TECHNICAL ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS
of Various Approaches for
Regulating Small Volume
Hazardous Waste Generators
PURSUANT TO THE RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY ACT OF 1976
VOLUME II. APPENDICES
PREPARED FOR
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF SOLID WASTE
WASHINGTON. D.C. 20460
UNDER:
CONTRACT NO. 68-02-2613. WORK ASSIGNMENT NO. 27
AND
CONTRACT NO. 68-03-2560
WORK DIRECTIVES T-5012, T-5014 AND T-5015
DECEMBER 10. 1979
TRW
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DIVISION
-------
TECHNICAL ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS
of Various Approaches for
Regulating Small Volume
Hazardous Waste Generators
PURSUANT TO THE RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY ACT OF 1976
VOLUME II. APPENDICES
PREPARED FOR
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF SOLID WASTE
WASHINGTON.D.C. 20460
UNDER:
CONTRACT NO. 68-02-2613. WORK ASSIGNMENT NO. 27
AND
CONTRACT NO. 68-03-2560
WORK DIRECTIVES T-5012, T-5014 AND T-5015
DECEMBER 10. 1979
TRW
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DIVISION
-------
KEY PROJECT PERSONNEL
Program Management and Technical Direction
M. Ghassemi
Data Analysis and Final Report
Preparation
M. Ghassemi
K. Yu
K. Crawford
B. Edmondson
S. Quinlivan
R. Scofield
Data Base Development and
Computerization
S. Quinlivan
M. Powers
B. Edmondson
J. Davis
Data Acquisition and Preparation
of Assessment Summary Sheets
K. Crawford
H. Fisher
M. Ghassemi
S. Paige
P. Painter
S. Quinlivan
G. Richard
K. Scheyer
R. Scofield
A. Takata
C. Yu
K. Yu
-------
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A - ASSESSMENT SUMMARY SHEETS FOR SIC'S ELIMINATED FROM CONSIDERA-
TION AS SMALL VOLUME HAZARDOUS WASTE GENERATORS
APPENDIX B - ASSESSMENT SUMMARIES FOR SIC'S CONTAINING SMALL GENERATORS OF
HAZARDOUS OR POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS WASTES
APPENDIX C - MISCELLANEOUS SUPPORT DATA
-------
CONTENTS
Appendix A
SIC 075
Page
Animal Services, Except Veterinary A-l
SIC 15,16 General Building Contractors and Heavy
(except for Construction Contractors A~2
"special
trade")
SIC 21 Tobacco Manufacturers A~3
SIC 23 Apparel and Other Finished Products Made from Fabrics
and Similar Materials A~5
SIC 243,2492, Hardwood Veneer, Plywood and Glued Wood Products . . A-7
2499
SIC 2611,2621, Paper and Allied Products A-9
2631,2646,
2661
SIC 2642,2643, Converted Paper and Paperboard Products A-13
2645,2647,
2648,2649,265
SIC 2992 Lubricating Oils and Greases (except blenders and
,compounders) A-14
SIC 3241 Cement, Hydraulic A-18
SIC 325,326, Stone and Clay Products A-19
3274,3275,
3281,3291,
3292,3295-7,
3299
SIC 3271,3272, Concrete, Gypsum and Plaster Products A-22
3273
SIC 3312 Blast Furnaces (including coke ovens), Steel Works
and Rolling Mills A-23
SIC 3313 Electrometallurgical Products A-24
SIC 333 Primary Smelting and Refinishing of Nonferrous
Metals A-25
SIC 44 Water Transportation A-28
SIC 4789 Services Incidental to Transportation, Not Elsewhere
Classified A~31
SIC 4811 Telephone Communication (wire or radio) A-33
SIC 5012,5013, Automobiles and Other Motor Vehicles, Automotive
5014 Parts and Supplies, Tires and Tubes (Wholesale) . . A-34
SIC 5039 Construction Materials, Not Elsewhere Classified
(Wholesale) A-36
SIC 5041,5042, Sporting, Recreational, Photographic and Hobby Goods,
5043 Toys and Supplies A~37
ii
-------
CONTENTS (CONTD)
Metals and Minerals, Except Petroleum (Wholesale). .
Page
A-38
SIC 505
SIC 5063 Electrical Apparatus and Equipment, Wiring Supplies
and Construction Materials (Wholesale) A-39
SIC 5086 Professional Equipment and Supplies (Wholesale) . . A-40
SIC 514 Groceries and Related Products (Wholesale) A-41
SIC 7299 Miscellaneous Personal Services A-43
SIC 7911 Dance Halls, Studios and Schools A-45
SIC 7997 Membership Sports and Recreation Clubs A-46
SIC 8011 Offices of Physicians A-48
SIC 8021 Offices of Dentists A-51
SIC 8031 Offices of Osteopathic Physicians A-53
SIC 8041 Offices of Chiropractors A-54
SIC 8042 Offices of Optometrists . A-56
SIC 805 Nursing and Personal Care Facilities A-58
SIC 8072 Dental Laboratories A-60
SIC 8081 Outpatient Care Facilities A-62
SIC 8091 Health and Allied Services, Not Elsewhere Classified A-64
Appendix B
SIC 018 Horticultural Specialties B-l
SIC 0711,0721 Soil Preparation and Crop Services B-5
0729
SIC 0741,0742 Veterinary Services B-9
SIC 0748,8421 Landscape and Horticultural Services, Arboreta,
Botanical and Zoological Gardens B-13
SIC 1700 Construction - Special Trade Contractors B-16
SIC 2079 Shortening, Table Oils, Margarine and Other Edible
Fats B-22
SIC 2211,2221, Textile Mill Products B-25
2241,228,229
SIC 2231,225, Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles B-34
226,2272
SIC 2421 Sawmills and Planning Mills B-38
SIC 2491 Wood Preserving B-43
SIC 2499 Miscellaneous Wood Products B-48
SIC 25 Furniture and Fixtures B-52
111
-------
CONTENTS (CONTD)
Page
SIC 2641 Production of Coated and Glazed Paper B-56
SIC 27 Printing, Publishing, and Allied Industries B-60
SIC 281 Industrial inorganic Chemicals B-65
SIC 282 Plastic Materials and Synthetic Resins, Synthetic
Rubber, Synthetic and Other Man-made Fibers, Except
Glass B-72
SIC 283 Drugs and Pharmaceuticals B-78
SIC 284 Soap, Detergents, and Cleaning Preparations, Perfumes,
Cosmetics, and Other Toilet Preparations B-83
SIC 2851 Paints, Varnishes, Lacquers, Enamels, and Allied
Products B-88
SIC 286 Industrial Organic Chemicals B-92
SIC 2873 Nitrogenous Fertilizers B-96
SIC 2875 Fertilizers, Mixing Only B-100
SIC 2879 Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals, Not Elsewhere
Classified B-103
SIC 2891 Miscellaneous Chemical Products, Adhesives and
Sealants B-107
SIC 2892,2895, Miscellaneous Chemical Products, Chemicals and Chemical
2899 Preparations, Not Elsewhere Classified Including
Explosives and Carbon Black B-112
SIC 2893 Miscellaneous Chemical Products, Printing Ink .... B-116
SIC 2911 Petroleum Refining B-120
SIC 30 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products B-126
SIC 31 (except Leather and Leather Products (except leather tanning
3111) and finishing) B-135
SIC 3111 Leather Tanning and Finishing B-138
SIC 32 Stone, Clay, Glass and Concrete Products B-143
SIC 3315,3316, Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding of Metals B-148
3317,335
SIC 332,336 Foundries B-154
SIC 3341 Secondary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metals B-163
SIC 3398 Metal Heat Treating B-168
SIC 3399 Primary Metal Products, Not Elsewhere Classified . . B-174
SIC 34 (except Fabricated Metal Products, Except Machinery and
3411,3479) Transportation Equipment B-178
IV
-------
CONTENTS (CONTD)
Page
SIC 3431,3479 Enameled Iron and Metal Ware and Coating, Engraving,
and Allied Services, Not Elsewhere Classified .... B-190
SIC 3471 Electroplating and Metal Finishing B-195
SIC 351,352, Machinery, Except Electrical B-201
353,358,359
SIC 354,355, Machinery, Except Electrical B-205
356,357
36 (except Electrical and Electronic Machinery, Equipment and
3691,3692) Supplies B-209
SIC 3691,3692 Storage and Primary Batteries B-213
SIC 37 Transportation Equipment B-217
SIC 38 (except Measuring, Analyzing, and Controlling Instruments,
3861) Medical, Dental and Optical Goods, and Watches and
Clocks B-222
SIC 3861 Photographic Equipment and Supplies B-227
SIC 39 (except Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries B-232
391,396)
SIC 3910,3960 Jewelry, Silverware, and Plated Ware, Costume Jewelry,
Novelties, Buttons, and Miscellaneous Notions .... B-236
SIC 40 (and Railroad Transportation B-241
parts of SIC
411)
SIC 41 Local and Suburban Transit and Interurban Highway
Passenger Transportation B-250
SIC 42 Motor Freight Transportation B-256
SIC 43 Postal Service B-264
SIC 45 Transportation by Air B-270
SIC 5122 Drugs, Drug Proprietaries and Druggists' Supplies
(Wholesale) B-279
SIC 5161 Chemicals and Allied Products - Chemical Wholesalers B-283
SIC 5511 Motor Vehicles (New and Used) B-287
SIC 5541 Gasoline Service Stations B-294
SIC 7215,7215, Dry Cleaning B-299
7218
SIC 7217 Carpet and Upholstery Cleaning B-308
SIC 7221,7333, Photo Processing Laboratories B-311
7395,7819
SIC 7231,7241 Barber and Beauty Shops B-316
-------
CONTENTS (CONTD)
Page
SIC 7261 Funeral Services and Crematories B-320
SIC 7332 Blueprinting and Photocopy Services B-324
SIC 7341,7349 Commercial Cleaning and Janitorial Services B-328
SIC 7342 Disinfecting and Exterminating Services B-332
SIC 7391 Research and Development Laboratories B-337
SIC 7397 Commercial Testing Laboratories B-341
SIC 7399 Miscellaneous Business Services, Not Elsewhere
Classified B-345
SIC 751 Automotive Rental and Leasing, Without Drivers .... B-349
SIC 7531-7535 Automotive Repair Shops B-354
SIC 7538 General Automotive Repair Shops B-358
SIC 7539 General Automotive Repair, Not Elsewhere Classified . B-363
SIC 7542 Car Washes B-368
SIC 76 Miscellaneous Repair Services B-372
SIC 7933 Bowling Alleys B-376
SIC 7948 Racing, Including Track Operation B-380
SIC 7996 Amusement Parks B-386
SIC 806 Hospitals B-391
SIC 8071 Medical Laboratories B-398
SIC 8211 Elementary and Secondary Schools B-404
SIC 8221,8222 Colleges, Universities, Professional Schools and
Junior Colleges B-407
SIC 8411 Museums and Art Galleries B-411
SIC 8922 Noncommercial Educational, Scientific, and Research
Organizations B-414
Appendix C
Section C-l Agencies, Associations and Companies Supplying Informa-
tion for Use in the TRW Study C-l
Section C-2 Items Related to Preparation of Facility Computer In-
put Data Sheets for Computerization of State Data
Base C-12
Section C-3 Samples of Completed Hazardous Waste Information
Questionnaires C-25
vi
-------
CONTENTS (CONTD)
Page
Section C-4 Computer Calculations and Hand Plots of Industry
Waste Generation Profiles for SIC 286 C-34
Section C-5 Computer-Generated Sample Summary Sheets and Industry
Profiles for SIC's 3471 and 7342 C-42
Section C-6 Sample Raw Data Provided by States of Arizona,
California and Washington C-54
Section C-7 Selected Examples of Reported Damage Incidents Involv-
ing Small Quantities of Hazardous Waste C-61
VII
-------
CONTENTS FOR VOLUME I
Page
Key Project Personnel ii
Figures v
Tables vi
Preface and Acknowledgement viii
1.0 SUMMARY 1-1
1.1 Background and Study Objectives 1-1
1.2 Study Methodology 1-1
1.3 Results and Discussions 1-5
2.0 INTRODUCTION 2-1
3.0 WASTE GENERATION PROFILES 3-1
3.1 Distributions by Waste Generation Rate Category 3-1
3.2 Distribution by SIC 3-5
3.3 Distribution by EPA Region 3-8
3.4 Distribution by Disposal Method 3-13
4.0 ANALYSIS OF TECHNICAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF REGULATORY
OPTIONS 4-1
4.1 Quantity Option 4-1
4.1.1 Impacts on Number of Generators and Waste
Quantities 4-2
4.1.2 SIC-Specific Impacts 4-2
4.1.3 Impacts on Current Disposal Practices 4-8
4.1.4 Impacts on the Capacity of Commercial Waste
Management Facilities 4-9
4.1.5 Impacts on "Dilution" of Hazardous Waste in
Subtitle D Facilities 4-10
4.1.6 Impact on Waste Transportation and Probability of
Waste Spills 4-11
4.1.7 Impacts on the Safety of Operators and the Public
at Subtitle D Facilities 4-15
4.1.8 Impacts on Sanitary Landfill Siting 4-17
4.2 Phasing Option 4-18
4.2.1 Impact on Number of Generators and Waste Quantities 4-19
4.2.2 SIC-Specific Impacts 4-19
4.2.3 Impacts on Capacity of Commercial Waste Management
Facilities 4-20
Vlll
-------
CONTENTS FOR VOLUME I (CONTD)
Page
5.0 ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF DATA BASE 5-1
5.1 General Considerations 5-1
5.2 Quality of the State Data 5-2
5.3 Estimation of Waste Generation Profiles 5-2
5.4 Use of Census Data 5-13
6.0 GENERAL METHODOLOGY FOR DATA BASE DEVELOPMENT 6-1
6.1 Sources of Information Used 6-8
6.1.1 State Hazardous Waste Surveys and Data Files . . . 6-8
6.1.2 Data Files of EPA and Its Contractors 6-13
6.1.3 Trade Associations 6-13
6.1.4 Individual Establishments 6-14
6.1.5 Census Data 6-15
6.1.6 Miscellaneous Data Sources 6-15
6.2 Reduction and Computerization of State Data 6-15
6.3 Use of State Data for Estimation of Waste Generation
Profiles 6-19
6.3.1 Evaluation of Correlations Between Waste Generation
Rate and Employment 6-19
6.3.2 Use of State Data as a Representative Sample of
Generators in an SIC 6-26
6.3.3 Computer Calculation of Industry Waste Generation
Profiles 6-27
-------
APPENDIX A
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY SHEETS FOR SIC'S ELIMINATED
FROM CONSIDERATION AS SMALL VOLUME HAZARDOUS WASTE GENERATORS
-------
INDUSTRY: Annimal Services, Except Veterinary SIC: 075
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
Activities in this industry which may generate hazardous wastes are
cattle spraying, sheep dipping and vaccinating of animals. Cattle spraying
is primarily carried out by businesses engaged in the extermination of other
pests as well, and thus is included in the assessment of SIC 7342. Except
at slaughterhouses, dipping is reported to be an extremely rare event now
which is only done in the case of such things as a scabies outbreak. No
evidence of businesses engaged in non-veterinarian vaccinating of animals
was found.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• State and county level agricultural officials indicated that dipping
of animals was done as a preventive measure at slaughterhouses and
in the case of an outbreak of a disease such as scabies. Outbreaks
i
requiring dipping are very infrequent, only one has occurred in
California in the last 10 years.
• Representatives of the American Veterinary Medical Association,
California Department of Agriculture, and Los Angeles Agricultural
Commission were not aware of any businesses other than veterinarians
which were engaged in the vaccinating of animals. Vaccinations are
reportedly done by either a veterinarian or the owner of the herd.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
(1) American Veterinary Medical Association
(2) Los Angeles County Agricultural Commission
(3) California State Department of Agriculture
A-l
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INDUSTRY: General Building Contractors and Heavy SIC: 15,16
Construction Contractors (except for
"special trade")
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
Only the activities of the "special trade" section of SIC's 15 and 16
is expected to produce potentially hazardous wastes. The wastes from the
special trades are addressed in connection with SIC 17, Construction - Special
Trade Contractors (see Appendix B).
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• Generally, firms engaged in the construction industry (major groups
15 and 16) have the potential to produce hazardous wastes. The
majority of these hazardous wastes are produced by the "special trade"
portion of the industry. About 75% of the special trade work (paint-
ing, roofing and sheet metals work, etc.) is carried out by the special
trade firms in SIC 17 (Construction - Special Trade Contractors) which
often work under a subcontract to the general contractors in SIC's 15
and 16; only 25% of the special trade work in the construction indus-
try is carried out by the firms in SIC's 15 and 16. The wastes from
special trade contractors are addressed in connection with SIC 17.
• Some small amounts of greases, oils, solvents and coolants will be
generated from maintenance of construction equipment and vehicles.
The nature of SIC 16, heavy construction, indicates that this portion
of the industry could be expected to produce significant amounts of
such maintenance wastes. However, there is no data currently available
which delineates whether the maintenance of these equipment and vehicles
is performed by the contractor's firm or by a public maintenance shop.
The latter would constitute classification of these wastes under SIC
7538 or 7539.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
• National Association of Home Builders
• American Building Contractors Association
• Associated General Contractors of America
A-2
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INDUSTRY: Tobacco Manufacturers SIC: 21
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY
No hazardous wastes are generated by the plants in this industry. The
solid wastes generated are primarily tobacco dust (which is sold or sent to
landfills) and "paper" products such as labels, cotton, packaging material,
etc.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• This SIC includes establishments engaged in manufacturing cigarettes
(SIC 2111), cigars (SIC 2121), smoking and chewing tobacco and snuff
(SIC 2131) and tobacco stemming and redrying (SIC 2141).
• Tobacco processing in general, and manufacture of cigarettes (SIC
2111) in particular, is essentially the same for all plants and con-
sists of "assembling/packaging" a "finished" product into marketable
items; in the process certain flavoring agents may be added to cer-
tain brands. The "assembling/packaging" consisting of (a) addition
of steam to aged and dry tobacco in a blending operation where various
grades of tobacco are mixed to achieve different quality products,
(b) machine cutting, (c) drying (to about 13% moisture content) and
(d) packaging. Liquid waste is the steam condensate which is sent
to drain; the solid wastes are tobacco dust (at one plant, collected
by bag filters and sent to landfill) and paper waste (labels, cotton
filter, etc.).
• Tobacco dust is also the only process waste produced in manufacture
of cigars (SIC 2121). The tobacco dust is sold (to a "customer" at
the one plant contacted); in addition to tobacco, the only other
material used is a paste ("imported") which is applied to cigars to
hold the head "down." About 450 kg/mo (1000 Ib/mo) of tobacco dust
is produced at one plant which employs 50 people and has an annual
sales of $775,000.
• Tobacco redrying (SIC 2141) is a seasonal operation. Tobacco is pur-
chased from a warehouse and "chopped" and dried. Tobacco dust is the
only waste. One plant contacted employs 400 people during processing
season and only 15 people during off-season.
A-3
-------
SIC: 21
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
• The Tobacco Institute
• Three individual establishments
A-4
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INDUSTRY: Apparel and Other Finished Products Made SIC: 23
from Fabrics and Similar Materials
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
Waste generated by the subject industry ("cutting room" floor waste con-
sisting of discarded fabric materials) is not generally considered hazardous.
However, since leather trimmings/fines have been shown to release heavy
metals to water during leaching, wastes from certain establishments in SIC's
2371, 2381, 2386 and 2387 which manufacture leather goods, may be potentially
hazardous. In the absence of more substantiated data on hazardous character-
istics (if any) of leather trimmings/fines, these wastes have been considered
nonhazardous for the purpose of this assessment. The leather trimmings are
separated from the other wastes; that portion which can be reused is sold and
the fine "powdery" waste which can not be reused is disposed of as refuse.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• This industry, known as cutting-up and needle trades, includes estab-
lishments producing clothing and fabricating products by cutting and
sewing purchased woven or knit textile fabrics and related materials
such as leather, rubberized fabrics, plastics and furs.
• SIC's 2371 (Fur Goods), 2381 (Dress and Work Gloves), 2386 (Leather
and Sheep Lined Clothing) and 2387 (Apparel Belts):
- Some plants in these SIC's produce leather-containing goods
and hence generates wastes containing leather fines and dis-
carded trimmings.
- Because of the value of leather, the scraps which can be poten-
tially reused are separated from other wastes at the source
and sold for reuse (e.g., manufacture of pieced-leather gar-
ments) . Segregation at the source is apparently no problem.
The leather pieces which cannot be reused (leather "fines") are
disposed of with regular refuse and taken to refuse disposal
site.
- Because of a significant rise in the price of leather in recent
years, plants are now using increasing care to reduce wastage.
- One plant involved in the wholesale and manufacture of men's
and boys' belts employs 58 people, has annual sales of $2.5MM
and generates about one "dumper" per week of leather wastes,
which is sent to landfill disposal. One plant which is in-
volved in the manufacture and retail sales of fur goods employs
16 persons (no waste quantity data available).
A-5
-------
SIC: 23
• Other 4-digit SIC's in the SIC 23 Category
- The cutting room floor waste reflects the characteristics of
the original cloth/fabric; no chemicals are used in the
operation.
- About 6% of the fabric (raw material) is wasted as the cutting
room floor waste; typical plant employing 150 to 300 employees
produces about 18,000 kg/mo (40,000 Ib/mo) of waste.
- Excluding the "custom" making plants (which may number as much
as several thousands), there are an estimated 35,000 to 45,000
plants in the industry; about 90% of these plants are in the
150- to 350-employee size range. Employments in few plants
may be as high as 7,000-8,000.
- Because of large quantities and nature of waste, waste disposal
is a major problem for the iridustry. When single-material
fabric (e.g., 100% wool, cotton, etc.) are used, the waste can
be sent to recycling (production of new fabrics); when mixed-
material fabrics (e.g., cotton-polyester) are used, the waste
cannot be processed for reuse., Haste segregation (i.e., sep-
aration of recyclable wastes) at the source is essential to
effective waste management. Disposal in open dumps and land-
fills is currently the prevalent waste disposal practice.
Waste incineration is known to be in practice in at least one
large plant.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
• American Apparel Manufacturing Association
• Three individual establishments
A-6
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INDUSTRY: Hardwood Veneer, Plywood and Glued Wood SIC: 243,2492,2499
Products
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
The large quantities of wood-derived solid wastes generated by firms
manufacturing veneers, plywood, particle board and other glued products, are
not considered hazardous. For certain smaller volume products which are coated
(e.g., paneling), wastes resulting from coating operations may be hazardous
but are likely to be generated by most firms in quantities greater than 5000
kg/mo.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• The subject SIC's cover establishments primarily engaged in manu-
facturing millwork, veneer, plywood and structural wood members
(SIC 243); particleboard (SIC 2492)j and wood products, not else-
where classified (SIC 2499).
• The major wastes generated by firms in SIC's 243, 2492 and 2499*
which manufacture glued wood products (e.g., veneers, plywood,
particleboard, etc.) are wood-derived containing small amounts of
solidified glue resins which are not considered hazardous. The glue
application process is generally conducted in a nearly "closed"
system with most of the cleanup wastes recycled to next batch
of resin mix. Waste material not recycled eventually become com-
ponents of the wastewater treatment sludges. For softwood plywood
phenolic formaldehyde resins are employeed; for hardwood plywood
urea formaldehyde resins are used. Any resin containing wastes
which are relatively dry are burned with wood wastes as fuel at
most plants.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
• American Plywood Association
• Hardwood Plywood Manufacturers Association
• Effluent Guidelines Division of EPA
"Establishments engaged in the production of paneling and related material
which are not classified elsewhere are considered to be included in this SIC;
such establishments may employ solvent coating (and hence would generate haz-
ardous wastes) are addressed elsewhere in this report.
A-7
-------
SIC: 243, etc.
Development Document for Proposed Effluent Limitations Guidelines
and New Source Performance Standards for the Wet Storage, Sawmills,
Particle Board and Insulation Board Segment of the Timber Products
Processing Point Source Category, EPA 440/1-74/033, August 1974
One industry consultant
A-8
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INDUSTRY: Paper and Allied Products SIC: 2611,2621,2631,
2646,2661
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
Although large quantities of solid wastes are generated by pulp and paper
mills, the bulk of these wastes would not be considered hazardous. Certain
wastes such as wastewater treatment sludges, green and white water dregs, lime
muds, residues from wood waste incineration, and slaker rejects may be hazard-
ous due to the presence of heavy metals and toxic organics. Available infor-
mation indicates that even the small mills in the subject SIC's would generate
more than 5000 kg/mo of such potentially hazardous waste.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• The subject SIC's cover the following establishments: pulp mills
(SIC 2611); paper mills, except building paper mills (SIC 2621);
paperboard mills (SIC 2631); pressed and molded pulp goods (SIC
2646); and building paper and building board mills (SIC 2661).
• Large quantities of nonhazardous wood and bark wastes are generated
by pulp mills and integrated pulp and paper mills. It is estimated
that about 10% of the incoming wood ends up as waste of this kind.
The industry trend is toward incineration of these wastes onsite
with heat recovery for process use.
• Wastewater treatment sludges are the largest volume hazardous waste
generated by firms in the subject industry. Estimates for quantities
of wastewater treatment sludges from the smallest integrated pulp and
paper mills are shown in Table 1. From these estimates it appears
that even the smallest integrated mills would generate WWT sludges
in amounts greater than 5000 kg/mo. (It should be noted that the
sludge quantities shown in the table are on a "dry solids" basis,
and that on a "wet solids" basis the sludge quantities would be per-
haps 20 to 30 times as much as those shown in the table.) Estimates
of wastewater treatment sludges for the paper mills also indicate
that the smallest of such mills should produce sludge quantities in
excess of 5000 kg/mo.
• Tests conducted on a number of pulp and paper mill sludge samples by
the National Council for Air and Stream Improvement indicate that
some sludges may be considered hazardous due to the leachability of
A-9
-------
SIC: 2611, etc.
TABLE 1. ESTIMATED WWT SLUDGES QUANTITIES FOR SMALLEST MILLS
Mill Category
Kraft paperboard, packaging, papers,
newsprint, tissue
Kraft coated and uncoated papers
Sulfite tissue and paper
Groundwood newsprint, coated and
uncoated papers
NSSC/semi-chemical
Deinked tissue, coated and uncoated
papers
Recycled paperboard
Nonintegrated papers
Nonintegrated tissue
Nonintegrated tissue from wastepaper
Production
Capacity
tonne/day
(ton/day)
222 (245)
27 (30)
91 (100)
834 (920)
N/A
37 (41)
27 (30)
11 (12)
6 (7)
N/A
Sludge Generation
kg/tonne
(Ibs/ton)
dry solids
31 (62)
68 (136)
46 (92)
56 (112)
12 (24)
156 (312)
16 (32)
30 (60)
54 (108)
209 (418)
kg/mo
dry solids
207,000
56,000
125,000
30,000
N/A
174,000
13,000
9,800
10,000
N/A
A-10
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SIC: 2611, etc.
metal or due to aquatic toxicity. Sludge characteristics can be
highly variable from mill to mill.
Chemical pulping wastes such as green liquor dregs, slaker rejects
and unburned lime kiln rejects are produced by all pulping opera-
tions. Approximate quantities produced are estimated at 15-20 kg/
tonne of product. The smallest mill producing 30 tonnes/day of
product would generate about 13,00-18,000 kg/mo of chemical pulping
wastes. These wastes may be considered hazardous due to their
alkaline nature and presence of leachable heavy metals.
Wastes from repulping (secondary fiber reclamation) are estimated
at around 93 kg/tonne of product. The smallest mill with a produc-
tion capacity of 30 tonnes/day would generate about 80,000 kg/mo of
pulp wastes. Repulping wastes contain a wide variety of materials,
many of which may be considered hazardous (inks, pigments, binders,
etc.).
No data are available for mills engaged in the production of pressed
and molded pulp goods (SIC 2646) although it appears likely that such
mills would generate wastewater treatment sludges in amounts similar
to mills manufacturing other pulp products.
No data are currently available for mills engaged in production of
building paper and building board (SIC 2661). Since the major differ-
ence between such mills and other fine and tissue paper mills is the
addition of additive or filler materials to the paper or pulp (e.g.,
asbestos, asphalt), it appears that such mills would generate waste-
water treatment sludges in amounts similar to mills manufacturing
other papers. Sludges from mills in SIC 2661 would likely contain
hazardous substances derived from additives, coatings or fillers.
Most solid wastes and sludges in the industry are disposed of by land
application or landfilling with no special precautions. Combustible
wastes are increasingly being incinerated at modern mills. Chemical
wastes from pulping are often combined with aqueous mill wastes for
treatment and thus become components of WWT sludges.
A-11
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SIC: 2611, etc.
SOURCES OF DATA USED:
• Hazardous Waste Listings: Pulp and Paper Mills Draft Report by Enviro
Control Inc. to OSW/EPA, March 1979
• Development Documents for Effluent Limitation Guidelines - Pulp,
Paper, and Paperboard Category, EPA 440/l-74/025a and 400/1-76/
047a and b
• Draft Report on Economics of Hazardous Waste Disposal in Several
Industries, Energy Resources Co. for OSW/EPA, 1979
• Economic Impacts of Pulp and Paper Industry Compliance with Environ-
mental Regulations, A. D. Little for EPA, May 1977
• Solid Waste Management Practices in the Pulp and Paper Industry, EPA
Contract 68-03-0207, February 1974
• Effluent Guidelines Division of EPA
• OSW/EPA
• National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improve-
ment (NCASI)
A-12
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INDUSTRY: Converted Paper and Paperboard Products SIC: 2642,2643,2645,
2647,2648,2649,
265
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY :
Because of the nature of their production operation, establishments in
the subject SIC's are not expected to product wastes of a hazardous nature.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• Establishments in the subject SIC are primarily engaged in production
of envelopes (SIC 2642); bags, except textile bags (SIC 2643); die-
cut paper and paperboard and cardboard (SIC 2645); pressed and molded
pulp goods (SIC 2646); sanitary paper products (SIC 2647); stationary,
tablets and related products (SIC 2648); converted paper and paper-
board products, not elsewhere classified (SIC 2649); and paperboard
containers and boxes (SIC 265).
• Establishments in the subject SIC's are engaged in manufacturing
finished paper products from purchased paper or paperboard. The
operations involved are often mechanical (folding, cutting, stamping,
molding) and do not result in the generation of wastewaters or waste-
water treatment sludges. Solid wastes generally consist of non-
hazardous paper scrap.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
• Effluent Guidelines Division of EPA
• Hazardous Waste Listings: Pulp and Paper Mills, Draft Report by
Enviro Control, Inc. for EPA, March 1979
• National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement
(NCASI)
A-13
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INDUSTRY: Lubricating Oils and Greases (except SIC: 2992
blenders and compounders*)
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY :
The lubricating oil and grease rerefining industry (one of the subcate-
gories in SIC 2992) is well characterized and all data agree that these faci-
lities are large hazardous waste generators. The smallest of the 24 to 27 re-
refiners currently operating has a production capacity of 250,000 gal/yr.
operating at 80% capacity in 1975, this facility would have generated over
30,000 Ibs/mo of sludge and 750 Ibs/mo of spent clay. Based on this quantity,
rerefiners would not be considered small generators. Acid sludge produced in
rerefining contains approximately 40% acid, 2% Pb and 30-40% organics, the
majority of which are asphaltenes and other heavy polymers. Other hazardous
trace metals found in significant amounts are As, Zn, Cd and Cr.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• SIC 2992 includes establishments primarily engaged in blending, com-
pounding and rerefining lubricating oils and greases from purchased
mineral, animal and vegetable materials. Petroleum refiners engaged
in the production of lubricating oils and greases are classified in
Industry 2911. Examples of products are shown below:
brake fluid, hydraulic oils and greases, blending and
cutting oils, blending compounding from purchased
and compounding from materials
purchased materials rust arresting compounds, animal
lubricating greases and oils and vegetable oil base
not made in petroleum transmission fluid, hydraulic
refineries
lubricating oils, rerefining
Only the rerefining industry is addressed here.
• The industry had 27 active rerefiners as of September 1976. The Assoc-
iation of Petroleum Rerefiners estimates two or three are no longer
operating.
• Production was 193 million liter (51 million gallon.) in 1975, which
is 44% of total capacity (including known inactive facilities).
*That fraction of this industry which includes establishments primarily engaged
in blending and compounding lubricating oils and greases, and which has been
determined to include small hazardous waste generators, are not addressed in
this summary sheet
A-14
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SIC: 2992
Rerefineries are generally older facilities and are small, with none
having more than 25 employees. The largest plant produced 37.8
million liter (10 million gallon) in 1975, which represented 20%
of the industry output. The median production for 1975 was 4.34
million liter (1.15 million gallon).
Twenty-one rerefiners are known to use the acid/clay treating process;
two use distillation/clay and one uses the O'Blany modified distilla-
tion/clay process.
The rerefiners are located in or near large cities where raw material and
markets are available. Four plants are in California, three in Texas,
two in Minnesota, Two in Wisconsin and one each in 16 other states.
Rerefining is most often accomplished in three steps: (1) pretreat-
ment with heat and chemicals (acids or bases), (2) distillation of
a mixture of the waste oil and bleaching clay, and (3) post treatment
to filter the spent clay and perhaps acid neutralization or additional
finishing.
The principal waste of the acid/clay process is acid sludge, a black
tar with a high sulfuric acid content. It contains most of the metals,
solids and polar compounds (original additives or reaction products).
Among metals found in significant concentrations are Pb, Zn, Fe, Si,
Ba, Ca, Na, Mg and P.
Caustic sludge is generated by only two rerefiners. It apparently
does not contain as much aromatics as acid sludge. The pH ranges
from 10 to nearly neutral.
Whenever vacuum distillation and clay treatment is used to recover
lube oils, the distillation column bottoms can be sold as an asphalt
extender.
The clay, of course, has contacted and adsorbed the waste oil during
distillation. Much of the oil and associated contaminants can be
removed with solvents or by burning it off. Adsorbed materials of
special concern is disposing of the clay include heavy metals
(especially lead), phenols and organics, some of which are possibly
carcinogenic.
A-15
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SIC: 2992
The rerefining in 1975 of 193 million liter (51 million gallon) of
oil resulted in the generation of the following quantities of waste:
tonne/yr
Waste Type (dry weight)
Acid sludge 33,045
Caustic and other sludge 8,180
Spent clay 15,700
The overwhelming majority of rerefiners having acid sludge dispose
of these wastes at offsite or onsite landfills without treatment.
Only about 20% of the rerefiners treat their acid sludge to reduce
leaching problems when the wastes are put into landfills.
Nearly two-thirds of caustic and "other" sludges generated are used
as an asphalt extender and plasticizer. The remainder is used equally
for road oil and for fuel.
Spent clay is disposed of in the following manner: 7% is used on
roads, 9% is mixed with a fixative and deposited in a landfill, and
84% is sent to landfills without treatment.
In addition to rerefining, there is a less sophisticated component
of the industry which reclaims or reprocesses oil. Reclaiming re-
moves water, solids and some organics primarily by heat, filtration,
and gravity or centrifugal separation. Reprocessing will use higher
temperatures to remove more light organics and generally uses some
type of chemical treatment, e.g., neutralization.
Limited information about waste oil reclaiming and reprocessing acti-
vities suggest about 100 firms produce 378 to 756 million liter (100
to 200 million gallon) annually. A total of 40,000 to 80,000 tonne
of sludge and tank bottoms are produced which will be characterized
as hazardous waste.
Because these firms appear to be all rather small, a typical facility
will be described by the arithmetic average of production and waste
generation statistics. On this basis, an individual facility would
probably have to dispose of some 33,000 kg of waste each month.
Therefore, the amount of hazardous waste produced by reclaimers and
reprocessors appears to exceed the small hazardous waste generator
definition.
A-16
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SIC: 2992
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
• Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste Management Practices:
Petroleum Rerefining Industry, USFPA, 1977
• Waste Oil Recycling and Disposal, EPA-670/2-74-052, August 1974
• Report on Industry by J. G. Mascotte and H. M. White of Aerospace
Corporation (ATR-78-7384-1), 1978
• Management of Environmental Risk: Limited Integrated Assessment
of Waste Oil Rerefining Industry, Teknekron, Inc., 1978
• Association of Petroleum Rerefiners
• DOE, Bartlesville Energy Technology Center, Bartlesville, OK
• Six individual establishments
A-17
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INDUSTRY: Cement, Hydraulic SIC: 3241
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
All establishments in this SIC would be large waste generators. The
waste generated (kiln dust) amounts to 10 to 20% of kiln feed. The smallest
plant would generate more than one million killogram of waste/month. Under
Subtitle C of RCRA kiln dust would most likely be considered as "special
waste."
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• This SIC covers establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing
hydraulic cement, including Portland, natural, masonary, and possolan
cements.
• There are 51 companies; 166 plants with annual production ranging
from 0.18 x 10 to 27 x 10 tonns.
• Raw materials used are lime, silica, alumina and iron.
• 34% of plants return kiln dust to kiln.
• Some plant leach the dust with water to reduce the alkali content.
Leached dust is returned to kiln.
SOURCES OP INFORMATION USED:
• EPA-Effluent Guidelines Division Development Document: Cement Manu-
facturing Point Source (EPA 440/l-74-005a)
• Portland Cement Association
A-18
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INDUSTRY: Stone and Clay Products SIC: 325,326,3274,
3275,3281,3291,
3292,3295-7,
3299
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
Except for establishments in SIC 3274, which are large generators and
whose waste may include calcium oxide, and establishments in SIC 3292, whose
operation is or will be regulated under other laws, the waste generated by
the establishments in the subject SIC's are not considered hazardous. Process
wastes from these SIC's are dust collected during various operations, and
rejected or broken end products which consist mainly of cement, clay, shale
and silica. Most plants recycle these back to the process. Some plants may
dispose of waste lube oils and cleaning solvents. No data are available on
the quantities of these wastes and the number of plants disposing of such
wastes.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• The industry categories covered by the subject SIC's are: structural
clay products (SIC 325), pottery and related products (SIC 326), lime
(3274), gypsum products (3275), cut stone and stone products (SIC
3281), abrasive and miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products (SIC
3291, 3295-7, and 3299) and asbestos products (SIC 3292).
SIC 3274, Lime
• Raw materials used are either limestone or oyster shell.
• During calcination and associated operations (crushing, grinding,
cleaning, etc.) dusts containing calcium oxides are generated which
are collected either by wet or dry air pollution control devices.
The dust collected may be corrosive and are usually not salable.
Amounts of dust collected ranges from 2 to 10% of raw input. In
general, 1.79 tonne of raw material is required to produce 1 metric
ton of product. Assuming a waste generation rate of 2%, any plant
producing less than 1700 tonne/yr would be classified as small
hazardous waste generator. Available data indicate that plants in
the industry have capacities in excess of this (see below).
In 1974, plants in SIC 3274 ranged in size from less than 10,000
tonne/yr to more than 350,000 tonne/yr. There were a total of 176
A-19
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SIC: 325, etc.
plants, 39 of which had capacities greater than 180,000 tonne/yr and
produced 2/3 of the total industry output; the other 137 plants had
a combined production of 6.5 million tonne with an average production
rate of 50,000 tonne per plant. The trend in the industry has been
toward closing the smaller plants and consolidation into larger faci-
lities. It is unlikely that any plants would have a production
capacity of less than 1700 tonne/yr, thus all the plants in this SIC
would be considered large generators.
SIC 3292, asbestos Products
• The use of asbestos products in the work place and the management of
asbestos wastes are currently regulated under OSHA and the Clean Air
Act; control of asbestos in the environment may also be covered under
the Toxic Substances Control Act.
Other SIC's
• The raw materials used in the subject SIC's (except SIC 3274) include
clay, shale, alumina, silica, alkalies, gypsum rocks and coloring
agents (e.g., magnesium oxides and iron oxide).
• Typical processes used include crushing, grinding, mixing, extruding,
drying and firing.
• Waste materials are mainly rejected or broken products and dust col-
lected during various operations. These wastes would resemble the
raw materials and would be nonhazardous. Three of the four companies
contacted recycle all wastes back to the process; one company collects
the wastes in a dumpster which is hauled away by a contractor.
SOURCES OF DATA USED:
• Industrial Process Profiles for Environmental Use: Chapter 17, The
Gypsum and Wallboard Industry, NTIS PB-281-484
• Industrial Process Profiles for Environmental Use: Chapter 18, The
Lime Industry, NTIS PB-281-485
• Industrial Profiles for Environmental Use: Chapter 19, The Clay
Industry, NTIS PB-281-486
A-20
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SIC: 325, etc.
Gypsum Association
Three individual establishments
A-21
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INDUSTRY: Concrete,Gypsum and Plaster Products SIC: 3271,3272,
3273
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
Waste generated is not considered hazardous. At one large plant in SIC
3272 oil and grease is reportedly skimmed off from wastewater; it is not known
whether such a waste would also be encountered at smaller plants.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• The industry subcategories covered by the subject SIC's are concrete
block and brick (SIC 3271), concrete products, except block and
brick (SIC 3272} and ready-mixed concrete (SIC 3273).
• Wastes generated include cement dust, waste concrete, scrap block
and brick.
• Not all concrete pipe wet casting process plants generate oil and
grease waste. There are a total of 390 plants in the concrete pipe
industry (SIC 3272). EPA-Effluent Guidelines Division surveyed 153
plants (including visiting 9 plants and sampling 2 plants). One of
the plants visited was identified as having oil and grease waste
skimmed off from an API separator. The plants visited by Effluent
Guidelines Division were the larger plants and it is not known
whether oil and grease waste would be encountered at any of the
smaller facilities in the industry.
• For the one plant visited by Effluent Guidelines Division, the quantity
of oil and grease is estimated at 0.04 kg/tonne of product; for the
153 plants in the Effluent Guidelines Division survey, production rate
ranged from 4,540 to 175,000 tonne of product/yr.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
• EPA-Effluent Guidelines Division Development Document: Concrete
Product Point Source (EPA 440/1-78/090)
• American Concrete Pressure Pipe Association
A-22
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INDUSTRY: Blast Furnaces (including coke ovens), SIC: 3312
Steel works and Rolling Hills
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY :
All establishments in the subject SIC are reported to produce more than
5000 kg/mo of hazardous waste. Hazardous wastes generated include heavy
metals, greases, oils, fluorides, cyanides, phenols and acids.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• This SIC covers establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing
hot metal, pig iron, silvery pig iron, and ferroalloys from iron
ore and iron and steel scrap; converting pig iron, scrap iron and
scrap steel into steel; and in hot rolling iron and steel into basic
shapes such as plates, sheets, strips, rods, bars, and tubing. Mer-
chant blast furnaces and byproduct or beehive coke ovens are also
included in this industry.
• A survey of all 158 iron and steel plants in the U.S. in 1974 found
that all plants in SIC 3312 dispose of large volumes of hazardous
waste.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED :
• Calspan Corporation, "Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste
Practices in the Metal Smelting and Refining Industry," Vol. Ill,
EPA Contract No. 68-01-2605, April 1977
• U.S. EPA/Office of Water and Hazardous Materials, "Development
Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Per-
formance Standards for the Hot Forming and Cold Finishing Segment
of the Iron and Steel Manufacturing Point Source Category,"
August 1975
• U.S. Dept. of Interior, Bureau of Mines, "1974 Minerals Yearbook,
Vol. I, Metals, Minerals, and Fuels," U.S. GPO, 1976
• Effluent Guidelines Division of EPA
A-23
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INDUSTRY: Electrometallurgical Products SIC: 3313
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
There appears to be no establishments in this SIC which generate less
than 5 MT per month of hazardous waste.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• Samples taken from plants representing 91% of this industry's
production capacity indicate that all establishments generate no
hazardous waste or large volumes of hazardous waste.
• Solid wastes from plants in this SIC include slags, baghouse dusts,
scrubber sludges, and wastewater treatment sludges. Most of these
wastes contain toxic heavy metals but do not release them in leach-
ing tests. Waste oils are also reported by establishments in this
SIC.
• Waste dusts are reported to be disposed of in on- or off-site land-
fills. Sludges are reported to be disposed of in lined and unlined
lagoons.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
(1) National Commission on Water Quality, "Preliminary Report on Cost
of Implementation and Capabilities of Available Technology to Comply
with PL 92-500," Vol. II, February 3, 1975
(2) Calspan Corp., "Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste Practices
in the Metal Smelting and Refining Industry. Vol. III. Ferrous
Smelting and Refining," EPA Contract No. 68-01-2604
(3) Development Document for Interim Final Effluent Limitations Guide-
lines and Proposed New Source Performance Standards for the
Electrolytic Ferroalloys Segment Ferroalloy Manufacturing Point
Source Category
(4) State data base
A-24
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INDUSTRY: Primary Smelting and Refinishing of Nonferrous SIC: 333
Metals
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
All of the primary smelters and refiners of copper, lead, zinc, aluminum
and other non-ferrous metals reportedly generate either large volumes of haz-
ardous waste or no hazardous waste.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• This industry classification covers establishments primarily engaged in
smelting and refining of copper (SIC 3331), lead {SIC 3332), zinc (SIC
3333), aluminum (SIC 3334) and nonferrous metals not elsewhere classified
(SIC 3339).
• SIC 3331 - Copper. Smelting and fire refining of copper reportedly
generates 172 kg of hazardous waste sludges and dusts per MT of product.
Even the smallest smelting (4000 MT/yr) and fire refining (43000 MT/yr)
operation would be expected to produce well over 5000 kg/mo of hazard-
ous waste.
Electrolytic refining of copper reportedly generates 2.4 kg of hazardous
waste sludge per MT of product. The smallest electrolytic refining
operation which is not at the same site as a fire refinining operation,
has a capacity of 113,000 MT/yr. Thus, even the smallest electrolytic
copper refinery would be expected to generate on the order of 22,000
KG/ao of hazardous waste sludge.
• SIC 3332 - Lead. There are 7 primary lead smelting and refining plants
in the U.S. Two of these sites smelt but do not refine. Even these
two plants are estimated to generate significantly greater than 5 MT/mo
of hazardous waste.
• SIC 3333 - Zinc. Smelting and electrolytic refining of zinc reportedly
generates an average of 26.1 kg of hazardous waste sludges (from acid
plant blowdown and wastewater treatment) per MX of product. The smallest
electrolytic zinc refiner reportedly disposed of approximately 40 MT of
sludges per month in 1977.
A-25
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SIC: 333
• Pyrometallurgical smelting and refining of zinc also generates hazardous
waste sludges. The estimated average waste generation rate is 122 kg/MT
of product. The smallest pyrometallurgical refiner would be expected
to generate approximately 480 MT/mo of hazardous waste sludges.
• SIC 3334 - Aluminum. Hazardous wastes from primary aluminum smelting
and refining include sludges, spent potliners, skimmings from electrolytic
cells and dusts. The total waste generation rates vary widely from
plant-to-plant depending on such factors as production processes employed
and level of scrubber water treatment. All primary aluminum plants
generate well in excess of 5 HT/mo of hazardous waste.
• SIC 3339 - Nonferrous Metals, Not Elsewhere Classified. Based on data
collected from 32 of the 81 plants 'in this SIC, it is estimated that
all plants generate either non-hazardous wastes or large volumes of
hazardous wastes. Solid wastes from this SIC include slags, baghouse
dusts, scrubber sludges, wastewater treatment sludges, electrolytic
sludges, and other miscellaneous wastes generated in smaller quantities.
Many of these wastes contain toxic heavy metals and some release them
when subjected to leaching tests, The most common disposal methods
are open dumping and lagoons, although many plants also recycle much
of their solid waste.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
• Calspan Corporation, "Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste Practices
in the Metal Smelting and Refining Industry. Vol. II," EPA Contract No.
68-01-01-2604, April 1977
• Garrity-Sandage Associates, Inc., "Hazardous Substances and Pesticide
Survey and Training Program. Vol I," EPA Contract NO. 76-4300-01,
April 1977
• PEDCo Environmental, Inc., "Preliminary Draft - Environmental Assessment of
the Domestic Primary Copper, Lead, and Zinc Industries," EPA Contracts
Nos. 68-02-1321, Task No. 38; 68-02-2535, Task No. 1, December 1977
• U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, "1974 Minerals Yearbook,
Vol. I, Metals Minerals and Fuels," U.S. EPA, 1976
A-26
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SIC: 333
• EPA/EGD, Draft Report on Effluent Limitations and Pretreatment Standards
for Point Sources Within the Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Point
Source Category, Section III, 1979
• U.S. Dept. of Commerce, "1972 Census of Manufacturers"
• Battelle Columbus Laboratories, "Draft Final Report on Environmental
Assessment of Primary Nonferrous Metals Industry Except Copper, Lead,
and Zinc," February 1977
A-27
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INDUSTRY: Water Transportation SIC: 44
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
The potentially hazardous waste generated by the water transportation
industry are wastewaters from ship and barge interior cleaning which may con-
tain oils, alkalis, or acids, cyanides, phenols and ammonia. Wastes are all
cargo related. The cleaning wastes are brought to shore for treatment. Oily
fractions are reprocessed in refineries; sludges are often disposed of onsite
or taken to a landfill by a contract hauler, and remaining waters disposed of
on land or returned to river/ocean. The volumes of wastes handled by a shore
treatment installation and the amount of sludge produced in such an installa-
tion are very large (in excess of 5000 kg/mo).
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• SIC 44 includes establishments that engage in freight and passenger
transportation on the open seas or inland waters and establishments
providing incidental support services.
• The potentially hazardous wastes from the waterborne shipping seg-
ment of the transportation industry are wastewaters from ship and
barge interior cleaning, ballast and bilge waters.
• Depending on the cargo handled, hazardous constituents of the waste-
waters are oily materials, acids, alkalis, cyanides, phenols, ammonia
and miscellaneous organics and inorganics.
• Because the smallest cargo vessel produces more than 5000 kg/mo of
wastewater and because wastewaters from at least several vessels are
collected at a shore installation for treatment and disposal, neither
the vessels nor the terminals serving them qualify as small volume
hazardous waste generators.
• Small supportive vessels such as tugboats and towboats active in
harbors and ports may produce bilgewater in quantities less than 5000
kg/mo. Based on data developed by EGD of the EPA, tugboats operating
in the Port of New York and some towboats operating in line serivce
produce 30-40 gallons of bilgewater per day (34oo to 4500 kg/mo).
A-28
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SIC: 44
Those wastewaters may contain oily materials and heavy metals (from
engine or pump dripping) and detergents used in cleaning. The bilge-
waters from tugboats and towboats are combined with wastewaters from
other vessels at shore storage/treatment disposal facilities. Hence,
the total waste handled at such facilities would be in excess of 5000
kg/mo.
The following wastewater treatment methods are reported to be used at
shore installations: flow equalization, gravity separation, emulsion
breaking, coagulation, air flotation and clarification.
Based on information obtained from the U.S. Coast Guard and the Harbor
Departments of Long Beach and Los Angeles, on the Pacific Coast ship-
generated oily wastes and wastewaters are handled as follows. Oily
wastes and bilge and ballast wastewaters are pumped from ships at
rates of 5000 barrels/hour to holding tanks in shore installations.
As much as 25,000 to 40,000 barrels may be transferred in one pumping.
Gravity settling or API separation yields oily and emulsion layers
which are sent to refineries as rerun oil. Sludge which settles from
the wastewaters is removed and disposed of in Class I and Class II land-
fills by contractors. Approximately 1000 bbl/yr (16,000 kg/mo) are
generated at a typical installation on the west coast. The remaining
wastewater is analyzed onsite, rated against water quality standards,
and pumped to the ocean. No wastes or wastewaters are pumped to muni-
cipal sewers. According to the U.S. Coast Guard, this procedure is
carried out at the ports of San Diego, Los Angeles, Long Beach, San
Francisco, Portland, Seattle and Bellingham.
Based on contacts with several state agencies and a barge cleaning
contractor, the following information has been obtained for barge clean-
ing operations associated with commercial transportation on the Mississ-
ippi River. Wastewaters from barges and towboats are handled at pri-
vately owned cleaning and disposal facilities. Barge cargo space is
steam cleaned and flushed with water to a settling tank or pit. Bilges
are pumped to the same space. The oily layer is skimmed and sent to
a reclamation facility where it may be converted to fuel oil. At one
facility the wastewaters are allowed to flow through sand to an aerated
A-29
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SIC: 44
lagoon. Three separate lagoons and aeration steps are provided in
series. The water from the third lagoon is dissipated by percolation
and evaporation. This facility, which is claimed to be of medium
size, generates approximately 3 million kg of oil/year.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Enforcement and
General Counsel, Development Document for Proposed Effluent Limita-
tions Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Water-
borne Shipping Segment of the Transportation Industry Point Source
Category (Draft), USEPA, April 1974
• U.S. Coast Guard; llth and 13th Districts
• U.S. Corps of Engineers
• Port of Los Angeles - Harden Division
• Environmental Protection Branch LA Harbor
• Environmental Analysis and Risk Management - Port of Long Beach
• Mississippi Department of Natural Resources
• Seven individual establishments involved in various aspects of water
transportat ion
A-30
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INDUSTRY: Services Incidental to Transportation, SIC: 4789
Not Elsewhere Classified
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
Wastes resulting from services incidental to transportation are for the
most part of a nonhazardous nature. There are different kinds of establish-
ments covered under this SIC in some very unrelated services. Of those estab-
lishments surveyed wastes are primarily paper, trash and some service specific
waste such as manure at stockyards.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• Establishments covered under the subject SIC are primarily engaged
in furnishing services incidental to transportation not elsewhere
classified (e.g., cabs, horse drawn, for hire; sleeping car and other
passenger car services, not performed by railroads; stockyards, not
primarily for fattening or selling livestock^ freight car loading and
unloading, not truckers; etc.).
• A company that boxes and crates machinery for export was interviewed.
Other than office paper and trash, the only other waste generated at
this facility was wood and cardboard in small quantities. Wastes are
disposed of via a private collection company.
• A company that is a stockyard, primarily for holding stock, was inter-
viewed. Besides paper and trash, manure (from the stockyard) was also
generated. The paper and trash is collected by the city, and the manure
is picked up by local farmers for fertilizer.
• Two railroad transportation companies were contacted for information
on freight car loading and unloading. The two companies indicated
that the loading and unloading of freight cars are the responsibilities
of companies which rent the freight cars and that these companies,
unless they have their own capabilities, generally call upon the
services of appropriate transport/loading-unloading firms for freight
loadin-j-unloar«ing/transport. In the majority of cases, the transport/
A-31
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SIC: 4789
loading-unloading firms operate a truck or fleet of trucks for this
purpose. Maintenance service performed on these trucks would generate
certain hazardous wastes (e.g., waste oil).* The trucking industry
and the wastes generated from truck maintenance are addressed in con-
nection with SIC 42 (see Appendix B).
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
• Four individual establishments
• Two railroad companies
*One company, which specializes in loading-unloading and transport of heavy
equipment, indicated that it performs maintenance service on a fleet of 40
company-owned trucks; the maintenance service results in the generation of
about 150 kg/mo waste oil and hydraulic fluid.
A-32
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INDUSTRY: Telephone Communication (wire or radio) SIC: 4811
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
The only identified hazardous waste generated by the subject industry
is polychlorinated biphenyl(s) (PCB) resulting from damage/replacement of
transforming equipment. The disposal of waste PCB is already subject to EPA
regulations and the production and use of PCB is prohibited as of June 1,
1979.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• This SIC covers establishments primarily engaged in furnishing
telephone communication service by placing the parties in vocal
conversation with each other.
• Small quantities of wire scrap and other waste electrical supplies/
components are generated by the subject industry. These wastes are
not considered hazardous. Often small quantity wastes are disposed
of with urban refuse at the construction or work site.
• Polychlorinated biphenyls are used in some transformer and capacitors
in telephone systems. The use of PCB's is being phased out and the
disposal of such material is already covered by regulations developed
under the Toxic Substances Control Act (43 CFR No. 34, Feb. 17, 1978).
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
• National Communications Association
• North American Telephone Association
• 43 CFR No. 110, June 7, 1978, PCB's - Manufacturing, Processing,
Distribution in Commerce and Use Bans
• 43 CFR No. 34, Feb. 17, 1978, PCB's - Disposal and Marketing
A-33
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INDUSTRY: Automobiles and Other Motor Vehicles, Automotive SIC: 5012,5013,
Parts and Supplies, Tires and Tubes (Wholesale) 5014
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
Wastes generated by the wholesale establishments covered under the subject
SIC's are of a non-hazardous nature. Those businesses interviewed were chosen
because of the possibility that some hazardous waste could be generated.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA'
• The establishments covered under the subject SIC's are primarily
engaged in the wholesale distribution of new and used autos, trucks,
other motor vehicles (SIC 5012); automotive parts and supplies (SIC
5013); and tires and tubes (SIC 5014).
• For SIC 5012, establishments interviewed included a motor cycle whole-
saler, a bus wholesaler, a truck wholesaler and a trailer wholesaler.
The only wastes generated at these facilities consisted primarily of
paper waste and trash which is disposed of via a private disposal
company. None of the facilities performed maintenance on wholesaled
vehicles so maintenance wastes were non-existent.
• For SIC 5013, wholesalers of batteries, auto supplies and test equip-
ment were interviewed. Some of the battery wholesalers did some retail
sales and installation as well. In these cases there were some old
batteries that were disposed of by selling as scrap wherein the lead
is recycled. However, in the wholesale part of the business no waste
batteries were reported. Also, the auto supplier and test equipment
supplier claimed to produce no waste other than some paper, cardboard
and miscellaneous trash. This is disposed of via a private disposal
company.
• For SIC 5014, wholesalers of tires and tubes were contacted. Some of
these businesses also did retail sales in which case old tires, tubes,
weights and shocks were scrapped. These wastes were all sold to an
outside company for reclamation. However, the wholesale operations
of these establishments did not produce these wastes since new tires,
tubes, etc. were merely sold and not installed onsite. Resultant wastes
from wholesale operations consisted mainly of paper waste and miscel-
laneous trash which is disposed of weekly via a private disposal
company.
A-34
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SIC: 5012,etc.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
• Ten individual establishments
A-35
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INDUSTRY: Construction Materials, Not Elsewhere SIC: 5039
Classified (Wholesale)
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
Some of the establishments included under the subject SIC handle products
such as lime, cement and plaster which may be potentially hazardous. Haste
may result from damage to containers/packages during shipment and handling;
products in damaged packages, however, are usually either given away or sold
at reduced prices. Other wastes that are generated include paper and mis-
cellaneous other building materials of a nonhazardous nature.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• ,The establishments covered under SIC 5039 are primarily engaged
in the wholesale distribution of building materials such as brick,
building stone, cement, granite, gravel, lime, plaster, building
glass, roofing materials, sand and tile. The establishments are
located nationwide, but primarily in the urban areas.
• Three wholesale building materials establishments were interviewed.
Of all of the various kinds of materials that were sold only those
with lime content such as lime, cement and plaster were considered
to be of a potentially hazardous nature. These items are only "dis-
posed" of in the event of breakage of bags or damage to the product.
This damage usually occurs during loading and unloading of the
materials.
• The larege majority of damaged goods are either given away or sold
at reduced prices. Very small amounts are disposed of with other
wastes of a nonhazardous nature which is usually collected by a
private disposal company.
• The quantities of wastes associated with the cases of damaged con-
tainers are highly variable dependent solely on handling care and
procedure, as well as quantity of materials being handled by the
individual company. One company estimated that the range of damaged
bags could be from zero to as many as a dozen per shipment.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED'
• Three individual establishments
A-36
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INDUSTRY: Sporting, Recreational, Photographic and SIC: 5041,5042,5043
Hobby Goods, Toys and Supplies
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
As a result of this survey, it was found that no waste of a hazardous
nature was generated at any of the establishments interviewed. Non-hazardous
wastes are a result of normal business and general maintenance operations.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• This industry group covers establishments engaged in the wholesale
distribution of sporting and recreational goods and supplies (SIC 5041),
toys and hobby goods and supplies (SIC 5042), and photographic equip-
ment and supplies (SIC 5043).
• Wastes generated at establishments under the subject SIC's are reportedly
of a non-hazardous nature. Wastes are primarily paper, cardboard, other
miscellaneous trash, and small amounts of common cleaning agents.
Wastes are disposed of via municipal refuse collection or sewer.
Broken or unusable products are generally sold at lower cost or returned
to manufacturers.
SOURCES OP INFORMATION USED:
• Eight individual establishments
A-37
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INDUSTRY: Metals and Minerals, Except Petroleum (wholesale) SIC: 505
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
Establishments covered under the subject SIC are not likely to generate
hazardous wastes. Hastes produced by wholesale operations without warehouses
include paper and miscellaneous trash. Warehouse wastes are very small in
volume and are usually recycled or used.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• Included within the subject SIC are metal service centers and offices
(SIC 5051) and coal and other minerals and ores (SIC 5052). Establish-
ments in SIC 5051 are primarily engaged in marketing ferrous and non-
ferrous metal semi-finished products. Establishments in this SIC may
operate with warehouses (metal service centers) or without warehouses
(metals sales offices). Establishments in SIC 5052 are primarily
engaged in the wholesale distribution of coal and coke; copper, iron,
lead, other metallic ores except precious and crude non-metallic
minerals.
• Metals service centers under SIC 5051 produce waste in the form of
damaged materials which are generally returned to the manufacturer
or supplier for recycling. Other wastes from metals service centers
and metals sales offices are paper and miscellaneous trash which are
disposed of via municipal refuse or private disposal collection.
• Waste generated at wholesalers of coal and other minerals and ores is
primarily paper waste and miscellaneous trash. Some wholesalers which
also produce the product at the same site may produce hazardous waste
as a result of the production operation; the production operation is
covered under other SIC's.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
• Five individual establishments
A-38
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INDUSTRY: Electrical Apparatus and Equipment, Wiring SIC: 5063
Supplies and Construction Materials (Wholesale)
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
Establishments that are included under SIC 5063 are not likely to produce
wastes of a hazardous nature. Wastes that are generated at these types of
facilities are those resulting from the operation of the business.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• Establishments covered under the subject SIC are primarily engaged
in the wholesale distribution of electrical power equipment for the
generation, transmission or utilization of electric energy; and elec-
trical construction materials for outside power transmission lines
and for electrical systems.
• All of the establishments that were interviewed indicated that the only
wastes generated consisted of paper and miscellaneous trash of a non-
hazardous nature. No hazardous materials are handled by these
businesses. Damaged products are returned to the manufacturer. All
waste is disposed of via private disposal companies.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
• Three individual establishments
A-39
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INDUSTRY: Professional Equipment and Supplies SIC: 5086
(Wholesale)
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
The warehousing activities of this industry are not expected to generate
hazardous waste. Damaged and malfunctioning equipment are generally returned
to the manufacturers.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• This SIC covers establishments primarily engaged in the wholesale
distribution of mechanical devices and other equipment used by
architects, dentists, engineers, physicians, surgeons, veterinarians,
optometrists, osteopaths, and other professional groups.
• Wastes from these businesses include boxes, packing paper, styrofoam
and other packing materials. Damaged and malfunctioning equipment,
some of which may contain hazardous chemical, are generally returned
to the manufacturers. (Some suppliers also handle cleaning, dis-
infecting, and antifoaming chemicals which are covered under other
SIC's. Container damage can be expected which will result in the
disposal of some of these chemicals. The volume of damaged con-
tainers which are disposed of is very small.)
• The current practice is to dispose of packing material and any
damaged containers along with other municipal refuse.
• Some suppliers have a captive vehicle service department for their
delivery vehicles. This will be a source of waste crankcase oil,
a hazardous waste. Generation rates and disposal practices of
waste crankcase oil are addressed in connection with the transporta-
tion industry.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED :
• One individual establishment
A-40
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INDUSTRY: Groceries and Related Products (wholesale) SIC: 514
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
Establishments covered under the subject SIC are not likely to produce
hazardous wastes. Since they are engagedin the sale of foods and food products,
hazardous substances are not utilized at these facilities. Only steam and very
mild detergents are used for cleaning and disinfecting purposes. Wastes are
generally miscellaneous trash with some industry specific wastes of a non-
hazardous nature.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• The establishments covered under SIC 514 are primarily engaged in the
wholesale distribution of fish and seafoods (SIC 5146), meats and meat
products (SIC 5147), fresh fruits and vegetables (SIC 5148) and gro-
ceries and related products not elsewhere classified (SIC 5149).
• Wastes generated at fish and seafood wholesale operations may include
fish heads and viscera when small quantities of fish are prepared for
sale. Fish are not usually packaged at these establishments. Fish
wastes are given to rendering companies; miscellaneous trash is dis-
posed of via municipal or private collectors. No hazardous materials
are permitted in these kinds of food "parking" establishments.
• Hastes generated at meat and meat product wholesale operations will
include bones, suet and sometimes sump waste at packing operations.
Bones and suet are sold, sump waste is pumped and disposed of via
private disposal company. There is also some steam washdown waste
resulting from washing of equipment. This is disposed of via public
sewer. Paper and miscellaneous trash is disposed of via private
collectors. No hazardous substances are utilized or permitted for use
in these kinds of establishments as they are USDA inspected. The only
chemical allowed for cleaning of machinery is a very mild detergent
(only steam is used for washdown and disinfection).
• Wastes generated at establishments engaged in the wholesale of fruits
and vegetables include product waste from damage and spoilage and
miscellaneous trash. All waste is disposed of via private collector
companies. No hazardous materials are utilized at these establishments.
A-41
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SIC: 514
• Wastes generated by establishments involved in the wholesale of
groceries and grocery-related products, consist primarily of misc-
ellaneous trash and paper. Damaged products are either sold cheaper
or returned to supplier. Transh is disposed of-via private collec-
tion companies.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
• Five individual establishments
A-42
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INDUSTRY: Miscellaneous Personal Services SIC: 7299
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
The service establishments included under the subject SIC are not likely
to produce hazardous waste. Wastes produced are primarily those associated
with business operations including paper and miscellaneous trash.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• The establishments listed under the SIC 7299 are primarily engaged
in providing personal services, "not elsewhere classified," such as
steam baths, reducing salons, health clubs, clothing rental, locker
rental, party service, marriage bureaus, tattoo parlors and photo
copying services.
• Reducing salons, health spas and tattoo parlors were interviewed as
representative business types in the subject SIC. Wastes generated
at these establishments are reported to be primarily paper wastes
and cleaning wastes of a nonhazardous nature.
• Tattoo parlors also generate contaminated needles used in the tattoo-
ing process.* Wastes needles are generally disposed of along with
the rest of the establishment waste. Wastes are collected either by
a private disposal service or municipal refuse collection. Waste
needles are a minute fraction of the total refuse generated at tattoo
parlors. A waste needle generation rate of 0.1 kg/mo/tattoo parlor
has been estimated based on a reported production of 1000 needles per
month at a tattoo parlor.
• Unlike during the 1940's and 1950's when tattoo parlors catered pri-
marily to servicemen and hence were generally located near military
bases and seaports, presently tattoo parlors attract a diversity of
customers and are located in or near many larger cities throughout
the U.S. An examination of a number of telephone directories for
U.S. cities indicate the following numbers for tatoo parlor listings:
*The needles generated by tattoo parlors could be considered infectious; however,
for the purpose of this study, infectious wastes are considered those origi-
nating from specific sources defined in the EPA December 18, 1978 proposed
regulations. These sources are hospitals (SIC's 8062, 8069); medical labora-
tories (SIC 9071); noncommercial educational, scientific and research organi-
zations (SIC 8922); and veterinary hospitals (SIC's 0741, 0742).
A-43
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SIC: 7299
City Number of Establishments Listed
Fresno, CA 1
San Francisco, CA 15
San Diego, CA 8
Sacramento, CA 3
Denver, CO 10
Washington, DC area 5
Spokane, WA 0
Wichita, KS 0
Boston, MA 2
Seattle, WA 1
Albuquerque, NM 3
Trenton, NJ 5
Las Vegas, NV 1
Omaha, ME 2
El Paso, TX 0
Tulsa, OK 0
Dayton, OH 1
Salt Lake City, UT 0
Based on the number of listings for these selected cities and assuming
that tattoo parlors would be primarily located in cities with more
than 100,000 population and that for such cities the number of tattoo
parlors is proportional to population, the total number of tattoo
parlors in the U.S. is estimated at 540. Tattoo parlors reportedly
employ between 1 to 4 employees.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
• six individual establishments
• Population data used are for 1976 as reported in 1978 "statistical
abstracts"
A-44
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INDUSTRY: Dance Halls, Studios and Schools SIC: 7911
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
The businesses covered by the subject SIC are not likely to be hazardous
waste generators.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• SIC 7911 includes establishments primarily engaged in operating public
dance halls or ballrooms and dance studios and schools.
• The major wastes generated at dance studios and schools would be
paper waste associated with operation of the business. These wastes
are disposed of via municipal refuse collection.
• At dance halls and ballrooms there may often be refreshment facilities
which would generate a certain amount of refuse such a food/drink,
paper cups, plates, etc., and associated cleanup and maintenance waste.
These wastes are in addition to "business" wastes mentioned above.
Wastes from refreshment facilities are disposed of in municipal sewer
and municipal refuse receptacles.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
• Two individual establishments
A-45
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INDUSTRY: Membership Sports and Recreation Clubs SIC: 7997
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
Wastes generated by establishments covered under the subject SIC are
primarily of a nonhazardous nature, but certain facilities may generate some
waste which may be considered hazardous. Of those covered under SIC 7997,
the establishments that were interviewed were those judged to have some likeli-
hood of producing hazardous waste. In most cases it was found that wastes
were of the ordinary household variety. Where wastes of a possibly hazardous
nature are produced, they are recycled in some way.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• Establishments under the subject SIC include sports and recreation
clubs which are restricted to use by members and their guests.
• Three swim clubs were contacted. Wastes generated at these facilities
included paper wastes, some snack bar waste, and general maintenance
waste. Chemicals used in the pools come in re-usable containers and
are picked up by the company that supplies the pool chemicals. The
empty containers are usually rinsed with the pool water and the rinsate
added to the pool. Other wastes are picked up weekly by a private
disposal company.
• Under gun and shooting clubs, it was found that there are a couple of
different kinds; those that shoot skeet (clay pigeons) mostly with
shot guns, and those that shoot at targets with hand guns. Other
than shooting waste the other wastes generated at these types of
establishments include paper waste, miscellaneous trash and small
quantities of common cleaning materials. Wastes associated with
shooting are generally recycled particularly in the club setting.
Shooting wastes at trap and skeet clubs include the lead shot, empty
hulls, and clay pigeons. The shot is collected and sold to a re-
claimer two to three times per year, depending on quantity available.
The empty hulls are picked up and sold for reuse. Clay pigeons are
generally left on the range until there is a large quantity. Some-
times these may be recycled and other times these are disposed of by
an outside disposal company as are the paper and cleaning wastes.
At handgun target clubs the shooting waste is also generally recycled.
A-46
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SIC: 7997
This includes brass casings from the bullets and lead. These are
collected and sold periodically.
• Various local riding clubs were also interviewed. Wastes resulting
from these facilities are mostly paper waste, some refreshment waste,
grain bags, etc. These wastes are collected by a private disposal
company approximately once per week. Manure wastes are collected
daily by an outside company and other individuals for use as fert-
ilizer.
• wastes generated at yacht clubs include paper waste, including paper
cups, plates, some food waste, bottles and boxes. Cleaning materials
are common household varieties. Wastes are picked up by a private
disposal company 3-4 times per week.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
• Ten individual establishments.
A-47
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INDUSTRY: Offices of Physicians SIC: 8011
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
Offices of physicians are not considered as generators of hazardous waste
based on the information obtained.* Potentially hazardous fixer and developer
solutions are reclaimed or disposed of in the sewer and therefore, they are
not addressed as hazardous wastes in this report. Other non-hazardous wastes
are discarded with general refuse.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• The industry consists of establishments of licensed practitioners
having the degree of M.D. and engaged in the practice of general or
specialized medicine and surgery. Establishments such as group
clinics, in which a group of physicians are associated for the pur-
pose of carrying out their profession, are included in this industry.
Visits to a physicians"s office can involve one or more of the follow-
ing activities:
- examination
- generalized or minor treatment
- minor surgery and other general office procedures
More extensive medical procedures are relegated to hospitals.
• Physicians tend to be concentrated in metropolitan areas. The ratio
of the number of active, non-Federal physicians engaged in patient
care to the general population in the most populous metropolitan
counties is six times as much as the corresponding ratio in the
least populous rural counties. This imbalance is due to the pre-
ponderance of specialists in the urban areas. Physician-population
ratios for physicians in general or family practice are 2.3 per 10,000
population outside of these more urbanized areas. However, the corre-
sponding values for one quite prevalent specialty (internal medicine)
in the urbanized and rural areas are 2.2 arid 0.6 per 10,000 population,
respectively.
• The census data on the distribution of the establishments in SIC 8011
by employment size category (and EPA region) indicate a total of
*Physicians' offices may generate wastes which could be considered potentially
infectious; however, for the purpose of this study, infectious wastes are con-
sidered those originating from specific sources defined in the EPA December
18, 1978 proposed regulations. These sources are hospitals (SIC's 8062,8069);
medical laboratories (SIC 9071); noncommercial educational, scientific and
research organizations (SIC 8922); and veterinary hospitals (SIC's; 0741,0742).
A-48
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SIC: 8011
124,123 establishments witn 73% and 91% of the establishments having
less than 5 and 10 employees (physicians, nurses, clerks, etc.),
respectively. Statistics for 1974 indicate that there are 205,955
active office-based physicians in the U.S. In light of the fact
that there were 8485 group practices in the country (in 1975) with
an overall average of 7.9 physicians per group (thus accounting for
67,106 doctors), it would appear that while group practices account
for a significant number of physicians, most physicians (67%) are
engaged in solo practices.
Physicians' offices produce varying types and amounts of waste
including paper from examination tables, disposable gowns, tongue
depressors, needles, syringes, gauze, tape and unused drugs and
their containers. Some of these materials will be contaminated with
blood or sputum. There are also likely to be blood, urine and other
types of specimens which may be examined and disposed of onsite.
These wastes are currently not considered as infectious for regula-
tion under RCRA. Some specialists (e.g., orthopedic surgeon and
radiologists) systematically use X-ray photography for diagnoses/
treatments and thus generate X-ray wastes (primarily fixer and
developer solutsion).
There are generally no special treatment/storage/disposal methods
used in offices of physicians. Possible exceptions are those offices
which destroy used syringes and dispose of expired drugs (primarily
to prevent reuse). Excretory samples are generally discharged to the
municipal sewer, other bodily fluids (e.g., blood) are often discarded
along with normal trash. Used disposal syringes are also disposed
of with the office trash. Some physicians contacted in this study
indicated that they dispose of most outdated drugs in the sewers;
whereas others indicated disposal with office refuse. The office
trash is generally collected by municipal or commercial waste haulers
and taken to the community waste disposal facilities.
For larger quantities of fixer solutions (e.g., produced in offices
of radiologist and orthopedic surgeons), such solutions are sent to
commercial silver reclamation facilities; developer solutions are
generally disposed of in the sewer.
A-49
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SIC: 8011
• Based on discussion with several physicians, it is estimated that
about 1.5 Ib of waste is produced per patient visiting a doctor's
office. This quantity of waste represents all wastes (including
regular office refuse) produced at a doctor's office. Data from
the American Medical Association indicate an average of 88 office
visits per week per practice, or 17.6 patients/day (assuming a 5-
day work week and no revisits by the same patient in the same week).
Based on a waste generation of 0.7 kg/patient-visit (1.5 Ib/patient-
visit) and a visitation rate of 17.6 patients/day/physician, the
waste generation rate of 260 kg/mo/physician can be expected. Assum-
ing that in solo or group practice, each physician requires two
support personnel (e.g., a nurse and a receptionist for solo practice
and nurses, receptionists, medical technicians and business personnel
for group practice), a per employee waste generation rate of 87 kg/mo
would be expected for establishments in SIC 8011.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
• U.S. Department of Health Education and Welfare, Health, United
States, 1976-1977, pp 50, 307
• Goodman, L. J., E. H. Bennet and R. J. Odem, Group Medical Practice
in the U.S.: 1975, American Medical Association
A-50
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INDUSTRY: Offices of Dentists SIC: 8021
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
Even though materials which may be considered hazardous are handled in
a dentist's office, it appears that very little of these materials end up in
solid waste streams. Most of the potentially hazardous wastes are discharged
to the sewer system.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• The wastes produced within a dentist's office include mercury con-
taining amalgams, X-ray developing and fixing solutions, disposal
syringes and hypodermic needles, disinfectant solutions, extracted
teeth, sulfuric and other etching acids, cloth and paper products
contaminated with blood and saliva, other paper and general trash.
(If dentures are made on site, some asbestos and beryllium metal
waste may also be produced.)
• The extent to which a dentist produces any one of these materials
will depend on:
- The dentist's own speciality of practice within the field
of dentistry (e.g., general dentistry, orthodontics, period-
ontics, etc.)
- Whether crown and bridge, partial dentures or other prostho-
dontic devices are made (a) by the dentist, (b) by lab per-
sonnel working in the office, or (c) sent out to a professional
dental lab.
• Normal operations in a dentist's office usually do not produce enough
fixer solutions (from X-ray machine) to make Ag reclamation worth-
while, and these solutions are usually discharged to the sewer.
• Because the main constituents of most dental amalgams {Ag and Hg)
are valuable, dentists plan their use so that there, are little, if
any, waste generated. Furthermore, the Ag- and Hg-containing
particles produced during the grinding out of fillings are usually
collected via aspirator vacuum suction systems (placed in the patient's
mouth) and discharged to the sewer. In the Armed Forces, the dentists
are required to reclaim and recycle all valuable waste materials,
including waste amalgam; it appears that this practice is also used
in the offices of some non-military dentists.
A-51
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SIC: 8021
• In general, there is usually no special handling associated with the
disposal of wastes from a dentist's office. Liquid wastes are dis-
charged to the sewer along with large quantities of water. Solid
wastes are generally deposited in the trash and handled as normal
refuse.
• Some of the wastes listed above (e.g., asbestos and beryllium) are
produced within a dentist's office only if prosthodontic work is
done onsite. ADA staff personnel have indicated that the greatest
proportion of dentists send their work out to professional dental
labs (SIC 8072). The next largest group are those dentists which
hire dental lab technicians to do prosthodontic work onsite. The
smallest group are those dentists who personally do all of their
own prosthodontic lab work. Data on the numerical breakdowns of
these three groups are not available.
• The use of asbestos within a dentist's office is only inferred here
based on the facts that (a) in some dentists' offices dentures are
made onsite and (b) it is known that some dental labs (SIC 8072, the
major industry involved in the production of dentures) use very small
amounts of asbestos (0.5 Ib/yr) as a part of their operation. Due
to the occupational hazard posed by asbestos, its use for this pur-
pose is being phased out. One would expect this situation to also
be true for those dentist offices where prosthodontic work is done
onsite.
• Beryllium was mentioned as a material also associated with the pro-
duction of dentures, but not much more information was available.
It appears that beryllium is a constituent of the metal frames used
in the production of prosthodontics. Since these frames are designed
for long exposure in the human mouth, it is unlikely that the bery-
llium (or other metal) is in a form that may present a health hazard.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
• American Dental Association
• Three dentists in private practice
A-52
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INDUSTRY: offices of Osteopathic Physicians SIC: 8031
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
Even though the doctor of osteopathy (O.D.) can perform the same proce-
dures performed by an M.D., the emphasis of osteopathy is manipulative work
involving the spine, overall skeletal system and musculature. For this reason,
the offices of osteopathic physicians are not generally expected to be gen-
erators of hazardous wastes.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• Osteopathic physicians receive the same type of training as do medical
doctors, but they receive extra instruction on the musculature and
skeletal systems. Specific emphasis is directed towards the back,
spine and the associated nerve structures.
• Even though the major emphasis within the profession is on manipulative
work, the group of osteopathic physicians have as wide a range of
specialties as do medical doctors. This range includes areas such
as surgery, obstetrics-gynecology, pediatrics, and internal medi-
cine. However, the large majority of osteopathic physicians are
involved in general practice.
• Most offices of osteopathic physicians are involved in either solo
practices or have a 2-person partnership.
• The state of Michigan has the largest number of osteopathic physicians
SOURCES OF INFORMATION:
• Osteopathic physicians and surgeons of California
• American Osteopathic Association
• One individual facility
A-53
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INDUSTRY: Offices of Chiropractors SIC: 8041
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
Any potentially hazardous wastes normally generated by offices of
chiropractors are expected to be recycled or discharged to the sewer and
therefore, chiropractors are not considered as hazardous waste generators in
this report.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• This industry consists of establishments of licensed practitioners
engaged in the practice of chiropractics.
• The census data on the number of and distribution of establishments
in SIC 8041 by employment size category indicate a total of 6502
chiropractic establishments in the U.S. of which 94% employ less
than 5 people. According to the American Chiropractic Association,
there are 24,000 registered chiropractors in the U.S.; data on the
number of practicing chiropractors and the percentages of chiro-
practors engaged in various size group practices.
• Waste developer and fixer solutions resulting from diagnostic X-rays
are the most prevalent potentially hazardous material produced by
normal operations in most chiropractic offices. About 90% of the
offices have onsite X-ray facilities and about 75% of new patients
receive X-rays. Other wastes generated by chiropractic offices
include disposable garments, tongue depressors and rubber gloves.
These materials are not likely to be hazardous.
• Based on discussions with a staff member of the American Chiro-
practic (ACA), most chiropractors dispose of developer and fixer
solutions through private collection firms which remove the solutions,
clean the tanks and service the X-ray film processing equipment.
The fixer is probably taken offsite for silver reclamation. Waste
developer is probably discharged to the sewer.
• Two companies that service X-ray machines in doctor's offices esti-
mate a waste generation rate of 23 kg/mo per employee. Based on
this rate, the total amount of hazardous waste generated by this SIC
is estimated at 274,000 kg/mo, or an average rate of 42 kg/mo per
establishment.
A-54
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SIC: 8041
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
• American Chiropractic Association
• Two companies which service X-ray machines at doctor's offices
• Census data
A-55
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INDUSTRY: Offices of Optometrists* SIC: 8042
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
It appears that activities normally performed in optometrist offices do
not generate hazardous wastes.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• This SIC covers establishments of licensed practitioners engaged in
the practice of optometry.
• There are about 21,000 licensed practicing optometrist in the United
States. They are distributed throughout the 50 states.
• Optometrists provide eye examinations and prescribe corrective lenses
when needed. If the eye examination uncovers a pathological condi-
tion (e.g., requiring surgery or other medical attention), then the
patient is referred to an opthalmologist.
• It appears that normal office activities of an optometrist do not
generate hazardous wastes. In general, there are no disposable
materials associated with the examination and lens prescription
processes.
• In some cases, an unspecified chemical is used to dilate the pupils
in order to facilitate the exam. However, the chemical is purchased
in 1/2-ounce (15-ml) bottles and has a six-month shelf life. Upon
expiration, the material which remains is washed down the sink, the
bottle rinsed and thrown away. In light of its direct use on a
relatively sensitive organ, and the quantity of this chemical sent to
disposal, it is unlikely that it can be considered hazardous.
• One doctor indicated that his office wastes consist primarily of
envelopes and "junk" mail.
• Opticians take blank glass and plastic lenses (which are often a 1/2"
by 3" or 1.2 cm by 7.6 cm biscuit shape), and grind and polish these
lenses in accordance with the specifications prescribed by the
optometrist.
*Information also provided for ooticians; SIC code unknown.
A-56
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SIC: 8042
• The coolant used during the grinding operation is water. It is fil-
tered and recycled. The waste generated consists of ground glass
and plastic of relatively small particle diameter. This ground
material is harmless.
• Jewelers rouge (a paste composed primarily of highly refined iron
oxide) is used for polishing.
• No X-rays are required by either optometrists or opticians, and no
solvent or other chemical is used.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
• American Optometrie Association
• One practicing optometrist
A-57
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INDUSTRY: Nursing and Personal Care Facilities SIC: 805
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
Based on the information obtained, it appears that nursing and personal
care facilities should not be considered hazardous waste generators.*
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• The establishments in this industry are primarily engaged in providing
nursing and health-related personal care, with inpatient beds. It
includes establishments providing continuous health care but not
hospital services such as nursing homes and extended care facilities;
and establishments which provide some nursing and care but not continu-
ous nursing services such as rest homes and convalescent homes.
• The census data on the distribution of establishments in SIC 805 by
employment size category (and EPA region) indicate a total of 11,790
establishments of which 75% employing more than 20 persons. However,
statistics for 1973 published by the Department of Health, Education
and Welfare indicate that there are 21,834 nursing and personal care
facilities in the U.S.
• The type of wastes generated by facilities in this SIC are generally
the same as those produced in acute care hospital units, and include
dressings, bandages, syringes, contaminated gauze and cotton, paper
goods containing nasal and sputum discharges, examination drapes,
disposal masks, catheters, ampules, and outdated drugs. Waste streams
from these facilities do not generally include highly infectious wastes
which are encountered in certain hospital care units (e.g., general
surgery, burns, obstetrics, orthopedics, intensive care and recovery
or isolation units).
• Based on discussions with trade associations and individual estab-
lishments, some wastes are separated from general refuse and sent
to offsite disposal facilities via commercial waste haulers. Other
wastes are disposed of with regular refuse.
*Nursing and personal care facilities may generate wastes which could be con-
sidered infectious; however, for the purpose of this study, infectious wastes
are considered those originating from specific sources defined in the EPA
December 18, 1978 proposed regulations. These sources are hospitals (SIC's
8062,8069); medical laboratories (SIC 9071); noncommercial educational, scien-
tific and research organizations (SIC 8922); and veterinary hospitals (SIC's
0741,0742).
A-58
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SIC: 805
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
• National Center for Health Statistics: Health Resources Statistics:
Health Manpower and Health Facilities, 1975. DHEW Publication No.
(HRA) 76-1609, Health Resources Administration, Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1976.
• California Nursing Home Association
• National Nursing Home Association
• Two individual establishments
A-59
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INDUSTRY: Dental Laboratories SIC: 8072
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
Based on the Information obtained, it appears that dental labs should
not be considered hazardous waste generators.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• Dental laboratories are establishments engaged in making dentures
and artifical teeth to order for the dental profession. Specifically,
this group includes: dental laboratories; dentures, made in dental
laboratories to order for the dental profession; and teeth, artifical
made in dental laboratories to order for the profession. Items pro-
duced include dental plates, bridges, crowns and other prosthodontic
devices.
• Most of the wastes generated by dental labs consist of bulk pieces,
grindings from plaster, stone, hardened aery 1 ic resins and also waste
polishing compounds.
• While potentially hazardous materials are used within a dental labora-
tory, available information indicates that these materials generally
do not end up as wastes. One of the plastics used in making dentures
is methyl methacrylate. Both heat cure and cold cure formulations
are used. In each case the methyl methacrylate powder is mixed with
an organic liquid (cross linking methyl methacrylate liquid com-
pound) to initiate the polymerization. The powder comes in a card-
board container while the liquid is supplied in metal cans. The
liquid is flammable, an irritant to skin and eyes and also has toxic
effects if inhaled in large quantities. Onl-y the amounts of this
liquid which may remain as residue in waste containers will be dis-
carded.
• Once the methacrylate has hardened it is presumably harmless as evi-
denced by the fact that it is the same material that is kept in the
mouth for extended periods of time. Other materials used for the con-
struction of prosthodontic devices (e.g., metals used for frames)
must also be considered nonhazardous because they too are designed
to be situated inside the mouth and apparently cause no harm.
A-60
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SIC: 8072
• Solvent is applied to cotton swabs and is used to remove wax from
the dentures, but the solvent which remains on the swab evaporates
and thereby precluding a solid/liquid waste problem. Acid solutions
are produced but they are reportedly dilute and dumped down the sink.
• Information received from a person at the American Dental Association
(ADA) and certain lab personnel indicate that asbestos is frequently
used in the production of dental devices. However, It appears that
the use of this material is being discouraged and another less harm-
ful material is being used in its place. In two of the labs con-
tacted, asbestos was not used at all. Furthermore, the amount used
in the third lab was quite small; a one-pound bag of asbestos was
considered to be a 2-year supply.
• All wastes produced are disposed of together via normal trash removal
services. Most contacts would not venture an estimate of the quantity
of waste generated but in one lab, which produces from 30-^0 denture
units per week (including some re lines of already prepared dentures),
total solid wastes generated was estimated at 99 kg/mo. This corre-
sponds to between 0.05 to 0.06 kg per denture.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
• American Dental Association
• Employees at three dental labs in the Los Angeles area
A-61
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INDUSTRY: Outpatient Care Facilities SIC: 8081
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
Based on the information obtained, outpatient care facilities are not
considered as generators of hazardous wastes.* Potentially hazardous wastes
generated such as fixer and developer solutions are reclaimed or disposed of
in the sewer and therefore are not addressed as hazardous wastes in this
report.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• The establishments in the outpatient care industry are primarily
engaged in providing outpatient care with permanent facilities and
medical staff to provide diagnosis and treatment for ambulatory
patients not requiring inpatient care. The types of facilities in
this industry include dispensaries, clinics, group health associations,
health maintenance organizations, outpatient clinics for alcoholism
and drugs, rehabilitation centers and speech defect clinics.
• Most ambulatory health care occurs within the context of the patient
visiting the physician's office. About 30% to 40% of all ambulatory
patient-physician "contacts" are made in outpatient care facilities.
• The 1976 census data indicate a total of 5419 outpatient care faci-
lities nationwide. These facilities are generally small establish-
ments with about 61% and 78% having less than 10 and 20 employees,
respectively.
• Outpatient care facilities will generate a variety of wastes including
paper from examination tables, disposable gowns, tongue depressors,
needles, syringes, gauze, tape and unusued drugs and their con-
tainers. Some of these materials will be contaminated with blood
or sputum. There are also likely to be blood, urine and other types
of specimens which may be examined and disposed of onsite. Some
facilities systematically use X-ray photography for diagnosis/treat-
ment and thus generate X-ray wastes (primarily fixer and developer
*Outpatient care facilities may generate wastes which could be considered
infectious; however, for the purpose of this study, infectious wastes are
considered those originating from specific sources defined in the EPA December
18, 197fc proposed regulations. These sources are hospitals (SIC's 8062,8069)}
medical laboratories (SIC 9071); noncommercial educational, scientific and
research organizations (SIC 8922); and veterinary hospitals (SIC's 0741,0742).
A-62
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SIC: 8081
solutions). In general, outpatient care facilities will not generate
the kinds and varieties of wastes associated with heavy care units
in hospitals, such as surgery rooms, burn wards, maternity and new-
born units, and intensive care and isolation wards.
• Spent developer from outpatient care facilities is discharged to the
sewer; fixer is reclaimed. Some wastes may be segregated from gen-
eral refuse and disposed of by contractors. The majority of the
waste is taken to community waste disposal facilities.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
• U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Health, United
States 1976-1977.
• Census data
A-63
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INDUSTRY: Health and Allied Services, Not Elsewhere SIC: 8091
Classified
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
Establishments in the subject SIC are not considered as generators of
hazardous waste.* The majority of wastes are discharged to the sewer or dis-
posed of with general refuse.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
• This industry consists of establishments engaged in rendering health
and allied services which have not been classified under other specific
SIC codes. Included in this category are the following types of
facilities:
- blood banks
- blood donor stations
- medical photography and art
- oxygen tent service
- visiting nurse associations
• Blood banks and blood donor stations are involved in the collection
of blood from human volunteers. Blood banks generally have facilities
for the testing, classification and storage of blood. Collected blood
is used for transfusions or as a raw material for the manufacture of
varied blood products such as serum albumin and other blood proteins.
(The manufacture of blood protein products is a subgroup of SIC 283.)
• The types of wastes produced by blood banks and blood donor stations
fall into four categories:
- contaminated needle and attached vinyl tubing (about 2 feet
long
- red blood cells from blood which has not been used within 21
days after donation
- blood contaminated with hepatitis B virus
- materials resulting from the radioimmuno-assay for hepatitis
B virus
• To lessen the opportunity for transmittal of viruses (particularly
to laboratory personnel), blood is handled as a bio-hazardous
material.
*Health and allied services may generate wastes which could be considered
infectious; however, for the purpose of this study, infectious wastes are
considered those originating from specific sources defined in the EPA December
18, 1978 proposed regulations. Thses sources are hospitals (SIC's 8062,8069);
medical laboratories (SIC 9071); noncommercial educational, scientific and
research organizations (SIC 8922); and veterinary hospitals (SIC's 0741,0742).
A-64
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SIC: 8091
Contaminated needles and attached vinyl tubing are often incinerated
at centralized locations. (In certain areas, e.g., Los Angeles
County, air pollution regulations preclude this method of disposal.)
In Los Angeles County these materials are ground and discharged to
the municipal sewer. This practice has not been completely successful
due to the clogging of the grinders by vinyl tubing. The disposal
of contaminated needles and attached tubing still remains a problem
for blood banks in this area, and these materials sometimes end up
in regular refuse.
If whole blood is not transferred to a recipient within 21 days
after donation, it is unacceptable for transfusion, in this case
the red blood cells are separated, treated with Clorox and discharged
to the sewer. The recovered blood plasma is sent to other facilities
for the isolation of blood proteins.
Blood which has been shown to contain hepatitis B virus is auto-
claved to sterility and discharged to the sewer.
The assay for hepatitis B virus involves the use of radioactive
materials. An approved protocol for the disposal of these materials
involves bagging, labeling and autoclaving.
Blood banks and blood donor stations are licensed and regulated by
the Food and Drug Administration's Bureau of Biologies (BoB). While
the handling of wastes are not specifically covered by these regu-
lations, the BoB is aware of the potential environmental impacts of
inappropriate disposal methods. Informal guidelines concerning
waste disposal methods can be conveyed to blood bank and blood donor
station personnel during licensing procedures. Furthermore, stan-
dards and directives (including how wastes should be handled) have
been established by the Red Cross (document entitled "Blood Service
Directives"), Blood Services of Arizona (the largest center within
the Council of Community Blood Banks, CCBB) and the American Asso-
ciation of Blood Banks (AABB). Based on this information and comments
from personnel in the industry, it would appear that wastes are not
handled in a uniform manner across the country.
A-65
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SIC: 8091
• Medical photography and art establishments are involved entirely
with the production of photographic or graphic interpretations of
medical specimens. The major potentially hazardous wastes produced
by medical photography and art facilities are waste developer and
fixer solutions from photographic operations. Most facilities dis-
charge waste fixer and developer to the sewer. Larger facilities
may reclaim silver from the fixer solution prior to disposal. Path-
ological specimens which are photographed are returned to the person
requesting the photographs.
• Oxygen tent services are establishments involved in the renting or
dispersal of oxygen tents. The method usually employed for the
administration of oxygen to adults is via oxygen masks or nasal
catheter or cannula. Thus, oxygen tents are not currently used for
adults. However, they are used for small children but usually within
a hospital setting. Most tents are disposable and made of polyvinyl
chloride. There are no identifiable hazardous wastes associated
with the service of providing oxygen tents either via commercial
establishments or in hospitals.
• The major function of visiting nurse associations is to match re-
quests for home nursing services with available qualified personnel.
Thus, the wastes produced by these associations consist of general
office refuse and are not considered hazardous. Visiting nurses
do administer limited medications by injection (e.g., Vitamin B-12
or antibiotics). In these cases the syringe is made inoperative and
disposed of at the patients home (with normal trash). All other
wastes produced as a result of nursing activities (bandages, cotton
swabs, etc.) are also disposed of via appropriate means at the
patients home.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
• American Red Cross
• Council of Community Blood Centers
• American Association of Blood Banks
• Individual facilities from each type of establishment
A-66
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APPENDIX B
ASSESSMENT SUMMARIES FOR SIC'S CONTAINING
SMALL GENERATORS OF HAZARDOUS OR POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS WASTES
-------
INDUSTRY: Horticultural Specialties SIC: 018
DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY:
Establishments in the subject industry are engaged in the growing of and
wholesale trade in ornamental and food crops grown under cover and other
nursery products.
The horticultural specialties industry tends to be dominanted by small
firms. Of the reported 5015 wholesale nurseries in the United States in
1975, 2800 had sales of less than $100,000/year and less than 16 employees;
only 95 had sales of greater than $1,000,000 and more than 125 employees
The industry is quite diverse both geographically and in the types of products
grown. In addition, employment and sales tend to have seasonal peaks for
firms in most areas of the U.S.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Potentially hazardous wastes generated by firms in the industry are pesti-
cide containers and pesticide-contaminated materials resulting from spills.
A wide variety of insecticides, herbicides, soil fumigants and fungicides are
used since the diverse types of flowers, ornamentals, and trees have special
pest control requirements. Expenditures by nurseries on pesticides as a per-
cent of total sales is reported to be in the range of 1.5 to 2.6% . The
following table presents waste generation estimates for empty insecticide/
herbicide/fungicide containers requiring disposal for nurseries of various
sizes. Based on these estimates, most nurseries would generate about 2 kg/mo
of empty containers, with an average waste generation rate per nursery of 5 kg/
mo. Based on the average rate of 5 kg/mo/establishment, the total waste gen-
eration for the industry is estimated at 23,000 kg/mo (see Industry Profile).
It may be noted that pesticide use is highly seasonal in the industry and that
most of the empty containers may be generated over a one- to three-month period.
Based on the waste generation range of 2 to 65 kg/mo/establishment for nurseries
of various sizes, even if the waste is generated only over a 1-3 month period,
only a very few establishments would generate more than 100 kg/mo during peak
months.
B-l
-------
SIC: 018
Summary of Nursery Industry Employment, Sales and Estimated Empty Pesticide
Container Generation
Company Sales, 1975 $/yr 25-100K 100-300K 300-50QK 500-1000K >1000K
No. Firms in U.S. 2800 1700 280 140 95
No. Employees
Average 6.7 13.8 24 42 124
Peak 20 26.7 53 81 228
Expenditures per firm, $/yr
Insecticides 489 1085 2408 4588 18,313
Herbicides 346 504 1249 3067 8,083
Fungicides 530 1164 1949 3495 14,939
Total 1365 2753 5606 11,150 41,335
Est. No. of 5-gal
containers per year* 17 34 70 144 517
Amt. of pesticides
contained in empty
5-gal containers* (kg) 1.7 3.4 7.0 14.4 51.7
Total weight of containers
plus residue* (kg/mo) 249 18 65
"Assuming average pesticide cost of $2/lb and that pesticides are purchased in 5-
gallon containers^
^Assuming 100 grams residue per container
^Assuming a container's weight of 1.5 kg
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Most firms are believed to dispose of empty pesticide containers along
with other wastes without special precautions . Although some "restricted
use" pesticides are used by nurseries, the quantities used are usually less
than the amounts which would mandate user restriction under most state programs.
Hence, empty container disposal requirements which would apply to larger pesti-
cide users are generally not applicable to most nurseries. Nonetheless, at
(4)
least one nursery contacted indicated that its empty containers are rinsed
prior to disposal in a sanitary landfill.
B-2
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SIC: 018
CURRENT DISPOSAL COSTS:
Since empty containers are commonly disposed of with other larger volume
refuse, little or no additional disposal costs are incurred by nurseries for
container disposal.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
Rinsing of empty containers prior to disposal and use of rinsings "in
house" for pest control (e.g., in preparation of new batches of sprays), which
is reportedly practiced by some large firms, would be an environmentally accept-
able alternative to direct disposal of unrinsed containers.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF THE DATA BASE:
The estimated total amount of pesticides used in 1975 by nurseries based
6
upon the pesticides expenditures and cost data presented above is 3.6 x 10
kg/yr (8 x 106 Ibs/yr). This constitutes about 0.50% of the total U.S. pesti-
cide use, a percentage consistent with at least one other estimate of pesti-
cide use by the nursery industry (-1%)
It is likely that the estimate of about 5000 establishments in the U.S.
is low, since many nurseries are small operations and reported statistics tend
(2)
to underestimate the number of such establishments
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Research Summary - Scope III of the Nursery Industry, Horticultural
Research Institute, 1977
(2) Based upon listed retail prices of several commonly used insecti-
cides and herbicides in 1979, corrected to 1975 dollars (for which
year sales data are shown in table)
(3) Information provided by the American Association of Nurserymen
(4) One medium/large size mid-western nursery
(5) US EPA Office of Pesticide Programs
B-3
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11/27/79.
OU.<»3.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILt
SIC: 180
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
w
0
100
200
300
00
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
3000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
5015
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
25075.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
TOTAL
5015
100.0
25075,
100.0
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INDUSTRY: Soil Preparation and Crop Services SIC: 0711,0721,
0729
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
The subject industry consists of firms which provide soil preparation
services (SIC 0711); crop planting, cultivating and protection services (SIC
0721); and general crop services (SIC 0729). These services, which are pro-
vided to firms on a contract or fee basis, are very diverse and include
chemical treatment of soil, plowing, aerial dusting and spraying, pruning of
orchard trees and vines, hoeing, citrus grove cultivation, crop dusting, weed
control after planting, etc.
From the standpoint of hazardous waste generation, the soil preparation
and crop services involving pesticide application is the most important acti-
vity in the subject industry. There are an estimated 5300 establishments in
the subject industry providing pesticide application services . These
establishments can be subdivided into three groups as follows :
Type of Agricultural Estimated Number of Establishments
Service Establishment in U.S. (1978) which apply pesticides
Soil preparation and miscellaneous 1000
crop protection
Aerial pesticide applicators 3800
Ground pesticide applicators 500
U.S. Total 5300
As would be expected, crop services firms tend to be found in the largest
number in major agricultural states such as California, Florida, Illinois,
Texas and New York. The breakdown of pesticides applied to farmland by class
is approximately as follows: herbicides 52%, insecticides kt>% and fungicides
2%^. About 65% of the firms in the subject SIC's employ less than *» persons
according to census data.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Hazardous wastes generated by firms in SIC 072 are (a) empty pesticide
containers containing residues, (b) waste pesticides and (c) dilute pesticide
solutions from rinsing of tanks and containers. An "average" firm generates
around 50 kg/mo of empty containers, 200 kg/mo of waste pesticides, and 11,000
kg/mo of dilute pesticide solutions05.* However, the relative hazards presented
•'
-------
SIC: 0711, etc.
by the waste pesticides and empty containers is greater than the dilute pesti-
cide solutions since the former wastes are more concentrated. Also, the
toxicity of pesticide wastes vary widely with the specific substance(s) used
on crops. Generally herbicide wastes are less toxic to mammals than insecti-
cide wastes.
Based on the industry profile developed in this study, it is estimated
that about 23% of the firms in the U.S. generate less than 100 kg/mo of waste,
while 33% generate more than 5000 kg/mo. The total amount of waste generated
is estimated at 5^ million kg/mo, a quantity which agrees well with a previous
estimate for the crop services industry of 58 million kg/mo
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Based on data for 28 firms in California, all unrinsed containers are
reportedly disposed to secure landfill. Waste pesticides and/or dilute pesti-
cide solutions are reportedly disposed as follows:
lagoon/pond
landspreading
landfill 32%
municipal sewer 5%
incineration 5%
Limited data on disposal practices are available from other states. One
survey in Illinois found that 18% of the firms were triple-rinsing containers
prior to disposal and k3% were rinsing at least once . Containers were then
disposed to sani tary landf i 1 1 or burned (primarily paper containers).
Pesticide solutions generated from rinsing of application tanks are
reportedly disposed by relatively uncontrolled methods; such, as, dumping directly
on the ground at rinse site, collection and application to small land areas
near mixing site, and collection in a settling pond with eventual seepage into
the soil(1).
CURRENT DISPOSAL COSTS:
No data are currently available on disposal costs from actual operating
firms in the industry.
B-6
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SIC: 0711, etc.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
The environmentally more acceptable alternative to current practice of
landfill disposal of unrinsed containers is triple rinsing with use of rinsate
for preparation of new batches of pesticide solution or disposal on cropland.
Waste pesticides and pesticide solutions are preferably disposed of by proper
incineration, by application to cropland, or by use of "soil mounds" disposal
systenr .
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF THE DATA BASE:
The industry profile and the breakdown of disposal practices developed
here are based upon data for 28 firms in California. Although a variety of
firm sizes of both ground and aerial applicators are represented by these data,
the 28 firms in California may not be representative of all firms in the U.S.
California does have fairly stringent requirements for container disposal
compared to other states, and thus the disposal practices reported by the
California firms for containers may not be representative of firms in other
states. As mentioned previously, the estimated total waste quantity of 51*
million kg/mo for the industry agrees well with a reported estimate of 58
million
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Energy Resources Co., Economic Impact Analysis of Hazardous Waste
Management Regulations on Selected Generating Industries, Office
of Solid Waste, U.S. EPA, December 1978
(2) U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Quantities of Pesticides Used by Farmers
in 1971 Economic Research Service, 197^
(3) Leasure, J. K. , Pesticide Container Disposal in Illinois, Illinois
EPA, October 1978
CO SCS Engineers, Disposal of Dilute Pesticide Solutions - A State of
the Art Report, Draft Report to EPA, October 1978
(5) Based on state data base for 28 establishments in California
B-7
-------
11/27/79.
06.A3.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(5)
SIC:
711
Til
729
NATION
tSTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FQk ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
00
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
bOO-600
600-700
700-800
600-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
1520
365
214
149
112
tt9
73
62
53
46
27*
278
2067
28.7
6.9
4.0
2.8
2.1
1.7
1.4
1.2
1.0
.9
5.2
5.2
39.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
7600.
54750.
53500.
52150.
50400.
48950.
47450.
46500.
45050.
43700.
411000.
973000.
52501800.
.0
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.8
1.8
96.6
TOTAL
5302
100.0
54335850.
100.0
-------
INDUSTRY: Veterinary Services SIC: 0741,0742
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
This SIC includes establishments of licensed practitioners primarily
engaged in the practice of veterinary services for livestock (SIC 0741) and
veterinary services for animal specialties (SIC 0742). There are approxi-
mately 32,000 practicing veterinarians in the U.S. (1977). It is estimated
that 74% are in private (small) practice. Veterinary distribution is roughly
in proportion to the general population, although states with large numbers
of farm animals have a disproportionately high number of veterinarians.
Census data indicate a total of 8,252 establishments for this SIC, with
89% employing less than 10 persons.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE PRODUCED:
(2) '
Based on state survey data the types of waste typically generated
by veterinary facilities include biological cultures, excised tissue, car-
casses, bandages, insecticides, vaccines and other drugs, and some organic
solvents. Empty drug vials, syringes, needles, and bedding material such as
straw, sawdust, and paper contaminated with feces and urine may also be gen-
erated. Some of these wastes may contain pathogens with the potential for
transmission of disease from animals to humans.
The estimated amount of hazardous waste generated by the subject SIC is
1.7 million kg/mo. Based on state data, 89% of the generators produce in-
fectious waste and the infectious waste accounts for 93% of the total waste
quantity reported.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
The majority of waste from veterinary hospitals is treated as general
waste and disposed of with other non-hazardous wastes. Certain wastes includ-
ing cadavers, tissues, organs, etc. may be refrigerated or frozen prior to
pickup by municipal or private disposal companies. Contaminated laboratory
wastes such as culture plates and wastes known to contain pathogens are some-
times autoclaved prior to disposal. Animal bodies and tissues may be sent to
rendering plants, incinerated onsite, or incinerated offsite
Disposal methods vary among facilities and depend, to a great extent, on
applicable state and/or local regulations. Based on state survey data from
Iowa, 47% of the veterinary facilities reported disposal of some wastes includ-
ing cultures, carcasses, surgical waste, vaccines, solvents, pesticides and
B-9
-------
SIC: 0741,0742
drugs by landfill; 42% indicated that some of their wastes were hauled by
contractors but the disposal method was unknown; 26% disposed of some wastes
including animal tissues, carcasses, surgical dressings and vaccines by incin-
eration. 10% of the facilities reported disposal of outdated drugs to the
sewer.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
Sterilization of infectious wastes prior to disposal would eliminate the
need for special handling of these wastes. Disinfection of some wastes prior
to disposal may be adequate. Separation of pathological and surgical materials
from general waste for disposal by incineration or sanitary landfill would
decrease the quantity of waste considered hazardous.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See tables)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
Except for the survey data from Iowa which were acquired and used in this
assessment, no quantitative data could be identified elsewhere on hazardous
waste generation in the subject SIC's. The data for Iowa, however, may not be
a very accurate representation of the national picture. The definition of
"pathological" waste used in the Iowa survey also appears somewhat narrower
than the definition of "infectious" waste proposed by EPA.
None of the waste in the Iowa study was reported to be rendered. Other
sources of information indicate that rendering is a common practice in some
locales. If rendering is considered to be a recycling method, then the
amount of waste which is generated should be actually less than the estimate
shown since "recyclers" would not be considered "generators" for the purposes
of this study.
B-10
-------
SIC: 0741,0742
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Arthur D. Little Inc., "Veterinary Supply and Demand in the United
States," a report to the American Veterinary Medical Association,
July 1978.
(2) State survey data including 19 surveys from Iowa
(3) Enviro Control, Inc., Evaluation of Treatment, Storage and Dis-
posal Methods for Infectious Waste, report submitted to EPA,
Washington, D.C., May 1979
(4) American Veterinary Medical Association
(5) Based on Iowa state data for 19 establishments in Iowa census
data; the state data indicates that 93% of the hazardous waste
is infectious.
(6) Based on the state data, approximately 11% of the hazardous waste
generators in this SIC do not generate infectious waste.
B-ll
-------
SIC: 0741, 0742
INDUSTRY PROFILE: ESTIMATED NUMBER OF PLANTS AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR
ESTABLISHMENTS IN VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION RANGE CATEGORIES
Haste Generation
Ranges (kg/no)
less than 100
100 - 200
200 - 300
300 - 400
400 - 500
500 - 600
600 - 700
700 - 800
800 - 900
900 - 1000
1000 - 2000
2000 - 5000 •
more than 5000
U.S. Total
Establishments
Number
6,406
635
297
173
124
82
66
49
41
33
173
173
0
a,252<6)
% Total
78
7.7
3.6
2.1
1.5
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
2.1
2.1
0
100
Waste Quantity
kg/no
320,000
95,000
74,000
61,000
56,000
45,000
43,000
37,000
35,000
31,000
260", 000
607,000
0
1,664,000
% Total
19
5.7
4.5
3.6
3.3
2.7
2.6
2.2
2.1
1.9
16
36
0
100
B-12
-------
INDUSTRY: Landscape and Horticultural Services, SIC: 078,8421
Arboreta, Botanical and Zoological Gardens
DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY:
An estimated 50,000 establishments/businesses are included in the subject
industries, with the majority involved in lawn/garden care services in the
residential and commercial market(1}. Most of the firms are small and many
are one- or two-person operations. The number of arboreta, botanical and
(2 3)
zoological gardens in the U.S.'are estimated at 200 to 500 ' .
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES GENERATED:
Potentially hazardous wastes generated in the subject industries are
empty pesticide containers and pesticide contaminated materials resulting
from spills. Only about one-quarter of the 50,000 firms (or 12,500 firms) are
estimated to use any pesticides(1*. Quantities used range from about 1 5-
gallon container per month for the great majority of establishments to over
100 5-gallon containers per month by some larger establishments (especially
during peak season). The total waste generated by the establishments in the
subject SIC is -estimated at 19,000 kg/mo (see Industry Profile).
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Although little is known about waste disposal practices in the industries,
it is believed that most firms dispose of empty containers with municipal
refuse. In many cases such disposal is at the customer's site rather than at
the firm's office or place of business. Industry sources- indicate that some
(2)
firms, particularly larger ones, may rinse their containers prior to disposal
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
No additional disposal cost is incurred by firms in the subject industries
over that for general refuse.
ALTERNATE DISPOSAL METHODS:
Containers may be rinsed prior to disposal, with rinsings used to prepare
the next batch of pesticide solution for application.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
B-13
-------
SIC: 078,8421
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF THE DATA BASE:
Reliable statistics are not available on the number of firms covered by
SIC;s 078 and 8421, on the fraction of the firms using pesticides and on waste
generation quantities. The estimated data shown in the industry profile table
are probably accurate within a factor of two or three based on discussions
with industry representatives ' . Despite uncertainties in the number
of firms and waste generation rates in the subject industry, considerably less
uncertainty is associated with the conclusion that essentially nearly all firms
would generate an average of less than 100 kg/mo of waste containers.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Lawn & Garden Distributors Assn.
(2) Am. Soc. Zoological Parks and Aquariums
(3) Am. Assn. of Botanical Gardens & Arboreta
(4) Based on an assumed container generation rats of container /mo/estab-
lishment and a container weight of 1.5 kg
B-14
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(4)
SIC:
780
8421
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
U1
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-10U
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
600-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-3000
> 5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
12500
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
18750.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
TOTAL
125001
100.0
18750.
100.0
-------
INDUSTRY: Construction - Special Trade Contractors
SIC: 1700
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
The subject SIC includes special trade contractors who undertake special
ized activities such as plumbing, painting, plastering, carpentering, etc.
Establishments that have the potential to produce hazardous wastes are plumb-
ing, heating and air conditioning (SIC 1711), painting, paper hanging and
decorating (SIC 1721), plastering, drywall, acoustical and insulation work
(SIC 1742), carpentering and flooring (SIC's 1751 and 1752), roofing and
sheet metal work (SIC 1761), wrecking and demolition work (SIC 1795), and
miscellaneous special trade (SIC 1799) including epoxy application, glazing
of concrete surfaces, insulation of pipes and boilers and lead burning. The
establishments in SIC 1700 are generally small in size (e.g., in SIC 1721 78%
are in the 1-4 employee size range; see census data computer printout for
number distribution of establishments by EPA region and employment size) and
are distributed throughout the country in approximate proportion to population
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
The specific special trades producing hazardous wastes and the types of
wastes generated are as follows:
(1)
SIC Industry Subcategory
1711 Plumbing, heating and
air conditioning
1721 Painting, paper hanging
and decorating
1742 Plastering, drywall,
acoustical and
insulation work
1751 ' Carpentering and
1752 )flooring
1761 Roofing and sheet
metal work
1795 Wrecking and demoli-
tion work
1799 Misc. special trade
including epoxy appli-
cation, glazing of
concrete surfaces,
insulation of pipes
and boilers, and
lead burning
Type of Potentially
Hazardous Wastes Generated
Solvents, asbestos, and miscellaneous waste
(e.g., contaminated rags, empty containers of
supply materials)
Paint, solvents, glues and miscellaneous
wastes
Waste insulation materials, adhesives, sol-
vents and miscellaneous wastes
Solvents, lacquers, paints, glues and miscell-
aneous wastes
Tars, sealants and miscellaneous wastes
Demolition waste which may contain asbestos,
chemicals, etc. (depending on the nature of
operation)
Epoxy waste, solvents, asbestos and miscell-
aneous wastes
B-16
-------
SIC: 1700
The amounts of hazardous wastes generated by individual special trades
establishments vary. However, in the majority of cases the amounts are
expected to be less than 100 kg/mo. The total amount of hazardous waste gen-
erated by the subject SIC is estimated 2.2 x 10 kg/mo. Painting contractors
(SIC 1721) account for approximately 44% (9.7 x 10 kg/mo) of this total (see
Industry Profile), with an average rate of 35 kg/mo per generator. Other haz-
ardous waste generating establishments account of the remaining 56% (or 1.25
x 10 kg/mo) based on an assumed waste generation rate of 10 kg/mo/establishment.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Generally, all special trades contractors are required by contract (and
some state laws) to properly dispose of all their own wastes, including the
(2)
hazardous wastes, which are produced at a construction site . These con-
tractors, however, usually deposit all their wastes (hazardous and nonhazard-
ous) into roll-offs, dumsters or dump trucks which are placed at the construc-
tion site by the general contractor for the disposal of nonhazardous wastes.
Other methods of disposal used by the special trades contractors are land
burying or land spreading at the construction site . Some large generators
of hazardous wastes dispose of wastes (primarily paint sludges) at hazardous
waste disposal facilities.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
Due to the majority of establishments disposing waste with nonhazardous
construction refuse, disposal costs attributed to hazardous wastes are expected
to be minimal.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
Environmentally more acceptable waste disposal methods for the subject
SIC include: storage and disposal of waste solvents via solvent reclaimers;
segregation and separate disposal (e.g., via commercial waste disposal ser-
vices) of other hazardous wastes from regular refuse; where appropriate
cleaning of the empty containers for recycling or co-disposal with regular
refuse.
B-17
-------
SIC: 1700
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See tables)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
From the standpoint of hazardous waste generation, the subject industry
has been one of the least studied industries. Except for limited state data
for the painting contractors in SIC 1721, very little data are available on
waste quantities generated and disposal practices employed. In this program
information requests submitted to some 20 establishments produced only one
response. Although the data on the number of establishments are considered
reliable, there is considerable uncertainty in the estimated waste generation
rates. Since not all establishments in each of the SIC subcategories con-
sidered as potential hazardous waste generators would produce such wastes
(at least on a routine basis), the total number of generators may have been
overestimated here. However, this overestimation is probably compensated by
the contractors in SIC 15 (building construction - general contractors and
operative builders) and SIC 16 (construction other than building construction
general contractors) which were not separately inventoried.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Based on comparison of number distribution of establishments by
EPA region (census data) versus populations distribution of EPA
regions compiled from the Statistical Abstract, 1978
(2) Based on discussions with the National Association of Home
Builders
(3) Based on state data for SIC 1721
(4) Based on number of establishments from reference (5) and waste
generation factor based on number of employees and waste genera-
tion obtained from industry contacts and state data
(5) Census data
(6) Based on an assumed waste generation rate of 10 kg/mo for all
generators in SIC's 1711, 1742, 1751, 1752, 1761, 1795 and 1799
and the number of establishments from reference (5)
B-18
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(6)
SIC: 1711,1742, 1751,
1752, 1761 1795, 1799
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS HASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
WAbTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
CD
M
vo
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
ESTABL
NUMBER
125201
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ISHMENTS
PERCENT
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
TOTAL
125201
(5)
100.0
1252010.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1252010.
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.Z7.
INDUSTRY PROFiLE
(4)
SIC: 1721
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
DO
to
o
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300- 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
26276
274
137
137
55
27
27
27
27
27
137
110
0
96.4
1.0
.5
.5
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.5
.4
0.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
27261
(5)
100.0
131380.
41100.
34250.
47950.
24750.
14850.
17550.
20250.
22950.
25650.
205500.
385000.
0.
971160.
13.5
4.2
3.5
4.9
2.5
1.5
1.8
2.1
2.4
2.6
21.2
39.6
0.0
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 1721
REGION
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL
5-9
10-19
20-49
50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
1*39
2551
2904
3608
4343
2692
1353
836
2794
825
1601
2136
2250
2C22
3ilO
1906
1075
666
2155
680
158
25?
389
615
483
438
184
111
357
94
57
95
157
22o
217
230
62
45
174
37
20
49
82
115
100
84
29
10
82
12
2
15
19
23
27
26
1
4
21
2
1
3
7
7
5
4
2
0
5
0
0
1
0
0
1
4
c
0
c
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
>1000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
w NATION
23745
18601
3081
1300
583
140
34
-------
INDUSTRY: Shortening, Table Oils, Margarine and Other SIC: 2079
Edible Fats and Oils, Not Elsewhere Classified
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
Establishments in the subject SIC are engaged in manufacturing of shorten-
ing, table oils, and other edible fats and oils, not elsewhere classified, by
further processing of purchased animal and vegetable oils. The only potential
hazardous wastes generated .from the industry is the metallic catalyst (mainly
nickel) used in the hydrogenation process. According to a 1975 survey there
are a total of 96 edible oil refineries in the U.S., 49 of which use the hydro-
genation process and have an annual total production capacity of 3.9 billion kg.
The largest refineries (refineries with capacities in the range of 160 to 340
million kg/yr) account for 46% of the total capacity, while the smallest refiner-
ies (with capacities in the 11 to 56 million kg/yr range) account for only 3% of
the total capacity. The geographical distribution of these refineries is a£
follows(2):
EPA Region No. of Refineries
I 0
II 6
III 0
IV 9
V 17
VI 7
VII 3
VIII 0
IX 7
X 0
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Waste of a potentially hazardous nature generated is spent catalyst (about
30% reduced nickel; 70% nickel oxides) from the hydrogenation process for
refining edible oil. Based on data provided by one establishment and one trade
association, the amount of spent nickel catalyst generated is estimated at
0.02% to 0.03% of the refined oil.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Currently it is estimated*3'45 that 40% of the spent catalyst is handled
by recycling onsite; sales (from nickel recovery) and disposal to hazardous
management facilities" account for the other 60%.
B-22
-------
SIC: 2079
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHOD
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
SOURCES OF DATA USED:
(1) George W. Kramer and S. A. Gazelle, U.S. Edible Fats and Oils Refin-
ing Capacities, 1975, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, FOS-281, Feb. 1976
(2) The Edible Oil Industry in the United States, 1975 Directory
(3) Institute of Shortening and Edible Oils
(4) Contact with one refinery
(5) Assuming 50% of the plants (i.e., 23 plants) dispose of their spent
catalyst using methods other than recycling; also assuming the
hydrogenation capacity in each refinery is proportional to its total
oil refinery capacity
B-23
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(5)
SIC: 2079
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/NO
OS
i
to
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
6
12
0
PERCENT
0.0
0.0
4.3
0.0
4.3
0.0
4.3
0.0
4.3
4.3
26.1
52.2
0.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
0.
0.
250.
0.
450.
0.
650.
0.
650.
950.
9000.
42000.
0.
0.0
0.0
.5
0.0
.8
0.0
1.2
0.0
1.6
1.8
16.6
77.6
0.0
TOTAL
23
100.0
54150.
100.0
-------
INDUSTRY: Textile Mill Products SIC: 2211,2221
2241,228,229
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
Establishments covered include weaving mills, cotton (SIC 2211); weaving
mills, synthetics (SIC 2221); narrow fabric mills (SIC 2241); yarn and thread
mills (SIC 228); and mills engaged in the production of miscellaneous textile
goods such as felt and lace goods, padding and upholstry filling, processed
waste and recovered fabrics and flock, tire cord and fabric, cordage and twine,
etc. (SIC 229). Based on the census data there are 303 establishments in SIC
2211, 422 establishments in SIC 2221, 335 establishments in SIC 2241, 742
establishments in SIC 228 and 986 establishments in SIC 229. Of the total of
2788 establishments in the subject SIC's, 409 (or 15%) and 666 (or 24%) estab-
lishments have less than 5 and 10 employees, respectively.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS HASTES:
The majority of plants in the subject SIC's which report producing hazard-
ous wastes generate waste solvents. These solvents are used for both cleaning
purposes and in various finishing and coating operations. Other potentially
hazardous wastes reported are latex wastes, spinning aid compounds, waste
coating materials, and printing inks. Based on hazardous waste surveys in New
York, Iowa, Mass, and Rhode Island, about 70% (or 1952) of the 2788 mills
generate one or more of the above types of wastes. Based on the waste genera-
tion profiles developed here (see Industry Profile), establishments in the
subject SIC's generate a total of 1.5 million kg/mo of hazardous waste with
an overall average waste generation rate of 1840 kg/mo/waste generating mill.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
About one half of the mills generating solvent wastes indicate that sol-
vents are reclaimed offsite. The remaining solvents and other wastes are dis-
posed to lagoons or to municipal sewer. No mills which report disposal methods
indicate landfill as a disposal method.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
No data are currently available on cost of waste disposal specific to the
subject SIC's.
B-25
-------
SIC: 2211, etc.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
The recovery or incineration of waste solvents would be environmentally
more acceptable than disposal to lagoons or municipal sewer as is practiced
by some mills at present.
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF THE DATA BASE
No other estimates of the waste generation quantities in the subject SIC's
are currently available for comparison purposes. A previous study of the tex-
tile industry excluded the subject SIC's from consideration as hazardous
waste generators, and considered only those mills involved in the dyeing and
finishing of fabrics as hazardous waste generators (SIC's 2231, 225, 226, 2272).
The total amount of hazardous waste generated by the dyeing and finishing mills
(148 million kg/mo, see Industry Assessment - Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles)
far exceeds the estimated waste quantity of 1.5 million kg/mo produced by the
mills in the subject SIC's.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Abrams, E. F., et al, "Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste
Practices, Textile Industry," Office of Solid Waste, U.S. EPA,
June 1976
(2) Based on the census data, adjusted for the "zero" generators
(3) Based on waste quantity data in the state data base for 2 establishments
(4) Based on waste quantity data in the state data base for 4 establishments
(5) Based on waste quantity data in the state data base for 2 establishments
(6) Based on waste quantity data in the state data base for 2 establishments
B-26
-------
11/27/79.
06.43.27.
INDUSTRY PKOFILt
(3)
SIC: 2211
2221
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
w
to
-j
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/NO
0-100
100-20C
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
000-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLI
NUMBER
10
14
13
11
10
9
8
7
6
6
36
37
0
SHMENTS
PERCENT
6.0
B.4
7.8
6.6
6.0
5.4
4.8
4.2
3.6
3.6
21.6
22.2
0.0
WASTE
KG/MO
500.
2100.
3250.
3850.
4500.
4950.
5200.
5250.
5100.
5700.
54000.
129500.
0.
QUANTITY
PERCENT
.2
.9
1.5
1.7
2.0
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.5
24.1
57.8
0.0
167
(2)
100.0
223900.
100.0
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(4)
SIC: 22^1 NATION
228
229 {exoapt 2291, 2295)
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FDR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
CO
10
CO
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/HO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
600-900
900-1000,
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
58
12
13
15
17
18
19
20
21
21
164
45
0
13.7
2.8
3.1
3.5
4.0
4.3
4.5
4.7
5.0
5.0
3B.8
10.6
0.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
2900.
1800.
3250.
5250.
7650.
9900.
12350.
15000.
17850.
19950.
246000.
157500.
0.
.6
.4
.7
1.1
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.6
4.0
49.3
31.5
0.0
TOTAL
423'
100.0
499400.
100.0
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(5)
SIC: 2291
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
HASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
7
to
to
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
7
5
4
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
8
9
0
15.2
10.9
8.7
6.5
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
2.2
2.2
17.4
19.6
0.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
350.
750.
1000.
1050.
900.
1100.
1300.
1500.
850.
950.
12000.
31500.
0.
.7
1.4
1.9
2.0
1.7
2.1
2.4
2.8
1.6
1.8
22.5
59.2
0.0
TOTAL
100.0
53250.
100.0
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(1)
SIC: 2295
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
DJ
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-300
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER
PERCENT
14
16
13
11
9
8
7
6
5
5
28
25
30
7.9
9.0
7.3
6.2
5.1
4.5
4.0
3.4
2.8
2.8
15.8
14.1
16.9
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/ML) PERCENT
700.
2400.
3250.
3850.
4050.
4400.
4550.
4500.
4250.
4750.
42000.
87500.
540000.
.1
.3
.5
.5
.6
.6
.6
.6
.6
.7
5.9
12.4
76.5
TOTAL
177
100.0
706200.
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.55.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES 3Y EPA RFGION IN SICS 2211 and 2221
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
REGION TOTAL 1-4 5-9 10-19 20-49
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
67
74
74
425
20
21
7
4
30
3
9
29
9
22
8
2
3
3
13
2
OD NATION
725
100
32
44
50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999
66
55
88
150
129
>1000
1
6
6
8
4
3
1
0
3
0
5
13
5
9
3
1
1
0
7
0
15
11
9
16
3
3
2
0
7
0
12
5
11
22
1
3
0
1
0
0
1*
9
13
46
1
2
0
0
0
1
6
1
11
126
0
4
0
0
0
0
3
0
8
116
0
2
0
0
0
0
?
0
2
56
0
1
0
0
0
0
61
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 2291
REGION
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN fACH CATEGORY
TOTAL
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
11
7
4
8
5
5
1
0
4
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
2
0
5-9
1
0
0
2
1
1
1
0
0
0
10-19
2
0
1
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
NATION
20-49
2
4
1
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
11
50-99 100-249 250-49Q 500-999
2
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
2
1
1
1
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
>1000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ul
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC Z295
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
REGION TOTAL 1-4 5-9 10-19 20-49 50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
32
49
14
20
35
5
3
3
18
0
3
2
0
3
6
1
1
0
5
0
1
8
1
1
4
1
1
1
2
0
4
10
2
3
5
1
0
1
1
0
5
16
4
6
9
1
1
1
6
0
6
3
4
1
2
1
0
0
3
0
8
8
2
2
3
0
0
0
1
0
4
2
1
3
3
0
0
c
0
0
1
0
0
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
>1000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
NATION
179
21
20
27
49
20
24
13
-------
INDUSTRY: Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles SIC: 2231,225,
226,2272
DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY:
Establishments in the subject SIC's are engaged in the dyeing and finish-
ing of wool, woven or knit fabrics or carpets. It is estimated that approxi-
mately 2000 of the 5400 textile mills in the U.S. conduct dyeing operations
The textile industry is heavily concentrated in the eastern U.S. with over
one half of all mills located in EPA Region IV.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS HASTES PRODUCED:
Three major types of hazardous wastes are identified for the subject
industry. These are (a) empty dye/chemical containers, (b) spent solvents
and (d) wastewater treatment sludges containing heavy metals/dye residues.
An "average" textile mill is estimated to generate about 250 kg/mo of waste
containers and about 100 kg/mo of waste solvent . Only 15% of all tex-
tile mills have wastewater treatment systems; the remainder discharge their
/4\
wastewater to POTW1s . Of the total 300 dyeing and finishing mills which
generate WWT sludges, only 40 mills are estimated to generate less than 5000
(4)
kg/mo of WWT sludge
It is estimated that about 27% of the mills generate less than 100 kg/mo
of waste and 19% more than 5000 kg/mo (see Industry Profile); the total haz-
Q
ardous waste generation in the industry is estimated at 1.48 x 10 kg/mo, with
over 97% of this quantity consisting of WWT sludges from large textile mills.
The distribution of hazardous waste generation by size category may be
altered in the future if regulations for wastewater pretreatment are promul-
gated by EPA Effluent Guidelines Division. The pretreatment of mill waste-
waters would result in the production of WWT sludges and hence, a significant
increase in the total waste quantities produced; under such circumstances it
would be likely that many mills would generate less than 1000 kg/mo, and per-
haps only 10% of all mills would fall into the 1000 to 5000 kg/mo hazardous
waste generation rate category.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES :
Most mills currently dispose of containers offsite in sanitary landfills.
About 5% of the mills reportedly rinse containers prior to disposal. Solvents
B-34
-------
SIC: 2231, etc.
are commonly recovered either onsite or offsite via a contract hauler, with
distillation residues disposed to landfills. WWT sludges are commonly lagooned
onsite, with periodic disposal of settled or dewatered sludge in landfills or
dumps, or by landspreading.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
Contract hauling disposal costs for empty containers for the industry is
estimated at around $15 (1975 dollars) per 1000 kg of waste . A similar
cost is estimated for landfill disposal of solvent recovery residues. (The
cost of solvent recovery is generally offset by the value of recovered solvent.)
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
The major alternative to direct landfill disposal for empty containers
is rinsing prior to disposal to render them nonhazardous. Rinsing is esti-
mated to add about $70 (1975 dollars) per 1000 kg to the disposal cost
Rinsing would also add a small amount of raw waste to wastewater load but
should not significantly affect the cost of WWT.
The current practice of solvent reclamation is environmentally more accept-
able than other disposal methods. Distillation residues could be disposed to
approved landfills.
WWT sludges disposal alternatives include storage in lined lagoons,
disposal of excess sludge in approved landfills, and incineration plus ash dis-
posal in approved landfills.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
The estimated number of mills and waste quantities in the greater than
1000 kg/mo waste generation range are based upon a combination of the state
data, raw data collected in connection with the Reference 1 study and the
comprehensive Effluent Guidelines Division survey of operating mills. The
data base for the estimation of the number and waste quantity distributions
for plants in the less than 1000 kg/mo category range, however, is based on
a less comprehensive data base, namely the state data and the information
collected in connection with the Reference 1 study. Therefore, a greater level
B-35
-------
SIC: 2231, etc.
of confidence would be assigned to the estimation shown in the Industry Pro-
file table for mills in the greater than 1000 kg/mo waste generation rate.
SOURCES OF DATA USED:
(1) Abrams, E. F., et al, "Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste
Practices Textiles Industry," U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste Manage-
ment program, 1976
(2) Based on waste container quantities reported for 17 mills in a
survey in connection with the Reference 1 study
(3) Based on 25 mills reporting hazardous wastes in the state data base
(4) Based on Effluent Guidelines Division survey of the textile industry
(approximately 350 mills out of an industry total of 5000 mills)-
B-36
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(2,3,4)
SIC:
2231
225,226,
NATION
2272
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
u>
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-bOO
bOO-600
bOO-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER
PERCENT
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
560
268
176
93
109
69
41
54
39
34
146
100
387
27.0
12.9
8.5
4.5
5.3
3.3
2.0
2.6
1.9
1.6
7.0
4.8
18.6
28000.
40200.
44000.
32550.
49050.
37930.
26650.
40500.
33150.
32300.
219000.
350000.
147060000.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.2
99.4
TOTAL
2076
100.0
147993350.
100.0
-------
INDUSTRY: Sawmills and Planing Mills SIC: 2421
DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY:
Establishments in the subject industry are primarily involved in producing
soft- and hardwood lumber for general commerce. There are an estimated 16,000
mills in the U.S. with about 1500 of the mills accounting for 95% of total
9 (1)
lumber production (about 4 x 10 board-feet per year) . About 18% of the
(2)
total lumber is treated for "sap stain" control (only the "green" or wet
wood which is subject to sap stain problems is treated); both "dip" and "spray"
(2)
treatment methods are used . The most common treating chemical used is
pentachlorophenol. Sap stain control treatment is practiced by mills of all
sizes, although larger mills with kilns tend to do less (or no) treating.
The census data indicate a total of 6785 establishments in SIC 2421 of
which 76% have less than 20 employees. Based on the census data, most of the
mills are located in EPA Regions IV (.32%!, III (18%) and V C12%).
CHARACTERISTICS OP HAZARDOUS WASTES:
The two types of wastes generated by the treatment for sap stain control
process are wood residues (sawdust, chips, etc.) saturated with treating
chemicals and empty treating chemical containers. The former type of waste
(2)
is that which accumulates in dip tanks or spray drip tanks . Although no
data are available on the amounts of such waste generated by sawmills, similar
wastes generated by pressure treating of wood (in SIC 2491) range from 0.3 to
3 (3)
4 kg residue per 1000 ft of wood treated . Based on this generation factor,
the small sawmills (the estimated 95% of the mills) would generate less than
1 kg/mo of waste and the large mills would generate from 60 to 800 kg/mo of
waste. Of the 11 sawmills contacted in this study, only one indicated that
(4)
it treated wood for sap stain control . Using this information (i.e., only
about 9% of the mills treat wood) and assuming that sap stain treatment is
practiced equally by large and small mills, the waste generation estimates
shown in the industry profile table have been calculated. Of the estimated
1500 U.S. mills (i.e., 9% of the 16,000) which employ sap stain treatment,
about 1300 (i.e., 90%) would generate less than 100 kg/mo of waste. The total
waste generation for the industry is estimated at 36,000 kg/mo. The quantity
of empty treating chemical containers produced by saw mills is estimated at
0.2 kg/mo for small mills and 50 kg/mo for a very large mill . Compared
to the process waste (treating residue) quantities, waste container quantities
are very small and do not significantly impact the estimated waste quantities
shown in the Industry Profile table.
B-38
-------
SIC: 2421
(2)
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES
Little is known about disposal practices for treating residues. It is
believed that most mills would have such wastes contract hauled to landfills
along with other mill wastes. Some mills probably burn treating residues
onsite along with bulk wood wastes (an increasing number of medium to large
mills employ incineration with heat recovery for the disposal of waste woods.
The practice of open burning of wood wastes in "tee-pee" type incinerators
is on the decline due to air pollution restrictions. Open burning and improp-
erly designed and operated incinerators would be ineffective in destroying
halogenated organics such as pentachlorophenol contained in the wood treating
waste.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COSTS:
Although no data are currently available on disposal cost for treating
residues, it is not likely that any additional costs are incurred at present
over the cost for bulk waste disposal at sawmills.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
The major alternative to the current prevalent landfill disposal method
is use of properly designed and operated incinerators.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
Since very little actual data appear to exist on the number of mills
which treat wood for sap stain control and on waste generation quantities
and disposal methods, the estimates presented here are subject to some un-
certainty stemming from the limited nature of the data base.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Statistic Abstract of the United States, U.S. Dept. of Commerce,
Bureau of the Census, 1976
(2) Information provided by a major supplier of chemicals to sawmills
for sap stain control
(3) Data obtained from a limited survey of pressure wood treaters,
1978. See SIC 2491
B-39
-------
SIC: 2421
(4) Telephone discussions with 11 establishments; the establishments
were selected from those listed in the Dun and Bradstreet Middle
Market Directory, 1975
(5) Assuming that about 0.4 Ibs of treating chemical is used per 1000
board feet of wood needed (Reference 2 above) and that treating
chemicals are purchased in 5-gallon containers weighing 1.3 kg
empty
(6) The distribution of number of plants producing more than 100 kg/mo
of wastes assumes that waste produced by a mill is proportional to
the number of employees at the mill. The relative distribution of
plants by employment size category is that contained in the census
data.
B-40
-------
11/27/79.
08.A3.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
16)
SIC: 2421
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
o
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
bOO
900
1000
2000
-100
•200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-t>00
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER
1336
75
35
15
10
3
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
PERCENT
90.5
5.1
2.4
1.0
.7
.2
.1
.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
ESTABLISHMENTS IN
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
2672.
11250.
8750.
5250.
4500.
1650.
1300.
750.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
7.4
31.1
24.2
14.5
12. b
4.6
3.6
2.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
TOTAL
1477
100.0
36122
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT size CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN sic ?42i
REGION
?NATION
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL !-<• 5-9 10-19 20-49
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
360
210
1196
2167
e43
568
297
215
284
644
192
101
504
774
406
19?
145
«7
82
166
55
50
2QO
505
ltd
90
66
29
?2
66
67
35
231
372
152
94
44
27
39
72
26
20
136
301
93
94
17
28
42
108
11
4
29
140
19
53
3
30
44
101
Q
0
6
69
5
36
2
12
39
96
0
0
0
4
0
4
C
1
12
24
6784
2fc49
1133
865
50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999 >1000
0 0
0 0
0 0
2 0
0 0
4 1
0 0
1 0
3 1
8 3
18 5
434
274
45
N)
-------
INDUSTRY: Wood Preserving SIC: 2491
DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY(1/2':
Plants in SIC 2491 are primarily engaged in pressure treating of wood
using one or more of three major types of treating chemicals - creosote, penta-
chlorophenol, and inorganic salts (primarily pentavalent arsenic salts). Of
the 415 plants operating in the U.S., 295 treat with creosote or pentachloro-
phenol and the other 120 treat with inorganic salts. Over three quarters of
the plants are located in either the Southern Pines region (Texas to Maryland)
or the Douglas Fir/Western Red Cedar region (Washington to Northern California).
The census data indicate 385 establishments for the subject SIC (compared
to 417 establishments used here based on data from References 1 and 2); the three
EPA regions with the largest percentages of establishments are Regions IV (34%),
VI (18%) and X (9.6%). Most of the establishments in this SIC are small in
terms of number of employees, with 56% having less than 20 employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES:
Two general types of potentially hazardous wastes generated by wood pre-
serving plants are waste water treatment sludges and tank clean-out residues.
The former types of waste is generated by plants which use creosote or penta-
chlorophenol (PCP). Moisture removed from wood during the treating process
is subsequently condensed, producing a wastewater containing some creosote or
PCP. Resulting WWT sludges are generated in approximate proportion to volume
of wood treated. Reported WWT sludge generation rates range from 50 to 23,000
kg/mo per plant . Inorganic salt treating does not result in the generation
of wastewater containing treating chemicals since the salts are not volatile
and hence, a moisture removal step is not needed (indeed, water is the solvent
for salt treating).
All wood preserving plants generate small amounts of wastes from tank
cleaning. These wastes consist of sawdust, wood chips, and sludge containing
(4)
treating chemicals. Reported quantities range from 50 to 450 kg/mo per plant
A typical creosote or PCP treater generates about 400 kg/mo of WWT sludge
(4)
A typical treater generates about 250 kg/mo of tank clean-out residues
Twenty-one percent of all wood preservers are estimated to generate less than
100 kg/mo of waste; 13% generate more than 5000 kg/mo (see Industry Profile).
B-43
-------
SIC: 2491
The total quantity of hazardous wastes generated by the industry is estimated
(3)
at 1.2 x 10 kg/mo.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES
WWT sludges generated by the creosote and PCP treaters are disposed of on-
site by 41% of the plants, contract hauled to offsite landfills by 41%, used
for road stabilization by 15% and burned in boilers onsite by 4%. Of those
plants indicating contract hauling, one-third indicate "toxic chemical land-
fill" as the disposal site. Little is known about disposal practices for tank
clean-out wastes, although it is believed that such wastes would be handled in
a manner similar to that used for WWT sludges at most plants.
Since treating wastes tend to be relatively small in volume, most plants
arrange for waste hauling on a periodic basis, in some cases only once every
few years.
CURRENT COST OF DISPOSAL:
Reported disposal costs for WWT sludges range from $100 to $2000/year
(1976 dollars), or $100 to $1000/tonne of waste . The relatively high unit
cost for disposal probably reflects costs for dredging of ponds as well as haul-
ing for these wastes. No data are available for tank clean-out waste disposal
costs.
ALTERNATIVE WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS:
Incineration could prove effective for creosote/PCP wastes if conducted
under sufficiently severe conditions to insure destruction of treating chemi-
cal residues. Incineration is not environmentally acceptable for inorganic
salt containing wastes, due to the presence of arsenic and or chrome in the
wastes.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF THE DATA BASE:
The estimates of WWT sludge quantities for the industry are based upon
data supplied to EGD by 38 wood preserving plants representing a range of
plant sizes from various parts of the country. These data are thought to be
a reasonably good representation of the industries sludge waste
B-44
-------
SIC? 2491
The data for tank clean-out wastes are from three plants. The accuracy
or representativeness of these data are not known. Since tank wastes are the
only hazardous waste for the 120 inorganic salt treaters, and most of these
treaters (85%) are estimated to generate less than 1000 kg/mo, there is some
uncertainty in the number of small volume generators in the "less than 1000
kg/mo" generating categories. This uncertainty, however, does not dramatically
affect the distribution of small volume generators in the industry since the
inorganic salt treaters account for less than one-third of the total plants.
It should be mentioned that a distribution similar to that presented in
the Industry Profile table is obtained when state survey data alone are used
to estimate the industry profile . Since the state data, TRW survey data,
and EGD data represent independent sources, the similarity of the distribu-
tion based on state data to that in the Industry Profile table indicates that
the profile is probably representative of the industry.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Maloney and Pagliai, Wood Preservation Statistics 1977, American
Wood Preservers Association, September 1978
(2) Revised Technical Review of the best available technology, best
demonstrated technology for the timber products processing point
source category, Environmental Science and Engineering Inc. for
Effluent Guidelines Division of EPA, Project No. 78-052, October
15, 1978
(3) Data provided by Effluent Guidelines Division of EPA for 38 plants
(4) Data obtained for 3 pressure wood treaters by TRW, 1979
(5) Based upon data provided by EPA/EGD on WWT sludges from 38 creosote
and PCP treating plants and data obtained in this study from 3 plants
on tank clean-out residues, the EGD data on distribution of WWT
waste quantities is applied to 295 creosote and PCP treaters; the
data on clean-out residue wastes applied to all plants including
120 inorganic salt treaters which generate only clean-out residue
wastes. Creosote and PCP treaters are assumed to have both WWT
sludges and clean-out residues, while inorganic salt treaters are
assumed to have only clean-out residues.
(6) Based upon state survey data for 8 plants
B-45
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.Z7.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(3,4)
SIC:
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0
100
zoo
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-BOO
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
ESTABL1
NUMBER
88
42
36
36
24
16
12
13
4
5
45
44
52
[SHMENTS
PERCENT
21.1
10.1
8.6
8.6
5.8
3.8
2.9
3.1
1.0
1.2
10.8
10.6
12.5
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MJ PERCENT
TOTAL
417
(1)
100.0
3872.
6300.
9000.
12600.
10800.
8800.
7800.
9750.
3400.
4750.
67500.
154000.
951600.
1250172.
.3
.5
.7
1.0
.9
.7
.6
.8
.3
.4
5.4
12.3
76.1
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY E"A PFGION IN SIC 2491
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
REGION TOTAL 1-4 5-9 13-19 20-49 50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999 >1000
0 C 0 0
0000
1000
7000
1 C 0 0
2000
0000
0 C 0 0
0000
3 C 0 0
NATION 38ft 73 66 71 112 45 14 C 0 0
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
6
b
35
1 33
36
70
21
19
?4
37
2
1
R
19
8
16
6
5
5
8
0
2
5
23
2
13
5
5
3
S3
0
0
6
26
11
11
4
2
8
3
4
2
11
35
10
22
4
6
6
12
0
0
4
23
4
6
2
1
2
3
-------
INDUSTRY: Miscellaneous Wood Products SIC: 2499
DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY:
Firms in the subject industry are engaged in the production of a variety
of wood products including veneer, cork, hardboard paneling, picture frames
and fencing. Many of these and other products are finished with paint, lacquer,
varnish or other coating materials. Based on the census data there are 2792
establishments in the U.S. in SIC 2499? about 39% employ less than 5 persons.
Unlike firms in many other wood products industry segments, SIC 2499 is not
heavily concentrated in the wood producing areas of the country. Three EPA
regions with the largest percentages of the establishments in SIC 2499 are
Regions V (22%), IV (15%) and IX (14%).
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
The hazardous wastes generated in the subject industry are from painting
and related operations and include paint sludges, solvents, empty paint con-
tainers, and clean-up wastes from coating/glueing operations. Based on data
from solid/hazardous waste surveys in 4 states (New York, Iowa, Mass., and
Rhode Island), about 36% of the firms (or 1003 plants) in SIC 2499 generate
hazardous wastes. An estimated 11% of the firms generate more than 5000 kg/
mo of waste while only 13% generate less than 100 kg/mo (see Industry Profile);
the average amount of waste generated per generator is about 3400 kg/mo.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
All plants which report waste disposal methods indicate that non-solvent
wastes are disposed to landfill or to lagoon onsite (one case), and that sol-
vents are sent to offsite reclamation
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
Two plants which dispose to landfill indicate a disposal cost of about
$250/ton. The one plant which indicated onsite lagooning reports about
$10,000/ton. No cost data are reported for solvent disposal/reclamation.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
B-48
-------
SIC: 2499
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF THE DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED:
(1) Based on state survey data for 7 plants
(2) Census data, adjusted for the "zero" generators (estimated at 64%)
B-49
-------
11/27/79.
Otf .43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(1)
SIC: 2*99
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
oo
in
o
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
100-300
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
358
77
43
30
23
18
14
11
9
9
52
50
309
35.7
7.7
4.3
3.0
2.3
1.8
1.4
1.1
.9
.9
5.2
5.0
30.8
ESTABLISHMENTS IN
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
1003
(2)
100.0
17900.
11550.
10750.
10500.
10350.
9900.
9100.
8250.
7650.
8550.
78000.
175000.
3090000.
3447500.
.5
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
2.3
5.1
89.6
100.0
-------
11/29/7Q. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGCPIFS BY EpA PfGICN IN $ I C 249^
REGION
NATION
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL
2792
5-9
10-lQ
20-49
50-99 100-249 2f-0-49<* 50C-99Q
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
2 Bo
307
239
409
626
206
137
55
345
142
104
117
91
143
240
7«
45
35
170
66
56
77
57
t-6
11*5
52
25
10
73
?8
43
50
<-4
80
119
11
29
5
60
18
46
37
27
64
81
27
26
2
50
17
16
20
9
2B
38
11
7
2
21
6
17
5
9
IB
23
6
2
1
6
7
1094
i>60
479
379
4
1
0
•3
^j
6
1
1
0
21
0
0
2
1
3
0
C
0
0
0
>1000
0
C
0
1
0
0
C
0
0
0
-------
INDUSTRY: Furniture and Fixtures SIC: 25
DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY:
Firms in SIC 25 are engaged in the manufacture of household, office,
public building and restaurant furniture and office and store fixtures. Many
of these firms conduct painting/varnishing/lacquering operations in the finish-
ing of their products. Based on the census data, there are 8630 establishments
in SIC 25 with about 46% of these employing less than 10 persons.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
The hazardous wastes generated by firms in SIC 25 are primarily paint
sludges, solvents, empty paint containers and similar wastes from application
of lacquers, varnishes and other coatings. Many firms which manufacture metal
furniture also conduct degreasing operations prior to painting and thus gen-
erate a waste degreasing solvent or solvent recovery sludge. Wastes from
painting/coating operations are estimated to constitute about 90% of the total
hazardous waste in SIC 25, degreasing waste about 10% . Based on data from
solid/hazardous waste surveys in 4 states (New York, Iowa, Mass, and Rhode
Island) about 70% (or 6062) of the establishments in SIC 25 are estimated to
generate hazardous wastes. About 25% of the generators are estimated to pro-
duce less than 100 kg/mo of waste and no plants generate more than 5000 kg/mo
of waste (see Industry Profile); an average plant would generate about 700 kg/mo
of waste.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Offiste landfill via contract hauling is reported for disposal of non-
solvent wastes by all plants which indicate a disposal method. Solvents are
reportedly recovered either onsite or offsite by all plants which indicate a
disposal method.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
Two plants which indicate offsite landfill via contract hauling for waste
disposal report costs of $750 for disposal of 2 tons/year of waste and $500
for disposal of 6 tons/year of waste.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
B-52
-------
SIC: 25
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF THE DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Based on data from state surveys for 11 'plants in SIC 25
(2) Census data, adjusted for the estimated "zero" generators (30%
of establishments)
B-53
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(1)
SIC: 2500
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
w
Ln
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
000-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
1485
936
619
443
341
271
220
183
154
132
721
557
0
24.5
15.4
10.2
7.3
5.6
4.5
3.6
3.0
2.5
2.2
11.9
9.2
0.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
6062
(2)
100.0
74250.
140400.
154750.
155050.
153450.
149050.
143000.
1372*0.
130900.
125400.
1081500.
1949500.
0.
4394500.
1.7
3.2
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.1
3.0
2.9
24.6
44.4
0.0
100.0
-------
12/06/79.
12.30.54.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 2500
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
REGION
TOTAL
1-4
5-9
10-19
£0-^9
50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999
>1000
1
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
485
1219
708
Ib24
1452
6B9
327
160
1531
235
152
427
195
445
372
216
87
67
518
88
85
248
101
249
224
118
68
24
247
45
93
213
104
273
234
108
51
25
263
39
65
178
128
326
269
117
46
25
273
35
40
81
72
193
144
61
38
15
128
20
37
58
62
181
133
47
26
4
86
6
10
9
26
104
51
15
7
0
14
1
3
5
16
43
17
5
4
0
2
1
0
0
4
1C
b
2
0
0
0
0
NATION
w
m
Ul
6630
2567
1409
1403
1462
792
640
237
96
24
-------
INDUSTRY: Production of Coated and Glazed Paper SIC: 2641
DESCRIPTION OP THE INDUSTRY:
Firms in SIC 2641 are primarily engaged in the manufacture of coated,
glazed or varnished paper from purchased paper or pulp. Coating/finishing
operations are usually conducted using larger continuous machines to apply
inks, dyes, waxes or other coatings. Based on the census data there are 429
plants in the U.S. in SIC 2641; 52% of the plants employ less than 20
persons. The majority of plants are located in EPA Regions V (30%), II (18%),
I (14%) and IX (13%).
CHARACTERISTICS OP HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Hazardous waste generated by plants in SIC 2641 are primarily from cleanup
or "end of run" operations and consist of inks, dyes, solvents, latex and adhe-
sives. Based on data from state surveys and information supplied by indus-
try sources(2), essentially all mills in SIC 2641 are expected to produce one
or more of the above types of wastes. Based on the estimates developed here
(see Industry Profile), over 40% of the establishments in SIC 2641 generate
more than 5000 kg/mo of waste and only two plants generate less than 100 kg/mo
of waste. An average plant is estimated to generate about 44,000 kg/mo of
hazardous wastes.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
All plants which report information on waste disposal indicate that they
dispose of non-solvent wastes to landfill, usually via contract hauling. One
plant indicates on-site chemical treatment of acidic wastes prior to disposal.
Of the two plants which provide information about solvent disposal, one indi-
cates offsite recovery and the other indicates onsite incineration.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COSTS:
No data are currently available from plants in SIC 2641 pertaining to
disposal costs for hazardous wastes.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
B-56
-------
SIC: 2641
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF THE DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Based on state data for 9 establishments
(2) National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement
(3) Census data
B-57
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(1)
SIC: 2641
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
7
m
00
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
bOO-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
2
11
17
19
19
18
16
15
13
11
63
36
189
429
(3)
.5
2.6
4.0
4.4
4.4
4.2
3.7
3.5
3.0
2.6
14.7
8.4
44.1
100.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
100.
1650.
42i»0.
6650.
0550.
9900.
10400.
11250.
11050.
10450.
94500.
126000.
18900000.
19194750.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.5
.7
98.5
100.0
-------
11/30/79. 10.02.17.
iREAKDOwN OF PLANTS IH EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 2641
REGION
NUMdER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL
1-4
5-9
10-19
20-49
50-99 100-2*9 250-499 >00-999
7
U1
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
NATION
tol
77
28
38
130
17
13
5
56
4
429
8
14
0
4
17
3
2
1
16
0
71
9
8
4
6
19
2
1
0
10
2
61
13
20
5
5
23
4
3
2
13
1
89
11
16
5
2
16
3
1
2
8
0
64
8
9
3
9
18
2
2
0
4
0
55
8
6
3
6
16
3
3
0
**
0
53
2
3
1
4
d
0
1
0
1
0
20
1
1
1
0
7
0
0
0
0
1
11
>1000
1
0
0
0
4
0
c
0
0
0
-------
INDUSTRY: Printing, Publishing, and Allied Industries SIC: 27
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
The establishments in this industry are engaged in printing by processes
such as letterpress, lithography, gravure, or screen or in performing services
for the printing trade such as bookbinding, typesetting, engraving, photo-
engraving " and electrotyping. This SIC also includes establishments engaged
in publishing newspapers, books, and periodicals. The establishments are dis-
tributed throughout the country roughly in proportion to regional population.
The census data indicate a total of 41,877 establishments for this SIC of which
64% employ less than 10 persons (see census data computer printout for a break-
down of the number of establishments by EPA region and employment size category)
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Based on state survey data which includes more than 200 establishments in
SIC 27, the primary hazardous wastes generated by this industry are flammable
and toxic wastes including solvents, dyes, inks, oils and other organic com-
pounds and photographic chemicals (fixers, developers, stabilizers) which are
toxic or corrosive. Many establishments, especially those engaged in photo-
processing, will also generate empty containers which may contain hazardous
wastes . The total waste quantity generated by establishments in this SIC
is estimated at 41 million kg/mo, or an average rate of 1300 kg/mo per genera-
tor;* almost 65% of the firms generate less than 100 kg/mo of hazardous waste
(see Industry Profile).
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
State survey data indicate that about 75% of the establishments which
generate photographic chemical wastes dispose of them to sewers. Some firms
indicate that the wastes are neutralized prior to disposal. Of the establish-
ments which do not dispose to sewers, about 56% indicate recycling of some
photographic chemicals, and 28% indicate disposal to landfill; these chemicals
are usually hauled offsite by contractors. Other disposal methods include
onsite land burial and onsite landspreading.
*These estimated quantities do not include wastes discharged to sewers.
B-60
-------
SIC: 27
The disposal practices for solvents, inks and organics are as follows:*
• Over 40% of the establishments use landfills for disposal of solvents,
inks, and organics
• 13% dispose of inks, organics (primarily alcohols) and solvents to
the sewer
• 13% recycle some of their wastes
• Over 20% of the establishments indicate other disposal methods includ-
ing incineration (for solvents), onsite evaporation (for solvents),
deep well injection (for solvents, inks, organics), onsite burial
(for solvents and organics), onsite lagoons and disposal on open
ground (for solvents).
• Over 20% of the establishments indicated that their disposal methods
were unknown.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
Waste disposal of inks, organic compounds and solvents in Subtitle C
facilities is environmentally more acceptable than disposal methods currently
used by some generators (for example, disposal on open ground). Increased
recycling of some wastes (e.g., solvents) would reduce the need to dispose of
hazardous wastes by other methods.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
See table.
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
State data may be biased toward establishments in the industry which per-
form photoprocessing. About 57% of the firms in the state data reported having
photographic chemical wastes. However, based on telephone communication with
one technical expert with the Graphic Arts Technical Foundation, this figure
is probably too high. According to this expert, about 50% of all printers and
suppliers to publishers will probably have photographic wastes, but publishers
*The total for the percentages shown exceed 100% because some establishments
report employing more than one disposal method.
B-61
-------
SIC: 27
will have none. In this study it is assumed that the number of establishments
producing photographic wastes account for about 40% of all establishments in
SIC 27.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) See assessment summary sheet for SIC's 7221, 7333, 7395 and 7819
(2) Rasert on state survey data for over 200 establishments and on personal
communication with Graphic Arts Technical Foundation
(3)Census data, adjusted for the estimated "zero" generators
B-62
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(2)
SIC: 2700
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
&
U)
WAi>TE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
JOO-400
400-500
500-6UO
600-700
700-dOO
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
31410
(3)
WASTE QUANTIFY
KG/MO PERCENT
20518
1884
1038
684
532
418
376
221
376
334
685
794
3350
65.3
6.0
3.3
2.2
1.7
1.3
1.2
.7
1.2
1.1
2.8
2.5
10.7
1025900.
282600.
259500.
239400.
239400.
229900.
244400.
165750.
319600.
317300.
1327500.
2779000.
33500000.
2.5
.7
.6
.6
.6
.6
.6
.4
.8
.8
3.2
6.8
81. b
100.0
40930250.
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA RfGlQN IN SIC 2700
REGION
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
T3TAL
1-4
5-9
10-19
20-49
5C-99 100-249 250-49Q 500-999
I
V
VI
NATI
00
s
I
J I
J I
IV
V
VI
II
II
IX
X
ON
?6>n
7142
3812
5216
S870
3702
2679
1310
5253
1210
41877
1082
3178
1438
2385
3513
1776
1115
605
2593
576
18261
535
141?
793
1120
1750
725
567
302
9QF-
250
6452
435
1137
635
725
1489
555
421
173
753
168
6491
343
823
494
584
1147
3? S
343
147
540
1*8
4952
147
306
203
216
503
138
124
38
19C
36
1901
88
185
165
112
303
8C
70
33
128
30
1194
26
48
51
45
104
23
22
Q
29
P
367
15
35
22
17
33
13
10
2
17
3
167
>10CO
IB
11
12
4
7
1
5
1
92
-------
INDUSTRY: Industrial Inorganic Chemicals SIC: 281
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
SIC 281 covers establishments involved in the production of alkalies and
chlorine (SIC 2812), industrial gases (SIC 2813), inorganic pigments (SIC
2816) and industrial inorganic chemicals, not elsewhere classified (SIC 2819).
Over 200 chemicals are included in the subject SIC's. The raw materials and
production processes used differ from chemical to chemical, thus a spectrum
of waste characteristics and quantities are encountered. Most plants produce
more than one chemical; some produce chemicals that fall into other SIC's.
Based on the information in the SRI Directory of Chemical Producers ,
it is estimated that there are 81 plants in SIC 2812, 443 plants in SIC 2813,
59 plants in SIC 2816, and 479 plants in SIC 2819
The size of plants range from 1-4 employees to more than 1000 employees
with more than 50% of the plants employing less than 20 employees. The major-
ity (62%) of these smaller plants are in SIC 2813.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
SIC 2812. Only hazardous wastes identified in this SIC are mercury- and
asbestos-bearing wastes which are produced in the production of chlorine by
the "mercury cell" and the "diaphragm cell" processes, respectively. Asbestos
waste disposal is currently regulated. In 1972 the smallest mercury cell
(3 4)
plant produced more than 9 metric ton/day of chlorine ' . At an estimated
(4)
waste generation rate of 20 kg/metric ton of chlorine, the smallest plant
would generate more than 5000 kg/mo of mercury waste.
Wastes generated from other chemical production, processes are mainly
brine mud (magnesium hydroxide and calcium carbonate from brine purification)
and wastewaters containing dissolved carbonates and chlorides of sodium and
potassium.
The total wastes generated by all establishments in the SIC is estimated
at 9.1 million kg/mo.
SIC 2813. No hazardous wastes are generated from plants producing acetylene,
nitrogen, oxygen, noble gases and nitrous oxide (a total of 255 plants).
Plants producing other gases (CO, CO2> H2» etc.) may generate spent catalyst
containing chromium, copper and other metals. Waste generation rate is
B-65
-------
SIC: 281
estimated at 0.5 kg of spent catalyst per 1000 kg of product . Based on
this estimate, nearly all plants engaged in the production of these other
gases generate less than 5000 kg/mo of waste. Some plants covered in the
state, data base also report disposing of lube oil and solvents. The total
quantity of waste generated by establishments in SIC 2813 is estimated at
(6)
275,000 kg/mo, with an average of 1460 kg/mo/plant
SIC 2816. Plants in SIC 2816 generate sludges which may be corrosive
and may contain chromium, cadmium, lead and other metals. Five plants have
been identified as potential small volume hazardous waste generators. Based
on the information obtained from two of these five plants, the average waste
generation rate is estimated at 510 kg/mo/plant. The total wastes generated
(4)
by all establishments in SIC 2816 is estimated at 38 million kg/mo
SIC 2819. Hazardous wastes generated by the establishments in this SIC
include water and wastewater treatment sludges, sludges from purification of
raw materials or products, rejected chemicals, spills and cleanup wastes,
dust collected by air pollution control devices, etc. These wastes may be
highly acidic or alkaline and may contain toxic metals, fluorides, cyanides
and sulfide. Total wastes generated by all establishments in this SIC is
(4)
estimated at 280 million kg/mo
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Some establishments in SIC 2813 reclaim all their waste (mainly spent
catalysts). It is not known how many establishments practice waste reclama-
tion; the profile table for this SIC assumes that all establishments dispose
of catalyst waste.
The following distribution of waste quantities and generators by disposal
is estimated for SIC 2819 based on the state data:
Disposal Method Waste Quantity Generator
Landfill 19% 31%
Recycle 18% 13%
Others 2% 6%
Contract hauling (no 61% 50%
ultimate disposal
method specified)
B-66
-------
SIC: 281
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See tables)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) 1977 Directory of Chemical Producers, Stanford Research Institute
(2) In many plants wastes generated from different operations are com-
bined; thus even though the production of a specific chemical may
produce a "small" quantity of hazardous waste, the plant as a whole
may be large generators due to waste contribution from the produc-
tion of other chemicals. Since data on total waste quantities and
characteristics do not currently exist for all plants in the subject
industry, the identification of "small generators" in the industry
require other approaches. The following "product-by-product"
analysis approach (see Fig. 1), which has been used in a large number
of previous EPA industry studies, has been used in the preparation
of this assessment.
a) Using the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) 1977 Directory
of Chemical Producers,^ all individual plants producing
SIC 281 chemicals were identified. (A total of 1324 plants
were identified as producers of SIC 281 chemicals.)
b) The producers of SIC 281 chemicals were further screened and
those producers for whom the SIC 281 chemicals were listed as
only a very minor fraction of the total chemical production
(in terms of the number of chemicals produced, e.g., one or
two SIC 281 chemicals from a total of 10 or more chemicals
listed for a plant site) were eliminated from further con-
sideration. (A total of 262 plants were eliminated in this
fashion.)
B-67
-------
«*: oiueronr
. PKDUCT.U
t
k .4W
Kxtsriins LiTtMTVi-E Aim
MTSULTS or ttmmtmie
EVALUATION Oil HASTE TYPE
HID CII.T.IlATtCII HATES AJ.O
PLAIIT nouvcTic-i rivji-rs
\
t
00
xa THS
A HAIMiaOUS
WASTE CrMCKATOA OH X
AL IIAZAROOUS
TE CENEIMTOM?
OT1IEH
81C CHEMICALS
rnoDUcm AT THIS
PLANT*
CHEMICALS M
•UBJCCT SIC THS
HXJOE PBODUCT A*
TIIXS riANTT
is me
A LAH^C II»:A^JMU3
HASTE Ul.-EhATOKT
Tilt PLANT
PIOMCC OILMICALS
IS SUSJtCT SIC?
TOTAL I.L-XER Of
IARCE CL::CRATORS
IN StUJICT SIC
SUM TOTAL or ALL
PLANTS WITH SUBJECT
SIC CIIEHICALS AS
MAJOR rronucrs
CLIHIMATtD
PWtnlElt GONSIDERATtOM
EtI.MIIlATCD
romitR coisietMTiOii
Figure 1. Schematics of the Step-by-step Procedure for the Identification of Small Volume Hazardous
Waste Generators
10
oo
-------
SIC: 281
c) The producers of SIC 281 chemicals were then examined in the
light of data which have been reported on hazardous waste
generation quantities associated with the production of certain
specific chemicals or plants producing such chemicals. Those
plants which could be definitely identified as large generators
(based on the production of a single chemical) or nonhazardous
waste generators (based on all chemicals produced) were elim-
inated from further consideration.
d) The output from step (c) was the identification of 248 plants
' as potentially small hazardous waste generators. Based on
published production and waste generation rate data and infor-
mation obtained via telephone from selected plants, the "small
generators" classification was confirmed for 185 of the 248
plant sites; the classification of the other 63 plants require
acquisition of data from additional plants.
(3) EPA/EGD Pretreatment Development Document: Inorganic Chemicals
Manufacturing, EPA-400/1-77/087
(4) "Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste Practices, Inorganic Chemi-
cals Industry," Versar Inc., NTIS Report PB-244-832, March 1975
(5) Versar (EPA/OSW contractor)
(6) Based on state data for nine small generators for SIC 2813
(7) Based on state data for 11 small generators for SIC 2819
(8) EPA/EGD Development Document: Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing,
EPA-400/l-74-007a
(9) EPA/EGD Development Document: Significant Inorganic Products,
EPA-400/1-75/037
(10) "Assessment of Solid Waste Management Problems and Practices in
the Inorganic Chemicals Industry," Versar Inc., EPA Contract No.
68-03-2604
(11) EPA/EGD
(12) Contact with six individual establishments
B-69
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(6)
SIC: 2813
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG /MO
co
•vl
o
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
600
900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-10CO
-2000
-5000
5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
19
17
13
13
9
9
7
6
6
6
28
55
0
10.1
9.0
6.9
6.9
4.8
4.8
3.7
3.2
3.2
3.2
14.9
29.3
0.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
950.
2550.
3250.
4550.
4050.
4950.
4550.
4500.
5100.
5700.
42000.
192?00.
0.
.3
.9
1.2
1.7
1.5
l.B
1.7
1.6
1.9
2.1
15.3
70.1
0.0
TOTAL
188
100.0
274650.
100.0
-------
11/27/79,
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PRUFILE
(4,7)
SIC: 2819
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
w
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-10C
iOO-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
aOO-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER
4
7
6
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
11
9
90
PERCENT
2.7
4.7
4.0
3.3
2.7
2.7
2.0
2.0
1.3
1.3
7.3
6.0
60.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MG PERCENT
200. .0
1050. .0
1500. .0
1750. .0
1800. .0
2200. .0
1950. .0
2250. .0
1700. .0
1900. .0
16500. .0
31500. .0
279000000. <4) 100.0
TOTAL
150
100.0
279064300.
100.0
-------
INDUSTRY: Plastic Materials and Synthetic Resins, Synthetic SIC: 282
Rubber, Synthetic and Other Man-made Fibers, Except
Glass
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
Th-is group includes chemical establishments primarily engaged in manufac-
turing plastics materials and synthetic resins, synthetic rubbers, and cellu-
losic and man-made organic fibres. Establishments primarily engaged in the
manufacture of rubber products, and those primarily engaged in the compounding
of purchased resins or the fabrication of plastics sheets, rods, and mis-
cellaneous plastics products, are classified in Major Group 30; and textile
mills primarily engaged in throwing, spinning, weaving, or knitting textile
products from manufactured fibers are classified in Major Group 22.
Of the 597 plants in this group, 21% have fewer than 10 employees, 66%
have fewer than 100 employees, and 87% have fewer than 500 employees
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
The wastes reported by the 46 plants in the state data base and the
percent of plants reporting each waste are shown below.
Waste % of Plants Reporting*
Solvents 52
Oils 30
Miscellaneous organics 30
(e.g., phenols, resins)
Paint wastes 11
Inorganics 11
Cyanides 9
Alkali 4
Acid 4
Metal containing compounds 4
Based on the state survey data, solvents generated by establishments in
SIC 282 include methyl ethyl ketone, toluene, acetone, methylene chloride,
trichloroethylene, cyclohexanone, tetrahydrofuran, and benzoyl peroxide.
Toluene diisocyanate is also generated. Some of the metal-containing wastes
produced contain lead, cadmium and chromium. Other wastes include resins,
phenol, buffing powder, grinding dust, monomers, filters, and polymers.
*Column sums to more than 100% since some plants report generating more
than one waste stream.
B-72
-------
SIC: 282
A previous EPA-sponsored study of the hazardous wastes from SIC 282
identified the wastes listed in the table on the next page as potentially
hazardous. Sere of the waste streams shown in the table were not reported
in the state data base.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
The disposal practices for the 46 plants in the state data base and the
percent of plants employing each disposal method are shown below.
Disposal Method % of Plants*
Landfill 35
Recycling 9
Incineration 7
Composting 2
Onsite storage 2
"Other" methods 9
Unknown 46
Over 35% of the establishments reporting solvent wastes use landfills for
their disposal; 20% recycle or incinerate their solvent wastes. More than 50%
of those with solvent wastes report that the disposal method is unknown al-
though most of these report solvents hauled away by contractors. Other wastes
disposed to landfills include oil, alkaline slurries, resins, compounds con-
taining lead, cadmium, and chromium, general laboratory wastes, organics and
monomers. Oils are also recycled or incinerated by some plants. Composting
is used by one plant for disposal of solid filter aid.
A previous EPA sponsored study of this industry found that lagoons are
a frequently employed disposal technology for plants in this SIC, although
no significant amount of potentially hazardous waste appeared to be disposed
(2)
of by this technique
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
*Column sums to more than 100% since some multiple-waste stream plants report
using more than one disposal method.
B-73
-------
POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS WASTES FROM SIC 282
(2)
SIC 2821
Plastic Resins
SIC 2822
Synthetic Rubber
SIC 2823
Cellulosic Manmade Fibers
SIC 2824
Non-Cellulosic
Manmade Fibers
to
- Wastes from phenolic
resin production
- Amino resin waste streams
- Still bottoms from sol--
vent or monomer recovery
in:
ABS-SAN resins
Polystyrene
Polypropylene
Silicone
- Warehouse dusts from
alkyd production
Still bottoms from
solvent or monomer
recovery in:
SBR via the solution
process
Polybutadiene rubber
Neoprene rubber
Diamine and dithiocar-
bamate dusts and powders
from rayon production
Wastewater treatment
sludges from rayon
production
zinc containing sludges
from the spinning or
acrylics and modacrylics
Antimony and manganese
catalyst waste from
polyester production
en
H
o
to
03
to
-------
SIC: 282
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
The previous EPA-sponsored study of SIC 282 estimated an annual genera-
tion of potentially hazardous waste of 0.9 million metric ton per year. This
study estimates an annual hazardous waste generation of 1.3 million metric
ton per year. These two estimates, however, are based on different data bases
and approaches. The previous study estimated that the SIC 282 products are
produced at 1100 production sites and that a correlation exists between waste
generation and production rate. At many of the sites, however, the production
of SIC 282 products is not a major activity for the plant and such plants
would have a different SIC as their primary SIC. The present estimate uses
census data which indicates a total of 597 plants having SIC 282 as their pri-
mary SIC, and uses reported total waste quantity for plant sites having SIC
282 as their primary SIC as the basis for estimating waste generation profiles.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Census data
(2) Foster D. Snell, Inc., "Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste
Practices, Rubber and Plastics Industry Plastic Materials and Syn-
thetics Industry," March 1978, NTIS PB-282-071.
(3) The estimate of the relative percentage of non-, small, and large
generators is based on 50 plants reporting from New York and
Massachusetts. The distribution of small generators among the waste
generation ranges indicated in the industry profile is based on 37
data points.
(4) The mean hazardous waste generation rate for large generators is
based on 23 plants reporting from New York and Massachusetts.
(5) Census data adjusted for "zero" generators.
B-75
-------
11/27/79.
Otf .43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(3)
SIC: 2820
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENT* IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
WASTE GENLRATIGN
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
w
500-600
600-700
700-aoo
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER
62
30
19
14
11
9
7
6
5
4
25
22
281
PERCENT
12.5
6.1
3.8
2.8
2.2
1.8
1.4
1.2
1.0
.8
5.1
4.4
56.8
495
(5)
100.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
3100. .0
4500. .0
4750. .0
4900. .0
4950. .0
4950. .0
4550. .0
4500. .0
4250. .0
3600. .0
3750C. .0
77000. .1
112400000. <4> 99.9
112558750. 100.0
-------
11/29/74. 13.^.57.
R&EAKD3WN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN bIC 2P20
REGION
NATION
to
MIMBEC OF PLANTS IM F&CH CATEGORY
70FAL
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
50
76
61
12?
12C
70
12
h
72
8
6
1 <»
<»
1?
19
5
1
3
12
0
i>97
5-9
53
10-19
fO-99 100-249 2'50-1000
fj
5
r.
A
ID
*>
?
3
7
1
6
6
5
10
13
6
1
3
IB
-------
INDUSTRY: Drugs and Pharmaceuticals SIC: 283
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
The establishments in this industry are primarily engaged in manufacturing,
fabricating or processing medicinal chemicals and pharmaceutical products.
Also included are establishments engaged in the grading, grinding, and milling
of botanical drugs and herbs. Almost 50% of all the plants are located in
five states - New York, California, New Jersey, Illinois, and Pennsylvania.
The plants in these states are also the largest in the industry . Census
data indicate a total of 1056 establishments for this SIC of which 56% employ
less than 20 persons.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
The primary types of hazardous wastes generated by the subject SIC include
haolgenated and non-halogenated solvents, organic chemical residues (still
bottoms, sludges, tars), heavy metals, test animals, returned Pharmaceuticals,
low level radioactive wastes, and inert solids such as filters which may be
contaminated with hazardous substances . Based on state survey data, about
40% of all establishments have solvents and returned Pharmaceuticals as waste.
Over 20% of the establishments have animal tissues and carcasses and process
residues or sludge wastes. About 8% produce low level radioactive wastes.
The total amount of hazardous waste generated by the subject SIC is esti-
mated at 296 million kg/mo or an average rate of 380,000 kg/mo per generator
(see Industry Profile).
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES;
State survey data indicate that 52% of the establishments dispose of some
or all of their hazardous wastes including test animals, radioactive wastes,
solvents, and rejected Pharmaceuticals by contract hauling. More than 80% of
the firms using contract hauling indicate that they are unaware of the final
disposal method used at the ultimate disposal site. However, based on one
report on treatment and disposal practices in the industry , many of these
wastes, particularly the solvents and animal tissues, are likely to be incin-
erated; other wastes are probably landfilled.
About 17% of the establishments report incineration for disposal of
animal carcasses and organic compounds; 13% report landfill disposal for
solvents. Other disposal methods include sewers (for acid and for bacterial
and viral cultures), recycling (for solvents), and onsite lagoons (for solvents)
B-78
-------
SIC: 283
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
Estimates of the waste quantity generated by this SIC is based upon 23
establishments in the state survey data. Data from New York was used to
determine the relative percentage of large generators. The sales data for
facilities in SIC 283*1} indicate that the percentages of facilities in
various sales volume categories (including large sales volume categories) for
New York is roughly the same as those for the nation. If it is assumed that
the waste quantity is roughly proportional to the sales volume. New York can
be considered representative of the nation in terms of the percentage of
plants in the large waste generation rate category.
A previous study of the hazardous waste generation in the pharmaceutical
industry places the estimate of the hazardous waste produced by the indus-
try in 1973 at 5.4 million kg/mo. This estimate is considerably lower than
the estimated 300 million kg/mo obtained in this study. This large difference
is primarily due to the differences in the methodology used in arriving at the
estimate. The 5.4 million kg/mo estimate is based on the data obtained from
some 14 facilities, projected to the national level using the following three
methods:
(1) Production of a given pharmaceutical product at the plants
visited compared to total industry production in the U.S.;
(2) Value of production of pharmaceutical product at the plants
visited as a percentage of annual total value of that product
in the U.S.; and
(3) Generation of a given waste as related to total value of pro-
duction or number of production employees.
Although production data for representative plants can provide a reasonable
basis for estimating the national waste quantities (method 1 above), estimates
based on sales and employment data may not provide accurate estimates. In
the present study, the use of a per-employee waste generation factor for esti-
mating total national waste quantities was found to yield low results for
certain manufacturing industries examined (see Volume 1, Section 6).
B-79
-------
SIC: 283
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Hazardous Waste Generation, Treatment and Disposal in the Pharma-
ceutical Industry. Prepared for the Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Solid Waste Management Programs by Arthur D.
Little, Inc., Contract No. 68-01-2684, July 1975
(2) Based on state survey data for 23 establishments
(3) Census data, adjusted for the estimated number of "zero" generators
(25%)
B-80
-------
il/27/79.
08.^3.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILt
e(2)
SIC: 2830
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTfc QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
to
00
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 500C
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
164
40
23
16
12
9
7
6
5
5
26
25
453
791
(3)
20.7
5.1
2.9
2.0
1.5
1.1
.9
.8
.6
.6
3.3
3.2
57.3
100.0
HASTE
KG/MO
8200.
6000.
5750.
5600.
5400.
4950.
4550.
4500.
4250.
475C.
39000.
87500.
296262000.
QUANTITY
PERCENT
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
99.9
296442450.
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN UF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZF CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 2830
NU1BEP PF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
REGI
I
V
VI
NATI
w
i
GO
to
0\
I
II
II
IV
V
VI
II
II
IX
X
ON
TJTAL
53
229
113
112
103
72
94
Zh
1 43
19
1054
1-4
20
51
27
41
51
23
25
12
4 1
*
295
5-9
11
20
20
I1}
2?
15
11
3
21
2
140
10-19
7
34
11
L7
22
18
14
3
24
5
155
20-49
7
42
21
13
39
11
15
3
23
6
180
50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999
3
17
q
5
19
0
10
1
15
1
80
2
26
6
6
17
2
9
3
10
1
84
0
17
11
4
10
2
t
1
4
0
55
2
9
4
5
f.
1
3
0
4
0
33
>1000
1
13
4
4
F
0
1
0
1
0
32
-------
INDUSTRY: Soap, Detergents, and Cleaning Preparations, SIC: 284
Perfumes, Cosmetics, and Other Toilet
Preparations
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
The establishments in this industry are primarily engaged in manufacturing
(a) glycerin (from vegetable and animal fats and oils) and soap and detergents
(SIC 2841); (b) specialty cleaning, polishing, and sanitation preparations
including waxes, disinfectants, deodorants, bleaches, and dry cleaning pre-
parations (SIC 2842); (c) surface active preparations used as emulsifiers,
wetting agents, and finishing agents including sulfonated oils (SIC 2843); and
(d) perfumes, cosmetics, and other toilet preparations (SIC 2844).
The census data (see computer printout) indicate a total of 2270 estab-
lishments for this SIC of which 70% are located within EPA regions V, II, IX,
and IV. 51% of the establishments employ less than 10 persons.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
A variety of hazardous wastes are produced due to the heterogeneity of
the industry. Based on state survey data and telephone communication with
establishments in the subject SIC, waste types include sludges containing com-
pounds which are flammable, toxic, or corrosive such as phenol and other
organic and inorganic compounds; aromatic, aliphatic and chlorinated solvent
wastes which are flammable or toxic; corrosive acids and alkalis; and empty
drums and containers with traces of flammable, toxic, or corrosive chemicals
such as KOH, NaOH, HC1, phosphoric acid, dichloroisocyanurate salts, Na2CO3,
and miscellaneous organic-based compounds. The data collected in this study
(via mailing of information request forms) from five establishments (two in
SIC 2841/2842, one in SIC 2842, one in SIC 2842/2844, and one in SIC 2844)
indicate that empty drum and container wastes account for the largest propor-
tion of the wastes generated; in addition, several firms contacted by tele-
phone indicated that 99% of the raw materials used go into the product itself,
thus few wastes other than containers are generated.
Based on state survey data and assuming that all establishments in this
SIC have empty containers which may contain residues of hazardous compounds,
it is estimated that the amount of hazardous waste generated by the industry
is 4.3 million kg/mo, or an average rate of 1900 kg/mo per establishment (see
Industry Profile). More than 30% of the establishments generate less than
100 kg/mo of hazardous waste, and 90% generate less than 5000 kg/mo of hazard-
ous waste.
B-83
-------
SIC: 284
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Based on state data and the additional data collected in this study, via
contact with several individual establishments, about 50% of the establishments
surveyed use landfills to dispose of some or all of their hazardous wastes.
Over 20% of the firms indicate that their disposal methods were "unknown,"
although half of these establishments indicated that the wastes were hauled
offsite by a contractor. Other disposal methods include lagoons (for caustics,
phenol, and sludge) and sewer disposal (for acids, alkalis, and detergents).
For those establishments which indicate drum and container wastes, recycling
is the most common method of disposal; some containers are disposed of with
the general refuse.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
Actual costs reported by five establishments contacted in this study are
as follows:
SIC
2844
2841/
2842
2844
2842/
2844
2841/
2842
Disposal Method
Unknown
Unknown, sewer
Hauled to offsite
recycling
Offsite landfill
Hauled for
recycling
Annual Cost
$800 (1976)
Capital cost of treatment $3000
(1978); operating cost of treatment
$15,000; operating cost of disposal,
excluding sewerage $1200
$4000 (1978)
$2040 (1978)
$2140 (1978)
Waste, kg/mo
204
1,193+
140
12,375
1,362+
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRIAL PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
B-84
-------
SIC: 284
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) State data base for 34 establishments including 18 surveys from
the New Jersey data
(2) Responses received from five establishments to whom information
requests were mailed in this study
(3) Telephone communications with Soap and Detergent Association and
Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association
(4) Telephone discussions with 10 individual establishments
(5) Census data
(6) Based on state data for 34 establishments and data obtained in this
study for five establishments (References 1 and 2 above) and the
census data
B-85
-------
11/27/79.
08 .43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
e(6)
SIC: 2840
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER ANT WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WAiTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
oo
a*
WAbTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-bOG
000-700
700-800
bOO-900
ESTABLISHMENTS
1000-2000
2000-SOGO
> 5000
TOTAL
NUMBER
PERCENT
728
30
30
40
20
40
30
30
40
30
374
630
225
32.4
1.3
1.3
1.6
.9
1.8
1.3
1.3
1.8
1.3
16.6
28.0
10.0
2247
(5)
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
100.0
36400.
4500.
7500.
14000.
9000.
22000.
19500.
22500.
34000.
28500.
561000.
2205000.
1305000.
4268900.
.9
.1
.2
.3
.2
.5
.5
.5
.8
.7
13.1
51.7
30.6
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE C&TEf.nRIES BY EPA RFGIDN IN SIC 2*40
REGIUN
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGOPY
THTAL
1-4
10-19
20-49
50-99 100-249 250-499 50C-999
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
••' * T I ON
CO
15^
467
169
?88
437
120
31
348
26
2270
44
153
59
118
150
82
40
14
125
S
793
34
74
29
40
90
23
17
6
fsl
7
3P1
32
62
26
35
78
33
24
5
48
9
351
30
36
27
44
74
21
13
3
71
3
372
2
31
14
27
38
8
12
3
21
0
156
11
31
8
17
23
5
6
0
10
0
111
2
13
1
5
20
2
4
0
f,
c
53
3
14
5
2
10
1
4
0
5
0
44
>10CO
1
3
0
0
4
0
0
0
1
0
oo
-------
INDUSTBY: Paints, Varnishes, Lacquers, Enamels, and SIC: 2851
Allied Products
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
Establishments in the subject SIC are engaged primarily in manufacturing
paints (in paste and ready mixed forms); varnishes; lacquers, enamels and
shellac; putties, wood fillers and sealers; paint and varnish removers; paint
brush cleaners and allied paint products. These products are basically pro-
duced in batch processes which consist of mixing or blending various raw
materials such as pigments, solvents, diluents, resins, etc.
Based on the census data there are a total of 1464 establishments in SIC
2851, with more than 63% in the greater than 9 employee size category. The
majority of establishments are located in larger urban areas (close to the
customers).
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE PRODUCED ' :
Wastes of a hazardous nature generated by the establishments are mainly
sludges which may contain toxic metals, and toxic and ignitable solvents.
These wastes originate from one or more of the following sources: raw materials
packaging; cleaning of blending tanks, thinning tanks, and other process equip-
ments; dust from air pollution control equipment; and waste finished products.
It is estimated that the industry generates a total of 1.9 million kg/mo of
hazardous wastes, with more than 95% of the wastes generated by the large
generators (i.e., generators generating more than 5000 kg/mo).
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Based on the state data, the current distributions of small generators
and waste quantities by disposal method are as follows:
Disposal Method % of Generator % of Waste
Landfill 63 40
Recycle 21 35
Incineration 8 24
Lagoon 8 1
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
B-88
-------
SIC: 2851
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste Practices: Paint and
Allied Products Industry, Contract Solvent Reclaiming Operations,
and Factory Application of Coatings, U.S. EPA Contract No. 68-01-
2656, 1976
(2) Based on state data base for 47 establishments
(3) Census data, adjusted for the estimated number of "zero" generators
B-89
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.2?.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(2)
SIC: 2851
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AN9 WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS rfASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
w
10
o
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-20C
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
faOO-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABL
NUMBER
62
7
8
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
120
191
600
ISHMENTS
PERCENT
5.9
.7
.8
.8
.8
.9
.9
.9
.9
1.0
11.4
18.1
57.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/NO PERCENT
1053
(3)
100.0
3100.
1050.
2000.
2800.
3600.
4950.
5850.
7500.
8500.
10450.
180000.
668500.
16000000.
18898300.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
1.0
3.5
95.2
100.0
-------
11/29/70. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLAMT$ IN EMPLOYMENT SIZp CATEGORIES BY EpA RtGIGN IN SIC 2851
8EGION
NUMBEP OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL 1-4 5-9 10-lq 20-4q
MA
a
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
TION
76
271
107
193
3b3
111
74
17
208
44
1464
14
64
17
45
69
20
13
3
46
11
302
18
52
13
31
49
17
14
4
31
7
236
16
54
19
37
64
21
15
1
40
a
275
20
53
32
39
80
26
14
6
49
12
331
7
27
16
23
49
17
11
2
26
5
183
1
13
6
15
30
9
5
1
14
1
95
0
8
3
3
18
1
1
c
1
0
35
50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999 >1000
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
4 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
vo
-------
SIC: 286
INDUSTRY: INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC CHEMICALS
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
According to the census data, SIC 286 covers 773 establishments. These
establishments are located in all ten EPA regions and range in size from those
employing less than 4 persons (about 19% of the establishments) to those with
more than 1000 employees (about 4% of establishments; see census data computer
printout for number distribution of establishments by EPA region and employ-
ment size category).
There are over 700 chemicals produced by more than 30 processes in the
subject SIC. The major classes of chemicals covered include: non-cyclic
organic chemicals; solvents; polyhydric alcohols; synthetic perfume and flavor-
ing materials; rubber production chemicals; cyclic and acyclic plasticizers;
synthetic tanning agents; chemical warfare gases; cyclic crudes and inter-
mediates; natural gum and wood chemicals; esters, amines, etc. of polyhydric
alcolids and fatty and other acids; and cyclic dyes and organic pigments. Due
to the adaptability of much of the organic chemical process equipment and unit
operations, in many cases the same equipment is used at a manufacturing site
to produce different chemicals.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED;
Wastes of a hazardous nature generated include still bottoms, wastewater
treatment sludges, and various toxic and ignitable solvents and organic com-
pounds. The major sources of wastes include spills, clean-ups, purification
of raw materials, wastewater treatment, reject products and process residue.
The total waste quantity generated by the establishments in SIC 286 is esti-
mated at 5.3 x 108 kg/mo, with less than 0.1% of the waste generated by the
estimated 256 establishments which generate less than 5000 kg/mo (see Indus-
try Profile).
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICE:
(1 2)
Based on the state data and a recent industry study ' , the estimated
relative quantities of waste disposed by the establishments generating less
than 5000 kg/mo of waste is as follows:
B-92
-------
SIC: 286
Disposal Method % of waste handled
Landfill 58
Incineration 20
Others (e.g., onsite 22
storage, municipal
sewer, lagoon)
Properly carried out, incineration and landfilling are considered environ-
mentally adequate for disposal of most wastes generated by the subject indus-
try. Disposal by other methods presents potential problems (e.g., due to
possible corrosion of steel storage tanks and seepage from unlined lagoons).
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
Based on the state data, it is estimated that 6% of the establishments
would not generate any hazardous waste, 60% of the establishments would gen-
erate more than 5000 kg/mo/establishment and 34% of the establishments would
generate less than 5000 kg/mo of hazardous waste (see table).
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
The total hazardous wastes generated by the subject SIC is estimated at
a 8
5.3 x 10 kg/mo. This is in very good agreement with the 5.1 x 10 kg/mo
figure estimated by one previous study which used the chemical-by-chemical
production data as the basis for estimating waste quantity. Based on the
census data the total number of plants in SIC 286 is 773 which is only 40% of
(2)
the number estimated by the previous study . This discrepancy is probably
due to the fact that a chemical-by-chemical production approach would allow
for multiple counting of some larger plants which produce more than one chemical.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Based on state data for 20 small generators in SIC 286
(2) Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Wastes Practices, Organic Chemi-
cals, Pesticides and Explosives Industries, NTIS Report PB
(3) Census data, adjusted for estimated "zero" generator (6%)
B-93
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(1)
SIC: 2860
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FDR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS HASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
CO
10
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG /MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
fcOO-700
700-800
800-900
900-ioco
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
728
(3)
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MG PERCENT
32
33
26
20
17
14
12
10
9
7
42
34
472
4.4
4.5
3.6
2.7
2.3
1.9
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
5.8
4.7
64.8
1600.
4950.
6500.
7000.
7650.
7700.
7800.
7500.
7650.
6650.
63000.
119000.
529584000.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
100.0
100.0
529831000.
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 26&0
REGION
NATION
no
vo
Ul
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL
773
1-4
5-9
10-19
20-49
5C-99 100-249 250-499 500-999
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
45
160
76
131
122
130
47
4
44
14
7
26
8
18
25
27
15
1
13
5
5
13
7
11
16
9
9
1
7
1
11
17
6
16
10
8
10
0
3
1
8
29
12
27
19
15
6
0
4
1
5
25
10
20
17
18
2
0
6
4
4
32
10
23
20
20
3
2
fi
2
?
6
8
10
H
12
2
0
2
0
145
82
121
107
124
50
35
>1000
2
7
7
5
4
0
0
0
1
C
1
5
8
1
3
12
1
0
0
0
31
-------
INDUSTRY: Nitrogenous Fertilizers SIC: 2873
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
Firms in this SIC primarily manufacture nitrogenous fertilizer
material or mixed fertilizers from nitrogenous materials produced in the same
establishment. Included are ammonia fertilizer compounds and anhydrous ammonia,
nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and nitrogen solutions, urea,
and natural organic fertilizers (except compost) and mixtures.
According to the census data there are a total of 110 establishments in
this industry. The majority of the establishments are medium to large in size,
with 69% employing more than 20 employees and 30% employing more than 100
employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Solid waste of a hazardous nature generated is spent catalyst containing
chromium, copper and other metals associated with ammonia production. Based
on state data for one plant and the corresponding production capacity data
obtained from the SRI Directory(1) for that plant, the waste generation rate
is estimated at 0.034 kg of spent catalyst per 1000 kg of product. Based on
this estimate and the available production capacity data from the SRI Direc-
tory, all establishments in SIC 2873 would generate less than 5000 kg/mo.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICS:
Some establishments reclaim their spent catalyst. It is not known how
many establishments practice reclamation; the profile table for this SIC
assumes that all establishments dispose of spent catalyst.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL COST:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
B-96
-------
SIC: 2873
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
Because of lack of data, the estimated hazardous waste generation rate
of 0.034 kg per 1000 kg of product is based on the data for only one plant
and hence may not be representative of all plants in the SIC.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) 1977 Directory of Chemical Producers, Stanford Research Institute
(2) It is assumed that all establishments in the industry produce
ammonia either for captive or merchant purposes. This is a reason-
able assumption because ammonia is either the end product or the
feedstock for production of nitrogeneous fertilizers.
(3) State data
(4) Census data
(5) The waste generation profile was estimated as follows: the 110
plants in this SIC (based on census data) were assumed to have a
production capacity distribution identical to that for the 97
plants for which production capacity data are given in the SRI
directory. The estimated waste generation rate of 0.034 kg/1000 kg
of product was then applied to the production capacity profile for
the 110 plants to obtain the waste generation profile.
B-97
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(5)
SIC: 2873
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
w
t
00
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/NO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
6
7
8
9
10
13
12
5
5
4
25
6
0
110
(4)
5.5
6.4
7.3
8.2
9.1
11.8
10.9
4.5
4.5
3.6
22.7
5.5
0.0
100.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
300.
1050.
2000.
3150.
4500.
7150.
7800.
3750.
4250.
3800.
37500.
21000.
0.
96250.
.3
1.1
2.1
3.3
4.7
7.4
6.1
3.9
4.4
3.9
39.0
21.8
0.0
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMFNT SIZfc CATEGORIES BY FDA REGION IN SIC 2873
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN F^Crl CATEGORY
TOTAL 1-4 5-9 10-19 20-49 50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999
NA
U
1
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
TION
2
4
5
22
12
28
14
5
12
6
110
1
1
0
4
4
5
0
1
0
0
16
0
0
2
4
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
2
2
1
1
1
2
6
2
5
3
1
2
0
23
0
1
0
1
2
6
4
0
4
20
0
0
0
3
1
7
1000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
VO
-------
INDUSTRY: Fertilizers, Mixing Only SIC: 2875
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
Establishments in the subject SIC are primarily engaged in mixing ferti-
lizers (compost, potting soil and fertilizer chemicals) from purchased mater-
ials. Pesticides are also included in some fertilizer formulations. Based
on the census data there are 563 establishments in this SIC with close to 50%
employing less than ten employees. Most of the larger firms (with more than
50 employees) are located in Regions III, IV and V (see census data computer
printout for breakdown of the establishments by employment size category and
EPA region).
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
The hazardous wastes generated are mainly pesticide and other chemical
containers and spill and reject chemicals. Based on the state data it is
estimated that 88% of the establishments generate hazardous waste, and that
these establishments are all in the less than 5000 kg/mo category; the esti-
mated total waste quantity is 279,000 kg/mo with an average waste generation
rate of 560 kg/mo/establishment.
Based on the state data, it is estimated that 71% of the establishments
dispose of wastes to landfills, 14% recycle wastes, and 15% dispose of waste
by other methods such as lagooning.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATE DISPOSAL METHODS:
Rinsing of empty containers prior to disposal would be an environmentally
preferred alternative to the direct disposal of unrinsed containers.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Based on state data for 17 small generators
(2) Census data, adjusted for the estimated zero generators
B-100
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.£7.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(1)
SIC: 2875
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
1
s
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
121
93
60
42
31
23
18
14
11
10
47
26
0
24.4
18.7
12.1
8.5
6.2
4.6
3.6
2.8
2.2
2.0
9.5
5.2
0.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
6050.
13950.
15000.
14700.
13950.
12650.
11700.
10500.
9350.
9500.
70500.
91000.
0.
2.2
5.0
5.4
5.3
5.0
4.5
4.2
3.8
3.4
3.4
25.3
32.6
0.0
TOTAL
496
(2)
100.0
278850.
100.0
-------
11/29/79.
13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE C^EGO'lES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 2*75
»EGION
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EftCH CATEGORY
TOTAL
1-4
13-19
20-49
50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999
V
NAT
a
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
III
IX
X
ION
13
28
58
168
142
73
34
7
26
14
563
4
5
7
26
49
27
11
3
10
4
146
3
1
P
30
32
23
13
2
6
7
125
3
11
18
31
27
12
3
1
4
2
112
3
10
13
53
16
5
5
I
3
1
110
0
1
9
25
13
3
2
0
1
0
54
0
0
3
3
4
3
0
0
2
0
15
C
0
C
0
1
C
C
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
>10CO
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
NJ
-------
INDUSTRY: Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals, Not SIC: 2879
Elsewhere Classified
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
Establishments in this SIC are primarily engaged in the formulation and
preparation of ready-to-use agricultural and household pest control chemicals,
including insecticides, fungicides and herbicides from technical chemicals or
concentrates; and the production of concentrates which require furhter proces-
sing before use as agricultural pesticides. This industry also includes estab-
lishments primarily engaged in manufacturing or formulating agricultural chemi-
cals, not elsewhere classified, such as minor or trace elements and soil con-
ditioners. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing basic or technical
agricultural pest control chemicals including insecticides, fungicides, and
herbicides such as lead and calcium arsenates, and copper sulfate are classi-
fied in Group 281, and DDT, BHC, 2,4-D carbamates, etc., in Group 286. Estab-
lishments primarily engaged in manufacturing agricultural lime products are
classified in Major Group 32.
The type of formulation most suitable for a specific application is depen-
dent on a large number of factors, including physicochemical properties and
biological efficiency of the active ingredient, host-pest relationships,
characteristics of the available production/application equipment, and economic
and environmental considerations. The most important types of formulations
are powders, dusts, wettable powders, emulsifiable concentrates, granules, and
aerosols. Typical unit operations used in the pesticide formulation are dry
mixing and grinding of solids, dissolving or melting of solids, and blending.
Virtually all formulations are batch type operations.
According to the census data there are 353 establishments in the subject
SIC. With 68% of the establishments located in EPA Regions IV, V, VI and IX.
Most of establishments are small to medium in size, with more than 60% employ-
ing less than 20 employees and more than 80% employing less than 50 employees
(see census data computer printout on the distribution of establishments by
employment size category and EPA region).
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Wastes from pesticide formulation originate from spills, "off-spec"
batches, equipment cleanup and mixing and grinding operations. The exact
quantity of the waste is affected to a large extent by the in-plant management
B-103
-------
SIC: 2879
practices of good housekeeping. Based on the state and census data, it is
estimated that the industry generates a total of 235,400 kg/mo of waste, with
an average of 663 kg/mo/establishment.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
According to the state data, 80% of the wastes are landfilled, 13% are
incinerated, 7% are recycled and an insignificant percentage (0.05%) is lagooned.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHOD:
Recycling of pesticide containers (when feasible) and rinsing of pesticide
containers before disposal are environmentally more acceptable than disposal of
unrinsed containers. Incineration generally costs two to four times as much
as landfilling.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY DATA:
(1) Based on data for 38 establishments covered in state data base
(2) Census data
(3) Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste Practices, Organic Chemicals,
Pesticides and Explosives Industries, U.S. EPA Contract No. 68-01-2919,
1976
B-104
-------
11/27/79.
Ofa.43.a7.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(1)
SIC: 2879
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
to
M
O
in
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-ttOO
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
136
45
27
19
15
12
9
8
7
6
35
34
0
38.9
12.7
7.6
5.4
4.2
3.4
2.5
2.3
2.0
1.7
9.9
9.6
0.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
6900.
6750.
6750.
6650.
6750.
6600.
5850.
6000.
5950.
5700.
52500.
119000.
0.
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.9
2.8
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.
-------
11/29/7Q. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZF CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 2879
REGION
NATION
03
H
O
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL 1-4 5-9 10-19 20-49
I
II
III
IV
rf
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
6
31
20
R9
46
47
36
7
5R
13
2
9
7
20
13
13
12
3
19
5
1
3
2
11
9
6
6
2
10
5
3
7
6
15
7
5
3
0
12
0
0
8
1
30
11
12
6
1
8
3
353
103
55
58
80
50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999
0
2
2
7
4
4
6
0
6
0
31
0
1
1
4
0
4
2
0
3
0
15
0
0
0
1
1
2
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
>1000
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
-------
INDUSTRY: Miscellaneous Chemical Products, Adhesives SIC: 2891
and Sealants
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
This SIC includes establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing
industrial and household adhesives, glues, calking compounds, sealants, and
linoleum, tile, and rubber cements from vegetable, animal, or synthetic
plastics materials, purchased or produced in the same establishment. Estab-
lishments primarily engaged in manufacturing gelatin and sizes are classified
in Industry 2899, and vegetable gelatin or agar-agar in Industry 2833.
Based on the census data, of the 482 establishments in this SIC 44% have
fewer than 10 employees, 95% have fewer than 100 employees and 100% have fewer
than 500 employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Hazardous wastes generated by firms in SIC 2891 are primarily (a) wastes
from clean-up, "end-of-run" operations, "off-spec" batches of products, and
(b) sludges resulting from the treatment of wastewater from process and clean-
(2)
up operations
The wastes reported by the eight small generator plants in the "state"
data file and the percent of plants reporting each waste are as follows:
Waste % of Plants Reporting*
Solvents 63
Miscellaneous organics 63
Adhesives 25
Oils 25
Alkalis 25
Paint 13
Solvent wastes generated by establishments in this SIC include chlori-
nated solvents such as perchloroethylene. The miscellaneous organic wastes
reported by plants in the state data base consist of resins and alcohol-based
organics. The alkali compounds generated are primarily sodium hydroxide.
Although Effluent Guidelines Division (EGD) of EPA has not promulgated
standards for the industry, the distribution and total number of generators.
*Column sums to greater than 100% since some plants report generating more
than one waste stream.
B-107
-------
SIC: 2891
and waste quantities disposed of other than to municipal sewers is not likely
to be significantly affected by regulations under consideration . Even if
a number of additional plants were to practice wastewater treatment in response
to EGD regulations, most of WWT sludges would be produced in amounts greater
than 5000 kg/mo and hence the number of small volume generators would not be
expected to change significantly.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Based on EGD data, 35% of the firms generating hazardous wastes report
contract hauling to landfill as the disposal method for all or part of their
waste, 56% report evaporation followed by landspreading on- or off-site, and
9% report deep well injection.
The disposal practices reported by small generator plants in this indus-
trial group in the state data base and the percent of plants employing each
disposal method are shown below.
% of Plants*
Disposal Method
Landfill 38
Recycling 25
Incineration 13
Municipal Sewer 13
Lagoon/Solar Pond 13
"Other" methods 13
Unknown 25
Based on the state survey data, waste types disposed of to landfill
include resins, adhesives and solvents. Incineration of solvents and recycl-
ing of solvents, paints, resins, and oil are reported. Alkaline wastes are
disposed of to sewer.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
*Column sums to more than 100% since some plants report using more than one
disposal method.
B-108
-------
SIC: 2891
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
The industry profile is based on the very large EGD survey data covering
a total of 322 production sites.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Census data
(2) Based on a 1978 EPA/EGD survey of 322 plants producing SIC 2891
products (most all of these plants have SIC 2891 as their primary
SIC).
(3) The estimated number of non-, small, and large generators is based
on the EGD data listed above in Reference 2
(4) The mean hazardous waste generation rate for large generators is
based on the data listed in Reference 2 above.
(5) Information provided by EGD personnel, June 1979.
B-109
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(3)
SIC: 2891
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
60
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
2
3
2
2
5
2
2
3
2
2
9
16
31
2.5
3.7
2.5
2.5
6.2
2.5
2.5
3.7
2.5
2.5
11.1
19.8
38.3
WASTE
KG/MO
100.
450.
500.
70C.
2250.
1100.
1300.
2250.
1700.
1900.
13500.
56000.
1337433.
QUANTITY
PERCENT
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
1.0
3.9
<«' 94.2
TOTAL
81
100.0
1419183.
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SJZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 2891
REGION
NATION
NU1BER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL 1-4 5-9 10-19 20-49
482
121
95
99
50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
42
77
31
54
133
31
24
6
63
21
11
24
9
12
28
11
4
3
16
3
5
10
5
15
24
7
6
I
13
7
6
17
7
10
28
8
4
1
11
3
13
16
2
11
26
5
6
1
11
6
4
5
6
3
18
0
2
0
9
2
49
tn
1
2
2
3
B
0
1
0
3
0
20
2
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
>1000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-------
INDUSTRY: Miscellaneous Chemical Products, Chemicals SIC: 2892,2895,
and Chemical Preparations, Not Elsewhere 2899
Classified Including Explosives and Carbon
Black
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
SIC 2892 covers establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing explo-
sives. SIC 2895 covers establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing
carbon black (channel and furnace black). Establishments in SIC 2899 are
primarily engaged in manufacturing miscellaneous chemical preparations, not
elsewhere classified, such as fatty acids, essential oils, gelatin (except
vegetable), sizes, bluing, laundry sours, writing and stamp pad inks; indus-
trial compounds, such as boiler and heat insulating compounds, metal, oil and
water treating compounds, water-proofing compounds and chemical supplies for
foundries.
Of the 1446 establishments in this group of industries, 51% have fewer
than 10 employees, 93% have fewer than 100 employees and 99% have fewer than
500 employees.
SIC 2899 accounts for 92% of the establishments in this group while SIC
2892 and 2895 account for 5.7% and 2.4%, respectively.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
The wastes reported by the 30 small generator plants in the state data
base and the percent of plants reporting each waste are shown below:
Waste % of Plants Reporting*
Solvents 27
Miscellaneous organics 27
Miscellaneous inorganics 20
Oils 17
Explosives 13
Alkalis 13
Acids 13
Metal Containing Compounds 10
Pesticides 7
Radioactive Material 3
*Column sums to greater than 100% since some plants report generating more
than one waste stream.
B-112
-------
SIC: 2892, etc.
Solvent wastes reported include xylene, acetone, ketones, methylene
chloride, benzene, toluene, methanol, and trichloroethylene. Other organic
wastes generated include oil-type paste ink, coal tar, binder, and waxes.
Metal hydroxides and compounds containing selenium and zinc are also generated.
Inorganic wastes mentioned in the state survey data include oxidizer, sodium
lignosulfonate, incinerator ash, silica sands powder pigments, and ink
residues.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
The disposal practices reported by the 30 small generator plants in this
industrial group in the state data base and the percent of plants employing
each disposal method are shown below.
Disposal Method % of Plants*
Landfill 23
Recycling I7
Incineration 10
Lagoon/solar pond 10
Landspreading 3
Deep well injection 3
"Other" methods 10
Unknown 33
Based on the state survey data, 38% of the plants generating solvent
wastes recycle or incinerate the solvents; 25% dispose of solvents in land-
fills and 12% utilize landspreading. Over 50% of the plants report that the
disposal method for solvents wastes is unknown, although most of these plants
report contractor hauling of solvents. Half of the plants reporting explosive
wastes incinerate them; other disposal methods are unknown. All of the plants
generating pesticides indicate recycling as the disposal method. Lagoons or
ponds are used for a variety of wastes including sodium lignosulfonate, sodium
hydroxide, and miscellaneous chemicals.
*Column sums to more than 100% since some plants report using more than one
disposal method.
B-113
-------
SIC: 2892, etc.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) The distribution of small generators among the waste generation
ranges is based on 30 data points in the state data base. The
estimated number of non-, small, and large generators is based on
10 plants reporting from New York and Iowa.
(2) The census data adjusted for the estimated number of zero generators.
(3) The mean hazardous waste generation rate for large generators is
based on 4 plants 'reporting from New York and Iowa.
B-114
-------
11/27/79.
Ob. 43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE^'
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND
VARIOUS WASTE GENERAT
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
SIC: 2892 NATION
2895, 2899
WASTE QUANTITIES FOR
ION CATEGORIES
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
166 16.4
63 6.2
37 3.7
26 2.6
19 1.9
15 1.5
12 1.2
10 1.0
8 .8
7 .7
39 3.8
32 3.2
579 57.2
ESTABLISHMENTS IN
WASTE
KG/MO
8300.
9450.
9250.
9100.
8550.
8250.
7800.
7500.
6800.
6650.
58500.
112000.
272130000/
QUANTITY
PERCENT
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
3) 99.9
TOTAL
1013
(2)
100.0
272382150
100.0
-------
INDUSTRY: Miscellaneous Chemical Products, Printing Ink SIC: 2893
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
This SIC includes establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing
printing ink, gravure ink, screen process ink and lithographic ink.
Of the 416 establishments in this SIC, 38% have fewer than 10 employees,
95% have fewer than 100 employees, and 100% have fewer than 250 employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
The wastes reported by the 10 small generator plants in the state data
base and the percent of plants reporting each waste are shown below:
Waste % of Plants Reporting*
Solvents 90
Ink 60
Miscellaneous Inorganics 20
(e.g., resins, hardeners,
adhesives)
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Disposal practices employed by the small generator plants in this indus-
trial group and the percent of plants employing each disposal method are as
follows:
Disposal Method % of Plants
Landfill 10
Landburial 10
Unknown 80
Based on state survey data, 71% of the plants reporting solvent wastes
indicate that their disposal method is unknown although some of these firms
indicate contractor hauling for their solvents. One plant reports land burial
for solvents and one utilizes landfill disposal. Of the plants which generate
inks and inorganic wastes, all of them report that the disposal method is
unknown.
*Column sums to greater than 100% since some plants report generating more
than one waste stream.
B-116
-------
SIC: 2893
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) The distribution of small generators among the waste generation
ranges is based on 8 data points in the state data base.
(2) Census data
(3) The mean hazardous waste generation rate for large generators is
based on one plant reporting from New York.
B-117
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROF
SIC: 2893
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
i
H1
M
00
WASTE GENERAT1JN
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER • PERCENT
17
32
30
26
22
19
16
14
12
10
56
38
125
4.1
7.7
7.2
6.2
5.3
4.6
3.6
3.4
2.9
2.4
13.4
9.1
30.0
417
,((2)
100.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
850. .0
4800. .2
7500. .3
9100. .4
9900. .5
10450. .5
10400. .5
10500. .5
10200. .5
9500. .4
84000. 3.9
133000. . 6.1
1875000. <3)' 86.2
2175200. 100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 2893
REGIDN
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL
5-9
10-19
20-49
V
NAT
09
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
III
IX
X
ION
23
70
32
55
114
31
20
7
50
14
416
6
16
5
9
14
5
3
2
9
5
74
6
11
5
13
17
10
2
3
14
2
83
9
15
8
22
25
10
6
2
5
5
107
2
17
11
11
39
5
9
0
19
2
115
50-99 100-249 250-499 5CC-999
0
6
0
0
6
1
0
0
2
0
0
5
3
0
11
0
0
0
1
0
17
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
>1000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
\o
-------
INDUSTRY: Petroleum Refining SIC: 2911
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
Petroleum refiners are engaged primarily in processing crude oil into
fuels and lubricants, and to hydrocarbon feedstocks for petrochemical produc-
tion. According to a 1979 survey 289 refineries are operating in the U.S.,
with capacities ranging from less than 500 bbls/day to almost 700,000 bbls
per day . An average refinery employs about 100 persons
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
A wide variety of potentially hazardous wastes are generated by refineries.
Small refineries, i.e., those which would generate less than 5000 kg/mo of
(4 5)
potentially hazardous waste, produce the following waste types ' :
Tank bottoms - nonleaded, leaded and crude
API separator sludge
Once-through cooling water sludge
Storm water silt
Slop oil emulsion solids
Dissolved air flotation float
Waste biological sludge
Neutralized HF alkylation sludge
Exchanger bundle cleaning sludge
Kerosene filter clays
Cooling tower sludge
Estimates of the total amount of hazardous waste generated by refineries range
from 357 to 700 metric tons per year (or 0.05 to 0.1 kg/bbl -of crude proc- .
essed)(3'4). Amounts of hazardous wastes generated at individual refineries
vary widely depending on both refinery size, equipment age and nature of the
operations.
Individual large refineries process more than 100,000 bbls/day and generate
more than 200,000 kg/mo of hazardous waste from a wide range of operations.
Generally smaller refineries have a more limited range of operations with
processing limited to crude vacuum distillation, coking, LPG recovery, hydro-
treating, hydrofining, reforming, alkylation, isomerization and visbreaking.
According to one estimate, small refineries using the above processes
would be expected to generate about 0.04 kg of hazardous waste per bbl of
crude processed . Based on this waste generation factor and the information
on refinery production capacities, 27 of the 289 U.S. refineries reportedly
operating in 1979 would generate less than 5000 kg/mo of waste (4 would
B-120
-------
SIC: 2911
generate less than 600 kg/mo). The 27 refineries account for about 0.1% of
the total U.S. refinery wastes.
(34)
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES ' :
An API study indicates four wastes are given some type of treatment prior
to disposal by a significant number of refineries: 100% of refineries treat
air flotation float; 53% treat waste biological solids; 28% treat API separator
bottoms and 6% treat tank bottoms. Treatment techniques commonly used are
shown below:
Waste/Treatment
Air flotation float
Waste biological solids
API separator bottoms
Tank bottoms
Settling
X
X
X
X
Centrifugation
X
X
X
Aerobic Digestion
X
Recovery of oil (or fuel energy) from sandy API separator bottoms, treat-
ing clays, air flotation float and tank bottoms can be economically and tech-
nically advantageous. The techniques appropriate for each product, respectively,
are extraction, incineration, settling and extraction.
Landfarming is used by about 50% of the refineries for the final disposal
of biological and air flotation wastes. Most refinery sludges, especially
tank bottoms and separator bottoms, are landfarmed to some degree. Most land-
farming is done onsite. Offsite landfilling is the predominant means of dis-
posing of other refinery solid wastes.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COSTS:
A recent study for the EPA estimated costs both for treatment and disposal
of refinery wastes(2). A summary of these waste disposal costs is given in
the table which follows. Treatment costs vary greatly depending upon the type
Of treatment, the type of waste and the required capacity of the unit.
Small refineries will most likely dispose of their wastes by landfilling
or landspreading with no prior treatment. Thus, using unit cost data pre-
sented here, small refineries could be expected to have waste disposal costs
of $3.3 - $19.6 per metric ton ($3-$18 per ton).
B-121
-------
ESTIMATED UNIT COSTS FOR DISPOSAL OF REFINERY WASTES BY VARIOUS DISPOSAL
METHODS <5)
Disposal Methods
Applicability
Unit Cost
Landspreading
Landfilling
Incineration
Lagoons
Deep well
injection
Ocean disposal
Biodegradable
Waste sludges
Dewatered sludges
(ultimate disposal)
API separator bottoms, DAF
float, waste biosludges,
slop oil and emulsion sludges
Various sludges
(ultimate disposal)
Various sludges
(ultimate disposal)
Various sludges
(ultimate disposal)
$3 to $18/ton
$5 to $12/ton
$15 to over
$1000/ton
$900 to $1100/
100,000 gal/day*
Site specific,
no generalized cost
data available
$2/ton for bulk
$15 to $50/ton for
containers
Operating costs only, capital costs $180,000 to $900,000 per 100,000 gal
per day of capacity
B-122
-------
SIC: 2911
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF THE DATA BASE:
The census data for 1976 lists 413 establishments covered by SIC 291
whereas an API survey (Reference 1) indicates a total of 289 refineries
operating in 1979. The observed discrepancy can be due to a combination of
several factors including incomplete reporting in the API survey, coverage
of establishments not actually conducting refining operations in the census
data, and a drop in the number of operating refineries since 1976 (the base
year for census data).
There is some uncertainty in the waste generation factor used to estimate
industry waste profile. The correlation between crude oil processing capacity
and waste generation is not well established (particularly for small refiner-
ies (3) . Despite the uncertainties in both the total number of refineries and
waste generation factor, it is unlikely that the estimated number of refineries
which would generate less than 5000 kg/mo of waste would change dramatically
with more accurate data since such a small fraction of the total are expected
to be small generators.
SOURCES OF DATA CITED:
(1) Oil and Gas Journal, Annual Refining Report, March 1979
(2) Census data
(3) Engineering-Science, Inc., The 1975 API Refinery Solid Waste Survey,
Parts 1-4, 1978
(4) Jacobs Engineering Co., Assessment of Hazardous Waste Practices
in the Petroleum Refining Industry, USEPA, 1976
(5) Radian Corporation, Petroleum Refining Solid Waste Screening Study,
Draft Final Report, USEPA, OAQPS, 1979
(6) Based on an estimated hazardous waste generation rate of 0.04 kg/
bbl of crude oil processed (from Reference 4) and the information
on refinery capacities (from Reference 1)
B-123
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(6)
SIC: 2911
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
10
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
1,00-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLI
NUMBER
0
0
1
0
1
2
0
0
1
0
8
1-4
263
290(1>
SHMENTS
PERCENT
0.0
0.0
.3
0.0
.3
.7
0.0
0.0
.3
0.0
2.8
4.8
90.7
100.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/NO PERCENT
0.
0.
250.
0.
450.
1100.
0.
0.
850.
0.
12000.
49000.
57860000.
57923650.
0.0
0.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
0.0
0.0
.0
0.0
.0
.1
99.9
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF »LANTS IN EMPLOYMENT S1ZF CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN $IC 2911
REGION
to
Ul
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL 1-4 5-9 10-13 20-49
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
NATION
to
4
20
32
30
63
14-*
20
34
46
16
413
3
5
4
5
11
24
2
6
3
4
67
za
50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999
70
44
66
55
>1000
1
1
3
0
7
7
1
1
4
0
0
2
1
5
4
10
2
1
2
I
0
4
2
7
9
25
4
5
8
6
0
1
3
6
6
13
1
5
8
1
0
2
9
4
7
23
3
11
7
0
c
2
4
1
7
21
6
5
5
4
0
1
3
2
9
14
1
0
6
0
0
2
3
0
3
11
0
0
3
0
22
-------
INDUSTRY: Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products SIC: 30
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
This major group includes establishments manufacturing from natural,
synthetic, or reclaimed rubber gutta percha, balata, or gutta siak, rubber
products such as tires, rubber footware, mechanical rubber goods, heels and
soles, flooring, and rubber sundries. This group also includes establishments
primarily manufacturing tires, but establishments primarily recapping and
retreading automobile tires are classified in Industry 7534. This group also
includes establishments engaged in molding primary plastics for the trade,
and manufacturing miscellaneous finished plastics products. The manufacture
of elastic webbing is classified in Major Group 22; products made of elastic
webbing and garments made from rubberized fabrics in Major Group 23; and syn-
thetic rubber in Industry 2822.
The employment-size categories of the plants varies widely. Based on the
census data, 37% of the plants have fewer than 10 employees, 73% have fewer
than 50 employees and 95% have fewer than 250 employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
The wastes reported by the 67 small generators in the state data file
and the percent of plants reporting each waste shown are shown in the table
(1 2)
below. Previous industry studies ' indicate that potentially hazardous
dusts from floor sweepings and air pollution control equipment, waste chemical
containers and packaging, and wastewater treatment sludges are also generated
by plants in SIC 30. While the percent of plants reporting waste oils is
shown in the table below, the estimate of total hazardous waste made here does
not include waste oils.
Waste % of plants reporting*
Oil 48
Solvents 40
Resins, epoxy, plastics, 19
rubber, adhesives
Paint wastes 6
Acids 3
Alkalis 1
Rags <1
Lead, cadmium, and <1
chromium compounds
Asbestos fibers <1
*The total percentage exceeds 100% since some plants report production of more
than one waste stream.
B-126
-------
SIC; 30
Based on the state survey data, the types of waste solvents generated by
plants in this SIC include acetone, toluol, methyl ethyl ketone, ethylene
chloride, chloroethane, perchloroethylene, Stoddard solvent, mineral spirits,
and benzene.
HASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
The disposal methods employed and percent of plants reporting use of
each disposal method are shown in the table below for the 67 small generator
plants covered in the state data base.
Disposal Method % of plants reporting*
Landspreading 7
Landfill 31
Incineration 8
Offsite recycle 13
Municipal sewez 2
Lagoon/solar ponds 3
Other methods 8
Unknown 36
Based on state survey data, over 25% of the plants with oil or solvent
wastes use landfills for their disposal. Over 30% of the plants indicate
that the disposal method for oils or solvents is unknown. About 20% of the
firms with oil or solvents recycle or incinerate their wastes. Other disposal
methods for solvents include landspreading (4%), sewer (2%), lagoons or ponds
(2%) and other methods (10%). Other disposal methods for oils include land-
spreading (6%), sewer (2%), lagoons or ponds (2%) and other methods (9%).
Organic compounds including resins, epoxy, adhesives, plastics and rubber
are landfilled by 42% of the plants in the state data. Over 30% of the plants
with these wastes indicate that the disposal method is unknown. 8% of the
plants use lagoons or ponds and 4% recycle these wastes. More than 30% of
the plants with paint wastes use landfills for disposal.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
*Columm sums up to more than 100% since some plants use more than one disposal
method.
B-127
-------
SIC: 30
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table). Separate industry profiles were calculated for "SIC 30,
except 307" and for "SIC 307."
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
The four-digit SIC's are not represented in the data base in the same
proportions as they are known to exist in the universe. Since sufficient
number of data points were available for SIC 307, separate profiles were cal-
culated for SIC 307 and for SIC 30, except 307 to improve the validity of the
results.
A previous EPA sponsored study of SIC 30, except 307 estimated a total
waste approximately 20% lower than the estimate made in this study. The pre-
vious study did not list some wastes such as solvent and paint wastes which
were reported in the state data. However, some wastes described as poten-
tially hazardous in the previous study (e.g., baghouse dusts and empty chemi-
cal containers) are not reported in the state data collected by this study.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
1. Enviro Control, Inc., "Hazardous Waste Listings: Fabricated Rubber
Products Industry," EPA Contract No. 68-01-3937, April 1979.
2. Foster D. Snell, inc., "Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste
Practices, Rubber and Plastics Industry," PB-282-070, March 1978.
3. The estimated numbers of plants in each of the generator classes
between 100 and 5000 kg/mo are based on 27 data points in the state
data. The estimated number of non- and large generators is based
on 26 plants reporting from Iowa and Massachusetts.
4. The estimated mean generation rate for large generators is 21,546
kg/mo, based on four plants reporting from Iowa and Massachusetts.
5. Census data adjusted for "zero" generators (estimated at 59%).
6. The estimated numbers of plants in each of the generator classes
between 100 and 5000 kg/mo are based on 40 data points in the state
data. The estimated number of non- and large generators is based
on 15 plants reporting from Iowa and Massachusetts.
B-128
-------
SIC: 30
7. The estimated mean generation rate for large generators is 17,426
kg/mo based on three plants reporting from California, Iowa and
Massachusetts.
8. Census data adjusted for "zero" generators (estimated at 67%).
9. Sum total of profiles for "SIC 307" and "SIC 30, except 307."
B-129
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.<>7.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(3)
SIC: 3000 NATION
excegt 307
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
U)
Q
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-ZOO
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
000-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-SOOO
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
22.3
10.6
6.2
4.2
3.0
2.4
1.8
1.5
1.2
1.1
5.4
3.8
36.5
70
41
28
20
16
12
10
8
7
36
25
242
663
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
(5):
100.0
7400.
10500.
10250.
9800.
9000.
8800.
7800.
7500.
6800.
6650.
54000.
87500.
S214132.*4*
5440132.
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
1.0
1.6
95.8
100.0
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(6)
SIC: 3070
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIfcS FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
td
M
CJ
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2000
-100
200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-1,000
5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
544
241
146
103
77
60
49
40
34
29
162
133
1077
20.2
8.9
5.4
3.B
2.9
2.2
1.8
1.5
1.3
1.1
6.0
4.9
40.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
TOTAL
2695
(8)
100.0
27200.
36150.
36500.
36050.
34650.
33000.
31850.
30000.
28900.
27550.
243000.
465500.
18767802. <7)
19798152.
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
1.2
2.4
94.6
100.0
-------
11/30/79.
10.10.07.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(9)
SIC: 300D
(all)
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
7
CO
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/NO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
300-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
£000-5000
> 5000
ESTABL
NUMBER
692
311
187
131
97
76
61
50
42
36
198
158
1319
ISHHENTS
PERCENT
20.6
9.3
5.6
3.9
2.9
2.3
1.8
1.5
1.3
1.1
5.9
4.7
39.3
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
34600.
46650.
46750.
45850.
43650.
41800.
39650.
37500.
35700.
34200.
297000.
553000.
23981934.
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
1.2
2.2
95.0
TOTAL
3358
100.0
25238284,
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN Sjc 3070
REGION
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL 1-4 5-9 10-19 20-49
50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999
V
NAT
00
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
III
IX
X
ION
737
1?22
564
870
2222
553
367
140
1236
139
blOO
178
^75
123
238
484
Ibj
83
44
387
63
2040
109
165
70
102
275
«3
44
33
185
30
10^6
121
226
91
149
336
92
51
22
212
34
1334
147
251
122
180
508
114
90
31
229
39
1711
90
182
69
94
304
50
54
6
129
14
992
72
92
62
75
225
36
30
4
78
8
682
14
25
21
24
67
9
10
0
13
0
183
4
6
5
7
16
3
4
0
2
1
48
>1000
2
0
1
1
7
1
1
0
1
0
14
u>
00
-------
12/C6/79. 12.30.b4.
BREAKDOWN DP PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY tPA REGION IN SIC 3000
REGION
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL
b-9
10-19
20-49
50-99 100-249 250-499 bOO-999
>1000
V
NAT
W
I
11
III
IV
V
VI
VII
111
IX
X
ILK
901
1399
684
1104
2716
6b7
418
lb&
1452
21b
9707
201
315
132
286
boO
187
92
51
444
72
2340
133
197
89
124
319
88
50
36
211
35
1282
143
252
109
168
399
108
55
24
244
37
1539
168
284
139
214
b!3
135
94
34
277
46
2004
112
201
81
130
376
57
61
6
150
18
1192
99
109
82
106
290
54
42
4
98
9
' 893
24
31
33
39
98
Ib
13
2
18
0
274
17
9
12
18
34
5
4
0
5
1
105
4
1
7
19
27
7
7
1
5
0
7b
10
-------
INDUSTRY: Leather and Leather Products (except leather SIC: 31 (except
tanning and finishing) 3111)
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
Establishments in this industry are primarily engaged in the manufacture
of finished leather products, artifical leather products and other similar pro-
ducts made of other materials. Based on the census data there are 2379 estab-
lishments in the subject SIC with most of the establishments located in the
New England and eastern seaboard states.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Based on data from Iowa, Mass., New York and Rhode Island it is estimated
that 77% (or 1831) of the establishments do not generate hazardous wastes and
that of the plants producing hazardous wastes no plant generates more than
5000 kg/mo of waste. The predominant hazardous wastes generated are solvents,
cements, adhesives, paint sludge, solvent- and cement-contaminated rags,
empty solvent and cement containers. The total amount of hazardous waste gen-
erated by plants in the subject SIC is estimated at 416,000 kg/mo with an
average rate of 760 kg/mo per generator (see Industry Profile).
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
All plants included in the state data base indicate offsite landfill dis-
posal of hazardous wastes.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
Waste solvents could be recycled, as recycling is environmentally more
acceptable than disposal via landfills. Incineration could also be a viable
alternative for waste oils and solvents.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF THE DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED:
(1) Based on state data for 9 establishments in SIC's 313-319
(2) Census data, adjusted for the estimated number of "zero" generators
(77%)
B-135
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY HROFRt
.(1)
SIC: 3100 NATION
(except 3111)
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS dASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
WAbTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
00
i-1
OJ
cr>
0
LOO
200
300
400
3 00
600
700
800
900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-bOO
-900
-10CO
-2000
-5000
5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
TOTAL
160
76
48
34
27
22
18
15
13
11
65
59
0
548
(2)
29.2
13.9
8.8
6.2
4.9
4.0
3.3
2.7
2.4
2.0
11.9
10.8
0.0
100.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
8000.
11400.
12000.
11900.
12150.
12100.
11700.
11250.
11050.
10450.
97500.
206500.
0.
416000.
1.9
2.7
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.5
23.4
49.6
0.0
100.0
-------
w
M
12/07/79. 13.31.39.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 3100 (including SIC 3111)
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
RE6ION TOTAL 1-4 5-9 10-19 20-49 50-99 100-249 250-499 900-999 >1000
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
541
737
224
273
341
194
160
45
266
46
its
192
30
62
76
53
23
19
86
16
56
93
16
21
33
21
19
9
S3
6
62
116
24
26
48
25
12
7
34
10
91
148
37
45
42
33
19
6
49
11
57
92
24
23
55
16
26
2
17
0
79
68
46
24
42
26
20
1
21
3
65
22
42
53
37
16
30
0
5
0
13
6
5
18
6
3
It
0
1
0
3
0
0
1
2
1
0
1
0
0
NATION 2827 672 327 364 481 312 330 270 63
-------
INDUSTRY: Leather Tanning and Finishing SIC: 3111
DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY:
Firms in SIC 3111 are engaged primarily in the tanning of cattlehides,
sheephides or pigskins. Most hides (about 87%) are tanned with chromium; the
remainder with vegetable products (e.g., bark extracts) . Tanning is essen-
tially a batch process in which the hides are immersed in the tanning solution.
Based on the census data, there are M«9 establishments in SIC 3111 with 53%
employing less than 20 persons. Of the M9 firms, 76 are believed to be dealers
and conduct no actual tanning operations; another 118 tanners are categorized
as "hobby" enterprises (e.g., deer hide tanning and taxidermy) .
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Tanners generate a variety of wastes which would be considered hazardous
due to the presence of chromium (and other metals). These include hair,
liquors, wastewater treatment screenings and sludges, and leather finishing
residues. Small amounts of solvents are also used by tanners and waste solvents
require disposal. By far the largest quantity of wastes are sludges from
wastewater treatment. Although vegetable tanning generates the same types
of wastes as chrome tanning, the wastes are not considered hazardous since
the tanning agents are natural organic products of relatively low toxicity
The following table summarizes the waste generation rates for typical estab-
lishments in various tanning categories
Average Hazardous Waste
Category Generation Rate (kg.mo)
Complete chrome tannery 82,000
Vegetable tannery 0
Sheepskin tannery 7,750
Split tannery 5*»,000
Beamhouse/tanhouse 217,000
Retan/refinishing 15,000
Leather finisher 1,100
Except for 68 plants in the "leather finishing" category and 118 "hobblests,"
all chrome tanneries are estimated to generate more than 5000 kg/mo of hazardous
waste * . Based on the waste generation profiles developed here (see Industrial
Profile), it is estimated that about 18 million kg/mo of hazardous waste is gen-
erated by the industry, with the "large" tanneries producing an average of
B-138
-------
SIC: 3111
about 100,000 kg/mo (mostly WWT sludges) and the small (less than 5000 kg/mo
category) tanneries producing an average of 460 kg/mo. The very small
"hobbiests" which are in the "less than 100 kg/mo" category produce about 1.2
kg/mo/'es tab 1i shment."
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES('*:
About 60% of the hazardous waste generated by tanneries is disposed to
landfills (10? to "sanitary landfills"). About 25% of the wastes are estimated
to be disposed of to open dumps and the remaining wastes are primarily disposed
in lagoons, trenches, pits, ponds, or by agricultural spreading.
WWT sludges are the only tannery wastes which are currently treated prior
to disposal. Sludge dewatering is accomplished using gravity or mechanical
means. It is expected that more widespread use of mechanical dewatering will
occur as more tanneries install wastewater treatment/pretreatment facilities.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COSr1*:
Estimated disposal costs (197*0 for tannery wastes range from $2/1000 kg
for open dump disposal to $38/1000 kg for dewater/landfi11 disposal (sludge).
Average cost for landfill disposal via contract hauling is estimated at about
$30/1000 kg.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS^':
Some tanneries are located where municipal sewers could be used to dispose
of aqueous waste. However, this alternative merely changes the point at which
sludges are generated (sewage treatment plant vs. tannery), although some
sludge disposal cost saving might occur due to economics of scale. Specific
tannery wastes such as trim and shavings can be used as a fertilizer or animal
feed supplements as is the practice at some midwestern tanneries at present.
The use of chromium-contain ing wastes as fertilizer and/or animal feed can be
environmentally sound if surface and ground water pollution does not result
from the practice and chrome in feed is kept to prescribed levels (chromium
is not highly toxic to mamals but is toxic to aquatic organisms and lower
terrestrial plant life).
INDUSTRIAL PROFILE:
(See table)
B-139
-------
SIC: 3111
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY 0F THE DATA BASE:
The industry profile and other information in this assessment has been
obtained primarily from a previous EPA study of the tanning industry1 . The
study was based on data from 41 tanneries representing 50% of the nationwide
industry production. Since tanning is essentially a batch process, waste
quantities are approximately proportional to the number of hides processed and
waste generation for small tanneries can be estimated from data for larger
(2)
tanneries .
There is some uncertainty in both the number of "tanners" in the "less
than 100 kg/mo" category and the waste produced by these "tanners." Hobbiests
and taxidermists tend to be underrepresented in the census data since many are
part-time operations and have no "employees" (hence they do not appear in IRS
statistics upon which 1976 census data is largely based). In addition, the
amount of wastes generated by hobbiests and taxidermists is not well known,
(2)
since these "tanners" do not conduct the same operations as commercial tanners
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) SCS Engineers, "Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste Practices -
Leather Tanning and Finishing Industry, U.S. EPA Office of Solid
Waste, November 1976.
(2) Information supplied by the Tanners' Council of America, May 1979
(3) Based on (a) a waste generation factor of 0.16 kg/equivalent hide
for 68 leather finishers from Reference 1, (b) a "production" of
less than 10 hides per year by the 118 hobbiests (making them all
generators of less than 100 kg/mo of waste), (c) the assumption that
21 vegetable tanners and the 76 dealers generate no wastes and (d)
all other firms in SIC 3111 generate more than 5000 kg/mo of waste.
Census data, ajusted for "zero" generators (per Reference 3)
B-140
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(3)
SIC: 3111
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER ANO WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
B
0
100
200
300
400
t>00
600
700
bOO
900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-iOOO
5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
TOTAL
352
(4)
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
121
4
5
2
3
3
3
2
3
2
12
14
178
34.4
1.1
1.4
.6
.9
.9
.9
.6
.9
.6
3.4
4.0
50.6
121.
600.
1250.
700.
1350.
1650.
1950.
1500.
2550.
1900.
18000.
49000.
17800000.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.3
99.5
100.0
17880571.
100.0
-------
12/06/79. 12.33.08.
BREAKDOWN Oh PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 3111
REGIL.N
NUMBER QF PLANIS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL 1-4 5-9 10-19 20-49
50-99 100-249 2SO-499 500-999
1
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
NATION
B>
130
113
29
31
62
15
16
9
33
11
449
31
39
5
7
9
5
1
5
12
4
lid
12
19
1
3
6
1
2
1
3
1
49
29
Ib
5
5
6
3
2
1
2
4
72
24
23
5
8
10
4
7
2
8
2
93
20
9
3
1
13
2
3
0
3
0
54
11
4
9
4
10
0
1
0
5
0
44
1
4
1
3
7
0
0
0
0
0
16
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
>1000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
it*
10
-------
INDUSTRY: Stone, Clay, Glass and Concrete Products SIC: 32
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
The establishments in the subject.SIC are engaged in the manufacturing
of flat glass and other glass products, cement, structural clay products,
pottery, concrete and gypsum products, cut stone, abrasive and miscellaneous
nonmetallic mineral products. Raw materials used are primarily stone, clay,
sand, alkalis and pigment chemicals. Major production processes include crush-
ing, grinding, mixing, extruding, calcination, drying and firing. According
to the census data (see computer printout), there are over 15,713 establish-
ments in SIC 32, located in all 10 EPA regions. The majority (83%) of the"
establishments has less than 50 employees with 31% employing from 1 to 4
employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Wastes of a hazardous nature which are generated are mainly waste lube
oil, and toxic and ignitable solvents . Some plants may also generate alkali
and acidic wastes. Based on the state data, the total hazardous waste (exclud-
ing lube oil) generated by the industry is estimated at 1.8 million kg/mo with
an average generation rate of 583 kg/mo/establishment (see Industry Profile).
The quantity of hazardous waste generated by an establishment is usually
insignificant compared to the quantity of the nonhazardous waste. Nonhazard-
ous wastes include rejected or broken products and process "dust" collected
from various operations.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Based on the state data, 70% of the wastes are landfilled, 30% are con-
tract hauled and an insignificant percentage (0.03%) is recycled.
Many establishments recycle the nonhazardous waste (e.g., process "dust")
although some dispose of such wastes in landfills.
When designed and operated properly, landfills should be environmentally
adequate for disposal of wastes generated by the subject SIC.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
One establishment reported landfill cost at $55/ton.
B-143
-------
SIC: 32
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHOD:
Other environmentally acceptable disposal methods include recycling and
controlled incineration.
INDUSTRY PROFILE :
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Three types of wastes (cement kiln dust, alkali waste from lime
production and asbestos waste which are generated by establishments
in SIC 3292) are not included in this assessment. Cement kiln dust
is considered a "special" waste subject to different regulations.
Establishments generating alkali waste from lime production are
assessed to be "large" generators; asbestos wastes are regulated
under OSHA and other acts such as the Clean Air Act.
(2) Census data
(3) Based on data for 22 small generators in the state data base
(4) Contact with three establishments and the following five trade
associations:
Portland Cement Association
Glass Packaging Institute
Sealed Insulating Glass Manufacturing Association
Gypsum Association
American Concrete Pressure Pipe Association
(5) EPA/Effluent Guidelines Division Development Document: Flat Glass
(EPA 440/1-74-OOlc)
(6) EPA/Effluent Guidelines Division Development Document: Cement
Manufacturing Point Source (EPA 550/l-74-005a)
(7) Industrial Process Profiles for Environmental Use:
Chapter 17, The Gypsum and Wallboard Industry, NTIS PB-281-484
Chapter 18, The Lime Industry, NTIS PB-281-481
Chapter 19, The Clay Industry, NTIS PB-281-486
B-144
-------
SIC: 32
(8) Based on the assumption that establishments in the 4-digit SIC's
which did not appear in the state data do not generate hazardous
wastes; based on this assumption 80% of the establishments in SIC
32 are considered non-hazardous waste generators.
B-145
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(3)
SIC: 3200
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FDR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
D
cn
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/ilO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-50G
500-600
600-700
700-800
bOJ-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
1408
383
224
155
116
92
75
63
53
46
269
258
0
3142
(2,8)
44.8
12.2
7.1
4.9
3.7
2.9
2.4
2.0
1.7
1.5
8.6
8.2
0.0
100.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
70400.
57450.
56000.
54250.
52200.
50600.
48750.
47250.
45050.
43700.
403500.
903000.
0.
1832150.
3.8
3.1
3.1
3.0
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
22.0
49.3
0.0
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57,
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLCVMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 3200
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
REGION TOTAL 1-4 5—J 10-19 20-49 5G-99 100-249 250-499 5CO-999
>10CO
V
NAT
DO
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
III
IX
K
ION
7fll
1334
1606
2648
3691
1690
1103
581
1737
542
15713
279
441
398
686
1187
488
364
?19
1>63
215
4B45
157
2*2
276
513
7C1
33H
?50
128
320
102
3067
15b
234
297
533
758
325
232
91
340
106
3122
111
186
325
516
570
303
154
81
307
69
2622
36
65
115
165
207
105
41
40
103
31
908
30
76
105
131
158
91
48
16
63
15
733
7
24
54
32
61
31
6
4
23
3
247
2
19
30
15
33
o
5
1
12
1
127
3
7
6
7
16
0
1
1
1
0
42
-------
INDUSTRY: Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding of Metal SIC: 3315,3316,
3317,335
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
This group of industries includes the following SIC's: 3315 (Steel Wire
Drawing and Steel Nails and Spikes), which includes establishments primarily
engaged in drawing wire from purchased iron or steel rods, bars or wire and
which may be engaged in the further manufacture of products made from wire;
3316 (Cold Rolled Steel Sheet, Strip, and Bars), which includes establishments
primarily engaged in (a) cold rolling steel sheets and strip from purchased
hot rolled sheets; (b) cold drawing steel bars and steel shapes from purchased
hot rolled steel bars; and (c) producing other cold finished steel; 3317 (Steel
Pipe and Tubes), which includes establishments engaged in the production of
welded or seamless steel pipe and tubes and heavy riveted steel pipe from
purchased material; and 335 (Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding of Nonferrous
Metals), which includes establishments primarily engaged in rolling, drawing,
and extruding of nonferrous metals into plates, sheets, strips, bars, tubing
and wire.
The plants in the category are distributed between the EPA regions approx-
imately in proportion to population with the exception of Regions I and VIII.
Region I has 13.8% of the plants in this group but only 5.75% of the popula-
tion and Region VIII has only 0.9% of the plants but 2.71% of the population.
Plants fall into all employment size categories without being concen-
trated in any one category. About 18% of the plants have fewer than 10
employees, 46% have fewer than 50 and 16% have in excess of 250 employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
The table which follows shows the wastes reported by the 35 sampled plants
in this industrial grouping, as well as the percent of plants reporting each
waste. It can be seen from the table that about one-third of the wastes are
cleaning chemicals of various kinds.
B-148
-------
SIC: 3315, etc.
WASTE TYPES AND RELATIVE QUANTITIES
% of Plants % of Total % of Non-oil
Waste Reporting Waste* Waste Reported Waste Reported
011 48.57 25.44
Solvent 34.28 7.36 9.91
Cyanides 11.43 0.28 0.38
Copper sludge 8.57 4.63 6.24
Acids 8.57 6.34 8.54
Alkaline cleaners 8.57 8.86 11.93
Plating solution 8.57 5.67 7.65
with metals
Copper and other metal 5.71 4.72 6.36
oxide powders
Caustics 2.86 4.42 5.95
Organic hazardous waste 2.86 22.26 29.98
Enamel coatings 2.86 0.73 0.99
Potassium permanganate 2.86 0.04 0.05
Fats and waxes 2.86 8.28 11.15
Sodium nitrate 2.86 0.27 0.36
Lead dross 2.86 0.35 0.47
Pesticides and unrinsed 2.86 0.03 0.04
containers gg>68
*The sum exceeds 100 since many plants report more than one waste stream.
WASTE TREATMENT STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICE:
The table which follows shows the percent of sampled plants which dis-
posed of each listed waste by the indicated disposal methods. As can be seen
by the table, disposal via contract hauling is generally the most prevalent
disposal methods for plants reporting waste disposal.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
B-149
-------
PERCENT OF FACILITIES DISPOSING OF INDICATED WASTE BY INDICATED DISPOSAL METHOD
1
Waste
Oil
Solvent
Cyanides
Copper sludge
Acids
Alkaline cleaners
Plating solutions
Caustics*
Organic hazardous
vaate*
Enamel coating*
Potassium
permanganate*
Fats and waxes*
Sodium nitrate*
bead dross*
Pesticides and
unrinaed containers
Unknown
\ of
Facilities
33.3
30.0
100
t of
Haste
50.2
17.9
100
Contract Hauled
to Unspecified
Disposal
\ of
Facilities
22.2
40.0
75.0
100
33.3
31.3
33.3
100
100
100
t of
Waste
19.3
20.2
6O.2
100
7.0
70.6
19.6
100
100
100
Recycle
« of
Facilities
11.1
" 30.0
2S.O
66.7
33.3
100
» of
Haste
18.3
61.9
39. 8
93.0
2.0
100
Landfill
% of
Facilities
11.1
33.3
100
% of
Haste
2.3
78.4
100
Sewer
* of
Facilities
5.6
33.3
100
100
% of
Haste
7.7
16.6
100
100
Other Method
% of
Facilities
5.6
33.~3
% of
Haste
0.8
12.8
Incineration
» of
Facilities
5.6
t of
Waste
1.3
Ul
O
•Only one plant reported disposing of this waste.
-------
SIC: 3315, etc.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILES:
Based on survey data from Iowa, Massachusetts, and New York, it was esti-
mated that 21.6% of the plants in this industrial grouping generated no haz-
ardous wastes, that 24.3% generated in excess of 5,000 kg/mo, and that the
plants generating more than 5,000 k/mo generated an average of 147,700 kg/mo.
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Based on "state" data base covering 35 small generators
(2) Census data adjusted for "zero" generators (estimated at 22%)
B-151
-------
11/27/79.
Oti.43.Z7.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(1)
SIC:
3315,
3316,
3317, 335
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
Ul
to
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-ZOO
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
242
. 17
33
25
59
29
25
29
25
25
226
133
375
19.5
1.4
2.7
2.0
4.7
2.3
2.0
2.3
2.0
2.0
18.2
10.7
30.2
1243
(2)
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
100.0
8470.
2550.
8250.
8750.
26550.
15950.
16250.
21750.
21250.
23750.
339000.
465500.
55387500.
56345520.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.6
.8
98.3
100.0
-------
lc/06/79.
12. JO.54.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTb IN EMPLOYMENT SIZt CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SICS 331^ 3316, 3317 and 335
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
REGION
TOTAL
5-9
10-19
20-49
bO-99 100-249 250-499 500-999
>1000
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
214
203
174
174
438
104
43
14
160
21
31
22
16
20
36
18
4
2
24
2
12
13
11
8
26
4
0
1
18
6
14
22
14
12
50
10
7
2
16
1
41
42
27
24
82
22
5
4
35
1
33
27
24
35
76
16
11
3
28
4
36
43
46
47
89
23
10
1
11
5
30
I*
20
13
44
7
3
1
9
0
13
7
12
4
28
2
2
0
3
1
4
3
4
6
7
0
1
0
3
1
NATION
W
M
in
10
1545
175
104
150
283
259
322
151
72
-------
INDUSTRY: Foundries SICs 332,336
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
This group includes establishments primarily engaged in the casting of
metals. SIC 332 includes establishments that manufacture iron and steel
castings. SIC 336 includes establishments that manufacture castings of
aluminum, brass, bronze, and other nonferrous metals and alloys.
Establishments which produce castings and which are also engaged in
fabricating operations, such as machining, assembling, etc., in manufactur-
ing a specified product are classified in the industry of the specified
product. In addition to the casting of metal, many establishments whose
primary SIC is either 332 or 336 are engaged in ancillary processes such as
heat treating, pickling, metal cleaning, painting, etc.
Foundries are distributed among the EPA regions roughly in proportion
to population with a slight concentration in Region 5. Ferrous foundries are
in all employment size categories and tend to be larger than non-ferrous
foundries. About 35% of ferrous foundries have more than 100 employees and
48% have fewer than fifty. About 80% of the non-ferrous foundries have
fewer than 50 employees and 36% have fewer than 10
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Metal foundries produce large quantities of solid wastes including such
things as slags, core butts, dusts, and scrubber sludges. Much of this waste
contains heavy metals and other toxic chemicals but testing sponsored by the
American Foundryman's Society and the EPA have found that these wastes do not
release their toxic components in leaching tests
Since the metal casting process itself does not result in hazardous
waste, the ancillary processes (e.g., metal cleaning, finishing, etc.) deter-
mine which hazardous wastes are generated at a given foundry. Approximately
half of the non-oil hazardous wastes reported in the "state" data by estab-
lishments in SIC 332 and 336 are chemicals used in metal cleaning. Waste oil
was the only hazardous waste reported by 27% of the plants in SIC 332 and 22%
of the plants in SIC 336 .
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
The two tables which follow show the waste disposal practices reported
in the "state" data. It can be seen from these tables that off-site landfill
B-154
-------
SIC: 332,336
is the most commonly reported method of disposal, being reported by more than
half the plants in both SIC 332 and 336.
Non-hazardous wastes are reported to be open dumped. These wastes are
generated in vastly larger quantities than are the hazardous wastes. This
(5)
is particularly true for SIC 332 where one estimate is that approximately 1.5
x 10 MT of non-hazardous wastes are generated each month as opposed to 0.303
MT/mo estimated in this assessment.
SIC 332;
% of plants % of all % of non-oil
reporting use hazardous waste hazardous waste
Disposal Method of disposing method to disposal method to disposal method
Landfill (offsite)
Septic tank
Recycle
Unknown
SIC 336;
Landfill (offsite) 55 15 29
Landspread 11 0.3 0
Recycle 11 46 0
Unknown 44 39 71
100 100
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
54
9
18
27
42
1.5
49
7.6
100
49
1.8
49
0
100
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
B-155
-------
SIC: 332,336
HAZARDOUS WASTES REPORTED BY NINE NONFERROUS FOUNDRIES
Degreaser
sludge
HC1,NH3
Paints
Chromium
hydroxide
solution
% of Plants
Reporting Waste
56
44
22
11
11
11
% of Total
Amount of Hazardous
Waste Reported
51.1
23.9
7.1
9.1
.8.7
0.1
100
% of Total Amount
of non-oil Hazardous
Waste Reported
48.9
14.5
18.7
17.7
0.2
100
HAZARDOUS WASTES REPORTED BY 11 IRON AND STEEL FOUNDRIES
Waste
% of Plants
Reporting Waste
Oil
Alkaline
solution
Liquid
caustic
Acid
Solution
Chemical
Cleaners
Organic
Solvent
Caustic
soda (solid)
Inorganic
Hazardous
Waste
X-ray
Emulsion
27
27
27
9
9
9
9
9
9
Pesticides
% of Total
Amount of Hazardous
Waste Reported
15.8
13.7
13.5
9.8
2.1
1.6
2.2
41.1
0.1
0.03
100
% of Total Amount
of non-oil Hazardous
Waste Reported
16.3
16.1
11.6
2.4
2.0
2.6
48.8
0.13
0.03
100
B-156
-------
SIC: 332,336
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
Based on the results of laboratory tests sponsored by the EPA and the
American Foundrymen's Society, this assessment assumes that all slags, dusts
and scrubber sludges from metal foundries are non-hazardous. Should any of
these wastes prove to be hazardous in subsequent testing, the estimate of
hazardous waste quantity presented here would be low.
The data collected by this study indicate that there are no plants in
SIC 332 which generate more than 5 NT of hazardous waste per month while
there are plants in SIC 336 which generate more than 5 MT of hazardous waste
per month. This is apparently inconsistent with the fact that plants in sic
332 tend to be larger than those in SIC 336. One possible explanation is a
reporting error in the "state" surveys. However, it appears more likely
that the hazardous wastes from ferrous foundries are disposed of to POTW's
and so are not reported in the "state" data base. The prevalence of neutral-
izable acid and alkaline wastes from SIC 332 and the prevalence of organic
solvent wastes from SIC 336 tends to support the latter explanation.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census "County Business Patterns
1976," computer tapes
(2) SRI International, "Structure of the Foundry Industry," Final
Interim Report, November 1978, CPA Contract No. 68-01-4433
(3) American Foundrymen's Society
(4) Non-Ferrous Founders Society
(5) Calspan Corporation, "Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Naste
Practices in the Metal Smelting and Refining Industry," April
1977, Contract No. 68-01-2604
(6) "State" data base
(7) Based on state data for 24 small generators
(8) Census data adjusted for "zero" generators; of the 42 plants covered
by the survey data from New York, Massachusetts and Iowa, 26 plants
(62%) reported "zero" hazardous waste generation and no plant reported
more than 5000 kg/mo hazardous waste production.
B-157
-------
SIC: 332,336
(9) Based on state data for 9 small generators
(10) Census data adjusted for "zero" generators; of the 20 plants covered
by the survey data from New York, Iowa and Massachusetts, 12 plants
(55%) reported "zero" hazardous waste generation and 4 plants (20%)
reported hazardous waste generation in excess of 5000 kg/mo with a
mean value of 93,625 kg/mo.
B-158
-------
11/27/79.
00.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(7)
SIC: 3320
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
U1
VD
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
184
79
47
33
24
19
15
12
10
9
48
37
0
35.6
15.3
9.1
6.4
4.6
3.7
2.9
2.3
1.9
1.7
9.3
7.2
0.0
517
(8)
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
9200.
11U50.
11750.
11550.
10800.
10450.
9750.
9000.
8500.
8550.
72000.
129500.
0.
3.0
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.8
23.8
42.8
0.0
100.0
302900.
100.0
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(9)
SIC: 3360
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS HASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
600
900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
ESTABL
NUMBER
133
62
39
27
21
18
14
11
9
97
46
45
347
ISHMENTS
PERCENT
15.3
7.1
4.5
3.1
2.4
2.1
1.6
1.3
1.0
11.2
5.3
5.2
39.9
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
6650.
9300.
9750.
9450.
9450.
9900.
9100.
8250.
7650.
92150.
69000.
157500.
32487875.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
.2
.5
96.8
TOTAL
869(10) 100.0
32886025.
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BKFAKOOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 3320
REGION
NATION
00
H
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGOPY
T3TAL
1366
1-4
116
10-19
20-49
50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999
126
320
230
273
132
43
>1000
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
82
84
176
130
525
103
82
21
110
44
6
11
11
9
32
14
12
4
13
4
2
5
19
11
30
Q
5
0
8
5
9
9
10
16
44
11
6
1
17
3
28
20
37
35
127
19
11
7
22
14
15
11
33
21
37
21
IB
4
15
5
19
15
33
25
103
17
21
3
29
8
2
1C
2&
14
62
6
ft
2
5
3
1
2
9
5
20
2
2
0
1
1
0
1
4
3
20
2
1
0
0
1
32
-------
ll/PQ/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN QF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZf CATEGORIFS BY E°A REGION IN SIC 336C
kEGION
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN FACH CATEGORY
TOTAL 1-4 5-9 10-1? 20-49
V
NAT
B>
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
III
IX
X
ION
150
177
139
122
642
109
98
24
233
1735
33
33
27
37
113
28
15
4
43
16
354
34
22
1«>
15
97
1 ?
2?
6
37
K
^75
42
44
39
19
128
21
22
9
49
8
391
30
43
36
27
143
22
18
5
56
1
381
6
21
7
12
63
14
8
0
30
6
167
4
10
5
7
73
5
12
0
10
1
127
1
1
6
4
16
1
1
0
3
1
34
50-99 100-249 250-^99 500-999 >10CO
0 0
2 1
3 0
0 1
6 3
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
11 5
to
-------
INDUSTRY: Secondary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous SIC: 3341
Metals
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
This SIC includes establishments primarily engaged in recovering non-
ferrous metals and alloys from new and used scrap and dross. This industry
includes establishments engaged in both the recovery and alloying of precious
metals. Plants engaged in the recovery of tin through secondary smelting and
refining, as well as by chemical processes, are included in this industry.
Secondary smelters tend to be located in or near large cities which serve
as sources of scrap metal. Based on the census data, many of the establish-
ments in this industry are small with 39% having fewer than 10 employees and
71% having fewer than 50 employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Hazardous wastes from secondary metal smelting and refining plants most
commonly include baghouse dusts, and scrubber sludges which can leach toxic
chemicals. Furnace slags are another common waste but not all of these release
their toxic components in leaching tests. Blast furnace slags from secondary
copper smelters are reported to leach significant amounts of heavy metals.
Some secondary aluminum slags contain high concentrations of soluble salts
such as NaCl, KC1, MgCl and ZnCl . Many secondary lead refiners use lead-
acid batteries as their scrap source and dispose of battery cases containing
residual sulfuric acid. Occasionally, secondary refiners dispose of scrap
contaminated with oil, grease, or other substances. These wastes may be haz-
ardous .
The rate of waste generation at a particular plant is a function of the
type of metal processed, amount of metal processed, scrap source, refining
process(es) used, degree of air pollution cleanup, degree of wastewater treat-
ment, and degree of in-plant recycling
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Open dumping is reported to be the primary disposal practice for slags.
This practice creates the potential for groundwater contamination by heavy
metals which may leach from the copper slags and by salt which may leach from
the aluminum slag. Approximately 50 percent of the aluminum slag is reported
to be open dumped onsite and 50 percent is contractor hauled and disposed of
offsite(2).
B-163
-------
SIC; 3341
Storage in unlined lagoons is reported to be the primary disposal
practice for sludges. This practice also creates the potential for ground-
water contamination by heavy metals which may leach from electrolytic copper
refinery sludges, lead refinery scrubber sludges and from lead-refinery bag-
house-dust leaching solutions. Scrubber sludges from aluminum refineries may
(2)
contaminate groundwater by leaching fluorides
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
Responding to a TRW inquiry, one lead recycling plant in Pennsylvania
reported a solid waste disposal cost of $16.09/cubic yard. This plant dis-
poses of approximately 130 tons/day of solid waste which is composed of blast
furnace slag, crushed battery cases, wastewater treatment sludge and scrubber
sludge. Another lead recycling plant reported a cost of $6.00 per ton for
the disposal of 160 tons per month of furnace slag.
The following are 1977 cost estimates for disposal of the hazardous
wastes described previously :
Wasce Source/Type
Lead/scrubber sludge
Aluminum/slag
Aluminum/scrubber sludge
Copper/pyrometallurgical
refinery slag
Copper/electrolytic
refinery slag
Copper/electrolytic sludge
Waste Amount (MT/yr)
1,500
14,000
5,000
3,500
14,000
16
(dry weight)
Capital
Cost ($)
43,900
N/A
16,455
6,650
32,805
5,410
Annual
Cost ($)
11,560
24,990
108,190
6,755
33,700
770
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
B-164
-------
SIC: 3341
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) EPA/EGD Draft Report on Effluent Limitations and Pretreatment
Standards for Point Sources Within the Nonferrous Metals Manu-
facturing Point Source Category, Section III, 1979.
(2) Calspan Corp., "Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste Practices
in the Metal Smelting and Refining Industry," Vol. Ill, EPA Con-
tract No. 68-01-2604, April 1977.
(3) Based on data for 5 small generators in the state data base
(4) Census data, adjusted for the estimated number of "zero" generators
(20%); the percentage of zero generators and large generators
based on New Jersey state data for 5 plants which indicated 1
zero generator and 2 large generators.
(5) Total waste quantity is that reported based on a previous study
(Reference 1) of the secondary lead, aluminum and copper smelting
and refining industry. This estimate may be low for SIC 3341
since lead, aluminum and copper smelting and refining industry
account for only about 62% of plants in this SIC.
(6) EPA, "Development Document for Interim Final Effluent Limitations
Guidelines and Proposed New Source Performance Standards for the
Secondary Copper Subcategory of the Copper Segment of the Non-
ferrous Metals Manufacturing Point Source Category," February 1975.
(7) EPA/EGD
(8) Aluminum Recycling Association
(9) International Lead Zinc Research Organization
(10) One individual establishment
B-165
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(3)
SIC: 3341
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
b>
01
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER
9
15
12
12
a
8
6
6
5
5
28
24
153
291
PERCENT
3.1
5.2
4.1
4.1
2.7
2.7
2.1
2.1
1.7
1.7
9.6
8.2
52.6
(4) 100.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
450.
2250.
3000.
4200.
3600.
4400.
3900.
4500.
4250.
4750.
42000.
84000.
31977000.
32138300.
(5)
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.3
99.5
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOY1ENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 3341
NUMBED OF PLANTS IN FaCH CATEGQPY
P. E G I ON
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
NATION
CO
TDTAL
32
60
48
32
49
26
13
8
55
9
382
1-4
13
17
15
8
15
6
2
3
15
2
96
5-9
3
3
7
6
12
4
1
2
11
1
55
10-19
b
11
6
3
11
3
2
3
5
2
52
20-49
6
9
9
2
26
4
3
C
10
2
70
50-90
4
10
*•
7
19
5
2
0
10
0
61
100-249 250-499 500-999
0
5
5
2
3
0
4
2
39
0
0
1
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
>1000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
c
-------
INDUSTRY: Metal Heat Treating SIC: 3398
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
This industry includes establishments primarily engaged in heat treating
of metal for the trade including annealing, brazing, burning, hardening, shot
peening, and tempering of metal.
Based on the census data (see computer printout), there are a total of
771 establishments in SIC 3398. Plants tend to be small with 40% having fewer
than 10 employees and 89% having fewer than 50 employees. The industry is
heavily concentrated in Region V where 44% of the plants are located.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
The table which follows lists the types and relative quantities of wastes
reported in a recent hazardous waste survey of 32 metal heating treating estab-
lishments . Waste acids and brines sent to POTW's are not included in the
table. Based on the survey data, about 5% of the acids and 48% of the quench-
ing brines are discharged to sewer. Cyanide salts comprise between 31 and 57%
of the waste salts reported in the survey. (A more precise estimate is not
possible since several respondents did not specify the nature of their "waste
salt.") Quenching oil comprises 98% of the waste oil reported, while the
remainder include lube oil, hydraulic oil, and cutting oil.
Waste oils were reported by 56% of the plants in the survey and 12.5% of
the plants reported oil as their only hazardous waste.
The total hazardous waste quantity generated by the establishments in the
subject SIC is estimated at 653,000 kg/mo, with an average of 1220 kg/mo/
generator.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
The table which follows lists the waste disposal methods reported for each
waste in the recent survey of metal heat treaters . Based on the data shown
in the table, "contract disposal" is by far the most prevalent disposal method.
B-168
-------
SIC: 3398
WASTE TYPES AND RELATIVE QUANTITIES
Haste
Oil
Solvent wastes
Acid
Waste salts
Baghouse dusts
Quenching brine
Scrubber sludge
Wastewater treat-
ment sludge
Caustics
TOTAL
% of Total Waste
Including Oil
59
13
8.4
5.2
5.1
3.4
2.8
2.5
0.09
100
% of Total Waste
Excluding Oil
—
32
21
13
13
8.4
7.0
6.2
0.23
100
% of Plants*
Reporting
waste Stream
56
38
6
44
38
12
3
6
3
--
% of Waste
Streams
27
18
2.9
21
18
5.8
1.5
2.9
1.5
100
*This column sums to greater than 100%
one waste stream.
since almost all plants report more than
B-169
-------
PERCENT OF FACILITIES DISPOSING OF INDICATED WASTE STREAM BY INDICATED DISPOSAL METHOD
Haste
Oil
Oily sludge
Solvent
Solvent sludge
Cyanide salt
Neutral salt
Nitrate salt
Salt (unspecified)
Quenching brine
Acids
Caustics
Glass Beads
(surface blasting)
Baghouse dust
Scrubber sludge
Hastewater treatment
sludge
Contract
Disposal
35
100
30
—
43
43
33
50
100
33
100
Landfill
(Offsite)
12
10
—
14
29
100
67
20
33
Land
Spreading
(Onsite)
6
—
—
—
~
20
Incineration
(Onsite)
6
—
—
—
—
Recycle
(Offsite)
6
10
50
—
—
Recycle
(Onsite)
12
10
50
—
—
Sewer
6
20
—
29
29
40
50
Municipal
Refuse
System
—
—
—
—
—
100
17
100
Did Not
State
18
20
—
14
—
20
17
-------
SIC: 3398
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
About half of the establishments responding to the survey (16 plants) pro-
vided data on waste disposal costs. The reported costs ranged from "zero" to
$857/metric ton (mean value of $169/metric ton). It is suspected that in some
cases the reported costs are for the disposal of all plant wastes and not only
the hazardous wastes. (The costs reported by some plants included incidental
costs such as that associated with waste sampling and analysis.) A number of
plants reported selling their waste oils and waste solvents. Some plants dis-
posing hazardous wastes to the sewer or the local municipal refuse system
reported no incremental cost due to the disposal of their hazardous wastes to
these systems.
The data indicate no correlation between waste quantity disposed of and
unit disposal cost. One plant indicated that waste salts contaminated with
cyanide were being stored onsite because no disposal company willing to pick
up such a small amount of waste could be found.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES?
(1) At the request of TRW, the Metal Treating Institute (MTI) conducted
a hazardous waste survey of a number of plants in SIC 3398. An
industry specific survey form prepared by TRW was mailed by MTI
to 135 plants; responses were received from 32 plants (or 24% of
plants surveyed).
(2) Census data adjusted for "zero" generators.
B-171
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(1)
SIC: 3398
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
to
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
130
72
48
35
26
22
16
15
11
11
61
52
35
24.3
13.5
9.0
6.6
4.9
4.1
3.0
2.8
2.1
2.1
11.4
9.7
6.6
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
534
(2)
100.0
6500.
10800.
12000.
12250.
11700.
12100.
10400.
11250.
9350.
10450.
91500.
182000.
273000.
653300.
1.0
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.8
1.9
1.6
1.7
1.4
1.6
14.0
27.9
41.8
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BPEAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATFGUPIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 339B
RtGION
NATION
w
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL
771
1-4
5-9
10-19
20-49
140
159
201
180
50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
78
90
45
38
339
40
15
9
105
1?
23
20
9
10
51
9
3
2
18
3
21
16
11
S
67
6
1
4
23
2
16
31
12
9
78
9
6
3
30
7
U
15
7
8
102
9
4
0
21
0
4
5
5
2
30
6
1
0
12
0
0
1
0
1
10
1
0
0
1
0
65
14
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
c
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
>1000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
c
-------
INDUSTRY: Primary Metal Products, not elsewhere classified SIC: 3399
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
This industrial category includes establishments primarily engaged in
manufacturing primary metal products, not elsewhere classified, such as non-
ferrous nails, brads, and spikes and metal powder, flakes, and paste. This
is one of the "not elsewhere classified" categories and appears to be rela-
tively heterogeneous with respect to processes employed.
Brads, nails, tacks, etc. are manufactured from metal by machining, extru-
sion, and other similar processes. Metal powders are made from either solid
metal or chemical compounds (generally oxides of metals) and are produced by
one of three different processes: atomization, electrolytic deposition, or
gaseous reduction
Based on the census data, there are a total of 249 establishments in SIC
3399, with 21% having fewer than five employees and 82% having fewer than 20
employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
The solid wastes resulting from the manufacture of nails, brads, etc.
include metal turnings, clippings, and other metal remnants. Metal powder
production may generate dusts, slags, or sludges depending on the manufacturing
process used*1*. All of the above wastes are reported to be high enough in
metal content that complete recycling within the plant is practiced . Other
waste produced include oils, solvents and paint.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Metal turnings, clippings, dust, slags and other metal remnants have high
metal contents and are recycled within the plant. Other wastes (e.g., oil,
solvents) are recycled, incinerated or sent to landfills for ultimate disposal.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
B-174
-------
SIC: 3399
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
The heterogeneity of this industry compromises any generalizations made
about the industry as a whole.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Calspan Corporation, "Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste
Practices in the Metal Smelting and Refining industry," Vol. Ill,
EPA Contract No. 68-01-2604, April 1977
(2) Based on data for 4 small generators in the state data base
(3) Census data, adjusted for the estimated number of "zero" generators
(based on 8 plants reported in the N.Y. survey of SIC 339); all
plants are assumed to generate less than 5000 kg/mo of waste (based
on plants included in the New Jersey and Iowa surveys)
B-175
-------
11/27/79.
06.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(2)
SIC: 3399
NATION
tSTIMATEO NUMBER AN3 WASTE QUANTITIES FOR
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
a
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/NO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
000-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-500U
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
45
18
11
7
6
4
4
3
3
2
12
11
0
35.7
14.3
8.7
5.6
4.6
3.2
3.2
2.4
2.4
1.6
9.5
8.7
0.0
ESTABLISHMENTS IN
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/M3 PERCENT
2250.
2700.
2750.
2450.
2700.
2200.
2600.
2250.
2550.
1900.
16000.
36500.
0.
2.6
3.3
3.4
3.0
3.3
2.7
3.2
2.6
3.2
2.4
22.3
47.6
0.0
126
(3)
100.0
80850.
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN (IF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 339Q
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EAQH CATEGORY
REGION TOTAL 1-4 5-9 10-19 20-49 50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999
V
NAT
T
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
III
IX
X
ION
19
23
40
27
82
9
7
b
25
6
2*9
3
3
9
6
22
2
1
1
7
0
54
3
5
7
2
7
2
2
0
3
3
2
4
5
1
14
1
1
3
2
0
4
«5
11
11
20
2
1
0
6
2
5
6
5
3
15
1
2
2
5
1
34
33
45
1
1
3
4
3
1
0
0
2
0
15
0
1
C
0
1
C
0
0
C
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
>1000
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-------
INDUSTRY: Fabricated Metal Products, Except Machinery SIC: 34 (except
and Transportation Equipment 3431 and
3479)
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
This major group includes establishments engaged in fabricating ferrous
and nonferrous metal products such as metal cans, tinware, hand tools, cutlery
general hardware, nonelectric heating apparatus, fabricated structural metal
products, metal forgings, metal stampings, ordnance (except vehicles and
guided missies), and a variety of metal and wire products not elsewhere
classified.
Census data indicate that there are 27,820 establishments in this indus-
try group; 43% have fewer than 10 employees, 90% have fewer than 100 employees
and 99% have fewer than 500 employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE PRODUCED:
The types of waste reported by the 263 small generator plants in this
industrial group in the state data base and the percent of plants reporting
each waste type are as follows:
Waste Type % of Plants*
Solvents 43
Paint wastes 35
Oils 30
Heavy metal containing wastes 20
Acids 14
Cyanides 8
Alkalis 7
Asbestos dust <1
Resins, plastics, enamel <1
Inorganic sludges <1
Explosive wastes <1
Telephone interviews with four establishments also found that oils and
solvents were the most commonly generated wastes in this industry
*Column sums up to more than 100% since some plants report generating more
than one waste type.
B-178
-------
SIC: 34
The types of solvent wastes reported by plants in the state survey data
include Stoddard solvent, kerosene, mineral spirits, xylol, methylene chloride,
toluol, naphtha, benzene, Solvasil, trichloroethane, acetone, trichloroethylene,
perchloroethylene, and Barton solvent. Metal containing wastes include metal
hydroxides and metal cyanides, tin, nickel, chromium, iron, magnesium and zinc.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Disposal practices employed by the 263 small generator plants In this indus-
trial group in the state data base and the percent of plants employing each
disposal method is reported below.
Disposal Method % of Plants*
Landfill 35
Municipal sewer 21
Offsite recycle 17
Incineration 5
Landspreading 2
Lagoons/solar ponds 2
Deep well injection 2
Other methods 8
Unknown 31
More than 50% of the establishments in the state survey data indicating
that their disposal method is unknown also indicate that the waste is hauled
away by contractors. 29% of the plants use landfill for solvent disposal and
25% incinerate or recycle their solvents. 24% of the plants indicate that
their disposal method for solvents is unknown. Other disposal methods for
solvents include discharge to sewer (11%), landspreading, deep well injection,
and lagoons or ponds (<3%).
About 40% of the establishments with paint waste use landfills for dis-
posal of such waste and 24% indicate that the disposal method is unknown. Other
disposal methods for paint waste include recycling (16%), sewer (6%) deep well
injection, landspreading, and incineration (<6%) and "other" (9%).
Oil wastes are landfilled by 24% of the plants; 18% indicate recycling
and 34% indicate unknown disposal methods for oil. Compounds containing
*Column sums up to greater than 100% since some plants report using more than
one disposal method.
B-179
-------
SIC: 34
metals and cyanides are sent to the sewer by about 40% of the plants; land-
fills are used by about 15% of the establishments.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
1. Census data
2. The following table lists the SIC's which are included in this industrial
grouping and the census data for the number of establishments in each
SIC. For each SIC shown, the number of samples used in calculating
the statistics listed across the top are given. The last column lists
the source state for the samples used to estimate the percent of non-
small, and large generators.
3. Telephone interviews with four establishments
B-180
-------
CO
(-•
oo
Number of
SIC Establishments
3410 553
3420 1,873
3432, 653
3433
3440 10,403
3450 2,396
3460 3,201
3471 3,088
3480 386
3490 5,099
calculate:
Small Generator
Profile
17
19
11
67
17
19
65
5
43
Percent of non-.
Small and Large
Generators
6
23
10
53
8
19
69
5
23
Mean
Large Generator
Generation Rate
—
2
2
2
—
2
7
1
6
Source state for samples used
to estimate percent of non-,
small and large generators
Mass.
Mass., Iowa
la.
Mass., la.
Mass., la.
Mass., la.
Mass., la., N.Y.
Mass., la.
Mass., la.
OT
8
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(2)
SIC: 3410
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
OJ
00
to
0
100
200
300
400
t>00
600
700
800
900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
80
19
22
24
26
27
28
28
27
26
141
12
0
17.4
4.1
4.8
5.2
5.7
5.9
6.1
6.1
5.9
5.7
30.7
2.6
0.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
4000.
2890.
5500.
8400.
11700.
14850.
18200.
21000.
22950.
24700.
211500.
42000.
0.
1.0
.7
1.4
2.2
3.0
3.8
4.7
5.4
5.9
6.4
54.6
10.8
0.0
TOTAL
460
100.0
367650.
100.0
-------
11/27/79.
Ob.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
,-(2)
SIC: 3420
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
CD
00
Ul
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
ESTABL
NUMBER
307
80
47
33
25
20
16
13
12
10
59
60
163
ISHMENTS
PERCENT
36.3
9.5
5.6
3.9
3.0
2.4
1.9
1.5
1.4
1.2
7.0
7.1
19.3
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
15350.
12000.
11750.
11550.
11250.
11000.
10400.
9750.
10200.
9500.
88500.
210000.
1873359.
. 7
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.4
.4
.4
3.9
9.2
82.0
TOTAL
845
100.0
2284609.
100.0
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
SIC
3432
3433.
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
CO
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
ESTABL
NUMBER
105
64
44
32
25
20
17
14
12
11
61
53
131
ISHMENTS
PERCENT
17.8
10.9
7.5
5.4
4.2
3.4
2.9
2.4
2.0
1.9
10.4
9.0
22.2
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
5250.
9600.
11000.
11200.
11250.
11000.
11050.
10500.
10200.
10450.
91500.
185500.
2967936.
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
2.7
5.5
88.7
TOTAL
589
100.0
3346436.
100.0
-------
11/27/79. 08.43.27.
(2}
INDUSTRY PROFILE SIC: 3440 NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
WASTE GENERATION ESTABLISHMENTS WASTE QUANTITY
RANGES
KG/MO NUMBER PERCENT KG/MO PERCENT
0-100 2618 40.6 130900. 2.1
100-200 810 12.6 121500. 2.0
200-300 472 7.3 118000. 1.9
300-400 322 5.0 112700. 1.8
400-500 238 3.7 107100. 1.7
» 500-600 186 2.9 102300. 1.7
£ 600-700 150 2.3 97500. 1.6
w 700-ttOO 124 1.9 93000. 1.5
800-900 105 1.6 89250. 1.5
900-1000 90 1.4 85500. 1.4
1000-2000 506 7.B 759000. 12.3
2000-5000 442 6.9 1547000. 25.1
> 5000 385 6.0 2788555. 45.3
TOTAL 6448 100.0 6152305. 100.0
-------
11/27/79.
Od.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(2)
SIC: J450
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
M
00
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2000
-100
200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
630
270
162
113
84
65
53
43
37
31
171
137
0
35.1
15.0
9.0
6.3
4.7
3.6
3.0
2.4
2.1
1.7
9.5
7.6
0.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
31500.
40500.
40500.
39550.
37800.
35750.
34450.
32250.
31450.
29450.
256500.
479500.
0.
2.9
3.7
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.3
3.2
3.0
2.9
2.7
23.5
44.0
0.0
TOTAL
1796
100.0
1089200.
100.0
-------
11/27/79.
Ob. 43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(2)
SIC: 3460
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
to
CO
-J
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-dOO
800-900
900-10GJ
1000-2000
2000-5000
> iOOO
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO
PERCENT
680
250
147
102
77
61
50
42
36
31
181
176
336
37.1
10.6
6.2
4.3
3.3
2.6
2.1
1.8
1.5
1.3
7.6
7.4
14.2
44000.
37500.
36750.
35700.
34650.
33550.
32500.
31500.
30600.
29450.
271500.
616000.
101657472.
• 0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
.6
98.8
TOTAL
2369
100.0
102891172.
100.0
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(2)
SIC: 3480
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
CD
M
00
00
0
100
200
300
400
600
700
800
900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
400
500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
136
25
14
10
8
6
5
4
4
3
20
22
29
47.6
8.7
4.9
3.5
2.8
2.1
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.0
7.0
7.7
10.1
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MQ PERCENT
6800.
3750.
3500.
3500.
3600.
3300.
3250.
3000.
3400.
2850.
30000.
77000.
1107800.
.5
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.3
.2
2.4
6.2
88.5
TOTAL
286
100.0
1251750,
100.0
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(2)
SIC: 3490
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
CO
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
ESTABL
NUMBER
692
299
179
125
93
73
59
48
41
35
191
153
1326
ISHMENTS
PERCENT
20.9
9.0
5.4
3.6
2.8
2.2
l.b
1.4
1.2
1.1
5.8
4.6
40.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
34600.
44850.
44750.
43750.
41850.
40150.
38350.
36000.
34850.
33250.
286500.
535500.
81176394.
.0
.1
.1
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
.6
98.5
TOTAL
3314
100.0
82390794.
100.0
-------
INDUSTRY: Enameled Iron and Metal Ware and Coating, SIC: 3431 and
Engraving, and Allied Services, Not Else- 3479
where Classified
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
SIC 3431 includes establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing
enameled iron, cast iron, or pressed metal sanitary ware. SIC 3479 includes
establishments primarily engaged in performing the following types of services
on metals: (!) enameling, lacquering, and varnishing metal products for the
trade; (2) hot dip galvanizing of mill sheets, plates and bars, castings, and
formed products fabricated of iron and steel; hot dip coating such items with
aluminum, lead, or zinc; retinning cans and utensils; (3) engraving, chasing
and etching jewelry, silverware, notarial and other seals, and other metal
products for the trade and for job contracting for purposes other than print-
ing; (4) and other metal services, not elsewhere classified.
Census data indicate that there are 1,529 establishments in these two
SIC's; 51% have fewer than 10 employees, 90% have fewer than 100 employees,
and only 0.2% have more than 500 employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
The types of hazardous wastes reported by the 18 small generators in the
state data base and the percent of plants which report each waste type are
shown below.
Waste Type % of plants*
Paint wastes 33
Solvents 33
Heavy metal compounds 19
Alkaline compounds 14
Acids 14
Unspecified sludges 10
Phosphate sludge 5
Fly ash 5
Oil 5
*Sums to greater than 100% since many plants report more than one waste stream.
B-190
-------
SIC: 3431 and
3479
Solvent wastes generated by establishments in these SIC's include tri-
chloroethylene, naphtha, gasoline, lacquers, toluene and Stoddard solvent.
Wastes having metal compounds contain zinc, chromium and iron.
A previous EPA/EGD study identified nickel sludges and chromium
wastes as hazardous wastes which would be expected to come from some of the
enameling operations carried out by some of the establishments in SIC 3631.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
The disposal practices employed by the 18 small generator plants in the
state data base are as follows:
Disposal Method % of plants*
Landfill 24
Municipal sewer 9
Landspreading 5
Deep well injection 5
Lagoon/solar pond 5
Offsite recycling 5
"Other" methods 9
Unknown 43
Of those establishments indicating that their disposal method is unknown,
more than 30% indicate that these wastes are hauled by contractors. 50% of
the plants with solvent wastes and 67% of the plants with paint wastes indi-
cate that their disposal method is unknown. 25% of the plants generating
solvents indicate "other" methods for disposal. Recycling and municipal
sewer are also mentioned for solvent disposal. Acids and alkalis are sent
to landfills by 40% of the responding establishments.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
*The column sums up to more than 100% since some plants report using more than
one disposal method.
B-191
-------
SIC; 3431 and
3479
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
The sample is representative of the establishment population with respect
to SIC for this industry grouping; 5.6% of the sample is from SIC 3431 and
94.4% is from SIC 3479, while 6.3% of the population is from SIC 3431 and
93.7% is from SIC 3479.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
1. Hittman Associates, Inc., "Development Document for Effluent Guide-
lines and Standards of Performance. The Porcelain Enamel Industry,"
EPA Contract No. 68-01-3501, November 1976.
2. The estimated number of plants in the small-generator classes is
based on 18 plants reporting in the state data base. The estimated
number of non- and large generators is based on 22 plants reporting
from New York, Iowa and Massachusetts.
3. The mean generation rate for large generators is based on four plants
reporting from New York, Iowa and Massachusetts.
4. Census data adjusted for "zero" generators.
B-192
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
to
•!.
VO
INDUSTRY PROFILE* '
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND
VARIOUS WASTE GENERAT
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
SIC: 3431
3479
WASTE QUANTITIES
ION CATEGORIES
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
3 .4
17 2.5
26 3.8
29 4.2
29 4.2
29 4.2
26 3.8
23 3.3
20 2.9
20 2.9
113 16.4
75 10.9
277 40.3
NATION
FOR ESTABLISHMENTS
IN
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MQ
150.
2550.
6500.
10150.
13050.
15950.
16900.
17250.
17000.
19000.
169500.
262500.
4709000. *3>
PERCENT
.0
.0
.1
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.4
3.2
5.0
89.5
TOTAL
687*
100.0
5259500.
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.5b.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EpA REGION IN SICS 3431 and 3479
REGION
NATION
I
H
VO
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL
1529
1-4
5-9
10-19
20-49
492
294
324
254
50-99 100-249 250-499 5CC-999
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
160
215
105
114
450
136
38
15
269
27
fcl
79
33
44
111
3ft
15
6
92
15
33
52
19
15
H3
23
fc
3
57
3
33
42
15
17
108
29
8
3
59
5
22
30
22
14
32
27
8
2
43
4
5
8
11
14
32
11
1
1
11
0
0
4
5
5
29
9
0
0
7
0
94
59
1
0
C
4
4
0
0
0
C
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
>1000
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
-------
INDUSTRY: Electroplating and Metal Finishing SIC: 3471
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
The establishments in this industry are primarily engaged in all types of
electroplating, plating, anodizing, coloring and finishing of metals, and formed
products for the trade. Based on the census data, there are 3090 establishments
in SIC 3471 of which 52% have less than 10 employees. Plants are located in
every metropolitan area with a greater density found in heavily industralized
regions. About 33% of the establishments are located in EPA Region V; the
establishments in EPA Regions I, II and V account for 58% of all plants in SIC
3471 (see census data computer printout for the distribution of establishments
by EPA region and employment size category).
The 3090 establishments classified under this SIC in the census data are
all job shops doing work on materials mostly owned by others. There are an
estimated additional 4000 captive shops engaged in SIC 3471 activities which
are associated with other manufacturing operations in other SIC's . The
electroplating wastes generated by these captive shops will be accounted for
as part of the wastes generated by the primariy SIC's.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
The total quantity of potentially hazardous land-destined wastes generated
by this SIC is estimated at 13.4 million kg/mo, with an average generation rate
of 4340 kg/mo/generator (see Industry Profile).
Waste data for plants covered in the state data base (113 plants, average
waste generation rate of 400 kg/mo) indicate that the major hazardous wastes
generated by the "small" (less than 5000 kg/mo) plants in SIC 3471 include
water treatment sludges, spent plating solutions and prefinishing cleaning
materials. A breakdown of the reported waste quantity by waste type is as
follows:
B-195
-------
SIC: 3471
% of
Waste Stream Total Waste
Water treatment sludge 23
Spent plating bath 26
Prefinishing cleaning material
Degreasing solvent 23
Acid and alkaline cleaner 12
Paint sludge 12
Anodizing sludge 2
Empty container 2
Major Constituents/
Character!sties
Metal hydroxide
Metal, cyanide
Polychlorinated organic
Acid, alkaline
Paint
Metal sludge
Paper, glass, plastic
with chemical residue
A study of the electroplating and metal finishing industry conducted by
Battelle for OSW/EAP predicts that a 50% increase in land disposed waste
quantity should result from promulgation of EPA/EGD BPT, and a 100% increase
in waste quantity should result from the promulgation of BAT. Then additional
wastes will be in the form of WWT sludges produced by the application of the
more advance treatment practices commensurate with the BPT, BAT technology
levels.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
The empty containers for chemicals used in the plating operations are
reportedly triple rinsed before disposal with the municipal refuse . Based
on the state data, 48% of the plants, mostly smaller operations, discharge all
of their untreated waste (excluding the empty containers) to the POTW's. Pro-
posed pretreatment standards for discharges to POTW's exempt plants with
wastewater flows of less than 10,000 GPD provided that the wastewater does
not contain Cd, Pb, CN and Cr(VI). When these standards are promulgated,
additional smaller plants which produce wastewaters containing Cd, Pb, CN
and which currently disposte such wastewater to sewer without treatment would
be required to employ pretreatment, thus generating waste sludges requiring
disposal.
The wastes that are not discharged to POTW's are land disposed. Based
on the state data, wastes from 55% of the plants are hauled to off-site dis-
posal sites. A breakdown of the waste quantity by reported disposal methods
(onsite and offsite) is as follows:
B-196
-------
SIC: 3471
Estimated Total Waste Quantity
for Small Generators for Various
Disposal Method % of Waste* Disposal Methods*
Landfilling 34 324,000
Recycling 33 314,000
Deep-well injection 24 228,000
Lagooning 8 76,000
Miscellaneous 1 10,000
(storage, landspreading)
*Based on state data
"'"Based on the estimates shown in the Industry Profile table
Based on the Battelle study(2), the landfilling operations used by estab-
lishments in SIC 3471 may range from an open dump to a covered landfill to use
of abandoned mines and quarries. Waste recycling consists mainly of turning
over the waste solvents and metal solutions to commercial reclaimers. Waste
disposal by deep-well injection is practiced mainly in the state of Oklahoma
where such practice is prevalent.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
Based on the data collected by Versar Inc.(4) during a survey for OSW/EPA
in 1974, the average unit costs for land disposal of wastes from the subject
industry are as follows:
•toxic Waste $2.71 - $5.51/kg
(chromium and cyanide)
Other Hazardous Wastes
Combined hauling-treatment-disposal 2.9C/liter
Hauling 0.53*/liter
Treatment and Disposal 2.3
-------
SIC: 3471
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
The major source of information for this SIC has been the state data which
cover 113 plants in the small generator category. Battelle conducted a survey
(2)
of the industry in 1976 . The data generated in that study are in reasonable
accord with those presented in this assessment. A comparison of the two esti-
mates follows:
Total Waste
(generated by all generators)
% of plants in EPA Region V
% of plants in EPA Regions
If II, V
WWT sludge as a percentage
of total waste(for small
generators only)
WWT sludge as a percentage
of total waste (for all
generators)
% of small generators' waste
hauled to offsite disposal
facilities
% of waste from all generators
hauled to offsite disposal
facilities
TRW's Estimate
Battelle 's Estimate
13.5 x 106 kg/mo 9.6 x 106 kg/mo
33
58
«
23
55
40
67
25
60 - 70
SOURCES OF DATA USED:
(1) Development Document for Proposed Existing Source Pretreatment Stan-
dards for the Electroplating Point Source Cagetory, EPA 400/1-78/085,
February 1978
(2) Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste Practices. Electroplating
and Metal Finishing Industries - Job Shops, Battelle Columbus Labs,
for EPA, September 1976.
(3) American Electroplater Society
(4) Survey of the Electroplating Industry, Versar Inc., for OSW/EPA, 1974
(5) Based on state data for SIC's 3470 and 3471
(6) Census data
B-198
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(5)
SIC: 3471
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS HASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
a
M
VO
ID
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
5,00-600
600-700
700-800
bOO-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABL
NUMBER
1180
400
270
120
100
70
60
50
30
30
90
70
620
ISHMENTS
PERCENT
38.2
12.9
8.7
3.9
3.2
2.3
1.9
1.6
1.0
1.0
2.9
2.3
20.1
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
3090
(6)
100.0
59000.
60000.
67500.
42000.
45000.
38500.
39000.
37500.
25500.
28500.
135000.
245000.
12586000.
13408500.
.4
.4
.5
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
1.0
1.8
93.9
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 3471
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
REGION
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
TOTAL
360
130
232
1022
162
100
33
5)25
5b
1-4
113
140
64
70
273
64
41
15
150
25
5-9
f?6
89
39
46
215
33
22
9
113
9
10-19
69
•)2
37
47
236
32
21
4
125
10
20-49 50-99 100-249
62
76
33
51
197
26
13
3
105
6
?5
14
7
10
73
5
1
2
26
6
4
3
0
7
22
2
1
0
4
0
ION
10
o
o
3088
960
673
169
43
1
2
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
>1000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
c
-------
INDUSTRY: Machinery, Except Electrical SIC: 351,352,353,
358,359
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
The major group 35 includes establishments engaged in manufacturing
machinery and equipment, other than electrical equipment (Major Group 36)
and transportation equipment (Major Group 37). The groups in this assessment
include SIC 351, Engines and Turbines; SIC 352, Farm and Garden Machinery and
Equipment; SIC 353, Construction, Mining, and Materials Handling Machinery
and Equipment; SIC 358, Refrigeration and Service Industry Machinery; SIC 359,
Miscellaneous Machinery, Except Electrical.
According to the census data, there are a total of 23,578 establishments
in the subject SIC's; 61% of the establishments have fewer than 10 employees,
94% have fewer than 100 employees and 99% have fewer than 500 employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
The wastes reported by the 88 small generator plants in the state data
base and the percent of plants reporting each waste are as follows:
Waste % of plants reporting*
Solvents 42
Paint wastes 41
Oil 39
Alkalis 13
Acids 10
Heavy matals 7
Miscellaneous inorganics 7
Based on the state data, solvent wastes include Chlorothene VG,
xylene, acetone, methanol, toluene, naphtha, Barsol, acetylene, gasoline,
trichloroethane, Stoddard solvent and methyl ethyl ketone. Metallic wastes
include lead naphthenate, zinc and iron phosphate sludges, and chromic acid.
Other wastes generated are derusting agent, sodium stearate, Fremont 71A metal
conditioner, oxidizing agents, spent brake linings, and propellants.
*Column sums to greater than 100% since some plants report generating more
than one waste stream.
B-201
-------
SIC: 351, etc.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
The disposal practices reported by the 88 small generator plants in the
state data base and the percent of plants employing each disposal method are
shown below:
Disposal Method % of plants*
Landfill 31
Offsite recycle 22
Municipal sewer 4
Incineration 3
Deep well injection 2
Lagoon/solar pond 2
"Other" method 4
Unknown 49
Over 40% of the establishments indicating that their disposal method is
unknown indicate contract hauling of their wastes. 30% of the plants generat-
ing solvent wastes recycle or incinerate them; 23% use landfills for solvent
disposal. Over 40% indicate that the disposal method is unknown. Other dis-
posal methods for solvents include deep well injection and sewer disposal.
Paint wastes are landfilled by 38% of the plants; over 25% recycle or incin-
erate paint waste, and over 30% of the plants indicate that their disposal
method is unknown. Almost half of the establishments indicate unknown dis-
posal for oils. The other primary methods for oil disposal are recycling
(20%) and landfill (14%). Metal containing wastes are recycled by over 35%
of the plants? 15% use landfills for disposal and 30% indicate that the dis-
posal method is unknown. Acids and alkalis are disposed of by the following
methods: landfill (24%), deep well injection (10%), recycling (10%), muni-
cipal sewer (10%) and other (5). Over 40% indicate that the disposal method
is unknown.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
*Column sums to more than 100% since some plants report using more than one
disposal method.
B-202
-------
SIC? 351, etc.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
1. The estimated number of non-, small and large generators is based
on 20 plants reporting from New York, Massachusetts and Iowa. The
distribution of small generators among the waste generation ranges
indicated in the industry profile is based on 88 data points.
2. The mean hazardous waste generation rate for large generators is
based on 4 plants reporting from Massachusetts and Iowa.
3. Census data adjusted for the "zero" generators.
B-203
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(1)
SIC:
3510
3520, 3530,
3580, 3590
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
BJ
to
o
WASTE GfcNERATiUN
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
3237
2050
1388
1010
785
634
523
439
375
324
1823
1527
4705
17.2
10.9
7.4
5.4
4.2
3.4
2.8
2.3
2.0
1.7
9.7
8.1
25.0
18820
(3)
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
100.0
161850.
307500.
347000.
353500.
353250.
348700.
339950.
329250.
318750.
307800.
2734500.
5344500.
57626840.
68873390.
.2
.4
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.4
4.0
7.8
83.7
100.0
-------
INDUSTRY: Machinery, Except Electrical SIC: 354,355,
356,357
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
The major group 35 includes establishments engaged in manufacturing mach-
inery and equipment, other than electrical equipment (Major Group 36) and
transportation equipment (Major Group 37). The groups in this assessment
include SIC 354, Metalworking Machinery and Equipment; SIC 355, Special
Industry Machinery, Except Metalworking Machinery; SIC 356, General Industrial
Machinery and Equipment; and SIC 357, Office Computing and Accounting Machines.
Based on the census data, of the 17845 establishments in this SIC group-
ing, 47% have fewer than 10 employees, 90% have fewer than 100 employees, and
98% have fewer than 500 employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
The wastes reported by the 142 small generator plants in the state data
base and the percent of plants reporting each waste are shown below:
Waste % of plants reporting*
Oil 59
Solvents 53
Paint wastes 20
Acids 15
Metal containing wastes 14
Miscellaneous organics 11
Miscellaneous inorganics 10
Alkalis 9
Cyanides 5
A previous EPA sponsored study identified the following substances as poten-
tially hazardous wastes generated by establishments in SIC 355 and 357: flam-
mable solvents, heavy metals, oil, acid/alkali solutions, cyanides, and sweep-
ings and grindings . Based on state survey data, solvents generated include
trichloroethylene, degreasing solvent, toluol, xylol, lacquer, acetone, iso-
propyl alcohol, perchloroethylene, kerosene, naphtha, and toluene. Wastes
containing metals contain copper, chromium, lead, gold, tin, cadmium, brass,
*Column sums to greater than 100% since some plants report generating more
than one waste stream.
B-205
-------
SIC: 354,etc.
iron, zinc and aluminum. Acidic wastes include sulfuric, chromic, nitric,
hydrochloric, and fluoroboric acids. Other wastes mentioned are grinding com-
pound, developer, fixer, adhesives, rubber cement and epoxy.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
The disposal practices reported by the 142 small generator plants in the
state data base and the percent of plants employing each disposal method are
as follows:
Disposal Method % of plants*
Landfill 25
Off-site recycle 17
Landspread 9
Municipal sewer 7
incineration 1
Deep well injection 1
"Other" methods 12
Unknown 48
Based on state survey data, about 25% of the plants indicating that their
disposal methods are unknown report that the wastes are hauled away by con-
tractors. Of those plants reporting oil or solvent wastes, about 40% indi-
cate that the disposal method is unknown. Over 15% of the plants recycle or
incinerate oils and solvents. Landfills are used for solvent disposal by 24%
of the plants and for oil disposal by 16%. Over 10% dispose of oil by land-
spreading. Fewer than 5% of the plants report landspreading or municipal
sewer for solvent disposal.
Paint wastes are landfilled by 34% of the plants. Other disposal methods
for paint include recycling (10%), landspreading (8%) , municipal sewer (5%),
incineration (3%), other (10%), and unknown (29%). Acids and alkalis are
disposed of in landfills by 17% of the plants; almost 40% indicate that their
disposal method is unknown. Other disposal methods reported include municipal
sewer (12%), recycling (10%), landspreading (7%), and other (15%).
*Column sums to more than 100% since some plants report using more than one
disposal method.
B-206
-------
SIC: 354, etc.
Metal containing wastes are disposed of by unknown methods for 58% of
the plants,- 12% use municipal sewer and 12% use landfill for disposal. 8%
of the plants recycle metals.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
The previous EPA sponsored study estimated a total hazardous waste (ex-
cluding oil) from SIC's 355 and 357 of approximately 8.04 x 104 MT/yr
Comparison of this result to the estimate of total hazardous waste generated
is impossible since the populations sampled by the two studies are different.
The methods used in the two studies to estimate waste quantities are also
different; the previous study used census estimates of number of employees and
a waste per employee factor to estimate total waste.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
1. WAPORA, Inc., "Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste Practice-
Special Machinery Manufacturing Industries-,11 PB-265-981, March 1977.
2. The estimated number of non-, small, and large generators is based
on 50 plants reporting from Massachusetts, New York and Iowa. The
distribution of small generators among the waste generation ranges
indicated in the industry profile is based on 142 data points.
3. The estimated mean hazardous waste generation rate for large gen-
erators is based on 20 plants reporting from Massachusetts, New York
and Iowa.
4. Census data adjusted for "zero" generators.
B-207
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(2)
SIC:
3540
3550,
3560, 3570
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
(0
to
O
00
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
3555
1030
578
382
276
211
168
138
115
98
527
416
3212
33.2
9.6
5.4
3.6
2.6
2.0
1.6
1.3
1.1
.9
4.9
3.9
30.0
TOTAL
10706
,(4f)
100.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MQ PERCENT
177750. .1
154500. .0
144500. .0
133700. .0
124200. .0
116050. .0
109200. .0
103500. .0
97750. .0
93100. .0
790500. .2
1456000. . .4
3 368 0068 4. (3) 99.0
340301434. 100.0
-------
INDUSTRY: Electrical and Electronic Machinery, Equipment SIC: 36 (except
and Supplies 3691 and
3692)
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
This major group includes establishments engaged in manufacturing machinery,
apparatus, and supplies for the generation, storage, transmission, transfor-
mation, and utilization of electrical energy. The manufacture of household
appliances is included in this group, but industrial machinery and equipment
powered by built-in or detachable electric motors is classified in Major
Group 35. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing instruments for
indicating, measuring, and recording electrical quantities are classified
in Industry 3825.
Based on the census data, of the 12,316 establishments in this SIC group-
ing 39% have fewer than 10 employees, 80% have fewer than 100 employees, and
95% have fewer than 500 employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
The wastes reported by the 218 small generator plants in the state data
base and the percent of plants reporting each waste are shown below:
Waste % of plants reporting*
Solvents 64
Oils 37
Metal containing compounds 23
Acids 22
Alkalis 17
Paint wastes 16
Cyanides 5
The type of solvents reported by establishments in this SIC include xylene,
trichloroethylene, acetone, denatured alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, trichloro-
ethane, lacquer, freon, methyl ethyl ketone, toluene, naphtha, methylene
chloride, perchloroethylene, glycol ether, and benzene. Metals contained in
wastes include barium, chromium, copper, gold, iron, lead, manganese, mercury,
nickel, selenium, silver, tin, tungsten, and zinc. Other wastes reported
include phosphorous compounds, sodium salts, and PCB's.
*Column sums to greater than 100% since some plants report generating m«re
than one waste stream.
B-209
-------
SIC! 36 (except
3691 and
3692)
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
The disposal practices employed by the 218 small generator plants in
the state data base and the percent of plants employing each disposal method
are as follows:
Disposal Method % of plants*
Landfill 31
Off-site recycle 22
Municipal sewer 11
Landspreading 5
Incineration 3
Deep well injection 1
Lagoon/solar pond 1
"Other" methods 6
Unknown 42
About 33% of the plants in the state data base indicating that their dis-
posal method is unknown report that their wastes are hauled by contractors.
Solvent wastes are disposed of in landfills by almost 25% of the plants; over
25% report recycling or incineration for solvent disposal. Other disposal
methods include municipal sewer (6%), landspreading (5%), and other methods
(<5%l. 35% of the plants indicate that the disposal method for solvents is
unknown. Disposal methods for oil are unknown by over 45% of the plants.
Other disposal methods for oil include landfill (18%), recycling or incinera-
tion (17%), municipal sewer (10%), and landspreading (4%). Acid and alkali
compounds are recycled or incinerated by almost 25% of the plants; 17% use
landfills for disposal, and 18% report disposal to municipal sewer. 34% indi-
cate that the disposal method is unknown. Metal containing wastes are disposed
of to unknown methods by 45% of the plants. Other disposal methods are land-
fill (18%), incineration or recycling (20%), municipal sewer (11%), deep well
injection (4%) and other (4%). Over 50% of the firms generating paint wastes
indicate that their disposal method is unknown. Landfill disposal is reported
for over 25% of the establishments; 17% recycle or incinerate paint wastes.
*Column sums to more than 100% since some plants report using more than one
disposal method.
B-210
-------
SIC: 36 (except
3691 and
3692)
Less than 5% of the establishments use deep well injection or municipal sewer
for disposal of paint waste.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
1. The estimated number of non-, small, and large generators is based
on 161 plants reporting from Massachusetts, New York, and Iowa. The
distribution of small generators among the waste generation ranges
indicated in the industry profile is based on 218 data points.
2. The mean hazardous waste generation rate for large generators is
based on 37 plants reporting from Massachusetts, New York, and Iowa.
3. Census data adjusted for "zero" generators.
B-211
-------
16.34.56.
INDUSTRY
:(D
SIC:
3600
(except
NATION
3691 and 3692)
WASTF
CO
NJ
MUMPFP AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
RANGES
0-100
100-200
709-300
300-400
'-,00-500
500-fcOO
700-900
800-°0fl
900-1000
1000-?000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
2201
886
527
368
273
211
170
142
119
102
560
458
2821
24.9
10.0
6.0
4.2
3.1
2.4
1.9
1.6
1.3
1.2
6.3
5.2
31.9
8638
(3)
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
108664.
132900.
131750.
128800.
122850.
116050.
110500.
106500.
101150.
96900.
840000.
16C3000. ,.,.
6334200. l '
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.8
1.5
96.7
100.0
109933264.
100.0
-------
INDUSTRY: Storage and Primary Batteries SIC: 3691,3692
Establishments in the subject SIC's are engaged in the production of
storage (SIC 3&91) and primary (SIC 3692) batteries. Based on the census
data (see computer printouts), there are 200 and 58 establishments in SIC's
3691 and 3692, respectively.
Over 35% of the storage batteries produced are lead-acid storage cells,
nickel-cadmium storage cells, cadmium-silver storage cells and zinc-silver
storage cells. The major uses of these batteries are in automotive and indus-
trial appliances, calculators, portable appliances, satellites and other space
applications. The majority of the primary batteries (95%) are of the follow-
ing types: carbon-zinc cell, carbon-zinc air cell, alkaline-manganese cell,
mercury Ruben and Weston cell, magnesium-carbon cell, zinc-silver cell and
lead reserve cell. The major uses of the primary cells are in radio, flash-
light, camera equipment, battery-powered toys, tape recorders, electric
watches, and other instruments such as portable potentiometers and voltage
recorders.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED
The hazardous wastes generated consist largely of wastewater treatment
sludges (which may contain toxic metals such as cadmium, mercury and lead),
rejected and scrap cells, and lube oils and solvents. The total quantity of
hazardous waste produced by the subject industry is estimated at 7.9 million
kg/mo with an average of 31,000 kg/mo/establishment (see Industry Profile).
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Based on the state data for establishments in the subject SIC's, the per-
centages of the waste quantities handled by various disposal methods are as
follows: waste recycling (58%), landfill (9%), contract hauling (17%) and
onsite sotrage (17%).
CURRENT DISPOSAL COSTS
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
Where recycling of scrap cells and battery acids is technically and eco-
nomically feasible, such wastes should be recycled (as is practiced in many
B-213
-------
SIC: 3691,3692
facilities). When designed and operated properly, landfilling is an environ-
mentally adequate disposal method.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
A total waste generation quantity of 7.9 million kg/mo is estimated in
this assessment for the establishments in the subject SIC's. This estimated
quantity is only 6Q% of another estimate reported in a recent industry assess-
ment study for EPA/OSw'1 . This other estimate, however, is based on a differ-
ent approach (the "model plant" approach for estimating waste quantities) than
that used in this study.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste Practices: Storage and
Primary Battery Industries, NTIS Report No. PB-241-20V7WP
(2) Based on waste quantity data for 9 establishments covered in the
state data base
(3) Census data, adjusted for the estimated "zero" generators (11%)
B-214
-------
11/27/79.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(2)
SIC: 3691
3692
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
w
NJ
H"
I/I
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
300-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLI
NUMBER
41
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
24
48
94
230<3)
SHMENTS
PERCENT
17.8
.9
.9
.9
.9
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
10.4
20.9
40.9
100.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
2050.
300.
500.
700.
900.
1650.
1950.
2250.
2550.
2850.
36000.
168000.
7732440.
7952140.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.5
2. 1
97.2
100.0
-------
12/07/79. 13.02.10.
BREAKDOUN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SICS 3691 TO 3692
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
RE6ION TOTAL 1-4 5-9 10-19 20-49 50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999 >1000
0
10
M
a\
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
iTION
12
20
30
46
51
23
19
5
37
15
258
0
2
7
7
10
3
2
1
12
3
47
1
4
1
3
3
3
0
0
7
4
26
0
2
4
6
5
5
2
1
4
4
33
5
3
1
7
2
3
2
1
2
0
26
1
3
5
0
7
1
4
1
4
3
29
3
3
6
15
11
4
6
1
6
1
56
1
2
4
4
11
4
2
0
2
0
30
1
1
2
3
1
0
1
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
-------
INDUSTRY: Transportation Equipment SIC: 37
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
This major group includes establishments engaged in manufacturing equip-
ment for transportation of passengers and cargo by land, air and water.
Important products produced by establishments classified in this major group
include motor vehicles, aircraft, guided missiles and space vehicles, ships,
boats, railroad equipment, and miscellaneous transportation equipment such as
motorcycles, bicycles, and snowmobiles.
Based on the census data,of the 8536 establishments in this major group
44% have fewer than 10 employees, 82% have fewer than 100 employees, and 95%
have fewer than 500 employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
The wastes reported by the 65 small generator plants in the state data
base and the percent of plants reporting each waste are shown below:
Waste % of plants reporting*
Solvents 55
Oils 51
Paint wastes 31
Alkalis 14
Acids 13
Metal containing compounds 12
Cyanides 9
Based on state survey data, the type of solvent wastes generated include
xylene, chloroform, dichlorobenzene, Stoddard solvent, kerosene, trichloroethane,
isopropyl alcohol, trichloroethylene, methylene chloride, perchloroethylene,
freon, acetone, styrene and Cellosolve. Metals contained in some wastes include
iron, aluminum, barium, chromium, and cadmium.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
The disposal practices employed by the 65 small generator plants in the
state data base and the percent of plants employing each disposal method are
shown below:
*Column sums to greater than 100% since some plants report generating more than
one waste stream.
B-217
-------
SIC: 37
Disposal Method % of plants*
Landfill 27
Recycle 10
Municipal sewer 8
Incineration 5
Deep well injection 5
Lagoon/solor pond 4
Landspreading 3
"Other" methods 5
Unknown 52
Of those plants reporting that their disposal method is unknown, 23% indi-
cate that the wastes are hauled by contractors. Solvents are landfilled by
over 20% of the plants in the state data base; 38% indicate that their dis-
posal method for solvents is unknown. Other disposal methods include recy-
cling or incineration (19%), landspreading (4%), deep well injection (4%),
municipal sewer (2%), lagoons or ponds (2%), and other (9%). Almost half of
the establishments with oil wastes indicate that their disposal method is
unknown. Landfills are used by 24% of the plants; 12% recycle or incinerate
oil waste. Other disposal methods are deep well injection (4%), municipal
sewer (4%), and lagoons or ponds (4%). Paint wastes are landfilled by 34% of
the plants; over 30% indicate that the disposal method is unknown. 10% of
the establishments incinerate or recycle paint waste and 10% use municipal
sewers for disposal. 7% indicate deep well injection and 7% indicate other
methods. Disposal methods for acids and alkalis include landfill (35%),
municipal sewer (19%), recycling or incineration (12%), deep well injection
(4%), other (5%) and unknown (23%). Metal wastes are disposed of in landfills
by 40% of the plants; over 30% indicate that the disposal method is unknown.
Other disposal methods reported for metals are municipal sewer (13%) and
lagoons or ponds (13%).
*Column sums to more than 100% since some plants report using more than one
disposal method.
B-218
-------
SIC: 37
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
The estimate of total hazardous waste from the industrial group is highly
sensitive to the estimated mean generation rate for large generators. That
number is based on 14 data points, 13 of which are from SIC 371 and 11 of which
are from New York. Thus, the estimated large generator rate may not be repre-
sentative of the population of plants in this group.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
1. The estimated number of non-, small, and large generators is based
on 31 plants reporting from Massachusetts, New York and Iowa. The
distribution of small generators among the waste generation ranges
indicated in the industry profile is based on 64 data points in the
state data base.
2. The mean hazardous waste generation rate for large generators is
based on 14 plants reporting from New York, Massachusetts, and
Iowa.
3. Census data adjusted for number of "zero" generators.
B-219
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(1)
SIC: 3700
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
W
(O
NJ
o
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/Ml)
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
bOO-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-10CO
1000-2000
2000-i>000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLI
NUMBER
679
90
97
103
110
115
121
126
129
132
1251
915
3842
SHMENTS
PERCENT
8.8
1.2
1.3
1.3
1 .4
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.7
16.2
11.9
49.8
7710
(3)
100.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
33950. .0
13500. .0
24250. .0
36050. .0
49500. .0
63250. .0
78650. .0
94500. .0
109650. .0
125400. .0
1876500. .1
3202500. .2
1318958600. <2> 99.6
1324666300. 100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN sic 3?oc
REGION
NATION
03
CO
ro
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL
8536
5-9
10-19
20-49
50-99 100-249 2tO-499 500-999
2499
1258
1?79
748
689
37?
176
>10CO
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
427
578
549
1277
1916
972
460
19H
1697
462
1?9
177
165
393
419
302
120
66
552
176
74
75
77
193
215
133
56
43
28?
7P
59
112
74
180
273
151
76
23
232
73
67
68
74
188
289
172
78
27
259
58
34
48
46
113
?09
75
43
10
144
26
21
56
49
100
213
65
41
13
106
25
20
21
26
50
117
44
23
6
55
10
6
8
10
35
61
14
5
1
27
9
17
13
28
25
121
16
18
4
40
7
289
-------
INDUSTRY: Measuring, Analyzing, and Controlling SIC: 38 (except
Instruments, Medical, Dental and Optical 3861J)
Goods, and Watches and Clocks
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
This major group includes establishments engaged in manufacturing instru-
ments (including professional and scientific) for measuring, testing, analyz-
ing, and controlling, and their associated sensors and accessories; optical
instruments and lenses; surveying and drafting instruments; surgical, 'medical
and dental equipment and supplies; ophthalmic goods; and watches and clocks.
Based on the census data, of the 5674 establishments in this group 48%
have fewer than 10 employees, 86% have fewer than 100 employees, and 97% have
fewer than 500 employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
The wastes reported by the 52 small generator plants in the state data
base and the percent of plants reporting each waste are shown in the table
below.
Waste % of plants reporting*
Solvents 55
Oils 29
Metal containing compounds 24
Acids 18
Alkalis 12
Paint wastes 6
The type of solvents reported by plants in the state data base include
perchloroethylene, Stoddard solvent, carbon tetrachloride, methyl ethyl ketone,
acetone, lacquer, freon, kerosene, trichloroethylene, ethanol, methanol,.
Solvasil, mineral spirits and glycol. Metals contained in wastes include
chromium, copper, gold, iron, nickel and rhodium.
*Column sums to greater than 100% since some plants report generating more
than one waste stream.
B-222
-------
SIC: 38 (except
3861)
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Disposal practices employed by the 52 small generator plants in the state
data base and the percent of plants employing each disposal method are shown
below.
Disposal Method % of plants*
Landfill 12
Recycle 8
Municipal sewer 4
Incineration 2
Lagoon/solar pond 2
"Other" methods 10
Unknown 67
Almost 30% of the plants in the state data base indicating unknown dis-
posal methods for their wastes report that the wastes are hauled away by con-
tractors. About 16% of the plants report disposal of solvents by recycling
or incineration. Other disposal methods for solvents include landfill (7%),
municipal sewer (3%) , lagoons or ponds (3%) and other (13%). 57% of the estab-
lishments indicate that their solvent disposal method is unknown.
Oil wastes are landfilled by 18% of the plants and incinerated or recycled
by 18% of the plants. About 47% of the plants report that their oil disposal
method is unknown; 18% dispose of oil by other methods. Disposal methods for
metal wastes are unknown by 80% of the establishments. Other disposal methods
for metals include landfill (13%) and lagoons or ponds (7%). Acid and alkali
disposal methods include landfill, incineration, recycling, municipal sewer,
and lagoons or ponds; 65% of the plants indicate that the disposal method is
unknown.
Paint wastes are landfilled by 25% of the plants. Other disposal methods
are reported for 25% of the plants. About 50% indicate that the disposal
method for their paint waste is unknown.
*Column sums to more than 100 since some plants report using more than one
disposal method.
B-223
-------
SIC: 38 (except
3861)
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
The assessment results (i.e., "Industry Profile" and total waste quantity)
are sensitive to the estimated relative number of non-, small, and large gen-
erators. Because of lack of appropriate data for plants in the subject SIC,
These estimates were based on data for similar SIC's
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
1. Data were not available on plants in the subject SIC to estimate the
proportion of firms in this SIC group which were non-, small, or
large generators. Accordingly, the estimates were based on the
available data for plants in SIC's 342 and 35, which would be similar
to those in the subject SIC's. The estimated percentages of estab-
lishments which are large generators and non-generators are 43% and
9%, respectively, based on the data for SIC's 342 and 35. The dis-
tribution of small generators among the waste generation ranges
indicated in the industry profile is based on 52 data points in the
state data base for the subject SIC's.
2. The mean hazardous waste generation rate for large generators used
here is based on data for plants in SIC's 342 and 35.
3. Census data adjusted for the estimated "zero" generators.
B-224
-------
12/04/79.
12.Zd.34.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(1)
SIC* 3800
NATION
(except 3861)
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
tu
to
to
WAiTt GENERATION
RANGES
KG/M3
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
7oo-aoo
600-903
900-1000
1000-2000
^000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBtR PERCENT
3429
(3)
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/HO PERCENT
723
419
271
193
149
117
95
79
66
56
321
271
669
21.1
12.2
7.9
5.6
4.3
3.4
2.8
2.3
1.9
1.6
9.4
7.9
19.5
35056.
62850.
67750.
67550.
67050.
64350.
61750.
59250.
56100.
53200.
481500.
948500.
12 373000. W'
.2
.4
.5
.5
.5
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
3.3
6.6
85.9
100.0
14398706.
100.0
-------
(2/07/79. 13.31.39.
BREAKDOUN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 3600 deluding 3861)
KJ
to
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
REGION TOTAL
1-4
5-9 10-19 20-49 50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999 >1000
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
666
112R
533
4812
1273
404
200
161
1291
145
196
335
148
181
377
142
64
69
445
60
90
177
86
86
(99
57
36
29
208
24
96
180
86
63
199
82
26
19
199
23
99
188
93
49
187
59
38
20
202
20
61
94
42
31
111
24
8
10
104
7
51
97
35
31
105
25
11
6
76
5
38
26
27
20
50
8
12
1
38
3
25
15
9
18
32
4
5
4
10
0
10
16
7
3
18
3
0
3
9
3
NATION
626B
2017
992
973
955
492
442
223
122
72
-------
INDUSTRY: Photographic Equipment and Supplies SIC: 3861
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
This SIC covers establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing (1)
photographic apparatus, equipment, parts, attachments, and accessories, such
as still and motion picture cameras and projection apparatus; photocopy and
microfilm equipment; blueprinting and diazotype (white printing) apparatus
and equipment; and other photographic equipment; and (2) sensitized film,
paper, cloth and plates, and prepared photographic chemicals for use therewith.
Based on the census data, of the 614 plants in this SIC 48% have fewer
than 10 employees, 86% have fewer than 100 employees, and 95% have fewer than
500 employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE PRODUCED:
The wastes reported by the 11 small generator plants in the state data
base and the percent of plants reporting each waste are shown below:
Waste % of Plants Reporting*
Solvents 64
Oils 54
Miscellaneous inorganics 45
Paint wastes 27
Miscellaneous organics 18
Metal Containing Compounds 9
Cyanides 9
Acids 9
The type of solvent wastes generated by plants in this SIC include acetone,
lacquer, methyl ethyl ketone, isopropyl alcohol, 1,1,1 trichloroethane, chloro-
form, and trichloroethylene. Other organics include epoxy resin powder and
carbon black. The inorganic wastes reported are pigments, polymers, developers,
and fixers. Metal containing compounds include wastes containing aluminum,
iron, brass and silver.
*Column sums to greater than 100% since some plants report generating more
than one waste stream.
B-227
-------
SIC: 3861
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Disposal practices employed by the 11 small generator plants in the state
data base and the percent of plants employing each disposal method are shown
below:
Disposal Method % of Plants*
Landfill 18
Incineration 9
Recycling 9
Unknown 64 *
Based on state survey data, about 50% of the plants with solvent wastes
recycle or incinerate them. One plant reports landfill disposal. The remain-
der indicate that the disposal method is unknown. Other waste types are land-
filled or disposed of by unknown methods.
Information gathered by EPA's Effluent Guidelines Division in their "308"
questionnaires(1) indicate that many firms in this SIC discharge wastes to
POTW's. This disposal method, however, was not reported by any of the 11
small generator plants in the state data base.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
*Column sums to more than 100% since some plants report using more than one
disposal method.
t86% of these indicate contract hauling to unknown disposal method.
B-228
-------
SIC: 3861
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Information provided by EPA/EGD
(2) The estimated number of non-, small, and large generators is based
on 31 plants reporting from New York and Massachusetts. The dis-
tribution of small generators among the waste generation ranges
indicated in the industry profile is based on six plants reporting
in the "state" data file.
(3) The mean hazardous waste generation rate for large generators is
based on 18 plants reporting from New York and Massachusetts.
(4) Census data adjusted for "zero" generators.
B-229
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PRUFILE
(2J
SIC: 3861
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
03
to
U>
O
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
bOO-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER
PERCENT
17
19
16
13
11
9
7
6
6
5
28
23
356
3.3
3.7
3.1
2.5
2.1
1.7
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.0
5. -4
4.5
69.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/NO PERCENT
516
rti
100.0
850.
2850.
4000.
4550.
4950.
4950.
4550.
4500.
5100.
4750.
42000.
80500.
68708000. <
68871550.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
. 1
.1
99.8
100.0
-------
12/06/79. 12.33.08.
BREAKDOWN Uf- PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA RbGlON IN SIC 3861
RCGIUM
NATIuN
to
to
W
NUMBER QF PLANTS IN tACH CATEGORY
TOTAL
10-19
20-49
50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999
1
11
111
1 V
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
42
163
41
21?
1*1
17
13
1U
143
14
17
47
12
6
43
a
4
5
4t>
5
5
35
A
<»
Z2
2
3
2
2*
2
6
26
9
2
16
0
3
1
26
2
6
20
8
6
20
2
*
1
25
3
2
9
3
1
16
1
1
0
11
0
2
9
3
1
10
2
1
0
7
0
195
103
95
35
0
5
1
1
8
1
2
0
4
1
23
1
5
1
1
3
1
0
0
0
0
12
>1000
3
7
0
1
3
0
0
1
0
1
16
-------
INDUSTRY: Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries SIC: 39 (except
391 and 396)
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
This major group includes establishments primarily engaged in manufactur-
ing products not classified in any other manufacturing major group. Indus-
tries in this group fall into the following categories; musical instruments;
toys, sporting and athletic goods; pens, pencils, and other office and artists'
materials; brooms and brushes; caskets; and other miscellaneous manufacturing
industries.
Based on the census data, of the 10,864 establishments in this grouping,
54% have fewer than 10 employees, 88% have fewer than 100 employees, and 99%
have fewer than 500 employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
The wastes reported by the 30 small generator plants in the state data
base and the percent of plants reporting each waste are shown below:
Waste % of plants reporting*
Solvents 53
Paint wastes 26
Oils 15
Acids 12
Metal containing compounds 12
Cyanides 3
Alkalis 3
Solvent wastes include trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, mineral
spirits, xylol, toluol, methyl ethyl ketone, Stoddard solvent, acetone, and
1,1,1-trichloroethane. Acids include phosphoric, chromic, and nitric acid.
Inorganic wastes include spent ferric chloride, copper sulfate, and fixer and
developer solutions.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Disposal practices employed by the 30 small generator plants in the state
data base and the percent of plants employing each disposal method are shown
below:
*Column sums to greater than 100% since some plants report generating more than
one waste stream.
B-232
-------
SIC 39 (except
391 and 396)
Disposal Method % of plants*
Landfill 44
Municipal sewer 18
Recycle 12
Landspreading 6
Deep well injection 3
Incineration 3
Lagoon/solar pond 3
"Other" methods 3
Unknown 60
About 12% of the plants in the state data base indicating that their dis-
posal method is unknown report contractor hauling of their wastes. Over 40%
of the plants use landfills for disposal of solvents; about 25% recycle or
incinerate solvent wastes. Other disposal methods include municipal sewer
(9%), landspreading (5%), lagoons or ponds (5%), and other (5%). About 15%
indicate that their disposal method for solvents is unknown. Paint wastes
are landfilled by 56% of the plants; other disposal methods are landspreading
and municipal sewer. Over 20% of the plants indicate that their disposal
method for paint wastes is unknown. The disposal method for oils is unknown
by 60% of the plants; 40% report recycling of oil. About 60% of the plants
dispose of acid and alkali to municipal sewer; 20% indicate disposal by deep
well injection and 20% indicate that the disposal method is unknown. Disposal
methods mentioned for metal containing wastes include deep well injection and
municipal sewer.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
*Column sums to more than 100% since some plants report using more than one
disposal method.
B-233
-------
SIC: 39 (except
391 and 396)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
The assessment results (i.e., "Industry Profile" and total waste quantity)
are sensitive,to the estimated number of non-, small, and large generators.
Since these estimates were determined by best judgment, the reliability of the
results for this SIC is not as good as it is for SIC's in which estimates are
based on actual data.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
1. Data were not available for plants in the subject SIC to estimate the
proportion of firms in this SIC group which were non-, small, or
large generators. Accordingly, the estimates were based on data
available for similar SIC's (SIC's 342 and 35) for which data were
available. The distribution of small generators among the waste
generation ranges indicated in the industry profile is based on 30
data points in the state data base for the subject SIC.
2. The mean hazardous waste generation rate for large generators is
based on data for plants in SIC's 342 and 35.
3. Census data adjusted for estimated "zero" generators.
B-234
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(1)
SIC: 3900
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
CO
to
w
in
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
BOO
900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
1615
783
485
344
260
204
165
138
116
100
552
451
998
26.0
12.6
7.8
5.5
4.2
3.3
2.7
2.2
1.9
1.6
8.9
7.3
16.1
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PfcRCENT
80750.
117450.
121250.
120400.
117000.
112200.
107250.
103500.
98600.
95000.
328000.
1578500.
52894000."'
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
1.5
2.8
93.8
TOTAL
6211
100.0
56373900.
100.0
-------
INDUSTRY: Jewelry, Silverware, and Plated Ware, Costume SIC: 3910,3960
Jewelry, Costume Novelties, Buttons, and
Miscellaneous Notions
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
Establishments in the subject SIC's are primarily engaged in manufacturing
jewelry, costume novelties, buttons and miscellaneous notions worn on or carried
about the person; manufacturing silverware, plated ware and stainless steel
ware; manufacturing jewelers' findings and materials; and lapidary work on
gems. Based on the census data there are a total of 3,810 establishments in
SIC's 3910 and 3960.
The following data on the industry structure are from Reference 1. There
are about 1500 establishments in the precious (karet gold and platinum) jewelry
industry. Over 600 of these are located in the middle Atlantic area (New York
and New Jersey), with the majority employing fewer than 20 employees. There
are 330 firms in the lapidary industry, 240 of which are located in the New
York area. There are 800 firms dealing in low- and medium-priced jewelry with
more than 300 located in the New England (Greater Providence-Attleboro) area.
There are 237 finding manufacturers supplying metal parts to other jewelry
manufacturers, with the majority located in the New England area.
CHARACTERISTICS OP HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
The total quantity of potentially hazardous land-destined wastes generated
by establishments in SIC 3910 and SIC 3960 is established at 2.1 millioii kg/iro.
This quantity of waste is generated by 37% of the establishments in the indus-
try. The remaining 63% of the establishments either do not generate any hazard-
ous wastes or discharge such wastes to POTW's.
Mechanization and the quantity of wastes produced by an establishment is
generally in an inverse proportion to the quality of metal and stone used.
Most of the establishments handling low- and medium-priced jeweleries have
in-house electroplating capability. The wastes produced is very similar in
characteristics to those produced in the electroplating industry; these wastes
are primarily wastewater treatment sludges, spent plating baths and spent
degreasing solvents (see assessment summary sheet for SIC 3471).
B-236
-------
SIC: 3910,3960
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Based on the state data, the waste quantity breakdown for different dis-
posal practices are as follows:
Estimated Total Quantity
Disposal Method % Wastes of Waste, kg/mo
Hauled to off-site disposal 10 214,000
Landfilling 52 1,111,000
Recycling 36 769,000
Lagooning 1 21,000
Rhode Island Dept. of Health conducted field visits to 12 establishments
in the subject industry and reported the following on waste recovery, storage,
treatment, and transportation.
Recovery On Site - Two firms indicated efforts to recover gold,
silver or rodium from spent plating solution or rinse water. One
firm recovered the metals on site, the other used an evaporator
to drive water off spent plating solution. The remaining sludge was
then sent to a refiner.
Another firm recovered peroxide from a gold rinse and sent to a
reclaimer. Another firm reclaimed trichloroethylene from degreas-
ing operations. The oil contaminated solvent is passed over a
heated coil to boil off the solvent. The fumes are captured and
reliquified. A large amount (1600 kg/mo) of sludge is generated
in this operation. It is sent to a solvent reclaimer.
Waste Seduction On Site - The above solvent reclaiming system can be
thought of as waste reduction. One firm employs a system of catch
basins in series which aid in settling out metals in plating rinse
water before sewer discharge. A total of about 100 gal/yr of sludge
is pumped from these basins and sent to a reclaimer.
Storage Methods - Two firms indicated systems of catch basins or
septic tanks for plating wastes. But unlike the case above, the
settlings were disposed of rather than reclaimed. Two firms indi-
cated storage of solvent degreasers in drums before being sent to a
reclaimer. Another firm stored polishing dust in drums before land
disposal.
Treatment Procedures - Five firms indicated they treated plating waste.
The typical treatment facilities consisted of:
Batch treatment with sodium hypochlorate to break down
cyanides and/or
Batch treatment with sodium hydroxide to aid in precipi-
tation of metals
Addition of acid to adjust the pH of the effluent water
(usually .discharged to sewer)
Yearly pumping and disposal of sludge from settling areas
B-237
-------
SIC: 3910,3960
Collection Procedures - In almost all cases where plating is involved,
rinse water is caught on the floor and piped to treatment and dis-
posal. One firm indicated collection of polishing dust with a vacuum
blower system.
Transportation Methods - Two firms indicated trucking drums of sol-
vents to a reclaimer. Two firms trucked treatment waste sludge in
drums to land disposal. Three firms indicated transportation of
sludge in pumper trucks to land disposal or a reclaimer. One firm
trucked polishing dust in drums to land disposal.
Miscellaneous - The problems in the jewelry industry are uniform and
coincide with those of the plating industry. Almost all jewelry indus-
try wastes is plating waste which is difficult and expensive to treat.
Also, this industry is reluctant to install facilities when in many
cases they don't know what level of pretreatment is needed.
ASSESSMENT OF DATA BASE:
The major source of information on the subject industry is the Rhode Island
data in the state data base. In 1977 the Rhode Island Dept. of Health sent out
609 questionnaires and received a 40% response. They conducted follow-up
field visits (discussed above) to 12 establishments.
Quantitative estimates shown in the profile table are based on waste gen-
eration for 60 establishments in SIC 3910 and SIC 3960.
SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) The Jewelry Industry by G. R. Frankovich, Manufacturing Jewelers
and Silversmiths of America, Providence, R.I.
(2) Rhode Island Hazardous Waste Report, Rhode Island Dept. of Health,
Division of Solid Waste Management, March 1977
(3) Based on state data for 60 establishments and the census data
(Reference 4)
(4) Census data, adjusted for "zero" generators and discharges into
POTW's
B-238
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PRJFILE
(3)
SIC:
3910
3960
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
a
i
to
u>
10
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
Kvj/MO
0-10C
100-200
200-300
300-400
<,00-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
600-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 500C
TOTAL
ESTABLI
NUMBER
1060
30
20
10
9
7
5
4
3
2
20
10
210
SHMENTS
PERCENT
76.3
2.2
1.4
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
1.4
.7
15.1
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
1390
(4')
100.0
53000.
4500.
5000.
3500.
4050.
3850.
3250.
3000.
2550.
1900.
30000.
35000.
1980090.
2,129^90.
2.5
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
1.4
1.6
93.0
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.58.19.
BREAKDOWN HF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZF CATEGORIES HY EPA REGION IN SICS 3910 and 3960
REGION
MijMBER OF PLANTS IN E*CH CATEGORY
TOTAL 1-4 5-9 10-19 20-4g
50-99 100-2*9 250-499 500-999 >1000
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
933
1479
136
171
269
215
54
66
426
61
304
577
55
92
126
82
27
26
195
39
148
?99
24
28
48
48
7
15
88
6
160
266
25
16
45
36
3
10
70
9
142
203
14
11
28
35
9
11
51
6
81
91
11
6
11
6
3
1
16
0
60
34
2
12
9
6
3
2
2
1
fr
8
4
5
0
1
2
C
2
0
10
0
0
0
2
1
0
1
0
0
2
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
NATION
03
3610
1523
711
640
510
?28
131
4b
14
-------
INDUSTRY: Railroad Transportation SIC: 40 (and parts
of SIC 411)
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
The railroad operations which generate hazardous wastes are included in
the SIC's 40 and 41, under the subcategories 4013 (switching and terminal
establishments) and 411 (local and suburban passenger transportation).
For statistical purposes the Interstate Commerce Commission classifies
railroad operating companies into three gorups: Class I railroads (annual
revenues more than $50 million), Class II (revenue from $10 to $50 million), and
Class III (revenue less than $10 million). Most of the available data con-
cerns Class I railroads which handle 99% of the traffic. The number of rail-
road companies, percentage of traffic handled, etc. for the 3 classes of rail-
road companies are as follows :
Class I
Class II
Class III
Total
Railroad
Companies
42
18
278
Locomotives
in
Operation
23,355
524
987
Percentage
of
Traffic
99
1
Percentage
of
Railroad
Workers
93
7
The number of Class I railroad locations and associated activities which are
generators of waste in the U.S. are as follows:
Waste Generating Establishment
Locomotive fueling/wash stations1"
Running maintenance shops
Heavy diesel repair shops
Tank car cleaning stations
Number in
U.S.*
850
375
75
135
Units Serviced
per Day*
17 - 180
unknown
1-10
1-11
*Based on data in Reference (1)
^Fueling stations may or may not include wash facilities, running main-
tenance shops often include fueling and washing, and heavy diesel repair
shops may include fueling, washing and running maintenance.
Hazardous wastes are also generated by Class I and III railroads at com-
pany owned establishments where fueling, washing and running maintenance are
B-241
-------
SIC: 40, etc.
conducted in a single area. Heavy diesel repair and tank car washing for
Class II and III railroads is generally performed at Class I railroad facilities,
The distribution of railroad establishments in the various EPA regions is
shown below. The distribution is estimated by proportioning the nationwide
total of establishments according to the railroad employment distribution (as
given in Reference 4).
Number of Establishments by EPA Region
Facility Type
Class I
Fueling/wash
Maintenance
Heavy diesel
stations
shops
repair
Tank car cleaning
Class II
I
20
9
2
3
II
62
27
5
10
III
122
54
11
19
IV
114
50
10
18
V
227
100
20
36
VI
78
35
7
12
VII
86
38
8
14
VIII
38
17
3
6
IX
64
28
6
10
X
36
16
3
6
Fuel/maintenance/wash 7 22 43 40 80 28 30 13 23 13
stations
Totals 41 126 249 232 463 160 176 77 131 74
Fraction of Total .024 .073 .143 .134 .267 .092 .101 .045 .075 .043
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE PRODUCED:
The major hazardous waste generated by the railroad industry is oily waste-
water. Estimates of the amount or characteristics of raw wastes produced for
each of the various operations (per locomotive or per tank car) is as follows :
Wastewater
Activity gal
Locomotive 5
fueling
Locomotive 1200
wash
Locomotive Q
maintenance
Locomotive 2QQQ
heavy repair
Tank car 3000
cleaning
Oil
kq
0.8
4.5
1.1
7.7
11
SS
kg
14
4.5
1.1
7.7
11
DS
kg
13.5
3.5
23
34
Detergent
kg
—
0.2
0.05
0.4
0.7
Phenols
kg
—
—
—
0.01
1.1
Chromium
kg
—
—
0.04
0.11
PH
Units
—
9-11
9-11
9-11
4-11
B-242
-------
SIC: 40f etc.
Heavy diesel repair shops are the sources of the largest total volumes of
wastewater in the railroad industry. The prime waste constituents are free
and emulsified oil, suspended solids, detergents, acid and alkaline materials,
chromium, and phenols.
Washing of tank cars produces the most toxic wastes of the railroad indus-
try. Wastes are normally complex mixtures of chemical products. Wastes are
typically characterized by high COD and BOD and contain constituents such as
oil, suspended solids, phenols, acids, alkalis, detergents, solvents, nitrogen
compounds, chromium and cyanide.
The total hazardous wastes generated by Class I railroad facilities are
estimated as the quantities shown below.
Total Hazardous Waste Generated by Class I Railroad Facilities, kg/mo
Waste Oils Sludges
Fueling stations 6,975,000(6) 6,596,000(6)
Maintenance shops 1,823,000(7) 4,251,000(7)
(O\ (Q)
Heavy diesel repair shops 8,480,000 27,380,000*
(9) (9)
Tank car cleaning 228,000 3,838,000
Total 17,506,000 42,065,000
The total quantity of oily wastewaters generated by Class II and III
railroad facilities (locomotive fueling, washing, maintenance) is estimated
at 308,500 kg/mo and 1,007,000 kg/mo, respectively
Waste generation rates above were determined for each of the establish-
ment types by using combinations of survey data available from Reference 1,
communications with Class III railroad companies, and other miscellaneous
data from the listed references.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
The majority of facilities for Class I railroads utilize an engineered
treatment system to remove oil, settleable solids and certain chemical con-
stituents from wastewaters. The wastewaters are treated at railroad terminal
facilities using processes such as gravity oil separation, emulsion-breaking,
coagulation, air flotation, biological treatment, clarification and filtration.
Waste oils and fuels are skimmed and sold for recycling by contractors, or
B-243
-------
SIC: 40, etc.
used onsite as fuel in furnaces. Sludges are carried away by contractors to
landfills or incinerators. The treated wastewaters are discharged to the
municipal sewer to nearby creeks or rivers, or partially reused in washing
operations. The majority of the treatment plants do not achieve the effluent
guidelines proposed for the railroad industry
It was estimated by one study in 1974(1) that approximately one-third of
the Class I railroad facilities were still lacking wastewater treatment
systems. Most running maintenance stations do not utilize catchment facili-
ties, and leaks, spills, and wash wastewaters typically are discharged
directly to nearby ground. At smaller fuelirfg and wash stations, spillage
and oil wastes typically drain directly to ground.
At Class II and III railroad facilities, the oil wastewaters are rarely
processed through on-site treatment systems. Wastewaters associated with
diesel maintenance (about one-half the total wastewaters produced) are gen-
erally carried away by contractors for recycling, and wastewaters associated
with fueling and locomotive washing are normally dumped along the right of
way or on nearby open ground.
Summary of Disposal Methods
Class I
Fueling stations
Running maintenance
Heavy diesel repair
Tank car cleaning
Class II and III
Fuel/wash/maintenance
Waste Oils
60% recycle, 40% to
open ground
60% recycle, 40% to
open ground
50% recycle, 50%
onsite reuse
100% recycle
Sludge
100% landfill
100% landfill
100% landfill
100% landfill
Wastewaters
50% recycle,
50% to open
ground
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
The disposal of waste oil by waste oil collectors is generally at no
cost to the generators, and larger quantities of waste oil are often purchased
by waste oil collectors. About one-half the quantity of wastewaters produced
B-244
-------
SIC: 40, etc.
by Class II and III railroad facilities can also be hauled away by collectors
at no cost.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
Waste disposal options available to the railroad industry are already
being used in varying degrees. The environmentally preferred disposal method
for waste oils is collection by recycle contractors.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
The following tables summarize the numbers of large and small waste gen-
erators in the railroad industry by facility type and the total quantities of
of waste generated by all railroad facilities.
Number of Large and Small Generators
Waste Oils Sludge Wastewaters
Large Small Large Small Large Small
Gen. Gen. Gen. Gen. Gen. Gen.
Class I
Fueling stations 586 264 574 276
Maintenance shops 150 225 311 64
Heavy diesel repair 75 0 75 0
Tank car cleaning 6 130 132 3
Class II and III
Class II shops — — — — 15 3
Class III shops — — — — 70 208
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Enforcement and
General Counsel, Development Document for Proposed Effluent Limita-
tions Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Rail-
road Segment of the Transportation Industry - Point Source Category (|
(Draft), USEPA, April 1974.
B-245
-------
SIC: 40, etc.
(2\ Association of American Railroads (AAR)
(.31 Interstate Commerce Commission
(4) Association of American Railroads, Yearbook of Railroad Facts for
1975
(5) National Railway Publishing Company, Pocket List of Railroad
Officials
(6) Based on wastewater characterizations at two fueling station sites
and estimates of residuals created by treatment systems operating
at these facilities. Average generation rate for the two stations
was estimated to be 150 kg/mo of oils per locomotive/day and 139
kg/mo of sludge per locomotive/day. This rate was applied to sur-
vey data of activity levels (locomotive fueled per day) for 12
separate stations to achieve a log-normal distribution of genera-
tion rates from which total waste quantity profiles were tabulated.
(7) Based on wastewater characterizations at four stations and esti-
mates of residuals created by treatment systems operating at the
facility, a log-normal distribution of generation rates was derived
and used to tabulate waste quantity profiles.
(8) Based on a characterization of wastewaters from a representative
repair shop , the average waste generation rate was assumed to
be 113,000 kg/mo of waste oils and 365,000 kg/mo of sludge.
(9) Based on tank car washing facilities, wastewater characterization '
and estimates of residuals created by treatment systems operating
at the facility, it was estimated that treatment systems at tank
car cleaning establishments produce oil wastes of 9.6 kg and sludges
of 228 kg for each tank car washing. Applying this rate to tank car
activity levels for 13 separate stations, a log-normal distribution
of generation rates was derived and used to tabulate waste quantity
profiles.
(10) Based on waste generation data obtained from discussions with two
separate class III railroad facilities1 ' , the average quantity
of waste generated by a Class III shop was estimated to be 3600 kg/
B-246
-------
SIC: 40, etc.
mo and the average quantity from a Class II shop was estimated to
be 17,000 kg/mo. These facilities do not employ wastewater treat-
ment systems.
(11) Barley, D. E., K. M. Tackett, and T. R. Blackwood, Monsanto Research
Corp., Source Assessment: Rail Tank Car, Tank Truck, and Drum
Cleaning, State of the Art, for USEPA, IERL, Cincinnati, Ohio,
Contract No. 68-02-1874, EPA-600/2-78-004g, April 1978.
(12) One railroad company in Georgia
(13) One railroad company in California
(14) American Short Line Railroad Association
(15) Liptak, B. G., Environmental Engineers Handbook, Volume I, Water
Pollution, 1974.
B-247
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
SIC: 4000
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
oo
to
»
oo
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
809
900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
0
7
10
8
11
8
8
8
8
8
120
354
1177
0.0
.4
.6
.5
.6
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
6.9
20.5
68.2
WASTE
KG/MO
0.
1050.
2500.
2800.
4950.
4400.
5200.
6000.
6800.
7600.
190000.
1239000.
41924740.
QUANTITY
PERCENT
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.4
2.9
96.6
TOTAL
1727
100.0
43,385040.
100.0
-------
SIC: 40
INDUSTRY PROFILE: ESTIMATED NUMBER OF PLANTS AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR
ESTABLISHMENTS IN VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION RANGE CATEGORIES
(WASTE OILS GENERATED AT RAILROAD FACILITIES)
Waste Generation
Ranges (kg/mo)
less than 100
100 - 200
200 - 300
300 - 400
400 - 500
500 - 600
600 - 700
700 - 800
800 - 900
900 - 1000
1000 - 2000
2000 - 5000
more than 5000
U.S. Total
Establishments
Number
0
3
5
8
9
10
11
11
11
11
148
391
816
1434
% Total
0
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
io
27
'57
100
Waste Quantity
kg/mo
450
1,250
2,800
4,050
5,500
7,150
8,250
9,350
10,450
222,000
1,368,500
15,866,000
17,506,000
% Total
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
1.3
7.8
91
100
B-249
-------
INDUSTRY: Local and Suburban Transit and Interurban SIC: 41
Highway Passenger Transportation
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
This SIC includes establishments which provide passenger transportation
service. The establishments which generate hazardous waste are service garages
which provide maintenance for buses, taxis, and other passenger vehicles.
These service garages are classified by the SIC's 4171 and 4172.
Based on reported survey data , it was assumed that nearly all fleet
operators service their vehicles in a fleet service garage (as opposed to
general automotive or service stations which are addressed under other SIC's).
Based on the assumption that the number of fleets (of size 10 or greater) is
equivalent to the number of service garages handling exclusively the passenger
transport vehicles, the estimated number of service garages is tabulated based
(2)
on fleet data for buses and passenger transport cars.
FLEET DATA AND NUMBER OF SERVICE GARAGES
Buses :
Size of fleet
(no. vehicles)
No. in these fleets
No. of fleets
(service garages)*
Adjusted no. fleets
(service garages)1"
Percentage of total
garages
>500
100,764
201
233
7.5
100-499
93,777
312
361
11.6
50-99
46,361
618
715
22.9
25-49
33,068
894
1,034
33.1
10-24
11,456
674
780
25.0
Total
—
285,426
2,699
3,123
100
Passenger cars;
Size of fleet
(no. vehicles) >500 100-499 50-99 25-49 10-24
NO. in these fleets 183,706 70,315 21,575 15,699 6,734 298,000
No. of fleets
(service garages)* 368 234 288 423 396 1,709
Percentage of total
garages 21.5 13.7 16.8 24.8 23.2 100
*Estimated by dividing total number of buses in fleets by the median number of
buses in the fleet size range.
'''The estimated number of fleets is adjusted proportionately such that the total
of the fleet numbers conforms to the known total of bus fleets (3123)^1' .
Assuming the bus and car fleets are distributed according to population,
the number of service garages in each EPA region would be as follows:
B-250
-------
SIC: 41
EPA Region: I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
Number of fleet
service garages 280 662 551 749 1034 478 266 130 541 155
Percentage of
total garages 5.8 13.7 11.4 15.5 21.4 9.9 5.5 2.7 11.2 3.2
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
The major hazardous waste generated by the bus and car service garages
is waste oil. Other hazardous wastes which are generated are various toxic
and ignitable solvents. Corrosive wastes from radiation flushings, greases
and brake fluids. Estimates of the total amount of raw wastes produced at bus
and transport car service garages is as follows:
Bus garages Car garages
Total vehicles 285,426 298,000
Average mileage per year* 38,000 25,000
Average mileage between service 7,500 5,000
Quantity of waste oils generated,
kg/mot 2,579,000 447,000 3,026,000
Quantity of wastewater sludge,
kg/mo* 856,000 476,600 1,333,000
Quantity of other waste fluids,
kg/mo5 72,300 12,400 83,700
*Based on reference (1) for buses and an assumed 25,000 miles/year for cars
'''Based on average of 7 gal. oil (21.4 kg) per service for a bus, and 1.2 gal.
oil (3.6 kg) produced per car service
^Assumes an onsite treatment system to remove sludge (consisting of oils,
greases, detergents, and settleable solids) from wash wastewaters before dis-
charge to sewer. The average quantity of sludge produced is assumed to be
3 kg/mo per bus and 1.6 kg/mo for cars(3).
5The generation rate for these combined wastes is estimated to be 0.6 kg per
bus service and 0.1 kg per car service.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL METHODS:
Waste disposal practices at the bus and car garages investigated here are
similar to those of other automotive repair garages. The majority of estab-
lishments contract the removal of waste oils and solvents for reclaiming.
Sludges are generally hauled away for disposal at sanitary landfills.
B-251
-------
SUMMARY OF CURRENT DISPOSAL METHODS
SIC: 41
(4,5)
Waste Disposal Method
Waste oils 90% to recycle, 10% to sewers, landfills,
or open ground
Waste fluids 80% to solvent reclaimers
(including solvents) 20% to sewer or other disposal means
Wastewater sludges 100% to municipal landfills
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
The disposal of waste oil by waste oil collectors is at no cost to the
generators, and larger quantities of waste oil are often purchased by waste
oil collectors. Waste fluids containing solvents are generally hauled away
at no cost by solvent reclaimers. The unit costs for waste disposal to sani-
tary landfills (Subtitle D) and hazardous waste management facilities (Sub-
title C) are presented in Section 4, Volume I.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
The most environmentally acceptable disposal method for waste oils and
waste solvents is by recycle contractors.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See tables)
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) The Fleet Owner Fleet Marketing Handbook Number Five, McGraw-Hill
Publications Company, 1978
(2) MVMA Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures, 1978
(3) Vehicle Maintenance Department of U.S. Postal Service at Los Angeles,
1979
(4) Based on state data for a related SIC (repair shops, SIC 7539)
(5) Weinstein, N. J., "Waste Oil Recycling and Disposal," Recon Systems
Inc., August 1974
B-252
-------
SIC: 41
(6) Waste generation rates for garages servicing different fleet sizes
Bus service garage:
Maximum no. in fleet 25 50 100 500 >500
Percent of total fleets 25.0 33.1 22.9 11.6 7.5
(garages)
Cumulative percent of total 25.0 58.1 81.0 92.6 100
buses
Waste oil generated per 378 452 904 4517
garage, kg/mo
Sludge & liquid wastes gen. 81 163 325 1626
by garage, kg/mo
Car service garage:
Maximum no. in fleet 25 50 100 500 500
Percent of total fleets 23>2 24>8 16 8 13>7 21.5
(garages)
Cumulative percent of total 23.2 48.0 64.8 78.5 100
uses
Waste oil generated per 38 75 150 750
garage, kg/mo
Sludge & liquid per garage, 41 82 164 820
kg/mo
B-253
-------
11/27/79.
08.A3.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(6)
SIC: <»100
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
T
to
in
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
2079
1094
443
190
96
57
57
201
270
31
187
125
0
43.0
22.7
9.2
3.9
2.0
1.2
1.2
4.2
5.6
.6
3.9
2.6
0.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO
95634.
164100.
110750.
66500.
43200.
31350.
37050.
150750.
229500.
29450.
280500.
437500.
0.
PERCENT
5.7
9.8
6.6
4.0
2.6
1.9
2.2
9.0
13.7
1.8
16.7
26.1
0.0
TOTAL
4830
100.0
1676284.
100.0
-------
SIC: 41
INDUSTRY PROFILE: ESTIMATED NUMBER OF PLANTS AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR
ESTABLISHMENTS IN VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION RANGE CATEGORIES
Waste oils generated by garages servicing passenger transport
vehicles(6)
Ranges (kq/mo)
less than 100
100 - 200
200 - 300
300 - 400
400 - 500
500 - 600
600 - 700
700 - 800
800 - 900
900 - 1000
1000 - 2000
2000 - 5000
more than 5000
U.S. Total
Establishments
Number
940
188 .
68
1439
565 ••
276
182
264
316
31
125
437
4839
% Total
19.5
3.9
1.'4
29.8
11.7
5.7
3.8
5.5
6.5
.6
'2 6
• 9.0
100
Waste Quantity
kg/mo
37,000
28,200
17,000
437,000
221,670
133,190
104,620.
188.410
247,930
' 25,530
1 fi9 .1 9f»
L. 423. 350
5,026,000
% Total
1.2
.9
.6
14.4
7.3
4.4
3.5
6.2
8.2
.8
^ A
47.0
100
, B-255
-------
INDUSTRY: Motor Freight Transportation SIC: 42
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
This industry involves the transfer of freight by trucks and the opera-
tion of facilities supporting the freight transport operations (warehousing,
truck garages, and truck freight handling terminals). The facilities which
generate hazardous wastes are included in the SIC 4231 (terminal and joint
terminal maintenance facilities for motor freight transportation). The faci-
lities generating hazardous waste in SIC 4231 consist of commercial truck
service establishments (terminals and service centers) which develop waste oil
from crankcasa drainings and other maintenance activities, truck washing
terminals which generate large volumes of wastewaters during the cleaning of
residual materials from tank trucks.
The industry is widely distributed over the U.S. with freight depots
located near both urban and rural collection and redistribution points. Main-
tenance and storage terminals are located primarily in urban areas. Truck
service centers, which supply principally fuel and lubricants, are found both
in urban areas and on interstate and secondary highways. The terminals are
usually large and may handle more than 200 units/day, while the truck service
centers are smaller and may handle as few as 10 units/day. The total number
of these service establishments in the U.S. is estimated at 15,400
Truck washing terminals are located near pipeline terminals, shore instal-
lations and cargo loading points. The number of tank trucks washed at these
terminals varies from 10 to 90 per day. There are approximately 500 truck
(2)
washing terminals in the U.S.
The distribution of truck service and truck washing establishments by
EPA regions is shown below. The distribution of service centers is assumed
to reflect the population distribution, and the distribution of truck washing
(2)
establishments is based on data from an EPA study
B-256
-------
SIC: 42
EPA Region Designation
EPA
Region
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
Total
No. of Service
Establishments
885
2105
1749
2380
3292
1519
839
417
1725
487
15,400
% of Total
5.7
13.7
11.4
15.5
21.4
9.9
5.4
2.7
11.2
3.2
100
No. of Truck
Wash Terminals
32
45
66
60
111
82
41
22
27
14
440
% of Total
6.4
9.0
13.2
12.0
22.2
16.4
8.2
4.4
5.4
2.8
100
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE PRODUCED:
The truck service establishments generate waste oils as a result of
engine maintenance. The oil wastes are both ignitable and toxic.
Based on the typical frequency of truck service and the quantity of waste
oil and cleaning wastewaters produced during servicing, and assuming that all
heavy duty trucks (HOT) and light duty trucks (LOT) in fleets of 25 or more
vehicles are serviced at those trucking establishments, the total waste oils
produced by truck service establishments is estimated at 7.1 x 10 kg/me; the
waste oils produced by trucks serviced in other service areas covered under
other industry cateogires (e.g., gasoline service stations)is estimated at
Q
1.1 x 10 . The bases for these estimates are as follows:
LOT
LOT, fleets
of 25 or more
HOT
Total
Number*
28,298,000
2,504,000
1,264,000
Miles Per
Yr/Truck*
50,000
50,000
288,000
Miles
Between
Servicing*
5,000
5,000
18,000
Qty. Waste
Oil Per
Service*
(gal)
1-2
1-2
10-14
Total Qty.
Waste Oil
Produced
kg/mo
10.8 x 106
9.6 x 106
61.5 x 106
*Data based on References, 3, 4, and 5
B-257
-------
SIC: 42
Cleaning of truck tankers produces large quantities of corrosive and
toxic wastewaters. Wastewaters are typically characterized by high BOD and
COD and contain constituents such as oil, suspended solids, phenols, acids,
alkalis, detergents, solvents, and nitrogen compounds. Truck cleaning termi-
nals wash from 10 to 90 trucks per day and produce an average of 500 gallons
(22)
of wastewater for each tank washed . Terminals washing only 10 units per
day would generate 150,000 gallons (about 567,000 kg)/month of wastewater.
Based on a reported figure of 5,010,000 tank truck washings per year, repre-
sentative wastewater characterizations , and the assumption that the wash
terminals employ wastewater treatment systems to meet effluent guidelines,
it is estimated that the tank car washing terminals would generate a total
of 146,000 kg/mo of waste oil and grease, and about 3,000,000 kg/mo of sludge.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Oil wastes at truck service and truck washing establishments are normally
reclaimed, either onsite for reuse at the establishment, or by a contractor
who processes the wastes for resale as lubricants or fuel oil. A minor per-
centage of the total oil wastes generated in this industry may be disposed to
open ground or refuse collection systems. It is estimated that approximately
two-thirds of the wastewater generated from truck washing is discharged to
municipal sewers without treatment . The remaining quantity of wastewaters
are discharged after oils, settleable solids and chemical constituents are
removed by onsite treatment systems. In the future, it is expected that all
truck washing terminals would employ wastewater treatment systems to comply
with effluent discharge limitations.
Summary of Disposal Methods
Waste Oils
Sludge
service establishments
truck washing terminals
100% recycle
1/3 recycle, 2/3 to
sewer with wastewaters
1/3 to landfill, 2/3 to
sewer with wastewaters
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
The disposal of waste oil by waste oil collectors is generally at no
cost to the generators, and larger quantities of waste oil are often purchased
by waste oil collectors.
B-258
-------
SIC: 42
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
Acceptable waste disposal options available to the trucking industry are
already being used in varying degrees. The environmentally preferable disposal
method for waste oils is collection by recycle contractors.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
The following tables summarize the numbers of large and small waste gen-
erators in the industry by facility type and the total quantities of waste
generated by all motor freight facilities.
Number of Large and Small Generators
Waste Oils Sludge
Large Small Large Small
Generator Generator Generator Generator
(less than
5000 kg/mo)
service establishments 4213 11,088
truck wash terminals 0 400 500 0
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Based on the total quantity of waste oils generated at the truck
service establishments (see Characteristics of Hazardous Waste Bro-
duced) and the average quantity of waste per establishment (as
determined from the log normal distribution of the establishment
waste oil generation rates).
(2) Monsanto Research Corporation, Source Assessment: Rail Tank Car,
Tank Truck, and Drum Cleaning, State of the Art, prepared for
Environmental Protection Agency, April 1978
(3) California Trucking Association
(4) Bureau of the Census
(5) MVMA Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures, 1978
B-259
-------
SIC: 42
(6) Development Document for Proposed Effluent Limitation Guideline
and New Source Performance Standards for the Trucking Segment of
the Transportation Industry (draft copy), National Field Investi-
gation Center, USEPA, Cincinnati, Ohio, April 1974
(7) Based on fit of a log-normal distribution to oil waste generation
data for six separate truck service establishments surveyed in the
Los Angeles area
(8) Based on fitting of a log-normal distribution of truck washing
terminal waste generation rates to be consistent with the known
number of terminals and the total estimated waste quantities
(see Characteristics of Hazardous Wastes Produced)
B-260
-------
11/27/79.
Ob.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(8)
SIC: 4231
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
7
NJ
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-600
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
ESTABL
NUMBER
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
500
ISHMENTS
PERCENT
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
3000000.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
TOTAL
500
100.0
3000000.
100.0
-------
SIC: 4231
INDUSTRY PROFILE: ESTIMATED NUMBER OF PLANTS AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR
ESTABLISHMENTS IN VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION RANGE CATEGORIES
(waste oils generated at tank truck washing terminals8)
Waste Generation
Ranges (kg/mo)
less than 100
100 - 200
200 - 300
300 - 400
400 - 500
500 - 600
600 - 700
700 - 800
800 - 900
900 - 1000
1000 - 2000
2000 - 5000
more than 5000
U.S. Total
Establishments
Number
50
240
145
50
10
500
% Total
10
48
29
10
2
Waste Quantity
kg/mo
7,500
60,000
50,750
22,50
5,500
146,000
% Total
5.1
41.0
34.7
15.4
3.8
B-262
-------
SIC:
INDUSTRY PROFILE: ESTIMATED NUMBER OF PLANTS AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR
ESTABLISHMENTS IN VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION RANGE CATEGORIES
(waste oils from truck service establishments7)
Waste Generation
Ranges (kg/mo)
less than 100
100 - 200
200 - 300
300 - 400
400 - 500
500 - 600
600 - 700
700 - 800
800 - 900
900 - 1000
1000 - 2000
2000 - 5000
more than 5000
U.S. Total
Establishments
Number
77
137
185
200
262
308
308
354
3,234
6,006
4,312
15,400
% Total
0.5
0.9
1.2
1.3
1.7
2.0
2.0
2.3
21
39
28
100
Waste Quantity
kg/mo
19,250
47,950
83,250
110,000
170,300
231,000
264,880
336,300
4,851,000
21,021,000
13,965,100
PI, 100, 000
% Total
.03
.07
.12
.15
.24
.32
.37
.47
6.8
30
62
100
B-263
-------
INDUSTRY: Postal Service
SIC: 43
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
The U.S. Postal Service employs a fleet of vehicles to transport and
deliver mail. Hazardous wastes are generated as a result of maintenance
of the postal vehicles. In metropolitan areas, vehicles are normally serviced
by post office personnel at central garages. In rural areas, the vehicle
fleets are generally serviced by independent garages or service stations (the
latter establishments are included in SIC 753, automotive repair shops).
As of February 1979, the U.S. Postal Service fleet numbered 125,309
vehicles, of which 65,129 are self-maintained by the U.S. Postal Service
garages, and 60,180 are maintained by individual garages or service
stations . Based on extrapolations of survey data ' ' for Los Angeles,
Bakersfield, and Palmdale in California, a relationship between the number
of postal garages, population of city, and numbers of vehicles serviced was
constructed with the following results:
Total
Population of
city (thousands)
NO. garages in city
No. vehicles
serviced/ gar age
No. cities this
size in U.S. (5)
Total population
in these cities
(millions)
45-250
1
170
372
55.1
250-650
2
300
42
18.9
,650-1350
3
367
10
10.0
1350-2300
4
388
2
3.7
2300-3200
5
400
3
8.6
—
—
—
—
96.2
No. postal garages
in these cities
Total no. vehicles
serviced in these
cities
112*
84
30
8
19,800t 25,200 11,010 3,104
15
6,000
249
65,114
*This estimate (for cities of pop. 45,000 to 250,000 only) was determined
based on the number of vehicles serviced per garage (179) and the total
number of vehicles in the affected cities (18,800).
^This figure (for cities of pop. 45,000 to 250,000 only) was determined by sub-
tracting the total number of vehicles serviced at garages in all other cities
from the known total number of postal vehicles (65,114). This is plausible,
since it was known that some fraction of the cities in this population range
would service postal vehicles at independent service stations rather than
postal garages.
B-264
-------
SIC: 43
Assuming that the postal garages are distributed nationwide according to
population, the number of postal garages in each EPA region are as follows:
Region
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
No. of
Postal Garages
14
34
28
38
53
25
14
7
28
8
Percentage of
Total Garages
5.6
13.7
11.2
15.3
21.3
10.0
5.6
2.8
11.2
3.2
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS HASTES PRODUCED:
Hazardous wastes generated by maintenance of postal vehicles consist of
crankcase oil, transmission oil, grease, solvents used for parts cleaning,
brake fluid, coolant, asbestos from brake pad grinding and collected solids
from vehicle washing. Oils, grease, solvents, brake fluid and coolant are
generally combined together as oily waste and removed by a recycle operator.
Wastewaters from vehicle washing may be processed through an onsite treatment
system resulting in the production of oily sludge which is removed and commonly
disposed of at landfills. The estimated amounts of wastes which are produced
(2)
in the servicing of the postal vehicles are as follows :
oil wastes 3.6 kg/vehicle/mo
sludge from wastewaters 1.3 kg/vehicle/mo
asbestos 0.0015 kg/vehicle/mo
The total waste produced nationwide by postal garages is calculated by
applying the waste generation rates to garage activity levels (i.e., number
of vehicles serviced per garage and number of postal garages - see Description
of Industry) to attain garage generation rates. Based on the above waste gen-
eration rates and garage activity levels (see Description of Industry), the
estimated total waste production by postal garages is 83,550 kg/mo of non-oil
waste and 231,350 kg/mo of waste oil (see Industry Profile).
B-265
-------
SIC: 43
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Waste oils generated at postal garages are normally sold for recycling
by contractors. Sludges from wastewater treatment facilities are carried
away by contractors to landfills. The treated wastewaters are discharged to
the municipal sewer. It is estimated that vehicle wash water from smaller
garages (in cities of less than 250,000 population) is discharged directly
to the sewer without treatment. Asbestos from brake pad grinding is collected
by a vacuum cleaner, in accordance with OSHA regulations, and removed for dis-
posal in a landfill by a contract hauler.
Summary of Disposal Methods
Waste oils Sludges & Asbestos
percentage of waste recycled 100 0
percentage of waste to sewer 0 30
percentage of waste to landfill 0 70
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
The disposal of waste oil by waste oil collectors is generally at no cost
to the generators, and larger quantities of waste oil are often purchased by
waste oil collectors.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
Acceptable waste disposal options available to the postal service are
already being used in varying degrees. The environmentally acceptable disposal
method for waste oils is collection by recycle contractors, and the most eco-
nomical acceptable disposal method for the sludge is burial in hazardous waste
landfills.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See tables)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
B-266
-------
SIC: 43
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Based on discussions with employees of the Vehicle Division of the
U.S. Postal Service
(2) Vehicle Maintenance Division, U.S. Postal Service at Los Angeles
(3) Vehicle Maintenance Division, U.S. Postal Service at Bakersfield
(4) U.S. Postal Service at Palmdale
(5) Dan Golenpaul Associates, Information Please Almanac, 1976
B-267
-------
11/27/79.
06.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
SIC: 4300
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND HASTE QUANTITIES
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
to
s
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
4,00-500
^00-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
0
0
112
84
30
23
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0
0.0
45.0
33.7
12.0
9.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO
PERCENT
0.
0.
28000.
29400.
13500.
12650.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.0
0.0
33.5
35.2
16.2
15.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
TOTAL
249
100.0
83550.
100.0
-------
09/12/79,
09.49.40.
INDUSTRY PRQFHF
(Haste Oil)
SICt 4300
NATION
ESTIMATED
VARIOUS WAST?
WASTE
to
ISJ
a\
\o
RANGES
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-^00
SOO-600
«»00-700.
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
AND WASTE QUANTITItS FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
CATEGORIES
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
FSTABLISHftENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
0
0
0
0.
0
0
122
20
20
19
68
0
0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
49.0
e.o
6.0
7,6
27.3
0.0
c.o
0.
0.
0.
0*
0.
0.
79300.
15000.
17000.
18050,
1C2000.
0.
0.
0.0
0.0
0*0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.4.3
6.5
7.3
7_.6_
44.1
0.0
0.0
TOTAL
249
100.0
231350.
100.0
-------
INDUSTRY: Transportation by Air SIC: 45
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
Major group 45, Transportation by Air, includes establishments which are
engaged in furnishing domestic and foreign transportation by air (SIC 4511,
Certified Carriers and SIC 4521, Noncertificated Carriers) as well as those
operating airports and flying fields (SIC 4582) and furnishing terminal
services (SIC 4583). Of the four SIC's covered by major group 45, all are
generators of hazardous wastes.
SIC 4511 includes companies holding certificates under the Civil Aero-
nautics Act. They operate over fixed routes and schedules, and are primarily
engaged in the transport of passengers or freight for revenue. Certificated
air passenger carriers, air cargo carriers and helicopter carriers are included
in SIC 4511. Certified carriers generally operate out of a "home base" air-
port (a large city for most major airlines), but will have satellite service
facilities available at many other airports that they service. Hazardous
wastes generated by these companies are primarily associated with maintenance
of aircraft and ground equipment. Major airlines certificated in the U.S.
and their home bases are shown in the table below.
(3) Number of
Carrier Airports Serviced Home Base City" '
United 97 Chicago
Delta 90 Atlanta
American 62 New York
Eastern 115 Miami/Atlanta
Northwest 40 Minneapolis
TWA 40 Los Angeles
Continental 34 Los Angeles
Western 46 Los Angeles
Braniff 56 Dallas/Ft. Worth
National 40 Miami
Pan Am 6 New York
There are 200 commuter airlines in the U.S. operating 1200 aircrafts.
Commuter airlines also have a similar maintenance set up as the large airlines,
only on a smaller scale. There is a home base of operation where major main-
tenance will be done. In some cases this maintenance may be contracted out
to a local aircraft service company. At points away from "home" any maintenance
B-270
-------
SIC: 45
or repair required will generally be contracted out, depending on whether
or not the airline operates a maintenance facility at that point
Helicopter engine overhauls are required after 50 hours of operation and
are performed primarily at six centralized facilities in the U.S. These over-
haul facilities are classified in SIC 372.
SIC 4521 consists of companies not holding certificates of Public Con-
venience and Necessity under the Civil Aeronautics Act. Nbncertificated air
passenger carriers, air cargo carriers, fixed-base air operators, air taxis,
flying charter services and airplane sightseeing services are included in SIC
4521. These establishments are located nationwide at large and small airports
and flying fields. Hazardous wastes generated by these establishments are
associated with aircraft maintenance and is covered under SIC 4582.
SIC 4582 includes establishments primarily engaged in the operation and
maintenance of airports and/or the servicing, repairing (except on a factory
basis), and storing of aircraft. Hazardous wastes generated by the establish-
ments under this SIC are primarily a result of aircraft maintenance. As of
January 1, 1979 there were 14,574 airports located in all regions of the U.S. .
In 1977 total repair stations at airports numbered 3304 . This may include
service facilities for all establishments in major group 45.
SIC 4583 consists of establishments primarily engaged in furnishing co-
ordinated handling services for passengers or freight at airport terminals.
Hazardous wastes generated by these establishments are a result of maintenance
of ground equipment.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
At "home bases" the major certificated carriers (SIC 4511) are likely to
be large volume hazardous waste generators. At these home bases the airline
will have major maintenance operations performing major repairs, preventative
maintenance, engine and airframe rebuilding and overhaul, painting, component
cleaning, plating and aircraft washing. Wastes resulting from maintenance
and repair of aircraft as well as company-owned ground service vehicles and
equipment includes waste oil and hydraulic fuilds from engine maintenance;
waste paint and solvents from painting operations; and waste containing heavy
metals (such as chromium, copper, nickel, silver, cadmium and zinc) and
cyanide, alkaline wastes, chromium acid waste and other acid and alkali wastes
B-271
-------
SIC; 45
from plating operations. Waste solvents and detergents result from use of
solvents and detergents to remove oxidation, scaling and carbon residues from
aircraft exteriors and components.
One major certificated carrier surveyed as to waste volumes and disposal
methods at its home base indicated that waste oils are held in a 1000-gallon
underground storage tank and is hauled away for reclamation about every two
months. The average generation of waste oil at this site is estimated at
1500 kg/mo. The company also maintains two 2000-gallon holding tanks for other
chemical wastes including solvents, paint waste, plating waste, oils, etc.
(2)
Approximately 1000 gallons per week is generated (13,100 kg/mo) . Total
waste stream from this "home base" maintenance station is 14,600 kg/mo.
Assuming that this quantity is typical, the total waste quantity generated by
major airlines' home bases is estimated at 161,000 kg/mo. Significantly
smaller waste quantities are expected from home base maintenance facilities
for the 200 commuter airlines. The waste quantities for these facilities are
estimated to be similar in magnitude to these for SIC 4582.
At many other airports that are serviced by the major certificated
carriers, a "satellite" service center is maintained for ramp service (replen-
ishing food supplies, fuel, oil and hydraulic fluid and cleaning of the inter-
ior of the aircraft), maintenance inspection and minor repairs. If the ser-
vice required is beyond the capability of a particular station, maintenance
personnel may be flown in to perform repairs, or satellite service may be con-
tracted to another airline or an aircraft service company having a more com-
prehensive service capability. Depending on the extent of satellite service
performed, such services may result in the generation of little or no hazard-
ous waste. Ground service equipment may or may not be owned and serviced by
the airlines. When such equipment are owned by an airline, maintenance ser-
vice of such equipment would be part of the satellite service
One major airline company's satellite facility at an international air-
port uses a 300-gallon tank for storage of waste oil, solvents, etc. Assum-
ing a quarterly removal of wastes from the storage tank (when the tank is
about half full), an average waste generation rate of 150 kg/mo is estimated
for this facility. This rate may not be representative of satellite facili-
ties for other airlines. In estimating the total waste quantity, it is assumed
B-272
-------
SIC: 45
that only 1/3 of the 616 satellite service facilities produce hazardous
waste and that a waste generation rate of close to 100 kg/mo or less would
be more representative of the operations at roost satellite centers.
Aircraft maintenance companies (SIC 4582) operate at both large and small
airports. These establishments provide services to airlines and other air-
craft owners including airline schools, private aircraft, small charter lines,
air cargo carriers, air taxis, sightseeing airplane services, etc (SIC 4521).
At the large airports these services may produce large amounts of hazardous
waste depending on the volume of business, kind of aircraft serviced and size
of operation. One service company at a large airport which maintains only
private jet aircraft, generates over 2000 gallons (6000 kg) of waste oil,
(4)
hydraulic fluids and lacquer thinner per month . At small airports these
service companies.will generally be small volume waste generators. According
to California state data, of 7 operations surveyed all were small waste gen-
erators producing from 126 to 3381 kg/mo of hazardous wastes with an average
of 793 kg/mo. Hazardous wastes reported at the 7 sites include paint thinner,
scrap paint, sodium cyanide, perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, methylene
chloride, oil, mild acid, alkaline solution, solvents and paint stripping
waste(5).
Ground service companies (SIC 4583) can also generate hazardous wastes.
A large ground service company at a major international airport which supplies
ground vehicles and equipment to contracting airlines indicates that it gen-
erates waste oil, coolant, grease, solvents, degreasers, hydraulic fluid and
washwater. About 670 kg of oils and other chemical wastes are generated per
month{6).
Ground service companies are located at the major airports (hubs) as well
as most of the middle size hubs airports. There are an average of at least
two of these establishments at the 25 major airports and about one at each of
the middle size ones (there are about 100 middle size hubs). These airports
(4)
are located in all regions throughout the U.S.
The waste generation of 670 kg/mo mentioned above is assumed to be appli-
cable to the approximately 50 service companies serving the major hubs; com-
panies serving the remaining 100 hubs would be much smaller in size and are
assumed to be in the 100 to 200 kg/mo waste generation rate.
B-273
-------
SIC: 45
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Waste oil and chemicals generated by larger aircraft maintenance faci-
lities are generally stored in underground holding tanks. Sometimes the waste
oils are stored in separate tanks and sometimes they are mixed with other
waste chemicals. If the waste oils are stored separately they can be recycled
.(via waste oil reclaimers). Chemical wastes are collected by contract haulers
whose disposal method is unknown . Smaller waste generators may store
waste oils and chemicals in 55-gallon drums. These wastes will be removed
periodically by an outside disposal company . One company in the state data
reports that the waste is disposed of in a hazardous waste landfill.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHOD:
Segregation of wastes at the source (i.e., separate collection of waste
oils, solvents, etc.) should enable reclamation of waste oil and solvents by
commercial reclaimers, other hazardous wastes can be disposed of in facilities
designed to handle such wastes.
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF THE DATA BASE:
From the standpoint of location and number of hazardous waste generators
and the quantities of hazardous waste generated, the air transportation indus-
try appears to be one of the least studied industries. Despite contacts with
a large number of agencies, airlines, trade associations, etc., only very
little relevant quantitative data could be obtained in this study. Because
of the relatively small number of generators in the industry (compared to
those in other industries), any error in the estimates for the air transpor-
tation industry will not make a measurable impact on the overall picture of
the small volume generators.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See tables)
B-274
-------
SIC: 45
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) FAA
(2) Twelve airline companies
(3) Air Transport Association
(4) Three aircraft maintenance companies
(5) California state data
(6) Two ground service companies
(7) LAX Authority
B-275
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
SIC: 4511
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
10
-j
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-<»00
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
ESTABL
NUMBER
200
0
0
0
0
0
175
0
0
0
0
0
36
ISHMENTS
PERCENT
48.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
42.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
8.8
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
17600.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
113750.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
273600.
4.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
28.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
67.6
TOTAL
411
100.0
404950.
100.0
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
SIC: <,562
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
270
378
297
243
189
162
108
108
81
81
416
259
108
10.0
14.0
11.0
9.0
7.0
6.0
4.0
4.0
3.0
3.0
15.4
9.6
4.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
15390.
56700.
74250.
85050.
85050.
89100.
70200.
81000.
68850.
76950.
624000.
906500.
693792.
.5
1.9
2.5
2.9
2.9
3.0
2.4
2.8
2.4
2.6
21.3
31.0
23.7
TOTAL
2700
100.0
2926832,
100.0
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
SIC: 4583
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
V
to
^j
co
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
0
100
0
0
0
0
50
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0
66.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
33.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
0.
15000.
0.
0.
0.
0.
32500.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.0
31.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
68.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
TOTAL
150
100.0
47500.
100.0
-------
INDUSTRY: Drugs, Drug Proprietaries and Druggists' SIC: • 5122
Supplies (Wholesale)
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
This SIC category includes establishments primarily engaged in the whole-
sale distribution of drugs, drug proprietaries, druggists' sundries, and
toiletries.
According to the census data (see computer printout) there are a total
of 3475 establishments in the subject SIC with 43%, 58% and 73% of the estab-
lishments having less than 5, 10 and 20 employees, respectively. The estab-
lishments are distributed throughout the U.S., with the greatest numbers in
EPA Regions II (20%), V (17%), IV (15%) and IX (15%).
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Drug wholesalers occasionally dispose of out-of-date, recalled phaimaceu-
ticals. The materials disposed of are approximately 85% glass and waste
packaging material and about 15% product . The discarded materials are
estimated to contain about 20% active ingredient . A previous study
estimated that the U.S. parmaceutical industry disposes of approximately
10,000 metric tons of returned goods annually; about 500 metric tons of this
waste is considered hazardous enough to warrant special disposal. Based on
the data obtained in this study , only a maximum of 10% of the recalled and
out-of-date Pharmaceuticals are disposed of by wholesale druggists (and not
sent back to the manufacturer for final disposal). Therefore, a maximum of
about 50 metric tons of hazardous wastes are disposed of annually by whole-
sale druggists across the nation.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Approximately 90% of damaged, recalled, and out-of-date Pharmaceuticals
are returned to the formulation plant for disposition. Some controlled drugs
are sent to the nearest Federal Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) office for
destruction. (The L.A. office has the drugs incinerated.) Other waste phar-
maceuticals are either sent to the sewer system or are disposed of along with
other municipal refuse. No information is available on the quantities of
material sent to the DEA, the sewer, or municipal refuse management systems.
B-279
-------
SIC: 5122
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
Since hazardous wastes are a small percentage of the total wastes gen-
erated by wholesale druggists, no additional cost is attributed to the hazard-
ous wastes disposed of by comingling with nonhazardous wastes. The cost of
sending drugs to the DEA depends on local shipping costs.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Arthur D. Little, Inc., "Hazardous Waste Generation, Treatment,
and Disposal in the Pharmaceutical Industry," EPA Contract No.
68-01-2684, July 1975
(2) National Wholesale Druggists' Association
(3) Census data
(4) Based on the estimated maximum waste generation quantity of 50
metric ton/yr for the industry; based on the information obtained
from trade associations (References 2, 5, and 6), the average
establishment disposes of considerably less than 100 kg/mo, and
it is possible, although rare, that a wholesaler may dispose of
more than 100 kg of waste in a month's time
(5) The Proprietary Association
(6) American Pharmaceutical Association
(7) Federal Drug Enforcement Agency
(8) Food and Drug Administration
B-280
-------
11/27/79.
Oa.43.27.
INDUSTRY PRDFILt
(4)
SIC: 5122
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
T
to
03
WASTt GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MQ
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
300-600
600-700
700-80C
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER
3475
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
PERCENT
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
kASTE
KG/MO
4170.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
QUANTITY
PERCENT
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3475
(3)
100.0
4170.
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN IDF PLANTS IN IfKPLfYMEiMT SIZE CATEGORIES BY E'JA
OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
REGION
TOTAL
1-4
5_q
10-19
20-4°
IN SIC 5122
100-249 250-499 500-999
V
NAT
0
i
to
00
to
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
III
IX
X
ION
151
678
271
509
595
378
194
99
506
91
3472
64
321
101
196
229
169
82
48
232
37
1481
23
92
51
90
SO
50
37
14
86
11
534
17
112
33
610CO
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
-------
INDUSTRY: Chemicals and Allied Products - Chemical SIC: 5161
Wholesalers
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
The establishments in this industry are primarily engaged in the wholesale
distribution of chemicals and allied products including acids, industrial and
heavy chemicals, dyestuffs, industrial salts, resin and turpentine, whole-
salers buy and sell merchandise in addition to providing transportation,
storage, market information, financing and some product disposal services to
their customers. The census data indicate a total of 6760 establishments for
this SIC of which 70% employing less than 10 persons. The industry is distributed
throughout the country although over half of the establishments are located
{1 2)
along the east coast and upper midwest '
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Potentially hazardous wastes are generated routinely only by those firms
which repackage chemicals. Dry chemicals are generally not repackaged. Liquids
received in 55-gallon drums are often repackaged and account for most of the
(2)
waste generated . Waste types generated include organic and inorganic sol-
vents which may be flammable or toxic, and corrosive or reactive acid and
alkaline solutions. The estimated amount of hazardous waste generated by the
subject SIC is 400,000 kg/mo, or an average rate of 1093 kg/mo per generator
(see Industry Profile). It is estimated that almost 95% of the establishments
(2)
in this SIC do not generate hazardous wastes
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Approximately 20% of the establishments store their hazardous wastes in
drums and send them to off-site disposal facilities. The remainder flush their
wastes to dry wells, sewer lines, or watercourses . There is some reclama-
tion of chemicals, particularly of solvents which are returned to the whole-
saler by customers.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
B-283
-------
SIC; 5161
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Census data
(2) U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste, "Economic Impact Analysis of Hazard-
ous Waste Management Regulations on Selected Generating Industries,"
Contract No. 68-01-4819, Energy Resource Co., December 1978
(3) Based on the estimated total waste quantity for the industry reported
in Reference 2 and the census data on distribution of establishments
by employment size category. (The approach assumes a direct correla-
tion between waste quantity from an establishment and its number of
employees.)
(4) Census data adjusted for the estimated number of "zero" generators
(about 95%, based on Reference 2).
B-284
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(3)
SIC:
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AN3 WASTE QUANTITIES FOK ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
T
10
oo
0
100
zoo
300
400
500
600
700
600
900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
•800
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER
62
47
37
26
22
18
15
15
11
11
51
37
13
365{4>
PERCENT
17.0
12.9
10.1
7.1
6.0
4.9
4.1
4.1
3.0
3.0
14.0
10.1
3.6
100.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PtRCENT
3100.
7050.
9250.
9100.
9900.
9900.
9750.
11250.
9350.
10450.
76500.
129500.
104000.
.8
l.B
2.3
2.3
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.8
2.3
2.6
19.2
32.4
26.1
399100
(2)
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
PPEAKDGWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CAT=GQ9IES BY EPA PFGION IN SIC 5161
REGION
MJ1BEP CF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL
1-4
5-9
13-19
20-49
5C-9C 10C-2<-9 250-49Q 500-999
I
V
VI
NATI
7
to
CD
I
II
II
IV
V
VI
II
II
IX
X
ON
401
1189
502
1022
1407
810
311
173
796
149
676Q
193
584
216
491
661
381
140
fe9
370
69
3194
p 3
250
108
231
314
151
80
33
207
40
1497
77
172
94
155
230
144
37
26
129
24
1108
30
127
64
114
135
97
23
17
69
12
688
1C
3t
1C
1°
45
19
5
5
15
2
165
p
18
10
11
IS
15
4
3
5
2
94
0
2
0
1
3
2
2
0
1
C
11
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
>1000
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
-------
INDUSTRY: Motor Vehicles (New and Used) SIC: 5511
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
The establishments in this industry are primarily engaged in the retail
sale of new automobiles, or new and used automobiles. These establishments
generally operate vehicle service centers which generate hazardous wastes.
The establishments vary in size (see census data computer printout for number
distribution of establishments by EPA region and employment size) and are dis-
tributed throughout the country with heaviest concentration (particularly the
large dealers) in or near the urban centers.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE PRODUCED:
Waste oil, a "listed" waste based on toxicity consideration, is the pri-
mary hazardous waste generated by the car service centers. The second most
predominant waste is used oil filters (which would also be considered toxic).
Other hazardous wastes include various toxic and ignitable solvents, corrosive
wastes from radiator flushings and contaminated rags. The estimated genera-
tion rates per establishment are as follows:
Waste Estimated Quantity, kg/mo
oils and oil filters <5000(1)
solvents 0 - 45<2)
radiator flushings <100(3)
contaminated rags —
The total amount of non-oil hazardous waste generated by the subject SIC
is estimated at 15.7 million kg/mo (see Industry Profile), with an average rate
of 436 kg/mo per generator. Haste lube oil is estimated at 320 million kg/mo
(A\
(see Industry Profile). Oil filters are estimated at 23 million kg/mo .
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Waste treatment, storage and disposal practices in the industry are
generally as follows ' :
• Waste oils drained from vehicles (mainly engines, transmissions and
differentials) are generally collected in underground storage tanks.
A small percentage of the shops store the waste oil in 55-galIon drums
above ground. 80 to 90 percent of the shops are turning waste oils
over to waste oil collectors. The waste oil is used for the following
purposes: fuel, road oil, re-refining, dust and weed control and
B-287
-------
SIC; 5511
other miscellaneous uses. The remaining 10 to 20 percent of the waste
oil is disposed of in landfills, sewers, or dumped on the nearest open
ground.
• The disposal practices for other hazardous wastes generated are as
follows:
Oil filters:
Generally disposed of with nonhazardous refuse.
Solvents:
- 40% of the establishments dump waste solvents into oil
holding tanks
- 40% contract out to solvent reclaimers
- the remaining 20 percent dump the waste solvent down the
sewer or use other methods of disposal
Acids, caustics and radiator chemical flushes:
Generally are dumped down the sewer. Some may clarify by
settling before dumping in sewer.
Contaminated rags or towels:
Generally collected and cleaned by supplier. A small amount
of rags are disposed jointly with nonhazardous refuse generated
onsite.
Although the majority of establishments dispose of waste oil via waste oil
collectors, a small percentage of the generators currently dispose of waste oil
in an environmentally unacceptable manner (e.g., dumping on open ground).
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
The disposal of the waste oil via waste oil collectors is generally at
no cost to the generators; larger quantities of waste oil are usually sold to
the waste oil collectors. With the continuous rise in oil prices, the practice
of waste disposal via waste oil collectors would be expected to become more
attractive in the future, thus reducing the number of generators which currently
dispose of wastes by other methods (e.g., landfills, sewers or dumping on open
grounds).
B-283
-------
SIC: 5511
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
Waste oil disposal via waste oil collectors is environmentally more
acceptable than other disposal methods currently used by some generators
(see Current Disposal Cost, above).
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See tables)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
The 32 million kg/mo of waste oil generation rate estimated for SIC 5511
is in reasonable accord with a reported estimate of 36 million kg/mo of waste
oil for the vehicle dealers in the U.S. (1970-1971)(6). The latter estimate
is based on the total quantity of new oil sold to dealers and the assumption
that about 90% of the oil is collected as waste oil at the service centers?
the 32 million kg/mo estimate arrived at in this study is based on waste
generation rate reported by individual establishments. Another study esti-
mates the quantity of waste oil produced by SIC 5511 at 18 million kg/mo.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Based on the state data for SIC 5511, 5541 and 7538
(2) "Economic Impact Analysis of Hazardous Waste Management Regulations
on Selected Generating Industries," Draft Report, Contract No. 68-
01-4819, December 1978
ii
(3) Based on state data for ,11 radiator shops (.SIC 7539)
(4) The quantity of oil filters was estimated based on an assumed weifht
of 1 kg/oil filter and (a) the reported number of oil changes of
153.9 x 106 per year for all service centers (repair garages, service
centers, new car dealers, etc.); and (b) a reported percentage of
17.4% of the total oil filter changes carried out at new and used
vehicle dealers (based on Reference 7).
(5) Based on state data on waste oil generation quantities to which
estimated waste oil filter quantities (see Reference 4) were added,
and the information on number of dealers reported in Reference (7).
B-289
-------
SIC: 5511
(6) Weinstein, Norman J., "Waste Oil Recycling and Disposal," Recon
Systems Inc., August 1974
(7) "MVMA Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures '78," Motor Vehicle Manufac-
turing Association
(8) Based on an assumed waste solvent generation rate of 30 kg/mo per
generator and an estimated number of establishments from Reference 7.
B-290
-------
11/27/79.
06.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(4,8)
SIC: 5511
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MQ
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
15120
5760
3240
1980
1548
1152
900
720
540
504
2520
1620
0
35604
(7)
42.5
16.2
9.1
5.6
4.3
3.2
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.4
7.1
4.6
0.0
100.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
514080.
864000.
810000.
693000.
696600.
633600.
585000.
540000.
459000.
478800.
3780000.
5670000.
0.
15724060.
3.3
5.5
5.2
4.4
4.4
4.0
3.7
3.4
2.9
3.0
24.0
36.1
0.0
100.0
-------
SIC: 5511
INDUSTRY PROFILE: ESTIMATED NUMBER OP PLANTS AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR
ESTABLISHMENTS IN VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION RANGE CATEGORIES*5)
(waste oil)
u-ie^a G^npn'ati-Qn '
Ranges (kg/mo)
less than 100
100 - 200
200 - 300
300 - 400
400 - 500
500 - 600
600 - 700
700 - 800
BOO - 900
900 - 1000
1000 - 2000
2000 - 5000
more than 5000
O.S. Total
Establishments
Number
7,120
4,750
3,360
2,570
1,980 ..
1,540
1,270
1,190
990
910
5,140
4,750
0
36,000
% Total
18
13
9.4
. 7.2
5.6
4.4
3.6
3.3
'2.8
2.6
14.4
13.3
0
100
Waste Quantity
kg/mo
0.35
0.71
0.84
0.90
0.89
0.87
0.82
0.89
0.84
• 0.87
7.69
16.5
0
3.2 x 107
% Total
1.1
2.2
2.6
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.8
2.6
2.7
24
52
0
100
B-292
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 5511
NUMBER CF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
REGION TOTAL 1-4 5-9 10-19 20-49 50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999
I
V
VI
NATI
a
i
to
vo
Ul
I
II
II
IV
V
VI
II
II
IX
X
ON
1920
2694
3413
4647
6601
3147
2441
1273
2307
1071
29519
230
336
444
675
984
502
474
250
275
132
4302
237
365
461
523
1052
4«J8
508
235
124
130
4123
642
765
955
1394
1874
888
759
342
392
302
3313
t95
1044
1122
1438
1889
834
531
330
949
384
9216
107
165
358
432
700
?79
144
98
467
109
2909
9
19
70
132
102
153
25
22
97
13
642
0
0
3
3
C
3
0
1
3
1
0
0
0
-0
0
0
0
0
0
0
>1000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-------
SIC: 5541
INDUSTRY: Gasoline Service Stations
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
Establishments primarily engaged in selling gasoline and lubricating oils.
These establishments frequently perform minor repair work, are generally small
in size (69% are in the 1-4 employee size range; see census data computer print-
out for number distribution of establishments by EPA region and employment size)
and are distributed throughout the country with the heaviest concentration in
or near urban centers.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Waste oil, a "listed" waste based on toxicity consideration, is the pri-
mary hazardous waste generated by the car service centers. The second most
predominant waste is used oil filters (which would also be considered toxic).
Other hazardous wastes include various toxic and ignitable solvents, corrosive
wastes from radiator flushings and contaminated rags.
The total amount of non-oil hazardous wastes generated by service stations
is estimated at 15.7 million kg/mo (see Industry Profile), with an average rate
of 123 kg/mo per generator. Waste lube oil is estimated at 62 million kg/mo
ry
(1)
(see Industry Profile). Oil filters account for 10% (7.9 x 10 kg/mo) of the
total waste
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
(See SIC 5511)
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
(See SIC 5511)
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
(See SIC 5511)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
The 62 million kg/mo of waste oil generation rate estimated for SIC 5541
(2)
is higher than two reported estimates of (1) 33 million kg/mo (1978) based
on 4.25 liters of oil per oil change times an estimated 115 million oil changes
and (2) 43 million kg/mo (1970-71) * ' based on the total quantity of oil sold
to service stations and the assumption that 63% of the oil is collected as
B-294
-------
SIC: 5541
waste oil at the service station. The 62 million kg/mo estimate arrived at
in this study is based on actual waste generation rates reported by individual
establishments.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) The quantity of oil filters was estimated based on an assumed
weight of 1 kg/oil filter and (a) the reported number of oil changes
of 153.9 x 10 per year for all service centers (repair garages,
service centers, new car dealers, etc.); and (b) a reported per-
centage of 61.8% of the total oil filter changes carried out at
gasoline service stations (based on Reference 5).
(2) "Economic Impact Analysis of Hazardous Waste Management Regulations
on Selected Generating Industries," Draft Report, Contract No. 68-
01-4819, December 1978
(3) weinstein, Norman J., "Waste Oil Recycling and Disposal," Recon
Systems Inc., August 1974
(4) Based on state data for 20 service stations on waste generation
quantities and the information on number of gasoline service
stations reported in Reference (2).
(5) "MVMA Motor Vehicle FActs and Figures '78," Motor Vehicle Manu-
facturing Association
(6) Based on an assumed solvent waste generation rate of 3d kg/mo per
generator and an estimated number of establishments from Reference 2.
(7) Based on data in Reference (2), adjusted for the estimated "zero"
generators (23%)
B-295
-------
11/27/79.
US.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
.(1/6)
SIC: 5541
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
W
(o
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
600-900
900-1000
1000-20GO
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
72419
32918
13167
5267
2897
1317
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
56.6
25.7
10.3
4.1
2.3
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
127985
(7)
100.0
3620950.
4937700.
3291750.
1843450.
1303650.
724350.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
15721850.
23.0
31.4
20.9
11.7
6.3
4.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
-------
SIC: 5541
IMUUb'i'HY PROFILE: ESTIMATED NUMBER OF PLANTS AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR
ESTABLISHMENTS IN VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION RANGE CATEGORIES
(waste oil)
,(4)
Waste Generation
Ranges (kg/mo)
less than 100
100 - 200
200 - 300
300 - 400
400 - 500
500 - 600
600 - 700
700 - 800
800 - 900
900 - 1000
•
1000 - 2000
2000 - 5000 •
more than 5000
U.S. Total
*
Establishments
Number
16,600
26, 000 V
21,400 y
14,100^
10,900,
-• •
8>320
5, 760 .
5,760-
3/580; .
2,820
10,700 .'
• 2'050
0 :
128; 000 ^
% Total
13
:' 20
' 17 •
.11
:,:s &•&•'' ':;.
" €.5: '.:
v'.V'.'4..5r
' :--4i:5- '
•: '2.8
^:-;-2.:2f .
;-;;;::;8..4. .
,-- ,-.!.- 6.
O
i^VlOOv :
Waste Quantity
kg/mo
1.2
3.9
5.3
4.9
4.9
4.6
-3.7 .
4.3
3.0
.2.7
• 16
, 7.2
0 :
62
% Total
1.9
.6.3
8.6
7.9
7.9
7.5
6.0
7.0
4.9
4.4
26
12
0
100;
B-297
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOrMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 5541
REGION
DF PLANTS IN EACM CATEGORY
TOTAL
1-4
5-9
H-19
20-49
50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
NATION
to
i
to
•J3
CO
7611
11795
1436B
25150
30410
16*31
9335
5340
15422
5163
142025
5563
8457
9134
18710
19261
12390
7142
3741
9707
3727
97832
1670
2531
3763
4939
853t
3168
2122
1156
4404
1143
33435
320
635
1216
1240
2151
994
492
350
1051
237
6736
53
116
219
220
376
239
144
77
232
48
1724
4
5
25
34
74
34
28
14
23
8
249
1
1
6
7
12
6
7
2
4
0
46
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
>1000
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
-------
Solvent
Perc
Petroleum
F-113
TOTAL
Coin-Op
15,000
N/A
300 - 400
-15,400
Dry Cleaning Plants
18,000
6,000
250 - 900
-25,000
INDUSTRY: Dry Cleaning SIC: 7215,7216,
7218
DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY:
The dry cleaning industry is covered by three 4-digit SIC's:
7215 - Coin-operated laundries and dry cleaning
7216 - Dry cleaning plants, except rug cleaning
7218 - Industrial launderers
Dry cleaning involves the use of solvents to remove soil, grease, etc. from
clothes with subsequent purification of the dirty solvent via filtration and/
or distillation. Three solvents which are commonly employed for dry cleaning
are perchloroethylene ("perc"), "petroleum," and "F-113." A breakdown of
the estimated numbers of establishments using these solvents in the three
industry sectors is as follows :
Industrial Launderies
270
270
N/A
540
The total number of plants conducting dry cleaning cannot be directly deter-
mined from census data since the census data do not provide a breakdown of the
plants in SIC's 7215 and 7218 which conduct or do not conduct dry cleaning
(some plants in these SIC's provide only other laundry services). Hence,
the industry/trade organization data shown above are used here as the best
available estimates of the numbers of dry cleaning establishments in the
•,
three industry categories. Census data indicate- that 85% of coin-op dry
cleaners and 59% of dry cleaning plants employ less than 4 persons, while only
15% of industrial launderers employ less than 4 persons.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Hazardous wastes are generated by dry cleaning operations during process-
ing of "dirty" solvents for solvent recovery. These wastes consist of distilla-
tion residues, spent filter media and filter cleaning residues, and residues
settled in settling tanks (primarily used by industrial launderers). Based on
data from operating establishments, from 11 to 33 kg of hazardous wastes are
generated per 1000 kg of clothes cleaned, depending on the type of soil re-
moved, type of filter system used, and degree of solvent recovery attained
B-299
-------
SIC: 7215, etc.
About 80% of the waste quantities reported by dry cleaners is distilla-
tion residues and 20% filtration wastes. Industry sources estimate distilla-
tion residues at about 17 kg per 1000 kg clothes cleaned , a figure in good
agreement with the average of about 18 kg/1000 kg clothes based on survey
(2)
information
Distillation residues from properly operated stills typically contain 60%
fi:
(6)
solvent (wet weight basis) . Residues from diatomaceous earth filters con-
tain about 25% solvent after "cooking" to reduce solvent content
The estimated total hazardous waste quantity for the dry cleaning indus-
try is 5.6 x 106 kg/mo of which about 10% is contributed by coin-ops, 35% by
industrial launderers, and 54% by dry cleaning plants.' The "average" coin-ops,
dry cleaning plants and industrial laundering plants generate about 38, 120
and 3600 kg/mo of waste, respectively (see Industry Profile).
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Both distillation and filter residues are reportedly disposed to sanitary
landfills in most cases, commonly via municipal trash pickup. A few industrial
launderers (about 15%) report pickup of distillation residues by commercial
reclaimers; larger launderers tend to dispose of wastes via contract hauling.
Residues are "cooked-down" prior to disposal by over half of the firms in order
to reduce solvent content (and recover solvent).
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
The majority of firms responding to the TRW inquiry indicated no addi-
tional costs associated with hazardous waste disposal since solvent recovery
is necessary for efficient operation and solvent containing residues are disposed
most commonly with other refuse at no incremental cost. For six firms which
reported contract hauling of all or part of plant wastes (1 dry cleaning plant
and 5 industrial launderers) the costs range from 36 to 175 dollars per 1000
kg, with an average of $100 per 1000 kg of waste.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
Prior to disposal, residual solvent levels can be reduced by "cooking"
of distillation and filtration residues, as is practiced at present by many
firms.
B-300
-------
SIC: 7215, etc.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
'See tables)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
The data base used for preparing this assessment has been one of the most
comprehensive ones available to this study. The trade associations and the
individual establishments contacted were most cooperative in providing statis-
tics on waste generation quantities and disposal practices in the industry.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) International Fabricare Institute, Fabricare News, Vol. 7, No. 11,
November 1978
(2) Based upon California state hazardous waste survey data and data
supplied by 20 firms responding to a TRW inquiry on hazardous waste
generation and disposal practices in the dry cleaning industry
(3) Information supplied by the National Automatic Laundry and Clean-
ing Association, January 1979
(4) U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Census of Selected Services, 1972 USGPO,
1976
(5) information provided by International Fabricare Institute, Silver
Springs, MD, May 1979
(6) International Fabricare Institute, Fabricare News, Vol. 8, No. 2,
February 1979
(7) Based on (a) a waste generation factor of 22 kg/1000 kg of clothes
dry cleaned (from Reference 2), (b) 32% of an individual coin-op's
receipts are from dry cleaning (based on Reference 3);, (c) average
revenue of $1.10/kg of clothes (from Reference 3), and (d) the
financial profile of establishment size from the 1972 census,
assumed to be applicable to 1976 after adjustment for inflation
(References 3 and 4).
(8) Based upon data for 24 establishments from California state data
files and 6 establishments from other states which responded to a
TRW inquiry.
(9) Based upon state data for 2 plants in California and 18 plants
nationwide which responded to the TRW inquiry.
B-301
-------
11/27/79.
08. 43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(7)
SIC: 7215
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
ui
o
to
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
14480
847
77
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
94.0
5.5
.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
434400.
127050.
19250.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
74.8
21.9
3.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
TOTAL
100.0
580700.
100.0
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(8)
SIC: 7216
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
o
u>
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-90C
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-i>000
> 5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
3075
1050
625
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(9)
SIC: 7218
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
w
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-aoo
000-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
43
38
27
27
16
22
16
16
16
5
81
86
146
8.0
7.1
5.0
5.0
3.0
4.1
3.0
3.0
3.0
.9
15.0
16.0
27.1
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
2150.
5700.
6750.
9450.
7200.
12100.
10400.
12000.
13600.
4750.
121500.
301000.
1460000.
.1
.3
.3
.5
.4
.6
.5
.6
.7
.2
6.2
15.3
74.2
TOTAL
539
100.0
1966600.
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN QF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 7215
NUMBER OP PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
REGION
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
NATION
BO
CO
o
ui
TOTAL
55«
1102
2293
?922
1509
697
361
816
363
11604
1-4
48ft
1062
914
2052
2277
1374
601
314
657
285
10022
5-9
79
148
190
538
105
74
39
115
59
1408
10-19
7
30
24
33
33
23
?1
5
31
14
276
20-49
4
11
12
9
22
5
1
2
11
4
81
50-99 100-2*,? 250-499 500-999
0
0
t,
1
2
1
0
1
0
1
10
0
1
0
3
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
c
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
'10CO
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-------
11/2Q/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 7216
REGION
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL
1-4
i,-9
20-49 50-99 100-249 250-49Q 500-999
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
1092
2920
2115
3664
3680
2292
1000
579
2049
562
637
2019
1076
1949
2067
1383
630
344
1193
373
268
617
60°
1077
959
515
242
161
5?*
130
143
213
298
468
468
273
91
47
239
44
33
56
120
148
157
92
34
24
75
11
5
9
12
20
20
21
2
3
11
3
NATION
19953
11676
5100
755
106
1
6
0
2
9
3
1
0
3
1
26
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
c
c
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
>1000
0
0
0
c
0
0
0
0
0
0
u>
o
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 721B
REGION
NATION
8
•j
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL
913
135
10-19
20-49
85
131
270
50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
40
91
83
182
192
112
^3
IB
119
23
4
17
15
22
30
9
10
4
20
4
2
12
6
14
27
8
8
2
4
?
6
11
9
30
34
11
b
4
13
7
12
27
17
53
47
43
14
4
40
8
12
19
28
38
27
32
12
4
27
0
3
5
8
19
25
7
3
0
15
2
199
37
1
0
c
1
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
MOOO
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-------
INDUSTRY: Carpet and Upholstery Cleaning SIC: 7217
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
The establishments covered under SIC 7217 are primarily engaged in clean-
ing carpets and upholstered furniture at a plant or customer's premises. The
census data indicate a total of 3024 establishments in SIC 7217 with about 75%
in the 1 to 4 employment size category (see census data computer printout for
number distribution of establishments by EPA region and employment size
category).
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED: 1)
At carpet and upholstery cleaners chemicals such as phosphate rug cleaners
and solvent upholstery cleaners are utilized. These substances may be toxic
and in some cases flammable. These chemicals are purchased in boxes, card-
board drums/ metal containers and plastic bottles. Information provided by
four establishments with 4 to 9 employees indicate that quantity of waste con-
tainers is approximately 4 kg/per month per employee.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:(1)
At most establishments waste containers are disposed of with the regular
trash. Most carpet and upholstery cleaners will employ disposal companies
for hauling services.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
Disposal cost for these containers is considered minimal since containers
are a very small fraction of the total refuse produced.
SOURCES OF DATA:
(1) Four carpet and upholstery cleaning establishments
(2) Based on the census data and an estimated waste generation rate of
4 kg/mo/employee
(3) Census data
B-300
-------
11/27/79.
06.43.Z7.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(2)
SIC: 7217
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
2985
27
10
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
98.7
.9
.3
.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3023
(3)
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
22387.
4050.
2500.
350.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
76.4
13.8
8.5
1.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
29288.
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZF CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 7217
REGION
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL
5-9
10-19
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
162
245
321
505
693
254
141000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
U)
o
-------
INDUSTRY: Photoprocessing Laboratories SIC: 7221,7333,
7395,7819
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
The establishment included in the subject industry category (the photo-
processing laboratories) are photographic studios and portrait studios (SIC
7221); commercial photography, art and graphics (SIC 7333); photofinishing
laboratories (SIC 7395); and services allied to motion picture production
(SIC 7819). Based on the census data, there are a total of 14,040 establish-
ments in SIC's 7221, 7333, 7395 and 7819.
The following data on industry structure are based on an industry survey
conducted by EPA/EGD . There are approximately 650 establishments in the
subject industry specializing in work for professional and industrial photo-
graphy. There are an estimated additional 3,000 captive shops engaged in
photoprocessing activities which are associated with other business and indus-
trial firms. Photoprocessing laboratories range in size from the small opera-
tions with a few employees and processing 20 sq. m of film and paper per day
to the major professional laboratories processing as much as 10,000 sq. m of
film and paper per day. A profile of the plant size based on 200 plants sur-
veyed is as follows:
Estimated Production
# of Plants sq.m/day Wastewater, gpd
27 below 25 less than 1,000
92 25 - 250 1,000 - 10,000
64 250 - 1250 10,000 - 50,000
28 over 1,250 over 50,000
26 unknown
Based on 1972 data, 10% of the establishments have annual sales of over
$300,000 and total U.S. production is 170,000,000 sq. m of film and paper per
year.
CHARACTERISTICS OP HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
The total quantity of potentially land-destined wastes generated by
the photoprocessing industry is estimated in this study at 30.4 million kg/mo,
with an average generation rate of 2,165 kg/mo/generator (see Industry Profile)
The land-destined hazardous wastes include biosludges, settling tank sludges,
chemical sludges from wastewater treatment, silver recovery sludges sent to
reclaimers and empty containers.
B-311
-------
SIC: 7221, etc.
Based on EPA/EGD data , about 5% of the photoprocessing laboratories
(the larger plants) practice end-of-pipe wastewater treatment (prior to dis-
charge into the natural waters) and generate wastewater treatment sludges. The
sludge from biological treatment at one photoprocessing plant reportedly con-
tains silver in concentrations of 1,000 to 3,400 rag/kg on a dry weight basis.
At some facilities, ferrous sulfate is added to the 'waste bleach1 and
'fix* to precipitate complex cyanide. This results in the production of a
Prussian Blue ferri-ferrocyanide sludge.
For economical reasons, silver recovery from spent photoprocessing plants
is integrated into the photoprocessing procedures. The resultant sludges con-
tain high concentrations of silver which is reclaimed at commercial facilities.
The photoprocessing industry utilizes a considerable volume of chemicals
which are shipped in glass, plastic or paper containers. The empty containers
which contain chemical residues is produced at an estimated rate of 1 gram
per sq. ft. of paper or film processed .
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
EPA/EGD pretreatment regulations exempt plants handling less than 150 sq.
m/day of film and paper (about 95% of establishments); only 5% of the plants
(the plants handling more than 150 sq. m/day of film and paper) are required
to use end-of-pipe treatment prior to discharge to POTW's or natural waters.
The end-of-pipe treatment at these larger plants generates sludges. In 1977
EPA/EGD conducted a survey of 130 plants which included a greater proportion
of larger establishments . This was followed by a more in-depth follow-on
survey of 20 plants that reported some form of wastewater treatment. Fifteen
plants contracted for hauling the sludges to off-site disposal sites. The
treatment type breakdown was as follows:
Treatment Process No. of Plants
Precipitation 7
Settling 6
Clarification 2
Filtration 2
Reverse Osmosis 2
The 95% of the photoprocessing plants which are exempted from EPA/EGD
pretreatment regulations generally integrate the silver recovery and cyanide
B-312
-------
SIC: 7221, etc.
bleach regeneration into the production processes for economic reasons. In-
plant silver recovery methods include metallic replacement, electrolytic
plating, ion exchange and chemical precipitation. The recovered silver sludges
are subsequently sent to commercial reclaimers. One treatment system for waste
bleach/fix containing complexed cyanide which is employed at some small plants
is precipitation of complexed cyanides with hydrated ferrous sulfate. The
treatment system produces a "Prussian Blue" cyanide sludge. No sludge is
generated when other treatment methods (e.g., ozonation or persulfate addition)
are used for the treatment of wastes containing complexed cyanide.
Empty containers for chemicals used in the phoboprocessing operations are
(4)
reportedly triple rinsed prior to disposal with the municipal refuse
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
The cost for in-plant pollution abatement, which is part of the production
procedures, cannot be separated from the overall production cost. The trade
association and the individual establishments contacted declined to provide
specific cost data on pollution control.
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
The photoprocessing industry has been studied extensively by EPA/EGD '
The EGD development document and the EGD data file provide the major sources
of information for this study.
Additional information are provided by the state data. At the request
of TRW the National Association of Photographic Manufacturers, Inc. (NAPM)
conducted a survey for 20 of its members on solid waste production and dis-
posal practices. However, the responses received contained very little waste
generation quantity data and no data on the cost of waste treatment and dis-
posal .
SOURCES OF DATA USED:
(1) Development Document for Interim Final Effluent Limitations Guide-
lines and Proposed New Source Performance Standards for the Photo-
graphic Processing Subcategory of the Photographic Point Source
Category, EPA 440/1-76/0601
(2) Eastman Kodak, Rochester, N.Y.
(3) Raw data on file in EGD/EPA collected by Versar, Inc. in 1977
B-313
-------
SIC; 7221, etc.
(4') NAPM (National Association of Photographic Manufacturers, Inc.) ,
Harrison, N.Y.
(5) Based on waste quantity data for four plants covered in the state
data base and six plants covered in Reference 3, and the census data
(6) Census data
B-314
-------
11/27/79.
INDUSTRY PROFUfc
(5)
SIC: 7221 NATION
7333, 7395 and 7819
ESTIMATcD NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
u
M
in
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MU
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-BOO
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
8190
1960
640
520
320
270
190
180
130
90
310
380
860
58.3
14.0
4.6
3.7
2.3
1.9
1.4
1.3
.9
.6
2.2
2.7
6.1
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
14040
C6>
100.0
409500.
294000.
160000.
182000.
144000.
146500.
123500.
135000.
110500.
85500.
465000.
1330000.
26813080.
30400580.
1.3
1.0
.5
.6
.5
.5
.4
.4
.4
.3
1.5
4.4
80.2
100.0
-------
INDUSTRY: Barber and Beauty Shops SIC: 7231, 7241
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
This SIC includes establishments primarily engaged in furnishing beauty
and barber services. Establishments for SIC 7231 include: beauty and barber
shops (combined), beauty shops, hairdressers and beauty culture schools; estab-
lishments for SIC 7241 include barber colleges, barber shops and hair stylists
(men's). Based on the census data, there are a total of 81,695 establishments
in the subject SIC's, of which 78% and 94% employ less than 5 and 10 persons,
respectively. The establishments are distributed throughout the country is
approximate proportion to the population. The census figure of 81,695 is con-
sidered low compared to a figure of 120,000 provided to TBW by Clairol, a major
supplier of beauty products (see Reference 1). The industry-supplied data has
been used in estimating the waste generation profile.
Empty hair dye and certain spray containers may be considered hazardous
in the light of recent data indicating that certain chemicals used in these
containers may be carcinogenic. Each shop disposes of an average of 2.7 kg/mo
of empty dye containers
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICE:
Hair dye bottles are reported to be disposed of along with other non-
hazardous shop refuse.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
No additional waste disposal costs are ascribed to empty hair dye bottles.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
This waste could be reduced or eliminated through the use of refillable
bottles. Rinsing of containers prior to disposal should render containers
less hazardous.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
B-316
-------
SIC: 7231,7241
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Based on an estimated 8 million professional hair dye applications
per month and one 40-gm empty plastic bottle generated per applica-
tion; these estimates are based on chemical sales data and survey
results provided by Clairol (Clairol holds 33% of the market share
of hair dyes sold to professional beauty and barber shops).
(2) Estimate provided by Clairol
(3) All establishments are assumed to generate less than 100 kg/mo; the
average waste generation rate is estimated at 2.7 kg/mo/establish-
ment; a 100 kg/mo waste generation rate would correspond to 2500
hair dye applications per month/establishment; such a high number
of applications per month is unlikely for any single establishment.
(4) Barbers, Beauticians and Allied Industries Association
(5) Associated Master Barbers and Beauticians of America
B-317
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.Z7.
7
W
I-1
00
INDUSTRY PROFILE* '
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND
VARIOUS WASTE GENERAT
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
SIC: 7231
7241
WASTE QUANTITIES
ION CATEGORIES
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
120000 100.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
NATION
FOR ESTABLISHMENTS
IN
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO
324000.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
PERCENT
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
TOTAL
120000
(2)
100.0
324000.
100.0
-------
11/29/73. 13.58.19.
OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZh CATP'JCPItS BY EPA REGICM IN 5TC5 7?30 and 7240
REGION
TOTAL
NATION fc!695
CF PLANTS
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
5256
9?. 5*
3907
1*293
15322
8*9*
*952
2307
10007
2903
*3 33
7*99
6b57
11*89
115*0
6725
3956
1729
7322
2189
5*1
13362
EACH CATEGORY
3885
25
732
5C-9C 100-2*9 250-499 5CC-99Q
711
1336
1*3*!
2161
2796
1293
710CO
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
C
0
0
i
w
-------
INDUSTRY: Funeral Services and Crematories SIC: 7261
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
This SIC consists of establishments primarily engaged in preparing the
dead for burial, conducting funerals, and cremating the dead. The establish-
ments include crematories, funeral directors., funeral homes or parlors, morti-
cians and undertakers. According to the census data (see computer printout)
there are a total of 14,472 establishments in the subject SIC, with 64%, 89%
and 98% having employment sizes of less than 5, 10 and 20, respectively. The
establishments are located throughout the U.S. with the greatest concentra-
tions in the most populus EPA regions.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Based on the data obtained from References 1 through 4, mortuaries dis-
pose of empty containers which held embalming fluids. These fluids contain
formaldehyde, water, wetting agents, and humectants (chemicals added to retain
moisture in the treated bodies). The range of formaldehyde concentration is
approximately 18 to 30% with a mean concentration of roughly 23%. The con-
tainers are most commonly one pint plastic bottles weighing approximately 65
gm apiece. Approximately 3 pints of embalming fluid are used per body.
Roughly 3.5 million pints of fluid are used annually in the U.S.
The range of cases handled per year in the U.S. is approximately 12 to
500 per mortuary with a mean of 81 to 86. Thus, mortuaries would be expected
to dispose of 36 to 1500 empty bottles per year, with a mean of about 250.
This corresponds to a mean of 1.3 kg/mo from each establishment.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICE:
Disposal of empty containers most commonly involves throwing them out
with office and other non-hazardous wastes. Some mortuaries are reported
to rinse the containers before final disposal.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
No additional waste disposal costs can be ascribed to empty embalming
fluid containers which are co-disposed with regular refuse.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
This waste could be reduced or eliminated through the use of refiliable
bottles; rinsing of bottles prior to disposal can render bottles less hazardous.
B-320
-------
SIC: 7261
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
The average number of cases per month is based on statistics collected
by the National Funeral Directors Association. The amount of embalming fluid
used per body and nationwide is based on sales data collected by the Embalming
Chemical Manufacturer's Association. The information provided by these sources
appear very reasonable.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Cremation Association of North America
(2) Embalming Chemical Manufacturers Association
(3) National Funeral Directors Association
(4) National Funeral Directors and Morticians Association
(5) Census data
(6) Haste quantity estimated based on the reported mean waste genera-
tion rate of 1.3 kg/mo/establishment
B-321
-------
11/27/79;
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(5)
SIC: 7261
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
a
LJ
to
10
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
14472
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
14472
(5)
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO
PERCENT
18814.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
c.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
18814.
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SJZL CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 7261
REGION
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATESQPY
TOTAL
10-1Q
20-49
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
NATION
a
to
to
OJ
1002
1711
1770
2533
332t>
1429
117?
350
828
342
14472
7?5
1229
1230
13H3
2244
765
fc!3
231
399
203
9222
232
36^
395
767
769
394
273
81)
269
93
36^2
42
100
105
319
271
216
62
25
121
41
1302
3
21
36
61
41
51
20
7
36
5
281
50-99 100-249 250-49Q 500-999
0
3
4
3
3
2
4
2
3
0
24
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
c
0
0
0
c
c
c
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
>1000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
c
-------
INDUSTRY: Blueprinting and Photocopying Services SIC: 7332
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
Establishments covered under the subject SIC are primarily engaged in
reproducing drawings, plans, maps, etc. by blueprinting or photocopying.
Geographically, this type of business is located nationwide. The census
data inciates a total of 2081 establishments for SIC 7332, of which 1361 (65%)
are in the 1-4 employee size category (see census data computer printout for
number distribution of establishments by EPA Region and employment size
category).
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Hazardous wastes resulting from the blueprinting and photocopying opera-
tions include ammonia containers from the blueprint process and tone (dry ink)
from photocopying. Some establishments do only blueprinting work or only
photocopying and some have the capability to do both.
An estimated one-third of the blueprinting establishments (primarily the
older establishments) use the liquid ammonia process; this process generates
empty plastic containers containing residual ammonia. The remaining two-thirds
of blueprinting establishments utilize the anhydrous (gaseous) ammonia process
which leaves no residual ammonia in the empty containers, and the containers
are recycled. Establishments that do photocopying will generate toner (dry
ink) containers. One large establishment employing 65 employees and providing
both blueprinting and photocopying service reported a generation of 6.5 kg/mo
of toner containers and 149 kg/mo of waste ammonia in some 48 2-gallon con-
tainers (43 kg/mo weight of bottles without ammonia) , for a total waste of
198 kg/mo (or 3 kg/mo/employee). The total hazardous waste generated by SIC
7332 is estimated at 12,000 kg/mo (see Industry Profile).
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES :
Liquid and anhydrous ammonia containers are returned to suppliers.
Toner bottles are disposed of with the general refuse.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
There is no cost for returning containers to suppliers, and disposal cost
for toner bottles is minimal since they are a very small part of the overall
refuse quantity.
B-324
-------
SIC; 7332
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
The current practice of returning containers to suppliers is an environ-
mentally acceptable method.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OP QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Four blueprint/photocopying establishments
(2) Calculated based on the following assumptions: 1/3 of the establish-
ments generate both blueprinting and photocopying wastes at a rate
of 3 kg/mo/employee, 2/3 of the establishments generate photocopying
waste at a rate of 0.07 kg/mo/employee and that the size distribu-
tion of both types of establishments are the same as the composite
distribution for the SIC.
(3) Census data
B-325
-------
11/27/79.
Ob.A3.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(2)
SIC: 7332
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
to
u>
to
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-<»00
400-500
bOO-600
600-700
700-800
600-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
2076
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2081
(3)
99.8
.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
11210.
750.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
93.7
6.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
11960.
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 7332
REGION
MUMBEP OF PLANTS IN F4CH CATEGORY
TOTAL 1-4 5-9 10-19 20-49
zB-327
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
TION
12B
255
166
269
362
235
54
70
466
56
2081
102
143
102
185
237
163
33
52
313
31
1361
13
46
33
54
60
53
0
12
67
14
3ft 1
7
42
19
21
40
25
7
b
61
6
234
4
16
10
8
18
12
5
0
23
4
100
50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999
2
5
2
1
t
2
0
0
1
1
20
0
3
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
>1COO
0
0
0
c
0
0
0
0
0
0
-------
INDUSTRY: Commercial Cleaning and Janitorial Services SIC: 7341,7349
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
The establishments in this industry are primarily engaged in providing
cleaning and maintenance services to dwellings and other buildings. Included
are firms engaged in activities such as window cleaning, floor waxing, hospital
housekeeping, office cleaning, lighting maintenance services and service
station cleaning and degreasing. The census data indicate a total of 17,546
establishments for this SIC of which 75% employ less than 10 persons. These
establishments are distributed throughout the U.S. in approximate proportion
to the population of the region.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Various chemicals and cleaning agents are used in the maintenance industry
including solvents, soaps, waxes, ammonia, chlorine, and detergents. State
survey data indicate that the primary wastes produced are detergents, alkaline
wastes and organic wastes. Non-aqueous wastes from cleaning operations are
usually non-hazardous and consist of dirt, hair, dust, fibers, etc. Empty
containers may be hazardous depending on the original contents. Where clean-
ing involves removal of hazardous substances such as oil and grease, the
cleaning agent will contain these substances. Some maintenance industries
contacted indicate that, in many cases, the building being serviced provides
the chemicals used and therefore the wastes produced may not be known to the
maintenance crew . Based on state survey data and telephone communica-
tions, it is estimated that the amount of hazardous waste generated by the
subject SIC is 1.8 million kg/mo, or an average of 100 kg/mo per generator (see
Industry Profile). All establishments in the industry are expected to generate
less than 500 kg/mo of hazardous waste.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Liquid wastes generated by the maintenance industry are eventually dis-
posed of in municipal sewers. Non-aqueous wastes are disposed of with general
refuse (generally at the sites being serviced). Some of the establishments
contacted indicate that their employees followed the disposal procedures of the
building being serviced but that they do not keep records regarding these pro-
cedures (1'2> .
B-328
-------
SIC: 7341,7349
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
Very little quantitative data on waste generation by establishments in
the subject industry appear to exist. The waste generation profile presented
here is based on data for two establishments covered in the state data and an
estimate provided by one of the many plants contacted in this study.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Eight individual establishments
(2) International Sanitary Supply Association
(3) Based on state data for two establishments, an estimate provided
by one of the establishments contacted and the census data
(4) Census data
B-329
-------
11/27/79.
06.*3.27.
INDUSTRY PkOFlLE
(3)
SIC:
73*1
7349
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
7
10
U)
o
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-ZOO
200-300
300-*00
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER
PERCENT
12107
2632
1*0*
877
526
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
69.0
15. 0
8.0
5.0
3.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
175*6
(4)
100.0
*8*280.
39*800.
351000.
306950.
236700.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1773730.
27.3
22.3
19.8
17.3
13.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.5fl.19.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN E PPLDY1E NT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA (?FGION IN SICS 7341 and 7349
M!V.BE* OF PLA\TS IN EACH CATEGORY
REGION TOTAl 1-4 5-9 10-19 20-4Q 50-9° 100-249 250-4Q9 500-999 >1000
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
1150
1947
1752
2344
3o04
1553
884
675
2765
371
741
1129
935
1371
2149
£61
540
416
1727
56*
170
?R6
29?
306
587
257
145
115
4*6
144
105
134
197
236
336
145
77
65
257
79
76
146
161
168
265
143
61
41
188
45
?6
87
70
92
107
64
?7
21
60
22
24
75
59
55
76
58
21
11
52
11
5
23
25
17
24
Ifc
11
6
o
1
3
11
10
7
9
5
2
0
4
1
0
8
3
2
?
2
0
0
2
0
NATION 17545 10436 2P56 1731 1294 576 442 139 52 19
ui
-------
INDUSTRY: Disinfecting and Exterminating Services SIC: 7342
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
This SIC covers establishments primarily engaged in disinfecting dwell-
ings and other buildings, and in exterminating insects, rodents and other
pests. According to one trade association there are approximately 10,000
operators in the U.S. engaged in structural pest control. Based on the cen-
sus data, however, there are 5104 establishments in this SIC of which 56%
employ less than 5 persons, 76% employ less than 10 persons and 91% employ
less than 20 persons.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE PRODUCED:
Based on 19 small generator plants in the state data base, 63% report
pesticide wastes and 47% report "non-hazardous but toxic" wastes. Repre-
sentatives of the National Pest Control Association indicate that potentially
hazardous wastes in the pest control industry consist of pesticide/chemical
containers and contaminated materials resulting from spills and leaks. Major
chemicals used by exterminators in approximate order of aggregate quantity
are chlordane, methyl bromide, Vikane (SOC12), aluminum phosphide, Diazinon,
Dursban, and Dichlorovos. One estimate of aggregate pesticide use by the
industry is 3.5% of total use in the U.S.
A survey of pesticide use by firms in the subject industry in Nebraska
(2)
reports the approximate following use (52 firms reporting):
liquid/aqueous products - 200,000 Ibs/yr
(active ingredients)
solid products - 15,000 Ibs/yr
gaseous fumigants - 65,000 Ibs/yr
For the liquid products, an average of about 1730 kg/firm/yr is indicated
from these data. This would represent about 200 5-galIon containers or about
750 kg/yr of empty containers containing a total of about 10 kg of active
pesticide(s). Residues in empty solid containers would add only a small
amount to the liquid product waste container quantities. Gaseous fumigants
are handled in reusable cylinders and thus do not present a container dis-
posal problem. Thus, an "average" firm in Nebraska would generate less than
100 kg/mo of waste containers. Since several of the firms in the survey
have a number of field offices, the survey data would likely yield an "aver-
age for firms "higher than an average per field office". These conclusions
B-332
-------
SIC: 7342
are supported by statements fron trade Industry sources who indicate that
essentially all "field offices" in the USA would be small hazardous waste
generators (less than 100 kg/mo of enpty containers).
Based on discussions with one establishment in this SIC, firms engaged
in sanitary and disinfecting services generally use products similar to those
employed for household and light industrial cleaning applications. Refuse
containing such empty chemical containers is not likely to be dramatically
different in character than general household/office refuse. Disinfecting
of hospitals and related facilities is commonly done by "in house" personnel
using phenolic and/or quarternary ammonia based disinfectants.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Disposal practices employed by the 19 small generator plants in the state
data base and the percent of plants employing each disposal method are shown
below:
Disposal Method % of plants*
Landfill 63
Recycling 42
Unknown 16
Landspreading 5
Onsite land burial 5
In many states the user of many of the chemicals (the "restricted" pesticides)
must be registered under state program and such registration includes adher-
ence to proper disposal techniques. Pest control operators commonly dispose
of rinsed containers via general refuse systems. Rinsings are either used
as solvent for the next batch of spray or in sane cases are poured "down the
drain." Some operators reportedly use dry wells on site for liquids dis-
posal. Solid wastes and containers are generally disposed of via general
refuse systems.
Empty containers from firms engaged in sanitary and disinfecting ser-
vices are commonly disposed of at the use site along with general refuse.
Disposal of chemical containers from hospitals is generally via municipal
"Column sums to more than 100% since some plants report using more than one
disposal method.
B-333
-------
SIC: 7342
refuse collection systems. In many hospitals empty containers are used for
disposal of hypodermic needles via autoclaving prior to final disposal.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
The state survey data used to establish the industry profile includes
19 plants from California. Based on the data, 68% of the plants in this SIC
generate less than 100 kg/mo of hazardous waste. Although California may
not be representative of all states, the results are similar to those ob-
tained in Nebraska where an "average" firm is expected to generate less than
100 kg/mo.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
1. National Pest Control Association
2. University of Nebraska Extension Service
3. Based on state survey data for 19 establishments in California
4. National Association of Pesticide Control Officials
5. Agricultural Commissioner, California State Dept. of Food and
Agriculture (Pesticide Regulation and Safety)
6. Rockwell International
7. International Sanitary Supply Association
8. Harbor General Hospital
9. U.S. Department of Agriculture
10. Census data
B-334
-------
11/27/79.
Oti.*3.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE<3)
SIC: 73*2
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
V
w
u*
Ul
0
100
200
300
*00
500
bOO
700
800
900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-*00
-;,00
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
3512
1*88
10*
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
68.8
29.1
2.0
.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
TOTAL
5105
(10)
100.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
3*.2
56.8
6.9
.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
223200.
26000.
350.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
379*94.
-------
12/Gfc/79. 12.33.0d.
BREAKDOWN UF PLANTS IN fcMPLOYMcNT SIZE CATEGORIES BY tPA REGION IN SIC 7342
RtGION
NUMBfcR OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEG'JRY
T01AL 1-4 a-9 10-19 20-49
50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999
V
NAT
w
w
I
11
111
IV
V
VI
VII
111
IX
X
ION
110
449
444
1443
549
811
264
45
925
64
5104
74
3Clb
242
690
306
511
161
30
499
49
2873
20
65
103
303
112
144
47
4
210
8
1016
9
47
59
251
98
94
45
7
139
6
755
7
27
33
159
33
51
11
2
68
1
392
1
3
5
32
0
9
0
1
7
0
58
0
1
2
1
0
1
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
>1000
0
0
0
0
G
0
0
0
0
c
-------
INDUSTRY: Research and Development Laboratories SIC: 7391
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
The establishments in this industry are primarily engaged in l&boratory
or other physical research and development on a contract or fee basis. The
industry carries on a variety of research activities including agricultural
research, food research, development of computer technology, and physical
research and development. Also included are chemical, engineering, and indus-
trial laboratories. The establishments vary in size and are distributed
throughout the country. The census data indicate a total of 2004 establish-
ments for this SIC of which 1020 (or 51%) employ less than 4 persons (see census
data computer printout for number distribution of establishments by employment
size range category and EPA region).
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Because of the heterogenity of the industry, a variety of hazardous wastes
are produced. Infectious biological wastes, corrosive wastes such as caustic
soda and acids, and toxic or flammable wastes including oils, solvents, heavy
metals, and miscellaneous organic and inorganic chemicals are generated by these
establishments. The estimated amount of hazardous waste generated by the sub-
ject SIC is 3,097,000 kg/mo, or an average rate of 1545 kg/mo per generator
(see Industry Profile). Based on state survey data about 90% of the research
and development laboratories produce less than 5000 kg/mo of hazardous waste.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Based on the state data, more than 80% of the firms surveyed use landfill
for the disposal of some or all of their hazardous wastes. Waste is generally
taken to landfills by commercial haulers. Other disposal methods used include
incineration (for infectious wastes), deep well injection (for disposal of acid
wastes in Oklahoma) and sewer disposal (for acidic and alkaline wastes).
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
B-337
-------
SIC: 7391
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
Segregation of wastes at the source (e.g., separation of chlorinated sol-
vents frcm non-chlorinated solvents and other hazardous wastes) can enable some
degree of waste recycling in the industry. Disposal of wastes in Subtitle C
facilities would be an environmentally acceptable method for the management of
many hazardous wastes which are currently disposed by other methods (e.g., dis-
posal in sewers).
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Based on state survey data for eight small generators
(2) Census data
B-338
-------
11/27/79.
Ob.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(1)
SIC: 7391
NATION
bSTIMATcO NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
BJ
U)
U)
vo
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> jOOO
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
668
253
144
90
72
72
36
54
36
36
126
217
201
33.3
12.6
7.2
4.5
3.6
3.6
1.8
2.7
1.8
1.8
6.3
10.8
10.0
ESTABLISHMENTS IN
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
2005
(2)
100.0
33400.
37950.
36000.
31500.
32400.
39600.
23400.
40500.
30600.
34200.
189000.
759500.
1809000.
3097050.
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.3
.8
1.3
1.0
1.1
6.1
24.5
5U.4
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMEMT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 7391
REGION
NU16ER OF PLANTS IN EftCH CATEGORY
TOTAL 1-4 '-'-9 10-19 20-49
50-99 100-249 2*0-49Q 500-999
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
NATION
CO
?26
271
261
170
293
175
54
85
405
64
2004
122
1 54
96
96
149
98
25
46
2CO
34
1020
35
44
42
24
40
2*
14
15
74
9
330
32
2«
3ft
25
44
16
6
11
48
9
257
21
19
37
16
31
IB
5
8
45
7
20?.
9
11
21
4
6
B
3
4
18
2
86
6
9
17
4
7
R
0
1
12
3
67
1
2
7
C
2
2
1
0
4
0
19
0
2
2
1
1
0
0
0
3
3
12
>1000
0
2
1
0
4
1
0
C
1
2
11
-------
INDUSTRY: Commercial Testing Laboratories SIC: 7397
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
Establishments in this industry are primarily engaged in product testing
on a fee or contract basis. Included are assaying services, automobile testing,
calibration and certification testing, radiation dosimetry and detection ser-
vices and food testing services. These establishments are distributed through-
out the country. The census data indicate a total of 1826 establishments for
SIC 7397 of which 1218 (or 67%) have less than 9 employees (see census data
computer printout for number distribution of establishments by employment size
range category and EPA region).
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Establishments in the subject SIC will generate a variety of wastes due
to the heterogeneity of services provided. State survey data, which includes
seven establishments in SIC 7397, indicate that toxic or flammable wastes
including petrochemicals, solvents, organic and inorganic compounds and corro-
sive acidic wastes are generated. Based on state survey data the total waste
quantity generated by establishments in this SIC is estimated at 451,000 kg/mo,
or an average rate of 329 kg/mo per generator (see Industry Profile). The data
indicate that all establishment in this SIC generate less than 5000 kg/mo of
hazardous waste.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Based on the state data, about 40% of establishments dispose of general
laboratory wastes to the sewer and about 30% use landfill disposal.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
Segregation of wastes at the source can enable some degree of waste recycling.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
B-341
-------
SIC: 7397
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Based on waste generation data for 7 establishments covered in the
state data base and the census data
(2) Census data adjusted for the estimated number of "zero" generators
B-342
-------
11/27/79.
08.^3.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(1)
SIC: 7397
NATION
EbTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
CD
U)
«*
w
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-<»00
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-bOO
600-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
575
178
260
68
55
27
41
27
27
27
63
22
0
1370
(2)
13.0
19.0
5.0
4.0
2.0
3.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
4.6
1.6
0.0
100.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
28750.
26700.
65000.
23800.
2*750.
1*850.
26650.
20250.
22950.
25650.
94500.
77000.
0.
450850.
6.4
5.9
1*.*
5.3
5.5
3.3
5.9
4.5
5.1
5.7
21.0
17.1
0.0
100.0
-------
11/29/79.
13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN TF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZb CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 7397
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACW CATEGORY
T3TAL
b-9
10-19
20-49
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
NATION
CD
99
185
152
270
316
305
69
8h
276
68
1326
57
81
63
127
145
129
34
47
128
31
8*2
19
36
2*
61
71
66
13
15
51
It
376
10
33
35
48
50
57
11
1ft
51
9
320
10
2"3
16
29
34
44
11
7
31
10
220
50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999
7
3
6
5
0
1
9
2
39
1
1
1
2
8
3
0
0
5
0
21
0
2
2
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
G
0
>100C
0
0
c
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-------
INDUSTRY: Miscellaneous Business Services, Not SIC: 7399 (swimming
Elsewhere Classified pool cleaning
and maintenance
only)
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
SIC 7399 includes establishments primarily engaged in furnishing business
services not elsewhere classified, such as bondsmen, bottle exchanges, draft-
ing service, hotel reservation service, welcome wagon service, etc. Based on
the census data, there are a total of 21,375 establishments in SIC 7399 of
which 76% have less than 10 employees. Most of the services listed in this
SIC which appear to be potential generators of hazardous waste were found to
be integrated with and secondary activities of other businesses. For example,
bronzing of baby shoes is performed by electroplating shops, servicing of fire
extinguishers is performed by fire extinguisher sales shops, etc.
The only type of establishments in the subject SIC which would generate
potentially hazardous waste, which would not be regulated elsewhere and which
are not largely associated with product sales are the swimming pool cleaning
and maintenance services. This assessment summary sheet addresses only the
swimming pool cleaning and maintenance service segment of SIC 7399 which encom-
passes an estimated 2500 establishments .
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Hazardous wastes from swimming pool maintenance include empty containers
of chemicals, primarily chlorine but also acid, algicides and other chemicals.
Based on the data obtained from the staff at a trade journal ("Swimming Pool
Weekly"), an average pool maintenance company is estimated to use about 1000
Ibs/mo of chemicals, mostly from 50-lb. containers. Each empty container is
estimated to weigh roughly 0.5 kg. Thus, an average pool maintenance company
is estimated to dispose of roughly 10 kg/mo of empty chemical containers.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICE:
Most of the empty chemical containers are disposed of with other municipal
refuse. Reuse is reported to be a common practice but it is not known what
fraction of the waste receives this treatment.
B-345
-------
SIC: 7399
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
Increased use of refillable containers could reduce or eliminate the
hazardous wastes from swimming pool maintenance companies.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
The number of independent swimming pool maintenance companies and the
average amount of hazardous waste generated by each company are rough esti-
mates based on a spokesman for a trade journal's knowledge of the industry.
No hard technical data are available on waste generation and disposal for the
industry.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Data provided by a representative of swimming Pool Weekly
(2) All establishments are estimated to produce less than 100 kg/mo of
waste. A swimming pool maintenance company would have to use 10
tons/mo of chemical in order to generate 100 kg/mo of empty con-
tainers. In the light of an industry average of 1 ton/mo, estab-
lishments generating more than 100 kg/mo would be expected to be
very few. The amount of waste generated will be greater in the
warmer months than in the cooler months but, based on the data pro-
vided from Reference 1, it will still be less than 100 kg/mo from
any one establishment.
(3) Number of generators in each EPA region (used to derive the aggre-
gate profiles presented in Volume I) is estimated. Based on trade
association membership, it is estimated that half of the establish-
ments are in EPA Region IX and the remainder are distributed in
proportion to population in other regions.
B-346
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(1,2)
SIC: 7399 NATION
(Swimming pool cleaning and maintenance segment)
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTAdLISHMENTb IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
m
u>
£>
-J
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-dOO
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
ESTABL
NUMBER
2500
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ISHMENTS
PERCENT
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO
50000.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
PERCENT
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
TOTAL
2500
100.0
50000.
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE C/vTEGQRIES BY EPA REGICN IN SIC 7390
k..GION
i
w
03
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL
1-4
10-19 20-49 50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999 >1000
0 0
? 2
0 1
1 1
3 1
2 0
2 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
I
i:
in
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
1127
3775
194R
281B
3935
1970
965
602
3545
69C
681
?220
1142
1760
2205
1149
597
373
1961
419
1P3
623
356
495
719
359
161
105
H 9
123
146
432
241
310
538
237
112
65
513
78
93
310
140
175
331
152
67
43
301
45
16
83
41
57
76
41
12
8
66
1C
5
37
21
16
50
25
11
2
28
7
1
ie
6
2
12
5
3
1
6
3
RATION 21375 12507
3799
2722
1662
41? ?02 56 10
-------
INDUSTRY: Automotive Rental and Leasing, Without SIC: 751
Drivers
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
Establishments primarily engaged in short-term rental or extended term
leasing (with or without maintenance) of vehicles without drivers. As with
service stations, these establishments will generally service vehicles and
will generate similar hazardous wastes. These establishments vary in size
(55% have 1-4 employees; see census data computer printout for number dis-
tribution of establishments by EPA Region and employment size) and are dis-
tributed throughout the country in or near urban centers.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Waste oil, a "listed" waste based on toxicity consideration, is the pri-
mary hazardous waste generated by the car service centers. The second most
predominant waste is used oil filters (which would also be considered toxic).
Other hazardous wastes include various toxic and ignitable solvents, corrosive
wastes from radiator flushings and contaminated rags.
The total amount of non-oil hazardous waste generated by the subject SIC
is estimated at 1.5 x 105 kg/mo (see Industry Profile) with an average rate of
66 kg/mo per generator. Waste lube oil is estimated at 6.2 x 10 kg/mo (see
Industry Profile). Oil filters are estimated at 6.1% (5.64 x 10 kg/mo) of the
total hazardous waste generated
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
(See SIC 5511)
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
(See SIC 5511)
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
(See SIC 5511)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
The waste quantity estimates arrived at in this analysis is based on
unit waste generation rates for the service stations (SIC 5511); discussions
with one very large vehicle leasing/rental company with numberous service
centers throughout the country indicated considerable similarity between the
operations of the service stations and vehicle rental/leasing service centers.
No independent estimate of wastes for this SIC are available.
B-349
-------
SIC: 751
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) The quantity of oil filters was estimated based on an assumed
weight of 1 kg/oil filter and (a) the reported number of oil changes
of 153.9 x 10 per year for all service centers (repair garages,
service centers, new car dealers, etc.); (b) a reported percentage
of 6.8% of the total oil filter changes carried out at service
shops; and (c) 6.8% of shops associated with rental/leasing
(based on Reference 5).
(2) Based on the state data for SIC 5511
(3) "Economic Impact Analysis of Hazardous Waste Management Regulations
on Selected Generating Industries," Draft Report, Contract No. 68-
01-4819, December 1978
(4) Based on state data on waste generation quantities and the infor-
mation on number of fleet associated with rental and leasing reported
in Reference (5).
(5) "MVMA Motor Vehicle Pacts and Figures '78," Motor Vehicle Manu-
facturing Association
(6) Based on an assumed median waste solvent generation rate of 30 kg/mo
per generator and estimated number of establishments from Reference
7.
(7) Based on census data, adjusted for estimated "zero" generators (84%).
D-350
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(1,6)
SIC: 751
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
U)
01
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
1879
398
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
82.5
17.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
TOTAL
2277
(7)
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
90192.
59700.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
60.2
39.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
149892.
100.0
-------
SIC: 751
INDUSTRY PROFILE: ESTIMATED NUMBER OF PLANTS AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR
ESTABLISHMENTS IN VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION RANGE CATEGORIES
(waste oil)
(4)
Waste Generation
Ranges (kg/mo)
less than 100
100 - 200
200 - 300
300 - 400
400 - 500
500 - 600
600 - 700
700 - 800
800 - 900
900 - 1000
1000 - 2000
2000 - 5000
more than 5000
U.S. Total
Establishments
Number
200
676 .
717
287 .
164 •
112
61
37
24
0
0
0
0
2277(7)
% Total
8.8
30
31
13
7.2
4.9
2.7
1.6
1.1
0
0
. 0
0
100
Waste Quantity
kg/no
16,000
101/000
179,000 '
1 00 000
73,800
61,600 '
39,700
27,750
20,400
0
0
0
0
6.2 x 105
% Total
2.6
16.3
28.9
16 2
11.9
10.0
6.4
4.5
3.3
- 0
Q
. Q
0.
100
B-352
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SlZF CATEGORIES BY EPA PFGION IN SICS 7511 TO ?5l9
REGION
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL
5-9
13-19
20-49
50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999
NA
V
Ul
in
w
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
I"
X
TIDN
369
917
676
12^1
1380
646
4d2
219
946
208
7394
216
558
360
fr37
773
350
302
123
477
121
3917
70
169
146
248
270
134
91
49
2]6
43
1436
37
90
94
193
175
68
40
26
137
25
885
33
64
53
118
113
62
40
13
85
15
601
10
2P
21
47
34
23
9
6
21
4
?03
2
7
2
7
7
8
0
2
9
0
44
1
1
0
0
2
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
>1000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-------
INDUSTRY: Automotive Repair SIC: 7531,7534,
7535
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
The establishments covered under the subject SIC's are top and body
repair shops (SIC 7531), tire retreading and repair shops (SIC 7534), and
paint shops (SIC 7535). These establishments are distributed throughout the
country with heaviest concentration in or near urban centers. Majority of
the establishments are small, with 70% in the 1-4 employment size range (see
census data computer printout for number distribution of establishments by
EPA Region and employment size).
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Hazardous wastes produced from the subject SIC's consist of various
toxic and ignitable solvents, toxic paint or glue wastes and sludges, con-
taminated rags and empty containers '
The total amount of hazardous waste generated by the subject SIC's is
estimated at 820,000 kg/mo with an average generation rate of 35 kg/mo per
generator.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
(2)
Based on contact with a number of establishments the following are the
prevalent disposal practices in the industry: waste solvents are usually dis-
charged into the sewer or disposed of on open ground; a smaller number of the
larger waste solvent generators use the services of commercial reclaimers for
solvent waste disposal. Paint waste, glue waste and sludges are generally
disposed of with the nonhazardous waste refuse.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COSTS:
Due to the majority of establishments disposing wastes with regular refuse
or via sewer, disposal costs attributed to hazardous wastes are expected to be
minimal. The total cost due to hazardous waste disposal should be a very
small fraction of the total waste disposal cost for any one generator.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
Environmentally more acceptable waste disposal methods for the subject
SIC include: storage and disposal of waste solvents via solvent reclaimers;
segregation and separate disposal (e.g., via commercial waste disposal services)
B-354
-------
SIC: 7531,etc.
of other hazardous wastes from regular refuse; where appropriate, cleaning of
the empty containers for recycling or co^disposal with regular refuse.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) State survey data for six small generators in SIC's 7531-7535
(2) Discussions with five individual establishments in the Los Angeles
area
(3) Census data
B-355
-------
11/27/79.
00.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(1)
SIC:
7531
7534
7535
NATION
bSTIMATtD NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
ESTABLISHMENTS
T\
W
in
a\
0
100
200
300
400
iOO
600
700
800
900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-500
-600
-700
-dOO
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
NUMBER
PERCENT
23058
233
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
99.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
TOTAL
23291
(3)
WASTE
KG/MO
783972.
34950.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
QUANTITY
PERCENT
95.7
4.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
818922.
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN Ef.PLOrMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SICS 7531 TO 7535
R OF PLANTS IN FACH CATEGORY
GI-JN
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
TldN
TOTAL
Ib3*
2 523
251*
3 749
4fcbC
7133
lt>66
815
2352
"34
23291
1-4
1177
1775
1607
?671COO
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ul
-------
INDUSTRY: Automotive Repair Garages SIC: 7538
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
The establishments in this industry are engaged in general automotive
repair (primarily engine repair). The establishments are distributed through-
out the country with heaviest concentration near urban centers; the majority
of establishments are small in size (80% have 1-4 employees; see census data
computer printout for number distribution of establishments by EPA Region and
employment size).
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS HASTES PRODUCED:
Waste oil, a "listed" waste based on toxicity consideration, is the pri-
mary hazardous waste generated by the car service centers. The second most
predominant waste is used oil filters (which would also be considered toxic).
Other hazardous wastes include various toxic and ignitable solvents, corrosive
wastes from radiator flushings and contaminated rags.
The total amount of hazardous waste generated by the subject SIC is esti-
mated at 30 million kg/mo (see Industry Profile) with an average rate of 940
kg/mo per generator. It is also estimated that non-oil wastes account for
14% of 4.2 x 10° kg/mo of the total hazardous waste generated. The average
non-oil hazardous waste generation rate is estimated at 130 kg/mo per generator.
Oil filters account for 6.9% (2.1 million kg/mo) of the total hazardous waste
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
(See SIC 5511)
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
(See SIC 5511)
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS
(See SIC 5511)
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See tables)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
Based on this assessment, 2.6 x 10 kg/mo of waste oil is produced by
6
the subject SIC. Two other reported estimates of waste oil are (a) 9.6 x 10
B-350
-------
SIC: 7538
(A)
kg/mo (1970-71) l ' based on the assumption that 63% of oil sold at repair garages
is collected as waste oil, and (b) 1.37 x 107 kg/no (1978)(5) based on 9 oil
changes per week per establishment and 4.25 liters of waste oil produced per
oil change. The 2.6 x 10 kg/mo of waste oil arrived at in this study is
based on waste oil generation reported by individual establishments.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) The quantity of oil filters was estimated based on an assumed
weight of 1 kg/oil filter and (a) the reported number of oil changes
of 153.9 x 10 per year for all service centers (repair garages,
service centers, new car dealers, etc.); and (b) a reported percentage
of 14.0% of the total oil filter changes carried out at automotive
repair garages (based on Reference 6).
(2) Based on state data for six small generators and information
on number of repair garages reported in census data.
(3) Census data
(4) Weinstein, Norman J., "Waste Oil Recycling and Disposal," Recon
Systems Inc., August 1974
(5) "Economic Impact Analysis of Hazardous Waste Management Regulations
on Selected Generating Industries," Draft Report, Contract No. 68-
01-4819, December 1978
(6) "MVMA Motor Vehicles Facts and Figures '78," Motor Vehicle Manu-
facturers Association
B-359
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.37.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(1,6)
SIC: 7538
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
UAbTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
U)
a\
o
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
bOO
900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-10CO
-2000
-5000
5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
18370
7316
2926
1463
813
390
325
325
0
0
0
0
0
57.5
22.9
9.2
4.6
2.5
1.2
1.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
WASTE QUANTITY
TOTAL
31928
(3)
100.0
KG/MU
826650.
1097400.
731500.
512050.
365850.
214500.
211250.
243750.
G.
0.
0.
0.
G.
4202950.
PERCENT
19.7
26.1
17.4
12.2
b.7
5.1
5.0
5.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
-------
SIC:
INDUSTRY PROFILE: ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS
IN VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES (WASTE OIL)(2)
U-ie^a f*PnPY*At" YOT\
Ranges (kq/mo)
less than 100
100 - 200
200 - 300
300 - 400
400 - 500
500 - 600
600 - 700
700 - 800
000 - 900
900 - 1000
1000 - 2000
2000 - 5000
more than 5000
U.S. Total
Establishments
Number
3,100
5,000-
4,100
3,400
2,600 -
2,000
1,800
1,300
1,300
970
4,500
2,800
0
33,000
% Total
9.4
15
12
10
7.9
6.1
5.5
3.9
3.9
3.0
' 14
8.5
0
100
Waste Quantity
106 kg/mo
0.20
0.75
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.0
6.8
9.7
0
26
% Total
0.76
2.9
3.8
4.6
4.6
4.2
4.6
3.8
4.2
3.8
2.6
37
0
100
B-361
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLCYMENT bIZE
BY EPA RFGION IN SIC 7538
REGION
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN
TOTAL 1-4 5 -a
CATEGORY
10-19
20-4q
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
NATION
to
1833
3209
3726
5403
4315
4460
1930
1180
473ft
1222
32514
1467
2494
2978
4333
3754
3616
1613
955
3723
981
2*919
263
bC2
542
77?
724
606
?40
It2
727
173
017
79
168
169
236
262
1 7ti
53
47
233
59
14*4
22
43
32
50
66
55
19
14
47
9
357
50-99 1QO-Z49 250-49Q 50C-999
1
2
4
4
fi
3
0
1
3
0
24
1
0
1
2
3
2
C
1
12
0
C
0
0
0
C
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
C
0
0
0
0
0
0
>10CO
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
to
-------
INDUSTRY: General Automotive Repair, Not Elsewhere SIC: 7539
Classified
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
The establishments in this industry are primarily engaged in specialized
automotive repair. Brake, carburetor, radiator and transmission repair shops
generate the majority of hazardous waste in SIC 7539. Brake repairing which
generates asbestos waste is not covered in this assessment because the manage-
ment of asbestos waste is regulated by federal clean air and water acts.
The majority of establishments in the subject SIC are small in size
(69% 1-4 employees; see census data computer printout for number distribution
of establishments by EPA Region and employment size) and are distributed
throughout the country with the heaviest concentration in or near urban areas.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Potentially hazardous wastes generated by radiator and carburetor repair
shops are toxic and corrosive radiator flushings and acids from parts clean-
ing. The major hazardous wastes generated by transmission repair shops is
waste hydraulic fluid which is considered toxic. Contaminated solvents (con-
sidered toxic and ignitable) may also be generated by any of the establish-
ments in the subject SIC.
The total amount of hazardous waste generated by the subject SIC is esti-
mated at 3.0 x 10 kg/mo. Radiator and carburetor repair shops account for
5.2 x 10 kg/mo (see Industry Profile) of the total waste, with an average
rate of 128 kg/mo per generator. Transmission repair shops account for the
remaining 2.5 x 10 kg/mo (see Industry Profile) of waste, with an average
rate of 931 kg/mo per generator.
WASTE TREATMENT STORAGE AND DISPOSAL:
Based on the state data, it is estimated that the majority of radiator
and carburetor repair shops dispose of hazardous wastes by land disposal
(i.e., landfills, land spreading or onsite burial) or via sewer with land
disposal being the predominant practice.
Transmission shops generally dispose of waste hydraulic oil via commer-
cial reclaimers
B-363
-------
SIC: 7539
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
Some disposal practices used by small generators (e.g., on-site burial,
disposal on open grounds or discharge to sewer) would not be environmentally
acceptable. Disposal in hazardous waste management facilities and returning
the hydraulic oil and solvents to reclaimers would be considered preferred
alternative disposals.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See tables)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Based on industry contact in the Los Angeles area
(2) Based on state data for 36 small generators in SIC 7539
(3) Based on state data and estimated number of radiator and carburetor
repair shops from Reference (4)
(4) Based on 1976 census data for SIC 7539 and 30%(5) of the total
repair shops in SIC 7539 being associated with radiator and carbure-
tor repair shops
(5) 1972 Census of Selected Service Industries, U.S. Department of
Commerce Publication 5672-A-52
(6) Based on discussions with five individual establishments in the Los
Angeles area and estimated number of transmission repair shops from
Reference (7)
(7) Based on the census data for SIC 7539 and a reported estimate
(Reference 5) that about 20% of the total repair shops in SIC 7539
are involved in transmission repair
B-364
-------
11/27/79.
OU.43.Z7.
INDUSTRY PROFILED'3* SIC
7539
NATION
V
U)
ESTIMAIEO NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR
ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/no
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
5UO-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
ESTABLI
NUMBER
2415
725
362
201
161
121
81
0
0
0
0
0
0
SHNENTS
PERCENT
59.4
17.8
8.9
4.9
4.0
3.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
WASTE
KG/HO
60375.
106750.
90500.
70350.
72450.
66550.
52650.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
QUANTITY
PERCENT
11.6
20.8
17.3
13.5
13.9
12.8
10.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0. 0
TOTAL
4066
(4)
100.0
521625
100.0
-------
SIC: 7539
INDUSTRY PROFILE: ESTIMATED NUMBER OF PLANTS AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR (6)
ESTABLISHMENTS IN VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION RANGE CATEGORIES
(transmission shops only; waste oil)
Waste Generation
Ranges (kg/mo)
less than 100
100 - 200
200 - 300
300 - 400
400 - 500
500 - 600
600 - 700
700 - 800
800 - 900
900 - 1000
1000 - 2000
2000 - 5000
more than 5000
U.S. Total
Establishments
Number
215
376
349
242
188
161
134
107
81
81
403
247
48
2,684(7)
% Total
8
14
13
9
7
6
5
4
3
3
15
9.2
1.8
100
Waste Quantity
kg/mo
10,750
56,400
87,250
87,700
84,600
88,550
87,100
80,250
68,850
76,950
604 , 500
864 , 500
336,000
2.5 xlO6
% Total
.4
2.2
3.5
3.3
3.3
3.5
3.4
3.2
2.7
3.0
23.9
34.2
13.3
100
B-366
-------
11/29/75. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES 1Y EP* RtGlQN IN SIC 753<>
REGION
NUM6ER OF PLANTS IN FACH CATE60PY
1GTAL 1-4 a-3 10-19 20-45
V
NAT
CD
Ul
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
III
IX
X
I ON
624
1 3o2
1131
2323
2399
17h5
701
431
2165
520
13421
419
854
726
1687
It 50
1231
515
302
1 5°4
3fr7
9247
379
300
Aft?
t83
365
133
83
405
116
109
91
149
217
141
44
40
137
30
19
12
18
42
21
B
6
27
6
1008
156
50-99 100-249 250-499 5CC-999
1
1
0
2
7
6
1
0
2
1
21
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
c
c
c
0
0
c
0
c
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
c
0
>iooo
0
0
0
0
o-
0
0
0
0
c
-------
INDUSTRY: Car Washes SIC: 7542
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
The establishments covered under SIC 7542 are primarily engaged in wash-
ing cars or in furnishing facilities for the self-service washing of cars.
There are 5286 of these establishments in the nation. Distribution of car
washes appear to correlate with population density in each EPA region.
{See census data computer printout on the distribution of establishments by
employment size and EPA region).
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Cleaning agents, waxes, polishes, rubbing compounds, etc. are the major
chemicals used at car washes. Containers from these products can be considered
as hazardous waste. Quantity of waste will depend on how large the establish-
ment is as well as how much business it handles. Most car washes purchase
cleaning agents in 55-gallon drums which are recycled by the supplier.
Smaller wax, polish and rubbing compound containers are those of special con-
cern since they must be disposed of by other means. Based on waste informa-
tion provided by five car wash establishments ranging in size from 6 to 20
employees, a waste generation rate of 1.5 Ib (0.7 kg) per month per employee
can be calculated
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Other than cleaning agent containers, waste containers from waxes, polishes
and rubbing compounds are disposed of in the regular trash. Most car washes
will employ private disposal companies for collection services. The major
waste at car washes is, of course, the wash water. Some establishments
practice partial recycling, but most will discharge the entire effluent to the
public sewer
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
Where appropriate, containers may be rinsed prior to co-disposal with
nonhazardous refuse.
B-368
-------
SIC: 7542
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED:
(1) Five car wash establishments
(2) Census data
B-369
-------
11/27/79.
Ob.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
SIC: 7542
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
to
W
-J
o
WASTE GENbKATlUN
RAN3ES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-500U
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER
PERCENT
5270
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
99.7
.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5286
(2)
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO
PERCENT
12648.
2400.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
G.
0.
B4.1
15.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
15048.
100.0
-------
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATtG<"KlEb BY E«>A &FGICN IN SIC 754?
REGION
NUMBER OP PL&NTS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL 1-4 y-o 13-19 20-40
V
NAT
r
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
III
IX
X
ION
234
581
547
763
134!?
4titi
333
14*
677
140
•,,-*.
50-99 100-249 250-49° 500-999
Ifcl
3h 2
307
481
724
346
230
ICQ
364
M
1^1
54
1 ?5
73
120
30*
53
53
??
103
??
;^2
4*:)
54
43
94
132
43
32
13
120
17
634
21
20
60
64
116
22
16
4
1b
12
410
1
0
t)
4
I?
3
?
C
8
?
41
1
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
2
0
0
c
0
0
1
c
0
0
c
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
c
0
0
0
>1000
c
0
0
0
0
0
0
c
0
0
10
-0
-------
INDUSTRY: Miscellaneous Repair Services SIC: 76
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
This major group includes establishments engaged in miscellaneous repair
services, not including automotive repair (SIC 753), clothing repair (SIC 7219}
and shoe repair (SIC 7251). The eight 4-digit industrial categories which
make up this group are:
SIC 7622, Radio and Television Repair Shops
7623, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Service and Repair Shops
7629, Electrical and Electronic Repair Shops, not elsewhere classified
7631, Watch, Clock, and Jewelry Repair
7641, Reupholstery and Furniture Repair
7692, Welding Repair
7694, Armature Rewinding Shops
7699, Repair Shops and Related Services, not elsewhere classified
Based on the census data, the 47,000 miscellaneous repair service estab-
lishemnts are distributed across the nation approximately in proportion to
population. These are mostly small establishments with 70% having fewer than
5 employees and 97% having fewer than 30 employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
The non-oil hazardous wastes from repair services reported in the "state"
data file include solvents, acid and alkaline cleaners, paint sludges, heavy
metal compounds, unspecified toxic organics, and miscellaneous chemicals
from tank and barge washings. Of these wastes, solvents are the most common,
being reported in one-third of the cases.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICE:
Off-site landfill is the most commonly reported means of waste disposal
for all waste types. One establishment reported that it deep well injected
its caustic wastes.
Telephone discussions with a number of establishments indicated that the
smaller users of solvents (e.g., lawn mower repair shops) got rid of their
waste solvents by either land disposal onsite or by taking it to a local ser-
vice station where the waste is picked up by a commercial recycler. Larger
users of solvents (e.g., motorcycle repair shops) tend to have a solvent
recycling service pick up their waste solvent.
B-372
-------
SIC: 76
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
None of the repair shops contacted (6) reported any additional waste disposal
costs for their hazardous wastes. Some wastes (e.g., paint sludges) are dis-
posed of along with municipal refuse. Solvent recycling service at the motor-
cycle repair shops generally is part of the purchase price of new solvent.
The solvent supplier brings new solvent and takes the used solvent away.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
Solvent recycling could be more widely practiced than is currently the
case.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Based on state data for 12 establishments
(2) Census data adjusted for "zero" generators. The "zero" generators
were assumed to be the establishments in SIC's 7622, 7629, 7631 and
7692. Percentage of large generators were estimated by extrapolating
the Plot of generators vs. waste .generation rate to the 5000 Kg/ho
waste generation rate.
(3) National Alliance of Television and Electronic Service Associations
(4) Refrigeration Service Engineers Society
(5) Electric Apparatus Service Association
(6) Twelve individual establishments in Southern California
B-373
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(1)
SIC: 7600
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS HASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
?
OJ
WASTE GENERAUJN
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER
PERCENT
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
7358
4384
2673
1831
1324
1001
784
630
517
431
2123
1263
1532
28.5
17.0
10.3
7.1
5.1
3.9
3.0
2.4
2.0
1.7
8.2
4.9
5.9
367900.
657600.
668250.
640850.
595800.
550550.
509600.
472500.
439450.
409450.
3184500.
4420500.
15320000.
1.3
2.3
2.4
2.3
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
11.3
15.7
54.3
TOTAL
25851
(2)
100.0
28236950.
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES 3Y EPA REGION IN SIC 7600
REGION
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL
1-4
10-19
20-49
SO-P9 10C-249 250-49Q tCO-999
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
NATI3N
03
2445
5150
4575
3340
d444
6466
2745
161H
6269
1«22
47«J74
K39
3814
3250
6252
6069
4fc83
2095
1219
455?
1336
3510?
393
779
76?
1316
1397
1051
43C
? 4 0
1C 4 5
317
771Q
140
323
356
543
(34
470
152
108
476
125
3327
53
175
165
19*
272
207
48
46
142
39
1346
12
40
28
19
55
39
6
3
41
4
247
3
17
12
14
15
15
5
2
11
0
94
0
2
2
2
1
1
0
C
2
1
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
C
G
>1000
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
-J
Ul
-------
INDUSTRY: Bowling Alleys SIC: 7933
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
The establishments in SIC 7933 include businesses known as bowling alleys
or lanes. These establishments also frequently sell meals and refreshments.
Bowling alleys are distributed in all regions throughout the nation. Most
bowling alleys are in the small size employment range category. (See the
census data computer printout for number distribution of bowling alleys by
EPA Region and employment size category.)
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED(1):
Hazardous wastes generated in connection with alley/lane operation
and maintenance include sandings and waste containers which may contain some
potentially hazardous substances depending on the type of surface coating used
on the alleys. For many years the most widely used alley coating was lacquer.
This is increasingly being replaced in recent years because lacquer is flam-
mable and does not condition the lane wood. In recent years lacquer has been
replaced by methane coatings which are also now phasing out in favor of a
Brunswick epoxy coating conditioner called Astro Lane. Astro Lane has the
consistency of a paste and is applied in two units - a base coat and a top
coat. It takes approximately 1.9 liters (2 quarts) of base coat and 0.9
liters (2 pints) of top coat per lane. Astro Lane is reportedly not flammable,
but, as an epoxy, it may be toxic. At a representative 24- to 32-lane bowl-
ing alley, lanes are resurfaced about once every two years. During resurfac-
ing about 0.16 cm (1/16 in) of surface coating is removed by sanding, and dry
sandings average about 6.8 kg (15 Ib) per lane. At an establishment with 32
lanes this amounts to 218 kg (480 Ib). Based on an estimated Astro Lane waste
container generation rate of 0.28 kg (5/8 Ib) per lane, about 9 kg (20 Ib) of
waste containers would result from resurfacing of 32 lanes. Thus, the total
waste resulting from resurfacing 32 lanes is 227 kg (503 Ib) every two years
or about 9 kg (21 Ib) per month. Assuming this waste generation rate is
typical of the establishments in SIC 7933, the total waste quantity produced
by the industry is estimated at 56,200 kg/mo.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Resurfacing of bowling lanes is most often performed by an outside com-
pany on a contract basis. All resulting wastes are disposed of along with
B-37G
-------
SIC: 7933
the regular wastes of the establishment. Wastes are generally collected
either by a private disposal company or municipal refuse collection
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
No incremental cost; the quantity of hazardous waste (sandings and con-
tainers) is a very minute fraction of the total refuse generated by an estab-
lishment and the disposal of this waste with the nonhazardous waste makes no
measurable impact on the total cost of waste disposal.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
Segregation of hazardous waste from regular refuse and disposal of haz-
ardous wastes in a hazardous waste management facility.
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Two bowling establishments, two lane refinishing companies, two
bowling associations, and three bowling supply companies
(2) Census data
B-377
-------
11/27/79.
Ofa.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
SIC: 7933
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
T
&
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABL
NUMBER
6247
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ISHMENTS
PERCENT
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
WASTE
KG/MO
56223.
0.
0.
c.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
QUANTITY
PERCENT
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6247
(2)
100.0
56223.
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATtGORIcS BY EPA RFGICN IN SIC 7933
REGION
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL 1-4 5-9 10-19 20-49
50-99 10C-249 250-499 500-999
NA
CO
i
10
-J
10
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
TION
334
721
612
465
2045
34Q
607
332
4<»8
2*4
6?47
149
155
154
^1
599
83
251
136
85
b1}
1788
97
151
133
85
395
fch
106
70
40
60
1203
8H
232
170
152
500
78
122
55
32
63
1552
49
167
147
119
482
107
121
53
196
65
1506
1
16
6
17
66
13
5
7
41
10
182
G
0
2
1
2
2
2
1
4
1
15
C
C
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
C
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
>10CO
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-------
INDUSTRY: Racing, Including Track Operations SIC: 7948
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
Establishments included in the subject SIC are promoters and participants
in racing activities, including race track operations; operators of racing
stables, jockeys, race horse trainers, and race car owners and operators.
The census data indicate a total of 1782 establishments for SIC 7948 of which
1169 (66%) are in the 1-4 employee size category (see census data computer
printout for number distribution of establishments by EPA Region and employ-
ment size category).
In the United States there are 114 thoroughbred race tracks distributed
in 31 states(1). California has the largest number at 13 and Kentucky,
Louisiana, Illinois and New Jersey each have 5. Thoroughbred tracks are
licensed by the state which determines how many days per year the track will
have racing activity, so operation time is variable
(2)
There are approximately 1670 motor tracks throughout the U.S. , varying
in size ranging from small dirt tracks to larger operations racing everything
from motorcycles to "Indianapolis-type"cars . Motor tracks are also variable
in operation. Those in mild climates may race year-around while those in other
areas may be more limited.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Wastes of a hazardous nature generated by establishments under SIC 7948
include pesticides, pesticide containers and paint containers resulting from
landscaping and maintenance, and waste oil from the maintenance of motor
vehicles at motor tracks.
Quantity of waste pesticide containers generated at horse tracks
also will vary, but one of the largest tracks was able to provide an estimate
of 54 kg/mo of pesticide containers generated during racing season. Based on
estimated employment of 1000 for this particular race track, a waste generation
rate of 0.05 kg/mo/employee can be expected for horse race tracks (a total waste
quantity of 1070 kg/mo). The quantity of waste oil expected from a motor track
which provides waste oil collection facility onsite is estimated at 225 kg/
(3)
mo .
B-380
-------
SIC: 7948
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Pesticide containers are either disposed of with the general refuse or
accumulated and taken to a hazardous waste disposal site . One track
reportedly cleans and flushes the pesticide containers and then hauls them to
a state disposal installation.
Based on a sampling of six motor tracks, approximately half of the tracks
provide holding tanks for the purpose of storing waste oils and hydraulic
fluids until this is hauled away by a private disposal company. The other
half of tracks do not provide such service and the vehicle owners either
maintain the autos elsewhere or take the waste oil with them.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
The disposal of the waste oil via, waste oil collectors ±? generally at
no cost to the generators; larger quantities of waste oil are usually sold
to the waste oil collectors. With the continuous rise in oil prices, the
practice of waste disposal via waste oil collectors would be expected to be-
come more attractive in the future, thus reducing the number of generators
which currently dispose of wastes by other methods (e.g., landfills, sewers
or dumping on open grounds).
No incremental disposal cost would be associated with co-disposal of
hazardous wastes with the regular refuse because the quantity of hazardous
waste (paint and pesticide containers) is a very minute fraction of the total
refuse generated by an establishment.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
Provided that waste collectors carry out environmentally acceptable opera-
tions, the disposal of waste oil via waste collectors is environmentally more
acceptable than other disposal methods currently used by some generators (see
Current Disposal Cost, above).
Provided that the pesticide containers are properly rinsed and the rinsate
is disposed of in an environmentally acceptable manner, pesticide containers
can be co-disposed with regular refuse in sanitary landfills.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
B-381
-------
SIC: 7948
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
Only a few of the establishments contacted had data on waste generation
quantities. Because of the differences in the operation of various tracks,
variations would be expected in waste quantities among different tracks.
The estimated generation rates used, which are for specific tracks, may not
be entirely representative of all tracks.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) A total of nine race tracks and racing associations
(2) Based on the census data which indicate a total of 1782 establish-
ments having SIC 7948 as primary activity and allowing for the
reported 114 thoroughbred racing tracks in the U.S.
(3) Calculated based on 30 vehicles in a race, 9.4 liters (10 quarts)
of waste oil generated per car per race and an average of one race
per month
(4) Assuming that all 114 horse tracks are in the 20 to >1000 employment
categories and the number of tracks in each census data employment
category is distributed in proportion to the ratio of 114 tracks to
the total of 190 establishments given in the census data for the 20
to >1000 employment categories.
(5) This number represents half the total number of race tracks; only
50% of the race tracks are assumed to generate waste oil onsite
(see text).
B-332
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(4)
SIC: 7948 NATION
(Horse Track)
tSHMATEO NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
to
Ul
CO
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/NO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-300
t>00-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-lOOd
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
1072.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
TOTAL
100.0
1072.
100.0
-------
SIC: 7948
(motor track)
INDUSTRY PROFILE: ESTIMATED NUMBER OF PLANTS AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR
ESTABLISHMENTS IN VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION RANGE CATEGORIES
(WASTE OIL)
Haste Generation
Ranges (kg/mo)
less than 100
100 - 200
200 - 300
300 - 400
400 - 500
500 - 600
600 - 700
700 - 800
800 - 900
900 - 1000
1000 - 2000
2000 - 5000
more than 5000
U.S. Total
Establishments
Number
835
835 (5)
% Total
100
100
Waste Quantity
kg/mo
188,000
•
188,000
% Total
100
•
100
B-384
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC
REGION
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH C-ATEGORY
T3TAL
1-4
10-19
V
NAT
to
W
CO
in
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
III
IX
X
ION
105
26f>
22Q
32a
356
137
66
23
225
42
178?
fc8
185
144
197
24f
8*)
50
2L
147
25
1169
15
35
?8
50
4P
18
0
?
27
q
241
11
22
27
37
36
19
3
2
22
3
l*j?
20-43
4
13
15
9
9
I
14
2
88
100-249 250-4910CO
0
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
-------
INDUSTRY: Amusement Parks SIC: 7996
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
Included within SIC 7996 are establishments known as amusement parks,
kiddie parks, etc., which group together and operate in whole or part a number
of attractions such as mechanical rides, amusement devices, refreshment stands
and picnic grounds, amusement parks are located throughout the country and
are generally in proportion to population. Based on the census data, there
are 522 amusement parks in the U.S. with slightly over half of them employing
1-4 persons. The number distribution of amusement parks by EPA Region and
employment size are shown in the census data computer printout.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Hazardous wastes generated at amusement parks can include waste oil from
the maintenance of vehicles and mechanical equipment, paint containers and
waste solvents from maintenance operations, and pesticide containers from
landscape maintenance. Quantities will vary from park to park depending on
size and type of park. The following waste quantity data were provided by one
of the largest amusement parks in the country: waste oil (a "listed" waste
based on toxicity considerations) 3338 kg/mo, paint solvent (toxic and ignitable
organic wastes) 668 kg/mo and paint and pesticide containers (toxic wastes)
227 kg/mo (a total waste quantity of 4233 kg/mo). Based on an estimated
employment of 1000 for this particular amusement park, waste generation rates
of 3.3 kg/mo/employee for waste oil and 0.9 kg/mo/employee for other hazardous
wastes can be expected for amusement parks.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
At the large park mentioned above, the waste is recycled onsite as much
as possible. Up to half of the waste oil is recycled and re-used onsitej the
rest is collected by vendors for recycling. This may not be the case for most
parks, however, other disposal methods such as landfills, discharge to sewer
or dumping on open grounds is probably practiced at some of the smaller
amusement parks. At all three establishments contacted, waste solvents are
sold to a vendor for recycling, and paint and pesticide containers are disposed
of along with nonhazardous wastes
B-386
-------
SIC: 7996
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
The disposal of the waste oil via waste oil collectors is generally at
no cost to the generators; larger quantities of waste oil are usually sold
to the waste oil collectors. With the continuous rise in oil prices, the
practice of waste disposal via waste oil collectors would be expected to be-
come more attractive in the future, thus reducing the number of generators
which currently dispose of wastes by other methods (e.g., landfills, sewers
or dumping on open grounds).
No incremental disposal cost would be associated with co-disposal of
hazardous wastes with the regular refuse because the quantity of hazardous
waste (paint and pesticide containers) is a very minute fraction of the total
refuse generated by an amusement park.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
Disposal of waste oil and solvents via waste collectors is environmentally
more acceptable than other disposal methods currently used by some generators
(see Current Disposal Cost, above).
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See tables)
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
Except for the one very large amusement park, the establishments contacted
had no data on waste generation quantities for their operations. The estimated
waste generation rates for the large park may not be representative of the
smaller parks.
SOURCES OF DATA USED:
(1) Three amusement parks
(2) From U.S. census data
(3) Calculated based on estimated waste generation rates of 0.9 kg/mo/
employee and the census data on number of establishments in various
employment size categories.
(4) Calculated based on estimated waste and generation rate of 3.3 kg/
mo/employee and the census data on number of establishment in various
employment size categories
B-387
-------
11/27/79.
06.^3.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(3)
SIC: 7996
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND HASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VAKIOUb WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
ESTABLISHMENTS
CD
00
0
100
200
300
-------
SIC: 7996
INDUSTRY PROFILE: ESTIMATED NUMBER OP PLANTS AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR (4)
ESTABLISHMENTS IN VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION RANGE CATEGORIES
(WASTE OIL)
Ranges (kq/no)
less than 100
100 - 200
200 - 300
300 - 400
400 - 500
500 - 600
600 - 700
700 - 800
800 - 900
900 - 1000
1000 - 2000
2000 - 5000 •
more than 5000
U.S. Total
Establishments
Number
509
13 •
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
526(2)
% Total
96.8
2.5
0.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
Waste Quantity
kg/mo
13,355
6,914
3,545
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
23,815
% Total
56.1
29
14.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
B-389
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IH EMPLOYMENT SIZi CATEGORIES BY EPA RFGI DM IN SIC
REGION
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL
1-4
5-9
20-49
I
V
VI
NATI
CO
1
u>
10
o
I
II
II
IV
V
VI
II
II
IX
X
f]\
40
67
5*.
b2
88
53
27
22
67
22
522
16
35
27
43
54
2:4
16
15
30
17
?77
9
1?
1?
11
14
7
?
1
10
1
79
10
13
j
R
7
10
3
1
6
0
64
4
7
4
7
9
7
2
1
10
1
5.'
50-99 100-249 250-49C «,00-999
0
0
4
4
2
2
0
2
1
C
0
b
0
1
1
1
2
0
12
C
C
1
0
?
C
3
1
1
C
C
C
0
2
C
0
0
0
1
0
'1000
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
3
0
-------
INDUSTRY: Hospitals SIC: 806
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
Hospitals include establishments primarily engaged in providing
diagnostic services, extensive medical treatment (including surgical services),
as well as continuous nursing services. These establishments have an organized
medical staff, inpatient beds and the necessary equipment and facilities to
provide complete health care. Hospitals are classified as either short-stay
(average per patient occupancy of less than 30 days) or long-stay (average stay
of more than 30 days per patient). Specific types of hospitals include general
medical and surgical hospitals (SIC 8062, usually short-stay), psychiatric
hospitals (SIC 8063, usually long-stay) and specialty hospitals, except
psychiatric (SIC 8069, specialties include children's diseases, chronic
diseases, geriatrics, orthopedics, etc. and hospitals can be either long- or
short-stay depending on specialty). Data for 1973 shows that the overwhelming
majority (87%) of the nations hospitals are in the general medical and surgical
are
(1)
category . The remaining facilities are split between psychiatric hospitals
(7%) and other specialty hospitals (6%)
In recent years there has been a decrease in the number of hospitals (and
hospital beds) . The decline in hospital beds has been entirely within the
specialty hospitals; the number of beds in general medical and surgical hos-
pitals has, in fact, increased
The number of general hospital beds appear to be well distributed between
urban and rural areas. In 1974 there were 4.4 and 4.7 short-stay beds per
1000 people in large metropolitan areas and in "rural" counties (i.e., counties
which were not adjacent to standard metropolitan statistical areas), respec-
tively'1'.
Census data (for 1976) indicate 5333 establishments in the U.S. in SIC
806 with about 81%, 67% and 26% of the facilities having greater than 50, 100
and 500 employees, respectively.
B-391
-------
SIC: 806
Other sources of data do not corroborate the census figure for the
number of hospitals. One source (HEW) gives the total number of hospitals
for 1973 as 7438 . The American Hospital Association (AHA) gives the number
of hospitals approved by the AHA as 7082 for 1976 and 7123 for 1973. For the
purpose of this assessment, the HEW data for 1973 have been used, with adjust-
ment made to 1976 based on the decrease in the number of AHA-approved hospitals
reported for 1976 compared to 1973.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Potentially hazardous wastes generated in hospitals include: (a) chemicals
from X-ray laboratories, (b) pathological, infectious and chemical wastes from
general laboratories, (c) pathological wastes consisting of tissue material
from biopsies, autopsies and surgery, (d) infectious wastes from contagion
wards and (e) radiological materials from radioisotope treatment and diagnostic
studies.
General medical and surgical hospitals (SIC 8062) generate wastes in all
the categories listed above. Psychiatric or mental hospitals (SIC 8063) gen-
erate only very small amounts of hypodermic needles and syringes ("sharps")
and X-ray laboratory wastes. Possible exceptions are the very large veterans
psychiatric hospitals which have surgery wings and isolation wards and thus
will also generate pathological and infectious waste. Specialty hospitals
(SIC 8069) which treat specified types of patients or illnesses (i.e., child-
ren; chronic disease; eye, ear, nose and throat; maternity; orthopedics; and
tuberculosis) generate wastes in most, but not necessarily all, of the cate-
gories of hazardous wastes listed above.
Data on hospital waste quantities and disposal procedures are available
from hospital surveys conducted by a limited number of states. About 18% of
the hospitals in Kansas covered in the state data base are small volume genera-
tors with an average hazardous waste output of 400 kg/mo. A 1976 Iowa survey
shows 90% of the hospitals returning questionnaires to be small volume gen-
erators with an average output of 57 kg/mo. The U.S. Center for Disease Con-
trol concurs with estimates obtained for the Los Angeles area that the average
quantity of infectious wastes generated by a 500-bed hospital amounts to approx-
imately 400-500 kg/mo.
The total hazardous waste quantity produced by hospitals nationwide is esti-
mated at 3.0 million kg/mo (see Industry Profile).
B-392
-------
SIC: 806
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
There are a variety of regulations and standards which apply to the hand-
ling of pathological, infectious and radioactive wastes produced by hospitals.
The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals (JCAH) provides accredita-
tion for hospitals which meet specified standards, including recommended
methods of handling pathological, infectious and laboratory wastes. Hospitals
which are certified to participate in the medicare health insurance program
also have to meet certain Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW)
established guidelines regarding waste disposal practices. The states of
California and Iowa (and many other states) have specific regulations which
control the manner in which hospital-generated wastes are to be handled. In
addition, there are also business and professional codes which prescribe the
correct manner to dispose of hospital wastes. These methods are generally in
line with those described below, based on contacts with five hospitals in the
Los Angeles area.
• X-ray waste - film is sent to a contractor for recovery of the
silver and disposal of the film residues. Spent developer is
sent directly to the sewer and fixer is treated at the hospital
for silver recovery and the residue sent to the sewer.
• General laboratory waste - solvents are collected separately and
incinerated, either by contractor or onsite. Pathological and
infectious wastes may be incinerated. Sharps are clipped or ground
and incinerated. Bacteriological cultures are often autoclaved
prior to disposal.
• Pathological wastes from surgeries, biopsies and autopsies are
incinerated onsite by the hospital or by a contractor at an approved
private facility.
• Infectious wastes are double-bagged, autoclaved to sterility and
disposed of in a landfill by a contractor at an approved facility.
• Radiological wastes are stored separately from other wastes and
disposed through licensed contractors or in an approved manner
(e.g., dilution and discharge to sewer for certain specified
wastes). It is understood that these wastes are not incinerated
nor sent with other waste residues to a common landfill.
• In cases involving recognizable limbs and human specimens, land-
filling is deleted as a possible disposal method due to aesthetic
criteria as opposed to direct public health considerations.
B-393
-------
SIC: 806
For the purpose of this study, infectious wastes are not considered as
hazardous if they are sterilized or incinerated prior to disposal. Although
hospitals may report that their "infectious" wastes are incinerated, varying
definitions of infectious waste make it difficult to determine if all of the
infectious waste is actually incinerated. Based on state survey data of 32
hospital facilities, 9% indicated onsite incineration as a disposal method
for body tissues; 88% indicated that for some or all of the wastes generated,
including "infectious" waste, their disposal method was unknown. A University
of Minnesota study of 80 general hospitals found that 35% of the total waste
(8)
from all hospitals is incinerated onsite . However, this study did not
obtain data on the percentage of pathological or infectious waste being proc-
essed by a specific disposal method. Another study on disposal methods for
infectious waste estimated that less than 5% of the total hospital waste was
(4)
incinerated onsite . This waste was identified by the facilities as "infec-
tious" or "pathological." Because of the discrepancies in the data, all
wastes described as "infectious" have been included in the total hazardous
waste quantity produced by hospitals regardless of the method of disposal.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COSTS:
Disposal costs for hospital wastes have been the subject of a number of
(4)
studies . -However, due to widely differing timeframes, basic assumptions
and methods of presenting data, the reported costs vary over a wide range. The
overall cost of disposal of hospital wastes is dependent on a number of per-
centages including:
• amount of pretreatment (compaction, autoclaving, shredding, etc.)
• method of disposal (landfill, incineration, etc.)
• distance to disposal site
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
One alternative hospital waste disposal method which has been tested in
the Los Angeles area which would decrease the quantity of waste destined for
offsite disposal is to use a heavy duty garbage disposal to grind certain wastes
and discharge them to the sewer. Based on preliminary results, the method is
considered of questionable success.
B-394
-------
SIC: 806
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) U.S. Department of Health rducation and Welfare, Health, United
States 1976-1977
(2) Hospital Statistics, 1977 ed., American Hospital Association
(3) Iowa Hospital Survey results; survey conducted by the Department
of Environmental Quality of State of Iowa
(4) Enviro Control, Inc., Evaluation of Treatment, Storage and Dis-
posal Methods for Infectious Waste, Draft Final Report submitted
to EPA, May 1979
(5) Based on waste quality data for 29 establishments covered in the
state data base
(6) Estimated based on HEW/AHA data (see text)
(7) Census data
(8) Kiefer, I., 1974. Hospital Wastes, publication SW-129, U.S. EPA,
Washington, D.C.
B-395
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.Z7.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(5)
SIC: 8060
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
ro
i
vfl
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MQ
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
bOO-700
700-800
HOO-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER
5119
647
325
206
145
109
86
70
59
49
261
209
111
PERCENT
69.2
8.7
4.4
2.8
2.0
1.5
1,2
.9
.8
.7
3.5
2.8
1.5
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
7395
(6)
100.0
255950.
97050.
81250.
72100.
65250.
59950.
55900.
52500.
49300.
46550.
391500.
731500.
1098900.
3057700.
8.4
3.2
2.7
2.4
2.1
2.0
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.5
12.8
23.9
35.9
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.b7.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE C UE GC* 1ES BY E°A SEGIPN I* SIC 8060
NUflBE" OF PLANTS IN E&CH CATEGORY
REGION TOTAL 1-4 5-9 10-19 20-49 50-99 100-P49 250-499 50C-999 >1000
I
V
VI
•4ATI
to
i
W
I
II
II
IV
V
VI
II
II
IX
X
ON
351
445
5B2
796
973
376
665
188
533'i
19
21
f-0
38
19
15
ft
333
12
13
1?
36
23
?3
6
IS
*
159
5
1
28
17
22
*>
ti
14
6
121
22
11
?5
59
82
44
58
43
22
407
36
27
43
127
108
139
62
74
119
28
763
88
66
196
241
149
100
56
170
39
1232
54
96
133
137
160
98
55
2C
120
45
927
63
116
116
95
175
57
39
22
86
25
796
52
92
PO
58
170
37
39
If
5
41
11
595
-------
INDUSTRY: Medical Laboratories SIC: 8071
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
This SIC covers establishments primarily engaged in providing profes-
sional analytic or diagnostic services to the medical profession, or to the
patient on prescription of a physician. The category includes the following
specific types of laboratories: bacteriological laboratories (not manufactur-
ing); biological laboratories (not manufacturing); biological chemists (not
manufacturing) laboratories, medical laboratories (clinical); pathological
laboratories; and X-ray laboratories (not manufacturing). These facilities
usually receive specimens from other health care facilities (e.g., hospitals,
physician's offices, nursing homes, etc.) and perform the required chemical,
bacteriological or pathological analyses or examination on a systematic mass-
produced basis. X-ray laboratories are facilities that take X-ray photo-
graphs of specified areas of ambulatory patients upon request from health per-
sonnel (e.g., doctors, chiropractors, etc.). X-ray labs are used by those
health professionals who require X-ray photographs for diagnostic purposes,
but who do not have their own onsite X-ray facilities.
Census data indicate a nationwide total of 3921 establishments within
SIC 9071, with about $b% and 7**% of the establishments having less than 5 and
10 employees, respectively. Based on the census data, about 19% and 22% of
the establishments are located in EPA Regions V and IX, respectively.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTESPRODUCED:
Hazardous wastes generated by medical labs generally fall within one of
the following four categories:
- radioactive wastes
- biological and contagious materials (cultures of pathological
organisms, pathological tissue specimens, stool samples from
infected individuals, etc.)
- clinical specimens for routine analysis procedures (blood, urine,
vomit, etc.)
- waste chemical reagents (buffers, acids, alkalis, salts, organic
compounds, etc.) from normal laboratory operations and waste
X-ray processing fluids
Many of the specimens received by a laboratory are in 10 mill Miter quantities
and one lab (with 35 employees) reportedly processes 300 such specimens per
day.
B-398
-------
SIC: 8071
Information obtained from (a) state survey data (a total of five faci-
lities in Kansas and California) and (b) phone contacts with two individual
facilities in the Los Angeles area indicates hazardous waste generation rates
ranging from 3 kg/mo to k8B kg/mo. The information on these seven establish-
ments provide the basis for this assessment.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Disposal practices vary with the type of wastes and are generally as
follows:
If a laboratory generates a "large" amount of radioactive waste,
it employs services of a commercial waste disposal company to
handle the radioactive wastes. Small amounts of "weakly" radio-
active wastes are flushed down the sink with large amounts of v,
water.
- Biological and contagious wastes are generally autoclaved to
destroy infectious agents; these wastes are then disposed of
as normal trash.
- Clinical specimens which remain after samples have been subjected
to required analyses are disposed of by different means, depend-
ing on the waste. Urine and blood are flushed down the sink.
Other specimens are either discharged to the sewer system or
doubled bagged and deposited with the regular trash. Some speci-
mens may be autoclaved prior to being discarded.
- Aqueous reagent wastes (e.g., inorganic buffers, acids, bases,
enzyme solutions, etc.) are usually discharged to the municipal
sewer. Automated analytical equipment reportedly uses small
amounts of reagents, so labs with this type of equipment should
not have large quantities of this type of waste. According to
personnel at one lab, organic solvents are collected by a com-
mercial disposal company.
- X-ray laboratories will likely use enough processing fluids to make
it economical to reclaim silver from waste fixer solutions. The
waste fixer will most likely be taken away in the form of a silver
reclamation cartridge. The "de-silvered" fixer solution is dis-
charged to the municipal sewer. The waste developer solutions
are generally discharged directly to the sewer.
Medical labs in California are subject to regulations governing disposal
of radioactive, microbiological, and contaminated specimen wastes. State
regulatory agencies also provide recommendations and guidelines concerning
the disposal of waste chemical reagents and specimen wastes from procedures
such as routine blood and urine work. In addition to state regulations,
there are also Federal Medicare regulations which cover disposal of certain
infectious wastes, and other Federal or state administered regulations for
B-399
-------
SIC: 8071
specified radioactive materials. There are certain waste categories which
evade control by either set of nationwide regulations. The extent to which
wastes from medical labs are controlled in individual states will depend pri-
marily on (a) whether the state is an "Agreement State" (i.e., states which
have approved plans and an agreement with the Federal Nuclear Regulatory
Commission (NRC) concerning the control of radioactive substances) and (b)
the comprehensiveness of state regulations with respect to which wastes and
which facilities are covered.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COSTS:
No specific cost data for the disposal/treatment of wastes from the medical
laboratory industry could be identified, and it is not clear whether such data
actually exist. One company which provides commercial waste pickup and dis-
posal service to hospitals, nursing homes and other facilities generating
infectious wastes indicated that it charges 8 cents.to 11 cents per pound
(depending on distance travelled) with a minimum service charge of $20 per
waste pickup.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Based on waste quantity data reported by five facilities in Kansas
and California in the state data base and discussions with two
individual facilities in the Los Angeles area
(2) Census data
(3) Discussion with one company providing waste pickup and disposal
services to the health service industry and three medical labora-
tories in the Southern California area. The three medical
B-400
-------
SIC: 8071
laboratories contacted employ 35, 235 and 500 persons; the labora-
tory with 500 employees in one of a number of laboratories through-
out the country which are owned by the same company.
CO Enviro Control, Inc., "Evaluation of Treatment, Storage and Disposal
Methods for Infectious Waste," report prepared for EPA, May 1979
B-401
-------
11/27/79.
08.-t3.a7.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(1)
SIC: 8071
NATION
ESTIMATED HUMBER AND WASTfc QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
CD
I
o
(O
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
6UO-700
700-600
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER
PERCENT
3098
353
196
118
20
20
39
12
12
8
27
17
1
79.0
9.0
5.0
3.0
.5
.5
1.0
.3
.3
.2
.7
.4
.0
3921
(2)
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO
PERCENT
52666.
52950.
4900C.
41300.
9000.
11000.
25350.
9000.
10200.
7600.
40500.
59500.
0.
14.3
14.4
13.3
11.2
2.4
3.0
6.9
2.4
2.8
2.1
11.0
16.2
0.0
100.0
368066.
100.0
-------
11/29/79. 13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN PF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT STZF CATEGORIES BY EPA PEflON IN SIC "071
P.F PLANTS IN EaCH CATEGORY
REGION
NA
w
I
II
I II
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
TION
TDTAL
222
294
451
754
513
153
90
851
157
}9?1
1-4
IIS
222
264
317
7b
45
437
71
2105
5-3
4Q
104
55
*2
145
74
29
1>»
1 85
?P
769
10-19
31
^7
51
45
91
f>7
21
14
118
29
514
20-49
17
24
2 '•)
35
ft9
39
n
9
70
23
32b
5C-99 100-249 250-49& 500-°90 >1000
5
14
"3
14
30
11
9
4
21
4
117
2
2
5
p
6
4
4
0
21
1
53
0
0
2
3
3
G
G
0
1
0
Q
0
1
1
0
1
C
1
C
0
1
5
C
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
o
U)
-------
INDUSTRY: Elementary and Secondary Schools SIC: 8211
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
This SIC includes all public, denominational and sectarian elementary
and secondary schools below the university level. Kindergartens and military
academies are also included. They are distributed throughout the country with
size and density dependent on population size and density. According to the
Department of Health, Education and Welfare, in 1976-77 there were 106,022
elementary and secondary schools in the U.S. with elementary schools account-
ing for 72% and secondary schools accounting for 28% of the total.*1 '
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Any potentially hazardous wastes produced in elementary and secondary
schools will result primarily from laboratories. State survey data on secon-
dary schools in California indicate generation of wastes containing compounds
such as solvents and pesticides. There are also general lab wastes, organic
and inorganic compounds, corrosive acids and alkalis, and waste oil. Because
elementary schools do not generally have laboratories containing hazardous
compounds, it is assumed that they do not generate hazardous wastes. The
estimated amount of hazardous waste generated by the subject SIC is estimated
at 500,000 kg/mo or an average of 23 kg/mo per generator (see Industry Profile).
Based on state survey data, 99% of the schools generate less than 100 kg/mo
of hazardous waste.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Based on state survey data over 90% of the schools dispose of some of
their wastes including detergents, photographic wastes, general lab wastes
and dilute acids and alkalis in the sewer; almost 40% dispose of general lab-
oratory wastes in landfills and over 20% employ landfill disposal for pesticide
wastes. Other disposal methods used include lagoons or ponds (for solvents),
landspreading (for oils, pesticides, solvents, and inorganic wastes), onsite
burial (for solvents), and recycling (for oil soaked solids).
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
*The census data indicate a total of only 14,007 establishments in SIC 8211;
because of the tax-exempt status of many of the establishments, the census data
are very low; the HEW figure of 106,022 has been used in this assessment with
proper adjustment made for the estimated "zero" generators.
B-404
-------
SIC: 8211
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
Segregation of waste at the source can enable some degree of waste
recycling.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Telephone communication with a technical staff at HEW Educational
Statistics Department
(2) Based on state survey data for 12 establishments
(3) HEW data on number of establishments, adjusted for the estimated
"zero" generators (80%)
B-405
-------
11/27/79.
03.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(2)
SIC: 8211
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
CO
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-600
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER
PERCENT
20144
1060
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
95.0
5.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
342448.
159000.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
68.3
31.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
TOTAL
21204
(3)
100.0
501448.
100.0
-------
INDUSTRY: Colleges, Universities, Professional Schools SIC: 8221,8222
and Junior Colleges
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
This SIC covers educational institutions granting academic degrees and
requiring a high school diploma or equivalent training for admission. It
includes colleges, professional schools, service academies, theological semi-
naries, universities, junior and community colleges, and technical institutes.
The census data indicate a total of 2319 establishments in the subject SIC.
These institutions vary in size and are distributed throughout the U.S. (see
census data computer printout on the distribution of establishments by employ-
ment size category and EPA region).
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Hazardous wastes generated by institutions in the subject SIC result pri-
marily from laboratories. Based on state survey data, types of waste generated
are flammable or toxic wastes including solvents and pesticides, miscellaneous
organic and inorganic chemicals, corrosive acids and alkalis, and waste oil.
Some institutions generate infectious wastes including needles, syringes, and
other biological wastes, radioactive waste and carcinogens. Based on discus-
sions with the environmental health and safety offices at two large universities,
it is estimated that all establishments in the subject SIC generate less than
2000 kg/mo of hazardous waste. It is assumed that about 10% of the institu-
tions (e.g., theological institutions) do not generate hazardous wastes
The estimated amount of hazardous waste generated by the subject SIC is 630,000
kg/mo, or an average rate of 300 kg/mo per generator (see Industry Profile).
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Based on the state data, more than 35% of the establishments surveyed dis-
posed of some wastes including detergents, laboratory wastes, and photographic
wastes in the sewer. Over 60% of the institutions use landfill disposal for
for some or all of their hazardous wastes. Other disposal methods reported
include landspreading (for pesticides). At two major universities contacted
the majority of the hazardous wastes are taken to landfills by commercial
haulers. These wastes are stored onsite and packed in drums prior to disposal.
One institution indicates limited recycling of some solvents.
B-407
-------
SIC: 8221,8222
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
Separation of wastes at the source or prior to storage for disposal would
enable some wastes such as solvents and other chemicals to be recycled.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Based on state survey data and communication with the Association
of Theological Schools (ATS). It is assumed that theological schools
do not have hazardous waste. ATS provided information on the number
of theological schools in the U.S. so that the percentage of zero
generators in the subject SIC could be determined.
(2) Discussions with the Environmental Health and Safety officers in
two major universities
(3) Based on the state data on waste quantity generation distribution
on 4 establishments in subject SIC's and the information on "zero"
generators and maximum anticipated waste production rate from Refer-
ences 1 and 2.
(4) Census data adjusted for the estimated "zero" generators (10%)
B-408
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(3)
SIC: 8221
8222
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
CO
o
V0
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-30C
300-400
400-500
500-600
bOO-700
700-800
dOO-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
1345
162
70
46
46
46
23
23
23
23
230
0
0
64.4
7.8
3.4
2.2
2.2
2.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
13.4
0.0
0.0
2087
(4)
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
33625.
24300.
17500.
16100.
20700.
25300.
14950.
17250.
19550.
21B50.
420000.
0.
0.
5.3
3.9
2.U
2.6
3.3
4.0
2.4
2.7
3.1
3.5
66.5
0.0
0.0
100.0
631125
100.0
-------
BRtAKDQ-iN OF PLANTS IN
sy 7* r
BY EPA FEGIOK IN SIC 8220
10
it*
GIDN
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
TOTAL
210
304
332
340
437
147
161
53
261
72
1-4
?0
61
*0
L7
71
20
J«5
Q
64
15
s.o 10-10
17
?7
?4
17
30
10
7
\
?b
10
11
?«t
?o
"*"\
43
•>\
17
11
34
10
20-45
24
36
5C
45
66
2C
22
9
55
5
5C-99 100-249 250-499 500-999 >100U
28
25
36
64
"53
14
26
10
29
10
44
50
69
93
68
40
51
6
29
6
31
"30
38
32
52
8
17
3
10
9
12
24
12
4
17
7
2
C"
10
5
13
23
14
10
T5"
7
4
2 "
4
0
NATION
2319
3RB
174
335
295
230
93
92
-------
INDUSTRY: Museums SIC: 8411
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
Establishments covered under the subject SIC include museums and art
galleries. These establishments are located in all regions of the United
States with the greatest concentrations in large urban centers. While few
art galleries generate hazardous wastes , most museums generate small amounts
(2)
of waste chemicals, oil waste, paint wastes, etc . There are reportedly
1821 museums in the United States *
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
Most large museums of natural history will have taxidermy operations on
site and generate.wastes which include meat and organs from animals. Hides
and skins are generally treated with a dilute solution of arsenic to prevent
insects from eating the remains. Since few animals are received each year,
a jar of arsenic may last several years. Other chemicals utilized include para-
dichlorobenzene, methylbenzene, ethyl alcohol and cyanide ("cyanide jars").
Resultant wastes (primarily empty containers and waste ethyl alcohol) are very
(2)
small in quantity, probably not exceeding 1 to 2 kg per month per museum
Wastes of a hazardous nature generated in maintenance operations include waste
oil, lacquer, paint wastes, paint solvents, refrigerants and cleaning solu-
tions. At one of the 5 largest museums in the U.S., liquid hazardous wastes
from maintenance activities are collected in 55-gallon drums. About 50 of
these drums are disposed of per year. Monthly waste generation for this parti-
cular museum is 670 kg. This rate, however, is considered very high for the
majority of museums in the nation. Based on an average monthly generation
rate of 50 kg/mo, which is believed to be more typical, the total waste generated
by museums is estimated at 94,000 kg/mo.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Container wastes from natural history museums are generally disposed of
via municipal refuse collection. Small amounts of chemical wastes and meat
(2)
and organs from taxidermy operations are disposed of in the sewer . Wastes
generated in connection with maintenance activities for museums are predomin-
nantly disposed of via contract waste haulers
"Census data indicate a total of 792 establishments in SIC 8411; a figure of
1821 from Reference 3 is considered more accurate since the census data would
be low because of the tax-exempt nature of certain establishments in this SIC.
B-411
-------
SIC: 8411
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
Disposal cost for hazardous wastes is insignificant compared to the cost
for the total waste quantity.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
Rinsing of empty containers before codisposal in municipal refuse; separ-
ate collection of waste oil and solvents to enable recycling by commercial
reclaimers.
SOURCES OF DATA USED:
(1) Three art galleries
(2) Four museums
(3) Statistical Abstract, 1978
B-412
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
SIC: 8411
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
J
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
600
900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
1816
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
99.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
TOTAL
1821
(3)
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MU PERCENT
90800.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
3250.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
96.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
94050.
100.0
-------
INDUSTRY: Noncommercial Educational, Scientific and SIC: 8922
Research Organizations
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
The establishments in this industry are primarily engaged in noncommercial
research into, and dissemination of, information for public health, education,
or general welfare. It includes institutions which operate primarily on funds
from endowments, contributions, and grants. A variety of activities are per-
formed by these establishments including archeological expeditions, educational
research, medical research, scientific research, and social research. The cen-
sus data indicate a total of 2349 establishments for this SIC which are dis-
tributed throughout the country roughly in proportion to the population of a
region . Over 50% of the establishments employ less than 5 persons (see
census data computer printout on the distribution of establishments by EPA
region and employment size category).
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
It is anticipated that any hazardous wastes produced by establishments
in this SIC come from laboratory activities and that the wastes generated may
include infectious biological wastes, corrosive wastes such as acids and
alkalis, and toxic or flammable wastes including oils, solvents, and miscel-
laneous organic and inorganic chemicals. The estimated amount of hazardous
waste generated by the subject SIC is 254,000 kg/mo or an average rate of 215
kg/mo per generator (see Industry Profile). All establishments in this SIC
generate less than 5000 kg/mo of hazardous waste and it is assumed that 50%
do not generate hazardous wastes
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
Based on disposal practices of laboratories in other SIC categories ,
it is expected that more than 30% of the establishments dispose of some
general laboratory wastes in the sewer and over 50% use landfill disposal for
some or all of their hazardous wastes. Other disposal methods may include
incineration (for infectious wastes) and landspreading.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
B-414
-------
SIC: 8922
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
(See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
(1) Based on discussions with the National Science Foundation, a figure
of 2349 establishments for SIC 8922 is probably too low; however,
based on a 1973 NSF study, there are only 186 non-profit scientific
research institutes with at least $100,000 per year R&D expenditure.
The NSF estimates that about 99% of the research (which would involve
laboratory activities and hence generation of hazardous waste) is
carried out by these 186 institutes. For this study, it is assumed
that only 50% of all establishments generate any hazardous waste.
The other 50% which do not generate hazardous wastes are establish-
ments engaged in social sciences and similar reserach activities.
(2) See assessment summary sheets for SIC's 7391, 7397, 8221/8222
(3) Census data, adjusted for estimated "zero" generators (50%)
(4) Based on discussions with the NSF, approximately 200 establishments
perform 99% of the research (see Reference 1) and it is assumed
that 50% of these, or 100 institutes, perform laboratory research
and hence generate hazardous waste. It is further assumed that
these establishments generate waste quantities analogous to those
of other large research institutions (see assessment summary sheet
for SIC 8221/8222). Of the remaining 2151 establishments, it is
assumed that 50%, or 1075 institutes, perform laboratory research
and therefore generate hazardous waste. Since all together these
establishments perform only 1% of the research, it is assumed that
they are very small establishments and each generate less than 100
kg/mo.
B-415
-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
(4)
SIC: 8922
NATION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/HO
T
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2000
>
100
200
300
400
i>00
600
700
800
900
1000
20CO
5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
1075
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
75
25
0
91.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.4
2.1
0.0
TOTAL
1175
(3)
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/HO
PERCENT
!»3750.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
112500.
87500.
0.
21.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
44.3
34.5
0.0
100.0
253750.
100.0
-------
APPENDIX C
MISCELLANEOUS SUPPORT DATA
-------
SECTION C-l. AGENCIES, ASSOCIATIONS AND COMPANIES SUPPLYING INFORMATION FOR
USE IN THE TRW STUDY
• Federal Agencies
• State Agencies
• County and Local Agencies
• Past and Current EPA and Other Contractors
• Trade Associations
C-l
-------
LIST OF KEY FEDERAL AGENCIES PROVIDING INFORMATION FOR USE IN THE
TRW STUDY
• U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste, Hazardous Waste Management Division
• U.S. EPA Office of Pesticide Programs
• U.S. EPA Regional Offices (all ten offices)
• U.S. EPA Office of Water Planning and Standards, Effluent Guidelines
Division
• U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census
• U.S. Department of Energy (Bartlesville Energy Technology Center)
• U.S. Department of Agriculture
• U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines
• Federal Drug Enforcement Agency
• Interstate Commerce Commission
• U.S. Postal Service
• U.S. Coast Guard
• U.S. Corps of Engineers
• Federal Aviation Administration
• Food and Drug Administration
• U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare
• National Science Foundation (NSF)
• U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms
C-2
-------
LIST OF STATE AGENCIES PROVIDING HAZARDOUS WASTE SURVEY DATA AND SUMMARY
REPORTS FOR USE IN THE TRW STUDY
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Agency
Department of Public Health
Division of Solid Waste and Vector Control
Solid Waste Programs
Department of Environmental Conservation
Bureau of Sanitation
Department of Health Services
Solid Waste Control Division
Department of Pollution Control and Ecology
Department of Health Services
Vector and Waste Management Division
State Department of Agriculture
Department of Health
Solid Waste Management Programs
Department of Environmental Protection
Solid Waste Section
Department of National Resources and Environmental
Control
Office of Environmental Quality
Department of Environmental Services
Solid Waste Management Program
Department of Environmental Regulation
Land Protection Branch
Environmental Protection Division
Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Health Division
Department of Health
Solid Waste Management Section
Department of Health and Welfare
Hazardous Waste Management Division
State Environmental Protection Agency
Solid Waste Management Section
Division of Sanitary Engineering
State Board of Health
C-3
-------
LIST OF STATE AGENCIES (CONTINUED)
State
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Mas sachuse tts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
Agency
Air and Land Quality Division
Department of Environmental Quality
Solid Waste Management Section
Department of Health and Environment
Hazardous Waste Materials
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental
Protection
Administration and Operations Division
Office of Science, Technology and Environmental
Policy
Solid Waste and Vector Control Unit
Health and Human Resources Administration
Division of Solid Waste Management Control
Bureau of Land Quality
Department of Environmental Protection
Department of Natural Resources
Water Resources Administration
Bureau of Solid Waste Disposal
Department of Environmental Management
Environmental Protection Bureau
Department of Natural Resources
Division of Solid Waste
Pollution Control Agency
Division of Solid Waste Management and Vector Control
State Board of Health
Solid Waste Management Program
Department of Natural Resources
Solid Waste Management Bureau
Department of Health and Environmental Sciences
Solid Waste Division
Department of Environmental Control
Solid Waste Management Department
Division of Environmental Protection
Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
C-4
-------
LIST OF STATE AGENCIES (CONTINUED)
State
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Agency
Bureau of Solid Waste
Department of Health and Welfare
Solid Waste Administration
Division of Environmental Protection
Solid Waste Management Unit
Environmental Improvement Division
Division of Solid Waste Management
Department of Environmental Conservation
Department of Agriculture
Solid Waste and Vector Control
Department of Human Resources
Division of Health Services
Division of Waste Supply and Pollution Control
Department of Health
Office of Hazardous Waste Coordinator
Environmental Protection Agency
Industrial and Solid Waste Division
Department of Health
Solid Waste Management Division
Department of Environmental Quality
Division of Solid Waste Management
Department of Environmental Resources
Solid Waste Management Program
Department of Environmental Management
Solid Waste Management Division
Department of Health and Environmental Control
Air Quality and Solid Waste Management Division
Department of Environmental Protection
Division of Solid Waste Management
Bureau of Environmental Services
Department of Public Health
Department of Water Resources
Solid Waste Branch
General Sanitation Section
State Division of Health
C-5
-------
LIST OF STATE AGENCIES (CONTINUED)
State
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Agency
Air and Solid Waste Programs
Agency of Environmental Conservation
Bureau of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management
Department of Health
Department of Health Services
Disposal Planning Division
Department of Health
Department of Natural Resources
Bureau of Solid Waste Management
Solid Waste Programs
Department of Environmental Quality
Territory
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
Environmental Quality Board
Office of the Governor
Solid Waste Planning Office
Department of Public Works
C-6
-------
LIST OF COUNTY AND LOCAL AGENCIES PROVIDING INFORMATION FOR USE IN THE TRW
STUDY
Chicago Metropolitan Sanitation District
Chicago, IL
County Sanitation District of Los Angeles County
Solid Waste Management Department
Whittier, CA
Alameda County Planning Department
Hayward, CA
County of San Diego
Department of Sanitation and Flood Control
Solid Waste Division
San Diego, CA
Nassau County Department of Health
Mineola, NY
Los Angeles County Agricultural Commission
Los Angeles, CA
Los Angeles International Airport Authority
Los Angeles, CA
C-7
-------
LIST OF PAST AND CURRENT EPA AND OTHER CONTRACTORS PROVIDING DATA FOR USE IN
THE TRW STUDY
Accurex Corporation
Mountain View, CA
GCA
Bedford, MA
Garrity-Sandage Associates, Inc.
Mason City, IA
Hamilton Standards
Division of United Technologies
Windsor, CT
Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc.
Pasadena, CA
Environmental Science and Engineering, Inc.
Gainesville, FL
Versar, Inc.
Springfield, VA
C-8
-------
LIST OF TRADE ASSOCIATIONS PROVIDING ASSISTANCE AND INFORMATION FOR USE IN
THE TRW STUDY
Air Transport Association
Aluminum Recycling Association
American Apparel Manufacturing Association
American Association of Blood Banks
American Association of Botanical Gardens and Arboreta
American Association of Nurserymen
American Building Contractors Association
American Chiropractic Association
American Concrete Pressure Pipe Association
American Dental Association
American Electroplater Society
American Federation of Small Businesses
American Foundrymen's Society
American Hospital Association
American Medical Association
American Optometric Association
American Osteopathic Association
American Pharmaceutical Association
American Plywood Association
American Red Cross
American Society of Zoological Parks and Aquariums
American Veterinary Medical Association
American Wood Preservers Association
Associated General Contractors of America
Associated Master Barbers and Beauticians of America
Association of American Railroads
C-9
-------
LIST OF TRADE ASSOCIATIONS (CONTINUED)
Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers
Association of Petroleum Rerefiners
Association of Theological Schools
Automotive Service Industry Association
Barbers, Beauticians and Allied Industries Association
California Nursing Home Association
California Trucking Association
Cosmetics, Toiletry and Fragrance Association
Council of Community Blood Centers
Cremation Association of North America
Electric Apparatus Service Association
Embalming Chemical Manufacturers Association
Farm and Industrial Equipment Institute
Flexible Packaging Association
Glass Packaging Institute
Graphic Arts Technical Association
Gypsum Association
Hardwood Plywood Manufacturers Association
Institute of Shortening and Edible Oils
International Fabricare Institute
International Lead Zinc Research Organization
International Sanitary Supply Association
Lawn and Garden Distributors Association
Manufacturing Jewelers and Silversmiths of America
Metal Treating Institute
National Alliance of Television and Electronic Service Association
C-10
-------
LIST OF TRADE ASSOCIATIONS (CONTINUED)
National Association of Home Builders
National Association of Pesticide Control Officials
National Association of Photographic Manufacturers, Inc.
National Automatic Laundry and Cleaning Association
National Communications Association
National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement
National Funeral Directors and Morticians Association
National Funeral Directors Association
National Nursing Home Association
National Pest Control Association
National Wholesale Druggists' Association
Non-Ferrous Founders Society
North American Telephone Association
Portland Cement Association
Printing Industries of America
Refrigeration Service Engineers Society
Sealed insulating Glass Manufacturers Association
Soap and Detergent Association
Tanners' Council of America
The Proprietary Association
The Tobacco Institute
Writing Instrument Manufacturers Association, Inc.
C-ll
-------
SECTION C-2. ITEMS RELATED TO PREPARATION OF FACILITY COMPUTER INPUT DATA
SHEETS FOR COMPUTERIZATION OF STATE DATA BASE
• Entries for Facilities Computer Input Data Sheet
• Facility Computer Input Data Sheets, Waste Characteristics and
Treatment/Disposal Codes
• Facility Computer Input Data sheet, General Explanatory Notes
• Sample of a Completed Facility Computer Input Data Sheet
C-12
-------
ENTRIES FOR FACILITY COMPUTER INPUT DATA SHEET
Computer
Entry
Designation
ID
DATASOUR
ALLSICS
ASICPRE
PSIC
PSICPRE
YRDCOD
COMPNAM
STRADR
CITY
COUNTY
STATE
ZIPCODE
TELE
CONTACT
PRODSERV
WASTNO
WASTCODE
WASTNAM
HAZCHAR
PHYSCHAR
QASTSORC
WTDDIS
WDISLS
WTOLS
WDISDW
WTODW
WDISLF
WTOLF
WDISCOMP
WTOCOMP
WDISINC
STOINC
Entry
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Entry Designation
Identification Number
Data Source
All SIC's (list)
All SIC's Preassigned? (Y/N)
Primary SIC(s)
Primary SIC Preassigned? (Y/N)
Year Data Collected
Company Name
Street Address
City
County
State
Zip Code
Telephone Number
Contact
Product/Service
Waste Number
Haste Code (see list)
Waste Chemical Name
Hazardous Character (see list)
Physical Character (see list)
Waste Source
Total Waste Quantity to Disposal, kg/mo
Waste Disposal, Landspreading (on/off)
Total Waste Quantity to Landspreading, kg/mo
Waste Disposal, Deep Well Injection (on/off)
Total Waste Quantity to Deep Well Injection, kg/mo
Waste Disposal, Landfill (on/off)
Total Waste Quantity to Landfill, kg/mo
Waste Disposal, Composting (on/off)
Total Waste Quantity to Composting, kg/mo
Waste Disposal, Incineration (on/off)
Total Waste Quantity to Incineration, kg/mo
C-13
-------
Computer
Entry
Designation
WDISREC
WTORED
WDISMS
WTOMS
WDISLP
WTOLP
WDISOM
WTOOM
WDISUNK
WTOUNK
WTOCH
WTOSH
WTOMRC
WTOTRR
WTOTRRR
WTOTRW
WTOTRA
WTRB
WTOB
WTRC
WTOC
WTRP
WTOP
WQTYBR
WQTYGF
WQTYLS
WQTYDW
WQTYLF
WQTYCO
Entry
Number
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
Entry Designation
Waste Disposal, Off-site Recycling? (Y/N)
Total Waste Quantity to Off-site Recycling, kg/mo
Waste Disposal, On-site Municipal Sewer? (Y/N)
Total Waste Quantity to On-site Municipal Sewer, kg/mo
Waste Disposal, Lagoons/Solar Ponds (on/off)
Total Waste Quantity to Lagoons/Solar Ponds, kg/mo
Waste Disposal, Other Methods (on/off)
Total Waste Quantity to Other Disposal Method, kg/mo
Waste Disposal, Unknown Method
Total Waste Quantity to Unknown Disposal Method, kg/mo
Contractor Waste Hauling Total Quantity, kg/mo
Self-Hauling Total Waste Quantity, kg/mo
Municipal Refuse Collection Hauling Total Waste
Quantity, kg/mo
Total Waste Quantity Transported by Road, kg/mo
Total Waste Quantity Transported by Rail, kg/mo
Total Waste Quantity Transported by Water, kg/mo
Total Waste Quantity Transported by Air, kg/mo
Waste Treatment, Biological On/Off (see list)
Total Waste Quantity to Biological Treatment, kg/mo
Waste Treatment, Chemical On/Off (see list)
Total Waste Quantity to Chemical Treatment, kg/mo
Waste Treatment, Physical On/Off (see list)
Total Waste Quantity to Physical Treatment, kg/mo
Waste Quantity to Disposal Breakdown by Waste Number,
kg/mo
Waste Quantity to Disposal Generation Factor by Waste
Number
Landspreading Disposal Waste Quantity Breakdown by
Waste Number, kg/mo
Deep Well Injection Disposal Waste Quantity Breakdown
by waste Number, kg/mo
Landfill Disposal Waste Q cantity Breakdown by Waste
Number, kg/mo
Composting Disposal Waste Quantity Breakdown by Waste
Number, kg/mo
C-14
-------
Computer
Entry
Designation
WQTYIN
WQTYMS
WQTYMS
WQTYLP
WQTYOM
WQTYUM
WQTYCH
WQTYSH
WQTYMRC
WQTYTRR
WQTYTRRR
WQTYTRW
WQTYTRA
WQTBY
WQTYC
WQTYP
WQTYSIC
WQTYDA
NDEMP
ANSAL
COSTSAL
FBS
ANPROD
Entry
Number
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
Entry Designation
Incineration Disposal Waste Quantity Breakdown by
Waste Number, kg/mo
Waste Disposal to Off-site Recycling Quantity Breakdown
by Waste Number, kg/mo
Waste Disposal to On-site Municipal Sewer Quantity
Breakdown by Waste Number, kg/mo
Waste Disposal to Lagoons/Solar Ponds Quantity Break-
down by Waste Number/ kg/mo
Waste Disposal to Other Methods Quantity Breakdown
by Waste Number, kg/mo
Waste Disposal to Unknown Methods Quantity Breakdown
by Waste Stream, kg/mo
Contractor Hauling Waste Quantity Breakdown by Waste
Number, kg/mo
Self Hauling waste Quantity Breakdown by Waste Number,
' kg/mo
Municipal Refuse Collection Hauling Waste Quantity
Breakdown by Waste Number, kg/mo
Waste Transport by Road Quantity Breakdown by Waste
Number, kg/mo
Waste Transport by Rail Quantity Breakdown by Waste
Number, kg/mo
Waste Transport by Water Quantity Breakdown by Waste
Number, kg/mo
Waste Transport by Air Quantity Breakdown by Waste
Number, kg/mo
Waste Quantity to Biological Treatment, Breakdown by
Waste Number, kg/mo
Waste Quantity to Chemical Treatment, Breakdown by Waste
Number, kg/mo
Waste Quantity to Physical Treatment, Breakdown by Waste
Number, kg/mo
Waste Quantity to Disposal for Multiple SIC's Broken
Down by SIC? (Y/N)
Waste Quantity Fluctuations Data Available? (Y/N)
Number of Employees
Annual Sales, $
Cost of Sales, $
Financial Balance Sheet Available? (Y/N)
Annual Production, kg
C-15
-------
Computer
Entry Entry
Designation Number Entry Designation
PROCUSED 86 Processes Used
RAWMAT 87 Raw Material Data Available? (Y/N)
COSTDATA 88 Cost Data
MISTEXT 89 Miscellaneous Text
C-16
-------
FACILITY COMPUTER
WASTE CHARACTERISTICS AND
A.• WASTE CODE:
01 - Acids
02 - Alkali
03 - Pesticides
04 - Heavy metals
05 - Solvents
06 - Chlorinated organics
07 - Paint wastes
08 - Cyanides
09 - Waste oil*
10 - Inorganic sludges
11 - Organics sludges
12 - Infectious
13 - Other organics
14 - Other inorganics
15 - Explosive
16 - Radioactive
B. HAZARDOUS CHARACTERISTICS:f
I - Ignitable (flammable)
C - Corrosive
R - Reactive
T - Toxic
IF - Infectious
RA - Radioactive
M - Mutagenie
CA - Carcinogenic
TE - Teratogenic
INPUT DATA SHEETS
TREATMENT/DISPOSAL CODES
C. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS:*
SO - Solid
LQ - Liquid
SL - Sludge
D. WASTE SOURCE:5
P - Process
NP - Non-process
PC - Pollution control
E. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT METHODS:
Activated sludge
Trickling filter
Aerated lagoon
Stabilization pond
Other
F. CHEMICAL TREATMENT METHODS:
Ion exchange
Neutralization
Precipitation
Oxidation
Reduction
Coagulation/flocculation
Other
C-17
-------
G. PHYSICAL TREATMENT METHODS:
Adsorption
Centrifugation
Dilution
Evaporation
Filtration
Flotation
Settling
Solvent Extraction
Stripping
Other
*A11 waste oils except vegetable and animal oils; the category includes lube
oil, hydraulic oil and cutting oil.
Use hazardous characteristics specified in the raw data, provided that the
characteristics specified are reasonable; if not reasonable, assign character-
istics based on technical judgment.
*If physical characteristics (solid, liquid or sludge) not specified in the raw
data, use the following as guidelines in assigning physical characteristics:
Solid - "non-fluid" wastes
Liquid - Liquids containing dissolved solids (e.g., brine solutions)
or containing less than 1% (by weight) suspended solids
Sludge - Still bottoms, tank bottoms and liquids containing more than
1% (by weight) suspended solids
§
Use the following definitions for waste source:
Process - Waste resulting directly from (not incidental to) manufacturing
operation or service industries, e.g., still bottoms from puri-
fication of crude phenols or pesticides wastes (empty containers,
unused pesticides, etc.) from exterminating operations
Non-process - Wastes not directly related to the main manufacturing or
service industry operation, but incidental to them, e.g.,
waste lube oil from maintenance of production equipment;
also waste from utility and support operations such as
brines from regeneration of ion exchange resins used for
raw waste treatment.
C-18
-------
FACILITY COMPUTER INPUT DATA SHEET
General Explanatory Notes
A. Leave blanks for all entries for which there are no data or the answer
to a "yes/no" question is "no."
B. Do not use commas to separate 3-digits in a single number (e.g., enter
3000000 and not 3,000,000)
C. In reporting quantities, round numbers as follows:
- Less than 1, to the nearest 0.1; e.g., 0.6 and not 0.62; 0.7
and not 0.69 (or 1.0)
- For numbers greater than 1, show no decimal points; e.g., 157
and not 157.3
- In rounding decimals, go to the next higher number if the decimal
value is greater than 0.05 (when number is less than 1) or 0.5 (when
number is greater than 1); e.g., 0.66 will be rounded to 0.7 and
157.6 will be rounded to 158
- In rounding decimals go to the next lower number if the decimal
value is less than 0.05 (when number is less than 1) or 0.5 (when
number is greater than 1); e.g., 0.63 will be rounded to 0.6 and
157.4 will be rounded to 158
- In rounding decimals ending in "5" ("0.05" or "0.5"), round upward
if the preceding digit is an "odd" number, and round downward if
the preceding digit is an "even" number; e.g., 0.65 will be rounded
to 0.6 whereas 157.5 will be rounded to 158
D. Write out chemical names and not chemical formulas; e.g., tertiary butyl
acetate and not C6H12°2' sulfuric acid and not H2SO4' water and not H2°
E. If information for an entry must be continued on the next line, the last
item on the first line cannot be split between lines; i.e., the information
on the last quote on the first line should appear in its entirety on the
first or second line, and not split between the 2 lines; e.g., for ENTRY 19:
INCORRECT JLFIRST LINE ' SULFURIC' ' STILL
INCORRECT (SECOND LINE BOTTOM1
CORRECT _JFIRST LINE 'SULFURIC'
CORRECT (SECOND LINE 'STILL BOTTOM'
CORRECT -(FIRST LINE 'SULFURIC' ' STILL BOTTOM1
F. To indicate completion of the entries for a plant, place a period (.) at
the end of the last item on the last entry line
C-19
-------
G. When data are given as a "range" and no computer data manipulation involving
summation is anticipated, report them as such (e.g., number of employment
100-249)
H. When data are given as a "range" and computer data manipulation involving
summations is anticipated, report the number as the average of the range
(e.g., total waste quantity to disposal 300 kg/mo and not 100-500 kg/mo)
I. When several wastes are identified, but quantity (or other data) are given
for all wastes, complete entries 17 through 22 for all wastes (wherever data
available); the input for entry 23 will be the sum for those wastes for
which data are given with an explanatory note in entry 89 indicating wastes
for which no quantity data are available (the missing data would also be
apparent by the entry 57)
J. In converting waste volume to weight quantities, use the following esti-
mated densities (specific gravities) as general guidelines.
Organic solvent - 50 Ib/cut ft (6.7 Ib/gal or specific gravity
= 0.8)
Aqueous wastes - 63 Ib/cu ft (8.34 lb/ gal or specific gravity
-1.0)
Sludges - 75 lb/ cu ft (10 Ib/gal or specific gravity =1.2)
Woody trash - 15 Ib/cu ft (specific gravity = 0.24)
K. Do not use abbreviations (e.g., manufacturing and not mfr.; Boulevard and
not Blvd.; Company and not Co., •etc.)
L. For entry 12, use the 2-letter U.S. Post Office abbreviations for the
states (e.g., AZ for Arizona, etc. - see attached list for "State
Abbreviations.")
M. Print out all entries in capital letters.
N. All individual facility computer input data sheets must be numbered and
should indicate the total number of pages for each plant (thus, if only
one page is used, page numbers should indicate Page 1 of 1; if 3 pages
are used, page numbers should be 1 of 3, 2 of 3 and 3 of 3).
O. Place plant I.D. number on the upper right hand corner of each sheet
below the page number.
P. Place plant I.D. number on the raw data sheet itself for reference purposes.
C-20
-------
Q. For Entry 19, when a waste is described on a state survey form by a name
other than a chemical name (e.g., a trade name or generic name), enter
the name given (e.g., developer .fixer).
R. In reducing the raw data for a given facility (before transferring the
data onto the facility input computer data sheet), indicate (on the raw
data sheet or on separate sheet) any specific assumptions and judgments
which you made as to waste quantities, sources, hazardous or nonhazardous
nature of a waste, disposal practice, etc. pertaining to the data for that
specific' plant. Also, for each state, prepare a summary sheet of key
general assumptions and technical judgments you made in reducing the data.
S. In printing entries on the facility computer input data sheets, make all
capital i's as "I" and not "1." Also, make sure all zeros are O's and
all letter O's are "0's" (e.g., 0ILY and not OILY).
C-21
-------
STATE ABBREVIATIONS
Alabama AL
Alaska AK
Arizona AZ
Arkansas AR
California CA
Colorado CO
Connecticut CT
Delaware DE
District of Columbia DC
Florida FL
Georgia GA
Hawaii HI
Idaho ID
Illinois IL
Indiana IN
Iowa IA
Kansas KS
Kentucky KY
Louisiana LA
Maine ME
Maryland '•>•• MO
Massachusetts MA
Michigan MI
Minnesota MN
Mississippi MS
Missouri MO
Montana MT
Nebraska '• NE
Nevada NV
New Hampshire ' NH
New Jersey NJ
New Mexico NM
New York NY
North Carolina NC
North Dakota NO
Ohio OH
Oklahoma OK
Oregon OR
Pennsylvania PA
Rhode Island RI
South Carolina SC
South Dakota SO
Tennessee TN
Texas TX
Utah UT
Vermont r v*
Virginia VA
Washington WA
West Virginia WV
Wisconsin MI
Wyoming WY
American Samoa AS
Canal Zone CZ
Guam GU
Puerto Rico .' PR
Trust Territories TT
Virgin Islands VI
C-22
-------
DATE.
NAME.
7 "xr~
PACE -I OF
9 +
ROBLEM NO -
NO OF CARDS -
80 COLUMN FREE KEY PUNCH FORM
* * 7 * '
KEYPUNCHED BY .
VERIFIED BY—
1.7.'
7,' ,1 J.7.S ' . .
i . • i i
. ! I I I . I
i i i
ry.'.//. 'Ji/.
1 I
I I ! I ' I 1
I I I I I I 1 I I
I ! I I I
I I I I i ! I I I
I t | 1it 1
I I I I I I
I I I 1 I I I I
111(1
I I I I I I
I I I I I I I
2'll«^5l6TaNno
SV1TCM* TOB REV IZ>I6
311321 111 34 39I3G117I3&139I *<
ltll2T!3'1* 15 16 17 IB 19 2O
-------
>in»i.M«im»Jiiiin.iiim-i..;»ri.i-..n...iMi-ifMnit>-»i»;i^iKi»;>jinui.iKiii><|.>ii.ri>nt:.i.nKnnill.lfllln
,23' U& '
<*Pl | 'i/i i i
DATE.
NAME.
PROBLEM NO
80 COLUMN FREE KEY PUNCH FORM
llUfi' AyAQI4i
KEYPUNCHED BY .
VEH1FIE
it
I ! I ' I ' I I '
1 1 !_!
I I I I I ' ' I '
: I I i i !
• I I II-
II'
i i
I I ' I I
I I
I I I I I I '• I
I • I I I
I Ill
I I
II
I I I I
1 I I ! I I I I I
1 I I
I I
_L_L
i ' l ' ' i ' i i
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 I
1 1 1 1 1 I 1
i l i l 1 r ! i
1 l i i t i i 1 1
1 1 1 ! t I 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 i i
( 1 1 \ \ 1 1 1
! 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 l
1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
i i i i i i
1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 T
1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 l l 1 l 1 l l
1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
J-*-
iii
l i i
i i --1 i i -*
i.
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 l 1 i l
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I
Zll2?l2»i2«T28Tz6lz7l2el29M
11321 3II 3*11ST 16*3713S»3gl *
nUntateU^hsK
.'»IMI»IM[»I.O
.'72'73kl75l7.lT7l7T»7rt
-------
SECTION C-3. SAMPLES OF COMPLETED HAZARDOUS WASTE INFORMATION QUESTIONNAIRES
• Dry Cleaning Industry
• Wood Preserving Industry
C-25
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTE INFORMATION
DRY CLEANING INDUSTRY
I. GENERAL INFORMATION
A. Establishment Location
State
Florida
D.
E.
City (optional!
B. SIC Code (check the most appropriate one(s)
**7213 (Linen1 Supply)**
7215 (Coin-Operated Dry Cleaning)
7216 (Dry Cleaning Plants)
7213 (Industrial Launderers)
C. Production employees
94
Return to:
TRW Inc R4/1128
M. Ghassemi
1 Space Park
Redondo Bch. Ca
90278
Quantity of items dry cleaned (Ib/nonth)
(clean dry weight basis)
Average 23,500
Range 19.000-30.000
Major type(s) of clothes or other materials dry cleaned (e.g., work
uniforms, shop towels, industrial gloves, dress garments, etc.).
Industrial garments (shirts, pants, coveralls)
II. DRY CLEANING SOLVENT(S) USED
Please indicate the type and quantity of solvent(s) used at your estab-
lishment:
Petroleum
Perchloroethylene
P-113
Other
gal/month
260 gal/month
gal/month
gal/month (please specify
III. WASTE GENERATION/CHARACTERISTICS
A. Empty solvent containers - If empty solvent containers are generated
at your establishment please indicate type and quantity; (please
indicate if no containers are generated).
Type of Container Container Size Number per month
None N/A Bulk delivery by
Tank truck
C-26
-------
B. Distillation residues - If spent solvent is distilled for reuse at
your establishment, please indicate the amount of distillation
residues produced.
300 to 500 *lbs/month*
(gal/month)
(2% to 5% residual solvent)
C. Filtration wastes - If filtration (e.g., diatomateous earth or cart-
ridges) is used in connection with solvent cleaning, please indicate
the type of filter used, frequency and method of filter cleaning (if
carried out) and quantity of spent filter ultimately disposed of.
Type of filtration medium used Diatomateous Earth
Frequency of filter cleaning (per month) Daily
Method of filter cleaning Automatic "Cook-down"
Quantity of spent filtration medium disposed of (Ib/yr) 1300
D. Other wastes - Please indicate the quantity and type of other wastes
which may be generated at your establishment.
Waste Type Quantity (Ib/month, etc.)
Sand, Grit, Oil & Grease 500 to 600 gallons/month
plus water.
(4« to 6% solids)
IV. WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES
A. Waste treatment and disposal - Please indicate theon-site treatment
methods employed (if any) and the ultimate disposal method used for
wastes identified in Section III above.
Waste Type Treatment* Disposal
Empty containers N/A N/A
Distillation residues Cook-down Municipal Refuse
Filtration wastes " " " "
Other (please specify) N/A On-Site landfill
^Examples of on-site treatment of wastes: "cooking" of filter residues
to reduce solvent content and draining and drying of filter cartridges
'Examples of disposal: disposal via municipal refuse collection, dis-
charge into municipal sewer, contract hauling to an off-site waste
management facility (e.g., landfill, incineration), waste pickup by
solvent suppliers.
C-27
-------
V. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
A. Please indicate the approximate capital and operating costs at your
facility which may be attributed to the treatment and disposal of
wastes listed in Section III above. If possible, please provide a
breakdown by individual wastes.
Treatment Disposal
Capital, $
Total for all wastes
Breakdown for individual wastes
Waste 1 N/A
Waste 2
Waste 3
Annual Operating, $
Total for all wastes
Breakdown for individual wastes
Haste 1 Approx. $1,000.00/annum
waste 2 on-site labor.
Waste 3
B. Annual sales - Please indicate the total annual sales attributable
to dry cleaning for your establishment. ^
IV. ADDITIONAL STUDIES
A. Would you be willing to entertain a plant visit or a follow-up call
by a member of the project team for additional information? If yes,
please indicate the name and telephone number of the person to be
contacted.
Yes.
VII. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION - Please provide any additional information
(e.g., waste composition, waste toxicity, anticipated changes in opera-
tion, etc.) which you feel would help us in better characterizing the
waste generation and disposal in your industry and more accurately
assessing the potential impacts of various regulatory options on your
operation and the industry.
Drycleaning wastes characterized by predominance of oil, grease, sand &
grit, plus diatomateous earth from filter.
C-28
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTE INFORMATION ****" ""
M. Gh&sseini
HOOD PRESERVING INDUSTRY R4/1128
One Space Park Dr.
Redondo Beach, CA 90278
. -.GENERAL INFORMATION
A. Plant Location (State or EPA Region - see map of EPA Regions) 6
B. Approximate Plant Production ( .» cu.ft. of treated wood/day)
Average 6.000
Range 5,000 - 6,000
C. Approximate "Cylinder" or "Tank" Capacity (cu.ft.)
"Pressure" 5.800
Don-Pressure and Vacuum 1.200
D. Approxinate Number of Production Eoployees Associated with the Wood
Preserving Operation at the Site 96
XI. YLANT OPERATION
A. Materials — Please check the materials used to treat wood at your plant
•and indicate approximate percentage of total wood treated by each chemi-
-cal (if more than one chemical is used).
-1. Creosotes
Creosote 50%
Creosote-cool tar Solution
Creosote-petroleum Solution
Creosote-pentachlorophenol
Pentachlorophenols
Dry pentachlorophenol
Solvent-pentachlorophcnol 25%
3. Arsenates
Yluor chrome arsenate phenol
anical copper arsenate
- Chromated copper arsenate 25%
4. Other (please spccity)
C-29
-------
B. Process Tyi» - Please check the process type employed at your plant for
wood treating and indicate the approximate percentage of the total wood
treated by each process type (if more than one process type is
••ployed).
1. Pressure 95*
2. /ton-pressure and vacuum 5%
3. Itiermal
4. Steeping/cold soaking _
5. Dipping
6. Other (please specify)
C. Other Operations - Please indicate the nature and size of other opera-
tions (e.g., saw mill) which nay be conducted at your plant.
HI. HASTE GENERATION/CHARACTERISTICS
A. Empty Containers - If empty containers (drums and bags) are generated
'at your plant as a result of use of treating materials, please indicate
type and quantity.
Drums Bags Other (specify)
Sice and type inott
Quantity (number/month)
Average _____ 50
Range 50 - 75
B. Wastewater Sludges - Does your plant generate a wastewater?
Tea
•H9 x
If wastewater is generated, please indicate any treatment (e.g., lagoon-
Ing) used onsite and the quantity of waatewater treatment sludge accum-
ulated onsite or sent to disposal.
Wastewater treatment process
Quantity of sludge (ton/year or cu yd/year)
C. Vessel Cleaning Wastes - Are wastes (sludges or solids), other than waste-
water treatment sludges indicated in III.B above, produced as a result of
cleaning of treating vessels? Please indicate the type of waste, fre-
quency of cleaning and waste quantity.
Waste type(s)
Frequency of cleaning (no. per yr)
Waste quantity produced per cleaning
C-30
-------
0. Other Hood Preserving Wastes - Please indicate the type and quantity
of other wastes (e.g., solvents, sludges or dry residue from air
pollution control) produced as a result of wood preserving operation.
UBSte type(s) Rn-ilor PI yash
Waste quantity (Ib/mo) 1500#
B. Wastes from Other Operations - Please indicate the type and quantity
of waste produced at your plant site as a result of other operations
(e.g., saw mill) carried out at the site.
Waste type(s)
Waste source
Waste quantity(Ib/mo)
XV. WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES
A. Waste Treatment and Disposal - Please indicate the treatment methods
(if any) employed and the ultimate disposal for each waste identified
in Section XII above.
Waste Type Treatment* Disposal*
Bqpty containers None approved off-site landfill
Wastewater sludges ______
Vessel cleaning wastes
sludges none approved off-site landfill
, etc.
Other wood preserving wastes
, etc.
Waste from other operations
, etc.
•Bcamples of treatment methods: rinsing or crushing of containers
and sludge thickening or filtration
Bcanples of ultimate disposal: on-site landfill, off-site landfill,
incineration, disposal on roads (e.g., road stabilization), on-site
lagoons.
C-31
-------
B. Waste Hauling - Where Off-site disposal is employed, please indicate
whether the waste is hauled by a contractor or by your own company.
By Contractor
V. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
A. Waste Treatment and Disposal Costa - Please indicate the approximate
•capital and operating costs at your plant which can be attributed to
the treatment and to the disposal of wastes listed in Section III
above. If possible, please provide a cost breakdown by individual
wastes.
Capital, $ Annual Operating, $
Treatment _ ti ,200. nn
Disposal none $1,000.00 Sludge
B. Annual Sales - Please indicate the total annual sales for your plant.
5 million
IV. ADDITIONAL STUDIES
A. Would you be willing to entertain a plant visit or a follow-up call
by a member of the project team for additional information? If yes,
please indicate the name and telephone number of the person to be
contacted. no
VII. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION - Please provide any additional information
(e.g., waste composition, waste toxicity, anticipated changes in opera-
tion, etc.) which you feel would help us in better characterizing the
waste generation and disposal in your industry and more accurately
assessing the potential impacts of various regulatory options on your
operation and the industry.
none
032
-------
n
UJ
u;
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGIONAL ORGANIZATION
-------
SECTION C-4. COMPUTER CALCULATIONS AND HAND PLOTS OF INDUSTRY WASTE GENERATION
PROFILE FOR SIC 286
• Sample Summary - State Data Base
• Adjusted Percentiles for Individual Plants
• Cumulative Percentage Distribution of Plants in the Sample State
Data (Normal Plot)
• Cumulative Percentage Distribution of Plants in the Sample State
Data (Log-normal Plot)
• Industry Profile, Normal Distribution
• Industry Profile, Log-normal Distribution
C-34
-------
08/28/79.
.31.59,
SAMPLE SUMMARY
SIC: 2860
STATE DATA BASE
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
Ul
in
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-
100-
200-
300-
400
500'
too
700
dOO
90C
1000
2000
•100
-20C
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-BOO
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
MUM«EP PERCENT
2
2
1
1
3
C
0
4
1
0
3
3
10.0
10. C
5.0
5.0
15.0
0.0
0.0
20.0
5.0
0.0
15.0
15.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MP PERCENT
107.
326.
208.
353.
1376.
0.
0.
3145.
P44.
0.
5491.
10590.
.5
1 .5
.9
l.t
6.1
O.C
0.0
14 .0
3.P
O.C
24.5
47.2
TOTAL
20
100. C
22440.
100.0
N'JMBER TF PLANTS IN NATION: 774
PERCENT ZERO GENERATORS: 6.0
P^kCENT LARGE GENERATORS: 61.0
Av/ERASE RAT? FOR LARGE GENERATORS: 1122000.0
-------
ADJUSTED PERCENTILES FOR INDIVIDUAL PLANTS
r>
u>
INDEX
1
2
3
4
b
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1Q
20
TOTALS
AVG
REAL 4V
SD
50 PCTL
fJ4 PCTL
ST
CA
NY
TX
!*A
NY
NH
RI
MY
IA
NY
NY
RI
PI
NH
NY
KS
MO
NY
MS
NY
AMT
7.0
100.0
150.0
176.0
208.0
353.0
401.0
487.0
488.0
756.0
789. C
800.0
800.0
8^4.0
1782.0
1816.0
1893. C
3244.0
351P.O
382d.O
22440.0
1122.0
1122.0
1180.7
1122.0
2302.7
LQG( A)
.8451
2.0000
2.1761
2.2455
2.3181
2.5478
2.6031
2.6875
2.6894
2.8785
2.R971
2.9031
2.9031
2.9263
3.2509
3.2591
3.2772
3.5111
3.5463
3.5«30
55.0469
2.7523
565.4
.6425
565.4
2482.3
LN( A)
1.9459
4.6052
5.0106
5.1705
5.3375
5.8665
5.9940
6.1883
6.1903
6.6280
6.6708
6.6846
6.6846
6.7382
7.4855
7.b044
7.5459
P.034fc
P. 1656
8.2501
126.7510
6.3376
565.4
1.4794
565.4
2482.3
PCTILE
.0309
.0*02
.1296
.1790
.228*
.2778
.3772
.3765
.4259
.475?
.5247
.5741
,6?35
.672B
.7?22
.7716
.8210
.8704
.9198
.9691
LOG-NORMAL O
NUMBER OF SAMPLES = 20
(Z»0) AT:
(Z=l) AT:
(Z = -1) AT
50TH P
34TH PERCENTILc
16TH PERCENTILE
2413.6
13?.b
-------
TOTAL SUMS OF SQUARES «
SUMS OF SQUARES DUE TCJ REGPESSIC'N = 37.0879
SUMS 'OF SQUARES DUE TD DEVIATION = <,.9
-------
O
w
oo
10,000
5000
I
§
M
Ej
U
S
2000
1000
500
200
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1°°
PERCENTAGE OF PLANTS WITH WASTE GENERATION RATES LESS THAN THE INDICATED VALUES
CUMULATIVE PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS IN THE SAMPLE STATE
DATA FOR SIC 286 (LOG-NORMAL PLOT)
-------
o
u>
VD
5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 100
PERCENTAGE OF PLANTS WITH WASTE GENERATION RATES LESS THAN THE INDICATED VALUES
CUMULATIVE PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS IN THE SAMPLE STATE
DATA FOR SIC 286 (NORMAL PLOT)
-------
08/26/79.
14.31.59.
INDUSTRY PPQFILE
SIC: 2860
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
ESTIMATED NUKPEP AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GFNE9ATION CATEGORIES
o
it*
o
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
ZE^O GtN
0-100
100-200
200-300
30C-400
400-500
500-600
600-70C
700-800
600-900
900-1000
1000-20CO
2000-5003
> 5000
TOTAL
ESTABLI
NUM9ER
46
45
6
7
7
8
8
B
9
9
9
85
54
472
773
:SHMENTS
PERCENT
6.0
5 . fc
.e
.9
.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.2
10.9
7.0
61.0
100.0
WASTF QUANTITY
KG/MO
0.
2250.
900.
1750.
2450.
3600.
4400.
5200.
6750.
7650.
8550.
127500.
189000.
529584000.
529944000.
PERCENT
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
,C
.0
.C
.0
.0
.0
09.9
100.C
-------
08/26/79.
14.31.59.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
SIC: 2860
LOG-NOpMAL DISTRIBUTION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
FOP ESTABLISHMENTS IN
?
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
ZERO GEN
0-100
100-200
200-3GC
300-400
4GG-50C
bOC-600
60G-70C
700-600
800-900
900-1000
loco-aoco
2000-5000
> yjoc
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
32
33
26
20
17
14
12
10
9
7
^2
34
472
6.0
3.3
1.8
1.5
1.3
1.1
1.0
5.5
^.4
61.0
WASTE
KG/MO
0.
1600.
-------
SECTION C-5. COMPUTER-GENERATED SAMPLE SUMMARY SHEETS AND INDUSTRY PROFILES
FOR SIC'S 3471 AND 7342
• Sample Summary Sheet - State Data Base - SIC 3471
• Adjusted Percentile for Individual Plants, SIC 3471
• Industry Profile, Log-normal Distribution, SIC 3471
• Industry Profile, Normal Distribution, SIC 3471
• Sample Summary Sheet - State Data Base -'SIC 7342
• Adjusted Percentiles for Individual Plants, SIC 7342
• Industry Profile, Log-normal Distribution, SIC 7342
• Industry Profile, Normal Distribution, SIC 7342
C-42
-------
08/28/79.
L4.31.59.
SAMPLE SUMMARY
SIC: 3471
STATE DATA BASE
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
CO
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-
100-
200-
300-
400
500'
600
700-
800-
900
1000
2000
•100
•200
•300
•400
•500
•600
-700
•800
•900
-1000
-2000
-5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
TOTAL
23
6
8
5
2
3
5
2
1
0
6
4
65
35.4
9.2
12.3
7.7
3.1
4.6
7.7
3.1
1.5
0.0
9.2
6.2
100.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
811.
846.
2040.
1699.
846.
1677.
3178.
1496.
882.
0.
8049.
13452.
34976.
2.3
2.4
5.8
4.9
2.4
4.8
9.1
4.3
2.5
0.0
23.0
38.5
100.0
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN NATION:
3088
PERCENT ZERO GENERATORS: 0.0
PERCENT LARGE GENERATORS: 20.0
AVERAGE RATE FOR LARGE GENERATORS:
20300.0
-------
ADJUSTED PERCENTILES FOR INDIVIDUAL PLANTS
INDEX
ST
AMT
LOG(A)
L.M (A)
PCTILE
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1*
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
AZ
CA
CT
IA
NY
ME
TX
CA
AZ
NY
IA
MO
NY
NY
MA
NY
NY
CA
CT
MA
AZ
OK
UA
NY
NY
OK
NY
CT
TX
NY
NY
NY
GA
OK
CT
MA
NY
CT
1.0
3.0
-------
o
*»
Ul
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
TUTALS
AVG
REAL AV
SO
50 PCTL
84 PCTL
NY
AZ
CA
CA
AZ
CA
OK
IA
CT
NY
TX
TX
OK
NY
NY
OK
OK
TX
NY
OK
NY
NY
NY
ME
NH
DK
OK
330.0
333.0
345.0
389.0
405.0
441.0
553.0
557.0
567.0
625.0
630.0
631.0
632.0
660.0
734.0
762.0
882.0
1009.0
1011.0
1327.0
1389.0
1565.0
1748.0
2311.0
3039.0
3310.0
4292.0
34976.0
538.1
538.1
351.6
538.1
1389.7
2.5185
2.5224
2.5378
2.5899
2.6075
2.6444
2.7427
2.7459
2.7536
2.7959
2.7993
2.8000
2.8007
2.3195
2.8657
2.8820
2.9455
3.0039
3.0048
3.1229
3.1427
3.1945
3.2425
3.3638
3.4827
3.5809
3.6327
144.7073
2.2263
168.4
.7912
168.4
1041.0
5.7991
5.3081
5.3435
5.9636
6.0039
6.0890
6.3154
6.3226
6.3404
6.4378
6.4457
6.4473
6.4489
6.4922
6.5985
6.6359
6.7822
6.9167
6.9187
7.1907
7.2363
7.3556
7.4662
7.7454
8.0193
8.2454
8.3645
333.2029
5.1262
160.4
1.3217
168.4
1041.0
.5920
.6073
.6226
.6379
.6533
.6686
.6339
.6992
.7146
.7299
.7452
.7605
.7759
.7912
.8065
.8218
.8372
.8525
.8678
.8831
.8985
.9138
.9291
.9444
.9598
.9751
.9904
LOG-NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
NUMBER OF SAMPLES » 65
50TH PERCENTILE U«0) AT:
168.4
-------
84TH PERCENTILE (Z = l) AT: 1042.8
16TH PERCENTILE (Z--1) AT: 27.2
TOTAL SUMS OF SQUARES «= 212.3977
SUMS OF SQUARES DUE TO REGRESSION • 206.4562
SUMS OF SQUARES DUE TO DEVIATION « 5.9415
GOODNESS OF FIT - .972027
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT • .985914
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
NUMBER OF SAMPLES * 65
50TH PERCENTILE (Z-0) AT: 538.1
84TH PERCENTILE (Z-1J AT: 1217.9
n l&TH PERCENTILE (Z»-l) AT:
TOTAL SUMS OF SQUARES » 46416907.
SUMS OF SQUARES DUE TO REGRESSION » 28696782.9025
SUMS OF SQUARES DUE TO DEVIATION • 17720124.5437
GOODNESS OF FIT » .618240
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT - .786282
-------
08/28/79.
14.31.59.
INDUSTRY PRUFILE
SIC: 3471
LOG-NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
o
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
ZERO GEN
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-10CO
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
ESTABU
NUMBER
0
988
382
222
149
108
82
65
53
44
37
197
143
618
SHMENTS
PERCENT
0.0
32.0
12.4
7.2
4.8
3.5
2.7
2.1
1.7
1.4
1.2
6.4
4.6
20.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
0.
49400.
57300.
55500.
52150.
48600.
45100.
42250.
39750.
37400.
35150.
295500.
500500.
12545400.
0.0
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
2.1
3.6
90.9
TUTAL
3088
100.0
13604000
100.0
-------
08/28/79.
14.31.59.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
SIC: 3*71
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
o>
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
ZERO GEN
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER
PERCENT
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
0
641
123
133
140
144
144
143
139
131
120
575
39
618
0.0
20.8
4.0
4.3
4.5
4.7
4.7
4.6
4.5
4.2
3.9
18.6
1.3
20.0
0.
32050.
18450.
33250.
49000.
b4800.
79200.
92950.
104250.
111350.
114000.
862500.
136500.
12545400.
0.0
.2
.1
.2
.3
.5
.6
.7
.7
.8
.8
6.1
1.0
88.1
TOTAL
3090
100.0
14243700.
100.0
-------
08/26/79.
14.31.59.
SAMPLE SUMMARY
SIC: 7342
STATE DATA BASE
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
vo
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-
100-
ZOO-
300-
400-
500
600-
700'
800
900-
1000
2000
•100
•200
•300
•400
•500
-60C
•700
-800
-900
•1000
-2000
-5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER PERCENT
14
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
73.7
21.1
5.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO
PERCENT
513.
552.
235.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
39.5
42.5
18.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
TOTAL
19
100.0
1300
100.0
NUMBER OF PLANTS IN NATION:
5109
PtHCENT ZERO GENERATORS: 0.0
PERCENT LARGE GENERATORS: 0.0
AVERAGE RATE FOR LARGE GbNERATORSJ
0.0
-------
9
01
o
ADJUSTED PERCEMTILES FOR INDIVIDUAL PLANTS
INDEX ST AMT LOG(A) LN(A> PCTILE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
It,
16
17
18
19
TOTALS
AVG
REAL AV
SO
50 PCTL
84 PCTL
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
1.0
1.0
6.0
6.0
8.0
9.0
19.0
38.0
45.0
57.0
66.0
76.0
83.0
98.0
111.0
139.0
151.0
151.0
235.0
1300.0
68.4
68. 4
65.6
68.4
134.0
0.0000
0.0000
.7782
.7782
.9031
.9542
1.2788
1.5798
1.6532
1.7559
1.8195
1.8808
1.9191
1.9912
2.0453
2.1430
2.1790
2.1790
2.3711
28.2091
1.4847
30.5
.7223
30.5
161.1
0.0000
0.0000
1.7916
1.7918
2.0794
2.1972
2.9444
3.6376
3.3067
4.0431
4.1897
4.3307
4.4188
4.5850
4.7095
4.9345
5.0173
5.0173
5.4596
64.9543
3.4186
30.5
1.6632
30.5
161.1
.0325
.0844
.1364
.1883
.2403
.2922
.3442
.3961
.4481
.5000
.5519
.6039
.6558
.7078
.7597
.8117
.8636
.9156
.9675
LOG-NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
NUMBER OF SAMPLES - 19
50TH PERCENTILE
84TH PERCENTILE
16TH PERCENTILE
(Z»0) AT:
(Z=l) AT:
(Z —U AT:
30.5
157.2
5.9
TOTAL SUMS OF SQUARES =•
49.7942
-------
QF SQUARES DUE TO REGRESSION = 44.6870
SUMS OF SQUARES DUE TO DEVIATION > 5.1073
GOODNESS OF FIT • .697432
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT * .947329
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
NUMBER OF SAMPLES • 19
50TH PERCENTILE (Z-0) AT: 68.4
84TH PERCENTILE (Z»l) AT: 133.0
16TH PERCENTILE (Z--1) AT: 3.9
o
i* TOTAL SUnS OF SQUARES * 77444.6316
SUNS OF SQUARES DUE TO REGRESSION • 69336.1079
SUnS OF SQUARES DUE TO DEVIATION * 8108.5237
GOODNESS OF FIT = .ti95299
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT • .946202
-------
08/28/79.
14.31.59.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
SIC: 7342
LOG-NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
o
in
to
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
ZERO GEN
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-80C
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER
PERCENT
FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
0
3912
!>55
226
120
73
48
34
25
19
14
56
22
0
0.0
76.6
10.9
4.4
2.4
1.4
.9
.7
.5
.4
.3
1.1
.4
0.0
0.
195600.
83250.
56500.
42000.
32850.
26400.
22100.
18750.
16150.
13300.
84000.
77000.
0.
0.0
29.3
12.5
8.5
6.3
4.9
4.0
3.3
2.8
2.4
2.0
12.6
11.5
0.0
TOTAL
SL04
100.0
667900.
100.0
-------
08/28/79.
14.31.59.
INDUSTRY PRdFILt
SIC: 7342
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
o
m
U)
WASTE bENERATIGN
RANGES
KG/MO
ZtRO GfN
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-pOO
bJO-600
000-700
700-800
300-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2GOO-50GO
> 5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER
PERCENT
0
3512
1488
104
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
68
29
2
0
0
.0
.8
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO PERCENT
0.
175600.
223200.
26000.
350.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.0
41.3
52.5
6.1
.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
TOTAL
5105
100.0
425150.
100.0
-------
SECTION C-6. SAMPLE RAW DATA PROVIDED BY STATE OF ARIZONA, CALIFORNIA AND
WASHINGTON
• State of Arizona Industrial Waste Survey
• San Diego County Industrial Waste Survey
• Washington State Industrial and Hazardous Waste Inventory
C-54
-------
INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING
INDUSTRIAL WASTE SURVEY FORM
STATE OF ARIZONA INDUSTRIAL WASTE SURVEY
WASTE PRODUCTION
WASTE PRODUCTION
Entered by Ihe Department
Identification number given each
mtnufKtwer or company
Name of dly in whkh company 11
HP code-
UI
Ul
Primary IK Oiwtp
a dom-
Name of county in wMch company It
located
Poiial zip cod* number inlgned to
manufacturer or company
of the company
Enter four digit number pertaining to
maior product* or urviceB
Enter the name of the maior watte
product generated in your etlablithment
If the maior watte It e chemical
Enter Ihe amounti and unlti of wallet
generated (T for torn, Y for cubic yard!.
G for gallant)
Tnli refen to the fact that the wallet
require tpeual management proviaion
in watte handling becauw of their acute
and/or chronic effects on the health and
public welfare or environment
(Enter 1 for yet. N for no )
Special handling may be required of
Ihe waitet which are potentially
heurdout (Enter V for yei. N for no )
WASTE CHARACTERISTICS AND ON-SITE HANDLING
Dot. LU_
Primary Sic Group
ID _
Oly.
County
Zip Code rroil
OraMrlyofWae).
per Yeer
Major product or
urviCM
Cjj^^^
SIC Cede
(4 Digit)
at'Vi
We
T»j
Common Name
£1 «.«>••
ita
pa
Chemical Name
Quantity of
Watte/Year
t>mr
1006-
ST
Potential
Haiard
Yet m
No(N)
A/
y
v
^
Special Hand-
ling Required
Yet (Y)
No(N)
^
«/
J
«/
ON-SITE WASTE STORAGE AND HANDUNO
CHARAaERISTICS
OF WASTES (MARK
Wane Type*
EX.-
Enter Ihe waiie type from previous: page
Check one or more celli which •dequBtely
dcscribet riw chcraciensiics of th« wattei
Enter percent of watte diipowd. nduced
or ttored by each method
WASTE DISPOSAL
•onmtof Hnal
For each watte
of
Off-JHa Dhpotat
enrar the percent
by final diipoial
Enter the rale at which watte product!
are lemoned from your company to a
final diipotel tile
Enter Ihe method by whch trill wane
product it traniportad to a final
ditpotal lite
lilt by name end eddmi all final
diicmal urn and fidli-iei utllind
by your company
Lilt by name and addrett recychrt and
proceiiori uted by your company
bit by name and addreii the hauling or
colleclion terviceh) ulilned by
your company
Watfe
Type.
_St±
„.,*»
-------
Ul
CTl
% Final disposal and volume reduction
IPS
1
HO
WASTE DISPOSAL
Off-SH* Ohpoul
I Frequency of removal of
waste products from company
to disposal site
ARIZONA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SERVICES
Dwuion of Enatranmntal Health Scniua
RAtll H rA*T»O Oavrmar
I I SCHAMADAH M D DlrirlDr
March 10. 197S
2 Method of removal from your
company to final disposal site
3 Names and addresses of
agencies operating final disposal
sites utilized by your company
4 Names and addresses of off-premise processors and recyclera utilized by your company
TO ALL ARIZONA MANUFACTURERS
Gentlemen:
The Bureau of Sanitation. Arizona Department of Health Services, has
requested Behavioral Health Consultants. Inc. to conduct sn Industrial
waste survey of randomly selected Arizona industries and nanufacturers.
As one of those selected, your responses to the following questions
will be sppreclated. Please complete the sttached survey fora by
March 25, 197S. A BHC representative will arrange to visit your com-
pany to collect the fora and provide assistance In completing any
unanswered questions.
The data you provide will be held In confidence and will be compiled
as industry-wide averages without references to specific reependenta.
Thank you for your time and cooperation in this natter. If you
should have any questions concerning the completion of the survey fora,
please contact Mr. Don Bertollno. 2214 North Central, Suite 211. Phoenix,
Arizona 85004, PH: 602/258-6096.
Sincerely,
John B. Beck, M.P.B.,
Bureau of Sanitation
Chief
5 Names and addresses of waste haulers or collection services used by your company
State Health Building
1740 West Adams Street
Phoenii. Ariiona 86007
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If to, doti your VMM or VMM atittin haw *ay •( t"»
following propertloit
".SOC^F Q)
Corroalv*
Q OIL PU-ubli W&. J
£J Irrlunt/atroat imiltner
teplotln O SOLVENTTexlc TLV«k 100BPM/VOU .
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.tancouc IJ
1. toci your operation1* va»te toneratlon ctuiag* teaionallyl . . Tot £
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rioan apcclCy tloc period!
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atandard* pndsst additional vaatait »*• Q «o Qg
• THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE
-------
1NOUSTRISL UASTES
TADIE OF INFORMATION
NUXZSS
A.
f
WAVE SOLDI:RINC
FARTS CLEANING
•
ASSOCIATED HASTE
\.
a
OIL
, SOLVENT
•
nsruuveo
COHCLI.THATIUH
(« or pi»)
NONE
riirsicM,
STATt
LIQUID
/
2
t
ISTIHATin POUKDS. BMUVU
ANIVAL VOLUXBl KRIS OR CALLOUS
1 INDICATE MIIQI)
PRLSENT
150 GAL
250 GAL
£4/*\
4t
£3
jjj^f>"
5 TEAKS
250 GAL
500 GAL
10 TEAU
plctsa uoc'Xry >*>cat |
DISPOSAL
POINT
11-1)
3
3
•
PDOCCSS EXPlOrtD
CTtATtort
mocr.
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PAGE
1*7
ID NUMBER - 27111*4761
^^B
^f!T™— ,8520
QJANYlTlEl CODE
MODOCYIftN MAYSRIAL
INPUT CODE
o
1 0262111
{g 0262101
HASTE MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT
COSTS FUNCTION
— — cnu t YPANS
TOTAL
HASTE GENFRATIflN HASTE
t COMPOSITION TYPE
! PAPER
INO«G CHEM
OTHER
REFUSE
SIC 1 -
sit1 ik -
PRODUCT SIC
-NAME CODE
EUSPAPFX 2711
oUA7TTYVu5E"0
AVERAGE
03)010 f
009010 P
031001 G
'"""fwHT11"
03066.6
TONS OF MASKS' ...
PER M3NTH SC
— 66669.6 5oT
00000.1 *25
00003.3 002
00003.1 001
00001.0 001
MASTER FILE
INTERVIEW DATE 07/73
271 AREA OCCUPIED ILANDI - 0000.0 ACRES
Too IFLOORI - 017500 so FT
OPER LOCATION MONTHLY SEASON VAR HORK TOTAL EMPLOYEES j
tlT/ COUNTY YkELOS l'~Z 3~^ SCHEDULE psoouuiUMi OTHSR
0010 I* X X X X 365 0095 0000
Wtl MOMYH HAYERlAL QUANTITY USED PER MUN(M
MAXIMJN CODE AVERAGE MAXIMUM
7000010 T 0289301 000002 G 0000003 6
0000033 P 0386111 000030 P 0000030 P
0000001 G 0279100 0005*0 P 00005*0 P j
LIFE LABOR IM-0) OPERATING PRIVATE MUNICIPAL REGIONAL COST OF FUNCTION
—55 0006 686666 806Z50 ooS03 ooooo ooooo/»o
00 0000 000000 000250 OOOOO OOOOO 00000250
t sc t sc t sc t sc i sc s sc s sc * sc i sc i
•flio ol i 65o
100
100
100
100
-------
o
OJ/2Z/7J
[J NUMBER - 27111*4761 CONTINUED
WASHINGTON STATE INDUSTRIAL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE INVENTORY PAGE 1/8 " 1
MASTER FILE 1
INTERVIEW DATE 07/73 I
i
i
i
STORAGE C TRANS
OF PASTES
' TVPE COMPACT CRUSH BURN OTHER CAPACITY ODOR UNSIGHTLY OTHER FREO TRUCK PIPE CONVEYOR CO HJN
SHIED COMPOST LAG10N NONE VECTORS DRAIN HANDLE f/HO RAIL BARGE OTHER PVT REG
PAPER
INORG CHFN
NUNI-tKHOUi
OTHER
REFUSE
X NONE 21 X X'
X NONE O1X X
X NUNE O1X X
X NONE 01 X X
X NONE 21 X X
WASTE
CHARACTERISTICS
TYPE » HAZARDOUS HANDLING SKIN IRRITANT EXPLOSIVE FLAMMABLE RADIOACTIVE
CORROSIVE TOXIC PATHOGENIC NO HAZARD
P4PFP 000
INGRG CHFM 100
NQNFERKOUS 100
OTHFR 100
RFFUSr 000
YES NO X
YFS NO X
NO NO 1
NO NO X
NO NO X
HASTE
DISPOSAL
TYPE
SALVAGE
PAPFR
INORG CHFM 100
NUIMF* ENK UU% IUU
OTHFR 100
PFFUSE
BURNING NO-BURN SANITARY LAND CONICAL INC IN- OCEAN ANIMAL NELL
DUMP DUMP LANDFILL SPREAD LAGOON COMPOST BURN ERATE DISPOSAL FEED INJECT OTHER
100
100
SITES
METHOD CONPAMV
S»l WAGE
DUMP-NO BUPN
PRIVATE MUNICIPAL REGIONAL SECTION TOWNSHIP RANGE DATE BUILT LIFE 8LOG AREA LAND-AREA
OO OU (JO ' QO H
05 12 17 09 U
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SECTION C-7. SELECTED EXAMPLES OF REPORTED DAMAGE INCIDENTS INVOLVING SMALL
QUANTITIES OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
• Summary of waste types and quantities involved
• Descriptions of reported cases
C-61
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SUMMARY OF WASTE TYPES AND QUANTITIES INVOLVED
Miscellaneous Wastes (including ignitable, reactive and carcinogenic wastes)
25 kg, Pesticide Containing Arsenic
30 kg/mo, Trichloroethylene (degreasing solvent)
100 kg, Toxaphene (pesticide)
200 kg, Single 55-Gallon Drums
Ignitables
Cook County, IL
Dakota County, MN
Edison Township, Middlesex County, NJ
California
Delaware County, PA
Corrosives
York County, PA
Edison Township, Middlesex County, NJ
(2 incidents)
React!ves
Mundelein, II>
300 kg/mo, Trichloroethylene (degreasing solvent)
1000 kg, Ignitable Waste, Cincinnati, OH
1000 kg, Ignitable Waste, Michigan
1000 kg, Pesticide
1500 kg/mo, PBB
1800 kg, Trichloroethylene (degreasing solvent)
1800 kg, Ignitables (paints and solvents)
3000 kg/mo, Corrosive Waste
3500 kg/mo, "Carcinogenic Chemicals"
3600 kg, Organic Liquids (toxic cleaning solids)
5000 kg, "Toxic Liquids"
Pesticide Containers (empty)
McAdoo, TX, Parathion Single 55-Gallon Drum
Dunning, Nebraska, Parathion, Single 55-Gallon Drum
North Carolina, Organophosphate, Single 5-Gallon Drum
North Carolina, Organophosphate, Single 55-Gallon Drum
Haghes, AR, Organophosphate, Several Drums
C-62
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Environmental Damage Caused by Fighting Fires at Landfills—Secondary Effect
of Improper Disposal of Hazardous Wastes
Delaware County, PA
Murfreesboro, TN
C-63
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DESCRIPTIONS OF REPORTED DAMAGE INCIDENTS FROM SMALL QUANTITIES OF HAZARDOUS
WASTES
A. Miscellaneous Wastes
1. 25 kg, Pesticide Containing Arsenic
In May 1972, a private commercial well was dug for a new office
of a small contractor in Perham, MN. Within the same month, 5 of
13 employees became ill with gastro-intestinal ailments. Six other
employees also became ill within the next two months, requiring
hospitalization. One employee lost the use of his legs for six
months due to severe neuropathy. After several weeks it was dis-
covered that the well was located 20 feet from a site where approxi-
mately 50 pounds of a pesticide had been buried between 1934 and
1936. The pesticide, which consisted of arsenic trioxide, bran,
sawdust, and molasses, had been buried at a depth of about three
feet while the affected well was 31 feet deep. In addition to
causing acute effects, arsenic compounds are known to be carcino-
genic in humans. Well contained up to 21 ppm arsenic. Soil samples
contained up to 12,600 ppm of arsenic in the vicinity of the burial.
To date, the affected well has been capped and an alternate water
supply obtained at a cost of about $300. Twelve nearby wells are
also monitored periodically to establish the threat to the Perham
municipal well field 3/4 mile away.
2. 30 kg/mo, Trichloroethylene (degreasing solvent)
In November, 1974 the Connecticut Resources Commission dis-
covered that the Kras Tool and Machine Company, Wolcott, CT had
dumped 100 to 150 gallon/year of degreasing solvent containing tri-
chloroethylene from 1964 to date of inspection (11/15/74). The sol-
vent had contaminated private wells. Trichloroethylene is a known
animal carcinogen and a suspected human carcinogen.
3. 100 kg, Toxaphene
In 1966 an employee cleaning up around a State Highway Depart-
ment garage dumped 30 gallons of excess Toxaphene, a very toxic
pesticide, into the parking lot drain. The drain entered a ditch
which led to a public water supply reservoir serving the City of
Effingham, IL. The maximum level of Toxaphene detected in the
C-64
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reservoir was 10 ppb (5 ppb is interim drinking water limit set
by EPA). Toxaphene is also a known animal carcinogen and a suspected
human carcinogen.
4. 300 kg/mo, Trichloroethylene (degreasing solvent)
A metal auto parts manufacturing plant (The Thompon Company)
in Oscoda, MI dumped about 1000 gallon/year from 1968 to 1972 of
degreasing solvent on the ground behind the plant. Trichloroethylene
discovered in a residential well and spring about 1100 feet away at
concentrations of 10 mg/fc and 28 mg/£, respectively. Trichloroethy-
lene is a known animal carcinogen and a suspected human carcinogen.
5. 1000 kg (estimated), Ignitable Waste
An employee of a private dump in Cincinnati, Ohio, was burned
over 50% of his body when several containers of an unknown volatile
liquid caught fire and enveloped his bulldozer. Firemen had to run
their hoses more than a half mile to get to the fire because the
dump had no hydrants.
6. 1000kg (estimated), Ignitable Waste
When burying drums containing an unknown waste, a bulldozer
operator at a Michigan landfill experienced dizziness and eye irri-
tation, and soon left his bulldozer. Upon returning, he found the
machine in flames. Evidently, some of the drums contained volatile
flammable substances that ignited while he was gone.
7. 1000 kg, Pesticide
In 1972 approximately 2000 pounds of packaged technical mevin-
phos was buried in Waterloo, Iowa, resulting in gross contamination
of vegetation in the area. The area was later neutralized with
alkali, and some of the material was removed.
8. 1500 kg/mo, Waste PBB
Michigan Chemical Corporation dumped 160,000 pounds of waste
PBB over four years in Gratiot County, Michigan landfill. EPA
awarded $70,000 grant to study problem. Department of Natural
Resources decided to build vaults around contamination at a cost
of $1 million each.
C-65
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9. 1800 kg, Paints and Solvents (Ignitable)
Industrial waste disposal firm in Cornwells Heights, PA dumped
more than 500 gallons of paints and solvents into a sewer line.
Several families abandoned their homes until fumes and fire danger
subsided. Firm owner sentenced to 28.5 to 58.5 months in jail.
10. 1800 kg, Trichloroethylene (degreasing solvent)
In Reloboth, MA, 500 gallons of sludge from a solvent reproc-
essing plant were dumped and contaminated a drinking water reser-
voir and private wells with toluene, trichloroethylene, and ethyl
acetate. Incident discovered in May, 1978. Trichloroethylene is
a known animal carcinogen and a suspected human carcinogen.
11. 3000 kg/mo, Corrosive Waste
Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company in Mercer County, PA contracted
with private hauler to dispose of 20,000 to 30,000 gallons over two
years of alkaline waste (caustic soda, soda ash). Waste was dis-
posed in swampy area and changed pH of water to 10.6. Landowner
drained swamp with a bulldozer and caused a 5-mile fish kill in a
10-foot wide stream. Landowner was fined $100.
12. 3500 kg/mo, "Carcinogenic Chemicals"
In New London, CT 800 to 1000 drums were dumped between 1969-
1972 by Auto World Ltd. At least seven private wells were contami-
nated with "carcinogenic chemicals." The State Department of Envi-
ronmental Control released information on the incident on 11/30/78
and it was reported by the Hartford Corrant Newspaper.
13. 3600 kg, Organic Liquids
In early 1974 approximately 1000 gallons of petroleum-based
cleaning fluids were poured into a landfill in Haywood County,
North Carolina. The disposed fluids overflowed the top of a dike
and entered a tributary of Hominy Creek. Three cattle that drank
from the contaminated stream were fatally poisoned. The source of
the fluids was a textile dyeing company. The town of Catton com-
pensated the cattle owner for his losses, and the stream waters
were decontaminated.
C-66
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14. 5000 kg, "Toxic Liquids"
In Haywood County, Texas approximately 24 drums of concentra-
ted dyes and other chemical liquids were illegally dumped at a
landfill. The toxic liquids were washed downstream, poisoning
three cows fatally and rendering many others ill.
B. Wastes Presenting Acute HHE Problems if Not Handled Properly
1. Ignitables—Single Drums
a) Cook County, Illinois
In September 1975 David Klepser was severly burned when the com-
pactor he was operating struck a 55-gallon drum of ethyl ace-
tate. He died three days later from second and third degree
burns. The machine that he was operating (valued at $100,000)
was a total loss. The incident occurred at the Calumet Indus-
trial Development (CID) Landfill (a 24-hour operation) in the
dark hours of morning. Load contained two drums—400 kg.
b) Dakota County, MN
Landfill employee suffered burns over 80% of body when equip-
ment he was operating crushed and ignited a container of sol-
vent. He was hospitalized for four and one-half months.
c) Edison Township, Middlesex County, NJ
Five 55-gallon drums of unidentified chemical wastes were being
buried with municipal waste when one exploded. The bulldozer
operator was killed as he stepped from the machine and two more
exploded.
d) California
A hauler was unloading drums of flammable waste from a truck
at a disposal site in California. One of the drums, when dis-
turbed exploded or ruptured and the truck was immediately en-
gulfed in flames. The truck was a total loss, but no one was
hurt.
e) Delaware County, PA
During compacting operations at a county landfill, an explosion
occurred that destroyed a bulldozer and caused a fire that
C-67
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burned for several days. Groundwater contamination resulting
from firefighting activities caused a fish kill in Crum Creek
(1972).
2. Corrosives—Single Drums
a) York County, PA
Two or three drums of unlabelled corrosives were delivered to
a landfill authorized to handle only municipal waste. One
drum burst as it was being compacted by a bulldozer and burned
a bystander (state inspector) on face and neck. Penn State
Aluminum generated the waste. The incident occurred in summer,
1974.
b) Edison Township, NJ
Eye irritation sustained when bulldozer operator was pushing
drum which split, squirting liquid into eyes.
Chemical burns to hands and other parts of body as a result
of pushing a drum with bulldozer. Drum split open and liquid
squirted out.
3. Reactive—Single Drum
a) Mundelein, IL
A truck driver noticed that one of the drums he was hauling
through the village of Mundelein, IL was leaking titanium tri-
chloride, a chemical that changes to an hydrochloric acid mist
on contact with the air. Fourteen people were hospitalized
for exposure to the fumes. "The four drums of chemicals were
neutralized and buried.
C. pesticide Containers—Single Containers
1. McAddo, TX (55-gallon drum)
Death from parathion poisoning resulting from use of acethylene
torch to cut top off drum that contained concentrated parathion (Red
Barn Parathion 4).
C-68
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2. Dunning, Nebraska (55-gallon drum)
Death in June 1968 from child playing in 55-gallon drum which
they (3 children) filled with water; drum contained De-Pester
Parathion.
3. North Carolina (5-gallon drum)
A seven year old female who had experienced nausea and vomiting
the previous evening was admitted to a North Carolina hospital in
a comatose state, suffering from organic phosphate poisoning. After
a restless evening, she lost her ability to walk, complained of
difficulty seeing, and became progressively unresponsive. An immed-
iate inspection of her home revealed a discarded 5-gallon drum of
pesticide collecting rainwater in the backyard. Neighborhood
children reported that the little girl had filled a plastic spray
bottle with the contaminated rainwater and sprayed some of it in
her mouth while making mud pies. The girl rapidly responded to
treatment, recovering completely.
4. North Carolina (55-gallon drum)
Two brothers, aged one and two years, were brought to a North
Carolina hospital with sudden onset of vomiting, diarrhea, and
difficult breathing. Increased salivation and pinpoint pupils led
doctor to suspect organic phosphate poisoning, and treatment for
that was successful. The boys' father reported that on the after-
noon the boys had become ill, they had been jumping in and out of
an empty 55-gallon drum that had recently held organophosphate
pesticide. Sufficient residue remained in the drums to cause poison-
ing from dermal absorption.
5. Hughes, Arkansas (several drums)
In 1972, a two-year old boy in Hughes, AR was hospitalized for
organophosphate poisoning after playing among some empty drums for-
merly containing various pesticides. The drums were procured from
an aerial applicator to serve as trash containers. The child com-
pletely recovered from the poisoning after medical treatment.
C-69
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D. Environmental Damage Caused by Firefighting Water (secondary effect of
improper disposal of hazardous waste)
1. Delaware County, PA
During compacting operations at a Delaware County, PA landfill,
an explosion occurred that destroyed a bulldozer and caused a fire
that burned for several days. Groundwater contamination resulted
from firefighting activities, causing a fish kill in Crum Creek
(1972).
2. Murfreesboro, TN
Runoff from quenching a fire at a landfill in Murfreesboro, TN
caused turbidity and mild contamination of wells in the area. Zinc
and chromium electroplating waste sludge, as well as industrial
phenols, were disposed at the site, along with demolition waste and
municipal refuse. Consequently, the site was closed by the city,
and the municipal water line was extended into the affected area.
C-70
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