EPA-650/2-75-008
JANUARY 1975
Environmental Protection  Technology  Series

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                                     EPA-650/2-75-008
       IN-STACK TRANSMISSOMETER
      EVALUATION AND  APPLICATION
TO  PARTICULATE  OPACITY  MEASUREMENT
                          by

                    Edward D. Avetta

              Pecker Systems, Owens-Illinois, Inc.
                Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
                  Contract No. 68-02-0660
                    ROAP No. 26AAM
                 Program Element No. 1AA010
              EPA Project Officer: William D. Conner

               Chemistry and Physics Laboratory
              National Environmental Research Center
              Research Triangle Park , N. C. 27711
                      Prepared for
             OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
            U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                 WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460

                      January 1975

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                       EPA REVIEW NOTICE

This report has been reviewed by the National Environmental Research
Center - Research Triangle Park, Office of Research and Development,
EPA, and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the
contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental
Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial
products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
                   RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES

Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, have been grouped into series.  These broad
categories were established to facilitate further development and applica-
tion of environmental technology.  Elimination of traditional grouping was
consciously planned to foster technology transfer and maximum interface
in related fields.  These series are:

          1.  ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH

          2.  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY

          3.  ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH
          4.  ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

          5.  SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
          6.  SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT  REPORTS
          9.  MISCELLANEOUS

This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
TECHNOLOGY series.  This series describes research performed to
develop and demonstrate instrumentation,  equipment and methodology
to repair or prevent environmental degradation from point and non-
point sources of pollution.  This work provides the new or improved
technology required for the control and treatment of pollution sources
to meet environmental quality standards.
This document is available to the public for sale through the National
Technical Information Service. Springfield, Virginia 22161.

                Publication No. EPA-650/2-75-008
                                u

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                       TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS	iii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS	v
LIST OF TABLES	vj_j_
SUMMARY    	ix
SECTION I    INTRODUCTION  	   1
SECTION II   LABORATORY TESTING  	   3
     A.  Introduction  	   3
     B.  Basic System Set  Up and Adjustments    ...   3
     C.  Projection Angle  and Uniformity of Beam   .   .   4
     D.  Detector Field of view	7
     E.  Sensitivity to Input Voltage Variation    .   .   7
     F.  Alignment Sensitivity   	   10
     G.  Long Term Zero Drift	10
     H.  Spectral Response of .the Transmissometer .   .   13
     I.  Response Time	   13
     J.  Calibration Error    	   18
     K.  Outdoor Environmental Tests   ......   21
SECTION III  FIELD PROGRAM
     A.  Steel Plant, Basic Oxygen Furnace   .   .   .   .23
     B.  Sulfuric Acid Plant	28
     C.  Portland Cement Plant	31
                               111

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                   TABLE  OF CONTENTS (Continued)

SECTION IV   MEASUREMENT DATA REDUCTION AND ANALYSIS .  37
     A.   Introduction	37
     B.   Basic Oxygen  Furnace   	  39
     C.   Sulfuric  Acid Plant	.42
     D.   Portland  Cement Plant  	  47
SECTION V     CONCLUSIONS  AND RECOMMENDATIONS   .   .   -57
APPENDIX A   STEEL PLANT, BASIC  OXYGEN FURNACE,
             SERIES OF JUNE 22,  1973
APPENDIX B   SULFURIC ACID PLANT,  SERIES OF MAY 7, 1974
APPENDIX C   PORTLAND CEMENT  PLANT,  SERIES OF AUGUST 22, 1974
                                xv

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                 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Title Page
Transmissometer-Filter Transmission
Measurement
Uniformity of Beam Measurement
Uniformity of Exit Beam
Field of View Measurement
Strip Chart Showing Zero Drift
Filter Spectral Response
Transmissometer Response Curve with Tungsten
Filament Lamp at 2450°K Color Temperature
Fast Response Curves
Slow Response Curves
Transmissometer Current vs. Filter Effective
Neutral Density
Transmissometer-Recorder Calibration Chart
Transmissometer Installation, Basic Oxygen
Furnace
Contrasting Target Method
Direct Measurement Telephotometer Setup
Transmissometer Location, Sulphuric Acid Plant
Transmissometer Location, Portland Cement Plant
Form Used to Record Telephotometer Measure-
No
4
5
6
7
12
14
15
16
17
19
20
25
26
28
30
33

         ments                                           38

18       In-Stack Transmissometer Opacity vs. Out-
         of-Stack Telephotometer Opacity                 40

19       Series Averages, June 22, 1973  (Basic Oxygen
         Furnace)                                        41

20       Series Averages, April 4, 1974  (Sulfuric Acid
         Plant)                                          43

21       Series Averages, April 17, 1974  (Sulfuric
         Acid Plant)                                     44
                           v

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   LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS  (Continued)
Ficmre No
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
•

Series Averages,
Acid Plant)
Series Averaaes,
Acid Plant)
Series
Cement
Series
Cement
Series
Cement
Series
Cement
Series
Cement
Series
Cement
Series
Cement
Series
Aver acres,
Plant)
Aver acres ,
Plant)
Averages,
Plant)
Averaaes ,
Plant)
Averages,
Plant)
Averaaes ,
Plant)
Averaaes ,
Plant)
Averages ,
Title
Page No.
May 7, 1974 (Sulfuric
May 23, 1974 (
June 10, 1974
June 18, 1974
June 22, 1974
August 16, 1974
August 19, 1974
August 20, 1974
August 21, 1974
August 22, 1974
Sulfuric
(Portland
(Portland
(Portland
(Portland
(Portland
(Portland
(Portland
(Portland
45
46
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

Cement Plant)                                55
                     VI

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                       LIST OF TABLES

Table No.	Title	   Page No
    1     Yariac Dial Calibration                      8
    2     Measurements Across the Load Resistor        9
    3     Effect of "ertical Misalignment              11
    4     Neutral Density Photopic Response Value      19
    5     Transrdssoipeter Calibration Data             21
                              VI1

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                          SUMMARY

     A laboratory evaluation and field testing program has
been carried out to investigate the performance of a commer-
cially available Lear-Siegler Model RM-4 Transmissometer as
an in-situ monitor of industrial exhaust stack emissions.
The laboratory phase of the program involved specific tests
of the transmissometer design characteristics, operational
parameters, extended time performance, and calibration.  The
instrument was found to be within specifications proposed
for transmissometers by EPA except for its spectral response
which was corrected by the manufacturer by installing a  filter
in the instrument.  The instrument was then installed in the
field for a minimum period of 30 days at each of three sites which
were:(l) a basic oxygen furnace for the manufacture of steel,
 (2) an industrial chemical plant for the manufacture of  sul-
furic acid, and  (3) an industrial plant for the manufacture
of Portland cement.  At each of these three sites opacity
measurements were made of the stack exit plume for comparison
with transmissometer generated data.  A Pritchard telephoto-
meter was employed for this purpose and a contrasting tar-
get method was the technique used except at the steel plant
where telephotometry of a lamp behind the plume was also
used.
     The data obtained at the steel plant basic oxygen furnace
showed a good one-to-one correlation between in- and out-
of-stack opacity over a wide range of emission levels.   A
one-to-one correlation was also observed for the cement  plant
emissions but the plume opacity measurements at the sulfuric
acid plant were generally six to ten percent higher than the
in-stack opacity.  Correlation at the cement and sulfuric
acid plants was limited by a small range of emission levels
that were studied.  In addition the contrasting target method
                              IX

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requires four separate measurements in  quick succession to
establish a single data point.  This time dependency,
together with variation in background conditions and diffi-
culties in synchronizing data, adversely affected the
repeatability of the plume opacity measurement method.  The
use or development of more refined and less time dependent
techniques for exit plume measurements is recommended before
undertaking any further correlation studies.  The performance
of the in-stack transmissometer at each of the three sites
was good.  Drift of the instrument zero and span was never
greater than 1% over any of the 30-day test periods.

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                       SECTION I
                      INTRODUCTION

     This program was to achieve two goals.  The first goal
was to select a commercial transmissometer, evaluate its
design and performance characteristics in the laboratory,
and make any modifications deemed necessary to improve the
instrument performance to permit long term continuous moni-
toring of smoke stack emissions.  The second goal was to
install the instrument on selected sources and evaluate the
performance of the instrument for monitoring the in-stack
opacity and the plume opacity.

     The instrument selected for use in this program was a
Lear-Siegler Model RM-4 Transmissometer, Serial No. 784.
The unit was purchased complete with blower systems, covers,
and a Leeds and Northrup Speedomax M strip chart recorder as
the readout device.  The equipment was set up in the labora-
tory and all pertinent characteristics and performance para-
meters checked.  Following this phase, the system was
installed at three different industrial sites to observe per-
formance for periods of at least thirty (30)  days at each
site.

     The first installation was at a basic oxygen furnace
of a steel manufacturer for a period of approximately seventy
(70)  days.   Following this effort, the unit was installed at
 a sulfuric acid plant and then at the manufacturing facilitv of
 a Portland cement company, for periods of approximately
 thirty (30)  days each.  Plume opacity measurements were made
 at all three installation sites with a Pritchard telephoto-
 meter using a contrasting target method for comparison with
 the in-stack opacity measurements.  At the conclusion of
 the field effort phase, the transmissometer was again

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checked for performance in the laboratory.
     Section II describes the laboratory testing of the
transmissometer.  Emphasis was placed on the determination
of basic system characteristics and performance parameters,
and the development of an output calibration chart for sub-
sequent data reduction.
     Section III describes all field work including the con-
trasting target method used in making the plume opacity
measurements with the telephotometer.  Installation methods,
problems encountered, and general activities on site are
discussed in detail.

     Section IV contains the field measurement results.  The
data variations and anomalies are presented and the possible
causes and effects of the discrepancies are considered .

     Section V presents the conclusions reached and the
recommendations offered which have resulted from the efforts
conducted under this program.
     The Appendices contain representative examples of com-
puter reduced data series which were accumulated on a given
day at each of the three measurement sites.

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                        SECTION II
                    LABORATORY TESTING

A.   INTRODUCTION
     The system used for this program consisted of a Lear-
Siegler RM-4 Transmissometer transmitter/receiver unit and
retroreflector unit, two blower systems with weather shields,
and a Leeds and Northrup Speedomax M strip chart recorder.
A pair of mounting flanges was also secured for the initial
field installation.  No cabling or connectors were supplied
other than bare wire terminated cables coming out of the
transmitter/receiver unit for the data and control functions
and input power.
B.   BASIC SYSTEM SET UP AND ADJUSTMENTS
     The transmissometer transmitter/receiver unit and the
retroreflector unit were mounted in specially constructed
stands and set to a flange to flange distance of 5.13 meters
(16 feet 10 inches).  This is the mounting distance at the
steel manufacturer's basic oxygen furnace stack, the first
site for field work.  The accessory equipment available from
Lear-Siegler for focusing the system was not procured with
the instrument.  However, it was discovered that by a sim-
ple trial and error correction process  (removal of the elec-
tro-optical chassis, moving the lens, then reinserting the
chassis) the objective lens could be focused for the cor-
rect stack diameter to within allowable limits.  The strip
chart recorder was not received with the rest of the equip-
ment and, because the milliammeter on the instrument would
not show a valid reading unless the output leads to the
recorder were loaded, a 100-ohm, 1% resistor was connected
across the leads and a vacuum tube voltmeter  (VTVM) was
used as a temporary monitoring device.  This arrangement

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            TRANSMITTER/RECEIVER
            UNIT
                                    RETROREFLECTOR UNIT
                              5.13 METERS
                              (16 FT 10 IN.)
                                        TEST FILTER POSITIONS
                     VTVM
                     LOAD RESISTOR lOOii, 1%, 1/2 W.
Figure 1.  Tvansmissometer-Filter Transmission Measurement
with the load resistor and VTVM illustrated in Figure  1,  was
used during the  laboratory tests until the strip  chart
recorder arrived.
     After the transmissometer was focused for the  selected
flange to flange distance and optically aligned,  the  clear
stack zero reading was set by adjusting the coarse  and fine
gain controls.   The calibration retroreflector iris was then
adjusted to also produce a zero opacity reading.  The  instru-
ment was then ready for testing.  Caution was exercised to
assure that the  system was properly focused and the zero
opacity points reset if the flange to flange distance  was
changed for different test configurations.
C.
PROJECTION ANGLE AND UNIFORMITY OF BEAM
     Only one  test configuration, shown in Figure  2,  was
used for both  of  these tests because the required  data

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                                    PHOTOMETER
                      PLANE OF RETROREFLECTOR-
                                           I
at
eg
en
a.
UJ




1
fl
V
1 •».
m i
•-H , 1
! J]
TRANSMITTER /RECEIVER UNIT ' /
-J
T SCAN
                    METER READOUT
            Figure 2.   Uniformity of Beam Measurement

 could be generated simultaneously.   The retroreflector unit
 was  moved to one side in this arrangement and a Pritchard
 telephotometer was placed in line with the transmitter/
 receiver unit.  The telephotometer entrance aperture was
 covered with a diffuser disc which was masked down to a rectan-
 gular opening  5  mm wide by  32  mm long,  and then located in
 the  plane of focus of  the transmitter/receiver unit.  The
 telephotometer was placed on a vertical traversing mechanise
 and  moved in a direction perpendicular to the beam while
 meter readings were taken of the telephotometer output.  Tho
 separation of the transmitter/receiver unit and the telepho
 tometer was approximately 5.13 meters (16 feet 10 inches).
 A plot  of the  meter readings versus traversing distance is
 shown  in Figure 3.  The resulting curve indicates that the
 beam is fairly uniform across the central 8.23-cm (3.25-in.)
portion but then  rolls  off  sharply  to  the  limits  of  annroxi-
mately 12.7 cm  (5.0 in.).   At  the separation  distance  ^*
5.13 meters the  half angle  beam width  0  is defined as  Arctan
 (6.35/513) = 0.0124 or  0.71°.   The  full  projection angle  then
is approximately  1.41°.

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   1.0
  0.9
  O.B
  0.7
t 0.6
to
z
- 0.5
UJ



<

u 0.4
  0.3
  o.a
  O.I
         I   i   I
i   i    i     i    i   i      i   i   i       i   r   i
i   i   i
           o
           n
           0)


           a.
           UJ
                                                                        I   I   I   I   I   I    I
                                           3            4

                                     DISTANCE ACROSS  BEAM, inches
                          Figure  3.   Uniformity of Exit Beam

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12.7 cm (5 IN.)
                          5.08 METERS
                         (16 FEET 8 INCHES)
               'SCAN MIRROR

          12.7cm (5 IN.) DIA. ILLUMINATED AREA
TRANSMITTER/RECEIVER UNIT

        MILLIAMMETER
                                       VTVM
                                LOAD RESISTOR
                               lOOil, 1%, 1/2 W.
                 Picture  4.   Field of View Measurement
                   IS                *

D.   DETECTOR FIELD  OF  VIEW
     The experimental setup for determining the  field of
view of the  detector is shown in Figure 4.
     The scan mirror was moved laterally  to one  side  while
being adjusted  in rotation to direct the  beam back into the
unit.  The fixed mirror, directly  in the  line of sight, was
large enough to block the path to  the retroreflector  unit,
thus assuring that only light energy off  the scan mirror
would get back  to the detector system.  A fairly sharp sig-
nal cut-off  point was found at about 12.7 cm (5.0 inches)
off axis at  about a distance of 5.08 meters (16  feet  8
inches) from the transmitter/receiver unit mounting flange.
The half angle  field of view 4> is  then  defined as Arctan
 (12.7/508) = 0.025 or 1.43°.  The  full  field of view angle
is approximately 2.86°.
E.   SENSITIVITY TO INPUT VOLTAGE  VARIATION
     A variac was placed in the main power line to the trans-
missometer for  the performance of  this  test.  The line

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             Table  1.  VARIAC DIAL  CALIBRATION
                         (Vac, rms)
                     Variac
                     Dial     HP  VTVM
                     Settina   Reading
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
95
101
106
111
116
121
126
131
voltage at the wall outlet was measured  at  121 Vac  (rms) and
monitored throughout this test.   Prior to connecting the
transmissometer to the outlet, the variac dial readings
were calibrated with a Hewlett-Packard Model 400 VTVM.
These readings are shown in Table 1.  The readings of the
milliammeter and of a second VTVM across the 100-ohm load
resistor are given in Table 2.
    At the variac setting of 90 volts, the solenoids for
the calibration retroreflector and filter vrould not operate,
so readings were not taken except for the clear stack con-
dition.  At 95 volts, the solenoid operation was inter-
mittent; sometimes they would operate and sometimes they
would not.  At the 100-volt setting and higher, the sole-
noids seemed to work as they should.  As the tabulated
data indicate, the transmissometer signals with the cali-
bration retroreflector and vrith the calibration filter  in
place were lower than the clear stack signals at low input

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           Table 2.   MEASUREMENTS ACROSS THE LOAD  RESISTOR
Input Voltage (rms)
Input Voltage (rms)
Variac
Dial Transmissometer Output
Settino HP VTVfl Signals
90 95 Clear Stack

Cal. Retro
Cal. Filter
95 101 Clear Stack

Cal. Retro

Cal. Filter

100 106 Clear Stack

Cal. Retro


Cal. Filter


105 111 Clear Stack


Cal. Retro

Cal. Filter




1.9 ma
0.17 volts
Solenoids would
not operate
1.95 ma
0.17 volt
1.75 ma
0.15 volt
6.6 ma
0.63 volt
2.0 ma
0.18 volt
1. 8 ma
0.15 volt

6.7 ma
0.64 volt

2,0 ma
0.18 volt

1.90 ma
0.16 volt
6.8 ma
0.66 volt



Variac
Dial Transmissometer Output
Setting HP VTVM Signals
110 116 Clear Stack

Cal. Retro

Cal. Filter

115 121 Clear Stack

Cal. Retro

Cal. Filter


120 126 Clear Stack


Cal . Retro


Cal. Filter


125 131 Clear Stack

Cal. Retro

Cal. Filter

2.0 ma
0.18 volt
1.95 ma
0.17 volt
6.9 ma
0.67 volt
2.0 ma
0.18 volt
2.0 ma
0.18 volt
7.0 ma
0.68 volt

2.0 ma
0.18 volt

2.0 ma
0.18 volt

7.0 ma
0.68 volt

2.0 ma
0.18 volt
2.1 ma
0.185 volt
7.0+ ma
0.68+ volt

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voltages, although all the signals were down slightly.  For
100 volts and up, the clear stack signals remained constant,
but the calibration retroreflector and filter signals
continued to creep upward.  The differences became clearly
noticeable at the 125-volt setting on the variac.
F.   ALIGNMENT SENSITIVITY
     In this test the system was set up as it would be in a
stack at a flange to flange distance of 5.13 meters  (16 feet
10 inches).  The system was aligned such that the image of
the retroreflector was centered in the alignment reticle and
the milliammeter and VTVM readings recorded.  The alignment
was altered in the vertical direction to four successive
positions and the milliammeter and VTVM readings recorded.
These data are presented in Table  3.   The  retroreflector aper-
ture was approximately 35 irm (1.38 inches)  in diameter,
located at a distance of 5.83 meters  (19 feet 2 inches) from
the vertex of the objective lens in the transmitter/receiver
unit. Judging from the position of the retroreflector image
in the reticle, at position no. 2 the system was misaligned
by 0.26° producing a reading of about 0.5% opacity.  At
position no. 3., a misalignment of 0.34° produced a reading
of only 2% opacity while at position no. 4 a misalignment
of 0.52° caused a reading of over 30% in opacity.  At
position no. 5, the misalignment of 0.69° produced a reading
completely off scale indicating that very little energy was
being returned to the detector.
G.   LONG TERM ZEP.O DRIFT
     The transmissometer was set up in the clear stack mode
and permitted to run unattended for several days, except for
periodic checking to be sure the system was still operating.
Initially, the calibration retroreflector iris was adjusted
such that both the clear stack and calibration signals were
                            10

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          Table 3.   EFFECT OF VERTICAL  MISALIGNMENT
                                            Transmissoneter
        Position No.    Eyepiece Reticle   Error      Readings
                                     0°
                                     0% op.
2.0 ma
0.18 volt
                                     0.26°
                                     0.5% op.
 2.1 ma
 0.19 volt
                                     0.34°
                                     2.0% op.
 2.4 ma
 0.20 volt
                                     0.52°
                                    30.5% op.
 8.4 ma
 0.80 volt
                                     0.69°
                                      >65% op.
                                     (off
                                     scale)
>3.2 ma
(off scale)
>3.48 volts
(off scale)
exactly  2.0  ma on the transmissometer milliamireter which is
zero opacity.   The strip  chart recorder was  then set for the
zero point  to  read 10 on  the chart and the span point at about
33.0.  After this, no further adjustments were made.  After a
few hours  of operation, the  zero point began  to shift slightly.
After  about 18 hours of operation, the slight drift reached
about  one  division on the chart (reading 11.0 instead of 10.0).
It was noticed that the amplitude of the span signal also
drifted  the same amount and  in the same direction.   This amounts
to an  opacity  reading error  of only 1% which  is  usually  insignifi-
cant.  In  subsequent field tests, this tendency to drift slightly
reoccurred,  but never exceeded 1.0 division  on the chart.  The
strip  chart  recordings illustrating the slight zero drift are
shown  in Figure 5.
                               11

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                  -21-


                                                                                            -s
                                                                              1
                                                                                         3=3

                        10
                              6

                              HOURS
N
to

                                            	 j"
                                                          -I
                                                            L ~ L—
                                                            RO DRIFT

                                                                        m
                                                                        rrl	
                                                          m
                                   m
                  20
19
                                   18
                                           17
                                                   16
  15


HOURS
                                                                    14
                                                                            13
                                                                                    12
                                                                                                     10
                                 Figure 5.   Strip Chart Showing  Zero  Drift

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H.   SPECTRAL RESPONSE OF THE TRANSMISSOMETER
     Initial examination of the instrument spectral response
indicated that the instruments sensitivity was mostly in the
near infrared part cf the spectrum and did not have the
desired visible light sensitivity.  After discussing this
with the manufacturer, a replacement spectral filter was
received for installation in front of the instrument's photo-
detector to obtain the desired response.  Prior to install-
ing the filter, a spectral response curve was run on a spec-
trophotometer at the Owens-Illinois North Technical Center,
Toledo, Ohio.  The results of this are shown in Figure 6.
                                                        o
The peak transmission of the filter occurs at about 5125A,
                                           o         o
with  upper and  lower  cutoffs at  about  3150A  and  7000A, respec-
 tively.   The  basic  response of the RM-4  detector  is that of  a
 normal silicon  photo  diode.  To  obtain the spectral response
 of the transmissometer,  we have  combined the filter attenuation,
 detector  response,  and lamp emission characteristics into  a
 single representative curve which is shown in Figure 7.
I.   RESPONSE TIME
     The transmissometer output  has both a fast  and a  slow
response setting that can be changed externally by appro-
priate switching.  By placing neutral  density filters  in
front of the retroreflector and  then switching the cali-
bration retroreflector in and out of the line of  sight,  very
sharp step function inputs could be simulated.   The system
was set for fast response, and the output connected to a
Hewlett-Packard Moseley Model 710OB strip chart  recorder.
Both the rise time to the 95% point and  decay time to  the
5% point for a signal input with  a 0.3 neutral density
filter in front of the target retroreflector was  about 1.3
seconds.   The same rise and decay times  were found when
using the internal calibrate filter as the step  function
input.  The response curves are  shown  in Figure  8. When
the system was set for slow response,  the same rise time

                            13

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02    0.3    04    05    0.6   0.7    0.8   0.9     1.0
               WAVELENGTH, microns
Figure 6.   Filter Spectral  Response
                     14

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        1.00
        0.75
      z
      o
      Q.
      in
      UJ
      UJ

      4
      _J
      UJ
      or
        0.50
        0.25
           0.3      0.4      0.5      0.6
                          WAVELENGTH, microns
0.7
0.8
           Figure  7.   Transmissometer Response Curve
                       with  Tungsten  Filament Lamp at
                       2450°K  Color Temperature.
of  1.3  seconds  was found for the 0.3 neutral density
filter  input although the decay tine was 0.6 second to the
9%  level  and 3.0 seconds to the 5% level.  However, with
the calibration retroreflector switched in front of the
exit beam,  and  using the internal calibration filter as
the step  function input by switching it in and out, the
amount of time  for the  system to respond increased to almost
13.1 seconds, with the  curve showing a sharp rise to about
50% of the  final  signal  in about 0.2 second then suddenly
flattenina  out  and reaching the 95%  point about 12.9
seconds later.  This  same  characteristic appeared in reverse
for the decay time.   Thus  placing the response  switch in
either the  fast or slow  position really had little effect
on the response of the  system to an  external signal caused
by an obscuring medium  in  the stack.   The response curves
for the slow response setting are shown in Figure 9.
                             15

-------
i '
 n
             External  Filter
Internal Filter
                                 Figure 8.  Fast Response Curves

-------
                       2 SECONDS
               External  Filter
                         2 SECONDS
               Internal Filter
Figure 9.   Slow  Response Curves

-------
     This  was  not the reported normal slow response behavior of
 the  system and it was concluded that the slow response circuit
 was  not operating properly.  Since only the fast response was
 to be used for data collection, repairing the circuit was not
 considered and time delay in the program was avoided.

J.   CALIBRATION ERROR
     The  calibration error curve of the transmissometer can
be determined by placing a series of neutral density  filters,
calibrated  for photopic response, one at a tir>e, in the
optical path completely covering the retroreflector and then
recording the output signal from the transmissometer.  Four
Tiffen neutral density filters of nominal values 0.1, 0.2,
0.3, and  0.4 were calibrated with the Pritchard telephoto-
meter with  its photopic response filter in place.  The filter
values thus determined are shown in Table 4.
     Because the RM-4 transmissometer is a double pass
instrument, any intervening medium or neutral density filter
will appear twice as dense as it really is.  This is of no
real consequence provided this fact is known and the output
curve of  the system properly constructed.  Thus in developing
the final curves for single pass, the stated value of the cali-
bration filter in the transmissometer had to be divided by
two.   The transmissometer output current vs. filter effective
neutral density is shov/n in Figure 10.  Because one of the
goals of  this program was to compare the output of the
transmissometer with measurements made of the exit plume,
the transmissometer output must be calibrated in terms of
single pass.  The theoretical curve for single pass opacity
versus the chart reading is the solid line shown in Figure 11.
The broken line is the calibration curve for a uniform
diameter stack (no taper), and the dashed line is the cali-
                             18

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       Table 4.   NEUTRAL DENSITY  PHOTOPIC RESPONSE VALUE
                  Nominal    Photopic Value
                                   0.111
     0.1
     0.2
     0.3
     0.4
                                   0.185
                                   0.290
                                   0.400
                22
£20
£
o
i 18

lie
o
UJ 14
a:
               UJ
               H
               uj 8
               O
               "> ^
               
-------
                 100
                        CALIBRATION CURVE
                    J- FOR STRAIGHT STACK
                        CALIBRATION CURVE
                          CORRECTED FOR
                          TAPERED STACK
                      THEORETICAL CURVE
                      FOR STRAIGHT STACK
                        10   20  30   4O  50
                               OPACITY, %
                              60  70
              Figure 11.   Transmissometer-Reeorder
                        Calibration  Chart
     In developing  the theoretical curve,  10.0  on the chart was
set to be zero opacity and 100.0 was 65%  opacity.  The neutral
density filters, previously calibrated photopically,  were placed
over the retroreflector in the optical path of  the system and
the resulting signal  read on the transmissometer.  The values
in the last column  headed "Tapered Stack  Opacity Value" are
determined from the equation:

                  loa (1-Oi)  = li log  (1-02)
                                12
 where:  0}
         02

         li
         12
= the opacity  at  the stack exit
= the opacity  as  seen by the transmissometer
  at the diameter where it is mounted
= stack exit diameter
= stack diameter  at the transmissometer  location
                                20

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         Table  5.   TRANSMISSOMETER CALIBRATION DATA
                             Transmissometer              Tapered
 Neutral Density                  Ammeter                  Stack
  Filter Values    Opacity         (ma)           Chart    Opacity
Nominal
0.4
0.3
0.2
Cal
Filter
0.1
Calibrated
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
4001
2903
1851
1245
1107
Value '(%)
60
40
34
24
22
.2
.7
.7
.9
.5
Theoretical
18
13
9
6
6
.0
.7
.6
.9
.5
Actual
17.
13.
9.
6.
6.
5
6
6
9
5
Divisions
86
66
46
34
32
.5
.5
.8
.0
.0
Value (%)
52.4
41.6
29.1
20.6
18.6
the ratio Ii/l2 = 0.8054 for the Portland cement company
stack.  The calibration curves thus developed were used in
the evaluation of all transmissometer generated data gathered
during the field program.  The instrument manufacturer offers
an opacity converter accessory to provide a linear opacity
output, however, it was not used for this study.
K.
OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL TESTS
     At the completion of the laboratory tests, the system
was set up on the  roof of the Fecker Systems  facility  for
testing in the  local weather environment.  The  fiber glass
weather shields were not installed, but the equipment  was
protected with  heavy layers of plastic sheet.   This test
period lasted for  approximately two weeks, with one equip-
ment failure within the first 24 hours.  A transistor  on
the system output  card in the transmitter/receiver unit had
failed, but was replaced and the system operated properly
throughout the  balance of the program.  During  this test,
the slight zero drift noted earlier, repeated itself,  but
was not considered significant.  At the conclusion of  this
                              21

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test period, the instrument was checked for correct focus
and calibration, and prepared for installation on the stack
of the basic oxygen furnace.
                            22

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                         SECTION III
                        FIELD PROGRAM

A.  STEEL PLANT,  BASIC  OXYGEN  FURNACE
     The transmissometer was installed on the basic oxygen
furnace stack on May 10, 1973 and remained there throughout
an initial test period of approximately 40 davs.  The mounting
flanges had to be placed such that the line of sight to the
retroreflector unit passed beneath and cleared a 15.24-centi-
meter  (6-inch) diameter tube which spanned the interior dia-
meter of the stack.  It was considered inadvisable to place the
line of sight above the tube because of a possible adverse
effect on the flow of the effluent that could cause an error
in the transmissometer readings.  The low position of the
line of sight precluded installing the blower systems and
weather covers in the normal manner.  Therefore the blower
systems were mounted on stands next to the units they served
and connected by extended feed hoses to the instrument purge
air inlets.  The blower systems and the transmitter/receiver
and retroreflector units were protected with plastic sheeting
as was done during the roof top environmental test, and
there was no operational difficulty.  The only serious problem
encountered was due to a fairly high level of vibration that
caused the alignment of the instrument to wander such that
the image of the retroreflector, as viewed through the eye-
piece, moved entirely out of the field of view.  The alignment
adjustments of the instrument do not have positive locking
features, and the most practical way to solve this problem was
to apply a "loc-tite" tvpe of sealant to the adjustment screw
threads.  Once this was done, and the system realigned, the
problem did not occur again.
                              23

-------
      This plant has three basic oxygen furnaces, with two
 in continuous operation and one on standby being refurbished,
 Approximately 20 heats of steel are produced in a 24-hour
 period averaging over 200 tons per heat.  The charge for
 each furnace consists of approximately 70 to 75% hot metal
 with the remainder being a mixture of scrap steel plus add-
 itives of alloying elements, depending upon the type of
 steel being produced.  Each furnace is vented by a large
 ducting'system into either side of a double precipitator
 bank with a 1 1/2 million cubic feet total capacity.  Each
 precipitator bank has its own exit stack, one 6.1 meters
  (20 feet) in diameter and the other 4.88 meters (16 feet)
 in diameter.  The transmissometer was located at the point
 approximately 18.29 meters  (60 feet) above the exhaust fan
 duct connection at the bottom of the 4.88-meter (16-foot)
 diameter stack, almost three stack diameters from both the
 nearest ducting size change and the top of the stack.  The
 installation of the transmissometer/receiver unit is shown
 in Figure 12.  This method of mounting of the unit was
 essentially the same at the sulfuric acid plant, and the
 production facility of the Portland cement company.

     Measurements of the exit plume opacity were to be made
with the Pritchard telephotometer using the contrasting
target method.   Four sequential measurements of target and
plume relative luminosities in the photopic portion of the
spectrum were made which were used to derive the opacity
of the plume.  These measurements were to be time-matched to
the transmissometer strip chart recorder and the degree of
correlation between the two instruments determined.  The
basic sequence and location of measurements is shown in Fig-
ure 13.  Transmission of the plume is given by the equation:
                             24

-------
                       T =
     C-D
     A-B
where  A = sky without the plume
       B = target without the plume
       C = sky through the plume
       D = target through the plume
The opacity of the  plume  in  percent  is  then:
                     % Opacity -  (1 -  T)100
          Figure  12.
Transmissometer Installation,
    Basic Oxygen Furnace
                               25

-------
     Measurements of the plume were made  from  three different
vantage  points using two different techniques.   The first was
from an  elevated position on the  structure  of  the basic oxygen
furnace  permitting a line of sight across the  top of the exit
stack with  a wooded hillside across a  nearby river as the target
area.  The  second position was from a  highway  across the river
using a  line of sight that used the side  of the basic qxygen
furnace  as  the target area.  Several series of  measurements were
made at  both the first and second positions.
                    SKY
                                      LUME
                                           TRANSMISSIVITY •
C-D
A-B
                                           A, B.C. AND D ARE RELATIVE
                                           LUMINOSITIES  AT LOCATIONS
                                           SHOWN.
                                          STRUCTURE OR HILL
                              STACK
            Figure IS.   Contrasting Target Method
                               26

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     Measurement data taken at the first site were not
acceptable.  The measurement site was too close to the stack
forcing the use of very widely separated targets with vary-
ing radiances.  Better data were accumulated  at the  second
site with good correlation achieved at the lower opacity
levels when stack emission was in a fairly steady state con-
dition.  The steel making technique at the basic oxygen furnace,
however, is a batch process causing the effluent output to vary
rapidly,  occasionally producing some heavy puffs which were
not possible to measure with the time dependent sequence of the
contrasting target method.  It was decided to try a third van-
tage point and different technique by taking measurements at
night looking at a light source behind the exit plume and record-
ing directly on a strip chart the output from the telephoto-
meter.  In this manner, the time dependence problem could be
eliminated, and the short term higher levels of opacity
could  be measured as  they occurred.  The setup for this method
is  shown in Figure 14.  A timer was attached to the power
cord for the light which could turn off the light for a
period  of  a few seconds at five-minute intervals thus pro-
viding a 100%  opacity calibration point.  The low opacity
correlation data determined previously using  the contrasting
target method  were used as a  second calibration point.  Data
were taken through the early  evening after dark until after
midnight when  condensation on the telephotometer objective
lens precluded further work.   This last effort concluded the
field  work at  the basic oxygen furnace, in which measure-
ments  of the exit stack were  made on six different occasions.
     Throughout the  testing period, the transmissometer
operated properly.   Prior  to  each measurement effort, at all
field  sites, as well as the steel plant, the  transmissometer
was checked for alignment, cleanliness of  the optics, and
general operation.   The strip chart recorder  was adjusted  for
                              27

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                                             PLUME
                                                  LIGHT WITH TIMER
                                                          a.
                                                          in
                                                BASIC
                                                OXYGEN
                                                FURNACE
                           H.P. (MOSELEY)
                           STRIP CHART RECORDER
     Figure  14.   Direct Measurement Telephotometer Setup
zero and span prior  to the  beginning of data taking and
switched to  the  fast chart  drive  [38.1 cm (15 in.)  per hour]
to provide better time resolution of the output  signal.   No
serious problems  were encountered during the time that the
instrument was installed at the basic oxygen furnace,   when
the field work was concluded,  the transmissometer system was
removed from the  stack,  and returned'to the  Fecker  Systems
laboratory facilities for cleanup,  refocusing,  and recali-
bration for  the next test site.
 B.
SULFURIC ACID PLANT
      After a program delay, the  transmissometer was  finally
 installed on the exit stack of the  sulfuric  acid  plant on
 March 5, 1974.  This particular  plant uses the contact
                             28

-------
process with sulfur as the basic feed stock.  Approximately
400 tons of sulfuric acid, of which 25% is oleum, is the
normal daily production rate.  The emission control system
is a Brink mist eliminator located in the process train
before the effluent reaches the 1.83-meter  (six-foot)
diameter exit stack.  The approximate location of the trans-
missometer is shown in Figure 15.  The proximity of the
supporting structure around the stack would not permit the
use of weather shields, and sheet plastic was used to protect
the units in a manner similiar to that at the basic oxygen
facility test site.  Some initial difficulty was encountered
in correcting a very large signal drift that occurred almost
immediately after the unit was installed.  This was caused
by the rapid buildup of sulfate residue in the mounting ports
resulting from not completely cleaning them prior to installa-
tion.  Once this condition was corrected, no further opera-:
tional difficulty was enqountered.
     Remote measurements were made of the exit plume at a dis-
tance of approximately 915 meters  (1000 yards) from the stack.
The line of sight afforded a view of the wooded hillside across
a nearby river as the target area.  Plume opacity measurements
were made on four separate occasions.  Observing conditions were
not ideal and the field teams were hampered by rain, high winds,
a variable sky background, and changing illumination conditions.
As a result, the measurement data were quite random and did not
agree with the in-stack transmissometer measurements.  The stack
effluent was for the most part quite transparent to the in-stack
transmissometer.  The average transmissometer signal, when the
sulfuric acid production process was in normal operation, indi-
cated but a few percent opacity.  The concurrent plume opacity
measurements made with the telephotometer with the contrasting
target method were generally higher.
                             29

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                                                               TRANSMISSOMETER
U)
' •

                        Figure 15,   Transmiasometer Location, Sulphuric Acid Plant

-------
     When the production process went out of balance, S0_
was produced which is extremely hygroscopic and forms a
white mist.  This condition was readily detected by the
transmissometer and was visually observable in the plume.
Such an event was unpredictable, however, and usually
occurred over a period of but a few hours, too short a time
for field measurement teams to reach the site and take
advantage of the phenomenon.  The sulfuric acid plant tech-
nical personnel could deliberately induce this condition,
but could only produce a very small SO_ reaction without
seriously upsetting their production process.  As a result,
the remote opacity measurement program at the sulfuric acid
plant vas limited to low opacity conditions and establish-
ment of a functional relation between in-stack opacity and
plume opacity was not achieved.  It was evident, however,
that an optical device such as a transmissometer would be
very effective as a production control or warning device
in the sulfuric acid industry.
     Field work at the sulfuric acid plant was concluded
and the transmissometer removed from the stack on May 24,
1974 and returned to the Pecker Systems laboratory facili-
ties for cleanup, refocusing, and recalibration in prepara-
tion for installation on the stack at the next field
measurement site.
C.   PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT
     The transmissometer was installed on a cement plant
stack on three separate occasions during this program.
This plant uses a rotary kiln, wet process producing approx-
imately 425,000 tons of finished Portland cement per year.
Feed stock consists of lime and sand, with coal and coke
oven gas burned as fuel.  The effluent passes through a
bank of electrostatic precipitators and is then vented to
the atmosphere through 45.72-meter (150-foot) high steel
                            31

-------
reinforced concrete, lumnite-lined stack.  The first instal-
lation was in December of 1973 through early January of 1974.
The transmissometer location area is shown in Figure 16 at
about 21.34 meters  (70 feet) above ground level.  During
this period, ambient temperatures were in the near or sub-
freezing range.  Because cement manufacturing at that facil-
ity is a wet process, a considerable amount of water vapor
exists in their exhaust stack effluent.  Stack temperatures
are high enough to keep the water vaporized and thus trans-
parent to the transmissometer.  However, once the effluent
encountered the ambient air it condensed immediately into
a white plume with almost no detachment from the top of the
stack.  Unable to make effective measurements of the exit
plume opacity, the program was suspended at that location
and the transmissometer sent to the sulfuric acid plant
test site.
     The second installation at the cement plant occurred
on June 10, 1974, after conclusion of work at the sulfuric
acid plant.  This test period continued until July 10, 1974
when the manufacturing process was shutdown for a two-week
equipment refurbishment program.  During this 30-day period
on site, measurements were made of the plume opacity on
three separate occasions.   The observation point was located
at a position approximately 450 meters  (500 yards) from the
stack.  The target was a large industrial structure located
another few hundred meters past the stack.  The measurement
data taken were random in nature and did not show much
correlation with  the transmissometer readings.  The target
structure was the main problem in that it did not present
a uniform enough background for use in the contrasting tar-
get method.  Sky background conditions, general illumination,
and smoke blowing through the area from other industrial
plants also contributed to the difficulties which
                            32

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1.1
                        Figure 16,   Transmissometer  Location, Portland Cement Plant

-------
occasionally forced the observing team to curtail measure-
ment activity until the area cleared.
     Difficulties with the transmissometer were relatively
minor.  One of the blower units failed  (retroreflector side) ,
but the stack has about a 5-centimeter  (2.0-inch) water
column negative pressure and external air continued to be
drawn through the filter system, into the retroreflector
unit, and then into the stack.  No accumulation of dust was
noticed on the optical surfaces and field work did not have
to await the arrival of a new blower, which subsequently was
replaced.  Low voltage conditions on the input power lines
to the transmitter/receiver unit  (this condition occurs
frequently in industry) caused the calibration retroreflec-
tor and internal filter solenoids to fail to operate, but
this was remedied by placing a variac in the line and
raising the voltage to the necessary level.
     On July 10, 1974, operations at the cement plant were
suspended for a two-week period for plant maintenance pur-
poses.  During that time the transmissometer was reinstalled
at the steel plant basic oxygen furnace in support of a
particulate measurement program being conducted by another
corporation for EPA under separate contract.  No further
exit plume measurements were made at the plant.  The results
of that program will be described in a separate report.  At
the conclusion of the measurement program the transmisso-
meter was returned to the cement plant and reinstalled on
the stack.
     Stack effluent opacity levels, as indicated by the
transmissometer, had been averaging about 18% or less.  The
operation at the cement plant is  fairly well controlled,
and management was reluctant to cutback on their precipita-
tors to produce higher levels of  opacity without specific
permission to do so from the local air pollution control
                            34

-------
authority.  Details of  the  granting of permission were not
agreed upon and plant management, understandably,  elected
not to reduce their control  system  capabilities.   Conse-
quently, it was not possible to acquire data over  a  suf-
ficient range of opacities to develop  a comparison curve of
the transmissometer vs. plume opacity  measurements.
     The transmissometer was reinstalled on the stack  at
the cement plant on August 15, 1974  and remained there for
approximately a week to gather additional data at  hopefully
higher opacity levels.  Two new observing sites were used,
with measurements made on two occasions at each site.   The
first position was located on an access balcony on top of
their clinker silos.  This afforded  a  line of sight  across
the top of the stack with a wooded hillside as the target
area.  The second observation site  was on top of a high
storage silo.  The line of sight was almost level  with the
top of the stack, with  another wooded  hillside approxi-
mately two miles away used as a target area.  Measurements
were made both in the morning and afternoon at these sites,
when the sun direction was at different angles to  the  line
of sight.  In the mornings, background haze reduced  the tar-
get and sky contrast, but luminosity differences across the
target or the sky areas scanned were nearly zero,  thus
reducing one of the sources of error inherent with the con-
trasting target method.  By  afternoon  the haze generally had
burned off, but concentrations of smoke from nearby  industries
continued to present a problem.  Measurement activity  had
to be curtailed until the prevailing winds cleared tl-.e
smoke from the area.   On August 26,  1974 the transmissometer
was removed from the stack at the cement plant, and the
field program under this contract was  concluded.
                            35

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(BLANK)
  36

-------
                         SECTION IV
           MEASUREMENT DATA REDUCTION AND ANALYSIS

A.   INTRODUCTION
     Telephotometer measurements of the plume opacity made in
the field with the contrasting target method were initially
recorded on a special form as shown in Figure 17.  Prior to
initiation of measurements, the  transmissometer  strip  chart
recorder was switched to the fast chart speed and time
marked.  Each series of measurement data subsequently  taken
of the exit plume was time marked on the data sheet  at  the
beginning and the end of the series.  Normally ten  (10)
series of ten  (10) measurements  each were taken  during  each
visit to the observing site although as high as  twenty-one
 (21) series were recorded.  At the conclusion of the measure-
ment period, the strip chart was again time marked,  and
that section of the chart between the two time marks removed
for subsequent analysis.  The beginning and end  of each data
series were  time located on the  chart and divided into ten
 (10) equally spaced data points.  The chart reading  was then
matched with each measurement point on the data  sheet,  thus
providing a  transmissometer reading for each exit stack
opacity value determined from the contrastina target method
measurements.  These raw data were card punched  for  reduction
by computer  program with the  subsequent output  expressed  in
terms of in-stack transmissometer measured plume opacity
(corrected for stack diameter taper ratios) and  telephoto-
meter measured out-of-stack plume opacity.  Data over  a
sufficient range of opacities were sought to develop
functional relations between measurements; however,  this
was accomplished only for the work done at the basic oxy-
gen furnace.
                             37

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                              DATA SHEET




                        PLUME OPACITY MEASUREMENT

                        CONTRASTING TARGET METHOD
Location_

Dntc	
Stack
Wind Vclocity_
Weather
                                      Direction
View Direction.

Sun Direction
Distance to Stack
Settings:  Filter Wheel,

          Field Stop

Contrasting Target
    Rc.idi-.if,3
                 Elevation Angle_

                 E1eva tion	
        Height of Stack_
                                                        Diameter
                                          Attenuator
                                   Time  of Start of Readings
Sky thru Plume
Target - Plume
Tiirgct - w/o
Sky - w/o
Sky thru Plume
Target - Plume
Target - w/o
Sky - w/o








































                           TiiM at completion^
              Figure  17.    Form Used  to  Record
                  Telephotometer  Measurements
                                      38

-------
    Insufficient measurements at the higher levels of opacity
at the Portland cement plant and virtually no variation of
the measurements at the sulfuric acid plant prevented the
development of functional in and out-of-stack opacity curves
for those two test sites.
     To reduce some of the randomness of the measurements
and to present the data that were accumulated in a meaning-
ful manner, each measurement series of ten  (10) data points
for a given day was reduced to an average value for that
series.  This was also done for the corresponding measure-
ments recorded by the transmissometer, and then each series
of measurements plotted in terms of opacity versus the parti-
cular series number.  These tables and associated graphs
of the data are discussed below for each test site.
B.     BASIC OXYGEN FU.RNACE

     Figure 18 was generated from low opacity correlation
data accumulated with the Pritchard telephotometer with
the contrasting target method, and from data gathered on
the night of July 5-6, 1973 with the telephotometer observ-
ing a bright light behind the exit plume.  At the lower
end of the opacity curve, the transmissometer and the tele-
photometer were considered to read approximately the same
value.  The high opacity point of 100% was established by
turning off the light behind the plume and setting the
100% signal equal to zero on the Hewlett-Packard (Moseley)
strip chart recorder.  The data (Figure 18) show good corre-
lation between the measurements.

     The tabulated values and graph for the low opacity measure-
ments made by the contrasting target method during the day
time visit to the site on June 22 are shown in Figure 19.
This series taken when observing conditions were very stable,
shows good correlation and was the basis for the establishment
                            39

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24
o
Q.
K.
z
o
     8
     «
     UJ
     i '0
     e
    .120
     bl
     4 30
     «40
     o
     260
     o
    • * •»*.
     o TO
     <
     in
      80
   — o
      90
      100
TIME, AM

IM4
1:14:30
tl7:20
1:18
1:24
1:29:30
1:33
RM-4
READING

38.5%
44.7%
60.5%
56.7%
25.4%
12.3%
10.5%
SIR IP CHART
DEFLECTION
CM
993
8.18
5.38
6.53
12.24
14.10
14 27
INCHES
3.91
3.22
2.12
2.57
4.82
5.55
5.62
              20   40    60    80
                IN-STACK OPACITY, percent
               (TRANSMISSOMETER READING)
                                     100
                                                           8
      Figure 18.
                  In-Staok Transmissometer Opacity vs.
                  Out-of-Staek  Telephotometer Opacity
of the low opacity  calibration point for strip chart record-
ings made on the overnight test of July 5 and 6, 1973.

     The transmissometer  performed normally throughout  the
measurement period.   Zero drift amounted to essentially 1%
as observed during  laboratory  testing.   The severe vibration
environment on the  stack  caused optical alignment problems,
however, these were quickly corrected.   No other serious
problems were encountered during the measurement program at
the basic oxygen furnace.  The blower units operated
                              40

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Series
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

8
P
Photometer
(Avg. %)
4.07
3.23
4.30
6.84
6.40
7.06
5.17
T
Transmissometer
(Avg. %)
2.94
2.30
3.16
5.18
3.75
7.47
5.07
SYFTEM CALIBRATION
8.03
5.84
P-T
A Average
% Points
+1.13
+ 0.93
+ 1.14
+ 1.66
+ 2.65
-0.41
+ 0.10

+2.19
Series
No.
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Avg.
P
Photometer
(Avg. %)
6.27
9.82
9.49
8.08
11.21
9. 39
12.44
6.99
T
Transmissometer
(Avg. %)
4.84
4.98
7.94
4.98
8.84
6.24
5.04
4.91
P-T
A Average
% Points
+ 1.43
+ 4.84
+ 1.55
+ 3.10
+ 2. 37
+ 3.15
+ 7.40
2.08
                        789
                          SERIES NO.
10
12
13
14
          15
Figure 19.   Series  Averages, June  223  1973 (10:19 AM  to 1:35 PM)
             (Basic  Oxygen Furnace)

-------
continuously and effectively kept the optics clean.  No
noticeable change in the zero or calibration span points
occurred, however, as a precautionary measure the objective
lens and retrorefleeter were cleaned routinely prior to data
taking activities at each site.
C.   SULFURIC ACID PLANT
     The results of the plume opacity data taken at the sul-
furic acid plant did not indicate a one-to-one correlation
between in-stack and plume opacity.  The plume opacity
measurements ran consistently 6 to 10% higher than the opacity
sensed by the transmissometer.   There was also randomness to
the plume measurements that was probably the result of changing
background conditions that occurred during the observation
periods.  The reason for the generally higher plume opaci-
ties is not readily apparent although effluent temperature
and constituency may be contributing factors.  The stack
temperatures are not very high, and acid mist, and sometimes
sulfur trioxide in the acid production process,  can absorb
water from the atmosphere as they leave the stack and pro-
duce a plume with greater opacity then can be seen in the
stack by the transmissometer.
     The series averages of the data gathered at the sul-
furic acid plant site are shown in Figures 20,  21,  22,  and
23.  As with the basic oxygen furnace measurement program,
zero and span drifts did not exceed the 1% level measured
in the laboratory.  The instrument performed well,  and initial
apparent drift difficulties were traced to a residue buildup
in the mounting ports which resulted from improper cleaning.
Once this was corrected there were no further problems.
                            42

-------
Series
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Avg.
P
Photometer
(Avg. %)
12.22
12.06
14.12
11.63
15.43
8.78
11.15
7.47
13.08
9.11
11.51
T
Transmissometer
(Avg . % )
2.30
2. 30
2.30
2.30
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.58
P-T
A Average
% Points
+ 9.92
+ 9.76
+11.82
+ 9.33
+14.32
+ 7.68
+10.05
+ 6.37
+11.98
+ 8.01
+ 9.93
- 20
                          t TELEPHCT
               I     I    «^x
     	.-»-  *»^^x    X
     ——                      N^^p. ^
                         5    6
                        SERIES NO.
     Figure  20.
Series Averages^  April 43 1974
(3:07 PM to  4:16  PM)
(Sulfuric Acid Plant)
                           43

-------
Series
No.
1
2
3
4
- 5
6
7
8
9
10
Avg.
P
Photometer
(Avg. %)
14.02
13.92
15.26
18.51
21.63
22.48
25.25
24.58
19.22
24.74
19.96
T
Transmissometer
(Avg. %)
14.20
12.90
11.90
9.80
9.80
9.80
9.30
9.30
9.30
9.30
10.56
P-T
A Average
% Points
- 0.18
+ 1.02
+ 3.36
+ 8.71
+11.83
+12.68
+15.95
+15.28
+ 9.92
+ 15 .44
+ 9.40
ou
'c
if 20
OPACITY, p«
O 5
TELEPHOTOMETER/
— ^* ""* ""*""'
,>-

, 1 x
^ X*
*vX 	
^<-—-'"'* .TRANSMISSOMETER
1

1
»
»
01
a.
UJ

I 2 7> -"- 5 6 7 8 9 10
SERIES NO,
Figure 21.   Series Averages, April 17, 1974
            (10:28 AM to 1:15 py)
            (Sulfuria Acid Plant)
                    44

-------
cn
Series
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

8
9

10
11
12
13
Avg.
P
Photometer
(Avg. %)
- 7.37
13.33
8.32
12.69
14.07
0.94
4. 67
T
Transmissometer
(Avg. %)
2.30
2.80
2.80
2.80
2.30
2.80
2.30
SYSTEM CALIBRATION
14.30
11.41
2.80
2.80
SYSTEM CALIBRATION
11.82
14. 28
12.10
4.96
8.89
2.80
2.80
2.80
2.80
2.68
P-T
A Average
% Points
- 9.67
+10.53
+ 5.52
+ 9.89
+11.77
- 1.86
+ 2.37

+11.50
+ 8.61

+ 9.02
+11.48
+ 9. 30
+ 2.16
+ 6.21
fc.
a
>rio
0
4
a.
o 0



-•- i - ' r 	 r- 	 i
/ TELEPHOTOMETER 1
	 '"*" -x ^,** v S *"* •». — — -** **" *~ *•• ^ 	
/ >*** \ / /TRANSMISSOMETER X
/ i
/
U_,,



L ^4 -1 r I N
V" * T 1
Z 3 4 5 6 7 89 10 II 12 12
SERIES NO.
                            Figure 22.  Series  Averages,  May 7, 1974
                                        (11:17 AM  to  1:27 PM:)
                                        (Sulfuric  Acid Plant)

-------
Series
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Avg.
P
Photometer
(Avg. %)
14.67
14.47
20.14
16.89
13.62
19.57
18.22
8.21
15.72
T
Transmissometer
(Avg. %)
10.90
11.40
7.42
7.21
8.80
8.80
8.80
8.27
8.95
P-T
A Average
% Points
+ 3.77
+ 3.07
+12.72
+ 9.68
+ 4.82
+10.77
+ 9.42
- 0.06
+ 6.77
  30
 c20
 >-" 10
 »-
 o
 2
 0 0
                    TELEPHOTOMETER
                    4     5
                    SERIES NO.
Figure  23.
Series  Averages, May  233  1974
(3:48 PM  to 4:25 PM)
(Sulfurie Acid Plant)
                    46

-------
D.   PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT
     Data taken on June 10, 18, 22, and August 16, 1974
used a large industrial structure behind the stack at the
Portland cement plant as the target area.  The curves
derived from these data show a random variation between
telephotometer and transmissometer measurements on June 10,
and both positive and negative variation the other three
days.  On June 18 (Figure 25) and 22,  (Figure 26) the trans-
missometer read higher than the telephotometer with just the
reverse occurring on August 16, (Figure 27).  The observing
positions were changed for the remaining four observing dates
to be able to use a more uniform target area.  Data for
August 20  (Figure 29) and 21,  (Figure  30) made during the
morning hours, were not much different than before.  On
August 22  (Figure 31) however, measurements were made start-
ing  early  in the afternoon when the sun position had
changed.   The data taken at this time, though somewhat ran-
dom, showed closer correlation than any of the others.  The
tabulations of data and associated graphs for the data
taken at the cement plant are shown in Figures 24 through 31.

     The transmissometer zero and span drift characteristics
remained essentially the same as in the laboratory.  Line
voltage variations to the transmissometer optical head
caused the calibration retroreflector  and filter solenoids
to ocassionally fail to operate.  When this, was corrected,
no further difficulties occurred.  One of the blower motors
failed  (retroreflector side), but the  cement plant had a
negative pressure stack, and the optics did not appear to
be affected by the loss of the blower.  The blower was
quickly replaced and all equipment operated normally through-
out  the balance of the program.
                             47

-------
Series
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
P
Photometer
(Avg. %)
29.39
38.68
18.55
15.24
16. 36
14.10
22.94
12.53
T
Transmiss ome te r
(Avg. %)
21.36
22.33
22.85
20. .16
23.17
20.83
19.76
18.70
P-T
A Average
% Points
+ 8.03
+16.35
- 4.30
- 4.92
- 6.81
- 6.73
+ 3.16
- 6.17
Series
No.
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Avg.
P
Photometer
(Avg. %)
21.49
18.13
33.10
34.38
27.30
16.59
19. 73
22.57
T
Transmissometer
(Ava. %)
21.00
19.00
18.83
19.27
19.64
21.37
21.19
20.63
P-T
A Average
« Points
+ 0.49
- 0.87
+14.27
+15.11
+ 7.66
- 4.78
- 1.46
+ 1.94
*»
00
                                                     8    9
                                                  SERIES NO.
10
13
                     14
15
                               Figure  24.  Series Averages,  June 10, 1974

                                           (12:20  PM to 2:00 PM)
                                           (Portland Cement Plant)

-------
Series
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
P
Photometer
(Avg. S)
22.03
16.94
11.03
12.29
12.54
14.75
T
Transmissometer
(Avg. %)
23.44
23.00
23.94
23.06
22.29
22.64
P-T
A Average
% Points
- 1.41
- 6.06
-12.91
-10.77
- 9.75
- 7.89
Series
No.
7

8
9
10
Avq.
P
Photometer
(Avg. %)
12.91
T
Transmissometer
(Avq. %)
17.68
SYSTEM CALIBRATION
18.04
20.40
20.12
16.10
25.50
24.23
24.36
23.01
P-T
A Average
% Points
- 4.77

- 7.46
- 3.83
- 4.24
- 6.91
vo
JW
7:
4)
s»
ex

*
1-
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Q.
o


k^_
^^
X


	


/TRANSM'ISSOWETER |



X
X
x»







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s ^
^^

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^**



TELEPHOTOMETER






«o
o»

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UJ




234567 89 10
SERIES NO.
                            Figure  25.
Series Averages, June  18,  1974
(11:29 AM to 12:11 PM)
(Portland Cement Plant)

-------

Series
No.
1
2
3
4
5

6
P
Photometer
(Ava. %)
2.31
2.56
4.25
2.49
2.31
T
Transmissometer
(Avg. %)
7.55
7.91
8.64
7.79
7.10
SYSTEM CALIBRATION
5.81
7.10
P-T
A Average
« Points
-5.24
-5.36
-4.39
-5.30
-4.79

-1.29
Series
No.
7
8
9
10
Avg.
P
Photometer
(Avg. %)
2.54
3.92
3.10
4.50
3.38
T
Transmissometer
(Avq. %)
7.86
7.10
9.21
7.13
7.74
P-T
A Average
% Points
-5.32
-3.18
-6.11
-2.63
-4.36
Ul
o
c^
«l
o
w
V
a
v- 10
K
0
a.
u



^ TRANSMISSOMETER
^-1— ^--
234!
S
1 1 1
/TEUEPHOTOMETER
" -'!--) -H--H---
567891
ERIES NO.
*
2
a.
kj
0
                              Figure 26.
Series Averages, June  22,  1974
(11:19 PM. to 12:0? PM )
(Portland Cement Plant)

-------
Series
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
P
Photometer
(Avg. %)
10.47
9.04
8.07
10.87
10.31
12.77
11.57
10.57
T
Transmissometer
(Avg. %)
6.62
6.53
5.57
5.48
7.60
7.12
7.39
7.14
P-T
A Average
% Points
+ 3.85
+ 2.51
+2.50
+ 5.39
+ 2.71
+ 5.65
+4.18
+ 3.43

Series
No.
9
10
11
12
13
14
Avq.

Photometer
(Avg. %}
12.04
11.99
8.46
12.27
8.77
11.07
10. 59
T
Transmissometer
(Avg. %)
7.14
6.56
7.13
7.72
8.09
8.67
7.05
P-T
A Average
0 Points
+ 4.90
+ 5.43
+ 1.33
+ 4.55
+ 0.68
+ 2.40
+ 3.54
r 20
u
u
V
>: 10
o
<
Q.
o 0
           TELEPHOTOMETER   ^,
                                                      ^TRANSMISSOMETER
                                    7     8

                                    SERIES NO.
                                                     10
                                                               12
                                                                     13
               Figure 27.   Series  Averages,  August 16,  1974

                            (10:IS  AM to 11:05  AM)

                            (Portland Cement  Plant)

-------
cn
to
Series
No. '
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
P
Photometer
(Avg. %)
12.88
12.33
12.24
7.48
10.69
11.61
12.25
12.48
T
Transmissometer
(Avg. %)
14.12
13.56
14.52
15.78
16.43
17.01
16.86
17.47
P-T
A Average
% Points
-1.24
-1.23
-2.28
-8.30
-5.74
-5.40
-4.61
-4.99
Series
No.
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Avg.
P
Photometer
(Avg. »)
10. 30
9.94
9.23
9.13
7.26
6.06
6.18
10.00
T
Transmissometer
(Avg. %)
16.68
16.31
14.98
14.36
14.82
13.55
9.18
15.04
P-T
A Average
% Points
-6.38
-6.37
-5.75
-5.23
-7.56
-7.49
-3.00
-5.04
              30
             £20
             a
             o 10
             4
             a.
             O
                                            TRANSMISSOMETER
    TELEPHOTOMETER
                                                 789

                                                   SERIES NO.
                       10
                                  12
13
                                                  15
                             Figure  28.
Series  Averages^  August  193  1974

(10:38  AM to 11:23 AM)

(Portland Cement  Plant)

-------

Series
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
P
Photometer
(Avg. %)
4.09
15.10
15.85
20.89
18.94
19.65
16.49
T
Transmissometer
(Avg. %)
8.59
9.37
9.97
11.20
9.72
11.92
10.61
P-T
A Average
% Points
-4.50
+5.73
+ 5.88
+9.69
+9.22
+7.73
+ 5.88

Series
No.
8
9
10
11 '
12
13
14
Avg.
p
Photometer
(Avg. %)
15.56
17.66
17.62
16.37
16.93
16. 10
9.90
15.80
T
Transmissometer
(Avg. %)
11.10
9.38
9.30
9.95
10.05
11.27
10.37
10.20
P-T
A Average
% Points
+4.46
+ 8.28
+ 8.32
+ 6.42
+6.91
+ 4. 83
+ 0.47
+ 5.60
Ul
Ul
                 30
                                            678
                                               SERIES NO.
                          Figure 29.  Series Averages,  August 20,  1974
                                      (10:03 AM  to 11:13 AM)
                                      (Portland  Cement  Plant)

-------
Series
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
P
Photometer
(Avg. %)
18.33
19.90
21.42
21.09
25.04
25.82
27.60
T
Transmissometer
(Avg. %)
14.99
14.59
13.88
12.58
14.42
15.93
16.89
P-T
A Average
% Points
+ 3.34
•f 5.31
+ 7.54
•»• 8.51
+10.62
+ 9.89
+10.71
Series
No.
e
9
10
11
12
13
Avg.
P
Photometer
(Avg. »)
21.74
20.93
17.50
17.25
20.43
20.46
19.82
T
Transmissometer
(Avg. %)
14.59
14.49
13.53
13.32
14.38
13.24
13.34
P-T
A Average
% Pointa
+ 7.15
+ 6.44
•»• 3.97
+ 3.93
-•• 6.05
•f 7.22
+ 6.48
in
                    30
                    20
                  o  '0
                  2
                  o
                                                                    TELE PHOTOMETER
                                                     TRANSMISSOMETER
                                                       7     8
                                                     SERIES NO.
                                                                       10
                                II
                               Figure SO.
Series  Averages^ August
(2:48 PM to 2:30 PM)
(Portland Cement Plant)
'j  1974

-------
ui
t_n
Series
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
P
Photometer
(Avg. %)
20.64
19.39
17.53
18.20
10.85
16.27
16.08
12.24
15.56
T
Transmissometer
(Avg. %)
12.35
11.52
12.19
10.73
11.35
11.60
11.10
10.91
10.86
P-T
A Average
% Points
+ 8.29
+7.87
+ 5.34
+ 7.47
-0.50
+ 4.67
+4.98
+ 1.33
+4.70
Series
No.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Avg.
P
Photometer
(Avq. %)
12.60
3.52
9.54
13.30
11.71
13.43
11.95
13.98
16.48
13.33
T
Transmissometer
(Avg. %)
12.83
10.93
10.62
7.53
11.52
12.60
12.76
13.40
13.60
10.97
P-T
A Average
% Points
-0.23
-7.41
-1.08
+5.77
+ 0.19
+ 0.83
-0.81
+ 0.58
+2.88
+ 2.36
« JU
u
t 20

h- , ..
o IU
0.
1 1
h— — *.
*— —* ^" ^p^
X

1 1
2 4


1 1

^^-"TELE PHOTO METER
«^""™*^ ^«*
X *%^ ^>


I 1




1 1
1
, TRANSMISSOMETER

^
\
/
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f
S
r .
6 8 10
SERIES
NO.

^.^ ^ ^^^L ^ ** "


1 1



1

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at
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12 14 16 18



                              Figure 31.  Series Averages,  August 22, 1974
                                          (11:34 AM  to  2: 42 PM.)
                                          (Portland  Cement  Plant)

-------
(BLANK)
   56

-------
                        SECTION V
             CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

     One of the basic purposes of the field measurements
program was to determine if in-stack transmissometer
measurements of opacity would agree with plume opacity
measurements at three different pollution sources.  The
three sources were a steel plant basic oxygen furnace, a
cement plant, and a sulfuric acid plant.  The program was
generally successful in that good agreement between the
measurements was achieved at the steel plant basic oxygen
furnace over a wide range of emission levels.  General
agreement was obtained at the cement plant but the measure-
ments were obtained for only a small range of emission
levels and an undesirable high random error was associated
with the plume opacity measurements.  The sulfuric acid
plant measurements indicated the plui"e opacity was 6 to 10%
higher than in the in-stack opacity measurements.  However,
these measurements were obtained over little range in emis-
sion levels and an undesirable high random error was associ-
ated with the plume opacity measurements.  These data indi-
cate that the in-stack transmissometer can be used to moni-
tor the opacity of plumes emitted from steel plant basic
oxygen furnaces and from cement plants.  Additional data,
however, would be desirable for cement plants to cover a
greater range of opacities.  The data obtained for the sul-
furic acid plant indicate that use of the  in-stack transmisso-
meter to monitor plume opacity is questionable.
     The random error in the plume opacity measurement was
primarily associated with the time dependent contrasting
target method.   For the method to produce precise results
                             57

-------
ambient lighting, background, and opacity of the plume must
remain constant during the measurement sequence.  These con-
ditions were difficult to obtain throughout most of the
study.  A different, more reliable method for the plume
opacity measurements is recommended before undertaking any
further correlation studies.  The use of a sun photometer,
for example, eliminates the time dependency problem and may
yield better results on clear days when the sun can be viewed
through the plume.  Also the direct measurement method using
the lamp behind the plume was very successful but not always
practical to implement.
     Laboratory tests showed that the Lear-Siegler RM-4
transmissometer has the desired light collimation and spec-
tral response characteristics for an opacity monitor.  The
full light projection and detector viewing angles were mea-
sured to be approximately 1.4 and 2.9 degrees respectively.
The proposed EPA specification for these angles was 5
degrees or less.  The spectral response of the instrument
was determined to be essentially photopic after inserting the
proper spectral shaping filter in front of the detector.
Examination of the stability of the instrument in the labora-
tory over a two-week period of operation showed a slight
positive drift of about 1% opacity after 18 hours of opera-
tion but thereafter no additional drift was noted.  The
stability of the instrument in the field at the three test
sites was observed to be very good with the zero drift
about the same as determined in the laboratory.  The major
difficulty encountered was not traceable to the instrument
itself but to occasional low voltage conditions in the pow-
er lines causing the solenoids not to operate.  In general,
the instrument operated reliably in accordance with the
manufacturer's specifications and within the limits of the
specifications proposed by EPA.
                            58

-------
             APPENDIX A
STEEL PLANT, BASIC OXYGEN  FURNACE
               SERIES
                 OF
            JUNE 22, 1973

-------
                         H— 4 MINUTES
BASIC  OXYGEN FURNACE
       6/22/73

-------
I I
                                                                         4 MINUTES
                                          BASIC OXYGEN 7URNACE
                                               6/22/73

-------
                Jr    i "        _ ____
             '^-\-         I  "--I--
                                                              ,
BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE

      6/22/73

-------
! 0L L " !~ :

i
i
BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE
      6/22/73

-------
uf.l   u'ATF  fc/2t/73
                        i 0 :1 a . t> 0 - 1 u : 2 2 . 5 J wM
                               BASIC OXYGFN FURNACE
 SrxY  TnFu
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78.C
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79. G
79.5
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ao.o
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1 2.5
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12.5
12.0
12.0
12.0
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3.8
6.5
3.8
3.8
4.7
3.6
3.8
3.8
2.9
3.8
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4.5
3.9
2 .6
2.8
2.3
2.3
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                      X  =  HHuTb.
                                  A-5

-------
fcO.2  L>A1E  6/22/73   T 1
      10:2o.uO -  1U:29.5J
                                                      BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE












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PLUME
78.5
78.5
78.5
78.0
78.0.
77.5
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76.5
76.5
76.5
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25.5
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26.0
26.0
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26.3
26.5
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— -X-


lAKGtT SKY
M/u W/U
24.5 79.5
24.5 79.5
25.0 79.5
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27.0 78.5
26.0 78.0
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CHAKT UPACiTY uPACiTY
PHOTD. TKAUS.
33.0 3.6 23.3
33.0 4.5 ^3.3
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33.0 4.6 ^3.3
33.0 2.8 *3.3
33.0 1.9 23.3
12.0 2.5 2.3
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               A-6

-------
NO.3  uATE 6/2^/73   TIME   iO:3^.50 -
             BASIC  OXYGEN FURNACE
StvY TrfRa
PLUnF
71 .0
72 .5
73.0
72.5
72. n
72.0
71 .5
71 .5
72.0
71 .5
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PLUME
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25.5
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26.5
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74.0
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72.5
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CHART

20.0
12.0
12.0
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uPACiTY
PHOTO.
8.4
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10.9
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                         10
                     X  = PHuTU.
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                                   A-7

-------
NO. 4  u/ATE 6/2^/73   TIKE  10;4<*.75 - 10:51.
                                                AM
BASIC OXYGEN  FURNACE
SKY TnRd
PLUhF
78.0
77.0
77.0
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75.5
76.0
77.0
78.0
78.5
TARGET
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31.5
32.0
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26.0
26.0
26.0
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28.0
30.5
26.5
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25.5
25.5
24.5
24.5
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fc/b
30.5
79.0
79.5
77.5
78.5
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78.5
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79.5
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14.5
15.3
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14.5
14.5
14.5
14.5
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14.5
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PHDTO.
9.3
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4.9
5.6
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5.0
5.6
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                                   A-8

-------
NO.5  uATE  6/2^/73  TIME   10l5b.UO  - 10:59.50 AM   BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE
SKY THRU
PuUMF
78.0
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TARGET
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30.0
29.0
28.0
30.0
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32.0
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33.0
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28.0
28.0
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27.0
29.0
28.0
31 .0
30.0
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h/U
dO.O
b3.0
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82.0
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                                             C^AkT     LiPAClTY    UPACiTY
                                                        PHOTO.
                                              13.5        7.7        3.9
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34 5 6 789 10
                                   READINGS

                     X = PHUTO.           + - TRAMS.
                                    A-9

-------
NO.6  uATE 6/2^/73   TIrtE   iHO^.UO - 11S05.25  AM
                                                     BASIC OXYGEN  FURNACE
SKY TriRU
PLUMF
87.0
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79.5
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42.0
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40.0
34.0.
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32.0
36.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
35.0
38.0
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38.0
31.0
28.0
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34.0
33.5
32.0
34.0
34.0
37.0
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                                   89.0
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                                   d5.0
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 CHART
  30.0

  21 .0
  13.5
  13.5
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  13.5
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  13.5
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uPACiTY
PHOTO.
7.8
14.8
9.8
12.1
7.7
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5.8
5.1
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UPACiTY
TKAMS.
^0.6
14.9
11.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
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                       10
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                                  A-10

-------
uAIE 6/2^/73   TIME  Il:0o.u0 - 11:11.25  AM
                       BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE
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b
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TAKGtT TAKGtT iKY
PtUrtE K/U fc/u
31.0 30.0 71.0
31.5 30.5 70.0
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26.0 25.0 65.0
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PHDTD. TKAiNtS.
19.0 4.9 9.8
14.0 3.8 4.5
13.5 4.9 3.9
13.5 5.0 3.9
15.0 7.3 5.6
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14.0 6.3 4.5
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                                                            10
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                            A-ll

-------
NO.9  uATE 6/2^/73   FlHE   il;17.25  - 11:20.53 AH
                                       BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE
Si\Y TrtRU
PuUHF
09.0
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79.0
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PLUME
44.0
42.0
38.0
28.0
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28.0
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  N/U

  41.0
  40.0
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  26.0
  27.0
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OPACITY
 PHOTO.
UPAC1TY
92.0
91.0
87.0
a2.o
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8,4 .0
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17.0
17.0
16.5
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16.0
15.5
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12.5
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11.8
7.8
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11.3
9.5
8.8
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7.3
5.8
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7.7
7.7
7.2
6.7
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REAiHNSS
X - PHuTLi. + -
7 8
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9 10
                                   A-12

-------
        DATfc  o/^2/73   TiMt  11:32.5u  - 11:35.00  At     BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE
 SivY TriRa    TAK&tT     TAKGtT       iKY      CHART     UPAC1TY
   Pl.UiiF      PLUME       w/b        */U                 PttDTD.
f.
fc
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u
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68.5
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32.5
32.0
33.0
32 .0
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30.0
30.0
30.5
31.0
25.0
90.0
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d8 .0
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90.0
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93.0
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20.0
1 9.0
13.0
13.0
1 3.0
13.0
13.0
13.5
13.0
13.0
13.2
3.0
6.6
5.3
5.3
5.8
5.0
6.5
4 .8
7.2
10.9
9.8
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
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3.9
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                         34      5      6      789     10
                                    REAuJu&S

                      X  - PHdTu.           + =- TRANS.
                                      A-13

-------
       DATt o/<:2/7;>   TiMt  11:^7.Ou -  1U5U.33  AM  BASIC OXYGEN  FURNACE
Y ThRu
PLUttF
76.0
78.0
78. C
78.5
78.0
79.0
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79.0
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PLUME
30.0
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22.5
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26.0
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25.0
20.0
21.0
21.5
22.5
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25.0
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0.2 .5
81.5
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CHART

16.0
15.0
14.5
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14.5
14.5
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14.0
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PHOTO.
11 .5
10.7
5.3
10.4
6.6
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9.9
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10.7
12.9
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TKANS.
6.7
5.6
5.0
4.5
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4.5
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4.5
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455
    READINGS
10
           *  =  TRANS.
                                   A-14

-------
DATt fa/^2/73   TiMfc  Il:b2.00 -  11:55.30 AM
                                                      BASIC  OXYGEN FURNACE
Y TnRu
PuUhF
77.0
77. G
76.0
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70.5
70.0
70.0
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TAR&tT
PLUME
Jl.0
^2.0
31.5
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^3.0
c2 . 0
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lARGkT
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*8.0
29.5
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24.0
25.0
25.0
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20.5
SKY
w/ u
al .0
ol .0
78.0
76.0
75.0
73.0
72.0
72.0
74.5
7-7.0
CHART

17.0
21.0
1 3.0
13.0
16.5
16.0
16.5
1 3.0
1 6.0
15.0
uPACiTY
PHDTD.
13.2
12.6
10.1
8.5
9.8
13.5
8.5
6.0
8.3
4.4
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T K A i\i S .
7.7
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8.8
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                                           +  -
                                    A-15

-------
        12:u9.0u  -  12:12.33
            BASIC  OXYGEN FURNACE












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PLUME PLUME h/u «/u
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70.5 <:0.0 18.0 74.0
72.0 i9.5 A7.0 75.0
75.0 21.0 19.5 77.5
76.0 *i3.0 ^0.0 79.0
77.5 <:2.0 20.5 80.0
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79.0 *4.0 21 .0 al.O
79.0 *2.0 20.0 80.5
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4U-i
i
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1
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m ^^^K rt^ ^^^R*~ ^^^
U-l
CrtAkT UPAC1TY uPACiTY
PHOTO. TkAUS.
16.0 5.8 6.7
15.0 9.8 5.6
14.5 9.5 5.0
14.0 6.9 4.5
14.5 10.2 5.0
14.5 6.7 5.0
14.0 7.6 4.5
14.0 8.3 4.5
14.0 5.8 4.5
14.0 iO.2 4.5
i
1
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_^x 	 x^ ^ ^ ^x
i
X - PHuTU.
* - TRANS.
               A-16

-------
CATt o/^2/73  TiMt
,50  -  l:48.0J  PM   BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE












K
fc
K
C
t
U
I

u
p
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S*Y TnRu TAKGET TAKGkT SKY CHAnT
PtUrtF PuJrtE */u */u
o5.5 ^9.0 26.0 (i6.5 13.0
d9.C iD.O 27.0 91.0 12.0
o4.0 J0.5 28.0 09.0 12.0
oO.G t6.0 • ^7.0 dO.O 12.0
ol.O ^2.0 28.0 o6.0 12.0
78.0 32.0 ^8.0 d4.0 12.0
79.5 :O.5 24.0 85.5 12.0
78.0 iO.O 24.0 o5.0 50.0
84.0 *:4.0 22.5 05.0 21.0
d4.5 ^4.0 21.0 o7.0 32.0
iOu-i
i
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8u-i
1
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6u-i
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i X" '"^ /
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1 2 3 4 5 S 7
RtAL,lt»&S
X - PHuTU. * =- TRANS.
UPACiTY uPAClTV
PnDTO. TKAwS.
6.6 3.4
7.8 2.3
12.3 2.3
-1.9 2.3
15.5 2.3
17.9 2.3
^0.3 2.3
tl .3 5fc.9
4.0 il .9
8.3 ^2.4
i
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                              A-17

-------
uG.1V  DATt
                     TIME   U02.75  - H-35.75 PH
                                                   BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE
SisY TnRu
PLUMP
d3 .0
o2.0
62 .0
H6.0
d5.5
a6.5
o8.0
08 .5
*0 .5
a3.0
TAKGfcT
PLJME
iS.O
19.0
18.0
17.0
16.5
16.0
18.0
19.0
19.0
^1.0
TAKGtT
K/U
22.0
17*0
20.0
15.0
14.0
14.0
15.5
16.0
16.0
18.5
iKY
U/L)
69.0
d8.0
ttS.O
90.0
92.0
<»2.5
93.5
*4.0
95.0
90.0
CHAKT

17.0
15.0
15.0
15.5
15.5
16.0
16.0
16.0
15.0
15.0
UPAC iTY
PHOTO.
3.0
11.3
5.9
8.0
11.5
10.2
10.3
10.9
9.5
13.3
OPACITY
T K A iv 5 .
7.7
5.6
5.6
6.1
6.1
6.7
6.7
6.7
5.6
5.6
K
c
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iOU-i
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                                     5     6
                                   READINGS
                      X  - PHUTU
                                    A-18

-------
i\»r.l*   DATt  b/*2/7j   TiMt   1:32.^3 -
           PM   BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE
SKY ThRO TAKGtT lAK&tT
PLUhF PLUME */u
oO.O 14.5 12.0
71. C 17.5 12.5
75.0 19.5 17.0
00 .5 14.5 14.0
dO.C i3.5 12.0
79.5 lb.0 14.0
al.O 18.0 17.0
79.5 <:3.0 21.0
aO.5 *:5.0 24.0
al.O 24.0 ^2.0
iOU-1
1
-1
f L
t ft 0-1
h I
C -1
i- I
i* fcu-i
i 1

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D-l
1234

X - HHuTu.
bKY CHART uPMClTY uPAClT
h/u PhOTD. TnAivS
79.0 22.5 32.1 13.4
al.O 13.0 ^1.9 8.8
d3.5 13.0 16.5 3.4
a4.0 13.0 5.7 3.4
a4.0 13.0 7.6 3.4
&2.5- 13.5 7.3 3.9
o4.5 13.5 6.7 3.9
d4.Q 13.0 10.3 3.4
o4.0 13.0 7.5 3.4
64.5 13.0 8.8 3.4
i
1
I
i
1
i
i
I
I
i
i
1
i
I
i
1
1
A
V V V V I
,^ff-~ 	 . 	 n~ 	 	 K 	 A 1
I
5 6 7 8 9 10
RtAuJtvGS
+ - TRANi.
A-19

-------
    APPENDIX B
SULFURIC ACID PLANT
       SERIES
         OF
     MAY 7, 1974

-------
SULFURIC ACID PLANT
     5/7/74

-------
SULFURIC ACID PLANT
     5/7/74

-------
                                              SULFURIC ACID PLANT
                                                    5/7/74
•

-------
ND.l  LATE   i>/7/74   T IttE   U: 11 - 11:22  AM  SULFURIC ACID PLANT
SKY ThRU TARGtT TARGET
PLUME PLUHE */u
100.0 32.0 46.0
97.0 <:9.0 25.0
*6.0 31.0 26.0
97.0 *7.0 24.0
93.0 28.0 24.0
97.0 30.0 25.0
97.0 29.0 25.0
96.0 28.0 24.0
68.0 ^7.0 25.0
89.0 28.0 24.0
ICO-l
H
E 80-
R
C
E
N 60-
T i
-i
u 1
P 40-1
A i
C -i
11
i
T 20-i
V i >"

1234
SKY CHART OPACITY OPACITY
W/U PHDTC. TRAfcS.
97.0 12.0 -33.3 2.3
98.0 12.0 6.8 2.3
94.0 12.0 4.4 2.3
96.0 0.0 2.8 -12.2
99.0 34.0 13.3 24.1
97.0 34.0 6.9 24.1
98.0 34.0 6.8 24.1
98.0 34.0 8.1 24.1
98.0 3^.0 16.4 
-------
 NO.2   HATE   S/7/74  TIME  1U23 - 11:27 AH
                                  SULFURIC  ACID PLANT
  SKY  TtfRU
    PLUME

    93.0
    93.0
    93.0
    90.0
    85.0
    97.0
    94.0
    92.0
    88.0
    65.0
TARGET
 PLUME

  42.0
  40.0
  39.0
  4.0.0
  42.0
  43.0
  41.0
  38.0
  40.0
  38.0
IARGET
  w/u

  32.0
  32.0
  35.0
  38.0
  34.0
  28.0
  30.0
  32.0
  33.0
  32.0
SKY
M/U

93.0
93.0
93.0
90.0
90.0
96.0
94.0
91.0
91.0
69.0
CHART
 34.0
 34.0
 34.0
 12-5
 12.5
 12.5
 12.5
 12.5
 12.5
 12.5
OPACITY
 PHOTO.

  16.4
  13.1
   6.9
   3.8
  23.2
   5.9
  17.2
   8.5
  17.2
  17.5
OPACITY
 TkAkS.
   2.8
   2.8
   2.8
   2.8
   2.8
   2.8
   2.8
P
E
R
C
E
LJ
P
A
C
i
T
Y
                      A
                          \
                                    5     6
                                  READINGS
                                                     10
                        PH&TCi.
                              = TRAK5,
                                     B-5

-------
ND.3  uATE   i>/7/74  T1HE   11 63*  - 11:39 AH   SULFURIC ACID  PLANT
S&Y TtiRU
PLUWE
97.0
94.0
68 .0
100.0
97.0
95.0
90.0
92.0
97. C
98.0
TARGET
PL.UKE
41.0
38.0
34.0
^4 .0
33.0
^6.0
34.0
34.0
33.0
34.0
tARGtT
to/U
38.0
32.0
29.0
28.0
28.0
32.0
28.0
30.0
^9.0
30.0
SKY
W/LJ
95.0
93.0
94.0
96.0
100.0
98.0
99.0
89.0
95.0
98.0
CHART

12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
OPACITY
PHOTO.
1.8
8.2
16.9
2.9
11 .1
10.6
21.1
1.7
3.0
5.9
uPMCITY
TKAfcS.
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
 p
 E
 R
 C
 E
 fc
 T

 U
 P
 A
 C
 1
 T
 Y
AOO-L
i
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80-1
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1
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1
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!•» — -7* 	 1 	 -• — — -^
rx » \j^
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1
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1
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^ * \e- " i
                        - PHUTD.
                                      5      6
                                    RbAullvGS
= TRANS.
                                                                    10
                                     B-6

-------
1*0.4  uATE  5/7/74  TIME  11S40 - 11:43 AH   SULFURIC  ACID  PLANT
SKY THRU
PLUME
100.0
93.0
90.0
94.0
92.0
95.0
94.0
96.0
B7.0
92.0
TARGET
PLUME
30.0
30.0
49.0
36.0
32.0
30.0
33.0
28.0
34.0
33.0
TARGET
w/U
21.0
21.0
23.0
24.0
25.0
23.0
21.0
24.0
25.0
25.0
SKY
fc/U
95.0
96.0
92.0
92.0
d7.0
99.0
95.0
96.0
97.0
92.0
CHART

12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
OPACITY
PHOTO.
5.4
16.0
11.6
14.7
3.2
14.5
17.6
5.6
26.4
11.9
UPACiTY
TRAfcS.
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
p
E
R
C
E
*
T

0
P
A
C
I
T
Y
iOO-i
    i
   -1
    i
 80-1
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    1
 60-1
    1
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 40-1
    1
   -I
 20-
        0-1
                                   56
                                 RfeAUIK&S
/-
                                                          10
                    Ik = PHD1U.
                                    = TRANS.
                                 B-7

-------
NO.5  DATE   5>/7/74  TIHE   Ili4te  - 1U51 AH   SULFURIC ACID PLANT
Y THRU
PLUME
90.0
96.0
89.0
89.0
86.0
93.0
*6 .0
92.0
83.0
83.0
TAK&tT
PLUKE
34.0
32.0
32.0
33.0
33.0
;>4.0
34.0
34.0
33.0
33.0
lARGtT
U/hi
27.0
24.0
24.0
26.0
24.0
24.0
24.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
SKY
to/u
92.0
96.0
90.0
aa.o
aa.o
92.0
96.0
90.0
a7.o
86.0
CHART

12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
OPACITY
PHOTO.
13.8
11 .1
13.6
9.7
17.2
13.2
13.9
10.8
19.4
18.0
OPACITY
TRAfcS.
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
p
fc
K
c
E
M
T
A
C
i
T
Y
iOO-1
1
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80-i
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2U- i
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M_ 1 .1 	
i
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1
1
1
1
1
i
1
1
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1
1
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1
V 	 	 	 V 1
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	 X~ ^ ,-J< 	 K- 	 *-, ^ / 1
)f *"" — X- "*^ "~^ I
I
                                     5     6
                                   READINGS
                         10
                          PHUTU.
* = TRANS.
                                    B-8

-------
NO.6  UATE  5/7/74  TIHE   11*54 - 11558 AH   SULFURIC ACID PLANT
SKY THRU
PLUME
91.0
94.0
94.0
93.0
100.0
96.0
89.0
96.0
100.0
100.0
TARGET
PLUME
25.0
28.0
46.0
13.0
24.0
27.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
lARGkT
W/U
22.0
20.0
21.0
19.0
19.0
20.0
20.0
21.0
19.0
21.0
SKY
tt/U
96-. 0
90.0
91.0
90.0
U9.0
94.0
07.0
90.0
94.0
»0.0
CHART

12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
OPACITY
PHOTO.
8.3
5.7
2.9
1.4
-8.6
6.8
4.5
-2.9
0.0
-8.7
bPACiTY
TRAfcS.
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
p
t
R
C
E
fc
T

L
P
A
C
I
T
Y
      100-i
          i
80-
60-
40-
20-
        0-
                      456
                           READINGS
 X
!••»•
 9
        1
        1
        i
        1
        i
        i
                                                           •+1
                                                             i
                                                                  10
             X =• PHUTO.
                                             TRANS.
                                  B-9

-------
HO.7  flATE  5/7/74  TJHE   12i04  - 12:09 PM  SULFURIC ACID PLANT
 SKY THRU   TARGET     lARGkT       SKY       CHART    UPAC1TY   UPACITY
   PLUMF     PLUKE       n/u        */G                 PHOTO.    TRA^S.
95.0
91 .0
90.0
89.0
92.0
92.0
91 .0
90.0
93.0
91 .0
36.0
22.0
*3.0
^1.0
22.0
*1 .0
21.0
19.0

-------
N0.9  UATE  5/7/74  TlUE   12:5(1 -  12S54  PM   SULFURIC ACID PLANT
SKY TMRU
PLUME
97.0
97.0
98.0
98.0
97.0
96.0
99. C
98.0
98.0
97.0
TARGET
PLUHE
43.0
37.0
41.0
43.0
41.0
43.0
42.0
43.0
40.0
38.0
lARCkT
w/y
32.0
30.0
30.0
31.0
32.0
31.0
28.0
29.0
35.0
30.0
SKY
U/0
96.0
97.0
97.0
96.0
96.0
97.0
97.0
91.0
96.0
97.0
CHART

12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
OPACITY
PHOTO.
15.6
10.4
14.9
15.4
12.5
19.7
17.4
20.3
4.9
11.9
UPACITY
TRAKS.
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
p
E
R
C
E
M
T

0
P
A
C
i
T
Y
      100-
80-
60-
40-
20-
   IX-
  -I
        0-1
                              456
                                  READINGS
                                                          10
                     X  - PHblO.
                                  + *. TRANS.
                                  B-ll

-------
HO.10  DATE   5/7/7*  TiHE  12:t»5 - 12:59  PH   SULFURIC ACID PLANT
SKY THRU
PLUME
97.0
98.0
100.0
94.0
aa.o
98.0
100.0
92.0
H4.0
88.0
TARGET
PLUME
*3.0
<*2.0
iB.O
33.0
36.0
<»0.0
38.0
42.0
36.0
36.0
lARGtT
M/Cl
31.0
38.0
29.0
25.0
27.0
32.0
29.0
25.0
26.0
27.0
SKY
It/0
97.0
97.0
98.0
&6.0
87.0
97.0
97.0
94.0
*6.0
aa.o
CHART

12.5
12.5
12-5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
OPACITY
PHOTO.
18.2
5.1
iO.l
0.0
13.3
10.8
8.8
13.0
20.0
14.8
OPACITY
TRAKS.
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.3
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
p
E
R
C
E
K
T

U
P
A
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i
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100-1
I
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1
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1
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1
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— -"*~- — -
.X-— ^_ -^X*^ ~~-X
^ ~~-¥_ — y^^
* *

                     X = PHLTd.
  567
READINGS

       + = TRANS,
                                                                  10
                                    B-12

-------
K0.12  DATE  5/7/74  TiBE  1 S05 - 1:09 PH   SULFURIC ACID PLANT
 SKY THRU
   PLUME

    98.0
    91.0
    d9.0
    88.0
    91.0
    97.0
    94.0
    89.0
    «8.0
    94.0
     TARGET
      PLUME

       34.0
       34.0
       i2.0
       32.0
       31.0
       34.0
       34.0
       34.0
       33.0
       31.0
TARGET
  h/Q

  23.0
  24.0
  24.0
  25.0
  24.0
  23.0
  26.0
  24.0
  24.0
  25.0
SKY
M/0

96.0
90.0
91.0
88.0
94.C
90.0
92.0
§8.0
69.0
93.0
CHART
 12.5
 12.5
 12.5
 12.5
 12.5
 12.5
 12.5
 12.5
 12.5
 12.5
OPACITY
 PHOTO.

  12.3
  13.6
  14.9
  11.1
  14.3
   6.0
   9.1
  14.1
  15.4
   7.4
UPAC1TY
 TRAfcS.

   2.8
   2.8
   2.8
   2.8
   2.8
   2.8
   2.8
   2.8
   2.8
   2.8
P
E
fc
C
E
N
T

0
P
A
C
1
T
Y
      100-
80-
60-
40-
20-
          1«-
        0-1
                                   56
                                 READINGS
                                                          10
                        PHfilO.
                                   = TRANS
                                   B-13

-------
NO.1:1  DATfc   5/7/74  TIME  1:10 - 1S15  PH
SULFURIC ACID PLANT
SKY TnRU
PLUME
91.0
tiB.O
88.0
86.0
04.0
90.0
b9.0
86.0
ae.o
84.0
TARGET
Pk.UME
36.0
32.0
32.0
24.0
38.0
34.. 0
34.0
36.0
31 .0
36.0
lARGfcT
W/U
31.0
25.0
26.0
30.0
25.0
25.0

-------
NO.14  DATE  5/7/7*  TlHfc   1:15 -  1:20  PH
                                      SULFURIC ACID  PLANT
SKY ThRU
PLUME
tt9.0
92.0
90.0
96.0
92.0
94.0
90.0
90.0
99.0
96.0
TARGET
PkUHE
35.0
47.0
38.0
37.0
*0.0
36.0
38.0
38.0
39.0
39.0
IARGE1
K/U
29.0
27.0
28.0
31.0
30.0
27.0
28.0
29.0
26.0
28.0
SKY
to/U
90.0
90.0
90.0
91.0
92.0
90.0
91.0
90.0
93.0
%3.0
CHART

12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
OPACITY
PHOTO.
11.5
12.7
16.1
1.7
16.1
7.9
17.5
14.8
10.4
12.3
OPACITY
TRAMS.
2.8
?.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
P
E
R
C
E
0
P
A
C
1
T
Y
100-



 80-



 60-



 40-



 20-

   -IX-
        0-1
                      V
-H
  1
                                                                 10
                    X - PHbltt.
                                  * = TRAHS
                                   B-15

-------
ND.15  DATE  5^7/74   TIME  1 S2* - 1:27 PM   SULFURIC ACID PLANT












p
t
R
C
E
K
T

U
P
A
C
1
T
Y





SKY TMRD TARGET IARGET
PLUME PLUHE W /&
90.0 39.0 33.0
96.0 36.0 34.0
97.0 38.0 33.0
94.0 35.0 33.0
95.0 34.0 33.0
96.0 38.0 32.0
96.0 38.0 32.0
95.0 33.0 33.0
95.0 35.0 35.0
96.0 34.0 34.0
iOO-i
i
-l
80-i
L
-I
1
60-1
i
-I
i
40-1
i
* L
i
20-iX
1
-i —•*--.
* * *^ 	 *
0-i
1234

X = PHluTD.
SKY CHART UPAC1TY
W/U PriOTD.
95.0 12.5 17.7
91.0 12.5 -5.3
94.0 12.5 3.3
100.0 12.5 11.9
97.0 12.5 4.7
96.0 12.5 9.4
91.0 12.5 1.7
98.0 12.5 4.6
96.0 12.5 1.6
96.0 12.5 0.0














"" """"•-* -^"" » "^ 4 ^JL 4
^^^^^^^ *****H^^_«
K rt
56789
READINGS
+ = TRANS.
OPACITY
TRAkiS.
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
1
i
i
1
1










i
1
i
1
	 XI
10


                                    B-16

-------
    APPENDIX C
PORTLAND CEMENT PLAMT
      SERIES
        OF
  AUGUST 22, 1974

-------
                                                                       4 MINUTES
» tarn -OIQO; 'on
•8
g
«.
                                                        D
                                                        00
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                                                                                                          ''CO
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                                                                                              rE
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                                                                     _J	1	I	 I	_1	
                                                                     Zj	! .          _i .           !     _  i"_
                                                                     _i	r	:	r	:!..__	
  ! )

  I
                                       PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT


                                             8/22/74

-------
 I
I I
                                               PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT
                                                      8/22/74

-------
i
PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT
     8/22/74

-------
  ftlD.l  OAIE  a/22/74  TlHfc  11:34 -  11:36.5 All
                                             PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT
SKY THRU
PLUMP
83.0
77.0
80.0
• 6.0
87.0
81 .0
8?.0
87.0
90.0
93.0
TARGET
PLUHE
63.0
66.0
69.0
6a.o
7,3.0
67.0
68.0
72.0
76.0
74.0
TARGET
K/a
59.0
6?.0
64.0
64.0
68.0
63.0
64.0
70.0
71.0
68.0
SKY
W/Q
84.0
76.0
fcl.O
ftS.O
84.0
a?.o
ao.o
M.O
91.0
91.0
CHART

23.0
23.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
25.0
24.0
23.0
24.0
OPACITY
PHOTO.
20.0
21.4
35.3
14.3
12.5
26.3
12.5
16.7
30.0
17.4
OPACITY
TRANS.
11.4
11.4
10.5
12.2
13.8
15.4
13.0
12.2
11.4
12.2
p
k
R
C
E
0
P
A
C
1
T
Y
      iOO-
80-
       60-
40-
20-
         0-
X
            +
                                                   /

                                     56
                                   RfcADlkGS
                                                            10
                  PHOTO.
                                              TRANS.
                                     C-4

-------
  MO
.2   DAIE  ft/22474  TlMi  11*37  - 1LJ39.5 A Ik  .PORTLAND CEMENT  PLANT
SKY THRU
PLUME
86.0
82.0
84.0
88.0
tt7.0
87.0
85.0
91.0
88.0
86.0
TARGET
PLUHF
6t.O
47.0
72.0
73.0
71.0
11.0
16.0
73.0
70.0
70.0
TARGET
H/Q
64.0
65 .0
67.0
69.0
68.0
66.0
70.0
71.0
68.0
66.0
SKY
fc/Q
8>7.0
*4.0
§6.0
*S.O
«7.0
*6.0
43.0
90.0
aa.o
*6.0
attar

24.0
21 .t)
23.0
22.0
24.0
24.0
26.0
24.0
22.0
22.0
OPACITY
PHOTO.
13.0
21.1
36.8
21.1
IS. 8
20.0
30.8
5.3
10.0
20.0
OPACITY
TRAMS.
12.2
9.7
11.4
10.5
12.2
12.2
13.8
12.2
10.5
10.5
p
E
R
C
E
M
I

0
P
A
C
i
T
Y
      100-
   80-
   60-
   40-
                                    5      6
                                  READINGS
                                           ~^~T~RAVIS c
                                   C-5

-------
NO.3  DAiE   a/22/74  TiMfc   11S40 - 11842 AM   PORTLAND  CEMENT PLANT
SKY TdRU
PLUME
91.0
90.0
94.0
93.0
92.0
95.0
98.0
98.0
94.0
94.0
TARGET
PLUME
74.0
75.0
77.0
74.0
15.0
¥0.0
§2.0
79.0
78.0
16.0
TARGET
w/e
70.0
69.0
70.0
69.0
69.0
72.0
75.0
72.0
71.0
70.0
SKY
U/D
91.0
89.0
*i.O
90.0
91.0
92.0
96.0
95.0
93.0
92.0
CHART
24.0
24.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
24.0
24.0
23.0
24.0
22.0
OPACITY
PHOTO.
19.0
25.0
5.6
9.5
22.7
25.0
23.8
17.4
27.3
18.2
OPACITY
TRAMS.
12.2
12.2
13.0
13.0
13.0
17 ?
* £ »C
1? ?
A C- »C.
HA
»*T
I? -P
M. C ȣ
10.5



P
E
R
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N
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P
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1
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100-1
1
-k
1
80-i
j
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1
60-1
1
-I
1
40-1
1
-1
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20-lX \ xx
— I 4 * -"^^ V^
— **• - — •- N^ ,.--A
i 'X^
0-1
                                               *s.          ^X~  ^
                                                       .,--     " -~x
                                                                 •»•
                                  56789    10
                               READINGS
                  X  = PHBTO.           * = TRAHS.
                               - C-6

-------
  MQ.4  OA1E  */22/7*  TIME  11:42.5 - 11S45.5 All
                                             PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT
SKY THRU
PLUME
90.0
90.0
86.0
a8.o
89.0
91.0
88.0
92.0
90.0
92.0
TARGET
PkUHE
74.0
10.0
71.0
72.0
75.0
ft2.o
14.0
74.0
76.0
70.0
TARGET
W/Q
70.0
67.0
68.0
69.0
70.0
71.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
SKY
fe/0
90.0
89.0
ftt.O
tt.O
M.O
90.0
84.0
91.0
89.0
89.0
CHAftT

21.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
24.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
23.0
23.0
OPACITY
PHO TO .
20.0
9.1
25.0
15.8
22.2
52.6
12.5
14.3
26.3
-15.8
OPACITY
TRAMS.
9.7
10.5
10.5
10.5
12.2
10.5
10.5
10.5
11.4
11.4
p
E
R
C
t
*
T

0
P
A
C
i
T
V
      iOO-
80-
60-
40-
20-
        0-
                                  A


                                       \
                                         >
                                                              \
                                                                 \
                                   C-1

-------
  K0.5  UAIE  f/22174   HUE  11*46 -  11848.5  All  PORTLAND CEMENT  PLANT
SKY TtiRU
PLUMF
94.0
86.0
94.0
93.0
90.0
B6.0
91.0
92.0
90.0
92.0
TARGET
PLUME
77.0
76.0
77.0
75.0
13.0
76.0
76.0
72.0
71.0
7.3.0
lARGtT
w/a
72.0
72.0
72.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
69.0
70.0
SKY
*/0
92.0
82.0
92.0
94.0
8-7.0
A2.0
90.0
90.0
a?.o
93.0
CHART

24.0
21.0
26.0
23.0
22.0
25.0
23.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
OPACITY
PHOTO.
15.0
0.0
15.0
25.0
0.0
16.7
25.0
0.0
-5.6
17.4
OPACITY
TRAMS.
12.2
9.7
13.8
11.4
10.5
13.0
11.4
10.5
10.5
10.5
p
t
R
C
fc
K
T

U
P
A
C
1
I
Y
      100-
80-
60-
40-
20-
   IX
                        \
\
1 X
0-1 "X
\
V
                           READ1M&S

              X - PHUlO.           *
                                                       X

                                                       8
      XI
*     +1
    /  1
   /   1

9    10
                                              TRANS.
                                    C-8

-------
  NB.6  DA1E   ft/22/74  TIME  11S49 - lltM.S All   PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT
SKY THRU
PLUME
89.0
84.0
84.0
85.0
85.0
82.0
83.0
81.0
78.0
80.0
TARGET
PLUNE
70.0
10.0
65.0
70.0
66.0
67.0
45.0
63.0
65.0
64.0
TARGET
b/a
68.0
67.0
61.0
66.0
64.0
65.0
64.0
62.0
62.0
62.0
SKT
tt/a
8>9.0
83.0
•6.0
8ft. 0
84.0
82.0
8*.0
84.0
82.0
&2.0
CM AST

22.0
22.0
21.0
22.0
24.0
25.0
26.0
25.0
24.0
24.0
OfmCtTY
PHOTO.
9.5
12.5
24.0
16.7
5.0
11.8
10.0
18.2
35.0
20.0
OP AC ITY
TRAMS.
10.5
10.5
9.7
10.5
12.2
13.0
13.8
11.4
12.2
12.2
p
E
ft
C
fc
u
I

0
p
A
C
1
I
¥
      100-
80-
60-
40-
20-
        0-
            12345678
                                  READ1MGS
                                                     9    10
                         PHOTO.
                                  * = TRAHS.
                                    C-9

-------
MB.7  OAIE  a/22474   TIME   11852 - 11X54.5 All  PORTLAND  CEMENT PLANT
SKY THRU
PLUME
80.0
84.0
4*4.0
83.0
84.o
86.0
84.0
81.0
80.0
78.0
TARGET
PLUHE
66.0
46.0
66.0
66.0
69.0
70.0
68.0
68.0
65.0
65.0
TARGET
M/U
65.0
64.0
64.0
62.0
64.0
64.0
64.0
61.0
60.0
61.0
SKY
U/tt
»2.0
as.o
A4.0
ft3.0
»2.0
*4.0
a3.o
7f.O
76.0
76.0
CHART

22.0
24.0
22.0
24.0
22.0
23.0
24.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
OPACITY
PHOTO.
17.6
14.3
10.0
19.0
16.7
20.0
15.8
27.8
6.3
13.3
OPACITY
TRANS.
10.5
12.2
10.5
12.2
10.5
11.4
12.2
10.5
10.5
10.5
P-
E
R
C
E
ti
T

LI
P
A
C
i
T
Y
100-
80-
60-
40-
\
-\
J
;
i
0-]



L
I
i
i
L
                                                       \
                                                        \
  5     6
READINGS
                                                    8
                                                                  10
                         PHUTQ.
                                         = TRANS.
                                  C-10

-------
  NO.8  DATE  ft/22/74  TIME  11855 -  11:57.5  AH  PORTLAND  CEMENT PLANT
SKY THRU
PLUME
81.0
60.0
ai.o
79.0
80 .0
81.0
dl.O
82.0
78.0
79.0
TARGET
PkUHE
faS.O
64.0
64.0
63.0
bS.O
66.0
1.6.0
64,. 0
64.0
65.0
TARGET
U/B
61.0
62.0
61.0
60.0
62.0
62.0
62.0
62.0
61.0
61.0
SKY
ta/0
19.0
ftO.O
AO.O
77.0
78.0
ao .0
77.0
ai.o
79.0
82.0
CHART

21.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
20.0
20.0
21.0
21.0
22.0
OPACITY
PHOTO.
11.1
ii.i
10.5
5.9
6.3
16.7
0.0
5.3
22.2
33.3
OPACITY
TRANS.
9.7
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
8.9
8.9
9.7
9.7
10.5
p
fc
R
C
E
N
T

0
P
A
C
1
T
Y
100-



 80-



 60-



 40-



 20-

   - *=

  0-
                                                                 *
     12345678
                           RfAOIMGS
                                                           9    10
                        PHOTO.
                                  * = TftAfitS.
                                  C-ll

-------
  NB.9  DA1E  a/22/7<»  TIME  1 &SO  - 1152.5 PH
                                                   PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT
SKY THRU
PLUME
86.0
68.0
88.0
69.0
89.0
90.0
68.0
88.0
88.0
89.0
TARGET
PLUHE
fe3.0
62.0
64.0
66.0
64.0
44.0
60.0
63.0
63.0
62.0
TARGET
*/Q
58.0
56.0
59.0
59.0
60.0
60.0
59.0
59.0
59.0
58.0
SKY
hr/0
84.0
84.0
8.8.0
M.O
M.O
89.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
91.0
CHART

22.0
21.0
21.0
22*0
22.0
23.0
24.0
24.0
23.0
22.0
OPACITY
PHOTO.
16.7
13.3
17.2
20.7
10.7
10.3
9.7
19.4
19.4
18.2
OPAC ITY
TRAMS.
10.5
9.7
9.7
10.5
10.5
11.4
12.2
12.2
11.4
10.5
p
t
R
C
e
M
T

u
p
A
C
1
T
Y
      100-
BO-
60-
40-
   I
20-1
   IX-
        0-1
X
+•
                               456
                                   RfcADlttSS
                          PHtiTO.
                                          7      8


                                   4 = TRANS.
 X      X


 *•      +



•p «•»••• 4^ «ta ^to ••»•••

 9     10
                                     C-12

-------
  MO. 10  DATE  8/22/74  TIME  1:53 - Ii55 PM
                                                 PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT
SKY THRU
PLUME
91.0
88.0
87.0
87.0
87.0
07.0
87.0
87.0
87.0
89.0
TARGET
PLUME
40.0
58.0
57.0
58.0
57.0
58.0
58.0
58.0
60.0
42.0
1ARGET
W/Q
57.0
56.0
56.0
S6.0
56.0
56.0
58.0
57.0
58.0
59.0
SKY
WO
90.0
90.0
90.0
89.0
8.9.0
91.0
91.0
91.0
90.0
91.0
CHART

24.0
23.0
23.0
24.0
26.0
30.0
24.0
29.0
24.0
27.0
OPACITY
PHOTO .
6.1
11.8
U.8
12.1
9.1
17.1
12.1
14.7
15.6
15.6
OPACITY
TRAMS.
12.2
11.4
11.4
12.2
13.8
16.9
12.2
11.4
12.2
14.6
p
E
R
C
E
M
1

0
P
A
C
1
T
Y
      100-
80-
60-
40-
20-
         -i*
           IX
        0-1
                           — X-
                                               -X	X—^»
                  2345678
                                  RE.ADIMGS
                                                     9    10
                     X  * PHOTO,
                                  * « TRAMS.
                                  C-13

-------
  MO.11  DATE  8/22774   TIME  1856 * 1&SE RH
                                         PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT
SKY THRU
PLUME
90.0
88.0
86.0
89.0
88.0
88.0
89.0
91 .0
91.0
92.0
TARGET
PLUME
40.0
5ft. 0
5,9.0
fcO.O
59.0
59.0
61.0
4A.O
tt.O
66.0
TARGET
K/U
56.0
58.0
59.0
60.0
59.0
59.0
61.0
64.0
64.0
66.0
SKY
to/Q
91.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
89.0
89.0
90.0
91.0
91.0
92.0
CHART

21.0
26.0
21.0
24 -0
23.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
OPACITY
PHOTO.
9.1
6.3
6.5
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
OPACITY
TRAMS.
9.7
13.8
9.7
12.2
11.4
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
p
t
R
C
E
N
T

0
P
A
C
i
T
Y
  -i

80-



60-



40-



20-



 0-1
                  23


                     X - PHfcTO.

* * * *
--— x 	 x— — x 	 *— -^

4567
RtADUSS
A 4 4
* » •• ' • T

^-v V v
W — 	 A ~~n
8 9 10

                                  * = TRAItS.
                                   C-14

-------
  MO.12  DATE  8/22/74  TIME  1*59 - 2i01 PH   PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT
SKY THRU
PLUME
91.0
88.0
§9.0
90.0
90.0
ttS.O
ttS.O
86.0
84*0
ai.o
TARGET
PiUNE
tl.O
60.0
61.0
61 .0
59.0
59.0
59.0
59.0
S7.0
56.0
TARGET
U/0
58.0
58.0
57.0
56.0
56.0
56.0
55.0
53.0
52. 0
51.0
SKY
k/Q
90.0
89.0
8:9.0
89.0
89.0
8:8.0
AT.O
•5.0
ao.o
19.0
CHART

22.0
23.0
23.0
22.0
23.0
21-0
21.0
21. 0
24.0
21.0
D*AC ITY
PHOTO.
6.3
9.7
12.5
12.1
6.1
9.4
9.4
XS.6
3.6
10.7
OPACITY
TRAMS.
10.5
11.4
11.4
10.5
11.4
9.7
9.7
9.7
12.2
9.7
p
E
R
C
E
M
T

0
P
A
C
1
T
Y
      100-
80-
60-
40-
20-
        0-i
           1     2     3     4     5     6     78
                                 RfiADlttSS
                                                    9    10
                    X - PHftTO.
                                     TRAMS.
                                   C-15

-------
  MO.13  DATE  8/2*774  TIME   2:02  - 2104.5, PN
                                           PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT
SKY THRU
PLUME
87.0
87 .0
B7.0
84.0
81.0
80.0
78.0
78.0
81 .0
84.0
TARGET
PLUME
62.0
fc2.0
62.0
59.0
59.0
61.0
5.9.0
58.0
61.0
58.0
TARGET
b/U
57.0
57.0
57.0
53.0
54.0
53.0
55.0
54.0
57.0
56.0
SKY
te/U
»5.0
8)5.0
&5.0
•1.0
79.0
77.0
7ft.O
78.0
ftO.O
8>5.0
CHART

24.0
24.0
22.0
21.0
22.0
22.0
21.0
22*0
22.0
22.0
OPACITY
PHOTO.
10.7
kO.7
10.7
10.7
12.0
20.8
17.4
L6.7
13.0
10.3
OPACITY
TRAfcS.
12.2
12.2
10.5
9.7
10.5
10.5
9.7
10.5
10.5
10.5
p
E
R
C
E
H
T

U
P
A
C
i
T
Y
      100-
80-
60-
40-
20-
        0-
                                         X	
                              .	
                                    56
                                  READINGS
                                                                 ^•*
                                                          10
                                             TRANS
                                   C-16

-------
  M0.14  DATE  8/22774  TIME  2t24 - 2826.5, P*    PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT
SKY THRU
PLUME
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
89.0
87.0
45.0
84.0
83.0
83.0
TARGET
PLUME
67.0
67.0
67.0
67.0
65.0
61.0
60.0
S9.0
59.0
59.0
TARGET
U/Q
63.0
62.0
63.0
63.0
61.0
61.0
60.0
59.0
59.0
60.0
SKY
tt/Q
91.0
90.0
90.0
89.0
•9.0
89.0
87.0
86.0
•6.0
•6.0
CHART

24.0
25.0
23.0
22.0
24.0
22.0
24.0
22.0
22.0
24.0
OPACITY
PHOTO.
17.9
17.9
14.8
11.5
14.3
7.1
7.4
7.4
il.l
7.7
OPACITY
TRAfcS.
12.2
13.0
11.4
10.5
12.2
10.5
12.2
10.5
10.5
12.2
p
E
R
C
E
N
T

0
P
A
C
1
T
Y
      JOO-
80-
60*
40-
20-
        0-
X-
                 23456
                                 RtAOIttGS
                                                          10
                    X * PH6TO,
                                 * - TR*ft5.
                                    C-17

-------
 MO.15  DATE  i/22/74  TIME  i*27 -  2*29.5  PK
                                                PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT
SKY TMRU
PLUMF
83.0
84.0
84 .0
83.0
82.0
80.0
82.0
78 .0
• V • **
79.0
82.0
TARGET
PLUME
60.0
59.0
59.0
59. 0
56.0
57.0
56.0
55.0
56.0
57.0
1ARGET
U/b
59.0
59.0
59.0
59.0
56.0
57.0
56.0
55.0
56.0
56.0
SKY
tt/0
§7.0
ftS.O
»8.0
M.O
at.o
»2.0
&6.0
•2.0
§>2.0
ftt.O
CHART
24.0
24.0
23.0
24.0
25.0
23.0
26.0
24.0
24.0
28.0
OPACITY
PHOTO.
17.9
13.8
13.8
17.2
13.3
8.0
13.3
14.8
11.5
10.7
OPACITY
TRAfcS.
12.2
12.2
11.4
12.2
13.0
11.4
13.8
12.2
12.2
15.4
p
E
ft
C
E
0
P
A
C
I
1
Y
      100-1
          i
80-
       60-
40-
20-
        0-
            *
                  2     3


                     X = PHUTO.
                       456
                           READ USS
   7     B


TRAttS.
                                                                 10
                                  C-18

-------
   MA.16   DATE   a/22/74  TIME   i*30 - 2*32.5, Pit
                                             PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT
SKY THRU
PLUME
86.0
86.0
87.0
• 7.0
87.0
80.0
•8.0
88.0
89.0
89.0
TARGET
PLUME
59.0
60.0
63.0
61.0
63.0
63.0
43.0
6*.0
64.0
65 .0
TARGET
U/Q
59.0
58.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
61.0
61.0
61.0
62.0
61.0
SKY
fc/0
M.O
M.O
68.0
68.0
M.O
89.0
§9.0
89.0
90.0
90.0
CHART

24.0
25.0
26.0
24.0
25.0
25.0
24.0
25.0
24.0
25.0
OPACITY
PHOTO .
6*9
13.3
14.3
7.1
14.3
10.7
10.7
14.3
10.7
17.2
OPACITY
TRANS.
12.2
13.0
13.8
12.2
13.0
13.0
12.2
13.0
12.2
13.0
p
E
R
C
E
fti
T

Q
P
A
C
1
T
Y
      100-
80-
60-
40-
20-
                                                            1
                                                            1
                                                            1
                                                            I
                                   5      6
                                 READINGS
                                                          10
                        PHflfQ.
                                   C-19

-------
NO. 11  DATE  8/22/74   TIME   2*33  - 2*35
                                             PN
PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT
SKY THRU
PLUME
90.0
90.0
90.0
89.0
90.0
89.0
89.0
B9.0
B9.0
89.0
TARGET
PLUME
65.0
65.0
65.0
66.0
tl.O
fc4.0
65.0
64.0
bt.O
64.0
TARGET
W/Q
62.0
62.0
62.0
62.0
61.0
62.0
62.0
62.0
62.0
62.0
SKY
tt/0
91.0
90.0
90.0
91.0
90.0
90.0
91.0
90.0
90.0
ft6.0
CHART

25.0
26.0
26.0
25.0
10.0
10.0
13.0
34.0
34.0
34.0
OPACITY
PHOTO.
13.8
10.7
10.7
20.7
24.1
10.7
1.7.2
10.7
25.0
-4.2
OPACITY
TRAMS.
13.0
13.8
13.8
13.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
p
E
R
C
E
U
P
A
C
1
T
Y
      100-
     80-
       60-
     40-
      20-
        0-
         *>
                 -x	x
                23455
                                RtADIMGS

                   X * PMttlO.          *
                                                                --*
                                                                 10
                                             TRAMS.
                                   C-20

-------
  M6.19  DATE  8/22/74  T I»E  2X39 - 2&41.& PN
PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT
SKY THRU
PLUME
83.0
83.0
84.0
84.0
85.0
85.0
86.0
87.0
87.0
88.0
TARGET
PUIHE
S7.0
58.0
40.0
44.0
42.0
42.0
43.0
44.0
44.0
45.0
TARGET
W/B
58.0
58.0
57.0
59.0
59.0
59.0
59.0
40.0
59.0
41.0
SKY
W/0
&6.0
K6.0
46.0
86.0
A6.0
87.0
ftt.O
88.0
8.7.0
M.O
CHART

34.0
34.0
26.0
23.0
23.0
24.0
24.0
23.0
24.0
23.0
OPACITY
PHOTO.
7.1
10.7
17.2
15.9
14.8
17.9
20.7
17.9
17.9
14.8
OPACITY
TRANS.
20.0
20.0
13.8
11.4
11.4
12.2
12.2
11.4
12.2
11.4
p
E
R
C
E
II
T

b
p
A
C
1
T
Y
100-1
1
-1
80-
60-
40-
MM
2O***
w»
t
k


» *
*^«
         o-i
2     3


   X *• PM8TO
                              456
                                   REAOIUGS
       7     8


* « TRAITS.
                                                                   *
               10
                                      C-21

-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read instructions cm the reverse pefate completing)
1. REPORT MO.
8PA-650/2-75-008
2.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
IN-STACK TRANSMISSOMETER EVALUATION AND
APPLICATION TO PARTICULATE OPACITY
MEASUREMENT
7. AUTHOR(S)
Edward D. Avetta
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Pecker Systems
Owens-Illinois, Inc.
4709 Baum Blvd. Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADC
Office of Research anc
U.S. Environmental Prc
Washington, B.C. 2046C
3RESS
. Development
>tection Agency


5. REPORT DATE
•Tann;^ry l^V1^
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA010
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-0660
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT . , . .
A laboratory and field testing program has been carried out to investi-
gate the performance of a commercially available transmissometer as an
in-situ monitor of industrial exhaust stack emissions. During the
laboratory phase the characteristics and operating perameters of the
instrument were measured and the system calibrated for field use. The
transmissometer was mounted for a period of at least 30 days at
each of three different sites. At each site concurrent plume opacity
measurements were made by the telephotometry of contrasting targets
through the plumes for comparison to the in-stack readings with the
transmissometer. Additional plume measurements were made at one of the
sites by direct telephotometry of a lamp behind the plume.
A one-to-one correlation between in-stack and plume opacity was observe*
at one site but data obtained at the other two sites were limited to
much narrower ranges of emission levels although there was also a one-
to-one correlation within the narrower range at one of the other sites.
The transmissometer performed well at all three sites.
17.
». DESCRIPTORS
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Opacity
Transmissometer
Visible Emissions
Telephotometer
Particular Emissions
IS. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page )
Unclassified

c. COSATI Field/Group

124
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)

-------