodes.
AMIC-7W>U
"FOCUS OH A/D AND D/A CONVERTERS", Kaye, D. N., Electronic Design, Vol. 21, Bo. 1,
January U, 1973, pp 56-65. f~
Analog-to-digltal and dlgltal-to-analog converters are discussed In reference
to their circuitry, modes of operation, and other specifications. The vast majority of
d/a converters on the market today use two basic circuits: the welght.reslstor network
and the R-2R configuration. These two types are most conveniently described for the
case of a voltage-output d/a--that is, the case where a digital input yields a discrete
voltage level at the output. As with d/a converters, the vast majority of a/d converters
on the market comprise two basic types; the dual-slope integration a/d converter and the
successive approximation a/d converter. Each takes a voltage Input and puts out a
digital code proportional to the Input voltage. A/d specifications are similar to d/a
specifications, a main difference being the output of a series of digital codes by an
a/d converter. Manufacturers of converters of various specifications and costs are
listed.
INDEX TERMS: Automatic control, Specifications, Design data, Data collections, Electri-
cal equipment, Instrumentation, Design criteria, Analog-to.digltal converters,
Dlgltal-to-analog converters, Accuracy.
"DIDITAL-TO-AIALOO CONVERTER HAVING COMMON-MODE ISOLATION AMD DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT,
Hellwarth,
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