TECHNICAL ENVIRONMENTAL
                  IMPACTS
        of Various Approaches for
         Regulating Small Volume
       Hazardous Waste Generators

PURSUANT TO THE RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY ACT OF 1976

             VOLUME II. APPENDICES
                   PREPARED FOR

            U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                 OFFICE OF SOLID WASTE
                 WASHINGTON. D.C. 20460
                      UNDER:


          CONTRACT NO. 68-02-2613. WORK ASSIGNMENT NO. 27
                      AND
                 CONTRACT NO. 68-03-2560
            WORK DIRECTIVES T-5012, T-5014 AND T-5015
                   DECEMBER 10. 1979
       TRW
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DIVISION

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      TECHNICAL ENVIRONMENTAL
                 IMPACTS
        of Various Approaches for
         Regulating Small Volume
       Hazardous Waste Generators

PURSUANT TO THE RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY ACT OF 1976

             VOLUME II. APPENDICES
                   PREPARED FOR

            U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                 OFFICE OF SOLID WASTE
                 WASHINGTON.D.C. 20460
                      UNDER:


          CONTRACT NO. 68-02-2613. WORK ASSIGNMENT NO. 27
                      AND
                 CONTRACT NO. 68-03-2560
             WORK DIRECTIVES T-5012, T-5014 AND T-5015
                   DECEMBER 10. 1979
       TRW
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DIVISION

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                             KEY PROJECT PERSONNEL



                  Program Management and Technical Direction

                                  M. Ghassemi
Data Analysis and Final Report
Preparation	

      M. Ghassemi
      K. Yu
      K. Crawford
      B. Edmondson
      S. Quinlivan
      R. Scofield
Data Base Development and
Computerization	

     S. Quinlivan
     M. Powers
     B. Edmondson
     J. Davis
                       Data Acquisition and Preparation
                         of Assessment Summary Sheets

                                 K. Crawford
                                 H. Fisher
                                 M. Ghassemi
                                 S. Paige
                                 P. Painter
                                 S. Quinlivan
                                 G. Richard
                                 K. Scheyer
                                 R. Scofield
                                 A. Takata
                                 C. Yu
                                 K. Yu

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                                 APPENDICES

APPENDIX A - ASSESSMENT SUMMARY SHEETS FOR SIC'S ELIMINATED FROM CONSIDERA-
             TION AS SMALL VOLUME HAZARDOUS WASTE GENERATORS

APPENDIX B - ASSESSMENT SUMMARIES FOR SIC'S CONTAINING SMALL GENERATORS OF
             HAZARDOUS OR POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS WASTES

APPENDIX C - MISCELLANEOUS SUPPORT DATA

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                                  CONTENTS
Appendix A

SIC 075
                                                                      Page
Animal Services, Except Veterinary 	  A-l
SIC 15,16       General Building Contractors and Heavy
 (except for    Construction  Contractors  	   A~2
 "special
 trade")
SIC 21          Tobacco Manufacturers	A~3
SIC 23          Apparel and Other Finished Products Made from Fabrics
                and Similar Materials   	   A~5
SIC 243,2492,   Hardwood Veneer, Plywood  and Glued Wood Products .  .   A-7
 2499
SIC 2611,2621,  Paper  and Allied Products 	   A-9
 2631,2646,
 2661
SIC 2642,2643,  Converted Paper and  Paperboard Products  	   A-13
 2645,2647,
 2648,2649,265
SIC 2992        Lubricating Oils and Greases  (except blenders and
                ,compounders)	A-14
SIC 3241        Cement, Hydraulic	A-18
SIC 325,326,    Stone  and Clay Products	A-19
 3274,3275,
 3281,3291,
 3292,3295-7,
 3299
SIC 3271,3272,  Concrete, Gypsum and Plaster  Products   	   A-22
 3273
SIC 3312        Blast  Furnaces (including coke ovens),  Steel Works
                and Rolling  Mills	A-23
SIC 3313        Electrometallurgical Products  	   A-24
SIC 333        Primary Smelting  and Refinishing  of Nonferrous
                Metals   	A-25
SIC 44         Water  Transportation	A-28
SIC 4789        Services Incidental to Transportation,  Not Elsewhere
                Classified	A~31
SIC 4811        Telephone Communication  (wire or  radio)   	  A-33
SIC 5012,5013,  Automobiles  and Other  Motor  Vehicles,  Automotive
 5014           Parts  and Supplies, Tires and Tubes  (Wholesale)  . .  A-34
SIC 5039        Construction Materials, Not  Elsewhere Classified
                 (Wholesale)	A-36
SIC 5041,5042,  Sporting,  Recreational, Photographic  and Hobby  Goods,
 5043           Toys and Supplies	A~37
                                       ii

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              CONTENTS (CONTD)
Metals and Minerals, Except Petroleum (Wholesale). .
Page
A-38
SIC 505
SIC 5063        Electrical Apparatus and Equipment, Wiring Supplies
                and Construction Materials (Wholesale)  	   A-39
SIC 5086        Professional Equipment and Supplies (Wholesale)   .  .   A-40
SIC 514         Groceries and Related Products (Wholesale)  	   A-41
SIC 7299        Miscellaneous Personal Services  	   A-43
SIC 7911        Dance Halls, Studios and Schools 	   A-45
SIC 7997        Membership Sports and Recreation Clubs  	   A-46
SIC 8011        Offices of Physicians	A-48
SIC 8021        Offices of Dentists	A-51
SIC 8031        Offices of Osteopathic Physicians	A-53
SIC 8041        Offices of Chiropractors	A-54
SIC 8042        Offices of Optometrists  .	A-56
SIC 805         Nursing and Personal Care Facilities	A-58
SIC 8072        Dental Laboratories	A-60
SIC 8081        Outpatient Care Facilities	A-62
SIC 8091        Health and Allied Services, Not Elsewhere Classified  A-64
Appendix B
SIC 018         Horticultural Specialties  	   B-l
SIC 0711,0721   Soil Preparation and Crop Services	B-5
 0729
SIC 0741,0742   Veterinary Services  	   B-9
SIC 0748,8421   Landscape and Horticultural Services,  Arboreta,
                Botanical and Zoological Gardens 	   B-13
SIC 1700        Construction - Special Trade Contractors 	   B-16
SIC 2079        Shortening, Table Oils, Margarine and Other Edible
                Fats	B-22
SIC 2211,2221,  Textile Mill Products  	   B-25
 2241,228,229
SIC 2231,225,   Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles 	   B-34
 226,2272
SIC 2421        Sawmills and Planning Mills	B-38
SIC 2491        Wood Preserving	B-43
SIC 2499        Miscellaneous Wood Products	B-48
SIC 25          Furniture and Fixtures	B-52
                      111

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                                CONTENTS  (CONTD)
                                                                       Page
SIC 2641        Production of  Coated and Glazed Paper	B-56
SIC 27          Printing, Publishing, and Allied Industries 	  B-60
SIC 281         Industrial inorganic Chemicals	B-65
SIC 282         Plastic Materials  and Synthetic Resins, Synthetic
                Rubber, Synthetic  and Other Man-made Fibers, Except
                Glass	B-72
SIC 283         Drugs  and Pharmaceuticals	B-78
SIC 284         Soap,  Detergents,  and Cleaning Preparations, Perfumes,
                Cosmetics, and Other Toilet Preparations  	  B-83
SIC 2851        Paints, Varnishes,  Lacquers, Enamels, and Allied
                Products	B-88
SIC 286         Industrial Organic Chemicals   	  B-92
SIC 2873        Nitrogenous  Fertilizers	B-96
SIC 2875        Fertilizers, Mixing Only	B-100
SIC 2879        Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals, Not Elsewhere
                Classified	B-103
SIC 2891        Miscellaneous  Chemical Products, Adhesives and
                Sealants	B-107
SIC 2892,2895,  Miscellaneous  Chemical Products, Chemicals and Chemical
 2899           Preparations,  Not  Elsewhere Classified Including
                Explosives and Carbon Black 	  B-112
SIC 2893        Miscellaneous  Chemical Products, Printing Ink ....  B-116
SIC 2911        Petroleum Refining	B-120
SIC 30          Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products  	  B-126
SIC 31 (except  Leather and  Leather Products  (except leather tanning
 3111)          and  finishing)   	B-135
SIC 3111        Leather Tanning and Finishing	  B-138
SIC 32          Stone, Clay, Glass and Concrete Products  	  B-143
SIC 3315,3316,  Rolling, Drawing,  and Extruding of Metals 	  B-148
 3317,335
SIC 332,336     Foundries 	  B-154
SIC 3341        Secondary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metals   B-163
SIC 3398        Metal  Heat Treating	  B-168
SIC 3399        Primary Metal  Products, Not Elsewhere Classified  . .  B-174
SIC 34 (except  Fabricated Metal Products, Except Machinery and
 3411,3479)     Transportation Equipment	  B-178
                                        IV

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                               CONTENTS (CONTD)
                                                                       Page
SIC 3431,3479   Enameled Iron and Metal Ware and Coating, Engraving,
                and Allied Services, Not Elsewhere Classified ....  B-190
SIC 3471        Electroplating and Metal Finishing  	  B-195
SIC 351,352,    Machinery, Except Electrical  	  B-201
 353,358,359
SIC 354,355,    Machinery, Except Electrical  	  B-205
 356,357
36 (except      Electrical and Electronic Machinery, Equipment and
 3691,3692)      Supplies  	  B-209
SIC 3691,3692   Storage and Primary Batteries 	  B-213
SIC 37          Transportation Equipment	  B-217
SIC 38 (except  Measuring, Analyzing, and Controlling Instruments,
 3861)          Medical, Dental and Optical Goods, and Watches and
                Clocks	  B-222
SIC 3861        Photographic Equipment and Supplies 	  B-227
SIC 39 (except  Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries   	  B-232
 391,396)
SIC 3910,3960   Jewelry, Silverware, and Plated Ware, Costume Jewelry,
                Novelties, Buttons, and Miscellaneous Notions ....  B-236
SIC 40 (and     Railroad Transportation	B-241
 parts of SIC
 411)
SIC 41          Local and Suburban Transit and Interurban Highway
                Passenger Transportation  	  B-250
SIC 42          Motor Freight Transportation  	  B-256
SIC 43          Postal Service	  B-264
SIC 45          Transportation by Air	  B-270
SIC 5122        Drugs, Drug Proprietaries and Druggists' Supplies
                (Wholesale)	  B-279
SIC 5161        Chemicals and Allied Products - Chemical Wholesalers   B-283
SIC 5511        Motor Vehicles (New and Used)	  B-287
SIC 5541        Gasoline Service Stations 	  B-294
SIC 7215,7215,  Dry Cleaning	  B-299
 7218
SIC  7217       Carpet and Upholstery Cleaning	  B-308
SIC 7221,7333,  Photo Processing Laboratories 	  B-311
 7395,7819
SIC 7231,7241   Barber and Beauty Shops 	  B-316

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                               CONTENTS (CONTD)
                                                                       Page
SIC 7261         Funeral Services and Crematories  	 B-320
SIC 7332         Blueprinting and Photocopy Services   	 B-324
SIC 7341,7349    Commercial Cleaning and Janitorial Services   	 B-328
SIC 7342         Disinfecting and Exterminating  Services   	 B-332
SIC 7391         Research and Development Laboratories	B-337
SIC 7397         Commercial Testing Laboratories  	 B-341
SIC 7399         Miscellaneous Business  Services,  Not Elsewhere
                 Classified	B-345
SIC 751          Automotive Rental and Leasing,  Without Drivers  .... B-349
SIC 7531-7535    Automotive Repair Shops	B-354
SIC 7538         General Automotive Repair Shops  	 B-358
SIC 7539         General Automotive Repair,  Not  Elsewhere Classified   . B-363
SIC 7542         Car Washes	B-368
SIC 76           Miscellaneous Repair Services   	 B-372
SIC 7933         Bowling Alleys	B-376
SIC 7948         Racing,  Including Track Operation 	 B-380
SIC 7996         Amusement Parks	B-386
SIC 806          Hospitals	B-391
SIC 8071         Medical  Laboratories	B-398
SIC 8211         Elementary and Secondary Schools	B-404
SIC 8221,8222    Colleges,  Universities,  Professional Schools and
                 Junior  Colleges  	 B-407
SIC 8411         Museums  and Art Galleries	B-411
SIC 8922         Noncommercial Educational,  Scientific, and Research
                 Organizations  	 B-414

Appendix C
Section C-l      Agencies,  Associations  and  Companies Supplying Informa-
                 tion  for Use in the TRW Study	C-l
Section C-2      Items Related to Preparation of Facility Computer In-
                 put Data Sheets for Computerization of State Data
                 Base	C-12
Section C-3      Samples  of Completed Hazardous  Waste Information
                 Questionnaires 	 C-25
                                       vi

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                              CONTENTS (CONTD)

                                                                       Page
Section C-4     Computer Calculations and Hand Plots of Industry
                Waste Generation Profiles for SIC 286	    C-34

Section C-5     Computer-Generated Sample Summary Sheets and Industry
                Profiles for SIC's 3471 and 7342	    C-42

Section C-6     Sample Raw Data Provided by States of Arizona,
                California and Washington  	    C-54

Section C-7     Selected Examples  of Reported Damage Incidents  Involv-
                ing Small Quantities of Hazardous Waste  	    C-61
                                      VII

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                              CONTENTS FOR VOLUME I
                                                                      Page
Key Project Personnel  	   ii
Figures 	   v
Tables	   vi
Preface and Acknowledgement  	   viii

1.0  SUMMARY	   1-1
     1.1  Background and Study Objectives  	   1-1
     1.2  Study Methodology	   1-1
     1.3  Results and  Discussions	   1-5
2.0  INTRODUCTION	   2-1
3.0  WASTE GENERATION  PROFILES   	   3-1
     3.1  Distributions by Waste Generation Rate Category 	   3-1
     3.2  Distribution by SIC	   3-5
     3.3  Distribution by EPA Region	   3-8
     3.4  Distribution by Disposal Method  	   3-13
4.0  ANALYSIS OF TECHNICAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF REGULATORY
     OPTIONS	   4-1
     4.1  Quantity Option	   4-1
          4.1.1  Impacts on  Number of  Generators and Waste
                 Quantities	   4-2
          4.1.2  SIC-Specific Impacts  	   4-2
          4.1.3  Impacts on  Current Disposal Practices  	   4-8
          4.1.4  Impacts on  the Capacity of Commercial Waste
                 Management  Facilities 	   4-9
          4.1.5  Impacts on  "Dilution" of Hazardous Waste in
                 Subtitle D  Facilities 	   4-10
          4.1.6  Impact on Waste Transportation and Probability of
                 Waste Spills	   4-11
          4.1.7  Impacts on  the Safety of Operators and the Public
                 at Subtitle D Facilities	   4-15
          4.1.8  Impacts on  Sanitary Landfill Siting  	   4-17
     4.2  Phasing Option	   4-18
          4.2.1  Impact on Number of Generators and Waste Quantities  4-19
          4.2.2  SIC-Specific Impacts  	   4-19
          4.2.3  Impacts on  Capacity of Commercial Waste Management
                 Facilities	   4-20
                                      Vlll

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                       CONTENTS FOR VOLUME  I  (CONTD)
                                                                      Page
5.0  ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF DATA BASE	5-1
     5.1  General Considerations 	  5-1
     5.2  Quality of the State Data	5-2
     5.3  Estimation of Waste Generation Profiles  	  5-2
     5.4  Use of Census Data	5-13
6.0  GENERAL METHODOLOGY FOR DATA BASE DEVELOPMENT	6-1
     6.1  Sources of Information Used	6-8
          6.1.1  State Hazardous Waste Surveys and Data Files  .  .   .  6-8
          6.1.2  Data Files of EPA and Its Contractors	6-13
          6.1.3  Trade Associations  	  6-13
          6.1.4  Individual Establishments 	  6-14
          6.1.5  Census Data	6-15
          6.1.6  Miscellaneous Data Sources	6-15
     6.2  Reduction and Computerization of State Data	6-15
     6.3  Use of State Data for Estimation of Waste Generation
          Profiles	6-19
          6.3.1  Evaluation of Correlations Between Waste Generation
                 Rate and Employment	6-19
          6.3.2  Use of State Data as a Representative Sample of
                 Generators in an SIC	6-26
          6.3.3  Computer Calculation of Industry Waste Generation
                 Profiles	6-27

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                          APPENDIX  A





       ASSESSMENT SUMMARY SHEETS FOR SIC'S ELIMINATED



FROM CONSIDERATION AS SMALL VOLUME HAZARDOUS WASTE GENERATORS

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INDUSTRY:  Annimal Services, Except Veterinary                   SIC:  075
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
     Activities in this industry which may generate hazardous wastes are
cattle spraying, sheep dipping and vaccinating of animals.   Cattle spraying
is primarily carried out by businesses engaged in the extermination of other
pests as well, and thus is included in the assessment of SIC 7342.  Except
at slaughterhouses, dipping is reported to be an extremely rare event now
which is only done in the case of such things as a scabies outbreak.  No
evidence of businesses engaged in non-veterinarian vaccinating of animals
was found.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
     •   State and county level agricultural officials indicated that dipping
         of animals was done as a preventive measure at slaughterhouses and
         in the case of an outbreak of a disease such as scabies.  Outbreaks
                                 i
         requiring dipping are very infrequent, only one has occurred in
         California in the last 10 years.
     •   Representatives of the American Veterinary Medical Association,
         California Department of Agriculture, and Los Angeles Agricultural
         Commission were not aware of any businesses other than veterinarians
         which were engaged in the vaccinating of animals.   Vaccinations are
         reportedly done by either a veterinarian or the owner of the herd.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
      (1)  American Veterinary Medical Association
      (2)  Los Angeles County Agricultural Commission
      (3)  California State Department of Agriculture
                                    A-l

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INDUSTRY:  General Building  Contractors and Heavy             SIC:  15,16
           Construction Contractors                                 (except for
                                                                    "special trade")
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
     Only the activities of  the  "special  trade" section of SIC's 15 and 16
is expected to produce potentially hazardous wastes.  The wastes from the
special trades are addressed in  connection with SIC 17, Construction - Special
Trade Contractors  (see Appendix  B).
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE  DATA:
     •  Generally, firms engaged in  the construction industry (major groups
        15 and 16) have the  potential  to  produce hazardous wastes.  The
        majority of these  hazardous  wastes are produced by the "special trade"
        portion of the industry. About 75% of the special trade work (paint-
        ing, roofing  and sheet metals  work, etc.) is carried out by the special
        trade firms in SIC 17 (Construction - Special Trade Contractors) which
        often work under a subcontract to the general contractors in SIC's 15
        and 16; only  25% of  the  special trade work in the construction indus-
        try is carried out by the firms in SIC's 15 and 16.  The wastes from
        special trade contractors are  addressed in connection with SIC 17.
     •  Some small amounts of greases, oils, solvents and coolants will be
        generated  from maintenance of  construction equipment and vehicles.
        The nature of SIC  16, heavy  construction, indicates that this portion
        of the industry could be expected to produce significant amounts of
        such maintenance wastes. However, there is no data currently available
        which delineates whether the maintenance of these equipment and vehicles
        is performed  by the  contractor's  firm or by a public maintenance shop.
        The latter would constitute  classification of these wastes under SIC
        7538 or 7539.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
     •  National Association of  Home Builders
     •  American Building  Contractors  Association
     •  Associated General Contractors of America
                                      A-2

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INDUSTRY:  Tobacco Manufacturers                         SIC:  21
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY
     No hazardous wastes are generated by the plants in this industry.  The
solid wastes generated are primarily tobacco dust (which is sold or sent to
landfills) and "paper" products such as labels, cotton, packaging material,
etc.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
     •   This SIC includes establishments engaged in manufacturing cigarettes
          (SIC 2111), cigars (SIC 2121), smoking and chewing tobacco and snuff
          (SIC 2131) and tobacco stemming and redrying  (SIC 2141).
     •   Tobacco processing in general, and manufacture of cigarettes (SIC
          2111) in particular, is essentially the same  for all plants and con-
          sists of "assembling/packaging" a "finished" product into marketable
          items; in the process certain flavoring agents may be added to cer-
          tain brands.  The "assembling/packaging" consisting of  (a) addition
         of steam to aged and dry tobacco in a blending operation where various
         grades of tobacco are mixed to achieve different quality products,
          (b) machine cutting, (c) drying (to about 13% moisture content) and
          (d) packaging.  Liquid waste is the steam condensate which is sent
          to drain; the solid wastes are tobacco dust (at one plant, collected
         by bag filters and sent to landfill) and paper waste (labels, cotton
          filter, etc.).
     •    Tobacco dust is also the only process waste produced in manufacture
          of cigars  (SIC 2121).  The tobacco dust is sold (to a  "customer" at
          the one plant contacted); in addition to tobacco, the only other
          material used is a paste  ("imported") which is applied  to cigars to
          hold the head "down."  About 450 kg/mo (1000 Ib/mo) of  tobacco dust
          is produced at one plant which employs 50 people and has an annual
          sales of $775,000.
     •    Tobacco redrying  (SIC 2141) is a seasonal operation.   Tobacco is pur-
          chased from a warehouse and "chopped" and dried.  Tobacco dust is the
          only waste.  One plant contacted employs 400  people during processing
          season and only 15 people during off-season.
                                     A-3

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                                                         SIC:   21




SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:




     •   The Tobacco Institute




     •   Three individual establishments
                                     A-4

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INDUSTRY:  Apparel and Other Finished Products Made      SIC:  23
           from Fabrics and Similar Materials

ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:

     Waste generated by the subject industry ("cutting room" floor waste con-

sisting of discarded fabric materials) is not generally considered hazardous.

However, since leather trimmings/fines have been shown to release heavy

metals to water during leaching, wastes from certain establishments in SIC's

2371, 2381, 2386 and 2387 which manufacture leather goods, may be potentially

hazardous.  In the absence of more substantiated data on hazardous character-

istics  (if any) of leather trimmings/fines, these wastes have been considered

nonhazardous for the purpose of this assessment.  The leather trimmings are

separated from the other wastes; that portion which can be reused is sold and

the fine "powdery" waste which can not be reused is disposed of as refuse.

SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:

     •   This industry, known as cutting-up and needle trades, includes estab-

         lishments producing clothing and fabricating products by cutting and
         sewing purchased woven or knit textile fabrics and related materials

         such as leather, rubberized fabrics, plastics and furs.

     •   SIC's 2371 (Fur Goods), 2381 (Dress and Work Gloves), 2386 (Leather

         and Sheep Lined Clothing) and 2387 (Apparel Belts):

            - Some plants in these SIC's produce leather-containing goods
              and hence generates wastes containing leather fines and dis-
              carded trimmings.
            - Because of the value of leather, the scraps which can be poten-
              tially reused are separated from other wastes at the source
              and sold for reuse  (e.g., manufacture of pieced-leather gar-
              ments) .  Segregation at the source is apparently no problem.
              The leather pieces which cannot be reused  (leather "fines") are
              disposed of with regular refuse and taken to refuse disposal
              site.
            - Because of a significant rise in the price of leather in recent
              years, plants are now using increasing care to reduce wastage.

            - One plant involved in the wholesale and manufacture of men's
              and boys' belts employs 58 people, has annual sales of $2.5MM
              and generates about one "dumper" per week of leather wastes,
              which is sent to landfill disposal.  One plant which is in-
              volved in the manufacture and retail sales of fur goods employs
              16 persons  (no waste quantity data available).
                                     A-5

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                                                         SIC:  23

     •   Other 4-digit SIC's in the SIC 23 Category

            - The cutting room floor waste reflects the characteristics of
              the original cloth/fabric; no chemicals are used in the
              operation.
            - About 6% of the fabric (raw material) is wasted as the cutting
              room floor waste; typical plant employing 150 to 300 employees
              produces about 18,000 kg/mo (40,000 Ib/mo) of waste.

            - Excluding the "custom" making plants (which may number as much
              as several thousands), there are an estimated 35,000 to 45,000
              plants in the industry; about 90% of these plants are in the
              150- to 350-employee size range.  Employments in few plants
              may be as high as 7,000-8,000.
            - Because of large quantities and nature of waste, waste disposal
              is a major problem for the iridustry.  When single-material
              fabric (e.g., 100% wool,  cotton, etc.)  are used, the waste can
              be sent to recycling (production of new fabrics); when mixed-
              material fabrics (e.g., cotton-polyester) are used, the waste
              cannot be processed for reuse.,  Haste segregation  (i.e., sep-
              aration of recyclable wastes)  at the source is essential to
              effective waste management.  Disposal in open dumps and land-
              fills is currently the prevalent waste disposal practice.
              Waste incineration is known to be in practice in at least one
              large plant.

SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:

     •   American Apparel Manufacturing Association

     •   Three individual establishments
                                     A-6

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INDUSTRY:  Hardwood Veneer, Plywood and Glued Wood       SIC:  243,2492,2499
           Products
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
     The large quantities of wood-derived solid wastes generated by firms
manufacturing veneers, plywood, particle board and other glued products, are
not considered hazardous.  For certain smaller volume products which are coated
(e.g., paneling), wastes resulting from coating operations may be hazardous
but are likely to be generated by most firms in quantities greater than 5000
kg/mo.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
     •   The subject SIC's cover establishments primarily engaged in manu-
         facturing millwork, veneer, plywood and structural wood members
         (SIC 243); particleboard (SIC 2492)j and wood products, not else-
         where classified  (SIC 2499).
     •   The major wastes generated by firms in SIC's 243, 2492 and 2499*
         which manufacture glued wood products (e.g., veneers, plywood,
         particleboard, etc.) are wood-derived containing small amounts of
         solidified glue resins which are not considered hazardous.  The glue
         application process is generally conducted in a nearly "closed"
         system with most of the cleanup wastes recycled to next batch
         of resin mix.  Waste material not recycled eventually become com-
         ponents of the wastewater treatment sludges.  For softwood plywood
         phenolic formaldehyde resins are employeed; for hardwood plywood
         urea formaldehyde resins are used.  Any resin containing wastes
         which are relatively dry are burned with wood wastes as fuel at
         most plants.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
     •   American Plywood Association
     •   Hardwood Plywood Manufacturers Association
     •   Effluent Guidelines Division of EPA
"Establishments engaged in the production of paneling and related material
 which are not classified elsewhere are considered to be included in this SIC;
 such establishments may employ solvent coating (and hence would generate haz-
 ardous wastes) are addressed elsewhere in this report.
                                     A-7

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                                                SIC:  243, etc.
Development Document for Proposed Effluent Limitations Guidelines
and New Source Performance Standards for the Wet Storage, Sawmills,
Particle Board and Insulation Board Segment of the Timber Products
Processing Point Source Category, EPA 440/1-74/033, August 1974
One industry consultant
                           A-8

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INDUSTRY:  Paper and Allied Products                     SIC:  2611,2621,2631,
                                                               2646,2661
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
     Although large quantities of solid wastes are generated by pulp and paper
mills, the bulk of these wastes would not be considered hazardous.  Certain
wastes such as wastewater treatment sludges, green and white water dregs, lime
muds, residues from wood waste incineration, and slaker rejects may be hazard-
ous due to the presence of heavy metals and toxic organics.   Available infor-
mation indicates that even the small mills in the subject SIC's would generate
more than 5000 kg/mo of such potentially hazardous waste.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
     •   The subject SIC's cover the following establishments:  pulp mills
         (SIC 2611); paper mills, except building paper mills (SIC 2621);
         paperboard mills (SIC 2631); pressed and molded pulp goods (SIC
         2646); and building paper and building board mills (SIC 2661).
     •   Large quantities of nonhazardous wood and bark wastes are generated
         by pulp mills and integrated pulp and paper mills.   It is estimated
         that about 10% of the incoming wood ends up as waste of this kind.
         The industry trend is toward incineration of these wastes onsite
         with heat recovery for process use.
     •   Wastewater treatment sludges are the largest volume hazardous waste
         generated by firms in the subject industry.  Estimates for quantities
         of wastewater treatment sludges from the smallest integrated pulp and
         paper mills are shown in Table 1.  From these estimates it appears
         that even the smallest integrated mills would generate WWT sludges
         in amounts greater than 5000 kg/mo.  (It should be noted that the
         sludge quantities shown in the table are on a "dry solids" basis,
         and that on a "wet solids" basis the sludge quantities would be per-
         haps 20 to 30 times as much as those shown in the table.)  Estimates
         of wastewater treatment sludges for the paper mills also indicate
         that the smallest of such mills should produce sludge quantities in
         excess of 5000 kg/mo.
     •   Tests conducted on a number of pulp and paper mill sludge samples by
         the National Council for Air and Stream Improvement indicate that
         some sludges may be considered hazardous due to the leachability of
                                     A-9

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                                                   SIC:   2611,  etc.




TABLE 1.  ESTIMATED WWT SLUDGES QUANTITIES FOR SMALLEST  MILLS
Mill Category
Kraft paperboard, packaging, papers,
newsprint, tissue
Kraft coated and uncoated papers
Sulfite tissue and paper
Groundwood newsprint, coated and
uncoated papers
NSSC/semi-chemical
Deinked tissue, coated and uncoated
papers
Recycled paperboard
Nonintegrated papers
Nonintegrated tissue
Nonintegrated tissue from wastepaper
Production
Capacity
tonne/day
(ton/day)
222 (245)
27 (30)
91 (100)
834 (920)
N/A
37 (41)

27 (30)
11 (12)
6 (7)
N/A
Sludge Generation
kg/tonne
(Ibs/ton)
dry solids
31 (62)
68 (136)
46 (92)
56 (112)
12 (24)
156 (312)

16 (32)
30 (60)
54 (108)
209 (418)
kg/mo
dry solids
207,000
56,000
125,000
30,000
N/A
174,000

13,000
9,800
10,000
N/A
                             A-10

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                                                  SIC:  2611, etc.
metal or due to aquatic toxicity.  Sludge characteristics can be
highly variable from mill to mill.
Chemical pulping wastes such as green liquor dregs, slaker rejects
and unburned lime kiln rejects are produced by all pulping opera-
tions.  Approximate quantities produced are estimated at 15-20 kg/
tonne of product.  The smallest mill producing 30 tonnes/day of
product would generate about 13,00-18,000 kg/mo of chemical pulping
wastes.  These wastes may be considered hazardous due to their
alkaline nature and presence of leachable heavy metals.
Wastes from repulping (secondary fiber reclamation) are estimated
at around 93 kg/tonne of product.  The smallest mill with a produc-
tion capacity of 30 tonnes/day would generate about 80,000 kg/mo of
pulp wastes.  Repulping wastes contain a wide variety of materials,
many of which may be considered hazardous (inks, pigments, binders,
etc.).
No data are available for mills engaged in the production of pressed
and molded pulp goods (SIC 2646) although it appears likely that such
mills would generate wastewater treatment sludges in amounts similar
to mills manufacturing other pulp products.
No data are currently available for mills engaged in production of
building paper and building board (SIC 2661).  Since the major differ-
ence between such mills and other fine and tissue paper mills is the
addition of additive or filler materials to the paper or pulp (e.g.,
asbestos, asphalt), it appears that such mills would generate waste-
water treatment sludges in amounts similar to mills manufacturing
other papers.  Sludges from mills in SIC 2661 would likely contain
hazardous substances derived from additives, coatings or fillers.
Most solid wastes and sludges in the industry are disposed of by land
application or landfilling with no special precautions.  Combustible
wastes are increasingly being incinerated at modern mills.  Chemical
wastes from pulping are often combined with aqueous mill wastes for
treatment and thus become components of WWT sludges.
                           A-11

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                                                           SIC: 2611, etc.


SOURCES OF DATA USED:
     •   Hazardous Waste Listings:  Pulp and Paper Mills Draft Report by Enviro
         Control Inc. to OSW/EPA, March 1979
     •   Development Documents for Effluent Limitation Guidelines - Pulp,
         Paper, and Paperboard Category, EPA 440/l-74/025a and 400/1-76/
         047a and b
     •   Draft Report on Economics of Hazardous Waste Disposal in Several
         Industries, Energy Resources Co. for OSW/EPA, 1979
     •   Economic Impacts of Pulp and Paper Industry Compliance with Environ-
         mental Regulations, A. D. Little for EPA, May 1977
     •   Solid Waste Management Practices in the Pulp and Paper Industry, EPA
         Contract 68-03-0207, February 1974
     •   Effluent Guidelines Division of EPA
     •   OSW/EPA
     •   National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improve-
         ment  (NCASI)
                                     A-12

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INDUSTRY: Converted Paper and Paperboard Products          SIC:  2642,2643,2645,
                                                                 2647,2648,2649,
                                                                 265
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY :
     Because of the nature of their production operation, establishments in
the subject SIC's are not expected to product wastes of a hazardous nature.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
     •   Establishments in the subject SIC are primarily engaged in production
         of envelopes (SIC 2642); bags, except textile bags (SIC 2643); die-
         cut paper and paperboard and cardboard  (SIC 2645); pressed and molded
         pulp goods (SIC 2646); sanitary paper products  (SIC 2647); stationary,
         tablets and related products  (SIC 2648); converted paper and paper-
         board products, not elsewhere classified (SIC 2649); and paperboard
         containers and boxes  (SIC 265).
     •   Establishments in the subject SIC's are engaged in manufacturing
         finished paper products from purchased paper or paperboard.  The
         operations involved are often mechanical (folding, cutting, stamping,
         molding) and do not result in the generation of wastewaters or waste-
         water treatment sludges.  Solid wastes generally consist of non-
         hazardous paper scrap.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
     •   Effluent Guidelines Division of EPA
     •   Hazardous Waste Listings:  Pulp and Paper Mills, Draft Report by
         Enviro Control, Inc.  for EPA, March 1979
     •   National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement
         (NCASI)
                                    A-13

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INDUSTRY:  Lubricating Oils and Greases (except            SIC:  2992
           blenders and compounders*)
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY :
     The lubricating oil and grease rerefining industry (one of the subcate-
gories in SIC 2992) is well characterized and all data agree that these faci-
lities are large hazardous waste generators.  The smallest of the 24 to 27 re-
refiners currently operating has a production capacity of 250,000 gal/yr.
operating at 80% capacity in 1975, this facility would have generated over
30,000 Ibs/mo of sludge and 750 Ibs/mo of spent clay.  Based on this quantity,
rerefiners would not be considered small generators.  Acid sludge produced in
rerefining contains approximately 40% acid,  2% Pb and 30-40% organics, the
majority of which are asphaltenes and other heavy polymers.  Other hazardous
trace metals found in significant amounts are As, Zn, Cd and Cr.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
     •   SIC 2992 includes establishments primarily engaged in blending, com-
         pounding and rerefining lubricating oils and greases from purchased
         mineral, animal and vegetable materials.  Petroleum refiners engaged
         in the production of lubricating oils and greases are classified  in
         Industry 2911.  Examples of products are shown below:
               brake fluid, hydraulic         oils and greases, blending and
               cutting oils, blending           compounding from purchased
                 and compounding from           materials
                 purchased materials          rust arresting compounds, animal
               lubricating greases and oils     and vegetable oil base
                 not made in petroleum        transmission fluid, hydraulic
                 refineries
               lubricating oils, rerefining
         Only the rerefining industry is addressed here.
     •   The industry had 27 active rerefiners as of September 1976.  The  Assoc-
         iation of Petroleum Rerefiners estimates two or three are no longer
         operating.
     •   Production was 193 million liter  (51 million gallon.)  in 1975, which
         is 44% of total capacity (including known inactive facilities).
*That fraction of this industry which includes establishments primarily engaged
 in blending and compounding lubricating oils and greases, and which has been
 determined to include small hazardous waste generators,  are not addressed in
 this summary sheet
                                    A-14

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                                                  SIC:  2992
Rerefineries are generally older facilities and are small, with none
having more than 25 employees.  The largest plant produced 37.8
million liter   (10 million gallon) in 1975, which represented 20%
of the industry output.  The median production for 1975 was 4.34
million liter  (1.15 million gallon).
Twenty-one rerefiners are known to use the acid/clay treating process;
two use distillation/clay and one uses the O'Blany modified distilla-
tion/clay process.
The rerefiners are located in or near large cities where raw material and
markets are available.  Four plants are in California, three in Texas,
two in Minnesota, Two in Wisconsin and one each in 16 other states.
Rerefining is most often accomplished in three steps:  (1) pretreat-
ment with heat and chemicals (acids or bases), (2) distillation of
a mixture of the waste oil and bleaching clay, and (3) post treatment
to filter the spent clay and perhaps acid neutralization or additional
finishing.
The principal waste of the acid/clay process is acid sludge, a black
tar with a high sulfuric acid content.  It contains most of the metals,
solids and polar compounds (original additives or reaction products).
Among metals found in significant concentrations are Pb, Zn, Fe, Si,
Ba, Ca, Na, Mg and P.
Caustic sludge is generated by only two rerefiners.  It apparently
does not contain as much aromatics as acid sludge.  The pH ranges
from 10 to nearly neutral.
Whenever vacuum  distillation  and clay treatment is used to recover
lube oils, the distillation column bottoms can be sold as an asphalt
extender.
The clay, of course,  has contacted and adsorbed the waste oil during
distillation.  Much of the oil and associated contaminants can be
removed with solvents or by burning it off.  Adsorbed materials of
special concern is disposing of the clay include heavy metals
(especially lead),  phenols and organics, some of which are possibly
carcinogenic.
                           A-15

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                                                  SIC:  2992
The rerefining in 1975 of 193 million liter (51 million gallon) of
oil resulted in the generation of the following quantities of waste:
                                           tonne/yr
                Waste Type               (dry weight)
          Acid sludge                       33,045
          Caustic and other sludge           8,180
          Spent clay                        15,700
The overwhelming majority of rerefiners having acid sludge dispose
of these wastes at offsite or onsite landfills without treatment.
Only about 20% of the rerefiners treat their acid sludge to reduce
leaching problems when the wastes are put into landfills.
Nearly two-thirds of caustic and "other" sludges generated are used
as an asphalt extender and plasticizer.  The remainder is used equally
for road oil and for fuel.
Spent clay is disposed of in the following manner:  7% is used on
roads, 9% is mixed with a fixative and deposited in a landfill, and
84% is sent to landfills without treatment.
In addition to rerefining, there is a less sophisticated component
of the industry which reclaims or reprocesses oil.  Reclaiming re-
moves water, solids and some organics primarily by heat, filtration,
and gravity or centrifugal separation.  Reprocessing will use higher
temperatures to remove more light organics and generally uses some
type of chemical treatment, e.g., neutralization.
Limited information about waste oil reclaiming and reprocessing acti-
vities suggest about 100 firms produce 378 to 756 million liter (100
to 200 million gallon)  annually.  A total of 40,000 to 80,000 tonne
of sludge and tank bottoms are produced which will be characterized
as hazardous waste.
Because these firms appear to be all rather small, a typical facility
will be described by the arithmetic average of production and waste
generation statistics.   On this basis, an individual facility would
probably have to dispose of some 33,000 kg of waste each month.
Therefore, the amount of hazardous waste produced by reclaimers and
reprocessors appears to exceed the small hazardous waste generator
definition.
                           A-16

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                                                           SIC:  2992
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
     •   Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste Management Practices:
         Petroleum Rerefining Industry, USFPA, 1977
     •   Waste Oil Recycling and Disposal, EPA-670/2-74-052, August 1974
     •   Report on Industry by J. G. Mascotte and H. M. White of Aerospace
         Corporation (ATR-78-7384-1),  1978
     •   Management of Environmental Risk:  Limited Integrated Assessment
         of Waste Oil Rerefining Industry, Teknekron, Inc., 1978
     •   Association of Petroleum Rerefiners
     •   DOE, Bartlesville Energy Technology Center, Bartlesville, OK
     •   Six individual establishments
                                     A-17

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INDUSTRY:  Cement, Hydraulic                               SIC:  3241
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
     All establishments in this SIC would be large waste generators.  The
waste generated (kiln dust) amounts to 10 to 20% of kiln feed.  The smallest
plant would generate more than one million killogram of waste/month.  Under
Subtitle C of RCRA kiln dust would most likely be considered as "special
waste."
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
     •   This SIC covers establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing
         hydraulic cement, including Portland, natural, masonary,  and possolan
         cements.
     •   There are 51 companies; 166 plants with annual production ranging
         from 0.18 x 10  to 27 x 10  tonns.
     •   Raw materials used are lime, silica, alumina and iron.
     •   34% of plants return kiln dust to kiln.
     •   Some plant leach the dust with water to reduce the alkali content.
         Leached dust is returned to kiln.
SOURCES OP INFORMATION USED:
     •   EPA-Effluent Guidelines Division Development Document:  Cement Manu-
         facturing Point Source (EPA 440/l-74-005a)
     •   Portland Cement Association
                                    A-18

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INDUSTRY:  Stone and Clay Products                         SIC:  325,326,3274,
                                                                 3275,3281,3291,
                                                                 3292,3295-7,
                                                                 3299
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
     Except for establishments in SIC 3274, which are large generators and
whose waste may include calcium oxide, and establishments in SIC 3292, whose
operation is or will be regulated under other laws, the waste generated by
the establishments in the subject SIC's are not considered hazardous.  Process
wastes from these SIC's are dust collected during various operations, and
rejected or broken end products which consist mainly of cement, clay, shale
and silica.  Most plants recycle these back to the process.  Some plants may
dispose of waste lube oils and cleaning solvents.  No data are available on
the quantities of these wastes and the number of plants disposing of such
wastes.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
     •   The industry categories covered by the subject SIC's are:  structural
         clay products (SIC 325),  pottery and related products (SIC 326),  lime
         (3274), gypsum products (3275),  cut stone and stone products (SIC
         3281),  abrasive and miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products (SIC
         3291, 3295-7,  and 3299)  and asbestos products (SIC 3292).
SIC 3274, Lime
     •   Raw materials  used are either limestone or oyster shell.
     •   During calcination and associated operations (crushing,  grinding,
         cleaning,  etc.)  dusts containing calcium oxides are generated which
         are collected  either by wet or dry air pollution control devices.
         The dust collected may be corrosive and are usually not  salable.
         Amounts of dust collected ranges from 2 to 10% of raw input.  In
         general,  1.79  tonne of raw material is required to produce 1 metric
         ton of  product.   Assuming a waste generation rate of 2%,  any plant
         producing less than 1700  tonne/yr would be classified as small
         hazardous waste generator.   Available data indicate that plants in
         the industry have capacities in  excess of this (see below).
         In 1974,  plants in SIC 3274 ranged in size from less than 10,000
         tonne/yr to more than 350,000 tonne/yr.  There were a total  of 176
                                    A-19

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                                                           SIC:  325, etc.
         plants, 39 of which had capacities greater than 180,000 tonne/yr and
         produced 2/3 of the total industry output; the other 137 plants had
         a combined production of 6.5 million tonne with an average production
         rate of 50,000 tonne per plant.  The trend in the industry has been
         toward closing the smaller plants and consolidation into larger faci-
         lities.  It is unlikely that any plants would have a production
         capacity of less than 1700 tonne/yr, thus all the plants in this SIC
         would be considered large generators.
SIC 3292, asbestos Products
     •   The use of asbestos products in the work place and the management of
         asbestos wastes are currently regulated under OSHA and the Clean Air
         Act; control of asbestos in the environment may also be covered under
         the Toxic Substances Control Act.
Other SIC's
     •   The raw materials used in the subject SIC's (except SIC 3274) include
         clay, shale, alumina, silica, alkalies, gypsum rocks and coloring
         agents (e.g., magnesium oxides and iron oxide).
     •   Typical processes used include crushing, grinding, mixing,  extruding,
         drying and firing.
     •   Waste materials are mainly rejected or broken products and dust col-
         lected during various operations.  These wastes  would resemble the
         raw materials and would be nonhazardous.  Three  of the four companies
         contacted recycle all wastes back to the process;  one company collects
         the wastes in a dumpster which is hauled away by a contractor.
SOURCES OF DATA USED:
     •   Industrial Process Profiles for Environmental Use:  Chapter 17, The
         Gypsum and Wallboard Industry, NTIS PB-281-484
     •   Industrial Process Profiles for Environmental Use:  Chapter 18, The
         Lime Industry, NTIS PB-281-485
     •   Industrial Profiles for Environmental Use:  Chapter 19, The Clay
         Industry,  NTIS PB-281-486
                                   A-20

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                                                  SIC:  325, etc.




Gypsum Association




Three individual establishments
                          A-21

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INDUSTRY:  Concrete,Gypsum and Plaster Products            SIC:  3271,3272,
                                                                 3273

ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
     Waste generated is not considered hazardous.  At one large plant in SIC
3272 oil and grease is reportedly skimmed off from wastewater; it is not known
whether such a waste would also be encountered at smaller plants.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
     •   The industry subcategories covered by the subject SIC's are concrete
         block and brick  (SIC 3271), concrete products, except block and
         brick (SIC 3272} and ready-mixed concrete (SIC 3273).
     •   Wastes generated include cement dust, waste concrete, scrap block
         and brick.
     •   Not all concrete pipe wet casting process plants generate oil and
         grease waste.  There are a total of 390 plants in the concrete pipe
         industry  (SIC 3272).  EPA-Effluent Guidelines Division surveyed 153
         plants  (including visiting 9 plants and sampling 2 plants).  One of
         the plants visited  was  identified as having oil and  grease waste
         skimmed off  from an API separator.  The plants visited by Effluent
         Guidelines Division were the larger plants and it is not known
         whether oil  and  grease  waste would be encountered at any of the
         smaller facilities  in the  industry.
     •   For the one  plant visited by Effluent Guidelines Division, the quantity
         of oil and grease is estimated  at 0.04 kg/tonne of product; for the
         153 plants in the Effluent Guidelines Division survey, production rate
         ranged  from  4,540 to 175,000 tonne of product/yr.
 SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
     •   EPA-Effluent Guidelines Division Development Document:  Concrete
         Product Point Source  (EPA 440/1-78/090)
     •    American  Concrete Pressure Pipe Association
                                     A-22

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INDUSTRY:  Blast Furnaces (including coke ovens),          SIC:  3312
           Steel works and Rolling Hills
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY :
     All establishments in the subject SIC are reported to produce more than
5000 kg/mo of hazardous waste.  Hazardous wastes generated include heavy
metals, greases, oils, fluorides, cyanides, phenols and acids.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
     •   This SIC covers establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing
         hot metal, pig iron, silvery pig iron, and ferroalloys from iron
         ore and iron and steel scrap; converting pig iron, scrap iron and
         scrap steel into steel; and in hot rolling iron and steel into basic
         shapes such as plates, sheets, strips, rods, bars, and tubing.  Mer-
         chant blast furnaces and byproduct or beehive coke ovens are also
         included in this industry.
     •   A survey of all 158 iron and steel plants in the U.S. in 1974 found
         that all plants in SIC 3312 dispose of large volumes of hazardous
         waste.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED :
     •   Calspan Corporation, "Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste
         Practices in the Metal Smelting and Refining Industry," Vol. Ill,
         EPA Contract No. 68-01-2605, April 1977
     •   U.S. EPA/Office of Water and Hazardous Materials, "Development
         Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Per-
         formance Standards for the Hot Forming and Cold Finishing Segment
         of the Iron and Steel Manufacturing Point Source Category,"
         August 1975
     •   U.S. Dept. of Interior, Bureau of Mines, "1974 Minerals Yearbook,
         Vol. I, Metals, Minerals, and Fuels," U.S. GPO, 1976
     •   Effluent Guidelines Division of EPA
                                    A-23

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INDUSTRY:  Electrometallurgical Products                         SIC:  3313
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
     There appears to be no establishments in this SIC which generate less
than 5 MT per month of hazardous waste.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
     •   Samples taken from plants representing 91% of this industry's
         production capacity indicate that all establishments generate no
         hazardous waste or large volumes of hazardous waste.
     •   Solid wastes from plants in this SIC include slags, baghouse dusts,
         scrubber sludges, and wastewater treatment sludges.  Most of these
         wastes contain toxic heavy metals but do not release them in leach-
         ing tests.  Waste oils are also reported by establishments in this
         SIC.
     •   Waste dusts are reported to be disposed of in on- or off-site land-
         fills.  Sludges are reported to be disposed of in lined and unlined
         lagoons.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
     (1)  National Commission on Water Quality, "Preliminary Report on Cost
         of Implementation and Capabilities of Available Technology to Comply
         with PL 92-500," Vol. II, February 3, 1975
     (2)  Calspan Corp., "Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste Practices
          in the Metal Smelting and Refining Industry.  Vol. III.  Ferrous
          Smelting and Refining," EPA Contract No. 68-01-2604
     (3)  Development Document for Interim Final Effluent Limitations Guide-
          lines and Proposed New Source Performance Standards for the
          Electrolytic Ferroalloys Segment Ferroalloy Manufacturing Point
          Source Category
     (4)  State data base
                                   A-24

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INDUSTRY:  Primary Smelting and Refinishing of Nonferrous      SIC:  333
           Metals

ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
     All of the primary smelters and refiners of copper,  lead,  zinc,  aluminum
and other non-ferrous metals reportedly generate either large volumes of haz-
ardous waste or no hazardous waste.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
     •  This industry classification covers establishments primarily engaged in
        smelting and refining of copper (SIC 3331), lead {SIC 3332), zinc (SIC
        3333), aluminum (SIC 3334) and nonferrous metals not elsewhere classified
        (SIC 3339).
     •  SIC 3331 - Copper.  Smelting  and fire refining of copper reportedly
        generates 172 kg of hazardous waste sludges and dusts per MT of product.
        Even the smallest smelting (4000 MT/yr)  and fire refining (43000 MT/yr)
        operation  would be expected to produce well over 5000 kg/mo of hazard-
        ous waste.
        Electrolytic refining of copper reportedly generates 2.4 kg of hazardous
        waste sludge per MT of product.  The smallest electrolytic refining
        operation which is not at the same site as a fire refinining operation,
        has a capacity of 113,000 MT/yr.  Thus,  even the smallest electrolytic
        copper refinery would be expected to generate on the order of 22,000
        KG/ao of hazardous waste sludge.
     •  SIC 3332 - Lead.  There are 7 primary lead smelting and refining plants
        in the U.S.  Two of these sites smelt but do not refine.  Even these
        two plants are estimated to generate significantly greater than 5 MT/mo
        of hazardous waste.
     •  SIC 3333 - Zinc.  Smelting and electrolytic refining of zinc reportedly
        generates an average of 26.1 kg of hazardous waste sludges (from acid
        plant blowdown and wastewater treatment) per MX of product.   The smallest
        electrolytic zinc refiner reportedly disposed of approximately 40 MT of
        sludges per month in 1977.
                                    A-25

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                                                              SIC: 333

    •  Pyrometallurgical smelting and refining of zinc also generates hazardous
       waste sludges.  The estimated average waste generation rate is 122 kg/MT
       of product.  The smallest pyrometallurgical refiner would be expected
       to generate approximately 480 MT/mo of hazardous waste sludges.
    •  SIC 3334 - Aluminum.  Hazardous wastes from primary aluminum smelting
       and refining include sludges, spent potliners, skimmings from electrolytic
       cells and dusts.  The total waste generation rates vary widely from
       plant-to-plant depending on such factors as production processes employed
       and level of scrubber water treatment.  All primary aluminum plants
       generate well in excess of 5 HT/mo of hazardous waste.
    •  SIC 3339 - Nonferrous Metals, Not Elsewhere Classified.  Based on data
       collected from 32 of the 81 plants 'in this SIC, it is estimated that
       all plants generate either non-hazardous wastes or large volumes of
       hazardous wastes.  Solid wastes from this SIC include slags, baghouse
       dusts, scrubber sludges, wastewater treatment sludges, electrolytic
       sludges, and other miscellaneous wastes generated in smaller quantities.
       Many of these wastes contain toxic heavy metals and some release them
       when subjected to leaching tests,  The most common disposal methods
       are open dumping and lagoons, although many plants also recycle much
       of their solid waste.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
    •  Calspan  Corporation,  "Assessment of Industrial Hazardous  Waste  Practices
       in the Metal  Smelting and Refining  Industry.   Vol.  II," EPA Contract No.
       68-01-01-2604,  April  1977
    •  Garrity-Sandage Associates,  Inc.,  "Hazardous  Substances and Pesticide
       Survey and Training Program.   Vol I," EPA Contract NO.  76-4300-01,
       April 1977
    •  PEDCo Environmental, Inc., "Preliminary Draft - Environmental Assessment of
       the Domestic Primary Copper, Lead, and Zinc Industries," EPA Contracts
       Nos. 68-02-1321, Task No. 38; 68-02-2535, Task No. 1, December 1977
    •  U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines,  "1974 Minerals Yearbook,
       Vol. I,  Metals Minerals and Fuels," U.S. EPA, 1976
                                     A-26

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                                                              SIC:   333
•  EPA/EGD, Draft Report on Effluent Limitations and Pretreatment Standards
   for Point Sources Within the Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Point
   Source Category, Section III, 1979
•  U.S. Dept. of Commerce, "1972 Census of Manufacturers"
•  Battelle Columbus Laboratories, "Draft Final Report on Environmental
   Assessment of Primary Nonferrous Metals Industry Except Copper,  Lead,
   and Zinc," February 1977
                               A-27

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INDUSTRY:  Water Transportation                           SIC:  44

ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
     The potentially hazardous waste generated by the water transportation
industry are wastewaters from ship and barge interior cleaning which may con-
tain oils, alkalis, or acids, cyanides, phenols and ammonia.  Wastes are all
cargo related.  The cleaning wastes are brought to shore for treatment.  Oily
fractions are reprocessed in refineries; sludges are often disposed of onsite
or taken to a landfill by a contract hauler, and remaining waters disposed of
on land or returned to river/ocean.  The volumes of wastes handled by a shore
treatment installation and the amount of sludge produced in such an installa-
tion are very large (in excess of 5000 kg/mo).

SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
     •  SIC 44 includes establishments that engage in freight and passenger
        transportation on the open seas or inland waters and establishments
        providing incidental support services.
     •  The potentially hazardous wastes from the waterborne shipping seg-
        ment of the transportation industry are wastewaters from ship and
        barge interior cleaning,  ballast and bilge waters.
     •  Depending on the cargo handled, hazardous constituents of the waste-
        waters are oily materials, acids, alkalis, cyanides, phenols, ammonia
        and miscellaneous organics and inorganics.
     •  Because the smallest cargo vessel produces more than 5000 kg/mo of
        wastewater and because wastewaters from at least several vessels are
        collected at a shore installation for  treatment and disposal, neither
        the vessels nor the terminals serving  them qualify as small volume
        hazardous waste generators.
     •  Small supportive vessels  such as tugboats and towboats active in
        harbors and ports may produce bilgewater in quantities less than 5000
        kg/mo.  Based on data developed by EGD of the EPA,  tugboats operating
        in the Port of New York and some towboats operating in line serivce
        produce 30-40 gallons of  bilgewater per day (34oo to 4500 kg/mo).
                                    A-28

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                                                  SIC:  44

Those wastewaters may contain oily materials and heavy metals (from
engine or pump dripping) and detergents used in cleaning.  The bilge-
waters from tugboats and towboats are combined with wastewaters from
other vessels at shore storage/treatment disposal facilities.  Hence,
the total waste handled at such facilities would be in excess of 5000
kg/mo.
The following wastewater treatment methods are reported to be used at
shore installations:  flow equalization, gravity separation, emulsion
breaking, coagulation, air flotation and clarification.
Based on information obtained from the U.S. Coast Guard and the Harbor
Departments of Long Beach and Los Angeles, on the Pacific Coast  ship-
generated oily wastes and wastewaters are handled as follows.  Oily
wastes and bilge and ballast wastewaters are pumped from ships at
rates of 5000 barrels/hour to holding tanks in shore installations.
As much as 25,000 to 40,000 barrels may be transferred in one pumping.
Gravity settling or API separation yields oily and emulsion layers
which are sent to refineries as rerun oil.  Sludge which settles from
the wastewaters is removed and disposed of in Class I and Class II land-
fills by contractors.  Approximately 1000 bbl/yr (16,000 kg/mo) are
generated at a typical installation on the west coast.  The remaining
wastewater is analyzed onsite, rated against water quality standards,
and pumped to the ocean.  No wastes or wastewaters are pumped to muni-
cipal sewers.  According to the U.S. Coast Guard, this procedure is
carried out at the ports of San Diego, Los Angeles, Long Beach, San
Francisco, Portland, Seattle and Bellingham.
Based on contacts with several state agencies and a barge cleaning
contractor, the following information has been obtained for barge clean-
ing operations associated with commercial transportation on the Mississ-
ippi River.  Wastewaters from barges and towboats are handled at pri-
vately owned cleaning and disposal facilities.  Barge cargo space is
steam cleaned and flushed with water to a settling tank or pit.  Bilges
are pumped to the same space.  The oily layer is skimmed and sent to
a reclamation facility where it may be converted to fuel oil.  At one
facility the wastewaters are allowed to flow through sand to an aerated
                            A-29

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                                                           SIC:  44
         lagoon.  Three separate lagoons and aeration steps are provided in
         series.  The water from the third lagoon is dissipated by percolation
         and evaporation.  This facility, which is claimed to be of medium
         size, generates approximately 3 million kg of oil/year.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
     •   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Enforcement and
         General Counsel, Development Document for Proposed Effluent Limita-
         tions Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Water-
         borne Shipping Segment of the Transportation Industry Point Source
         Category (Draft), USEPA, April 1974
     •   U.S. Coast Guard; llth and 13th Districts
     •   U.S. Corps of Engineers
     •   Port of Los Angeles - Harden Division
     •   Environmental Protection Branch LA Harbor
     •   Environmental Analysis and Risk Management - Port of Long Beach
     •   Mississippi Department of Natural Resources
     •   Seven individual establishments involved in various aspects of water
         transportat ion
                                    A-30

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INDUSTRY:  Services Incidental to Transportation,           SIC:  4789
           Not Elsewhere Classified
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
     Wastes resulting from services incidental to transportation are for the
most part of a nonhazardous nature.  There are different kinds of establish-
ments covered under this SIC in some very unrelated services.  Of those estab-
lishments surveyed wastes are primarily paper, trash and some service specific
waste such as manure at stockyards.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
     •  Establishments covered under the subject SIC are primarily engaged
        in furnishing services incidental to transportation not elsewhere
        classified (e.g., cabs, horse drawn, for hire; sleeping car and other
        passenger car services, not performed by railroads; stockyards, not
        primarily for fattening or selling livestock^ freight car loading and
        unloading, not truckers; etc.).
     •  A company that boxes and crates machinery for export was interviewed.
        Other than office paper and trash,  the only other waste generated at
        this facility was wood and cardboard in small quantities.  Wastes are
        disposed of via a private collection company.
     •  A company that is a stockyard,  primarily for holding stock, was inter-
        viewed.   Besides paper and trash, manure (from the stockyard)  was also
        generated.  The paper and trash is collected by the city, and the manure
        is picked up by local farmers for fertilizer.
     •  Two railroad transportation companies were contacted for information
        on freight car loading and unloading.  The two companies indicated
        that the loading and unloading  of freight cars are the responsibilities
        of companies which rent the freight cars and that these companies,
        unless they have their own capabilities,  generally call upon the
        services of appropriate transport/loading-unloading firms for freight
        loadin-j-unloar«ing/transport.   In the majority of cases, the transport/
                                    A-31

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                                                            SIC:  4789

        loading-unloading firms operate a truck or fleet of trucks for this
        purpose.  Maintenance service performed on these trucks would generate
        certain hazardous wastes (e.g., waste oil).*  The trucking industry
        and the wastes generated from truck maintenance are addressed in con-
        nection with SIC 42 (see Appendix B).
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
     •  Four individual establishments
     •  Two railroad companies
*One company,  which specializes in loading-unloading and transport  of heavy
 equipment,  indicated that it performs maintenance service on a fleet of  40
 company-owned trucks;  the maintenance service  results in the generation  of
 about 150 kg/mo waste oil and hydraulic  fluid.
                                    A-32

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INDUSTRY:  Telephone Communication (wire or radio)          SIC:  4811
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
     The only identified hazardous waste generated by the subject industry
is polychlorinated biphenyl(s) (PCB)  resulting from damage/replacement of
transforming equipment.  The disposal of waste PCB is already subject to EPA
regulations and the production and use of PCB is prohibited as of June 1,
1979.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
     •   This SIC covers establishments primarily engaged in furnishing
         telephone communication service by placing the parties in vocal
         conversation with each other.
     •   Small quantities of wire scrap and other waste electrical supplies/
         components are generated by the subject industry.  These wastes are
         not considered hazardous.  Often small quantity wastes are disposed
         of with urban refuse at the construction or work site.
     •   Polychlorinated biphenyls are used in some transformer and capacitors
         in telephone systems.  The use of PCB's is being phased out and the
         disposal of such material is already covered by regulations developed
         under the Toxic Substances Control Act (43 CFR No. 34, Feb. 17, 1978).
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
     •   National Communications Association
     •   North American Telephone Association
     •   43 CFR No. 110, June 7,  1978, PCB's - Manufacturing, Processing,
         Distribution in Commerce and Use Bans
     •   43 CFR No. 34, Feb. 17,  1978, PCB's - Disposal and Marketing
                                   A-33

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INDUSTRY:  Automobiles and Other Motor Vehicles, Automotive       SIC:  5012,5013,
           Parts and Supplies, Tires and Tubes  (Wholesale)              5014

ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
      Wastes generated by the wholesale establishments covered under the subject
SIC's are of a non-hazardous nature.  Those businesses interviewed were chosen
because of the possibility that some hazardous waste could be generated.

SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA'
      •   The establishments covered under the subject SIC's are primarily
          engaged in the wholesale distribution of new and used autos, trucks,
          other motor vehicles (SIC 5012); automotive parts and supplies (SIC
          5013); and tires and tubes (SIC 5014).
      •   For SIC 5012, establishments interviewed included a motor cycle whole-
          saler, a bus wholesaler, a truck wholesaler and a trailer wholesaler.
          The only wastes generated at these facilities consisted primarily of
          paper waste and trash which is disposed of via a private disposal
          company.  None of the facilities performed maintenance on wholesaled
          vehicles so maintenance wastes were non-existent.
      •   For SIC 5013, wholesalers of batteries, auto supplies and test equip-
          ment were interviewed.   Some of the battery wholesalers did some retail
          sales and installation as well.   In these cases there were some old
          batteries that were disposed of by selling as scrap wherein the lead
          is recycled.  However,  in the wholesale part of the business no waste
          batteries were reported.  Also,  the auto supplier and test equipment
          supplier claimed to produce no waste other than some paper, cardboard
          and miscellaneous trash.  This is disposed of via a private disposal
          company.
      •   For SIC 5014, wholesalers of tires and tubes were contacted.  Some of
          these businesses also did retail sales in which case old tires,  tubes,
          weights and shocks were scrapped.   These wastes were all sold to an
          outside company for reclamation.   However, the wholesale operations
          of these establishments did not  produce these wastes since new tires,
          tubes,  etc.  were merely sold and not installed onsite.   Resultant wastes
          from wholesale operations consisted mainly of paper waste and miscel-
          laneous trash which is  disposed  of weekly via a private disposal
          company.
                                      A-34

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                                                                SIC:  5012,etc.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:




     •   Ten individual establishments
                                    A-35

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INDUSTRY:  Construction Materials, Not Elsewhere            SIC:  5039
           Classified (Wholesale)
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
     Some of the establishments included under the subject SIC handle products
such as lime, cement and plaster which may be potentially hazardous.  Haste
may result from damage to containers/packages during shipment and handling;
products in damaged packages, however, are usually either given away or sold
at reduced prices.  Other wastes that are generated include paper and mis-
cellaneous other building materials of a nonhazardous nature.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
     •  ,The establishments covered under SIC 5039 are primarily engaged
        in the wholesale distribution of building materials such as brick,
        building stone, cement, granite, gravel, lime, plaster, building
        glass, roofing materials, sand and tile.  The establishments are
        located nationwide, but primarily in the urban areas.
     •  Three wholesale building materials establishments were interviewed.
        Of all of the various kinds of materials that were sold only those
        with lime content such as lime, cement and plaster were considered
        to be of a potentially hazardous nature.  These items are only "dis-
        posed" of in the event of breakage of bags or damage to the product.
        This damage usually occurs during loading and unloading of the
        materials.
     •  The larege majority of damaged goods are either given away or sold
        at reduced prices.  Very small amounts are disposed of with other
        wastes of a nonhazardous nature which is usually collected by a
        private disposal company.
     •  The quantities of wastes associated with the cases of damaged con-
        tainers are highly variable dependent solely on handling care and
        procedure, as well as quantity of materials being handled by the
        individual company.  One company estimated that the range of damaged
        bags could be from zero to as many as a dozen per shipment.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED'
     •  Three individual establishments
                                    A-36

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 INDUSTRY:  Sporting, Recreational, Photographic and       SIC:  5041,5042,5043
            Hobby Goods, Toys and Supplies
 ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
      As a result of this survey, it was found that no waste of a hazardous
 nature was generated at any of the establishments interviewed.  Non-hazardous
 wastes are a result of normal business and general maintenance operations.

 SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
      •  This industry group covers establishments engaged in the wholesale
         distribution of sporting and recreational goods and supplies (SIC 5041),
         toys and hobby goods and supplies (SIC 5042), and photographic equip-
         ment and supplies  (SIC 5043).
      •  Wastes generated at establishments under the subject SIC's are reportedly
         of a non-hazardous nature.  Wastes are primarily paper, cardboard, other
         miscellaneous trash, and small amounts of common cleaning agents.
         Wastes are disposed of via municipal refuse collection or sewer.
         Broken or unusable products are generally sold at lower cost or returned
         to manufacturers.
SOURCES OP INFORMATION USED:
      •  Eight individual establishments
                                     A-37

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INDUSTRY:  Metals and Minerals, Except Petroleum (wholesale)    SIC:  505

ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
     Establishments covered under the subject SIC are not likely to generate
hazardous wastes.  Hastes produced by wholesale operations without warehouses
include paper and miscellaneous trash.  Warehouse wastes are very small in
volume and are usually recycled or used.

SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
     •  Included within the subject SIC are metal service centers and offices
         (SIC 5051) and coal and other minerals and ores (SIC 5052).  Establish-
        ments in SIC 5051 are primarily engaged in marketing ferrous and non-
        ferrous metal semi-finished products.  Establishments in this SIC may
        operate with warehouses (metal service centers) or without warehouses
         (metals sales offices).  Establishments in SIC 5052 are primarily
        engaged in the wholesale distribution of coal and coke; copper, iron,
        lead, other metallic ores except precious and crude non-metallic
        minerals.
     •  Metals service centers under SIC 5051 produce waste in the form of
        damaged materials which are generally returned to the manufacturer
        or supplier for recycling.  Other wastes from metals service centers
        and metals sales offices  are paper and miscellaneous trash which are
        disposed of via municipal refuse or private disposal collection.
     •  Waste generated at wholesalers of coal and other minerals and ores is
        primarily paper waste and miscellaneous trash.  Some wholesalers which
        also produce the product at the same site may produce hazardous waste
        as a result of the production operation;  the production operation is
        covered under other SIC's.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
     •   Five individual establishments
                                    A-38

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 INDUSTRY:   Electrical  Apparatus  and Equipment, Wiring          SIC:   5063
            Supplies and Construction Materials  (Wholesale)

 ASSESSMENT  SUMMARY:
       Establishments that  are  included under  SIC  5063 are not  likely  to produce
 wastes of a hazardous  nature.  Wastes that are generated at these  types of
 facilities  are  those resulting from the operation of  the business.

 SUMMARY OF  AVAILABLE DATA:
       •  Establishments  covered  under the subject SIC are primarily engaged
         in the wholesale  distribution of electrical  power equipment  for the
         generation, transmission or utilization  of electric energy;  and elec-
         trical construction materials for outside power transmission lines
         and for electrical systems.
       •  All of the establishments  that were  interviewed indicated that the only
         wastes generated  consisted of paper  and  miscellaneous  trash  of a non-
         hazardous  nature.  No hazardous materials are handled  by these
         businesses.   Damaged  products are returned to the manufacturer.  All
         waste  is disposed of  via private disposal companies.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
      •  Three  individual establishments
                                     A-39

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INDUSTRY:  Professional Equipment and Supplies             SIC:  5086
           (Wholesale)
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
     The warehousing activities of this industry are not expected to generate
hazardous waste.  Damaged and malfunctioning equipment are generally returned
to the manufacturers.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
     •   This SIC covers establishments primarily engaged in the wholesale
         distribution of mechanical devices and other equipment used by
         architects, dentists, engineers, physicians, surgeons, veterinarians,
         optometrists, osteopaths, and other professional groups.
     •   Wastes from these businesses include boxes, packing paper, styrofoam
         and other packing materials.  Damaged and malfunctioning equipment,
         some of which may contain hazardous chemical, are generally returned
         to the manufacturers.  (Some suppliers also handle cleaning, dis-
         infecting, and antifoaming chemicals which are covered under other
         SIC's.  Container damage can be expected which will result in the
         disposal of some of these chemicals.  The volume of damaged con-
         tainers which are disposed of is very small.)
     •   The current practice is to dispose of packing material and any
         damaged containers along with other municipal refuse.
     •   Some suppliers have a captive vehicle service department for their
         delivery vehicles.  This will be a source of waste crankcase oil,
         a hazardous waste.  Generation rates and disposal practices of
         waste crankcase oil are addressed in connection with the transporta-
         tion industry.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED :
     •   One individual establishment
                                    A-40

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INDUSTRY:  Groceries and Related Products (wholesale)       SIC:  514

ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:

     Establishments covered under the subject SIC are not likely to produce
hazardous wastes.  Since they are engagedin the sale of foods and food products,
hazardous substances are not utilized at these facilities.  Only steam and very
mild detergents are used for cleaning and disinfecting purposes.  Wastes are
generally miscellaneous trash with some industry specific wastes of a non-
hazardous nature.

SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
     •  The establishments covered under SIC 514 are primarily engaged in the
        wholesale distribution of fish and seafoods (SIC 5146), meats and meat
        products (SIC 5147), fresh fruits and vegetables (SIC 5148)  and gro-
        ceries and related products not elsewhere classified (SIC 5149).
     •  Wastes generated at fish and seafood wholesale operations may include
        fish heads and viscera when small quantities of fish are prepared for
        sale.   Fish are not usually packaged at these establishments.  Fish
        wastes are given to rendering companies;  miscellaneous trash is dis-
        posed of via municipal or private collectors.   No hazardous  materials
        are permitted in these kinds of food  "parking" establishments.
     •  Hastes generated at meat and meat product wholesale  operations will
        include bones,  suet and sometimes sump waste at packing operations.
        Bones  and suet are sold, sump waste is pumped and disposed of via
        private disposal company.   There is  also  some steam  washdown waste
        resulting from washing of equipment.   This is  disposed of via public
        sewer.  Paper and miscellaneous  trash is  disposed of via private
        collectors.   No hazardous  substances  are  utilized or permitted for use
        in these kinds  of establishments as  they  are USDA inspected.  The only
        chemical allowed for cleaning of machinery is  a very mild detergent
        (only  steam is  used for washdown and  disinfection).
     •  Wastes generated at establishments engaged in  the wholesale  of fruits
        and vegetables  include  product  waste from damage and spoilage and
        miscellaneous trash.   All  waste  is disposed of via private collector
        companies.   No  hazardous materials are utilized at these establishments.
                                    A-41

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                                                           SIC:   514

     •   Wastes generated by establishments involved in the wholesale of
         groceries and grocery-related products,  consist primarily of misc-
         ellaneous trash and paper.   Damaged products are either sold cheaper
         or returned to supplier.   Transh is disposed of-via private collec-
         tion companies.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
     •   Five individual establishments
                                     A-42

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INDUSTRY:  Miscellaneous Personal Services                      SIC:  7299
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
     The service establishments included under the subject SIC are not likely
to produce hazardous waste.  Wastes produced are primarily those associated
with business operations including paper and miscellaneous trash.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
     •   The establishments listed under the SIC 7299 are primarily engaged
         in providing personal services, "not elsewhere classified," such as
         steam baths, reducing salons, health clubs, clothing rental, locker
         rental, party service, marriage bureaus, tattoo parlors and photo
         copying services.
     •   Reducing salons, health spas and tattoo parlors were interviewed as
         representative business types in the subject SIC.  Wastes generated
         at these establishments are reported to be primarily paper wastes
         and cleaning wastes of a nonhazardous nature.
     •   Tattoo parlors also generate contaminated needles used in the tattoo-
         ing process.*  Wastes needles are generally disposed of along with
         the rest of the establishment waste.  Wastes are collected either by
         a private disposal service or municipal refuse collection.  Waste
         needles are a minute fraction of the total refuse generated at tattoo
         parlors.  A waste needle generation rate of 0.1 kg/mo/tattoo parlor
         has been estimated based on a reported production of 1000 needles per
         month at a tattoo parlor.
     •   Unlike during the 1940's and 1950's when tattoo parlors catered pri-
         marily to servicemen and hence were generally located near military
         bases and seaports, presently tattoo parlors attract a diversity of
         customers and are located in or near many  larger cities throughout
         the U.S.  An examination of a number of telephone directories for
         U.S. cities indicate the following numbers for tatoo parlor listings:

*The needles generated by tattoo parlors could be considered infectious; however,
 for the purpose of this study, infectious wastes are considered those origi-
 nating from specific sources defined in the EPA December 18, 1978 proposed
 regulations.  These sources are hospitals  (SIC's 8062, 8069); medical labora-
 tories  (SIC 9071); noncommercial educational, scientific and research organi-
 zations  (SIC 8922); and veterinary hospitals  (SIC's 0741, 0742).
                                     A-43

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                                                             SIC:   7299


                   City              Number of Establishments Listed

            Fresno,  CA                              1
            San Francisco,  CA                      15
            San Diego,  CA                           8
            Sacramento, CA                          3
            Denver,  CO                             10
            Washington, DC area                     5
            Spokane,  WA                             0
            Wichita,  KS                             0
            Boston,  MA                              2
            Seattle,  WA                             1
            Albuquerque,  NM                         3
            Trenton,  NJ                             5
            Las Vegas,  NV                           1
            Omaha,  ME                               2
            El Paso,  TX                             0
            Tulsa,  OK                               0
            Dayton,  OH                              1
            Salt Lake City,  UT                      0

         Based on the number of listings for these selected cities and assuming

         that tattoo parlors would be primarily located in cities with more

         than 100,000 population and that for such cities the number of tattoo

         parlors is proportional to population, the total number of tattoo

         parlors in the U.S. is estimated at 540.  Tattoo parlors reportedly

         employ between 1 to 4 employees.

SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:

     •   six individual establishments
     •   Population data used are for 1976 as reported in 1978 "statistical

         abstracts"
                                    A-44

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INDUSTRY:  Dance Halls,  Studios and Schools                SIC:   7911
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
     The businesses covered by the subject SIC are not likely to be hazardous
waste generators.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
     •  SIC 7911 includes establishments primarily engaged in operating public
        dance halls or ballrooms and dance studios and schools.
     •  The major wastes generated at dance studios and schools  would be
        paper waste associated with operation of the business.  These wastes
        are disposed of via municipal refuse collection.
     •  At dance halls and ballrooms there may often be refreshment facilities
        which would generate a certain amount of refuse such a food/drink,
        paper cups, plates, etc., and associated cleanup and maintenance waste.
        These wastes are in addition to "business" wastes mentioned above.
        Wastes from refreshment facilities are disposed of in municipal sewer
        and municipal refuse receptacles.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
     •  Two individual establishments
                                    A-45

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INDUSTRY:  Membership Sports and Recreation Clubs          SIC:  7997
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
     Wastes generated by establishments covered under the subject SIC are
primarily of a nonhazardous nature, but certain facilities may generate some
waste which may be considered hazardous.  Of those covered under SIC 7997,
the establishments that were interviewed were those judged to have some likeli-
hood of producing hazardous waste.  In most cases it was found that wastes
were of the ordinary household variety.  Where wastes of a possibly hazardous
nature are produced, they are recycled in some way.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
     •  Establishments under the subject SIC include  sports and recreation
        clubs which are restricted to use by members and their guests.
     •  Three swim clubs were contacted. Wastes generated at these facilities
        included paper wastes, some snack bar waste, and general maintenance
        waste.  Chemicals used in the pools come in re-usable containers and
        are picked up by the company that supplies the pool chemicals.   The
        empty containers are usually rinsed with the pool water and the rinsate
        added to the pool.  Other wastes are picked up weekly by a private
        disposal company.
     •  Under gun and shooting clubs, it was found that there are a couple of
        different kinds; those that shoot skeet (clay pigeons) mostly with
        shot guns, and those that shoot at targets with hand guns.  Other
        than shooting waste the other wastes generated at these types of
        establishments include paper waste, miscellaneous trash and small
        quantities of common cleaning materials.  Wastes associated with
        shooting are generally recycled particularly in the club setting.
        Shooting wastes at trap and skeet clubs include the lead shot,  empty
        hulls, and clay pigeons.  The shot is collected and sold to a re-
        claimer two to three times per year, depending on quantity available.
        The empty hulls are picked up and sold for reuse.  Clay pigeons are
        generally left on the range until there is a large quantity.  Some-
        times these may be recycled and other times these are disposed  of by
        an outside disposal company as are the paper and cleaning wastes.
        At handgun target clubs the shooting waste is also generally recycled.
                                   A-46

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                                                           SIC:   7997
        This includes brass casings from the bullets and lead.   These are
        collected and sold periodically.
     •  Various local riding clubs were also interviewed.  Wastes resulting
        from these facilities are mostly paper waste, some refreshment waste,
        grain bags, etc.  These wastes are collected by a private disposal
        company approximately once per week.  Manure wastes are collected
        daily by an outside company and other individuals for use as fert-
        ilizer.
     •  wastes generated at yacht clubs include paper waste, including paper
        cups, plates, some food waste, bottles and boxes.  Cleaning materials
        are common household varieties.  Wastes are picked up by a private
        disposal company 3-4 times per week.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
     •  Ten individual establishments.
                                    A-47

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INDUSTRY:  Offices of Physicians                          SIC:  8011
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
     Offices of physicians are not considered as generators of hazardous waste
based on the information obtained.*   Potentially hazardous fixer and developer
solutions are reclaimed or disposed of in the sewer and therefore, they are
not addressed as hazardous wastes in this report.  Other non-hazardous wastes
are discarded with general refuse.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
     •   The industry consists of establishments of licensed practitioners
         having the degree of M.D. and engaged in the practice of general or
         specialized medicine and surgery.  Establishments such as group
         clinics, in which a group of physicians are associated for the pur-
         pose of carrying out their profession, are included in this industry.
         Visits to a physicians"s office can involve one or more of the follow-
         ing activities:
              - examination
              - generalized or minor treatment
              - minor surgery and other general office procedures
         More extensive medical procedures are relegated to hospitals.
     •   Physicians tend to be concentrated in metropolitan areas.  The ratio
         of the number of active, non-Federal physicians engaged in patient
         care to the general population in the most populous metropolitan
         counties  is six times as much as the corresponding ratio in the
         least populous rural counties.  This imbalance is due to the pre-
         ponderance of  specialists in the urban areas.  Physician-population
         ratios for physicians in general or family practice  are 2.3 per 10,000
         population outside of these more urbanized areas.  However, the corre-
         sponding  values  for one quite prevalent specialty  (internal medicine)
         in the urbanized and rural areas are 2.2 arid 0.6 per 10,000 population,
         respectively.
      •   The  census  data on the distribution of the establishments  in SIC 8011
          by employment size category (and EPA region)  indicate  a total of
 *Physicians'  offices may generate wastes which could be considered potentially
  infectious;  however, for the purpose of this study, infectious wastes are con-
  sidered those originating from specific sources defined in the EPA December
  18, 1978 proposed regulations.  These sources are hospitals (SIC's 8062,8069);
  medical laboratories (SIC 9071); noncommercial educational, scientific and
  research organizations (SIC 8922);  and veterinary hospitals (SIC's; 0741,0742).
                                    A-48

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                                                 SIC:  8011
124,123 establishments witn 73% and 91% of the establishments having
less than 5 and 10 employees (physicians, nurses, clerks, etc.),
respectively.  Statistics for 1974 indicate that there are 205,955
active office-based physicians in the U.S.  In light of the fact
that there were 8485 group practices in the country  (in 1975)  with
an overall average of 7.9 physicians per group (thus accounting for
67,106 doctors), it would appear that while group practices account
for a significant number of physicians, most physicians (67%)  are
engaged in solo practices.
Physicians' offices produce varying types and amounts of waste
including paper from examination tables, disposable gowns, tongue
depressors, needles, syringes, gauze, tape and unused drugs and
their containers.  Some of these materials will be contaminated with
blood or sputum.  There are also likely to be blood, urine and other
types of specimens which may be examined and disposed of onsite.
These wastes are currently not considered as infectious for regula-
tion under RCRA.  Some specialists  (e.g., orthopedic surgeon and
radiologists) systematically use X-ray photography for diagnoses/
treatments and thus generate X-ray wastes (primarily fixer and
developer solutsion).
There are generally no special treatment/storage/disposal methods
used in offices of physicians.  Possible exceptions are those offices
which destroy used syringes and dispose of expired drugs  (primarily
to prevent reuse).  Excretory samples are generally discharged to the
municipal sewer, other bodily fluids  (e.g., blood) are often discarded
along with normal trash.  Used disposal syringes are also disposed
of with the office trash.  Some physicians contacted in this study
indicated that they dispose of most outdated drugs in the sewers;
whereas others indicated disposal with office refuse.  The office
trash is generally collected by municipal or commercial waste haulers
and taken to the community waste disposal facilities.
For larger quantities of fixer solutions  (e.g., produced in offices
of radiologist and orthopedic surgeons), such solutions are sent to
commercial silver reclamation facilities; developer  solutions are
generally disposed of in the sewer.
                           A-49

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                                                          SIC:   8011
     •    Based on  discussion with several physicians,  it  is estimated  that
         about 1.5 Ib of  waste  is produced per patient visiting a doctor's
         office.   This quantity of waste represents  all wastes  (including
         regular office refuse)  produced at  a doctor's office.    Data  from
         the American Medical Association indicate an  average of 88 office
         visits per week  per practice,  or 17.6 patients/day  (assuming  a 5-
         day work  week and no revisits  by the same patient in the same week).
         Based on  a waste generation of 0.7  kg/patient-visit  (1.5 Ib/patient-
         visit) and a visitation rate of 17.6 patients/day/physician,  the
         waste generation rate  of 260 kg/mo/physician  can be  expected.  Assum-
         ing that  in solo or group practice, each physician  requires  two
         support personnel (e.g., a  nurse and a  receptionist  for solo  practice
         and nurses, receptionists,  medical  technicians and business personnel
         for group practice), a per  employee waste generation rate of  87 kg/mo
         would be  expected for  establishments in SIC 8011.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
       •   U.S. Department of Health  Education and Welfare, Health, United
          States,  1976-1977, pp 50,  307
       •   Goodman, L. J., E. H. Bennet  and  R. J. Odem, Group Medical Practice
          in the  U.S.:  1975, American  Medical Association
                                    A-50

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INDUSTRY:  Offices of Dentists                             SIC:  8021
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
     Even though materials which may be considered hazardous are handled in
a dentist's office, it appears that very little of these materials end up in
solid waste streams.  Most of the potentially hazardous wastes are discharged
to the sewer system.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
     •   The wastes produced within a dentist's office include mercury con-
         taining amalgams, X-ray developing and fixing solutions, disposal
         syringes and hypodermic needles, disinfectant solutions, extracted
         teeth, sulfuric and other etching acids, cloth and paper products
         contaminated with blood and saliva, other paper and general trash.
         (If dentures are made on site, some asbestos and beryllium metal
         waste may also be produced.)
     •   The extent to which a dentist produces any one of these materials
         will depend on:
             - The dentist's own speciality of practice within the field
               of dentistry (e.g., general dentistry, orthodontics, period-
               ontics, etc.)
             - Whether crown and bridge, partial dentures or other prostho-
               dontic devices are made (a)  by the dentist, (b)  by lab per-
               sonnel working in the office, or (c)  sent out to a professional
               dental lab.
     •   Normal operations in a dentist's office usually do not produce enough
         fixer solutions (from X-ray machine)  to make Ag reclamation worth-
         while, and these solutions are usually discharged to the sewer.

     •   Because the main constituents of most dental amalgams {Ag and Hg)
         are valuable, dentists plan their use so that there, are little,  if
         any, waste generated.  Furthermore, the Ag- and Hg-containing
         particles produced during the grinding out of fillings are usually
         collected via aspirator vacuum suction systems (placed in the patient's
         mouth) and discharged to the sewer.  In the Armed Forces,  the dentists
         are required to reclaim and recycle all valuable waste materials,
         including waste amalgam;  it appears that this practice is also used
         in  the offices  of some  non-military dentists.
                                  A-51

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                                                          SIC:  8021
    •   In general, there is usually no special handling associated with the
        disposal of wastes from a dentist's office.  Liquid wastes are dis-
        charged to the sewer along with large quantities of water.  Solid
        wastes are generally deposited in the trash and handled as normal
        refuse.
    •   Some of the wastes listed above  (e.g., asbestos and beryllium) are
        produced within a dentist's office only if prosthodontic work is
        done onsite.  ADA staff personnel have indicated that  the greatest
        proportion of dentists send their work out to professional dental
        labs  (SIC 8072).  The next largest group  are those dentists which
        hire dental lab technicians to do prosthodontic work onsite.  The
        smallest group are those dentists who personally do all of their
        own prosthodontic lab work.  Data on the  numerical breakdowns of
        these  three groups are not available.
    •   The use of asbestos within a dentist's office is only  inferred here
        based  on the  facts that  (a) in some dentists' offices  dentures are
        made onsite and  (b) it is known  that some dental labs  (SIC 8072, the
        major  industry  involved  in the production of dentures) use very small
        amounts of asbestos  (0.5 Ib/yr) as a part of their operation.  Due
        to the occupational hazard posed by asbestos, its use  for this pur-
        pose  is being phased out.  One would expect this situation to also
        be true  for those dentist offices where prosthodontic  work is done
        onsite.
     •   Beryllium was mentioned  as a material  also  associated  with the pro-
        duction  of  dentures, but not much  more information  was available.
         It appears  that beryllium  is  a constituent  of  the metal  frames  used
         in the production of prosthodontics.   Since these  frames  are designed
         for long exposure in the human mouth,  it is unlikely that the bery-
         llium (or other metal)  is  in  a form that may present a health hazard.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
     •   American Dental Association
     •   Three dentists in private  practice
                                   A-52

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INDUSTRY:  offices of Osteopathic Physicians               SIC:  8031
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
     Even though the doctor of osteopathy (O.D.) can perform the same proce-
dures performed by an M.D., the emphasis of osteopathy is manipulative work
involving the spine, overall skeletal system and musculature.  For this reason,
the offices of osteopathic physicians are not generally expected to be gen-
erators of hazardous wastes.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
     •   Osteopathic physicians receive the same type of training as do medical
         doctors, but they receive extra instruction on the musculature and
         skeletal systems.  Specific emphasis is directed towards the back,
         spine and the associated nerve structures.
     •   Even though the major emphasis within the profession is on manipulative
         work, the group of osteopathic physicians have as wide a range of
         specialties as do medical doctors.  This range includes areas such
         as  surgery,  obstetrics-gynecology, pediatrics, and internal medi-
         cine.  However, the large majority of osteopathic physicians are
         involved in general practice.
     •   Most offices of osteopathic physicians are involved in either solo
         practices or have a 2-person partnership.
     •   The state of Michigan has the largest number of osteopathic physicians
SOURCES OF INFORMATION:
     •   Osteopathic physicians and surgeons of California
     •   American Osteopathic Association
     •   One individual facility
                                   A-53

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INDUSTRY:  Offices of Chiropractors                       SIC:  8041
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
     Any potentially hazardous wastes normally generated by offices of
chiropractors are expected to be recycled or discharged to the sewer and
therefore, chiropractors are not considered as hazardous waste generators in
this report.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
     •   This industry consists of establishments of licensed practitioners
         engaged in the practice of chiropractics.
     •   The census data on the number of and distribution of establishments
         in SIC 8041 by employment size category indicate a total of 6502
         chiropractic establishments in the U.S. of which 94% employ less
         than 5 people.  According to the American Chiropractic Association,
         there are 24,000 registered chiropractors in the U.S.; data on the
         number of practicing chiropractors and the percentages of chiro-
         practors engaged in various size group practices.
     •   Waste developer and fixer solutions resulting from diagnostic X-rays
         are the most prevalent potentially hazardous material produced by
         normal operations in most chiropractic offices.  About 90% of the
         offices have onsite X-ray facilities and about 75% of new patients
         receive X-rays.  Other wastes generated by chiropractic offices
         include disposable garments, tongue depressors and rubber gloves.
         These materials are not likely to be hazardous.
     •   Based on discussions with a staff member of the American Chiro-
         practic  (ACA), most chiropractors dispose of developer and fixer
         solutions through private collection firms which remove the solutions,
         clean the tanks and service the X-ray film processing equipment.
         The fixer is probably taken offsite for silver reclamation.  Waste
         developer is probably discharged to the sewer.
     •   Two companies that service X-ray machines in doctor's offices esti-
         mate a waste generation rate of 23 kg/mo per employee.  Based on
         this rate, the total amount of hazardous waste generated by this SIC
         is estimated  at  274,000 kg/mo, or an average rate of 42 kg/mo per
         establishment.
                                    A-54

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                                                          SIC:  8041
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
     •   American Chiropractic Association
     •   Two companies which service X-ray machines at doctor's offices
     •   Census data
                                   A-55

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INDUSTRY:  Offices of Optometrists*                        SIC:   8042
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
     It appears that activities normally performed in optometrist offices do
not generate hazardous wastes.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
     •  This SIC covers establishments of licensed practitioners engaged in
        the practice of optometry.
     •  There are about 21,000 licensed practicing optometrist in the United
        States.  They are distributed throughout the 50 states.
     •  Optometrists provide eye examinations and prescribe corrective lenses
        when needed.  If the eye examination uncovers a pathological condi-
        tion (e.g., requiring surgery or other medical attention), then the
        patient is referred to an opthalmologist.
     •   It appears that normal office activities of an optometrist do not
        generate hazardous wastes.   In general, there are no disposable
        materials  associated with the examination and lens prescription
        processes.
     •   In some cases, an unspecified chemical is used to dilate the pupils
         in order  to facilitate the  exam.  However, the chemical is purchased
         in 1/2-ounce  (15-ml)  bottles and has a six-month shelf life.  Upon
         expiration, the material which remains is washed down the sink, the
         bottle  rinsed and thrown away.   In  light of  its direct use on a
         relatively sensitive  organ, and  the quantity of this chemical sent to
         disposal,  it  is unlikely  that  it can be considered hazardous.
      •   One  doctor indicated  that  his  office wastes  consist primarily of
         envelopes and "junk"  mail.
      •   Opticians take blank  glass and plastic lenses (which are  often  a  1/2"
         by 3"  or 1.2  cm by  7.6 cm biscuit  shape),  and grind and polish  these
         lenses in accordance  with the  specifications prescribed by  the
         optometrist.
 *Information also provided for ooticians; SIC code unknown.
                                     A-56

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                                                           SIC:   8042
     •  The coolant used during the grinding operation is water.   It is fil-
        tered and recycled.   The waste generated consists of ground glass
        and plastic of relatively small particle diameter.  This  ground
        material is harmless.
     •  Jewelers rouge (a paste composed primarily of highly refined iron
        oxide) is used for polishing.
     •  No X-rays are required by either optometrists or opticians,  and no
        solvent or other chemical is used.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
     •  American Optometrie Association
     •  One practicing optometrist
                                    A-57

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INDUSTRY:  Nursing and Personal Care Facilities           SIC:  805
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
     Based on the information obtained, it appears that nursing and personal
care facilities should not be considered hazardous waste generators.*
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
     •  The establishments in this industry are primarily engaged in providing
        nursing and health-related personal care, with inpatient beds.  It
        includes establishments providing continuous health care but not
        hospital services such as nursing homes and extended care facilities;
        and establishments which provide some nursing and care but not continu-
        ous nursing services such as rest homes and convalescent homes.
     •  The census data on the distribution of establishments in SIC 805 by
        employment size category (and EPA region) indicate a total of 11,790
        establishments of which 75% employing more than 20 persons.  However,
        statistics for 1973 published by the Department of Health, Education
        and Welfare indicate that there are 21,834 nursing and personal care
        facilities in the U.S.
     •  The type of wastes generated by facilities in this SIC are generally
        the same as those produced in acute care hospital units, and include
        dressings, bandages, syringes, contaminated gauze and cotton, paper
        goods containing nasal and sputum discharges, examination drapes,
        disposal masks, catheters, ampules, and outdated drugs.  Waste streams
        from these facilities do not generally include highly infectious wastes
        which are encountered in certain hospital care units (e.g., general
        surgery, burns, obstetrics, orthopedics, intensive care and recovery
        or isolation units).
     •  Based on discussions with trade associations and individual estab-
        lishments, some wastes are separated from general refuse and sent
        to offsite disposal facilities via commercial waste haulers.  Other
        wastes are disposed of with regular refuse.
*Nursing and personal care facilities may generate wastes which could be con-
 sidered infectious; however, for the purpose of this study, infectious wastes
 are considered those originating from specific sources defined in the EPA
 December 18, 1978  proposed regulations.  These sources are hospitals (SIC's
 8062,8069); medical laboratories (SIC 9071); noncommercial educational, scien-
 tific and research organizations (SIC 8922); and veterinary hospitals (SIC's
 0741,0742).
                                    A-58

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                                                          SIC:  805
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
     •  National Center for Health Statistics:  Health Resources Statistics:
        Health Manpower and Health Facilities, 1975.  DHEW Publication No.
        (HRA)  76-1609, Health Resources Administration, Washington, U.S.
        Government Printing Office, 1976.

     •  California Nursing Home Association
     •  National Nursing Home Association
     •  Two individual establishments
                                    A-59

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INDUSTRY:  Dental Laboratories                                 SIC:  8072
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
     Based on the Information obtained, it appears that dental labs should
not be considered hazardous waste generators.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
     •   Dental laboratories are establishments engaged in making dentures
         and artifical teeth to order for the dental profession.   Specifically,
         this group includes:  dental laboratories; dentures, made in dental
         laboratories to order for the dental profession;  and teeth, artifical
         made in dental laboratories to order for the profession.  Items pro-
         duced include dental plates, bridges, crowns and  other prosthodontic
         devices.
     •   Most of the wastes generated by dental labs consist of bulk pieces,
         grindings from plaster, stone, hardened aery 1 ic resins and also waste
         polishing compounds.
     •   While potentially hazardous materials are used within a dental labora-
         tory, available  information indicates that these  materials generally
         do not end up as wastes.  One of the plastics used in making dentures
         is methyl methacrylate.  Both heat cure and cold  cure formulations
         are used.  In each case the methyl methacrylate powder is mixed with
         an organic liquid (cross linking methyl methacrylate liquid com-
         pound) to initiate the polymerization.  The powder comes in a card-
         board container while the liquid is supplied in metal cans.  The
         liquid  is flammable, an irritant to skin and eyes and also has toxic
         effects if inhaled  in large quantities.  Onl-y the amounts of this
         liquid which may remain as residue  in waste containers will be dis-
         carded.
     •   Once the methacrylate has hardened  it is presumably harmless as evi-
         denced by the fact that it is the same material that is kept in the
         mouth for extended periods of time.  Other materials used for the con-
         struction of prosthodontic devices  (e.g., metals  used for frames)
         must also be considered nonhazardous because they too are designed
         to be situated inside the mouth and apparently cause no harm.
                                   A-60

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                                                               SIC:  8072

     •   Solvent is applied to cotton swabs and is used to remove wax from
         the dentures, but the solvent which remains on the swab evaporates
         and thereby precluding a solid/liquid waste problem.  Acid solutions
         are produced but they are reportedly dilute and dumped down the sink.
     •   Information received from a person at the American Dental Association
         (ADA) and certain lab personnel indicate that asbestos is frequently
         used in the production of dental devices.  However, It appears that
         the use of this material is being discouraged and another less harm-
         ful material is being used in its place.   In two of the labs con-
         tacted, asbestos was not used at all.   Furthermore, the amount used
         in the third lab was quite small; a one-pound bag of asbestos was
         considered to be a 2-year supply.
     •   All wastes produced are disposed of together via normal  trash removal
         services.   Most contacts would not venture an estimate of the quantity
         of waste generated but in one lab, which  produces from 30-^0 denture
         units per week (including some re lines of already prepared dentures),
         total solid wastes generated was estimated at 99 kg/mo.   This corre-
         sponds to between 0.05 to 0.06 kg per denture.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
     •   American Dental Association
     •   Employees  at three dental  labs in the Los Angeles area
                                   A-61

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INDUSTRY:  Outpatient Care Facilities                     SIC:  8081
ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:
     Based on the information obtained, outpatient care facilities are not
considered as generators of hazardous wastes.*  Potentially hazardous wastes
generated such as fixer and developer solutions are reclaimed or disposed of
in the sewer and therefore are not addressed as hazardous wastes in this
report.
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:
     •   The establishments in the outpatient care industry are primarily
         engaged in providing outpatient care with permanent facilities and
         medical staff to provide diagnosis and treatment for ambulatory
         patients not requiring inpatient care.  The types of facilities in
         this industry include dispensaries, clinics, group health associations,
         health maintenance organizations, outpatient clinics for alcoholism
         and drugs, rehabilitation centers and speech defect clinics.
     •   Most ambulatory health care occurs within the context of the patient
         visiting  the physician's office.  About 30% to 40% of all ambulatory
         patient-physician "contacts"  are made in outpatient care facilities.
     •   The 1976  census data indicate a total of 5419 outpatient care  faci-
         lities nationwide.  These facilities are generally small establish-
         ments with about 61% and 78%  having less than 10 and 20 employees,
         respectively.
     •   Outpatient care  facilities will generate a variety of wastes including
         paper from examination tables, disposable gowns, tongue depressors,
         needles,  syringes, gauze, tape and unusued drugs and their  con-
         tainers.  Some of these materials will be contaminated with blood
         or sputum.   There are also  likely to be blood, urine and other types
         of specimens which may be examined and disposed of onsite.  Some
         facilities systematically use X-ray photography for  diagnosis/treat-
         ment  and thus generate X-ray wastes  (primarily fixer and  developer
 *Outpatient care  facilities may generate wastes which  could be considered
  infectious;  however,  for the purpose  of this  study, infectious wastes  are
  considered those originating  from specific  sources defined  in the  EPA  December
  18, 197fc proposed regulations.  These  sources  are  hospitals  (SIC's  8062,8069)}
  medical laboratories (SIC 9071); noncommercial educational,  scientific and
  research  organizations (SIC  8922);  and veterinary hospitals  (SIC's 0741,0742).
                                    A-62

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                                                          SIC:   8081
         solutions).   In general,  outpatient care facilities will not generate
         the kinds and varieties of wastes associated with heavy care units
         in hospitals, such as surgery rooms, burn wards,  maternity and new-
         born units,  and intensive care and isolation wards.
     •   Spent developer from outpatient care facilities is discharged to the
         sewer; fixer is reclaimed.  Some wastes may be segregated from gen-
         eral refuse and disposed of by contractors.  The majority of the
         waste is taken to community waste disposal facilities.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
     •   U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Health, United
         States 1976-1977.
     •   Census data
                                    A-63

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INDUSTRY:  Health and Allied Services, Not Elsewhere      SIC:  8091
           Classified

ASSESSMENT SUMMARY:

     Establishments in the subject SIC are not considered as generators of

hazardous waste.*  The majority of wastes are discharged to the sewer or dis-

posed of with general refuse.

SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA:

     •   This industry consists of establishments engaged in rendering health

         and allied services which have not been classified under other specific

         SIC codes.  Included in this category are the following types of

         facilities:

              - blood banks
              - blood donor stations
              - medical photography and art
              - oxygen tent service
              - visiting nurse associations

     •   Blood banks and blood donor stations are involved in the collection

         of blood  from human volunteers.  Blood banks generally have facilities

         for the testing, classification and storage of blood.  Collected blood

         is used for transfusions or as a raw material for the manufacture of

         varied blood products such as serum albumin and other blood proteins.

          (The manufacture of blood protein products is a subgroup of SIC 283.)

     •   The types of wastes produced by blood banks and blood donor stations

         fall into four categories:
              - contaminated needle and attached vinyl tubing  (about 2 feet
                long
              - red blood cells from blood which has not been used within 21
                days after donation
              - blood contaminated with hepatitis B virus
              - materials resulting from the radioimmuno-assay for hepatitis
                B  virus

     •   To lessen the opportunity for transmittal of viruses  (particularly

         to laboratory personnel), blood is handled as a bio-hazardous

         material.
 *Health  and  allied  services may generate wastes which  could be considered
  infectious; however,  for  the purpose of this  study, infectious wastes are
  considered  those originating from  specific  sources defined in the  EPA December
  18, 1978 proposed regulations.  Thses sources  are  hospitals  (SIC's  8062,8069);
  medical laboratories  (SIC 9071); noncommercial educational,  scientific  and
  research organizations  (SIC 8922);  and veterinary hospitals  (SIC's 0741,0742).
                                    A-64

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                                                 SIC:   8091
Contaminated needles and attached vinyl  tubing are often  incinerated
at centralized  locations.   (In certain areas, e.g., Los Angeles
County, air pollution regulations preclude this method  of disposal.)
In Los Angeles  County these materials are ground and discharged to
the municipal sewer.  This practice has  not been completely successful
due to the clogging of the grinders by vinyl tubing.  The disposal
of contaminated needles and attached tubing still remains a problem
for blood banks in this area, and these  materials sometimes end up
in regular refuse.
If whole blood  is not transferred to a recipient within 21 days
after donation, it is unacceptable for transfusion,  in this case
the red blood cells are separated, treated with Clorox  and discharged
to the sewer.   The recovered blood plasma is sent to other facilities
for the isolation of blood proteins.
Blood which has been shown to contain hepatitis B virus is auto-
claved to sterility and discharged to the sewer.
The assay for hepatitis B virus involves the use of radioactive
materials.  An approved protocol for the disposal of these materials
involves bagging, labeling and autoclaving.
Blood banks and blood donor stations are licensed and regulated by
the Food and Drug Administration's Bureau of Biologies (BoB).  While
the  handling of wastes are not specifically covered by these regu-
lations, the BoB is aware of the potential environmental impacts of
inappropriate disposal methods.  Informal guidelines concerning
waste disposal methods can be conveyed to blood bank and blood donor
station personnel during licensing procedures.   Furthermore, stan-
dards and directives (including how wastes should be handled)  have
been established by the Red Cross (document entitled "Blood Service
Directives"), Blood Services of Arizona  (the largest center within
the Council of Community Blood Banks,  CCBB)  and the American Asso-
ciation of Blood Banks (AABB).  Based on this information and comments
from personnel in the industry, it would appear that wastes are not
handled in a uniform manner across the country.
                           A-65

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                                                         SIC:  8091
    •   Medical photography and art establishments are involved entirely
        with the production of photographic or graphic interpretations of
        medical specimens.  The major potentially hazardous wastes produced
        by medical photography and art facilities are waste developer and
        fixer solutions from photographic operations.  Most facilities dis-
        charge waste fixer and developer to the sewer.  Larger facilities
        may reclaim silver from the fixer solution prior to disposal.  Path-
        ological specimens which are photographed are returned to the person
        requesting the photographs.
    •   Oxygen tent services are establishments involved in the renting or
        dispersal of oxygen tents.  The method usually employed for  the
        administration of oxygen to adults is via oxygen masks or nasal
        catheter or cannula.  Thus, oxygen tents are not currently used for
        adults.  However, they are used for small children but usually within
        a hospital setting.  Most tents are disposable and made of polyvinyl
        chloride.  There are no identifiable hazardous wastes associated
        with the service of providing oxygen tents either via commercial
        establishments or in hospitals.
    •   The major function of visiting nurse associations is to match re-
        quests  for home nursing services with available qualified personnel.
        Thus, the wastes produced by  these associations consist of general
        office  refuse and are not considered hazardous.  Visiting nurses
        do  administer limited medications by injection  (e.g., Vitamin B-12
        or  antibiotics).  In these cases the syringe is made inoperative  and
        disposed of  at the patients home  (with  normal trash).  All other
        wastes  produced as a result of nursing  activities  (bandages, cotton
        swabs,  etc.)  are  also disposed of via appropriate means at the
        patients home.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED:
     •  American Red Cross
     •  Council of  Community Blood Centers
     •  American Association of Blood Banks
     •   Individual  facilities  from each type of establishment
                                   A-66

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                          APPENDIX  B
          ASSESSMENT SUMMARIES FOR SIC'S CONTAINING
SMALL GENERATORS OF HAZARDOUS OR POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS WASTES

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INDUSTRY:  Horticultural Specialties                           SIC:  018
DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY:
     Establishments in the subject industry are engaged in the growing of and
wholesale trade in ornamental and food crops grown under cover and other
nursery products.
     The horticultural specialties industry tends to be dominanted by small
firms.  Of the reported 5015  wholesale nurseries in the United States in
1975, 2800 had sales of less than $100,000/year and less than 16 employees;
only 95 had sales of greater than $1,000,000 and more than 125 employees
The industry is quite diverse both geographically and in the types of products
grown.  In addition, employment and sales tend to have seasonal peaks for
firms in most areas of the U.S.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     Potentially hazardous wastes generated by firms in the industry are pesti-
cide containers and pesticide-contaminated materials resulting from spills.
A wide variety of insecticides, herbicides, soil fumigants and fungicides are
used since the diverse types of flowers, ornamentals, and trees have special
pest control requirements.  Expenditures by nurseries on pesticides as a per-
cent of total sales is reported to be in the range of 1.5 to 2.6%   .  The
following table presents waste generation estimates for empty insecticide/
herbicide/fungicide containers requiring disposal for nurseries of various
sizes.  Based on these estimates, most nurseries would generate about 2 kg/mo
of empty containers, with an average waste generation rate per nursery of 5 kg/
mo.  Based on the average rate of 5 kg/mo/establishment, the total waste gen-
eration for the industry is estimated at 23,000 kg/mo (see Industry Profile).
It may be noted that pesticide use is highly seasonal in the industry and that
most of the empty containers may be generated over a one- to three-month period.
Based on the waste generation range of 2 to 65 kg/mo/establishment for nurseries
of various sizes, even if the waste is generated only over a 1-3 month period,
only a very few establishments would generate more than 100 kg/mo during peak
months.
                                      B-l

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                                                               SIC:  018


Summary of Nursery Industry Employment, Sales and Estimated Empty Pesticide
                           Container Generation


Company Sales, 1975 $/yr   25-100K   100-300K   300-50QK   500-1000K   >1000K

No. Firms in U.S.           2800       1700       280         140       95

No. Employees

  Average                   6.7        13.8       24          42        124

  Peak                      20         26.7       53          81        228

Expenditures per firm, $/yr

     Insecticides           489        1085       2408        4588      18,313

     Herbicides             346         504       1249        3067       8,083
     Fungicides             530        1164       1949        3495      14,939

     Total                 1365        2753       5606      11,150      41,335

Est. No. of 5-gal
containers per year*        17         34         70          144       517

Amt. of pesticides
contained in empty
5-gal containers* (kg)      1.7        3.4        7.0         14.4      51.7

Total weight of containers
plus residue* (kg/mo)       249           18        65

"Assuming average pesticide cost of $2/lb and that pesticides are purchased in 5-
 gallon containers^
^Assuming 100 grams residue per container
^Assuming a container's weight of 1.5 kg


WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:

     Most firms are believed to dispose of empty pesticide containers along
with other wastes without special precautions   .  Although some "restricted
use" pesticides are used by nurseries, the quantities used are usually less
than the amounts which would mandate user restriction under most state programs.
Hence, empty container disposal requirements which would apply to larger pesti-
cide users are generally not applicable to most nurseries.  Nonetheless, at
                           (4)
least one nursery contacted    indicated that its empty containers are rinsed
prior to disposal in a sanitary landfill.
                                       B-2

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                                                              SIC:  018

CURRENT DISPOSAL COSTS:
     Since empty containers are commonly disposed of with other larger volume
refuse, little or no additional disposal costs are incurred by nurseries for
container disposal.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     Rinsing of empty containers prior to disposal and use of rinsings "in
house" for pest control (e.g., in preparation of new batches of sprays), which
is reportedly practiced by some large firms, would be an environmentally accept-
able alternative to direct disposal of unrinsed containers.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
      (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF THE DATA BASE:
     The estimated total amount of pesticides used in 1975 by nurseries based
                                                                          6
upon the pesticides expenditures and cost data presented above is 3.6 x 10
kg/yr  (8 x 106 Ibs/yr).  This constitutes about 0.50% of the total U.S. pesti-
cide use, a percentage consistent with at least one other estimate of pesti-
cide use by the nursery industry  (-1%)
      It is likely that the estimate of about 5000 establishments  in the U.S.
is low, since many nurseries are small operations and reported statistics tend
                                                  (2)
to underestimate the number of such establishments
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
      (1)  Research Summary - Scope III of the Nursery Industry, Horticultural
          Research Institute, 1977
      (2)  Based upon listed retail prices of several commonly used insecti-
          cides and herbicides in 1979, corrected to 1975 dollars (for which
          year sales data are shown in table)
      (3)  Information  provided by the American Association of Nurserymen
      (4)  One medium/large size mid-western nursery
      (5)  US EPA Office of Pesticide Programs
                                      B-3

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       11/27/79.
   OU.<»3.27.
                 INDUSTRY  PROFILt
                            SIC:   180
                                                              NATION
                      ESTIMATED NUMBER  AND  WASTE  QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                      VARIOUS  WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
              WASTE  GENERATION
                      RANGES
                      KG/MO
w
   0
 100
 200
 300
 00
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
3000
                        ESTABLISHMENTS

                       NUMBER   PERCENT
5015
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
                                               WASTE QUANTITY

                                               KG/MO   PERCENT
25075.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
                      TOTAL
                         5015
                               100.0
                                                                      25075,
                                                             100.0

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INDUSTRY:   Soil  Preparation and Crop Services                  SIC:  0711,0721,
                                                                     0729
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
      The subject industry consists of firms which provide soil preparation
services (SIC 0711); crop planting, cultivating and protection services (SIC
0721); and general crop services (SIC 0729).  These services, which are pro-
vided to firms on a contract or fee basis, are very diverse and include
chemical treatment of soil, plowing, aerial dusting and spraying, pruning of
orchard trees and vines, hoeing, citrus grove cultivation, crop dusting, weed
control after planting, etc.
      From the standpoint of hazardous waste generation, the soil preparation
and crop services involving pesticide application is the most  important acti-
vity  in the subject industry.  There are an estimated 5300 establishments in
the subject industry providing pesticide application services   .  These
establishments can be subdivided into three groups as follows   :
          Type of Agricultural          Estimated Number of Establishments
         Service Establishment         in U.S. (1978) which apply pesticides
   Soil preparation and miscellaneous                1000
   crop protection
   Aerial pesticide applicators                      3800
   Ground pesticide applicators                       500
        U.S. Total                                    5300
      As would be expected, crop services  firms tend to be found in the largest
number  in major  agricultural states such as California, Florida, Illinois,
Texas and New York.  The breakdown of pesticides applied to  farmland by class
is approximately as follows:  herbicides 52%,  insecticides kt>% and fungicides
2%^.  About 65% of the firms  in  the subject  SIC's employ less than *» persons
according to  census data.
CHARACTERISTICS  OF  HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
      Hazardous wastes generated by  firms  in SIC 072 are  (a)  empty  pesticide
containers containing residues, (b) waste  pesticides and  (c) dilute pesticide
solutions from rinsing  of  tanks and containers.  An "average"  firm generates
around  50 kg/mo  of  empty containers, 200  kg/mo of waste pesticides, and  11,000
 kg/mo of  dilute  pesticide  solutions05.*  However,  the  relative hazards  presented
 •'
-------
                                                                SIC:   0711,  etc.
 by  the  waste  pesticides  and  empty  containers  is  greater  than  the  dilute  pesti-
 cide  solutions  since  the former wastes  are  more  concentrated.   Also,  the
 toxicity of pesticide wastes vary  widely with  the  specific  substance(s)  used
 on  crops.  Generally  herbicide wastes are  less toxic  to  mammals than  insecti-
 cide  wastes.
      Based on the industry profile developed  in  this  study,  it  is estimated
 that  about 23% of the firms  in  the U.S. generate less than  100  kg/mo  of  waste,
 while 33% generate more  than 5000  kg/mo.   The  total amount  of waste generated
 is  estimated  at 5^ million kg/mo,  a quantity which agrees well  with a previous
 estimate for  the crop services  industry of  58  million kg/mo
 WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
      Based on data for 28 firms  in California, all unrinsed containers are
 reportedly disposed to secure landfill.  Waste pesticides and/or  dilute  pesti-
 cide  solutions are reportedly disposed  as  follows:
                          lagoon/pond
                          landspreading
                          landfill              32%
                          municipal sewer         5%
                          incineration            5%
      Limited  data on  disposal practices are available from  other  states. One
survey in Illinois found that 18% of the firms  were triple-rinsing containers
prior  to disposal and  k3% were rinsing  at  least once    .   Containers were then
disposed to sani tary landf i 1 1  or burned (primarily paper containers).
      Pesticide solutions generated from rinsing of application tanks are
reportedly disposed by relatively uncontrolled methods; such, as, dumping directly
on the ground at rinse site,  collection and application to small land areas
near mixing site, and collection in a settling pond with eventual seepage into
the soil(1).
CURRENT DISPOSAL COSTS:
      No data are currently available on disposal costs from actual operating
firms in the industry.
                                      B-6

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                                                                SIC:  0711, etc.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
      The environmentally more acceptable alternative to current practice of
landfill disposal of unrinsed containers is triple rinsing with use of rinsate
for preparation of new batches of pesticide solution or disposal on cropland.
Waste pesticides and pesticide solutions are preferably disposed of by proper
incineration, by application to cropland, or by use of "soil mounds" disposal
systenr  .
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
      (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF THE DATA BASE:
      The industry profile and the breakdown of disposal practices developed
here are based upon data for 28 firms in California.  Although a variety of
firm sizes of both ground and aerial applicators are represented by these data,
the 28 firms in California may not be representative of all firms in the U.S.
California does have fairly stringent requirements for container disposal
compared to other states, and thus the disposal practices reported by the
California firms for containers may not be representative of firms in other
states.  As mentioned previously, the estimated total waste quantity of 51*
million kg/mo for the industry agrees well with a reported estimate of 58
million
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
      (1)  Energy Resources Co., Economic  Impact Analysis of Hazardous Waste
           Management Regulations on Selected Generating Industries, Office
           of Solid Waste, U.S. EPA, December 1978
      (2)  U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Quantities of Pesticides Used by Farmers
           in 1971 Economic Research Service, 197^
      (3)  Leasure, J. K. , Pesticide Container Disposal  in  Illinois, Illinois
           EPA, October 1978
      CO  SCS Engineers, Disposal of Dilute Pesticide Solutions - A State of
           the Art Report, Draft Report to EPA, October  1978
      (5)  Based on state data base for 28 establishments in California
                                       B-7

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       11/27/79.
        06.A3.27.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                (5)
                                 SIC:
711
Til
729
NATION
                     tSTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES  FQk  ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
00
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      bOO-600
      600-700
      700-800
      600-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS

                                          NUMBER   PERCENT
1520
365
214
149
112
tt9
73
62
53
46
27*
278
2067
28.7
6.9
4.0
2.8
2.1
1.7
1.4
1.2
1.0
.9
5.2
5.2
39.0
                WASTE  QUANTITY

                KG/MO    PERCENT
7600.
54750.
53500.
52150.
50400.
48950.
47450.
46500.
45050.
43700.
411000.
973000.
52501800.
.0
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.8
1.8
96.6
                     TOTAL
                              5302
100.0
    54335850.
100.0

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INDUSTRY:  Veterinary Services                            SIC:  0741,0742
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     This SIC includes establishments of licensed practitioners primarily
engaged in the practice of veterinary services for livestock (SIC 0741) and
veterinary services for animal specialties (SIC 0742).  There are approxi-
mately 32,000 practicing veterinarians in the U.S. (1977).  It is estimated
that 74% are in private (small) practice.  Veterinary distribution is roughly
in proportion to the general population, although states with large numbers
of farm animals have a disproportionately high number of veterinarians.
Census data indicate a total of 8,252 establishments for this SIC, with
89% employing less than 10 persons.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE PRODUCED:
                               (2)                                    '
     Based on state survey data    the types of waste typically generated
by veterinary facilities include biological cultures, excised tissue, car-
casses, bandages, insecticides, vaccines and other drugs, and some organic
solvents.  Empty drug vials, syringes, needles, and bedding material such as
straw, sawdust, and paper contaminated with feces and urine may also be gen-
erated.  Some of these wastes may contain pathogens with the potential for
transmission of disease from animals to humans.
     The estimated amount of hazardous waste generated by the subject SIC is
1.7 million kg/mo.  Based on state data, 89% of the generators produce in-
fectious waste and the infectious waste accounts for 93% of the total waste
quantity reported.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     The majority of waste from veterinary hospitals is treated as general
waste and disposed of with other non-hazardous wastes.  Certain wastes includ-
ing cadavers, tissues, organs, etc. may be refrigerated or frozen prior to
pickup by municipal or private disposal companies.  Contaminated laboratory
wastes such as culture plates and wastes known to contain pathogens are some-
times autoclaved prior to disposal.  Animal bodies and tissues may be sent to
rendering plants, incinerated onsite, or incinerated offsite
     Disposal methods vary among facilities and depend, to a great extent, on
applicable state and/or local regulations.  Based on state survey data from
Iowa, 47% of the veterinary facilities reported disposal of some wastes includ-
ing cultures, carcasses, surgical waste, vaccines, solvents, pesticides and

                                      B-9

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                                                          SIC:  0741,0742
drugs by landfill; 42% indicated that some of their wastes were hauled by
contractors but the disposal method was unknown; 26% disposed of some wastes
including animal tissues, carcasses, surgical dressings and vaccines by incin-
eration.  10% of the facilities reported disposal of outdated drugs to the
sewer.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     Sterilization of infectious wastes prior to disposal would eliminate the
need for special handling of these wastes.  Disinfection of some wastes prior
to disposal may be adequate.  Separation of pathological and surgical materials
from general waste for disposal by incineration or sanitary landfill would
decrease the quantity of waste considered hazardous.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
      (See tables)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
     Except for the survey data from  Iowa which were acquired and used in this
assessment, no quantitative data could be identified elsewhere on hazardous
waste  generation in the subject SIC's.  The data for Iowa, however, may not be
a very accurate representation of the national picture.  The definition of
"pathological" waste used in the Iowa survey also appears somewhat narrower
than  the definition of  "infectious" waste proposed by  EPA.
      None of  the waste  in the  Iowa study was reported  to be rendered.  Other
sources of  information  indicate that  rendering is a  common practice in some
locales.   If  rendering  is considered  to be  a recycling method,  then the
amount of waste which  is generated should be actually  less than the estimate
shown since "recyclers" would  not be  considered  "generators"  for the  purposes
of this  study.
                                      B-10

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                                                          SIC:  0741,0742
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  Arthur D. Little Inc., "Veterinary Supply and Demand in the United
          States," a report to the American Veterinary Medical Association,
          July 1978.
     (2)  State survey data including 19 surveys from Iowa
     (3)  Enviro Control, Inc.,  Evaluation of Treatment, Storage and Dis-
          posal Methods for Infectious Waste, report submitted to EPA,
          Washington, D.C., May 1979
     (4)  American Veterinary Medical Association
     (5)  Based on Iowa state  data for 19 establishments in Iowa census
          data; the state data indicates that 93% of the hazardous waste
          is infectious.
     (6)  Based on the state data, approximately 11% of the hazardous waste
          generators in this SIC do not generate infectious waste.
                                     B-ll

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                                                           SIC:  0741, 0742
INDUSTRY PROFILE:   ESTIMATED NUMBER OF PLANTS AND WASTE QUANTITIES  FOR
                   ESTABLISHMENTS IN VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION RANGE CATEGORIES
Haste Generation
Ranges (kg/no)
less than 100
100 - 200
200 - 300
300 - 400
400 - 500
500 - 600
600 - 700
700 - 800
800 - 900
900 - 1000
1000 - 2000
2000 - 5000 •
more than 5000
U.S. Total
Establishments
Number
6,406
635
297
173
124
82
66
49
41
33
173
173
0
a,252<6)
% Total
78
7.7
3.6
2.1
1.5
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
2.1
2.1
0
100
Waste Quantity
kg/no
320,000
95,000
74,000
61,000
56,000
45,000
43,000
37,000
35,000
31,000
260", 000
607,000
0
1,664,000
% Total
19
5.7
4.5
3.6
3.3
2.7
2.6
2.2
2.1
1.9
16
36
0
100
                                    B-12

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INDUSTRY:  Landscape and Horticultural Services,              SIC:  078,8421
           Arboreta, Botanical and Zoological Gardens
DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY:
     An estimated 50,000 establishments/businesses are included in the subject
industries, with the majority involved in lawn/garden care services in the
residential and commercial market(1}.  Most of the firms are small and many
are one- or two-person operations.  The number of arboreta, botanical and
                                                           (2 3)
zoological gardens in the U.S.'are estimated at 200 to 500  '  .
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES GENERATED:
     Potentially hazardous wastes generated in the subject industries are
empty pesticide containers and pesticide contaminated materials resulting
from spills.  Only about one-quarter of the 50,000 firms  (or 12,500 firms) are
estimated to use any pesticides(1*.  Quantities used range from about 1 5-
gallon container per month for the great majority of establishments    to over
100 5-gallon containers per month by some larger establishments (especially
during peak season).  The  total waste generated by the  establishments in the
subject SIC is -estimated  at 19,000 kg/mo (see Industry Profile).
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Although little is known about waste disposal practices in the industries,
it is believed that most firms dispose of empty containers with municipal
refuse.   In many cases such disposal is at the customer's site rather than at
the firm's office or place of business.  Industry  sources- indicate that some
                                                                              (2)
firms, particularly larger ones, may rinse their  containers prior to disposal

CURRENT  DISPOSAL COST:
     No  additional disposal cost is incurred  by firms  in the subject industries
over that for general refuse.
ALTERNATE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     Containers may be rinsed prior to disposal,  with  rinsings used to prepare
the next batch of pesticide solution for  application.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
      (See table)
                                     B-13

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                                                              SIC:  078,8421
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF THE DATA BASE:
     Reliable statistics are not available on the number of firms covered by
SIC;s 078 and 8421, on the fraction of the firms using pesticides and on waste
generation quantities.  The estimated data shown in the industry profile table
are probably accurate within a factor of two or three based on discussions
with industry representatives  '    .   Despite uncertainties in the number
of firms and waste generation rates in the subject industry, considerably less
uncertainty is associated with the conclusion that essentially nearly all firms
would generate an average of less than 100 kg/mo of waste containers.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  Lawn & Garden Distributors Assn.
     (2)  Am. Soc. Zoological Parks and Aquariums
     (3)  Am. Assn. of Botanical Gardens & Arboreta
     (4)  Based on an assumed container generation rats of container /mo/estab-
          lishment and a container weight of 1.5 kg
                                     B-14

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       11/27/79.
        08.43.27.
                 INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                                (4)
                                 SIC:
          780
          8421
        NATION
                      ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                      VARIOUS  WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
U1
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-10U
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-800
      600-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-3000
       > 5000
                                            ESTABLISHMENTS

                                          NUMBER   PERCENT
12500
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
100.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
                          WASTE QUANTITY

                          KG/MO   PERCENT
                         18750.
                             0.
                             0.
                             0.
                             0.
                             0.
                             0.
                             0.
                             0.
                             0.
                             0.
                             0.
                             0.
100.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
                      TOTAL
125001
                                       100.0
                         18750.
                          100.0

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INDUSTRY:  Construction - Special Trade Contractors
                             SIC:   1700
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:

     The subject SIC includes special trade contractors who undertake special
ized activities such as plumbing, painting, plastering, carpentering,  etc.
Establishments that have the potential to produce hazardous wastes are plumb-
ing, heating and air conditioning (SIC 1711),  painting, paper hanging and
decorating (SIC 1721), plastering, drywall, acoustical and insulation work
(SIC 1742), carpentering and flooring (SIC's 1751 and 1752), roofing and
sheet metal work (SIC 1761), wrecking and demolition work (SIC 1795), and
miscellaneous special trade (SIC 1799) including epoxy application, glazing
of concrete surfaces, insulation of pipes and boilers and lead burning.  The
establishments in SIC 1700 are generally small in size (e.g.,  in SIC 1721 78%
are in the 1-4 employee size range; see census data computer printout for
number distribution of establishments by EPA region and employment size) and
are distributed throughout the country in approximate proportion to population

CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:

     The specific special trades producing hazardous wastes and the types of
wastes generated are as follows:
                                             (1)
 SIC   Industry Subcategory
 1711  Plumbing, heating and
      air conditioning

 1721  Painting, paper hanging
      and decorating
 1742  Plastering, drywall,
      acoustical and
      insulation work
 1751  ' Carpentering and
 1752  )flooring
 1761  Roofing and sheet
      metal  work
 1795  Wrecking and demoli-
      tion work

 1799  Misc.  special trade
      including epoxy appli-
      cation, glazing of
      concrete surfaces,
      insulation of pipes
      and boilers, and
      lead burning
             Type of Potentially
          Hazardous Wastes Generated
Solvents, asbestos, and miscellaneous waste
(e.g., contaminated rags, empty containers of
supply materials)
Paint, solvents, glues and miscellaneous
wastes
Waste insulation materials, adhesives, sol-
vents and miscellaneous wastes

Solvents, lacquers, paints, glues and miscell-
aneous wastes
Tars, sealants and miscellaneous wastes

Demolition waste which may contain asbestos,
chemicals, etc.  (depending on the nature of
operation)
Epoxy waste, solvents, asbestos and miscell-
aneous wastes
                                      B-16

-------
                                                              SIC:  1700
      The amounts of hazardous wastes generated by individual special trades
establishments vary.  However, in the majority of cases the amounts are
expected to be less than 100 kg/mo.  The total amount of hazardous waste gen-
erated by the subject SIC is estimated 2.2 x 10  kg/mo.  Painting contractors
(SIC 1721) account for approximately 44% (9.7 x 10  kg/mo) of this total (see
Industry Profile), with an average rate of 35 kg/mo per generator.  Other haz-
ardous waste generating establishments account of the remaining 56% (or 1.25
x 10  kg/mo) based on an assumed waste generation rate of 10 kg/mo/establishment.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
      Generally, all special trades contractors are required by contract (and
some state laws) to properly dispose of all their own wastes, including the
                                                           (2)
hazardous wastes, which are produced at a construction site   .  These con-
tractors, however, usually deposit all their wastes (hazardous and nonhazard-
ous) into roll-offs, dumsters or dump trucks which are placed at the construc-
tion site by the general contractor for the disposal of nonhazardous wastes.
Other methods of disposal used by the special trades contractors are land
burying or land spreading at the construction site   .  Some large generators
of hazardous wastes dispose of wastes (primarily paint sludges) at hazardous
waste disposal facilities.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
     Due to the majority of establishments disposing waste with nonhazardous
construction refuse, disposal costs attributed to hazardous wastes are expected
to be minimal.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     Environmentally more acceptable waste disposal methods for the subject
SIC include:  storage and disposal of waste solvents via solvent reclaimers;
segregation and separate disposal  (e.g., via commercial waste disposal ser-
vices) of other hazardous wastes from regular refuse; where appropriate
cleaning of the empty containers for recycling or co-disposal with regular
refuse.
                                     B-17

-------
                                                              SIC:   1700

INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See tables)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
     From the standpoint of hazardous waste generation, the subject industry
has been one of the least studied industries.  Except for limited state data
for the painting contractors in SIC 1721, very little data are available on
waste quantities generated and disposal practices employed.  In this program
information requests submitted to some 20 establishments produced only one
response.  Although the data on the number of establishments are considered
reliable, there is considerable uncertainty in the estimated waste generation
rates.  Since not all establishments in each of the SIC subcategories con-
sidered as potential hazardous waste generators would produce such wastes
(at least on a routine basis), the total number of generators may have been
overestimated  here.   However, this overestimation is probably compensated by
the contractors in SIC 15  (building construction - general contractors and
operative builders) and SIC 16 (construction other than building construction
general contractors) which were not separately inventoried.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
      (1)  Based on comparison of number distribution of establishments by
          EPA region (census data) versus populations distribution of EPA
          regions compiled from the Statistical Abstract,  1978
      (2)  Based on discussions with the National Association of Home
          Builders
      (3)  Based on state data for  SIC  1721
      (4)  Based on number of establishments from reference (5) and waste
          generation factor based  on number of employees and waste genera-
          tion obtained from industry  contacts and state data
      (5)  Census data
      (6)  Based  on an  assumed waste generation rate of  10  kg/mo  for all
          generators in SIC's 1711, 1742,  1751, 1752,  1761, 1795 and  1799
          and  the number of  establishments from reference  (5)
                                      B-18

-------
       11/27/79.
   08.43.27.
                 INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                                 (6)
                            SIC: 1711,1742, 1751,
                                 1752, 1761 1795, 1799
                                                                           NATION
                      ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                      VARIOUS  HASTE  GENERATION CATEGORIES
               WAbTE  GENERATION
                      RANGES
                      KG/MO
CD
M
vo
   0
 100
 200
 300
 400
 500
 600
 700
 800
 900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
ESTABL
NUMBER
125201
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ISHMENTS
PERCENT
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
                                                   WASTE QUANTITY

                                                   KG/MO   PERCENT
                      TOTAL
                        125201
                                                 (5)
                               100.0
1252010.
      0.
      0.
      0.
      0.
      0.
      0.
      0.
      0.
      0.
      0.
      0.
      0.

1252010.
100.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0

100.0

-------
       11/27/79.
        08.43.Z7.
                INDUSTRY PROFiLE
                                (4)
                                 SIC:  1721
                                                              NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES  FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
DO
to
o
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300- 5000

       TOTAL
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS

                                          NUMBER   PERCENT
26276
274
137
137
55
27
27
27
27
27
137
110
0
96.4
1.0
.5
.5
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.5
.4
0.0
                WASTE QUANTITY

                KG/MO   PERCENT
                                            27261
                                                (5)
100.0
131380.
 41100.
 34250.
 47950.
 24750.
 14850.
 17550.
 20250.
 22950.
 25650.
205500.
385000.
     0.

971160.
 13.5
  4.2
  3.5
  4.9
  2.5
  1.5
  1.8
  2.1
  2.4
  2.6
 21.2
 39.6
  0.0

100.0

-------
        11/29/79.       13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 1721
  REGION
                 NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL
           5-9
        10-19
        20-49
                                                         50-99  100-249  250-499   500-999
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
1*39
2551
2904
3608
4343
2692
1353
836
2794
825
1601
2136
2250
2C22
3ilO
1906
1075
666
2155
680
158
25?
389
615
483
438
184
111
357
94
57
95
157
22o
217
230
62
45
174
37
20
49
82
115
100
84
29
10
82
12
2
15
19
23
27
26
1
4
21
2
                                                                      1
                                                                      3
                                                                      7
                                                                      7
                                                                      5
                                                                      4
                                                                      2
                                                                      0
                                                                      5
                                                                      0
                                                                   0
                                                                   1
                                                                   0
                                                                   0
                                                                   1
                                                                   4
                                                                   c
                                                                   0
                                                                   c
                                                                   0
                                                                   0
                                                                   0
                                                                   0
                                                                   0
                                                                   0
                                                                   0
                                                                   0
                                                                   0
                                                                   0
                                                                   0
                                           >1000

                                                0
                                                0
                                                0
                                                0
                                                0
                                                0
                                                0
                                                0
                                                0
                                                0
w NATION
23745
18601
3081
1300
583
                                                           140
                                                          34

-------
INDUSTRY:   Shortening,  Table Oils,  Margarine and Other         SIC:   2079
           Edible Fats and Oils,  Not Elsewhere Classified
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     Establishments in the subject SIC are engaged in manufacturing of shorten-
ing, table oils, and other edible fats and oils, not elsewhere classified, by
further processing of purchased animal and vegetable oils.  The only potential
hazardous wastes generated .from the industry is the metallic catalyst (mainly
nickel) used in the hydrogenation process.  According to a 1975 survey    there
are  a total of 96 edible oil refineries in the U.S., 49 of which use the hydro-
genation process and have an annual total production capacity of 3.9 billion kg.
The largest refineries  (refineries with capacities in the range of 160 to 340
million kg/yr) account for 46% of the total capacity, while the smallest refiner-
ies (with capacities in the 11 to 56 million kg/yr range) account for only 3% of
the total capacity.  The geographical distribution of these refineries is a£
follows(2):
                      EPA Region       No. of Refineries
                         I                     0
                         II                    6
                         III                   0
                         IV                    9
                         V                    17
                         VI                    7
                         VII                   3
                         VIII                  0
                          IX                    7
                          X                     0

CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
      Waste  of a potentially hazardous  nature generated  is spent catalyst  (about
 30% reduced nickel;  70% nickel oxides)  from the hydrogenation process for
refining  edible oil.   Based on data provided by one establishment and one trade
association,  the amount of  spent nickel catalyst  generated is estimated at
0.02% to  0.03% of the refined oil.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
      Currently it is estimated*3'45 that 40% of the spent catalyst  is handled
 by recycling onsite;  sales (from nickel recovery) and disposal  to hazardous
 management facilities" account  for the other 60%.
                                      B-22

-------
                                                               SIC:  2079

CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHOD


INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)
SOURCES OF DATA USED:
     (1)  George W. Kramer and S. A. Gazelle, U.S. Edible Fats and Oils Refin-
          ing Capacities, 1975, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, FOS-281, Feb. 1976
     (2)  The Edible Oil Industry in the United States, 1975 Directory
     (3)  Institute of Shortening and Edible Oils
     (4)  Contact with one refinery
     (5)  Assuming 50% of the plants  (i.e., 23 plants) dispose of their spent
          catalyst using methods other than recycling; also assuming  the
          hydrogenation capacity in each refinery is proportional to  its total
          oil refinery capacity
                                      B-23

-------
       11/27/79.
   08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                (5)
                           SIC:  2079
                                      NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
              WASTE GENERATION
                     RANGES
                     KG/NO
OS
i
to
   0
 100
 200
 300
 400
 500
 600
 700
 800
 900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
                        ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER

     0
     0
     1
     0
     1
     0
     1
     0
     1
     1
     6
    12
     0
PERCENT

    0.0
    0.0
    4.3
    0.0
    4.3
    0.0
    4.3
    0.0
    4.3
    4.3
   26.1
   52.2
    0.0
                                              WASTE QUANTITY

                                              KG/MO   PERCENT
    0.
    0.
  250.
    0.
  450.
    0.
  650.
    0.
  650.
  950.
 9000.
42000.
    0.
 0.0
 0.0
  .5
 0.0
  .8
 0.0
 1.2
 0.0
 1.6
 1.8
16.6
77.6
 0.0
                     TOTAL
                           23
                              100.0
                           54150.
                                                                                100.0

-------
INDUSTRY:  Textile Mill Products                             SIC:   2211,2221
                                                                   2241,228,229
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
      Establishments covered include weaving mills,  cotton (SIC 2211);  weaving
mills, synthetics (SIC 2221); narrow fabric mills (SIC 2241);  yarn and  thread
mills (SIC 228); and mills engaged in the production of miscellaneous textile
goods such as felt and lace goods, padding and upholstry filling,  processed
waste and recovered fabrics and flock, tire cord and fabric,  cordage and twine,
etc.  (SIC 229).  Based on the census data there are 303 establishments  in SIC
2211, 422 establishments in SIC 2221, 335 establishments in SIC 2241, 742
establishments in SIC 228 and 986 establishments in SIC 229.   Of the total of
2788 establishments in the subject SIC's, 409 (or 15%) and 666 (or 24%) estab-
lishments have less than 5 and 10 employees, respectively.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS HASTES:
      The majority of plants in the subject SIC's which report producing hazard-
ous wastes generate waste solvents.  These solvents are used for both cleaning
purposes and in various finishing and coating operations.  Other potentially
hazardous wastes reported are latex wastes, spinning aid compounds, waste
coating materials, and printing inks.  Based on hazardous waste surveys in New
York, Iowa, Mass, and Rhode Island, about 70% (or 1952) of the 2788 mills
generate one or more of the above types of wastes.  Based on the waste  genera-
tion profiles developed here (see Industry Profile), establishments in  the
subject SIC's generate a total of 1.5 million kg/mo of hazardous waste  with
an overall average waste generation rate of 1840 kg/mo/waste generating mill.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
      About one half of the mills generating solvent wastes indicate that sol-
vents are reclaimed offsite.  The remaining solvents and other wastes are dis-
posed to lagoons or to municipal sewer.  No mills which report disposal methods
indicate landfill as a disposal method.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
      No data are currently available on cost of waste disposal specific to the
subject SIC's.
                                     B-25

-------
                                                            SIC:   2211,  etc.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     The recovery or incineration of waste solvents would be environmentally
more acceptable than disposal to lagoons or municipal sewer as is practiced
by some mills at present.
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF THE DATA BASE
     No other estimates of the waste generation quantities in the subject SIC's
are currently available for comparison purposes.  A previous study of the tex-
tile industry    excluded the subject SIC's from consideration as hazardous
waste generators, and considered only those mills involved in the dyeing and
finishing of fabrics as hazardous waste generators (SIC's 2231, 225, 226, 2272).
The total amount of hazardous waste generated by the dyeing and finishing mills
(148 million kg/mo, see Industry Assessment - Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles)
far exceeds the estimated waste quantity of 1.5 million kg/mo produced by the
mills in the subject SIC's.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  Abrams, E. F., et al, "Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste
          Practices, Textile Industry," Office of Solid Waste, U.S. EPA,
          June 1976
     (2)  Based on the census data, adjusted for the "zero" generators
     (3)  Based on waste quantity data in the state data base for 2 establishments
     (4)  Based on waste quantity data in the state data base for 4 establishments
     (5)  Based on waste quantity data in the state data base for 2 establishments
     (6)  Based on waste quantity data in the state data base for 2 establishments
                                     B-26

-------
       11/27/79.
        06.43.27.
                 INDUSTRY  PKOFILt
                                 (3)
                                 SIC: 2211
                                      2221
        NATION
                      ESTIMATED  NUMBER  AND  WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                      VARIOUS  WASTE  GENERATION CATEGORIES
w
to
-j
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/NO

        0-100
      100-20C
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-800
      000-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000

       TOTAL
ESTABLI
NUMBER
10
14
13
11
10
9
8
7
6
6
36
37
0
SHMENTS
PERCENT
6.0
B.4
7.8
6.6
6.0
5.4
4.8
4.2
3.6
3.6
21.6
22.2
0.0
WASTE
KG/MO
500.
2100.
3250.
3850.
4500.
4950.
5200.
5250.
5100.
5700.
54000.
129500.
0.
QUANTITY
PERCENT
.2
.9
1.5
1.7
2.0
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.5
24.1
57.8
0.0
                                              167
                                                 (2)
100.0
223900.
100.0

-------
       11/27/79.
        08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                (4)
                                 SIC:  22^1     NATION
                                      228
                                      229  {exoapt 2291, 2295)
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FDR  ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
CO

10
CO
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/HO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-800
      600-900
      900-1000,
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS

                                          NUMBER   PERCENT
 58
 12
 13
 15
 17
 18
 19
 20
 21
 21
164
 45
  0
13.7
 2.8
 3.1
 3.5
 4.0
 4.3
 4.5
 4.7
 5.0
 5.0
3B.8
10.6
 0.0
                        WASTE QUANTITY

                        KG/MO   PERCENT
                        2900.
                        1800.
                        3250.
                        5250.
                        7650.
                        9900.
                       12350.
                       15000.
                       17850.
                       19950.
                      246000.
                      157500.
                           0.
  .6
  .4
  .7
 1.1
 1.5
 2.0
 2.5
 3.0
 3.6
 4.0
49.3
31.5
 0.0
                     TOTAL
423'
                                       100.0
                      499400.
                          100.0

-------
       11/27/79.
   08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                (5)
                            SIC:  2291
                                      NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
              HASTE GENERATION
                     RANGES
                     KG/MO
7
to
to
   0
 100
 200
 300
 400
 500
 600
 700
 800
 900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
                        ESTABLISHMENTS

                       NUMBER    PERCENT
7
5
4
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
8
9
0
15.2
10.9
8.7
6.5
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
2.2
2.2
17.4
19.6
0.0
                                              WASTE QUANTITY

                                              KG/MO   PERCENT
  350.
  750.
 1000.
 1050.
  900.
 1100.
 1300.
 1500.
  850.
  950.
12000.
31500.
    0.
  .7
 1.4
 1.9
 2.0
 1.7
 2.1
 2.4
 2.8
 1.6
 1.8
22.5
59.2
 0.0
                      TOTAL
                                  100.0
                                             53250.
           100.0

-------
       11/27/79.
        08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                (1)
                                 SIC:  2295
          NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
DJ
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-300
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS
                                          NUMBER
PERCENT
14
16
13
11
9
8
7
6
5
5
28
25
30
7.9
9.0
7.3
6.2
5.1
4.5
4.0
3.4
2.8
2.8
15.8
14.1
16.9
  WASTE QUANTITY

  KG/ML)   PERCENT
                   700.
                  2400.
                  3250.
                  3850.
                  4050.
                  4400.
                  4550.
                  4500.
                  4250.
                  4750.
                 42000.
                 87500.
                540000.
               .1
               .3
               .5
               .5
               .6
               .6
               .6
               .6
               .6
               .7
              5.9
             12.4
             76.5
                      TOTAL
                               177
  100.0
706200.
100.0

-------
        11/29/79.      13.55.57.



BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES 3Y  EPA  RFGION  IN  SICS  2211 and 2221
                 NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH  CATEGORY




  REGION    TOTAL      1-4      5-9     10-19     20-49
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
67
74
74
425
20
21
7
4
30
3
9
29
9
22
8
2
3
3
13
2
OD NATION
725
100
32
44
                                           50-99  100-249   250-499   500-999
66
                                                             55
                                                        88
150
                                                                129
                                                                       >1000
1
6
6
8
4
3
1
0
3
0
5
13
5
9
3
1
1
0
7
0
15
11
9
16
3
3
2
0
7
0
12
5
11
22
1
3
0
1
0
0
1*
9
13
46
1
2
0
0
0
1
6
1
11
126
0
4
0
0
0
0
3
0
8
116
0
2
0
0
0
0
?
0
2
56
0
1
0
0
0
0
                                                                61

-------
        11/29/79.      13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES  BY  EPA REGION IN SIC 2291
  REGION
                 NUMBER OF PLANTS  IN  fACH  CATEGORY
TOTAL
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
11
7
4
8
5
5
1
0
4
1
                         1
                         0
                         0
                         1
                         0
                         1
                         0
                         0
                         2
                         0
5-9

  1
  0
  0
  2
  1
  1
  1
  0
  0
  0
10-19

    2
    0
    1
    0
    2
    1
    0
    0
    0
    0
  NATION
20-49

    2
    4
    1
    2
    1
    1
    0
    0
    0
    0

   11
                                                          50-99  100-249   250-49Q  500-999
                                                  2
                                                  0
                                                  1
                                                  0
                                                  0
                                                  1
                                                  0
                                                  0
                                                  0
                                                  1
1
2
1
1
1
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
>1000

    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
Ul

-------
        11/29/79.       13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT  SIZE  CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC Z295

                 NUMBER OF PLANTS  IN EACH CATEGORY

  REGION    TOTAL       1-4      5-9    10-19    20-49    50-99  100-249  250-499  500-999
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
32
49
14
20
35
5
3
3
18
0
                         3
                         2
                         0
                         3
                         6
                         1
                         1
                         0
                         5
                         0
1
8
1
1
4
1
1
1
2
0
4
10
2
3
5
1
0
1
1
0
5
16
4
6
9
1
1
1
6
0
                                               6
                                               3
                                               4
                                               1
                                               2
                                               1
                                               0
                                               0
                                               3
                                               0
                                              8
                                              8
                                              2
                                              2
                                              3
                                              0
                                              0
                                              0
                                              1
                                              0
                                              4
                                              2
                                              1
                                              3
                                              3
                                              0
                                              0
                                              c
                                              0
                                              0
                                              1
                                              0
                                              0
                                              1
                                              3
                                              0
                                              0
                                              0
                                              0
                                              0
                                          >1000

                                              0
                                              0
                                              0
                                              0
                                              0
                                              0
                                              0
                                              0
                                              0
                                              0
  NATION
179
21
20
27
49
20
24
13

-------
INDUSTRY:  Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles                   SIC:  2231,225,
                                                                    226,2272
DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY:
     Establishments in the subject SIC's are engaged in the dyeing and finish-
ing of wool, woven or knit fabrics or carpets.  It is estimated that approxi-
mately 2000 of the 5400 textile mills in the U.S. conduct dyeing operations
The textile industry is heavily concentrated in the eastern U.S. with over
one half of all mills located in EPA Region IV.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS HASTES PRODUCED:
     Three major types of hazardous wastes are identified for the subject
industry.  These are (a) empty dye/chemical containers, (b) spent solvents
and (d) wastewater treatment sludges containing heavy metals/dye residues.
An "average" textile mill is estimated to generate about 250 kg/mo of waste
containers    and about 100 kg/mo of waste solvent   .  Only 15% of all tex-
tile mills have wastewater treatment systems; the remainder discharge their
                    /4\
wastewater to POTW1s    .  Of the total 300 dyeing and finishing mills which
generate WWT sludges, only 40 mills are estimated to generate less than 5000
                   (4)
kg/mo of WWT sludge
     It is estimated that about 27% of the mills generate less than 100 kg/mo
of waste and 19% more than 5000 kg/mo (see Industry Profile); the total haz-
                                                                 Q
ardous waste generation in the industry is estimated at 1.48 x 10  kg/mo, with
over 97% of this quantity consisting of WWT sludges from large textile mills.
     The distribution of hazardous waste generation by size category may be
altered in the future if regulations for wastewater pretreatment are promul-
gated by EPA Effluent Guidelines Division.  The pretreatment of mill waste-
waters would result in  the production of WWT sludges and hence, a significant
increase in the total waste quantities produced; under such circumstances it
would be likely that many mills would generate less than 1000 kg/mo, and per-
haps only 10% of all mills would fall into the 1000 to 5000 kg/mo hazardous
waste generation rate category.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES    :
     Most mills currently dispose of containers offsite in sanitary landfills.
About 5% of the mills reportedly rinse containers prior to disposal.  Solvents
                                      B-34

-------
                                                              SIC:  2231, etc.
are commonly recovered either onsite or offsite via a contract hauler, with
distillation residues disposed to landfills.  WWT sludges are commonly lagooned
onsite, with periodic disposal of settled or dewatered sludge in landfills or
dumps, or by landspreading.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
     Contract hauling disposal costs for empty containers for the industry is
estimated at around $15 (1975 dollars) per 1000 kg of waste   .  A similar
cost is estimated for landfill disposal of solvent recovery residues.  (The
cost of solvent recovery is generally offset by the value of recovered solvent.)
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     The major alternative to direct landfill disposal for empty containers
is rinsing prior to disposal to render them nonhazardous.  Rinsing is esti-
mated to add about $70 (1975 dollars) per 1000 kg to the disposal cost
Rinsing would also add a small amount of raw waste to wastewater load but
should not significantly affect the cost of WWT.
     The current practice of solvent reclamation is environmentally more accept-
able than other disposal methods.  Distillation residues could be disposed to
approved landfills.
     WWT sludges disposal  alternatives include storage in lined lagoons,
disposal of excess sludge in approved landfills, and incineration plus ash dis-
posal in approved landfills.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
     The estimated number of mills and waste quantities in the greater than
1000 kg/mo waste generation range are based upon a combination of the state
data, raw data collected in connection with the Reference 1 study and the
comprehensive Effluent Guidelines Division survey of operating mills.  The
data base for the estimation of the number and waste quantity distributions
for plants in the less than 1000 kg/mo category range, however, is based on
a less comprehensive data base, namely the state data and the information
collected in connection with the Reference 1 study.  Therefore, a greater level
                                     B-35

-------
                                                              SIC:  2231, etc.
of confidence would be assigned to the estimation shown in the Industry Pro-
file table for mills in the greater than 1000 kg/mo waste generation rate.
SOURCES OF DATA USED:
     (1)  Abrams, E. F., et al, "Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste
          Practices Textiles Industry," U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste Manage-
          ment program, 1976
     (2)  Based on waste container quantities reported for 17 mills in a
          survey in connection with the Reference 1 study
     (3)  Based on 25 mills reporting hazardous wastes in the state data base
     (4)  Based on Effluent Guidelines Division survey of the textile industry
          (approximately 350 mills out of an industry total of 5000 mills)-
                                     B-36

-------
       11/27/79.
        08.43.27.
                 INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                                 (2,3,4)
                                 SIC:
 2231
 225,226,
 NATION
2272
                      ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                      VARIOUS  WASTE  GENERATION CATEGORIES
u>
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-bOO
      bOO-600
      bOO-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000
                                            ESTABLISHMENTS
                                           NUMBER
PERCENT
                  WASTE QUANTITY
         KG/MO    PERCENT
560
268
176
93
109
69
41
54
39
34
146
100
387
27.0
12.9
8.5
4.5
5.3
3.3
2.0
2.6
1.9
1.6
7.0
4.8
18.6
28000.
40200.
44000.
32550.
49050.
37930.
26650.
40500.
33150.
32300.
219000.
350000.
147060000.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.2
99.4
                      TOTAL
                              2076
  100.0
    147993350.
100.0

-------
INDUSTRY:  Sawmills and Planing Mills                         SIC:  2421
DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY:
     Establishments in the subject industry are primarily involved in producing
soft- and hardwood lumber for general commerce.  There are an estimated 16,000
mills in the U.S. with about 1500 of the mills accounting for 95% of total
                               9                     (1)
lumber production (about 4 x 10  board-feet per year)   .  About 18% of the
                                               (2)
total lumber is treated for "sap stain" control    (only the "green" or wet
wood which is subject to sap stain problems is treated); both "dip" and "spray"
                          (2)
treatment methods are used   .  The most common treating chemical used is
pentachlorophenol.  Sap stain control treatment is practiced by mills of all
sizes, although larger mills with kilns tend to do less (or no) treating.
     The census data indicate a total of 6785 establishments in SIC 2421 of
which 76% have less than 20 employees.  Based on the census data, most of the
mills are located in EPA Regions IV (.32%!, III (18%)  and V C12%).
CHARACTERISTICS OP HAZARDOUS WASTES:
     The two types of wastes generated by the treatment for sap stain control
process are wood residues (sawdust, chips, etc.)  saturated with treating
chemicals and empty treating chemical containers.  The former type of waste
                                                          (2)
is that which accumulates in dip tanks or spray drip tanks   .  Although no
data are available on the amounts of such waste generated by sawmills, similar
wastes generated by pressure treating of wood (in SIC 2491)  range from 0.3 to
                        3                (3)
4 kg residue per 1000 ft  of wood treated   .  Based on this generation factor,
the small sawmills (the estimated 95% of the mills) would generate less than
1 kg/mo of waste and the large mills would generate from 60 to 800 kg/mo of
waste.  Of the 11 sawmills contacted in this study, only one indicated that
                                     (4)
it treated wood for sap stain control   .  Using this information (i.e., only
about 9% of the mills treat wood) and assuming that sap stain treatment is
practiced equally by large and small mills, the waste generation estimates
shown in the industry profile table have been calculated.  Of the estimated
1500 U.S. mills (i.e., 9% of the 16,000) which employ sap stain treatment,
about 1300  (i.e., 90%) would generate less than 100 kg/mo of waste.  The total
waste generation for the industry is estimated at 36,000 kg/mo.  The quantity
of empty treating chemical containers produced by saw mills is estimated at
0.2 kg/mo for small mills and 50 kg/mo  for a very large mill    .  Compared
to the process waste  (treating residue) quantities, waste container quantities
are very small and do not significantly impact the estimated waste quantities
shown in the Industry Profile table.
                                     B-38

-------
                                                              SIC:   2421
                                               (2)
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES
     Little is known about disposal practices for treating residues.  It is
believed that most mills would have such wastes contract hauled to landfills
along with other mill wastes.  Some mills probably burn treating residues
onsite along with bulk wood wastes (an increasing number of medium to large
mills employ incineration with heat recovery for the disposal of waste woods.
The practice of open burning of wood wastes in "tee-pee" type incinerators
is on the decline due to air pollution restrictions.  Open burning and improp-
erly designed and operated incinerators would be ineffective in destroying
halogenated organics such as pentachlorophenol contained in the wood treating
waste.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COSTS:
     Although no data are currently available on disposal cost for treating
residues, it is not likely that any additional costs are incurred at present
over the cost for bulk waste disposal at sawmills.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     The major alternative to the current prevalent landfill disposal method
is use of properly designed and operated incinerators.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
      (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
     Since very little actual data appear to exist on the number of mills
which treat wood for sap stain control and on waste generation quantities
and disposal methods, the estimates presented here are subject to some un-
certainty stemming from the limited nature of the data base.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
      (1)  Statistic Abstract of the United States, U.S. Dept. of Commerce,
          Bureau of the Census, 1976
      (2)  Information provided by a major supplier of chemicals to  sawmills
          for sap stain control
      (3)  Data  obtained from a limited survey of pressure wood treaters,
          1978.  See SIC 2491
                                     B-39

-------
                                                         SIC:   2421
(4)   Telephone discussions with 11  establishments;  the establishments
     were selected from those listed in the  Dun and Bradstreet Middle
     Market Directory,  1975
(5)   Assuming that about 0.4 Ibs of treating chemical  is used per 1000
     board feet of wood needed (Reference 2  above)  and that treating
     chemicals are purchased in 5-gallon containers weighing 1.3 kg
     empty
(6)   The distribution of number of  plants producing more than 100 kg/mo
     of wastes assumes that  waste produced by a mill is proportional to
     the number of employees at the mill. The relative distribution of
     plants by employment size category is that contained in the census
     data.
                                B-40

-------
11/27/79.
08.A3.27.
         INDUSTRY PROFILE
                         16)
                         SIC: 2421
        NATION
              ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR
              VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
       WASTE GENERATION
              RANGES
              KG/MO
               o
             100
             200
             300
             400
             500
             600
             700
             bOO
             900
            1000
            2000
 -100
 •200
 -300
 -400
 -500
 -600
 -700
 -t>00
 -900
 -1000
 -2000
 -5000
 5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER
1336
75
35
15
10
3
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
PERCENT
90.5
5.1
2.4
1.0
.7
.2
.1
.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
                                          ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                                                WASTE  QUANTITY

                                                KG/MO    PERCENT
2672.
11250.
8750.
5250.
4500.
1650.
1300.
750.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
7.4
31.1
24.2
14.5
12. b
4.6
3.6
2.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
              TOTAL
                       1477
100.0
36122
100.0

-------
        11/29/79.      13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT size CATEGORIES BY EPA  REGION  IN  sic  ?42i
  REGION
 ?NATION
     NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY

TOTAL      !-<•      5-9    10-19    20-49
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
360
210
1196
2167
e43
568
297
215
284
644
192
101
504
774
406
19?
145
«7
82
166
55
50
2QO
505
ltd
90
66
29
?2
66
67
35
231
372
152
94
44
27
39
72
26
20
136
301
93
94
17
28
42
108
11
4
29
140
19
53
3
30
44
101
Q
0
6
69
5
36
2
12
39
96
0
0
0
4
0
4
C
1
12
24
 6784
2fc49
1133
865
                                                          50-99   100-249  250-499  500-999     >1000
                                                                                          0         0
                                                                                          0         0
                                                                                          0         0
                                                                                          2         0
                                                                                          0         0
                                                                                          4         1
                                                                                          0         0
                                                                                          1         0
                                                                                          3         1
                                                                                          8         3

                                                                                         18         5
                                                434
                                               274
                                       45
 N)

-------
INDUSTRY:  Wood Preserving                                     SIC:  2491
DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY(1/2':
     Plants in SIC 2491 are primarily engaged in pressure treating of wood
using one or more of three major types of treating chemicals - creosote, penta-
chlorophenol, and inorganic salts (primarily pentavalent arsenic salts).  Of
the 415 plants operating in the U.S., 295 treat with creosote or pentachloro-
phenol and the other 120 treat with inorganic salts.  Over three quarters of
the plants are located in either the Southern Pines region (Texas to Maryland)
or the Douglas Fir/Western Red Cedar region (Washington to Northern California).
     The census data indicate 385 establishments for the subject SIC (compared
to 417 establishments used here based on data from References 1 and 2); the three
EPA regions with the largest percentages of establishments are Regions IV (34%),
VI (18%) and X (9.6%).  Most of the establishments in this SIC are small in
terms of number of employees, with 56% having less than 20 employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES:
     Two general types of potentially hazardous wastes generated by wood pre-
serving plants are waste water treatment sludges and tank clean-out residues.
The former types of waste is generated by plants which use creosote or penta-
chlorophenol (PCP).  Moisture removed from wood during the treating process
is subsequently condensed, producing a wastewater containing some creosote or
PCP.   Resulting WWT sludges are generated in approximate proportion to volume
of wood treated.  Reported WWT sludge generation rates range from 50 to 23,000
kg/mo per plant   .  Inorganic salt treating does not result in the generation
of wastewater containing treating chemicals since the salts are not volatile
and hence, a moisture removal step is not needed (indeed, water is the solvent
for salt treating).
     All wood preserving plants generate small amounts of wastes from tank
cleaning.  These wastes consist of sawdust, wood chips, and sludge containing
                                                                             (4)
treating chemicals.  Reported quantities range from 50 to 450 kg/mo per plant
A typical creosote or PCP treater generates about 400 kg/mo of WWT sludge
                                                                      (4)
A typical treater generates about 250 kg/mo of tank clean-out residues
Twenty-one percent of all wood preservers are estimated to generate less than
100 kg/mo of waste; 13% generate more than 5000 kg/mo (see Industry Profile).
                                    B-43

-------
                                                               SIC:   2491
The total quantity of hazardous wastes generated by the industry is  estimated

                                                (3)
at 1.2 x 10  kg/mo.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES
     WWT sludges generated by the creosote and PCP treaters are disposed of on-
site by 41% of the plants, contract hauled to offsite landfills by 41%,  used
for road stabilization by 15% and burned in boilers onsite by 4%.   Of those
plants indicating contract hauling, one-third indicate "toxic chemical land-
fill" as the disposal site.  Little is known about disposal practices for tank
clean-out wastes, although it is believed that  such wastes would be handled in
a manner similar to that used for WWT sludges at most plants.
     Since treating wastes tend to be relatively small in volume,  most plants
arrange for waste hauling on a periodic basis,  in some cases only once every
few years.
CURRENT COST OF DISPOSAL:
     Reported disposal costs for WWT sludges range from $100 to $2000/year
 (1976 dollars), or $100 to $1000/tonne of waste   .  The relatively high unit
cost for disposal probably reflects costs for dredging of ponds as well as haul-
ing for these wastes.  No data are available for tank clean-out waste disposal
costs.
ALTERNATIVE WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     Incineration could prove effective for creosote/PCP wastes if conducted
under sufficiently severe conditions to insure destruction of treating chemi-
cal residues.   Incineration is not environmentally acceptable for inorganic
salt containing wastes, due to the presence of arsenic and or chrome in the
wastes.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
      (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF THE DATA BASE:
     The  estimates of WWT  sludge quantities for  the  industry are based upon
data supplied to EGD by  38 wood preserving plants representing a range of
 plant  sizes  from various parts of  the country.   These data are thought to be
a reasonably good representation of the industries sludge waste
                                      B-44

-------
                                                               SIC?   2491

     The data for tank clean-out wastes are from three plants.   The  accuracy
or representativeness of these data are not known.   Since tank wastes are the
only hazardous waste for the 120 inorganic salt treaters, and most of these
treaters (85%) are estimated to generate less than 1000 kg/mo,  there is some
uncertainty in the number of small volume generators in the "less than 1000
kg/mo" generating categories.  This uncertainty, however, does not dramatically
affect the distribution of small volume generators in the industry since the
inorganic salt treaters account for less than one-third of the total plants.
     It should be mentioned that a distribution similar to that presented in
the Industry Profile table is obtained when state survey data alone  are used
to estimate the industry profile   .  Since the state data, TRW survey data,
and EGD data represent independent sources, the similarity of the distribu-
tion based on state data to that in the Industry Profile table indicates that
the profile is probably representative of the industry.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  Maloney and Pagliai, Wood Preservation Statistics 1977, American
          Wood Preservers Association, September 1978
     (2)  Revised Technical Review of the best available technology, best
          demonstrated technology for the timber products processing point
          source category, Environmental Science and Engineering Inc. for
          Effluent Guidelines Division of EPA, Project No. 78-052, October
          15, 1978
     (3)  Data provided by Effluent Guidelines Division of EPA for 38 plants
     (4)  Data obtained for 3 pressure wood treaters by TRW, 1979
     (5)  Based upon data provided by EPA/EGD on WWT sludges from 38 creosote
          and PCP treating plants and data obtained in this study from 3 plants
          on tank clean-out residues, the EGD data on distribution of WWT
          waste quantities is applied to 295 creosote and PCP treaters; the
          data on clean-out residue wastes applied to all plants including
          120 inorganic salt treaters which generate only clean-out  residue
          wastes.  Creosote and PCP treaters are assumed to have both WWT
          sludges and clean-out residues, while inorganic salt treaters are
          assumed to have only clean-out residues.
     (6)  Based upon state survey data for 8 plants
                                     B-45

-------
11/27/79.
08.43.Z7.
         INDUSTRY PROFILE
                         (3,4)
                         SIC:
        NATION
              ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
              VARIOUS WASTE  GENERATION CATEGORIES
       WASTE GENERATION
              RANGES
              KG/MO
               0
             100
             zoo
             300
             400
             500
             600
             700
             800
             900
            1000
            2000
 -100
 -200
 -300
 -400
 -500
 -600
 -700
 -BOO
 -900
 -1000
 -2000
 -5000
 5000
ESTABL1
NUMBER
88
42
36
36
24
16
12
13
4
5
45
44
52
[SHMENTS
PERCENT
21.1
10.1
8.6
8.6
5.8
3.8
2.9
3.1
1.0
1.2
10.8
10.6
12.5
                                               WASTE QUANTITY

                                               KG/MJ    PERCENT
              TOTAL
                       417
                                         (1)
100.0
   3872.
   6300.
   9000.
  12600.
  10800.
   8800.
   7800.
   9750.
   3400.
   4750.
  67500.
 154000.
 951600.

1250172.
   .3
   .5
   .7
  1.0
   .9
   .7
   .6
   .8
   .3
   .4
  5.4
 12.3
 76.1

100.0

-------
        11/29/79.      13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY E"A PFGION  IN  SIC  2491

                 NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY

  REGION    TOTAL      1-4      5-9    13-19    20-49    50-99   100-249   250-499   500-999    >1000

                                                                      0         C         0        0
                                                                      0000
                                                                      1000
                                                                      7000
                                                                      1         C         0        0
                                                                      2000
                                                                      0000
                                                                      0         C         0        0
                                                                      0000
                                                                      3         C         0        0

  NATION      38ft       73       66       71      112       45        14         C         0        0
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
6
b
35
1 33
36
70
21
19
?4
37
2
1
R
19
8
16
6
5
5
8
0
2
5
23
2
13
5
5
3
S3
0
0
6
26
11
11
4
2
8
3
4
2
11
35
10
22
4
6
6
12
0
0
4
23
4
6
2
1
2
3

-------
INDUSTRY:   Miscellaneous Wood Products                         SIC:   2499
DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY:
     Firms in the subject industry are engaged in the production of a variety
of wood products including veneer, cork,  hardboard paneling,  picture frames
and fencing.  Many of these and other products are finished with paint,  lacquer,
varnish or other coating materials.  Based on the census data there are 2792
establishments in the U.S. in SIC 2499? about 39% employ less than 5 persons.
Unlike firms in many other wood products industry segments, SIC 2499 is not
heavily concentrated in the wood producing areas of the country.  Three EPA
regions with the largest percentages of the establishments in SIC 2499 are
Regions V  (22%), IV (15%) and IX  (14%).
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     The hazardous wastes generated in the subject industry are from painting
and related operations and include paint sludges, solvents, empty paint con-
tainers, and clean-up wastes from coating/glueing operations.  Based on data
from solid/hazardous waste surveys in 4 states  (New York, Iowa, Mass., and
Rhode Island), about 36% of the firms  (or 1003 plants) in SIC 2499 generate
hazardous wastes.  An estimated 11% of the firms generate more than 5000 kg/
mo of waste while only 13% generate less than 100 kg/mo  (see Industry Profile);
the average amount of waste generated per generator is about 3400 kg/mo.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     All  plants which report waste disposal methods indicate that non-solvent
wastes  are disposed to  landfill or to lagoon onsite  (one case), and that sol-
vents are sent  to offsite reclamation
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
     Two  plants which dispose  to  landfill  indicate a  disposal  cost of about
$250/ton.   The one plant which indicated onsite lagooning  reports about
$10,000/ton.  No cost data are reported for  solvent disposal/reclamation.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
                                     B-48

-------
                                                               SIC:  2499

INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF THE DATA BASE:


SOURCES OF DATA USED:
     (1)  Based on state survey data for 7 plants
     (2)  Census data, adjusted for the "zero" generators (estimated at 64%)
                                      B-49

-------
       11/27/79.
        Otf .43.27.
                 INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                (1)
                                 SIC:  2*99
        NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR
                     VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
oo
in
o
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      100-300
      500-600
      600-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000

       TOTAL
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS

                                          NUMBER   PERCENT
358
77
43
30
23
18
14
11
9
9
52
50
309
35.7
7.7
4.3
3.0
2.3
1.8
1.4
1.1
.9
.9
5.2
5.0
30.8
                                                 ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                WASTE QUANTITY

                KG/MO   PERCENT
                                            1003
                                                (2)
100.0
  17900.
  11550.
  10750.
  10500.
  10350.
   9900.
   9100.
   8250.
   7650.
   8550.
  78000.
 175000.
3090000.

3447500.
   .5
   .3
   .3
   .3
   .3
   .3
   .3
   .2
   .2
   .2
  2.3
  5.1
 89.6

100.0

-------
        11/29/7Q.       13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS  IN  EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGCPIFS  BY  EpA  PfGICN IN $ I C 249^
  REGION
  NATION
                  NUMBER  OF  PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL
 2792
          5-9
       10-lQ
       20-49
       50-99  100-249   2f-0-49<*  50C-99Q
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
2 Bo
307
239
409
626
206
137
55
345
142
104
117
91
143
240
7«
45
35
170
66
56
77
57
t-6
11*5
52
25
10
73
?8
43
50
<-4
80
119
11
29
5
60
18
46
37
27
64
81
27
26
2
50
17
16
20
9
2B
38
11
7
2
21
6
17
5
9
IB
23
6
2
1
6
7
1094
i>60
479
379
                                                                                  4
                                                                                  1
                                                                                  0
                                                                                  •3
                                                                                  ^j
                                                                                  6
                                                                                  1
                                                                                  1
                                                                                  0
21
                                                                               0
                                                                               0
                                                                               2
                                                                               1
                                                                               3
                                                                               0
                                                                               C
                                                                               0
                                                                               0
                                                                               0
                >1000

                    0
                    C
                    0
                    1
                    0
                    0
                    C
                    0
                    0
                    0

-------
INDUSTRY:  Furniture and Fixtures                              SIC:   25
DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY:
     Firms in SIC 25 are engaged in the manufacture of household,  office,
public building and restaurant furniture and office and store fixtures.  Many
of these firms conduct painting/varnishing/lacquering operations in the finish-
ing of their products.  Based on the census data,  there are 8630 establishments
in SIC 25 with about 46% of these employing less than 10 persons.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     The hazardous wastes generated by firms in SIC 25 are primarily paint
sludges, solvents, empty paint containers and similar wastes from application
of lacquers, varnishes and other coatings.  Many firms which manufacture metal
furniture also conduct degreasing operations prior to painting and thus gen-
erate a waste degreasing solvent or solvent recovery sludge.  Wastes from
painting/coating operations are estimated to constitute about 90% of the total
hazardous waste in SIC 25, degreasing waste about 10%   .  Based on data from
solid/hazardous waste surveys in 4 states (New York, Iowa, Mass, and Rhode
Island) about 70% (or 6062) of the establishments in SIC 25 are estimated to
generate hazardous wastes.  About 25% of the generators are estimated to pro-
duce less than 100 kg/mo of waste and no plants generate more than 5000 kg/mo
of waste  (see Industry Profile); an average plant would generate about 700 kg/mo
of waste.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Offiste landfill via contract hauling is reported for disposal of non-
solvent wastes by all plants which indicate a disposal method.  Solvents are
reportedly recovered either onsite or offsite by all plants which indicate a
disposal method.
CURRENT  DISPOSAL COST:
     Two plants which indicate offsite landfill via contract hauling for waste
disposal report costs of $750 for disposal of 2 tons/year of waste and $500
for disposal of 6 tons/year of waste.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
                                      B-52

-------
                                                               SIC:  25

INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF THE DATA BASE:


SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  Based on data from state surveys for 11 'plants in SIC 25
     (2)  Census data, adjusted for the estimated "zero" generators  (30%
          of establishments)
                                     B-53

-------
       11/27/79.
        08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                (1)
                                 SIC:  2500
        NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
w
Ln
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-800
      000-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000

       TOTAL
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS

                                          NUMBER   PERCENT
1485
936
619
443
341
271
220
183
154
132
721
557
0
24.5
15.4
10.2
7.3
5.6
4.5
3.6
3.0
2.5
2.2
11.9
9.2
0.0
                WASTE QUANTITY

                KG/MO   PERCENT
                                            6062
                                                (2)
100.0
  74250.
 140400.
 154750.
 155050.
 153450.
 149050.
 143000.
 1372*0.
 130900.
 125400.
1081500.
1949500.
      0.

4394500.
  1.7
  3.2
  3.5
  3.5
  3.5
  3.4
  3.3
  3.1
  3.0
  2.9
 24.6
 44.4
  0.0

100.0

-------
        12/06/79.
           12.30.54.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES  BY EPA  REGION  IN  SIC  2500



                 NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
  REGION
TOTAL
 1-4
 5-9
10-19
£0-^9
50-99  100-249  250-499   500-999
                                                                                               >1000
1
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
485
1219
708
Ib24
1452
6B9
327
160
1531
235
152
427
195
445
372
216
87
67
518
88
85
248
101
249
224
118
68
24
247
45
93
213
104
273
234
108
51
25
263
39
65
178
128
326
269
117
46
25
273
35
40
81
72
193
144
61
38
15
128
20
37
58
62
181
133
47
26
4
86
6
10
9
26
104
51
15
7
0
14
1
3
5
16
43
17
5
4
0
2
1
0
0
4
1C
b
2
0
0
0
0
  NATION
 w

 m
 Ul
 6630
2567
1409
 1403
 1462
  792
640
237
                                                                                        96
                                                                                      24

-------
INDUSTRY:  Production of Coated and Glazed Paper               SIC:   2641
DESCRIPTION OP THE INDUSTRY:
     Firms in SIC 2641 are primarily engaged in the manufacture of coated,
glazed or varnished paper from purchased paper or pulp.   Coating/finishing
operations are usually conducted using larger continuous machines to apply
inks, dyes, waxes or other coatings.  Based on the census data there are 429
plants in the U.S. in SIC 2641; 52% of the plants employ less than 20
persons.  The majority of plants are located in EPA Regions V (30%), II (18%),
I (14%) and IX (13%).
CHARACTERISTICS OP HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     Hazardous waste generated by plants in SIC 2641 are primarily from cleanup
or "end of run" operations and consist of inks, dyes, solvents, latex and adhe-
sives.  Based on data from state surveys    and information supplied by indus-
try sources(2), essentially all mills in SIC 2641 are expected to produce one
or more of the above types of wastes.  Based on the estimates developed here
(see Industry Profile), over 40% of the establishments in SIC 2641 generate
more than 5000 kg/mo of waste and only two plants generate less than 100 kg/mo
of waste.  An average plant is estimated to generate about 44,000 kg/mo of
hazardous wastes.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     All plants which report information on waste disposal indicate that they
dispose of non-solvent wastes to landfill, usually via contract hauling.  One
plant indicates on-site chemical treatment of acidic wastes prior to disposal.
Of the two plants which provide information about solvent disposal, one indi-
cates offsite recovery and the other indicates onsite incineration.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COSTS:
     No data are currently available from plants in SIC 2641 pertaining to
disposal costs for hazardous wastes.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
                                      B-56

-------
                                                               SIC:  2641
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF THE DATA BASE:


SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  Based on state data for 9 establishments
     (2)  National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement
     (3)  Census data
                                       B-57

-------
       11/27/79.
        08.43.27.
                 INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                (1)
                                 SIC:  2641
                NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
7
m
00
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      bOO-600
      600-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000

       TOTAL
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS

                                          NUMBER   PERCENT
  2
 11
 17
 19
 19
 18
 16
 15
 13
 11
 63
 36
189

429
                                                (3)
   .5
  2.6
  4.0
  4.4
  4.4
  4.2
  3.7
  3.5
  3.0
  2.6
 14.7
  8.4
 44.1

100.0
                        WASTE QUANTITY

                        KG/MO   PERCENT
     100.
    1650.
    42i»0.
    6650.
    0550.
    9900.
   10400.
   11250.
   11050.
   10450.
   94500.
  126000.
18900000.

19194750.
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .1
   .1
   .1
   .1
   .1
   .5
   .7
 98.5

100.0

-------
        11/30/79.       10.02.17.

iREAKDOwN  OF  PLANTS  IH  EMPLOYMENT  SIZE  CATEGORIES  BY  EPA  REGION IN SIC 2641
  REGION
                 NUMdER  OF  PLANTS  IN  EACH  CATEGORY
TOTAL
1-4
                                5-9
10-19
                                    20-49
                                  50-99  100-2*9  250-499  >00-999










7
U1
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
NATION
tol
77
28
38
130
17
13
5
56
4
429
8
14
0
4
17
3
2
1
16
0
71
9
8
4
6
19
2
1
0
10
2
61
13
20
5
5
23
4
3
2
13
1
89
11
16
5
2
16
3
1
2
8
0
64
8
9
3
9
18
2
2
0
4
0
55
8
6
3
6
16
3
3
0
**
0
53
                                                                               2
                                                                               3
                                                                               1
                                                                               4
                                                                               d
                                                                               0
                                                                               1
                                                                               0
                                                                               1
                                                                               0

                                                                              20
                                                                             1
                                                                             1
                                                                             1
                                                                             0
                                                                             7
                                                                             0
                                                                             0
                                                                             0
                                                                             0
                                                                             1

                                                                            11
>1000

    1
    0
    0
    0
    4
    0
    c
    0
    0
    0

-------
INDUSTRY:  Printing, Publishing, and Allied Industries        SIC:  27
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     The establishments in this industry are engaged in printing by processes
such as letterpress, lithography, gravure, or screen or in performing services
for the printing trade such as bookbinding, typesetting, engraving, photo-
engraving " and electrotyping.  This SIC also includes establishments engaged
in publishing newspapers, books, and periodicals.  The establishments are dis-
tributed throughout the country roughly in proportion to regional population.
The census data indicate a total of 41,877 establishments for this SIC of which
64% employ less than 10 persons (see census data computer printout for a break-
down of the number of establishments by EPA region and employment size category)
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     Based on state survey data which includes more than 200 establishments in
SIC 27, the primary hazardous wastes generated by this industry are flammable
and toxic wastes including solvents, dyes, inks, oils and other organic com-
pounds and photographic chemicals (fixers, developers,  stabilizers) which are
toxic or corrosive.  Many establishments, especially those engaged in photo-
processing, will also generate empty containers which may contain hazardous
wastes    .  The total waste quantity generated by establishments in this SIC
is estimated at 41 million kg/mo, or an average rate of 1300 kg/mo per genera-
tor;* almost 65% of the firms generate less than 100 kg/mo of hazardous waste
(see Industry Profile).
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     State survey data indicate that about 75% of the establishments which
generate photographic chemical wastes dispose of them to sewers.  Some firms
indicate that the wastes are neutralized prior to disposal.  Of the establish-
ments which do not dispose to sewers, about 56% indicate recycling of some
photographic chemicals, and 28% indicate disposal to landfill; these chemicals
are usually hauled offsite by contractors.  Other disposal methods include
onsite land burial and onsite landspreading.
*These estimated quantities do not include wastes discharged to sewers.
                                     B-60

-------
                                                              SIC:   27

     The disposal practices for solvents,  inks and organics are as  follows:*
     •   Over 40% of the establishments use landfills for disposal  of solvents,
         inks, and organics
     •   13% dispose of inks,  organics (primarily alcohols) and solvents to
         the sewer
     •   13% recycle some of their wastes
     •   Over 20% of the establishments indicate other disposal methods includ-
         ing incineration (for solvents),  onsite evaporation (for solvents),
         deep well injection (for solvents, inks, organics), onsite burial
         (for solvents and organics), onsite lagoons and disposal on open
         ground (for solvents).
     •   Over 20% of the establishments indicated that their disposal methods
         were unknown.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     Waste disposal of inks, organic compounds and solvents in Subtitle C
facilities is environmentally more acceptable than disposal methods currently
used by some generators (for example, disposal on open ground).  Increased
recycling of some wastes (e.g., solvents) would reduce the need to dispose of
hazardous wastes by other methods.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     See table.
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
     State data may be biased toward establishments in the industry which per-
form photoprocessing.  About 57% of the firms in the state data reported having
photographic chemical wastes.  However, based on telephone communication with
one technical expert with the Graphic Arts Technical Foundation, this figure
is probably too high.  According to this expert, about 50% of all printers and
suppliers to publishers will probably have photographic wastes, but publishers
*The total for the percentages shown exceed 100% because some establishments
 report employing more than one disposal method.
                                      B-61

-------
                                                              SIC:  27

will have none.  In this study it is assumed that the number of establishments
producing photographic wastes account for about 40% of all establishments in
SIC 27.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
      (1)  See assessment summary sheet for SIC's 7221, 7333, 7395 and 7819
      (2)  Rasert on state survey data for over 200 establishments and on personal
          communication with Graphic Arts Technical Foundation
      (3)Census data, adjusted for the estimated "zero" generators
                                       B-62

-------
11/27/79.
                      08.43.27.
         INDUSTRY PROFILE
                         (2)
                                               SIC:  2700
        NATION
              ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES  FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS IN
              VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
&
U)
       WAi>TE GENERATION
              RANGES
              KG/MO

               0-100
             100-200
             200-300
             JOO-400
             400-500
             500-6UO
             600-700
             700-dOO
             800-900
             900-1000
             1000-2000
             2000-5000
              >  5000

              TOTAL
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS

                                          NUMBER   PERCENT
                                           31410
                                                (3)
                WASTE QUANTIFY

                KG/MO   PERCENT
20518
1884
1038
684
532
418
376
221
376
334
685
794
3350
65.3
6.0
3.3
2.2
1.7
1.3
1.2
.7
1.2
1.1
2.8
2.5
10.7
1025900.
282600.
259500.
239400.
239400.
229900.
244400.
165750.
319600.
317300.
1327500.
2779000.
33500000.
2.5
.7
.6
.6
.6
.6
.6
.4
.8
.8
3.2
6.8
81. b
100.0
40930250.
100.0

-------
        11/29/79.      13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES  BY  EPA RfGlQN IN SIC 2700
  REGION
                 NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH  CATEGORY
T3TAL
1-4
5-9
10-19
20-49
                                                          5C-99  100-249   250-49Q   500-999


I



V
VI


NATI
00
s
I
J I
J I
IV
V
VI
II
II
IX
X
ON


?6>n
7142
3812
5216
S870
3702
2679
1310
5253
1210
41877


1082
3178
1438
2385
3513
1776
1115
605
2593
576
18261


535
141?
793
1120
1750
725
567
302
9QF-
250
6452


435
1137
635
725
1489
555
421
173
753
168
6491


343
823
494
584
1147
3? S
343
147
540
1*8
4952


147
306
203
216
503
138
124
38
19C
36
1901


88
185
165
112
303
8C
70
33
128
30
1194


26
48
51
45
104
23
22
Q
29
P
367


15
35
22
17
33
13
10
2
17
3
167


                                                                                   >10CO
                                                                                                  IB
                                                                                                  11
                                                                                                  12

                                                                                                    4
                                                                                                    7
                                                                                                    1
                                                                                                    5
                                                                                                    1

                                                                                                  92

-------
INDUSTRY:  Industrial Inorganic Chemicals                  SIC:  281
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     SIC 281 covers establishments involved in the production of alkalies and
chlorine (SIC 2812), industrial gases (SIC 2813), inorganic pigments (SIC
2816) and industrial inorganic chemicals, not elsewhere classified (SIC 2819).
Over 200 chemicals are included in the subject SIC's.  The raw materials and
production processes used differ from chemical to chemical, thus a spectrum
of waste characteristics and quantities are encountered.  Most plants produce
more than one chemical; some produce chemicals that fall into other SIC's.
     Based on the information in the SRI Directory of Chemical Producers   ,
it is estimated that there are 81 plants in SIC 2812, 443 plants in SIC 2813,
59 plants in SIC 2816, and 479 plants in SIC 2819
     The size of plants range from 1-4 employees to more than 1000 employees
with more than 50% of the plants employing less than 20 employees.  The major-
ity  (62%) of these smaller plants are in SIC 2813.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     SIC 2812.  Only hazardous wastes identified in this SIC are mercury- and
asbestos-bearing wastes which are produced in the production of chlorine by
the  "mercury cell" and the "diaphragm cell" processes, respectively.  Asbestos
waste disposal is currently regulated.  In 1972 the smallest mercury cell
                                                      (3 4)
plant produced more than 9 metric ton/day of chlorine   '   .  At an estimated
                                      (4)
waste generation rate of 20 kg/metric    ton of chlorine,  the smallest plant
would generate more than 5000 kg/mo of mercury waste.
     Wastes generated from other chemical production, processes are mainly
brine mud  (magnesium hydroxide and calcium carbonate from  brine purification)
and wastewaters containing dissolved carbonates and chlorides of sodium and
potassium.
     The total wastes generated by all establishments in the SIC is estimated
at 9.1 million kg/mo.
     SIC 2813.  No hazardous wastes are generated from plants producing acetylene,
nitrogen, oxygen, noble gases and nitrous oxide  (a total of 255 plants).
Plants producing other gases  (CO, CO2> H2» etc.) may generate spent catalyst
containing chromium, copper and other metals.  Waste generation rate is
                                    B-65

-------
                                                           SIC:  281
estimated at 0.5 kg of spent catalyst per 1000 kg of product   .   Based on
this estimate, nearly all plants engaged in the production of these other
gases generate less than 5000 kg/mo of waste.  Some plants covered in the
state, data base also report disposing of lube oil and solvents.  The total
quantity of waste generated by establishments in SIC 2813 is estimated at
                                                  (6)
275,000 kg/mo, with an average of 1460 kg/mo/plant
     SIC 2816.  Plants in SIC 2816 generate sludges which may be corrosive
and may contain chromium, cadmium, lead and other metals.  Five plants have
been identified as potential small volume hazardous waste generators.  Based
on the information obtained from two of these five plants, the average waste
generation rate is estimated at 510 kg/mo/plant.  The total wastes generated
                                                                    (4)
by all establishments in SIC 2816 is estimated at 38  million kg/mo
     SIC 2819.  Hazardous wastes generated by the establishments in this SIC
include water and wastewater treatment sludges, sludges from purification of
raw materials or products, rejected chemicals, spills and cleanup wastes,
dust collected by air pollution control devices, etc.  These wastes may be
highly acidic or alkaline and may contain toxic metals, fluorides, cyanides
and sulfide.  Total wastes generated by all establishments in this SIC is
                               (4)
estimated at  280 million kg/mo
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Some establishments in SIC 2813 reclaim all their waste  (mainly  spent
catalysts).   It is not known how many establishments practice waste reclama-
tion; the profile table  for this SIC assumes that all establishments  dispose
of  catalyst waste.
     The following distribution of waste quantities  and generators  by disposal
is  estimated  for SIC 2819 based on the  state data:
         Disposal Method       Waste Quantity        Generator
        Landfill                       19%                   31%
        Recycle                        18%                   13%
        Others                        2%                    6%
        Contract hauling  (no          61%                   50%
         ultimate  disposal
         method specified)
                                      B-66

-------
                                                           SIC:  281


CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:

      (See tables)

ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:

     (1)  1977 Directory of Chemical Producers, Stanford Research Institute

     (2)  In many plants wastes generated from different operations are com-

          bined; thus even though the production of a specific chemical may

          produce a "small" quantity of hazardous waste, the plant as a whole

          may be large generators due to waste contribution from the produc-
          tion of other chemicals.  Since data on total waste quantities and

          characteristics do not currently exist for all plants in the subject

          industry, the identification of "small generators" in the industry

          require other approaches.  The following "product-by-product"
          analysis approach (see Fig. 1), which has been used in a large number
          of previous EPA industry studies, has been used in the preparation

          of this assessment.

            a)  Using the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) 1977 Directory
                of Chemical Producers,^ all individual plants producing
                SIC 281 chemicals were identified.  (A total of 1324 plants
                were identified as producers of SIC 281 chemicals.)

            b)  The producers of SIC 281 chemicals were further screened and
                those producers for whom the SIC 281 chemicals were listed as
                only a very minor fraction of the total chemical production
                (in terms of the number of chemicals produced, e.g., one or
                two SIC 281 chemicals from a total of 10 or more chemicals
                listed for a plant site) were eliminated from further con-
                sideration.  (A total of 262 plants were eliminated in this
                fashion.)
                                      B-67

-------
            «*: oiueronr
                 . PKDUCT.U

t
k .4W
Kxtsriins LiTtMTVi-E Aim
MTSULTS or ttmmtmie
EVALUATION Oil HASTE TYPE
HID CII.T.IlATtCII HATES AJ.O
PLAIIT nouvcTic-i rivji-rs
\
t

00
                                  xa THS
                                  A HAIMiaOUS
                            WASTE CrMCKATOA OH X
                                  AL IIAZAROOUS
                                TE CENEIMTOM?
    OT1IEH
 81C CHEMICALS
rnoDUcm AT THIS
   PLANT*
                               CHEMICALS M
                              •UBJCCT SIC THS
                              HXJOE PBODUCT A*
                                TIIXS riANTT
  is me
A LAH^C II»:A^JMU3
HASTE Ul.-EhATOKT
             Tilt PLANT
          PIOMCC OILMICALS
           IS SUSJtCT SIC?
                                                                                                                            TOTAL I.L-XER Of
                                                                                                                            IARCE CL::CRATORS
                                                                                                                            IN StUJICT SIC
SUM TOTAL or ALL
PLANTS WITH SUBJECT
SIC CIIEHICALS AS
MAJOR rronucrs
  CLIHIMATtD

PWtnlElt GONSIDERATtOM
           EtI.MIIlATCD

        romitR coisietMTiOii
       Figure 1.    Schematics  of  the Step-by-step Procedure for  the Identification of Small  Volume  Hazardous
                       Waste  Generators
                                                                                                                                                          10
                                                                                                                                                          oo

-------
                                                      SIC:  281


       c)  The producers of SIC 281 chemicals were then examined in the
           light of data which have been reported on hazardous waste
           generation quantities associated with the  production of certain
           specific chemicals or plants producing such chemicals.  Those
           plants which could be definitely identified as large generators
           (based on the production of a single chemical) or nonhazardous
           waste generators  (based on all chemicals produced) were elim-
           inated from further consideration.

       d)  The output from step  (c) was the identification of 248 plants
          ' as potentially small hazardous waste generators.  Based on
           published production and waste generation rate data and infor-
           mation obtained via telephone from selected plants, the "small
           generators" classification was confirmed for 185 of the 248
           plant sites; the classification of the other 63 plants require
           acquisition of data from additional plants.

 (3)  EPA/EGD Pretreatment Development Document:  Inorganic Chemicals

     Manufacturing, EPA-400/1-77/087
 (4)  "Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste Practices, Inorganic Chemi-

     cals  Industry," Versar Inc., NTIS Report PB-244-832, March 1975

 (5)  Versar  (EPA/OSW contractor)
 (6)  Based on state data for nine small generators for SIC 2813

 (7)  Based on state data for 11 small generators for SIC 2819
 (8)  EPA/EGD Development Document:  Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing,

     EPA-400/l-74-007a
 (9)  EPA/EGD Development Document:  Significant  Inorganic Products,

     EPA-400/1-75/037

(10)   "Assessment of Solid Waste Management Problems and Practices in
     the Inorganic Chemicals Industry," Versar Inc., EPA Contract No.

     68-03-2604

(11)  EPA/EGD
(12)  Contact with six individual establishments
                                B-69

-------
       11/27/79.
   08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                                (6)
                            SIC: 2813
                                      NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE  GENERATION CATEGORIES
              WASTE  GENERATION
                     RANGES
                     KG /MO
co
•vl
o
   0
 100
 200
 300
 400
 500
 600
 700
 600
 900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-10CO
-2000
-5000
5000
                        ESTABLISHMENTS

                       NUMBER   PERCENT
19
17
13
13
9
9
7
6
6
6
28
55
0
10.1
9.0
6.9
6.9
4.8
4.8
3.7
3.2
3.2
3.2
14.9
29.3
0.0
                                               WASTE QUANTITY
                                               KG/MO   PERCENT
950.
2550.
3250.
4550.
4050.
4950.
4550.
4500.
5100.
5700.
42000.
192?00.
0.
.3
.9
1.2
1.7
1.5
l.B
1.7
1.6
1.9
2.1
15.3
70.1
0.0
                     TOTAL
                          188
                               100.0
274650.
100.0

-------
       11/27/79,
        08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY PRUFILE
                                (4,7)
                                 SIC:  2819
        NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND  WASTE  QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE  GENERATION  CATEGORIES
w
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-10C
      iOO-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-800
      aOO-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER
4
7
6
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
11
9
90
PERCENT
2.7
4.7
4.0
3.3
2.7
2.7
2.0
2.0
1.3
1.3
7.3
6.0
60.0
                WASTE QUANTITY

                KG/MG   PERCENT

                 200.        .0
                1050.        .0
                1500.        .0
                1750.        .0
                1800.        .0
                2200.        .0
                1950.        .0
                2250.        .0
                1700.        .0
                1900.        .0
               16500.        .0
               31500.        .0
           279000000. <4)   100.0
                     TOTAL
                               150
100.0
279064300.
100.0

-------
INDUSTRY:  Plastic Materials and Synthetic Resins, Synthetic      SIC:  282
           Rubber, Synthetic and Other Man-made Fibers, Except
           Glass
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     Th-is group includes chemical establishments primarily engaged in manufac-
turing plastics materials and synthetic resins, synthetic rubbers, and cellu-
losic and man-made organic fibres.  Establishments primarily engaged in the
manufacture of rubber products, and those primarily engaged in the compounding
of purchased resins or the fabrication of plastics sheets, rods, and mis-
cellaneous plastics products, are classified in Major Group 30; and textile
mills primarily engaged in throwing, spinning, weaving, or knitting textile
products from manufactured fibers are classified in Major Group 22.
     Of the 597 plants in this group, 21% have fewer than 10 employees, 66%
have fewer than 100 employees, and 87% have fewer than 500 employees
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     The wastes reported by the 46 plants in the state data base and the
percent of plants reporting each waste are shown below.
                          Waste            % of Plants Reporting*
                  Solvents                           52
                  Oils                               30
                  Miscellaneous organics             30
                   (e.g., phenols, resins)
                  Paint wastes                       11
                  Inorganics                         11
                  Cyanides                            9
                  Alkali                              4
                  Acid                                4
                  Metal containing compounds          4
     Based on  the state survey data,  solvents  generated by establishments  in
 SIC 282  include methyl  ethyl  ketone,  toluene,  acetone, methylene  chloride,
 trichloroethylene,  cyclohexanone,  tetrahydrofuran,  and benzoyl peroxide.
 Toluene  diisocyanate  is also  generated.   Some  of  the metal-containing wastes
 produced contain  lead,  cadmium and chromium.   Other wastes include resins,
 phenol,  buffing powder, grinding  dust,  monomers,  filters, and polymers.
 *Column sums to more than  100% since  some plants report generating more
 than one waste stream.
                                     B-72

-------
                                                                  SIC:  282
     A previous EPA-sponsored study of the hazardous wastes from SIC 282
identified the wastes listed in the table on the next page as potentially
hazardous.  Sere of the waste streams shown in the table were not reported
in the state data base.

WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     The disposal practices for the 46 plants in the state data base and the
percent of plants employing each disposal method are shown below.
                 Disposal Method      % of Plants*
                 Landfill                  35
                 Recycling                  9
                 Incineration               7
                 Composting                 2
                 Onsite storage             2
                 "Other" methods            9
                 Unknown                   46
     Over 35% of the establishments reporting solvent wastes use landfills for
their disposal; 20% recycle or incinerate their solvent wastes.  More than 50%
of those with solvent wastes report that the disposal method is unknown al-
though most of these report solvents hauled away by contractors.  Other wastes
disposed to landfills include oil, alkaline slurries, resins, compounds con-
taining lead, cadmium, and chromium, general laboratory wastes, organics and
monomers.  Oils are also recycled or incinerated by some plants.  Composting
is used by one plant for disposal of solid filter aid.
     A previous EPA sponsored study of this industry found that lagoons are
a frequently employed disposal technology for plants in this SIC, although
no significant amount of potentially hazardous waste appeared to be disposed
                     (2)
of by this technique
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
*Column sums to more than 100% since some multiple-waste stream plants report
 using more than one disposal method.
                                      B-73

-------
                                    POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS WASTES FROM SIC 282
                                                                             (2)
              SIC 2821
           Plastic Resins
      SIC 2822
  Synthetic Rubber
        SIC 2823
Cellulosic Manmade Fibers
     SIC 2824
  Non-Cellulosic
  Manmade Fibers
to
     - Wastes from phenolic
       resin production

     - Amino resin waste streams
     - Still bottoms from sol--
       vent or monomer recovery
       in:

           ABS-SAN resins
           Polystyrene
           Polypropylene
           Silicone

     - Warehouse dusts from
       alkyd production
Still bottoms from
solvent or monomer
recovery in:
  SBR via the solution
    process
  Polybutadiene rubber
  Neoprene rubber
  Diamine and dithiocar-
  bamate dusts and powders
  from rayon production

  Wastewater treatment
  sludges from rayon
  production
zinc containing sludges
from the spinning or
acrylics and modacrylics

Antimony and manganese
catalyst waste from
polyester production
                                                                                                                   en
                                                                                                                   H
                                                                                                                   o
                                                                                                                   to
                                                                                                                   03
                                                                                                                   to

-------
                                                                  SIC:  282
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
     The previous EPA-sponsored study of SIC 282 estimated an annual genera-
tion of potentially hazardous waste of 0.9 million metric ton per year.  This
study estimates an annual hazardous waste generation of 1.3 million metric
ton per year.  These two estimates, however, are based on different data bases
and approaches.  The previous study estimated that the SIC 282 products are
produced at 1100 production sites and that a correlation exists between waste
generation and production rate.  At many of the sites, however, the production
of SIC 282 products is not a major activity for the plant and such plants
would have a different SIC as their primary SIC.  The present estimate uses
census data which indicates a total of 597 plants having SIC 282 as their pri-
mary SIC, and uses reported total waste quantity for plant sites having SIC
282 as their primary SIC as the basis for estimating waste generation profiles.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  Census data
     (2)  Foster D. Snell, Inc., "Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste
         Practices, Rubber and Plastics Industry Plastic Materials and Syn-
         thetics Industry," March 1978, NTIS PB-282-071.
     (3) The estimate of the relative percentage of non-, small, and large
         generators is based on 50 plants reporting from New York and
         Massachusetts.  The distribution of small generators among the waste
         generation ranges indicated in the industry profile is based on 37
         data points.
     (4) The mean hazardous waste generation rate for large generators is
         based on 23 plants reporting from New York and Massachusetts.
     (5) Census data adjusted for "zero" generators.
                                     B-75

-------
       11/27/79.
   Otf .43.27.
                INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                                (3)
                            SIC:  2820
        NATION
                     ESTIMATED  NUMBER  AND  WASTE  QUANTITIES  FOR  ESTABLISHMENT* IN
                     VARIOUS  WASTE  GENERATION  CATEGORIES
              WASTE  GENLRATIGN
                     RANGES
                     KG/MO

                      0-100
                    100-200
                    200-300
                    300-400
w
 500-600
 600-700
 700-aoo
 800-900
 900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
  > 5000

  TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER
62
30
19
14
11
9
7
6
5
4
25
22
281
PERCENT
12.5
6.1
3.8
2.8
2.2
1.8
1.4
1.2
1.0
.8
5.1
4.4
56.8
                                             495
                                                (5)
100.0
     WASTE QUANTITY

     KG/MO   PERCENT

     3100.        .0
     4500.        .0
     4750.        .0
     4900.        .0
     4950.        .0
     4950.        .0
     4550.        .0
     4500.        .0
     4250.        .0
     3600.        .0
    3750C.        .0
    77000.        .1
112400000. <4>    99.9

112558750.     100.0

-------
        11/29/74.       13.^.57.




R&EAKD3WN  OF  PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT  SIZE  CATEGORIES BY  EPA  REGION IN bIC  2P20
  REGION
  NATION
   to
                  MIMBEC OF PLANTS  IM  F&CH CATEGORY
70FAL
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
50
76
61
12?
12C
70
12
h
72
8
6
1 <»
<»
1?
19
5
1
3
12
0
  i>97
5-9
 53
10-19
                                                            fO-99  100-249   2'50-1000
fj
5
r.
A
ID
*>
?
3
7
1
6
6
5
10
13
6
1
3
IB

-------
INDUSTRY:  Drugs and Pharmaceuticals                           SIC:  283
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     The establishments in this industry are primarily engaged in manufacturing,
fabricating or processing medicinal chemicals and pharmaceutical products.
Also included are establishments engaged in the grading, grinding, and milling
of botanical drugs and herbs.  Almost 50% of all the plants are located in
five states - New York, California, New Jersey, Illinois, and Pennsylvania.
The plants in these states are also the largest in the industry   .  Census
data indicate a total of 1056 establishments for this SIC of which 56% employ
less than 20 persons.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     The primary types of hazardous wastes generated by the subject SIC include
haolgenated and non-halogenated solvents, organic chemical residues (still
bottoms, sludges, tars), heavy metals, test animals, returned Pharmaceuticals,
low level radioactive wastes, and inert solids such as filters which may be
contaminated with hazardous substances   .  Based on state survey data, about
40% of all establishments have solvents and returned Pharmaceuticals as waste.
Over 20% of the establishments have animal tissues and carcasses and process
residues or sludge wastes.  About 8% produce low level radioactive wastes.
     The total amount of hazardous waste generated by the subject SIC is esti-
mated at 296 million kg/mo or an average rate of 380,000 kg/mo per generator
(see Industry Profile).
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES;
     State survey data indicate that 52% of the establishments dispose of some
or all of their hazardous wastes including test animals, radioactive wastes,
solvents, and rejected Pharmaceuticals by contract hauling.  More than 80% of
the firms using contract hauling indicate that they are unaware of the final
disposal method used at the ultimate disposal site.  However, based on one
report on treatment and disposal practices in the industry   , many of these
wastes, particularly the solvents and animal tissues, are likely to be incin-
erated; other wastes are probably landfilled.
     About 17% of the  establishments report incineration for disposal of
animal carcasses and organic compounds; 13% report landfill disposal for
solvents.  Other disposal methods include sewers (for acid and for bacterial
and viral cultures), recycling  (for solvents), and onsite lagoons  (for solvents)

                                      B-78

-------
                                                               SIC:  283

CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:


INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
     Estimates of the waste quantity generated by this SIC is based upon 23
establishments in the state survey data.  Data from New York was used to
determine the relative percentage of large generators.  The sales data for
facilities in SIC 283*1}  indicate that the percentages of facilities in
various sales volume categories (including large sales volume categories) for
New York is roughly the same as those for the nation.  If it is assumed that
the waste quantity is roughly proportional to the sales volume. New York can
be considered representative of the nation in terms of the percentage of
plants in the large waste generation rate category.
     A previous study of the hazardous waste generation in the pharmaceutical
industry     places the estimate of the hazardous waste produced by the indus-
try in 1973 at 5.4 million kg/mo.  This estimate is considerably lower than
the estimated 300 million kg/mo obtained in this study.  This large difference
is primarily due to the differences in the methodology used in arriving at the
estimate.  The 5.4 million kg/mo estimate is based on the data obtained from
some 14 facilities, projected to the national level using the following three
methods:
     (1)  Production of a given pharmaceutical product at the plants
          visited compared to total industry production in the U.S.;
     (2)  Value of production of pharmaceutical product at the plants
          visited as a percentage of annual total value of that product
          in the U.S.; and
     (3)  Generation of a given waste as related to total value of pro-
          duction or number of production employees.
Although production data for representative plants can provide a reasonable
basis for estimating the national waste quantities (method 1 above), estimates
based on sales and employment data may not provide accurate estimates.  In
the present study, the use of a per-employee waste generation factor for esti-
mating total national waste quantities was found to yield low results for
certain manufacturing industries examined (see Volume 1, Section 6).
                                     B-79

-------
                                                               SIC:  283
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  Hazardous Waste Generation, Treatment and Disposal in the Pharma-
          ceutical Industry.  Prepared for the Environmental Protection
          Agency, Office of Solid Waste Management Programs by Arthur D.
          Little, Inc., Contract No. 68-01-2684, July 1975
     (2)  Based on state survey data for 23 establishments
      (3)  Census data, adjusted for  the estimated number of  "zero" generators
           (25%)
                                      B-80

-------
      il/27/79.
   08.^3.27.
                INDUSTRY  PROFILt
                               e(2)
                            SIC:  2830
                NATION
                     ESTIMATED  NUMBER  AND  WASTfc  QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                     VARIOUS  WASTE  GENERATION  CATEGORIES
              WASTE  GENERATION
                     RANGES
                     KG/MO

                      0-100
                    100-200
                    200-300
                    300-400
to
00
 500-600
 600-700
 700-800
 800-900
 900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
  > 500C

  TOTAL
                        ESTABLISHMENTS

                       NUMBER   PERCENT
164
 40
 23
 16
 12
  9
  7
  6
  5
  5
 26
 25
453

791
                                                (3)
 20.7
  5.1
  2.9
  2.0
  1.5
  1.1
   .9
   .8
   .6
   .6
  3.3
  3.2
 57.3

100.0
HASTE
KG/MO
8200.
6000.
5750.
5600.
5400.
4950.
4550.
4500.
4250.
475C.
39000.
87500.
296262000.
QUANTITY
PERCENT
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
99.9
                                                                296442450.
100.0

-------
        11/29/79.       13.49.57.




BREAKDOWN UF PLANTS  IN  EMPLOYMENT  SIZF CATEGORIES  BY  EPA REGION IN SIC  2830




                  NU1BEP  PF  PLANTS  IN EACH CATEGORY
REGI


I



V
VI


NATI
w
i
GO
to
0\
I
II
II
IV
V
VI
II
II
IX
X
ON



TJTAL
53
229
113
112
103
72
94
Zh
1 43
19
1054



1-4
20
51
27
41
51
23
25
12
4 1
*
295



5-9
11
20
20
I1}
2?
15
11
3
21
2
140



10-19
7
34
11
L7
22
18
14
3
24
5
155



20-49
7
42
21
13
39
11
15
3
23
6
180



50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999
3
17
q
5
19
0
10
1
15
1
80



2
26
6
6
17
2
9
3
10
1
84



0
17
11
4
10
2
t
1
4
0
55



2
9
4
5
f.
1
3
0
4
0
33



>1000
1
13
4
4
F
0
1
0
1
0
32




-------
INDUSTRY:  Soap, Detergents, and Cleaning Preparations,        SIC:  284
           Perfumes, Cosmetics, and Other Toilet
           Preparations
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     The establishments in this industry are primarily engaged in manufacturing
(a) glycerin (from vegetable and animal fats and oils) and soap and detergents
(SIC 2841); (b) specialty cleaning, polishing, and sanitation preparations
including waxes, disinfectants, deodorants, bleaches, and dry cleaning pre-
parations  (SIC 2842); (c) surface active preparations used as emulsifiers,
wetting agents, and finishing agents including sulfonated oils (SIC 2843); and
(d) perfumes, cosmetics, and other toilet preparations (SIC 2844).
     The census data (see computer printout) indicate a total of 2270 estab-
lishments  for this SIC of which 70% are located within EPA regions V, II, IX,
and IV.    51% of the establishments employ less than 10 persons.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     A variety of hazardous wastes are produced due to the heterogeneity of
the industry.  Based on state survey data and telephone communication with
establishments in the subject SIC, waste types include sludges containing com-
pounds which are flammable, toxic, or corrosive such as phenol and other
organic and inorganic compounds; aromatic, aliphatic and chlorinated solvent
wastes which are flammable or toxic; corrosive acids and alkalis; and empty
drums and  containers with traces of flammable, toxic, or corrosive chemicals
such as KOH, NaOH, HC1, phosphoric acid, dichloroisocyanurate salts, Na2CO3,
and miscellaneous organic-based compounds.  The data collected in this study
 (via mailing of information request forms) from five establishments  (two in
SIC 2841/2842, one in SIC 2842, one in SIC 2842/2844, and one in SIC 2844)
indicate that empty drum and container wastes account for the largest propor-
tion of  the wastes generated; in addition, several firms contacted by tele-
phone indicated that 99% of the raw materials used go into the product itself,
thus few wastes other than containers are generated.
     Based on  state survey data and assuming that all establishments in  this
SIC have empty containers which may contain residues of hazardous compounds,
it is estimated that the amount of hazardous waste generated by the  industry
is 4.3 million kg/mo, or an average rate of 1900 kg/mo per establishment (see
Industry Profile).  More than  30%  of the establishments generate less than
100 kg/mo  of hazardous  waste, and  90% generate  less  than 5000 kg/mo of hazard-
ous waste.
                                     B-83

-------
                                                               SIC:  284
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Based on state data and the additional data collected in this study, via
contact with several individual establishments, about 50% of the establishments
surveyed use landfills to dispose of some or all of their hazardous wastes.
Over 20% of the firms indicate that their disposal methods were "unknown,"
although half of these establishments indicated that the wastes were hauled
offsite by a contractor.  Other disposal methods include lagoons (for caustics,
phenol, and sludge) and sewer disposal  (for acids, alkalis, and detergents).
For those establishments which indicate drum and container wastes, recycling
is the most common method of disposal;  some containers are disposed of with
the general refuse.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
     Actual costs  reported by five  establishments contacted in this study  are
as follows:
 SIC
 2844
 2841/
 2842
 2844

 2842/
 2844
 2841/
 2842
Disposal Method
Unknown
Unknown, sewer
Hauled to offsite
recycling
Offsite landfill

Hauled for
recycling
            Annual Cost
$800 (1976)
Capital cost of treatment $3000
(1978); operating cost of treatment
$15,000; operating cost of disposal,
excluding sewerage $1200
$4000  (1978)
$2040 (1978)
  $2140 (1978)
Waste, kg/mo
     204
   1,193+
     140

  12,375

   1,362+
 ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
 INDUSTRIAL PROFILE:
      (See table)
 ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
                                      B-84

-------
                                                               SIC:  284

SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  State data base for 34 establishments including 18 surveys from
          the New Jersey data
     (2)  Responses received from five establishments to whom information
          requests were mailed in this study
     (3)  Telephone communications with Soap and Detergent Association and
          Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association
     (4)  Telephone discussions with 10 individual establishments
     (5)  Census data
     (6)  Based on state data for 34 establishments and data obtained in this
          study for five establishments (References 1 and 2 above) and the
          census data
                                        B-85

-------
      11/27/79.
        08 .43.27.
                INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                               e(6)
                                 SIC:  2840
          NATION
                     ESTIMATED  NUMBER  ANT  WASTE  QUANTITIES  FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                     VARIOUS  WAiTE  GENERATION  CATEGORIES
oo
a*
WAbTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-bOG
      000-700
      700-800
      bOO-900
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS
                   1000-2000
                   2000-SOGO
                     > 5000

                     TOTAL
                                          NUMBER
PERCENT
728
30
30
40
20
40
30
30
40
30
374
630
225
32.4
1.3
1.3
1.6
.9
1.8
1.3
1.3
1.8
1.3
16.6
28.0
10.0
                              2247
                                  (5)
   WASTE QUANTITY

   KG/MO   PERCENT
  100.0
  36400.
   4500.
   7500.
  14000.
   9000.
  22000.
  19500.
  22500.
  34000.
  28500.
 561000.
2205000.
1305000.

4268900.
   .9
   .1
   .2
   .3
   .2
   .5
   .5
   .5
   .8
   .7
 13.1
 51.7
 30.6

100.0

-------
        11/29/79.      13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT  SIZE  C&TEf.nRIES  BY EPA  RFGIDN IN SIC 2*40
  REGIUN
                 NUMBER OF PLANTS  IN  EACH  CATEGOPY
THTAL
1-4
                10-19
                                                 20-49
                                              50-99  100-249  250-499   50C-999
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
••' * T I ON
CO
15^
467
169
?88
437

120
31
348
26
2270

44
153
59
118
150
82
40
14
125
S
793

34
74
29
40
90
23
17
6
fsl
7
3P1

32
62
26
35
78
33
24
5
48
9
351

30
36
27
44
74
21
13
3
71
3
372

2
31
14
27
38
8
12
3
21
0
156

11
31
8
17
23
5
6
0
10
0
111

2
13
1
5
20
2
4
0
f,
c
53

3
14
5
2
10
1
4
0
5
0
44

>10CO

    1
    3
    0
    0
    4
    0
    0
    0
    1
    0
   oo

-------
INDUSTBY:   Paints,  Varnishes,  Lacquers,  Enamels,  and           SIC:   2851
           Allied Products
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     Establishments in the subject SIC are engaged primarily in manufacturing
paints (in paste and ready mixed forms); varnishes; lacquers, enamels and
shellac;  putties, wood fillers and sealers; paint and varnish removers;  paint
brush cleaners and allied paint products.  These products are basically  pro-
duced in batch processes which consist of mixing or blending various raw
materials such as pigments, solvents, diluents, resins,  etc.
     Based on the census data there are a total of 1464 establishments in SIC
2851, with more than 63% in the greater than 9  employee size category.   The
majority of establishments are located in larger urban areas (close to the
customers).
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE PRODUCED  '   :
     Wastes of a hazardous nature generated by the establishments are mainly
sludges which may contain toxic metals, and toxic and ignitable solvents.
These wastes originate  from one or more of the following sources:  raw materials
packaging; cleaning of blending tanks, thinning tanks, and other process equip-
ments; dust from air pollution control equipment; and waste finished products.
It is estimated that the industry generates a total of 1.9 million kg/mo of
hazardous wastes, with more than 95% of the wastes generated by the large
generators  (i.e., generators generating more than  5000 kg/mo).
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Based on the state data, the current distributions of small generators
and waste quantities by disposal method are as follows:
              Disposal  Method    % of Generator    % of Waste
               Landfill              63               40
               Recycle                21               35
               Incineration             8               24
               Lagoon                   8                 1
CURRENT  DISPOSAL COST:
                                      B-88

-------
                                                               SIC:   2851

ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:


INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste Practices:  Paint and
          Allied Products Industry, Contract Solvent Reclaiming Operations,
          and Factory Application of Coatings, U.S. EPA Contract No. 68-01-
          2656, 1976
     (2)  Based on state data base for 47 establishments
     (3)  Census data, adjusted for the estimated number of "zero" generators
                                      B-89

-------
      11/27/79.
        08.43.2?.
               INDUSTRY PROFILE
                               (2)
                                 SIC:  2851
                                                            NATION
                    ESTIMATED NUMBER AN9 WASTE QUANTITIES FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                    VARIOUS rfASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
w
10
o
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-20C
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-800
      faOO-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000

       TOTAL
ESTABL
NUMBER
62
7
8
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
120
191
600
ISHMENTS
PERCENT
5.9
.7
.8
.8
.8
.9
.9
.9
.9
1.0
11.4
18.1
57.0
                                                                     WASTE QUANTITY

                                                                     KG/NO   PERCENT
                                            1053
                                                (3)
100.0
    3100.
    1050.
    2000.
    2800.
    3600.
    4950.
    5850.
    7500.
    8500.
   10450.
  180000.
  668500.
16000000.

18898300.
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .1
  1.0
  3.5
 95.2

100.0

-------
        11/29/70.      13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLAMT$ IN EMPLOYMENT  SIZp  CATEGORIES BY EpA RtGIGN IN SIC 2851
  8EGION
     NUMBEP OF PLANTS IN EACH  CATEGORY

TOTAL      1-4      5-9     10-lq     20-4q










MA
a
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
TION

76
271
107
193
3b3
111
74
17
208
44
1464

14
64
17
45
69
20
13
3
46
11
302

18
52
13
31
49
17
14
4
31
7
236

16
54
19
37
64
21
15
1
40
a
275

20
53
32
39
80
26
14
6
49
12
331

7
27
16
23
49
17
11
2
26
5
183

1
13
6
15
30
9
5
1
14
1
95

0
8
3
3
18
1
1
c
1
0
35

50-99  100-249  250-499   500-999    >1000
                                                                                          0        0
                                                                                          0        0
                                                                                          1        0
                                                                                          0        0
                                                                                          4        0
                                                                                          0        0
                                                                                          1        0
                                                                                          0        0
                                                                                          1        0
                                                                                          0        0
  vo

-------
                                                          SIC:  286
INDUSTRY:  INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC CHEMICALS

DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     According to the census data, SIC 286 covers 773 establishments.  These
establishments are located in all ten EPA regions and range in size from those
employing less than 4 persons (about 19% of the establishments) to those with
more than 1000 employees (about 4% of establishments; see census data computer
printout for number distribution of establishments by EPA region and employ-
ment size category).
     There are over 700 chemicals produced by more than 30 processes in the
subject SIC.  The major classes of chemicals covered include:  non-cyclic
organic chemicals; solvents; polyhydric alcohols; synthetic perfume and flavor-
ing materials; rubber production chemicals; cyclic and acyclic plasticizers;
synthetic tanning agents; chemical warfare gases; cyclic crudes and inter-
mediates; natural gum and wood chemicals; esters, amines, etc. of polyhydric
alcolids and fatty and other acids; and cyclic dyes and organic pigments.  Due
to the adaptability of much of the organic chemical process equipment and unit
operations, in many cases the same equipment is used at a manufacturing site
to produce different chemicals.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED;
     Wastes of a hazardous nature generated include still bottoms, wastewater
treatment sludges, and various toxic and  ignitable solvents and organic com-
pounds.  The major sources of wastes include spills, clean-ups, purification
of raw materials, wastewater treatment, reject products and process residue.
The  total waste quantity generated by  the establishments in SIC 286 is esti-
mated at 5.3 x 108 kg/mo, with less than  0.1% of  the waste generated by the
estimated 256 establishments which generate less  than  5000 kg/mo   (see Indus-
try  Profile).
WASTE TREATMENT,  STORAGE AND DISPOSAL  PRACTICE:
                                                         (1 2)
     Based on the state data and a recent industry  study   '   ,  the estimated
relative quantities  of  waste disposed  by  the establishments  generating less
than 5000 kg/mo  of waste  is as  follows:
                                      B-92

-------
                                                       SIC:  286

                   Disposal Method            % of waste handled
                 Landfill                            58
                 Incineration                        20
                 Others (e.g., onsite                22
                   storage, municipal
                   sewer, lagoon)

     Properly carried out, incineration and landfilling are considered environ-
mentally adequate for disposal of most wastes generated by the subject indus-
try.  Disposal by other methods presents potential problems (e.g., due to
possible corrosion of steel storage tanks  and seepage from unlined lagoons).
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     Based on the state data, it is estimated that 6% of the establishments
would not generate any hazardous waste, 60% of the establishments would gen-
erate more than 5000 kg/mo/establishment and 34% of the establishments would
generate less than 5000 kg/mo of hazardous waste (see table).
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
     The total hazardous wastes generated by the subject SIC is estimated at
        a                                                         8
5.3 x 10  kg/mo.  This is in very good agreement with the 5.1 x 10  kg/mo
figure estimated by one previous study    which used the chemical-by-chemical
production data as the basis for estimating waste quantity.  Based on the
census data the total number of plants in SIC 286 is 773 which is only 40% of
                                          (2)
the number estimated by the previous study   .  This discrepancy is probably
due to the fact that a chemical-by-chemical production approach would allow
for multiple counting of some larger plants which produce more than one chemical.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
      (1)  Based on state data for 20 small generators in SIC 286
      (2)  Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Wastes Practices, Organic Chemi-
          cals, Pesticides and Explosives Industries, NTIS Report PB
      (3)  Census data, adjusted for estimated "zero" generator  (6%)
                                     B-93

-------
      11/27/79.
        08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                                (1)
                                 SIC: 2860
        NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER  AND  WASTE  QUANTITIES FDR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS  HASTE GENERATION  CATEGORIES
CO
10
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG /MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      fcOO-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-ioco
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000

       TOTAL
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS

                                          NUMBER    PERCENT
                                             728
                                                (3)
                WASTE QUANTITY

                KG/MG    PERCENT
32
33
26
20
17
14
12
10
9
7
42
34
472
4.4
4.5
3.6
2.7
2.3
1.9
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
5.8
4.7
64.8
1600.
4950.
6500.
7000.
7650.
7700.
7800.
7500.
7650.
6650.
63000.
119000.
529584000.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
100.0
100.0
529831000.
100.0

-------
        11/29/79.      13.49.57.



BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT  SIZE  CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 26&0
  REGION
  NATION
   no

   vo
   Ul
                 NUMBER OF  PLANTS  IN  EACH  CATEGORY
TOTAL
  773
1-4
5-9
10-19
                                                 20-49
                                              5C-99  100-249  250-499   500-999
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
45
160
76
131
122
130
47
4
44
14
7
26
8
18
25
27
15
1
13
5
5
13
7
11
16
9
9
1
7
1
11
17
6
16
10
8
10
0
3
1
8
29
12
27
19
15
6
0
4
1
5
25
10
20
17
18
2
0
6
4
4
32
10
23
20
20
3
2
fi
2
?
6
8
10
H
12
2
0
2
0
145
          82
                                                   121
                                                107
                              124
                                                        50
                                                         35
                                                                                               >1000
2
7
7
5
4
0
0
0
1
C
1
5
8
1
3
12
1
0
0
0
                                                                                                   31

-------
INDUSTRY:  Nitrogenous Fertilizers                            SIC:  2873
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     Firms in this SIC primarily manufacture nitrogenous fertilizer
material or mixed fertilizers from nitrogenous materials produced in the same
establishment.  Included are ammonia fertilizer compounds and anhydrous ammonia,
nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and nitrogen solutions, urea,
and natural organic fertilizers (except compost) and mixtures.
     According to the census data there are a total of 110 establishments in
this industry.  The majority of the establishments are medium to large in size,
with 69% employing more than 20 employees and 30% employing more than 100
employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     Solid waste of a hazardous nature generated is spent catalyst containing
chromium, copper and other metals associated with ammonia production.  Based
on state data for one plant and the corresponding production capacity data
obtained from the SRI Directory(1) for that plant, the waste generation rate
is estimated  at 0.034 kg of spent catalyst per  1000 kg of product.  Based on
this estimate and the available production capacity data from the SRI Direc-
tory,  all establishments in SIC 2873 would generate less than 5000 kg/mo.
WASTE  TREATMENT, STORAGE AND  DISPOSAL PRACTICS:
     Some establishments reclaim  their  spent  catalyst.   It  is not known how
many establishments  practice  reclamation; the profile table for this  SIC
assumes that all establishments dispose of  spent catalyst.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
 ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL COST:


 INDUSTRY PROFILE:
      (See table)
                                      B-96

-------
                                                              SIC:  2873
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
     Because of lack of data, the estimated hazardous waste generation rate
of 0.034 kg per 1000 kg of product is based on the data for only one plant
and hence may not be representative of all plants in the SIC.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  1977 Directory of Chemical Producers, Stanford Research Institute
     (2)  It is assumed that all establishments in the industry produce
          ammonia either for captive or merchant purposes.  This is a reason-
          able assumption because ammonia is either the end product or the
          feedstock for production of nitrogeneous fertilizers.
     (3)  State data
     (4)  Census data
     (5)  The waste generation profile was estimated as follows:  the 110
          plants in this SIC (based on census data) were assumed to have a
          production capacity distribution identical to that for the 97
          plants for which production capacity data are given in the SRI
          directory.  The estimated waste generation rate of 0.034 kg/1000 kg
          of product was then applied to the production capacity profile for
          the 110 plants to obtain the waste generation profile.
                                     B-97

-------
       11/27/79.
08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                                (5)
                         SIC: 2873
                                               NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER  AND WASTE  QUANTITIES  FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                     VARIOUS  WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
w
t
00
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/NO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000

       TOTAL
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS

                                         NUMBER    PERCENT
                         6
                         7
                         8
                         9
                        10
                        13
                        12
                         5
                         5
                         4
                        25
                         6
                         0

                       110
                                                (4)
  5.5
  6.4
  7.3
  8.2
  9.1
 11.8
 10.9
  4.5
  4.5
  3.6
 22.7
  5.5
  0.0

100.0
                                               WASTE QUANTITY

                                               KG/MO    PERCENT
  300.
 1050.
 2000.
 3150.
 4500.
 7150.
 7800.
 3750.
 4250.
 3800.
37500.
21000.
    0.

96250.
   .3
  1.1
  2.1
  3.3
  4.7
  7.4
  6.1
  3.9
  4.4
  3.9
 39.0
 21.8
  0.0

100.0

-------
        11/29/79.       13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS  IN  EMPLOYMFNT  SIZfc  CATEGORIES BY FDA REGION IN SIC 2873

                 NUMBER  OF  PLANTS  IN  F^Crl CATEGORY

            TOTAL       1-4       5-9     10-19    20-49    50-99  100-249   250-499   500-999










NA
U
1
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
TION
2
4
5
22
12
28
14
5
12
6
110
                          1
                          1
                          0
                          4
                          4
                          5
                          0
                          1
                          0
                          0

                         16
0
0
2
4
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
2
2
1
 1
 1
 2
 6
 2
 5
 3
 1
 2
 0

23
0
1
0
1
2
6
4
0
4
                           20
0
0
0
3
1
7
1000

    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
  VO

-------
INDUSTRY:  Fertilizers, Mixing Only                            SIC:  2875
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     Establishments in the subject SIC are primarily engaged in mixing ferti-
lizers (compost, potting soil and fertilizer chemicals) from purchased mater-
ials.  Pesticides are also included in some fertilizer formulations.  Based
on the census data there are 563 establishments in this SIC with close to 50%
employing less than ten employees.  Most of the larger firms (with more than
50 employees) are located in Regions III, IV and V (see census data computer
printout for breakdown of the establishments by employment size category and
EPA region).
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     The hazardous wastes generated are mainly pesticide and other chemical
containers and spill and reject chemicals.  Based on the state data it is
estimated that 88% of the establishments generate hazardous waste, and that
these establishments are all in the less than 5000 kg/mo category; the esti-
mated total waste quantity is 279,000 kg/mo with an average waste generation
rate of 560 kg/mo/establishment.

     Based on the state data, it is estimated that 71% of the establishments
dispose of wastes to landfills, 14% recycle wastes, and 15% dispose of waste
by other methods such as lagooning.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     Rinsing of  empty containers prior to disposal would be an environmentally
preferred alternative to the direct disposal of unrinsed containers.
SOURCES  OF  DATA  USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
      (1)  Based  on state data  for  17 small generators
      (2)  Census data, adjusted for the  estimated zero generators
                                     B-100

-------
11/27/79.
08.43.£7.
         INDUSTRY PROFILE
                         (1)
                         SIC:  2875
        NATION
              ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES  FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
              VARIOUS WASTE  GENERATION CATEGORIES
1
s
       WASTE GENERATION
              RANGES
              KG/MO

               0-100
             100-200
             200-300
             300-400
             400-500
             500-600
             600-700
             700-800
             800-900
             900-1000
            1000-2000
            2000-5000
              > 5000
                     ESTABLISHMENTS

                    NUMBER   PERCENT
                       121
                        93
                        60
                        42
                        31
                        23
                        18
                        14
                        11
                        10
                        47
                        26
                         0
 24.4
 18.7
 12.1
  8.5
  6.2
  4.6
  3.6
  2.8
  2.2
  2.0
  9.5
  5.2
  0.0
                WASTE QUANTITY

                KG/MO   PERCENT
  6050.
 13950.
 15000.
 14700.
 13950.
 12650.
 11700.
 10500.
  9350.
  9500.
 70500.
 91000.
     0.
  2.2
  5.0
  5.4
  5.3
  5.0
  4.5
  4.2
  3.8
  3.4
  3.4
 25.3
 32.6
  0.0
              TOTAL
                       496
                                         (2)
100.0
278850.
100.0

-------
        11/29/79.
           13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE C^EGO'lES  BY  EPA  REGION  IN SIC 2*75
  »EGION
                 NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EftCH CATEGORY
TOTAL
1-4
13-19
20-49
50-99  100-249  250-499   500-999







V


NAT
a
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
III
IX
X
ION

13
28
58
168
142
73
34
7
26
14
563

4
5
7
26
49
27
11
3
10
4
146

3
1
P
30
32
23
13
2
6
7
125

3
11
18
31
27
12
3
1
4
2
112

3
10
13
53
16
5
5
I
3
1
110

0
1
9
25
13
3
2
0
1
0
54

                                                                       0
                                                                       0
                                                                       3
                                                                       3
                                                                       4
                                                                       3
                                                                       0
                                                                       0
                                                                       2
                                                                       0

                                                                      15
                                                                    C
                                                                    0
                                                                    C
                                                                    0
                                                                    1
                                                                    C
                                                                    C
                                                                    0
                                                                    0
                                                                    0
                                                                  0
                                                                  0
                                                                  0
                                                                  0
                                                                  0
                                                                  0
                                                                  0
                                                                  0
                                                                  0
                                                                  0
>10CO

    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0

    0
  o
  NJ

-------
INDUSTRY:  Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals, Not      SIC:  2879
           Elsewhere Classified
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     Establishments in this SIC are primarily engaged in the formulation and
preparation of ready-to-use agricultural and household pest control chemicals,
including insecticides, fungicides and herbicides from technical chemicals or
concentrates; and the production of concentrates which require furhter proces-
sing before use as agricultural pesticides.  This industry also includes estab-
lishments primarily engaged in manufacturing or formulating agricultural chemi-
cals, not elsewhere classified, such as minor or trace elements and soil con-
ditioners.  Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing basic or technical
agricultural pest control chemicals including insecticides, fungicides, and
herbicides such as lead and calcium arsenates, and copper sulfate are classi-
fied in Group 281, and DDT, BHC, 2,4-D carbamates, etc., in Group 286.  Estab-
lishments primarily engaged in manufacturing agricultural lime products are
classified in Major Group 32.
     The type of formulation most suitable for a specific application is depen-
dent on a large number of factors, including physicochemical properties and
biological efficiency of the active ingredient, host-pest relationships,
characteristics of the available production/application equipment, and economic
and environmental considerations.  The most important types of formulations
are powders, dusts, wettable powders, emulsifiable concentrates, granules, and
aerosols.  Typical unit operations used in the pesticide formulation are dry
mixing and grinding of solids, dissolving or melting of solids, and blending.
Virtually all formulations are batch type operations.
     According to the census data there are 353 establishments in the subject
SIC.  With 68% of the establishments located in EPA Regions IV, V, VI and IX.
Most of establishments are small to medium in size, with more than 60% employ-
ing less than 20 employees and more than 80% employing less than 50 employees
(see census data computer printout on the distribution of establishments by
employment size category and EPA region).
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     Wastes from pesticide formulation originate from spills, "off-spec"
batches, equipment cleanup and mixing and grinding operations.  The exact
quantity of the waste is affected to a large extent by the in-plant management
                                      B-103

-------
                                                           SIC:  2879
practices of good housekeeping.  Based on the state and census data, it is
estimated that the industry generates a total of 235,400 kg/mo of waste, with
an average of 663 kg/mo/establishment.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     According to the state data, 80% of the wastes are landfilled, 13% are
incinerated, 7% are recycled and an insignificant percentage  (0.05%) is lagooned.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHOD:
     Recycling of pesticide containers (when feasible) and rinsing of pesticide
containers before disposal are environmentally more acceptable than disposal of
unrinsed containers.  Incineration generally costs two to four times as much
as landfilling.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY DATA:
     (1)  Based on data for 38 establishments covered in state data base
     (2)  Census data
     (3)  Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste Practices, Organic Chemicals,
         Pesticides and Explosives Industries, U.S. EPA Contract No. 68-01-2919,
         1976
                                     B-104

-------
       11/27/79.
        Ofa.43.a7.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                (1)
                                 SIC: 2879
        NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
to
M
O
in
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-ttOO
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000

       TOTAL
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS

                                          NUMBER   PERCENT
136
45
27
19
15
12
9
8
7
6
35
34
0
38.9
12.7
7.6
5.4
4.2
3.4
2.5
2.3
2.0
1.7
9.9
9.6
0.0
                WASTE QUANTITY

                KG/MO   PERCENT
6900.
6750.
6750.
6650.
6750.
6600.
5850.
6000.
5950.
5700.
52500.
119000.
0.
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.9
2.8
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.
-------
        11/29/7Q.      13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZF CATEGORIES  BY  EPA REGION IN SIC 2879
  REGION
NATION
   03

   H
   O
     NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY

TOTAL      1-4      5-9    10-19    20-49
I
II
III
IV
rf
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
6
31
20
R9
46
47
36
7
5R
13
2
9
7
20
13
13
12
3
19
5
1
3
2
11
9
6
6
2
10
5
3
7
6
15
7
5
3
0
12
0
0
8
1
30
11
12
6
1
8
3
              353
           103
55
                                         58
80
                        50-99   100-249   250-499  500-999
                                                              0
                                                              2
                                                              2
                                                              7
                                                              4
                                                              4
                                                              6
                                                              0
                                                              6
                                                              0

                                                             31
                                                           0
                                                           1
                                                           1
                                                           4
                                                           0
                                                           4
                                                           2
                                                           0
                                                           3
                                                           0

                                                          15
                                               0
                                               0
                                               0
                                               1
                                               1
                                               2
                                               0
                                               1
                                               0
                                               0
                                                                                        0
                                                                                        1
                                                                                        1
                                                                                        0
                                                                                        1
                                                                                        0
                                                                                        0
                                                                                        0
                                                                                        0
                                                                                        0
                                           >1000

                                                0
                                                0
                                                0
                                                1
                                                0
                                                1
                                                1
                                                0
                                                0
                                                0

-------
INDUSTRY:  Miscellaneous Chemical Products, Adhesives             SIC:  2891
           and Sealants
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     This SIC includes establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing
industrial and household adhesives, glues, calking compounds, sealants, and
linoleum, tile, and rubber cements from vegetable, animal, or synthetic
plastics materials, purchased or produced in the same establishment.  Estab-
lishments primarily engaged in manufacturing gelatin and sizes are classified
in Industry 2899, and vegetable gelatin or agar-agar in Industry 2833.
     Based on the census data, of the 482 establishments in this SIC 44% have
fewer than 10 employees, 95% have fewer than 100 employees and 100% have fewer
than 500 employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     Hazardous wastes generated by firms in SIC 2891 are primarily (a) wastes
from clean-up, "end-of-run" operations, "off-spec" batches of products, and
 (b) sludges resulting from the treatment of wastewater from process and clean-
              (2)
up operations
     The wastes reported by the eight small generator plants in the "state"
data file  and  the percent of plants reporting  each waste  are as follows:
                        Waste                 % of Plants  Reporting*
                Solvents                              63
                Miscellaneous organics                63
                Adhesives                             25
                Oils                                  25
                Alkalis                              25
                Paint                                13
      Solvent wastes generated by establishments  in  this SIC  include chlori-
 nated solvents such as perchloroethylene.   The miscellaneous organic  wastes
 reported by plants in the  state data base consist of resins  and alcohol-based
 organics.   The alkali compounds generated are  primarily sodium hydroxide.
      Although Effluent Guidelines Division (EGD)  of EPA has  not promulgated
 standards for the industry,  the distribution and total  number of generators.
 *Column sums to greater than 100% since some plants report generating more
  than one waste stream.
                                     B-107

-------
                                                                 SIC:   2891
and waste quantities disposed of other than to municipal sewers is not likely
to be significantly affected by regulations under consideration   .  Even if
a number of additional plants were to practice wastewater treatment in response
to EGD regulations, most of WWT sludges would be produced in amounts greater
than 5000 kg/mo and hence the number of small volume generators would not be
expected to change significantly.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Based on EGD data, 35% of the firms generating hazardous wastes report
contract hauling to landfill as the disposal method for all or part of their
waste, 56% report evaporation followed by landspreading on- or off-site, and
9% report deep well injection.
     The disposal practices reported by small generator plants in this indus-
trial group in the state data base and the percent of plants employing each
disposal method are shown below.
                                              % of Plants*
                       Disposal Method        	
                       Landfill                    38
                       Recycling                   25
                       Incineration                13
                       Municipal  Sewer            13
                       Lagoon/Solar Pond           13
                       "Other" methods            13
                       Unknown                     25
      Based on the state  survey  data,  waste  types  disposed of  to  landfill
 include resins,  adhesives and  solvents.   Incineration of solvents and recycl-
 ing of solvents,  paints,  resins,  and oil are reported.   Alkaline wastes  are
 disposed of to sewer.
 CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
 *Column sums to more than 100% since some plants report using more than one
  disposal method.
                                     B-108

-------
                                                                  SIC:  2891

ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:


INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)


ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
     The industry profile is based on the very large EGD survey data covering
a total of 322 production sites.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  Census data
     (2)  Based on a 1978 EPA/EGD survey of 322 plants producing SIC 2891
          products  (most all of these plants have SIC 2891 as their primary
          SIC).
     (3)  The estimated number of non-, small, and  large generators is based
          on the EGD data listed above in Reference 2
     (4)  The mean hazardous waste generation rate  for large generators  is
          based on the data  listed in Reference 2 above.
     (5)  Information provided by EGD personnel, June 1979.
                                      B-109

-------
       11/27/79.
        08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                                (3)
                                 SIC:  2891
        NATION
                     ESTIMATED  NUMBER  AND  WASTE  QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE  GENERATION CATEGORIES
60
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS

                                          NUMBER   PERCENT
2
3
2
2
5
2
2
3
2
2
9
16
31
2.5
3.7
2.5
2.5
6.2
2.5
2.5
3.7
2.5
2.5
11.1
19.8
38.3
WASTE
KG/MO
100.
450.
500.
70C.
2250.
1100.
1300.
2250.
1700.
1900.
13500.
56000.
1337433.
QUANTITY
PERCENT
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
1.0
3.9
<«' 94.2
                     TOTAL
                                81
100.0
1419183.
                                                                                100.0

-------
        11/29/79.      13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SJZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 2891
  REGION
  NATION
     NU1BER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY

TOTAL      1-4      5-9    10-19    20-49
  482
121
95
99
                                  50-99  100-249  250-499  500-999
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
42
77
31
54
133
31
24
6
63
21
11
24
9
12
28
11
4
3
16
3
5
10
5
15
24
7
6
I
13
7
6
17
7
10
28
8
4
1
11
3
13
16
2
11
26
5
6
1
11
6
4
5
6
3
18
0
2
0
9
2
49
  tn
 1
 2
 2
 3
 B
 0
 1
 0
 3
 0

20
                                                                               2
                                                                               1
                                                                               0
                                                                               0
                                                                               1
                                                                               0
                                                                               1
                                                                               0
                                                                               0
                                                                               0
                                                                            0
                                                                            0
                                                                            0
                                                                            0
                                                                            0
                                                                            0
                                                                            0
                                                                            0
                                                                            0
                                                                            0
                                                    >1000

                                                        0
                                                        0
                                                        0
                                                        0
                                                        0
                                                        0
                                                        0
                                                        0
                                                        0
                                                        0

-------
INDUSTRY:   Miscellaneous Chemical Products,  Chemicals     SIC:   2892,2895,
           and Chemical Preparations, Not Elsewhere             2899
           Classified Including Explosives and Carbon
           Black
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     SIC 2892 covers establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing explo-
sives.  SIC 2895 covers establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing
carbon black (channel and furnace black).  Establishments in SIC 2899 are
primarily engaged in manufacturing miscellaneous chemical preparations, not
elsewhere classified, such as fatty acids, essential oils, gelatin (except
vegetable), sizes, bluing, laundry sours, writing and stamp pad inks; indus-
trial compounds, such as boiler and heat insulating compounds, metal, oil and
water treating compounds, water-proofing compounds and chemical supplies for
foundries.
     Of the 1446 establishments in this group of industries, 51% have fewer
than 10 employees, 93% have fewer than 100 employees and 99% have fewer than
500 employees.
     SIC 2899 accounts for 92% of the establishments in this group while SIC
2892 and 2895 account for 5.7% and 2.4%, respectively.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     The wastes reported by the 30 small generator plants in the state data
base and the percent of plants reporting each waste are shown below:
                        Waste                % of Plants Reporting*
              Solvents                              27
              Miscellaneous organics                27
              Miscellaneous inorganics              20
              Oils                                  17
              Explosives                            13
              Alkalis                               13
              Acids                                 13
              Metal  Containing Compounds            10
              Pesticides                              7
              Radioactive Material                    3

 *Column sums to greater than  100% since some  plants  report generating more
  than one waste stream.
                                     B-112

-------
                                                             SIC:   2892,  etc.

     Solvent wastes reported include xylene, acetone,  ketones,  methylene
chloride, benzene, toluene, methanol, and trichloroethylene.   Other organic
wastes generated include oil-type paste ink, coal tar, binder,  and waxes.
Metal hydroxides and compounds containing selenium and zinc are also generated.
Inorganic wastes mentioned in the state survey data include oxidizer, sodium
lignosulfonate, incinerator ash, silica sands powder pigments,  and ink
residues.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     The disposal practices reported by the 30 small generator plants in this
industrial group in the state data base and the percent of plants employing
each disposal method are shown below.
                  Disposal Method           % of Plants*
                Landfill                       23
                Recycling                      I7
                Incineration                   10
                Lagoon/solar pond              10
                Landspreading                    3
                Deep well  injection              3
                "Other" methods               10
                Unknown                        33

     Based on the state survey data, 38% of the plants generating solvent
 wastes recycle or incinerate the solvents;  25% dispose of solvents in land-
 fills and 12% utilize  landspreading.  Over 50% of the plants report that the
 disposal method for solvents wastes is unknown,  although most of  these plants
 report contractor hauling of solvents.  Half of  the plants reporting explosive
 wastes incinerate them;  other disposal methods are unknown.   All  of the  plants
 generating pesticides  indicate recycling as the  disposal method.   Lagoons or
 ponds are used for a variety of wastes including sodium lignosulfonate,  sodium
 hydroxide,  and miscellaneous chemicals.
 *Column sums to more than 100% since some plants report using more than one
  disposal method.
                                      B-113

-------
                                                      SIC:  2892, etc.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:


INDUSTRY PROFILE:
      (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:


SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
      (1)  The distribution of small generators among the waste generation
          ranges is based on 30 data points in the state data base.  The
          estimated number of non-, small, and large generators is based on
          10 plants reporting from New York and Iowa.
      (2)  The census data adjusted for the estimated number of zero generators.
      (3)  The mean hazardous waste generation rate for large generators is
          based on 4 plants 'reporting from New York and Iowa.
                                     B-114

-------
11/27/79.
Ob. 43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE^'

ESTIMATED NUMBER AND
VARIOUS WASTE GENERAT
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
SIC: 2892 NATION
2895, 2899
WASTE QUANTITIES FOR
ION CATEGORIES
ESTABLISHMENTS

NUMBER PERCENT
166 16.4
63 6.2
37 3.7
26 2.6
19 1.9
15 1.5
12 1.2
10 1.0
8 .8
7 .7
39 3.8
32 3.2
579 57.2


ESTABLISHMENTS IN

WASTE

KG/MO
8300.
9450.
9250.
9100.
8550.
8250.
7800.
7500.
6800.
6650.
58500.
112000.
272130000/

QUANTITY

PERCENT
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
3) 99.9
              TOTAL
                      1013
                                         (2)
100.0
272382150
100.0

-------
INDUSTRY:  Miscellaneous Chemical Products, Printing Ink          SIC:  2893
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     This SIC includes establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing
printing ink, gravure ink, screen process ink and lithographic ink.
     Of the 416 establishments in this SIC, 38% have fewer than 10 employees,
95% have fewer than 100 employees, and 100% have fewer than 250 employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     The wastes reported by the 10 small generator plants in the state data
base and the percent of plants reporting each waste are shown below:
                            Waste           % of Plants Reporting*
                  Solvents                            90
                  Ink                                 60
                  Miscellaneous Inorganics            20
                   (e.g., resins, hardeners,
                  adhesives)
WASTE  TREATMENT,  STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Disposal practices employed by  the small generator plants in  this  indus-
trial  group and the percent of plants employing each disposal method  are  as
follows:
                Disposal  Method               % of  Plants
                   Landfill                          10
                   Landburial                        10
                   Unknown                          80
      Based on state  survey  data,  71% of the plants  reporting solvent  wastes
 indicate that their  disposal  method is  unknown  although some of  these firms
 indicate contractor  hauling for  their solvents.   One plant reports land burial
 for solvents and one utilizes landfill  disposal.   Of the plants  which generate
 inks and inorganic wastes,  all of them report that the disposal  method is
 unknown.
 *Column sums to greater than 100% since some plants report generating more
  than one waste stream.
                                      B-116

-------
                                                                  SIC:  2893
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:


ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:


INDUSTRY PROFILE:
      (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
      (1)  The distribution of small generators among the waste generation
          ranges is based on 8 data points in the state data base.
      (2)  Census data
      (3)  The mean hazardous waste generation rate  for large generators  is
          based on one plant reporting  from New York.
                                      B-117

-------
11/27/79.
                     08.43.27.
INDUSTRY  PROF
                                        SIC:  2893
                                                            NATION
              ESTIMATED NUMBER  AND  WASTE  QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
              VARIOUS WASTE  GENERATION  CATEGORIES
i
H1
M
00
       WASTE GENERAT1JN
              RANGES
              KG/MO

               0-100
             100-200
             200-300
             300-400
             400-500
             500-600
             600-700
             700-800
             800-900
             900-1000
            1000-2000
            2000-5000
              > 5000

              TOTAL
                                          ESTABLISHMENTS

                                         NUMBER •  PERCENT
17
32
30
26
22
19
16
14
12
10
56
38
125
4.1
7.7
7.2
6.2
5.3
4.6
3.6
3.4
2.9
2.4
13.4
9.1
30.0
                                             417
                                               ,((2)
                                     100.0
   WASTE QUANTITY

   KG/MO   PERCENT

    850.        .0
   4800.        .2
   7500.        .3
   9100.        .4
   9900.        .5
  10450.        .5
  10400.        .5
  10500.        .5
  10200.        .5
   9500.        .4
  84000.       3.9
 133000.  .     6.1
1875000. <3)'    86.2

2175200.     100.0

-------
        11/29/79.       13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN  EMPLOYMENT  SIZE  CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 2893
  REGIDN
                 NUMBER OF  PLANTS  IN  EACH  CATEGORY
TOTAL
5-9
10-19
20-49







V


NAT
09
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
III
IX
X
ION
23
70
32
55
114
31
20
7
50
14
416
6
16
5
9
14
5
3
2
9
5
74
6
11
5
13
17
10
2
3
14
2
83
9
15
8
22
25
10
6
2
5
5
107
2
17
11
11
39
5
9
0
19
2
115
                                                          50-99  100-249  250-499   5CC-999
0
6
0
0
6
1
0
0
2
0
0
5
3
0
11
0
0
0
1
0
                                                             17
                                                          20
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
>1000

    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
  \o

-------
INDUSTRY:  Petroleum Refining                                 SIC:  2911
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     Petroleum refiners are engaged primarily in processing crude oil into
fuels and lubricants, and to hydrocarbon feedstocks for petrochemical produc-
tion.  According to a 1979 survey 289 refineries  are operating in the U.S.,
with capacities ranging from less than 500 bbls/day to almost 700,000 bbls
per day   .  An average refinery employs about 100 persons
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     A wide variety of potentially hazardous wastes are generated by refineries.
Small refineries, i.e., those which would generate less than 5000 kg/mo of
                                                              (4 5)
potentially hazardous waste, produce the following waste types  '  :
                    Tank bottoms - nonleaded, leaded and crude
                    API separator sludge
                    Once-through cooling water sludge
                    Storm water silt
                    Slop oil emulsion solids
                    Dissolved air flotation float
                    Waste biological sludge
                    Neutralized HF alkylation sludge
                    Exchanger bundle cleaning sludge
                    Kerosene filter clays
                    Cooling tower sludge
Estimates of the total  amount of hazardous waste generated by refineries range
from 357 to 700 metric  tons per year  (or 0.05 to 0.1 kg/bbl -of crude proc-  .
essed)(3'4). Amounts of hazardous wastes generated at  individual  refineries
vary widely depending on both refinery  size, equipment age and nature of the
operations.
      Individual large refineries process more than 100,000 bbls/day and generate
more than  200,000 kg/mo of hazardous waste from a wide range of operations.
Generally  smaller refineries have a more limited range of operations with
processing limited  to crude vacuum distillation, coking, LPG recovery,  hydro-
treating,  hydrofining,  reforming, alkylation, isomerization and  visbreaking.
      According to one  estimate,  small refineries using the above  processes
would be expected to generate  about  0.04 kg  of  hazardous waste per bbl  of
crude processed   .  Based on  this waste generation  factor and the information
on refinery production capacities,  27 of the 289 U.S.  refineries reportedly
operating  in  1979 would generate less than 5000 kg/mo of waste  (4 would
                                     B-120

-------
                                                        SIC:  2911
generate less than 600 kg/mo).  The 27 refineries account for about 0.1% of
the total U.S. refinery wastes.
                                               (34)
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES  '  :
     An API study indicates four wastes are given some type of treatment prior
to disposal by a significant number of refineries:  100% of refineries treat
air flotation float; 53% treat waste biological solids; 28% treat API separator
bottoms and 6% treat tank bottoms.  Treatment techniques commonly used are
shown below:
Waste/Treatment
Air flotation float
Waste biological solids
API separator bottoms
Tank bottoms
Settling
X
X
X
X
Centrifugation
X
X
X

Aerobic Digestion

X


     Recovery of oil  (or fuel energy) from sandy API separator bottoms, treat-
ing clays, air flotation float and tank bottoms can be economically and tech-
nically advantageous.  The techniques appropriate for each product, respectively,
are extraction, incineration, settling and extraction.
     Landfarming is used by about 50% of the refineries for the final disposal
of biological and air  flotation wastes.  Most refinery sludges, especially
tank bottoms and separator bottoms,  are landfarmed to some degree.  Most land-
farming is done onsite.  Offsite landfilling is the predominant means of dis-
posing of other refinery solid wastes.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COSTS:
     A recent study for the EPA estimated costs both for  treatment and disposal
of refinery wastes(2).  A summary of these waste disposal costs is given in
the table which follows.  Treatment costs vary greatly depending upon the type
Of treatment, the  type of waste and  the required capacity of  the  unit.
     Small refineries will most likely dispose of  their wastes by landfilling
or landspreading with no prior treatment.  Thus, using unit cost  data pre-
sented here,  small refineries could  be expected to have waste disposal costs
of  $3.3  -  $19.6 per metric  ton  ($3-$18 per ton).
                                     B-121

-------
ESTIMATED UNIT COSTS FOR DISPOSAL OF REFINERY WASTES BY VARIOUS DISPOSAL
METHODS <5)
    Disposal Methods
        Applicability
     Unit Cost
     Landspreading


     Landfilling


     Incineration



     Lagoons
     Deep well
     injection
     Ocean disposal
Biodegradable
Waste sludges

Dewatered sludges
(ultimate disposal)

API separator bottoms, DAF
float, waste biosludges,
slop oil and emulsion sludges

Various sludges
(ultimate disposal)

Various sludges
(ultimate disposal)
Various sludges
(ultimate disposal)
$3 to $18/ton


$5 to $12/ton

$15 to over
$1000/ton
$900 to $1100/
100,000 gal/day*

Site specific,
no generalized cost
data available

$2/ton for bulk
$15 to $50/ton for
containers
    Operating costs only, capital costs $180,000 to $900,000 per 100,000 gal
     per day of capacity
                                     B-122

-------
                                                              SIC:  2911

ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
      (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF THE DATA BASE:
     The census data for 1976 lists 413 establishments covered by SIC 291
whereas an API survey  (Reference 1) indicates a total of 289 refineries
operating in 1979.  The observed discrepancy can be due to a combination of
several factors  including  incomplete reporting in  the API survey, coverage
of establishments not  actually conducting  refining operations in the census
data, and a drop in the number of operating refineries since 1976  (the base
year  for census data).
      There is some uncertainty in the waste generation factor used  to estimate
industry waste profile.  The correlation between crude oil processing capacity
and waste generation is not well established  (particularly for small refiner-
ies (3) .  Despite the uncertainties  in both the total number of refineries and
waste generation factor, it is unlikely that the estimated number of refineries
which would generate less  than 5000 kg/mo  of waste would change dramatically
with  more accurate data since such  a small fraction of the total are expected
to be small generators.
SOURCES OF DATA CITED:
      (1)  Oil  and  Gas  Journal, Annual  Refining  Report, March 1979
      (2)  Census data
      (3)  Engineering-Science,  Inc.,  The  1975  API  Refinery  Solid Waste Survey,
          Parts 1-4,  1978
      (4)   Jacobs Engineering Co.,  Assessment of Hazardous Waste Practices
           in the Petroleum Refining Industry,  USEPA,  1976
      (5)   Radian Corporation,  Petroleum Refining Solid Waste Screening Study,
           Draft Final Report,  USEPA,  OAQPS,  1979
      (6)   Based on an estimated hazardous waste generation rate of 0.04 kg/
           bbl of crude oil processed (from Reference 4)  and the information
           on refinery capacities (from Reference  1)
                                     B-123

-------
       11/27/79.
        08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                                (6)
                                 SIC:  2911
NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES  FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS  WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
10
WASTE  GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      1,00-600
      600-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000

       TOTAL
ESTABLI
NUMBER
0
0
1
0
1
2
0
0
1
0
8
1-4
263
290(1>
SHMENTS
PERCENT
0.0
0.0
.3
0.0
.3
.7
0.0
0.0
.3
0.0
2.8
4.8
90.7
100.0
                                                                     WASTE  QUANTITY

                                                                     KG/NO    PERCENT
           0.
           0.
         250.
           0.
         450.
        1100.
           0.
           0.
         850.
           0.
       12000.
       49000.
    57860000.

    57923650.
  0.0
  0.0
   .0
  0.0
   .0
   .0
  0.0
  0.0
   .0
  0.0
   .0
   .1
 99.9

100.0

-------
        11/29/79.      13.49.57.


BREAKDOWN OF »LANTS IN EMPLOYMENT  S1ZF  CATEGORIES  BY  EPA  REGION IN $IC  2911
  REGION
   to
   Ul
     NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY


TOTAL      1-4      5-9    10-13    20-49
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
NATION
to
4
20
32
30
63
14-*
20
34
46
16
413
3
5
4
5
11
24
2
6
3
4
67
                                           za
50-99  100-249  250-499   500-999
                                        70
   44
66
55
                                                                                               >1000
1
1
3
0
7
7
1
1
4
0
0
2
1
5
4
10
2
1
2
I
0
4
2
7
9
25
4
5
8
6
0
1
3
6
6
13
1
5
8
1
0
2
9
4
7
23
3
11
7
0
c
2
4
1
7
21
6
5
5
4
0
1
3
2
9
14
1
0
6
0
0
2
3
0
3
11
0
0
3
0
                                                                                                  22

-------
INDUSTRY:  Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products      SIC:  30
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     This major group includes establishments manufacturing from natural,
synthetic, or reclaimed rubber gutta percha, balata, or gutta siak, rubber
products such as tires, rubber footware, mechanical rubber goods, heels and
soles, flooring, and rubber sundries.  This group also includes establishments
primarily manufacturing tires, but establishments primarily recapping and
retreading automobile tires are classified in Industry 7534.  This group also
includes establishments engaged in molding primary plastics for the trade,
and manufacturing miscellaneous finished plastics products.  The manufacture
of elastic webbing is classified in Major Group 22; products made of elastic
webbing and garments made from rubberized fabrics in Major Group 23; and syn-
thetic rubber in Industry 2822.
     The employment-size categories of the plants varies widely.  Based on the
census data, 37% of the plants have fewer than 10 employees, 73% have fewer
than 50 employees and 95% have fewer than 250 employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     The wastes reported by the 67 small generators in the state data file
and the percent of plants reporting each waste shown are shown in the table
                                  (1 2)
below.  Previous industry studies  '   indicate that potentially hazardous
dusts from floor sweepings and air pollution control equipment, waste chemical
containers and packaging, and wastewater treatment sludges are also generated
by plants in SIC 30.  While the percent of plants reporting waste oils is
shown in  the table below, the estimate of total hazardous waste made here does
not include waste oils.
                          Waste              % of plants reporting*
                 Oil                                 48
                 Solvents                            40
                 Resins, epoxy, plastics,            19
                    rubber, adhesives
                 Paint  wastes                         6
                 Acids                                3
                 Alkalis                              1
                 Rags                                <1
                 Lead,  cadmium, and                  <1
                    chromium  compounds
                 Asbestos  fibers                     <1
 *The total percentage exceeds 100% since  some plants  report production of more
  than one waste  stream.

                                      B-126

-------
                                                           SIC;  30
     Based on the state survey data, the types of waste solvents generated by
plants in this SIC include acetone, toluol, methyl ethyl ketone, ethylene
chloride, chloroethane, perchloroethylene, Stoddard solvent, mineral spirits,
and benzene.
HASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     The disposal methods employed and percent of plants reporting use of
each disposal method are shown in the table below for the 67 small generator
plants covered in the state data base.
            Disposal Method               % of plants reporting*
           Landspreading                           7
           Landfill                               31
           Incineration                            8
           Offsite recycle                        13
           Municipal sewez                         2
           Lagoon/solar ponds                      3
           Other methods                           8
           Unknown                                36
     Based on state survey data, over 25% of the plants with oil or solvent
wastes use landfills for their disposal.  Over 30% of the plants indicate
that the disposal method for oils or solvents is unknown.  About 20% of the
firms with oil or solvents recycle or incinerate their wastes.  Other disposal
methods for solvents include landspreading (4%), sewer (2%), lagoons or ponds
(2%) and other methods (10%).  Other disposal methods for oils include land-
spreading (6%), sewer (2%), lagoons or ponds (2%) and other methods (9%).
Organic compounds including resins, epoxy, adhesives, plastics and rubber
are landfilled by 42% of the plants in the state data.  Over 30% of the plants
with these wastes indicate that the disposal method is unknown.  8% of the
plants use lagoons or ponds and 4% recycle these wastes.   More than 30% of
the plants with paint wastes use landfills for disposal.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
*Columm sums up to more than 100% since some plants use more than one disposal
 method.
                                    B-127

-------
                                                           SIC:  30
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:


INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table).  Separate industry profiles were calculated for "SIC 30,
except 307" and for "SIC 307."
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
     The four-digit SIC's are not represented in the data base in the same
proportions as they are known to exist in the universe.  Since sufficient
number of data points were available for SIC 307, separate profiles were cal-
culated for SIC 307 and for SIC 30, except 307 to improve the validity of the
results.
     A previous EPA sponsored study of SIC 30, except 307 estimated a total
waste approximately 20% lower than the estimate made in this study.  The pre-
vious study did not list some wastes such as solvent and paint wastes which
were reported in the state data.  However, some wastes described as poten-
tially hazardous in the previous study (e.g., baghouse dusts and empty chemi-
cal containers) are not reported in the state data collected by this study.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     1.  Enviro Control, Inc., "Hazardous Waste Listings:  Fabricated Rubber
         Products Industry," EPA Contract No. 68-01-3937, April 1979.
     2.  Foster D. Snell, inc., "Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste
         Practices, Rubber and Plastics Industry," PB-282-070, March 1978.
     3.  The estimated numbers of plants in each of the generator classes
         between 100 and 5000 kg/mo are based on 27 data points in the state
         data.  The estimated number of non- and large generators is based
         on 26 plants reporting from Iowa and Massachusetts.
     4.  The estimated mean generation rate for large generators is 21,546
         kg/mo, based on four plants reporting from Iowa and Massachusetts.
     5.  Census data adjusted for "zero" generators (estimated at 59%).
     6.  The estimated numbers of plants in each of the generator classes
         between 100 and 5000 kg/mo are based on 40 data points in the state
         data.  The estimated number of non- and large generators is based
         on 15 plants reporting from Iowa and Massachusetts.
                                     B-128

-------
                                                      SIC:  30
7.  The estimated mean generation rate for large generators is 17,426
    kg/mo based on three plants reporting from California, Iowa and
    Massachusetts.
8.  Census data adjusted for "zero" generators (estimated at 67%).
9.  Sum total of profiles for "SIC 307" and "SIC 30, except 307."
                              B-129

-------
       11/27/79.
        08.43.<>7.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                (3)
                                 SIC: 3000     NATION
                                      excegt 307
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE  GENERATION CATEGORIES
U)
Q
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-ZOO
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      000-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-SOOO
       > 5000

       TOTAL
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS

                                          NUMBER   PERCENT
22.3
10.6
 6.2
 4.2
 3.0
 2.4
 1.8
 1.5
 1.2
 1.1
 5.4
 3.8
36.5
 70
 41
 28
 20
 16
 12
 10
  8
  7
 36
 25
242

663
                        WASTE QUANTITY

                        KG/MO   PERCENT
                                                (5):
                                                      100.0
   7400.
  10500.
  10250.
   9800.
   9000.
   8800.
   7800.
   7500.
   6800.
   6650.
  54000.
  87500.
S214132.*4*

5440132.
   .1
   .2
   .2
   .2
   .2
   .2
   .1
   .1
   .1
   .1
  1.0
  1.6
 95.8

100.0

-------
       11/27/79.
   08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                (6)
                            SIC:  3070
                                                             NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIfcS FOR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
              WASTE GENERATION
                     RANGES
                     KG/MO
td
M
CJ
   0
 100
 200
 300
 400
 500
 600
 700
 800
 900
1000
2000
-100
 200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-1,000
5000
                        ESTABLISHMENTS

                       NUMBER   PERCENT
544
241
146
103
77
60
49
40
34
29
162
133
1077
20.2
8.9
5.4
3.B
2.9
2.2
1.8
1.5
1.3
1.1
6.0
4.9
40.0
                                              WASTE QUANTITY

                                              KG/MO   PERCENT
                      TOTAL
                         2695
                                                (8)
                               100.0
   27200.
   36150.
   36500.
   36050.
   34650.
   33000.
   31850.
   30000.
   28900.
   27550.
  243000.
  465500.
18767802. <7)

19798152.
   .1
   .2
   .2
   .2
   .2
   .2
   .2
   .2
   .1
   .1
  1.2
  2.4
 94.6

100.0

-------
       11/30/79.
        10.10.07.
                INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                                (9)
                                 SIC: 300D
                                     (all)
        NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES  FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS  WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
7
CO
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/NO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
                    300-600
                    600-700
                    700-800
                    800-900
                    900-1000
                   1000-2000
                   £000-5000
                     > 5000
ESTABL
NUMBER
692
311
187
131
97
76
61
50
42
36
198
158
1319
ISHHENTS
PERCENT
20.6
9.3
5.6
3.9
2.9
2.3
1.8
1.5
1.3
1.1
5.9
4.7
39.3
                                                                     WASTE  QUANTITY

                                                                     KG/MO    PERCENT
               34600.
               46650.
               46750.
               45850.
               43650.
               41800.
               39650.
               37500.
               35700.
               34200.
              297000.
              553000.
            23981934.
                 .1
                 .2
                 .2
                 .2
                 .2
                 .2
                 .2
                 .1
                 .1
                 .1
                1.2
                2.2
               95.0
                     TOTAL
                              3358
100.0
25238284,
100.0

-------
        11/29/79.      13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION  IN Sjc  3070
  REGION
     NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY

TOTAL      1-4      5-9    10-19    20-49
50-99  100-249  250-499  500-999







V


NAT
00
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
III
IX
X
ION
737
1?22
564
870
2222
553
367
140
1236
139
blOO
178
^75
123
238
484
Ibj
83
44
387
63
2040
109
165
70
102
275
«3
44
33
185
30
10^6
121
226
91
149
336
92
51
22
212
34
1334
147
251
122
180
508
114
90
31
229
39
1711
90
182
69
94
304
50
54
6
129
14
992
72
92
62
75
225
36
30
4
78
8
682
14
25
21
24
67
9
10
0
13
0
183
4
6
5
7
16
3
4
0
2
1
48
>1000

    2
    0
    1
    1
    7
    1
    1
    0
    1
    0

   14
  u>
  00

-------
        12/C6/79.      12.30.b4.




BREAKDOWN DP PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY  tPA  REGION  IN  SIC 3000
  REGION
                 NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL
b-9
10-19
20-49
50-99  100-249  250-499   bOO-999
                                                                                               >1000







V


NAT
W
I
11
III
IV
V
VI
VII
111
IX
X
ILK

901
1399
684
1104
2716
6b7
418
lb&
1452
21b
9707

201
315
132
286
boO
187
92
51
444
72
2340

133
197
89
124
319
88
50
36
211
35
1282

143
252
109
168
399
108
55
24
244
37
1539

168
284
139
214
b!3
135
94
34
277
46
2004

112
201
81
130
376
57
61
6
150
18
1192

99
109
82
106
290
54
42
4
98
9
' 893

24
31
33
39
98
Ib
13
2
18
0
274

17
9
12
18
34
5
4
0
5
1
105

4
1
7
19
27
7
7
1
5
0
7b

  10

-------
INDUSTRY:  Leather and Leather Products (except leather     SIC:   31 (except
           tanning and finishing)                                  3111)
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     Establishments in this industry are primarily engaged in the manufacture
of finished leather products, artifical leather products and other similar pro-
ducts made of other materials.  Based on the census data there are 2379  estab-
lishments in the subject SIC with most of the establishments located in  the
New England and eastern seaboard states.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     Based on data from Iowa, Mass., New York and Rhode Island it is estimated
that 77% (or 1831) of the establishments do not generate hazardous wastes and
that of the plants producing hazardous wastes no plant generates more than
5000 kg/mo of waste.  The predominant hazardous wastes generated are solvents,
cements, adhesives, paint sludge, solvent- and  cement-contaminated rags,
empty solvent and cement containers.  The total amount of hazardous waste gen-
erated by plants in the subject SIC is estimated at 416,000 kg/mo with an
average rate of 760 kg/mo per generator (see Industry Profile).
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     All plants included in the state data base indicate offsite landfill dis-
posal of hazardous wastes.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     Waste solvents could be recycled, as recycling is environmentally more
acceptable than disposal via landfills.  Incineration could also be a viable
alternative for waste oils and solvents.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
      (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF THE DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED:
      (1)  Based on state data for 9 establishments in SIC's 313-319
      (2)  Census data, adjusted for the estimated number of "zero" generators
           (77%)
                                     B-135

-------
       11/27/79.
   08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY HROFRt
                                .(1)
                            SIC:  3100     NATION
                                 (except 3111)
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                     VARIOUS dASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
              WAbTE GENERATION
                     RANGES
                     KG/MO
00
i-1
OJ
cr>
   0
 LOO
 200
 300
 400
 3 00
 600
 700
 800
 900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-bOO
-900
-10CO
-2000
-5000
5000
                        ESTABLISHMENTS

                       NUMBER   PERCENT
                     TOTAL
160
 76
 48
 34
 27
 22
 18
 15
 13
 11
 65
 59
  0

548
                                                 (2)
 29.2
 13.9
  8.8
  6.2
  4.9
  4.0
  3.3
  2.7
  2.4
  2.0
 11.9
 10.8
  0.0

100.0
                                               WASTE  QUANTITY

                                               KG/MO    PERCENT
  8000.
 11400.
 12000.
 11900.
 12150.
 12100.
 11700.
 11250.
 11050.
 10450.
 97500.
206500.
     0.

416000.
  1.9
  2.7
  2.9
  2.9
  2.9
  2.9
  2.8
  2.7
  2.7
  2.5
 23.4
 49.6
  0.0

100.0

-------
w
M
                       12/07/79.      13.31.39.

               BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA  REGION  IN  SIC  3100 (including SIC 3111)

                                NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY

                 RE6ION    TOTAL      1-4      5-9    10-19    20-49     50-99   100-249 250-499  900-999     >1000
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
541
737
224
273
341
194
160
45
266
46
its
192
30
62
76
53
23
19
86
16
56
93
16
21
33
21
19
9
S3
6
62
116
24
26
48
25
12
7
34
10
91
148
37
45
42
33
19
6
49
11
57
92
24
23
55
16
26
2
17
0
79
68
46
24
42
26
20
1
21
3
65
22
42
53
37
16
30
0
5
0
13
6
5
18
6
3
It
0
1
0
3
0
0
1
2
1
0
1
0
0
                 NATION     2827      672      327       364       481      312      330      270       63

-------
INDUSTRY:   Leather Tanning and Finishing                            SIC:  3111
DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY:
     Firms in SIC 3111 are engaged primarily in the tanning of cattlehides,
sheephides or pigskins.  Most hides (about 87%) are tanned with chromium; the
remainder with vegetable products (e.g., bark extracts)   .  Tanning is essen-
tially a batch process in which the hides are immersed in the tanning solution.
Based on the census data, there are M«9 establishments in SIC 3111 with 53%
employing less than 20 persons.  Of the M9 firms, 76 are believed to be dealers
and conduct no actual tanning operations; another 118 tanners are categorized
as "hobby" enterprises (e.g., deer hide tanning and taxidermy)   .
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     Tanners generate a variety of wastes which would be considered hazardous
due to the presence of chromium (and other metals).  These include hair,
liquors, wastewater treatment screenings and sludges, and  leather finishing
residues.  Small amounts of solvents are also used by tanners and waste solvents
require disposal.  By far the  largest quantity of wastes are sludges from
wastewater treatment.  Although vegetable tanning generates the same types
of wastes as chrome tanning, the wastes are not considered hazardous since
the tanning agents are natural organic products of relatively low toxicity
The following table summarizes the waste generation rates  for typical estab-
lishments in various  tanning categories
                                         Average Hazardous Waste
            Category                      Generation  Rate (kg.mo)
     Complete chrome  tannery                     82,000
     Vegetable tannery                              0
     Sheepskin tannery                            7,750
     Split tannery                               5*»,000
     Beamhouse/tanhouse                         217,000
     Retan/refinishing                           15,000
     Leather finisher                              1,100
Except for 68 plants  in  the "leather finishing" category and  118 "hobblests,"
all chrome tanneries  are  estimated to generate more than 5000 kg/mo of  hazardous
waste *  .  Based on  the waste  generation  profiles developed here  (see  Industrial
Profile),  it is estimated that about 18 million kg/mo of hazardous waste is gen-
erated by  the  industry,  with  the  "large"  tanneries producing an average of
                                   B-138

-------
                                                                    SIC:  3111

about 100,000 kg/mo (mostly WWT sludges) and the small (less than 5000 kg/mo
category) tanneries producing an average of 460 kg/mo.  The very small
"hobbiests" which are in the "less than 100 kg/mo" category produce about 1.2
kg/mo/'es tab 1i shment."
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES('*:
     About 60% of the hazardous waste generated by tanneries is disposed to
landfills (10? to "sanitary landfills").  About 25% of the wastes are estimated
to be disposed of to open dumps and the remaining wastes are primarily disposed
in lagoons, trenches, pits, ponds, or by agricultural spreading.
     WWT sludges are the only tannery wastes which are currently treated prior
to disposal.  Sludge dewatering is accomplished using gravity or mechanical
means.   It  is expected that more widespread use of mechanical dewatering will
occur as more tanneries  install wastewater treatment/pretreatment facilities.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COSr1*:
     Estimated disposal costs (197*0 for tannery wastes range from $2/1000 kg
for open dump disposal to $38/1000 kg for dewater/landfi11 disposal  (sludge).
Average cost for landfill disposal via contract hauling is estimated at about
$30/1000 kg.
ALTERNATIVE  DISPOSAL METHODS^':
     Some tanneries are  located where municipal sewers could be used  to dispose
of aqueous waste.  However,  this alternative merely  changes the point at which
sludges are  generated  (sewage treatment plant  vs.  tannery), although  some
sludge disposal  cost saving  might occur due  to economics of scale.  Specific
tannery wastes such as trim and shavings can be used  as a  fertilizer or animal
feed  supplements as  is  the practice at  some  midwestern  tanneries at  present.
The use of  chromium-contain ing wastes as fertilizer  and/or animal  feed can be
environmentally  sound  if surface and ground  water  pollution does not  result
from  the  practice  and  chrome in feed  is kept to prescribed levels  (chromium
 is not highly  toxic  to mamals but  is  toxic  to  aquatic organisms and  lower
terrestrial  plant  life).
 INDUSTRIAL  PROFILE:
      (See  table)
                                     B-139

-------
                                                                    SIC: 3111
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY 0F THE DATA BASE:
     The industry profile and other information in this assessment has been
obtained primarily from a previous EPA study of the tanning industry1  .  The
study was based on data from 41 tanneries representing 50% of the nationwide
industry production.  Since tanning is essentially a batch process, waste
quantities are approximately proportional to the number of hides processed and
waste generation for small tanneries can be estimated from data for larger
         (2)
tanneries   .
     There  is some uncertainty in both the number of "tanners" in the "less
than 100 kg/mo" category and the waste produced by these "tanners."  Hobbiests
and taxidermists tend to be underrepresented in the census data since many are
part-time operations and have no "employees" (hence they do not appear  in  IRS
statistics  upon which 1976 census data is  largely based).  In addition, the
amount of wastes generated by hobbiests and taxidermists is not well known,
                                                                              (2)
since these "tanners" do not conduct the same operations as commercial  tanners

SOURCES OF  DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  SCS Engineers, "Assessment of  Industrial Hazardous Waste Practices -
          Leather Tanning and  Finishing  Industry, U.S. EPA Office of Solid
          Waste, November 1976.
     (2)   Information supplied by  the  Tanners' Council of America,  May 1979
     (3)  Based on  (a)  a waste generation  factor of 0.16 kg/equivalent  hide
          for 68 leather  finishers  from  Reference  1,  (b) a "production" of
           less  than  10  hides per year  by the  118 hobbiests  (making them all
          generators of less than  100  kg/mo of waste), (c) the assumption  that
          21 vegetable  tanners and  the 76  dealers generate no wastes and  (d)
          all other  firms  in SIC  3111  generate more  than 5000 kg/mo of waste.
          Census data,  ajusted  for  "zero"  generators  (per  Reference  3)
                                     B-140

-------
       11/27/79.
   08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                                (3)
                            SIC:  3111
                                      NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER  ANO  WASTE  QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE  GENERATION CATEGORIES
              WASTE  GENERATION
                     RANGES
                     KG/MO
B
   0
 100
 200
 300
 400
 t>00
 600
 700
 bOO
 900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-iOOO
5000
                        ESTABLISHMENTS

                       NUMBER   PERCENT
                     TOTAL
                          352
                                                (4)
                                              WASTE QUANTITY

                                              KG/MO    PERCENT
121
4
5
2
3
3
3
2
3
2
12
14
178
34.4
1.1
1.4
.6
.9
.9
.9
.6
.9
.6
3.4
4.0
50.6
121.
600.
1250.
700.
1350.
1650.
1950.
1500.
2550.
1900.
18000.
49000.
17800000.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.3
99.5
                              100.0
17880571.
100.0

-------
        12/06/79.      12.33.08.

BREAKDOWN Oh PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE  CATEGORIES  BY EPA REGION IN SIC 3111
  REGIL.N
     NUMBER QF PLANIS IN EACH CATEGORY

TOTAL      1-4      5-9    10-19    20-49
                                                          50-99  100-249   2SO-499   500-999










1
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
NATION
B>

130
113
29
31
62
15
16
9
33
11
449

31
39
5
7
9
5
1
5
12
4
lid

12
19
1
3
6
1
2
1
3
1
49

29
Ib
5
5
6
3
2
1
2
4
72

24
23
5
8
10
4
7
2
8
2
93

20
9
3
1
13
2
3
0
3
0
54

11
4
9
4
10
0
1
0
5
0
44

                                                                                 1
                                                                                 4
                                                                                 1
                                                                                 3
                                                                                 7
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 0

                                                                                16
                                                                              2
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
>1000

    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
  it*
  10

-------
INDUSTRY:  Stone, Clay, Glass and Concrete Products           SIC:  32

DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     The establishments in the subject.SIC are engaged in the manufacturing
of flat glass and other glass products,  cement, structural clay products,
pottery, concrete and gypsum products, cut stone, abrasive and miscellaneous
nonmetallic mineral products.  Raw materials used are primarily stone, clay,
sand, alkalis and pigment chemicals.  Major production processes include crush-
ing, grinding, mixing, extruding, calcination, drying and firing.  According
to the census data (see computer printout), there are over 15,713 establish-
ments in SIC 32, located in all 10 EPA regions.  The majority (83%) of the"
establishments has less than 50 employees with 31% employing from 1 to 4
employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     Wastes of a hazardous nature which are generated are mainly waste lube
oil, and toxic and ignitable solvents   .  Some plants may also generate alkali
and acidic wastes.  Based on the state data, the total hazardous waste (exclud-
ing lube oil) generated by the industry is estimated at 1.8 million kg/mo with
an average generation rate of  583  kg/mo/establishment (see Industry Profile).
     The quantity of hazardous waste generated by an establishment is usually
insignificant compared to the quantity of the nonhazardous waste.  Nonhazard-
ous wastes include rejected or broken products and process "dust" collected
from various operations.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Based on the state data, 70% of the wastes are landfilled, 30% are con-
tract hauled and an insignificant percentage (0.03%) is recycled.
     Many establishments recycle the nonhazardous waste (e.g., process "dust")
although some dispose of such wastes in landfills.
     When designed and operated properly, landfills should be environmentally
adequate for disposal of wastes generated by the subject SIC.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
     One establishment reported landfill cost at $55/ton.
                                    B-143

-------
                                                           SIC:  32

ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHOD:
     Other environmentally acceptable disposal methods include recycling and
controlled incineration.
INDUSTRY PROFILE   :
      (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
    (1)  Three types of wastes (cement kiln dust, alkali waste from lime
         production and asbestos waste which are generated by establishments
         in SIC 3292) are not included in this assessment.  Cement kiln dust
         is considered a "special" waste subject to different regulations.
         Establishments generating alkali waste from lime production are
         assessed to be "large" generators; asbestos wastes are regulated
         under OSHA and other acts such as the Clean Air Act.
    (2)  Census data
    (3)  Based on data for 22 small generators in the state data base
    (4)  Contact with three establishments and the following five trade
         associations:
                         Portland Cement Association
                         Glass Packaging Institute
                         Sealed Insulating Glass Manufacturing Association
                         Gypsum Association
                         American Concrete Pressure Pipe Association
    (5)  EPA/Effluent Guidelines Division Development Document:  Flat Glass
         (EPA 440/1-74-OOlc)
    (6)  EPA/Effluent Guidelines Division Development Document:  Cement
         Manufacturing Point Source (EPA 550/l-74-005a)
    (7)  Industrial Process Profiles for Environmental Use:
            Chapter 17, The Gypsum and Wallboard Industry, NTIS PB-281-484
            Chapter 18, The Lime Industry, NTIS PB-281-481
            Chapter 19, The Clay Industry, NTIS PB-281-486
                                    B-144

-------
                                                         SIC:  32

(8)   Based on the assumption  that  establishments in the 4-digit SIC's
     which did not appear  in  the state data do not generate hazardous
     wastes;  based on this assumption 80% of the establishments in SIC
     32  are considered non-hazardous waste generators.
                              B-145

-------
      11/27/79.
        08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                               (3)
                                 SIC:  3200
                 NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FDR  ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
D
cn
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/ilO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-50G
      500-600
      600-700
      700-800
      bOJ-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000

       TOTAL
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS

                                         NUMBER   PERCENT
1408
 383
 224
 155
 116
  92
  75
  63
  53
  46
 269
 258
   0

3142
                                                (2,8)
 44.8
 12.2
  7.1
  4.9
  3.7
  2.9
  2.4
  2.0
  1.7
  1.5
  8.6
  8.2
  0.0

100.0
                         WASTE QUANTITY

                         KG/MO   PERCENT
  70400.
  57450.
  56000.
  54250.
  52200.
  50600.
  48750.
  47250.
  45050.
  43700.
 403500.
 903000.
      0.

1832150.
  3.8
  3.1
  3.1
  3.0
  2.8
  2.8
  2.7
  2.6
  2.5
  2.4
 22.0
 49.3
  0.0

100.0

-------
        11/29/79.      13.49.57,



BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLCVMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION  IN  SIC  3200




                 NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY



  REGION    TOTAL      1-4      5—J    10-19    20-49    5G-99   100-249  250-499  5CO-999
>10CO







V


NAT
DO
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
III
IX
K
ION
7fll
1334
1606
2648
3691
1690
1103
581
1737
542
15713
279
441
398
686
1187
488
364
?19
1>63
215
4B45
157
2*2
276
513
7C1
33H
?50
128
320
102
3067
15b
234
297
533
758
325
232
91
340
106
3122
111
186
325
516
570
303
154
81
307
69
2622
36
65
115
165
207
105
41
40
103
31
908
30
76
105
131
158
91
48
16
63
15
733
7
24
54
32
61
31
6
4
23
3
247
2
19
30
15
33
o
5
1
12
1
127
3
7
6
7
16
0
1
1
1
0
42

-------
INDUSTRY:  Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding of Metal         SIC:  3315,3316,
                                                                  3317,335
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     This group of industries includes the following SIC's:  3315 (Steel Wire
Drawing and Steel Nails and Spikes),  which includes establishments primarily
engaged in drawing wire from purchased iron or steel rods, bars or wire and
which may be engaged in the further manufacture of products made from wire;
3316 (Cold Rolled Steel Sheet, Strip, and Bars), which includes establishments
primarily engaged in (a) cold rolling steel sheets and strip from purchased
hot rolled sheets; (b)  cold drawing steel bars and steel shapes from purchased
hot rolled steel bars;  and  (c) producing other cold finished steel; 3317 (Steel
Pipe and Tubes), which includes establishments engaged in the production of
welded or seamless steel pipe and tubes and heavy riveted steel pipe from
purchased material; and 335 (Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding of Nonferrous
Metals), which includes establishments primarily engaged in rolling, drawing,
and extruding of nonferrous metals into plates, sheets, strips, bars, tubing
and wire.
     The plants in the category are distributed between the EPA regions approx-
imately in proportion to population with the exception of Regions I and VIII.
Region I has 13.8% of the plants in this group but only 5.75% of the popula-
tion and Region VIII has only 0.9% of the plants but 2.71% of the population.
     Plants fall into all employment size categories without being concen-
trated in any one category.  About 18% of the plants have fewer than 10
employees, 46% have fewer than 50 and 16% have in excess of 250 employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     The table which follows shows the wastes reported by the 35 sampled plants
in this industrial grouping, as well as the percent of plants reporting each
waste.  It can be seen from the table that about one-third of the wastes are
cleaning chemicals of various kinds.
                                     B-148

-------
                                                            SIC:  3315, etc.
                  WASTE  TYPES AND RELATIVE QUANTITIES
                        % of Plants         % of Total        % of Non-oil
      Waste           Reporting Waste*    Waste Reported     Waste Reported
011                        48.57               25.44
Solvent                    34.28                7.36              9.91
Cyanides                   11.43                0.28              0.38
Copper sludge               8.57                4.63              6.24
Acids                       8.57                6.34              8.54
Alkaline cleaners           8.57                8.86             11.93
Plating solution            8.57                5.67              7.65
with metals
Copper and other metal      5.71                4.72              6.36
oxide powders
Caustics                    2.86                4.42              5.95
Organic hazardous waste     2.86               22.26             29.98
Enamel coatings             2.86                0.73              0.99
Potassium permanganate      2.86                0.04              0.05
Fats and waxes              2.86                8.28             11.15
Sodium nitrate              2.86                0.27              0.36
Lead dross                  2.86                0.35              0.47
Pesticides and unrinsed     2.86                0.03              0.04
containers                                     gg>68
*The sum exceeds 100 since many plants report more than one waste stream.
WASTE TREATMENT STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICE:
     The table which follows shows the percent of sampled plants which dis-
posed of each listed waste by the indicated disposal methods.  As can be seen
by the table, disposal via contract hauling is generally the most prevalent
disposal methods for plants reporting waste disposal.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
                                    B-149

-------
                    PERCENT OF FACILITIES DISPOSING OF  INDICATED WASTE BY INDICATED DISPOSAL METHOD
1
Waste
Oil
Solvent
Cyanides
Copper sludge
Acids
Alkaline cleaners
Plating solutions
Caustics*
Organic hazardous
vaate*
Enamel coating*
Potassium
permanganate*
Fats and waxes*
Sodium nitrate*
bead dross*
Pesticides and
unrinaed containers
Unknown
\ of
Facilities
33.3
30.0











100

t of
Haste
50.2
17.9











100

Contract Hauled
to Unspecified
Disposal
\ of
Facilities
22.2
40.0
75.0
100
33.3
31.3
33.3


100
100

100


t of
Waste
19.3
20.2
6O.2
100
7.0
70.6
19.6


100
100

100


Recycle
« of
Facilities
11.1
" 30.0
2S.O

66.7

33.3







100
» of
Haste
18.3
61.9
39. 8

93.0

2.0







100
Landfill
% of
Facilities
11.1





33.3




100



% of
Haste
2.3





78.4




100



Sewer
* of
Facilities
5.6




33.3

100
100






% of
Haste
7.7




16.6

100
100






Other Method
% of
Facilities
5.6




33.~3









% of
Haste
0.8




12.8









Incineration
» of
Facilities
5.6














t of
Waste
1.3














Ul
O
       •Only one plant reported disposing of this waste.

-------
                                                            SIC: 3315, etc.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:


INDUSTRY PROFILES:
     Based on survey data from Iowa, Massachusetts, and New York, it was esti-
mated that 21.6% of the plants in this industrial grouping generated no haz-
ardous wastes, that 24.3% generated in excess of 5,000 kg/mo, and that the
plants generating more than 5,000 k/mo generated an average of 147,700 kg/mo.
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
      (1)  Based on "state" data base covering 35 small generators
      (2)  Census data adjusted for "zero" generators (estimated at 22%)
                                     B-151

-------
      11/27/79.
        Oti.43.Z7.
               INDUSTRY PROFILE
                               (1)
                                 SIC:
3315,
3316,
3317, 335
NATION
                    ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES  FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                    VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
Ul
to
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-ZOO
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000

       TOTAL
                                          ESTABLISHMENTS

                                         NUMBER   PERCENT
242
. 17
33
25
59
29
25
29
25
25
226
133
375
19.5
1.4
2.7
2.0
4.7
2.3
2.0
2.3
2.0
2.0
18.2
10.7
30.2
                                            1243
                                               (2)
                 WASTE QUANTITY

                 KG/MO    PERCENT
 100.0
        8470.
        2550.
        8250.
        8750.
       26550.
       15950.
       16250.
       21750.
       21250.
       23750.
      339000.
      465500.
    55387500.

    56345520.
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .6
   .8
 98.3

100.0

-------
        lc/06/79.
           12. JO.54.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTb IN EMPLOYMENT  SIZt  CATEGORIES  BY EPA REGION IN SICS 331^ 3316, 3317 and 335

                 NUMBER OF  PLANTS  IN  EACH  CATEGORY
  REGION
TOTAL
         5-9
       10-19
       20-49
       bO-99  100-249  250-499   500-999
                                   >1000
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
214
203
174
174
438
104
43
14
160
21
31
22
16
20
36
18
4
2
24
2
12
13
11
8
26
4
0
1
18
6
14
22
14
12
50
10
7
2
16
1
41
42
27
24
82
22
5
4
35
1
33
27
24
35
76
16
11
3
28
4
36
43
46
47
89
23
10
1
11
5
30
I*
20
13
44
7
3
1
9
0
13
7
12
4
28
2
2
0
3
1
                                                                                                   4
                                                                                                   3
                                                                                                   4
                                                                                                   6
                                                                                                   7
                                                                                                   0
                                                                                                   1
                                                                                                   0
                                                                                                   3
                                                                                                   1
  NATION
  W
  M
  in
  10
 1545
175
104
150
283
259
322
151
72

-------
INDUSTRY:  Foundries                                      SICs  332,336
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     This group includes establishments primarily engaged in the casting of
metals.  SIC 332 includes establishments that manufacture iron and steel
castings.  SIC 336 includes establishments that manufacture castings of
aluminum, brass, bronze, and other nonferrous metals and alloys.
     Establishments which produce castings and which are also engaged in
fabricating operations, such as machining, assembling, etc., in manufactur-
ing a specified product are classified in the industry of the specified
product.  In addition to the casting of metal, many establishments whose
primary SIC is either 332 or 336 are engaged in ancillary processes such as
heat treating, pickling, metal cleaning, painting, etc.
     Foundries are distributed among the EPA regions roughly in proportion
to population with a slight concentration in Region 5.  Ferrous foundries are
in all employment size categories and tend to be larger than non-ferrous
foundries.  About 35% of ferrous foundries have more than 100 employees and
48% have fewer than fifty.  About 80% of the non-ferrous foundries have
fewer than 50 employees and 36% have fewer than 10
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     Metal foundries produce large quantities of solid wastes including such
things as slags, core butts, dusts, and scrubber sludges.   Much of this waste
contains heavy metals and other toxic chemicals but testing sponsored by the
American Foundryman's Society and the EPA have found that these wastes do not
release  their toxic components in leaching tests
     Since the metal casting process itself  does not result in hazardous
waste, the ancillary processes  (e.g., metal  cleaning,  finishing,  etc.) deter-
mine which hazardous wastes are generated at a given foundry.   Approximately
half of  the  non-oil hazardous wastes reported in the  "state"  data by estab-
lishments  in SIC  332 and  336 are chemicals used  in metal  cleaning.  Waste oil
was the  only hazardous  waste reported by  27% of  the plants  in SIC 332  and 22%
of the plants  in  SIC  336    .
WASTE  TREATMENT,  STORAGE  AND DISPOSAL  PRACTICES:
     The two tables which follow show  the waste  disposal  practices  reported
 in the "state"  data.   It  can be seen  from these  tables that off-site  landfill
                                     B-154

-------
                                                          SIC:  332,336
is the most commonly reported method of disposal, being reported by more than
half the plants in both SIC 332 and 336.
     Non-hazardous wastes are reported to be open dumped.  These wastes are
generated in vastly larger quantities than are the hazardous wastes.  This
                                                   (5)
is particularly true for SIC 332 where one estimate   is that approximately 1.5
x 10  MT of non-hazardous wastes are generated each month as opposed to 0.303
MT/mo estimated in this assessment.
SIC 332;
                      % of plants            % of all            %  of non-oil
                     reporting use        hazardous waste     hazardous waste
Disposal Method   of disposing method   to disposal method   to disposal method
Landfill (offsite)
Septic tank
Recycle
Unknown

SIC 336;
Landfill (offsite)       55                    15                 29
Landspread               11                    0.3                0
Recycle                  11                    46                 0
Unknown                  44                    39                 71
                                               100                100

CURRENT DISPOSAL  COST:
54
9
18
27

42
1.5
49
7.6
100
49
1.8
49
0
100
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
                                     B-155

-------
                                                          SIC:   332,336
           HAZARDOUS WASTES REPORTED BY NINE NONFERROUS FOUNDRIES
Degreaser
sludge
HC1,NH3
Paints
Chromium
hydroxide
solution
    % of Plants
  Reporting Waste
       56
       44
       22

       11
       11
       11
      % of Total
  Amount of Hazardous
    Waste Reported
        51.1
        23.9
         7.1

         9.1
         .8.7
         0.1

        100
                                                            % of Total Amount
                                                           of non-oil Hazardous
                                                              Waste Reported
48.9
14.5

18.7
17.7
 0.2
                                                                   100
          HAZARDOUS WASTES REPORTED BY 11 IRON AND STEEL FOUNDRIES
  Waste
  % of Plants
Reporting Waste
Oil
Alkaline
solution
Liquid
caustic
Acid
Solution
Chemical
Cleaners
Organic
Solvent
Caustic
soda (solid)
Inorganic
Hazardous
Waste
X-ray
Emulsion
27
27
27
9
9
9
9
9
9
 Pesticides
    % of Total
Amount of Hazardous
  Waste Reported
        15.8
        13.7

        13.5

         9.8

         2.1

         1.6

         2.2

        41.1

         0.1

         0.03
        100
                                                          % of Total Amount
                                                         of non-oil Hazardous
                                                            Waste Reported
                                                    16.3

                                                    16.1

                                                    11.6

                                                     2.4

                                                     2.0

                                                     2.6

                                                    48.8

                                                     0.13

                                                     0.03
                                                    100
                                     B-156

-------
                                                          SIC:  332,336

INDUSTRY PROFILE:
      (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
     Based on the results of laboratory tests sponsored by the EPA and the
American Foundrymen's Society, this assessment assumes that all slags, dusts
and scrubber sludges from metal foundries are non-hazardous.  Should any of
these wastes prove to be hazardous in subsequent testing, the estimate of
hazardous waste quantity presented here would be low.
     The data collected by this study indicate that there are no plants in
SIC 332 which generate more than 5 NT of hazardous waste per month while
there are plants in SIC 336 which generate more than 5 MT of hazardous waste
per month.  This is apparently inconsistent with the fact that plants in sic
332 tend to be larger than those in SIC 336.  One possible explanation is a
reporting error in the "state" surveys.  However, it appears more likely
that the hazardous wastes from ferrous foundries are disposed of to POTW's
and so are not reported in the "state" data base.  The prevalence of neutral-
izable acid and alkaline wastes from SIC 332 and the prevalence of organic
solvent wastes from SIC 336 tends to support the latter explanation.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census "County Business Patterns
          1976," computer tapes
     (2)  SRI International, "Structure of the Foundry Industry," Final
          Interim Report, November 1978, CPA Contract No. 68-01-4433
     (3)  American Foundrymen's Society
     (4)  Non-Ferrous Founders Society
     (5)  Calspan Corporation, "Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Naste
          Practices in the Metal Smelting and Refining Industry," April
          1977, Contract No. 68-01-2604
     (6)  "State" data base
     (7)  Based on state data for 24 small generators
     (8)  Census data adjusted for "zero" generators; of the 42 plants covered
          by the survey data from New York, Massachusetts and Iowa, 26 plants
          (62%) reported "zero" hazardous waste generation and no plant reported
          more than 5000 kg/mo hazardous waste production.
                                    B-157

-------
                                                      SIC:   332,336
 (9)   Based on state data for 9 small generators
(10)   Census data adjusted for "zero" generators;  of the 20 plants covered
      by the survey data from New York,  Iowa and Massachusetts,  12 plants
      (55%)  reported "zero" hazardous waste generation and  4 plants (20%)
      reported hazardous waste generation in excess of 5000 kg/mo with a
      mean value of 93,625 kg/mo.
                                B-158

-------
       11/27/79.
        00.43.27.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                (7)
                                 SIC: 3320
        NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES  FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
U1
VD
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000

       TOTAL
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS

                                          NUMBER    PERCENT
184
79
47
33
24
19
15
12
10
9
48
37
0
35.6
15.3
9.1
6.4
4.6
3.7
2.9
2.3
1.9
1.7
9.3
7.2
0.0
                                              517
                                                 (8)
                WASTE QUANTITY

                KG/MO   PERCENT
9200.
11U50.
11750.
11550.
10800.
10450.
9750.
9000.
8500.
8550.
72000.
129500.
0.
3.0
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.8
23.8
42.8
0.0
100.0
302900.
100.0

-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
         INDUSTRY PROFILE
                         (9)
                         SIC:  3360
NATION
              ESTIMATED NUMBER  AND  WASTE  QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
              VARIOUS HASTE  GENERATION CATEGORIES
       WASTE GENERATION
              RANGES
              KG/MO
               0
             100
             200
             300
             400
             500
             600
             700
             600
             900
            1000
            2000
 -100
 -200
 -300
 -400
 -500
 -600
 -700
 -800
 -900
 -1000
 -2000
 -5000
 5000
ESTABL
NUMBER
133
62
39
27
21
18
14
11
9
97
46
45
347
ISHMENTS
PERCENT
15.3
7.1
4.5
3.1
2.4
2.1
1.6
1.3
1.0
11.2
5.3
5.2
39.9
                                               WASTE QUANTITY

                                               KG/MO    PERCENT
        6650.
        9300.
        9750.
        9450.
        9450.
        9900.
        9100.
        8250.
        7650.
       92150.
       69000.
      157500.
    32487875.
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .3
   .2
   .5
 96.8
              TOTAL
                       869(10)  100.0
    32886025.
100.0

-------
        11/29/79.      13.49.57.
BKFAKOOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC  3320
  REGION
  NATION
  00
  H
                 NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGOPY
T3TAL
 1366
1-4
116
                10-19
       20-49
                                                         50-99  100-249   250-499   500-999
126
320
                                                            230
273
                                                                  132
                                                                 43
                                                                                  >1000
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
82
84
176
130
525
103
82
21
110
44
6
11
11
9
32
14
12
4
13
4
2
5
19
11
30
Q
5
0
8
5
9
9
10
16
44
11
6
1
17
3
28
20
37
35
127
19
11
7
22
14
15
11
33
21
37
21
IB
4
15
5
19
15
33
25
103
17
21
3
29
8
2
1C
2&
14
62
6
ft
2
5
3
1
2
9
5
20
2
2
0
1
1
0
1
4
3
20
2
1
0
0
1
                                                        32

-------
        ll/PQ/79.      13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN QF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZf CATEGORIFS  BY  E°A  REGION IN SIC 336C
  kEGION
     NUMBER OF PLANTS IN FACH CATEGORY

TOTAL      1-4      5-9    10-1?    20-49







V


NAT
B>
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
III
IX
X
ION

150
177
139
122
642
109
98
24
233

1735

33
33
27
37
113
28
15
4
43
16
354

34
22
1«>
15
97
1 ?
2?
6
37
K
^75

42
44
39
19
128
21
22
9
49
8
391

30
43
36
27
143
22
18
5
56
1
381

6
21
7
12
63
14
8
0
30
6
167

4
10
5
7
73
5
12
0
10
1
127

1
1
6
4
16
1
1
0
3
1
34

                                                          50-99  100-249  250-^99   500-999     >10CO
                                                                                          0        0
                                                                                          2        1
                                                                                          3        0
                                                                                          0        1
                                                                                          6        3
                                                                                          0        0
                                                                                          0        0
                                                                                          0        0
                                                                                          0        0
                                                                                          0        0

                                                                                         11        5
  to

-------
INDUSTRY:  Secondary Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous     SIC:  3341
           Metals
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     This SIC includes establishments primarily engaged in recovering non-
ferrous metals and alloys from new and used scrap and dross.  This industry
includes establishments engaged in both the recovery and alloying of precious
metals.  Plants engaged in the recovery of tin through secondary smelting and
refining, as well as by chemical processes, are included in this industry.
     Secondary smelters tend to be located in or near large cities which serve
as sources of scrap metal.  Based on the census data, many of the establish-
ments in this industry are small with 39% having fewer than 10 employees and
71% having fewer than 50 employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     Hazardous wastes from secondary metal smelting and refining plants most
commonly include baghouse dusts, and scrubber sludges which can leach toxic
chemicals.  Furnace slags are another common waste but not all of these release
their toxic components in leaching tests.  Blast furnace slags from secondary
copper smelters are reported to leach significant amounts of heavy metals.
Some secondary aluminum slags contain high concentrations of soluble salts
such as NaCl, KC1, MgCl  and ZnCl    .  Many secondary lead refiners use lead-
acid batteries as their scrap source and dispose of battery cases containing
residual sulfuric acid.  Occasionally, secondary refiners dispose of scrap
contaminated with oil, grease, or other substances.  These wastes may be haz-
ardous .
     The rate of waste generation at a particular plant is a function of the
type of metal processed, amount of metal processed, scrap source, refining
process(es) used, degree of air pollution cleanup, degree of wastewater treat-
ment, and degree of in-plant recycling
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Open dumping is reported to be the primary disposal practice for slags.
This practice creates the potential for groundwater contamination by heavy
metals which may leach from the copper slags and by salt which may leach from
the aluminum slag.  Approximately 50 percent of the aluminum slag is reported
to be open dumped onsite and 50 percent is contractor hauled and disposed of
offsite(2).
                                     B-163

-------
                                                             SIC;  3341
     Storage in unlined lagoons is reported to be the primary disposal
practice for sludges.  This practice also creates the potential for ground-
water contamination by heavy metals which may leach from electrolytic copper
refinery sludges, lead refinery scrubber sludges and from lead-refinery bag-
house-dust leaching solutions.  Scrubber sludges from aluminum refineries may
                                             (2)
contaminate groundwater by leaching fluorides
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
     Responding to a TRW inquiry, one lead recycling plant in Pennsylvania
reported a solid waste disposal cost of $16.09/cubic yard.  This plant dis-
poses of approximately 130 tons/day of solid waste which is composed of blast
furnace slag, crushed battery cases, wastewater treatment sludge and scrubber
sludge.  Another lead recycling plant reported a cost of $6.00 per ton for
the disposal of 160 tons per month of furnace slag.
     The following are 1977 cost estimates for disposal of the hazardous
wastes described previously   :
         Wasce Source/Type
Lead/scrubber sludge
Aluminum/slag
Aluminum/scrubber sludge
Copper/pyrometallurgical
   refinery slag
Copper/electrolytic
   refinery slag
Copper/electrolytic sludge
Waste Amount (MT/yr)
      1,500
     14,000
      5,000
      3,500

     14,000

         16
   (dry weight)
Capital
Cost ($)
 43,900
  N/A
 16,455
  6,650
 32,805
  5,410
 Annual
Cost ($)
 11,560
 24,990
108,190
  6,755
 33,700
    770
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
 INDUSTRY PROFILE:
      (See table)
                                      B-164

-------
                                                     SIC:  3341

ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
      (1)  EPA/EGD Draft Report on Effluent Limitations and Pretreatment
          Standards for Point Sources Within the Nonferrous Metals Manu-
          facturing Point Source Category, Section III, 1979.
      (2)  Calspan Corp., "Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste Practices
          in the Metal Smelting and Refining Industry," Vol. Ill, EPA Con-
          tract No. 68-01-2604, April 1977.
      (3)  Based on data for 5 small generators in the state data base
      (4)  Census data, adjusted for the estimated number of "zero" generators
           (20%); the percentage of zero generators and large generators
          based on New Jersey  state data  for 5 plants which indicated 1
          zero generator and 2 large generators.
      (5)  Total waste quantity is that reported based on a previous study
           (Reference 1) of the secondary lead, aluminum and copper smelting
          and refining industry.  This estimate may be low for SIC 3341
          since lead, aluminum and copper  smelting and refining industry
          account for only about 62% of plants in this SIC.
      (6)  EPA, "Development Document for Interim Final Effluent Limitations
          Guidelines and Proposed New Source Performance Standards for the
          Secondary Copper Subcategory of  the Copper Segment of the Non-
          ferrous Metals Manufacturing Point Source Category," February 1975.
      (7)  EPA/EGD
      (8)  Aluminum Recycling Association
      (9)   International Lead Zinc Research Organization
     (10)  One individual establishment
                                     B-165

-------
       11/27/79.
        08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                               (3)
                                 SIC:  3341
NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS  WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
b>
01
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000

       TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER
9
15
12
12
a
8
6
6
5
5
28
24
153
291
PERCENT
3.1
5.2
4.1
4.1
2.7
2.7
2.1
2.1
1.7
1.7
9.6
8.2
52.6
(4) 100.0
                                                                     WASTE QUANTITY

                                                                     KG/MO   PERCENT
         450.
        2250.
        3000.
        4200.
        3600.
        4400.
        3900.
        4500.
        4250.
        4750.
       42000.
       84000.
     31977000.

     32138300.
                                                                          (5)
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .1
   .3
 99.5

100.0

-------
        11/29/79.       13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOY1ENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 3341
                 NUMBED OF PLANTS IN FaCH CATEGQPY
P. E G I ON
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
NATION
CO
TDTAL
32
60
48
32
49
26
13
8
55
9
382

1-4
13
17
15
8
15
6
2
3
15
2
96

5-9
3
3
7
6
12
4
1
2
11
1
55

10-19
b
11
6
3
11
3
2
3
5
2
52

20-49
6
9
9
2
26
4
3
C
10
2
70

50-90
4
10
*•
7
19
5
2
0
10
0
61

                                                                100-249  250-499  500-999
 0
 5
 5
 2
 3
 0
 4
 2

39
                                                                               0
                                                                               0
                                                                               1
                                                                               2
                                                                               2
                                                                               2
                                                                               0
                                                                               0
                                                                               0
                                                                               0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
>1000

    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    c

-------
INDUSTRY:  Metal Heat Treating                             SIC:  3398
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     This industry includes establishments primarily engaged in heat treating
of metal for the trade including annealing, brazing, burning, hardening, shot
peening, and tempering of metal.
     Based on the census data (see computer printout), there are a total of
771 establishments in SIC 3398.  Plants tend to be small with 40% having fewer
than 10 employees and 89% having fewer than 50 employees.  The industry is
heavily concentrated in Region V where 44% of the plants are located.
CHARACTERISTICS OF  HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     The table which follows lists the types and relative quantities of wastes
reported in a recent hazardous waste survey of 32 metal heating treating estab-
lishments   .  Waste acids and brines sent to POTW's are not included in the
table.  Based on the survey data, about 5% of the acids and 48% of the quench-
ing brines are discharged to sewer.  Cyanide salts comprise between 31 and 57%
of the waste salts reported in the survey.  (A more precise estimate is not
possible since several respondents did not specify the nature of their "waste
salt.")  Quenching oil comprises 98% of the waste oil reported, while the
remainder include  lube oil, hydraulic oil, and cutting oil.
     Waste oils were reported by 56% of the plants in the survey and 12.5% of
the plants reported oil as their only hazardous waste.
     The total hazardous waste quantity generated by the establishments in the
subject SIC is estimated at 653,000 kg/mo, with an average of 1220 kg/mo/
generator.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     The table which follows lists the waste disposal methods reported for each
waste in the recent survey of metal heat treaters   .  Based on the data shown
in the table, "contract disposal" is by far the most prevalent disposal method.
                                     B-168

-------
                                                           SIC:   3398
                     WASTE TYPES AND RELATIVE QUANTITIES
Haste
Oil
Solvent wastes
Acid
Waste salts
Baghouse dusts
Quenching brine
Scrubber sludge
Wastewater treat-
ment sludge
Caustics
TOTAL
% of Total Waste
Including Oil
59
13
8.4
5.2
5.1
3.4
2.8
2.5
0.09
100
% of Total Waste
Excluding Oil
—
32
21
13
13
8.4
7.0
6.2
0.23
100
% of Plants*
Reporting
waste Stream
56
38
6
44
38
12
3
6
3
--
% of Waste
Streams
27
18
2.9
21
18
5.8
1.5
2.9
1.5
100
*This column sums to greater than 100%
 one waste stream.
since almost all plants report more than
                                    B-169

-------
PERCENT OF FACILITIES DISPOSING OF INDICATED WASTE STREAM BY INDICATED DISPOSAL METHOD
Haste
Oil
Oily sludge
Solvent
Solvent sludge
Cyanide salt
Neutral salt
Nitrate salt
Salt (unspecified)
Quenching brine
Acids
Caustics
Glass Beads
(surface blasting)
Baghouse dust
Scrubber sludge
Hastewater treatment
sludge
Contract
Disposal
35
100
30
—
43
43

33

50
100

33

100
Landfill
(Offsite)
12

10
—
14
29
100
67
20



33


Land
Spreading
(Onsite)
6

—
—
—
~


20






Incineration
(Onsite)
6

—
—
—
—









Recycle
(Offsite)
6

10
50
—
—









Recycle
(Onsite)
12

10
50
—
—









Sewer
6

20
—
29
29


40
50





Municipal
Refuse
System
—

—
—
—
—





100
17
100

Did Not
State
18

20
—
14
—


20



17



-------
                                                             SIC:  3398
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
     About half of the establishments responding to the survey (16 plants) pro-
vided data on waste disposal costs.  The reported costs ranged from "zero" to
$857/metric ton (mean value of $169/metric ton).  It is suspected that in some
cases the reported costs are for the disposal of all plant wastes and not only
the hazardous wastes. (The costs reported by some plants included incidental
costs such as that associated with waste sampling and analysis.)   A number of
plants reported selling their waste oils and waste solvents.  Some plants dis-
posing hazardous wastes to the sewer or the local municipal refuse system
reported no incremental cost due to the disposal of their hazardous wastes to
these systems.
     The data indicate no correlation between waste quantity disposed of and
unit disposal cost.  One plant indicated that waste salts contaminated with
cyanide were being stored onsite because no disposal company willing to pick
up such a small amount of waste could be found.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES?
      (1)  At the request of TRW, the Metal Treating Institute  (MTI) conducted
          a hazardous waste survey of a number of plants in SIC 3398.  An
          industry specific survey form prepared by TRW was mailed by MTI
          to 135 plants; responses were received from  32 plants (or 24% of
          plants surveyed).
      (2)  Census data adjusted for "zero" generators.
                                     B-171

-------
       11/27/79.
        08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                                (1)
                                 SIC:  3398
        NATION
                     ESTIMATED  NUMBER  AND  WASTE  QUANTITIES FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE  GENERATION  CATEGORIES
to
WASTE  GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000

       TOTAL
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS

                                          NUMBER    PERCENT
130
72
48
35
26
22
16
15
11
11
61
52
35
24.3
13.5
9.0
6.6
4.9
4.1
3.0
2.8
2.1
2.1
11.4
9.7
6.6
                WASTE QUANTITY

                KG/MO   PERCENT
                                             534
                                                (2)
100.0
  6500.
 10800.
 12000.
 12250.
 11700.
 12100.
 10400.
 11250.
  9350.
 10450.
 91500.
182000.
273000.

653300.
  1.0
  1.7
  1.8
  1.9
  1.8
  1.9
  1.6
  1.7
  1.4
  1.6
 14.0
 27.9
 41.8

100.0

-------
        11/29/79.      13.49.57.

BPEAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATFGUPIES  BY  EPA  REGION  IN  SIC  339B
  RtGION
  NATION
  w
                 NUMBER OF PLANTS  IN  EACH  CATEGORY
TOTAL
  771
1-4
5-9
10-19
                         20-49
140
159
  201
180
                                                          50-99  100-249  250-499  500-999
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
78
90
45
38
339
40
15
9
105
1?
23
20
9
10
51
9
3
2
18
3
21
16
11
S
67
6
1
4
23
2
16
31
12
9
78
9
6
3
30
7
U
15
7
8
102
9
4
0
21
0
4
5
5
2
30
6
1
0
12
0
0
1
0
1
10
1
0
0
1
0
                                                             65
14
                                                                                0
                                                                                1
                                                                                0
                                                                                0
                                                                                1
                                                                                0
                                                                                0
                                                                                0
                                                                                c
                                                                                0
                                                                             0
                                                                             1
                                                                             1
                                                                             0
                                                                             0
                                                                             0
                                                                             0
                                                                             0
                                                                             0
                                                                             0
                                            >1000

                                                0
                                                0
                                                0
                                                0
                                                0
                                                0
                                                0
                                                0
                                                0
                                                c

-------
INDUSTRY:  Primary Metal Products,  not elsewhere classified    SIC:  3399
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     This industrial category includes establishments primarily engaged in
manufacturing primary metal products, not elsewhere classified, such as non-
ferrous nails, brads, and spikes and metal powder, flakes, and paste.  This
is one of the "not elsewhere classified" categories and appears to be rela-
tively heterogeneous with respect to processes employed.
     Brads, nails, tacks, etc. are manufactured from metal by machining, extru-
sion, and other similar processes.   Metal powders are made from either solid
metal or chemical compounds (generally oxides of metals) and are produced by
one of three different processes:  atomization, electrolytic deposition, or
gaseous reduction
     Based on the census data, there are a total of 249 establishments in SIC
3399, with 21% having fewer than five employees and 82% having fewer than 20
employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     The solid wastes resulting from the manufacture of nails, brads, etc.
include metal turnings, clippings, and other metal remnants.  Metal powder
production may generate dusts, slags, or sludges depending on the manufacturing
process used*1*.  All of the above wastes are reported to be high enough in
metal content that complete recycling within the plant is practiced    .  Other
waste produced include oils, solvents and paint.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Metal turnings, clippings, dust, slags and other metal remnants have high
metal contents and are  recycled within the plant.  Other wastes  (e.g., oil,
solvents) are recycled,  incinerated or sent to landfills  for ultimate disposal.
CURRENT  DISPOSAL COST:
 ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL  METHODS:
                                     B-174

-------
                                                               SIC:  3399
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
     The heterogeneity of this industry compromises any generalizations made
about the industry as a whole.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  Calspan Corporation, "Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste
          Practices in the Metal Smelting and Refining industry," Vol.  Ill,
          EPA Contract No. 68-01-2604,  April 1977
     (2)  Based on data for 4 small generators in the state data base
     (3)  Census data, adjusted for the estimated number of "zero" generators
          (based on 8 plants reported in the N.Y. survey of SIC 339); all
          plants are assumed to generate less than 5000 kg/mo of waste  (based
          on plants included in the New Jersey and Iowa surveys)
                                   B-175

-------
      11/27/79.
06.43.27.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                               (2)
                         SIC: 3399
NATION
                    tSTIMATEO NUMBER AN3 WASTE QUANTITIES FOR
                    VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
a
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/NO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      000-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-500U
       > 5000

       TOTAL
                                          ESTABLISHMENTS

                                         NUMBER   PERCENT
45
18
11
7
6
4
4
3
3
2
12
11
0
35.7
14.3
8.7
5.6
4.6
3.2
3.2
2.4
2.4
1.6
9.5
8.7
0.0
                                         ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                                               WASTE QUANTITY

                                               KG/M3    PERCENT
2250.
2700.
2750.
2450.
2700.
2200.
2600.
2250.
2550.
1900.
16000.
36500.
0.
2.6
3.3
3.4
3.0
3.3
2.7
3.2
2.6
3.2
2.4
22.3
47.6
0.0
                                             126
                                               (3)
                               100.0
       80850.
100.0

-------
        11/29/79.      13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN (IF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES  BY  EPA  REGION  IN  SIC  339Q

                 NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EAQH CATEGORY

  REGION    TOTAL      1-4      5-9    10-19    20-49     50-99   100-249  250-499  500-999







V


NAT
T
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
III
IX
X
ION

19
23
40
27
82
9
7
b
25
6
2*9

3
3
9
6
22
2
1
1
7
0
54

3
5
7
2
7
2
2
0
3
3
2
4
5
1
14
1
1
3
2
0
4
«5
11
11
20
2
1
0
6
2
5
6
5
3
15
1
2
2
5
1
                                 34
33
45
 1
 1
 3
 4
 3
 1
 0
 0
 2
 0

15
                                                                                0
                                                                                1
                                                                                C
                                                                                0
                                                                                1
                                                                                C
                                                                                0
                                                                                0
                                                                                C
                                                                                0
                                               0
                                               0
                                               0
                                               0
                                               0
                                               0
                                               0
                                               0
                                               0
                                               0
                                  >1000

                                      1
                                      0
                                      0
                                      0
                                      0
                                      0
                                      0
                                      0
                                      0
                                      0

-------
INDUSTRY:  Fabricated Metal Products, Except Machinery     SIC:  34 (except
           and Transportation Equipment                          3431 and
                                                                 3479)
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     This major group includes establishments engaged in fabricating ferrous
and nonferrous metal products such as metal cans, tinware, hand tools, cutlery
general hardware, nonelectric heating apparatus, fabricated structural metal
products, metal forgings, metal stampings, ordnance (except vehicles and
guided missies), and a variety of metal and wire products not elsewhere
classified.
     Census data indicate that there are 27,820 establishments in this indus-
try group; 43% have fewer than 10 employees, 90% have fewer than 100 employees
and 99% have fewer than 500 employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE PRODUCED:
     The types of waste reported by the 263 small generator plants in this
industrial group in the state data base and the percent of plants reporting
each waste type are as  follows:
                       Waste Type                 % of Plants*
               Solvents                               43
               Paint wastes                           35
               Oils                                   30
               Heavy metal containing wastes          20
               Acids                                  14
               Cyanides                                8
               Alkalis                                 7
               Asbestos dust                          <1
               Resins,  plastics, enamel               <1
               Inorganic  sludges                      <1
               Explosive  wastes                       <1
      Telephone interviews with four  establishments also found that  oils  and
 solvents were  the most  commonly generated wastes in  this  industry
 *Column sums up to more than 100% since some plants report generating more
  than one waste type.

                                     B-178

-------
                                                           SIC:  34
     The types of solvent wastes reported by plants in the state survey data
include Stoddard solvent, kerosene, mineral spirits, xylol, methylene chloride,
toluol, naphtha, benzene, Solvasil, trichloroethane, acetone, trichloroethylene,
perchloroethylene, and Barton solvent.  Metal containing wastes include metal
hydroxides and metal cyanides, tin, nickel, chromium, iron, magnesium and zinc.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Disposal practices employed by the 263 small generator plants In this indus-
trial group in the state data base and the percent of plants employing each
disposal method is reported below.
                    Disposal Method          % of Plants*
                  Landfill                       35
                  Municipal sewer                21
                  Offsite recycle                17
                  Incineration                    5
                  Landspreading                   2
                  Lagoons/solar ponds             2
                  Deep well injection             2
                  Other methods                   8
                  Unknown                        31
     More than 50% of the establishments in the state survey data indicating
that their disposal method is unknown also indicate that the waste is hauled
away by contractors.  29% of the plants use landfill for solvent disposal and
25% incinerate or recycle their solvents.  24% of the plants indicate that
their disposal method for solvents is unknown.  Other disposal methods for
solvents include discharge to sewer  (11%), landspreading, deep well injection,
and lagoons or ponds  (<3%).
     About 40% of the establishments with paint waste use landfills for dis-
posal of such waste and  24% indicate  that the disposal method  is unknown.  Other
disposal methods for paint waste  include recycling  (16%), sewer  (6%) deep well
injection, landspreading, and incineration  (<6%) and "other"  (9%).
     Oil wastes are landfilled by  24% of the plants; 18% indicate recycling
and 34% indicate unknown disposal  methods  for oil.  Compounds  containing
*Column sums  up to greater than 100%  since some plants report  using more than
  one disposal method.
                                     B-179

-------
                                                           SIC:  34
metals and cyanides are sent to the sewer by about 40% of the plants; land-
fills are used by about 15% of the establishments.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:


INDUSTRY PROFILE
      (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:


SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
      1.  Census data
      2.  The  following  table lists the SIC's which are included in this industrial
         grouping and the  census data for the number of establishments in each
         SIC.   For each SIC shown, the number of samples used in calculating
         the  statistics listed  across the top are given.  The last column lists
         the  source state  for the samples used to estimate the percent of non-
         small, and large  generators.
      3.  Telephone interviews with four establishments
                                      B-180

-------
CO
(-•
oo
         Number of
SIC    Establishments

3410         553

3420       1,873

3432,        653
3433

3440      10,403

3450       2,396

3460       3,201

3471       3,088

3480         386

3490       5,099
calculate:
Small Generator
Profile
17
19
11
67
17
19
65
5
43
Percent of non-.
Small and Large
Generators
6
23
10
53
8
19
69
5
23
Mean
Large Generator
Generation Rate
—
2
2
2
—
2
7
1
6
Source state for samples used
to estimate percent of non-,
small and large generators

      Mass.

      Mass., Iowa

      la.


      Mass., la.

      Mass., la.

      Mass., la.

      Mass., la., N.Y.

      Mass., la.

      Mass., la.
                                                                                                             OT
                                                                                                             8

-------
       11/27/79.
   08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                (2)
                            SIC:  3410
                                      NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER  AND  WASTE  QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE  GENERATION CATEGORIES
              WASTE GENERATION
                     RANGES
                     KG/MO
OJ
00
to
   0
 100
 200
 300
 400
 t>00
 600
 700
 800
 900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
                        ESTABLISHMENTS

                       NUMBER    PERCENT
 80
 19
 22
 24
 26
 27
 28
 28
 27
 26
141
 12
  0
17.4
 4.1
 4.8
 5.2
 5.7
 5.9
 6.1
 6.1
 5.9
 5.7
30.7
 2.6
 0.0
                                              WASTE QUANTITY

                                              KG/MO   PERCENT
  4000.
  2890.
  5500.
  8400.
 11700.
 14850.
 18200.
 21000.
 22950.
 24700.
211500.
 42000.
     0.
 1.0
  .7
 1.4
 2.2
 3.0
 3.8
 4.7
 5.4
 5.9
 6.4
54.6
10.8
 0.0
                     TOTAL
                          460
                              100.0
                      367650.
                          100.0

-------
       11/27/79.
        Ob.43.27.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                               ,-(2)
                                 SIC: 3420
        NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE  GENERATION CATEGORIES
CD
00
Ul
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000
ESTABL
NUMBER
307
80
47
33
25
20
16
13
12
10
59
60
163
ISHMENTS
PERCENT
36.3
9.5
5.6
3.9
3.0
2.4
1.9
1.5
1.4
1.2
7.0
7.1
19.3
                                                                     WASTE QUANTITY

                                                                     KG/MO   PERCENT
               15350.
               12000.
               11750.
               11550.
               11250.
               11000.
               10400.
                9750.
               10200.
                9500.
               88500.
              210000.
             1873359.
                . 7
                .5
                .5
                .5
                .5
                .5
                .5
                .4
                .4
                .4
               3.9
               9.2
              82.0
                     TOTAL
                               845
100.0
2284609.
100.0

-------
       11/27/79.
        08.43.27.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                              SIC
                                      3432
                                      3433.
        NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS  WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
CO
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000
ESTABL
NUMBER
105
64
44
32
25
20
17
14
12
11
61
53
131
ISHMENTS
PERCENT
17.8
10.9
7.5
5.4
4.2
3.4
2.9
2.4
2.0
1.9
10.4
9.0
22.2
                                                                     WASTE QUANTITY

                                                                     KG/MO   PERCENT
                5250.
                9600.
               11000.
               11200.
               11250.
               11000.
               11050.
               10500.
               10200.
               10450.
               91500.
              185500.
             2967936.
                                                                  .2
                                                                  .3
                                                                  .3
                                                                  .3
                                                                  .3
                                                                  .3
                                                                  .3
                                                                  .3
                                                                  .3
                                                                  .3
                                                                 2.7
                                                                 5.5
                                                                88.7
                     TOTAL
                               589
100.0
                                                  3346436.
                                                                               100.0

-------
      11/27/79.      08.43.27.
                               (2}
                INDUSTRY PROFILE               SIC: 3440     NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER  AND  WASTE  QUANTITIES FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES

              WASTE  GENERATION              ESTABLISHMENTS             WASTE  QUANTITY
                     RANGES
                     KG/MO                 NUMBER   PERCENT            KG/MO    PERCENT

                      0-100                  2618      40.6          130900.        2.1
                    100-200                   810      12.6          121500.        2.0
                    200-300                   472       7.3          118000.        1.9
                    300-400                   322       5.0          112700.        1.8
                    400-500                   238       3.7          107100.        1.7
»                   500-600                   186       2.9          102300.        1.7
£                   600-700                   150       2.3           97500.        1.6
w                   700-ttOO                   124       1.9           93000.        1.5
                    800-900                   105       1.6           89250.        1.5
                    900-1000                   90       1.4           85500.        1.4
                   1000-2000                  506       7.B          759000.       12.3
                   2000-5000                  442       6.9         1547000.       25.1
                     > 5000                   385       6.0         2788555.       45.3

                     TOTAL                   6448     100.0         6152305.      100.0

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      11/27/79.
  Od.43.27.
               INDUSTRY PROFILE
                               (2)
                           SIC: J450
                                                            NATION
                    ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                    VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
             WASTE GENERATION
                    RANGES
                    KG/MO
M
00
   0
 100
 200
 300
 400
 500
 600
 700
 800
 900
1000
2000
-100
 200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
                       ESTABLISHMENTS

                       NUMBER    PERCENT
630
270
162
113
 84
 65
 53
 43
 37
 31
171
137
  0
35.1
15.0
 9.0
 6.3
 4.7
 3.6
 3.0
 2.4
 2.1
 1.7
 9.5
 7.6
 0.0
                                              WASTE QUANTITY

                                              KG/MO   PERCENT
 31500.
 40500.
 40500.
 39550.
 37800.
 35750.
 34450.
 32250.
 31450.
 29450.
256500.
479500.
     0.
 2.9
 3.7
 3.7
 3.6
 3.5
 3.3
 3.2
 3.0
 2.9
 2.7
23.5
44.0
 0.0
                     TOTAL
                         1796
                                                     100.0
                                            1089200.
                                                             100.0

-------
       11/27/79.
        Ob. 43.27.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                (2)
                                 SIC: 3460
        NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
to
CO
-J
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-dOO
      800-900
      900-10GJ
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > iOOO
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS

                                          NUMBER   PERCENT
                WASTE QUANTITY
                KG/MO
             PERCENT
680
250
147
102
77
61
50
42
36
31
181
176
336
37.1
10.6
6.2
4.3
3.3
2.6
2.1
1.8
1.5
1.3
7.6
7.4
14.2
44000.
37500.
36750.
35700.
34650.
33550.
32500.
31500.
30600.
29450.
271500.
616000.
101657472.
• 0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
.6
98.8
                     TOTAL
                              2369
100.0
102891172.
100.0

-------
      11/27/79.
  08.43.27.
               INDUSTRY PROFILE
                               (2)
                           SIC: 3480
NATION
                    ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                    VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
             WASTE GENERATION
                    RANGES
                    KG/MO
CD

M
00
00
                     0
                    100
                    200
                    300
                    400
 600
 700
 800
 900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
 400
 500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
                       ESTABLISHMENTS

                       NUMBER    PERCENT
136
25
14
10
8
6
5
4
4
3
20
22
29
47.6
8.7
4.9
3.5
2.8
2.1
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.0
7.0
7.7
10.1
        WASTE QUANTITY

        KG/MQ    PERCENT
        6800.
        3750.
        3500.
        3500.
        3600.
        3300.
        3250.
        3000.
        3400.
        2850.
        30000.
        77000.
      1107800.
  .5
  .3
  .3
  .3
  .3
  .3
  .3
  .2
  .3
  .2
 2.4
 6.2
88.5
                     TOTAL
                                             286
                                  100.0
      1251750,
                                                                               100.0

-------
       11/27/79.
        08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                (2)
                                 SIC: 3490
        NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
CO
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000
ESTABL
NUMBER
692
299
179
125
93
73
59
48
41
35
191
153
1326
ISHMENTS
PERCENT
20.9
9.0
5.4
3.6
2.8
2.2
l.b
1.4
1.2
1.1
5.8
4.6
40.0
                                                                      WASTE  QUANTITY

                                                                      KG/MO    PERCENT
               34600.
               44850.
               44750.
               43750.
               41850.
               40150.
               38350.
               36000.
               34850.
               33250.
              286500.
              535500.
            81176394.
                 .0
                 .1
                 .1
                 .1
                 .1
                 .0
                 .0
                 .0
                 .0
                 .0
                 .3
                 .6
               98.5
                      TOTAL
                              3314
100.0
82390794.
100.0

-------
INDUSTRY:  Enameled Iron and Metal Ware and Coating,       SIC:  3431 and
           Engraving, and Allied Services, Not Else-             3479
           where Classified
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     SIC 3431 includes establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing
enameled iron, cast iron, or pressed metal sanitary ware.  SIC 3479 includes
establishments primarily engaged in performing the following types of services
on metals:   (!) enameling, lacquering, and varnishing metal products for the
trade;  (2) hot dip galvanizing of mill sheets, plates and bars, castings, and
formed products fabricated of iron and steel; hot dip coating such items with
aluminum, lead, or zinc; retinning cans and utensils;  (3) engraving, chasing
and etching  jewelry,  silverware, notarial and other seals, and other metal
products for the trade  and for job contracting for purposes other than print-
ing;  (4) and other metal services, not elsewhere classified.
     Census  data indicate that there are  1,529 establishments  in these two
SIC's;  51% have fewer than 10 employees,  90% have fewer  than 100 employees,
and only 0.2% have more than 500  employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
      The types of hazardous wastes reported by the  18  small generators in  the
state data base and  the percent of plants which  report each waste type are
shown below.
                 Waste  Type                 % of  plants*
             Paint wastes                        33
             Solvents                            33
             Heavy  metal compounds               19
             Alkaline compounds                   14
             Acids                               14
             Unspecified sludges                  10
             Phosphate sludge                     5
             Fly ash                              5
             Oil                                  5
 *Sums to greater than 100% since many plants report more than one waste stream.
                                     B-190

-------
                                                           SIC:   3431 and
                                                                 3479
     Solvent wastes generated by establishments in these SIC's include tri-
chloroethylene, naphtha, gasoline, lacquers, toluene and Stoddard solvent.
Wastes having metal compounds contain zinc, chromium and iron.
     A previous EPA/EGD study    identified nickel sludges and chromium
wastes as hazardous wastes which would be expected to come from some of the
enameling operations carried out by some of the establishments in SIC 3631.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     The disposal practices employed by the 18 small generator plants in the
state data base are as follows:
             Disposal Method               % of plants*
           Landfill                             24
           Municipal sewer                       9
           Landspreading                         5
           Deep well injection                   5
           Lagoon/solar pond                     5
           Offsite recycling                     5
           "Other" methods                       9
           Unknown                              43
     Of those establishments indicating that their disposal method is unknown,
more than 30% indicate that these wastes are hauled by contractors.  50% of
the plants with solvent wastes and 67% of the plants with paint wastes indi-
cate that their disposal method is unknown.  25% of the plants generating
solvents indicate "other" methods for disposal.  Recycling and municipal
sewer are also mentioned for solvent disposal.  Acids and alkalis are sent
to landfills by 40% of the responding establishments.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
 ALTERNATIVE  DISPOSAL METHODS:
 *The  column  sums  up to more  than  100%  since  some plants report using more than
 one  disposal method.
                                    B-191

-------
                                                           SIC;  3431 and
                                                                 3479

INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
     The sample is representative of the establishment population with respect
to SIC for this industry grouping; 5.6% of the sample is from SIC 3431 and
94.4% is from SIC 3479, while 6.3% of the population is from SIC 3431 and
93.7% is from SIC 3479.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     1.  Hittman Associates, Inc., "Development Document for Effluent Guide-
         lines  and Standards of Performance.  The Porcelain Enamel Industry,"
         EPA Contract No. 68-01-3501, November 1976.
     2.  The estimated number of plants in the small-generator classes is
         based  on 18 plants reporting in the  state data base.  The estimated
         number of non- and large  generators  is based on 22 plants reporting
         from New York, Iowa and Massachusetts.
     3.  The mean generation rate  for large generators is based on four  plants
         reporting from New York,  Iowa and Massachusetts.
     4.  Census data adjusted  for  "zero" generators.
                                     B-192

-------
      11/27/79.
08.43.27.
to

•!.
VO
INDUSTRY PROFILE* '

ESTIMATED NUMBER AND
VARIOUS WASTE GENERAT
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
SIC: 3431
3479
WASTE QUANTITIES
ION CATEGORIES
ESTABLISHMENTS

NUMBER PERCENT
3 .4
17 2.5
26 3.8
29 4.2
29 4.2
29 4.2
26 3.8
23 3.3
20 2.9
20 2.9
113 16.4
75 10.9
277 40.3
NATION

FOR ESTABLISHMENTS



IN

WASTE QUANTITY

KG/MQ
150.
2550.
6500.
10150.
13050.
15950.
16900.
17250.
17000.
19000.
169500.
262500.
4709000. *3>

PERCENT
.0
.0
.1
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.4
3.2
5.0
89.5
                     TOTAL
687*
100.0
                                                                   5259500.
                                                           100.0

-------
        11/29/79.      13.5b.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT  SIZE  CATEGORIES BY EpA REGION  IN  SICS  3431 and 3479
  REGION
  NATION
   I
  H
  VO
                 NUMBER OF  PLANTS  IN  EACH  CATEGORY
TOTAL
 1529
1-4
5-9
                10-19
                                                 20-49
492
294
324
254
                50-99   100-249  250-499  5CC-999
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
160
215
105
114
450
136
38
15
269
27
fcl
79
33
44
111
3ft
15
6
92
15
33
52
19
15
H3
23
fc
3
57
3
33
42
15
17
108
29
8
3
59
5
22
30
22
14
32
27
8
2
43
4
5
8
11
14
32
11
1
1
11
0
0
4
5
5
29
9
0
0
7
0
                                                              94
                                                           59
                                                                                 1
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 C
                                                                                 4
                                                                                 4
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 C
                                                                                 0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                             >1000

                                                 0
                                                 0
                                                 0
                                                 0
                                                 1
                                                 0
                                                 0
                                                 0
                                                 0
                                                 0

-------
INDUSTRY:  Electroplating and Metal Finishing                    SIC:  3471
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     The establishments in this industry are primarily engaged in all types of
electroplating, plating, anodizing, coloring and finishing of metals, and formed
products for the trade.  Based on the census data, there are 3090 establishments
in SIC 3471 of which 52% have less than 10 employees.  Plants are located in
every metropolitan area with a greater density found in heavily industralized
regions.  About 33% of the establishments are located in EPA Region V; the
establishments in EPA Regions I, II and V account for 58% of all plants in SIC
3471 (see census data computer printout for the distribution of establishments
by EPA region and employment size category).
     The 3090 establishments classified under this SIC in the census data are
all job shops doing work on materials mostly owned by others.  There are an
estimated additional 4000 captive shops engaged in SIC 3471 activities which
are associated with other manufacturing operations in other SIC's   .  The
electroplating wastes generated by these captive shops will be accounted for
as part of the wastes generated by the primariy SIC's.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     The total quantity of potentially hazardous land-destined wastes generated
by this SIC is estimated at 13.4 million kg/mo, with an average generation rate
of 4340 kg/mo/generator  (see Industry Profile).
     Waste data for plants covered in the state data base  (113 plants, average
waste generation rate of 400 kg/mo) indicate that the major hazardous wastes
generated by the "small"  (less than 5000 kg/mo) plants in SIC 3471 include
water treatment sludges, spent plating solutions and prefinishing cleaning
materials.  A breakdown of the reported waste quantity by waste type is as
follows:
                                     B-195

-------
                                                          SIC:  3471
                                     % of
       Waste Stream               Total Waste
Water treatment sludge                23
Spent plating bath                    26
Prefinishing cleaning material
    Degreasing solvent                23
    Acid and alkaline cleaner         12
Paint sludge                          12
Anodizing sludge                       2
Empty container                        2
  Major Constituents/
    Character!sties
Metal hydroxide
Metal, cyanide

Polychlorinated organic
Acid, alkaline
Paint
Metal sludge
Paper, glass, plastic
with chemical residue
     A study of the electroplating and metal finishing industry conducted by
Battelle for OSW/EAP    predicts that a 50% increase in land disposed waste
quantity should result from promulgation of EPA/EGD BPT, and a 100% increase
in waste quantity should result from the promulgation of BAT.  Then additional
wastes will be in the form of WWT sludges produced by the application of the
more advance treatment practices commensurate with the BPT, BAT technology
levels.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     The empty containers for chemicals used in the plating operations are
reportedly triple rinsed before disposal with the municipal refuse    .  Based
on  the state data, 48% of the plants, mostly smaller operations, discharge all
of  their untreated waste  (excluding the empty containers) to the POTW's.  Pro-
posed pretreatment standards    for discharges to POTW's exempt plants with
wastewater flows of less than 10,000 GPD provided that the wastewater does
not contain Cd, Pb, CN and Cr(VI).  When these standards are promulgated,
additional smaller plants  which produce wastewaters containing Cd, Pb, CN
and which  currently disposte such wastewater to sewer without treatment would
be  required to employ pretreatment, thus generating waste sludges requiring
disposal.
     The wastes  that  are  not discharged to POTW's are land disposed.  Based
on  the  state  data, wastes  from  55% of  the  plants are hauled  to off-site dis-
posal  sites.   A breakdown of  the waste quantity by reported  disposal  methods
 (onsite and offsite)  is as  follows:
                                      B-196

-------
                                                          SIC:  3471

                                             Estimated Total Waste Quantity
                                             for Small Generators for Various
   Disposal Method           % of Waste*     Disposal Methods*	
Landfilling                      34                   324,000
Recycling                        33                   314,000
Deep-well injection              24                   228,000
Lagooning                         8                    76,000
Miscellaneous                     1                    10,000
(storage, landspreading)
*Based on state data
"'"Based on the estimates shown in the Industry Profile table

     Based on the Battelle study(2), the landfilling operations used by estab-
lishments in SIC 3471 may range from an open dump to a covered landfill to use
of abandoned mines and quarries.  Waste recycling consists mainly of turning
over the waste solvents and metal solutions to commercial reclaimers.  Waste
disposal by deep-well injection is practiced mainly in the state of Oklahoma
where such practice is prevalent.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
     Based on the data collected by Versar Inc.(4) during a survey for OSW/EPA
in 1974, the average unit costs for land disposal of wastes from the subject
industry are as follows:
         •toxic Waste                               $2.71 - $5.51/kg
          (chromium and cyanide)
         Other Hazardous Wastes
            Combined hauling-treatment-disposal    2.9C/liter
                 Hauling                           0.53*/liter
                 Treatment and Disposal            2.3
-------
                                                           SIC:  3471
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
     The major source of information for this SIC has been the state data which
cover  113 plants in the small generator category.  Battelle conducted a survey
                       (2)
of the industry in 1976   .  The data generated in that study are in reasonable
accord with those presented in this assessment.  A comparison of the two esti-
mates follows:
     Total Waste
     (generated by all generators)
     % of plants in EPA Region V
     % of plants in EPA Regions
     If II, V
     WWT sludge as a percentage
     of total waste(for small
     generators only)
     WWT sludge as a percentage
     of total waste  (for all
     generators)
     % of small generators' waste
     hauled to offsite disposal
     facilities
     % of waste from all generators
     hauled to offsite disposal
     facilities
TRW's Estimate
                                                           Battelle 's Estimate
13.5 x 106 kg/mo   9.6 x 106 kg/mo
      33
      58
     «
      23
      55
40
67
                         25
                      60 - 70
SOURCES OF DATA USED:
     (1)  Development Document for Proposed Existing Source Pretreatment Stan-
          dards for the Electroplating Point Source Cagetory, EPA 400/1-78/085,
          February 1978
     (2)  Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste Practices.  Electroplating
          and Metal Finishing Industries - Job Shops, Battelle Columbus Labs,
          for EPA, September 1976.
     (3)  American Electroplater Society
     (4)  Survey of the Electroplating Industry, Versar Inc., for OSW/EPA, 1974
     (5)  Based on state data for SIC's 3470 and 3471
     (6)  Census data
                                     B-198

-------
       11/27/79.
        08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                                (5)
                                 SIC:  3471
       NATION
                     ESTIMATED  NUMBER  AND  WASTE  QUANTITIES  FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS  HASTE  GENERATION  CATEGORIES
a
M
VO
ID
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      5,00-600
      600-700
      700-800
      bOO-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000

       TOTAL
ESTABL
NUMBER
1180
400
270
120
100
70
60
50
30
30
90
70
620
ISHMENTS
PERCENT
38.2
12.9
8.7
3.9
3.2
2.3
1.9
1.6
1.0
1.0
2.9
2.3
20.1
                                                                     WASTE  QUANTITY

                                                                     KG/MO    PERCENT
                                            3090
                                                (6)
100.0
   59000.
   60000.
   67500.
   42000.
   45000.
   38500.
   39000.
   37500.
   25500.
   28500.
  135000.
  245000.
12586000.

13408500.
   .4
   .4
   .5
   .3
   .3
   .3
   .3
   .3
   .2
   .2
  1.0
  1.8
 93.9

100.0

-------
        11/29/79.      13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES  BY  EPA REGION IN SIC 3471

                 NUMBER OF PLANTS IN  EACH  CATEGORY
REGION
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
TOTAL
360

130
232
1022
162
100
33
5)25
5b
1-4
113
140
64
70
273
64
41
15
150
25
5-9
f?6
89
39
46
215
33
22
9
113
9
10-19
69
•)2
37
47
236
32
21
4
125
10
20-49 50-99 100-249
62
76
33
51
197
26
13
3
105
6
?5
14
7
10
73
5
1
2
26
6
4
3
0
7
22
2
1
0
4
0
      ION
  10
  o
  o
3088
960
                                          673
                                               169
                                               43
                                                                                 1
                                                                                 2
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 1
                                                                                 1
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 1
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 1
                                                                                 0
                                                                             0
                                                                             0
                                                                             0
                                                                             0
                                                                             0
                                                                             0
                                                                             0
                                                                             0
                                                                             1
                                                                             0
                                                                        >1000

                                                                            0
                                                                            0
                                                                            0
                                                                            0
                                                                            0
                                                                            0
                                                                            0
                                                                            0
                                                                            0
                                                                            c

-------
 INDUSTRY:   Machinery,  Except Electrical                    SIC:   351,352,353,
                                                                  358,359
 DESCRIPTION OF  INDUSTRY:
      The major  group 35 includes  establishments  engaged  in  manufacturing
 machinery and equipment,  other  than electrical equipment (Major Group 36)
 and transportation equipment (Major Group  37).   The  groups  in  this  assessment
 include SIC 351, Engines  and Turbines;  SIC 352,  Farm and Garden Machinery and
 Equipment;  SIC  353, Construction, Mining,  and Materials  Handling  Machinery
 and Equipment;  SIC 358, Refrigeration and  Service Industry  Machinery;  SIC 359,
 Miscellaneous Machinery,  Except Electrical.
     According  to the  census data, there are  a total of  23,578 establishments
 in the subject  SIC's;  61% of the  establishments  have fewer  than 10  employees,
 94% have fewer  than 100 employees and 99%  have fewer than 500  employees.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     The wastes reported  by  the 88 small generator plants in the  state data
 base and the percent of plants  reporting each waste  are  as  follows:
                       Waste               % of plants reporting*
              Solvents                               42
              Paint wastes                           41
              Oil                                    39
              Alkalis                                13
              Acids                                  10
              Heavy matals                           7
              Miscellaneous inorganics               7
     Based on the state data, solvent wastes include Chlorothene VG,
xylene, acetone, methanol, toluene,  naphtha, Barsol, acetylene, gasoline,
trichloroethane, Stoddard solvent and methyl ethyl ketone.  Metallic wastes
include lead naphthenate,  zinc and iron phosphate sludges, and chromic acid.
Other wastes generated are derusting agent, sodium stearate, Fremont 71A metal
conditioner, oxidizing agents, spent brake linings,  and propellants.
*Column sums to greater than 100% since some plants report generating more
 than one waste stream.
                                   B-201

-------
                                                           SIC:  351, etc.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     The disposal practices reported by the 88 small generator plants in the
state data base and the percent of plants employing each disposal method are
shown below:
                 Disposal Method          % of plants*
               Landfill                        31
               Offsite recycle                 22
               Municipal sewer                  4
               Incineration                     3
               Deep well injection              2
               Lagoon/solar pond                2
               "Other" method                   4
               Unknown                         49
     Over 40% of the establishments indicating that their disposal method is
unknown  indicate contract hauling of their wastes.  30% of the plants generat-
ing solvent wastes recycle or incinerate them; 23% use landfills for solvent
disposal.  Over 40% indicate that the disposal method is unknown.  Other dis-
posal methods for solvents include deep well injection and sewer disposal.
Paint wastes are landfilled by  38% of the plants; over 25% recycle or incin-
erate paint waste, and over 30% of the plants indicate that their disposal
method is unknown.  Almost half of the establishments indicate unknown dis-
posal for oils.  The other primary methods for oil disposal are recycling
 (20%) and landfill  (14%).  Metal containing wastes are recycled by over 35%
of the plants? 15% use landfills for disposal and 30% indicate that the dis-
posal method is unknown.  Acids and alkalis are disposed of by the following
methods:  landfill  (24%), deep well injection  (10%), recycling  (10%), muni-
cipal sewer  (10%) and other  (5).  Over 40% indicate that the  disposal method
is unknown.
CURRENT  DISPOSAL COST:
 *Column sums to more than 100% since some plants report using more than one
  disposal method.
                                    B-202

-------
                                                           SIC?  351, etc.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:


SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     1.  The estimated number of non-, small and large generators is based
         on 20 plants reporting from New York, Massachusetts and Iowa.  The
         distribution of small generators among the waste generation ranges
         indicated in the industry profile is based on 88 data points.
     2.  The mean hazardous waste generation rate for large generators is
         based on 4 plants reporting from Massachusetts and Iowa.
     3.  Census data adjusted for the "zero" generators.
                                   B-203

-------
       11/27/79.
        08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                                (1)
                                 SIC:
3510
3520, 3530,
3580, 3590
NATION
                     ESTIMATED  NUMBER  AND  WASTE  QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                     VARIOUS  WASTE  GENERATION  CATEGORIES
BJ
to
o
WASTE GfcNERATiUN
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000

       TOTAL
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS

                                          NUMBER    PERCENT
3237
2050
1388
1010
785
634
523
439
375
324
1823
1527
4705
17.2
10.9
7.4
5.4
4.2
3.4
2.8
2.3
2.0
1.7
9.7
8.1
25.0
                                           18820
                                                (3)
                 WASTE QUANTITY

                 KG/MO    PERCENT
 100.0
  161850.
  307500.
  347000.
  353500.
  353250.
  348700.
  339950.
  329250.
  318750.
  307800.
 2734500.
 5344500.
57626840.

68873390.
                      .2
                      .4
                      .5
                      .5
                      .5
                      .5
                      .5
                      .5
                      .5
                      .4
                     4.0
                     7.8
                    83.7

                   100.0

-------
INDUSTRY:  Machinery, Except Electrical                     SIC:  354,355,
                                                                  356,357
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     The major group 35 includes establishments engaged in manufacturing mach-
inery and equipment, other than electrical equipment (Major Group 36) and
transportation equipment (Major Group 37).  The groups in this assessment
include SIC 354, Metalworking  Machinery and Equipment; SIC 355, Special
Industry Machinery, Except Metalworking Machinery; SIC 356, General Industrial
Machinery and Equipment; and SIC 357, Office Computing and Accounting Machines.
     Based on the census data, of the 17845 establishments in this SIC group-
ing, 47% have fewer than 10 employees, 90% have fewer than 100 employees, and
98% have fewer than 500 employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     The wastes reported by the 142 small generator plants in the state data
base and the percent of plants reporting each waste are shown below:
                        Waste               % of plants reporting*
               Oil                              59
               Solvents                         53
               Paint wastes                     20
               Acids                            15
               Metal containing wastes          14
               Miscellaneous organics           11
               Miscellaneous inorganics         10
               Alkalis                           9
               Cyanides                          5
A previous EPA sponsored study identified the following substances as poten-
tially hazardous wastes generated by establishments in SIC 355 and 357: flam-
mable solvents, heavy metals, oil, acid/alkali solutions, cyanides, and sweep-
ings and grindings   .  Based on state survey data, solvents generated include
trichloroethylene, degreasing solvent, toluol, xylol, lacquer, acetone, iso-
propyl alcohol, perchloroethylene, kerosene, naphtha, and toluene.  Wastes
containing metals contain copper, chromium, lead, gold, tin, cadmium, brass,
*Column sums to greater than 100% since some plants report generating more
 than one waste stream.
                                     B-205

-------
                                                            SIC:  354,etc.

iron, zinc and aluminum.  Acidic wastes include sulfuric, chromic, nitric,
hydrochloric, and fluoroboric acids.  Other wastes mentioned are grinding com-
pound, developer, fixer, adhesives, rubber cement and epoxy.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     The disposal practices reported by the 142 small generator plants in the
state data base and the percent of plants employing each disposal method are
as follows:
                  Disposal Method            % of plants*
                 Landfill                         25
                 Off-site recycle                 17
                 Landspread                        9
                 Municipal sewer                   7
                 incineration                      1
                 Deep well injection               1
                 "Other" methods                  12
                 Unknown                          48
     Based on state survey data, about 25% of the plants indicating that their
disposal methods are unknown report that the wastes are hauled away by con-
tractors.  Of those plants reporting oil or solvent wastes, about 40% indi-
cate that the disposal method is unknown.  Over 15% of the plants recycle or
incinerate oils and solvents.  Landfills are used for solvent disposal by 24%
of the plants and for oil disposal by 16%.  Over 10% dispose of oil by land-
spreading.   Fewer than  5% of the plants report landspreading or municipal
sewer for solvent disposal.
     Paint wastes are landfilled by 34% of the plants.  Other disposal methods
for paint include recycling  (10%),  landspreading  (8%) , municipal sewer  (5%),
incineration (3%), other  (10%), and unknown  (29%).  Acids and alkalis are
disposed of  in  landfills by  17% of  the plants; almost 40% indicate that their
disposal method is unknown.  Other  disposal methods reported include municipal
sewer  (12%), recycling  (10%), landspreading  (7%), and other  (15%).
 *Column sums  to more than 100% since some plants  report using more than one
  disposal  method.
                                     B-206

-------
                                                            SIC:  354, etc.
     Metal containing wastes are disposed of by unknown methods for 58% of
the plants,- 12% use municipal sewer and 12% use landfill for disposal.  8%
of the plants recycle metals.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
     The previous EPA sponsored study estimated a total hazardous waste (ex-
cluding oil) from SIC's 355 and 357 of approximately 8.04 x 104 MT/yr
Comparison of this result to the estimate of total hazardous waste generated
is impossible since the populations sampled by the two studies are different.
The methods used in the two studies to estimate waste quantities are also
different; the previous study used census estimates of number of employees and
a waste per employee factor to estimate total waste.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     1.  WAPORA, Inc., "Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste Practice-
         Special Machinery Manufacturing Industries-,11 PB-265-981, March 1977.
     2.  The estimated number of non-, small, and large generators is based
         on 50 plants reporting from Massachusetts, New York and Iowa.  The
         distribution of small generators among the waste generation ranges
         indicated in the industry profile is based on 142 data points.
     3.  The estimated mean hazardous waste generation rate for large gen-
         erators is based on 20 plants reporting from Massachusetts, New York
         and Iowa.
     4.  Census data adjusted for "zero" generators.
                                     B-207

-------
      11/27/79.
   08.43.27.
               INDUSTRY PROFILE
                               (2)
                            SIC:
                             3540
                             3550,
                             3560, 3570
                                                            NATION
                    ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                    VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
             WASTE GENERATION
                    RANGES
                    KG/MO
(0

to
O
00
   0
 100
 200
 300
 400
 500
 600
 700
 800
 900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
                        ESTABLISHMENTS

                       NUMBER   PERCENT
3555
1030
578
382
276
211
168
138
115
98
527
416
3212
33.2
9.6
5.4
3.6
2.6
2.0
1.6
1.3
1.1
.9
4.9
3.9
30.0
                    TOTAL
                        10706
                                               ,(4f)
                              100.0
     WASTE QUANTITY

     KG/MQ   PERCENT

   177750.        .1
   154500.        .0
   144500.        .0
   133700.        .0
   124200.        .0
   116050.        .0
   109200.        .0
   103500.        .0
    97750.        .0
    93100.        .0
   790500.        .2
  1456000.  .      .4
3 368 0068 4. (3)    99.0

340301434.     100.0

-------
INDUSTRY:  Electrical and Electronic Machinery, Equipment   SIC:  36  (except
           and Supplies                                           3691 and
                                                                  3692)
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     This major group includes establishments engaged in manufacturing machinery,
apparatus, and supplies for the generation, storage, transmission, transfor-
mation, and utilization of electrical energy.  The manufacture of household
appliances is included in this group, but industrial machinery and equipment
powered by built-in or detachable electric motors is classified in Major
Group 35.  Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing instruments for
indicating, measuring, and recording electrical quantities are classified
in Industry 3825.
     Based on the census data, of the 12,316 establishments in this SIC group-
ing 39% have fewer than 10 employees, 80% have fewer than 100 employees, and
95% have fewer than 500 employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     The wastes reported by the 218 small generator plants in the state data
base and the percent of plants reporting each waste are shown below:
                        Waste               % of plants reporting*
             Solvents                               64
             Oils                                   37
             Metal containing compounds             23
             Acids                                  22
             Alkalis                                17
             Paint wastes                           16
             Cyanides                                5
     The type of solvents reported by establishments in this SIC include xylene,
trichloroethylene, acetone, denatured alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, trichloro-
ethane, lacquer, freon,  methyl ethyl ketone, toluene, naphtha, methylene
chloride, perchloroethylene, glycol ether, and benzene.   Metals contained in
wastes include barium, chromium, copper, gold, iron,  lead, manganese, mercury,
nickel, selenium, silver, tin, tungsten, and zinc.  Other wastes reported
include phosphorous compounds, sodium salts, and PCB's.
*Column sums to greater than 100% since some plants report generating m«re
 than one waste stream.
                                     B-209

-------
                                                            SIC!  36 (except
                                                                  3691 and
                                                                  3692)
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     The disposal practices employed by the 218 small generator plants in
the state data base and the percent of plants employing each disposal method
are as follows:
              Disposal Method                % of plants*
             Landfill                             31
             Off-site recycle                     22
             Municipal sewer                      11
             Landspreading                         5
             Incineration                          3
             Deep well injection                   1
             Lagoon/solar pond                     1
             "Other" methods                       6
             Unknown                              42
     About 33% of the plants in the state data base indicating that their dis-
posal method is unknown report that their wastes are hauled by contractors.
Solvent wastes are disposed of in landfills by almost 25% of the plants; over
25% report recycling or incineration for solvent disposal.  Other disposal
methods include municipal sewer  (6%), landspreading  (5%), and other methods
 (<5%l.  35% of the plants indicate that the disposal method for solvents is
unknown.  Disposal methods for oil are unknown by over 45% of the plants.
Other disposal methods for oil include landfill  (18%), recycling or incinera-
tion  (17%), municipal sewer  (10%), and landspreading  (4%).  Acid and  alkali
compounds are recycled or incinerated by almost  25% of the plants; 17% use
landfills for disposal, and 18% report disposal  to municipal sewer.   34% indi-
cate  that the disposal method is unknown.  Metal containing wastes are disposed
of to unknown methods by 45% of the plants.  Other disposal methods are  land-
fill  (18%), incineration or recycling  (20%), municipal sewer  (11%), deep well
injection  (4%) and other  (4%).  Over 50% of the  firms generating paint wastes
indicate that their disposal method is unknown.  Landfill disposal is reported
for over 25% of the establishments; 17% recycle  or incinerate paint wastes.
 *Column sums to more than 100% since some plants report using more than one
  disposal method.
                                     B-210

-------
                                                            SIC:  36 (except
                                                                  3691 and
                                                                  3692)
Less than 5% of the establishments use deep well injection or municipal sewer
for disposal of paint waste.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:


ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:


INDUSTRY PROFILE:
      (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
      1.   The  estimated number  of non-,  small,  and large  generators  is  based
          on 161 plants reporting from Massachusetts,  New York,  and  Iowa.   The
          distribution  of small generators  among the waste generation ranges
          indicated in  the  industry profile is  based on 218 data points.
      2.   The  mean hazardous waste  generation rate for large generators is
          based on 37 plants reporting  from Massachusetts, New York, and Iowa.
      3.   Census data adjusted  for  "zero" generators.
                                      B-211

-------
                      16.34.56.
                INDUSTRY
                                :(D
                           SIC:
3600
(except
  NATION
3691 and 3692)
              WASTF
CO
NJ
                               MUMPFP  AND  WASTE QUANTITIES FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                     VARIOUS  WASTE  GENERATION CATEGORIES
                     RANGES
  0-100
100-200
709-300
300-400
'-,00-500
500-fcOO
 700-900
 800-°0fl
 900-1000
1000-?000
2000-5000
  > 5000

  TOTAL
                       ESTABLISHMENTS

                      NUMBER    PERCENT
2201
886
527
368
273
211
170
142
119
102
560
458
2821
24.9
10.0
6.0
4.2
3.1
2.4
1.9
1.6
1.3
1.2
6.3
5.2
31.9
                                             8638
                                                  (3)
                 WASTE  QUANTITY

                 KG/MO    PERCENT
108664.
132900.
131750.
128800.
122850.
116050.
110500.
106500.
101150.
96900.
840000.
16C3000. ,.,.
6334200. l '
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.8
1.5
96.7
                                  100.0
             109933264.
                     100.0

-------
INDUSTRY:  Storage and Primary Batteries                    SIC:  3691,3692
     Establishments in the subject SIC's are engaged in the production of
storage  (SIC 3&91) and primary (SIC 3692) batteries.  Based on the census
data (see computer printouts), there are 200 and 58 establishments in SIC's
3691 and 3692, respectively.
     Over 35% of the storage batteries produced are lead-acid storage cells,
nickel-cadmium storage cells, cadmium-silver storage cells and zinc-silver
storage cells.  The major uses of these batteries are in automotive and indus-
trial appliances, calculators, portable appliances, satellites and other space
applications.  The majority of the primary batteries (95%) are of the follow-
ing types:  carbon-zinc cell, carbon-zinc air cell, alkaline-manganese cell,
mercury Ruben and Weston cell, magnesium-carbon cell, zinc-silver cell and
lead reserve cell.  The major uses of the primary cells are in radio, flash-
light, camera equipment, battery-powered toys, tape recorders, electric
watches, and other instruments such as portable potentiometers and voltage
recorders.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED
     The hazardous wastes generated consist largely of wastewater treatment
sludges  (which may contain toxic metals such as cadmium, mercury and lead),
rejected and scrap cells, and lube oils and solvents.  The total quantity of
hazardous waste produced by the subject  industry is estimated at 7.9 million
kg/mo with an average of 31,000 kg/mo/establishment (see  Industry Profile).
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Based on the state data for establishments in the subject SIC's, the per-
centages of  the waste quantities handled by various disposal methods are as
follows:  waste recycling  (58%),  landfill (9%), contract hauling (17%) and
onsite sotrage  (17%).
CURRENT  DISPOSAL COSTS
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     Where recycling of scrap cells and battery acids  is technically and eco-
nomically feasible, such wastes should be  recycled  (as  is practiced  in many
                                    B-213

-------
                                                            SIC:  3691,3692
facilities).  When designed and operated properly, landfilling is an environ-
mentally adequate disposal method.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
     A total waste generation quantity of 7.9 million kg/mo is estimated  in
this assessment for the establishments in the subject SIC's.  This estimated
quantity is only 6Q% of another estimate reported in a recent industry assess-
ment study for  EPA/OSw'1  .  This other estimate,  however, is based on a  differ-
ent approach  (the "model plant" approach  for estimating waste quantities) than
that used in  this study.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  Assessment of  Industrial Hazardous Waste Practices:  Storage and
          Primary Battery  Industries, NTIS Report No. PB-241-20V7WP
     (2)  Based on waste quantity data for 9 establishments covered  in the
          state data base
     (3)  Census data, adjusted for the estimated "zero" generators  (11%)
                                   B-214

-------
       11/27/79.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                (2)
                                 SIC:  3691
                                      3692
NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
w
NJ
H"
I/I
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      300-600
      600-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000

       TOTAL
ESTABLI
NUMBER
41
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
24
48
94
230<3)
SHMENTS
PERCENT
17.8
.9
.9
.9
.9
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
10.4
20.9
40.9
100.0
                                                                      WASTE  QUANTITY

                                                                      KG/MO    PERCENT
        2050.
         300.
         500.
         700.
         900.
        1650.
        1950.
        2250.
        2550.
        2850.
       36000.
      168000.
     7732440.

     7952140.
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .5
  2. 1
 97.2

100.0

-------
                       12/07/79.      13.02.10.


               BREAKDOUN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SICS 3691 TO 3692


                                NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY


                 RE6ION    TOTAL      1-4      5-9    10-19    20-49    50-99  100-249  250-499  500-999     >1000
0

10
M
a\
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
iTION
12
20
30
46
51
23
19
5
37
15
258
0
2
7
7
10
3
2
1
12
3
47
1
4
1
3
3
3
0
0
7
4
26
0
2
4
6
5
5
2
1
4
4
33
5
3
1
7
2
3
2
1
2
0
26
1
3
5
0
7
1
4
1
4
3
29
3
3
6
15
11
4
6
1
6
1
56
1
2
4
4
11
4
2
0
2
0
30
1
1
2
3
1
0
1
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
2

-------
  INDUSTRY:   Transportation Equipment                         SIC:   37
  DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
       This  major group includes  establishments engaged in manufacturing equip-
  ment for transportation of passengers  and cargo by  land, air and water.
  Important  products produced by  establishments classified in  this major group
  include  motor  vehicles, aircraft,  guided missiles and space  vehicles,  ships,
  boats, railroad equipment,  and  miscellaneous  transportation  equipment  such  as
  motorcycles, bicycles,  and snowmobiles.
       Based on  the census  data,of the 8536 establishments in  this major group
  44%  have fewer than  10  employees,  82%  have fewer than 100 employees, and 95%
  have fewer than 500  employees.
  CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
       The wastes reported  by the 65 small generator plants in the state data
  base and the percent of plants  reporting each waste are  shown below:
                         Waste               % of plants  reporting*
                Solvents                                55
                Oils                                    51
                Paint  wastes                            31
                Alkalis                                 14
                Acids                                   13
                Metal  containing  compounds              12
                Cyanides                                9
      Based on  state  survey data, the type of solvent wastes generated include
xylene, chloroform, dichlorobenzene, Stoddard solvent, kerosene, trichloroethane,
isopropyl alcohol, trichloroethylene, methylene chloride, perchloroethylene,
freon, acetone,   styrene and Cellosolve.  Metals contained  in some wastes include
iron, aluminum,   barium, chromium, and cadmium.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
      The disposal practices employed by the 65 small generator plants in the
state data base and the percent of plants employing each disposal method are
shown below:
*Column sums to greater than 100% since some plants report generating more than
 one waste stream.
                                       B-217

-------
                                                            SIC:  37
                Disposal Method            % of plants*
               Landfill                         27
               Recycle                          10
               Municipal sewer                   8
               Incineration                      5
               Deep well injection               5
               Lagoon/solor pond                 4
               Landspreading                     3
               "Other" methods                   5
               Unknown                          52
     Of those plants reporting that their disposal method is unknown, 23% indi-
cate that the wastes are hauled by contractors.  Solvents are landfilled by
over 20% of the plants in the state data base; 38% indicate that their dis-
posal method for solvents is unknown.  Other disposal methods include recy-
cling or incineration  (19%), landspreading  (4%), deep well injection (4%),
municipal sewer (2%), lagoons or ponds (2%), and other (9%).  Almost half of
the establishments with oil wastes indicate that their disposal method is
unknown.  Landfills are used by 24% of the plants; 12% recycle or incinerate
oil waste.  Other disposal methods are deep well injection (4%), municipal
sewer (4%), and lagoons or ponds  (4%).  Paint wastes are landfilled by 34% of
the plants; over 30% indicate that the disposal method is unknown.  10% of
the establishments incinerate or recycle paint waste and 10% use municipal
sewers for disposal.  7% indicate deep well injection and 7% indicate other
methods.  Disposal methods for acids and alkalis include landfill  (35%),
municipal sewer (19%), recycling or incineration  (12%), deep well injection
(4%), other  (5%) and unknown  (23%).  Metal  wastes are disposed of in landfills
by 40% of the plants; over 30% indicate that the disposal method is unknown.
Other disposal methods reported for metals  are municipal sewer  (13%) and
lagoons or ponds (13%).
*Column sums to more than 100% since some plants report using more than one
 disposal method.
                                      B-218

-------
                                                            SIC:  37

CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:


ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:


INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
     The estimate of total hazardous waste from the industrial group is highly
sensitive to the estimated mean generation rate for large generators.  That
number is based on 14 data points, 13 of which are from SIC 371 and 11 of which
are from New York.  Thus, the estimated large generator rate may not be repre-
sentative of the population of plants in this group.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     1.  The estimated number of non-, small, and large generators is based
         on 31 plants reporting from Massachusetts, New York and Iowa.  The
         distribution of small generators among the waste generation ranges
         indicated in the industry profile is based on 64 data points in the
         state data base.
     2.  The mean hazardous waste generation rate for large generators is
         based on 14 plants reporting from New York, Massachusetts, and
         Iowa.
     3.  Census data adjusted for number of "zero" generators.
                                     B-219

-------
       11/27/79.
        08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                               (1)
                                 SIC:  3700
                                                             NATION
                     ESTIMATED  NUMBER  AND  WASTE  QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS  WASTE  GENERATION  CATEGORIES
W
(O
NJ
o
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/Ml)

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      bOO-600
      600-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-10CO
     1000-2000
     2000-i>000
       > 5000

       TOTAL
ESTABLI
NUMBER
679
90
97
103
110
115
121
126
129
132
1251
915
3842
SHMENTS
PERCENT
8.8
1.2
1.3
1.3
1 .4
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.7
16.2
11.9
49.8
                                            7710
                                                (3)
100.0
      WASTE QUANTITY

      KG/MO   PERCENT

     33950.        .0
     13500.        .0
     24250.        .0
     36050.        .0
     49500.        .0
     63250.        .0
     78650.        .0
     94500.        .0
    109650.        .0
    125400.        .0
   1876500.        .1
   3202500.        .2
1318958600. <2>    99.6

1324666300.     100.0

-------
        11/29/79.      13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT  SIZE  CATEGORIES  BY EPA REGION IN sic 3?oc
  REGION
  NATION
   03

   CO
   ro
                 NUMBER  OF  PLANTS  IN  EACH  CATEGORY
TOTAL
 8536
          5-9
                                        10-19
                                     20-49
                                   50-99   100-249   2tO-499   500-999
2499
                                         1258
                                      1?79
                                      748
                                                                     689
37?
                                                                            176
                                                                                               >10CO
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
427
578
549
1277
1916
972
460
19H
1697
462
1?9
177
165
393
419
302
120
66
552
176
74
75
77
193
215
133
56
43
28?
7P
59
112
74
180
273
151
76
23
232
73
67
68
74
188
289
172
78
27
259
58
34
48
46
113
?09
75
43
10
144
26
21
56
49
100
213
65
41
13
106
25
20
21
26
50
117
44
23
6
55
10
6
8
10
35
61
14
5
1
27
9
17
13
28
25
121
16
18
4
40
7
                                                                           289

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INDUSTRY:  Measuring, Analyzing, and Controlling            SIC:  38 (except
           Instruments, Medical, Dental  and  Optical                3861J)
           Goods, and Watches and Clocks
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     This major group includes establishments engaged in manufacturing instru-
ments (including professional and scientific) for measuring, testing, analyz-
ing, and controlling, and their associated sensors and accessories; optical
instruments and lenses; surveying and drafting instruments; surgical, 'medical
and dental equipment and supplies; ophthalmic goods; and watches and clocks.
     Based on the census data, of the 5674 establishments in this group 48%
have fewer than 10 employees, 86% have  fewer than 100 employees, and 97% have
fewer than 500 employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     The wastes reported by the  52 small generator plants in the state data
base and the percent of plants reporting each waste are shown in the table
below.
                       Waste                % of plants reporting*
             Solvents                                 55
             Oils                                     29
             Metal containing compounds              24
             Acids                                    18
             Alkalis                                  12
             Paint wastes                              6
     The type of solvents reported by plants in the state data  base include
perchloroethylene, Stoddard solvent, carbon tetrachloride, methyl ethyl ketone,
acetone, lacquer, freon, kerosene, trichloroethylene, ethanol,  methanol,.
Solvasil, mineral spirits and glycol.   Metals contained in wastes include
chromium, copper, gold,  iron, nickel and  rhodium.
 *Column sums  to greater than 100% since some  plants  report generating more
  than one waste stream.
                                     B-222

-------
                                                            SIC:  38  (except
                                                                  3861)
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Disposal practices employed by the 52 small generator plants in the state
data base and the percent of plants employing each disposal method are shown
below.
                Disposal Method           % of plants*
                Landfill                       12
                Recycle                         8
                Municipal sewer                 4
                Incineration                    2
                Lagoon/solar pond               2
                "Other" methods                10
                Unknown                        67
     Almost 30% of the plants in the state data base indicating unknown dis-
posal methods for their wastes report that the wastes are hauled away by con-
tractors.  About 16% of the plants report disposal of solvents by recycling
or incineration.  Other disposal methods for solvents include landfill (7%),
municipal sewer (3%) , lagoons or ponds (3%)  and other (13%).  57% of the estab-
lishments indicate that their solvent disposal method is unknown.
     Oil wastes are landfilled by 18% of the plants and incinerated or recycled
by 18% of the plants.  About 47% of the plants report that their oil disposal
method is unknown; 18% dispose of oil by other methods.   Disposal methods for
metal wastes are unknown by 80% of the establishments.  Other disposal methods
for metals include landfill (13%) and lagoons or ponds (7%).  Acid and alkali
disposal methods include landfill, incineration, recycling, municipal sewer,
and lagoons or ponds; 65% of the plants indicate that the disposal method is
unknown.
     Paint wastes are landfilled by 25% of the plants.  Other disposal methods
are reported for 25% of the plants.  About 50% indicate that the disposal
method for their paint waste is unknown.
*Column sums to more than 100 since some plants report using more than one
 disposal method.
                                     B-223

-------
                                                            SIC:  38 (except
                                                                  3861)
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
      (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
      The assessment results  (i.e., "Industry Profile" and total waste quantity)
are sensitive to the estimated relative number of non-, small, and large gen-
erators.  Because of lack of appropriate data for plants in the subject SIC,
These estimates were based on data for similar SIC's
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
      1.  Data were not available on plants in the subject SIC to estimate the
         proportion of firms in this SIC group which were non-, small, or
         large generators.  Accordingly, the estimates were based on the
         available data for plants in SIC's 342 and 35, which would be similar
         to  those in the subject SIC's.  The estimated percentages of estab-
         lishments which are large generators and non-generators are 43% and
         9%, respectively, based on the data for SIC's 342 and  35.  The dis-
         tribution of small  generators among the waste generation ranges
         indicated in the  industry profile is based on 52 data  points in the
         state  data base for the subject SIC's.
      2.  The mean hazardous  waste  generation rate  for  large  generators used
         here is based on  data for plants  in SIC's  342 and 35.
      3.  Census  data adjusted  for  the estimated "zero" generators.
                                      B-224

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      12/04/79.
12.Zd.34.
               INDUSTRY PROFILE
                               (1)
                         SIC* 3800
NATION
                                                   (except 3861)
                    ESTIMATED NUMBER AND  WASTE  QUANTITIES  FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                    VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
tu
to
to
WAiTt GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/M3

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      7oo-aoo
      600-903
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     ^000-5000
       > 5000

       TOTAL
                                          ESTABLISHMENTS

                                         NUMBtR    PERCENT
                                            3429
                                                (3)
                                                WASTE  QUANTITY

                                                KG/HO    PERCENT
723
419
271
193
149
117
95
79
66
56
321
271
669
21.1
12.2
7.9
5.6
4.3
3.4
2.8
2.3
1.9
1.6
9.4
7.9
19.5
35056.
62850.
67750.
67550.
67050.
64350.
61750.
59250.
56100.
53200.
481500.
948500.
12 373000. W'
.2
.4
.5
.5
.5
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
3.3
6.6
85.9
                                100.0
    14398706.
100.0

-------
                       (2/07/79.       13.31.39.


               BREAKDOUN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION  IN SIC  3600  deluding 3861)
KJ
to
                                NUMBER  OF  PLANTS  IN EACH CATEGORY
                 REGION    TOTAL
          1-4
          5-9     10-19     20-49     50-99   100-249   250-499  500-999    >1000
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
666
112R
533
4812
1273
404
200
161
1291
145
196
335
148
181
377
142
64
69
445
60
90
177
86
86
(99
57
36
29
208
24
96
180
86
63
199
82
26
19
199
23
99
188
93
49
187
59
38
20
202
20
61
94
42
31
111
24
8
10
104
7
51
97
35
31
105
25
11
6
76
5
38
26
27
20
50
8
12
1
38
3
25
15
9
18
32
4
5
4
10
0
10
16
7
3
18
3
0
3
9
3
                 NATION
626B
2017
992
973
955
492
442
223
122
72

-------
INDUSTRY:  Photographic Equipment and Supplies                    SIC:  3861
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     This SIC covers establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing (1)
photographic apparatus, equipment, parts, attachments, and accessories, such
as still and motion picture cameras and projection apparatus; photocopy and
microfilm equipment; blueprinting and diazotype (white printing) apparatus
and equipment; and other photographic equipment; and  (2) sensitized film,
paper, cloth and plates, and prepared photographic chemicals for use therewith.
     Based on the census data, of the 614 plants in this SIC 48% have fewer
than 10 employees, 86% have fewer than 100 employees, and 95% have fewer than
500 employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE PRODUCED:
     The wastes reported by the 11 small generator plants in the state data
base and the percent of plants reporting each waste are shown below:
                        Waste               % of Plants Reporting*
             Solvents                                64
             Oils                                    54
             Miscellaneous inorganics                45
             Paint wastes                            27
             Miscellaneous organics                  18
             Metal Containing Compounds               9
             Cyanides                                 9
             Acids                                    9
     The type of solvent wastes generated by plants in this SIC include acetone,
lacquer, methyl  ethyl ketone, isopropyl alcohol,  1,1,1 trichloroethane,  chloro-
form, and trichloroethylene.  Other organics include epoxy resin powder and
carbon black.  The inorganic wastes reported are pigments, polymers, developers,
and fixers.  Metal containing compounds include wastes containing aluminum,
iron, brass and silver.
*Column sums to greater than 100% since some plants report generating more
 than one waste stream.
                                    B-227

-------
                                                                  SIC:  3861
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Disposal practices employed by the 11 small generator plants in the state
data base and the percent of plants employing each disposal method are shown
below:
                 Disposal Method              % of Plants*
                   Landfill                        18
                   Incineration                     9
                   Recycling                        9
                   Unknown                         64 *
     Based on state survey data, about 50% of the plants with solvent wastes
recycle or incinerate them.  One plant reports landfill disposal.  The remain-
der  indicate that the disposal method is unknown.  Other waste types are land-
filled or disposed of by unknown methods.
      Information gathered by EPA's Effluent  Guidelines Division  in their "308"
questionnaires(1) indicate that many firms in this SIC discharge wastes to
POTW's.  This disposal  method, however, was  not  reported by  any  of the 11
small generator plants  in the  state data base.
CURRENT  DISPOSAL COST:
 ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:


 INDUSTRY PROFILE:
      (See table)


 ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
 *Column sums to more than 100% since some plants report using more than one
  disposal method.
 t86% of these indicate contract hauling to unknown disposal method.
                                     B-228

-------
                                                                  SIC:  3861
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  Information provided by EPA/EGD
     (2)  The estimated number of non-, small, and large generators is based
          on 31 plants reporting from New York and Massachusetts.  The dis-
          tribution of small generators among the waste generation ranges
          indicated in the industry profile is based on six plants reporting
          in the "state" data file.
     (3)  The mean hazardous waste generation rate for large generators is
          based on 18 plants reporting from New York and Massachusetts.
     (4)  Census data adjusted for "zero" generators.
                                    B-229

-------
      11/27/79.
        08.43.27.
               INDUSTRY PRUFILE
                               (2J
                                 SIC:  3861
          NATION
                    ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                    VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
03
to
U>
O
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      bOO-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000

       TOTAL
                                          ESTABLISHMENTS
                                         NUMBER
PERCENT
17
19
16
13
11
9
7
6
6
5
28
23
356
3.3
3.7
3.1
2.5
2.1
1.7
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.0
5. -4
4.5
69.0
    WASTE QUANTITY

    KG/NO   PERCENT
                                            516
                                               rti
  100.0
     850.
    2850.
    4000.
    4550.
    4950.
    4950.
    4550.
    4500.
    5100.
    4750.
   42000.
   80500.
68708000. <

68871550.
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   . 1
   .1
 99.8

100.0

-------
        12/06/79.       12.33.08.

BREAKDOWN Uf- PLANTS  IN  EMPLOYMENT  SIZE  CATEGORIES BY EPA RbGlON IN SIC 3861
  RCGIUM
  NATIuN
  to
  to
  W
                 NUMBER  QF  PLANTS  IN  tACH  CATEGORY
TOTAL
                                        10-19
                                     20-49
                         50-99  100-249  250-499  500-999
1
11
111
1 V
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
42
163
41
21?
1*1
17
13
1U
143
14
17
47
12
6
43
a
4
5
4t>
5
5
35
A
<»
Z2
2
3
2
2*
2
6
26
9
2
16
0
3
1
26
2
6
20
8
6
20
2
*
1
25
3
2
9
3
1
16
1
1
0
11
0
2
9
3
1
10
2
1
0
7
0
            195
103
                                                    95
                                                          35
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 5
                                                                                 1
                                                                                 1
                                                                                 8
                                                                                 1
                                                                                 2
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 4
                                                                                 1

                                                                                23
                                                         1
                                                         5
                                                         1
                                                         1
                                                         3
                                                         1
                                                         0
                                                         0
                                                         0
                                                         0

                                                        12
>1000

    3
    7
    0
    1
    3
    0
    0
    1
    0
    1

   16

-------
INDUSTRY:  Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries           SIC:  39 (except
                                                                  391 and 396)
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     This major group includes establishments primarily engaged in manufactur-
ing products not classified in any other manufacturing major group.  Indus-
tries in this group fall into the following categories; musical instruments;
toys, sporting and athletic goods; pens, pencils, and other office and artists'
materials; brooms and brushes; caskets; and other miscellaneous manufacturing
industries.
     Based on the census data, of the 10,864 establishments in this grouping,
54% have fewer than 10 employees, 88% have fewer than 100 employees, and 99%
have fewer than 500 employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     The wastes reported by the 30 small generator plants in the state data
base and the percent of plants reporting each waste are shown below:
                    Waste                    % of plants reporting*
            Solvents                                   53
            Paint wastes                               26
            Oils                                       15
            Acids                                      12
            Metal containing compounds                 12
            Cyanides                                    3
            Alkalis                                     3
     Solvent wastes include trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, mineral
spirits, xylol, toluol, methyl ethyl ketone, Stoddard solvent, acetone, and
1,1,1-trichloroethane.  Acids include phosphoric, chromic, and nitric acid.
Inorganic wastes include spent ferric chloride, copper sulfate, and fixer and
developer solutions.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Disposal practices employed by the 30 small generator plants in the state
data base and the percent of plants employing each disposal method are shown
below:
*Column sums to greater than 100% since some plants report generating more than
 one waste stream.
                                     B-232

-------
                                                            SIC 39 (except
                                                                391 and 396)
                   Disposal Method         % of plants*
                 Landfill                       44
                 Municipal sewer                18
                 Recycle                        12
                 Landspreading                   6
                 Deep well injection             3
                 Incineration                    3
                 Lagoon/solar pond               3
                 "Other" methods                 3
                 Unknown                        60
     About 12% of the plants in the state data base indicating that their dis-
posal method is unknown report contractor hauling of their wastes.  Over 40%
of the plants use landfills for disposal of solvents; about 25% recycle or
incinerate solvent wastes.  Other disposal methods include municipal sewer
(9%), landspreading  (5%), lagoons or ponds  (5%), and other  (5%).  About 15%
indicate that their disposal method for solvents is unknown.  Paint wastes
are landfilled by 56% of the plants; other disposal methods are landspreading
and municipal sewer.  Over 20% of the plants indicate that their disposal
method for paint wastes is unknown.  The disposal method for oils is unknown
by 60% of the plants; 40% report recycling of oil.  About 60% of the plants
dispose of acid and alkali to municipal sewer; 20% indicate disposal by deep
well injection and 20% indicate that the disposal method is unknown.  Disposal
methods mentioned for metal containing wastes include deep well injection and
municipal sewer.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:


INDUSTRY PROFILE:
      (See table)
 *Column  sums  to more  than  100%  since  some plants report using more than one
 disposal method.
                                      B-233

-------
                                                            SIC:  39 (except
                                                                  391 and 396)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
     The assessment results (i.e., "Industry Profile" and total waste quantity)
are sensitive,to the estimated number of non-, small, and large generators.
Since these estimates were determined by best judgment, the reliability of the
results for this SIC is not as good as it is for SIC's in which estimates are
based on actual data.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     1.  Data were not available for plants in the subject SIC to estimate the
         proportion of firms in this SIC group which were non-, small, or
         large generators.  Accordingly, the estimates were based on data
         available for similar SIC's  (SIC's 342 and 35) for which data were
         available.  The distribution of small generators among the waste
         generation ranges indicated in the industry profile is based on 30
         data points in the state data base for the subject SIC.
     2.  The mean hazardous waste generation rate for large generators is
         based on data for plants in SIC's 342 and 35.
     3.  Census data adjusted for estimated "zero" generators.
                                     B-234

-------
       11/27/79.
  08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                (1)
                            SIC:  3900
                                                             NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
              WASTE GENERATION
                     RANGES
                     KG/MO
CO
to
w
in
   0
 100
 200
 300
 400
 500
 600
 700
 BOO
 900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
                        ESTABLISHMENTS

                       NUMBER   PERCENT
1615
783
485
344
260
204
165
138
116
100
552
451
998
26.0
12.6
7.8
5.5
4.2
3.3
2.7
2.2
1.9
1.6
8.9
7.3
16.1
                                               WASTE  QUANTITY

                                               KG/MO    PfcRCENT
80750.
117450.
121250.
120400.
117000.
112200.
107250.
103500.
98600.
95000.
328000.
1578500.
52894000."'
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
1.5
2.8
93.8
                     TOTAL
                         6211
                               100.0
                                                                  56373900.
                                                             100.0

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INDUSTRY:  Jewelry, Silverware, and Plated Ware, Costume       SIC:  3910,3960
           Jewelry, Costume Novelties, Buttons, and
           Miscellaneous Notions
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     Establishments in the subject SIC's are primarily engaged in manufacturing
jewelry, costume novelties, buttons and miscellaneous notions worn on or carried
about the person; manufacturing silverware, plated ware and stainless steel
ware; manufacturing jewelers' findings and materials; and lapidary work on
gems.  Based on the census data there are a total of 3,810 establishments in
SIC's 3910 and 3960.
     The following data on the industry structure are from Reference 1.  There
are about 1500 establishments in the precious  (karet gold and platinum) jewelry
industry.  Over 600 of these are located in the middle Atlantic area (New York
and New Jersey), with the majority employing fewer than 20 employees.  There
are 330 firms in the lapidary industry, 240 of which are located in the New
York area.  There are 800 firms dealing in low- and medium-priced jewelry with
more than 300 located in the New England (Greater Providence-Attleboro) area.
There are 237 finding manufacturers supplying metal parts to other jewelry
manufacturers, with the majority located in the New England area.

CHARACTERISTICS OP HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     The total quantity of potentially hazardous land-destined wastes  generated
by establishments  in SIC  3910  and SIC 3960  is  established at  2.1 millioii kg/iro.
This quantity of waste  is generated by 37%  of  the establishments in the indus-
try.  The remaining 63% of the  establishments  either do not generate any hazard-
ous wastes or discharge such wastes to POTW's.
     Mechanization and  the quantity of wastes  produced by an  establishment  is
generally in  an  inverse proportion to the quality of metal and stone used.
Most of  the establishments handling low- and medium-priced jeweleries  have
in-house electroplating capability.   The wastes produced is very  similar in
characteristics to those produced in the electroplating  industry; these wastes
are  primarily wastewater  treatment sludges, spent plating baths  and  spent
degreasing  solvents  (see  assessment summary sheet  for SIC  3471).
                                     B-236

-------
                                                             SIC:  3910,3960

WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:

     Based on the state data, the waste quantity breakdown for different dis-

posal practices are as follows:

                                                Estimated Total Quantity
          Disposal Method           % Wastes        of Waste, kg/mo	

     Hauled to off-site disposal        10              214,000

     Landfilling                        52            1,111,000

     Recycling                          36              769,000

     Lagooning                           1               21,000

     Rhode Island Dept. of Health conducted field visits to 12 establishments
in the subject industry and reported the following on waste recovery, storage,

treatment, and transportation.

     Recovery On Site - Two firms indicated efforts to recover gold,
     silver or rodium from spent plating solution or rinse water.  One
     firm recovered the metals on site, the other used an evaporator
     to drive water off spent plating solution.  The remaining sludge was
     then sent to a refiner.

     Another firm recovered  peroxide from a gold rinse and sent to a
     reclaimer.  Another firm reclaimed trichloroethylene from degreas-
     ing operations.  The oil contaminated solvent is passed over a
     heated coil to boil off the solvent.  The fumes are captured and
     reliquified.  A large amount (1600 kg/mo)  of sludge is generated
     in this operation.  It is sent to a solvent reclaimer.

     Waste Seduction On Site - The above solvent reclaiming system can be
     thought of as waste reduction.  One firm employs a system of catch
     basins in series which aid in settling out metals in plating rinse
     water before sewer discharge.  A total of about 100 gal/yr of sludge
     is pumped from these basins and sent to a reclaimer.

     Storage Methods - Two firms indicated systems of catch basins or
     septic tanks for plating wastes.  But unlike the case above, the
     settlings were disposed of rather than reclaimed.  Two firms indi-
     cated storage of solvent degreasers in drums before being sent to a
     reclaimer.  Another firm stored polishing dust in drums before land
     disposal.

     Treatment Procedures - Five firms indicated they treated plating waste.
     The typical treatment facilities consisted of:

          Batch treatment with sodium hypochlorate to break down
          cyanides and/or
          Batch treatment with sodium hydroxide to aid in precipi-
          tation of metals
          Addition of acid to adjust the pH of the effluent water
          (usually .discharged to sewer)

          Yearly pumping and disposal of sludge from settling areas
                                     B-237

-------
                                                              SIC:  3910,3960

    Collection Procedures -  In almost all  cases where plating is  involved,
    rinse water  is  caught on the  floor and piped  to  treatment and dis-
    posal.   One  firm indicated collection  of polishing  dust with  a  vacuum
    blower  system.

    Transportation  Methods - Two  firms indicated  trucking drums of  sol-
    vents to a reclaimer.  Two  firms trucked treatment  waste sludge in
    drums to land disposal.   Three firms indicated transportation of
     sludge  in pumper trucks  to  land disposal or a reclaimer. One firm
     trucked polishing dust in drums to land disposal.

     Miscellaneous - The problems  in the  jewelry industry are uniform  and
     coincide with those of the  plating  industry.   Almost all jewelry  indus-
     try wastes  is plating waste which is difficult and expensive to treat.
     Also,  this  industry is reluctant to  install facilities when in  many
     cases  they  don't know what  level of  pretreatment is needed.

ASSESSMENT OF DATA BASE:

     The major source of information on the subject industry is  the  Rhode Island

data in the state data base.   In 1977 the Rhode Island Dept. of Health sent out
609 questionnaires and received a 40% response.   They conducted follow-up

field visits  (discussed above) to 12 establishments.

     Quantitative estimates shown in the profile table are based on waste gen-

eration for 60 establishments in SIC 3910 and SIC 3960.

SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:

      (1)  The Jewelry Industry by G. R. Frankovich, Manufacturing Jewelers

          and Silversmiths of America, Providence, R.I.
      (2)  Rhode  Island  Hazardous Waste Report, Rhode Island Dept. of Health,

          Division  of Solid Waste Management, March  1977
      (3)  Based  on  state data for 60 establishments  and the census  data

          (Reference 4)
      (4)  Census data,  adjusted for "zero" generators and discharges into

          POTW's
                                     B-238

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       11/27/79.
        08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY PRJFILE
                                (3)
                                 SIC:
3910
3960
NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER  AND  WASTE  QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION  CATEGORIES
a
i
to
u>
10
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       Kvj/MO

        0-10C
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      <,00-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-800
      600-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 500C

       TOTAL
ESTABLI
NUMBER
1060
30
20
10
9
7
5
4
3
2
20
10
210
SHMENTS
PERCENT
76.3
2.2
1.4
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
1.4
.7
15.1
                                                                      WASTE QUANTITY

                                                                      KG/MO   PERCENT
                                             1390
                                                 (4')
 100.0
       53000.
        4500.
        5000.
        3500.
        4050.
        3850.
        3250.
        3000.
        2550.
        1900.
       30000.
       35000.
     1980090.

     2,129^90.
  2.5
   .2
   .2
   .2
   .2
   .2
   .2
   .1
   .1
   .1
  1.4
  1.6
 93.0

100.0

-------
        11/29/79.      13.58.19.

BREAKDOWN HF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZF CATEGORIES  HY  EPA  REGION IN SICS 3910 and 3960
  REGION
     MijMBER OF PLANTS IN E*CH CATEGORY

TOTAL      1-4      5-9    10-19    20-4g
                                    50-99   100-2*9  250-499   500-999     >1000
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
933
1479
136
171
269
215
54
66
426
61
304
577
55
92
126
82
27
26
195
39
148
?99
24
28
48
48
7
15
88
6
160
266
25
16
45
36
3
10
70
9
142
203
14
11
28
35
9
11
51
6
81
91
11
6
11
6
3
1
16
0
60
34
2
12
9
6
3
2
2
1
fr
8
4
5
0
1
2
C
2
0
10
0
0
0
2
1
0
1
0
0
                                                                                                    2
                                                                                                    1
                                                                                                    1
                                                                                                    1
                                                                                                    0
                                                                                                    0
                                                                                                    0
                                                                                                    0
                                                                                                    0
                                                                                                    0
  NATION
  03
 3610
1523
711
640
510
?28
131
4b
14

-------
INDUSTRY:  Railroad Transportation                          SIC:  40 (and parts
                                                                  of SIC 411)
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     The railroad operations which generate hazardous wastes are included in
the SIC's 40 and 41, under the subcategories 4013 (switching and terminal
establishments) and 411 (local and suburban passenger transportation).
     For statistical purposes the Interstate Commerce Commission classifies
railroad operating companies into three gorups:  Class I railroads  (annual
revenues more than $50 million), Class II (revenue from $10 to $50 million), and
Class III (revenue less than $10 million).  Most of the available data con-
cerns Class I railroads which handle 99% of the traffic.  The number of rail-
road companies, percentage of traffic handled, etc. for the 3 classes of rail-
road companies are as follows     :

Class I
Class II
Class III
Total
Railroad
Companies
42
18
278
Locomotives
in
Operation
23,355
524
987
Percentage
of
Traffic
99
1
Percentage
of
Railroad
Workers
93
7
The number of Class I railroad locations and associated activities which are
generators of waste in the U.S. are as follows:
Waste Generating Establishment
Locomotive fueling/wash stations1"
Running maintenance shops
Heavy diesel repair shops
Tank car cleaning stations
Number in
U.S.*
850
375
75
135
Units Serviced
per Day*
17 - 180
unknown
1-10
1-11
     *Based on data in Reference  (1)
     ^Fueling stations may or may not include wash  facilities, running main-
     tenance shops often include fueling and washing, and heavy diesel repair
     shops may  include  fueling, washing and running maintenance.

     Hazardous  wastes are also generated by Class  I and  III  railroads at com-
pany owned establishments where  fueling, washing and running maintenance are
                                     B-241

-------
                                                            SIC:  40,  etc.
conducted in a single area.  Heavy diesel repair and tank car washing for
Class II and III railroads is generally performed at Class I railroad facilities,
     The distribution of railroad establishments in the various EPA regions is
shown below.  The distribution is estimated by proportioning the nationwide
total of establishments according to the railroad employment distribution (as
given in Reference 4).
                   Number of Establishments by EPA Region
Facility Type
Class I
Fueling/wash
Maintenance
Heavy diesel


stations
shops
repair
Tank car cleaning
Class II

I

20
9
2
3

II

62
27
5
10

III

122
54
11
19

IV

114
50
10
18

V

227
100
20
36

VI

78
35
7
12

VII

86
38
8
14

VIII

38
17
3
6

IX

64
28
6
10

X

36
16
3
6

  Fuel/maintenance/wash       7   22    43   40   80   28   30   13   23   13
     stations
Totals                       41   126  249  232  463  160  176   77  131   74
Fraction of Total            .024  .073  .143  .134  .267 .092  .101 .045 .075 .043
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE PRODUCED:
     The major hazardous waste generated by the railroad industry is oily waste-
water.  Estimates of the amount or characteristics of raw wastes produced for
each of the various operations (per locomotive or per tank car) is as follows   :
Wastewater
Activity gal
Locomotive 5
fueling
Locomotive 1200
wash
Locomotive Q
maintenance
Locomotive 2QQQ
heavy repair
Tank car 3000
cleaning
Oil
kq
0.8
4.5
1.1
7.7
11
SS
kg
14
4.5
1.1
7.7
11
DS
kg

13.5
3.5
23
34
Detergent
kg
—
0.2
0.05
0.4
0.7
Phenols
kg
—
—
—
0.01
1.1
Chromium
kg

—
—
0.04
0.11
PH
Units
—
9-11
9-11
9-11
4-11
                                     B-242

-------
                                                            SIC:  40f etc.

     Heavy diesel repair shops are the sources of the largest total volumes of
wastewater in the railroad industry.  The prime waste  constituents are free
and emulsified oil, suspended solids, detergents, acid and alkaline materials,
chromium, and phenols.
     Washing of tank cars produces the most toxic wastes of the railroad indus-
try.  Wastes are normally complex mixtures of chemical products.  Wastes are
typically characterized by high COD and BOD and contain constituents such as
oil, suspended solids, phenols, acids, alkalis, detergents, solvents, nitrogen
compounds, chromium and cyanide.
     The total hazardous wastes generated by Class I railroad facilities are
estimated as the quantities shown below.
     Total Hazardous Waste Generated by Class I Railroad Facilities, kg/mo
                                         Waste Oils        Sludges
         Fueling stations               6,975,000(6)     6,596,000(6)
         Maintenance shops              1,823,000(7)     4,251,000(7)
                                                 (O\              (Q)
         Heavy diesel repair shops      8,480,000       27,380,000*
                                                 (9)              (9)
         Tank car cleaning                228,000        3,838,000
             Total                     17,506,000       42,065,000

     The total quantity of oily wastewaters generated by Class II and III
railroad facilities  (locomotive fueling, washing, maintenance) is estimated
at 308,500 kg/mo and 1,007,000 kg/mo, respectively
     Waste generation rates above were determined for each of the establish-
ment types by using combinations of survey data available from Reference 1,
communications with Class III railroad companies, and other miscellaneous
data from the listed references.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     The majority of facilities for Class I railroads utilize an engineered
treatment system to remove oil, settleable solids and certain chemical con-
stituents from wastewaters.  The wastewaters are treated at railroad terminal
facilities using processes such as gravity oil separation, emulsion-breaking,
coagulation, air flotation, biological treatment, clarification and filtration.
Waste oils and fuels are skimmed and  sold for recycling by contractors, or
                                    B-243

-------
                                                            SIC:   40,  etc.

used onsite as fuel in furnaces.  Sludges are carried away by contractors to
landfills or incinerators.  The treated wastewaters are discharged to the
municipal sewer to nearby creeks or rivers, or partially reused in washing
operations.  The majority of the treatment plants do not achieve the effluent
guidelines proposed for the railroad industry
     It was estimated by one study in 1974(1) that approximately one-third of
the Class I railroad facilities were still lacking wastewater treatment
systems.  Most running maintenance stations do not utilize catchment facili-
ties, and leaks, spills, and wash wastewaters typically are discharged
directly to nearby ground.  At smaller fuelirfg and wash stations, spillage
and oil wastes typically drain directly to ground.
     At Class II and III railroad facilities, the oil wastewaters are rarely
processed through on-site treatment systems.  Wastewaters associated with
diesel maintenance  (about one-half the total wastewaters produced) are gen-
erally carried away by contractors for recycling, and wastewaters associated
with fueling and locomotive washing are normally dumped along the right of
way or on nearby open ground.
                          Summary of  Disposal Methods
 Class I
    Fueling stations

    Running maintenance

    Heavy diesel repair

    Tank car cleaning
 Class II and III
    Fuel/wash/maintenance
                                 Waste Oils
60% recycle, 40% to
open ground
60% recycle, 40% to
open ground
50% recycle, 50%
onsite reuse
100% recycle
   Sludge

100% landfill

100% landfill

100% landfill

100% landfill
                                                                 Wastewaters
                                     50% recycle,
                                     50% to open
                                     ground
 CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
      The disposal of waste oil by waste oil collectors is generally at no
 cost to the generators, and larger quantities of waste oil are often purchased
 by waste oil collectors.  About one-half the quantity of wastewaters produced
                                      B-244

-------
                                                               SIC:   40,  etc.
 by Class II  and III  railroad facilities  can  also be  hauled  away by  collectors
 at no cost.
 ALTERNATIVE  DISPOSAL METHODS:
      Waste disposal  options  available  to the railroad  industry are  already
 being used in varying  degrees.   The  environmentally  preferred disposal method
 for waste oils is collection by recycle  contractors.
 INDUSTRY PROFILE:
      The following tables summarize  the  numbers of large and small  waste gen-
 erators in the railroad industry by  facility type  and  the total  quantities of
 of waste generated by  all railroad facilities.
                     Number  of Large and Small  Generators
                           Waste Oils         Sludge         Wastewaters
                          Large   Small    Large   Small    Large   Small
                          Gen.    Gen.	Gen.     Gen.	Gen.    Gen.
 Class I
   Fueling stations        586     264      574     276
   Maintenance shops        150     225      311       64
   Heavy diesel repair      75       0        75       0
   Tank car cleaning          6     130      132       3
 Class II and III
   Class II shops          —     —        —       —       15        3
   Class III  shops         —     —        —       —       70      208

 ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Enforcement and
          General Counsel, Development Document for Proposed Effluent Limita-
          tions Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Rail-
          road Segment of the Transportation Industry - Point Source Category (|
          (Draft), USEPA, April 1974.
                                    B-245

-------
                                                       SIC:  40, etc.

(2\  Association of American Railroads (AAR)
(.31  Interstate Commerce Commission
(4)  Association of American Railroads, Yearbook of Railroad Facts for
     1975
(5)  National Railway Publishing Company, Pocket List of Railroad
     Officials
(6)  Based on wastewater characterizations at two fueling station sites
     and  estimates of residuals created by treatment systems operating
     at these facilities.  Average generation rate for the two stations
     was estimated to be 150 kg/mo of oils per locomotive/day and 139
     kg/mo of sludge per locomotive/day.  This rate was applied to sur-
     vey data of activity levels (locomotive fueled per day) for 12
     separate stations to achieve a log-normal distribution of genera-
     tion rates from which total waste quantity profiles were tabulated.
(7)  Based on wastewater characterizations    at four stations and esti-
     mates of residuals created by treatment systems operating at the
     facility, a log-normal distribution of generation rates was derived
     and used to tabulate waste quantity profiles.
 (8)  Based on a characterization of wastewaters from a representative
     repair  shop    , the average waste generation rate was assumed to
     be 113,000 kg/mo of waste oils and  365,000 kg/mo of sludge.
 (9)  Based on tank  car washing facilities, wastewater characterization   '
     and  estimates  of residuals created  by treatment systems operating
     at the  facility, it was estimated that treatment systems at tank
     car  cleaning establishments produce oil wastes of 9.6 kg and sludges
     of 228  kg for  each tank car washing.  Applying this rate to tank car
     activity levels for 13 separate  stations, a log-normal distribution
     of generation  rates was derived  and used  to tabulate waste quantity
     profiles.
(10)   Based on waste generation data obtained  from  discussions  with  two
      separate class III  railroad  facilities1   '    ,  the  average  quantity
      of waste generated  by a Class  III  shop was  estimated to be  3600 kg/
                                B-246

-------
                                                        SIC:   40,  etc.

      mo and the average quantity from a Class II shop was estimated to
      be 17,000 kg/mo.   These facilities do not employ wastewater treat-
      ment systems.
(11)   Barley,  D. E.,  K.  M.  Tackett,  and T. R. Blackwood, Monsanto Research
      Corp., Source  Assessment:  Rail Tank Car, Tank Truck, and Drum
      Cleaning, State of the Art, for USEPA, IERL, Cincinnati, Ohio,
      Contract No. 68-02-1874, EPA-600/2-78-004g, April 1978.
(12)   One railroad company in Georgia
(13)   One railroad company in California
(14)   American Short Line Railroad Association
(15)   Liptak,  B. G.,  Environmental Engineers Handbook, Volume I, Water
      Pollution, 1974.
                                  B-247

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       11/27/79.
   08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                            SIC:  4000
                                      NATION
                     ESTIMATED  NUMBER  AND  WASTE  QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE  GENERATION CATEGORIES
              WASTE  GENERATION
                     RANGES
                     KG/MO
oo
to
»
oo
   0
 100
 200
 300
 400
 500
 600
 700
 809
 900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
                        ESTABLISHMENTS

                       NUMBER   PERCENT
   0
   7
  10
   8
  11
   8
   8
   8
   8
   8
 120
 354
1177
 0.0
  .4
  .6
  .5
  .6
  .5
  .5
  .5
  .5
  .5
 6.9
20.5
68.2
WASTE
KG/MO
0.
1050.
2500.
2800.
4950.
4400.
5200.
6000.
6800.
7600.
190000.
1239000.
41924740.
QUANTITY
PERCENT
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.4
2.9
96.6
                     TOTAL
                         1727
                               100.0
                     43,385040.
                                                                                100.0

-------
                                                            SIC: 40
INDUSTRY PROFILE:  ESTIMATED NUMBER OF PLANTS AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR
                   ESTABLISHMENTS IN VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION RANGE CATEGORIES
                   (WASTE OILS GENERATED AT RAILROAD FACILITIES)
Waste Generation
Ranges (kg/mo)
less than 100
100 - 200
200 - 300
300 - 400
400 - 500
500 - 600
600 - 700
700 - 800
800 - 900
900 - 1000
1000 - 2000
2000 - 5000
more than 5000
U.S. Total
Establishments
Number
0
3
5
8
9
10
11
11
11
11
148
391
816
1434
% Total
0
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
io
27
'57
100
Waste Quantity
kg/mo

450
1,250
2,800
4,050
5,500
7,150
8,250
9,350
10,450
222,000
1,368,500
15,866,000
17,506,000
% Total

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
1.3
7.8
91
100
                                    B-249

-------
INDUSTRY:  Local and Suburban Transit and Interurban        SIC:  41
           Highway Passenger Transportation
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     This SIC includes establishments which provide passenger transportation
service.  The establishments which generate hazardous waste are service garages
which provide maintenance for buses, taxis, and other passenger vehicles.
These service garages are classified by the SIC's 4171 and 4172.
     Based on reported survey data   , it was assumed that nearly all fleet
operators service their vehicles in a fleet service garage (as opposed to
general automotive or service stations which are addressed under other SIC's).
Based on the assumption that the number of fleets (of size 10 or greater) is
equivalent to the number of service garages handling exclusively the passenger
transport vehicles, the estimated number of service garages is tabulated based
             (2)
on fleet data    for buses and passenger transport cars.
                  FLEET DATA AND NUMBER OF SERVICE GARAGES
Buses :
Size of fleet
(no. vehicles)
No. in these fleets
No. of fleets
(service garages)*
Adjusted no. fleets
(service garages)1"
Percentage of total
garages


>500
100,764

201

233

7.5


100-499
93,777

312

361

11.6


50-99
46,361

618

715

22.9


25-49
33,068

894

1,034

33.1


10-24
11,456

674

780

25.0
Total

—
285,426

2,699

3,123

100
Passenger cars;
Size of fleet
  (no. vehicles)           >500  100-499   50-99    25-49    10-24
NO.  in these fleets    183,706   70,315   21,575   15,699    6,734   298,000
No.  of fleets
  (service garages)*       368      234      288      423      396     1,709
Percentage of total
  garages                 21.5     13.7     16.8     24.8     23.2       100
*Estimated by dividing total number of buses in fleets by the median number of
 buses in the fleet size range.
'''The estimated number of fleets is adjusted proportionately such that the total
 of the fleet numbers conforms to the known total of bus fleets (3123)^1' .
     Assuming the bus and car fleets are distributed according to population,
the number of service garages in each EPA region would be as follows:
                                   B-250

-------
                                                            SIC: 41

 EPA Region:          I     II   III    IV     V     VI   VII   VIII    IX     X

 Number of  fleet
  service  garages   280   662   551   749   1034   478   266   130   541   155

 Percentage of
  total garages     5.8  13.7  11.4  15.5   21.4   9.9   5.5   2.7  11.2   3.2

 CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:

     The major hazardous waste generated by the bus and car service garages

 is waste oil.  Other hazardous wastes which are generated are various toxic

 and ignitable solvents.  Corrosive wastes from radiation flushings,  greases

 and brake  fluids.  Estimates of the total amount of raw wastes produced at bus

 and transport car service garages is as follows:

                                     Bus garages    Car garages

 Total vehicles                          285,426       298,000
 Average mileage per year*                38,000        25,000
 Average mileage between service           7,500         5,000
 Quantity of waste oils generated,
   kg/mot                             2,579,000       447,000      3,026,000
 Quantity of wastewater sludge,
  kg/mo*                                856,000       476,600      1,333,000
 Quantity of other waste fluids,
  kg/mo5                                 72,300        12,400         83,700
*Based on reference (1) for buses and an assumed 25,000 miles/year for cars

'''Based on average of 7 gal. oil (21.4 kg) per service for a bus, and 1.2 gal.
 oil (3.6 kg) produced per car service
^Assumes an onsite treatment system to remove sludge (consisting of oils,
 greases, detergents, and settleable solids) from wash wastewaters before dis-
 charge to sewer.  The average quantity of sludge produced is assumed to be
 3 kg/mo per bus and 1.6 kg/mo for cars(3).

5The generation rate for these combined wastes is estimated to be 0.6 kg per
 bus service and 0.1 kg per car service.

WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL METHODS:

     Waste disposal practices at the bus and car garages investigated here are

similar to those of other automotive repair garages.  The majority of estab-

lishments contract the removal of waste oils and solvents for reclaiming.

Sludges are generally hauled away for disposal at sanitary landfills.
                                    B-251

-------
                SUMMARY OF CURRENT DISPOSAL METHODS
                                                            SIC:  41
                                                   (4,5)
            Waste                         Disposal Method
     Waste oils              90% to recycle,  10% to sewers, landfills,
                             or open ground
     Waste fluids            80% to solvent reclaimers
       (including solvents)   20% to sewer or other disposal means
     Wastewater sludges      100% to municipal landfills
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
     The disposal of waste oil by waste oil collectors is at no cost to the
generators, and larger quantities of waste oil are often purchased by waste
oil collectors.  Waste fluids containing solvents are generally hauled  away
at no cost by solvent reclaimers.  The unit costs for waste disposal to sani-
tary landfills (Subtitle D)  and hazardous waste management facilities (Sub-
title C) are presented in Section 4, Volume I.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     The most environmentally acceptable disposal method for waste oils and
waste solvents is by recycle contractors.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See tables)
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  The Fleet Owner Fleet Marketing Handbook Number Five, McGraw-Hill
          Publications Company, 1978
     (2)  MVMA Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures, 1978
     (3)  Vehicle Maintenance Department of U.S. Postal Service at Los  Angeles,
          1979
     (4)  Based on state data for a related SIC (repair shops, SIC 7539)
     (5)  Weinstein, N. J., "Waste Oil Recycling and Disposal," Recon Systems
          Inc., August 1974
                                    B-252

-------
                                                            SIC:   41

     (6)  Waste generation rates for garages servicing different  fleet sizes

Bus service garage:
   Maximum no. in fleet             25      50     100      500     >500
   Percent of total fleets          25.0    33.1    22.9     11.6      7.5
    (garages)
   Cumulative percent of total      25.0    58.1    81.0     92.6    100
     buses
   Waste oil generated per         378     452     904     4517
     garage, kg/mo
   Sludge & liquid wastes gen.      81     163     325     1626
     by garage, kg/mo
Car service garage:
   Maximum no. in fleet             25      50     100      500      500
   Percent of total fleets          23>2    24>8    16 8     13>7     21.5
    (garages)
   Cumulative percent of total      23.2    48.0    64.8     78.5    100
     uses
   Waste oil generated per          38      75     150      750
     garage, kg/mo
   Sludge & liquid per garage,      41      82     164      820
     kg/mo
                                    B-253

-------
       11/27/79.
        08.A3.27.
                INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                               (6)
                                 SIC:  <»100
        NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS  WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
T
to
in
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000
                                          ESTABLISHMENTS
                                         NUMBER   PERCENT
2079
1094
443
190
96
57
57
201
270
31
187
125
0
43.0
22.7
9.2
3.9
2.0
1.2
1.2
4.2
5.6
.6
3.9
2.6
0.0
                WASTE QUANTITY
                KG/MO

               95634.
              164100.
              110750.
               66500.
               43200.
               31350.
               37050.
              150750.
              229500.
               29450.
              280500.
              437500.
                   0.
           PERCENT

               5.7
               9.8
               6.6
               4.0
               2.6
               1.9
               2.2
               9.0
              13.7
               1.8
              16.7
              26.1
               0.0
                     TOTAL
                              4830
100.0
1676284.
100.0

-------
                                                            SIC:  41
INDUSTRY PROFILE:  ESTIMATED NUMBER OF PLANTS AND WASTE QUANTITIES  FOR
                   ESTABLISHMENTS IN VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION  RANGE CATEGORIES
                   Waste oils generated by  garages servicing passenger transport
                   vehicles(6)

Ranges (kq/mo)
less than 100
100 - 200
200 - 300
300 - 400
400 - 500
500 - 600
600 - 700
700 - 800
800 - 900
900 - 1000
1000 - 2000
2000 - 5000
more than 5000
U.S. Total
Establishments
Number
940
188 .
68
1439
565 ••
276
182
264
316
31
125
437

4839
% Total
19.5
3.9
1.'4
29.8
11.7
5.7
3.8
5.5
6.5
.6
'2 6
• 9.0

100
Waste Quantity
kg/mo
37,000
28,200
17,000
437,000
221,670
133,190
104,620.
188.410
247,930
' 25,530
1 fi9 .1 9f»
L. 423. 350

5,026,000
% Total
1.2
.9
.6
14.4
7.3
4.4
3.5
6.2
8.2
.8
^ A
47.0

100
                                  , B-255

-------
INDUSTRY:  Motor Freight Transportation                        SIC:  42

DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     This industry involves the transfer of freight by trucks and the opera-
tion of facilities supporting the freight transport operations (warehousing,
truck garages, and truck freight handling terminals).  The facilities which
generate hazardous wastes are included in the SIC 4231 (terminal and joint
terminal maintenance facilities for motor freight transportation).  The faci-
lities generating hazardous waste in SIC 4231 consist of commercial truck
service establishments  (terminals and service centers) which develop waste oil
from crankcasa drainings and other maintenance activities, truck washing
terminals which generate large volumes of wastewaters during the cleaning of
residual materials from tank trucks.
     The industry is widely distributed over the U.S. with freight depots
located near both urban and rural collection and redistribution points.  Main-
tenance and storage terminals are located primarily in urban areas.  Truck
service centers, which  supply principally fuel and lubricants, are found both
in urban areas and on interstate and secondary highways.  The terminals are
usually large and may handle more than 200 units/day, while the truck  service
centers are smaller and may handle as few as 10 units/day.  The total  number
of these service establishments in the U.S. is estimated at 15,400
     Truck washing terminals are located near pipeline terminals, shore instal-
lations and cargo loading points.  The number of tank trucks washed at these
terminals varies from 10 to 90 per day.  There are approximately 500 truck
                              (2)
washing  terminals in the U.S.
     The distribution of truck service and truck washing establishments by
EPA  regions is  shown below.  The distribution of service centers is assumed
to reflect  the  population distribution, and the distribution of  truck  washing
                                                  (2)
establishments  is based on data  from an EPA study
                                     B-256

-------
                                                               SIC:   42
                            EPA Region Designation
EPA
Region
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
Total
No. of Service
Establishments
885
2105
1749
2380
3292
1519
839
417
1725
487
15,400
% of Total
5.7
13.7
11.4
15.5
21.4
9.9
5.4
2.7
11.2
3.2
100
No. of Truck
Wash Terminals
32
45
66
60
111
82
41
22
27
14
440
% of Total
6.4
9.0
13.2
12.0
22.2
16.4
8.2
4.4
5.4
2.8
100
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE PRODUCED:
     The truck service establishments generate waste oils as a result of
engine maintenance.  The oil wastes are both ignitable and toxic.
     Based on the typical frequency of truck service and the quantity of waste
oil and cleaning wastewaters produced during servicing, and assuming that all
heavy duty trucks (HOT) and light duty trucks (LOT) in fleets of 25 or more
vehicles are serviced at those trucking establishments,  the total waste oils
produced by truck service establishments is estimated at 7.1 x 10  kg/me; the
waste oils produced by trucks serviced in other service areas covered under
other industry cateogires (e.g., gasoline service stations)is estimated at
        Q
1.1 x 10 .  The bases for these estimates are as follows:




LOT
LOT, fleets
of 25 or more
HOT

Total
Number*

28,298,000
2,504,000

1,264,000

Miles Per
Yr/Truck*

50,000
50,000

288,000
Miles
Between
Servicing*

5,000
5,000

18,000
Qty. Waste
Oil Per
Service*
(gal)
1-2
1-2

10-14
Total Qty.
Waste Oil
Produced
kg/mo
10.8 x 106
9.6 x 106

61.5 x 106
*Data based on References, 3, 4, and 5
                                     B-257

-------
                                                               SIC:   42
     Cleaning of truck tankers produces large quantities of corrosive and
toxic wastewaters.  Wastewaters are typically characterized by high  BOD and
COD and contain constituents such as oil,  suspended solids, phenols, acids,
alkalis, detergents, solvents, and nitrogen compounds.  Truck cleaning termi-
nals wash from 10 to 90 trucks per day and produce an average of 500 gallons
                                  (22)
of wastewater for each tank washed    .  Terminals washing only 10 units per
day would generate 150,000 gallons (about 567,000 kg)/month of wastewater.
Based on a reported figure of 5,010,000 tank truck washings per year, repre-
sentative wastewater characterizations   , and the assumption that the wash
terminals employ wastewater treatment systems to meet effluent guidelines,
it is estimated that the tank car washing terminals would generate a total
of 146,000 kg/mo of waste oil and grease, and about 3,000,000 kg/mo of sludge.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Oil wastes at truck service and truck washing establishments are normally
reclaimed, either onsite for reuse at the establishment, or by a contractor
who processes the wastes for resale as lubricants or fuel oil.  A minor per-
centage of the total oil wastes generated in this industry may be disposed to
open ground or refuse collection systems.  It is estimated that approximately
two-thirds of the wastewater generated from truck washing is discharged to
municipal sewers without treatment    .  The remaining quantity of wastewaters
are discharged after oils, settleable solids and chemical constituents are
removed by onsite treatment systems.  In the future, it is expected that all
truck washing terminals would employ wastewater treatment systems to comply
with effluent discharge limitations.
                        Summary of Disposal Methods
                                 Waste Oils
                                 Sludge
 service establishments
 truck washing  terminals
100% recycle
1/3 recycle, 2/3 to
sewer with wastewaters
1/3 to landfill, 2/3 to
sewer with wastewaters
 CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
      The disposal of waste oil by  waste oil collectors  is generally at no
 cost to the generators,  and  larger quantities of waste  oil are often purchased
 by waste oil collectors.
                                     B-258

-------
                                                           SIC:  42

ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     Acceptable waste disposal options available to the trucking industry are
already being used in varying degrees.  The environmentally preferable disposal
method for waste oils is collection by recycle contractors.

INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     The following tables summarize the numbers of large and small waste gen-
erators in the industry by facility type and the total quantities of waste
generated by all motor freight facilities.
                    Number of Large and Small Generators
                        	Waste Oils	     	Sludge	
                          Large        Small         Large      Small
                        Generator    Generator     Generator  Generator
                                   (less than
                                    5000 kg/mo)
service establishments     4213      11,088
truck wash terminals          0         400          500         0

ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  Based on the total quantity of waste oils generated at the truck
          service establishments (see Characteristics of Hazardous Waste Bro-
          duced) and the average quantity of waste per establishment (as
          determined from the log normal distribution of the establishment
          waste oil generation rates).
     (2) Monsanto Research Corporation, Source Assessment:  Rail Tank Car,
          Tank Truck, and Drum Cleaning, State of the Art, prepared for
          Environmental Protection Agency, April 1978
     (3)  California Trucking Association
     (4)  Bureau of the Census
     (5)  MVMA Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures, 1978
                                   B-259

-------
                                                          SIC:   42

(6)   Development Document for Proposed Effluent Limitation Guideline
     and New Source  Performance Standards for the Trucking Segment of
     the Transportation Industry (draft copy),  National Field Investi-
     gation Center,  USEPA,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  April 1974
(7)   Based on fit of a log-normal distribution to oil  waste generation
     data for six separate truck service establishments surveyed in the
     Los Angeles area
(8)   Based on fitting of a log-normal distribution of  truck washing
     terminal waste  generation rates to be consistent  with the  known
     number of terminals    and the total estimated waste quantities
     (see Characteristics of Hazardous Wastes Produced)
                              B-260

-------
       11/27/79.
        Ob.43.27.
                INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                                (8)
                                 SIC:  4231
        NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER  AND  WASTE  QUANTITIES  FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                     VARIOUS  WASTE  GENERATION  CATEGORIES
7
NJ
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-600
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000
ESTABL
NUMBER
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
500
ISHMENTS
PERCENT
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
                                                                     WASTE  QUANTITY

                                                                     KG/MO    PERCENT
                   0.
                   0.
                   0.
                   0.
                   0.
                   0.
                   0.
                   0.
                   0.
                   0.
                   0.
                   0.
             3000000.
               0.0
               0.0
               0.0
               0.0
               0.0
               0.0
               0.0
               0.0
               0.0
               0.0
               0.0
               0.0
             100.0
                     TOTAL
                               500
100.0
3000000.
100.0

-------
                                                            SIC:  4231
INDUSTRY PROFILE:   ESTIMATED NUMBER OF PLANTS AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR
                   ESTABLISHMENTS IN VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION RANGE CATEGORIES
                   (waste oils  generated  at  tank  truck washing terminals8)
Waste Generation
Ranges (kg/mo)
less than 100
100 - 200
200 - 300
300 - 400
400 - 500
500 - 600
600 - 700
700 - 800
800 - 900
900 - 1000
1000 - 2000
2000 - 5000
more than 5000
U.S. Total
Establishments
Number

50
240
145
50
10







500
% Total

10
48
29
10
2








Waste Quantity
kg/mo

7,500
60,000
50,750
22,50
5,500







146,000
% Total

5.1
41.0
34.7
15.4
3.8








                                      B-262

-------
                                                            SIC:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:   ESTIMATED NUMBER OF PLANTS AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR
                   ESTABLISHMENTS IN VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION RANGE CATEGORIES
                   (waste oils from truck service establishments7)
Waste Generation
Ranges (kg/mo)
less than 100
100 - 200
200 - 300
300 - 400
400 - 500
500 - 600
600 - 700
700 - 800
800 - 900
900 - 1000
1000 - 2000
2000 - 5000
more than 5000
U.S. Total
Establishments
Number


77
137
185
200
262
308
308
354
3,234
6,006
4,312
15,400
% Total


0.5
0.9
1.2
1.3
1.7
2.0
2.0
2.3
21
39
28
100
Waste Quantity
kg/mo


19,250
47,950
83,250
110,000
170,300
231,000
264,880
336,300
4,851,000
21,021,000
13,965,100
PI, 100, 000
% Total


.03
.07
.12
.15
.24
.32
.37
.47
6.8
30
62
100
                                      B-263

-------
INDUSTRY:  Postal Service
                                        SIC:  43
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     The U.S. Postal Service employs a fleet of vehicles to transport and
deliver mail.  Hazardous wastes are generated as a result of maintenance
of the postal vehicles.  In metropolitan areas, vehicles are normally serviced
by post office personnel at central garages.  In rural areas, the vehicle
fleets are generally serviced by independent garages or service stations (the
latter establishments are included in SIC 753, automotive repair shops).
     As of February 1979, the U.S. Postal Service fleet numbered 125,309
vehicles, of which 65,129 are self-maintained by the U.S. Postal Service
garages, and 60,180 are maintained by individual garages or service
stations   .  Based on extrapolations of survey data  ' '   for Los Angeles,
Bakersfield, and Palmdale in California, a relationship between the number
of postal garages, population of city, and numbers of vehicles serviced was
constructed with the following results:
                                                                        Total
Population of
city (thousands)
NO. garages in city
No. vehicles
serviced/ gar age
No. cities this
size in U.S. (5)
Total population
in these cities
(millions)
45-250
1
170
372
55.1
250-650
2
300
42
18.9
,650-1350
3
367
10
10.0
1350-2300
4
388
2
3.7
2300-3200
5
400
3
8.6
—
—
—
—
96.2
No. postal garages
in these cities
Total no. vehicles
serviced in these
cities
112*
84
30
8
19,800t 25,200   11,010    3,104
15
                              6,000
249
                                65,114
*This estimate  (for cities of pop. 45,000 to 250,000 only) was determined
 based on the number of vehicles serviced per garage (179) and the total
 number of vehicles in the affected cities  (18,800).
^This figure (for cities of pop. 45,000 to  250,000 only) was determined by sub-
 tracting the total number of vehicles serviced at garages in all other cities
 from the known total number of postal vehicles (65,114).  This is plausible,
 since it was known that some fraction of the cities in this population range
 would service postal vehicles at independent service stations rather than
 postal garages.
                                     B-264

-------
                                                             SIC:  43
     Assuming that the postal garages are distributed nationwide according to
population, the number of postal garages in each EPA region are as follows:
Region
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
No. of
Postal Garages
14
34
28
38
53
25
14
7
28
8
Percentage of
Total Garages
5.6
13.7
11.2
15.3
21.3
10.0
5.6
2.8
11.2
3.2
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS HASTES PRODUCED:
     Hazardous wastes generated by maintenance of postal vehicles consist of
crankcase oil, transmission oil, grease, solvents used for parts cleaning,
brake fluid, coolant, asbestos from brake pad grinding and collected solids
from vehicle washing.  Oils, grease, solvents, brake fluid and coolant are
generally combined together as oily waste and removed by a recycle operator.
Wastewaters from vehicle washing may be processed through an onsite treatment
system resulting in the production of oily sludge which is removed and commonly
disposed of at landfills.  The estimated amounts of wastes which are produced
                                                      (2)
in the servicing of the postal vehicles are as follows   :
            oil wastes                   3.6 kg/vehicle/mo
            sludge from wastewaters      1.3 kg/vehicle/mo
            asbestos                     0.0015 kg/vehicle/mo
      The total waste produced nationwide by postal garages is calculated by
 applying the waste generation rates to garage activity levels (i.e.,  number
 of vehicles serviced per garage and number of postal garages - see Description
 of Industry)  to attain garage generation rates.   Based on the above waste gen-
 eration rates and garage activity levels (see Description of Industry),  the
 estimated total waste production by postal garages is 83,550 kg/mo of non-oil
 waste and 231,350 kg/mo of waste oil (see Industry Profile).
                                    B-265

-------
                                                           SIC:   43
WASTE  TREATMENT,  STORAGE, AND  DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Waste  oils  generated at postal  garages are normally sold for recycling
by contractors.   Sludges from  wastewater treatment facilities are carried
away by contractors  to  landfills.  The treated wastewaters are discharged to
the municipal sewer.  It is estimated that vehicle wash water from smaller
garages (in cities of less  than 250,000 population)  is  discharged directly
to the sewer without treatment.  Asbestos from brake pad grinding is collected
by a vacuum cleaner,  in accordance with OSHA  regulations, and removed for dis-
posal  in a landfill  by  a contract hauler.
                         Summary of  Disposal  Methods
                                         Waste oils   Sludges &  Asbestos
     percentage of waste recycled         100                0
     percentage of waste to sewer            0               30
     percentage of waste to landfill         0               70

 CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
      The disposal of waste  oil by waste oil  collectors  is generally  at no cost
 to the generators, and larger quantities of waste oil are often  purchased by
 waste oil collectors.
 ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     Acceptable waste disposal options available to the  postal service are
already being used in varying  degrees.  The environmentally acceptable disposal
method for waste oils is collection by recycle contractors, and the most eco-
nomical acceptable disposal  method for the sludge is burial in hazardous waste
landfills.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See tables)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA  BASE:
                                    B-266

-------
                                                            SIC:  43

SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  Based on discussions with employees of the Vehicle Division of the
          U.S. Postal Service
     (2)  Vehicle Maintenance Division, U.S. Postal Service at Los Angeles
     (3)  Vehicle Maintenance Division, U.S. Postal Service at Bakersfield
     (4)  U.S. Postal Service at Palmdale
     (5)  Dan Golenpaul Associates, Information Please Almanac, 1976
                                    B-267

-------
       11/27/79.
        06.43.27.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                 SIC: 4300
        NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND HASTE QUANTITIES
                     VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
to
s
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      4,00-500
      ^00-600
      600-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS
                                          NUMBER   PERCENT
0
0
112
84
30
23
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0
0.0
45.0
33.7
12.0
9.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
                                             FOR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                WASTE QUANTITY
                KG/MO
         PERCENT
0.
0.
28000.
29400.
13500.
12650.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.0
0.0
33.5
35.2
16.2
15.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
                     TOTAL
                               249
100.0
83550.
100.0

-------
      09/12/79,
   09.49.40.
               INDUSTRY PRQFHF
                 (Haste Oil)
                            SICt 4300
                NATION
  ESTIMATED
  VARIOUS WAST?
             WASTE
to
ISJ
a\
\o
                    RANGES
                     0-100
                   100-200
                   200-300
                   300-^00
 SOO-600
 «»00-700.
 700-800
 800-900
 900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
  > 5000
                                     AND WASTE QUANTITItS FOR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                                             CATEGORIES
                        WASTE QUANTITY

                        KG/MO   PERCENT
                        FSTABLISHftENTS

                       NUMBER   PERCENT
  0
  0
  0
  0.
  0
  0
122
 20
 20
 19
 68
  0
  0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
49.0
 e.o
 6.0
 7,6
27.3
 0.0
 c.o
     0.
     0.
     0.
     0*
     0.
     0.
 79300.
 15000.
 17000.
 18050,
1C2000.
     0.
     0.
 0.0
 0.0
 0*0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
3.4.3
 6.5
 7.3
 7_.6_
44.1
 0.0
 0.0
                    TOTAL
                          249
        100.0
             231350.
            100.0

-------
INDUSTRY:  Transportation by Air                              SIC:  45

DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:

     Major group 45, Transportation by Air, includes establishments which are
engaged in furnishing domestic and foreign transportation by air (SIC 4511,
Certified Carriers and SIC 4521, Noncertificated Carriers) as well as those
operating airports and flying fields (SIC 4582) and furnishing terminal
services (SIC 4583).  Of the four SIC's covered by major group 45, all are
generators of hazardous wastes.
     SIC 4511 includes companies holding certificates under the Civil Aero-
nautics Act.  They operate over fixed routes and schedules, and are primarily
engaged in the transport of passengers or freight for revenue.  Certificated
air passenger carriers, air cargo carriers and helicopter carriers are included
in SIC 4511.  Certified carriers generally operate out of a "home base" air-
port (a large city for most major airlines), but will have satellite service
facilities available at many other airports that they service.  Hazardous
wastes generated by these companies are primarily associated with maintenance
of aircraft and ground equipment.  Major airlines certificated in the U.S.
and their home bases are shown in the table below.
                 (3)              Number of
          Carrier            Airports Serviced         Home Base City" '
          United                      97                Chicago
          Delta                       90                Atlanta
          American                    62                New York
          Eastern                    115                Miami/Atlanta
          Northwest                   40                Minneapolis
          TWA                         40                Los Angeles
          Continental                 34                Los Angeles
          Western                     46                Los Angeles
          Braniff                     56                Dallas/Ft. Worth
          National                    40                Miami
          Pan Am                       6                New York

     There are 200 commuter airlines in the U.S. operating 1200 aircrafts.
Commuter airlines also have a similar maintenance set up as the large airlines,
only on a smaller scale.  There is a home base of operation where major main-
tenance will be done.  In some cases this maintenance may be contracted out
to a local aircraft service company.  At points away from "home" any maintenance
                                    B-270

-------
                                                        SIC:  45
or repair required will generally be contracted out, depending on whether
or not the airline operates a maintenance facility at that point
     Helicopter engine overhauls are required after 50 hours of operation and
are performed primarily at six centralized facilities in the U.S.  These over-
haul facilities are classified in SIC 372.
     SIC 4521 consists of companies not  holding certificates of Public Con-
venience and Necessity under the  Civil Aeronautics Act.  Nbncertificated air
passenger carriers, air cargo carriers, fixed-base air operators, air taxis,
flying charter services and airplane sightseeing services are included in SIC
4521.  These establishments are located nationwide at large and small airports
and flying fields.  Hazardous wastes generated by these establishments are
associated with aircraft maintenance and is covered under SIC 4582.
     SIC 4582 includes establishments primarily engaged in the operation and
maintenance of airports and/or the servicing, repairing (except on a factory
basis), and storing of aircraft.  Hazardous wastes generated by  the  establish-
ments under this SIC are primarily a result of aircraft maintenance.  As of
January 1, 1979 there were 14,574 airports located in all regions of the U.S.   .
In 1977 total repair stations at airports numbered 3304   .  This may include
service facilities for all establishments in major group 45.
     SIC 4583 consists of establishments primarily engaged in furnishing co-
ordinated handling services for passengers or freight at airport terminals.
Hazardous wastes generated by these establishments are a result of maintenance
of ground equipment.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     At "home bases" the major certificated carriers (SIC 4511)  are likely to
be large volume hazardous waste generators.  At these home bases the airline
will have major maintenance operations performing major repairs, preventative
maintenance, engine and airframe rebuilding and overhaul,  painting, component
cleaning, plating and aircraft washing.  Wastes resulting from maintenance
and repair of aircraft as well as company-owned ground service vehicles and
equipment includes waste oil and hydraulic fuilds from engine maintenance;
waste paint and solvents from painting operations; and waste containing heavy
metals (such as chromium, copper, nickel, silver, cadmium and zinc) and
cyanide,  alkaline wastes, chromium acid waste and other acid and alkali wastes
                                     B-271

-------
                                                              SIC;  45
from plating operations.  Waste solvents and detergents result from use of
solvents and detergents to remove oxidation, scaling and carbon residues from
aircraft exteriors and components.
     One major certificated carrier surveyed as to waste volumes and disposal
methods at its home base indicated that waste oils are held in a 1000-gallon
underground storage tank and is hauled away for reclamation about every two
months.  The average generation of waste oil at this site is estimated at
1500 kg/mo.  The company also maintains two 2000-gallon holding tanks for other
chemical wastes including solvents, paint waste, plating waste, oils, etc.
                                                               (2)
Approximately 1000 gallons per week is generated (13,100 kg/mo)   .  Total
waste stream from this "home base" maintenance station is 14,600 kg/mo.
Assuming that this quantity is typical, the total waste quantity generated by
major airlines' home bases is estimated at 161,000 kg/mo.  Significantly
smaller waste quantities are expected from home base maintenance facilities
for the 200 commuter airlines.  The waste quantities for these facilities are
estimated to be similar in magnitude to these for SIC 4582.
     At many other airports that are serviced by the major certificated
carriers, a "satellite" service center is maintained for ramp service (replen-
ishing food supplies, fuel, oil and hydraulic fluid and cleaning of the inter-
ior of the aircraft), maintenance inspection and minor repairs.  If the ser-
vice required is beyond the capability of a particular station, maintenance
personnel may be flown in to perform repairs, or satellite service may be con-
tracted to another airline or an aircraft service company having a more com-
prehensive service capability.  Depending on the extent of satellite service
performed, such services may result in the generation of little or no hazard-
ous waste.  Ground service equipment may or may not be owned and serviced by
the airlines.  When such equipment are owned by an airline, maintenance ser-
vice of such equipment would be part of the satellite service
     One major airline company's satellite facility at an international air-
port uses a 300-gallon tank for storage of waste oil, solvents, etc.  Assum-
ing a quarterly removal of wastes from the storage tank (when the tank is
about half full), an average waste generation rate of 150 kg/mo is estimated
for this facility.  This rate may not be representative of satellite facili-
ties for other airlines.  In estimating the total waste quantity, it is assumed
                                     B-272

-------
                                                        SIC:  45
that only 1/3 of the 616 satellite service facilities    produce hazardous
waste    and that a waste generation rate of close to 100 kg/mo or less would
be more representative of the operations at roost satellite centers.
     Aircraft maintenance companies (SIC 4582) operate at both large and small
airports.  These establishments provide services to airlines and other air-
craft owners including airline schools, private aircraft, small charter lines,
air cargo carriers, air taxis, sightseeing airplane services, etc (SIC 4521).
At the large airports these services may produce large amounts of hazardous
waste depending on the volume of business, kind of aircraft serviced and size
of operation.  One service company at a large airport which maintains only
private jet aircraft, generates over 2000 gallons (6000 kg) of waste oil,
                                              (4)
hydraulic fluids and lacquer thinner per month   .  At small airports these
service companies.will generally be small volume waste generators.  According
to California state data, of 7 operations surveyed all were small waste gen-
erators producing from 126 to 3381 kg/mo of hazardous wastes with an average
of 793 kg/mo.  Hazardous wastes reported at the 7 sites include paint thinner,
scrap paint, sodium cyanide, perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, methylene
chloride, oil, mild acid, alkaline solution, solvents and paint stripping
waste(5).
     Ground service companies (SIC 4583) can also generate hazardous wastes.
A large ground service company at a major international airport which supplies
ground vehicles and equipment to contracting airlines indicates that it gen-
erates waste oil, coolant, grease, solvents, degreasers, hydraulic fluid and
washwater.  About 670 kg of oils and other chemical wastes are generated per
month{6).
     Ground service companies are located at the major airports (hubs) as well
as most of the middle size hubs airports.   There are an average of at least
two of these establishments at the 25 major airports and about one at each of
the middle size ones  (there are about 100 middle size hubs).  These airports
                                              (4)
are located in all regions throughout the U.S.
     The waste generation of 670 kg/mo mentioned above is assumed to be appli-
cable to the approximately 50 service companies serving the major hubs; com-
panies serving the remaining 100 hubs would be much smaller in size and are
assumed to be in the 100 to 200 kg/mo waste generation rate.
                                     B-273

-------
                                                        SIC:  45
 WASTE  TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Waste oil and chemicals generated by larger aircraft maintenance faci-
 lities are generally  stored in underground holding tanks.  Sometimes the waste
 oils are  stored in separate tanks and sometimes they are mixed with other
 waste  chemicals.  If  the waste oils are stored separately they can be recycled
.(via waste oil reclaimers).  Chemical wastes are collected by contract haulers
 whose  disposal method is unknown    .  Smaller waste generators may store
 waste  oils and chemicals in 55-gallon drums.  These wastes will be removed
 periodically by an outside disposal company   .  One company in the state data
 reports that the waste is  disposed of in a hazardous waste landfill.
 CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
 ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL  METHOD:
      Segregation of wastes at  the source  (i.e., separate collection of waste
 oils,  solvents,  etc.)  should enable reclamation of waste oil and  solvents by
 commercial  reclaimers,  other  hazardous wastes can be disposed of in  facilities
 designed  to handle such wastes.
 ASSESSMENT  OF THE QUALITY OF THE DATA BASE:
      From the standpoint of location and  number of hazardous waste generators
 and  the quantities of hazardous waste generated, the air transportation indus-
 try  appears to be one of the least studied industries.  Despite contacts with
 a large number of agencies, airlines, trade  associations, etc., only  very
 little relevant  quantitative data could be obtained in this study.  Because
 of the relatively small number of generators in the industry  (compared to
 those in  other industries), any error in  the estimates for the air transpor-
 tation industry  will  not make  a measurable impact on the overall  picture of
 the  small volume generators.
 INDUSTRY  PROFILE:
      (See tables)
                                     B-274

-------
                                                              SIC:  45




SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:




     (1)  FAA




     (2)  Twelve airline companies




     (3)  Air Transport Association




     (4)  Three aircraft maintenance companies




     (5)  California state data




     (6)  Two ground service companies




     (7)  LAX Authority
                                    B-275

-------
       11/27/79.
        08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                                 SIC:  4511
        NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND  WASTE QUANTITIES  FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                     VARIOUS  WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
10
-j
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-<»00
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000
ESTABL
NUMBER
200
0
0
0
0
0
175
0
0
0
0
0
36
ISHMENTS
PERCENT
48.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
42.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
8.8
                                                                     WASTE QUANTITY

                                                                     KG/MO   PERCENT
               17600.
                   0.
                   0.
                   0.
                   0.
                   0.
              113750.
                   0.
                   0.
                   0.
                   0.
                   0.
              273600.
              4.3
              0.0
              0.0
              0.0
              0.0
              0.0
             28.1
              0.0
              0.0
              0.0
              0.0
              0.0
             67.6
                     TOTAL
                               411
100.0
404950.
100.0

-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
         INDUSTRY PROFILE
                         SIC: <,562
                                                      NATION
              ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
              VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
       WASTE GENERATION
              RANGES
              KG/MO
               0
              100
              200
              300
              400
              500
              600
              700
              800
              900
             1000
             2000
 -100
 -200
 -300
 -400
 -500
 -600
 -700
 -800
 -900
 -1000
 -2000
 -5000
 5000
                     ESTABLISHMENTS

                    NUMBER   PERCENT
270
378
297
243
189
162
108
108
81
81
416
259
108
10.0
14.0
11.0
9.0
7.0
6.0
4.0
4.0
3.0
3.0
15.4
9.6
4.0
   WASTE  QUANTITY

   KG/MO    PERCENT
  15390.
  56700.
  74250.
  85050.
  85050.
  89100.
  70200.
  81000.
  68850.
  76950.
 624000.
 906500.
 693792.
  .5
 1.9
 2.5
 2.9
 2.9
 3.0
 2.4
 2.8
 2.4
 2.6
21.3
31.0
23.7
               TOTAL
                       2700
                                               100.0
2926832,
                                                          100.0

-------
      11/27/79.
        08.43.27.
               INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                 SIC:  4583
                                                             NATION
                    ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES  FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                    VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
V
to
^j
co
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS

                                         NUMBER    PERCENT
0
100
0
0
0
0
50
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0
66.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
33.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
 WASTE  QUANTITY

 KG/MO    PERCENT
0.
15000.
0.
0.
0.
0.
32500.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.0
31.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
68.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
                     TOTAL
                               150
                                                     100.0
47500.
                                                                  100.0

-------
INDUSTRY:  Drugs, Drug Proprietaries and Druggists'            SIC: • 5122
           Supplies  (Wholesale)
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     This SIC category includes establishments primarily engaged in the whole-
sale distribution of drugs, drug proprietaries, druggists' sundries, and
toiletries.
     According to the census data  (see computer printout) there are a total
of 3475 establishments in the subject SIC with 43%, 58% and 73% of the estab-
lishments having less than 5, 10 and 20 employees, respectively.  The estab-
lishments are distributed throughout the U.S., with the greatest numbers in
EPA Regions II (20%), V  (17%), IV  (15%) and IX (15%).
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     Drug wholesalers occasionally dispose of out-of-date, recalled phaimaceu-
ticals.  The materials disposed of are approximately 85% glass and waste
packaging material and about 15% product   .  The discarded materials are
estimated to contain about 20% active ingredient   .  A previous study
estimated that the U.S. parmaceutical industry disposes of approximately
10,000 metric tons of returned goods annually; about 500 metric tons of this
waste is considered hazardous enough to warrant special disposal.  Based on
the data obtained in this study    , only a maximum of 10% of the recalled and
out-of-date Pharmaceuticals are disposed of by wholesale druggists (and not
sent back to the manufacturer for  final disposal).  Therefore, a maximum of
about 50 metric tons of hazardous wastes are disposed of annually by whole-
sale druggists across the nation.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Approximately 90% of damaged, recalled, and out-of-date Pharmaceuticals
are returned to the formulation plant for disposition.  Some controlled drugs
are sent to the nearest Federal Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)  office for
destruction.  (The L.A. office has the drugs incinerated.)  Other waste phar-
maceuticals are either sent to the sewer system or are disposed of along with
other municipal refuse.  No information is available on the quantities of
material sent to the DEA, the sewer, or municipal refuse management systems.
                                    B-279

-------
                                                               SIC:  5122
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
     Since hazardous wastes are a small percentage of the total wastes gen-
erated by wholesale druggists, no additional cost is attributed to the hazard-
ous wastes disposed of by comingling with nonhazardous wastes.  The cost of
sending drugs to the DEA depends on local shipping costs.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  Arthur D. Little, Inc., "Hazardous Waste Generation, Treatment,
          and Disposal in the Pharmaceutical Industry," EPA Contract No.
          68-01-2684, July 1975
     (2)  National Wholesale Druggists' Association
     (3)  Census data
     (4)  Based on the estimated maximum waste generation quantity of 50
          metric ton/yr for the industry; based on the information obtained
          from trade associations (References 2, 5, and 6), the average
          establishment disposes of considerably less than 100 kg/mo, and
          it is possible, although rare, that a wholesaler may dispose of
          more than 100 kg of waste in a month's time
     (5)  The Proprietary Association
     (6)  American Pharmaceutical Association
     (7)  Federal Drug Enforcement Agency
     (8)  Food and Drug Administration
                                    B-280

-------
       11/27/79.
        Oa.43.27.
                INDUSTRY PRDFILt
                                (4)
                                 SIC: 5122
        NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
T
to
03
WASTt GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MQ

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      300-600
      600-700
      700-80C
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000

       TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER
3475
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
PERCENT
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
kASTE
KG/MO
4170.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
QUANTITY
PERCENT
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
                                             3475
                                                 (3)
100.0
4170.
100.0

-------
        11/29/79.      13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN IDF PLANTS  IN IfKPLfYMEiMT  SIZE  CATEGORIES BY E'JA

                        OF  PLANTS  IN  EACH CATEGORY
REGION
            TOTAL
1-4
5_q
10-19
20-4°
                                                                IN  SIC 5122
100-249  250-499   500-999







V


NAT
0
i
to
00
to
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
III
IX
X
ION




151
678
271
509
595
378
194
99
506
91
3472




64
321
101
196
229
169
82
48
232
37
1481




23
92
51
90
SO
50
37
14
86
11
534




17
112
33
610CO

    0
    0
    0
    0
    1
    0
    1
    0
    0
    0

-------
INDUSTRY:  Chemicals and Allied Products - Chemical            SIC:  5161
           Wholesalers
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     The establishments in this industry are primarily engaged in the wholesale
distribution of chemicals and allied products including acids, industrial and
heavy chemicals, dyestuffs, industrial salts, resin and turpentine,  whole-
salers buy and sell merchandise in addition to providing transportation,
storage, market information, financing and some product disposal services to
their customers.  The census data indicate a total of 6760 establishments for
this SIC of which 70% employing less than 10 persons.  The industry is distributed
throughout the country although over half of the establishments are located
                                      {1 2)
along the east coast and upper midwest  '
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     Potentially hazardous wastes are generated routinely only by those firms
which repackage chemicals.  Dry chemicals are generally not repackaged.  Liquids
received in 55-gallon drums are often repackaged and account for most of the
               (2)
waste generated   .  Waste types generated include organic and inorganic sol-
vents which may be flammable or toxic, and corrosive or reactive acid and
alkaline solutions.  The estimated amount of hazardous waste generated by the
subject SIC is 400,000 kg/mo, or an average rate of 1093 kg/mo per generator
(see Industry Profile).  It is estimated that almost 95% of the establishments
                                            (2)
in this SIC do not generate hazardous wastes
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Approximately 20% of the establishments store their hazardous wastes in
drums and send them to off-site disposal facilities.  The remainder flush their
wastes to dry wells, sewer lines, or watercourses   .  There is some reclama-
tion of chemicals, particularly of solvents which are returned to the whole-
saler by customers.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
                                    B-283

-------
                                                               SIC;  5161

INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
      (1)  Census data
      (2)  U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste, "Economic Impact Analysis of Hazard-
          ous Waste Management Regulations on Selected Generating Industries,"
          Contract No. 68-01-4819, Energy Resource Co., December 1978
      (3)  Based on the estimated total waste quantity for the industry reported
          in Reference 2 and the census data on distribution of establishments
          by employment size category.   (The approach assumes a direct correla-
          tion between waste quantity from an establishment and its number of
          employees.)
      (4)  Census data adjusted for the estimated number of "zero" generators
           (about 95%, based on Reference 2).
                                      B-284

-------
       11/27/79.
   08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                (3)
                            SIC:
                                      NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AN3 WASTE QUANTITIES  FOK  ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
              WASTE GENERATION
                     RANGES
                     KG/MO
T
10
oo
   0
 100
 zoo
 300
 400
 500
 600
 700
 600
 900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
•800
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
                     TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER
62
47
37
26
22
18
15
15
11
11
51
37
13
365{4>
PERCENT
17.0
12.9
10.1
7.1
6.0
4.9
4.1
4.1
3.0
3.0
14.0
10.1
3.6
100.0
                                                   WASTE QUANTITY

                                                   KG/MO   PtRCENT
3100.
7050.
9250.
9100.
9900.
9900.
9750.
11250.
9350.
10450.
76500.
129500.
104000.
.8
l.B
2.3
2.3
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.8
2.3
2.6
19.2
32.4
26.1
                                                 399100
                                                                           (2)
                                                         100.0

-------
        11/29/79.       13.49.57.

PPEAKDGWN OF PLANTS  IN  EMPLOYMENT SIZE CAT=GQ9IES  BY  EPA  PFGION IN SIC 5161
  REGION
                 MJ1BEP  CF  PLANTS  IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL
1-4
5-9
13-19
20-49
5C-9C  10C-2<-9   250-49Q  500-999


I



V
VI


NATI
7
to
CD
I
II
II
IV
V
VI
II
II
IX
X
ON
401
1189
502
1022
1407
810
311
173
796
149
676Q
193
584
216
491
661
381
140
fe9
370
69
3194
p 3
250
108
231
314
151
80
33
207
40
1497
77
172
94
155
230
144
37
26
129
24
1108
30
127
64
114
135
97
23
17
69
12
688
1C
3t
1C
1°
45
19
5
5
15
2
165
p
18
10
11
IS
15
4
3
5
2
94
                                                                                  0
                                                                                  2
                                                                                  0
                                                                                  1
                                                                                  3
                                                                                  2
                                                                                  2
                                                                                  0
                                                                                  1
                                                                                  C

                                                                                 11
                                                                               0
                                                                               0
                                                                               0
                                                                               1
                                                                               0
                                                                               0
                                                                               0
                                                                               0
                                                                               0
                                                                               0
>1000

    0
    0
    0
    0
    1
    1
    0
    0
    0
    0

-------
 INDUSTRY:  Motor Vehicles  (New and Used)                        SIC:  5511
 DESCRIPTION OF  INDUSTRY:
      The establishments in this  industry  are primarily  engaged  in the retail
 sale  of  new automobiles, or new  and used  automobiles.   These  establishments
 generally operate  vehicle  service centers which  generate hazardous wastes.
 The establishments vary in size  (see  census data computer printout for number
 distribution  of establishments by EPA region and employment size) and are dis-
 tributed throughout  the country  with  heaviest concentration  (particularly the
 large dealers)  in  or near  the urban centers.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE PRODUCED:
     Waste oil, a  "listed" waste based on toxicity consideration, is the pri-
mary hazardous waste generated by the car service centers.  The second most
predominant waste  is used oil filters  (which would also be considered toxic).
Other hazardous wastes include various toxic and ignitable solvents, corrosive
wastes from radiator flushings and contaminated rags.  The estimated genera-
tion  rates per establishment are as follows:
                      Waste            Estimated Quantity, kg/mo
               oils and oil filters             <5000(1)
               solvents                         0 - 45<2)
               radiator flushings               <100(3)
               contaminated rags                   —

      The total  amount of non-oil hazardous waste generated by the subject SIC
 is estimated  at 15.7 million  kg/mo  (see  Industry Profile), with an average rate
 of 436 kg/mo  per generator.   Haste lube oil is estimated at  320 million  kg/mo
                                                                       (A\
 (see  Industry Profile).  Oil  filters  are  estimated at 23 million kg/mo    .
 WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND  DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Waste treatment, storage  and disposal practices  in  the  industry are
generally as follows  '   :
     •  Waste oils  drained from vehicles  (mainly  engines,  transmissions and
        differentials)  are generally collected in underground storage tanks.
        A small percentage of  the shops store  the waste  oil  in 55-galIon drums
        above ground.  80  to  90 percent of the shops  are turning waste oils
        over to waste oil  collectors.   The waste  oil  is  used for the following
        purposes:   fuel,  road  oil,  re-refining, dust  and weed control and
                                    B-287

-------
                                                                SIC;   5511

        other miscellaneous uses.   The  remaining 10  to 20  percent of  the waste
        oil  is disposed of in landfills,  sewers,  or  dumped on the nearest  open
        ground.
     •  The  disposal practices for other hazardous wastes  generated are as
        follows:
            Oil filters:
               Generally disposed of with nonhazardous refuse.
            Solvents:
               - 40% of the establishments dump waste solvents into oil
                 holding tanks
               - 40% contract out to solvent reclaimers
               - the remaining 20 percent dump the waste solvent down the
                 sewer or use other methods of disposal
            Acids, caustics and radiator chemical flushes:
               Generally are dumped down the sewer.   Some may clarify by
               settling before dumping in sewer.
            Contaminated rags or towels:
               Generally collected and cleaned by supplier.  A small  amount
               of rags are disposed jointly with nonhazardous refuse  generated
               onsite.
     Although the majority of establishments dispose of waste oil via waste oil
collectors,  a small percentage of the generators currently dispose of waste oil
in an environmentally unacceptable manner (e.g., dumping on open ground).
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
     The disposal of the waste oil via waste oil collectors is generally at
no cost to the generators; larger quantities of waste oil are usually sold to
the waste oil collectors.  With the continuous rise in oil prices, the practice
of waste disposal via waste oil collectors would be expected to become more
attractive in the future, thus reducing the number of generators which currently
dispose of wastes by other methods (e.g., landfills, sewers or dumping on open
grounds).
                                     B-283

-------
                                                                SIC:  5511
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     Waste oil disposal via waste oil collectors is environmentally more
acceptable than other disposal methods currently used by some generators
(see Current Disposal Cost, above).
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See tables)

ASSESSMENT OF  QUALITY OF  DATA BASE:
     The 32  million kg/mo of waste oil  generation rate estimated for SIC 5511
is  in  reasonable accord with a  reported estimate of 36 million  kg/mo of waste
oil for the  vehicle dealers in  the U.S. (1970-1971)(6).  The latter estimate
is  based on  the total quantity  of new oil sold to dealers and the assumption
that about 90% of the oil  is collected as waste oil at the service centers?
the 32 million kg/mo estimate arrived at  in this study is based on waste
generation rate reported  by individual  establishments.  Another study    esti-
mates  the quantity of waste oil produced by SIC 5511 at 18 million kg/mo.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND  EXPLANATORY  NOTES:
     (1)   Based on the state data for SIC 5511, 5541 and 7538
     (2)   "Economic  Impact Analysis of  Hazardous Waste  Management Regulations
           on Selected Generating  Industries,"  Draft Report,  Contract No.  68-
           01-4819, December  1978
                                  ii
     (3)   Based on state  data for ,11 radiator shops (.SIC 7539)
     (4)   The  quantity of oil filters was estimated based on an assumed weifht
           of 1 kg/oil filter and  (a)  the reported  number  of oil changes of
           153.9  x 106 per year  for  all  service centers  (repair  garages,  service
           centers,  new  car dealers, etc.);  and (b) a  reported percentage of
           17.4% of the  total oil  filter changes carried out at  new  and  used
           vehicle dealers (based  on Reference 7).
     (5)   Based on state  data on  waste  oil  generation quantities to which
           estimated waste oil filter  quantities (see  Reference  4) were  added,
           and  the information on  number of  dealers reported in  Reference (7).
                                     B-289

-------
                                                           SIC:   5511

(6)  Weinstein,  Norman  J.,  "Waste Oil  Recycling and Disposal,"  Recon
    Systems Inc.,  August 1974
(7)   "MVMA Motor Vehicle Facts  and Figures '78," Motor Vehicle  Manufac-
    turing Association
(8)  Based on an assumed waste  solvent generation rate of 30 kg/mo per
    generator and  an estimated number of  establishments  from Reference 7.
                                B-290

-------
11/27/79.
06.43.27.
         INDUSTRY PROFILE
                         (4,8)
                         SIC:  5511
             NATION
              ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE  QUANTITIES  FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
              VARIOUS WASTE  GENERATION  CATEGORIES
       WASTE GENERATION
              RANGES
              KG/MQ

               0-100
             100-200
             200-300
             300-400
             400-500
             500-600
             600-700
             700-800
             800-900
             900-1000
            1000-2000
            2000-5000
              > 5000

              TOTAL
                     ESTABLISHMENTS

                    NUMBER   PERCENT
                     15120
                      5760
                      3240
                      1980
                      1548
                      1152
                       900
                       720
                       540
                       504
                      2520
                      1620
                         0

                     35604
(7)
 42.5
 16.2
  9.1
  5.6
  4.3
  3.2
  2.5
  2.0
  1.5
  1.4
  7.1
  4.6
  0.0

100.0
                     WASTE QUANTITY

                     KG/MO   PERCENT
  514080.
  864000.
  810000.
  693000.
  696600.
  633600.
  585000.
  540000.
  459000.
  478800.
 3780000.
 5670000.
       0.

15724060.
  3.3
  5.5
  5.2
  4.4
  4.4
  4.0
  3.7
  3.4
  2.9
  3.0
 24.0
 36.1
  0.0

100.0

-------
                                                            SIC: 5511
INDUSTRY PROFILE:  ESTIMATED NUMBER OP PLANTS AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR
                   ESTABLISHMENTS IN VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION RANGE CATEGORIES*5)
                   (waste oil)
u-ie^a G^npn'ati-Qn '
Ranges (kg/mo)
less than 100
100 - 200
200 - 300
300 - 400
400 - 500
500 - 600
600 - 700
700 - 800
BOO - 900
900 - 1000
1000 - 2000
2000 - 5000
more than 5000
O.S. Total
Establishments
Number
7,120
4,750
3,360
2,570
1,980 ..
1,540
1,270
1,190
990
910
5,140
4,750
0
36,000
% Total
18
13
9.4
. 7.2
5.6
4.4
3.6
3.3
'2.8
2.6
14.4
13.3
0
100
Waste Quantity
kg/mo
0.35
0.71
0.84
0.90
0.89
0.87
0.82
0.89
0.84
• 0.87
7.69
16.5
0
3.2 x 107
% Total
1.1
2.2
2.6
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.8
2.6
2.7
24
52
0
100
                                   B-292

-------
        11/29/79.      13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT  SIZE  CATEGORIES  BY EPA REGION IN SIC 5511

                 NUMBER CF  PLANTS  IN  EACH  CATEGORY

  REGION    TOTAL      1-4       5-9     10-19     20-49    50-99  100-249  250-499   500-999


I



V
VI


NATI
a
i
to
vo
Ul
I
II
II
IV
V
VI
II
II
IX
X
ON




1920
2694
3413
4647
6601
3147
2441
1273
2307
1071
29519




230
336
444
675
984
502
474
250
275
132
4302




237
365
461
523
1052
4«J8
508
235
124
130
4123




642
765
955
1394
1874
888
759
342
392
302
3313




t95
1044
1122
1438
1889
834
531
330
949
384
9216




107
165
358
432
700
?79
144
98
467
109
2909




9
19
70
132
102
153
25
22
97
13
642




                                                                                 0
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 3
                                                                                 3
                                                                                 C
                                                                                 3
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 1
                                                                                 3
                                                                                 1
0
0
0
-0
0
0
0
0
0
0
>1000

    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0

-------
                                                                SIC:   5541
INDUSTRY:  Gasoline Service Stations
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     Establishments primarily engaged in selling gasoline and lubricating oils.
These establishments frequently perform minor repair work, are generally small
in size (69% are in the 1-4 employee size range; see census data computer print-
out for number distribution of establishments by EPA region and employment size)
and are distributed throughout the country with the heaviest concentration in
or near urban centers.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     Waste oil, a "listed" waste based on toxicity consideration, is  the pri-
mary hazardous waste generated by the car service centers.  The second most
predominant waste is used oil filters (which would also be considered toxic).
Other hazardous wastes include various toxic and ignitable solvents,  corrosive
wastes from radiator flushings and contaminated rags.
     The total amount of non-oil hazardous wastes generated by service stations
is estimated at 15.7 million kg/mo (see Industry Profile), with an average rate
of 123 kg/mo per generator.  Waste lube oil is estimated at 62 million kg/mo
           ry
           (1)
(see Industry Profile).  Oil  filters account for 10%  (7.9 x 10  kg/mo) of the
total waste
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     (See SIC 5511)
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
     (See SIC 5511)
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     (See SIC 5511)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
     The 62 million kg/mo of waste oil generation rate estimated for SIC 5541
                                                                    (2)
is higher than two reported estimates of (1)  33 million kg/mo (1978)     based
on 4.25 liters of oil per oil change times an estimated 115 million oil changes
and (2) 43 million kg/mo (1970-71) * ' based on the total quantity of oil sold
to service stations and the assumption that 63% of the oil is collected as
                                   B-294

-------
                                                                SIC:  5541
waste oil at the service station.  The 62 million kg/mo estimate arrived at
in this study is based on actual waste generation rates reported by individual
establishments.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
      (1)  The quantity of oil filters was estimated based on an assumed
          weight of 1 kg/oil filter and  (a) the reported number of oil changes
          of 153.9 x 10  per year for all service centers (repair garages,
          service centers, new car dealers, etc.); and  (b) a reported per-
          centage of 61.8% of the total oil filter changes carried out at
          gasoline service stations (based on Reference 5).
      (2)  "Economic Impact Analysis of Hazardous Waste Management Regulations
          on Selected Generating Industries," Draft Report, Contract No. 68-
          01-4819, December 1978
      (3)  weinstein, Norman J.,  "Waste Oil Recycling and Disposal," Recon
          Systems Inc., August 1974
      (4)  Based on state data  for  20  service stations  on waste generation
          quantities and the information on number of gasoline service
          stations  reported in Reference (2).
      (5)  "MVMA Motor Vehicle FActs and  Figures  '78," Motor Vehicle Manu-
          facturing Association
      (6)  Based on an assumed  solvent waste generation  rate of 3d kg/mo  per
          generator and an estimated number of establishments from  Reference  2.
      (7)  Based on data in Reference  (2),  adjusted for  the estimated "zero"
          generators  (23%)
                                    B-295

-------
11/27/79.
                     US.43.27.
         INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                        .(1/6)
                                              SIC: 5541
        NATION
              ESTIMATED  NUMBER  AND  WASTE  QUANTITIES  FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS IN
              VARIOUS  WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
W
(o
       WASTE  GENERATION
              RANGES
              KG/MO

               0-100
             100-200
             200-300
             300-400
             400-500
             500-600
             600-700
             700-800
             600-900
             900-1000
            1000-20GO
            2000-5000
              > 5000

              TOTAL
                                          ESTABLISHMENTS

                                         NUMBER   PERCENT
72419
32918
13167
5267
2897
1317
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
56.6
25.7
10.3
4.1
2.3
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
                WASTE QUANTITY

                KG/MO   PERCENT
                                         127985
                                               (7)
100.0
 3620950.
 4937700.
 3291750.
 1843450.
 1303650.
  724350.
       0.
       0.
       0.
       0.
       0.
       0.
       0.

15721850.
 23.0
 31.4
 20.9
 11.7
  6.3
  4.6
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0

100.0

-------
                                                             SIC: 5541
IMUUb'i'HY PROFILE:  ESTIMATED NUMBER OF PLANTS AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR
                   ESTABLISHMENTS IN VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION RANGE CATEGORIES
                   (waste oil)
,(4)
Waste Generation
Ranges (kg/mo)
less than 100
100 - 200
200 - 300
300 - 400
400 - 500
500 - 600
600 - 700
700 - 800
800 - 900
900 - 1000
•
1000 - 2000
2000 - 5000 •
more than 5000
U.S. Total
*
Establishments
Number
16,600
26, 000 V
21,400 y
14,100^
10,900,
-• •
8>320
5, 760 .
5,760-
3/580; .
2,820
10,700 .'
• 2'050
0 :
128; 000 ^
% Total
13
:' 20
' 17 •
.11
:,:s &•&•'' ':;.
" €.5: '.:
v'.V'.'4..5r
' :--4i:5- '
•: '2.8
^:-;-2.:2f .
;-;;;::;8..4. .
,-- ,-.!.- 6.
O
i^VlOOv :
Waste Quantity
kg/mo
1.2
3.9
5.3
4.9
4.9
4.6
-3.7 .
4.3
3.0
.2.7
• 16
, 7.2
0 :
62
% Total
1.9
.6.3
8.6
7.9
7.9
7.5
6.0
7.0
4.9
4.4
26
12
0
100;
                                  B-297

-------
        11/29/79.      13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOrMENT SIZE CATEGORIES  BY  EPA  REGION IN SIC 5541
  REGION
                        DF PLANTS  IN EACM  CATEGORY
TOTAL
1-4
5-9
H-19
20-49
                                                          50-99  100-249   250-499   500-999










I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
NATION
to
i
to
•J3
CO




7611
11795
1436B
25150
30410
16*31
9335
5340
15422
5163
142025




5563
8457
9134
18710
19261
12390
7142
3741
9707
3727
97832




1670
2531
3763
4939
853t
3168
2122
1156
4404
1143
33435




320
635
1216
1240
2151
994
492
350
1051
237
6736




53
116
219
220
376
239
144
77
232
48
1724




4
5
25
34
74
34
28
14
23
8
249




1
1
6
7
12
6
7
2
4
0
46




                                                                                 0
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 1
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 1
                                                                                 0
                                         0
                                         0
                                         0
                                         0
                                         0
                                         0
                                         0
                                         0
                                         0
                                         0
>1000

    0
    0
    0
    0
    1
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0

-------
Solvent
Perc
Petroleum
F-113
TOTAL
Coin-Op
15,000
N/A
300 - 400
-15,400
Dry Cleaning Plants
18,000
6,000
250 - 900
-25,000
INDUSTRY:  Dry Cleaning                                         SIC:  7215,7216,
                                                                      7218
DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY:
      The dry cleaning industry is covered by three 4-digit SIC's:
            7215 - Coin-operated laundries and dry cleaning
            7216 - Dry cleaning plants, except rug cleaning
            7218 - Industrial launderers
Dry cleaning involves the use of solvents to remove soil, grease, etc. from
clothes with subsequent purification of the dirty solvent via filtration and/
or distillation.  Three solvents which are commonly employed for dry cleaning
are  perchloroethylene  ("perc"), "petroleum," and "F-113."  A breakdown of
the estimated numbers of establishments using these solvents in the three
industry sectors is as follows   :

                                                       Industrial Launderies
                                                                270
                                                                270
                                                                N/A
                                                                540
The total number of plants conducting dry cleaning cannot be directly deter-
mined from census data since the census data do not provide a breakdown of the
plants in SIC's 7215 and 7218 which conduct or do not conduct dry cleaning
(some plants in these SIC's provide only other laundry services).  Hence,
the industry/trade organization data shown above are used here as the best
available estimates of the numbers of dry cleaning establishments in the
                                                          •,
three industry categories. Census data indicate- that 85% of coin-op dry
cleaners and 59% of dry cleaning plants employ less than 4 persons,  while only
15% of industrial launderers employ less than 4 persons.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
      Hazardous wastes are generated by dry cleaning operations during process-
ing of "dirty" solvents for solvent recovery.  These wastes consist of distilla-
tion residues, spent filter media and filter cleaning residues, and residues
settled in settling tanks (primarily used by industrial launderers).  Based on
data from operating establishments, from 11 to 33 kg of hazardous wastes are
generated per 1000 kg of clothes cleaned, depending on the type of soil re-
moved, type of filter system used, and degree of solvent recovery attained
                                    B-299

-------
                                                                SIC:  7215, etc.
      About 80% of the waste quantities reported by dry cleaners is distilla-
tion residues and 20% filtration wastes.  Industry sources estimate distilla-
tion residues at about 17 kg per 1000 kg clothes cleaned   , a figure in good
agreement with the average of about 18 kg/1000 kg clothes based on survey
           (2)
information
      Distillation residues from properly operated stills typically contain 60%
                                                                 fi:
                                                                (6)
solvent (wet weight basis)    .   Residues from diatomaceous earth filters con-
tain about 25% solvent after "cooking" to reduce solvent content
      The estimated total hazardous waste quantity for the dry cleaning indus-
try is 5.6 x 106 kg/mo of which about 10% is contributed by coin-ops, 35% by
industrial launderers, and 54% by dry cleaning plants.'  The "average" coin-ops,
dry cleaning plants and industrial laundering plants generate about 38, 120
and 3600 kg/mo of waste, respectively (see Industry Profile).
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
      Both distillation and filter residues are reportedly disposed to sanitary
landfills in most cases, commonly via municipal trash pickup.  A few industrial
launderers  (about 15%) report pickup of distillation residues by commercial
reclaimers; larger launderers tend to dispose of wastes via contract hauling.
Residues are "cooked-down" prior to disposal by over half of the firms in order
to reduce solvent content  (and recover solvent).
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
      The majority of firms responding to the TRW inquiry indicated no addi-
tional costs associated with hazardous waste disposal since solvent recovery
is necessary for efficient operation and solvent containing residues are disposed
most commonly with other refuse at no incremental cost.  For six firms which
reported contract hauling of all or part of plant wastes  (1 dry cleaning plant
and 5 industrial launderers) the costs range from 36 to 175 dollars per 1000
kg, with an average of  $100 per 1000 kg of waste.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
      Prior to  disposal, residual solvent levels can be reduced by  "cooking"
of distillation and filtration residues, as is practiced at present by many
firms.
                                     B-300

-------
                                                                SIC:  7215, etc.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
      'See tables)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
      The data base used for preparing this assessment has been one of the most
comprehensive ones available to this study.  The trade associations and the
individual establishments contacted were most cooperative in providing statis-
tics on waste generation quantities and disposal practices in the industry.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
      (1)  International Fabricare Institute, Fabricare News, Vol. 7, No. 11,
           November 1978
      (2)  Based upon California state hazardous waste survey data and data
           supplied by 20 firms responding to a TRW inquiry on hazardous waste
           generation and disposal practices in the dry cleaning industry
      (3)  Information supplied by the National Automatic Laundry and Clean-
           ing Association, January 1979
      (4)  U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Census of Selected Services, 1972 USGPO,
           1976
      (5)  information provided by International Fabricare Institute, Silver
           Springs, MD, May 1979
      (6)  International Fabricare Institute, Fabricare News, Vol. 8, No. 2,
           February 1979
      (7)  Based on (a) a waste generation factor of 22 kg/1000 kg of clothes
           dry cleaned (from Reference 2), (b) 32% of an individual coin-op's
           receipts are from dry cleaning  (based on Reference 3);, (c) average
           revenue of $1.10/kg of clothes  (from Reference 3), and  (d) the
           financial profile of establishment size from the 1972 census,
           assumed to be applicable to 1976 after adjustment for inflation
           (References 3 and 4).
      (8)  Based upon data for 24  establishments from California state data
           files and 6 establishments from other states which responded to a
           TRW inquiry.
       (9)  Based upon state data for 2 plants in California and 18 plants
           nationwide which responded to  the TRW inquiry.
                                     B-301

-------
       11/27/79.
        08. 43.27.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                (7)
                                 SIC:  7215
NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE  QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE  GENERATION CATEGORIES
ui
o
to
WASTE  GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS

                                          NUMBER   PERCENT
14480
847
77
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
94.0
5.5
.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
        WASTE QUANTITY
        KG/MO   PERCENT
      434400.
      127050.
       19250.
           0.
           0.
           0.
           0.
           0.
           0.
           0.
           0.
           0.
           0.
 74.8
 21.9
  3.3
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
                     TOTAL
                                       100.0
      580700.
100.0

-------
      11/27/79.
        08.43.27.
               INDUSTRY PROFILE
                               (8)
                                 SIC:  7216
                                                            NATION
                     ESTIMATED  NUMBER  AND WASTE  QUANTITIES  FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS  WASTE  GENERATION  CATEGORIES
o
u>
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-800
      800-90C
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-i>000
        > 5000
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS

                                          NUMBER    PERCENT
3075
1050
 625
 
-------
       11/27/79.
        08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                               (9)
                                 SIC:  7218
        NATION
                     ESTIMATED  NUMBER  AND  WASTE  QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                     VARIOUS  WASTE  GENERATION  CATEGORIES
w
WASTE  GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-aoo
      000-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS

                                          NUMBER    PERCENT
43
38
27
27
16
22
16
16
16
5
81
86
146
8.0
7.1
5.0
5.0
3.0
4.1
3.0
3.0
3.0
.9
15.0
16.0
27.1
                WASTE QUANTITY

                KG/MO   PERCENT
2150.
5700.
6750.
9450.
7200.
12100.
10400.
12000.
13600.
4750.
121500.
301000.
1460000.
.1
.3
.3
.5
.4
.6
.5
.6
.7
.2
6.2
15.3
74.2
                     TOTAL
                               539
100.0
1966600.
100.0

-------
        11/29/79.      13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN QF PLANTS  IN EMPLOYMENT  SIZE  CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION IN SIC 7215

                 NUMBER OP  PLANTS  IN  EACH CATEGORY
REGION
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
NATION
BO
CO
o
ui
TOTAL
55«
1102
2293
?922
1509
697
361
816
363
11604
1-4
48ft
1062
914
2052
2277
1374
601
314
657
285
10022
5-9
79
148
190
538
105
74
39
115
59
1408
10-19
7
30
24
33
33
23
?1
5
31
14
276
20-49
4
11
12
9
22
5
1
2
11
4
81
                                                          50-99  100-2*,?  250-499   500-999
                                                              0
                                                              0
                                                              t,
                                                              1
                                                              2
                                                              1
                                                              0
                                                              1
                                                              0
                                                              1

                                                             10
0
1
0
3
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
c
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
'10CO

    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0

-------
        11/2Q/79.      13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT  SIZE  CATEGORIES  BY EPA REGION IN SIC  7216
  REGION
                 NUMBER OF PLANTS  IN  EACH  CATEGORY
TOTAL
1-4
i,-9
20-49    50-99   100-249   250-49Q  500-999
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
1092
2920
2115
3664
3680
2292
1000
579
2049
562
637
2019
1076
1949
2067
1383
630
344
1193
373
268
617
60°
1077
959
515
242
161
5?*
130
143
213
298
468
468
273
91
47
239
44
33
56
120
148
157
92
34
24
75
11
5
9
12
20
20
21
2
3
11
3
NATION
            19953
         11676
        5100
  755
106
                                       1
                                       6
                                       0
                                       2
                                       9
                                       3
                                       1
                                       0
                                       3
                                       1

                                      26
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 c
                                                                                 c
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                                              >1000

                                                                                                  0
                                                                                                  0
                                                                                                  0
                                                                                                  c
                                                                                                  0
                                                                                                  0
                                                                                                  0
                                                                                                  0
                                                                                                  0
                                                                                                  0
  u>
  o

-------
        11/29/79.      13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE  CATEGORIES  BY  EPA  REGION IN SIC  721B
  REGION
NATION
  8
  •j
                 NUMBER OF PLANTS  IN  EACH  CATEGORY
TOTAL
              913
           135
      10-19
       20-49
85
131
270
                                                          50-99  100-249  250-499  500-999
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
40
91
83
182
192
112
^3
IB
119
23
4
17
15
22
30
9
10
4
20
4
2
12
6
14
27
8
8
2
4
?
6
11
9
30
34
11
b
4
13
7
12
27
17
53
47
43
14
4
40
8
12
19
28
38
27
32
12
4
27
0
3
5
8
19
25
7
3
0
15
2
                                                          199
37
                                                                                1
                                                                                0
                                                                                c
                                                                                1
                                                                                2
                                                                                2
                                                                                0
                                                                                0
                                                                                0
                                                                                0
                                                                             0
                                                                             0
                                                                             0
                                                                             0
                                                                             0
                                                                             0
                                                                             0
                                                                             0
                                                                             0
                                                                             0
                                            MOOO

                                                0
                                                0
                                                0
                                                0
                                                0
                                                0
                                                0
                                                0
                                                0
                                                0

-------
INDUSTRY:  Carpet and Upholstery Cleaning                   SIC:  7217

DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     The establishments covered under SIC 7217 are primarily engaged in clean-
ing carpets and upholstered furniture at a plant or customer's premises.   The
census data indicate a total of 3024 establishments in SIC 7217 with about 75%
in the 1 to 4 employment size category (see census data computer printout for
number distribution of establishments by EPA region and employment size
category).
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED: 1)
     At carpet and upholstery cleaners chemicals such as phosphate rug cleaners
and solvent upholstery cleaners are utilized.  These substances may be toxic
and in some cases flammable.  These chemicals are purchased in boxes, card-
board drums/ metal containers and plastic bottles.  Information provided by
four establishments with 4 to 9 employees indicate that quantity of waste con-
tainers is approximately 4 kg/per month per  employee.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:(1)
     At most establishments waste containers are disposed of with the regular
trash.  Most carpet and upholstery cleaners will employ disposal companies
for hauling services.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
     Disposal cost for these containers is considered minimal since containers
are a very small fraction of the total refuse produced.
SOURCES OF DATA:
     (1)  Four carpet and upholstery cleaning establishments
     (2)  Based on the census data and an estimated waste generation rate of
          4 kg/mo/employee
     (3)  Census data
                                     B-300

-------
      11/27/79.
        06.43.Z7.
                INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                                (2)
                                 SIC: 7217
        NATION
                     ESTIMATED  NUMBER   5000

       TOTAL
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS

                                          NUMBER   PERCENT
2985
27
10
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
98.7
.9
.3
.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
                                            3023
                                                (3)
                WASTE QUANTITY

                KG/MO   PERCENT
22387.
4050.
2500.
350.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
76.4
13.8
8.5
1.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
29288.
100.0

-------
        11/29/79.      13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZF CATEGORIES BY EPA  REGION  IN  SIC 7217
  REGION
                 NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL
5-9
10-19
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
162
245
321
505
693
254
141000

                                                                                                 0
                                                                                                 0
                                                                                                 0
                                                                                                 0
                                                                                                 0
                                                                                                 0
                                                                                                 0
                                                                                                 0
                                                                                                 0
                                                                                                 0
  U)
  o

-------
INDUSTRY:  Photoprocessing Laboratories                   SIC: 7221,7333,
                                                               7395,7819
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     The establishment included in the subject industry category (the photo-
processing laboratories) are photographic studios and portrait studios (SIC
7221); commercial photography, art and graphics (SIC 7333); photofinishing
laboratories (SIC 7395); and services allied to motion picture production
(SIC 7819).  Based on the census data, there are a total of 14,040 establish-
ments in SIC's 7221, 7333, 7395 and 7819.
     The following data on industry structure are based on an industry survey
conducted by EPA/EGD   .  There are approximately 650 establishments in the
subject industry specializing in work for professional and industrial photo-
graphy.  There are an estimated additional 3,000 captive shops engaged in
photoprocessing activities which are associated with other business and indus-
trial firms.  Photoprocessing laboratories range in size from the small opera-
tions with a few employees and processing 20 sq. m of film and paper per day
to the major professional laboratories processing as much as 10,000 sq. m of
film and paper per day.  A profile of the plant size based on 200 plants sur-
veyed is as follows:
                        Estimated Production
        # of Plants     	sq.m/day	     Wastewater, gpd
            27               below 25            less than 1,000
            92               25 - 250             1,000 - 10,000
            64              250 - 1250           10,000 - 50,000
            28              over 1,250           over 50,000
            26              unknown
Based on 1972 data, 10% of the establishments have annual sales of over
$300,000 and total U.S. production is 170,000,000 sq. m of film and paper per
year.
CHARACTERISTICS OP HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     The total quantity of potentially land-destined  wastes generated by
the photoprocessing industry is estimated in this study at 30.4 million kg/mo,
with an average generation rate of 2,165 kg/mo/generator  (see Industry Profile)
The land-destined hazardous wastes include biosludges, settling tank sludges,
chemical sludges from wastewater treatment, silver recovery sludges sent to
reclaimers and empty containers.
                                    B-311

-------
                                                          SIC:  7221, etc.
     Based on EPA/EGD data   , about 5% of the photoprocessing laboratories
 (the larger plants) practice end-of-pipe wastewater treatment (prior to dis-
charge into the natural waters) and generate wastewater treatment sludges.  The
sludge from biological treatment at one photoprocessing plant reportedly con-
 tains  silver  in concentrations of  1,000 to 3,400 rag/kg on a dry weight basis.
     At some  facilities, ferrous sulfate is added to the  'waste bleach1 and
 'fix* to precipitate complex cyanide.  This results in the production of a
Prussian Blue ferri-ferrocyanide sludge.
     For economical reasons, silver recovery from spent photoprocessing plants
is integrated into the photoprocessing procedures.  The resultant sludges con-
tain high concentrations of silver which is reclaimed at commercial facilities.
     The photoprocessing industry utilizes a considerable volume of chemicals
which are shipped in glass, plastic or paper containers.  The empty containers
which contain chemical residues is produced at an estimated rate of 1 gram
per sq. ft. of paper or film processed   .
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     EPA/EGD pretreatment regulations exempt plants handling less than 150 sq.
m/day of film and paper (about 95% of establishments); only 5% of the plants
 (the plants handling more than 150 sq. m/day of film and paper)  are required
to use end-of-pipe treatment prior to discharge to POTW's or natural waters.
The end-of-pipe treatment at these larger plants generates sludges.  In 1977
EPA/EGD conducted a survey of 130 plants which included a greater proportion
of larger establishments   .  This was followed by a more in-depth follow-on
survey of 20 plants that reported some form of wastewater treatment.  Fifteen
plants contracted for hauling the sludges to off-site disposal sites.  The
treatment type breakdown was as follows:
                    Treatment Process      No. of Plants
                    Precipitation               7
                    Settling                    6
                    Clarification               2
                    Filtration                  2
                    Reverse Osmosis             2
     The 95% of the photoprocessing plants which are exempted from EPA/EGD
pretreatment regulations generally integrate  the silver recovery and cyanide
                                   B-312

-------
                                                          SIC:  7221, etc.
bleach regeneration into the production  processes for economic reasons.  In-
plant silver recovery methods include metallic replacement, electrolytic
plating, ion exchange and chemical precipitation.  The recovered silver sludges
are subsequently sent to commercial reclaimers.  One treatment system for waste
bleach/fix containing complexed cyanide which is employed at some small plants
is precipitation of complexed cyanides with hydrated ferrous sulfate.  The
treatment system produces a "Prussian Blue" cyanide sludge.  No sludge is
generated when other treatment methods  (e.g., ozonation or persulfate addition)
are used for the treatment of wastes containing complexed cyanide.
     Empty containers for chemicals used in the phoboprocessing operations are
                                                                    (4)
reportedly triple rinsed prior to disposal with the municipal refuse
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
     The cost for in-plant pollution abatement, which is part of the production
procedures, cannot be separated from the overall production cost.  The trade
association and the individual establishments contacted declined to provide
specific cost data on pollution control.
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
     The photoprocessing industry has been studied extensively by EPA/EGD  '
The EGD development document and the EGD data file provide the major sources
of information for this study.
     Additional information are provided by the state data.  At the request
of TRW the National Association of Photographic Manufacturers, Inc. (NAPM)
conducted a survey for 20 of its members on solid waste production and dis-
posal practices.  However, the responses received contained very little waste
generation quantity data and no data on the cost of waste treatment and dis-
posal .
SOURCES OF DATA USED:
     (1)  Development Document for Interim Final Effluent Limitations Guide-
          lines and Proposed New Source Performance Standards for the Photo-
          graphic Processing Subcategory of the Photographic Point Source
          Category, EPA 440/1-76/0601
     (2)  Eastman Kodak, Rochester, N.Y.
     (3)  Raw data on file in EGD/EPA collected by Versar, Inc. in 1977
                                   B-313

-------
                                                     SIC;  7221, etc.
(4')   NAPM (National Association of Photographic Manufacturers, Inc.) ,
     Harrison,  N.Y.
(5)   Based on waste quantity data for four plants covered in the state
     data base and six plants covered in Reference 3, and the census data
(6)   Census data
                               B-314

-------
       11/27/79.
                 INDUSTRY  PROFUfc
                                 (5)
                                 SIC:  7221      NATION
                                       7333,  7395 and 7819
                      ESTIMATcD  NUMBER  AND  WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                      VARIOUS  WASTE  GENERATION CATEGORIES
u
M
in
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MU

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-BOO
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000

       TOTAL
                                            ESTABLISHMENTS

                                           NUMBER   PERCENT
8190
1960
640
520
320
270
190
180
130
90
310
380
860
58.3
14.0
4.6
3.7
2.3
1.9
1.4
1.3
.9
.6
2.2
2.7
6.1
                WASTE QUANTITY

                KG/MO    PERCENT
                                            14040
                                                 C6>
100.0
  409500.
  294000.
  160000.
  182000.
  144000.
  146500.
  123500.
  135000.
  110500.
   85500.
  465000.
 1330000.
26813080.

30400580.
  1.3
  1.0
   .5
   .6
   .5
   .5
   .4
   .4
   .4
   .3
  1.5
  4.4
 80.2

100.0

-------
INDUSTRY:   Barber and Beauty Shops                             SIC:   7231,  7241
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     This SIC includes establishments primarily engaged in furnishing beauty
and barber services.  Establishments for SIC 7231 include:  beauty and barber
shops (combined), beauty shops, hairdressers and beauty culture schools; estab-
lishments for SIC 7241 include barber colleges, barber shops and hair stylists
(men's).  Based on the census data, there are a total of 81,695 establishments
in the subject SIC's, of which 78% and 94% employ less than 5 and 10 persons,
respectively.  The establishments are distributed throughout the country is
approximate proportion to the population.  The census figure of 81,695 is con-
sidered low compared to a figure of 120,000 provided to TBW by Clairol, a major
supplier of beauty products (see Reference 1).  The industry-supplied data has
been used in estimating the waste generation profile.
     Empty hair dye and certain spray containers may be considered hazardous
in the light of recent data indicating that certain chemicals used in these
containers may be carcinogenic.  Each shop disposes of an average of 2.7 kg/mo
of empty dye containers
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICE:
     Hair dye bottles are reported to be disposed of along with other non-
hazardous shop refuse.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
     No additional waste disposal costs are ascribed to empty hair dye bottles.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     This waste could be reduced or eliminated through the use of refillable
bottles.  Rinsing of containers prior to disposal should render containers
less hazardous.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
      (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
                                    B-316

-------
                                                               SIC:  7231,7241
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  Based on an estimated 8 million professional hair dye applications
          per month and one 40-gm empty plastic bottle generated per applica-
          tion; these  estimates are based on chemical sales data and survey
          results provided by Clairol (Clairol holds 33% of the market share
          of hair dyes sold to professional beauty and barber shops).
     (2)  Estimate provided by Clairol
     (3)  All establishments are assumed to generate less than 100 kg/mo;  the
          average waste generation rate is estimated at 2.7 kg/mo/establish-
          ment; a 100 kg/mo waste generation rate would correspond to 2500
          hair dye applications per month/establishment;  such a high number
          of applications per month is unlikely for any single establishment.
     (4)  Barbers, Beauticians and Allied Industries Association
     (5)  Associated Master Barbers and Beauticians of America
                                    B-317

-------
       11/27/79.
08.43.Z7.
7
W
I-1
00
INDUSTRY PROFILE* '

ESTIMATED NUMBER AND
VARIOUS WASTE GENERAT
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/MO
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
500-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
SIC: 7231
7241
WASTE QUANTITIES
ION CATEGORIES
ESTABLISHMENTS

NUMBER PERCENT
120000 100.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
0 0.0
NATION

FOR ESTABLISHMENTS



IN

WASTE QUANTITY

KG/MO
324000.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

PERCENT
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
                     TOTAL
                     120000
                                                 (2)
100.0
324000.
100.0

-------
      11/29/73.       13.58.19.

        OF  PLANTS  IN EMPLOYMENT SIZh CATP'JCPItS  BY  EPA  REGICM IN 5TC5 7?30 and 7240
REGION
TOTAL
NATION     fc!695
            CF PLANTS
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
5256
9?. 5*
3907
1*293
15322
8*9*
*952
2307
10007
2903
*3 33
7*99
6b57
11*89
115*0
6725
3956
1729
7322
2189
  5*1

13362
                                    EACH CATEGORY
                             3885
                                                   25
732
       5C-9C  100-2*9   250-499   5CC-99Q
711
1336
1*3*!
2161
2796
1293
710CO

                                                                      0
                                                                      0
                                                                      0
                                                                      0
                                                                      0
                                                                      0
                                                                      0
                                                                      C
                                                                      0
                                                                      0
i
w

-------
INDUSTRY:  Funeral Services and Crematories                    SIC:  7261
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     This SIC consists of establishments primarily engaged in preparing the
dead for burial, conducting funerals, and cremating the dead.  The establish-
ments include crematories, funeral directors., funeral homes or parlors, morti-
cians and undertakers.  According to the census data (see computer printout)
there are a total of 14,472 establishments in the subject SIC, with 64%, 89%
and 98% having employment sizes of less than 5, 10 and 20, respectively.  The
establishments are located throughout the U.S. with the greatest concentra-
tions in the most populus EPA regions.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     Based on the data obtained from References 1 through 4, mortuaries dis-
pose of empty containers which held embalming fluids.  These fluids contain
formaldehyde, water, wetting agents, and humectants (chemicals added to retain
moisture in the treated bodies).  The range of formaldehyde concentration is
approximately 18 to 30% with a mean concentration of roughly 23%.  The con-
tainers are most commonly one pint plastic bottles weighing approximately 65
gm apiece.   Approximately 3 pints of embalming fluid are used per body.
Roughly 3.5 million pints of fluid are used annually in the U.S.
     The range of cases handled per year in the U.S. is approximately 12 to
500 per mortuary with a mean of 81 to 86.  Thus, mortuaries would be expected
to dispose of 36 to 1500 empty bottles per year, with a mean of about 250.
This corresponds to a mean of 1.3 kg/mo from each establishment.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICE:
     Disposal of empty containers most commonly involves throwing them out
with office and other non-hazardous wastes.  Some mortuaries are reported
to rinse the containers before final disposal.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
     No additional waste disposal costs can be ascribed to empty embalming
fluid containers which are co-disposed with regular refuse.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     This waste could be reduced or eliminated through the use of refiliable
bottles; rinsing of bottles prior to disposal can render bottles less hazardous.
                                    B-320

-------
                                                               SIC:  7261
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
     The average number of cases per month is based on statistics collected
by the National Funeral Directors Association.  The amount of embalming fluid
used per body and nationwide is based on sales data collected by the Embalming
Chemical Manufacturer's Association.  The information provided by these sources
appear very reasonable.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  Cremation Association of North America
     (2)  Embalming Chemical Manufacturers Association
     (3)  National Funeral Directors Association
     (4)  National Funeral Directors and Morticians Association
     (5)  Census data
     (6)  Haste quantity estimated based on the reported mean waste genera-
          tion rate of 1.3 kg/mo/establishment
                                     B-321

-------
       11/27/79;
        08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                (5)
                                 SIC: 7261
        NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE  GENERATION CATEGORIES
a
LJ
to
10
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000

       TOTAL
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS

                                          NUMBER   PERCENT
14472
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
                                           14472
                                                (5)
                 WASTE QUANTITY
                 KG/MO
         PERCENT
18814.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
c.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
18814.
                                                                  100.0

-------
        11/29/79.       13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF  PLANTS  IN  EMPLOYMENT SJZL CATEGORIES BY EPA  REGION  IN SIC 7261
  REGION
                  NUMBER  OF  PLANTS IN EACH CATESQPY
TOTAL
10-1Q
20-49
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
NATION
a
to
to
OJ
1002
1711
1770
2533
332t>
1429
117?
350
828
342
14472



7?5
1229
1230
13H3
2244
765
fc!3
231
399
203
9222



232
36^
395
767
769
394
273
81)
269
93
36^2



42
100
105
319
271
216
62
25
121
41
1302



3
21
36
61
41
51
20
7
36
5
281



                                                           50-99  100-249  250-49Q   500-999
                                                               0
                                                               3
                                                               4
                                                               3
                                                               3
                                                               2
                                                               4
                                                               2
                                                               3
                                                               0

                                                              24
                                                            0
                                                            0
                                                            0
                                                            0
                                                            0
                                                            1
                                                            0
                                                            0
                                                            0
                                                            0
                                         c
                                         0
                                         0
                                         0
                                         c
                                         c
                                         c
                                         0
                                         0
                                         0
                                         0
                                         0
                                         0
                                         0
                                         0
                                         0
                                         0
                                         0
                                         0
                                         0
>1000

    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    c

-------
INDUSTRY:  Blueprinting and Photocopying Services           SIC:  7332
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     Establishments covered under the subject SIC are primarily engaged in
reproducing drawings, plans, maps, etc. by blueprinting or photocopying.
Geographically, this type of business is located nationwide.  The census
data inciates a total of 2081 establishments for SIC 7332, of which 1361 (65%)
are in the 1-4 employee size category (see census data computer printout for
number distribution of establishments by EPA Region and employment size
category).
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     Hazardous wastes resulting from the blueprinting and photocopying opera-
tions include ammonia containers from the blueprint process and tone (dry ink)
from photocopying.  Some establishments do only blueprinting work or only
photocopying and some have the capability to do both.
     An estimated one-third of the blueprinting establishments (primarily the
older establishments) use the liquid ammonia process; this process generates
empty plastic containers containing residual ammonia.  The remaining two-thirds
of blueprinting establishments utilize the anhydrous (gaseous) ammonia process
which leaves no residual ammonia in the empty containers, and the containers
are recycled.  Establishments that do photocopying will generate toner  (dry
ink) containers.  One large establishment employing 65 employees and providing
both blueprinting and photocopying service reported a generation of 6.5 kg/mo
of toner containers and 149 kg/mo of waste ammonia in some 48 2-gallon con-
tainers  (43 kg/mo weight of bottles without ammonia)   , for a total waste of
198 kg/mo  (or 3 kg/mo/employee).  The total hazardous waste generated by SIC
7332 is estimated at 12,000 kg/mo (see Industry Profile).
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES   :
     Liquid and anhydrous ammonia containers are returned to suppliers.
Toner bottles are disposed of with the general refuse.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
     There is no cost for returning containers to suppliers, and disposal cost
for toner bottles is minimal since they are a very small part of the overall
refuse quantity.
                                     B-324

-------
                                                            SIC;  7332
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     The current practice  of returning containers to suppliers is an environ-
mentally acceptable method.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)
ASSESSMENT OP QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  Four blueprint/photocopying establishments
     (2)  Calculated based on the following assumptions:  1/3 of the establish-
          ments generate both blueprinting and photocopying wastes at a rate
          of 3 kg/mo/employee, 2/3 of the establishments generate photocopying
          waste at a rate of 0.07 kg/mo/employee and that the size distribu-
          tion of both types of establishments are the same as the composite
          distribution for the SIC.
     (3)  Census data
                                  B-325

-------
       11/27/79.
        Ob.A3.27.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                (2)
                                 SIC: 7332
                 NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE  GENERATION CATEGORIES
to
u>
to
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-<»00
      400-500
      bOO-600
      600-700
      700-800
      600-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000

       TOTAL
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS

                                          NUMBER   PERCENT
2076
   5
   0
   0
   0
   0
   0
   0
   0
   0
   0
   0
   0

2081
                                                (3)
 99.8
   .2
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0

100.0
                         WASTE  QUANTITY

                         KG/MO    PERCENT
11210.
750.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
93.7
6.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
                                                                     11960.
100.0

-------
        11/29/79.      13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES  BY  EPA  REGION  IN  SIC  7332
  REGION
     MUMBEP OF PLANTS IN F4CH CATEGORY

TOTAL      1-4      5-9    10-19    20-49










zB-327
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
TION
12B
255
166
269
362
235
54
70
466
56
2081
102
143
102
185
237
163
33
52
313
31
1361
13
46
33
54
60
53
0
12
67
14
3ft 1
7
42
19
21
40
25
7
b
61
6
234
4
16
10
8
18
12
5
0
23
4
100
50-99  100-249  250-499  500-999
                                                              2
                                                              5
                                                              2
                                                              1
                                                              t
                                                              2
                                                              0
                                                              0
                                                              1
                                                              1

                                                             20
                                                           0
                                                           3
                                                           0
                                                           0
                                                           1
                                                           0
                                                           0
                                                           0
                                                           1
                                                           0
                      0
                      0
                      0
                      0
                      0
                      0
                      0
                      0
                      0
                      0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
>1COO

    0
    0
    0
    c
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0

-------
INDUSTRY:  Commercial Cleaning and Janitorial Services         SIC:  7341,7349
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     The establishments in this industry are primarily engaged in providing
cleaning and maintenance services to dwellings and other buildings.  Included
are firms engaged in activities such as window cleaning, floor waxing, hospital
housekeeping, office cleaning, lighting maintenance services and service
station cleaning and degreasing.  The census data indicate a total of 17,546
establishments for this SIC of which 75% employ less than 10 persons.  These
establishments are distributed throughout the U.S. in approximate proportion
to the population of the region.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     Various chemicals and cleaning agents are used in the maintenance industry
including solvents, soaps, waxes, ammonia, chlorine, and detergents.  State
survey data indicate that the primary wastes produced are detergents, alkaline
wastes and organic wastes.  Non-aqueous wastes from cleaning operations are
usually non-hazardous and consist of dirt, hair, dust, fibers, etc.  Empty
containers may be hazardous depending on the original contents.  Where clean-
ing involves removal of hazardous substances such as oil and grease, the
cleaning agent will contain these substances.  Some maintenance industries
contacted indicate that, in many cases, the building being serviced provides
the chemicals used and therefore the wastes produced may not be known to the
maintenance crew   .     Based on state survey data and telephone communica-
tions, it is estimated that the amount of hazardous waste generated by the
subject SIC is 1.8 million kg/mo, or an average of 100 kg/mo per generator (see
Industry Profile).  All establishments in the industry are expected to generate
less than 500 kg/mo of hazardous waste.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Liquid wastes generated by the maintenance industry are eventually dis-
posed of in municipal sewers.  Non-aqueous wastes are disposed of with general
refuse (generally at the sites being serviced).  Some of the establishments
contacted indicate that their employees followed the disposal procedures of the
building being serviced but that they do not keep records regarding these pro-
cedures (1'2> .
                                    B-328

-------
                                                               SIC:  7341,7349

CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
     Very little quantitative data on waste generation by establishments in
the subject industry appear to exist.  The waste generation profile presented
here is based on data for two establishments covered in the state data and an
estimate provided by one of the many plants contacted in this study.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
    (1)  Eight individual establishments
    (2)  International Sanitary Supply Association
    (3)  Based on state data for two establishments, an estimate provided
         by one of the establishments contacted and the census data
    (4)  Census data
                                     B-329

-------
       11/27/79.
        06.*3.27.
                INDUSTRY  PkOFlLE
                                (3)
                                 SIC:
 73*1
 7349
NATION
                     ESTIMATED  NUMBER  AND  WASTE  QUANTITIES  FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                     VARIOUS  WASTE  GENERATION  CATEGORIES
7
10
U)
o
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-ZOO
      200-300
      300-*00
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000

       TOTAL
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS
                                          NUMBER
PERCENT
12107
2632
1*0*
877
526
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
69.0
15. 0
8.0
5.0
3.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
        WASTE QUANTITY

        KG/MO    PERCENT
                                           175*6
                                                (4)
  100.0
      *8*280.
      39*800.
      351000.
      306950.
      236700.
           0.
           0.
           0.
           0.
           0.
           0.
           0.
           0.

     1773730.
 27.3
 22.3
 19.8
 17.3
 13.3
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0

100.0

-------
        11/29/79.       13.5fl.19.
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS  IN  E PPLDY1E NT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA (?FGION  IN  SICS  7341 and 7349
                  M!V.BE*  OF  PLA\TS IN EACH CATEGORY
  REGION    TOTAl       1-4       5-9    10-19    20-4Q    50-9°   100-249   250-4Q9  500-999     >1000
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
1150
1947
1752
2344
3o04
1553
884
675
2765
371
741
1129
935
1371
2149
£61
540
416
1727
56*
170
?R6
29?
306
587
257
145
115
4*6
144
105
134
197
236
336
145
77
65
257
79
76
146
161
168
265
143
61
41
188
45
?6
87
70
92
107
64
?7
21
60
22
24
75
59
55
76
58
21
11
52
11
5
23
25
17
24
Ifc
11
6
o
1
3
11
10
7
9
5
2
0
4
1
0
8
3
2
?
2
0
0
2
0
  NATION     17545     10436     2P56     1731      1294       576      442      139        52        19
  ui

-------
INDUSTRY:  Disinfecting and Exterminating Services            SIC:  7342
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     This SIC covers establishments primarily engaged in disinfecting dwell-
ings and other buildings, and in exterminating insects, rodents and other
pests.  According to one trade association    there are approximately 10,000
operators in the U.S. engaged in structural pest control.  Based on the cen-
sus data, however, there are 5104 establishments in this SIC of which 56%
employ less than 5 persons, 76% employ less than 10 persons and 91% employ
less than 20 persons.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE PRODUCED:
     Based on 19 small generator plants in the state data base, 63% report
pesticide wastes and 47% report "non-hazardous but toxic" wastes.  Repre-
sentatives of the National Pest Control Association indicate that potentially
hazardous wastes in the pest control industry consist of pesticide/chemical
containers and contaminated materials resulting from spills and leaks.  Major
chemicals used by exterminators in approximate order of aggregate quantity
are chlordane, methyl bromide, Vikane (SOC12), aluminum phosphide, Diazinon,
Dursban, and Dichlorovos.  One estimate of aggregate pesticide use by the
industry is 3.5% of total use in the U.S.
     A survey of pesticide use by firms in the subject industry in Nebraska
                                                           (2)
reports the approximate following use (52 firms reporting):
             liquid/aqueous products - 200,000 Ibs/yr
                 (active ingredients)
             solid products - 15,000 Ibs/yr
             gaseous fumigants - 65,000 Ibs/yr
For the liquid products, an average of about 1730 kg/firm/yr is indicated
from these data.  This would represent about 200 5-galIon containers or about
750 kg/yr of empty containers containing a total of about 10 kg of active
pesticide(s).  Residues in empty solid containers would add only a small
amount to the liquid product waste container quantities.  Gaseous fumigants
are handled in reusable cylinders and thus do not present a container dis-
posal problem.  Thus, an "average" firm in Nebraska would generate less than
100 kg/mo of waste containers.  Since several of the firms in the survey
have a number of field offices, the survey data would likely yield an "aver-
age for  firms "higher than an average per field office".  These conclusions

                                     B-332

-------
                                                             SIC:  7342
are supported by statements fron trade Industry sources who indicate that
essentially all "field offices" in the USA would be small hazardous waste
generators (less than 100 kg/mo of enpty containers).
     Based on discussions with one establishment in this SIC, firms engaged
in sanitary and disinfecting services generally use products similar to those
employed for household and light industrial cleaning applications.  Refuse
containing such empty chemical containers is not likely to be dramatically
different in character than general household/office refuse.  Disinfecting
of hospitals and related facilities is commonly done by "in house" personnel
using phenolic and/or quarternary ammonia based disinfectants.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Disposal practices employed by the 19 small generator plants in the state
data base and the percent of plants employing each disposal method are shown
below:
                   Disposal Method         % of plants*
                 Landfill                      63
                 Recycling                     42
                 Unknown                       16
                 Landspreading                  5
                 Onsite land burial             5
In many states the user of many of the chemicals (the "restricted" pesticides)
must be registered under state program and such registration includes adher-
ence to proper disposal techniques.  Pest control operators commonly dispose
of rinsed containers via general refuse systems.  Rinsings are either used
as solvent for the next batch of spray or in sane cases are poured "down the
drain."  Some operators reportedly use dry wells on site for liquids dis-
posal.  Solid wastes and containers are generally disposed of via general
refuse systems.
     Empty containers from firms engaged in sanitary and disinfecting ser-
vices are commonly disposed of at the use site along with general refuse.
Disposal of chemical containers from hospitals is generally via municipal
"Column sums to more than 100% since some plants report using more than one
 disposal method.
                                    B-333

-------
                                                              SIC:  7342
refuse collection systems.  In many hospitals empty containers are used for
disposal of hypodermic needles via autoclaving prior to final disposal.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:


INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
     The state survey data used to establish the industry profile includes
19 plants from California.  Based on the data, 68% of the plants in this SIC
generate less than 100 kg/mo of hazardous waste.  Although California may
not be representative of all states, the results are similar to those ob-
tained in Nebraska where an "average" firm is expected to generate less than
100 kg/mo.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     1.  National Pest Control Association
     2.  University of Nebraska Extension Service
     3.  Based on state survey data for 19 establishments in California
     4.  National Association of Pesticide Control Officials
     5.  Agricultural Commissioner, California State Dept. of Food and
         Agriculture  (Pesticide Regulation and Safety)
     6.  Rockwell International
     7.  International Sanitary Supply Association
     8.  Harbor General Hospital
     9.  U.S. Department of Agriculture
    10.  Census data
                                     B-334

-------
       11/27/79.
   Oti.*3.27.
                INDUSTRY  PROFILE<3)
                            SIC: 73*2
                                      NATION
                      ESTIMATED  NUMBER  AND  WASTE  QUANTITIES  FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                      VARIOUS  WASTE GENERATION  CATEGORIES
              WASTE GENERATION
                      RANGES
                      KG/MO
V
w
u*
Ul
   0
 100
 200
 300
 *00
 500
 bOO
 700
 800
 900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-*00
-;,00
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
                        ESTABLISHMENTS

                       NUMBER   PERCENT
3512
1*88
10*
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
68.8
29.1
2.0
.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
                      TOTAL
                         5105
                                                 (10)
                               100.0
                                               WASTE  QUANTITY

                                               KG/MO    PERCENT
 3*.2
 56.8
  6.9
   .1
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0

100.0
223200.
 26000.
   350.
     0.
     0.
     0.
     0.
     0.
     0.
     0.
     0.
     0.

379*94.

-------
        12/Gfc/79.      12.33.0d.

BREAKDOWN UF PLANTS IN fcMPLOYMcNT SIZE CATEGORIES BY tPA  REGION  IN  SIC 7342
  RtGION
     NUMBfcR OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEG'JRY

T01AL      1-4      a-9    10-19    20-49
50-99  100-249  250-499   500-999







V


NAT
w
w
I
11
111
IV
V
VI
VII
111
IX
X
ION


110
449
444
1443
549
811
264
45
925
64
5104


74
3Clb
242
690
306
511
161
30
499
49
2873


20
65
103
303
112
144
47
4
210
8
1016


9
47
59
251
98
94
45
7
139
6
755


7
27
33
159
33
51
11
2
68
1
392


1
3
5
32
0
9
0
1
7
0
58


                                                                       0
                                                                       1
                                                                       2
                                                                       1
                                                                       0
                                                                       1
                                                                       0
                                                                       1
                                                                       2
                                                                       0
                                                                    0
                                                                    0
                                                                    0
                                                                    1
                                                                    0
                                                                    1
                                                                    0
                                                                    0
                                                                    0
                                                                    0
                                0
                                0
                                0
                                0
                                0
                                0
                                0
                                0
                                0
                                0
>1000

    0
    0
    0
    0
    G
    0
    0
    0
    0
    c

-------
INDUSTRY:  Research and Development Laboratories                SIC:  7391
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     The establishments in this industry are primarily engaged in l&boratory
or other physical research and development on a contract or fee basis.  The
industry carries on a variety of research activities including agricultural
research, food research, development of computer technology, and physical
research and development.  Also included are chemical, engineering, and indus-
trial laboratories.  The establishments vary in size and are distributed
throughout the country.  The census data indicate a total of 2004 establish-
ments for this SIC of which 1020 (or 51%) employ less than 4 persons (see census
data computer printout for number distribution of establishments by employment
size range category and EPA region).
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     Because of the heterogenity of the industry, a variety of hazardous wastes
are produced.  Infectious biological wastes, corrosive wastes such as caustic
soda and acids, and toxic or flammable wastes including oils, solvents, heavy
metals, and miscellaneous organic and inorganic chemicals are generated by these
establishments.  The estimated amount of hazardous waste generated by the sub-
ject SIC is 3,097,000 kg/mo, or an average rate of 1545 kg/mo per generator
(see Industry Profile).  Based on state survey data about 90% of the research
and development laboratories produce less than 5000 kg/mo of hazardous waste.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Based on the state data, more than 80% of the firms surveyed use landfill
for the disposal of some or all of their hazardous wastes.  Waste is generally
taken to landfills by commercial haulers.  Other disposal methods used include
incineration (for infectious wastes), deep well injection (for disposal of acid
wastes in Oklahoma) and sewer disposal (for acidic and alkaline wastes).
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
                                    B-337

-------
                                                            SIC:  7391

ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     Segregation of wastes at the source (e.g., separation of chlorinated sol-
vents frcm non-chlorinated solvents and other hazardous wastes)  can enable some
degree of waste recycling in the industry.   Disposal of wastes in Subtitle C
facilities would be an environmentally acceptable method for the management of
many hazardous wastes which are currently disposed by other methods (e.g., dis-
posal in sewers).

INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
      (1)  Based on state survey data for eight small generators
      (2)  Census data
                                   B-338

-------
      11/27/79.
        Ob.43.27.
               INDUSTRY PROFILE
                               (1)
                                 SIC: 7391
        NATION
                    bSTIMATcO NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR
                    VARIOUS  WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
BJ
U)
U)
vo
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > jOOO

       TOTAL
                                          ESTABLISHMENTS
                                         NUMBER    PERCENT
668
253
144
90
72
72
36
54
36
36
126
217
201
33.3
12.6
7.2
4.5
3.6
3.6
1.8
2.7
1.8
1.8
6.3
10.8
10.0
                                                 ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                WASTE QUANTITY
                KG/MO   PERCENT
                                           2005
                                               (2)
100.0
  33400.
  37950.
  36000.
  31500.
  32400.
  39600.
  23400.
  40500.
  30600.
  34200.
 189000.
 759500.
1809000.

3097050.
  1.1
  1.2
  1.2
  1.0
  1.0
  1.3
   .8
  1.3
  1.0
  1.1
  6.1
 24.5
 5U.4

100.0

-------
        11/29/79.      13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMEMT SIZE CATEGORIES  BY EPA REGION IN SIC  7391
  REGION
     NU16ER OF PLANTS IN EftCH CATEGORY

TOTAL      1-4      '-'-9    10-19     20-49
50-99  100-249  2*0-49Q   500-999










I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
NATION
CO
?26
271
261
170
293
175
54
85
405
64
2004
122
1 54
96
96
149
98
25
46
2CO
34
1020
35
44
42
24
40
2*
14
15
74
9
330
32
2«
3ft
25
44
16
6
11
48
9
257
21
19
37
16
31
IB
5
8
45
7
20?.
9
11
21
4
6
B
3
4
18
2
86
6
9
17
4
7
R
0
1
12
3
67
                                                                                 1
                                                                                 2
                                                                                 7
                                                                                 C
                                                                                 2
                                                                                 2
                                                                                 1
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 4
                                                                                 0

                                                                                19
                                                                              0
                                                                              2
                                                                              2
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              3
                                                                              3

                                                                             12
>1000

    0
    2
    1
    0
    4
    1
    0
    C
    1
    2

   11

-------
INDUSTRY:  Commercial Testing Laboratories                     SIC:  7397
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     Establishments in this industry are primarily engaged in product testing
on a fee or contract basis.  Included are assaying services, automobile testing,
calibration and certification testing, radiation  dosimetry and detection ser-
vices and food testing services.  These establishments are distributed through-
out the country.  The census data indicate a total of 1826 establishments for
SIC 7397 of which 1218 (or 67%) have less than 9 employees (see census data
computer printout for number distribution of establishments by employment size
range category and EPA region).
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     Establishments in the subject SIC will generate a variety of wastes due
to the heterogeneity of services provided.  State survey data, which includes
seven establishments in SIC 7397, indicate that toxic or flammable wastes
including petrochemicals, solvents, organic and inorganic compounds and corro-
sive acidic wastes are generated.  Based on state survey data the total waste
 quantity generated by establishments in this SIC is estimated at 451,000 kg/mo,
or an average rate of 329 kg/mo per generator (see Industry Profile).   The data
indicate that all establishment in this SIC generate less than 5000 kg/mo of
hazardous waste.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Based on the state data, about 40% of establishments dispose of general
laboratory wastes to the sewer and about 30% use landfill disposal.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     Segregation of wastes at the source can enable some degree of waste recycling.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)
                                     B-341

-------
                                                               SIC:  7397
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  Based on waste generation data for 7 establishments covered in the
          state data base and the census data
     (2)  Census data adjusted for the estimated number of "zero" generators
                                    B-342

-------
      11/27/79.
        08.^3.27.
               INDUSTRY PROFILE
                               (1)
                                 SIC:  7397
                                                            NATION
                    EbTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                    VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
CD
U)
«*
w
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-<»00
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-bOO
      600-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000

       TOTAL
                                          ESTABLISHMENTS

                                         NUMBER   PERCENT
 575
 178
 260
  68
  55
  27
  41
  27
  27
  27
  63
  22
   0

1370
                                               (2)
 13.0
 19.0
  5.0
  4.0
  2.0
  3.0
  2.0
  2.0
  2.0
  4.6
  1.6
  0.0

100.0
                         WASTE QUANTITY

                         KG/MO   PERCENT
 28750.
 26700.
 65000.
 23800.
 2*750.
 1*850.
 26650.
 20250.
 22950.
 25650.
 94500.
 77000.
     0.

450850.
  6.4
  5.9
 1*.*
  5.3
  5.5
  3.3
  5.9
  4.5
  5.1
  5.7
 21.0
 17.1
  0.0

100.0

-------
        11/29/79.
13.49.57.
BREAKDOWN TF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT  SIZb  CATEGORIES BY EPA REGION  IN  SIC  7397
                 NUMBER OF  PLANTS  IN  EACW  CATEGORY
            T3TAL
         b-9
10-19
20-49










I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
NATION
CD
99
185
152
270
316
305
69
8h
276
68
1326
57
81
63
127
145
129
34
47
128
31
8*2
19
36
2*
61
71
66
13
15
51
It
376
10
33
35
48
50
57
11
1ft
51
9
320
10
2"3
16
29
34
44
11
7
31
10
220
50-99  100-249   250-499  500-999
                                                              7
                                                              3
                                                              6
                                                              5
                                                              0
                                                              1
                                                              9
                                                              2

                                                             39
                                                1
                                                1
                                                1
                                                2
                                                8
                                                3
                                                0
                                                0
                                                5
                                                0

                                               21
                                         0
                                         2
                                         2
                                         0
                                         1
                                         1
                                         0
                                         0
                                         1
                                         0
                                          0
                                          0
                                          0
                                          0
                                          1
                                          0
                                          0
                                          0
                                          G
                                          0
>100C

    0
    0
    c
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0

-------
INDUSTRY:  Miscellaneous Business Services, Not            SIC:  7399 (swimming
           Elsewhere Classified                                  pool cleaning
                                                                 and maintenance
                                                                 only)
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     SIC 7399 includes establishments primarily engaged in furnishing business
services not elsewhere classified, such as bondsmen, bottle exchanges, draft-
ing service, hotel reservation service, welcome wagon service, etc.  Based on
the census data, there are a total of 21,375 establishments in SIC 7399 of
which 76% have less than 10 employees.  Most of the services listed in this
SIC which appear to be potential generators of hazardous waste were found to
be integrated with and secondary activities of other businesses.  For example,
bronzing of baby shoes is performed by electroplating shops, servicing of fire
extinguishers is performed by fire extinguisher sales shops, etc.
     The only type of establishments in the subject SIC which would generate
potentially hazardous waste, which would not be regulated elsewhere and which
are not largely associated with product sales are the swimming pool cleaning
and maintenance services.  This assessment summary sheet addresses only the
swimming pool cleaning and maintenance service segment of SIC 7399 which encom-
passes an estimated 2500 establishments   .
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     Hazardous wastes from swimming pool maintenance include empty containers
of chemicals, primarily chlorine but also acid, algicides and other chemicals.
Based on the data obtained from the staff at a trade journal ("Swimming Pool
Weekly"), an average pool maintenance company is estimated to use about 1000
Ibs/mo of chemicals, mostly from 50-lb. containers.   Each empty container is
estimated to weigh roughly 0.5 kg.  Thus, an average pool maintenance company
is estimated to dispose of roughly 10 kg/mo of empty chemical containers.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICE:
     Most of the empty chemical containers are disposed of with other municipal
refuse.   Reuse is reported to be a common practice but it is not known what
fraction of the waste receives this treatment.
                                    B-345

-------
                                                           SIC:  7399
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:


ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     Increased use of refillable containers could reduce or eliminate the
hazardous wastes from swimming pool maintenance companies.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
     The number of independent swimming pool maintenance companies and the
average amount of hazardous waste generated by each company are rough esti-
mates based on a spokesman for a trade journal's knowledge of the industry.
No hard technical data are available on waste generation and disposal for the
industry.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  Data provided by a representative of swimming Pool Weekly
     (2)  All establishments are estimated to produce less than 100 kg/mo of
          waste.  A swimming pool maintenance company would have to use 10
          tons/mo of chemical in order to generate 100 kg/mo of empty con-
          tainers.  In the light of an industry average of 1 ton/mo, estab-
          lishments generating more than 100 kg/mo would be expected to be
          very few.  The amount of waste generated will be greater in the
          warmer months than in the cooler months but, based on the data pro-
          vided from Reference 1,  it will still be less than 100 kg/mo from
          any one establishment.
     (3)  Number of generators in each EPA region  (used to derive the aggre-
          gate profiles presented in Volume I) is estimated.  Based on trade
          association membership, it is estimated that half of the establish-
          ments are in EPA Region IX and the remainder are distributed in
          proportion to population in other regions.
                                    B-346

-------
       11/27/79.
        08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                (1,2)
                                  SIC: 7399     NATION
                                       (Swimming pool cleaning and maintenance segment)
                     ESTIMATED  NUMBER  AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR  ESTAdLISHMENTb IN
                     VARIOUS  WASTE  GENERATION CATEGORIES
m
u>
£>
-J
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-dOO
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000
ESTABL
NUMBER
2500
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ISHMENTS
PERCENT
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
WASTE QUANTITY
KG/MO
50000.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
PERCENT
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
                      TOTAL
                               2500
100.0
50000.
100.0

-------
        11/29/79.      13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT  SIZE  C/vTEGQRIES BY EPA REGICN  IN  SIC  7390
  k..GION
  i
  w
  03
                 NUMBER OF  PLANTS  IN  EACH  CATEGORY
TOTAL
1-4
10-19    20-49     50-99   100-249  250-499   500-999    >1000

                                                   0         0
                                                   ?         2
                                                   0         1
                                                   1         1
                                                   3         1
                                                   2         0
                                                   2         0
                                                   0         0
                                                   0         1
                                                   0         0
I
i:
in
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
1127
3775
194R
281B
3935
1970
965
602
3545
69C
681
?220
1142
1760
2205
1149
597
373
1961
419
1P3
623
356
495
719
359
161
105
H 9
123
146
432
241
310
538
237
112
65
513
78
93
310
140
175
331
152
67
43
301
45
16
83
41
57
76
41
12
8
66
1C
5
37
21
16
50
25
11
2
28
7
1
ie
6
2
12
5
3
1
6
3
  RATION    21375     12507
3799
 2722
                           1662
                                                41?       ?02        56        10

-------
INDUSTRY:  Automotive Rental and Leasing, Without               SIC:  751
           Drivers
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     Establishments primarily engaged in short-term rental or extended term
leasing  (with or without maintenance) of vehicles without drivers.  As with
service stations, these establishments will generally service vehicles and
will generate similar hazardous wastes.  These establishments vary in size
(55% have 1-4 employees; see census data computer printout for number dis-
tribution of establishments by EPA Region and employment size) and are dis-
tributed throughout the country in or near urban centers.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     Waste oil, a "listed" waste based on toxicity consideration, is the pri-
mary hazardous waste generated by the car service centers.  The second most
predominant waste is used oil filters  (which would also be considered toxic).
Other hazardous wastes  include various toxic and ignitable solvents, corrosive
wastes  from radiator flushings and contaminated rags.
     The total amount of non-oil hazardous waste generated by the subject SIC
is  estimated at 1.5 x 105 kg/mo  (see Industry Profile) with an average rate of
66  kg/mo per generator.  Waste lube  oil  is estimated at 6.2 x 10  kg/mo  (see
Industry Profile).  Oil filters are  estimated at 6.1%  (5.64 x 10  kg/mo) of the
total hazardous waste generated
WASTE TREATMENT,  STORAGE  AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
      (See  SIC 5511)
 CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
      (See  SIC 5511)
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
      (See  SIC 5511)
 ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
      The waste quantity estimates arrived at in this analysis is based on
 unit waste generation rates for the service stations (SIC 5511); discussions
with one very large vehicle leasing/rental company with numberous service
 centers throughout the country indicated considerable similarity between the
 operations of the service stations and vehicle rental/leasing service centers.
 No independent estimate of wastes for this SIC are available.
                                     B-349

-------
                                                                SIC:  751
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  The quantity of oil filters was estimated based on an assumed
          weight of 1 kg/oil filter and (a) the reported number of oil changes
          of 153.9 x 10  per year for all service centers (repair garages,
          service centers, new car dealers,  etc.); (b)  a reported percentage
          of 6.8% of the total oil filter changes carried out at service
          shops;  and (c) 6.8% of shops associated with  rental/leasing
          (based on Reference 5).
     (2)  Based on the state data for SIC 5511
     (3)  "Economic Impact Analysis of Hazardous Waste  Management Regulations
          on Selected Generating Industries," Draft Report,  Contract No.  68-
          01-4819, December 1978
     (4)  Based on state data on waste generation quantities    and the infor-
          mation on number of fleet associated with rental and leasing reported
          in Reference (5).
     (5)  "MVMA Motor Vehicle Pacts and Figures '78," Motor Vehicle Manu-
          facturing Association
     (6)  Based on an assumed median waste solvent generation rate of 30 kg/mo
          per generator and estimated number of establishments from Reference
          7.
     (7)  Based on census data, adjusted for estimated  "zero" generators (84%).
                                    D-350

-------
      11/27/79.
   08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                                (1,6)
                            SIC: 751
                                      NATION
                     ESTIMATED  NUMBER  AND  WASTE  QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS  WASTE  GENERATION  CATEGORIES
              WASTE  GENERATION
                     RANGES
                     KG/MO
U)
01
   0
 100
 200
 300
 400
 500
 600
 700
 800
 900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
                        ESTABLISHMENTS

                       NUMBER   PERCENT
1879
398
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
82.5
17.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
                     TOTAL
                         2277
                                                (7)
                                               WASTE  QUANTITY

                                               KG/MO    PERCENT
90192.
59700.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
60.2
39.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
                               100.0
149892.
                                                                                100.0

-------
                                                            SIC: 751
INDUSTRY PROFILE:   ESTIMATED NUMBER OF PLANTS AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR
                   ESTABLISHMENTS IN VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION RANGE CATEGORIES
                   (waste oil)
(4)
Waste Generation
Ranges (kg/mo)
less than 100
100 - 200
200 - 300
300 - 400
400 - 500
500 - 600
600 - 700
700 - 800
800 - 900
900 - 1000
1000 - 2000
2000 - 5000
more than 5000
U.S. Total
Establishments
Number
200
676 .
717
287 .
164 •
112
61
37
24
0
0
0
0
2277(7)
% Total
8.8
30
31
13
7.2
4.9
2.7
1.6
1.1
0
0
. 0
0
100
Waste Quantity
kg/no
16,000
101/000
179,000 '
1 00 000
73,800
61,600 '
39,700
27,750
20,400
0
0
0
0
6.2 x 105
% Total
2.6
16.3
28.9
16 2
11.9
10.0
6.4
4.5
3.3
- 0
Q
. Q
0.
100
                                  B-352

-------
        11/29/79.      13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT  SlZF CATEGORIES  BY  EPA  PFGION  IN SICS 7511 TO ?5l9
  REGION
                 NUMBER OF PLANTS  IN  EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL
5-9
13-19
20-49
50-99  100-249  250-499   500-999










NA
V
Ul
in
w
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
I"
X
TIDN



369
917
676
12^1
1380
646
4d2
219
946
208
7394



216
558
360
fr37
773
350
302
123
477
121
3917



70
169
146
248
270
134
91
49
2]6
43
1436



37
90
94
193
175
68
40
26
137
25
885



33
64
53
118
113
62
40
13
85
15
601



10
2P
21
47
34
23
9
6
21
4
?03



                                                                       2
                                                                       7
                                                                       2
                                                                       7
                                                                       7
                                                                       8
                                                                       0
                                                                       2
                                                                       9
                                                                       0

                                                                      44
                                                                    1
                                                                    1
                                                                    0
                                                                    0
                                                                    2
                                                                    1
                                                                    0
                                                                    0
                                                                    1
                                                                    0
                                                         0
                                                         0
                                                         0
                                                         1
                                                         1
                                                         0
                                                         0
                                                         0
                                                         0
                                                         0
>1000

    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0

-------
INDUSTRY:  Automotive Repair                              SIC:  7531,7534,
                                                                7535
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     The establishments covered under the subject SIC's are top and body
repair shops (SIC 7531), tire retreading and repair shops (SIC 7534), and
paint shops (SIC 7535).  These establishments are distributed throughout the
country with heaviest concentration in or near urban centers.  Majority of
the establishments are small, with 70% in the 1-4 employment size range (see
census data computer printout for number distribution of establishments by
EPA Region and employment size).
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     Hazardous wastes produced from the subject SIC's consist of various
toxic and  ignitable solvents, toxic paint or glue wastes and sludges, con-
taminated rags and empty containers  '
     The total amount of hazardous waste generated by the subject SIC's is
estimated at  820,000  kg/mo with an average generation rate of 35 kg/mo per
generator.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
                                                     (2)
     Based on contact with a number of establishments    the following are the
prevalent disposal practices in the industry:  waste solvents are usually dis-
charged into the sewer or disposed of on open ground; a smaller number of the
larger waste solvent generators use the services of commercial reclaimers for
solvent waste disposal.  Paint waste, glue waste and sludges are generally
disposed of with the nonhazardous waste refuse.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COSTS:
     Due to the majority of establishments disposing wastes with regular refuse
or via sewer, disposal costs attributed to hazardous wastes are expected to be
minimal.  The total cost due to hazardous waste disposal should be a very
small fraction of the total waste disposal cost for any one generator.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     Environmentally more acceptable waste disposal methods for the subject
SIC include:  storage and disposal of waste solvents via solvent reclaimers;
segregation and separate disposal (e.g., via commercial waste disposal services)
                                     B-354

-------
                                                                SIC:  7531,etc.

of other hazardous wastes from regular refuse; where appropriate, cleaning of
the empty containers for recycling or co^disposal with regular refuse.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  State survey data for six small generators in SIC's 7531-7535
     (2)  Discussions with five individual establishments in the Los Angeles
          area
     (3)  Census data
                                   B-355

-------
       11/27/79.
   00.43.27.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                (1)
                            SIC:
                             7531
                             7534
                             7535
NATION
                     bSTIMATtD NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES
                     VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
                                        FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS IN
              WASTE GENERATION
                     RANGES
                     KG/MO
                        ESTABLISHMENTS
T\
W
in
a\
   0
 100
 200
 300
 400
 iOO
 600
 700
 800
 900
1000
2000
                       -100
                       -200
                       -300
-500
-600
-700
-dOO
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
5000
                       NUMBER
                            PERCENT
23058
233
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
99.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
                     TOTAL
                        23291
                                                (3)
WASTE
KG/MO
783972.
34950.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
QUANTITY
PERCENT
95.7
4.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
                               100.0
      818922.
100.0

-------
        11/29/79.       13.49.57.




BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS  IN  Ef.PLOrMENT SIZE CATEGORIES BY EPA  REGION IN SICS 7531 TO 7535




                       R  OF  PLANTS IN FACH CATEGORY
GI-JN
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
TldN
TOTAL
Ib3*
2 523
251*
3 749
4fcbC
7133
lt>66
815
2352
"34
23291
1-4
1177
1775
1607
?671COO
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
  Ul

-------
INDUSTRY:  Automotive Repair Garages                            SIC:  7538
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     The establishments in this industry are engaged in general automotive
repair (primarily engine repair).  The establishments are distributed through-
out the country with heaviest concentration near urban centers; the majority
of establishments are small in size (80% have 1-4 employees; see census data
computer printout for number distribution of establishments by EPA Region and
employment size).
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS HASTES PRODUCED:
     Waste oil, a "listed" waste based on toxicity consideration, is the pri-
mary hazardous waste generated by the car service centers.  The second most
predominant waste is used oil filters (which would also be considered toxic).
Other hazardous wastes include various toxic and ignitable solvents, corrosive
wastes from radiator flushings and contaminated rags.
     The total amount of hazardous waste generated by the subject SIC is esti-
mated at 30 million kg/mo (see Industry Profile) with an average rate of 940
kg/mo per generator.  It is also estimated that non-oil wastes account for
14% of 4.2 x 10° kg/mo of the total hazardous waste generated.  The average
non-oil hazardous waste generation rate is estimated at 130 kg/mo per generator.
Oil filters account for 6.9% (2.1 million kg/mo)  of the total hazardous waste
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     (See SIC 5511)
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
     (See SIC 5511)
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS
     (See SIC 5511)
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See tables)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
     Based on this assessment, 2.6 x 10  kg/mo of waste oil is produced by
                                                                            6
the subject SIC.  Two other reported estimates of waste oil are  (a) 9.6 x 10
                                     B-350

-------
                                                                SIC:  7538

               (A)
kg/mo (1970-71) l ' based on the assumption that 63% of oil sold at repair garages
is collected as waste oil, and (b)  1.37 x 107 kg/no (1978)(5) based on 9 oil
changes per week per establishment and 4.25 liters of waste oil produced per
oil change.  The 2.6 x 10  kg/mo of waste oil arrived at in this study is
based on waste oil generation reported by individual establishments.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  The quantity of oil filters was estimated based on an assumed
          weight of 1 kg/oil filter and (a) the reported number of oil changes
          of 153.9 x 10  per year for all service centers (repair garages,
          service centers, new car dealers, etc.); and (b) a reported percentage
          of 14.0% of the total oil filter changes carried out at automotive
          repair garages (based on Reference 6).
     (2)  Based on state data for six small generators and information
          on number of repair garages reported in census data.
     (3)  Census data
     (4)  Weinstein, Norman J., "Waste Oil Recycling and Disposal," Recon
          Systems Inc., August 1974
     (5)  "Economic Impact Analysis of Hazardous Waste Management Regulations
          on Selected Generating Industries," Draft Report,  Contract No. 68-
          01-4819, December 1978
     (6)  "MVMA Motor Vehicles Facts and Figures  '78," Motor Vehicle Manu-
          facturers Association
                                    B-359

-------
       11/27/79.
   08.43.37.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                (1,6)
                            SIC: 7538
                                      NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE  GENERATION CATEGORIES
              UAbTE GENERATION
                     RANGES
                     KG/MO
U)
a\
o
   0
 100
 200
 300
 400
 500
 600
 700
 bOO
 900
1000
2000
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-10CO
-2000
-5000
5000
                        ESTABLISHMENTS

                       NUMBER   PERCENT
18370
7316
2926
1463
813
390
325
325
0
0
0
0
0
57.5
22.9
9.2
4.6
2.5
1.2
1.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
                                               WASTE  QUANTITY
                     TOTAL
                        31928
                                                (3)
                              100.0
   KG/MU

 826650.
1097400.
 731500.
 512050.
 365850.
 214500.
 211250.
 243750.
      G.
      0.
      0.
      0.
      G.

4202950.
PERCENT

   19.7
   26.1
   17.4
   12.2
    b.7
    5.1
    5.0
    5.8
    0.0
    0.0
    0.0
    0.0
    0.0

  100.0

-------
                                                           SIC:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:  ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS
                   IN VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES (WASTE OIL)(2)
U-ie^a f*PnPY*At" YOT\
Ranges (kq/mo)
less than 100
100 - 200
200 - 300
300 - 400
400 - 500
500 - 600
600 - 700
700 - 800
000 - 900
900 - 1000
1000 - 2000
2000 - 5000
more than 5000
U.S. Total
Establishments
Number
3,100
5,000-
4,100
3,400
2,600 -
2,000
1,800
1,300
1,300
970
4,500
2,800
0
33,000
% Total
9.4
15
12
10
7.9
6.1
5.5
3.9
3.9
3.0
' 14
8.5
0
100
Waste Quantity
106 kg/mo
0.20
0.75
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.0
6.8
9.7
0
26
% Total
0.76
2.9
3.8
4.6
4.6
4.2
4.6
3.8
4.2
3.8
2.6
37
0
100
                                 B-361

-------
        11/29/79.      13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLCYMENT bIZE
                                                 BY  EPA RFGION IN SIC 7538
REGION
     NUMBER OF PLANTS IN

TOTAL      1-4      5 -a
                                         CATEGORY
10-19
                                                 20-4q










I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
NATION
to
1833
3209
3726
5403
4315
4460
1930
1180
473ft
1222
32514
1467
2494
2978
4333
3754
3616
1613
955
3723
981
2*919
263
bC2
542
77?
724
606
?40
It2
727
173
017
79
168
169
236
262
1 7ti
53
47
233
59
14*4
22
43
32
50
66
55
19
14
47
9
357
50-99  1QO-Z49   250-49Q  50C-999
                                                            1
                                                            2
                                                            4
                                                            4
                                                            fi
                                                            3
                                                            0
                                                            1
                                                            3
                                                            0

                                                           24
                                                                        1
                                                                        0
                                                                        1
                                                                        2
                                                                        3
                                                                        2
                                                                        C
                                                                        1
                                                                       12
                                         0
                                         C
                                         0
                                         0
                                         0
                                         C
                                         0
                                         0
                                         1
                                         0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              C
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
>10CO

    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0

    0
to

-------
INDUSTRY:  General Automotive Repair, Not Elsewhere         SIC:  7539
           Classified
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     The establishments in this industry are primarily engaged in specialized
automotive repair.  Brake, carburetor, radiator and transmission repair shops
generate the majority of hazardous waste in SIC 7539.  Brake repairing which
generates asbestos waste is not covered in this assessment because the manage-
ment of asbestos waste is regulated by federal clean air and water acts.
     The majority of establishments in the subject SIC are small in size
(69% 1-4 employees; see census data computer printout for number distribution
of establishments by EPA Region and employment size) and are distributed
throughout the country with the heaviest concentration in or near urban areas.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     Potentially hazardous wastes generated by radiator and carburetor repair
shops are toxic and corrosive radiator flushings and acids from parts clean-
ing.  The major hazardous wastes generated by transmission repair shops is
waste hydraulic fluid which is considered toxic.  Contaminated solvents (con-
sidered toxic and ignitable) may also be generated by any of the establish-
ments in the subject SIC.
     The total amount of hazardous waste generated by the subject SIC is esti-
mated at 3.0 x 10  kg/mo.  Radiator and carburetor repair shops account for
5.2 x 10  kg/mo (see Industry Profile) of the total waste, with an average
rate of 128 kg/mo per generator.  Transmission repair shops account for the
remaining 2.5 x 10  kg/mo  (see Industry Profile) of waste, with an average
rate of 931 kg/mo per generator.
WASTE TREATMENT STORAGE AND DISPOSAL:
     Based on the state data, it is estimated that the majority of radiator
and carburetor repair shops dispose of hazardous wastes by land disposal
(i.e., landfills,  land spreading or onsite burial) or via sewer with land
disposal being the predominant practice.
     Transmission shops generally dispose of waste  hydraulic oil via commer-
cial reclaimers
                                     B-363

-------
                                                            SIC:  7539

CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     Some disposal practices used by small generators (e.g., on-site burial,
disposal on open grounds or discharge to sewer) would not be environmentally
acceptable.  Disposal in hazardous waste management facilities and returning
the hydraulic oil and solvents to reclaimers would be considered preferred
alternative disposals.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See tables)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  Based on industry contact in the Los Angeles area
     (2)  Based on state data for 36 small generators in SIC 7539
     (3)  Based on state data and estimated number of radiator and carburetor
          repair shops from Reference (4)
     (4)  Based on 1976 census data for SIC 7539 and 30%(5) of the total
          repair shops in  SIC  7539 being associated with radiator and carbure-
          tor repair shops
     (5)  1972 Census of Selected Service Industries, U.S. Department of
          Commerce Publication 5672-A-52
     (6)  Based on discussions with five individual establishments in the Los
          Angeles area and estimated number of transmission repair shops from
          Reference (7)
     (7)  Based on the census data for SIC 7539 and a reported estimate
          (Reference 5) that about 20% of the total repair shops in SIC 7539
          are involved in transmission repair
                                     B-364

-------
       11/27/79.
OU.43.Z7.
                INDUSTRY  PROFILED'3*            SIC
                               7539
NATION
V
U)
ESTIMAIEO NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR
ESTABLISHMENTS IN
VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
WASTE GENERATION
RANGES
KG/no
0-100
100-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
5UO-600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-2000
2000-5000
> 5000
ESTABLI

NUMBER
2415
725
362
201
161
121
81
0
0
0
0
0
0
SHNENTS

PERCENT
59.4
17.8
8.9
4.9
4.0
3.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
WASTE

KG/HO
60375.
106750.
90500.
70350.
72450.
66550.
52650.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
QUANTITY

PERCENT
11.6
20.8
17.3
13.5
13.9
12.8
10.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0. 0
                      TOTAL
                       4066
                                                  (4)
                                                       100.0
                                               521625
                   100.0

-------
                                                            SIC: 7539
INDUSTRY PROFILE:  ESTIMATED NUMBER OF PLANTS AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR        (6)
                   ESTABLISHMENTS IN VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION RANGE CATEGORIES
                   (transmission shops only;  waste oil)
Waste Generation
Ranges (kg/mo)
less than 100
100 - 200
200 - 300
300 - 400
400 - 500
500 - 600
600 - 700
700 - 800
800 - 900
900 - 1000
1000 - 2000
2000 - 5000
more than 5000
U.S. Total
Establishments
Number
215
376
349
242
188
161
134
107
81
81
403
247
48
2,684(7)
% Total
8
14
13
9
7
6
5
4
3
3
15
9.2
1.8
100
Waste Quantity
kg/mo
10,750
56,400
87,250
87,700
84,600
88,550
87,100
80,250
68,850
76,950
604 , 500
864 , 500
336,000
2.5 xlO6
% Total
.4
2.2
3.5
3.3
3.3
3.5
3.4
3.2
2.7
3.0
23.9
34.2
13.3
100
                                      B-366

-------
        11/29/75.       13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS  IN  EMPLOYMENT  SIZE  CATEGORIES 1Y EP* RtGlQN IN SIC  753<>
  REGION
     NUM6ER OF PLANTS  IN FACH  CATE60PY

1GTAL      1-4       a-3     10-19     20-45







V


NAT
CD
Ul
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
III
IX
X
I ON

624
1 3o2
1131
2323
2399
17h5
701
431
2165
520
13421

419
854
726
1687
It 50
1231
515
302
1 5°4
3fr7
9247

379
300
Aft?
t83
365
133
83
405
116
109
91
149
217
141
44
40
137
30
19
12
18
42
21
B
6
27
6
                                         1008
156
                                                          50-99  100-249   250-499   5CC-999
                                                  1
                                                  1
                                                  0
                                                  2
                                                  7
                                                  6
                                                  1
                                                  0
                                                  2
                                                  1

                                                 21
                                                                        0
                                                                        0
                                                                        0
                                                                        0
                                                                        0
                                                                        1
                                                                        0
                                                                        0
                                                                        0
                                                                        0
                             0
                             0
                             c
                             c
                             c
                             0
                             0
                             c
                             0
                             c
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
c
0
>iooo

    0
    0
    0
    0
    o-
    0
    0
    0
    0
    c

-------
INDUSTRY:  Car Washes                                          SIC:  7542
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     The establishments covered under SIC 7542 are primarily engaged in wash-
ing cars or in furnishing facilities for the self-service washing of cars.
There are 5286 of these establishments in the nation.  Distribution of car
washes appear to correlate with population density in each EPA region.
{See census data computer printout on the distribution of establishments by
employment size and EPA region).
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     Cleaning agents, waxes, polishes, rubbing compounds, etc. are the major
chemicals used at car washes.  Containers from these products can be considered
as hazardous waste.  Quantity of waste will depend on how large the establish-
ment is as well as  how much business it handles.  Most car washes purchase
cleaning agents in 55-gallon drums which are recycled by the supplier.
Smaller wax, polish and rubbing compound containers are those of special con-
cern since they must be disposed of by other means.  Based on waste informa-
tion provided by five car wash establishments ranging in size from 6 to 20
employees, a waste generation rate of 1.5 Ib  (0.7 kg) per month per employee
can be calculated
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Other than cleaning agent containers, waste containers from waxes, polishes
and rubbing compounds are disposed of in the regular trash.  Most car washes
will employ private disposal companies for collection services.  The major
waste at car washes is, of  course, the wash water.   Some establishments
practice partial recycling, but most will discharge  the entire effluent to the
public  sewer
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
 ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
      Where appropriate,  containers  may be rinsed prior  to  co-disposal with
 nonhazardous refuse.
                                      B-368

-------
                                                             SIC:  7542

ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED:
      (1)  Five car wash establishments
      (2)  Census data
                                        B-369

-------
       11/27/79.
        Ob.43.27.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                 SIC: 7542
          NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE  GENERATION CATEGORIES
to
W
-J
o
WASTE GENbKATlUN
       RAN3ES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-500U
       > 5000

       TOTAL
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS
                                          NUMBER
PERCENT
5270
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
99.7
.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
                                            5286
                                                (2)
                  WASTE  QUANTITY
 KG/MO
PERCENT
12648.
2400.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
G.
0.
B4.1
15.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
  100.0
15048.
  100.0

-------
BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS  IN  EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATtG<"KlEb BY E«>A  &FGICN IN SIC 754?
  REGION
     NUMBER OP PL&NTS  IN  EACH  CATEGORY

TOTAL      1-4       y-o     13-19    20-40







V


NAT
r
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
III
IX
X
ION
234
581
547
763
134!?
4titi
333
14*
677
140
•,,-*.
50-99  100-249   250-49°  500-999
Ifcl
3h 2
307
481
724
346
230
ICQ
364
M
1^1
54
1 ?5
73
120
30*
53
53
??
103
??
;^2
4*:)
54
43
94
132
43
32
13
120
17
634
21
20
60
64
116
22
16
4
1b
12
410
1
0
t)
4
I?
3
?
C
8
?
41
                                                                        1
                                                                        0
                                                                        0
                                                                        0
                                                                        2
                                                                        1
                                                                        0
                                                                        0
                                                                        2
                                                                        0
                                                                     0
                                                                     c
                                                                     0
                                                                     0
                                                                     1
                                                                     c
                                                                     0
                                                                     0
                                                                     c
                                                                     0
                                0
                                0
                                0
                                0
                                0
                                0
                                c
                                0
                                0
                                0
>1000

    c
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    c
    0
    0
  10
  -0

-------
INDUSTRY:  Miscellaneous Repair Services                  SIC:  76
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     This major group includes establishments engaged in miscellaneous repair
services, not including automotive repair (SIC 753), clothing repair (SIC 7219}
and shoe repair (SIC 7251).  The eight 4-digit industrial categories which
make up this group are:
     SIC 7622, Radio and Television Repair Shops
         7623, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Service and Repair Shops
         7629, Electrical and Electronic Repair Shops, not elsewhere classified
         7631, Watch, Clock, and Jewelry Repair
         7641, Reupholstery and Furniture Repair
         7692, Welding Repair
         7694, Armature Rewinding Shops
         7699, Repair Shops and Related Services, not elsewhere classified
     Based on the census data, the 47,000 miscellaneous repair service estab-
lishemnts are distributed across the nation  approximately in proportion to
population.  These are mostly  small establishments with 70% having  fewer than
5 employees and 97% having fewer than  30 employees.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     The non-oil hazardous wastes from repair  services reported in  the  "state"
data file  include solvents, acid and alkaline  cleaners, paint sludges, heavy
metal  compounds, unspecified  toxic organics, and miscellaneous chemicals
from tank  and barge washings.   Of these wastes,  solvents are  the  most common,
being  reported in one-third of the cases.
WASTE  TREATMENT, STORAGE,  AND DISPOSAL PRACTICE:
     Off-site landfill is the most commonly reported means  of waste disposal
 for all waste types.   One establishment reported that it deep well  injected
 its caustic wastes.
     Telephone discussions with a number of establishments  indicated that the
 smaller users of solvents (e.g.,  lawn mower repair shops)  got rid of their
 waste  solvents by either land disposal onsite or by taking it to  a local ser-
 vice station where the waste is picked up by a commercial  recycler.  Larger
 users  of solvents (e.g., motorcycle repair shops) tend to have a  solvent
 recycling service pick up their waste solvent.
                                     B-372

-------
                                                          SIC:  76
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
     None of the repair shops contacted (6)  reported any additional waste disposal
costs for their hazardous wastes.  Some wastes (e.g., paint sludges) are dis-
posed of along with municipal refuse.  Solvent recycling service at the motor-
cycle repair shops generally is part of the purchase price of new solvent.
The solvent supplier brings new solvent and takes the used solvent away.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     Solvent recycling could be more widely practiced than is currently the
case.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
      (See table)
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
      (1)  Based on state data  for  12 establishments
      (2)  Census  data  adjusted for "zero" generators.   The  "zero"  generators
          were  assumed to  be the establishments  in SIC's  7622,  7629,  7631 and
          7692. Percentage of  large generators were  estimated by extrapolating
           the Plot of generators vs. waste .generation rate to the  5000 Kg/ho
           waste generation rate.
      (3)  National Alliance of Television and Electronic  Service Associations
      (4)  Refrigeration Service Engineers Society
      (5)  Electric Apparatus Service Association
      (6)  Twelve  individual establishments  in Southern California
                                      B-373

-------
11/27/79.
                      08.43.27.
         INDUSTRY PROFILE
                         (1)
                                               SIC:  7600
          NATION
              ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES  FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS IN
              VARIOUS HASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
?
OJ
       WASTE GENERAUJN
              RANGES
              KG/MO

               0-100
             100-200
              5000
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS
                                          NUMBER
PERCENT
    WASTE QUANTITY

    KG/MO    PERCENT
7358
4384
2673
1831
1324
1001
784
630
517
431
2123
1263
1532
28.5
17.0
10.3
7.1
5.1
3.9
3.0
2.4
2.0
1.7
8.2
4.9
5.9
367900.
657600.
668250.
640850.
595800.
550550.
509600.
472500.
439450.
409450.
3184500.
4420500.
15320000.
1.3
2.3
2.4
2.3
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
11.3
15.7
54.3
              TOTAL
                                           25851
                                         (2)
  100.0
28236950.
100.0

-------
        11/29/79.       13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS  IN  EMPLOYMENT  SIZE  CATEGORIES 3Y EPA REGION IN SIC  7600
  REGION
                 NUMBER OF  PLANTS  IN  EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL
1-4
10-19
20-49
                                   SO-P9  10C-249  250-49Q   tCO-999
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
NATI3N
03
2445
5150
4575
3340
d444
6466
2745
161H
6269
1«22
47«J74

K39
3814
3250
6252
6069
4fc83
2095
1219
455?
1336
3510?

393
779
76?
1316
1397
1051
43C
? 4 0
1C 4 5
317
771Q

140
323
356
543
(34
470
152
108
476
125
3327

53
175
165
19*
272
207
48
46
142
39
1346

12
40
28
19
55
39
6
3
41
4
247

3
17
12
14
15
15
5
2
11
0
94

                                                                                 0
                                                                                 2
                                                                                 2
                                                                                 2
                                                                                 1
                                                                                 1
                                                                                 0
                                                                                 C
                                                                                 2
                                                                                 1

                                                                                11
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              C
                                                                              G
>1000

    0
    0
    0
    0
    1
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
   -J
   Ul

-------
 INDUSTRY:  Bowling Alleys                                   SIC:  7933
 DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     The establishments in SIC 7933 include businesses known as bowling alleys
 or lanes.  These establishments also frequently sell meals and refreshments.
 Bowling alleys are distributed in all regions throughout the nation.  Most
 bowling alleys are in the small size employment range category.   (See the
 census data computer printout for number distribution of bowling alleys by
 EPA Region and employment size category.)
 CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED(1):
     Hazardous wastes generated in connection with alley/lane operation
 and maintenance include sandings and waste containers which may contain some
 potentially hazardous substances depending on the type of surface coating used
 on the alleys.  For many years the most widely used alley coating was lacquer.
 This is increasingly being replaced in recent years because lacquer is flam-
 mable and does not condition the lane wood.  In recent years lacquer has been
 replaced by methane coatings which are also now phasing out in favor of a
 Brunswick epoxy coating conditioner called Astro Lane.  Astro Lane has the
 consistency of a paste and is applied in two units - a base coat and a top
 coat.  It takes approximately 1.9 liters (2 quarts) of base coat and 0.9
 liters (2 pints) of top coat per lane.  Astro Lane is reportedly not flammable,
 but, as an epoxy,  it may be toxic.  At a representative 24- to 32-lane bowl-
 ing alley, lanes are resurfaced about once every two years.  During resurfac-
 ing about 0.16 cm (1/16 in) of surface coating is removed by sanding, and dry
 sandings average about 6.8 kg (15 Ib)  per lane.  At an establishment with 32
 lanes this amounts to 218 kg (480 Ib).  Based on an estimated Astro Lane waste
 container generation rate of 0.28 kg (5/8 Ib) per lane, about 9 kg (20 Ib)  of
 waste containers would result from resurfacing of 32 lanes.  Thus, the total
 waste resulting from resurfacing 32 lanes is 227 kg (503 Ib)  every two years
 or about 9 kg (21 Ib) per month.  Assuming this waste generation rate is
 typical of the establishments in SIC 7933,  the total waste quantity produced
by the industry is estimated at 56,200 kg/mo.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Resurfacing of bowling lanes is most often performed by an outside com-
pany on a contract basis.  All resulting wastes are disposed of along with
                                    B-37G

-------
                                                            SIC:  7933
the regular wastes of the establishment.  Wastes are generally collected
either by a private disposal company or municipal refuse collection
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
     No incremental cost; the quantity of hazardous waste (sandings and con-
tainers) is a very minute fraction of the total refuse generated by an estab-
lishment and the disposal of this waste with the nonhazardous waste makes no
measurable impact on the total cost of waste disposal.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     Segregation of hazardous waste from regular refuse and disposal of haz-
ardous wastes in a hazardous waste management facility.
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  Two bowling establishments, two lane refinishing companies, two
          bowling associations, and three bowling supply companies
     (2)  Census data
                                    B-377

-------
       11/27/79.
        Ofa.43.27.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                 SIC: 7933
        NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES  FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
T
&
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000

       TOTAL
ESTABL
NUMBER
6247
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ISHMENTS
PERCENT
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
WASTE
KG/MO
56223.
0.
0.
c.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
QUANTITY
PERCENT
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
                                            6247
                                                 (2)
100.0
56223.
100.0

-------
        11/29/79.      13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS IN EMPLOYMENT  SIZE CATtGORIcS  BY  EPA  RFGICN IN SIC 7933
  REGION
     NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY

TOTAL      1-4      5-9    10-19    20-49
                                                          50-99  10C-249  250-499  500-999










NA
CO
i
10
-J
10
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
TION




334
721
612
465
2045
34Q
607
332
4<»8
2*4
6?47




149
155
154
^1
599
83
251
136
85
b1}
1788




97
151
133
85
395
fch
106
70
40
60
1203




8H
232
170
152
500
78
122
55
32
63
1552




49
167
147
119
482
107
121
53
196
65
1506




1
16
6
17
66
13
5
7
41
10
182




                                                                       G
                                                                       0
                                                                       2
                                                                       1
                                                                       2
                                                                       2
                                                                       2
                                                                       1
                                                                       4
                                                                       1

                                                                      15
                                                                    C
                                                                    C
                                                                    0
                                                                    0
                                                                    0
                                                                    0
                                                                    0
                                                                    0
                                                                    0
                                                                    C
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
>10CO

    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0

-------
INDUSTRY:  Racing, Including Track Operations                   SIC:  7948
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     Establishments included in the subject SIC are promoters and participants
in racing activities, including race track operations; operators of racing
stables, jockeys, race horse trainers, and race car owners and operators.
The census data indicate a total of 1782 establishments for SIC 7948 of which
1169 (66%) are in the 1-4 employee size category (see census data computer
printout for number distribution of establishments by EPA Region and employ-
ment size category).
     In the United States there are 114 thoroughbred race tracks distributed
in 31 states(1).  California has the largest number at 13 and Kentucky,
Louisiana, Illinois and New Jersey each have 5.  Thoroughbred tracks are
licensed by the state which determines how many days per year the track will
have racing activity, so operation time is variable
                                                                   (2)
     There are approximately 1670 motor tracks throughout the U.S.   , varying
in size ranging from small dirt tracks to larger operations racing everything
from motorcycles  to "Indianapolis-type"cars    .  Motor tracks are also variable
in operation.  Those in mild climates may race year-around while those in other
areas may be more limited.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     Wastes of a  hazardous nature generated by establishments under SIC 7948
include pesticides, pesticide containers and paint containers resulting from
landscaping and maintenance, and waste oil from the maintenance of motor
vehicles at motor tracks.
     Quantity of  waste pesticide   containers  generated at horse tracks
also will vary, but one of the largest tracks was able to provide an estimate
of 54 kg/mo of pesticide containers generated  during  racing season.  Based on
estimated employment of 1000 for this particular race track, a waste generation
rate of  0.05 kg/mo/employee can be expected for horse  race tracks  (a total waste
quantity of 1070  kg/mo).  The quantity of waste oil expected from  a motor track
which provides waste oil collection facility onsite is estimated at 225 kg/
   (3)
mo    .
                                     B-380

-------
                                                                SIC:  7948
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Pesticide containers are either disposed of with the general refuse or
accumulated and taken to a hazardous waste disposal site   .   One track
reportedly cleans and flushes the pesticide containers and then hauls them to
a state disposal installation.
     Based on a sampling of six motor tracks, approximately half of the tracks
provide holding tanks for the purpose of storing waste oils and hydraulic
fluids until this is hauled away by a private disposal company.  The other
half of tracks do not provide such service and the vehicle owners either
maintain the autos elsewhere or take the waste oil with them.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
     The disposal of the waste oil via, waste oil collectors ±? generally at
no cost to the generators; larger quantities of waste oil are usually sold
to the waste oil collectors.  With the continuous rise in oil prices, the
practice of waste disposal via waste oil collectors would be expected to be-
come more attractive in the future, thus reducing the number of generators
which currently dispose of wastes by other methods (e.g., landfills, sewers
or dumping on open grounds).
     No incremental disposal cost would be associated with co-disposal of
hazardous wastes with the regular refuse because the quantity of hazardous
waste  (paint and pesticide containers) is a very minute fraction of the total
refuse generated by an establishment.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     Provided that waste collectors carry out environmentally acceptable opera-
tions, the disposal of waste oil via waste collectors is environmentally more
acceptable than other disposal methods currently used by some generators  (see
Current Disposal Cost, above).
     Provided that the pesticide containers are properly rinsed and the rinsate
is disposed of in an environmentally acceptable manner, pesticide containers
can be co-disposed with regular refuse in sanitary landfills.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)
                                    B-381

-------
                                                                SIC:  7948
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
     Only a few of the establishments contacted had data on waste generation
quantities.  Because of the differences in the operation of various tracks,
variations  would be expected in waste quantities among different tracks.
The estimated generation rates used, which are for specific tracks, may not
be entirely representative of all tracks.
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  A total of nine race tracks and racing associations
     (2)  Based on the census data which indicate a total of 1782 establish-
          ments having SIC 7948 as primary activity and allowing for the
          reported 114 thoroughbred racing tracks in the U.S.
     (3)  Calculated based on 30 vehicles in a race, 9.4 liters (10 quarts)
          of waste oil generated per car per race and an average of one race
          per month
     (4)  Assuming that all 114 horse tracks are in the 20 to >1000 employment
          categories and the number of tracks in each census data employment
          category is distributed in proportion to the ratio of 114 tracks to
          the total of 190 establishments given in the census data for the 20
          to >1000 employment categories.
     (5)  This number represents half the total number of race tracks; only
          50% of the race tracks are assumed to generate waste oil onsite
           (see text).
                                     B-332

-------
       11/27/79.
        08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                (4)
                                 SIC: 7948     NATION
                                      (Horse Track)
                     tSHMATEO NUMBER AND WASTE  QUANTITIES  FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                     VARIOUS  WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
to
Ul
CO
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/NO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-300
      t>00-600
      600-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-lOOd
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000
                                            ESTABLISHMENTS

                                          NUMBER    PERCENT
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
                      WASTE QUANTITY

                      KG/MO    PERCENT
1072.
   0.
   0.
   0.
   0.
   0.
   0.
   0.
   0.
   0.
   0.
   0.
   0.
100.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
                     TOTAL
                                       100.0
                      1072.
                          100.0

-------
                                                            SIC:  7948
                                                                 (motor track)

INDUSTRY PROFILE:  ESTIMATED NUMBER OF PLANTS AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR
                   ESTABLISHMENTS IN VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION RANGE CATEGORIES
                   (WASTE OIL)
Haste Generation
Ranges (kg/mo)
less than 100
100 - 200
200 - 300
300 - 400
400 - 500
500 - 600
600 - 700
700 - 800
800 - 900
900 - 1000
1000 - 2000
2000 - 5000
more than 5000
U.S. Total
Establishments
Number


835










835 (5)
% Total


100










100
Waste Quantity
kg/mo


188,000






•



188,000
% Total


100



•






100
                                    B-384

-------
        11/29/79.       13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS  IN  EMPLOYMENT SIZE CATEGORIES  BY  EPA  REGION IN SIC
  REGION
                  NUMBER  OF PLANTS IN EACH C-ATEGORY
T3TAL
1-4
                                        10-19







V


NAT
to
W
CO
in
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
III
IX
X
ION



105
26f>
22Q
32a
356
137
66
23
225
42
178?



fc8
185
144
197
24f
8*)
50
2L
147
25
1169



15
35
?8
50
4P
18
0
?
27
q
241



11
22
27
37
36
19
3
2
22
3
l*j?



20-43

    4
   13
   15

    9
    9

    I
   14
    2

   88
                                                      100-249  250-4910CO

    0
    3
    0
    1
    0
    0
    0
    0
    1
    0

-------
INDUSTRY:  Amusement Parks                                      SIC:   7996
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     Included within SIC 7996 are establishments known as amusement parks,
kiddie parks, etc., which group together and operate in whole or part a number
of attractions such as mechanical rides, amusement devices, refreshment stands
and picnic grounds,  amusement parks are located throughout the country and
are generally in proportion to population.  Based on the census data, there
are 522 amusement parks in the U.S. with slightly over half of them employing
1-4 persons.  The number distribution of amusement parks by EPA Region and
employment size are shown in the census data computer printout.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     Hazardous wastes generated at amusement parks can include waste oil from
the maintenance of vehicles and mechanical equipment, paint containers and
waste solvents from maintenance operations, and pesticide containers from
landscape maintenance.  Quantities will vary from park to park depending on
size and type of park. The following waste quantity data were provided by one
of the largest amusement parks in the country:  waste oil  (a "listed" waste
based on toxicity considerations) 3338 kg/mo, paint solvent (toxic and ignitable
organic wastes) 668 kg/mo and paint and pesticide containers (toxic wastes)
227 kg/mo  (a total waste quantity of 4233 kg/mo).  Based on an estimated
employment of 1000 for  this particular amusement park, waste generation rates
of 3.3 kg/mo/employee for waste oil and 0.9 kg/mo/employee for other hazardous
wastes can be expected  for amusement parks.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     At  the  large park  mentioned  above, the waste is recycled onsite as much
as possible. Up to half of the waste oil  is recycled and  re-used onsitej  the
rest is  collected by  vendors for  recycling.  This may not  be the case for most
parks, however,  other  disposal methods such as landfills, discharge to sewer
or dumping on open grounds is probably practiced at  some of the  smaller
amusement parks.   At all three  establishments  contacted,  waste  solvents  are
sold to  a vendor for  recycling,  and paint and pesticide  containers are disposed
of along with nonhazardous wastes
                                     B-386

-------
                                                                SIC:  7996
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
     The disposal of the waste oil via waste oil collectors is generally at
no cost to the generators; larger quantities of waste oil are usually sold
to the waste oil collectors.  With the continuous rise in oil prices, the
practice of waste disposal via waste oil collectors would be expected to be-
come more attractive in the future, thus reducing the number of generators
which currently dispose of wastes by other methods (e.g., landfills, sewers
or dumping on open grounds).
     No incremental disposal cost would be associated with co-disposal of
hazardous wastes with the regular refuse because the quantity of hazardous
waste (paint and pesticide containers) is a very minute fraction of the total
refuse generated by an amusement park.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     Disposal of waste oil and solvents via waste collectors is environmentally
more acceptable than other disposal methods currently used by some generators
(see Current Disposal Cost, above).
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See tables)
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
     Except for the one very large amusement park, the establishments contacted
had no data on waste generation quantities for their operations.  The estimated
waste generation rates for the large park may not be representative of the
smaller parks.
SOURCES OF DATA USED:
     (1)  Three amusement parks
     (2)  From U.S. census data
     (3)  Calculated based on estimated waste generation rates of 0.9 kg/mo/
          employee and the census data on number of establishments in various
          employment size categories.
     (4)  Calculated based on estimated waste and generation rate of 3.3 kg/
          mo/employee and the census data on number of establishment in various
          employment size categories
                                     B-387

-------
       11/27/79.
   06.^3.27.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                (3)
                            SIC: 7996
                                       NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND HASTE QUANTITIES FOR  ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                     VAKIOUb WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
              WASTE GENERATION
                     RANGES
                     KG/MO
                        ESTABLISHMENTS
CD
00
   0
 100
 200
 300
 
-------
                                                            SIC:   7996
INDUSTRY PROFILE:  ESTIMATED NUMBER OP PLANTS AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR         (4)
                   ESTABLISHMENTS IN VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION RANGE CATEGORIES
                   (WASTE OIL)

Ranges (kq/no)
less than 100
100 - 200
200 - 300
300 - 400
400 - 500
500 - 600
600 - 700
700 - 800
800 - 900
900 - 1000
1000 - 2000
2000 - 5000 •
more than 5000
U.S. Total
Establishments
Number
509
13 •
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
526(2)
% Total
96.8
2.5
0.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
Waste Quantity
kg/mo
13,355
6,914
3,545
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
23,815
% Total
56.1
29
14.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
                                    B-389

-------
        11/29/79.       13.49.57.

BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS  IH  EMPLOYMENT SIZi  CATEGORIES  BY  EPA RFGI DM IN  SIC
  REGION
                  NUMBER  OF  PLANTS IN EACH CATEGORY
TOTAL
1-4
5-9
20-49


I



V
VI


NATI
CO
1
u>
10
o
I
II
II
IV
V
VI
II
II
IX
X
f]\




40
67
5*.
b2
88
53
27
22
67
22
522




16
35
27
43
54
2:4
16
15
30
17
?77




9
1?
1?
11
14
7
?
1
10
1
79




10
13
j
R
7
10
3
1
6
0
64




4
7
4
7
9
7
2
1
10
1
5.'




50-99  100-249   250-49C   «,00-999
                                                               0
                                                               0
                                                               4
                                                               4
                                                               2
                                                               2
                                                               0
                                                               2
                                                             1
                                                             C
                                                             0
                                                             b
                                                             0
                                                             1
                                                             1
                                                             1
                                                             2
                                                             0

                                                            12
                                                           C
                                                           C
                                                           1
                                                           0
                                                           ?
                                                           C
                                                           3
                                                           1
                                                           1
                                                           C
                                                           C
                                                           C
                                                           0
                                                           2
                                                           C
                                                           0
                                                           0
                                                           0
                                                           1
                                                           0
'1000

    0
    0
    0
    1
    0
    2
    0
    0
    3
    0

-------
INDUSTRY:  Hospitals                                         SIC:  806
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:

     Hospitals  include establishments primarily engaged in providing
diagnostic services, extensive medical treatment (including surgical services),
as well as continuous nursing services.  These establishments have an organized
medical staff, inpatient beds and the necessary equipment and facilities to
provide complete health care.  Hospitals are classified as either short-stay
(average per patient occupancy of less than 30 days) or long-stay (average stay
of more than 30 days per patient).  Specific types of hospitals include general
medical and surgical hospitals (SIC 8062, usually short-stay),  psychiatric
hospitals  (SIC 8063, usually long-stay) and specialty hospitals, except
psychiatric (SIC 8069, specialties include children's diseases, chronic
diseases, geriatrics, orthopedics, etc. and hospitals can be either long- or
short-stay depending on specialty).  Data for 1973 shows that the overwhelming
majority  (87%) of the nations hospitals are in the general medical and surgical
                                       are
                                       (1)
category   .   The remaining facilities are split between psychiatric hospitals
 (7%) and other specialty hospitals (6%)
     In recent years there has been a decrease in the number of hospitals (and
hospital beds)   .  The decline in hospital beds has been entirely within the
specialty hospitals; the number of beds in general medical and surgical hos-
pitals has, in fact, increased
     The number of general hospital beds appear to be well distributed between
urban and rural areas.  In 1974 there were 4.4 and 4.7 short-stay beds per
1000 people in large metropolitan areas and in "rural" counties (i.e., counties
which were not adjacent to standard metropolitan statistical areas), respec-
tively'1'.
     Census data  (for 1976) indicate 5333 establishments in the U.S. in SIC
806 with about 81%, 67% and 26% of the facilities having greater than 50, 100
and 500 employees, respectively.
                                     B-391

-------
                                                         SIC:   806
      Other sources of data do not corroborate the census figure  for the
 number of hospitals.  One source (HEW) gives the total  number of hospitals
 for 1973  as 7438    .  The American Hospital Association (AHA) gives the number
 of hospitals approved by the AHA as 7082 for 1976 and 7123 for 1973.  For the
 purpose of this assessment, the HEW data for 1973 have  been used, with adjust-
 ment made to 1976 based on the decrease in the number of AHA-approved hospitals
 reported for 1976 compared to 1973.

 CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
      Potentially hazardous wastes generated in hospitals include:  (a)  chemicals
 from X-ray laboratories, (b)  pathological, infectious and chemical wastes from
 general laboratories, (c)  pathological wastes consisting of tissue material
 from biopsies,  autopsies and surgery, (d)  infectious wastes from contagion
 wards and (e)  radiological materials from radioisotope treatment and diagnostic
 studies.
      General medical and surgical hospitals (SIC 8062)  generate wastes  in all
 the categories listed above.   Psychiatric or mental hospitals (SIC 8063)  gen-
 erate only very small amounts of hypodermic needles and syringes ("sharps")
 and X-ray laboratory wastes.   Possible exceptions are the very large veterans
 psychiatric hospitals which have surgery wings and isolation wards and  thus
 will also generate pathological and infectious waste.  Specialty hospitals
 (SIC 8069) which treat specified types of patients or illnesses  (i.e., child-
 ren; chronic disease; eye, ear, nose and throat; maternity; orthopedics; and
 tuberculosis) generate wastes in most, but not necessarily all, of the cate-
 gories of hazardous wastes listed above.
     Data on hospital waste quantities and disposal procedures are available
 from hospital surveys conducted by a limited number of states.  About 18% of
 the hospitals in Kansas covered in the state data base are small volume genera-
 tors with an average hazardous waste output of 400 kg/mo.  A 1976 Iowa survey
 shows 90% of the hospitals returning questionnaires to be small volume gen-
 erators with an average output of 57 kg/mo.  The U.S. Center for Disease Con-
 trol concurs with estimates obtained for the Los Angeles area that the average
 quantity of infectious wastes generated by a 500-bed  hospital amounts to approx-
 imately 400-500 kg/mo.
     The total hazardous waste quantity produced by hospitals nationwide is esti-
mated at 3.0 million kg/mo (see Industry Profile).
                                    B-392

-------
                                                           SIC:   806
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     There are a variety of regulations and standards which apply to the hand-
ling of pathological, infectious and radioactive wastes produced by hospitals.
The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals (JCAH) provides accredita-
tion for hospitals which meet specified standards, including recommended
methods of handling pathological, infectious and laboratory wastes.  Hospitals
which are certified to participate in the medicare health insurance program
also have to meet certain Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW)
established guidelines regarding waste disposal practices.  The states of
California and Iowa (and many other states) have specific regulations which
control the manner in which hospital-generated wastes are to be handled.  In
addition, there are also business and professional codes which prescribe the
correct manner to dispose of hospital wastes.  These methods are generally in
line with those described below, based on contacts with five hospitals in the
Los Angeles area.
     •   X-ray waste - film is  sent to a contractor for recovery of the
         silver and disposal of the film residues.  Spent developer is
         sent directly to the sewer and fixer  is treated at the hospital
         for silver recovery and the residue sent to the sewer.
     •   General laboratory waste - solvents are collected separately and
         incinerated, either by contractor or onsite.  Pathological and
         infectious wastes may  be incinerated.  Sharps are clipped or ground
         and incinerated.  Bacteriological cultures are often autoclaved
         prior to disposal.
     •   Pathological wastes from surgeries, biopsies and autopsies are
         incinerated onsite by  the hospital or by a contractor at an approved
         private facility.
     •   Infectious wastes are  double-bagged, autoclaved to sterility and
         disposed of in a landfill by a contractor at an approved facility.
     •   Radiological wastes are stored separately from other wastes and
         disposed through licensed contractors or in an approved manner
         (e.g., dilution and discharge to sewer for certain specified
         wastes).  It is understood that these wastes are not incinerated
         nor sent with other waste residues to a common landfill.
     •   In cases involving recognizable limbs and human specimens, land-
         filling is deleted as  a possible disposal method due to aesthetic
         criteria as opposed to direct public health considerations.
                                     B-393

-------
                                                            SIC:   806

      For  the purpose of  this  study,  infectious wastes  are not  considered  as
 hazardous if they are  sterilized or  incinerated prior  to disposal.  Although
 hospitals may  report that their  "infectious" wastes  are incinerated, varying
 definitions of infectious waste  make it  difficult  to determine if all  of  the
 infectious waste  is actually  incinerated.  Based on  state survey  data  of  32
 hospital  facilities, 9%  indicated onsite incineration  as a  disposal method
 for  body  tissues; 88% indicated that for  some or  all  of the wastes generated,
 including "infectious" waste,  their  disposal method  was unknown.  A University
 of Minnesota study of  80 general hospitals found that  35% of the  total waste
                                         (8)
 from all  hospitals is  incinerated onsite  .  However, this study did  not
 obtain data on the percentage  of pathological or infectious waste being proc-
 essed by  a specific disposal method.   Another study  on disposal methods for
 infectious waste  estimated that  less than  5% of the  total hospital waste  was
                   (4)
 incinerated onsite   .  This waste was identified  by the facilities as "infec-
 tious" or "pathological."  Because of the  discrepancies in  the data, all
 wastes described  as "infectious" have been included  in the  total  hazardous
 waste quantity produced  by hospitals regardless of the method  of  disposal.

CURRENT DISPOSAL COSTS:
     Disposal costs for hospital wastes have  been the subject of  a number  of
        (4)
studies    . -However,  due to widely differing timeframes,  basic assumptions
and methods of presenting data, the reported  costs vary over a wide range.  The
overall cost of disposal of hospital wastes is dependent on a number of per-
centages including:
     •   amount of pretreatment  (compaction,  autoclaving,  shredding,  etc.)
     •   method of disposal (landfill, incineration,  etc.)
     •   distance to disposal site

 ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
      One  alternative hospital waste  disposal method  which has been tested in
 the  Los Angeles area which would decrease  the quantity of waste destined for
 offsite disposal  is to use a heavy duty garbage disposal to  grind  certain wastes
 and  discharge  them to  the sewer.  Based  on preliminary results, the method is
 considered of  questionable success.
                                     B-394

-------
                                                            SIC:   806
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)

ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  U.S. Department of Health rducation and Welfare, Health, United
          States 1976-1977
     (2)  Hospital Statistics, 1977 ed., American Hospital Association
     (3)  Iowa Hospital Survey results; survey conducted by the Department
          of Environmental Quality of State of Iowa
     (4)  Enviro Control, Inc., Evaluation of Treatment, Storage and Dis-
          posal Methods for Infectious Waste, Draft Final Report submitted
          to EPA, May 1979
     (5)  Based on waste quality data for 29 establishments covered in  the
          state data base
     (6)  Estimated based on HEW/AHA data  (see text)
     (7)  Census data
     (8)  Kiefer, I., 1974.  Hospital Wastes, publication SW-129, U.S.  EPA,
          Washington, D.C.
                                     B-395

-------
       11/27/79.
        08.43.Z7.
                INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                                (5)
                                 SIC:  8060
        NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER  AND WASTE  QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                     VARIOUS  WASTE  GENERATION CATEGORIES
ro
i
vfl
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MQ

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      bOO-700
      700-800
      HOO-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000

       TOTAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
NUMBER
5119
647
325
206
145
109
86
70
59
49
261
209
111
PERCENT
69.2
8.7
4.4
2.8
2.0
1.5
1,2
.9
.8
.7
3.5
2.8
1.5
                                                                     WASTE QUANTITY

                                                                     KG/MO   PERCENT
                                            7395
                                                (6)
100.0
 255950.
  97050.
  81250.
  72100.
  65250.
  59950.
  55900.
  52500.
  49300.
  46550.
 391500.
 731500.
1098900.

3057700.
  8.4
  3.2
  2.7
  2.4
  2.1
  2.0
  1.6
  1.7
  1.6
  1.5
 12.8
 23.9
 35.9

100.0

-------
        11/29/79.       13.49.b7.




BREAKDOWN OF PLANTS  IN  EMPLOYMENT SIZE C UE GC* 1ES  BY  E°A  SEGIPN I* SIC 8060




                  NUflBE"  OF  PLANTS IN E&CH CATEGORY



  REGION    TOTAL       1-4       5-9    10-19     20-49     50-99  100-P49  250-499   50C-999    >1000


I

V
VI


•4ATI
to
i
W
I
II
II
IV
V
VI
II
II
IX
X
ON


351
445
5B2
796
973

376

665
188
533'i


19
21
f-0
38

19
15

ft
333


12
13
1?
36
23
?3

6
IS
*
159


5
1
28
17
22
*>
ti
14
6
121


22
11
?5
59
82
44
58
43
22
407


36
27
43
127
108
139
62
74
119
28
763


88
66
196
241
149
100
56
170
39
1232


54
96
133
137
160
98
55
2C
120
45
927


63
116
116
95
175
57
39
22
86
25
796


52
92
PO
58
170
37
39
If
5
41
11
595



-------
INDUSTRY:  Medical Laboratories                             SIC:  8071
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     This SIC covers establishments primarily engaged in providing profes-
sional analytic or diagnostic services to the medical profession, or to the
patient on prescription of a physician.  The category includes the following
specific types of laboratories:  bacteriological laboratories (not manufactur-
ing); biological  laboratories (not manufacturing); biological chemists (not
manufacturing) laboratories, medical laboratories (clinical); pathological
laboratories; and X-ray laboratories (not manufacturing).  These facilities
usually receive specimens from other health care facilities (e.g., hospitals,
physician's offices, nursing homes, etc.) and perform the required chemical,
bacteriological or pathological analyses or examination on a systematic mass-
produced basis.  X-ray laboratories are facilities that take X-ray photo-
graphs of specified areas of ambulatory patients upon request from health per-
sonnel (e.g., doctors, chiropractors, etc.).  X-ray labs are used by those
health professionals who require X-ray photographs for diagnostic purposes,
but who do not have their own onsite X-ray facilities.
     Census data indicate a nationwide total of 3921 establishments within
SIC 9071, with about $b% and 7**% of the establishments having less than 5 and
10 employees, respectively.  Based on the census data, about 19% and 22% of
the establishments are located in EPA Regions V and IX, respectively.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTESPRODUCED:
     Hazardous wastes generated by medical labs generally fall within one of
the following four categories:
     -  radioactive wastes
     -  biological and contagious materials (cultures of pathological
        organisms, pathological tissue specimens, stool samples from
        infected individuals, etc.)
     -  clinical  specimens for routine analysis procedures (blood, urine,
        vomit, etc.)
     -  waste chemical reagents (buffers, acids, alkalis, salts, organic
        compounds, etc.) from normal laboratory operations and waste
        X-ray processing fluids
Many of the specimens received by a laboratory are in 10 mill Miter quantities
and one lab (with 35 employees) reportedly processes 300 such specimens per
day.
                                    B-398

-------
                                                             SIC:   8071

      Information obtained  from  (a) state  survey data  (a  total of  five  faci-

 lities  in  Kansas and  California) and  (b)  phone contacts with  two  individual

 facilities  in  the  Los Angeles area indicates  hazardous waste  generation rates

 ranging  from 3  kg/mo  to k8B kg/mo.  The  information on these  seven establish-

 ments provide  the  basis for this assessment.

 WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE,  AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:

     Disposal  practices vary with the type of wastes  and are  generally as
 follows:

         If  a laboratory generates a "large" amount of radioactive  waste,
         it  employs services of  a commercial waste disposal company to
         handle  the radioactive  wastes.  Small amounts of "weakly"  radio-
         active wastes are  flushed down the sink with  large amounts of v,
         water.

     -   Biological and contagious wastes  are generally autoclaved  to
         destroy infectious agents; these wastes are then disposed  of
         as  normal  trash.

     -   Clinical specimens which remain after samples have been subjected
         to  required analyses are disposed of by different means, depend-
         ing on  the waste.  Urine and blood are flushed down the sink.
         Other specimens are either discharged to the sewer system  or
         doubled bagged and deposited with the regular trash.  Some speci-
         mens may be autoclaved  prior to being discarded.

     -   Aqueous reagent wastes  (e.g., inorganic buffers,  acids, bases,
         enzyme solutions, etc.)  are usually discharged to the municipal
         sewer.   Automated analytical  equipment reportedly uses small
         amounts of reagents, so labs with this type of equipment should
         not have large quantities of this type of waste.   According to
         personnel at one lab, organic solvents are collected by a com-
         mercial disposal company.

     -   X-ray laboratories will  likely use enough processing fluids to make
         it economical  to reclaim silver from waste fixer  solutions.  The
        waste fixer will most likely be taken away in the form of a silver
         reclamation cartridge.  The "de-silvered" fixer solution is dis-
         charged to the municipal sewer.   The waste developer solutions
        are generally discharged directly to the sewer.

     Medical labs in California  are subject to regulations governing  disposal

of radioactive, microbiological, and contaminated specimen wastes.  State

 regulatory agencies also provide recommendations and guidelines concerning

 the disposal of waste  chemical reagents  and specimen wastes from procedures
such as   routine blood  and urine  work.   In addition to state regulations,

there are also  Federal Medicare  regulations which cover disposal  of certain

 infectious wastes,  and other Federal  or  state administered regulations  for
                                   B-399

-------
                                                            SIC:  8071
specified radioactive materials.  There are certain waste categories which
evade control by either set of nationwide regulations.  The extent to which
wastes from medical labs are controlled in individual states will depend pri-
marily on (a) whether the state is an "Agreement State" (i.e., states which
have approved plans and an agreement with the Federal Nuclear Regulatory
Commission (NRC) concerning the control of radioactive substances) and (b)
the comprehensiveness of state regulations with respect to which wastes and
which facilities are covered.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COSTS:
     No specific cost data for the disposal/treatment of wastes from the medical
laboratory industry could be identified, and it is not clear whether such data
actually exist.  One company which provides commercial waste pickup and dis-
posal service to hospitals, nursing homes and other facilities generating
infectious wastes  indicated that it charges 8 cents.to 11 cents per pound
(depending on distance travelled) with a minimum service charge of $20 per
waste pickup.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:


SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  Based on waste quantity data reported by five facilities in Kansas
          and California in the state data base and discussions with two
          individual facilities in the Los Angeles area
      (2)  Census data
      (3)  Discussion with one company providing waste pickup and disposal
          services  to the health service  industry and three medical  labora-
          tories  in the Southern California area.  The three medical
                                    B-400

-------
                                                        SIC:  8071
     laboratories contacted  employ 35,  235  and  500  persons;  the  labora-
     tory with 500 employees in one of  a  number of  laboratories  through-
     out the country  which are  owned by the same company.
CO   Enviro Control,  Inc., "Evaluation  of Treatment,  Storage  and Disposal
     Methods for Infectious  Waste," report  prepared for  EPA,  May 1979
                             B-401

-------
        11/27/79.
        08.-t3.a7.
                 INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                                (1)
                                 SIC: 8071
          NATION
                      ESTIMATED HUMBER  AND  WASTfc  QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                      VARIOUS  WASTE GENERATION  CATEGORIES
CD
I
o
(O
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      6UO-700
      700-600
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000

       TOTAL
                                            ESTABLISHMENTS
                                           NUMBER
PERCENT
3098
353
196
118
20
20
39
12
12
8
27
17
1
79.0
9.0
5.0
3.0
.5
.5
1.0
.3
.3
.2
.7
.4
.0
                                             3921
                                                (2)
                   WASTE  QUANTITY
  KG/MO
PERCENT
52666.
52950.
4900C.
41300.
9000.
11000.
25350.
9000.
10200.
7600.
40500.
59500.
0.
14.3
14.4
13.3
11.2
2.4
3.0
6.9
2.4
2.8
2.1
11.0
16.2
0.0
  100.0
368066.
                                                                  100.0

-------
        11/29/79.       13.49.57.


BREAKDOWN PF PLANTS  IN  EMPLOYMENT  STZF  CATEGORIES BY EPA PEflON  IN  SIC  "071



                         P.F  PLANTS  IN  EaCH CATEGORY
REGION










NA
w
I
II
I II
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
TION

TDTAL
222

294
451
754
513
153
90
851
157
}9?1

1-4
IIS
222

264

317
7b
45
437
71
2105

5-3
4Q
104
55
*2
145
74
29
1>»
1 85
?P
769

10-19
31
^7
51
45
91
f>7
21
14
118
29
514

20-49
17
24
2 '•)
35
ft9
39
n
9
70
23
32b

5C-99 100-249 250-49& 500-°90 >1000
5
14
"3
14
30
11
9
4
21
4
117

2
2
5
p
6
4
4
0
21
1
53

0
0
2
3
3
G
G
0
1
0
Q

0
1
1
0
1
C
1
C
0
1
5

C
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

  o
  U)

-------
INDUSTRY:  Elementary and Secondary Schools                    SIC:  8211
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     This SIC includes all public, denominational and sectarian elementary
and secondary schools below the university level.  Kindergartens and military
academies are also included.  They are distributed throughout the country with
size and density dependent on population size and density.  According to the
Department of Health, Education and Welfare, in 1976-77 there were 106,022
elementary and secondary schools in the U.S. with elementary schools account-
ing for 72% and secondary schools accounting for 28% of the total.*1 '
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     Any potentially hazardous wastes produced in elementary and secondary
schools will result primarily from laboratories.  State survey data on secon-
dary schools in California indicate generation of wastes containing compounds
such as solvents and pesticides.  There are also general lab wastes, organic
and inorganic compounds, corrosive acids and alkalis, and waste oil.  Because
elementary schools do not generally have laboratories containing hazardous
compounds, it is assumed that they do not  generate hazardous wastes.  The
estimated amount of hazardous waste generated by the subject SIC is estimated
at 500,000 kg/mo or an  average of 23 kg/mo per generator  (see Industry Profile).
Based on state survey data, 99% of the schools generate less than  100 kg/mo
of hazardous waste.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Based on state survey data over 90% of the  schools dispose of some of
their wastes including  detergents, photographic wastes, general lab wastes
and dilute acids and alkalis in the sewer; almost 40% dispose of general lab-
oratory  wastes in  landfills and over 20% employ  landfill  disposal  for pesticide
wastes.  Other disposal methods used include lagoons or ponds  (for solvents),
landspreading  (for oils, pesticides, solvents, and  inorganic wastes), onsite
burial  (for solvents),  and recycling  (for  oil  soaked solids).
CURRENT  DISPOSAL COST:
 *The census data indicate a total of only 14,007  establishments  in  SIC  8211;
  because of the tax-exempt status of many of the  establishments,  the  census data
  are very low;  the HEW figure of 106,022  has been used in this assessment with
  proper  adjustment made for the estimated "zero" generators.
                                      B-404

-------
                                                               SIC:  8211
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     Segregation of waste at the source can enable some degree of waste
recycling.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  Telephone communication with a technical staff at HEW Educational
          Statistics Department
     (2)  Based on state survey data for 12 establishments
     (3)  HEW data on number of establishments, adjusted for the estimated
          "zero" generators (80%)
                                     B-405

-------
       11/27/79.
        03.43.27.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                (2)
                                 SIC:  8211
          NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE  QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE  GENERATION CATEGORIES
CO
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-600
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS
                                          NUMBER
PERCENT
20144
1060
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
95.0
5.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
  WASTE QUANTITY

  KG/MO   PERCENT
                342448.
                159000.
                     0.
                     0.
                     0.
                     0.
                     0.
                     0.
                     0.
                     0.
                     0.
                     0.
                     0.
             68.3
             31.7
              0.0
              0.0
              0.0
              0.0
              0.0
              0.0
              0.0
              0.0
              0.0
              0.0
              0.0
                     TOTAL
                             21204
                                                (3)
  100.0
501448.
100.0

-------
INDUSTRY:  Colleges, Universities, Professional Schools        SIC:  8221,8222
           and Junior Colleges
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     This SIC covers educational institutions granting academic degrees and
requiring a high school diploma or equivalent training for admission.  It
includes colleges, professional schools, service academies, theological semi-
naries, universities, junior and community colleges, and technical institutes.
The census data indicate a total of 2319 establishments in the subject SIC.
These institutions vary in size and are distributed throughout the U.S. (see
census data computer printout on the distribution of establishments by employ-
ment size category and EPA region).
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     Hazardous wastes generated by institutions in the subject SIC result pri-
marily from laboratories.  Based on state survey data, types of waste generated
are flammable or toxic wastes including solvents and pesticides, miscellaneous
organic and inorganic chemicals, corrosive acids and alkalis, and waste oil.
Some institutions generate infectious wastes including needles, syringes,  and
other biological wastes, radioactive waste and carcinogens.  Based on discus-
sions with the environmental health and safety offices at two large universities,
it is estimated that all establishments in the subject SIC generate less than
2000 kg/mo of hazardous waste.  It is assumed that about 10% of the institu-
tions (e.g., theological institutions) do not generate hazardous wastes
The estimated amount of hazardous waste generated by the subject SIC is 630,000
kg/mo, or an average rate of 300 kg/mo per generator (see Industry Profile).
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Based on the state data, more than 35% of the establishments surveyed dis-
posed of some wastes including detergents, laboratory wastes, and photographic
wastes in the sewer.  Over 60% of the institutions use landfill disposal for
for some or all of their hazardous wastes.  Other disposal methods reported
include landspreading (for pesticides).  At two major universities contacted
the majority of the hazardous wastes are taken to landfills by commercial
haulers.  These wastes are stored onsite and packed in drums prior to disposal.
One institution indicates limited recycling of some solvents.
                                      B-407

-------
                                                               SIC:  8221,8222
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:


ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     Separation of wastes at the source or prior to storage for disposal would
enable some wastes such as solvents and other chemicals to be recycled.
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
     (See table)
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:


SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  Based on state survey data and communication with the Association
          of Theological Schools (ATS).  It is assumed that theological schools
          do not have hazardous waste.  ATS provided information on the number
          of theological schools in the U.S. so that the percentage of zero
          generators in the subject SIC could be determined.
     (2)  Discussions with the Environmental Health and Safety officers in
          two major universities
     (3)  Based on the state data on waste quantity generation distribution
          on 4 establishments in subject SIC's and the information on "zero"
          generators and maximum anticipated waste production rate from Refer-
          ences 1 and 2.
     (4)  Census data adjusted for the estimated "zero" generators (10%)
                                     B-408

-------
       11/27/79.
        08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                (3)
                                 SIC: 8221
                                      8222
        NATION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
CO
o
V0
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

        0-100
      100-200
      200-30C
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      bOO-700
      700-800
      dOO-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000

       TOTAL
                                           ESTABLISHMENTS

                                          NUMBER   PERCENT
1345
162
70
46
46
46
23
23
23
23
230
0
0
64.4
7.8
3.4
2.2
2.2
2.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
13.4
0.0
0.0
                                             2087
                                                 (4)
                WASTE QUANTITY

                KG/MO   PERCENT
33625.
24300.
17500.
16100.
20700.
25300.
14950.
17250.
19550.
21B50.
420000.
0.
0.
5.3
3.9
2.U
2.6
3.3
4.0
2.4
2.7
3.1
3.5
66.5
0.0
0.0
100.0
631125
100.0

-------
BRtAKDQ-iN OF PLANTS IN
                     sy 7* r
                                                  BY EPA FEGIOK  IN SIC 8220
10
it*
GIDN
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
TOTAL
210
304
332
340
437
147
161
53
261
72
1-4
?0
61
*0
L7
71
20
J«5
Q
64
15
s.o 10-10
17
?7
?4
17
30
10
7
\
?b
10
11
?«t
?o
"*"\
43
•>\
17
11
34
10
20-45
24
36
5C
45
66
2C
22
9
55
5
5C-99 100-249 250-499 500-999 >100U
28
25
36
64
"53
14
26
10
29
10
44
50
69
93
68
40
51
6
29
6
31
"30
38
32
52
8
17
3
10
9
12
24
12
4
17
7
2
C"
10
5
13
23
14
10
T5"
7
4
2 "
4
0
 NATION
2319
                        3RB
174
335
295
230
93
92

-------
INDUSTRY:  Museums                                             SIC:  8411
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     Establishments covered under the subject SIC include museums and art
galleries.  These establishments are located in all regions of the United
States with the greatest concentrations in large urban centers.  While few
art galleries generate hazardous wastes   , most museums generate small amounts
                                                (2)
of waste chemicals, oil waste, paint wastes, etc   .  There are reportedly
1821 museums in the United States    *
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     Most large museums of natural history will have taxidermy operations on
site and generate.wastes which include meat and organs from animals.  Hides
and skins are generally treated with a dilute solution of arsenic to prevent
insects from eating the remains.  Since few animals are received each year,
a jar of arsenic may last several years.  Other chemicals utilized include para-
dichlorobenzene, methylbenzene, ethyl alcohol and cyanide ("cyanide jars").
Resultant wastes  (primarily empty containers and waste ethyl alcohol) are very
                                                                        (2)
small in quantity, probably not exceeding 1 to 2 kg per month per museum
Wastes of a hazardous nature generated in maintenance operations include waste
oil, lacquer, paint wastes, paint solvents, refrigerants and cleaning solu-
tions.  At one of the 5 largest museums in the U.S., liquid hazardous wastes
from maintenance activities are collected in 55-gallon drums.  About 50 of
these drums are disposed of per year.  Monthly waste generation for this parti-
cular museum is 670 kg.  This rate, however, is considered very high for the
majority of museums in the nation.  Based on an average monthly generation
rate of 50 kg/mo, which is believed to be more typical, the total waste generated
by museums is estimated at 94,000 kg/mo.
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Container wastes from natural history museums are generally disposed of
via municipal refuse collection.  Small amounts of chemical wastes and meat
                                                                 (2)
and organs from taxidermy operations are disposed of in the sewer   .  Wastes
generated in connection with maintenance activities for museums are predomin-
nantly disposed of via contract waste haulers
"Census data indicate a total of 792 establishments in SIC 8411;  a figure of
 1821 from Reference 3 is considered more accurate since the census data would
 be low because of the tax-exempt nature of certain establishments in this SIC.
                                     B-411

-------
                                                               SIC:  8411
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
     Disposal cost for hazardous wastes is insignificant compared to the cost
for the total waste quantity.
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
     Rinsing of empty containers before codisposal in municipal refuse; separ-
ate collection of waste oil and solvents to enable recycling by commercial
reclaimers.
SOURCES OF DATA USED:
     (1)  Three art galleries
     (2)  Four museums
     (3)  Statistical Abstract, 1978
                                     B-412

-------
11/27/79.
08.43.27.
         INDUSTRY PROFILE
                         SIC: 8411
        NATION
              ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
              VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
       WASTE GENERATION
              RANGES
              KG/MO
               J
             100
             200
             300
             400
             500
             600
             700
             600
             900
            1000
            2000
 -100
 -200
 -300
 -400
 -500
 -600
 -700
 -800
 -900
 -1000
 -2000
 -5000
 5000
                     ESTABLISHMENTS

                    NUMBER   PERCENT
1816
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
99.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
              TOTAL
                      1821
                                         (3)
                WASTE QUANTITY

                KG/MU   PERCENT
90800.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
3250.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
96.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
94050.
100.0

-------
INDUSTRY:  Noncommercial Educational,  Scientific and           SIC:  8922
           Research Organizations
DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRY:
     The establishments in this industry are primarily engaged in noncommercial
research into, and dissemination of, information for public health, education,
or general welfare.  It includes institutions which operate primarily on funds
from endowments, contributions, and grants.  A variety of activities are  per-
formed by these establishments including archeological expeditions, educational
research, medical research, scientific research, and social research.  The cen-
sus data indicate a total of 2349 establishments for this SIC which are dis-
tributed throughout the country roughly in proportion to the population of a
region   .  Over 50% of the establishments employ less than 5 persons (see
census data computer printout on the distribution of establishments by EPA
region and employment size category).
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES PRODUCED:
     It is anticipated that any hazardous wastes produced by establishments
in this SIC come from laboratory activities and that the wastes generated may
include infectious biological wastes, corrosive wastes such as acids and
alkalis, and toxic or flammable wastes including oils, solvents, and miscel-
laneous organic and inorganic chemicals.  The estimated amount of hazardous
waste generated by the subject SIC is 254,000 kg/mo or an average rate of 215
kg/mo per generator  (see Industry Profile).  All establishments in this SIC
generate less than 5000 kg/mo of hazardous waste and it is assumed that 50%
do not generate hazardous wastes
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES:
     Based on disposal practices of laboratories in other SIC categories   ,
it is expected that more than 30% of the establishments dispose of some
general laboratory wastes  in the sewer and over 50% use landfill disposal for
some or all of their hazardous wastes.  Other disposal methods may include
incineration  (for infectious wastes) and landspreading.
CURRENT DISPOSAL COST:
                                     B-414

-------
                                                               SIC:  8922

ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS:
INDUSTRY PROFILE:

     (See table)

ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF DATA BASE:
SOURCES OF DATA USED AND EXPLANATORY NOTES:
     (1)  Based on discussions with the National Science Foundation, a figure
          of 2349 establishments for SIC 8922 is probably too low; however,
          based on a 1973 NSF study, there are only 186 non-profit scientific
          research institutes with at least $100,000 per year R&D expenditure.
          The NSF estimates that about 99% of the research (which would involve
          laboratory activities and hence generation of hazardous waste) is
          carried out by these 186 institutes.  For this study, it is assumed
          that only 50% of all establishments generate any hazardous waste.
          The other 50% which do not generate hazardous wastes are establish-
          ments engaged in social sciences and similar reserach activities.
     (2)  See assessment summary sheets for SIC's 7391, 7397, 8221/8222
     (3)  Census data, adjusted for estimated "zero" generators (50%)
     (4)  Based on discussions with the NSF, approximately 200 establishments
          perform 99% of the research (see Reference 1) and it is assumed
          that 50% of these, or 100 institutes, perform laboratory research
          and hence generate hazardous waste.  It is further assumed that
          these establishments generate waste quantities analogous to those
          of other large research institutions (see assessment summary sheet
          for SIC 8221/8222).  Of the remaining 2151 establishments, it is
          assumed that 50%, or 1075 institutes, perform laboratory research
          and therefore generate hazardous waste.  Since all together these
          establishments perform only 1% of the research, it is assumed that
          they are very small establishments and each generate less than 100
          kg/mo.
                                    B-415

-------
       11/27/79.
08.43.27.
                INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                                (4)
                         SIC: 8922
                                          NATION
                     ESTIMATED  NUMBER  AND  WASTE  QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS  WASTE  GENERATION CATEGORIES
              WASTE  GENERATION
                     RANGES
                     KG/HO
T
   0
 100
 200
 300
 400
 500
 600
 700
 800
 900
1000
2000
  >
  100
  200
  300
  400
  i>00
  600
  700
  800
  900
  1000
  20CO
  5000
                     ESTABLISHMENTS

                    NUMBER   PERCENT
1075
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
75
25
0
91.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.4
2.1
0.0
                     TOTAL
                      1175
                                                (3)
                                                   WASTE  QUANTITY
                                                  KG/HO
          PERCENT
!»3750.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
112500.
87500.
0.
21.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
44.3
34.5
0.0
                                  100.0
253750.
100.0

-------
        APPENDIX C





MISCELLANEOUS SUPPORT DATA

-------
SECTION C-l.  AGENCIES, ASSOCIATIONS AND COMPANIES SUPPLYING INFORMATION FOR
              USE IN THE TRW STUDY

            •  Federal Agencies

            •  State Agencies

            •  County and Local Agencies

            •  Past and Current EPA and Other Contractors

            •  Trade Associations
                                       C-l

-------
    LIST OF KEY FEDERAL AGENCIES PROVIDING INFORMATION FOR USE IN THE
    TRW STUDY

•   U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste, Hazardous Waste Management Division

•   U.S. EPA Office of Pesticide Programs

•   U.S. EPA Regional Offices (all ten offices)

•   U.S. EPA Office of Water Planning and Standards, Effluent Guidelines
    Division

•   U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census

•   U.S. Department of Energy (Bartlesville Energy Technology Center)

•   U.S. Department of Agriculture

•   U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines

•   Federal Drug Enforcement Agency

•   Interstate Commerce Commission

•   U.S. Postal Service

•   U.S. Coast Guard

•   U.S. Corps of Engineers

•   Federal Aviation Administration

•   Food and Drug Administration

•   U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare

•   National Science Foundation (NSF)

•   U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms
                                      C-2

-------
  LIST OF STATE AGENCIES PROVIDING HAZARDOUS WASTE SURVEY DATA AND SUMMARY
  REPORTS FOR USE IN THE TRW STUDY
       State

Alabama


Alaska


Arizona


Arkansas


California




Colorado

Connecticut


Delaware



District of Columbia


Florida


Georgia



Hawaii


Idaho


Illinois


Indiana
                 Agency

Department of Public Health
Division of Solid Waste and Vector Control

Solid Waste Programs
Department of Environmental Conservation

Bureau of Sanitation
Department of Health Services

Solid Waste Control Division
Department of Pollution Control and Ecology

Department of Health Services
Vector and Waste Management Division

State Department of Agriculture

Department of Health

Solid Waste Management Programs
Department of Environmental Protection

Solid Waste Section
Department of National Resources and Environmental
    Control

Office of Environmental Quality
Department of Environmental Services

Solid Waste Management Program
Department of Environmental Regulation

Land Protection Branch
Environmental Protection  Division
Department of Natural Resources

Environmental Health Division
Department of Health

Solid Waste Management Section
Department of Health and  Welfare

Hazardous Waste Management Division
State Environmental Protection Agency

Solid Waste Management Section
Division of Sanitary Engineering
State Board of Health
                                      C-3

-------
LIST OF STATE AGENCIES (CONTINUED)
       State
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine



Maryland


Mas sachuse tts


Michigan


Minnesota


Mississippi


Missouri


Montana


Nebraska


Nevada
                   Agency

Air and Land Quality Division
Department of Environmental Quality

Solid Waste Management Section
Department of Health and Environment

Hazardous Waste Materials
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental
   Protection

Administration and Operations Division
Office of Science, Technology and Environmental
   Policy

Solid Waste and Vector Control Unit
Health and Human Resources Administration

Division of Solid Waste Management Control
Bureau of Land Quality
Department of Environmental Protection

Department of Natural Resources
Water Resources Administration

Bureau of Solid Waste Disposal
Department of Environmental Management

Environmental Protection Bureau
Department of Natural Resources

Division of Solid Waste
Pollution Control Agency

Division of Solid Waste Management and Vector Control
State Board of Health

Solid Waste Management Program
Department of Natural Resources

Solid Waste Management Bureau
Department of Health and Environmental Sciences

Solid Waste Division
Department of Environmental Control

Solid Waste Management Department
Division of Environmental  Protection
Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
                                      C-4

-------
LIST OF STATE AGENCIES  (CONTINUED)
       State

New Hampshire


New Jersey


New Mexico


New York



North Carolina



North Dakota


Ohio


Oklahoma


Oregon


Pennsylvania


Rhode Island


South Carolina


South Dakota


Tennessee



Texas


Utah
                 Agency

Bureau of Solid Waste
Department of Health and Welfare

Solid Waste Administration
Division of Environmental Protection

Solid Waste Management Unit
Environmental Improvement Division

Division of Solid Waste Management
Department of Environmental Conservation
Department of Agriculture

Solid Waste and Vector Control
Department of Human Resources
Division of Health Services

Division of Waste Supply and Pollution Control
Department of Health

Office of Hazardous Waste Coordinator
Environmental Protection Agency

Industrial and Solid Waste Division
Department of Health

Solid Waste Management Division
Department of Environmental Quality

Division of Solid Waste Management
Department of Environmental Resources

Solid Waste Management Program
Department of Environmental Management

Solid Waste Management Division
Department of Health and Environmental Control

Air Quality and Solid Waste Management Division
Department of Environmental Protection

Division of Solid Waste Management
Bureau of Environmental Services
Department of Public Health

Department of Water Resources
Solid Waste Branch

General Sanitation Section
State Division of Health
                                      C-5

-------
LIST OF STATE AGENCIES (CONTINUED)
       State

Vermont


Virginia


Washington

West Virginia


Wisconsin


Wyoming
                  Agency
Air and Solid Waste Programs
Agency of Environmental Conservation

Bureau of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management
Department of Health

Department of Health Services

Disposal Planning Division
Department of Health

Department of Natural Resources
Bureau of Solid Waste Management

Solid Waste Programs
Department of Environmental Quality
      Territory

Puerto Rico


Virgin Islands
Environmental Quality Board
Office of the Governor

Solid Waste Planning Office
Department of Public Works
                                     C-6

-------
LIST OF COUNTY AND LOCAL AGENCIES PROVIDING INFORMATION FOR USE IN THE TRW
STUDY

             Chicago Metropolitan Sanitation District
             Chicago, IL

             County Sanitation District of Los Angeles County
             Solid Waste Management Department
             Whittier,  CA

             Alameda County Planning Department
             Hayward, CA

             County of San Diego
             Department of Sanitation and Flood Control
             Solid Waste Division
             San Diego, CA

             Nassau County Department of Health
             Mineola, NY

             Los Angeles County Agricultural Commission
             Los Angeles, CA

             Los Angeles International Airport Authority
             Los Angeles, CA
                                   C-7

-------
LIST OF PAST AND CURRENT EPA AND OTHER CONTRACTORS PROVIDING DATA FOR USE IN
THE TRW STUDY

                     Accurex Corporation
                     Mountain View, CA

                     GCA
                     Bedford, MA

                     Garrity-Sandage Associates, Inc.
                     Mason City, IA

                     Hamilton Standards
                     Division of United Technologies
                     Windsor, CT

                     Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc.
                     Pasadena, CA

                     Environmental Science and Engineering, Inc.
                     Gainesville, FL

                     Versar, Inc.
                     Springfield, VA
                                      C-8

-------
LIST OF TRADE ASSOCIATIONS PROVIDING ASSISTANCE AND INFORMATION FOR USE IN
THE TRW STUDY

       Air Transport Association

       Aluminum Recycling Association

       American Apparel Manufacturing Association

       American Association of Blood Banks

       American Association of Botanical Gardens and Arboreta

       American Association of Nurserymen

       American Building Contractors Association

       American Chiropractic Association

       American Concrete Pressure  Pipe Association

       American Dental Association

       American Electroplater Society

       American Federation of Small Businesses

       American Foundrymen's Society

       American Hospital Association

       American Medical Association

       American Optometric Association

       American Osteopathic Association

       American Pharmaceutical  Association

       American Plywood Association

       American Red Cross

       American Society of  Zoological  Parks and Aquariums

       American Veterinary  Medical Association

       American Wood Preservers Association

       Associated General Contractors  of America

       Associated Master  Barbers and Beauticians of America

       Association of American Railroads
                                      C-9

-------
LIST OF TRADE ASSOCIATIONS (CONTINUED)






        Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers




        Association of Petroleum Rerefiners




        Association of Theological Schools




        Automotive Service Industry Association




        Barbers, Beauticians and Allied Industries Association




        California Nursing Home Association




        California Trucking Association




        Cosmetics, Toiletry and Fragrance Association




        Council of Community Blood Centers




        Cremation Association of North America




        Electric Apparatus Service Association




        Embalming Chemical Manufacturers Association




        Farm and Industrial Equipment Institute




        Flexible Packaging Association




        Glass Packaging Institute




        Graphic Arts Technical Association




        Gypsum Association




        Hardwood Plywood Manufacturers Association




        Institute of Shortening  and  Edible Oils




        International  Fabricare  Institute




        International  Lead  Zinc  Research Organization




        International  Sanitary Supply Association




        Lawn and Garden Distributors Association




        Manufacturing  Jewelers and Silversmiths of America




        Metal Treating Institute



        National Alliance  of  Television and  Electronic  Service  Association
                                       C-10

-------
LIST OF TRADE ASSOCIATIONS (CONTINUED)






        National Association of Home Builders




        National Association of Pesticide Control Officials



        National Association of Photographic Manufacturers, Inc.




        National Automatic Laundry and Cleaning Association




        National Communications Association




        National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement




        National Funeral Directors and Morticians Association




        National Funeral Directors Association




        National Nursing Home Association




        National Pest Control Association




        National Wholesale Druggists' Association




        Non-Ferrous Founders Society




        North American Telephone Association




        Portland Cement Association




        Printing Industries of America




        Refrigeration Service Engineers  Society




        Sealed  insulating Glass Manufacturers Association




        Soap and Detergent Association




        Tanners' Council of America




        The Proprietary Association




        The Tobacco Institute




        Writing Instrument Manufacturers Association,  Inc.
                                       C-ll

-------
SECTION C-2.  ITEMS RELATED TO PREPARATION OF FACILITY COMPUTER INPUT DATA
              SHEETS FOR COMPUTERIZATION OF STATE DATA BASE
     •  Entries for Facilities Computer Input Data Sheet

     •  Facility Computer Input Data Sheets, Waste Characteristics and
        Treatment/Disposal Codes

     •  Facility Computer Input Data sheet, General Explanatory Notes

     •  Sample of a Completed Facility Computer Input Data Sheet
                                      C-12

-------
ENTRIES FOR FACILITY COMPUTER INPUT DATA SHEET
Computer
Entry
Designation
ID
DATASOUR
ALLSICS
ASICPRE
PSIC
PSICPRE
YRDCOD
COMPNAM
STRADR
CITY
COUNTY
STATE
ZIPCODE
TELE
CONTACT
PRODSERV
WASTNO
WASTCODE
WASTNAM
HAZCHAR
PHYSCHAR
QASTSORC
WTDDIS
WDISLS
WTOLS
WDISDW
WTODW
WDISLF
WTOLF
WDISCOMP
WTOCOMP
WDISINC
STOINC
Entry
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
                             Entry Designation
        Identification Number
        Data Source
        All SIC's (list)
        All SIC's Preassigned?  (Y/N)
        Primary SIC(s)
        Primary SIC Preassigned?  (Y/N)
        Year Data Collected
        Company Name
        Street Address
        City
        County
        State
        Zip Code
        Telephone Number
        Contact
        Product/Service
        Waste Number
        Haste Code  (see list)
        Waste Chemical Name
        Hazardous Character  (see  list)
        Physical Character  (see list)
        Waste Source
        Total Waste Quantity to Disposal, kg/mo
        Waste Disposal, Landspreading  (on/off)
        Total Waste Quantity to Landspreading, kg/mo
        Waste Disposal, Deep Well Injection  (on/off)
        Total Waste Quantity to Deep Well Injection,  kg/mo
        Waste Disposal, Landfill  (on/off)
        Total Waste Quantity to Landfill, kg/mo
        Waste Disposal, Composting (on/off)
        Total Waste Quantity to Composting,  kg/mo
        Waste Disposal, Incineration  (on/off)
        Total Waste Quantity to Incineration, kg/mo
                     C-13

-------
Computer
Entry
Designation
WDISREC
WTORED
WDISMS
WTOMS
WDISLP
WTOLP
WDISOM
WTOOM
WDISUNK
WTOUNK
WTOCH
WTOSH
WTOMRC
WTOTRR
WTOTRRR
WTOTRW
WTOTRA
WTRB
WTOB
WTRC
WTOC
WTRP
WTOP
WQTYBR
WQTYGF
WQTYLS
WQTYDW
WQTYLF
WQTYCO
Entry
Number
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
                     Entry Designation
Waste Disposal, Off-site Recycling? (Y/N)
Total Waste Quantity to Off-site Recycling, kg/mo
Waste Disposal, On-site Municipal Sewer?  (Y/N)
Total Waste Quantity to On-site Municipal Sewer, kg/mo
Waste Disposal, Lagoons/Solar Ponds (on/off)
Total Waste Quantity to Lagoons/Solar Ponds, kg/mo
Waste Disposal, Other Methods (on/off)
Total Waste Quantity to Other Disposal Method, kg/mo
Waste Disposal, Unknown Method
Total Waste Quantity to Unknown Disposal Method, kg/mo
Contractor Waste Hauling Total Quantity, kg/mo
Self-Hauling Total Waste Quantity, kg/mo
Municipal Refuse Collection Hauling Total Waste
Quantity, kg/mo
Total Waste Quantity Transported by Road, kg/mo
Total Waste Quantity Transported by Rail, kg/mo
Total Waste Quantity Transported by Water,  kg/mo
Total Waste Quantity Transported by Air, kg/mo
Waste Treatment, Biological On/Off  (see  list)
Total Waste Quantity to Biological Treatment, kg/mo
Waste Treatment, Chemical  On/Off  (see  list)
Total Waste Quantity to Chemical Treatment, kg/mo
Waste Treatment, Physical  On/Off  (see  list)
Total Waste Quantity to Physical Treatment, kg/mo
Waste Quantity to  Disposal Breakdown by  Waste Number,
kg/mo
Waste Quantity to  Disposal Generation  Factor  by Waste
Number
Landspreading  Disposal Waste  Quantity  Breakdown by
Waste Number,  kg/mo
Deep Well  Injection Disposal  Waste Quantity Breakdown
by waste Number, kg/mo
Landfill Disposal  Waste Q cantity  Breakdown by Waste
Number,  kg/mo
Composting Disposal Waste Quantity Breakdown  by Waste
Number,  kg/mo
             C-14

-------
Computer
Entry
Designation
WQTYIN
WQTYMS
WQTYMS
WQTYLP
WQTYOM
WQTYUM
WQTYCH
WQTYSH
WQTYMRC
WQTYTRR
WQTYTRRR
WQTYTRW
WQTYTRA
WQTBY
WQTYC
WQTYP
WQTYSIC
WQTYDA
NDEMP
ANSAL
COSTSAL
FBS
ANPROD
Entry
Number
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
                      Entry Designation

  Incineration Disposal Waste  Quantity  Breakdown by
  Waste Number, kg/mo

  Waste Disposal to Off-site Recycling  Quantity Breakdown
  by Waste Number, kg/mo

  Waste Disposal to On-site Municipal Sewer Quantity
  Breakdown by Waste Number, kg/mo

  Waste Disposal to Lagoons/Solar Ponds Quantity Break-
  down by Waste Number/ kg/mo

  Waste Disposal to Other Methods Quantity Breakdown
  by Waste Number, kg/mo
  Waste Disposal to Unknown Methods Quantity  Breakdown
  by Waste Stream, kg/mo

  Contractor Hauling Waste Quantity Breakdown by Waste
  Number, kg/mo

  Self Hauling waste Quantity  Breakdown by Waste Number,
'  kg/mo
  Municipal Refuse Collection  Hauling Waste Quantity
  Breakdown by Waste Number, kg/mo
  Waste Transport by Road Quantity Breakdown  by Waste
  Number, kg/mo
  Waste Transport by Rail Quantity Breakdown  by Waste
  Number, kg/mo

  Waste Transport by Water Quantity Breakdown by Waste
  Number, kg/mo
  Waste Transport by Air Quantity Breakdown by  Waste
  Number, kg/mo
  Waste Quantity to Biological Treatment, Breakdown by
  Waste Number, kg/mo
  Waste Quantity to Chemical Treatment, Breakdown by Waste
  Number, kg/mo

  Waste Quantity to Physical Treatment, Breakdown by Waste
  Number, kg/mo

  Waste Quantity to Disposal for Multiple SIC's Broken
  Down by SIC? (Y/N)
  Waste Quantity Fluctuations Data Available? (Y/N)
  Number of Employees
  Annual  Sales, $

  Cost of Sales, $
  Financial Balance Sheet Available? (Y/N)

  Annual Production, kg
                C-15

-------
 Computer
   Entry      Entry
Designation   Number                         Entry Designation
PROCUSED        86      Processes Used
RAWMAT          87      Raw Material Data Available? (Y/N)
COSTDATA        88      Cost Data
MISTEXT         89      Miscellaneous Text
                                       C-16

-------
                      FACILITY COMPUTER
              WASTE CHARACTERISTICS AND

A.•  WASTE CODE:
      01 - Acids
      02 - Alkali
      03 - Pesticides
      04 - Heavy metals
      05 - Solvents
      06 - Chlorinated organics
      07 - Paint wastes
      08 - Cyanides
      09 - Waste oil*
      10 - Inorganic sludges
      11 - Organics sludges
      12 - Infectious
      13 - Other organics
      14 - Other inorganics
      15 - Explosive
      16 - Radioactive

B.  HAZARDOUS CHARACTERISTICS:f
      I - Ignitable  (flammable)
      C - Corrosive
      R - Reactive
      T - Toxic
      IF - Infectious
      RA - Radioactive
      M - Mutagenie
      CA - Carcinogenic
      TE - Teratogenic
INPUT DATA SHEETS
TREATMENT/DISPOSAL CODES

   C.  PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS:*
         SO - Solid
         LQ - Liquid
         SL - Sludge

   D.  WASTE SOURCE:5
         P - Process
         NP - Non-process
         PC - Pollution control

   E.  BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT METHODS:
         Activated sludge
         Trickling filter
         Aerated lagoon
         Stabilization pond
         Other

   F.  CHEMICAL TREATMENT METHODS:
         Ion exchange
         Neutralization
         Precipitation
         Oxidation
         Reduction
         Coagulation/flocculation
         Other
                                       C-17

-------
G.  PHYSICAL TREATMENT METHODS:

      Adsorption

      Centrifugation

      Dilution

      Evaporation

      Filtration

      Flotation

      Settling

      Solvent Extraction

      Stripping

      Other
*A11 waste oils except vegetable and animal oils; the category includes lube
 oil, hydraulic oil and cutting oil.
 Use hazardous characteristics specified in the raw data, provided that the
 characteristics specified are reasonable; if not reasonable, assign character-
 istics based on technical judgment.
*If physical characteristics  (solid, liquid or sludge) not specified in the raw
 data, use the following as guidelines in assigning physical characteristics:

   Solid - "non-fluid" wastes
   Liquid - Liquids containing dissolved solids  (e.g., brine solutions)
            or containing less than 1% (by weight) suspended solids
   Sludge - Still bottoms, tank bottoms and liquids containing more than
            1% (by weight) suspended solids
§
 Use the following definitions for waste source:

   Process - Waste resulting directly from (not incidental to) manufacturing
             operation or service industries, e.g., still bottoms from puri-
             fication of crude phenols or pesticides wastes  (empty containers,
             unused pesticides, etc.) from exterminating operations
   Non-process - Wastes not directly related to the main manufacturing or
                 service industry operation, but incidental to them, e.g.,
                 waste lube oil from maintenance of production equipment;
                 also waste from utility and support operations such as
                 brines from regeneration of ion exchange resins used for
                 raw waste treatment.
                                       C-18

-------
                       FACILITY COMPUTER INPUT DATA SHEET

                           General Explanatory Notes



A.  Leave blanks for all entries for which there are no data or the answer

    to a "yes/no" question is "no."

B.  Do not use commas to separate 3-digits in a single number (e.g., enter

    3000000 and not 3,000,000)

C.  In reporting quantities, round numbers as follows:

       - Less than 1, to the nearest 0.1; e.g., 0.6 and not 0.62; 0.7
         and not 0.69 (or 1.0)
       - For numbers greater than 1, show no decimal points; e.g., 157
         and not 157.3
       - In rounding decimals, go to the next higher number if the decimal
         value is greater than 0.05 (when number is less than 1) or 0.5 (when
         number is greater than 1); e.g., 0.66 will be rounded to 0.7 and
         157.6 will be rounded to 158
       - In rounding decimals go to the next lower number if the decimal
         value is less than 0.05  (when number is less than 1) or 0.5 (when
         number is greater than 1); e.g., 0.63 will be rounded to 0.6 and
         157.4 will be rounded to 158
       - In rounding decimals ending in "5" ("0.05" or "0.5"), round upward
         if the preceding  digit is an "odd" number, and round downward if
         the preceding digit is an "even" number; e.g., 0.65 will be rounded
         to 0.6 whereas 157.5 will be rounded to 158

D.  Write out chemical names and not chemical formulas; e.g., tertiary butyl

    acetate and not C6H12°2' sulfuric acid and not H2SO4' water and not H2°

E.  If information for an entry must be continued on the next line, the last
    item on the first line cannot be split between lines; i.e., the information

    on the last quote on the first line should appear in its entirety on the

    first or second line, and not split between the 2 lines; e.g., for ENTRY 19:

          INCORRECT  JLFIRST LINE  	' SULFURIC'  ' STILL
          INCORRECT   (SECOND LINE  BOTTOM1

          CORRECT    _JFIRST LINE	'SULFURIC'
          CORRECT     (SECOND LINE  'STILL BOTTOM'

          CORRECT    -(FIRST LINE	'SULFURIC'  ' STILL BOTTOM1

F.  To indicate completion of the entries for a plant, place a period  (.) at

    the end of the last item on the last entry line


                                     C-19

-------
G.  When data are given as a "range" and no computer data manipulation involving
    summation is anticipated, report them as such (e.g., number of employment
    100-249)
H.  When data are given as a "range" and computer data manipulation involving
    summations is anticipated, report the number as the average of the range
    (e.g., total waste quantity to disposal 300 kg/mo and not 100-500 kg/mo)
I.  When several wastes are identified, but quantity (or other data) are given
    for all wastes, complete entries 17 through 22 for all wastes (wherever data
    available); the input for entry 23 will be the sum for those wastes for
    which data are given with an explanatory note in entry 89 indicating wastes
    for which no quantity data are available  (the missing data would also be
    apparent by the entry 57)
J.  In converting waste volume to weight quantities, use the following esti-
    mated densities (specific gravities) as general guidelines.
          Organic solvent  -  50 Ib/cut ft (6.7 Ib/gal or specific gravity
                                            = 0.8)
          Aqueous wastes  -  63 Ib/cu ft (8.34 lb/ gal or specific gravity
                                          -1.0)
          Sludges  -  75 lb/ cu ft (10 Ib/gal or specific gravity =1.2)
          Woody trash  -  15 Ib/cu ft (specific gravity = 0.24)
K.  Do not use abbreviations  (e.g., manufacturing and not mfr.; Boulevard and
    not Blvd.; Company and not Co., •etc.)
L.  For entry 12, use the 2-letter U.S. Post Office abbreviations for the
    states  (e.g., AZ for Arizona, etc. - see attached list for "State
    Abbreviations.")
M.  Print out all entries in capital letters.
N.  All individual facility computer input data sheets must be numbered and
    should indicate the total number of pages for each plant (thus, if only
    one page is used, page numbers should indicate Page 1 of 1;  if 3 pages
    are used, page numbers should be 1 of 3,  2 of 3 and 3 of 3).
O.  Place plant I.D. number on the upper right hand corner of each sheet
    below the page number.
P.  Place plant I.D. number on the raw data sheet itself for reference purposes.
                                      C-20

-------
Q.  For Entry 19, when a waste is described on a state survey form by a name
    other than a chemical name (e.g., a trade name or generic name), enter
    the name given (e.g., developer .fixer).
R.  In reducing the raw data for a given facility (before transferring the
    data onto the facility input computer data sheet), indicate (on the raw
    data sheet or on separate sheet)  any specific assumptions and judgments
    which you made as to waste quantities, sources, hazardous or nonhazardous
    nature of a waste, disposal practice, etc. pertaining to the data for that
    specific' plant.  Also, for each state, prepare a summary sheet of key
    general assumptions and technical judgments you made in reducing the data.
S.  In printing entries on the facility computer input data sheets, make all
    capital i's as "I" and not "1."  Also, make sure all zeros are O's and
    all letter O's are "0's" (e.g., 0ILY and not OILY).
                                     C-21

-------
          STATE ABBREVIATIONS
Alabama 	 AL
Alaska 	 AK
Arizona 	 AZ
Arkansas 	 AR
California 	 CA
Colorado 	 CO
Connecticut 	 CT
Delaware 	 DE
District of Columbia  	 DC
Florida 	 FL
Georgia 	 GA
Hawaii  	 HI
 Idaho  	 ID
 Illinois  	 IL
 Indiana 	 IN
 Iowa 	 IA
 Kansas 	 KS
 Kentucky  	 KY
 Louisiana 	 LA
 Maine 	ME
 Maryland 	'•>••  MO
 Massachusetts 	  MA
 Michigan 	MI
 Minnesota 	MN
 Mississippi 	  MS
 Missouri 	  MO
 Montana 	MT
 Nebraska 	'•	 NE
 Nevada 	 NV
 New Hampshire	'	 NH
 New Jersey 	 NJ
 New Mexico 	 NM
 New York	 NY
 North Carolina  	 NC
 North Dakota  	 NO
 Ohio	 OH
 Oklahoma  	 OK
 Oregon 	 OR
Pennsylvania 	 PA
Rhode Island 	 RI
South Carolina 	 SC
South Dakota 	 SO
Tennessee 	 TN
Texas 	 TX
Utah 	 UT
Vermont  	r	v*
Virginia  	 VA
Washington  	 WA
West Virginia  	 WV
Wisconsin 	 MI
Wyoming  	 WY
 American Samoa 	 AS
 Canal Zone 	 CZ
 Guam	 GU
 Puerto Rico .'	 PR
 Trust Territories 	 TT
 Virgin Islands 	 VI
                                           C-22

-------
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-------
SECTION C-3.  SAMPLES OF COMPLETED HAZARDOUS WASTE INFORMATION QUESTIONNAIRES






             •  Dry Cleaning Industry




             •  Wood Preserving Industry
                                     C-25

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                        HAZARDOUS WASTE INFORMATION
                           DRY CLEANING INDUSTRY
 I.  GENERAL INFORMATION
     A.  Establishment Location
                            State
                                           Florida
     D.
     E.
                                     City (optional!
     B.  SIC Code (check the most appropriate one(s)
                      **7213 (Linen1 Supply)**
                        7215 (Coin-Operated Dry Cleaning)
                        7216 (Dry Cleaning Plants)
                        7213 (Industrial Launderers)
     C.  Production employees
                            94
                                                           Return to:
                                                           TRW Inc R4/1128
                                                           M. Ghassemi
                                                           1 Space Park
                                                           Redondo Bch. Ca
                                                                  90278
Quantity of items dry cleaned (Ib/nonth)
(clean dry weight basis)
Average 23,500
Range 19.000-30.000
Major type(s) of clothes or other materials dry cleaned (e.g., work
uniforms, shop towels, industrial gloves, dress garments, etc.).
Industrial  garments (shirts,  pants,  coveralls)	
 II.   DRY CLEANING SOLVENT(S)  USED
      Please indicate  the type and quantity of solvent(s)  used at your estab-
      lishment:
                      Petroleum
                      Perchloroethylene
                      P-113 	
                      Other
                                     gal/month
                                   260	gal/month
                                 gal/month
                                 gal/month  (please  specify
III.  WASTE GENERATION/CHARACTERISTICS
      A.  Empty solvent containers - If empty solvent containers are generated
          at your establishment please indicate type and quantity; (please
          indicate if no containers are generated).
          Type of Container            Container Size        Number per month
             None	                N/A	        Bulk delivery by
                                                             Tank truck   	
                                      C-26

-------
     B.  Distillation residues - If spent solvent is distilled for reuse at
         your establishment, please indicate the amount of distillation
         residues produced.
                                    300  to 500	*lbs/month*
                                                      (gal/month)
                    (2% to  5% residual solvent)
     C.  Filtration wastes - If filtration (e.g., diatomateous earth or cart-
         ridges) is used in connection with solvent cleaning, please indicate
         the type of filter used, frequency and method of filter cleaning  (if
         carried out) and quantity of spent filter ultimately disposed of.
              Type of filtration medium used	Diatomateous Earth
              Frequency of filter cleaning (per month)  Daily	
              Method of filter cleaning 	Automatic "Cook-down"
              Quantity of spent filtration medium disposed of (Ib/yr)  1300
     D.  Other wastes - Please indicate the quantity and type of other wastes
         which may be generated at your establishment.
                 Waste Type                      Quantity (Ib/month, etc.)
            Sand,  Grit,  Oil  &  Grease              500  to 600 gallons/month
            plus water.
            (4« to 6% solids)

IV.  WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES
     A.  Waste treatment and disposal - Please indicate theon-site treatment
         methods employed (if any) and the ultimate disposal method used for
         wastes identified in Section III above.
              Waste Type                Treatment*            Disposal
         Empty containers                  N/A                   N/A
         Distillation residues          Cook-down            Municipal Refuse
         Filtration wastes                 "    "                 "        "
         Other (please specify)             N/A               On-Site landfill
         ^Examples of on-site treatment of wastes:   "cooking" of filter residues
          to reduce solvent content and draining and drying of filter cartridges
         'Examples of disposal:   disposal via municipal refuse collection, dis-
          charge into municipal  sewer,  contract hauling to an off-site waste
          management facility (e.g.,  landfill,  incineration),  waste pickup by
          solvent  suppliers.
                                     C-27

-------
 V.  ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
     A.  Please indicate the approximate capital and operating costs at your
         facility which may be attributed to the treatment and disposal of
         wastes listed in Section III above.  If possible, please provide a
         breakdown by individual wastes.
                                                  Treatment       Disposal

         Capital, $
             Total for all wastes
             Breakdown for individual wastes
               Waste 1                                        N/A
               Waste 2
               Waste 3
         Annual Operating, $
             Total for all wastes
             Breakdown for individual wastes
               Haste 1                                       Approx. $1,000.00/annum
               waste 2                                       on-site labor.
               Waste 3
      B.  Annual sales -  Please  indicate the  total annual sales attributable
         to dry cleaning for  your establishment.        ^

 IV.  ADDITIONAL STUDIES
      A.  Would you  be willing to entertain a plant  visit or a follow-up call
         by a member of  the project team for additional information?   If yes,
         please  indicate the  name and  telephone number of the person  to be
          contacted.
                        Yes.

VII.  MISCELLANEOUS  INFORMATION -  Please provide any additional information
      (e.g., waste composition,  waste toxicity,  anticipated changes in opera-
      tion, etc.)  which you feel would help  us  in better characterizing the
      waste generation and disposal  in your  industry and more accurately
      assessing the potential  impacts of various regulatory options on your
      operation and the industry.
       Drycleaning wastes characterized  by predominance of oil, grease,  sand  &
       grit, plus diatomateous earth from filter.
                                      C-28

-------
                          HAZARDOUS WASTE INFORMATION             ****" ""
                                                                 M.  Gh&sseini
                            HOOD PRESERVING  INDUSTRY            R4/1128
                                                                 One Space Park  Dr.
                                                                 Redondo Beach,  CA 90278
  . -.GENERAL INFORMATION
     A.  Plant Location (State or EPA Region - see map of EPA Regions)    6	
     B.  Approximate Plant Production ( .»  cu.ft. of treated wood/day)
                                                     Average  6.000	
                                                     Range    5,000 - 6,000
     C.  Approximate "Cylinder" or "Tank" Capacity (cu.ft.)
                                      "Pressure" 5.800
                                      Don-Pressure and Vacuum  1.200
     D.  Approxinate Number of Production Eoployees Associated with the Wood
         Preserving Operation at the Site     96	

XI.  YLANT OPERATION
     A.  Materials — Please check the materials used to treat wood at your plant
         •and indicate approximate percentage of total wood treated by each chemi-
         -cal (if more than one chemical is used).
         -1.  Creosotes
                 Creosote    50%
                 Creosote-cool tar Solution
                 Creosote-petroleum Solution
                 Creosote-pentachlorophenol
             Pentachlorophenols
                 Dry pentachlorophenol
                 Solvent-pentachlorophcnol  25%
         3.  Arsenates
                 Yluor chrome arsenate phenol
                    anical copper arsenate	
                - Chromated copper arsenate  25%
         4.  Other (please spccity)  	
                                          C-29

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      B.   Process Tyi»  -  Please check  the process type  employed at your plant for
          wood treating and  indicate the approximate percentage of the total  wood
          treated by each process  type (if more than one  process type is
          ••ployed).
          1.   Pressure   95*
          2.  /ton-pressure and vacuum   5%
          3.  Itiermal 	
          4.  Steeping/cold soaking        _
          5.  Dipping 	
          6.  Other (please specify)  	
      C.  Other Operations - Please indicate the nature and size of other opera-
          tions (e.g.,  saw mill)  which nay be conducted at your plant.

HI.  HASTE GENERATION/CHARACTERISTICS
      A.  Empty Containers - If empty containers (drums and bags)  are generated
         'at your plant as a result of use of treating materials,  please indicate
          type and quantity.
                                     Drums         Bags          Other (specify)
          Sice and type              	          inott               	
          Quantity (number/month)
              Average                _____           50                	
              Range                  	         50 - 75             	
      B.  Wastewater  Sludges - Does your plant generate a wastewater?
              Tea	
              •H9 x
          If wastewater is generated, please indicate any treatment (e.g., lagoon-
          Ing) used onsite and the quantity of waatewater treatment sludge accum-
          ulated onsite or sent to disposal.
              Wastewater treatment process 	
              Quantity of sludge (ton/year or cu yd/year)
      C.  Vessel Cleaning Wastes - Are wastes (sludges or solids),  other than waste-
          water treatment sludges indicated in III.B above,  produced as a result of
          cleaning of treating vessels?  Please indicate the type of waste,  fre-
          quency of cleaning and waste quantity.
                 Waste type(s)
                 Frequency of cleaning (no.  per yr)
                 Waste quantity produced per cleaning
                                           C-30

-------
     0.   Other Hood  Preserving Wastes  -  Please indicate the type and quantity
         of other wastes (e.g.,  solvents,  sludges  or dry residue from air
         pollution control)  produced as  a  result of wood preserving operation.
                UBSte type(s)            	   Rn-ilor PI yash
                Waste quantity (Ib/mo)   	  	   1500#
     B.   Wastes from Other Operations  -  Please indicate the type and quantity
         of waste produced at  your plant site as a result of other operations
         (e.g., saw  mill)  carried out  at the site.
                Waste type(s)
                Waste source
                Waste quantity(Ib/mo)

XV.  WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES
     A.   Waste Treatment and Disposal  -  Please indicate the treatment methods
         (if any) employed and the ultimate disposal for each waste identified
         in Section  XII above.
                Waste Type                 Treatment*        Disposal*
         Bqpty containers                  None            approved off-site landfill
         Wastewater  sludges                 ______           	
         Vessel cleaning wastes
                  sludges                    none         approved off-site landfill
                  	, etc.
         Other wood  preserving wastes

                  	, etc.
         Waste from  other operations

                         , etc.
          •Bcamples of treatment methods:   rinsing or crushing of containers
           and sludge thickening or filtration
           Bcanples of ultimate disposal:   on-site landfill,  off-site landfill,
           incineration,  disposal on roads  (e.g.,  road stabilization), on-site
           lagoons.
                                         C-31

-------
     B.  Waste Hauling - Where Off-site disposal  is employed, please indicate
        whether the waste is hauled by a  contractor or by your own company.
                  By Contractor
 V.   ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS

     A.  Waste Treatment and Disposal Costa  - Please indicate the approximate
        •capital and operating costs at your plant which  can be attributed  to
        the treatment and to the disposal of wastes listed  in Section  III
        above.   If possible, please provide a cost breakdown by individual
        wastes.

                                Capital,  $     Annual  Operating, $
                 Treatment       _         ti ,200. nn
                 Disposal        none             $1,000.00 Sludge

     B. Annual Sales - Please indicate the total annual sales for your plant.
                              5  million
IV.  ADDITIONAL STUDIES

     A.  Would you be willing to entertain a plant visit or a follow-up call

         by a member of the project team for additional information?  If yes,
         please indicate the name and telephone number of the person to be

         contacted.           no
VII.  MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION - Please provide any additional information
      (e.g., waste composition, waste toxicity, anticipated changes in opera-
      tion, etc.) which you feel would help us in better characterizing the
      waste generation and disposal in your industry and more accurately
      assessing the potential impacts of various regulatory options on your

      operation and the industry.
                                      none
                                     032

-------
n

UJ
u;
                U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

                            REGIONAL ORGANIZATION

-------
SECTION C-4.  COMPUTER CALCULATIONS AND HAND PLOTS OF INDUSTRY WASTE GENERATION
              PROFILE FOR SIC 286

       •  Sample Summary - State Data Base

       •  Adjusted Percentiles for Individual Plants

       •  Cumulative Percentage Distribution of Plants in the Sample State
          Data (Normal Plot)

       •  Cumulative Percentage Distribution of Plants in the Sample State
          Data (Log-normal Plot)

       •  Industry Profile, Normal Distribution

       •  Industry Profile, Log-normal Distribution
                                      C-34

-------
     08/28/79.
     .31.59,
               SAMPLE SUMMARY
                            SIC: 2860
                                                                  STATE  DATA  BASE
                    ESTIMATED NUMBER  AND  WASTE  QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                    VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
Ul
in
             WASTE GENERATION
                    RANGES
                    KG/MO
   0-
 100-
 200-
 300-
 400
 500'
 too
 700
 dOO
 90C
1000
2000
•100
-20C
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-BOO
-900
-1000
-2000
-5000
                        ESTABLISHMENTS

                       MUM«EP    PERCENT
2
2
1
1
3
C
0
4
1
0
3
3
10.0
10. C
5.0
5.0
15.0
0.0
0.0
20.0
5.0
0.0
15.0
15.0
                                               WASTE QUANTITY

                                               KG/MP   PERCENT
107.
326.
208.
353.
1376.
0.
0.
3145.
P44.
0.
5491.
10590.
.5
1 .5
.9
l.t
6.1
O.C
0.0
14 .0
3.P
O.C
24.5
47.2
                     TOTAL
                            20
                               100. C
                                                                     22440.
                                                              100.0
                          N'JMBER  TF PLANTS IN NATION:        774

                          PERCENT ZERO GENERATORS:     6.0
                          P^kCENT LARGE GENERATORS:   61.0
                          Av/ERASE RAT? FOR LARGE GENERATORS:     1122000.0

-------
                          ADJUSTED  PERCENTILES FOR INDIVIDUAL  PLANTS
r>
u>
                     INDEX

                         1
                         2
                         3
                         4
                         b
                         6
                         7
                         8
                         9
                        10
                        11
                        12
                        13
                        14
                        15
                        16
                        17
                        18
                        1Q
                        20

                    TOTALS
                       AVG
                   REAL  4V
                        SD

                   50 PCTL
                   fJ4 PCTL
                ST
                 CA
                 NY
                 TX
                 !*A
                 NY
                 NH
                 RI
                 MY
                 IA
                 NY
                 NY
                 RI
                 PI
                 NH
                 NY
                 KS
                 MO
                 NY
                 MS
                 NY
AMT
7.0
100.0
150.0
176.0
208.0
353.0
401.0
487.0
488.0
756.0
789. C
800.0
800.0
8^4.0
1782.0
1816.0
1893. C
3244.0
351P.O
382d.O
22440.0
1122.0
1122.0
1180.7
1122.0
2302.7
LQG( A)
.8451
2.0000
2.1761
2.2455
2.3181
2.5478
2.6031
2.6875
2.6894
2.8785
2.R971
2.9031
2.9031
2.9263
3.2509
3.2591
3.2772
3.5111
3.5463
3.5«30
55.0469
2.7523
565.4
.6425
565.4
2482.3
LN( A)
1.9459
4.6052
5.0106
5.1705
5.3375
5.8665
5.9940
6.1883
6.1903
6.6280
6.6708
6.6846
6.6846
6.7382
7.4855
7.b044
7.5459
P.034fc
P. 1656
8.2501
126.7510
6.3376
565.4
1.4794
565.4
2482.3
                                        PCTILE

                                         .0309
                                         .0*02
                                         .1296
                                         .1790
                                         .228*
                                         .2778
                                         .3772
                                         .3765
                                         .4259
                                         .475?
                                         .5247
                                         .5741
                                         ,6?35
                                         .672B
                                         .7?22
                                         .7716
                                         .8210
                                         .8704
                                         .9198
                                         .9691
 LOG-NORMAL O
NUMBER OF SAMPLES =    20
(Z»0)  AT:
(Z=l)  AT:
(Z = -1)  AT
50TH P
34TH PERCENTILc
16TH PERCENTILE
2413.6
 13?.b

-------
TOTAL SUMS OF SQUARES  «
SUMS OF SQUARES  DUE  TCJ REGPESSIC'N =          37.0879
SUMS 'OF SQUARES  DUE  TD DEVIATION =           <,.9

-------
O

w
oo
                      10,000
                        5000
                     I
                     §
                     M
                     Ej
                     U



                     S
                        2000
1000
                         500
                          200
                          100
                             0            10      20    30   40   50   60   70    80      90            1°°

                              PERCENTAGE OF PLANTS WITH WASTE GENERATION RATES LESS THAN THE INDICATED VALUES




                           CUMULATIVE PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION  OF PLANTS IN  THE SAMPLE STATE


                                          DATA FOR SIC  286 (LOG-NORMAL PLOT)

-------
o
u>
VD
                         5     10    20   30  40  50  60   70   80     90    95        100
                      PERCENTAGE OF PLANTS WITH WASTE GENERATION RATES LESS THAN THE INDICATED VALUES

                                    CUMULATIVE PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS IN THE SAMPLE STATE
                                    DATA FOR SIC 286  (NORMAL PLOT)

-------
     08/26/79.
        14.31.59.
               INDUSTRY PPQFILE
                                 SIC: 2860
 NORMAL  DISTRIBUTION
                   ESTIMATED NUKPEP  AND  WASTE  QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                   VARIOUS WASTE GFNE9ATION  CATEGORIES
o
it*
o
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

      ZE^O GtN
        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      30C-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-70C
      700-800
      600-900
      900-1000
     1000-20CO
     2000-5003
       > 5000

       TOTAL
ESTABLI
NUM9ER
46
45
6
7
7
8
8
B
9
9
9
85
54
472
773
:SHMENTS
PERCENT
6.0
5 . fc
.e
.9
.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.2
10.9
7.0
61.0
100.0
                                                                    WASTF QUANTITY
     KG/MO

        0.
     2250.
      900.
     1750.
     2450.
     3600.
     4400.
     5200.
     6750.
     7650.
     8550.
   127500.
   189000.
529584000.

529944000.
PERCENT

    0.0
     .0
     .0
     .0
     .0
     .0
     .0
     ,C
     .0
     .C
     .0
     .0
     .0
   09.9

  100.C

-------
      08/26/79.
        14.31.59.
               INDUSTRY PROFILE
                                 SIC: 2860
                LOG-NOpMAL DISTRIBUTION
                    ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES
                    VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
                                             FOP  ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
?
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

      ZERO GEN
        0-100
      100-200
      200-3GC
      300-400
      4GG-50C
      bOC-600
      60G-70C
      700-600
      800-900
      900-1000
     loco-aoco
     2000-5000
       >  yjoc
                                          ESTABLISHMENTS

                                         NUMBER   PERCENT
 32
 33
 26
 20
 17
 14
 12
 10
  9
  7
 ^2
 34
472
                                                      6.0
                                                       3.3
                                                       1.8
                                                       1.5
                                                       1.3
                                                       1.1
                                                       1.0
                                                       5.5
                                                       ^.4
                                                      61.0
WASTE
KG/MO
0.
1600.

-------
SECTION C-5.  COMPUTER-GENERATED SAMPLE SUMMARY SHEETS AND INDUSTRY PROFILES
              FOR SIC'S 3471 AND 7342
         •  Sample Summary Sheet - State Data Base - SIC 3471

         •  Adjusted Percentile for Individual Plants, SIC 3471

         •  Industry Profile, Log-normal Distribution, SIC 3471

         •  Industry Profile, Normal Distribution, SIC 3471

         •  Sample Summary Sheet - State Data Base -'SIC 7342

         •  Adjusted Percentiles for Individual Plants, SIC 7342

         •  Industry Profile, Log-normal Distribution, SIC 7342

         •  Industry Profile, Normal Distribution, SIC 7342
                                     C-42

-------
       08/28/79.
   L4.31.59.
                SAMPLE SUMMARY
                            SIC:  3471
                                           STATE DATA BASE
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
CO
              WASTE GENERATION
                     RANGES
                     KG/MO
   0-
 100-
 200-
 300-
 400
 500'
 600
 700-
 800-
 900
1000
2000
•100
•200
•300
•400
•500
•600
-700
•800
•900
-1000
-2000
-5000
                        ESTABLISHMENTS

                       NUMBER   PERCENT
                     TOTAL
23
 6
 8
 5
 2
 3
 5
 2
 1
 0
 6
 4

65
 35.4
  9.2
 12.3
  7.7
  3.1
  4.6
  7.7
  3.1
  1.5
  0.0
  9.2
  6.2

100.0
                                              WASTE QUANTITY

                                              KG/MO   PERCENT
  811.
  846.
 2040.
 1699.
  846.
 1677.
 3178.
 1496.
  882.
    0.
 8049.
13452.

34976.
  2.3
  2.4
  5.8
  4.9
  2.4
  4.8
  9.1
  4.3
  2.5
  0.0
 23.0
 38.5

100.0
                          NUMBER OF PLANTS IN NATION:
                                        3088
                          PERCENT ZERO GENERATORS:     0.0
                          PERCENT LARGE GENERATORS:   20.0
                          AVERAGE RATE FOR LARGE GENERATORS:
                                               20300.0

-------
                          ADJUSTED PERCENTILES FOR  INDIVIDUAL  PLANTS
                     INDEX
ST
AMT
LOG(A)
L.M (A)
                                                                       PCTILE
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1*
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
AZ
CA
CT
IA
NY
ME
TX
CA
AZ
NY
IA
MO
NY
NY
MA
NY
NY
CA
CT
MA
AZ
OK
UA
NY
NY
OK
NY
CT
TX
NY
NY
NY
GA
OK
CT
MA
NY
CT
1.0
3.0

-------
o

*»
Ul
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
TUTALS
AVG
REAL AV
SO
50 PCTL
84 PCTL
NY
AZ
CA
CA
AZ
CA
OK
IA
CT
NY
TX
TX
OK
NY
NY
OK
OK
TX
NY
OK
NY
NY
NY
ME
NH
DK
OK






330.0
333.0
345.0
389.0
405.0
441.0
553.0
557.0
567.0
625.0
630.0
631.0
632.0
660.0
734.0
762.0
882.0
1009.0
1011.0
1327.0
1389.0
1565.0
1748.0
2311.0
3039.0
3310.0
4292.0
34976.0
538.1
538.1
351.6
538.1
1389.7
2.5185
2.5224
2.5378
2.5899
2.6075
2.6444
2.7427
2.7459
2.7536
2.7959
2.7993
2.8000
2.8007
2.3195
2.8657
2.8820
2.9455
3.0039
3.0048
3.1229
3.1427
3.1945
3.2425
3.3638
3.4827
3.5809
3.6327
144.7073
2.2263
168.4
.7912
168.4
1041.0
5.7991
5.3081
5.3435
5.9636
6.0039
6.0890
6.3154
6.3226
6.3404
6.4378
6.4457
6.4473
6.4489
6.4922
6.5985
6.6359
6.7822
6.9167
6.9187
7.1907
7.2363
7.3556
7.4662
7.7454
8.0193
8.2454
8.3645
333.2029
5.1262
160.4
1.3217
168.4
1041.0
.5920
.6073
.6226
.6379
.6533
.6686
.6339
.6992
.7146
.7299
.7452
.7605
.7759
.7912
.8065
.8218
.8372
.8525
.8678
.8831
.8985
.9138
.9291
.9444
.9598
.9751
.9904






 LOG-NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

NUMBER OF SAMPLES »    65


50TH PERCENTILE  U«0) AT:
168.4

-------
         84TH PERCENTILE (Z = l)  AT:       1042.8
         16TH PERCENTILE (Z--1)  AT:        27.2

         TOTAL SUMS OF SQUARES  «=        212.3977
         SUMS OF SQUARES DUE TO REGRESSION •        206.4562
         SUMS OF SQUARES DUE TO DEVIATION «          5.9415
         GOODNESS OF FIT -         .972027
         CORRELATION COEFFICIENT •         .985914
              NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
         NUMBER OF SAMPLES *    65

         50TH PERCENTILE (Z-0) AT:       538.1
         84TH PERCENTILE (Z-1J AT:      1217.9
n        l&TH PERCENTILE (Z»-l) AT:
         TOTAL SUMS OF SQUARES »   46416907.
         SUMS OF SQUARES DUE TO REGRESSION »   28696782.9025
         SUMS OF SQUARES DUE TO DEVIATION •   17720124.5437
         GOODNESS OF  FIT »         .618240
         CORRELATION  COEFFICIENT -         .786282

-------
      08/28/79.
        14.31.59.
               INDUSTRY PRUFILE
                                 SIC:  3471
                                                            LOG-NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
                    ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                    VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
o
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

      ZERO GEN
        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-800
      800-900
      900-10CO
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000
ESTABU
NUMBER
0
988
382
222
149
108
82
65
53
44
37
197
143
618
SHMENTS
PERCENT
0.0
32.0
12.4
7.2
4.8
3.5
2.7
2.1
1.7
1.4
1.2
6.4
4.6
20.0
                                                                    WASTE QUANTITY

                                                                    KG/MO   PERCENT
                   0.
               49400.
               57300.
               55500.
               52150.
               48600.
               45100.
               42250.
               39750.
               37400.
               35150.
              295500.
              500500.
            12545400.
  0.0
   .4
   .4
   .4
   .4
   .4
   .3
   .3
   .3
   .3
   .3
  2.1
  3.6
 90.9
                     TUTAL
                              3088
100.0
                                                                 13604000
100.0

-------
      08/28/79.
        14.31.59.
               INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                                 SIC:  3*71
              NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
                    ESTIMATED NUMBER  AND  WASTE  QUANTITIES  FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                    VARIOUS  WASTE  GENERATION  CATEGORIES
o>
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

      ZERO GEN
        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
       5000
                                          ESTABLISHMENTS
                                         NUMBER
PERCENT
                  WASTE QUANTITY
    KG/MO   PERCENT
0
641
123
133
140
144
144
143
139
131
120
575
39
618
0.0
20.8
4.0
4.3
4.5
4.7
4.7
4.6
4.5
4.2
3.9
18.6
1.3
20.0
0.
32050.
18450.
33250.
49000.
b4800.
79200.
92950.
104250.
111350.
114000.
862500.
136500.
12545400.
0.0
.2
.1
.2
.3
.5
.6
.7
.7
.8
.8
6.1
1.0
88.1
                    TOTAL
                              3090
  100.0
14243700.
100.0

-------
       08/26/79.
  14.31.59.
                SAMPLE  SUMMARY
                            SIC:  7342
                                                                  STATE DATA  BASE
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN
                     VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
vo
              WASTE GENERATION
                     RANGES
                     KG/MO
   0-
 100-
 ZOO-
 300-
 400-
 500
 600-
 700'
 800
 900-
1000
2000
•100
•200
•300
•400
•500
-60C
•700
-800
-900
•1000
-2000
-5000
                        ESTABLISHMENTS

                       NUMBER   PERCENT
14
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
73.7
21.1
5.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
                                                                      WASTE  QUANTITY
                                              KG/MO
PERCENT
513.
552.
235.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
39.5
42.5
18.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
                     TOTAL
                           19
                                                      100.0
                                              1300
  100.0
                          NUMBER OF PLANTS  IN  NATION:
                                        5109
                          PtHCENT ZERO GENERATORS:      0.0
                          PERCENT LARGE GENERATORS:     0.0
                          AVERAGE RATE FOR  LARGE  GbNERATORSJ
                                                    0.0

-------
9
01
o
                                  ADJUSTED PERCEMTILES FOR  INDIVIDUAL  PLANTS

                             INDEX       ST        AMT    LOG(A)      LN(A>     PCTILE
         1
         2
         3
         4
         5
         6
         7
         8
         9
        10
        11
        12
        13
        14
        It,
        16
        17
        18
        19

    TOTALS
       AVG
   REAL AV
        SO

   50 PCTL
   84 PCTL
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA






1.0
1.0
6.0
6.0
8.0
9.0
19.0
38.0
45.0
57.0
66.0
76.0
83.0
98.0
111.0
139.0
151.0
151.0
235.0
1300.0
68.4
68. 4
65.6
68.4
134.0
0.0000
0.0000
.7782
.7782
.9031
.9542
1.2788
1.5798
1.6532
1.7559
1.8195
1.8808
1.9191
1.9912
2.0453
2.1430
2.1790
2.1790
2.3711
28.2091
1.4847
30.5
.7223
30.5
161.1
0.0000
0.0000
1.7916
1.7918
2.0794
2.1972
2.9444
3.6376
3.3067
4.0431
4.1897
4.3307
4.4188
4.5850
4.7095
4.9345
5.0173
5.0173
5.4596
64.9543
3.4186
30.5
1.6632
30.5
161.1
.0325
.0844
.1364
.1883
.2403
.2922
.3442
.3961
.4481
.5000
.5519
.6039
.6558
.7078
.7597
.8117
.8636
.9156
.9675






         LOG-NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
        NUMBER OF SAMPLES -    19
        50TH PERCENTILE
        84TH PERCENTILE
        16TH PERCENTILE
(Z»0)  AT:
(Z=l)  AT:
(Z —U  AT:
 30.5
157.2
  5.9
        TOTAL SUMS OF SQUARES =•
                49.7942

-------
              QF SQUARES DUE  TO REGRESSION =          44.6870
         SUMS OF SQUARES DUE  TO DEVIATION >           5.1073
         GOODNESS OF FIT •          .697432
         CORRELATION COEFFICIENT  *         .947329
              NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
         NUMBER OF SAMPLES  •     19

         50TH PERCENTILE  (Z-0)  AT:        68.4
         84TH PERCENTILE  (Z»l)  AT:       133.0
         16TH PERCENTILE  (Z--1)  AT:         3.9
o
i*        TOTAL SUnS OF  SQUARES  *       77444.6316
         SUNS OF SQUARES  DUE  TO  REGRESSION  •       69336.1079
         SUnS OF SQUARES  DUE  TO  DEVIATION *        8108.5237
         GOODNESS OF FIT  =          .ti95299
         CORRELATION COEFFICIENT  •          .946202

-------
       08/28/79.
        14.31.59.
                INDUSTRY  PROFILE
                                 SIC:  7342
          LOG-NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
                     ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES
                     VARIOUS  WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
o
in
to
WASTE GENERATION
       RANGES
       KG/MO

      ZERO GEN
        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-500
      500-600
      600-700
      700-80C
      800-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2000-5000
       > 5000
                                          ESTABLISHMENTS
                                         NUMBER
PERCENT
FOR ESTABLISHMENTS  IN


          WASTE QUANTITY

          KG/MO   PERCENT
0
3912
!>55
226
120
73
48
34
25
19
14
56
22
0
0.0
76.6
10.9
4.4
2.4
1.4
.9
.7
.5
.4
.3
1.1
.4
0.0
                     0.
                195600.
                 83250.
                 56500.
                 42000.
                 32850.
                 26400.
                 22100.
                 18750.
                 16150.
                 13300.
                 84000.
                 77000.
                     0.
                      0.0
                     29.3
                     12.5
                      8.5
                      6.3
                      4.9
                      4.0
                      3.3
                      2.8
                      2.4
                      2.0
                     12.6
                     11.5
                      0.0
                     TOTAL
                              SL04
  100.0
        667900.
100.0

-------
      08/28/79.
        14.31.59.
               INDUSTRY PRdFILt
                                 SIC:  7342
              NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
                    ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WASTE QUANTITIES FOR ESTABLISHMENTS IN
                    VARIOUS WASTE GENERATION CATEGORIES
o
m
U)
WASTE bENERATIGN
       RANGES
       KG/MO

      ZtRO GfN
        0-100
      100-200
      200-300
      300-400
      400-pOO
      bJO-600
      000-700
      700-800
      300-900
      900-1000
     1000-2000
     2GOO-50GO
       > 5000
                                          ESTABLISHMENTS
                                         NUMBER
PERCENT
0
3512
1488
104
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
68
29
2








0
0
.0
.8
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
  WASTE QUANTITY

  KG/MO   PERCENT
                     0.
                175600.
                223200.
                 26000.
                   350.
                     0.
                     0.
                     0.
                     0.
                     0.
                     0.
                     0.
                     0.
                     0.
              0.0
             41.3
             52.5
              6.1
               .1
              0.0
              0.0
              0.0
              0.0
              0.0
              0.0
              0.0
              0.0
              0.0
                    TOTAL
                              5105
  100.0
425150.
                                                                               100.0

-------
SECTION C-6.  SAMPLE RAW DATA PROVIDED BY STATE OF ARIZONA, CALIFORNIA AND
              WASHINGTON
       •  State of Arizona Industrial Waste Survey

       •  San Diego County Industrial Waste Survey

       •  Washington State Industrial and Hazardous Waste Inventory
                                     C-54

-------
                 INSTRUCTIONS  FOR COMPLETING
                INDUSTRIAL WASTE SURVEY FORM
                                                                                                                         STATE OF  ARIZONA INDUSTRIAL  WASTE SURVEY
                                                                                                                                          WASTE  PRODUCTION
         WASTE PRODUCTION
                               Entered by Ihe Department


                               Identification number given each
                               mtnufKtwer or company
                               Name of dly in whkh company 11
         HP code-
UI
Ul
Primary IK Oiwtp
a dom-
                     Name of county in wMch company It
                     located
                     Poiial zip cod* number inlgned to
                     manufacturer or company


                     of the company
                     Enter four digit number pertaining to
                     maior product* or urviceB
                     Enter the name of the maior watte
                     product generated in your etlablithment
                     If the maior watte It e chemical

                     Enter Ihe amounti and unlti of wallet
                     generated (T for torn, Y for cubic yard!.
                     G for gallant)
                     Tnli refen to the fact that the wallet
                     require tpeual management proviaion
                     in watte handling becauw of their acute
                     and/or chronic effects on the health and
                     public welfare or environment
                     (Enter 1 for yet. N for no )
                     Special handling may be required of
                     Ihe waitet which are potentially
                     heurdout  (Enter V for yei. N for no )

WASTE CHARACTERISTICS AND ON-SITE  HANDLING
Dot. 	LU_
Primary Sic Group
ID _
Oly.
County
                                                                         Zip Code     rroil
          OraMrlyofWae).
          per Yeer
Major product or
urviCM
Cjj^^^








SIC Cede
(4 Digit)
at'Vi








We
T»j
Common Name


£1 «.«>••






ita
pa
Chemical Name









Quantity of
Watte/Year
t>mr
1006-

ST





Potential
Haiard
Yet m
No(N)
A/
y
v
^





Special Hand-
ling Required
Yet (Y)
No(N)
^
«/
J
«/





                                                                                                                                                                            ON-SITE WASTE  STORAGE AND HANDUNO
                                                                         CHARAaERISTICS
                                                                         OF WASTES (MARK
          Wane Type*
          EX.-
                      Enter Ihe waiie type from previous: page
                      Check one or more celli which •dequBtely
                      dcscribet riw chcraciensiics of th« wattei


                      Enter percent of watte diipowd. nduced
                      or ttored by each method
          WASTE DISPOSAL
          •onmtof Hnal
                               For each watte
                               of
          Off-JHa Dhpotat
                                      enrar the percent
                                    by final diipoial
                               Enter the rale at which watte product!
                               are lemoned from your company to a
                               final diipotel tile
                               Enter Ihe method by whch trill wane
                               product it traniportad to a final
                               ditpotal lite
                               lilt by name end eddmi all final
                               diicmal urn and fidli-iei utllind
                               by your company
                               Lilt by name and addrett recychrt and
                               proceiiori uted by your company
                               bit by name and addreii the hauling or
                               colleclion terviceh) ulilned by
                               your company
                                                                                                            Watfe
                                                                                                            Type.
                                                                                                         _St±
                                                                                                                                                                                „.,*»

-------
Ul
CTl
                % Final disposal and volume reduction
        IPS
              1
                        HO
     WASTE DISPOSAL
        Off-SH* Ohpoul

I   Frequency of removal of
waste products from company
to disposal site
ARIZONA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH  SERVICES
                                    Dwuion of Enatranmntal Health Scniua
                                      RAtll H rA*T»O Oavrmar
                                      I I  SCHAMADAH M D  DlrirlDr
                                                                                                                                                                       March 10.  197S
                                                                   2   Method of removal from your
                                                                   company to final disposal site
                                                                    3  Names and addresses of
                                                                    agencies operating final disposal
                                                                    sites utilized by your company
        4   Names and addresses of off-premise processors and recyclera utilized by your company
                                                                                                                    TO ALL ARIZONA MANUFACTURERS
                                                 Gentlemen:

                                                 The Bureau of Sanitation. Arizona Department of Health Services, has
                                                 requested Behavioral Health Consultants. Inc. to conduct sn Industrial
                                                 waste survey of randomly selected Arizona industries and nanufacturers.

                                                 As one of those selected, your responses to the following questions
                                                 will be sppreclated.  Please complete the sttached survey fora by
                                                 March 25, 197S.  A BHC representative will arrange to visit your com-
                                                 pany to collect the fora and provide assistance In completing any
                                                 unanswered questions.

                                                 The data you provide will be held In confidence and will be compiled
                                                 as industry-wide averages without references to specific reependenta.

                                                 Thank you for your time and cooperation in this natter.  If you
                                                 should have any questions concerning the completion of the survey fora,
                                                 please contact Mr. Don Bertollno. 2214 North Central, Suite 211. Phoenix,
                                                 Arizona 85004, PH: 602/258-6096.

                                                                                    Sincerely,
                                                                                                                                                       John B. Beck, M.P.B.,
                                                                                                                                                       Bureau of Sanitation
                                                                                                                                                                             Chief
        5  Names and addresses of waste haulers or collection services used by your company
                                                                                                         State Health Building
                                                                                                                                            1740 West Adams Street
                                                                                                                                                                               Phoenii. Ariiona  86007

-------
U1
             6.  FloAoo coopleca tha IMuaerlU vniea tnlila cf Intarmitlm (cninrfvld)
                 Car y»wt oporatloiu.  (Insert «hoot lllutrati*
             7.  rieata Indicate the i
                         lor i
                            CATJIEM CO.
                                     *i «I htulii* tad attilco dltpoul foellltlei
                 Uqnldi.
                 Soltdi _
                                                    ESOONOIDO*  CA
(Uaulei}
                             (llauloi)
                       cr HKALTH
                                                        (UUpoial »iici
 An your vute _uuse>n aequalated vlth Celllornla Dcpartrcnt of Health'*
 rulea tad tuldtllae* (or haadlini haiardoua vaiteal Tea [J  In Fart [jQ  *o LJ
 BISOUKCES PXCUViilCT
 Vkat eatirltla an ncovend free) year epantlan'o mtoif  ty vhemt (ck. kelw)
 	MI;	    D
                                                         :D
                                                           D.
                       SOLVENT
                                                                   <0
                                                                        art
     Utueclel ricovireo)
  tuaai nroRKATiDM                 i         '         	;  _.   .
  1.. Uo* my people an  eeployid U year .opiretloni! . _ . _ ,
    ';  1-JOQ   Il-MD  '    11-109 _]   ..»l-»wn  -  ._.-»* or-
                                             i.           i
  2.., Bov ouch trit do yewr apirttloM pceupyf  .'•._-_ -  .  .
    ;     Und area	aerti -    Moor {area.-	j.jjq.lt,
                                                         "i
                         m
                     (OtherH
              1. • Hh» !• tlia promt *t« •( your /aelllUwt  ''
                      Uadar 5 yaara
                                             5-30 yaara.Q i'.  -	onr. U yu» D
              *• -^PSCHT .
f.
I
                                               J
y.  AI*. roiurtiCT covnttn.             :          !'
   1.  Art your w»te Biterlala dlapoocd of oa lite by evaporation''
       or laclaoritlont  ,„  D fc  EJ t».p. Q >««»• D    '. "
                                                                                          SAK DIEGO oeiirn
                                                                                                mam stnwrr
                                                                                                        Kt'CElVfcl)
                                                                                                         AUG 1 i
                                                                                                                                                                  .!-<•-
                                                                                                                                                                   >4

                                                                                                                                                                 ran AifJiCT tit
                                                                                                                                                           tf Mil _    !• Ptnon _
                                                                             «.  rorioa ImnrlMrcd |
                                                                             I.  Viet 1> your principal product or flirrlceT _
                                                                          I,  HCBIBTIUM. KMTM
                                                                             1.  Do your ertrecloM produce my kind of vomit	Tei [JJ   Bo []
                                                                                 If to, doti your VMM or VMM atittin haw *ay •( t"»
                                                                                 following propertloit
                                                                                                                                              ".SOC^F  Q)
                                                                                                              Corroalv*
                                                                    	Q  OIL  PU-ubli W&. J
                                                                   	  £J        Irrlunt/atroat imiltner
                                                    teplotln	  O SOLVENTTexlc TLV«k 100BPM/VOU .
                                                                               —.PHOTOCHEMICAL NONREACTZVB  ,
                                                    .tancouc	IJ
                                                 1.  toci your operation1* va»te toneratlon ctuiag* teaionallyl  .  .  Tot £
                                                    1C yei. whin don geek occtirl _____
                                                                                                                  rioan apcclCy tloc period!
                                                                              1.  HJV aro your operation'* wutta  tured prior  to llapoaal/traaeporutloal
                                                                                 tarrela  (not ateel)  ..
                                                                                 Connie oacaeod
                                                                                 Opea yaid
                                                                                 riaoite  eacjied
                                                                                 fomti
                                                                                 FroDier* eenialmni  .  .
                                                                                                                                        Special Batkaclnt
                                                                                                                                        Sceal dral
                                                                                                                                        Tonka
                                                                                                                                        Virih
                                                                                                                                        Oihtr
                                                                                                                                                             (rlvace npcclljr)
                                                                                                                                                    Von aiored ...........  [J
                                                                                                          4,  Aro vute* cecMatd la turaeel  ...............  Tei Q    Ho [Q
                                                                                                          I.  Will your toapllante vlth currmt (edcral valir lad air pollution central
                                                                                                              atandard* pndsst additional vaatait                         »*• Q    «o Qg
                                                                                                                                                  • THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE

-------
                                                                                           1NOUSTRISL   UASTES
                                                                                         TADIE    OF    INFORMATION
NUXZSS
A.


















f





WAVE SOLDI:RINC
FARTS CLEANING
















•






ASSOCIATED HASTE
\.
a























OIL
, SOLVENT



















•



nsruuveo
COHCLI.THATIUH
(« or pi»)
NONE

























riirsicM,
STATt
LIQUID



/
2










t








ISTIHATin POUKDS. BMUVU
ANIVAL VOLUXBl KRIS OR CALLOUS
1 INDICATE MIIQI)
PRLSENT
150 GAL
250 GAL

£4/*\
4t
£3
jjj^f>"
















5 TEAKS
250 GAL
500 GAL























10 TEAU

























plctsa uoc'Xry >*>cat |

DISPOSAL
POINT
11-1)
3
3




















•


PDOCCSS EXPlOrtD
CTtATtort
mocr.
-------
PAGE
         1*7
ID NUMBER - 27111*4761
^^B
^f!T™— ,8520

	 QJANYlTlEl 	 CODE

	 MODOCYIftN 	 MAYSRIAL 	
INPUT CODE
o 	
1 	 0262111 	
{g 0262101

	 HASTE MANAGEMENT 	 MANAGEMENT
COSTS FUNCTION
	 — 	 — 	 cnu t YPANS
TOTAL


HASTE GENFRATIflN HASTE
t COMPOSITION TYPE
	 ! 	 PAPER 	
INO«G CHEM
OTHER
REFUSE

SIC 1 -
	 sit1 ik -
PRODUCT SIC
-NAME 	 CODE
EUSPAPFX 2711

	 oUA7TTYVu5E"0
AVERAGE
	 03)010 f 	
009010 P
031001 G

'"""fwHT11"
	 03066.6 	


TONS OF MASKS' ...
PER M3NTH SC
— 66669.6 	 5oT
00000.1 *25
00003.3 002
00003.1 001
00001.0 001
	 MASTER FILE
INTERVIEW DATE 07/73
271 AREA OCCUPIED ILANDI - 0000.0 ACRES
Too 	 IFLOORI - 017500 so FT
OPER LOCATION MONTHLY SEASON VAR HORK TOTAL EMPLOYEES 	 j
tlT/ COUNTY YkELOS l'~Z 3~^ SCHEDULE psoouuiUMi OTHSR
0010 I* X X X X 365 0095 0000

Wtl MOMYH HAYERlAL QUANTITY USED PER MUN(M
MAXIMJN CODE AVERAGE MAXIMUM
7000010 T 0289301 000002 G 0000003 6
0000033 P 0386111 000030 P 0000030 P
0000001 G 0279100 0005*0 P 00005*0 P 	 j

LIFE LABOR IM-0) OPERATING PRIVATE MUNICIPAL REGIONAL COST OF FUNCTION
—55 	 0006 686666 806Z50 ooS03 ooooo ooooo/»o
00 0000 000000 000250 OOOOO OOOOO 00000250


t sc t sc t sc t sc i sc s sc s sc * sc i sc i
•flio ol i 65o
100
100 	 	 	 	
100
100

-------
o
OJ/2Z/7J

[J NUMBER - 27111*4761 CONTINUED
WASHINGTON STATE INDUSTRIAL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE INVENTORY PAGE 1/8 " 1
MASTER FILE 1
INTERVIEW DATE 07/73 I
i
i
i
STORAGE C TRANS
OF PASTES


' TVPE COMPACT CRUSH BURN OTHER CAPACITY ODOR UNSIGHTLY OTHER FREO TRUCK PIPE CONVEYOR CO HJN
SHIED COMPOST LAG10N NONE VECTORS DRAIN HANDLE f/HO RAIL BARGE OTHER PVT REG
PAPER
INORG CHFN
NUNI-tKHOUi
OTHER
REFUSE
X NONE 21 X X'
X NONE O1X X
X NUNE O1X X
X NONE 01 X X
X NONE 21 X X

WASTE
CHARACTERISTICS


TYPE » HAZARDOUS HANDLING SKIN IRRITANT EXPLOSIVE FLAMMABLE RADIOACTIVE
CORROSIVE TOXIC PATHOGENIC NO HAZARD
P4PFP 000
INGRG CHFM 100
NQNFERKOUS 100
OTHFR 100
RFFUSr 000
YES NO X
YFS NO X
NO NO 1
NO NO X
NO NO X

HASTE
DISPOSAL


TYPE
SALVAGE
PAPFR
INORG CHFM 100
NUIMF* ENK UU% IUU
OTHFR 100
PFFUSE
BURNING NO-BURN SANITARY LAND CONICAL INC IN- OCEAN ANIMAL NELL
DUMP DUMP LANDFILL SPREAD LAGOON COMPOST BURN ERATE DISPOSAL FEED INJECT OTHER
100
100

SITES

METHOD CONPAMV
S»l WAGE
DUMP-NO BUPN
PRIVATE MUNICIPAL REGIONAL SECTION TOWNSHIP RANGE DATE BUILT LIFE 8LOG AREA LAND-AREA
OO OU (JO ' QO H
05 12 17 09 U

-------
SECTION C-7.  SELECTED EXAMPLES OF REPORTED DAMAGE INCIDENTS INVOLVING SMALL
              QUANTITIES OF HAZARDOUS WASTE

            •  Summary of waste types and quantities involved

            •  Descriptions of reported cases
                                     C-61

-------
               SUMMARY OF WASTE TYPES AND QUANTITIES INVOLVED
Miscellaneous Wastes  (including ignitable, reactive and carcinogenic wastes)
         25 kg, Pesticide Containing Arsenic
         30 kg/mo, Trichloroethylene  (degreasing solvent)
         100 kg, Toxaphene  (pesticide)
         200 kg, Single 55-Gallon Drums
             Ignitables
                 Cook County, IL
                 Dakota County, MN
                 Edison Township, Middlesex County, NJ
                 California
                 Delaware County, PA
             Corrosives
                 York County, PA
                 Edison Township, Middlesex County, NJ
                  (2  incidents)
             React!ves
                 Mundelein, II>
          300 kg/mo,  Trichloroethylene (degreasing  solvent)
          1000  kg,  Ignitable Waste,  Cincinnati,  OH
          1000  kg,  Ignitable Waste,  Michigan
          1000  kg,  Pesticide
          1500  kg/mo, PBB
          1800  kg,  Trichloroethylene (degreasing solvent)
          1800  kg,  Ignitables (paints and solvents)
          3000  kg/mo, Corrosive Waste
          3500  kg/mo, "Carcinogenic Chemicals"
          3600  kg,  Organic Liquids (toxic cleaning solids)
          5000  kg,  "Toxic Liquids"
 Pesticide Containers (empty)
          McAdoo, TX, Parathion Single 55-Gallon Drum
          Dunning, Nebraska, Parathion, Single 55-Gallon Drum
          North Carolina, Organophosphate, Single  5-Gallon Drum
          North Carolina, Organophosphate, Single  55-Gallon Drum
          Haghes, AR, Organophosphate, Several Drums
                                       C-62

-------
Environmental Damage Caused by Fighting Fires at Landfills—Secondary Effect
of Improper Disposal of Hazardous Wastes

         Delaware County, PA
         Murfreesboro, TN
                                     C-63

-------
DESCRIPTIONS OF REPORTED DAMAGE INCIDENTS FROM SMALL QUANTITIES OF HAZARDOUS
WASTES
A.  Miscellaneous Wastes
     1.   25  kg,  Pesticide  Containing  Arsenic
              In May 1972, a private  commercial well was  dug  for  a  new office
         of  a small  contractor  in  Perham,  MN.  Within  the same  month,  5 of
         13  employees became ill with gastro-intestinal ailments.   Six other
         employees also became  ill within  the  next two months,  requiring
         hospitalization.   One  employee lost the  use of his legs  for six
         months  due  to severe neuropathy.   After  several  weeks  it was dis-
         covered that the  well  was located 20  feet from a site  where approxi-
         mately  50 pounds  of a  pesticide had been buried  between  1934 and
         1936.  The  pesticide,  which  consisted of arsenic trioxide, bran,
         sawdust, and molasses, had been buried at a depth of about three
         feet while  the affected well was  31  feet deep.   In addition to
         causing acute effects, arsenic compounds are  known to  be carcino-
         genic in humans.   Well contained up  to  21 ppm arsenic.  Soil samples
         contained up to 12,600 ppm of arsenic in the  vicinity  of the burial.
         To date, the affected well has been  capped and an alternate water
         supply obtained at a cost of about $300.  Twelve nearby wells are
         also monitored periodically  to establish the threat to the Perham
         municipal well field 3/4  mile away.
     2.  30 kg/mo, Trichloroethylene  (degreasing solvent)
              In November, 1974 the Connecticut Resources Commission dis-
         covered that the Kras Tool and Machine Company,  Wolcott,  CT had
         dumped 100 to 150 gallon/year of degreasing solvent containing tri-
         chloroethylene from 1964 to date of inspection  (11/15/74).  The sol-
         vent had contaminated private wells.   Trichloroethylene is a known
         animal carcinogen and a suspected human carcinogen.
     3.  100 kg, Toxaphene
              In 1966 an employee cleaning up around a State Highway Depart-
         ment garage dumped 30 gallons of excess Toxaphene, a very toxic
         pesticide,  into  the parking lot drain.   The drain entered a ditch
         which led to a public water supply reservoir serving the City of
         Effingham, IL.   The maximum level of Toxaphene  detected in the
                                      C-64

-------
    reservoir was 10 ppb (5 ppb is interim drinking water limit set
    by EPA).   Toxaphene is also a known animal carcinogen and a suspected
    human carcinogen.
4.  300 kg/mo, Trichloroethylene (degreasing solvent)
         A metal auto parts manufacturing plant (The Thompon Company)
    in Oscoda, MI dumped about 1000 gallon/year from 1968 to 1972 of
    degreasing solvent on the ground behind the plant.  Trichloroethylene
    discovered in a residential well and spring about 1100 feet away at
    concentrations of 10 mg/fc and 28 mg/£, respectively.  Trichloroethy-
    lene is a known animal carcinogen and a suspected human carcinogen.
 5.  1000 kg (estimated), Ignitable Waste
          An employee of a private dump in Cincinnati, Ohio,  was burned
     over 50% of his body when several containers of an unknown volatile
     liquid caught fire and enveloped his bulldozer.  Firemen had to run
     their hoses more than a half mile to get to the fire because the
     dump had no hydrants.
 6.  1000kg (estimated), Ignitable Waste
          When burying drums containing an unknown waste, a bulldozer
     operator at a Michigan landfill experienced dizziness and eye irri-
     tation,  and soon left his bulldozer.  Upon returning, he found the
     machine in flames.  Evidently, some of the drums contained volatile
     flammable substances that ignited while he was gone.
 7.  1000 kg, Pesticide
          In 1972 approximately 2000 pounds of packaged technical mevin-
     phos was buried in Waterloo, Iowa, resulting in gross contamination
     of vegetation in the area.  The area was later neutralized with
     alkali, and some of the material was removed.
 8.  1500 kg/mo, Waste PBB
          Michigan Chemical Corporation dumped 160,000 pounds of waste
     PBB over four years in Gratiot County, Michigan landfill.  EPA
     awarded $70,000 grant to study problem.  Department of Natural
     Resources decided to build vaults around contamination at a cost
     of $1 million each.
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 9.  1800 kg, Paints and Solvents (Ignitable)
          Industrial waste disposal firm in Cornwells Heights, PA dumped
     more than 500 gallons of paints and solvents into a sewer line.
     Several families abandoned their homes until fumes and fire danger
     subsided.  Firm owner sentenced to 28.5 to 58.5 months in jail.
10.  1800 kg, Trichloroethylene (degreasing solvent)
          In Reloboth,  MA,  500 gallons of sludge from a solvent reproc-
     essing plant were  dumped and contaminated a drinking water reser-
     voir and private wells with toluene,  trichloroethylene,  and ethyl
     acetate.  Incident discovered in  May,  1978.  Trichloroethylene  is
     a  known animal carcinogen and a suspected human  carcinogen.
11.  3000 kg/mo, Corrosive Waste
          Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company in Mercer County, PA contracted
     with private hauler to dispose of 20,000 to 30,000 gallons over two
     years of alkaline waste  (caustic soda, soda ash).  Waste was dis-
     posed in swampy area and changed pH of water to 10.6.  Landowner
     drained swamp with a bulldozer and caused a 5-mile fish kill in a
     10-foot wide stream.  Landowner was fined $100.
12.  3500 kg/mo, "Carcinogenic Chemicals"
          In New London, CT 800 to 1000 drums were dumped between 1969-
     1972 by Auto World Ltd.   At least seven private wells were contami-
     nated with "carcinogenic chemicals."  The State Department of Envi-
     ronmental Control released information on the incident on 11/30/78
     and it was reported by the Hartford Corrant Newspaper.
13.  3600 kg, Organic Liquids
          In early 1974 approximately 1000 gallons of petroleum-based
     cleaning fluids were poured into a landfill in Haywood County,
     North Carolina.  The disposed fluids overflowed the top of a dike
     and entered a tributary of Hominy Creek.  Three cattle that drank
     from the contaminated stream were fatally poisoned.  The source of
     the fluids was a textile dyeing company.  The town of Catton com-
     pensated the cattle owner for his losses, and the stream waters
     were decontaminated.
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     14.  5000 kg, "Toxic Liquids"
               In Haywood County, Texas approximately 24 drums of concentra-
          ted dyes and other chemical liquids were illegally dumped at a
          landfill.  The toxic liquids were washed downstream, poisoning
          three cows fatally and rendering many others ill.
B.  Wastes Presenting Acute HHE Problems if Not Handled Properly
      1.  Ignitables—Single Drums
          a)  Cook County, Illinois
              In September 1975 David Klepser was severly burned when the com-
              pactor he was operating struck a 55-gallon drum of ethyl ace-
              tate.  He died three days later from second and third degree
              burns.  The machine that he was operating (valued at $100,000)
              was a total loss.  The incident occurred at the Calumet Indus-
              trial Development  (CID) Landfill (a 24-hour operation) in the
              dark hours of morning.  Load contained two drums—400 kg.
          b)  Dakota County, MN
              Landfill employee suffered burns over 80% of body when equip-
              ment he was operating crushed and ignited a container of sol-
              vent.  He was hospitalized for four and one-half months.
          c)  Edison Township, Middlesex County, NJ
              Five 55-gallon drums of unidentified chemical wastes were being
              buried with municipal waste when one exploded.  The bulldozer
              operator was killed as he stepped from the machine and two more
              exploded.
          d)  California
              A hauler was unloading drums of flammable waste from a truck
              at  a disposal site in California.  One of the drums, when dis-
              turbed exploded or ruptured and the truck was immediately en-
              gulfed in flames.  The truck was a total loss, but no one was
              hurt.
          e)  Delaware County, PA
              During compacting operations at a county landfill, an explosion
              occurred that destroyed a bulldozer and caused a fire that
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              burned  for several  days.   Groundwater contamination resulting
              from firefighting activities  caused a fish kill  in Crum Creek
              (1972).
      2.   Corrosives—Single  Drums
          a)   York County,  PA
              Two  or  three  drums  of  unlabelled  corrosives were delivered to
              a  landfill authorized  to  handle only municipal waste.   One
              drum burst as it was being compacted by  a bulldozer and burned
              a  bystander (state  inspector)  on  face and neck.   Penn  State
              Aluminum generated  the waste.  The  incident occurred in summer,
              1974.
          b)   Edison Township,  NJ
              Eye irritation  sustained when bulldozer operator was pushing
              drum which split,  squirting liquid into eyes.
              Chemical  burns  to hands and other parts of body as a result
              of pushing a drum with bulldozer.  Drum split open and liquid
              squirted out.
      3.   Reactive—Single Drum
          a)   Mundelein, IL
              A truck driver noticed that one of the drums he was hauling
              through the village of Mundelein, IL was leaking titanium tri-
              chloride, a chemical that changes to an hydrochloric acid mist
              on contact with the air.  Fourteen people were hospitalized
              for exposure to the fumes.  "The four drums of chemicals were
              neutralized and buried.

C.  pesticide Containers—Single Containers
     1.  McAddo, TX (55-gallon drum)
              Death from parathion poisoning resulting from use of acethylene
         torch to  cut top off drum that contained concentrated parathion  (Red
         Barn Parathion 4).
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2.  Dunning, Nebraska (55-gallon drum)
         Death in June 1968 from child playing in 55-gallon drum which
    they (3 children) filled with water; drum contained De-Pester
    Parathion.
3.  North Carolina (5-gallon drum)
         A seven year old female who had experienced nausea and vomiting
    the previous evening was admitted to a North Carolina hospital in
    a comatose state, suffering from organic phosphate poisoning.  After
    a restless evening, she lost her ability to walk, complained of
    difficulty seeing, and became progressively unresponsive.  An immed-
    iate inspection of her home revealed a discarded 5-gallon drum of
    pesticide  collecting rainwater in the backyard.  Neighborhood
    children reported that the little girl had filled a plastic spray
    bottle with the contaminated rainwater and sprayed some of it in
    her mouth while making mud pies.  The girl rapidly responded to
    treatment, recovering completely.
4.  North Carolina (55-gallon drum)
         Two brothers, aged one and two years, were brought to a North
    Carolina hospital with sudden onset of vomiting, diarrhea, and
    difficult breathing.  Increased salivation and pinpoint pupils led
    doctor to suspect organic phosphate poisoning, and treatment for
    that was successful.  The boys' father reported that on the after-
    noon the boys had become ill, they had been jumping in and out of
    an empty 55-gallon drum that had recently held organophosphate
    pesticide.  Sufficient residue remained in the drums to cause poison-
    ing from dermal absorption.
5.  Hughes, Arkansas  (several drums)
         In 1972, a two-year old boy in Hughes, AR was hospitalized for
    organophosphate poisoning after playing among some empty drums for-
    merly containing various pesticides.  The drums were procured from
    an aerial applicator to serve as trash containers.  The child com-
    pletely recovered from the poisoning after medical treatment.
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D.  Environmental Damage Caused by Firefighting Water  (secondary effect of
    improper disposal of hazardous waste)
     1.  Delaware County, PA
              During compacting operations at a Delaware County, PA landfill,
         an explosion occurred that destroyed a bulldozer and caused a fire
         that burned for several days.  Groundwater contamination resulted
         from firefighting activities, causing a fish kill in Crum Creek
         (1972).
     2.  Murfreesboro, TN
              Runoff from quenching a fire at a landfill in Murfreesboro, TN
         caused turbidity and mild contamination of wells in the area.  Zinc
         and chromium electroplating waste sludge, as well as industrial
         phenols, were disposed at the site, along with demolition waste and
         municipal refuse.  Consequently, the site was closed by the city,
         and the municipal water line was extended into the affected area.
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