NEIC
    BOATING SAFETY GUIDELINES
    November 1987
national enforcement investigations center
          denver federal center bldg 53, box 25227 denver, co 80225

-------
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT AND COMPLIANCE MONITORING
BOATING SAFETY GUIDELINES
November 1987
NATIONAL ENFORCEMENT INVESTIGATIONS CENTER
Denver, Colorado

-------
                       BOATING SAFETY
                       Table of Contents

I.   GENERAL OPERATING REQUIREMENTS	1
II.   REQUIRED EQUIPMENT	2
III.   PREPARATION FOR BOATING	5
IV.   SAFETY RULES FOR FUELING	6
V.   NAVIGATION	7
VI.   EMERGENCY PROCEDURES	11

-------
                          BOATING SAFETY

I.    GENERAL OPERATING REQUIREMENTS

     The boat operator is responsible for the safety of all persons on board
     and for the integrity of all equipment on board.

     A boat-safety briefing, by the boat operator, must be provided for ail
     occupants of the boat prior to leaving the dock, pad, etc.

     Government-owned, leased or rented boats are not to be boarded by
     unauthorized  or non-essential persons (e.g., family, dependent or
     friends).

     The NEIC employee in charge of government-owned and leased or
     rented watercraft should have taken the U.S. Coast Guard Boating Skills
     and Seamanship course or its equivalent.

     Boat operators must complete emergency first-aid training.

     Personal  gear should include  shoes or boots with anti-skid soles  and
     foot-wear suitable for any sampling or other work done outside the boat.
     Water repellent  clothing and sufficient warm clothing should be taken
     along, and a change of dry clothing is often needed.

     Boat operators shall initiate operations on the ocean,  estuaries, large
     lakes and large rivers only after acquiring a current and reliable weather
     forecast.  Common sense must prevail -- when in doubt, the safe course
     of action is required.

     Auxiliary  fuel  should be stored in safety  cans, secured to prevent
     spillage, away from sources  of heat and sparks.

-------
     Boats must be  equipped with  non-slip floorboards.  Employees must
     wear non-skid, soft-soled footwear while on board.

     Excess equipment is to be minimized and that which remains on board
     will  be stowed such that walkways are kept clear and fire hazards are
     avoided.

     The load-carrying capacity of the boat should not be exceeded. If rough
     weather is expected, the boat should be loaded more lightly to let it ride
     higher and make it less likely to be swamped by waves. If samples are to
     be collected, their estimated weight should be included in the total weight
     load.

     The load capacity should be displayed on a plate mounted in the boat. A
     certificate  of compliance for an outboard  motorboat  shows  the
     manufacturer's rating of maximum horsepower of an engine that can be
     safely used on the boat.  A combination capacity plate will also list the
     maximum  number of persons and the maximum weight of persons that
     can be carried safely, as well as the maximum weight (of persons, motor,
     and gear) which can be carried safely by the boat.

II.    REQUIRED EQUIPMENT

     Every motorboat shall have a fire extinguisher approved for fighting
     electrical fires or burning liquids (e.g., gasoline fires). A 2.5 pound dry
     chemical extinguisher will  satisfy the requirement,  but a  6  pound dry
     chemical extinguisher will offer a  greater chance of putting out a liquid
     fuel fire. Halon extinguishers are as satisfactory as the dry chemical type.
     A fire extinguisher should be located convenient to the fueling area to put
     out spill fires.

-------
All boats operated in estuaries or open seas should be equipped with
two-way radios adequate to communicate with at least one shore station.
Boats with marine radios will monitor a distress frequency when not
transmitting.

Boats from 16 to  26 feet long must carry an audible signal, such  as a
whistle or horn, that can be heard for at least a half mile.  A police whistle
will meet this requirement.  Boats from 26 to 40 feet long must carry a bell
for use in  fog, and a whistle or horn that can be heard for least a  mile.
The whistle or horn can be operated by hand or power.  Boats over 40
feet long must have a power-operated whistle or horn.  The  signaling
devices should be used in fog, or in any other weather condition that
obscures normal visibility.  (See "Fog Signals", below.}

Boats  with enclosed  spaces where  spilled fuel or fuel  vapors can
accumulate must have powered ventilation to clear away the fuel vapors.
This requirement does not normally apply to open boats.

NEIC safety  procedures require all passengers to wear life jackets,
although divers are permitted to  wear wet suits in  lieu of life jackets.
Boats must also carry at least one throwable flotation device.

Although flotation  devices of Types I, II, III, IV, and V are approved for
EPA field activities, only Types I  and V  are  designed  to  save  an
unconscious person from drowning, because those  are the only types
that will turn an unconscious person from a face-down position in the
water.  The Type I device is the one that provides maximum flotation, and
thus, maximum protection in rough water. The Type V device  is a  work
vest that will float an unconscious person face up. It is designed for work
activities.  Float coats  or exposure suits, approved by the Coast Guard,
are recommended for cold water operation. Wet suits can also be used,
preferably with an additional flotation device.

-------
First aid kits must be on board all boats during operation.

Visual distress signaling devices are required in boats 16 feet or longer.
and are strongly recommended for any boat that may need a distress
signal in any foreseeable circumstance.

•      Non-pyrotechnic devices include a special flag (for daytime use)
       and a special electric signal that flashes SOS signals four to six
       times a  minute, for night use.  These devices do not set spilled fuel
       afire if they are accidentally activated.

       Pyrotechnic devices, common on larger boats, include hand-held
       orange smoke signals, floating orange smoke distress signals that
       last 5 to  15 minutes,  hand-held red  flares,  and pistol-launched
       parachute red flares. Rocket propelled flares are also available for
       night use.  Pyrotechnic devices should be replaced 42 months
       from the date of the manufacture.

Specified  lights are required on any boat that is  out on the water in the
dark.  Boats at anchor must show an anchor light: a white light, visible in
all directions for at least one mile.  Vessels under way must show at least
three lights:

•      A white  light visible for two miles, in all directions; two white lights
       are required in international waters, and many boats will show two
       (or  more) white lights regularly.

       A green  light, visible from ahead through an  arc of  112.5° on the
       starboard (right) side of your boat. That 112.5° arc marks the zone
       in which your boat must yield the right of way to other vessels; any
       vessel that can see your green light has the right of way over your
       boat.

-------
 •      A red light, visible from ahead through an arc of 112.5° on the port
       (left) side of your boat.  Boats that can see your red light should
       yield the right of way to you.

 Recommended additional equipment includes: a recent chart (or charts)
 of the area in which you will be boating, a compass, paddles or  oars, a
 boat hook, and a bailing bucket or bilge pump. It is also prudent to carry
 an  anchor (and anchor rope), food and water, a flashlight, tools and
 spare parts.

 PREPARATION FOR BOATING

 The weather forecast should be obtained prior to each trip, charts should
 be  reviewed and routes planned; and gear should be loaded so that it
 will not roll or slide when the boat  rocks or tosses.

 If the weather forecast is somewhat unfavorable, the boat should be
 loaded lightly so that it will float high in the water. If a storm is predicted,
the trip should be postponed.

 If the course takes the boat  out of sight of  land, at least one person
aboard should know how to navigate.  At least two people should know
 how to read charts and locate sandbars, shallows, rocks, rapids, etc.

The Coast Guard recommends that a "float plan" be filed with someone
who can  request a search if the boat does not return as expected.  The
float plan should give a detailed description of the boat and its planned
course, to aid in a search.  It should list the people aboard, the type and
frequencies of the emergency radio, and the names and phone numbers
of the  Coast Guard or other personnel who should  be notified if the
vessel fails to return as expected.

-------
     Before a boat is taken out for a trip, it should be inspected to assure that
     everything works, that lights and motor are likely to continue working, and
     that tools and spare parts are adequate and accessible.

IV.   SAFETY RULES FOR FUELING

     Complete fueling prior  to  the  onset of darkness,  except in
     emergencies or at well-lighted marinas.

     Whenever a boat  is moored at a fueling dock, do not smoke, strike
     matches or throw switches.  All engines, motors, fans and devices
     that can produce sparks must be stopped.  Lights on the boat and
     heating devices must be turned off and all other sources of ignition
     kept away from fuel vapors.

     Before initiating fueling operations, the boat  must be securely
     moored.   Conditions of fuel-tank vents, connections, and flame
     screens must be checked.

     During fueling,  the  nozzle  must be kept in contact with the fill
     opening to prevent static sparks.

     After fueling, fill openings are to be closed immediately.  Spilled
     fuel must be cleaned up; all hatches, windows, doors and covers
     are to  be opened for 5 minutes to ensure adequate ventilation.
     Operator must ascertain that no gasoline  odor is present in the
     boat prior to initiating starting procedures.

     If the boat  is equipped  with exhaust  blowers,  they should be
     operated for at least 5 minutes before starting an engine.

-------
      Exhaust blowers are not substitutes for seaworthy fuel systems.  Leaks in
      tanks and fuel lines must be corrected immediately upon discovery.

      Use the special ventilation equipment required for inboard engines.

      Portable fuel tanks should be filled outside the boat (i.e., on the dock or at
      another location) never in the boat, to prevent luel spillage in the boat.

V.    NAVIGATION

      Sailboats have the right-of-way over power boats. Always yield to  large
      ships.

      Navigational  charts will show the location  of storm warning display
      stations, and your radio will carry weather bulletins.

            A small craft warning means winds may reach 38 mph (33 knots),
            a condition dangerous for boats generally used by EPA and a
            triangular red pennant, displayed at a  storm warning display
            station, signals a small craft warning.  Two triangular red  flags
            signal a gale warning, with winds from 39 to  54 mph  (34 to 47
            knots); a single square red flag with a black center signals a storm
            warning, with winds of 55 to 73 mph (48 to 63  knots); and two
            square red flags with black centers signal a hurricane or tropical
            cyclone, with winds in excess of 74 mph (63 knots).

      The person in command of the boat is  expected to know the rules for
      operation  and navigation, local  regulations, and rules of the road.  The
      rules of the road cover three topics: lights, signals used to identify course
      and position  in fog,  and action to avoid collision with other vessels.
      Lights were covered above under "Required Equipment."

-------
                                                                 8
Fog signals are required if visibility is obscured •- day or night, by mist,
fog, rain or snow - in order to avoid collisions.  A power vessel must
sound one  prolonged blast on the whistle, at least every minute.  A
vessel anchored outside a designated anchorage must ring its bell, or
sound its horn or whistle,  rapidly  for five seconds, at  least  once each
minute.  Towing vessels underway must sound a series of three blasts
(one long and two short blasts) in succession, once each minute.

The vessel that has  the right-of-way is called the "Stand-On  vessel"
(formerly, the "privileged vessel").  The Stand-On vessel has a right to
maintain its course  and speed. It is also a duty to maintain course and
speed so that the other vessel can base its action on known conditions;
however, if a collision should become imminent, the Stand-On vessel no
longer has the right-of-way or any other privilege.

The vessel that does  not have the  right-of-way is the "Give-Way vessel"
(formerly called the "burdened vessel").  When  the Give-Way  vessel
approaches another closely enough to create a possibility of collision.
the Give-Way vessel must slow, turn or take other  positive action to keep
out of the way.

      In a meeting situation, two  vessels are approaching head-on or
      nearly so, and neither has the right-of-way. Both must alter course
      to starboard  (right) so that they will pass to port (left side to left
      side).  A vessel will signal its intent to alter course to the starboard
      with a "course  indication signal" of one or two  short blasts  of a
      whistle or horn. The other vessel will  return the same signal to
      indicate understanding and  agreement, or will  signal four short
      blasts (danger signal) to indicate its  lack of understanding  or
      agreement. (In International  Waters, no response is required, and
      the danger signal is five short blasts.)

-------
      In a crossing situation, when two vessels approach at an angle,
      the vessel on the right (starboard) has the right-of-way.   Your
      vessel must give way to any vessel that  approaches from the
      112.5° arc in which your vessel shows its green light at night.  The
      Give-Way vessel must slow or alter course to avoid a collision.
      The Stand-On vessel should maintain course and speed.

      In an overtaking situation,  the overtaking vessel is burdened; it
      must give way until the overtaken vessel has been passed safely.
      If the overtaking vessel wishes  to alter course and  pass to the
      starboard of  the  overtaken vessel, the overtaking  (Give-Way)
      vessel should give one short signal of whistle or horn. The signal
      to pass on the port side is two short  blasts of whistle or horn.  The
      overtaken (Stand-On) vessel must signal agreement (one or two
      short blasts) or disagreement (four short blasts).

If you see only  the (rear) white light of another vessel at night, you are
overtaking that vessel and must follow the rules for overtaking.
In a narrow channel, your boat  should keep to the right side of the
channel. When you near a bend, signal to  any vessel that may be out of
sight by giving a long (four to six seconds) warning blast on a whistle or
horn.  A small vessel must yield the right-of-way to large, deep draft ships
that may not be able to maneuver or stop quickly.

In general, right-of-way must be given to sailing vessels, fishing vessels,
working vessels and very large vessels.

Navigation  aids, on  navigable waters  of the  United States, consist of
markers, buoys and lights.  They mark channels and constructions,
provide direction and show exact position.

-------
                                                               10
horn. A small vessel must yield the right-of-way to large, deep draft ships
that may not be able to maneuver or stop quickly.

In general, right-of-way must be given to sailing vessels, fishing vessels,
working vessels and very large vessels.

Navigation aids, on  navigable waters of the United States, consist of
markers, buoys and  lights.   They mark channels and  constructions,
provide direction and show exact position.

The  basic  system uses red, triangular buoys or markers, with even
numbers, to mark the right side of the channel when the vessel is moving
upstream,  against the current,  returning from the sea  ("red  light
returning"). The other side of the channel (on your starboard side going
downstream)  is marked with black, rectangular buoys or markers, with
odd numbers.  In the Great Lakes region, going west, or to the source of
the lakes,  corresponds to  going  upstream  from  the sea.  On  the
Intracoastal Waterway and in coastal waters, "upstream" is marked from
New Jersey going  south to Florida and west to Texas.  On the  Pacific
Coast, "upstream" is from California to Alaska.

On the Intracoastal Waterway,  buoys and markers are marked  with a
yellow band, strip, square or triangle.   The yellow band or square
identifies the buoy as being on the Intracoastal Waterway.

Regulatory markers may provide information or give a warning (e.g., a
boat speed restriction).

Lightships or Texas Towers provide warning and guidance in waters that
are too deep for  other navigation aids.   A Texas Tower is a large
navigational buoy that has primary and standby generators to operate a
high intensity light, a  radio beacon, and a fog signal.  It also monitors

-------
                                                                   11
     meteorological conditions, air and water temperature, wind speed and
     direction, and other data. Texas Towers are replacing lighthouses at
     major harbor entrances.

VI.   EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

     In case of  emergency, a radio, whistle,  horn or visual signals may be
     used to summon help. On the radio, send "Mayday" on VHP channel 16
     or 2182 kilohertz.  Give the boat  identification and  call letters, the
     location, the nature  of  distress, the number of persons aboard and
     condition of any that are  injured, the estimated seaworthiness of the boat
     (how long you may stay afloat), descriptive details of the boat and any
     other information that may help rescuers

     If you  have no radio, show visual distress signals.  If you have only
     pyrotechnic distress signals,  save them until there is someone who can
     see them.

     Many boats have flotation chambers and will not sink. In such cases, it
     may be better to stay with the boat.  If the boat can be righted, get into it:
     this may be warmer than staying in the water.  If the water is cold, it is
     important to conserve body heat. Gel out of the water if possible;  if not,
     curl up.  If several people are  in the water, they should  huddle  close
     together.  Do not swim  for shore unless it is quite close or there is no
     chance of rescue. A boat is easier for rescuers to find than a swimmer.

     If you hear or see a distress signal from another vessel, give what aid you
     can. Use a radio to notify the Coast Guard on VHP channel 16, or notify
     any listener on CB channel 9.

-------