EPA-R4-73~023f Environmental Monitoring Series
August 1973
Reviews of Current Literature
on Analytical Methodology
and Quality Control
No. 19
Office of Research and Monitoring
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D. C. 20460
-------
NOTICE
This bulletin is prepared monthly by the staff of the Analytical
Methodology Information, Center (AMIC), Information Systems Department, Battelle,
Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, under EPA Contract No. 68-01-1832,
to inform personnel of the Analytical Quality Control Laboratory and other
segments of the National Analytical Methods Development Research Program of
recent publications on methodology. Personnel associated with the center are
Mr. Ralph Darby, Project Director, Mr. Robert Little, Project Leader, and
Miss Verm Holcman, Abstractor.
The 3" x 5" format of the citations and use of card stock is intended
to facilitate removal and filing of items of interest. Because of space limi-
tations, the index terms accompanying the citations are selected from a complete
list as representative of the important concepts presented in each article.
Comments and suggestions regarding the content of the "Reviews" or
requests from EPA personnel to be placed on the mailing list should be directed
to the Project Officer:
Mr. Luther Garrett
Data and Information Division
Office of Research and Development
Environmental Protection Agency
404 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20024
-------
REVIEWS OF CURRENT LITERATURE ON
ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL
No. 19
By
Analytical Methodology Information Center (AMIC)
Information Systems Department
Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201
Contract No. 68-01-1.832
Prepared for
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND MONITORING
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
-------
NATIONAL ANALYTICAL METHODS DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM
ANALYTICAL QUALITY CONTROL LABORATORY
REVIEWS OF CURRENT LITERATURE ON
ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL
No. 19 August 1973
Arrangement of the citations following the major research areas of the Analytical
Quality Control Laboratory and other segments of the National Analytical Methods
Development Research Program. Items which apply to more than one area are cross-
referenced.
CONTENTS
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS Page 1-21
Scope: Wet chemical methods; Nutrients; NTA; Trace metals; Helium glow;
Chromatography (thin layer, gas, liquid); Spectroscopy (atomic absorption;
flame emission, arc-spark, visible, UV, IR, fluorescent); Radiochemistry;
Automation of methods; Ion-specific and other probes; Mass spectrometry;
Mass spectra; NMR; Instrument-computer interface; Chlorinated hydrocarbons
(pesticides, PCB's, other); Trace organics; Petroleum processes (reforming,
hydroforming, platforming, catalysts); Petroleum additives; Reduced crudes;
Sulfur isotopes; Boiling range determination; Asphatenes and carboids;
Weathering; Organometallics; Elemental analysis; Paraffinic distribution;
Petroleum wastes; Water quality standards; Effluent monitoring.
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS Page 22-36
Scope; Plankton; Periphyton; Macrophyton; Macroinvertebrates; Fish;
Sample collection (grab samplers, artificial substrates); Sample
processing (preservation, staining, automatic and manual sorting and
counting); Organisms identification (taxonomic keys, optical and electron
microscopy, gas chromatography, electrophoresis, karyosystematics); Biomass
measurements (drying, freeze-drying, ashing, ATP, DNA, chlorophyll measure-
ment, calorimetry); Metabolic rates (primary productivity, respiration,
electron transport, nitrogen fixation); Culturing; Biomonitoring; Bioassay;
Bioaccumulation of hazardous materials; Community structure (indicator
organisms, species diversity, community stability); Mathematical models;
Statistical analysis.
-------
3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS Page 37-^6
Scope; Pollution indicators; Waterborne pathogens; Sampling; Detection;
Identification; Enumeration; Monitoring; Survival; Automation; Instrumenta-
tion; Cell counting; Selective and differential media; Growth factors;
Metabolic products; Membrane filter procedures; Microbiological standards;
Specific bacteriophage; Fluorescent antibody techniques; Radioactive
tracers; Antigen identification; Photomicroscopy; Optical measurements;
Data handling, presentation, and interpretation.
4. METHODS AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION Page Vf
Scope; Collaborative testing; Laboratory and analyst performance evaluation;
Inter- and intralaboratory quality control; Evaluation of laboratory equip-
ment; Statistical treatment of analytical data; Experimental design.
5. INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT Page U8-51
Scope: Intake systems (methods of sampling, connecting lines, wells, motors,
pumps, mode of operation); Sensors (electro-chemical, electro-biological,
thermodynamic, mechanical, optical, nuclear); Analyzers (analog and digital
amplifiers, output displays); Recording systems (telemetry, data logging,
digital data processors).
11
-------
1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-379U
"A STUDY OF NUTRIENT VARIATIONS IN THE SURFACE AND MIXED LAYER OF MONTEREY BAY USING
AUTOMATIC ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES", Paulson, G. 0., Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey,
California, Master's Thesis, September 1972, 151 pp. NTIS Report No. AD-75? 700.
Concentrations of silicate, phosphate, nitrate, and nitrite were determined In
Monterey Bay, California. Data were collected aboard ship during four cruises In
April and May, 1978 using the Technlcon (Trademark) AutoAnalyzer (Trademark) II System
in dual channel operation. The sensitivity, reproducibillty, and accuracy of this
system were investigated and the results presented. Nutrient concentrations were
presented as surface variations, depth variations, and vertical profiles. The large
variability of nutrient concentrations in the ocean area studied was discussed.
Upwelllng areas were investigated for nutrient concentrations, circulation patterns,
and variations In nutrient ratios. Planktonic bloom areas have been identified from the
low nutrient levels, low nutrient ratio values, and high chlorophyll correlationa.
Results indicate that silicate was the limiting nutrient to biological activity in the
waters studied. Assimilation ratios for biological activity were found to be 16.33
for N03:POU and l.lU for SiOUsPOU. Nutrient plateau regions were analyzed and sources
discussed. The major cause of nutrient concentration changes in the area (except
plankton blooms) as determined from nutrient ratio studies was found to be
circulation of the water masses.
INDEX TERMS: Surface waters. Automation, Variability, Sea water, Mlxolimnion, Nutrients,
Essential nutrients, Water circulation, Chemical analysis, Water analysis,
Methodology, Monterey Bay, Technicon Autoanalyzer II System, Shipboard measure-
ments, On board analysis, Reproducibility, Sensitivity, Accuracy, Error sources,
Data interpretation.
A MIC-7960
'VATER QUALITY STANDARDS CRITERIA DIGEST. A COMPILATION OF FEDERAL/STATE CRITERIA ON
WATER QUALITY SAMPLING AND-ANALYTICAL METHODS", Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D. C., EPA Report, August 1972, 31 PP.
This digest, compiled In order to provide general information to the
public as well as to Federal, State, and local officials, quotes those provisions of
State/Federal water quality standards which relate to water quality sampling and
analytical methods techniques and which stipulate the applicable stream flows.
INDEX TERMS; Water quality standards, Sampling, Analytical techniques, Bacteria,
Radioactivity, Biological properties, Bioassay, Sample preservation.
AMIC-7876
'VATER QUALITY STANDARDS CRITERIA DIGEST. A COMPILATION OF FEDERAL/STATE CRITERIA
OH MERCURY AKD HEAVY METALS", Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C.,
EPA Report, August 1972» 9 PP.
This digest, compiled In order to provide general information to the public
as wen aa to Federal, State, and local officials, contains excerpts from the
Individual Federal-State water quality standards establishing mercury and heavy metala
criteria for interstate waters. State adopted criteria are Included.
INDEX TERMS: Water quality standards, Mercury, Heavy metals.
AMIC-79U7
"CHEMICAL RESPONSE OF UTAH LAKE TO NUTRIENT INFLOW", Bradshaw, J. S., Sundrud, R. B.,
White, D. A., et al., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation. Vol. 1*5, No. 5, May
1973, PP 880-887.
Utah Lake, Provo, Utah, is a large shallow lake that receives the effluents
from nine wastewater treatment plants. Provo Bay, an eastern extension of Utah Lake,
receives much of the total volume of these effluents. A study was undertaken to
determine the effect of the added nutrients on the chemistry and biota of Utah Lake.
Established sites were sampled weekly during the summer months and periodically
during the winter using either a boat or snowmobile. On-slte measurements were made
for DO, carbon dioxide, pH, turbidity. Laboratory tests included those for BOD,
coliform density, phosphates, nitrates, ammonia, Ca, Mg, Na, K, chloride, bicarbonate,
and sulfftte. During the summer months, large chemical changes take place as the
water that enters with high concentrations of nutrients moves through Provo Bay.
These nutrients are effectively removed by the great algal bloom In the center of
Provo Bay. Part of the carbon needed for algal growth is supplied by the great imount
of bicarbonate in the Utah Lake water.
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis, Nutrients, Sewage effluents, Water pollution effects,
Inflow, Chemical analysis, Water chemistry, Physical properties. Chemical
properties, Laboratory tests, Waste water (pollution), On-slte tests, Utah
Lake, Provo Bay.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-7951
"DELAYED RECOVER* OF A MESOTROPHIC LAKE AFTER NUTRIENT DIVERSION", Emery, R. M.,
Moon, C. E., Welch, E. B., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation. Vol. 1*5, No. 5,
May 1973, PP 913-925.
Llmnologic conditions In Lake Samnamish (Washington) before an abrupt reduction
of nutrient income (by way of wastewater diversion) are compared to those present In
Lake Washington (Washington) before diversion. Lake Sammamlsh was relatively leas
enriched and eutrophied than was Lake Washington before diversion. The response of Lake
Washington to nutrient diversion was shown by Edmondson to be prompt and complete and
the estimated recovery time using the Vollenveider lake recovery model. Lake
Sammamlsh, with about the same estimated time for recovery, has shown no significant
amelioration since nutrients were diverted in September, 1§68. This lack of response
may be related to morphometric and hydrologic characteristics, but other
undetermined aspects of the lake and its treatment application may be preventing Lake
SammnmlBh from recovering as quickly as Lake Washington.
INDEX TERMS: Nutrients, Diversion, Waste water (pollution), Mesotrophy, Surface waters,
Lake Samraamlsh, Recovery, Data interpretation.
AMIC-7967
"SELECTIVE ELECTRODE MEASUREMENT OF AMMONIA IN WATER AND WASTES", Thomas, R. F.,
Booth, R. L., Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 6, June 1973,
pp 523-526.
The use of an ammonia selective electrode In the determination of ammonia In
surface waters, sewage samples, ind saline waters was investigated. The electrode
exhibited Nernstian behavior at a minimum concentration of 0.02 mg NH3-N/1 in distilled
water and 0.03 mg NH3-N/1 in actual samples. When the values obtained for river and
sewage samples were compared to those from the indophenol blue method on a Technicon
AutoAnalyzer, the results differed by an average of 1.2 percent and k.6 percent,
respectively. On river water samples, the known addition method was tested against
direct measurement (use of a calibration curve) and found to be acceptable. In
addition to being inexpensive, the ammonia electrode offered the advantages of minimal
sample and reagent preparation prior to analysis, wide concentration range, precision
and accuracy comparable to accepted methods, and speed (maximum of 5 min per sample).
INDEX TERMS: Ammonia, Water analysis, Pollutant identification, Surface waters, Sewage,
Saline water. Methodology, Chemical analysis, Wastes, Waste water (pollution),
Ammonia electrodes, Accuracy, Ion selective electrodes, Precision.
AMIC-8013
"SOLVENT CHARACTERIZATION BY GAS-LIQUID PARTITION COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED SOLUTES ,
Rohrschnelder, L., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. 1*5, No. 7, June 1973, PP 12M-12^7.
A method is given for the determination of gas-liquid partition coefficients
by gas chromatographic headspace analysis with two different columns. The partition
coefficients of n-octane, toluene, ethanol, methyl ethyl ketone, dloxane, and
nltromethane are specified for eighty solvents. The correlations of these data with
solvent polarity, solubility parameter, and the molecular volume of the solvents are
discussed. The measured data reference to the aromatics selectivity of extraction
solvents and the solubility for polymers in diverse solvents. (Reprinted from
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 7, June 1973, PP 12U1-12VT. Copyright 1973 ty the
American Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TEHMSJ Gas chronBtography, Solubility, Water, Partition coefficients, Organic
solvents, Molecular volume, Solvent polarity, Toluene, Ethanol, Methyl ethyl
ketone, Dioxane, Nltromethane.
AMIC-8ol*9
"EEIECTIOH OF NATURALLY FLUORESCENT PESTICIDES ON SILICA GEL LAYERS", Mallet, V.,
Surette, D., Brun, G. L., Journal of Chromatography, Vol. 79, May 16, 1973,
pp 217-222.
A number of fluorescent pesticides, namely, benomyl, coumntetralyl,
diphacinone, fuberidazole, propyl Isome and quinomethionate, have been investigated
on silica gel thin-layer chromatograms. The pesticides were prepared in solutions
of methylene chloride. For determination of detection limits, dilution series of
each pesticide were prepared In n-hexane from the original solutions. Fluorescence
spectra were measured and visual detection limits estimated. In most cases, as
little as a few nanograms could be detected. In addition, the effects of heat
treatment of the fluorescence were observed. The most pronounced effect is a large
bathochromlc shift of the fluorescence excitation and emission maxima.
INDEX TERM3: Fluorescence, Pesticides, Pollutant Identification, Detection limits,
Thin layer chromatography, Benomyl, Coumatetralyl, Diphacin, Fuberidazole,
Propyllsome, Quinomethionate.
-------
1, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-8055
"ISOTACHOPHOFESIS ON PAPER. PACT II. THE SEPARATION OF Ag(I), Tl(l), Hg2(2 plus)
AMD Pb(ll)", Taglia, V., Journal of Chromatography. Vol. 79, May 16, 1973, pp 380-382.
A Whatman No. 1 paper strip, sprayed with potassium chromate, was sandwiched
between two glass plates and a potential of ^00 V applied for Isotachophoretic
separation of silver, mereurous mercury, lead (II), and thallium (I). Nitric acid
was used is the leading electrolyte, and lithium nitrate as the terminating
electrolyte. This simple unbuffered system permits the concentration and separation
of both Ag( I) and Tl( I) and a complete separation of all four members of the silver
group.
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Lead, Mercury, Silver, Thallium, Isotachophoresis.
A MIC -8110
"DISPOSAL OF DREDGE SPOIL, PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT AND RESEARCH PROGRAM
DEVELOPMENT", Boyd, M. B., Caucler, R. T., Keeley, J. W., et al., U. S. Army Engineer
Waterways Experiment Station, Vlcksburg, Mississippi, Technical Report No. H-72-8,
November 1972, 138 pp. NTIS Report No. AD-757 599.
Considerable concern has developed as to the environmental impact of dredging
operations, with particular emphasis on open water disposal, especially that involving
spoil materials containing pollutants. As a partial solution to the problem, the Corps
of Engineers was authorized to conduct a four-phase comprehensive nationwide study of tin
environmental impact of current disposal operations, including research leading to new
or improved spoil disposal practices. This report contains the results of the first two
study phases, l,e., problem identification and assessment and research program
development. As a result of the assessment, it Is concluded that the nature and
magnitude of effects of dredging and spoil disposal of water quality and aquatic
organisms are quite poorly known and require extensive research. Since the consequences
of confined land disposal are similarly poorly known, considerable research is needed to
make this a viable disposal alternative. Research is needed to develop and implement
pollution criteria for use in disposal alternative decision making, as existing criteria
have major identifiable weaknesses in implementation procedures, scope, and application.
A broad-based research program is outlined and recommended to develop a wide choice of
technically satisfactory, environmentally comparable, and economically feasible disposal
alternatives to cover the wide variety of dredging and disposal operations and
environments. In addition to extensive research concerning the effects of dredging and
open water disposal on water quality and aquatic organisms, ways would be sought to
facilitate and improve the overall effectiveness and acceptability of land disposal.
AMIC-8110 (Continued)
Card Z/Z
Attention would also be devoted to modifying dredge plant equipment and operational
procedures to reduce environmental Impact, and to physical, chemical, and/or biological
spoil improvement methods, Major attention would be given to considering apoil as a
manageable resource, Including utilization for marsh creation, wildlife habitat
improvement or development, and beach nourishment. Completely new disposal concepts
would be considered along with utilization of spoil for productive uses such as landfill
and land enhancement. The recommended research program would cost about 30,000,000
dollars over a five-year period and would be accomplished by numerous groups and agencies
under the direction of a multidtsciplinary team.
INDEX TERMS: Disposal, Physical properties, Water pollution effects, Chemical analysis,
Environmental effects, Biological communities, Water quality, Dredge spoils,
Characterization.
AMIC-8118
"DETERMINATION OF ALUMINIUM BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTRCPHOToMETHY AFTER CHELATION
WITH OXINE AND EXTRACTION WITH METHYL ISOBUTYL KETGNE", Smith, B. H., Laboratory
Practice, Vol. 22, No. 2, February 1973, PP 100-108.
Solutions of aluminum were prepared from A12(204)3 (fflUt)2 :;cA.12H20 made
up in HC1. Aliquots containing 0 to 100 micrograms of Al were prepared by dilution
with distilled water to give concentrations of 2 to 20 ppm Al. The simples were
prepared for AA analysis by chelatlon of the Al with oxine and extraction with
methyl isobutyl ketone. The chelation step had the effect of concentrating the
Al, thereby extending the range of usefulness of the method, and eliminating a number
of interferences. A N20/C2H2 flame was used in the AA analysis with absorption
measured at 3092.7 angstroms. The sensitivity of the method was approximately
0.3 ppm Al per 1 percent absorption with a detection limit of approximately 0.2 ppm.
Precision ranged from 3-20 percent depending on concentration of Al. Interferences
and methods for eliminating them were studied by adding Fe(III), oxalate, fluoride,
citrate, pyrophosphate, and orthophosphate.
INDEX TERMS: Aqueous solutions. Aluminum, Separation techniques, Chelatlon, Atomic
absorption spectrophotometry, Sample preparation, Chemical interference,
Sensitivity, Precision, Detection limits.
3
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-8127
"A METHOD FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF BRAUCHED-CHAIN PARAFFINS BY CALCULATION OF
THEIR RETENTION INDEX VALUES ON THE BASIS OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES", Castello, G., Lunardelli, M., Berg, M., Journal of Chromatography,
Vol. 76, February 7, 1973, PP 31 -M.
The retention times of branched-chain paraffins were shown to depend on their
physical properties, especially molecular volume, when non-polar phases were used for
their separation. As the molecular volume depends strongly on structure, the calculation
of additive terms, which are characteristic of every structural group in a molecule, can
permit the theoretical calculation of the retention indices of any branched isomer. The
additive terms can be calculated both by solving a system of equations and by comparison
of the retention Indices of selected compounds. The general application of the method
to retention data taken from the literature is also possible.
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Gas Chromatography, Physical properties, Paraffins,
Retention indices.
AMIC-8186
"SIMPLE ARRANGEMENT FOR THE DKTKCTION OF SULPHUR IN GAS-CHROMATOGRAFHIC ELUATES",
Blasius, E., Lohde, H., Zeitschrlft fur Analytische Chemle, Vol. 261*, No. 1*, l*.y 7,
1973, PP 286-289.
The described apparatus for the detection of sulphur Is gas-chromatographlc
eluates is based on the hydrogenation of compounds of sulphur to H2S and its detection
with a thin-layer plate containing Fb (CH3COO)2. The PbE zones obtained can be
evaluated optically, too, by measurement of the degree of remission. The limit of
detection is 5 ng of sulphur (as CS2). oixteen sulphur compounds can be detected in the
pyrograms of a strong acid cation-exchanger. (In German)
INDEX TERMS: Gas chromatography, Sulfur, Detection limits.
AKtC-8216
"GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN THE CORTARO AREA NORTHWEST OF TUCSON, ARIZONA", Water Resources
Bulletin, Vol. 9, No. 3, June 1973, PP 598-606.
The Cortaro Area Is currently the depository for much of the liquid waste
from the City of Tucson. In the past, more than one-half of the sewage effluent was
used for crop Irrigation. However, since 1970 virtually all of the sewage effluent
has been percolated in the normally dry Santa Cruz River channel. Nitrate and chloride
contents were monitored monthly in water samples from about 20 large-capacity irrigation
wells. Contents and seasonal trends for these constituents were closely related to the
disposal of sewage effluent. Water quality problems other than nitrate Include total
dissolved solids, boron, coliform, and lead. High lead contents in the area appear to
be a natural phenomenon and the coliform contents are likely related to poor well
construction. The other quality problems are primarily due to savage effluent.
INDEX TERM3: Water quality, Waste disposal, Groundwater, Percolation, Nitrates,
Chlorides, Dissolved solids. Conforms, Lead, Boron.
AMC-8226
"THE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF PALLADIUM WITH M (5-CHLORO-2-PYRIDYL)AZO )-
1,3-DIAMZNOBENZENE", Shibata, S., Ishiguro, Y., Np.kashima, R., Analytlca Chlmlci A eta,
Vol. 61+, No. 2, April 1973, PP 305-309.
Using M(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)azo)-l,3-diaminobenzene (5-Cl-PADAflj as the
reagent, microgram amounts of palladium can be determined by spectrophotometry. The
recommended procedure is as follows. To a 25-ml volumetric flask, transfer K suitable
aliquot of acidic sample solution containing up to 25 micrograras of palladium, and
add 0.5 ml of ethanolic 0.08 percent reagent solution. Then add 5 ml of (l plus 1)
hydrochloric acid solution, dilute to volume and mix well. Measure the absorbance of
the palladium complex produced at 572 nm against a reagent blank. Obtain the
concentration of palladium from a standard calibration curve obtained under identical
condition. The calibration curve proved to be linear up to 1 ppm Pd. Interference
tests showed that Al, Be, Bi, Cd, rare earths, Mg, Ca, Mn, Pb, Th, Ti, U, Zn, Zr in 5 mg
amounts, V, W, Ni, Cr, In 1-2 rag amounts, and 0.5 rag of Co did not Interfere. Five-fold
amounts of iron(lll) and two-fold amounts of copper did not Interfere. Interference
was caused only by chromiuni(VI). Common anions such as chloride, nitrate, acetate,
sulfate and perchlorate did not interfere. Strong oxidizing agents interfered.
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis, Spectrophotometry, Aqueous solutions, Palladium, Sample
preparation, Sensitivity, Chemical interference.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AM1C-82U4
"ATOMIC ABSORPTION AND FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY WITH A CAHBOH FILAMENT ATOM
RESERVOIR. PART XIII. THE DETERMINATION OF CHROMIUM WITH A FULLY ENCLOSED ATOM
RESERVOIR", Jackson, K. W., West, T. S., Balchin, L., Analytlca Chlmlca Acts,
Vol 6k, No. 3, May 1973, pp 363-369.
The detection and measurement of chromium by atomic absorption spectrometry
with a carbon filament atom reservoir is described. At a wavelength of 357.9 nra, a
carbon filament atom reservoir is described. At a wavelength of 357.9 nm, a
sensitivity (1 percent absorption) of 9-2 X 10 to the minus 12 power g was obtained.
The detection limit was 10 to the minus 11 power g; in terms of concentration this is
similar to that normally detectable in a flame. Tests were conducted to investigate
the interferenceresultlng from the presence of various levels of Sr, Fe(lII),
Co(ll), Cu(ll), Ca, Ba, Al, Sn(ll), Sb, RB, Tl(lV), Pb, Mn(ll), Zn, Hg(ll), andV(V).
INDEX TERMS: Chromium, Chemical interference, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry,
Sensitivity.
AMIC-82l*6
"THE FLUORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF MERCURY", Holzbecher, J., Ryan, D. E., Analytica
Chimica Acta. Vol 6k, No. 3, May 1973, pp 333-336.
A description is'given of the use of thiamlne for the fluorometric ,
determination of mercury. Stock solutions for analysis were prepared from mercury(II)
chloride. The analytical procedure involved adding several milliliters of
approximately neutral unknown solution (10-500 ng Hg per ml) and thlamine reagent to
a borate buffer and making up to volume with twice-distilled water. It is important
that the resulting solution contain less than 0.02 M foreign salts. The fluorescence
intensity is measured at kkO nra after 1 hr or more; the excitation wavelength is 375 nm.
Mercury must be present in the divalent state since Hg(l) gives a fluorescent intensity
about half that of Hg{ll). Organomercury compounds can only be analyzed after
destruction of organic matter by acid digestion and conversion to inorganic Hg(ll).
Mercury(ll) was successfully determined in the presence of a 10,000-fold (molar)
amount of nickel(ll), cobalt(ll) or zinc(ll); a 1000-fold amount of copper(II),
cadmium(ll), manganese(ll) or aluminum( III); or a 100-fold amount of iron(ll) or
iron(lll). Similarly, 100,000-fold amounts of the sodium or potassium salts of acetate,
chloride, citrate, sulfate or tartrate did not interfere. A 10,000-fold amount of
fluoride, nitrate, perchlorate or phosphate, and a 1000-fold amount of bromide and
thiocyanate could be tolerated; the fluorescence was quenched by equivalent amounts
of cyanide, iodide, sulphide or EDTA. Top water samples spiked with mercury(II)
chloride were analyzed by this procedure with a relative error of determination of less
than 5 percent.
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis, Mercury, Fluorometry, Sample preparation, Precision,
Chemical Interference, Detection limits.
AMIC-8267
"PHOTOLYSIS OF ETHYLEHETHIOUREA", Ross, R. D., Crosby,'D. G., Journal of Agricultural
and Food Chemistry. Vol. 81, Bo. 3, May/June 1973, PP 335-337.
Ethylenethiourea (ETU) occurs as an in5>urity in and as an alteration product
of technical ethylene bisdithiocarbaroate fungicides. Its solubility in water suggests
that .it may occur as a contaminant in agricultural runoff. Therefore studies were
conducted on the photodecomposition of ETU by preparing solutions with agricultural
drainage or deionized water for exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet light. Decomposition
products were isolated and identified by rotating vacuum evaporator and subjecting them
to thin-layer chromatography. Separated compounds were detected by UV absorption. ETU
was determined by evaporating samples, redlssolving in methanol, and measuring absorbance
at 239 nm. The results showed that ETU in aqueous solution (0.5-50 ppm) was stable to
sunlight. However, in the presence of dissolved oxygen and sensitizers such as aceton*
or riboflavin, it was rapidly photooxidlzed via ethyleneurea and glycine sulfate. ETU
decomposition also occurred in boiled samples of agricultural drainage waters in sunlight
but not in the dark, indicating that natural photosensitizers may play an important part
in the environmental transformations of xenobiotics.
IKDEX TERMS: Absorption, Aqueous solutions, Water analysis. Solar radiation,
Ultraviolet radiation, Ethylenethiourea, Photodecoraposition, Gample preparation.
AMIC-6268
"DETERMINATION OF BENOMfL RESIDUES IN SOILS AND PLANT TISSUES BY HIGH-SPEED
CATIOM EXCHANGE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY", Kirkland, J. J., Holt, B. F., Pease, H. L.,
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 21, No. 3, May/June 1973,
PP 360-371.
Benomyl (methyl l-(butylcarbatnoyl)-2-benzimldazolecarbamFite) residues in
soils and plant tissues may be determined by procedures using high-speed cation
exchange liquid chromatography (ic). The method for soils Is based on an acidic
methanol extraction of the residues, which converts residual "benomyl to MBC (methyl
2-benzimidazolecarbamate). After a liquid-liquid partitioning cleanup, the total
benomyl and/or MBC residues are measured as MBC by high-speed liquid chroma tography.
Any 2-AB (2-aminobenzlmldazole) present in the original sample Is also extracted nnd
simultaneously dtermined as a aeparate Ic peak. Recoveries of benomyl, MBC, and
2-AB from various types of soils average 92, 88, and 71 percent, respectively. The
lower limit of sensitivity of the method Is 0.05 ppm for each of these components. The
method for plant tissues is based on ethyl acetate extraction of the residue followed
by liquid-liquid partitioning cleanup and liquid chromatogrmphic measurement.
Recoveries and limit of sensitivity of this method for plant tissues were essentially
that found for soils.
INDEX TERMS: Soil analysis, Plant tissues, Soils, Pesticide residues, Benonyl,
Liquid chromatography, Sample preparation, Biological samples.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-8287
"A PROBE FOR SAMPLING MIRE WATERS FOR CHEMICAL AND GAS ANALYSIS", Summerfield, R. J.,
Plant and Soil. Vol. 38, No. 2, April 1973, PP 369-^72.
In order to carry out accurate analysis of the oxygen dissolved in mire waters
a method was devised for withdrawing water samples, relatively free from particulate
matter, without contamination by atmospheric oxygen. A probe is introduced into the
substrate, i few minutes are allowed for the collection chamber to become filled with
mire water, and the sample is pumped out Into a collecting bottle for analysis. The
depth of Insertion of the probe may be altered, samples may therefore be collected from
different rooting zones for chemical or dissolved gas analysis. The construction and
operation of the probe are described.
INDEX TERMS: Water sampling, Methodology, Mechanical equipment. Chemical analysis,
Dissolved oxygen, Construction, Operation and Maintenance, On-aite investigations,
Water analysis, Gases, Mire waters, Reliability.
AMIC-8291*
"ANTICATALYTIC MICRODETERMINATION OF MERCURY USING CERIUM-ARSENIOE REACTION", Ke, P. J.,
Thibert, R. J., Mlkroehlmica Acts, No. 1, 1973, PP 15-2I4-.
An anticatalytic kinetic method, based on the decreased rate of the
reaction between Ce(lV) and As(lll), was developed for the determination of mercury.
The change in reaction rate due to inhibition by mercury was measured
spectrophotometrlcally at 275 nm. The presence of the following ions in the reaction
mixture (10 ml) did not interfere at a level of 0.1 mg: Na, K, ammonium, Ba, Mg,
chloride, nitrate, sulfate, cyanide, and bicarbonate. Cu, Cr and bromide which
catalyze the reaction between Ce and arsenite, yielded 10-15 percent negative error
at 0.1-microgram level, and Ag gave serious interference. An increase of 10-15
percent recovery of Kg was observed with more than 50 micrograms of Ni(ll), Co(ll),
Fe(III), and Zn(ll). The As( III)/Ce(lV) reaction is extremely sensitive to iodide
tons, and even with only 5 ng of iodide present in the reaction system, an error of
50 percent in the determination was observed for a sample containing 0.1 microgram of
mercury. Amounts of mercury in the range 0.0k - 0.20 microgram were determined with
an overall error of less than 5 percent at a reaction time of 25 minutes.
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, Pollutant identification, Chemical reactions. Aqueous solutions,
Cerium-arsenite reaction, Anticatalytic kinetic method, Errors, Chemical recovery,
Precision, Accuracy, Reliability, Reproducibility, Detection limits.
AHtC-8295
"APPLICATION OF OXIME IN THE POLAROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF ORGAHOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS.
MICRODETERMINATION OF CADMIUM, MAGNESIUM, ZINC, MANGANESE, AND COBALT", Bishara,
S. W., Mikrochlmica Acta, No. 1, 1973, PP 25-32.
A procedure for the microdeterminatlon of Cd, Mg, Zn, Mn, and Co in
organometallic compounds is presented. After closed-flask combustion, the metal-oxlne
complex is precipitated from an ammonia-ammonium chloride buffered medium of pH 10. At
this pH value oxine gives a well-defined polarographic wave. The wave height of an
excessive volume of oxine is measured before and after it has been used to precipitate
a known weight of the organomentallic compound. The method is simple and rapid; one
determination consumes 25 minutes. The average percent error amounts to plus or minus
0.53.
INDEX TERMS: Cadmium, Magnesium, Zinc, Manganese, Cobalt, Polarographic analysis,
Heavy metals, Chemical analysis, Alkaline earth metals, Hydrogen ion concentration.
Chemical reactions, Chemical precipitation, Organometallics, Oxine, Accuracy,
Errors.
AMIC-8299
"MICROAHALYSIS WITH THE AID OF ION EXCHANGE RESINS. XXVI. DETECTION OF SMALL
QUANTITIES OF COPPER (II) WITH BATHOCUPROINE DISULFONATE", Tnkahashi, T., Imamura,
T., Fujimoto, M., Mikrochimiea Aeta, No. 1, 1973, PP 69-76.
A new resin spot test with bathocuproine disulfonate for the specific
detection of ng amounts of copper (II) is described. Using 1 grain of white strongly
basic popcorn-resin, Diaion PA 3-series, the identification limit for copper is 10.k ng
in 10 mlcroliters solution (l : 1,000,000). {In German)
INDEX 1ERMS: Pollutant identification, Copper, Ion exchange, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel,
Zinc, Molybdenum, Bromides, Nitrates, Chemical analysis, Ion exchange resins,
Detection limits, Trace levels, Ionic interference, Tungsten, Bathocuproine
disulfonate.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-8300
"SEPARATION OF bCLYBDENUM FROM TUNGSTEN, VANADIUM, IRON, URANIUM AND SEVERAL OTHER
INTERFERING ELEMENTS BY EXTRACTION OF ITS THIOSULTHATO COMPLEX", Yatirajam, V.,
R«un, J., Mlkrochimica Aeta. Ko. 1, 1973, PP 77-86.
A sample solution containing 0.8 mg or less Mo/ml, 1.5 N HC1 and 32 mg
Na2S203.5H20/ml, is shaken with methyl isobutyl ketone at about 10 degrees. Molybdenum
is stripped off the solvent with ammonia-hydrogen peroxide solution and is determined
after the filtration of any Insoluble hydroxides and decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
and any polythionates. The procedure separates microgram to mg of molybdenum from large
amounts of Ti(lV), V(V), Cr(Vl), Mn(ll), Fe(lII), Co(ll), Nl(ll), W(VI), Zr(lV), Ce(lV),
U(VI), Bi(V), Sb(III) and Al(lII) in a wide variety of samples.
IHDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Molybdenum, Solvent extractions, Methodology,
Pollutant identification, Heavy metals, Iron, Titanium, Chromium, Manganese,
Cobalt, Nickel, Aluminum, Chemical reactions, Color reactions, Metal complexes,
Metal-thiosulphato complexes, Vanadium, Tungsten, Zirconium, Cerium, Uranium,
Bismuth, Antimony, Chemical interference.
AMIC-8307
"MICRO AND SEMIMICRO DETERMINATION OF ARSENATE USING ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODES",
Selig, W., Mlkrochimlea Aeta. No. 3, 1973, pp 3^9-359.
An indirect method for the microestimation of 0.75 to 15 ppm (0.01-0.2 mM)
of As(V) has been described: Arsenate is precipitated with lanthanum nitrate at a
pH of 8.65. The excess of lanthanum is titrated with standard fluoride, using a
fluoride ion-selective electrode. Equivalence points are located on volume-corrected
Gran's plot paper. This method can also be used to estimate the sum of arsenate and
phosphate. For larger amounts of arsenate and for increased precision and accuracy,
potentiometric titration with lead perchlorate, using a lead ion-selective electrode,
Is recommended. Other possibilities for determining arsenate and a method for
estimating tungstate are suggested.
INDEX TERMS: Methodology, Pollutant identification, Ion selective electrodes,
Arsenates.
AMIC-8309
"SFECTHDPHOTOMSTRIC DETERMHtATIOH OF CALCIUM", Prokopov, T. S., Mlkxochimica
Acta, Bo. 3, 1973, PP ^29-1^.
A method was developed for determining calcium by a direct colorimetrie
method using sodium rhodizonate as a reagent. Standard solutions ranging from 2-200
ppm Ca(II) were prepared using calcium nitrate. The analytical procedure involved
placing 1 ml of sample in a test tube, rendering it basic (pH 12) with sodium hydroxide,
and adding 3 ml of 25 ppm rhodizonate solution. After shaking the samples were
transferred to cuvets for measurement of absorbance at 570 nm. The procedure is not
laborious, eliminates interfering ions, and is convenient to use.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical interference, Calcium, Aqueous solutions, Colorlmetry.
AMIC-8317
"AH ELECTROCHEMICAL METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHATE IN NATURAL WAfER ,
Cox, J. A., Lundquist, G. L., Southern Illinois University, Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Carbondale, Illinois, WRC Research Report No. 61, Contract No.
lU-31-0001-3013, November 1972, 55 pp. NTIS Report No. PB-21U U86.
CathodJc Stripping Chronopotentiometr-y has been found to be analytically
comparable to the spectrophotometric method for the determination of phosphate In
natural water samples. Both methods have detection limits on the order of 10 ppb, and
while the spectrophotometric method has greater reproducibllity when laboratory
standards are determined, the data scatter and average results observed on natural
samples are nearly identical. The technique is based upon the reversible oxidation of
a metallic indicator electrode to an insoluble phosphate salt film, "hen copper is used
as the indicator electrode, the detection limit is 10 ppb. Control of the pH at 6.0
and removal of oxygen from the solution eliminates anticipated interferences in natural
water samples. The major drawback of the method is that under the electrolysis
conditions employed, salt of mixed stoichiometry is deposited which subsequently results
in two separate stripping steps. When mercury is the indicator electrode, the system
approaches true Nernstian behavior. An observed interference of chloride ion has, to
the present, limited application of the electrode to solutions containing phosphate in
excess of 50 ppb.
INDEX TERMS: Phosphates, Chemical analysis, Water analysis, Electrochemistry,
Methodology, Pollutant identification, Chemical reactions, Ions, Chlorides,
Nutrients, Natural waters, Cathodic stripping chronopotentiometry, Cyclic
chronopotentiometry.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-8319
"TRACE METALS IN CORES FROM THE GREAT MARSH, LEWES, DELAWARE", Strom, R. N., BriggB, -
R. B., University of Delaware, College of Marine Studies, Newark, Delaware, Report
Nos. CMS % GL-105, DEL-SG-12-72, and NOAA 73010803, Decanter 1972, 35 pp. HTIS Report
No. COM-73 10206.
The purpose of this study was to determine the areal and vertical changes in
trace metal concentration in sediments deposited prior to the industrialization of
the Delaware Bay watershed. Four 12-foot and one 18-foot core were taken by driving
lengths of 2-1/2 inch plastic pipe into various locations of the Great Marsh near
Lewes, Delaware. After extraction, the pipes were cut into 2-foot sections and a
6-inch sample extruded for analysis. Remaining portions were described by visual
analysis (color, consistency). Extruded portions were tested for Eh and sieved
to separate portions greater and less than 63 microns. These were decanted, dried,
powdered, extracted with HC1, and analyzed for Zn, Cu, Cr, Fe, Pb, and Cd by atomic
absorption spectrophotometry. The levels of Pb and Cd were below the detection limit
of the method used, i.e., less than 1 ppm. Zn, Cu, and Cr contents ranged from
10-200 ppm; Fe ranged from 1-3 percent of dry sample weight. There was very little
areal or vertical variation in the metals studied. There was little difference in
concentration of metals between the smaller fraction (primarily inorganic) or the
larger fraction (primarily organic). Zinc showed a slight increase with depth, and
iron appeared to be more abundant in the inorganic fraction.
INDEX TERMS: Distribution patterns, Zinc, Copper, Chromium, Iron, Marshes, Sample
preparation, Delaware Bay.
AMIC-8323
"1972 RESULTS OF THE CONTINUED INTERCOMPARISONS OF METHODS FOR ANALYSES OF CESIUM,
COBALT, SILVER AND OTHER RADIONUCLIDES SPONSORED BY IAEA. PART II: ANALYSIS OF DRIED
SEAWEED SAMPLES COLLECTED BY BRITISH FISHERIES RADIOBIOLCGICAL LABORATORY", Folsom, T.
R., Hodge, V. ?., Wong, K. M., University of California, San Diego, Soledad
Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, La Jolla, California, Report No. TID-26206,
Contract No. AT (oU-3)-3U, May 31, 1972, 3 pp.
Seaweed samples were analyzed by two-dimensional gamma spectrometry and by one
dimensional analyses for Cs-13U, Cs-137, Co-6o, and Ag-lio m. The results (in
picocuries/gram dried seaweed) for three samples were 71.U-73.5 Cs-137; 10.2-10.8
Ca-I3k; 1.96-2.17 Co-60; and 0.1.17 Ag 110 m.
INDEX TERMS: Pollutant identification, Radioactivity techniques, Radioisotopes,
Marine plants, Cs-131*, Cs-13', Co-60, Ag-llOm.
AMIC-6328
"LABORATORY EVALUATION OF RESIDUES MAINTAINED IN WATER TREATED WITH POLYETHYLENE
FORMULATIONS OF CKLORPYRIFOS", Lawson, M. A., U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency,
Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland, Report No. USAEHA-lOt-013-72/73, December 1971-April 1972,
Ik pp. NTIS Report No. AD-755 517.
Laboratory evaluations were conducted for 16 weeks to compare, under static
conditions, residue levels maintained in water treated with three chlorinated
polyethylene pellet formulations of chlorpyrifos (0,0-diethyl
0-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate). All pellets were cylindrical in shape
and had a specific gravity greater than 1.0. Each formulation was evaluated at dosages
of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 ppm in one gallon glass Jars containing three liters of distilled
water. Treatments and controls were replicated three times. Water samples were removed
from the Jars weekly, partitioned with hexane, and subjected to electron capture gas
chromatographic analysis to determine ehlorpyrifos residues. Data were subjected to
three way analysis of variance to determine effects of formulation, dosage, week after
treatment, and the interactions thereof, on residues maintained in the water. Peak
residue levels occurred within seven to ten weeks after treatment for all formulations
at each dosage. A gradually decreasing trend in residues began after ten weeks for all
formulations. Higher dosages resulted in significantly higher residue levels during
each week of the study. There were no significant differences among the three
formulations in the amount of residues maintained in the water during the 16 week test.
INDEX TERMS: Pesticide residues, Waiter analysis, Separation techniues, Chlorpyrifos,
Electron capture gas chroraatography, Persistence.
AMIC-8337
"CYCLING AND CONTROL OF METALS", Curry, M. G., Gigliotti, G. M., Breldenbach, A. W.,
et al., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Environmental Research Center,
Report No. NERC-C-CP-73-1, February 1973, 195 pp. NTIS Report No. PB-916 l8U.
This volume Is based on a conference held October 31 through November 2,
1972, in Columbus, Ohio, Each of the five sessions of the conference was designed
to bring together knowledge and thinking in areas bearing on the problem of metals
and their relationship to the environment. The conference was sponsored by the U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency's National Environmental Research Center, Cincinnati,
National Science Foundation, and the Columbus Laboratories of Batelle Memorial Institute
Papers presented and their authors and facilities are as follows: 'Metals: Parts and
the Whole1, A. W. Breldenbach, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency; 'Natural Sources
of Some Trace Elements in the Environment', M. Fleischer, U. S. Geological Survey;
"The Lead Industry as a Source of Trace Metals in the Environment1, B. G. Wixson, E.
Bolter, N, L, Gale, J. C. Jennett, and K, Purushotnaman, University of Missouri;
'Sources of Trace Metals From Highly Urbanized Southern California to the Adjacent-
Marine Ecosystem', D. R. Young, C-S. Young, and G. E. Hlavka, Southern California
Coastal Water Research Project; 'Overview of Effects of Trace Metals', H. A. Laltinen,
University of Illinois; 'Physical Transport of Trace Metals in the Lake Washington
Watershed', R. S. Barnes and W. R. Schell, University of Washington; 'Biological
Uptake and Distribution of Lead in Animals', J. Abdelnour, University of Illinois;
'Effects and Development of Criteria and the Establishment of Standards', H. Wiser,
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency; 'Effects and Establishment of Criteria',
T. E. Larson, Illinois State Water Survey; 'Human Studies Laboratory1, G. J. Love, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency; 'Significant Effect of Pollutants', J. F. Cole,
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AKLC-8337 (Continued)
Card 2/2
International Lead Zinc Research Organization, Inc.; 'Statement on Establishment of
Criteria for Metals in Foods', C. F. Jelinek, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare; 'Blomedical Research in Support of Criteria and Standards', D. H. K. Lee, U. S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; "Trace Metals in Effluents From
Metallurgical Operations', J. B. Hal-Lowell, R. H. Cherry, Jr., and G. R. Smithson, Jr.,
Battalia's Columbus Laboratories; 'Pollution Abatement in the Metal Finishing Industry1,
J. Ciancia, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency; 'Control and Prevention of Mine
Drainage', K. D. Hill, U. S, Environmental Protection Agency; "Control of Particulate
Lead Emissions From Automobiles', E. N. Cantwell, E. S. Jacobs, W. G. Kunz, Jr., and
V. E. Liberi, E. I. duPont deNemours and Company; 'Trace Element Emissions From the
Combustion of Fossil Fuels', J. R. Fancher, Commonwealth Edison Company; 'Monitoring
for Trace Metals in the Atmospheric Environment: Problems and Needs', P. R. Harrison,
Department of Environmental Control; "Monitoring for Trace Metals-Water Environment1,
D. G. Ballinger, U. E. National Environmental Research Center; 'Monitoring of Solid
Wastes', E. A. Glysson, University of Michigan; 'Monitoring for Trace Metals in Food1,
E. 0. Haennl, U. E. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; 'Dimensions of
Monitoring', R. P. Ouellette and J. W. Overbey II, The MITRE Corporation; 'Economic
and Legal Aspects', G. Strasser, Battelle's Columbus Laboratories; 'The Social Implica-
tion, of Controls', P. Mickey, Concern, Inc.; 'How Much Recycling is Enough?', T. Page,
Resources for the Future, Inc.; 'Law and Trace Metals', E. F. Murphy, Ohio State
University.
INDEX TERMS: Heavy metals, Public health, Toxlcity, Water pollution sources, Industrial
wastes, Muncipal wastes. Cooling water, Brine disposal, Foods. Oil, Analytical
techniques, Transport, Smelting, Metal finishing, Dredge spoil.
AMIC-83>tl
CHEMISTRY OF MARINE HATURAL PRODUCTS, Scheuer, P. J., Academic Press, New York, N.Y.,
1973, 201 pp.
This publication Is concerned with the naturally occurring organic compounds
in the sea. Major emphasis has been placed on structural organic chemistry.
INDEX TERMS: Organic compounds, Chemistry, Nitrogen compounds, Marine algae, Marine
animals, Marine bacteria, Sea water, Isoprenoids, Sterols, Benzenoids, Aliphatic
hydrocarbons, Marine environment, Natural organics, Chemical structure.
AMIC-831*3
"IECOMMENDED METHODS FOP WATER-DATA ACQUISITION", U. S. Geological Survey, Washington,
D. C., Preliminary Report, December 1972, Ul7 pp.
This report documents results of Interagency efforts (Agriculture,
Commerce, Defense, EPA, HUD, Interior, TVA, Transportation) during 1970-72 to
designate recornnended methods for acquisition of water data. The methods specified
were identified as the moat acceptable for acquisition of data on surface water;
ground water; fluvial sediments; biologic, bacteriologic, chemical, and physical
quality of water; and for automatic water-quality monitoring. Where available, details
are given for sampling procedures, storage of samples, precision, interferences, and
other appropriate data.
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis, Groundwater, Sediments, Suspended solids, Sediment trans-
port, Bioassay, Fish, Aquatic plants, Phytopl&nkton, Periphyton, Phaeophyta, Gas
chromatography, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Organosphosphorua pesticides,
Coliforms, Streptococcus, Phenols, Lignins, Surfactants, Sea water, Waste water
(pollution), Radioactivity, Acidity, Alkalinity, Bicarbonates, Specific conduc- -
tivlty, Oxidation-reduction potential, Metals, Hardness (water), Monitoring,
Brackish water, Tannins, Sample preservation.
"AN INVESTIGATION OF THE NITRATE PROBLEM IN RUNNELS COUNTY, TEXAS", Jones, D. C.,
Radian Corporation, Austin, Texas, Report Ho. EPA-R2-009, June 1973, 2lU pp.
This report describes the results of an Investigation of the nitrate
contamination of the groundwater in Runnels County, Texas. The Investigation had
several goals: (1) to determine the extent and severity of the nitrate contamination
of the groundwater, (2) to collect data regarding the geology, hydrology, soil ind water
Chemistry, and land use practices in the contaminated areas, (3) to determine the source
of the nitrate, (U) to develop a photographic technique to detect areas of nitrate
contamination, (5) to recommend remedies for the contamination problem, (6) to recommend
an ongoing monitoring program for the contaminated areas. These goals were achieved by
collecting and analyzing water and soil samples, collecting data on land use, measuring
the isotopic ratio of nitrogen in the nitrate to determine source, and studying Infrfired
reflectance of vegetation to locate areas of nitrate continlnation by aerial photography,
Samples of soil and water were collected in plastic bottles and stored up to 2 months.
Soil samples were collected to depths of ten feet with an air-rotary drilling rig, stored
in plastic bags, and frozen. Details of sample preparation for analysis of Isotopic
ratios are included. Water samples were analyzed for nitrate, chloride, sul-fate,
fluoride, bicarbonate, sodium, calcium, silicate, magnesium, pH, and total dissolved
solids. A few analyses were performed for nitrite, organic carbon and orthophosphate.
It was found that most well water contamination was due to naturally occurring nitrate.
However, all the very high nitrate contamination problems (greater than 1000 ppm) were
principally due to nitrate from barnyards. The nitrate sources were confirmed
utilizing the nitrogen isotope ratio technique. The nitrate contamination was caused by
a rising water table which intersected and dissolved nitrite deposits from the soil.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-83U5 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Nitrates, Water quality, Water analysis, Water pollution sources.
Radioactivity techniques, Aerial photography, Soil analysis, Texas, Groundvater,
Isotopic ratios.
A MIC -831*7
"PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF ORGANICS IN WATER", Ongerth, H. J., Spath, D. P.,
Crook, J., Greenberg, A. E., Journal American Water Works Association, Vol. 65,
No. 7, July 1973, PP 1*95-^98.
Interest in reuse of wastewaters for consumptive purposes necessitates
that their components and potential effects be Investigated. A literature survey
for information regarding characterization of waters for residual organlcs has shown
that very little is known about organic products in water. Even less IB known about
their effects, individually or in combination, on man. Review of studies that have
been conducted revealed that organic compounds are often very complex and difficult
to characterize. Toxic effects, especially long-term effects such as carcinogenlclty,
mutagenicity, and teratogeniclty are likewise difficult to determine because of
uncertainties in dosages which might occur under natural conditions and because of
possible synerglstic effects of contaminants. The authors conclude that much
Information will be needed before water can be reused for consumptive purposes.
INDEX TERMS: Water reuse, Public health, Toxlcity, Organic matter, Reviews, Water
analysis, Characterization.
AMIC-8359
"NITROGEN AMD PHOSPHORUS IN A STRETCH OF THE GUADALUPE RIVER, TEXAS, WITH FIVE
MAIN-STREAM IMPOUNDMSNTS", Hannan, H. H., Young, W. C., Mayhew, J. J., Hydrobiologls,
Vol. 1^3, No. 3, May 15, 1973, PP W9-WH..
Nitrogen and phosphorus were studied in a l68-km stretch of the Guadalupe
River that bad five main-stream impoundments. Flow through the study area was
controlled by releases from these five reservoirs and from Canyon Reservoir, a
deep-storage reservoir, located 30 km upstream. Parameters measured monthly on a
dlel basis at 16 stations were nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, anmonia nitrogen,
KJeldahl nitrogen, inorganic phosphate phosphorus, organic phosphate phosphorus, and
total phosphate phosphorus. Inorganic nitrogen concentrations observed in this stvidy
were as high or higher than that previously reported for other bodies of water.
Nitrate nitrogen, in general, reached seasonal minijna in summer and maxima in winter.
Nitrite nitrogen showed considerable variation with no meaningful pattern except that
higher concentrations occurred in association with high chlorophyll a and high
KJeldahl nitrogen, regions and periods of low river flow, and large phytoplanfcton
populations. There was no increase in concentration of any form of nitrogen in the
vicinity of sewage outfalls and no downstream accrual. Phosphorus levels in the
study area were as high or higher than those reported in studies of other bodies of
water. Total phosphate phosphorus was determined to be the most critical phosphate
parameter in assessing eutrophicatlon. Seasonally, it ranged from a winter high to a
summer low. Concentrations were highest immediately below sewage outfalls and
decreased as water progressed downstream. Inorganic-phosphate-phosphorus
concentrations showed no clear seasonal trend but were clearly associated with
sewage outfalls. Total organic phosphate phosphorus varied seasonally, with high
AMIC-8359 (Continued)
Card 2/2
concentrations occurring during the spring and low concentrations in the fall,
showed no correlation with sewage outfalls, but was correlated to a degree with total
KJeldahl nitrogen and chlorophyll a. No consistent pattern of diel fluctuations was
evident for any phosphorus or nitrogen compounds analyzed.
INDEX TERMS: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Pollutant identification, Reservoir storage,
Nutrients, Water analysis, Water pollution sources, Water pollution effects,
Sewage effluents, Water sampling, Chemical analysis, Industrial wastes, Pollutant
identification, Fluctuations, Guadalupe River, Seasonal variation.
10
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHCPS
AMIC-8363
"SOME LIMNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NOZHA HYDRODROME, BEAR ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT",
Saad, M. A. H., Hydrobiologla, Vol. 1*1, Bo. k, May 30, 1973, PP ^77-^99-
Certain limnologlcal characteristics of Nozha Hydrodome, an Egyptian
artificial lake, have 'been studied and compared to the data obtained with those from the
same lake prior to the erection of the high dam south of Aswan. Water samples were
collected monthly during a. 1-yr period for the determination of pH, chloroslty,
dissolved oxygen and total residue of the lake water. Light penetration and water
temperature were measured at. each sampling site. Variations of water level, Secchl disc
readings, pH, chlorosity, and total residue are correlated with the Introduction of a
large amount of fresh Bile water into the lake, to replace that lost mainly by
evaporation. Comparison with previous data, obtained from the Hydrodrome prior to the
construction of the high dam, gave considerable changes.
INDEX TEFMS: Limnology, Water chemistry, Artificial lakea, Physlcochemlcal properties,
Water quality. Water sampling, Water analysis, Chemical analysis, Nozha Hydrodome,
Seasonal variation, Egypt.
AMIC-8370
"PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF LAKE McILWAIME (RHODESIA), A EUTROPHIC TROPICAL
IMPOUSDMENT", tfarshall, B. E., Falconer, A. C., Hydroblologia, Vol. U2, No. 1,
July 6, 1973, PP '
Lake Mcllwalne is a tropical eutrophic impoundment in Rhodesia. The normal
oxygen and temperature patterns are described, and the effect of flood water on these
patterns is discussed. Several important chemical parameters are described, and the
effects of lake-level fluctuations and stratification are outlined. There is a. brief
discussion on the effects of eutrophication in tropical lakes, and some indication Is
given of measures being taken to reduce nutrient input to Lake Mcllwaine.
INDEX TERMS: Physiochemlcal properties. Impoundments, Eutrophication, Hydrology,
Water quality, Water level fluctuations, Thermal stratification, Water chemistry,
Lake Mcllwaine, Seasonal variation.
AMZC-63S9
"MAJOR OKSASICS", Carlton. T. L., Smith, I. L., Walters, J. V., Journal Water Pollution
Control Federation. Vol. 45, No. 6, June 1973, PP 979-902.
This portion of the Water Pollution Control Federation's annual literature
review covers new developments In analytical methods for alkali metals, chlorides,
sulfates, sulfldes, nitrates, iron, manganese, fluorides, and cyanides.
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis, Chemical analysis, Reviews, Calcium, Magnesium, Bromides,
Iodides, Nitrites, Sulfates, Sulfldes, Nitrates, Iron, Manganese, Fluorides,
Organomercury compounds, Cyanides.
AMIC-6390
"TRACE INORGANICS", Andelman, J. B., Journal Mater Pollution Control Federation,
Vol. 1*5, No. 6, June 1973, PP 988-986^
Review of the 1972 literature on analytical techniques for.trace inorganics
reveals that work has been done on atomic absorption spectrophotcmetry, neutron
activation analysis, anodic stripping voltamraetry, polarography, flame and arc emission
spectroscopy, spark source mass spectrcscopy» photometry, gas chroroatography,
fluorometry, and in preparation of samples to improve results.
INDEX TERM3: Water analysis, Chemical analysis, Sea water, Reviews, Neutron activation
analysis, Mass spectrometry, Polarographlc analysis, Photometry, Gas
ehromatography, Fluorometry, Gold, Waste water (pollution), Groundwater, Estuaries
Estuaries, Potable water, Atomic ibsorption spectnsphotometry, Anodic stripping
voltammetry, Sample preparation, Flame emission spectroacopy, Arc emission
spectroscopy, Chemical interference, Detection limits.
11
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHKMICAL METHODS
AMIC-8391
"WATER CHARACTERISTICS", Ghosh, M. M., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation,
Vol. U5, No. 6, June 1973, pp 986-995.
The 1972 literature on methods for determining water characteristics la
reviewed. Methods are considered for pH, acidity, alkalinity, color, odor, residue,
turbidity, suspended solids, temperature, conductivity, particulate matter, ammonia,
redox, radioactivity, and concentration of phytoplankton. Models and mathematical
relationships for interpreting data are also reviewed.
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis, Water quality, Reviews, Hydrogen ion concentration,
Acidity, Alkalinity, Color, Odor, Turbidity, Suspended solids, Water temperature,
Conductivity, Ammonia, Oxidation-reduction potential, Radioactivity, Monitoring,
Instrumentation.
A me -8392
"OROAHICS", Minear, R. A., Benko, J. J., Lambert, P. T., et al., Journal Water
Pollution Control Federation. Vol. U?, No. 6, June 1973, pp 995-1018.
Literature from 1972 is reviewed with respect to analytical methods for
oxygen demand, organic carbon, detergents, oil, grease, and organochlorine,
organophosphorus, and carbamate pesticides. Discussion is also included on toxic
effects of the pollutants considered.
INDEX TERMS: Oxygen demand, Reviews, Water analysis. Surfactants, Toxicity, Oil,
Polychlorinated biphenyls, Organophosphorus pesticides, Carbamate pesticides,
Trlazine pesticides, Bloassay, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Vitamin B,
Water quality, Biological samples.
AMIC.8393
"CONTINUOUS MONITORING, AUTOMATED ANALYSIS, AND SAMPLING PROCEDURES", Herbes, S. E.,
Allen, H. E., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. U5, No. 6, June 1973,
pp 1016-1026.
The 1972 literature is reviewed with respect to capabilities for
monitoring, automatically analyzing, and sampling water for water quality parameters
and the presence of organic and inorganic pollutants. The review includes a brief
discussion of remote monitoring systems, automatic laboratory analysis, remote
sensing, data handling, and sampling frequency.
INDEX TERMS! Monitoring, Chemical analysis, Reviews, Water quality. Sampling,
Water analysis, Instrumentation.
AMIC-839^
"DETERGENTS", Banerji, S. K., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 1*5,
No. 6, June 1973, PP 1059-1063.
This literature review on detergents is concerned with the (1) detergent
builders - their toxicity, impact on water quality, and biodegradationj (a) anionic
surfactant concentrations and blodegradation; and (3) the removal of surfactants
from wastewater.
INDEX TERMS: Detergents, Waste water treatment, Reviews, Water pollution effects,
Water pollution sources, Surfactants, Blodegradation, Nutrient removal,
Environmental effects, Detergent-builders, Fate of pollutants.
12
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-8U21
"AQUATIC SEDIMENTS", Ku, W. C., Foeas, G. W., Journal Water Pollution Control
Federation. Vol. 1*5, No. 6, June 1973, pp 1301-1310.
A literature review is presented which covers the role of aquatic
sediments in relation to water quality, nutrient cycling and interchange, and
pollutant kinetics. Included also are (1) methods for sampling and analyzing such
sediments, and (2) chemical characteristics and biological aspects of aquatic
sediments,
INDEX TERMS: Beviewa, Aquatic soils. Bottom sediments, Analytical techniques, Cycling
nutrients, Sinks, Methodology, Bottom sampling, Water pollution sources, Heavy
metals, Chemical analysis, Pesticide kinetics, Degradation (decomposition). Path
of pollutants, Sediment transport, Separation techniques, Alkali metals, Alkaline
earth metals, Pollutant identification, Eutrophication, Nutrient interchange,
Mobilization, Chemical composition, Fate of pollutants,
AMIC-8U22
"MARINE AMD ESTUARINE POLLUTION", Reish, D. J., Journal Water Pollution Control
Federation, Vol. 1*5, No. 6, June 1973, pp 1310-1319"!
Discussed in this review concerned with marine and estuarine pollution are
(1) bloindicators, (2) thermal pollution, (3) toxicity and pathology, (1*) oil pollution,
(5) biological and chemical effects (bioassays), (6) bioaceumulation, (7) pathogenic
bacteria, (8) chemical analyses of organisms for pollutants, and (9) physical and
chemical oceanography.
INDEX TERMS: Water pollution, Water pollution effects, Estuarine environment, Reviews,
Oil pollution, Sea water, Invertebrates, Marine algae, Marine animals, Pathogenic
bacteria, Bibliographies, Surveys, Bioindicators, Water quality, Waste water
(pollution), Industrial wastes, Animal pathology, Thermal pollution, Path of
pollutants, Water pollution sources, Marine environment, Macroinvertebrates.
AMIC-81*23
"HEAVY METAIS: A REVIEW OF LEAD", Shukla, S. S., Lelandi H. V., Journal Water
Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 1*5, Ho. 6, June 1973, pp 1319-1331.
Thie review on lead covers toxicity and sources of lead pollution along with
the concentrations associated with each source.
INDEX TERMS: Lead, Toxicity, Path of pollutants, Water pollution effects, Water
pollution sources, Animal pathology, Ecological distribution. Public health, Waste
water (pollution), Soil contamination, Pollutant effects, Chemical concentration,
Metal complexes, Biological magnification.
AMIC-8U30
"SELECTED METALS IN SEDIMENTS, WATER, AND BIOTA IN THE ILLINOIS FIVER", Nfethis,
B. J., Cunnings, T. F., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. U5,
No. 7, July 1973, PP 1573-1583.
This study was designed to assess the degree of metal contamination in a
large midwestern river. The river is utilized both by industries for manufacturing
and waste disposal purposes and by cities as a source of potable water and a means of
wastewater disposal. Analyses were made for copper, nickel, lead, chromium, lithium,
zinc, cobalt, and cadmium in bottom sediments, water, tubifIcid annelids, clams, and
fishes. Metal concentrations were higher in sediments than in water and organisms.
Clams and worms tt inhabit the mud or mud-water interface exhibited the highest
metal concentrations of any of the organisms. Fishes that are primarily carnivorous
in nature exhibited lower mean muscle concentrations of copper, nickel, lead,
chromium, zinc, and cadmium than did omnivorous fishes.
INDEX TERMS: Heavy metals, Bottom sediments, Tubificids, Claras, Freshwater fish, Water
pollution, Pollutant identification, Chemical analysis, Absorption, Benthic fauna,
Illinois River, Sample preparation, Atomic absorption spectrophotoroetry,
Bioaceumulation.
13
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-8U31
"PROTEINS IN WASTEWATER AMD WASTEWATER SLUDGES", Sridhar, M. K. C., Filial, S. C.,
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 1*5, No. 7, July 1973, PP 1595-1600.
The proteins found In raw wastewater, septic tank sludge, activated sludge,
the mixed bacteria from activated sludge, the dominant protozoan Epjstylis articulata
in activated sludge, and the bacteria associated with the protozoan were identified
on the basis of their solubilities in several solvents. On an equal dry-weight baels,
these materials contained about 11, 17, 1*3, 73, 60, and 78 percent total proteins,
respectively. Qualitatively, there were striking similarities between raw wastewater
and septic tank sludge, between activated sludge and the protozoan, and between the
two bacterial preparations in the distribution of the different protein fractions
(albumins, globulins, glutellns, and prolamins). These observations seem to be of
considerable significance in the study of the microbiology of wastewater and sludges
and their protein contents.
INDEX TERMS: Waste water (pollution), Activated sludge, Septic tanks, Proteins,
Sewage bacteria, Sewage sludge, Protozoa, Pollutant identification, Solubility,
Organic solvents, Inorganic solvents.
AMIC-8U50
"PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF MERCUKY AND OTHER METALS CONTAINED IN ANIMALS FROM THE
FRASER RIVER MUDFLATS", Parsons, T. R., Bawden, C. A., Heath, W. A., Journal
of the Fisheries Research Board oj" Canada, Vol. 30, No. 7, July 1973, pp
lOllt-1016. ""
Additional research has been directed toward answering the question of the
source of mercury contamination in the Fraser River estuary. The Fraser River mudflat
community was divided Into two areas from which crabs were collected for Hg analysis.
Crabs and other marine organisms were also collected from other areas for comparative
analyses. Soft tissue was freeze-dried, powdered, digested with concentrated HN03,
evaporated to drynesB, diluted with 1.5 M HC1, and analyzed by atomic absorption
spectrophotometry for Ag, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn. Pb analysis was done
colorimetrically and Hg was analyzed by flameless AAS after sample digestion using
sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Benthic animals from Sturgeon Bank contained
larger amounts of mercury and other metals than animals from similar environments On
the coast of British Columbia. These high levels of metals are believed to be
associated with the Vancouver City sewer outfall.
INDEX TERMS: Heavy metals. Chemical analysis, Estuarine environment, Water pollution
sources, Benthic fauna, Pollutant identification, Crabs, Fraser River, Aninal
tissues, Bioaccumulation.
AMIC-81+51
"DISCHARGE OF NITRILOTRIACETATE (NTA) FROM TWO SEWAGE TREATMENT FACILITIES LOCATED IN
A MIECONTINENTAL CLIMATE", Rudd, J. W. M., Townsend, B. E., Hamilton, R. P., Journal
of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, No. 7, July 1973, pp 1086-1030.
Concentrations of NTA entering the Red and Aaslniboine rivers from two
Winnipeg sewage treatment facilities were monitored. The activated sludge plant
usually discharges less than 0.5 mg NTA/llter throughout the year. The aerated
sewage lagon discharged less than 20 micrograme NTA/liter during summer. It was
believed that the NTA passed through the lagon essentially unchanged during winter
(1800 micrograms NTA/llter) when degradation rates must have been extremely low. No NTA
was detected In river water downstream from either of these facilities. It was
concluded that even under extreme environmental conditions NTA discharge did not present
a hazard to either local aquifers or local biota.
INDEX TERMS: Nitrllotriacetlc acid, Treatment facilities, Sewage effluents, Aerated
lagoons, Activated sludge, Discharge measurement, Sewage treatment, Water
pollution sources, Biochemical oxygen demand, Effluent streams, Influent streams,
Dissolved oxygen, Pollutants, Pollutant identification, Degradation rates, Red
River, Assinlbolne River, Chemical concentration.
AMIC-8U56
"DIRECT DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHORUS BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION FLAME t;PECTROMETRY",
Kirkbright, 0. F., Marshall, M., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 9, August 1973,
pp 1610-1613.
6 The direct determination of phosphorus by atomic absorption specf.rometry at its
177.5-, 178.3-, and 178.8-nm resonance lines using a nitrogen-separated nitrous
oxide-acetylene flame and a microwave-excited phosphorus electrodeless discharge lamp
source is described. Phosphorus may be determined in aqueous solution aa o-phosphate
with a sensitivity of U.8 and 5.U mlcrograms/ml (for 1 percent absorption) at the
177.5- and 178.3-nm lines; the corresponding detection limits obtained at these
wavelengths were 29 and SI micrograms/ml, respectively. The high temperature and
relatively transparent nature of the fuel-rich flame make it a convenient atom cell for
the atomization of phosphorus; no significant chemical or physical interferences have
been observed at the levels Investigated. The results of a preliminary Investigation of
the application of the method to the direct determination of phosphorus in milk powder
and yeast and beef extracts are described. (Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry, Vol.
, No. 9, August 1973, PP 1610-1613. Copyright 1973 by the American Chemical Society.
Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Phosphorus, Pollutant identification, Aqueous solutions, Chemical analysis,
Methodology, Nutrients, Atomic absorption apectrcphotometry, Detection limits,
Chemical Interference, Yeast extract, Sensitivity, Accuracy, Molybdenum blue method,
Beef extract. Biological samples, Milk products.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-8U61
"RAPID, SELECTIVE METHOD FOR LEAD BY FORCED-FLOW LIQUID CHROMftTOGRAPffif", Seymour,
M. D., Fritz, J. S., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 9, August 1973, pp 1632-1636.
A forced-flow Ion exchange method for the separation of lead from metal Ions
has been described. Lead Is measured in manner similar to that described previously
for iron. Lead(II) is retained on a small anlon exchange column from 0.5 M hydrochloric
acid and separated from many other metal Ions. Then it Is eluted with 9 M hydrochloric
acid and the elution curve is recorded at 270 ran. The amount of lead IB obtained from a
plot of elution peak height vs. micrograms of lead. The entire separation sequence
required only 8 mln. There are two kinds of interference common to this type of analysis
Column overloading can cause alteration of peak shape and retention time and, hence, a
dependency of peak height on matrix composition. The other type of Interference IB due
to ions that are retained in 0.5 M HC1, stripped in 8.0 M HC1 and absorbed at 270 ran.
Of the cations tested, only three were found to interfere. Rhodium( III), antimony(V),
and molybdenuro(VI) were found to cause a 1 percent error in the analysis with metal/lead
ratios of 0.009, 0.181, and 5.30, respectively. Nitrate ion can also cause error and
should be driven off by taking the sample to dryness in concentrated hydrochloric acid
prior to analysis. Several standard, samples have been successfully analyzed for lead.
INDEX TERMS: Lead, Separation techniques, Aqueous solutions, Pollutant identification,
Heavy metals, Anion exchange, Chemical analysis, Methodology, Selectivity, Ions,
Nitrates, Molybdenum, Forced-flow liquid chromatography, Environmental samples.
Accuracy, Precision, Chemical interference, Ionic interference, Rhodium, Antimony,
Sample preparation, Rare earth elements.
AMIC-8V75
"DETERMINATION OF AMMONIA IN AQUAKIA AND IN SEA WATER USING THE AMMONIA ELECTRODE",
Gilbert, T. R., Clay, A. M., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 9, August 1973f
pp 1757-1759-
An ammonia electrode that has been fabricated for the analysis of ammonia in
aqueous solutions consists of a hydrophobia gas-permeable membrane which separates the
alkaline test solution from an internal solution C.I M in ammonium chloride. When the
electrode is Immersed In an alkaline test solution, ammonia can diffuse across the
membrane, alter the NH3 concentration in the filling solution, and so cause a pK change
which is monitored by the glass electrode. Electrode reproducfbillty was evaluated
using samples from different marine life display tanks at the New England Aquarium with
varying ammonia levels. The result.'; indicate that the relative precision of these
analyses was fairly constant over a wide concentration range. To test the accuracy of
the method and to evaluate the electrode/portable unit as a tool for on-site analysis, a
series of 1-liter samples of Boston Harbor water was collected. A Dorchester Bay sample
was analyzed on site using the standard procedure described above with a battery
powered magnetic stirring motor. With the meter in a horizontal position to minimize
needle oscillation due to rocking of the boat, sl_x analyses of the sample gave a mean
value of 92 ppb NH3-N with a standard deviation of 3 ppb. Other samples were acidified
to pH 3-1* with 6 M HC1 to stabilize the ammonia and analyzed the same day in the
laboratory by the electrode and also by the phenol-hypochlorite method. The data
Indicate that the electrode provides an accurate means of analyzing ammonia in sea
water and that Is is usually more precise than the spectrophotometric method.
Furthermore, the performance of the electrode in the field is comparable to that
observed in the laboratory, showing the technique to be well suited for field analysis.
AMIC-8V75 (Continued)
Card 2/2
IMBEX TERMS: Anncnla, Water analysis, Sea water, Aquaria, Pollutant Identification,
Chemical analysis. Aqueous solutions, Pollutants, On-site tests, On-slte investi-
gations, Water quality, Water pollution, Ammonia electrodes, Ion selective
electrodes, Precision, Reproducibility, Accuracy.
AMIC-8V78
"ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS PROBLEMS CREATED BY UNEXPECTED VOLATILE BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS
IN VARIOUS SAMPLES", Black, M. S., Sievers, R. E., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5,
No. 9, August 1973, PP 1773-1775.
Analysis of orchard leaves samples for beryllium yielded inconsistent results
when the samples were prepared by different methods suggesting that volatile beryllium
contents may have been present. To investigate this possibility, samples of orchard
leaves and air were obtained. The orchard leaves were prepared for analysis by wet
digestion In an open container, by wet digestion in a flask with a reflux condenser, and
by low temperature ashing in an oxygen plasma. Air samples, which were provided by
EPA's Office of Air Programs, have been collected In a sampling train consisting of an
EPA sampling probe, two Millipore AA filters backed by Whatman filters in series, two
water impingers in series, a dry Impinger to catch water condensation, and a cold trap.
Samples from each section were analyzed. All analyses were by electron capture gas
chromatography. These results were compared with those obtained by GC-mass
spectrometry. The results of this study Indicate the existence of naturally occurring
volatile beryllium compounds. The various digestion and ashing procedures of orchard
leaves have shown that beryllium is lost in the vapor phase at relatively low
temperatures (less than 200 C). This suggests that a considerable amount (at least 90
percent) of the beryllium in the orchard leaves may be organically bound and that it is
lost upon destruction of the organic matrix unless precautions are taken. Analyses of
the impinger samples show that beryllium content was much higher in the cold traps
than in the water impingers in spite of the fact that the cold traps came last in the
flow train. This supports the contention that volatile beryllium compounds do exist
and that they are present In the vapor state in facilities where beryllium is machined.
15
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-6%78 (Continued)
Card 2/3
INDEX TERMS: Beryllium, Gas chronRtography, Air pollution, Sample preparation.
Chemical recovery, Orchard leaves, Volatilization.
AMIC—81*96
"EE7ERMINATION OF TRACE PHENOL IM AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY AQUEOUS LIQUID CHROmTOGRAFHY",
Bhatla, K., Analytical Chemlatry. Vol. U5, Ho. 8, July 1973, pp 13^.131*7.
Liquid chromatographic methods capable of use both for Identification of
trace quantities of phenols In aqueous solution and for the quantitative analysis of
mixtures whose components are known are described. An optical detector utilizing
the SS't—nm mercury resonance line was used. Phenol in the aqueous phase can be
accurately determined down to 0.00001 M (less than mg/l). Further improvement in the
sensitivity of the method for quantitative analysis of phenol can be achieved by
using larger samples and a detector operating at about 270 nm. The presence of di-
and trihydroxybenzenes, most other substituted phenols, naphthols, and phenolic bl-
and terphenyls in the solutions does not Interfere in the determination of phenol.
Ihe application of aqueous liquid chrooatography to the determination of phenols In
Industrial waste waters Is demonstrated. Die methods can be easily extended to the
determination of individual substituted phenols down to at least 0,00001 M. (Reprinted
from Analytical Chemistry. Vol. Uj, Ho. 8, July 1973, pp 13W»-13Vr. Copyright 1973
by the American Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
IBDEX TERMS: Phenols, Pollutant identification. Waste water (pollution), Water
analysis, Liquid chromatography, Chemical Interference, Detection limits.
AMIC-8U83
"1-EPHEDRIHE IN CHLOROFORM AS A SOLVENT FOR SILVER DIETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE IN THE
DETERMINATION OF ARSEMC", Kopp, J. F., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. U5, No. 9,
August 1973, PP 1786-1787. '
1-ephedrine in chloroform was substituted for pyridine as a solvent for
sliver dlethyldithiocarbamate in the colorimetric determination of arsenic in water.
This eliminates the objectionable odor associated with pyridine. Samples of river
water, sewage effluent, and distilled water were analyzed by both procedures and the
results compared. 1-ephedrine in chloroform gave an accuracy within the acceptable
range. Cr, Co, Cu, Kg, Mo, Hi, Pt, and Sb may interfere with the method. However,
levels normally encountered do not cause significant interference. As with the
pyridine method, organically bound arsenic cannot be determined without an acid
digestion step.
INDEX TERMS: Colorimetry, Solvents, Water analysis, Elvers, Sewage effluents,
Arsenic, Sample preparation, Chemical interference.
AMIC-8506
'CORRELATION OF ENHANCEMENT OF ATOMIC ABSORPTION SENSITIVITY FOR SELECTED METAL IONS
WITH PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS", Lemonds, A. J., McClellan, B. E.,
Analytical Chemistry. Vol. **5, No. 8, July 1973, pp ll*55-ll(6o.
Various alcohols, ketones, esters, and other organic compounds, as solvents
for Ag, Cd, Co, Ni, and Zn ions, were studied to determine the enhancement of atomic
absorption values for each metal-solvent system and to correlate the enhancement
values with the physical properties of the solvents. Optimum instrumental conditions
were determined for each metal-solvent system employing two different burner-aspirator
systems. Absorbance values for the metal-organic solvent systems were measured and
compared with the absorbance values for the aqueous system of the same concentration in
order to calculate an enhancement value. Plots of enhancement VB. log viscosity and
enhancement vs. log boiling point for each ion resulted in lines with negative slopes.
Various plots involving density and surface tension showed little or no dependence of
enhancement on either of the constants. However, a linear relationship existed between
log (viscosity X boiling point) and enhancement. (Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry,
Vol. k-)r No. S, July 1973, pp lU^-l1***). Copyright 1973 by the American Chemical
Society. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Organic solvents, Signal enhancement,
Silver, Heavy metals, Cadmium, Nickel, Cobalt, Zinc.
IS"
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-8507
"INTERFERENCES IN NICKEL DETERMINATIONS BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTBOMETKY",
Sundbert, L. L,, Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 8, July 1973, PP 1U60-1U6U.
This study was undertaken to evaluate Interferences from Zn, Fe(lll), Cu, Co,
Mn(ll), and Cr(lII) tn the atomic absorption speotrometry of nickel. Stock solutions
of all but copper were prepared by dissolving the metals in HC1 and diluting with water.
' Copper solutions were prepared by dissolving CuC12.2H20 in water. Interferences were
studied with both oxidising and reducing air-acetylene flames. Other variables were
wavelength and burner elevation. Samples contained transition metal concentrations of
2000 ppm and 20 ppm Hi. The results show that Interferences from Fe(lII), Cu, Co,
Mn(ll), and Cr(lll) are similar and are greatly Influenced by observation height.
Consequently, careful adjustment of this parameter can eliminate them. In a reducing
flame, the Nl absorbance can be enhanced or depressed by the same concomitant, and the
direction of the interferences is further dependent upon the concentration of
interfering species.
INDEX TERMS: Nickel, Aqueous solutions, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Chemical
interference.
AMIC-8508
"ATOMIC ABSORPTION ANALYSIS OF STRONG HEAVY METAL CHELATING AGENTS IN WATER AND
WASTE WATER", Kunkel, R., ffe.na.han, S. E., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 8,
July 1973, pp ll*65-lU68.
A method for the analysis of total strong heavy metal chelatirvg agents in
water is described. The method is based upon the solubilization of copper by the
chelating agents at pH 1C followed by filtration and atomic absorption analysis of
soluble copper in the filtrate. The analysis gives total levels of strong chelating
agents, a significant parameter insofar as the properties of natural waters and waste
waters are concerned. The method is simple, sensitive, and relatively free of
interferences. It can be applied to the analysis of individual chelating agents after
separation. (Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 8, July 1973,
pp ll*65-JA68. Copyright 1973 by the American Chemical Society. Reprinted by
permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERt«: Heavy metals, Waste water (pollution), Pollutant identification, Chemical
analysis, Methodology, Water analysis, Nitrilotriacetic acid, Chelating agents,
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Natural waters, Chemical recovery, EDTA,
[•fetal chelatee, Ionic interference.
AMLC-8515
"FE1EHTION OF MERCURY WHEN FREEZE-DRY IMG BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS", LaFleur, P. D.,
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. ^5, No. 8, July 1973, PP 153^-1536.
Guinea pigs and rats were fed foods containing Hg-203 labelled phenylmercuric
acetate, methylmercury chloride, or inorganic mercury for use in tests to determine
whether mercury losses occur during lyophilization (freeze drying) of biological
samples. Upon sacrifice, the animals were dissected, and the liver, kidney, heart,
brain, muscle, spleen and samples of blood taken for study. Feces were also collected
during the feeding regimen. The samples were weighed, the relative mercury content
determined radiometrically, and frozen. The samples were then lyophilized and the
mercury content was again determined radiometrically. Net loss of mercury was
calculated after making appropriate decay corrections. Of a total of over 30 tissue
samples from anijnals fed methylmercury chloride, the mean mercury loss was less than
3 percent. Of the 10 organ samples from animals fed Inorganic mercury and 11 tissue
samples from those fed phenylmercuric acetate, the mean loss was less than 2 percent.
LOBS from blood was negligible, loss from feces was approxiizBtely 10 percent.
Additional tests to determine the effects of pretreatment by freezing and time of
lyophilization showed that neither affected loss of mercury. Freeze drying of
aqueous solutions resulted in losses up to 90 percent for the organomercurials and
10 percent for inorganic mercury.
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, Radioactivity techniques, Aqueous solutions, Biological samples,
Freeze drying, Feces.
AMIC-8518
"LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY, COUPLING OF A LIQUID CKROMATOGRAPH TO A
MASS SPECTROMETER", Lovins, H. E., Ellis, S. R., Tolbert, G. D., McKirmey, C. R.,
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. "*5, No. 8, July 1973, PP 1S53-15C6.
Because of the increasing utility of liquid chromatoginphy in analytical -uid
bio-analytical problems, the need for a reliable method of analyzing and identifying
the effluent peaks generated by the liquid chromatograph has become apparent. For this
purpose a system was designed to couple the liquid chromatograph to i mass spectrometer.
The interface consisted of a motor driven probe to accept the effluent peaks from a
liquid chromatograph, separate the solute from the solvent by flash evaporation in the
probe tip, and automatically Insert the isolated material into the ion source of the
mass spectrometer for analysis. Results are given for the analysis of dleldrin, DDT,
DDD, sulfathiazole, sulfanllamlde, sulfamethazine, anthracene, pyrene, chrysene, and
naphthalene.
IltDEX TERMS: Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Laboratory equipment. Pollutant
identification, DDT, DDD, Dleldrin, Liquid chroraatography, LC-nnee spectrometry,
Sulfathiazole, Sulfanilamide, Sulfamethazine, Anthracene, Pyrene, Chrysene,
Naphthalene.
17
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-853U
"ASBESTOS FIBERS IK BEVERAGES, DRINKING WATER, AND TISSUES: THEIR PASSAGE THROUGH
THE INTESTINAL WALL AND MOVEMENT THROUGH THE BODY", Cunningham, H. M., Pontefract, R. D.
Journal of the Association of Analytical Chemists. Vol. 56, No. U, July 1973, pp 976-981!
Methods were developed using an electron microscope to isolate and count
asbestos fibers in liquids and tissues Fibers were detected in beer, sherry, port,
vermouth, soft drinks, and city drinking water at levels generally ranging from 1 to
11 million per liter. River water was higher in asbestos fibers than water passed
through a city filtration system, and melted snow was considerably higher than river
water. Asbestos fibers were also detected in parenteral solutions. Distribution
studies on asbestos fibers administered to rats were performed with the electron
microscope and were supplemented with studies using both tritiated and
neutron-activated asbestos. Crysotile fibers were injected into the stomachs of
rats and 2-k days later fibers were isolated from the blood, spleen, liver, kidney,
omentum, muscle, lung, and brain. Highest levels of orally administered fibers
were found in the omentum; intravenously injected fibers resulted in highest levels
in the liver and the lung.
INDEX TERMS: Asbestos, Electron microscopy, Foods, Rain, Potable water, Rivers,
Neutron activation analysis, Biological samples.
AMIC-8536
"QUANTITATIVE PERCHLORIMTION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS AS A METHOD FOR
CONFIRMATORY RESIDUE MEASUREMENT AM) IDENTIFICATION", Armour, J. A., Journal of the
Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 56, No. k, July 1973, pp 957-993.
The perchlorination procedure for derivatization of PCBs described by Berg,
Diosady, and Rees has been modified to achieve a micro-scale quantitative conversion
(greater than 90 percent) of commercial PCB preparations (Aroclors) to
decachlorobiphenyl. Cleaned up sample extracts containing PCB residues (1-20 micrograms)
are allowed to react with antimony pentachloride in the presence of chloroform to form
decachlorobiphenyl. This procedure converts a multicomponent mixture to a single
derivative detectable by electron capture GLC, thus providing an easy method for
quantitating and identifying PCB residues and at the same time increasing the
sensitivity of detection. The usefulness of the perchlorination procedure is
demonstrated by comparing results for environmentally contaminated samples quantitated
by 2 methods: by measuring the total area of the electron capture response for the
residue against the Aroclor it most closely resembles, and by measuring the single peak
of the decachlorobiphenyl derivative and expressing the results in terms of the
particular Aroclor.
INDEX TERMS: Polychlorlnated biphenyls, Pollutant Identification, Chemical analysis,
Methodology, Chemical reactions, Poultry, Perchlorination method, Electron capture
gas chromatography, Derivatives, Mixtures, Quantitative analysis, Sample
preparation, Decachlorobiphenyl, Chemical recovery, Aroclor 12U2, Aroclor 1016,
Aroclor 1248, Aroclor IZ'jk, Aroclor 1260, Aroclor 1262, Chubs, Sturgeon, Animal
tissues, Eggs, Fat, Sensitivity, Gas liquid chromatography.
AMIC-8538
"POLYCHLORIHATED TERFHENYLS AS POTENTIAL CONTAMINANTS OF AHIMAL PBDDUCTS", Fries, Q. F.,
Marrow, 0. S., Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 56,
No. U, July 1973, PP 1002-1007.
Evidence Is presented of the presence of polychlorinated terphenyl (PCT)
residues In samples of wall scrapings, silage and milk from farms where the PCT,
Aroclor 5WO has been used in a sealant for concrete stave silos. Milk and silage
samples were extracted and cleaned up using FDA multipesticide residue methodology;
wall scrapings and the sealant sample were extracted and diluted, respectively, with
hexane and examined by electron capture GLC without further cleanup. The cleaned up
samples were chlorinated with SbC15 to form the 3 tetradecachloroterphenyl derivatives
which facilitates identification of PCT residues by electron capture GLC. This work
demonstrates that milk produced on farms with contaminated silos will contain PCT
residues. Since the PCB and PCT residues are from the same source, correction of the
PCB problem will also eliminate the PCT residues. The silo situation does provide
good opportunity to study the comparative behavior of the 2 classes of compounds
under environmental conditions. If the behavior Is similar, it may be possible to
predict the distribution and levels of PCT residues from information available on
PCBs.
INDEX TE»e: Milk, Silage, Pollutant identification, Chemical analysis, Polychlorinated
terphenyls, Electron capture ^.s chromatography, Aroclor 5^0, Sample preparation.
Chemical recovery, Tetradecachloroterphenyls, Chemical interference.
AMIC-8539
'VERSATILE COMBUSTION-AMALGAMATION TECHNIQUE TOR THE PHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF
MERCURY IN FISH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES", Willford, W. A., Hesselberg, R. J.,
Bergman, H. L., Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Vol.
56, No. U, July 1973, pp 1008-101l».
Total mercury In a variety of substances is determined rapidly and
precisely by direct sample combustion, collection of released mercury by amalgamation,
and photometric measurement of mercury volatilized from the heated ajnaigim. Up to
0.2 g fish tissue is heated in a stream of 02(l.2 1/mln) for 3.5 min in 1 tube of a
2-tube Induction furnace. The released mercury vapor and combustion products ire
carried by the stream of 02 through a series of traps (6 percent NaOK scrubber, water
condenser, and Mg(C10U)2 drying tube) and the mercury Is collected in a 10 mm diameter
column of 2U gauge gold wire (8 g) cut into 3 mm lengths. The resulting amalgam is
heated in the second tube of the induction furnace and the volatilized mercury is
measured with a mercury vapor meter equipped with i recorder-integrator. Total
analysis time is approximately 8 min/9ample. The detection limit 13 less than 0.002
mlcrogram and the system is easily converted for use with other biological materials,
water, and sediments. Major advantages of the method over the normal acid-digestion,
flaraeless atomic absorption techniques include: simplicity of operation; speed of
complete analysis; high sensitivity, precision, ind accuracy; small sample size
required; freedom from rigorous and sometimes hazardous icld-digeatlon procedures;
freedom from reagent and glassware contamination; and comparatively low cost of
equipment. Disadvantages of the method as described Include: somewhat limited usable
range of sensitivity (0.02-5.0 ppm); a general inability to analyze hlghlycontimlnated
samples (greater than 5.0 ppm) without the use of a gas stream splitter or an
extremely smll sample; necessity for frequent changes in attenuation of mercury
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMic.8539 (Continued)
Card 2/2
vapor meter, unless previous knowledge permits grouping of samples within ranges
having less than a 5-fold difference In concentration; and Increased emphasis on the
need for well homogenized representative samples because of the small sample size
used. It Is expected that minor changes in the system or substitution of a less
sensitive mercury vapor meter would overcome many of these disadvantages when they
are restrictive for a particular use.
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, Chemical analysis, Fish, Methodology, Pollutant identification,
Plant tissues, Sediments, Environmental samples, Biological samples, Chemical
Interference, Detection limits, Precision, Sensitivity, Accuracy, Sample size,
Sample preparation, Chemical recovery, Accuracy.
AMIC-Q5i(0
"COLLABORATIVE STUDY OF THE RECOVERY AND GAS CKROMATCGRAPHIC QUANTITATION OF
POLYCHLORINATED BIPKENYLS IN CHICKEN FAT AND POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL-DDT
COMBINATIONS IN FISH", Sawyer, L. D., Journal of the Association of Official
Analytical Chemists, Vol. 56, Ho. k, July 1973, pp 1015-1023.
Nine laboratories collaborated on the analyses of PCBs in chicken fat and
DDT-PCB combinations in fish. Existing AOAC raultipestlcide methodology with OLC
quantitation was employed. One solution containing a mixture of Aroclors 1251*- and 1260
was analyzed by C-LC only. The fish samples were subjected to a published silicic acid
procedure for separating the DDT-PCB mixtures. The DDT analogs were quantitated before
and after the separation. The PCB content was quantitated by total peak height and
total area comparisons against appropriate Aroclor(s), using electron capture GI£, and
additionally in 6 laboratories by total area comparisons, using halogen-specific
detection. The electron capture GLC data demonstrated better accuracy and precision.
The following PCB recoveries were obtained by using total peak height comparisons: 5
ppm mixed Aroclor solution, 100 plua or minus 1+ percent; 8 ppm Aroclor 12U2-fortlfied
chicken fat, 101 plus 13 percent; 7.5 ppm Aroclor 12W3-fortified chicken fat, 96 plus
or minus 9 percent; incurred Aroclor 12U2 chicken fat, 9.2 ppm plus or minus 8 percent;
6 ppm Aroclor 125^-fortified fish, 75 plus or minus ik percent; 6 ppm Aroclor
1260-fortified fiah, 75 plus or minus 15 percent; and an environmentally incurred
residue in fish, ^.5 ppm plus or minus 20 percent. The 2 Aroclor-fortified fish
samples were concurrently spiked with the p,p'-isomers of DEE, TDE, and DDT at levels
of k, 1, and 3 ppm, respectively. After silicic acid separation the combined
recoveries for these 2 samples were: DDE, 86 plua or minus 13 percent; TDE, 89 plus or
minus 20 percent; and DDT 8U plus or minus 17 percent. Environmentally incurred-DDT
AtttC-85l»0 (Continued)
Card 2/2
residues were recovered at U.I ppm plus or minus lU percent for p.p'DDE, 0.7 ppn plus
or minus 2k percent for o,p' -DDT and 2.7 ppm plus or minus 17 percent for p,p'J3DT.
The DDT values calculated before the silicic acid separation compared favorably with
those summarized. The multiresidue method for chlorinated pesticides, 29.001-29.027,
has been adopted official first action to include polychlorinated blphenyls In poultry
fat and fish.
INDEX TERMS: Polychlorinated blphenyle. Poultry, Fish, DDT, Chemical analysis,
Animal tissues, Electron capture gas ohromatography, Chemical recovery, Fat
tissue, Quantitative analysis, Interlaboratory studies, Isomers, Aroclor 1260,
Aroclor 125 ^, Aroclor 121*2.
AMIC-85146
"IN SITU SAMPLER FOR MARINE SEDIMENTARY PORE WATERS: EVIDENCE FOR POTASSIUM
DEPLETION AND CALCIUM ENRICHMENT", Sayles, F. L., Wilson, T. R. S., Hume, D. N.,
Mangelsdorf, P. C., Jr., Science. Vol. 181, No. ^95, July 13, 1973, PP 15^-156.
A devlde (probe) for sampling the interstitial waters of the deep-sea
sediments in aitu has been developed and tested. The probe is basically a 2-m
length of heavy-wall stainless steel tubing, with a pointed tip for penetration
and with five filter-covered sampling ports (each filter equals 6 sq cm) spaced 30 cm
apart along the length. Above these is a broad base plate to halt penetration ind
above that one further port to sample overlying water. The suction required to draw
the samples into the ports is provided by a compressed heavy-duty spring working the
piston of a large master cylinder (120-cu cm displacement). The simpler collects
a series of samples over a depth of 1.5 meters in the sediment and thus makes possible
the accurate delineation of chemical gradients existing in the pore waters. Samples
collected in the North Atlantic indicate that significant gradients of K(plus)
and Ca(2 plus) exist in the sediments sampled. Interstitial solutions S'unpled between
Ireland and Cape Cod, Ifessachusetts, are characterized by the depletion of K(plus)
and the enrichment of Ca(2 plus).
j INDEX TERMS: Pore water, Water sampling, Equipment, On-site dati collections, Connate
j water, Deep water, Bottom sediments, Withdrawal, Sea water, Marine sediments.
Characterization.
19
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHgMICAL METHODS
AMIC-8551
"COBALT INTERFERENCE IN THE NON-STEADY STATE CLEAN WATER TESTS", Kalinsfos, A. A.,
Lash, L. D., Shell, G. L., Water and Sewage Works. Vol. 120, No. 7, July 1973, pp 5U-59.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the non-steady state method for
determining oxygen transfer by aeration. It was observed that when sodium sulfite was
used to deoxygenate the test water more than 0.05 mg/1 cobalt Ion concentration caused
a chemical interference in the Winkler dissolved oxygen determination. This chemical
interference varied with the cobalt ion concentration, the number of sulfite additions,
the aeration period between tests and C sub a (saturation value for oxygen under test
conditions). Values of oxygen input efficiency reported for aerators tested with
cobalt ion concentrations greater than 0.0? mg/1 can be high by as much as 10 to 50
percent. The degree of error will depend on the amount of cobalt ion used and the
number of sulfite additions. If higher cobalt ion concentration la used, then the
dissolved oxygen must be measured using a fast response dissolved oxygen probe. A
meter which achieves 99 percent of the true value in 15 seconds (after swinging full
scale) should be satisfactory. Cobalt interference in the determination of dissolved
oxygen (Winkler method) in the non-steady state reoxygenation method may be reduced to
insignificant levels by use of no higher than 0.05 mg/1 cobalt ion.
INDEX TERMS! Cobalt, Dissolved oxygen, Chemical analysis, Water analysis, Heavy metals,
Aeration, Methodology, Water quality, Water pollution, Cations, Laboratory tests,
Ionic interference, Chemical interference, Winkler method, Error sources, Mon-
steady state reoxygenation test, Oxygen diffusion coefficient, Errors.
AMIC-8556
"HERBICIDE CONTAMINATION OF SURFACE RUNOFF WATERS", Evans, J. 0., Duseja, D. R.,
Utah State University, Department of Plant Science, Logan, Utah, Report No.
EPA,R2-73-266, June 1973, 110 pp.
Field and laboratory studies of the movement of herbicides were conducted
to determine their potential as contaminants in irrigation return flow. Special
emphasis was given to the use of herbicides for vegetation control along ditches, canals
and watersheds vhere high dosages are required to control the excessive growth of
grasses and broadleaved weeds. The following herbicides have been studied:
substituted urea (diuron), triazines (summitol and atrazine), phenoxyacetlc acid
(2,U-D and 2,U,5-T) and a substituted pyridine (picloram). The greatest tendency for
transport of herbicides in water coining in contact with soils occurs during the initial
storms following spray application. If the intensity of the initial precipitation is
not sufficient to cause movement across the soil, the danger of herbicide movement Is
essentially eliminated. The highest concentrations (ppm) of herbicide observed in
surface waters were 1.8, 0.5, ^.2, 1.2 and 2.7 for diuron, summitol, 2,U-D, 2,lt,5-T
and picloram, respectively. These levels were observed immediately below treated areas
receiving the higher recommended dosages of the herbicides. All herbicide
concentrations dropped below the limit of detection within a few hundred meters below
the sprayed areas. Presumably, soil filtration, adsorption and dilution are primarily
responsible for the loss of herbicides from water.
INDEX TERMS: Herbicides, Water pollution, On-site Investigations, Laboratory tests,
Pesticide kinetics, Surface runoff, 2 k-H, 2 k 5-T, Diuron, Summitol, Atrazine,
Picloram.
AKtC-8557
"A RAPID, SENSITIVE METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE CHEMICAL OXYGEK DEMAKD OF
POLLUTED WATERS", Pitt, W. W., Jr., Katz, S., Thacker, L. H., In: Water-197g> AIChE
Symposium Series No. 129, Vol. 69, 1973* PP 1-5.
A rapid, sensitive cerate oxidation method for measuring the chemical oxygen
demand (COD) of waters is described. The pollutants are oxidized with perchloratocerate
reagent, and the resulting cerium (ill) is determined fluorometrically. Analysis
requires only a few minutes for determinations at levels as low as 100 micrograms
oxygen demand per liter. Results of tests on solutions of known organic compounds, an
industrial waste stream, a domestic sewage plant effluent, and a natural stream show
that the method compares favorably with the dichroraate reflux procedure recommended by
APHA. However, the new method is considerably faster and easier to use, and is a
hundred times more sensitive. An analytical system which is suitable for use as either
a continuous COD monitor or as an analyzer for multiple samples in series is also
described.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical oxygen demand. Water pollution, Methodology, Water analysis,
Chemical analysis, Waste water (pollution), Cerate oxidation method.
AMIC-8558
"SOURCES AND SINKS OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS'. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT CF LAKE
GEORGE (N.Y.)", Aulenbach, D. B., Clesceri, N. L., In: Water-1972. AIChE Symposium
Series No. 129, Vol. 69, 1973, PP 253-262.
Measurements were made of the nitrogen and phosphorus contents of the
precipitation, stream runoff, and wastewater discharges tributary to Lake George; the
lake water itself; and the equivalent of the outlet at Tlconderoga. The major source
of nitrogen to the lake is the precipitation which falls directly on the like. The
major source of phosphorus is from wastewater discharges on the watershed. Apparently
both the nitrogen and the phosphorus are precipitated and accumulated In the bottom
sediments. The concentration of phosphorus In the lake is approaching the critical
level of 10 micrograms/I. Removal of phosphorus from wastewater IB recommended.
INDEX TERMS: Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Sinks, Water pollution sources, Precipitation
(atmospheric), Waste water (pollution), Streamflow, Sewage effluents, Path of
pollutants, Lake George, Nutrient sources.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
'VATER QUALIDC MONITORING ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER HAS ITS PITFALLS", Rains, B. A.,
Flick, R. S., In: Water-19?g, AIChE Symposium Series No. 129, Vol. 69, 1973,
pp U01-JH3.
A discussion is presented of the difficulties and problems associated with
sampling a large stream such as the Mississippi River to determine biological «"d
chemical quality. Included is Information on sampling point selection, methods of
sample collection, flow measurement technique, and pollution source location.
Description of field equipment is given in addition to laboratory results obtained
from sample analysis.
INDEX TORUS: Water quality, Monitoring, Natural streams, Water pollution sources.
Water sampling, Equipment, Methodology, Environmental effects, Flow measurement,
Biological samples.
AMIC-8567
"MEASUREMENT OF ORGANIC WASTEWATER PARAMETERS", Neher, M. B., In:
AIChE Symposium Series Mo. 129, v°l- 69, 1973, pp 600-602.
Water-1972,
Techniques are discussed for the measurement of organic vastewater parameters
Including BOD, total carbon, total organic carbon, total oxygen demand, and COD. The
analytical instruments of concern are (l) continuous monitoring and (2) Intermittent
sampling instruments which include automated GLC, a mass spectrometer, digital
computer programmed gas chromatograph-mass spectrometers, and infrared spectrometry.
There are only a limited number of organic parameters, however, that can be measured
on a continuous basis. There are also only a few instruments available for monitoring
the organic content of water, and these give measurements only of total organic carbon
content. As pointed out In the attached student review and critique, the 'drawback for
control purposes would seem to be an inability to specify organic constituents and
demonstrate a toxlcity effect of a wastewater1.
INDEX TERMS: Monitoring, Waste water (pollution), Organic wastes, Measurement, Pollutant
identification, Instrumentation, Properties, Process streams.
AM1C-8569
"FACTORS INFLUENCIHO THE FREQUENCY OF SAMPLING", Jutze, G., In:
Symposium Series No. 129, Vol. 69, 1973, PP 610-611.
Water-1972, AIChE
Sampling frequency is an indispensable consideration in determining how
wastewater parameters are to be measured. The factors that mist be considered in
determining monitoring frequency are: (1) variability of Incoming waste, its flow and
characteristics; (2) characteristics of the process; and (3) the effect of process
upset on receiving streams.
INDEX TERMS; Sampling, Waste water (pollution), Treatment facilities, Frequency,
Monitoring, Sewage effluents, Waste assimilative capacity, Waste water treatment.
Flow, Properties, Methodology, Toxicity.
AMIC-8570
"THE DEVELOPMENT OF AH INSTRUMENTAL COMBUSTION METHOD FOR TIE RAPID DETERMINATION OF
TOTAL PHOSPHORUS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS", D'ltrl, F. M., Michigan State University,
Institute of Water Research, East Lansing, Mlchigin, Project Completion Report,
Contract No. lk-31-01-0001-3022, January 1973, 67 pp. NTI£ Report No. PB-216 803.
The objective of this research proposal was to design an instrument for the
rapid determination of trace amounts of organic and Inorganic phosphorus In aqueous
solutions without interferences from other organic or inorganic components of the
system. With this method, the phosphorus compounds are reduced in a quartz tube
filled with hydrogen gaa to phosphlne (PH3) at 900-1000 C. Any interferences such as
hydrogen chloride and hydrogen sulflde are removed by adsorption chromatograph:,. The
phosphine gas thus produced la then passed through a chronatjgraphic column and
measured by a cesium thermionic detector with the signal transmitted to -i
potentiometric recorder. The intensity of the signal Is proportional to the amo-int of
phosphine produced. The method requires microliter samples and the minimum
detectability of the system is in the range of 0.1 to 0.? micrograms (approximately
equivalent to 100 to 200 milligrams per liter) as phosphorus. The analysis time per
sample is less than 100 minutes.
INDEX TERMS: Aqueous solutions, Gas chromatography, Phosphorus, Detection limits,
Phosphine, Combustion.
See also: Category 2, AMIC-791U, 8270, 8326
Category k, AMIC-84U6
Category 5, AMIC-6895, 8198, 8335, 8U66, 851*3.
21
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC.6209
"FOLYCHLOROBIPHENYLS (PCBS) AND RELATED CHLOROPHENYLS: EFKEC1B OH HEAL2H AMD
ENVIRONMENT. I. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1881-1971", Qulnby, G. E., Oak Ridge National laboratory,
Toxicology Information Response Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Report Nos. TIRC-1,
OHNL-EIS-72-20, Contract No. NLM Interagency Agr. Bo. ltO-S7>*-71, April 1972, Ikl pp.
ITP1S No. PB-209 9^.
Medical and public health interest in polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) in the United
States was meager before 1970. The expanding literature since then has reflected the
realization of the importance of these substances as environmental pollutants. The
analytical confusion of PCB with DDT and other chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides prior
to 1969 Is of special Interest. The concern over PCBs was heightened in 1971 by the
recongition of gross contamination of certain animal feeds and of trace contamination
of some human foods. The 870 articles cited in this bibliography are believed to cover
the majority of articles in all languages available through January, 1972. This
bibliography is part I of n state-of-the-art review. Part II, the review, is scheduled
for publication about June, 1972.
INDEX TERMS: Polychlorlnated biphenyls, Bibliographies, Documentation, Reviews,
Public health, Water pollution effects, Analytical techniques, Pollutant
identification, Toxicity, Pollutant effects, Chlorophenyls, Animal tissues.
AMIC-675**
"ABNORMAL SHAPE CHANGE BY NITZSCHIA PALEA IK KULTUR", Cholnoky-Pfannkuche, von K.,
Nova Hedvigia, Vol. 21, DOS. 2-U, 197!, pp 883-886.
In cultures of Kltzschla palea cultivated for a number of years, the
following abnormalities were observed! the length of the valvae diminished and finally
measured only 6.5-10 microns, but the breadth did not change. The cell divisions vere
also disturbed. The daughter cells were at various places irregularly indented, but
the genotypically determined characteristics of Bltzschla palea REMAINED UliCHAHGED.
A change in the nutrients did not influence the length of the cells, but an increase of
the SJ.02-concentratlon resulted In more normal shape of the valvae. (in German)
INDEX TERMS: Chrysophyta, Cultures, Essential nutrients, Plant morphology, Diatoms,
Plant pathology, Environmental effects, Deficient elements, Aquatic algae,
Nitzschia palea, Chemical concentration.
AKEC-7676
"EFFECT OF TOE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE MEDIUM ON THE GROWTH OF CHLORELLA
PYRENDIDOSA". Zarnovskl, J., Acta Hydrobiologlea. Craeov., Vol. lU, No. 3, 1972,
pp 215-233.
pyreno:
differ*
A study was conducted in order to observe the intensity of growth of Chlorella
ildosa on 16 media selected from the literature, and to investigate the effect of
.fferent EDTA concentrations in the medium on the algal culture growth rates measured
by the number of cells/ml and the weight of dry matter. Pure cultures of Chlorella
were used and the same concentration of microelements was used in all medialTEe
culture was grown under non-sterile conditions with a temperature of 2k plus or minus
2 C for lU days under an Illumination of 7.500 lux for 16 hr/day. Simultaneously, the
culture was aerated with air enriched with C02 to prevent sedimentation of algae and
to Intensify the photosynthetlc process. Before the beginning and end of culturing,
amounts of N, P, and K In the media were determined. Four media (Kanazava, Myers,
Tamiya, and Warburg) were selected because of the intensive growth observed and each
used in four combinations: without EDTA and with 7, 37, and 100 mg EDTA/1 of culture.
Cultural conditions were the same except the temperature range of 19-22 C. Of the
investigated media those of Kanazawa and Tamiya ensured the most intensive growth of
Chloral 1". The best utilization of nutrients by the Chlorella cultures was observed
on the Tamiya medium. Ethylenediaminetetraacetlc acid (EDTA) stimulated the growth of
the alga cultures.
INDEX TERMS: Growth rates, Chlorophyta, Aquatic algae, Cultures, Plant growth,
Nutrients, Blomass, Essential nutrients, Culture cisdii, Substrate utilization,
Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Chemical composition, Culturing techniques,
Ethylenediaminetetraaeetic acid.
AMIC-7731*
"ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF LAKE ONTARIO LIMNOLCCICAL AM) RELATED STUDIES. VOL. II -
BIOLOGY", Downing, E. P., Hassan, J. E., Sweeney, R. A., State University College
at Buffalo, Great Lakes Laboratory, Buffalo, New YorK, Report No. EPA-R3-73-C2Qb,
March 1973, 236 pp.
Five hundred ninty-six (596) papers concerning biological ispects of Lake
Ontario and influent tributaries were reviewed and abstracted. Each paper was
cross-indexed by author, geographic area of lake and/or tributary in which study was
performed, organism, habitat niche and techniques and Instrumentation. In addition, M
list of addresses for the authors and agencies was Included along with other possibly
pertinent references which the authors were not able tc secure and review within the
time limitations of the grant.
INDEX TERMS: Reviews, Abstracts, Bibliographies, Cocucentation, Lake Ontario,
Limnology, Aquatic life, Ecology, Bioassay, Instrumentation, Sampling, Equipment.
22
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHOOS
AMC-7911*
"SUCCESSION! SIMILARITIES OF SPECIES TURNOVER RATES", Shugart, H. H., Kett, J. M,f
Science. Vol. 18o, No. 1*O93, June 1973, PP 1379-1381.
Rate coefficients have been examined for species turnover In published studies
on succession to associate community dynamics with succession. The rate coefficients
for species turnover (the proportion of species lost per unit time) for succeasional
communities decrease as the communities approach some equilibrium state. This
observation makes it possible to determine the parameters of a two-parameter model which
quantifies the time variation of successional changes in the second derivative. For all
the communities examined the rate coefficient was found to decrease with the age of the
community, which indicates a deceleration in the rate of species loss. This pattern
applies to heterotrophic and autotrophic successions, aquatic and terrestrial
successions, and successions in laboratory microcosms and large natural ecosystems.
INDEX TERMS: Succession, Biological communities, Turnovers, Ecosystems, Model studies,
Aquatic environment. Terrestrial habitats, Turnover rates, Rate coefficients,
Laboratory microcosms, Heterotrophy, Autotrophy. •
"CHLORINE AND TEMPERATURE STRESS ON ESTUARINE INVERTEBRATES", McLean, H. I.,
Journal Water Pollution Control- Federation, Vol. 1*5, No. 5, May 1973, pp 837-Q^l.
Five species of estuarine invertebrates subject to entrainment In the cooling
water system of a steam electric station were exposed experimentally to chlorine and
temperature stresses simulating plant operations. Estuarine water was injected with
chlorine ^.s to achieve a final concentration of 2.5 mg/1 total chlorine residual. This
concentration effected as high as 80 percent population mortality In the barnacle nauplil
Balanus sp and 90 percent in the copepod Acartia tonsa during a 5-min exposure.
Temperature elevations of 10 F (5.5 C) and 20T (11 C) for 3 hr had no significant
effect on population mortality. Two amphipods, Gammarug sp and Melita nitida, and one
species of shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, exhibited greater tolerance to the same stress
conditions.
INDEX TERMS: Thermal stress, Chlorine, Water pollution effects, Laboratory tests.
Estuaries, Chlorination, Animal populations, Crustaceans, Model studies,
Macroinvertebrates, Gynergistic effects, Chemical concentration.
AMIC-7959
"BEHAVIOR OF YOUDG ATLANTIC SALMON (SALMO SALAB) EXPOSED TO OR FOBCE-FED FENITHOTHION,
AH OHOANOFHOSFHATE INSECTICIDE, Symona, F. E. it., Journal of the Fisheries Research
Board of Canada. Vol. 30, No. 5, May 1973, pp 6?1-*55I
Exposure of young Atlantic salmon (Salmo a°1") to 1.0 ppm fenltrothion for
15-16 hr caused a 50 percent decrease in the number holding territories 6 days
following teralanent. Some severely affected fish also sworn stiffly and ceased feeding,
but these effects disappeared within k8 hr following return to clean water. Territories
vere not reclaimed for approximately 2-3 weeks. Esposure to 0.1 ppm fenitrottoion for
15-16 hr caused a lesser (20 percent) reduction in numbers of fish holding territories.
When mealworms (Tenebrio ep) injected with 2-5 microliters pure (100 percent) fenitrot
fenitrothion were force-fed to young salmon, 50 percent were regurgitated 8-12 hr
afterwards. Almost "11 mealworms containing 10-20 microliters fenitrothion were
regurgitated. The proportion of worms regurgitated remained constant during a week of
dally force-feedings but, 2U hr after the third or fourth feeding, nil fish except contr
controls could be made to flex tetanically by rapping on the aquarium, and they made
little attempt to escape a dlpnet.
INDEX TERM3: Atlantic salmon. Fish behavior, Phosphothioate pesticides, Water
pollution effects, Juvenile fish, Organophosphorus pesticides, Insecticides,
Fish physiology, Food habits, Bioassay, Fenitrothion, Parr, Locomotion, Salmo
salar, Pollutant effects.
AMIC-796G
"TAXONOMY AND ECOLOGY OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF MCNCDIAMESA KIEFFF.R, WITH KEYS TO
NEARCTIC AND PALAEAICTIC SPECIES OF THE GENUS (DIPTERA: CHIRGNGMIDE)", Saether, 0. /•..,
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, No. 5, May 1973, pp 665-679
Three Nearctic species of Monodlamesa are described: Monodiamesi depectlnnta
sp.n. from imagines, pupae, and fourth- and third-instar larvae; and Monodi"-mesa
prolilobata sp.n. from snale imagines. A larva possibly belonging to M. prolilobata Is
described. These are the first records and descriptions of Imagines, pupae, and larvae
of the Nearctic and Palaearctic species of the genus. Monodiamesa depectlnata occurs
in the Laurentian Great Lakes area and In Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba. "It was taken from
sandy substrates In the lower littoral and the sublittoral zones of oligotrophic to
raesotrophic lakes. Monodiamesa tuberculata occurs from the mainland of British Columbia
through the prairie provinces and the Northwest Territories to the Laurentian Great
Lakes, It was taken from the sublittoral and profundal zones of oligotrophic lakes and
in some lakes is probably a. glacial relict. Monpdiamesa prolilobata, from west of the
Rocky Mountains, probably covers the combined ecological niches of the two more easterly
species.
INDEX TERMS: Systematics, Speciation, Midges, Ecology, Ecological distribution, Niches,
Aquatic habitats, Growth stages, Aquatic insects, Lakes, Trophic level,
Monodiameea depectlnata, Monodianresa tuberculata, Monodiamesa prolilobata,
Nearctic, Palaearctic, Insect morphology.
23
-------
BIOT.OG
"STIMULATED BIODEORADATION OF OIL SLICKS USING OLEOPHILIC FERTILIZERS", Atlas, H. M..
Bartha, R., Environmental Science and Technology. Vol. 7, Mo. 6, June 1973, PP 536-5*1.
538-5IH.
Blodegradatlon of polluting oil at sea is seriously limited by the scarcity
of nitrogen and phosphorus. Since water-soluble sources of these elements would be
ineffective in the ocean, oleophilic compounds were screened to serve as fertilizers
for oil slicks. A combination of paraffinized urea and octylphosphate promoted oil
biodegradatlon, both in laboratory experiments and In field trials, to an extent that
the practical application of this principle to oil cleanup appears feasible. The
tested oleophilic fertilizer supplies nutrients to hydrocarbon-degrading
microorganisms selectively and, in contrast to nitrate and phosphate salts, it does
not trigger algal blooms.
INDEX TERMS: Oil spills, Biodegradation, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Laboratory tests,
Microblal degradation, Model studies, On-site tests, Sea water, Chemical analysis,
Oleophilic fertilizers, Nutrient sources, Crude oil. Fate of pollutants.
AMIC-80l»l
"A PROBABILISTIC APPROACH TO THE DYNAMICS OF NATURAL POPULATIONS OF THE CKYDORIDAE
(CLADOCERA, CRUSTACEA)", Keen, R., Ecology. Vol. 5^, No. 3, Late Spring, 1973,
pp 52l*-53^.
Populations of four chydorids in the littoral of Lawrence Lake, Michigan,
were studied through an entire year. Samples were collected (at 2 to 7 day intervals)
by lowering an inverted, 1-liter container to the proper depth and then letting it fill
with water. Samples were transferred to beakers, allowed to settle, and gently
heated to stimulate the chydorids to swim to the surface thereby separating themselves
from debris. The water and animals were then decanted. Samples were concentrated with
a net to about 10 ml and preserved with 95 percent ethanol. These were examined for
counts of species and Individual reproductive stages. Four species of chydorids
dominated the samples: Aeroperus harpae Baird, Graptpleberis testudinaria (Fischer),
Chydorus sphaerlcus (O.F.M. ), ^nd Camptocerus cf. rectirostrls Schodler. Through the
entire year, these represented at least 75 percent, and usually more, of the chydorid
numbers in each sample. Aeroperus, Graptoleberis, and Camptocerus appeared in spring
after a winter absence and reached maximum population in late summer or fall.
Chydorus sphaericus peaked in spring and dropped to a low level In the summer, then
rose through fall to a winter plateau. Predicted rates of birth were higher during
summer when rites of observed change fluctuated considerably. A probabilistic method,
based on reproductive potential, showed relatively large proabilitles for changes
observed from late fall to early spring in populations of Chydorus. Most population
changes in the other three species, and in Chydorus during the summer, had zero
probability. Most population loss appears to be predatory; emigration and 'natural'
mortality are not important.
CAI. METHODS
AMIC-8OU1 (Continued)
Card. 2/2
IHEEX TERMS! Aniraa.1 populations. Seasonal, Dominant organisms. Crustaceans, Sampling,
Separation techniques, Biological ccouunl-tlea, Reproduction, Aeroperoa harpae,
Oraptoleberls testudinarla, Chydorus sphaerlcuo, Camptocerua cf. reetlrostrls.
AMIC-808?
"A PHOTON COUNTING DEVICE FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF NANOSECOND AND MICROSECOND KINETICS
OF LIGHT-EMISSION FROM BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS", Beall, H. C., Haug, A., Analytical
Biochemistry, Vol. 53, No. 1, May 1973, PP 98-107.
This paper describes the instrumentation and operation of a photon
counting system which was constructed to measure the delayed light emission from the
alga Scenedesmus obllquus. The study of the kinetics of the delayed light emission,
especially the fast kinetics of the nanosecond and microsecond regions, should
produce evidence concerning the mechanism Involved In the early photochemical and
biochemical steps of photosynthesis. The functioning of the system was Illustrated
by a plot which compared data of the recorded delayed light emission vrtth data of the
system noise over the first 20-mlcrosecond Interval after extinction of i modulited
laser beam. This paper shows the utility of photon counting as s satisfactory method
of measuring biological light emission, especially a very rapid process such 13 the
delayed light emission from photoaynthetlc organisms.
INDEX TERMS: Photosynthesis, Instrumentation, Biochemistry, ilcenedesmus obllquus,
Photon counting, Light emission.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL MBTHOPS
AMIC-8S09
"EETR1TUS IN LAKE TAHOEs STRUCUJRAL MODIFICATION BY ATTACHED MZCPOFLORA",
Paerl, H. W., Science. Vol. 180, No. 1*085, May t, 1973, PP 1*96-1*93.
Water samples were collected from Lake Tahoe over a vertical profile of
0 to 1*1*0 m to Investigate microbiological utilization of detritus. SubsamploB were
filtered through Metrical filters, fixed with glutaraldehye, dehydrated by stepwlBe
immersion In increasing concentrations of ethyl alcohol, portions mounted and gold
plated, and viewed by scanning electron microscopy (EEM). Subsamples were also
monitored for microbial heterotrophic activity as a measure of mineralization rates
by determining acetate uptake. Total particulate carbon, and acetate concentrations
were determined in samples taken from all depths. In a separate study, detritus waa
collected from Ward Creek, a tributary of Lake Tahoe, homogenized, sterilized, and
divided into dialysis bags which were impervious to detritus and microorganisms, but
allowed passage of nutrients and metabolic waste products. Two sets of dialysis
bags were used: one containing sterile detritus and one containing lake water and
live microorganisms. Both sets were incubated in Lake Tahoe and periodically
examined by light microscopy and SEM. The results of the investigations show that
readily identifiable groups of microorganisms present on nonliving particulate
organic matter (detritus) in the upper waters of Lake Tahoe are attached in
specific ways and appear responsible for detrital aggregation. This mlcroflora
is associated with active heterotrophic metabolism, but deeper waters possess little
detrltal microflora and little heterotrophic activity.
INDEX TERMS: Detritus, Microorganisms, Biodegradation, Organic matter, Nutrients,
Lake Tahoe, Ward Creek.
AKIC-8262 (Continued)
Card 2/2
AMIC-8262
"EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL DESTRATIFICATION ON PRIMARY PRODUCTION AND ZOOBENTHOS OF
EL CAPITAN RESERVOIR, CALIFORNIA", Fast, A. W., Water Resources Research, Vol. 9,
No. 3, June 1973, PP 607-623.
El Capltan reservoir was artificially mixed using compressed air during
the summers of 1965 and 1966 to investigate the effects of destratification on
primary production and zoobenthos. Phytoplankton production was measured by the
C-lU technique. Zoobenthos was sampled with an unscreened Ekman dredge, screened
with a no. 30 sieve, and sorted by sugar flotation. Estimates of organisms not
sorted by sugar flotation were made by subsampllng sediments. Physical and chemical
characteristics of the water were also determined. The zoobenthos was numerically
dominated by oligochaete worms (Llmnodrllus hoffmelsteri, Bathrloneurum vejdovskyanum,
Eyjlyodrllus bavarious, E. hammoniensls, and Tubifex tubifex) and chironomid larvae
(Chlronomus attenuatus, Proeladius bellus, P. denticulatus, and Tanytarsus spp.
The Asiatic clam (Corbicula manllensis) became well established during the study
period. The results show that mixing and reservoir volume increases resulted in more
uniform physical and chemical conditions, aerobic conditions throughout the lake,
Increased primary production, Increased depth distributions of zoobenthos, and
zoobenthos population increases. Increased primary production was related to a
decrease In algal depth distribution. This decrease was caused by incomplete
destratification, since thermal microstratification persisted near the lake surface,
Zoobenthos were distributed throughout the lake during mixing, whereas they were
confined to shallow depths during well-stratified times. Water volumes increased
three-fold during the study and greatly confounded interpretation of the mixing
effects.
INDEX lEFMSs Benthlc fauna. Primary productivity, Destratlficatlon, Mixing, Sanqpllng,
Ollgochaetea, Midges, Clams, Sorting.
AMIC-8270
-effect of nutrient additions on the apparent cometabolism of ddt-, Pfaender, F. K.,
Alexander, M., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 21, No. 3,
May/June 1973, PP 397-399.
Raw sewage samples, half of which were autoclaved, were placed in
Erlenmeyer flasks and treated with DDT and InorRinlc salts to obtain additional
evidence on the significance of cometabolism in the microbial transformation of
DDT. Sets of sterilized and unsterileized samples received additions of glucose or
diphenyImethane. One set received no additions. All flasks were incubated at 30 C.
At periodic intervals, samples were removed and frozen for later extraction and
analysis. At the same time, plate counts were made of the bacteria. For analysis, the
samples were thawed, acidified with H3P03, and extracted for 6 hours with ethyl ether.
Extracts were concentrated with a flask evaporator arid esterified by boiling with
BC13-methanol. The microbial cultures were extracted in a separatory funnel with
n-hexane-ethyl ether. All extracts were dried, resuspended in acetone, and analyzed by
gas chromatography. The products formed by microbiological degradation of DDT were
the same as those identified in other studies, namely, ODD, DDE, and DBP
(1*,U'-dichlorobenzophenone). The addition of glucose enhanced the rate of DDD
formation but slowed DBP biosynthesis, and additions of diphenylmetnane reduced the
rate of formation of both DDD and DBP. The numbers of microorganisms potentially
able to cometabolize DDT were high in raw sewage, but their abundance rose markedly as
a result of the addition of glucose and diphenyImethane. Many of these microorganisms
produced DDD, DDE, and DBP.
INDEX TERMS: Sewage bacteria, Microbial degradation, DDT, DDD, DDE, Bioassay,
Cometabolism, Fate of pollutants, DBP, Biotransforraation.
25
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMZC-8293
"ESUMTICW OP ESTUARIME MARSH PBDDUCTIVI1Y ", Da Michele, E.t Journal of the
Englnaerlng Dlvie ion, ^Proceedings of the American Society of Civil
l. 99. No. ska.
n,
1
^
June 1973. BP 397-Wt.
engineers. Vol.
The adsorptlve and absorptive capabilities of tidal marshlands, have, In the
past, been estimated using various techniques. Thus far it has been difficult to
measure the organic matter representative of marsh productivity. To eliminate some of
the distortions associated with such measurements, a model based on the
convective-diffuslon equation was used to estimate 5-day BOD additions from a tidal
marsh to a northern temperature zone estuary. Use of the model involves: (l)
determination of river coefficients for conservative and nonconservative substances,
based on measured concentration profiles, for periods of maximum and minimum marsh
activity; and (2) calculation of river reaction rates. Organic removals for the wo
periods of extreme marsh activity then may be compared to provide a means of estimating
net marsh productivity. Data collected over a 6-yr period were used to demonstrate the
previously described technique. The extensive marshy area fringing Delaware ' s
Murderklll River estuary (drainage area of 107 sq miles) is found to contribute 1,050
Ib per day 5-day biochemical oxygen demand during the summer months. No attempt was
made to evaluate contribution per unit area of marsh.
INDEX TERMS: Aquatic productivity, Estimating, Estuarine environment, Tidal marshes,
Measurement, Biochemical oxygen demand, Primary productivity, Model studies,
Turbulent flow, Transportation, Dispersion, Organic matter, Adsorption, Equations,
Murderkill River, Convective-dif fusion equation.
"UPTMCE OF TOXIC WATER FOLUTOMITS (FOB) Kf LAKE THDUT", Parejfcl, R., Johnston, H..
northern HlehigKn University, Biology Department, Marquette, Michigan, Project
Termination Report, Contract Ho. lU-oi-oooi-3522, January 1973, 16 pp. NTIS Report
Ho. FB-ail» 768.
lake trout were netted from Lake Superior for analysis of polyctilorlnated
biphenyls (aroclors) to determine whether biological magnification of PCBe occurs.
The fish were frozen until analysis, at which tine skin, muscle, and lipoid tissue from
the area between the pectoral and pelvic fins was dissected and prepared for analysis.
The samples were ground with anhydrous sodium sulfate to dehydrate the tissue
centrlfuged several times with petroleum ether, and the solvent evaporated leaving an
oil which was cleaned up by partitioning and column chromatogrmphy. The oil was
analyzed by gp.8-liquid chroaatography for PCBa and chlorinated pesticides.
Concentrations of PCBs determined were as follows: Aroclor 12U2, 1U-3.U ppm; Aroclor
12W3, 0-lt.l ppm; Aroclor 125!+, 0-7.2 ppmj Aroclor 1262, 0-1.8 ppm. PCB concentrations
were low, and it appeared that biphenyls containing lower percent concentrations of
chlorine predominated. Concentrations of pesticides were as follows: Heptachlor,
0-0.029 ppm; Heptachlor epoxide, 0-0.167 ppm; o,p DDE, 0-O.81 ppm, p,p DDE,
0-15.3 ppm; o,p HDD, 0-0.67 ppm; p,p DDD, 0-1.17 ppm; o,p DDT, 0-1.86 ppm; p,p DDT,
0-1.88 ppm. Statistical determinations made between mean PCB concentration and fish
age, sex and geographical location of removal from Lake Superior indicated tlia.t no
correlation could be found.
INDEX TERMS: Lake trout, Absorption. DDT. DDD, DDE. Heptachlor. Biological samples,
Sample preparation, Aeoclor, IzkS, Aroclor 12w, Aroclor 1251*, Aroclor 1262,
Gas liquid chromatography, Tissues.
"NUTRIENT CYCLING AND PRODUCTIVITY OF DYSTROPHIC LAKE-BOO SYSTEMS (PART A)",
Hooper, F. F., University of Michigan, School of Natural Resources, Ann Arbor,
Mlchiffin, Technical Progress Report No. COO-1771-5, Contract No. AT(ll-l)-1771, December
1972, 71 PP-
Three items concerned with nutrient cycling are covered in this report:
(1) 'Organic Phosphorus Compounds of a Northern Michigan Bog, Bog-Lake System1,
(2) 'Preliminary Report of the Role of Sphagnum in the Cycling of Phosphorus in a
Bog-Lake System", and (3) 'Ionic State and Coordination of Iron in Bog Lakes'. The
organophosphorus compounds produced In the bog mat were identified as hydrolytio
products of ribonucleic acids as well as free mono-, di-, and triphosphate nucleotldes.
The inorganic P of the epilimnion and the mat waters were chiefly orthophosphate; that
of the hypolimnion consisted of ortho- and polyphosphate P. The direct application of
P-32 to the surface of Sphagnum produced a leaehate consisting entirely of soluble
unreactive P which was flushed into the lake (surface water and hypolimnion) when rains
created a hydrologic gradient of flow within the mat. P-32 injected directly into the
interstitial water of the mat produced a leaehate of entirely particulate unreactive
phosphorus. This was also flushed into the lake by the action of the rain and persisted
in the surface water with little or no loss or transformation for a period in excess of
3 weeks. The presence of ionic Fe(ll) without complexation was confirmed as the
predominant form of Fe in the deoxygenated waters of the bog according to the sampling
methods and reaction scheme used. However, the chemical state of Iron present in the
lake varied considerably in form and amount with depth,
INDEX TERMS: Iron, Cycling nutrients, Phosphorus, Aquatic productivity, Dystrophy,
Lake-bog systems.
- _
AMIC-8329
"ECOLOGICAL COHCEPT OF THE COASTAL ZONE IN THE GREAT LAKES", Schelake, C. L.,
University of Michigan, Great Lakes Research Division, Ann Arbor, MichlRan, Report
No. COO-2003-10, May 26-28, 1971, 16 pp.
This concept paper contends that the coastal zone of the Great Lakes may be
similar to the marine coastal zone in many respects, but in terms of ecological
processes it must be viewed as part of the lake ecosystem and cannot be treated
separately. Some of those differences between the coastal zones include salinity,
residence times of water, circulation period, biological productivity, limiting nutrients,
and the direction of the flow of water. In order to study the coastal lone adequately,
the entire lake ecosystem must be studied. For some types of problems, such as chloride
pollution, the five Great Lakes must be considered as a system.
INDEX TERMS: Ecosystems, Great Lakes, Ecology, Aquatic environment, Coasts, Salinity,
Flow, Water circulation, Path of pollutants, Nutrients, Water temperature, Thermal
stratification, Waste assimilative capacity, Lake Michigan, Lake Erie, Lake
Ontario, Lake Superior, Lake morphometry, Lake Huron, Discharge (water), Chlorides,
Upwelling, Aqustic productivity, Coastal zones, Marine environment, Thenral bar,
Fate Of pollutants.
-------
"IEE1WIFICATION AMD CONTROL OF PETROCHEMICAL FOLUITAMTS IWHIBrKHW TO ANAEBOBIC
PROCESSES"t Hovlous, «J. C., Waggy, G. T., Convay, R. A., Union Cartolde Corporation,
Chemical* and Plastics Division, South Charleston, West Virginia, Report No.
EPA-Ka-73-lgU, April 1973, 103 pp.
Identification studies were made on potentially inhibitory materials using a
Warburg respirometer procedure and an unacclimated anaerobic blomass. Identified
Inhibitory materials and concentrations for a 50 percent decrease In activity were
acrolein. (20-50 mg/l), formaldehyde (50-100 mg/l), 2-ethyl-l-hexanol (500-1000 mg/l),
methyl isobutyl ketone (100-300 mg/l). diethylamlne (300-1000 mg/l), acrylonitrlle
(100 mg/l), 2-methyl-5-ethylpyridine (100 mg/l), ethylene dlchloride (150-500 mg/l),
ethyl aery late (300-600 mg/l), and phenol (300-1000 mg/l). Inhibitory effects were
more severe at high volatile acid concentrations. Acclimation of anaerobic blomass to
crotonaldehyde, phenol, ethyl acrylate, and sodium acrylate was studied in mixed
digesters. An acclimated culture was developed for crotonaldehyde, phenol, and to some
degree to ethyl acrylate. No acclimation was observed for sodium acrylate. Cultures
acclimated to crotonaldehyde and ethyl acrylate were able to degrade the materia.1 while
phenol was not degraded with acclimation but was no longer inhibitory. Additional
acclimation studies were made in continuously fed anaerobic filters. A filter was
acclimated to a crotonaldehyde concentration of 600 mg/l as compared to the 50-100 mg/l
inhibitory in Warburg studie's. Treatment of formaldehyde, ethyl acrylate, phenol, and
acrylonitrile indicated synergistic inhibitory effects. These mixed inhibitors were
treated satisfactorily it low concentrations in two series anaerobic filters, however,
increasing inhibitor concentrations resulted in failure of both filters. Actual waste
streams treated in an anaerobic filter indicated that inhibition from crotonaldehyde
AMIC-83U6 (Continued)
Card 2/2
could be avoided in a chemical manufacturing waste by dilution. Successful treatment
of 'hard1 surfactant containing wastes was also noted. Other means of overcoming
inhibition were discussed.
INDEX TERMS'. Pollutant identification, Sewage sludge, Industrial wastes. Chemical
wastes, Anaerobic digestion, Inhibitors, Blomass, Chemical analysis,
Petrochemicals, Warburg; technique, Synergistic effects.
AMXC-8350
"HEW AMD RAKE SPECIES OF SC*E GREEK AICAE FROM BANGLADESH", lalam, A. K. M. N.,
KOTO Hedvegla, Vol. 23, Ho. U, 1972, pp 655-677.
The following new species, varieties and forme have been described from
Bangladesh together with Mougeotla pawhuskae Taft, and M. tranaeaui Collins, namely,
Stlgeoclonlum geraldll, sp. nov.; Stlgeoclonlum penicillatum, sp. nov.; Temnogametum
Bubtropleum, ap. nov,; Mougeotia longlarticulate, sp. nov.; M. Ipnglartlculata fa.
brevls, fa. nov.; M. longiartlculata fa. nayaharense, fa. nov.;~Rougeotla oedogonoides
var. daechense, var. nov7; Mougeotia subelllpsoldea, sp. nov.j Onychonema laeve var.
crenulata var. nov.
INDEX TERMS: Chlorophyta, Aquatic algae, Speciation, Classification, Systematics,
Bangladesh, India.
A me-8351
"EXAMINATION OF ULTRASTRUCTURE AMD GROWTH OF THE CELL WALL GF SrYRlDIA FILAMEHTOSA
(WULF.) HARV.", Tsekos, V. I., Haritonidis, S., Nova Hedwigla, Vol. 23, No. k, 1972,
PP 785-793.
The structure and the course of development In cell walls cf the red alga
Spyridia filamentosa (Wulf.) Harv. were analyzed by cytochemistry 'ind polarization
microscopy!(1) The cell wall Is composed of two layers; the inner one consisting of
cellulose, the outer of acid carbohydrates. Contrary to other Rhodophycna analyzed
hitherto, the outer layer of Spyridia fllamentosa exhibits birefringence; under the
polarization microscope and after staining with methylene blue it appears distinctly
stratified. (2) The cell wall proper of the youngest central cells in the thallus tip
is uniform, and It encloses the whole protoplast without any gap. As it Is the case
with Geranium species, adult central cells show three distinct regions: two cap-like
parts (each of which at the basal and apical pole of the cell) find a conic part
encircling the remainder of the cell. The origin of the wall structure of adult central
cells Is discussed. (3)the inner layer of the cell wall is composed of lamellae.
(4) The intensity of the cellulose reaction and of birefringence increases with the
jige of the cells. In young cells It Is rather poor. (5) Nearly all parts of the
thallus that border directly to the surrounding water have more or less thickened
external walla. (6) Beside the axial pit connections of the central cells, which show
an Intense light refraction, there are another eighteen pits arranged in a ring at the
apical pole. (In German)
INDEX TERMS: Rhodophyta, Marine algae, Cytological studies, Plant growth, Marine plants,
Electron microscopy, Plant tissues. Cellulose, Spyridia fllamentosi, Cell wall,
UjJtraBtructure,. Polarization microscopy. ___^
27
-------
BIOLOGICAL MTn.00,
AKEC-8351
AMIC-8352
"TOE EPIfOTTIC DIATOM FLORA OF TOE BEMIHIC MACBOPHYTE COMMUNITIES ON ROCKY SHORES
IM THE SOUTHWESTERN ARCHIPELAOO OF FINLAND, SEILI ISLANDS" Fautiainen, H.,
Ravanko, 0., Kova Hedwlgla. Vol. 23, No. U, 1972, pp 827-9*2.
An analysis of the epiphytic diatom flora was carried out In connection with
i study of the benthlc microphyte communities In the SW archipelago of Finland,
Geill Islands (Ravanko, 1972). ^ampleo were token from microphytes collected from
quadrats (1 sq ra) on 13 lines. Preparations were made by pulverizing and homogenizing
the raacrophyte material to which was then added strong hydrogen peroxide. This
mixture was allowed to stand 2-3 days at room temperature or 2 days at UO-50 C to
allow the digestion of organic matter. Test tubes containing the mixture were then
centrifuged and the material transferred to a cover glass, dried, and mounted In
Clearax for microscopic observations. The diatoms were determined and counted; results
relating to the same mncrophyte belt were combined. The percentages of each diatom
species in the different belts were cilculated. The occurrence in the macrophyte
belts of diatoms with percentages of flv» or more is presented in diagrams. No clear
zonation of diatoms w»a distinguished corresponding to the macrophyte belts, but
statistical analycls showed thnt on moat lines the mncrophyte belts differed from each
other in regard to their epiphytic diatom flora. The species composition of the
epiphytic diatom flora is dlscusted nnd compared with that of other areas.
INDEX TERMS: Diatoms, Marine nlgne, Marine plants, Biological communities, Speciation,
Syotematics, Pondweeds, Chlorophyta, Chrysophyta, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta,
Intertldal areas, Benthtc flora, Cyanophyta, Epiphytes, Macrophytes, Sample
preparation, Finland.
(357
"SUMMER ALQAL COMMUNITIES AND PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY IN FISH PONDS"
Hydrabiologla. Vol. In, Bo. 3, May 15, 1973, pp 357.390.
Boyd, C. P.,
The paper presents data on primary productivity and phytoplankton
communities in new experimental ponds which received the following treatments;
ammonium nitrate and trlplesuperphosphate, trlplesuperphosphate, cracked corn (10
percent crude protein) and Auburn No. 3 fish feed (36 percent crude protein).
Comparative data on algal communities were also obtained from production ponds which
received feeds or fertilizers. Basic ecological data on macro-algae are also
presented. All nutrient additions to experimental ponds resulted in higher levels of
gross photosynthesis and greater concentrations of chlorophyll a than were found in
the control treatments. Fertilization with both nitrogen and phosphorus gave the
highest values. Chlorophyll a and gross photosynthesis were higher in ponds receiving
high protein content feed (Auburn No. 3) than in ponds to which low protein content
feed (corn) was applied. Persistent blooms of blue-green algae occurred in ponds
receiving nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization. Phosphorus only fertilization
produced blooms of blue-greens, but these blooms did not persist as in the ponds to
which nitrogen was also added. Control ponds were dominated by green algne.
Blue-green algae were seldom abundant in feed treatments. Production ponds h-id high
level of gross photosynthesis and large concentrations of chlorophyll a. Many of
the production ponds which received feed applications developed heavy blooms of
blue-green algae. The major species of blue-green algae observed in thn present
study were Osclllatoria sp., Baphidiopsis curvata, Anncyr.tis nidulans, A. aeruginos«i,
Splrullna sp., and Anabaena clrclnalis.heterocyst bearing forms, which con
presumably fix nitrogen, were seldom noted In ponds that received continuous
AMIC-835U
"THE KINETICS OF IfflU UPFAKL Iff Ct.RATLr'HYLLUM'j Toetz, D. W., Hydroblologia, Vol. Ul,
No. 3, May 15, 1973, PP 27';-2'X).
The relationship between growth of aquatic plants and their nutrient supply
is poorly understood, because of the lack of suitable models which could be tested
In the field. The purpose of this research was to learn if the Mlchaelis-Menten
expression describes the relationship between the uptake of NHU by CeratophyHum
and the concentration of NHU In solution. Both field and laboratory observations
showed that the rate of uptake of NHU by nitrogen deficient Cera tophy Hum describes
a hyperbola when plotted against concentrations of NHU. The uptake can be predicted
by the rate Michaelis-Menten expression, where the half saturation constant is 613.U
to Ul*25.7 mg NHU-N/cu m. The rate of uptake of NHl* by Cera tophy Hum at 2 degrees C is
50 to 73 percent the rate at 20 degrees C, suggesting that uptake of NHU is not likely
to be due to metabolic processes alone and that the Michaelis-Menten expression may
only model uptake approximately. The rate of turnover of NHU in pond water was
calculated using this approximate model. At a concentration of 100 mg HHU-N/cu m, the
turnover time for NHU In one liter of pond water containing 1 g dry wt of CeratophyHum
was 0.6 to U.'> h. The ecological usefulness of the Michaelis-Menten constants derived
for Ceratophyllum is discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Kinetics, Absorption, Aquatic plants, Essential nutrients, Laboratory
tests, Cn-site tests, Mathematical studies, Ammonium, Ceratophyllum.
28
AMIC-8357 (Continued)
Card 2/2
additions of nitrogen from fish feeds. M-icro-algae are abundant in many fish
ponds. Data IHustrating the competition of m:icro-alga
-------
A MIC-8361
"SOME ROTIFERS FROM CAMBODIA", Berzlna, B., Hydroblologla. Vol. 1*1, No. <*,
>tey 30, 1973, PP ^53-1*59.
Some Bpecleo of rotifers from Cambodia are described,
INDEX TERfC: Rotifers, Aquatic animals, Cpeclation, Invertebrates, Classification,
Eystematics, Cambodia, Flllria caroasecla cambodgensls, Lecane blachei, •
Anchltestudinella mekogensir,, Branchionus donnerl, Animal morphology.
AMIC-836U
"TOE TEGTACEA IN TIE AREA OF BIKCHELBACH STATION (blEBEf^/SPESSART, GERMANY)",
Laminger, H., Hydroblologia. Vol. Ul, No. U, May 30, 1973, PP 501-513.
Taxonomy and ecology of Testacea in camples from Sphagnum and from sediments
of a pool, some springs and small waters collected near Buschelbach (Bieber/Spessart,
Germany) were studied. Eighty-nine species were found. The Euglyphldae. one of the
9 Investigated families, dominated with Trineina (T. lineare, T, enchelys), Corythlon
(£. dubiura), Assulinn (A. rauscorum), Euglypha [E. rotunda, E. laevls, E. cristata) and
Sphenoderla (£. minuta). The Nebelidae, another of the 9 families, were also relatively
frequent, especially Hebela (N. collaris-bohemica-tlrtcta-group), Lesquereuala (L.
apiralis) find Quadrulella (QuT symmetrlca7TSpecimens of the families Arcellidae,
Centropyxidae and Dlffluglldae were generally more rare. (In German)
INDEX TERMS: Ecology, Systematics, Protozoa, Dominant organisms, Sediments, Springs,
Mosses, Water.
AMIO-8366
"ECOLOGICAL STODIES III ME PLAHKTOR OF CEHTfclM FRESHWATER PONDS OF HXDERABAD-IBDIA.
III. ZOOPLAHKTON AHD BACTERIA", Seenayya, 0., Hydroblologia. Vol. Ul, No. k,
*y 30, 1973, PP 5S9-5i»o.
The ecological behavior of zoplankton and bacteria were studied In
freshwater pondfl In India. Populations of the organisms were determined and related
to rainfall and several chemical parameters (oxidizable ami nitrogenous organic
matter, phosphates, and dissolved solids). Cladocerans were more abundant than
copepods, rotifers or ostracods in all the ponds investigated. The pond harboring
Chara and Nitella had a dense population of Chydorus. Thennocyclops grew
abundantly in oxygen-rich water. The pulses of zooplankton preceded those of
phytoplankton and the grazing effect was very well marked In one of the ponds.
Ponds smaller In dimension harbored denser populations of bacteria. Higher
concentrations of phosphate, dissolved solids, and oxidizable and nitrogenous
organic matter favored their multiplication. Bacterial pulses almost coincided with
those of phytoplankton - more precisely with chlorophyll-a. Possibly microbes i'ed
on the freshly liberated materials from the phytoplankters.
INDEX TERMS: Ecology, Biological communities, Zooplankton, Phytoplankton, Bacteria,
Animal populations, Chlorophyll a.
AMIC-8367
"UPTAKE OF RADIONUCLIDEG BY SOME AQUATIC MACROPHYTEC OF ISMAILIA CANAL, EGYPT",
Abdelmlik, W. E. Y., El-Shlnawy, R. M. K., Ishak, M. M., Mahraoud, K. A.,
Hydrobiologia. Vol. 1*2, No. 1, July 6, 1973, pp 3-12.
The uptake and accumulation of Cs-13U, Co-6o, £r-90, and P-32 were studied
with four aquatic macrophytes: Slodea densa, CeratophyHum demersum, Potamogeton
peetlnatus, and Chara sp. Tests were conducted with plants in large iquarii containing
canal water labelled with the radionuclldes. Periodically, portions of the plants were
removed, dipped in running distilled water, blotted on filter paper, weighed, dried,
ashed, and radloassayed. Statistical evaluations of the correlation between radionuclide
concentration and uptake by the plants led to the following conclusions, (l) Uptake of
the radionuclides was found to increase at increasing initial concentrations of the
radionuclides in the water. (2) Maximum uptake was reached by most of the aqu-itic
plants after different periods of contamination, ranging from 1 to k days. (3)
C eratophyHum was found to be the most favourable biological Indicator for strontium
radlolsotopes in concentrations ranging from 0,5 to 10 microcuries/1 and for
contamination periods up to 16 days, (k) Elodea was found to serve as a biological
Indicator for either strontium or phosphorus radioisotopes for limited contamination
periods of 2 to 16 days for Er and to 2 days for P isotopes. (5) PotHmogeton was also
found to serve as a biological indicator for limited contamination periods for
strontium, phosphorus and cesium radioiostopes: 0 to 2 days for ^r, 2 to 16 days for
P, and 0 to 2 days for Cs Isotopes.
INDEX TERMS: Bioassay, Radioactive wastes, Bioindlcators, Aquatic plants, bloaccumulati
Bioaccumulation, Cs-131*, Co-60, Sr-90, P-32, Eloden densri, Centophyllum demersum,
Potamogeton pectlnstus.
29
-------
BIOLOGICAL METHODS
A MIC-8368
"THE MAYFLJf (EFHEMEROPTERA) Iff TROUT STREAMS OF THE BESKID6. II. PRODUCTIOH",
Zellnka, M., Hydrobioloala. Vol. kS, No. 1, July 6, 1973, pp 13-19.
The first part of this study (1969) dealt with the abundance and biomasa
of mayflies (Ephemeropter
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL MBTHCO8
"COHCEHNINC TOE IMFLUENCE OF HERBICIDES OH SEVERAL FRESHWATER ANIMALS", Pravada, 0.,
Hydroblologla, Vol. U2, Ho. 1, July 1973, pp 97-l"*2.
Toxiclty of fourteen herbicides has been determined for thirteen animal
species:
Gammarua
carplo,~Phoxlnua
Planaria gonocephala. Tub if ex sp, Lvmmea stagnalls, Daphnia pulex,
pulex, A"sellu8 aquaticus, Micronecta minutiBatroa, E"sux lucius, Cyprl
inus
__^^ ihoxinua, Leucaplus dellneatus, Perea fluvlatllls, Rana teiTiporarla,
in 510 laboratory experiments.It was followed in three concentrations and expressed
both in tables, by the vulue LT5O or by the various degree of damage of the organisms,
and In graphs. The organisms were divided into four groups according to their
sensitivity to herbicides: (l) organisms with high sensitivityj (2) sensitive;
(3) medium sensitive} (k) little sensitive. From the point of view of the toxicity
the herbicides were divided into three groups: (l) powerfully toxic, (2) medium
toxic; (3) little toxic. A relationship between the Intensity of toxicity and the
cnemical structure of herbicides was found. The first group includes herbicides on the
basio of carbaraates and phenols, the second group includes the derivatives of
phenoxyacetic acid, and the third group includes inorganic herbicides and those
pertaining to the group of the chlorated organic substances. The menchanlsm of the
toxic action was followed from the point of view of the mutual relationship of
herbicide toxlcity and the sensitivity of organisms. Eight basic types of this action
were found. Special attention was paid to those types where significant reparation
phases appeared during the experiments. Only Inor/^jnic herbicides and those from the
group of the chlorated organic substances or eventually those on the basis of
phenoxyac^tlc icid may be used for mass application In water economy. In all cases
further complex Investigations must be made concerning the influence on water
AMIC-837U (Continued)
Card 2/2
blocenosea, as the recent dita on the toxicity of herbicides with reepcct to several
species of fish only are not sufficient. The use of herbicides from the group of
phenols and carbftmates should be prohibited in the neighbourhood of water bodies.
(In German)
INDEX TERMS: Herbicides, Aquatic animals, Bloassay, Pesticide toxicity, W^ter pollution
effects. Invertebrates, Freshwater fish, Carbamate pesticides, Phenolic pesticides,
Lethal limit, Laboratory tests, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Frogs,
Median tolerance limit, Sensitivity, Macroinvertebrates.
AMC-8379
"KDETICS OF AMMO ACID IBFLUX DTK) NITELLA FLEXIl.TS". Wallen, D. 0., Journal
of Rhyoology. Vol. 9, Ho. &, June 1973, pp 1U8-158. •
The uptake of amlno acids by Nltella flexills has been Investigated.
Separated internodal celle of the alga were placed In artificial pond water to which
had been added C-lU-labeled L-amlno aclds(glyclne, alanlne, valine, arglnine, and
aspartlc acid) to give concentrations up to 30 m**- The experiments were conducted
at 20 C. At the end of the experiments, the labeled cells were harvested and the
radioactivity measured. In some cases, the nature of the C -lU-la'beled organic compounds
determined. Influx of glyclne, alnnlne, and valine appears to be a diffusive process.
Influx ranged from O.lU to 0.06 and O.oU pmoles/(cm)(sec), respectively. Aspartlc acid
uptake is an active transport mechanism. The V sub max is 2.8 pmoles/(cm)(sec) j the
transport constant (Michaells constant) K sub m, 0.0078 M. The uptake of arglnine is
apparently due to 2 transport systems, one with a V sub max and K sub m of 3-1
pmolea/(cia)(sec) and 0.0032 M, respectively. The second system has a V sub max of I.1*
pmoles/(cm)(8ec) and a K sub m of O.OO021 M. The possibility that the second system la
diffusive has been considered.
INDEX TERMS: Kinetics, Absorption, Amlno acids, Inflow, Aquatic algae, Nltella
flexills.
AMIC-8382
"OBSERVATIONS ON THE STRUCTURE OF EOMt FGRK3 OF GOMPHONKMA
INTERNAL ORGANIZATION", Dawson, P. A
pp 165-175.
PARVULqM KUTZ. II. TOE
Journal of Phycology, Vol. 9, No. 2, June 1973,
The diatom species Gomphonema parvulum Kutz. was Isolated, grown In culture,
and the details of the internal organization studied by light and electron microscopy.
The organism is usually identified from its frustular morphology, but members of the
genus Gomphonema can be separated from other naviculold forms by the H-shaped
chromatophore, whose lobes are connected on 3 sides across the center of the cell, and
also from the position of the pyrenold. This is situated on the Inner side of the
chromatophore and la not embedded in the center of the chromatophore. New observations
of this pennate diatom include details of the perlplastidial network, of the Golgl
vesicular activity, and of the storage products.
INDEX TERSE: Diatoms, Plant morphology, Aquatic algae, Electron microscopy, Cytological
studies, Chrysophyta, Cultures, Gomphonema parvulum,_Llght microscopy,
infrastructure, Frustules, Sample preparation, Cell wall, Characterization.
31
-------
OAt, MUTHOPa
AMXC.6I»13~~~~~' ' '
"FFESHWAIER MACHOIHVER1EBRATES", Warner, H. W., Journal Water Pollution Control
Federation. Voi. U5, Bo. 6, June 1973, PP 1231-1237.
Thld literature review stresses the effects on freshwater nacroinvertebrates
of various kinds at pollutants: inorganic wastes, organic wastes, pesticides, and
radiation. Analyses of biotlc communities, secondary productivity, periodicity and
drift, distribution and habltal requirements, sampling techniques, and the effects of
altering the physical environment are also reviewed.
INDEX TERMS: Aquatic animals, Secondary productivity. Biological communities, Water
pollution effects, Reviews, Ecological distribution, Biorhythms, Environmental
effects, Aquatic drift, Aquatic habitats, Growth stages, Hiche, Waste water
(pollution), Blomass, Animal metabolism, Animal growth, Animal physiology,
Predation, Spatial distribution, Temporal distribution. Sampling, Methodology,
Equipment, Macrolnvertebrates, Data interpretation, Bloaccumulatlon, Species
diversity, Survival, Substrate utilization.
AMXC-8383
"CONTIWUOU6 CULTURE OF MARINE DIA1DM5 UNDER SILICATE LIMITATION. I. SYNCHRONIZED
LITE CYCLE OF SKEIETOHEW COSTATUM. Davis, C. 0., Harrison, P. J., Dufldale, R. C.,
Journal of Phycology, Vol. 9, No. Z, June 1973, PP 175-180.
Skeletonema costatum was grown in silicate-limited continuous culture.
Culture conditions resulted In synchronization of sexual reproduction. A detailed
description of the life cycle Is presented. During the life cycle growth rates varied
from 0 to 0.12/hr. Sexual reproduction In diatoms has often been observed in batch
cultures and some stages have been reported in nature. However, this Is apparently
the first report of Its occurrence In continuous culture. Other experiments that
demonstrate the Importance of sexual reproduction in continuous culture work are
discussed.
INDEX TEBMS: Diatoms, Deficient elements, Silicates, Life cycles, Synchronization,
Skeletonema costatum.
A MIC -81*12
"EFFECTS OF COPPER OB THE LOCOMDTOR ORIENTATION OF FISH", Kleerekoper, H.,
Texas A4M University, Department of Biology, College Station, Texas, Report No.
EPA-R3-73-OU5, Contract No. R800995 U805GDWCJ), June 1973, 106 pp.
The effects of copper Ions at subacute concentrations on the locomotor
orientation of goldfish (Carasalus auratus), channel catfish (letalurus punetatua),
largemouth bass (Mieropterus salmoldes), white sucker (Catoatomus comnersoni
earnersonl) and green sunfiah (Lepomis eyanellus) were investigated In detail. In
regions of water containing 11-17 mlerograms/1 Cu(2 plus) (as CuC12) In a shallow
gradient goldfish oriented toward the copper source ('attraction'). This response
is reduced in a somewhat steeper gradient. In steep gradients significant but no
absolute avoidance behavior occurred. Whether the response will be "avoidance" or
"attraction" seems to depend on the slope of the gradient to which the fish la exposed.
Even in steep gradients, the "avoidance" behavior Is reversed to "attraction" when the
copper ions Interact with a temperature slightly higher (O.UC) than that of the
surrounding copper free water. The Interaction creates a new stimulus configuration
which is different from those formed by the two variables separately. The
orientation of the largemouth bass is not affected by copper ions at the concentrations
tested. Channel catfish are weakly attracted by the copper-containing water and green
sunflsh significantly Increase time spent there. Suckers significantly but not
absolutely 'avoid* such water through changes in turning behavior.
INDEX TERMS: Copper, Water pollution effects, Fish behavior, Water temperature.
Freshwater fish, Cations, Bioassay, Lethal limit, Laboratory tests, Locomotor
activity, Avoidance, Pollutant effects.
"EimCPHICATIOM", Foehrendbsch, J., Journal Water Pollution ControX_Federation,
Vol. 1*5, No. 6, June 1973, PP
The eutrophication process IB reviewed In terms of sources, control,
ecological factors, and nutrient removal.
INDEX TERMS: Eutrophication, Nutrient removal, Water pollution sources, Nutrients,
Nitrogen compounds, Reviews, Water pollution control, Phosphorus compounds,
Trophic level, Aquatic environment, Algae, Waste water treatment, Path of pollu-
tants, Water pollution, Sinks, Environmental effects, Aquatic populations,
Methodology, Nutrient sources, Mobilization, Fnte of pollutants.
32
-------
BIOLOO^CAL MKTHOOa
"1MEWIAL EFFECTS". Coutant, C. C., Pfuderer, H. A., Journal Water Pollution Control
Federation. Vol. &5, Ho. 6, June 1973, pp 1331-1369."" _——
A thorough revlev Le given of the effects of water temperature and/or
thermal pollution on aquatic life.
INDEX TERMS: Water pollution effects, Water temperature, Thermal pollution. Aquatic
life, Reviews, Heat resistance, Heated water, Thermal stress, Laboratory tests,
Bioasaay, Powerplants, Effluents, Animal physiology, Aquatic populations,
Aquatic productivity, Plant physiology, Animal morphology, Plant morphology,
Ecological distribution, Marine microorganisms, Aquatic microorganisms,
Specled diversity.
AMCC-8I*£9
"TOXICriY ASSESSWNT OF TfGATCD MUNICIPAL WASTEWATCRS", Esvelt, L. A., Kaufman, W. J.,
Selleck, R. E., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation. Vol. 1*5, Bo. 7, July 1973,
pp 1558-1572.
Bioasaay studies of the toxlcity of municipal waatewaters and its removal by
conventional and advanced waste treatment processes were conducted with effluemte from
full-scale and pilot-plant treatment facilities. Wastevater toxlcltles were determined
before and after each treatment process with continuous-flow, on-line bioasaays using
golden shiners and three-splned sticklebacks. Primary effluent 96-hr TL50 values from
four communities averaged about 1*5 percent. Good correlations were observed between
the toxiclty and methylene blue active substance and NH3-JI concentrations in primary
and treated effluents. Biological treatment with activated sludge at conventional
loadings removed most toxlcity from primary effluents, and chemical precipitation with
lime at pH 11, followed by recarbonation, reduced the toxieity to an average 96-hr
TL50 of 75 percent. Further Ion exchange and sorption treatments resulted in even less
toxic effluents. Chlorlnation of all effluents resulted In increased toxicity, and
dechlorlnation with sodium bisulfate resulted in the removal of all chlorine-Induced
toxicity.
INDEX TERMS: Bioassay, Waste water (pollution). Waste water treatment, Toxicity, Sewage
effluents, Water pollution effects, Laboratory tests, Freshwater fish, Lethal
limit, Mortality, Pilot plants, Golden shiner, Three-spined stickleback, Median
tolerance limit, Continuous flow technique, Notemlgonus crysoleucas, Gasterosteus
aculeatus, Chemical composition.
A MIC-61*25
"EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON FRESHWATER FISH", McKlm, J. M., Cristensen, G. M.,
Tucker, J. H,, Lewis, M. J., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 1*5
No. 6, June 1973, PP 1370-lUoT! ~~~~~~ ~
An extensive literature review is presented which is concerned with the effects
of pollutants (metals, pesticides, detergents, Industrial wastes) on freshwater fish;
chemical and biological methods for identifying and determining the effects of such
pollutants; and the effects of the water quality parameters salinity, oxygen, and pH
on freshwater fish.
INDEX TERMS: Water pollution effects, Freshwater fish, Reviews, Analytical techniques,
Methodology, Chemical analysis, Heavy metals, Aquatic environment, Ecosystems,
Fish physiology, Fish behavior, Stress, Pesticide toxicity, Animal metabolism,
Fish reproduction, Water pollution, Fish diseases, Bioassay, Lethal limit,
Fish populations, Mortality, Organic wastes, Industrial wastes, Oil spills,
Alkaline earth metals, Mine wastes, Cooling towers. Pulp wastes. Wood wastes,
Domestic wastes, Waste water (pollution), Nuclear wastes, Radioactivity effects,
Radioactive wastes, Laboratory tests, On-site tests, Animal tissues,
Bioaccumulatlon, Mobilization, Biological magnification, Biomonitoring,
Sample preparation, Fate of pollutants, Blotransformation.
33
AMIC-81*33
"REDUCTION AND EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL DATA", Harkins, R. D., Austin, R. E.,
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 1*5, No. 7, July 1973, PP 1606-1611.
Aquatic organisms were collected from the area surrounding the confluence
of Anacoco Bayou and the Sabine River, Louisiana, in an ittempt to develop a single
biological index useful in evaluating water quality. A secondary objective was to
compare artificial substrate samplers: rock-filled baskets and multiplate samplers.
Samplers were retrieved after H weeks, and the organisms harvested by scrubbing,
Identified, and counted. An equation based on information theory was developed to
process the data. Computer programs were written to do the calculations as well as
the analysis of variance. It is concluded that the method can objectively reduce
several biological Indexes to a single meaningful value. Resulting sets of
standardized distance values can be compared subjectively or can be subjected to
statistical evaluation and probability levels of differences assessed. There was no
Indication of differences between samplers or Interaction between samplers and site.
INDEX TERMS: Sampling, Mathematical studies, Water pollution effects, Equations,
Biological communities, Data interpretation, Artificial substrates, Species
diversity.
-------
"MOLYBDENUM CONCENTRATIONS IN TISSUES OF RAINBOW TROUT (SALIC OAIHDHERI) AND KOKANEE
SALMON (OWCOKKYHCHUS NERKA) FROM WATERS DIFFERINO WID£L*~T!nbLWHElWM CONTENT",
Ward, J. V., Journal "of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, No. 6,
June 1973, PP
galrdnerl and Oneorhynchus nerka were obtained from Dillon and
Eleven Mile Reservoirs and a hatchery in Colorado for analysis of molybdenum content.
Liver, kidney, testes, ovaries, spleen, bone, muscle. Intestine, stomach, brain, fat,
and gill samples were analyzed by x-ray fluorescence. Water samples were analyzed
spectrophotometrically. Concentrations of molybdenum in tissues of rainbow trout
increased only slightly with Increase in molybdenum concentration of the water. Fish
from high (300 ppb) molybdenum water had mean concentrations of 13-332 ppb on a
wet-weight basis; those from low (6 ppb) molybdenum water, 10-llt6 ppb; and those from
trace molybdenum water, 5-118 ppb. Rainbow trout exhibited generally higher
molybdenum concentrations than did kokanee salmon in high molybdenum water. A possible
plateau mechanism concerning molybdenum accumulation by salmonlds is discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis, Molybdenum, Rainbow trout, X-ray fluorescence, Spectro-
photometry, Biological samples, Bloaccumulatlon, Kokanee salmon.
AMIC-84U1
"CADMIUM UPTAKE BY FIDDLER CRABS EXPOSED TO TEMPERATURE AND SALINITO STRESS",
O'Hara, J., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, No. 6,
June 1973, pp
Fiddler crabs (Uca pugllator) were collected from an unpolluted estuary near
Georgetown, South Carolina and, after acclimation, subjected to 1 mlcrocurle of Cd-109
and 10 ppm Cd (2 plus) as cadmium chloride in filtered seawater at temperature and
salinity combinations of 33, 25, and 10 C and 3.0 and 1.0 percent salinity. After 2U,
1*8, and 72 hr, samples were sacrificed and the gill and hepatopancreas weighed and
digested for 2k hr. Scintillation fluid was added to the digested sample and Cd
determined by scintillation counting. At each temperature crabs accumulated more Cd In
low salinity water than in high salinity water. This effect is probably due to osmotic
stress caused by the different salt concentrations. Maximum accumulations occurred at
high temperature and low salinity with totals for gill and hepatopancreas of U.98
mlcrograms at 2h hr, 10.10 micrograms at 1*8 hr, and 17. Wt micrograms at 72 hr.
INDEX TERMS: Bloasaay, Cadmium, Salinity, Water temperature, Fiddler Crabs,
Bioaccumulation.
"EFFECTS OF REDUCED OXYGEN CONCENTRATIONS ON NORTHERN PIKE (ESOX LUCIUS) EMBRTOS
ABD IAHVAE", Slefert, H. E., Bpoor, W. A., Syrett, R. F., Journal of the Fisheries
Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, Ho. 6, June 1973, PP BU£-852.:
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of continuous dissolved
oxygen concentrations in the range 50-12.5 percent saturation on the survival and
development of northern pike (Esox luclus) embryos and larvae from egg fertilization
until all surviving larvae fed"Eggs were mixed with milt for fertilization and
placed in acrylic plastic experimental chambers containing three compartments. One
compartment where the water and gas mixture entered, one containing the embryos, and
one containing larvae. Tests were conducted at combinations of temperatures, flow rate,
and oxygen concentration. At 15 and 19 C, and at flows of 60 and 30 ml/mln (velocities
about 3.3 and 1.6 cm/min), 50 percent oxygen saturation was sufficient for survival and
development of northern pike from fertilization until all surviving larvae fed. Oxygen
tensions of about 33 percent saturation appeared inadequate for proper survival.
INDEX TERMS: Bloassay, Reproduction, Dissolved oxygen, Water temperature,
Pikes, Larvae, Embryonic growth stage, Survival.
Flow rates,
AMIC-8560
"BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF COOLING TOWER SLOWDOWN", Carton, R. B., In:
AIChE Symposium Series No. 129, Vol. 69, 1973, PP 28U-292.
Wnter-1972,
The purpose of this study was to determine the toxlclty of a 'typical' cooling
tower blowdown and of its individual components. Since blowdown composition is variable,
a simulated blowdown was made using chemicals and concentrations listed in waste
discharge permit applications. The mixture contained varying amounts of chromate, line,
phosphate, sulfate, boron, sodium, ammonia, morphollne, cyclohexylamine, and hydrazine
and simulated blowdown from the Trojan Nuclear Plant. Separate tests were also conducted
with sodium chromate, zinc phosphate, and with blowdown without chrornate. Fish (Salmo
galrdneri) and an alga (Selenaatrum capricornutum) were used In bioassays of the
mixtures. Algal assays were conducted according to the 'Algal Assay Procedure, Bottle
Test1. Fish bioassays were conducted in accordance with procedures given in 'Standard
Methods'. Algal growth was reduced by blowdown at full strength and at dilutions of 0.1
Fish were killed at dilutions of 0.1; no effect was observed at 0.032 dilution. The
LC50 value was 0.066 dilution. With sodium chroimte, algal growth was reduced at 0.139
ppm, and fish survived 96 hours at 31 ppm. Zinc phosphate had no significant effect on
algal growth at 0.016 ppm. The LC50 for fish was 0.09 PP"i zinc phosphate. Based on all
the tests, zinc and chromium were identified as the toxic components In the blowdown.
It Is noted that synergistic effects may occur in other mixtures containing different
compounds. Furthermore, the organisms used in the bioassays must be specified since
toxicltlea may differ for different ones.
INDEX TERMS: Toxicity, Rainbow trout, Bioassay, Cooling towers, Chromates, Zinc,
Phosphates, Sulfates, Sodium, Ammonia, Boron, Blowdown, Selenastrum capricornutum,
Morpholine, Cyclohexylamine, Hydrazlne.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL M8TMOD»
AMC-85T3
"THEBMAL EFFECTS ON EQOS, LARVAE AMD JUVEHILES OF BLUEOILL SUMFISH", Banner, A.,
Van Annan, J. A., Aquatic Sclances, Incorporated, Boca Raton, Florida, Report
Bo. EPA-R3-73-Ofj, Contract Ho. 1U-12-913, ^y 1973, HI PP-
Bloassay experiments were conducted to determine thermal tolerance of early
life history stages of blueglll sunflah. BluegiU eggs hatched at temperatures from
18 to 36 C during two Incubation teats, Maximal hatch occurred at 22.2 and 23.9 C.
Lower TL50 temperature for hatch of normal fry was 21.9 C and upper TL50 temperature
vac 33.8 C. Juvenile bluegills acclimated to 12.1 C had a lover 96-hour TL50 of
3,2 C and an upper 96-hour TL50 of 27.5 C. Juveniles acclimated to 32.9 c ha(J *
lower 96-hour TL50 of 15,3 c and an upper 96-hour TL50 of 37.3 C. TL50 Increased
with Increasing temperature of acclimation. For Juveniles acclimated to a given
temperature, upper TL50 decreased with longer exposure. A preliminary test determined
ranges of thermal tolerance for sac-fry and swim-up fry. In another preliminary
test, Juvenile bluegills were accllraated to 12.1, 19.0, 26.0 or 32.9 C, and reared at
a series of test temperatures for three to six weeks to define optimal temperature
ranges for growth and survival. Additional research determined conditions for the
culture of Lepomls macrochlrus, Including spawning Induction, hatching, and growth of
larvae and Juveniles.
INDEX TERMS: Heat resistance, Thermal stress, Water pollution effects, Growth stages,
Fish physiology, Fish behavior, Larvae, Juvenile fish, Fish eggs, Bluegllls,
Median tolerance limit.
AJCC-857U (Continued)
Card 2/2
AM1C-8571*
"INTERACTION BETWEEN MA KINK, ORGANISM; AND OIL POLLUTION", Bluraer, M., Hunt, J. M.,
Atema, J., Gtein, L., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts,
Report No. EPA-R3-73-OU2, May 1973, 97 PP.
Results from a two-part study are presented. Pirt I, 'Interaction Between
Marine Organisms and Oil Pollution', produced the following results. Hydrocarbons in
uncontamlnated living plants and animals differ in structure and molecular weight
distribution from the hydrocarbons in fossil fuels. Criteria and methods were
established that permit the detection of hydrocarbons from fossil fuels In the presence
of blogenic hydrocarbons and vice versa. Hydrocarbons are remarkably stable in marine
sediments and in the llpids of marine organisms. Even chemically reactive hydrocarbons
can move unaltered through several trophic levels in the marine food web. Degradation
and dispersal eventually proceeds by physical (evaporation, dissolution), by chemical
(oxidation, polymerization) and by biochemical (metabolism) processes. There is now
ample evidence for the importance of chemical communication between marine organisms,
both with inter- and intraspeciflc message systems. Only very low concentrations of
organic stimuli are required for communication. Consequently, such processes appear
especially prone to Interference by pollutants at low concentration levels. Results
from Part II, 'Sublethal Effects of Crude Oil on Lobster, (Homarus aroericanus)
Behavior1, are as follows. Small quantities of crude oil (0.9 milllliters In 100
liters of seawater) interfere with some specific, possibly chemosensory, behavior of
the lobster, Homarus amerlcanus. Timing of their feeding behavior showed that the
delay period between noticing food and going»after it doubled when oil was added. The
water soluble fraction of this crude oil alone (in the 50 ppb range) does not have a
noticeable effect on behavior and feeding times. Morphological changes in odor
The
receptors after oil exposure were not detected by light and electron microscopy.
result* indicate that small quantities of oil mixed Into seawater constitute a
noxious, bad smell In the lobsters' environment, depressing his appetite and chemical
excitability. Chemical analyses showed that before the addition of oil a great
quantity of lipids was present In the test aquaria. When the water was brought in
contact with an oil slick, the lipld concentration dropped considerably. The same effect
was seen in the alkane and the aliene-aromatic hydrocarbon fractions. The fate of
oil In seawater followed the usual degradation pattern.
INDEX TERMS: Oil, Water pollution effects, Sea water, Pollutant identification,
Toxlcity, Bloassay, Degradation (decomposition). Behavior, Metabolism,
Phytoplankton, Benthic flora, Crabs, Oil characterization, Fate of pollutants,
Chemotaxonomy.
AMIC-6V75
"THE ECGLOCIC IMPACT OF THE INTERACTIONS AMONG MICPOURGA.NI2MS AND AQUATIC
CONTAMINANTS IN LAKE ERE, PHASE III, PARTS
-------
2, B1OLCOTCAI. M8THOPS
AMIC-8575 (Continued)
Card 2/2
Investigated the Interactions of detergent compounds ami the partlculate material from
Lake Erie on the growth of the Pseudomonas organism. The 30 mlcrograms/ml quantity was
chosen as the optimal concentration. The Pseudcmonas organism was able to utilize all
three of the detergents. The effect of the detergent on the clumping of the cells was
very striking, is wis the production of a green water soluble pigment. The organisms
Incubated with the LAS and the particulates did not appear to grow at all. There was
some growth In the IJears and Tide but not so much as was achieved with the particles
alone. Part 7 Is entitled 'Response of a Pure Culture of Anaeyatis nidulans and a
Unlalgal Cvilture of Mlcrocystls aeruglnosa to Aldrln and Dieldrln', The results showed
that both peaticldes inhibited growth, but the organisms were able to recover. Dleldrin
Inhibited production of oxygen and suppressed photosynthesis, and aldrln inhibited
chlorophyll synthesis. Both organisms concentrated the pesticides then released and
reabsorbed them.
INDEX TEHMC: Bioassay, Toxlclty, Growth rates, Clays, Organic matter, Adsorption,
Degradation (decomposition), Like Erie, Amino acids, Pseudomonas, Particle size,
Surfactants, Aldrln, Dleltirin, Absorption, Photosynthesis, Chlorophyll,
Streptornyces fradiae, Mlcromonospora chalcea, Substrate utilization, Micrococcus,
FlavobacterLum, Bacillus, Bloaccumulatlon, Microcystis aeruginosa, Anacystis
nidulans.
AMIC-8576
"CONCENTRATION FACTOR1". OK CHEMICAL ELEMENT?'; IN EDIBLE; AQUATIC ORGANISMS", Thompson,
2. E., Burton, C. A., Quinn, D. J., Ng, Y. C., University of California, Lawrence
LIvermore Labor-itory, Liverraore, California, Report Nos. TID-^OO and UC-U8,
Contract No. W-7^05-ENG-U8, October 10, .1972, 77 pp. NTIS Report No. UCRL-5056U (Rev.l)
This revised report presents tables of concentration factors derived for
edible plants, invertebrates, and fish from both freshwater and marine environments.
The values are based on an extensive literature review of elemental concentrations in
aquatic organisms and water and on experimentally determined concentration factors.
The document also summarizes concentration factors for edible plants, molluscs,
crustaceans, and fish derived from studies on radioactivity in the environment. The
Appendix gives the basic data used to derive the concentration factors and the special
procedures employed to estimate concentrations or concentration factors where the
required data were inadequate or nonexistent.
INDEX TERMS: Reviews, Crustaceans, Marine plants. Aquatic plants, Crustaceans, Marine
fish, Mollusks, Freshwater fish, Radioisotopes, Heavy metals, Bioaccumulatlon,
Biological magnification.
AMIC-8577
"AQUATIC-BIOTIC COHMUHIW STURCTURE AS AH INDICATOR OF POLLUTION", Dills, 0. 0.,
Rogers, D. T.,Jr., Geological Survey of Alabama, Division of Water Resources,
University, Alabama, , Circular 80, Contract No. DI-llt-31-0001-3201, 1972, 25 pp.
NTIS Report No. PB-S16 801.
Physicochemlcal conditions and community structure of benthlc
macrolnvertebrates were investigated in a drainage system polluted with acid mine
drainage. Biweekly water samples were collected at ten sites on Crane Creek (Alabama)
and analyzed for turbidity, phosphate, nitrate, silica, alkalinity, hardness, Cr, and
chloride, On-slte measurements Included DO, water temperature, conductivity, pH, Fe
and Mn. Biweekly benthlc samples were taken from similar stream substrates with no
repeated sampling at a given spot in less than 2 months. The samples were preserved,
sorted and place in groups, identified, and enumerated. A statistical interpretation
was performed to show a possible correlation between the water quality parameters and
species diversity. Tributaries exposed to acid effluents were characterized by lack
of a natural buffering capacity, a reduction In turbidity, a decrease in pH, and an
increase in mineral content. Strong positive correlation existed between hardness,
iron, manganese, pH, conductance, and sulfur, while dlssolved-oxygen content and
temperature values were strongly negatively correlated. A step-wise regression
analysis showed pH, phosphate, and turbidity to be highly correlated (P less than .01)
with species diversity. Significant differences (P Less than .01) in species diversity
existed between acidic and nonpolluted tributaries. Stations located near areas of
acid production were consistently lowest In diversity. Species diversity values for
the unpolluted stations showed temporal variations with highest values occurring during
late torch and December. The polluted stations showed random fluctuations in diversity
AMIC-8577 (Continued)
Card 2/2
values. A regression line, calculated to show the reln.tionshlp between pH and species
diversity, could be used to predict species diversity on the basis of periodic
measurement of stream pH. Varying degrees of acid mine pollution were reflected by
changes In the raacroinvertebrate community structure.
INDEX TERMS: Biological communities, Mine drainage, Writer pollution effects,
Physicochemlcal properties, Benthic fauna, Bioindicators, Regression analysis,
Aquatic environment, Water properties, Epecies diversity, Macroinvertebrates,
Species diversity index, Cane Creek.
See also: Category 1, AMIC-37gU, 79>*7, 7951, 8llO, 8337, 8370, 839!*, 81*22
Category 3, />MIC-7U27, 8065, 8156, 8596!
36
-------
AMIC-7809
"AH IMPROVED BACTERIAL TEST SYSTEM FOR THE DETECTION AMD CLASSIFICATION OF MUTAOEH8
AND CARCINOGENS", Ames, B. N., Lee, F. D., Durston, W. E., Proceedings of the National
of Sciences, Vol. 70, No. 3, torch 1973, pp 782-786T
A set oT Tour strains of Oalmonella typhimurluin designed for detecting the
various typea of mutngem; was; de&crlbed, and showed their utility In detecting a wide
variety of cnrclnogena ne mut.-igens, Thr llpopolyeacch'irlde that normally ccwta these
bacteria In
-------
AKIC.796it
"LM03 DISPOSAL AHD SEWAGE EFFLUEMTt APPRAISAL OF HEALTH EFFECTS OF PATHOOEMIC
OHOAmSMS", Benarde, M. A,, Journal American Water Work* Association, Vol. 65, No. 6,
June 1973, PP ^32-Wio.
Concern about pollution of surface waters, especially by human and animal
fecal wastes haa evoked interest in alternate methods of disposal of theae watero as
well as in the reuse of waters. The author reviews the literature concerning possible
health hazard* and the advantages of disposing fecal wastes on land. Although many
questions remain to be answered, reuse of water and land disposal of treated fecal
wastes should pose no health threats if proper regulations are established and
followed. The author further conjectures thnt waetewatera may in the future be used as
a source of drinking water.
INDEX TERMS: Water reuse, Sewage disposal, Public health, Potable water, Heviews,
Human diseases, Pathogenic bacteria.
"FEHMENTATIOM OF GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, AND XlftOSE BY CLOSTBIPIUM TOERMOACETUJMt
EFFECT OF METALS ON ORWTH YIELD, ENZYMES, AND THE fflrtfflffiSIS'OF' ACETAH! PfiOM
COS", Andreeaen, J. R., Schnupp, A., Neurauter, C., et al.. Journal of Bacteriology,
Vol. llU, No. 2, Jfcy 1973, PP 7&3-751.
Cloatridlum thermoacetlcmr, ferments xylose, fructose, and glucose with acetate
as the only product. In fermentations with mixtures of the sugars, xylose was first
fermented, then fructose, mid lint, glucose. Fructose Inhibits the fermentation of
glucose, and this Inhibition appears to be due to i repression of the synthesis of an
enzyme needed for glucose utilization. Addition of metals to the culture medium
Increased the cell yield drastically from about '[ to ifl g per liter, and Y(glucose)
values between '10 and 50 were obtained. According to the postulated pathways of the
fermentation of glucose 'ind synthesis of acetate from CG2 by C. thermoace11 cum. 3 nol
of ATP are available -is energy for growth. Thus a Yfadenoslne 5*-trlphospnate) of 13 to
16 Is obtained. Because the normal Y(ATP) value Is 10.5, this could mean that an
additional source of AT!' Is available by -in unknown mechanism. The addition of metals
also Increases the nlcotlnamlile adenlne dinucleotlde phosphate-dependent formate
dehydrogenase activity, the overall reaction (C-lU-labelled C02 to acetate), and the
Incorporation of the methyl group of 'i-methyltetrahydrofolate into acetate. These
reactions -ire catalyzed very efficiently by cells harvested in "»a.rly growth, whereas
cells obtained at the end of a ferment;!tlon h/ive very low formate dehydrogenase activity
and capacity to Incorporate CO? Into acetate. Enzymes present were not or were very
little affected by the addition of metal.-, to the (growth medium. The amount of cor-
rinoids In cello from early p-.rowth Is low, whereaa it was high in delta-nminolevulinate
se, which IE high at the beginning of growth arid low at the end.
fContinued)
Card 2/2
INDt.X I'hifKi; Heavy metnlr,, Growth ntes, '-.nzymsc, Fermentation, Clostrldium
IhermoaceUPum, Xylosp, Fructose, Glucose, Culture media.
AMIC-8033
"CALCULATION OF TORBlDIMt.TRIC M1CROBIGLOOICM. VITAMIN M1..AY [«: Mil .TV,, UiUNT, AN
APL/360 COMPUTER PROGRAM", Brolund, G. V., Hasklnr,, K. W., Hudson, 0. A., Journal
of the Association of Official Analytical Chemist.-., Vol. r>6, No. 3, May 1973,
pp 75^-757.
An APL-360 computer program Is described for the calculation of results from
microbiological vitamin assays. The results are compared to manual c-ilcul^tlons
specified in official AOAC methods. This comparison nhowa the vnlidlty of the
computer program for these calculations.
INDEX TERMS: Computer programs. Cultures, Bioassay, Vlt-unins, Purbldlty.
-------
3. MTOROBlOtOOIOAL MKTMOP8
A MIC-8056
"JflTRITB REDUCTASE-DEFICIENT MUTANTS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI KL2", Cole, J. A., Ward, F. B.t
Journal of General Microbiology, Vol. 76, No. 1, tey~I§T3, PP 21-89.
Mutants of Eucherlchla coll Kl? have been isolated which reduce nitrite 3 to
30 percent as rapidly as th- wild-type. Activities of reduced nlcotlnamlde adenine
dlnucleotlde (NADH)-nltrlte oxidoreductaae were lower In cell-free extracts of these
mutants than in the wild-type. The mutants grew on minimi agnr, and their sulphite
reductaae activity was the same as in the wild-type. Double mutants deficient in both
nitrite and aulftte reductaues were constructed, is well as recotnbinanta which had
regained one or both activities. The Inability to reduce sulfite was due to a
genetic alteration.
INDEX TERVE: E. coll, Repartition technlqut-n
Nltratea, Sulfltea, [eolation.
Reduction (chemical), Cultures, Nitrites,
A MIC-80'; Y
"THE ZKLECTW, TOXICITY OF ANTIMICROBIAL NITHOHETCRCCYCLIC DRUGS", Edwards, D. I.,
Dye, M., Carrie, H., Journal of General Microbiology, Vol. ?6, No. 1, May 1973,
pp 135-lM.
Three antimicrobial nitroimidazole drugs (metronldazole, dimetridazole, and
tlnldazole) Inhibit a range of clostrldia (£. welchll, £. tertlum, C. blfermentans,
C. pasteurlanum, C. sporogenes, C. hlstolytlcum, C. tetanomorphum, C~. butyricum)
and the protozoan Trlchomonaa vaginalis; they have an identical site and mode of
action as specific electron acceptors from the pyruvate phosphoroclastic reaction.
Analogues of the drugs are compared and the structural requirements for activity
explained. The nltrofuran (nltrofurnzone) probably has a different mechanism of
action.
INDEX TERMS: Inhibition, Growth rates, Clostrldlum, Protozoa, Cultures, Metronidazole,
Dlmetrldazole, Tlnidazole, Nitrofuran, Gas evolution.
J. D.,
AMIC-8059
"UTILIZATION OF mDHOCARBOMS BY CIADOEPORIUM RESINAE". Cofone, L. , Jr., Walker
Cooney, J. J., Journal of General Microbiology, Vol. 76, No. 1, May 1973, PP
Cladoaporium reslnae occurs in air, soil, and water and is capable of
growing on hydrocarbons. Two strains were cultured with various hydrocarbons and with
aldrln, dleldrin, diazonin, rotenone, malathion, and DDT to study their ability to
degrade hydrocarbons. Fungil cells were harvested after 31* days from cultures showing
growth. Cultures showing no growth were incubated for an additional 23 days. The
fungus grew at various rates on the following hydrocarbons as the sole source of carbon:
glucose, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, undecane, dodecane, trldecane,
tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane, nonadecane, octene-1, decene-1, dcxiecene-1,
tetradecene-7, 2-methyl undecane, cyclohexane, cyclohexene, benzene, toluene, o-xylene,
m-xylene, and isopropylbenzene. Paraffin oil, hexene-1, 2, 6, 11-trimethyl dodecane,
ni-tolulc acid, p-toluic acid, benzole acid, catechol, sallcycllc acid, DL-mandellc acid,
p-xylene, phenol, naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene did not support growth.
C, resinae did not grow with the pesticides as sole carbon source. Growth on glucose
or hexadecane was not Inhibited by any of the pesticides, and several stimulated growth.
Oxygen uptake also was not affected by pesticides. The ability to use a variety of
hydrocarbons in the absence of organic nitrogen Indicated by the present work, coupled
with ability to grow on substrates which are recalcitrant to attack by many other
organisms and in the presence of pesticides, In consistent with the view of C_. realnae
can proliferate In ecological niches which cannot be occupied by other organisms.
INDEX TERMS: Cultures, Mlcrobial degradation, Organic compounds. Pesticides, Fungi,
Growth rates, Aldrin, Dieldrln, DDT, Cladosporlum reslnnc, Hotenone, Mfilathlon.
AMIC-8060
"EXTRACTABLE LIPIDE OF GfWM-NEGATIVK MARINE BACTf.KlA : rHO.';P!K;LIP[D COMH
Oliver, J. D., Colwell, R. R., Journal of Bnctcriology, Vol. llU, No. 3, June 1973,
pp 897-908.
Phospholipid compositions of 20 marine «.nd estu'irlne bacteria, were determined
by thin-layer chromatography. Results showed that phosphullpidc of marine bacteria
differed very little from those of nonmarine organisms with phosphatldyleth/inolamine,
phosphatldylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol being the predominant phosphoiiplds In
all strains examined. Lyso-phosphatidylethanolam-Ine occurred in significant quantities
among a number of the marine bacteria, and two of the Isolates contained significant
quantities of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. Effects of age and growth tempenture on the
phospholipid composition were also investlpjated. It is suggested that phyJop;enetic
relationships among bacteria may be correlated with phospholipld composition.
INDEX TEHMS: Marine bacteria, Environmental effects, Varieties, Chemical -in/ilysls,
Aging (biological), Temperature, Gram-negative bacteria, rTiosphollplds, Chemiciil
composition, Chemotaxonony, Marine environment, Sample prepar'itlon, Natural
orginics, Biochemical characteristics, f-ubstmte utilization, Vibrio algosus,
Vibrio marinofulvus, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolytlcus, Vibrio marinus,
Vibrio cholerae, Agrobacterium stellulatum, Achromobacter aquamarinus, r.plrlllum
linum, Pseudomonas perfectoraarinus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, I'hotobacterlum
fischeri, Arthrobacter marinus.
39
-------
3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-8061
"POLYNUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE RELATIONSHIPS AMDHC JAPANESE AND AMERICAN STRAINS OF
VIBRIO PARAHAEM3LYTICUS", Ctaley, T. E., Colwell, R. R., Journal of Bacteriplosr,
Vol. lit, No. 3, June 1973, PP 916-927.
Pclynuc]eotllUU is genetically distinct from the other V.
alglnolytlcus strains used in this study. Three bioluminescent strains thought to be
AMIC-3o6l (Continued)
Card 2/2
closely related to V. parahnemolytlcus deraonstnted only 2U to 31 percent DNA
homology to the reference V. parahaemnlyticua DNA. These data firmly establish the
existence in some Atlantic~and Gulf Coast "estuaries of organisms genetically very
similar to V. parahaemolyticus, the causative ngent of 'shlrasu' food poisoning In
Japan,
INDEX TERMS: Marine bacteria, Pathogenic bacteria, S^ibllc health, Radioactivity
techniques, Varieties, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Polynucleotides, DNA, Chemotaxonomy
Chemical composition. Sample preparation.
"AMCNIUM REGULATION IN ASFEHGIUUS HICULAHS", Patenan. J. A., Klnghorn, J. «.,
Dunn, E., Forbes, E., Journal ofSacterlology, Vol. llu, Ko. 3, June 1973, PP
9^3-950.
L-Clutannte uptake, thiourea uptake, and methylammonlum uptake and the
intracellular ammonium concentration were measured in wild-type and mutant cells of
ABpergillus nidulans held in various concentrations of ammonium and urea. Mycella for
uptake and enzyme assays were grown in shaken cultures at 25 C for 18-20 h, harvested,
and, for enzyme assays, extracted according to Cove (1966). The levels of L-glutamate
uptake, thiourea uptake, nitrate reductase, and hypoxanthine dehydrogenaoe activity
are determined by the extracellular ammonium concentration. The level of
methylanmonium uptake is determined by the Intracellular ammonium concentration. The
uptake and enzyme characteristics of the ammoniuir.-derepressed mutants, meaA8, meoB6,
DER3, amrAl, xprDl, and gdhAl, are described. The gdhA mutants lack normal
nicotinaralde idenine dinucleotide phosphate-glutarnate dehydrogenase (NADP-GDH)
activity and are derepressed with respect to both external and internal ammonium. The
other mutant classes are derepressed only with respect to external ammonium. The
mutants meaA8, DEF3, amrAl, and xprDl have low levels of one or more of the
L-glutamate, thiourea, and methylammonlum uptake systems. A model for ammonium
regulation in A. nldulans is put forward which suggests: (i) NADP-GHD Incited in the cej
membrane complexes with extracellular ammonium. This first regulator:/ complex
determines the level Of L-glutamste uptake, thiourea uptake, Nitrate reductase, ind
xanthine dehydrogenase by repression or inhibition, or both, (li) NADP-GDH also
complexes with intracellular ammonium. This second and different form of regulatory
complex determines the level of methylammoniuir. uptake by repression or Inhibition, or
both.
AMIC-8062 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TER^E: Absorption, Pathogenic fungi, Model studies, P-ith of pollutants,
Ammonium, Mutants, Asperglllus nldulnns, Regulation (chemical), NADP-glutamate
dehydrogenase.
1*0
-------
3. MICgOBIOt-OGICAI. MKTHOD9
AMIC-8063
"OXYGEN TOXICITY AND THfc fiUPEROXUiE DISMUTAGE", Gregory, E. M., Frldovtch, I.,
Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. H1*, No. 3, June 1973, PP 1193-1197.
Oxygen caused 'in Increase In the amount of superoxlde dlsrautaae In
EhChiTlchla col 1. B but, not in Bacillus subtllls. t. coll 3 cells, Induced by growth
under 10O piTO-nt OP, were much rnon- resistant to the lethal effects of 20 Htm of 02
than wf:r" roll;; which contained the low unlnduced level of this enzyme. In contrast,
B. r.ut.t, liu, which could not, respond to 02 by Increasing its content of superoxide
d~ I r.muta .•;<>, remained equally senslLive to hyperbarle OP whether grown under 100 percent
02 or areobleally. 'Hie cntnlaue in the:;e oriranir.m.'i exhibited >i reciprocal response to
oxygen. Thus, the an t/i lane of t. cull 11 wn.% not Induced by 0?, whereas that of B.
subtllls WHS so Induced. Thesi/Yenults ire consistent with the view that superoxlde
'llsmuta.se is an Important component of the defenses of these organisms against the
toxlclty of oxynd support to the hypothesis
th.-it 02 (mlnun) is nn Important -i^cnt of oxygen toxlctty >ind that superoxlde dismutase
functions to blunt thi* thre-tt posed by this reactive radical.
INlJl-.X TtHK': i'oxlclty, Oxygen,
Bacillus tmbUllr,.
foil,
C-ird 2/P
Superoxlde dlsmut-iae, Sensitivity,
AMIC-806U
"NITRATE REDITCTIOK AND THE GROWTH OF VEILLOHELLA ALCAUESCEMG", Indcrlled, C. B.,
Delvlche, E. A., Journal of Bacteriology. Vol. US No. 3, June 1973, PP 1206-1212.
Velllonella alcalescens, i strict anaerobe, WHS found to possess a nitmte
reductase system which has characteristics of both asslmilratory ind respire tor>- nitrate
reduction. The nitrate reductase has been Identified tentatively an a reticulate
enzyme which utilizes a variety of electron donors for the reduction of nltmte. By
use of K -I"; -labeled nitrite. It was -;hown that under appropriate conditions nitrate
nitrogen is Incorporated Into cell material. V. alcalcscens grown on pyruva te and
nitrate has a Rreiter growth r\t,c than cell;; grown on pyruvate alone. Growth can occur
In a medlurr. with hydrogen and nitrate as the sole energy source. Ammonium chloride
decreases the rate of nitrate reduction but does not completely Inhibit reduction or
incorporation. The results suggest that nitrate assimilation and respiration are not
as distinct as in some other
"CT
INDEX TKRM2: Anaerobic bacteria, Pathogenic bacteria, Heductiuri (chemlcnl), Nitrates,
Essential nutrients, Absorption, Growth rate;;, Velllonella ".icalescens,
Bacterial physiology , Nitrite reductase, ;,ubj,tmte utilization, »• or, Imla Lion,
Pyruvate.
AMIC-8065
"MICROFLDRA OF 30IL AC VIi.W;;D BY FTC-rXt-ETCHII*)", Balkwlll, ii.
Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. II1*, No. 3, June l'?73, PP
1.., Caslda, L. t:., Jr.,
A study was conducted to determine whether the :,oil mlcroblal population
could be viewed and evaluated by transmission electron microscopy of replicas of
frozen-etched cells physically removed from the soil. In addition simpler methods of
cell separation were investigated as an alternative to those required for thin-section
studies. Three samples of Hagerstown sllLy clay loam were obtained; the indigenous
mlcroflora of soil were released from the soil materials and concentrated without the
occurrence of growth by use of a blendlng-slrople centrifugal ton procedure. The cell
concentrate was then frozen-etched and viewed by transmission electron microscopy.
Criteria were established for detecting microbial cells amonR the residual soli debris.
The freeie-etching of the soil cell concentrate provided result.-; on cell size
distributions in agreement with those obtained by thin sectioning. However, the
blendlng-slmple centrifugation procedure for cell relo-a.se and concentration from ;;oll
allowed the observation of large cells (greater than or equal to 1.0 micron In
diameter) which apparently are missed by the "exhaustive centrifugal washing' cell
separation-concentration procedure. The procedure of blendlng-slraple centrlfu(c> tlon
combined with the viewing of frozen-etched preparations allowed evaluations of the
soil mlcroflora for cellular diameters, length-width ratios, shapes, and structure.
INDEX TERMS: Soil microorganisms, Methodology, Separation techniques, Cytological
studies, Clay loam, Silts, Evaluation, Freeze etching, Transmission electron
microscopy, Sample preparation, Cell morphology.
-------
3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-8066
"SENSITIVITY OF VIBRIO PARAHAEMDLYTICUS TO COLD IN OYSTERS, FISH FILLETS AMD CRABMEAT",
Johnson, H. C., Liston, J., Journal of Food Science, Vol. 38, No. 3, fferch/April 1973,
pp U37-UU1.
Knw and slightly coolced Pacific oysters (Ci-issostre'j gigns) and, in some
Instances, crabmeat (Cancer magister) and fish fillets (Parophrys vetulos) were used
In a atudy to determine if Vibrio parHhaemolytlcus does survive freezing when present
naturally in seafood materials. Oysters were contaminated by feeding or Injecting the
or^rilams into the digestive tract. Fish fillets and crabmeat were contaminated within
Polymylar pouches by pipetting 1 ml of an appropriate dilution onto the surface of the
meat and masunging the pouch for even distribution. In various experiments the
inoculated oysters were refrigerated or frozen at 11, 8, 5, 1, -15 and -30 C and
subsequently nbored for varying periods of time at the same respective temperature.
Klsh ajid crabmeat were treated in a similar manner, except that only 1, -15 and -30 C
were utilized. Camples were removed from storage at intervals, thawed at room
temperature and the content of V. parahaemolyticus or V. alginolytlcus determined by a
surface plate count. Duplicate plates for each appropriate dilution were incubated at
37 C and/or 1*3 C for 18-20 hr, and counts of V. parahaemolyticus obtained on plates
containing 30-300 colonies. Counts were confirmed after an additional 18-20 hr
incubation at the appropriate temperature to allow for growth of 'sub-lethally' damaged
cells that might not have appeared after the original 18-20 hr of incubation. Only
those colonies which conformed to the characteristics of V. parahaemolyticus (or V.
alglnolyticus) on the appropriate medium were counted. The pattern of death observed
In crabmeat appears to be different from that observed in oysters and fish, in that
death at 1 C and -15 C was essentially linear with little evidence of the two-stage
AMIC-8066 (Continued)
Card 2/2
mortality seen In oysters and ftsh fillets. The two strains of V. parahaemolyticus
did show a marked two-stage mortality pattern at -30 C, although the extent of the
first-stage and second-stage death varied; the V. alginolyticus strain yielded an
Indication of two-stage mortality at -30 C. Crabmeat appeared to offer less protection
against chilling and freezing lethality to vibrios than either fish or oyster tissue,
but further Investigations would be required to elucidate this point. The results of
this study indicate that chilling, freezing, or frozen storage temperatures per se
cannot be relied upon to successfully eliminate the orfpinism from seafoods or prevent
the health hazard that Is presented by V. parahaemoly1t c us.
INDEX TERMS: Temperature, Cold resistance, Pathogenic bacteria, Freezing, Freeze-thaw
tests, Shellfish, [-ferine fish, Pollutants, Vibrio parahnemolyticus, Seafood,
Sensitivity, Survival, Vibrio alginolyticus, Mutants.
AMIC-8152
"ISOLATION OF SALMONELLAE FROM PORK CARCASSES", Carpenter, J, A., Elliot, J. G.,
Reynolds, A. E., Applied Microbiology. Vol. 25, Ko. 5, May 1973, PP 731-731*.
Four hundred and twenty pork carcasses from four abattoirs were examined for
the presence of salmonellae by use of swabbing-enrichment techniques and contact plate
methods. Carcasses from only one abattoir were found to be contaminated by
swabbing-enrichment (23.3 percent) and contact plate (17.9 percent) methods. The area
of the skin side of the ham, near the anal opening, was determined to be the area to
examine for Isolating salmonellae from pork carcasses with the greatest frequency. The
most frequently isolated species of salmonellae in this study were Salmonella derby,
G. anatum, S. typhimurlum, and S. Indiana. (Reprinted from Applied Mibrobiology,
Vol. 25, No7 5, May 1973, pp 73T-73TICopyright 1973 by the American .Society for
Microbiology. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Pollutant identification, Hogs, Isolation, Enteric bacteria, Aerobic
bacteria, Livestock, Nhmmals, Pollutants, Pathogenic bacteria, Salmonella derby,
Salmonella anatum, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella Indiana, Culturlng
techniques.
AMIC-8155
"ABOLITION OF AWARMINC OF PROTEUS BY p-NITROl'HENYL GLYCERIN: /• rT'LiCATlGM TO BLO'JD
AGAR MEDIA", Williams, F. D., Applied Microbiology; vol. 25, ^0. q, May 1073,
pp 751-75"*.
Comparative plate counts were made of St-iphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus
pypgenes growing on blood agar supplemented with Individual chemicals to abolish the
swarming of Proteus. B-phenylethanol, sodium azide, and p-nltrophcnyl glycerin (I WO)
were used as anti-swarm agents. Each anti-swarm agent effectively abolished swarming
for 2U h, but azide failed to control swarming for longer periods cjf Incubation. In
addition, azide displayed growth inhibition towards the stnphylococci and streptococci
resulting in no hemolysis and reduced viable cell numbers with the streptococci.
Phenylethanol showed reduced viable cell numbers with the streptococci and unreliable
hemolytic reactions. At 0.1 to 0.3 mM, PNPG proved to be i superior anti-swarm agent
In that It showed no growth inhibition and allowed normal hemolysis, but abolished
swarming for extended periods of time. When laboratory strains of Streptococcus
pneumoniae, Klebalella pneumonlae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeris monocy togenes,
and Vibrio cholerae were screened on a blood agar medium containing 0.1 mM PNPG, they
displayed similar growth and hemolytic characteristics to the Identical medium without
PNPG. (Reprinted from Applied Microbiology, Vol. 25, No. 5, May 1973, PP 751-75''.
Copyright 1973 by the American Society for Microbiology. Reprinted by permission of
the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERVE: Inhibition, Inhibitors, Aerobic bacteria, Pathogenic bacteria, : warming,
Proteus, Culture media, Blood agar, p-Nitrophenyl glycerin, Plite counts,
Comparative tests, Sodium azide, B-Phenyletnanol, bacterial physiology.
U2
-------
3. MICROBIOtOCrCAL MSTHOPS
AMIC-8156
"ESTIMATION OF GROWTH RATE FROM M1TOTIC INDEX", Chung, K., Nllson, E. H., Case, M. J.,
fferr, A. G., Hungate, R. E., Applied Microbiology, Vol. 25, No. 5, May 1973, PP 778-780.
The growth rate of a eukaryotic population dividing Ht a constant rate can be
entire ted from the equation, t sub ra/g In 2 equnls to In (1 plus K), In which t sub m
1;; the time required for m! touts, g Is the generation time, and H Is the fraction of
cells undergoing ml ton IB . Values for t 3ub m and R can be determined by direct
microscope examination of the population. The validity of the derived equation has
been checked with -in exponentially growing culture of a prokaryote, Escherichla coll,
In which chlorimphenicol was 'tdroinist'.T'.;
-------
3. MICROBTOtOCICAL METHODS
AMIC-SSll
"DEEP-CEA MICROORGANISM;: IN nmi RKCTONSE TO NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT", Jannasch, H. w.,
Wtrsen, C. 0., Science, Vol. iBo, No. Uo06, May 1973, pp 6U1-6IO.
'. incf microblal conversion of orp*mlc substrates was rather retarded when lab
culture.-, and mixed populations of surface-born mnrlne bacteria were Incubated in the
deep r.oH, It WHS assumed that, microflora Indigenous to the deep water or sediment
would re:;pond differently. To check this possibility, '-i housing for sterilized Sample
bottles v-.:; devised th'it permitted inoculation directly on the deep-sea floor. A rack
holding 20 U'0-ird bottles win enclosed in a pressure-tight aluminum cylinder. As in
earlier experiments, the bottles contained the media in concentrated form in quantities
of 1 to 10 ml 'in
-------
3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-8U15
"MICROBIOLOGY OF WATER", Geldriflch, E. E.t Jourml Water Pollution Control Federation,
Vol. 1*5, No. 6, June 1973, pp 12l»'*-l?59.
Literature from 197? concerning microbiological methods for water and wastes
l."> reviewed. Among the toplcn dlscuuscd are culture media, adequacy of methods for
detecting f«c«l pollution, microbiological Indicators for mercury, use of
microorganisms for tracing water movement, rapid methods for determining bacterial
quality of wnter, an<) microbiology of rivers, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, potable water,
estuaries, -md coaatal witcra ns Influenced by various types of pollution.
INDEX TEHML;: Blolndlcnt-ora, bacteria, Water quality, Waste water (pollution),
Reviews.
AMIC-81*l6
"MICROBIOLOGY OF WASTE THEAfMttlT", Unz, R. K., Journal Water Pollution Control
Federation, Vol. It1;, No. 6, June 1973, PP 1259-IP65.
The 1972 literature Is reviewed on the Identification of microorganisms in
wastewaters and their abilities to degrade or remove pollutants and nutrients. Optimum
conditions for growth of the organisms are also considered.
INDEX TERMS: Waste water (pollution), Nutrient removal, Microorganisms, Microbial
degradation, Pollutant Identification, Reviews, Microbiology, Waste treatment,
Sewage treatment, Growth rates, Algae, Rotifers, Protozoa, Organic matter,
Viruses, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Survival, Inactivation, Enrichment.
AJGC-8U1?
"MICROBIOLOGY . WATERBORHE OUTBREAKS", Craun, 0. R., Journal Water.Pollution Control
Federation. Vol. 1*5, No. 6, June 1973, PP 1265-1977.
This report gives brief accounts of illnesses resulting from waterborne
pathogens as described in the 1973 literature.
INDEX TERMS: Water pollution effects, Potable water. Human diseases. Reviews,
Epidemiology.
AMC-81UB
"MICROBIOLOGY-DETECTION OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENS AND THEIR OCCURRENCE", Reasoner, D. J.,
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. Us, No. 6, June 1973, PP 1278-1289.
The occurrence of various pathogenic bacteria Is discussed along with methods
for detecting such organisms.
INDEX TERMS: Pathogenic bacteria, Distribution, Pollutant Identification, Water
pollution sources, Water pollution effects, Pollutants, Isolation, Methodology,
Reviews, Aerobic bacteria, Anaerobic bacteria, Enteric bncterla, Human diseases,
Public health, Conforms, Zoonoses, Domestic wastes, Waste water (pollution),
Animal diseases, Epidemiology, Epizootiology, Wildlife, Laboratory animals,
Animal wastes (wildlife), Solid wastes, Domestic animals. Industrial wastes,
Enumeration, Serotypes, Recovery, Culture media, Culturlng techniques,
Enrichment, Biological samples, Environmental samples.
-------
3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-8U19
"MICROBIOLOGY-DETECTION ADD OCCURRENCE OF VIRUSES", Berg, G., Journal Water
Pollution Control Federation. Vol. 1*5, No. 6, June 1973, pp 12^9-1291*.
This literature review IB concerned with the occurrence and methods of
detecting viruses in polluted water and organisms.
INDEX TERMS: Viruses, Pollutant identification, Shellfish, Methodology, Waste water
(pollution), Water pollution, Public health, Distribution, Reviews, Pollutants,
Swimming pools, Water wells, Natural streams, Human diseases, Epidemics, Aquatic
environment, Estuarine environment, Equipment, Recovery, Marine environment.
AMIC-85U1
MODIFICATIONS OF THE TECHNIQUE FOR DIFFERENTIATING CULTURES ISOLATED BY THE
OFFICIAL AOAC SALMONELLA METHOD", Poelma, P, L., Romero, A., Journal of the
Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Vol. 56, No. 1*, July 1973, PP 1027-1028.
Modifications are suggested for the official AOAC Salmonella method,
Ul.02U-Ul.oUo, by which all colonies picked from selective plates are subcultured In
both triple sugar and lyslne iron agars. The techniques will detect Salmonella and
Arizona cultures which might have been discarded. The revisions have been incorporated
into the official method.
INDEX TERMS: Salmonella, Pollutant identification, Methodology, Separation techniques,
Cultures, Pathogenic bacteria, Aerobic bacteria, Isolation, Coliforms, Culturlng
techniques, Arizona, Selective media, Culture media.
AMIC-85&7
"ESCHERICHIA COLI SEROTTPES IN MICROBLAL POLLUTION OF WATER", Glantz, P. J.,
Pennsylvania State University, Institute for Research on Land and Water Resources,
University Park, Pennsylvania, Research Project Technical Completion Report, Contract
No. DI-lU-31-0001-3238, February 1973, 2k pp. NTIS Report No. PB-218 710.
Spring Creek (Pennsylvania) and its tributaries, Thompson Run and Slab
Cabin Creek, were sampled from October 1970 to March 1971, and analyzed for total
and fecal collforma. On the basis of the results, it appears that microblal pollution
has declined in areas where a sewer line has been installed. Pollution continues
unabated In areas which receive water polluted at upstream locations. The E. coll
serotypes Isolated were also compared with those found in humans and anlmala with
respect to pathogenlclty. All strains were examined for their 0, K, and H antigens.
INDEX TERMS: E. coll, Water pollution sources, Serotyping, Fecal colifonns.
AMK-8596
"THE METABOLISM OF LONG-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS AND ALCOHOL? BY CANDIDA TROPICAHS AND
SACCHAROMTCES CEREVISIAE", Bell, G. H., Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Vol. 39, No. 1,
pp 137-1U9, 19737
The factors affecting the growth of Candida tropicalls and Gaecharomyces
eerevlslae on medium- and long-chain fatty acids and alcohols In batch culture were
investigated. Growth on solid acids and alcohols dispersed in the medium is a maximum
for tetradecanoic acid and tetradecanol. The poorer growth observed on shorter chain
lengths can be ascribed to their toxicity to the yeasts, while the full off in growth on
the higher members Is explained by their increasing Insolubility in the medium. When the
longer-chain-length acids are dissolved in a non-metabolizable hydrocarbon, the growth of
Z. troplcalla Is improved, but that of S_. cerevlsiae is unaffected. This suggests that
acids can enter the cells of the former organism by direct contact with the hydrocarbon
droplets. The surface of S. cerevlsiae is too hydrophllic for this transfer mechanism
to be possible. Fatty acids dissolved In gas oil are utilized as substrates for the
growth of Candida tropicalls In competition with the n-paraff ins contained in the gas oil,
2ach fatty acid contributes to a constant proportion of yeast produced, but this
proportion decreases as the chain is lengthened. Thus, In mixtures of gas oil with
iodecanolc acid, 65 percent of the yeast is produced from metabolism of the acid, while
with octadecanoic acid only 15 percent Is produced. The log specific rates of
utilization of the fatty acids within this range diminish linearly with increaseing
:haln length.
INDEX TERMS: Metabolism, Yeasts, Alcohols, Growth rates, Fatty acids,
utilization, Batch cultures.
Substrate
See also: Category S, AMIC-8270,
-------
4. METHODS AND P8RFORMANCB EVALUATION
AMIC-6337
"CAREER DEVELOPMENT GUIDE FOR WASTEWATER FACILITY PERSONNEL", Voegtle, J. A.,
Water Pollution Control Federation Highlights, Vol. 10, No. 7, July 1973, PP Dl,
BU-DIO.
Studies hnve shown thnt manpower planning IB the basic solution to problems
of personnel recruitment, retention, education and training, and certification. The
Career Development Guide (CDG) was developed to bring Into focus the various
interrelnted problems of wnstewater facility management. The CDC defined jobs, training
and educational requirement;;, job titles, and other aspects of personnel development to
provide n banls for uniform certification of personnel.
INDEX TERMC: Quality control, Personnel management, Training, Education,
Certification.
AMIC-8Ult6
"ESTIMATING PRECISION FOR THK METHOD OF STANDARD ADDITIONS", Larsen, I. L.,
Hartmann, N. A., Wagner, J. J., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. Uj, No. 8, July 1973,
pp 1511-1513.
An estimate of the uncertainty term expected In the method of standard
additions using linear regression analysis is presented. The method agrees favorably
vith the standard deviation for values which are not corrected for a blank as well as
with the population standard error of difference for corrected samples. Analysis for
zinc in an environmental sample yielded a concentration range within the expected value.
(Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 8, July 1973, PP 1511-1513.
Copyright 1973 by the American Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the
copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Estimating, Regression analysis, Zinc, Aqueous solutions, Standard
addition technique. Errors, Precision, Orchard leaves. Uncertainty.
AMIC-8U9U
"ULTRAPURIFICATIOH OF WATER FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL AMD SURFACE CHEMICAL WORK BY
CATALYTIC PYRODISTILLATION", Conway, B. E., Angersteln-Kozlowska, H., Sharp, W.
B. A., Crlddle, E. E., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 8, July 1973, pp 1331-1336.
Recently, domestic and Industrial water supplies have become contaminated by
organic impourlties that cannot be removed by ordinary or oxldatlve distillation
because of steam volatility of the impurities of their derivatives. The results of
using a pyrocatalytic distillation system for preparation of ultrapure water for
electrochemical and surface chemical work are described. Exacting electrochemical and
optical criteria are defined for Judging and characterizing the purity of water, with
respect to organic impurities, especially with regard to their effects at Pt and Hg
electrodes. (Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry, Vol. ^5, No. 8, July 1973,
PP 1331-1336. Copyright 1973 by the American Chemical Society. Reprinted by
permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Water purification, Organic matter, Optical properties, Ultrapure water,
Catalytic pyrodlstlllation, Ion selective electrodes.
AMIC-8555
"MACHINE-PLOTTED PROBABILITY CHARTS", Anderson, H. E., Journal of Quality Technology
Vol. 5, No. 3, July 1973, PP 135-137.
A computer program is presented which can plot cumulative probability charts.
The program assumes that the mean and standard deviation have been calculated and that
the sample data have been arranged in ascending order. The maximum sample size Is 1000
with the program as presently written.
INDEX TERMS: Data processing, Computer programs, Probability, Statistical methods,
Plotting.
See also: Category 3, AMIC-f)033.
-------
5. INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT
A MIC-376
-------
5. INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT
A MIC-70*
"PREDICTING CROSSTALK IN DIGITAL SYSTEMS", DeFalco, J. A., Computer Design, Vol. 12,
No. 6, June 1973, PP 69-75.
Crosstalk, or coupling between transmission lines, Is becoming an important
factor 1n digital system design because of high transmission speeds. An engineering
discussion of crosstalk Is presented In terms of both Its physical and mathematical
developments under system:; conditions. Equations are derived for predicting crosstalk,
and curve;: of basic constants and T. table of general waveforms enable the designer to
rapidly quantify crosstalk In specific systems.
INDEX TERMS: *Equatlons, Mi'ltnl computer:;, Data transmission.
AMIC-7951*
"INFLUENCE OF ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT ON REFLECTANCE OF WATER", Look, D. C.,
Crosbie, A. L., Armaly, B. P., Nelaon, H. F., Journal Water Pollution Control
Federation, Vol. U5, No. 5, May 1973, pp 936-939.
To determine one effect that an absorption coefficient, represented by the
Imaginary portion of the index of refraction, has on reflectance, the computed
reflectance for the real values of the Index of refraction was compared with the value
of Index of fraction equal to zero. The values of the imaginary portion of the index
of refraction less than 0.02 have no effect on the reflectance from a water surface.
It therefore can be assumed in computing reflectance that, except for the X absorption
bands in the near infrared and all of the far infrared, water is a perfect nonconductor.
INDEX TERMS: Reflectance, Remote sensing. Absorption, Light.
AMIC-8198
"NEW METHOD FOR EVALUATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROBE RESPONSE FOR K SUB L a
DETERMINATION", Wernau, W. C., Wilke, C. R., Biotechnology and Bioengineering,
Vol. 15, No. 3, May 1973, PP 571-578.
Previously adopted methods for the measurement of the volumetric liquid phase
mass transfer coefficient, K sub L a, in various liquid systems using dissolved oxygen
probes have been problematic. The problems ranged from inability to define time in
reference to step changes to the necessity of having very thin, highly permeable
membranes In order to get accurate results. In order to alleviate such problems, a new
method (the slope method) for finding K sub L a based on the transient response of
dissolved oxygen probes was devised. Since the origin of time (time of the step change)
Is BO poorly defined in actual experimental situations, measurement of the slope of the
response curve (d(Et/Eo)/dt) would appear to be dependent upon the accurate estimation
of the time of the step change. This problem is alleviated by taking the slope at its
maximum value. This procedure Is illustrated diagramatically. This method is
Independent of the time of the step change and is applicable for slow probes at K sub
L a values from approximately 20/hr to values in excess of 500/hr. The method is least
accurate at high K sub L a values, where the sensitivity of the slope to beta Is
considerably reduced. It is recommended that the method of Llnek be used at K sub L a
values below 20/hr and that faster probes than that used in this study be employed for
K sub L a values above 500/hr.
INDEX TERMS: Evaluation, Methodology, Laboratory equipment, Automation, Equations,
Permselective membranes, Dissolved oxygen, Resistance, Instrumentation, Mass
transfer coefficients, Volumetric liquid phase, Dissolved oxygen probes, Slope
method, Response time, Slope (mathematics;, Accuracy.
AMIC-8203
"LAB AUTOMATION AT LOW COST", Glover, D., Research/Development, Vol. 2k, Ho. 5,
pp 22-25.
1973
This discussion covers those factors that must be considered In choosing a low
cost laboratory computer system. Such a system may be either (1) n small system which
is expandable to a medium size system or into a satellite Interfaced to i large central
system, as the lab requirements expand, or (2) a full-blown, time-shared system. This,
of course, depends on the need of the laboratory, funding and the resources It commands.
Those common elements that exist In the instrumentation in the laboratory should be
considered in choosing from the variety of approaches available. The approach obviously
depends on the desired end result and the decision as to how it should be attained.
Computer output, data storage, and resolution enhancement are also very Important
considerations .
IHDEX TERMS: Laboratory equipment, Costs, Automation, Computers, Instrumentation, Data
storage and retrieval, Data transmission, Flexibility, Computer design,
Interfaces.
-------
5, INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT
A MIC 45335
"INVESTIGATION OF LAKE WATEH QUALITY IN EASTERN COUTH DAKOTA WITH REMOTE SENSING
TECHNIQUES", Tlpton, M. J., Cchraer, F. A., Ochmulbach, J. C., et al., South Dakota
State University, Remote Sensing Institute, Brookings, Couth Dakota, Research
Project Technical Completion Keport, Contract No. l.U-01-001-3332, December 1972,
131 pp. WTir Hf-port, No. I'b-Sli 156.
This 5;tudy was directed toward hydrologlcal research with special emphasis on
geology and Its relationship to lake water quality. The applicability of remote sensing
techniques for the evaluation and monitoring of lake water quality and as an aid for
geological mapping was investigated. Thirteen lakea and their surrounding area
approximately lf> ton (10 mi) square In northeastern South Dakota were selected for the
study. Photographic and thermal remote sensing Imagery aided in the interpretation of
chemical, geological, and biological features and events, but water quality-imagery
correlations were largely unsuccessful. The majority of the lakes may be considered
magnesium sulfate lakes with sodium becoming the more dominant cation in the more
senescent lakes. Poor aquifer flushing resulted in an accumulation of total dissolved
solids in the ground water. The ground water averaged 2153 mg/liter total dissolved
solids with !m accumulation of sulfate which averaged kQ percent of the total dissolved
solids by weight. With the exception of Crass Lake, the study lakes all occupy closed
depressions with little or no ground-water movement between, and exist in various stages
of senescence depending upon local climatic and edaphic conditions. All lakes except
Grass Lake are also similar In chemical composition with sulfate again the dominant Ion
averaging between 63 percent and 70 percent by weight of the dissolved solids.
Evaporation appears to be the principle cause of water loss and consequent
AMIC-8335 (Continued)
Card 2/2
mineralization. Medicine Lake Is a permanetly stratified lake with a total dissolved
solids concentration Increasing from about an average of 5 percent to 17 percent
with depth. In a narrow zone at a depth of 3.2 - 3-7 meters, intense photobacterlal
activity existed during the icefree season. This bacterial plate was found at I*.3
meters In the late fall and winter. Surface water carbon-fixation rates usually were
below 25 mg C/cu m day, but an early July rate of 200 mg C/eu ra/day was recorded.
Bluegreen algal production in the upper-chemocline resulted in rates in excess of 300
mg C/cu m/day. Photobncteri-il production rates between 1000 - 2000 mg C/cu m/day
were common In the summer months with the photobacterla accounting for approximately
'13 percent of the recorded pelagic production. Total sunnier sq meter pelagic production
rates were below 700 mg C/cu m/day which would put Medicine lake in the mesotrophic
lake category. However, Chara production rates were not assessed, and had the rates
of these littoral producers been averaged with the pelagic production rates, a higher
estimate of productivity and lake trophy may have resulted.
INDEX TERMS: Remote sensing, Water quality, Methodology, Biological properties,
Chemical properties, Geology, Physical properties, Saline lakea, Aerial
photography, Monitoring, Evaluation, Mesotrophy, Chemical analysis, Water analysis,
Water chemistry, Primary productivity, Thermal stratification, Secondary
productivity, Chemical stratification, Medicine Lake, Multispectral sensing
system, Data interpretation, Thermal infrared imagery, Autotrophic bacteria.
50
AMIC-6466 ~" ~~ ~~~
"HOLE OF SOLVENT EXTRACTION PARAMETERS IN GOVERNING THE POTENTIAL SELECTIVITY OF
LIQUID MEMBRANE ELECTRODES", Back, S., Sandlilom, J., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. k?,
No. 9, August 1973, PP I6tto-l6«*. :
The relationship between solvent extraction parameters and the potential
selectivity of liquid membranes has been examined. An expression for the electrode
potential has been derived containing measurable solvent extraction parameters. This
expression is used to compare the potential selectivity of a liquid membrane-consisting
of tetraalkylamnonium salts dissolved in methylene chloride-with the solvent extraction
properties of the same system. The potential selectivity constant is related to the
extraction constant by a square root dependence which is interpreted In terms of
surface diffusion phenomena. The pH-dependence of the electrode potential in the
presence of weak acids as well as the role of solvent is also examined. It is concluded
that extraction processes determine the potential selectivity of liquid membranes if the
extraction constants are sufficiently large and if the solvent favors the counter ions.
(Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 9, August 1973, pp 1680-168U.
Copyright 1973 by the American Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the
copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Selectivity, Solvent extractions, Zeta potential. Properties, Hydrogen
Ion concentration, Acids, Equations, Mathematical studies, Electrical properties,
Membrane electrodes, Liquid membranes, Extraction coefficients, Organic solvents,
Ion selective electrodes.
AMIC-8492
"PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF THE GULFATE ION SELECTIVE MEMBRANE KLECrRCDE",
Mohan, M. S., Rechnltz, G. A., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. !*•>, No, ?}, July 1973,
pp 1323-1326.
Detailed Information is provides concerning the construction of sulfate
selective membrane electrodes in terms of composition, membrane preparation, and
electrode assembly. Special attention is given to the effect of surface treatment on
electrode response and to the attainment of optimum response characteristics 'by
conditioning. The effect of other ions on sulfate response Is evaluated. (Reprinted
from Analytical Chemistry, Vol. ^5, No. 8, July 1973, PP 1323-1326. Copyright 1973
by the American Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Fabrication, Properties, Culfates, Anlons, Electrical properties,
Construction, Selectivity, Nitrates, Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides, r.ulfites,
Hydrogen Ion concentration, Physical properties, Ion selective electrodes,
Membrane electrodes, Sulfate electrodes, Chemical composition, Ionic interference,
Perchloratee, Orthophosphates, Sensitivity, Response time, Selectivity
coefficients.
-------
5. INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT
AMIC-85U3
"OIL SPILLS: MEASUREMENTS OF THEIR DISTRIBUTIONS AND VOLUMES BY MULTIFREQUENCY
MICROWAVE RADIOMETRY", Holllnger, J. P., Mennella, R. A., Science, Vol. 181, No.
Uogl*, July 6, 1973, PP 5^-56.
A series of eight controlled oil spills was investigated over a 1-yr period
to determine if it were possible to measure oil slick thickness with paseive microwave
radiometry. The spills were 200-630 gallons of either No. 2 fuel oil or No. U or No. 6
crude oil, carried out according to EPA guidelines for oil discharges for research
purposes. Relatgy cilra sea conditions (swells leas than 2 m and surface winds leas
than 10 m/sec) were chosen. Aircraft-borne raultifrequency passive microware
observations of the eight marine oil spills revealed that, in all cases, over 90
percent of the oil was confined in a compact region comprising less than 10 percent of
the area of the visible slick. These measurements show that microwave radiometrr offers
a means for measuring the distribution of oil in sea-surface slicks; for locating the
thick regions; and for measuring their volumes on an all-weather, day or night, and
real-time basis.
INDEX TERMS: Oil spills, Measurement, Distribution, Volume, Sea water, Methodology,
Pollutant Identification, Aerial photography, Dimensions, Width, Size, Oil
pollution, Mult1frequency microwave radioraetry, Passive microwave radiometry.
Marine environment, Color photography, No. 2 fuel oil, No. U crude oil, No. 6
crude oil.
AMIC-8563
"THERMAL REMOTE SENSING ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER IN IOWA", Tuthill, S. J., Taranik,
J. V., Hoyer, B. E., In: Water-1972. AIChE Symposium Series No. 129, Vol. 69, 1973,
pp 391-UOO.
On U June, 1971, the Iowa Conservation Commission, Commonwealth Edison, and
the Iowa Geological Survey studied the surface temperature distribution of the
Mississippi River bordering Iowa. Airborne thermal mapping data was collected along a
180-mile length of river concurrent with surface measurements at 13 preselected areas.
Density slicing the thermal Imagery provided a method for generating an Isothermal map.
Results indicate further refinement of thermal mapping techniques could rapidly produce
accurate thermal maps for complete river systems.
INDEX TERMS: Water temperature, Remote sensing, Mississippi River, River systems,
Surface waters, Automation, Thermal pollution, Telemetry, Aerial photography,
Water pollution effects, Thermal mapping, Thermal infrared imagery, Accuracy,
Isothermal maps, Isodensitracing.
AMIC-8566
"SOME INSTRUMENTS AVAILABLE NOT FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF WASTEWATER PARAMETERS",
Brown, D. L., In! Water-1972. AIChE Symposium Series No. 129, Vol. 69, 1973, PP
585-588.
A brief summary as well as a student review and critique is given of the
instruments presently available for measuring wastewater parameters. These Instruments
include the following: dissolved oxygen analyzer, multi-parameter water quality
monitor, total carbon analyzer, organic carbon analyzer, total oxygen demand analyzer,
an on-line, automatic tltmtor, and an instrument for measuring carbon dioxide demand.
INDEX TERMS: Instrumentation, Monitoring, Cn-site data collections, Waste water
(pollution), Laboratory tests, Water properties, Measurement, Water quality,
Chemical analysis, Automatic control, Pollutant identification, Operations,
On-line measurement.
AMIC-8568
"PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE OF THE WATER RESOURCES DIVISION IN THE UGE OF MULTIPAKAMETER
ELECTRONIC RECORDERS AND AUTOMATED TECHNIQUES .FOR MONITORING WATER QUALITY IN
STREAMS", Pickering, R. J., In: Water-1972, AIChE Symposium Series No. 129, Vol.
69, 1973, PP 603-606.
The stream monitoring practices of the U. G. Geological Curvey are reported
along with the difficulties experienced In using field monitoring equipment. The
parameters measured are as follows: specific conductance, temperature, dissolved
oxygen, pH, turbidity, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, and hydrolyzable phosphates. The
first five parameters are electronically monitored; the last four are monitored by wet
chemistry techniques. A bubbler method is used for stream flow measurements. The wet
chemistry analyzers require the most attention. Telemetering of data involves the
collection of measurements taken at several sampling sites. The recorders are digital
to make telemetering simpler. Perhaps In the future such datn can be collected and
transmitted by satellite to a centrally located ground acquisitlonlng site for computer
management.
INDEX TERMS: Monitoring, Water quality, Automation, Electronic equipment, Water
analysis, Data transmission, Methodology, Data collections, Water properties.
Recorders.
See also:
Category 1, AMIC-83^3, 8569
Category 2, AMIC-8087.
51
------- |