WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES • 11024FKJ 10/70
In-Sewer Fixed Screening
of
Combined Sewer Overflows
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY • WATER QUALITY OFFICE
-------
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
The Water Pollution Control Research Reports describe the results and progress
in the control and abatement of pollution of our Nation's waters. They provide
a central source of information on the research, development and demonstration
activities of the Water Quality Office of the Environmental Protection Agency,
through in-house research and grants and contracts with the Federal, State,
and local agencies, research institutions, and industrial organizations.
Triplicate tear-out abstract cards are placed inside the back cover to facili-
tate information retrieval. Space is provided on the card for the user's
accession number and for additional key words. The abstracts utilize the
MRS1C system.
Inquiries pertaining to Water Pollution Control Research Reports should be
directed to the Head, Project Reports System, Planning and Resources Office,
Research and Development, Water Quality Office, Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, D.C. 20242.
Previously issued reports on the Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control
Program:
11034 FKL 07/70 Storm Water Pollution from Urban Land Activity
11022 DMU 07/70 Combined Sewer Regulator Overflow Facilities
11020 — 08/70 Combined Sewer Overflow Seminar Papers
11022 DMU 08/70 Combined Sewer Regulation and Management - A Manual
of Practice
11023 FOB 09/70 Chemical Treatment of Combined Sewer Overflows
Continued on inside back cover....
-------
IN-SEWER FIXED SCREENING OF
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS
by
Envirogenics Company
A Division of
Aerojet-General Corporation
El Monte, California
for the
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WATER QUALITY OFFICE
Program No. 11024 FKJ
Contract No. 14-12-180
October 1970
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price $1.26
-------
EPA/WQO Review Notice
This report has been reviewed by the Water Quality Office and approved
for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily
reflect the views and policies of the Water Quality Office, nor does
mention of trade names or comniercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
ii
-------
ABSTRACT
A field sampling and analysis program, supplemented with laboratory
studies, was conducted to characterize combined sewage contributary
to combined sewer overflows, to ascertain the removal of floatables
and solid materials that could be effected by the placement of screen-
ing devices in combined sewer systems, and to assess the effect of
solids removal on chlorination requirements and bacterial concentra-
tions.
Statistics are presented on combined sewage bulk and screenings collect-
ed with 0. 125-, 0. 25-, 0. 5-, and 1. 0-in. aperture screens for the fol-
lowing constituents (where meaningful): total solids, total volatile solids,
total suspended solids, total volatile suspended solids, settleable solids,
floatable solids, particle size distribution, biochemical oxygen demand,
chemical oxygen demand, hexane extractable material, total coliforms,
fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci.
Regression analyses were performed between all observed combined
sewage bulk and screenings constituent pairs. Statistically significant
correlations at the 95-% confidence level were obtained for the combined
sewage bulk only between total solids and total volatile solids, between
total volatile solids and total volatile suspended solids, and between total
suspended solids and total volatile suspended solids. For combined sew-
age screenings, statistically significant correlations at the 95-% confi-
dence level were found between total solids and total volatile solids, be-
tween BOD and COD, between BOD and hexane extractable material, and
between COD and hexane extractable material.
Removals of total solids, total volatile solids, biochemical oxygen de-
mand, chemical oxygen demand, hexane extractable material, total coli-
forms, fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci resulting from placement
of the screening devices into the combined sewer were calculated and
were marginal.
Fixed screening of combined sewage with aperture sizes ranging from
0. 0164 to 1. 0 in. appear to have little, if any, effect on total coliform
and fecal coliform densities or bacterial kills by chlorination. Chlori-
nation requirements for combined sewage subjected to fixed screening at
different practical aperture sizes were reduced only slightly.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract No. 14-12-180 and
Program No. 11024 FKJ between the Federal Water Quality Administra-
tion and the Aerojet-General Corporation.
Key Words: Combined sewage, combined sewer overflows, com-
bined sewage treatment, combined sewage charac-
teristics, fixed screens, solids removal.
111
-------
CONTENTS
Section Pa§e
ABSTRACT iii
FIGURES vi
TABLES viii
I. CONCLUSIONS 1
II. INTRODUCTION 5
Objectives 5
Scope ^
in. STUDY AREA 1
IV. METHODOLOGY 13
Sampling Devices 13
Bulk Sampler 13
Screenings Sampler 17
Sampling and Flow Measurements 17
Analyses 19
Chlorination Studies 19
V. SEWAGE CHARACTERIZATION 23
Sewage Flows 23
Sewage Quality 31
Sewage Constituent Correlations 31
Combined Sewage Bulk 34
Combined Sewage Screenings 34
VI. EFFECTS OF SCREENING DEVICES 45
Constituent Removals 45
Chlorination Practices 52
VII. APPLICATION OF SCREENING DEVICES 61
VIII. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 65
IX. REFERENCES 67
X. APPENDICES 69
-------
FIGURES
Figure Page
1. Study Area Location 8
2. Sampling Site and Tributary Area 9
3. Typical Catch Basin with Curb Inlet 12
4. Sampler Supporting Structure and Manhole 14
Modifications
5. Installation of Sheet Metal Channel and Guides 15
for Sampling Equipment
6. Combined Sewage Bulk Sampler 16
7. Combined Sewage Screenings Sampler 18
8. Precipitation at San Francisco Federal Office 25
Building and Combined Sewage Flow at
Jackson Street Sampling Site
9. Diurnal Distribution of Dry-weather Sewage 29
Flow at Jackson Street Sampling Site
10. Relationship between Total Solids and Total 36
Volatile Solids of Combined Sewage Bulk
11. Relationship between Total Volatile Solids and 37
Total Volatile Suspended Solids of Combined
Sewage Bulk
12. Relationship between Total Suspended Solids 37
and Total Volatile Suspended Solids of
Combined Sewage Bulk
13. Relationship between Total Solids and Total 40
Volatile Solids of Combined Sewage
Screenings
14. Relationship between Biochemical Oxygen Demand 41
and Chemical Oxygen Demand of Combined
Sewage Screenings
VI
-------
FIGURES (Continued)
Figure Page
15. Relationship between Biochemical Oxygen 42
Demand and Hexane Extractable Material
of Combined Sewage Screenings
16. Relationship between Chemical Oxygen Demand 43
and Hexane Extractable Material of Com-
bined Sewage Screenings
17. Effect of Screen Aperture Size on Combined 53
Sewage Constituent Average Removals
18. Chlorine Demand of Screened and Unscreened 54
Combined Sewage Samples
19. Effect of Screen Aperture Size on Chlorine 56
Dosage of Combined Sewage
20. Solids Content of Screened Combined Sewage 57
Samples
21. Bacterial Densities of Screened Combined 58
Sewage Samples before and after
Chlorination
vn
-------
TABLES
Table Page
1. Surface Character of Study Area 7
2. Tributary Areas of Catch Basins 11
3. Combined Sewage Analysis Schedule 20
4. Summary of Precipitation at Federal Office 24
Building Associated with Wet-weather
Measurement
5. Correlations between Precipitation at Federal 30
Office Building and Calculated Storm Run-
off Flow at Sewage Sampling Location
6. Combined Sewage Bulk Quality Characteristics 32
7. Combined Sewage Screenings Quality 33
Characteristics
8. Statistically Significant Correlations between 35
Combined Sewage Bulk Constituents at the
95-% Confidence Level
9. Statistically Significant Correlations between 39
Combined Sewage Screenings Constituents at
the 95-% Confidence Level
10. Qualitative Description of Combined Sewage 46
Screenings
11. Combined Sewage Constituent Removal Efficien- 49
cies by Fixed Screens
Vlll
-------
Section I
CONCLUSIONS
On the basis of a field sampling and measurement program on the char-
acterization of combined sewage from a high-density residential neigh-
borhood in San Francisco, California, and a laboratory investigation on
the effects of solids removal on chlorination practices, a number of
conclusions are presented. The findings represent the analysis and
evaluation of 60 combined sewage bulk samples and 60 combined sew-
age screenings samples retained on screens of 0. 125-, 0. 25-, 0. 5-,
and 1. 0-in. aperture inserted into a sewer to intercept the total flow.
Both types of samples were taken with specially designed and manu-
factured equipment to assure the collection of representative samples.
1. Removals of deoxygenating materials (chemical oxygen demand
and biochemical oxygen demand), oils and greases (hexane extractable
materials), and bacteria by fixed screens placed in combined sewers
were marginal.
2. Average percentage removals of screenable constituents as a
function of screen aperture size were as follows:
Screen Size, in.
Constituent 1/8 1/4 1/2 1
Total solids 2. 3 1.0 1. 1 1. 1
Total volatile solids 3. 8 2. 0 2. 9 1.9
Biochemical oxygen demand 5.4 4. 9 2. 0 3. 1
Chemical oxygen demand 5. 0 5. 4 1.6 Z.I
Hexane extractable material 3. 0 4. 8 1.0 1. 8
Total coliforms 4.3 9.8 4.2 23.1
Fecal coliforms 0.6 9.4 3.1 13.0
Fecal streptococci 2. 6 26. 4 2. 6 35. 0
3. Reductions in chlorine requirements to provide a chlorine resi-
dual of 1. 0 mg/1 after 15 minutes as a result of prior solids removal
by fixed screening with what are believed to be practical apertures of
0. 125 in. or greater appear small.
4. Screens with aperture sizes ranging from 0. 0164 to 1. 0 in.
appear to have little, if any, effect on bacterial concentrations or
bacterial kills by chlorination.
-------
5. The nature of the collected visible screenings, consisting for
the most part of fecal material, paper, leaves, and cigarettes, appears
to be independent of screen aperture size, over a range from 0. 125 to
1. 0 in.
6. Observed qualities of the combined sewage bulk were highly
variable, and had the following overall mean characteristics:
Total solids 209 mg/1
Total volatile solid 105 mg/1
Total suspended solids 67. 6 mg/1
Total volatile suspended solids 52. 2 mg/1
Settleable solids 2. 58 ml/1
Floatable solids 3. 89 mg/1
Biochemical oxygen demand 49 mg/1
Chemical oxygen demand 155 mg/1
Hexane extractable material 12. 3 mg/1
Total coliforms 8. 32x105 log MPN/100 ml
Fecal coliforms 1. 55x10 log MPN/100 ml
4
Fecal streptococci 2. 09x10 log MPN/100 ml
7. Overall average qualities of the combined sewage screenings
were only slightly less variable than the bulk characteristics, and were
as follows:
Total solids 21. 3 g
Total volatile solid 18. 8 g
Biochemical oxygen demand 484 mg/g
Chemical oxygen demand 1940 mg/g
Hexane extractable material 90. 5 mg/g
Total coliforms 3. 55x10 log MPN/g
Fecal coliforms 4.67x10 log MPN/g
Fecal streptococci 9. 55x10 log MPN/g
8. For combined sewage bulk, statistically significant correlations
at the 95-% confidence level were observed between total solids and to-
tal volatile solids, between total volatile solids and total volatile
-------
suspended solids, and between total suspended solids and total volatile
suspended solids. (Relations are given in Table 8, page 35. )
9. For combined sewage screenings, statistically significant cor-
relations at the 95-% confidence level were found between total solids
and total volatile solids, between biochemical oxygen demand and chemi-
cal oxygen demand, between biochemical oxygen demand and hexane ex-
tractable material, and between chemical oxygen demand and hexane ex-
tractable material. (Relations are given in Table 9, page 39.)
10. No statistically significant correlation at the 95-% confidence
level was found between the storm flow at the sampling site and the pre-
cipitation recorded at an official weather station two miles distant.
-------
Section II
INTRODUCTION
A major threat to the maintenance of a clean and enjoyable environ-
ment in many parts of the United States is the overflow from com-
bined sewer systems to receiving waters during periods of moderate
and heavy rainfall. In most instances much of the sanitary sewage
contained in these sewers is discharged without treatment to natural
water courses, resulting in unacceptably high pollutant loadings of
floatable and settleable materials, oxygen-consuming substances, and
pathogens.
Many methods of alleviating this pollution have been proposed, includ-
ing total containment of combined sewer flows for later processing at
sewage treatment facilities during low-flow periods, partial and com-
plete treatment of combined sewer overflows at the bypass outfall,
and complete separation of storm runoff and municipal sewage by re-
construction.
Because of the diluted state of the pollutants in the combined sewage
and the highly intermittent nature of the flows, conventional treatment
by sedimentation and biological degradation is extremely difficult to
effect. Processes that would appear applicable to the severe operating
conditions imposed by combined sewer flows are solids separation and
disinfection. To provide a preliminary assessment of the possible
effectiveness and benefits of solids separation methods, the character
and quantity of solids contained in combined sewage, the pollutional
aspects associated with the solids as a function of particle size, and
the effect of these solids on disinfection practices must be established.
OBJECTIVES
The primary purpose of this program was the conduct of a sampling and
analysis program to characterize combined sewage contributary to com-
bined sewer overflows, to ascertain the removal of floatables and solid
materials that could be effected by the placement of screening devices
in combined sewer systems, and to assess the effect of solids removal
on chlorination requirements and bacterial densities.
SCOPE
To provide an assessment of the effectiveness and benefits of solids
separation methods, the character and quantity of solids contained in
combined sewage and the pollution aspects associated with the solids
as a function of particle size was established. A program was initiated
to ascertain the characteristics of combined sewage that would be of
significance with respect to solids separation. The sampling methods
-------
provided for the determination of gross particle size distribution by
screens in situ; thus the actual effects of screening on particle coales-
cence ancTdisintegration, solids separation and retention, and flow dis-
turbance were integrated into the results. Special sampling equipment
was designed, constructed, and installed in the sampling manhole to
meet these objectives.
A study site was selected in the City and County of San Francisco that
was typical for both sanitary flow and storm runoff for a high-density
residential urban neighborhood. The selected tributary runoff area was
characterized as to type, size of drainage area tributary to the sampling
manhole, number of domestic sewer connections, land use, topography,
and number of street inlets or catch basins. Precipitation data for the
area were collated for the period encompassing the sampling period and
the preceding three months.
The sampling was conducted to permit the establishment of the concen-
trations of constituents in each fraction of combined sewage as a func-
tion of time and flow condition in the sewer and other factors such as
intensity and duration of contributary rainfall. Two sample fractions,
screenings and bulk liquid, were collected hourly for five consecutive
hours during each separate rainfall event commencing near the start of
the first significant rainfall. One size only of four screen sizes, 0. 125-,
0. 25-, 0. 5-, and 1-in. aperture, was employed during each rainfall
event. At the conclusion of each rainfall event five samples each of
screenings and bulk liquid were collected for laboratory analysis. The
foregoing sampling sequence was conducted on twelve separate occa-
sions using each of the four screen sizes during three rainfall events.
Dry-weather flow was measured at the selected manhole for a period
of 24 hours on a 2-hour interval basis.
Investigations were conducted on the effect of solids removal on chlo-
rination requirements and bacteria reductions resulting from chlorina-
tion.
6
-------
Section III
STUDY AREA
The study area is located in the northwest portion of the City and
County of San Francisco, and is shown in Figure 1. It is exclusively
residential consisting of predominantly two- and three-story structures
which occupy the major portion of each lot. There is, however, a mod-
erate degree of unoccupied area which has been landscaped with trees,
shrubs, and lawns. The characteristics of surface runoff from this
area are believed fairly typical of high-density, high-income residen-
tial neighborhoods.
The study area extends easterly along Jackson Street at a block or less
width from Cherry Street to a point approximately 300 feet east of
Spruce Street. A detailed map of the study area is presented in Figure
2. The total gross area tributary to the sampling and measuring sta-
tion is 7. 65 acres.
Topography of this section of San Francisco can be classified as rolling.
The study area is located on the side of a hill with slopes ranging from
gentle to moderately steep. Surface elevations based on San Francisco
datum vary from a low of 209 feet at the sampling point to a maximum
of 282 feet at the intersection of Washington Street and Maple Street.
The street and sidewalk areas tributary to the system are easily de-
fined by the topography, as are the catch basin locations at the various
intersections. Determination of the off-street areas contributing run-
off was somewhat more difficult because detailed topographic surveys
are not available; however, all roof drains are connected to the sewer
system as required by City ordinance and the remaining off-street areas
are relatively small. The nature and extent of surface types within the
drainage area are shown in Table 1.
Table 1
SURFACE CHARACTER OF STUDY AREA
Surface Type Area, acres Portion, %
Roof 2. 52 33
Street *• 60 21
Sidewalk 1.24 16
Yards & landscaping 2. 29 30
Total 7.65 100
-------
Figure 1. STUDY AREA LOCATION
8
-------
-4--
UI.IN6-
ClMblHtC *TIM* t iliNlTriOM WNR «| HPl M
Figure 2. SAMPLING SITE AND TRIBUTARY AREA
-------
San Francisco is situated in the Coast Range of mountains, which has
an extreme influence on the climatic conditions of the City. The aver-
age annual rainfall for the area is 20. 78 inches. Average monthly ex-
tremes range from approximately four inches occurring in December
and January to one-hundreth of an inch in July.
The structures in the study area consist of 47 single-family residences;
two apartment buildings containing a total of 16 living units, and one
foreign embassy.
In estimating the population of the area, it was assumed that there are
five persons per single-family residence, three persons per apartment
unit, and that the embassy staff consists of five persons. On this basis,
the total estimated population would be 288 persons in the tributary area
distributed as follows: single family residence, 235; apartment unit,
48; and embassy, 5.
The 1960 census gave a population density of 60 persons per net acre
and 41 persons per gross acre for the census tract in which the study
area is located. Based on these densities, the population in the study
area would be 314 on a gross acreage basis and 287 on a net acreage
basis.
The contributary population is therefore estimated to be 300 persons.
Sewer grades follow the surface topography and vary from a minimum
slope of 1. 21% in Jackson Street upstream of the sampling station to
a maximum of 21. 54% in Spruce Street between Washington and Jack-
son Streets. The size, location, and slopes of the various collector
sewers are shown in Figure 2.
The number of house connections to the tributary area is placed at
fifty.
During periods of rainfall, surface runoff from streets, sidewalks,
and landscaped areas are intercepted by the street gutters and con-
veyed to catch basins located at each intersection. Within the study
area there are a total of six catch basins which drain on the average
about three-quarters of an acre. Individual areas are presented in
Table 2.
Detail of a typical catch basin with curb inlet is shown in Figure 3.
Of the total area approximately 59% is drained by catch basins and
41% by various house connections including roof drainage. On a flow
basis, assuming 10-% runoff for landscaped areas and 100% for all
other surfaces, the contribution of runoff waters would be approximate-
ly 54% for catch basins and 46% for house connections.
10
-------
Table 2
TRIBUTARY AREAS OF CATCH BASINS
Approximate
Location Tributary Area, acres
NW Corner of Jackson & Maple 0. 69
SW Corner of Jackson & Maple 1. 36
SE Corner of Jackson & Maple 0. 23
NW Corner of Jackson & Spruce 0. 66
SW Corner of Jackson & Spruce 1. 29
SE Corner of Jackson & Spruce 0. 23
11
-------
WHIM t*«.W.TUf
•.!>»'' > .'7f
i^^^^uie1
)-*» Kt\W. HM
y-i
-UK
/M«I1ILITUIC
/
VWHlUTHlt
»tt-(M
Figure 3. TYPICAL CATCH BASIN WITH CURB INLET
-------
Section IV
METHODOLOGY
A sampling and analysis program was prepared that provided a charac-
terization of combined sewage contributary to combined sewer overflows
and the effect that solids removal by the placement of screening devices
in combined sewer systems would have on the abatement of receiving
water pollution and on chlorination practices.
SAMPLING DEVICES
Special sampling equipment and supporting structure were designed and
manufactured by the Envirogenics Company, a Division of Aerojet-
General Corporation, to assure representative collection of combined
sewage samples. The equipment consisted of two types of samplers--a
bulk liquid sampler and a screenings sampler. Both employed the same
support structure and the same sampling station manhole. The support-
ing structure was installed and maintained in the manhole throughout
the duration of the sampling program, and consisted of two vertical
guide channels situated near the center of the manhole on the shelf edges
and secured by braces to the manhole wall. Each sampler was placed by
hand and removed by winch.
The sampling devices were designed for a 12-in. diameter sewer, which
was initially chosen as the sampling manhole but was subsequently aban-
doned since it constituted a junction which proved infeasible for sampling.
The sampling site was relocated to a nonjunction manhole situated on a
15-in. diameter sewer which did not represent a transition for different
upstream and downstream pipe inverts. The channel, however, through
the manhole was 16 in. in diameter which required the design and manu-
facture of a suitable metal channel to compensate for the size differen-
tial between sampler and manhole channel.
Structural details of the supporting structure and manhole modifications
are shown in Figure 4. Photographs of the installation are shown in
Figure 5.
Bulk Sampler
Bulk liquid samples were collected with a sampler which allowed the re-
moval of an entire 1-ft long section of combined sewage flow in the sewer.
Figure 6 is a photograph of the bulk sampler. Fabrication drawings are
provided in Appendix A. The bulk sampler consists of a thin-shell sec-
tion containing hinged covers at both ends which are mechanically connec-
ted to function integrally. The sampler was inserted in the sewer with
the covers in the up or open position allowing the combined sewage to
13
-------
B El 8—0—I
Figure 4. SAMPLER SUPPORTING STRUCTURE AND MANHOLE MODIFICATIONS
-------
Figure 5. INSTALLATION OF SHEET METAL CHANNEL AND
GUIDES FOR SAMPLING EQUIPMENT
15
-------
Figure 6. COMBINED SEWAGE BULK SAMPLER
16
-------
flow through the section reasonably undisturbed. A liquid sample was
captured by actuating an air cylinder which released the covers and
trapped a plug of combined sewage inside the sampler. The air cylin-
der also maintained the covers in a closed position and assured maxi-
mum sealing pressure during removal of the sampler and sample from
the sewer. The seal, cemented to the covers, consisted of a large
spongy closed-cell neoprene that provided negligible leakage during
transport from the manhole.
Screenings Sampler
The screenings samplers consist of a stainless steel basket made in
each of four screen sizes--0. 125-, 0. 25-, 0. 5-, and 1-in. aperture.
A photograph of the 0. 5-in. screening sampler is shown in Figure 7.
Fabrication drawings are presented in Appendix B.
SAMPLING AND FLOW MEASUREMENTS
Both screenings and bulk samples were collected hourly for five con-
secutive hours during each of twelve rainfall events commencing as
nearly as practical at the start of the first significant precipitation
associated with the rainfall event. At the commencement of each wet-
weather sampling episode, a bulk sample was collected and a screen
was inserted for a recorded period of one-half hour or less depending
upon the clogging rate of the particular screen. On the second, third,
fourth, and fifth hour after commencement, the same sampling se-
quence -was followed using the same screen size throughout the entire
5-hour sampling episode. At the conclusion of each rainfall event,
five samples each of screenings and bulk therefore had been collected
for laboratory analysis.
The wet-weather sampling sequence was conducted on twelve separate
occasions using each of the four screen sizes for three separate rain-
fall events.
During the single dry-weather monitoring period, only flow measure-
ments were taken over a 24-hour period at 2-hour intervals.
The combined sewage flow at the sampling site was determined just
prior to and just after the collection of screenings samples.
Flow measurements were accomplished by using the continuous tracer
dilution technique. The tracer rhodamine WT was injected at a con-
trolled rate into a manhole approximately 480 feet upstream of the
sampling manhole, which provided a minimum travel time of four min-
utes between injection and collection of diluted dye for subsequent mea-
surement in the laboratory.
17
-------
Figure 7. COMBINED SEWAGE SCREENINGS SAMPLER
18
-------
ANALYSES
Physical, chemical, and. biological analyses of collected combined sew-
age bulk and screenings samples were performed in accordance with
the schedule presented in Table 3, and the Twelfth Edition of Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, except where
noted otherwise. The character of the collected screenings samples
were also described from visual observations.
CHLORINATION STUDIES
A sufficiently large composite bulk sample was withdrawn prior to a
normal screen sampling period in the ongoing basic storm sampling
program. Bulk samples, consisting of one or more grab storm sam-
ples made with the bulk sampler, were taken for laboratory studies
to determine the effects of screening on chlorination practices. A small
portion of the sample was withdrawn and split for establishing the break-
point chlorination curve for 15-minute contact and the dosage required
to provide a chlorine residual of 1. 0 mg/1 after 15-minute contact, and
the total and fecal coliform densities before and after the required do-
sage of chlorine for this sample to provide a chlorine residual of 1. 0
mg/1 after 15-minute contact time. A characterization of the solids
was performed on a portion of this sample.
The entire remaining composite bulk sample was passed through a 1-in.
aperture screen. Again a small sample was withdrawn for analysis for
the same chlorine, total and fecal coliforms, and solids determinations.
The remaining composite bulk sample was successively filtered through
Tyler screens or equivalent of 0. 5 in. , 0. 263 in. (3 mesh), 0. 131 in.
(6 mesh), 0. 065 in. (10 mesh), 0. 0328 in. (20 mesh), and 0.0164 in.
(35 mesh). After each screening the required analyses were performed
on a portion of the remaining bulk sample.
19
-------
Table 3
COMBINED SEWAGE ANALYSIS SCHEDULE
N)
O
Analysis
Total solids
Total volatile solids
Total suspended solids
Total volatile suspended solids
Settleable solids (by volume)
Floatable material
Biochemical oxygen demand
Chemical oxygen demand
Hexane extractable material
(oil & grease)
Sample
Bulk
x
X
X
Screenings
x
X
Method
Sample aliquot brought to dryness
at 103°C, and weighed
Total solids sample fired at
550°C for 15 minutes
Sample aliquot passed through
0. 45-M glass filter, brought to
dryness at 103°C, and weighed
Total suspended solids sample
fired at 550° C for 15 minutes
Standard Methods, p. 425
Floatable material concentrated
on the surface of aliquot sample
in 3-liter Teflon-coated flotation
funnel, collected, washed and weighed
5-day, 20° C BOD, Standard Methods,
p. 415
Standard Methods, p. 510
Liquid-liquid extraction using Pearson-
Thomas extractor. Soxhlet extrac-
tion of dry material, Standard
Methods, p. 384
-------
Table 3 (continued)
COMBINED SEWAGE ANALYSIS SCHEDULE
Sample
Analysis
Total coliforms
Bulk
Screenings
Fecal coliforms
Fecal streptococci
Particle size distribution
x
x
Method
Multiple (3) Tube MPN determina-
tion using lactose broth for pre-
sumptive test and brilliant green
bile broth for confirmed test,
Standard Methods, p. 596
Multiple (3) Tube MPN determina-
tion using E-C medium and ele-
vated temperature test, Standard
Methods, p. 599
Multiple (3) tube MPN determina-
tion using azide dextrose broth
for confirmative test, Standard
Methods, p. 620
Aliquot serially passed through
standard sieves, Nos. 6, 18, 50,
and 200, with 100 ml of fecal
filtrate passed through a GF/C
Glass fiber filter. Residues
dried at 103° C and weighed
-------
Section V
SEWAGE CHARACTERIZATION
Combined sewage characteristics were observed at the Jackson Street
sampling site on twelve separate occasions during the wet-weather
seasons of 1968-1969 and 1969-1970. Dry-weather flows were mea-
sured at the sampling manhole over a continuous 24-hour period on 24-
25 April 1969 to establish background sanitary flow rates.
The first sampling episode occurred on 4-5 April 1969 and was the only
one conducted during the 1968-1969 rainy season, which produced an
above average (20. 78 in.) seasonal precipitation amounting to 25. 09
inches. The remaining eleven sampling episodes occurred on 5 Novem-
ber 1969, 19 December 1969, 21 December 1969, 13 January 1970, 20
January 1970, 27 January 1970, 13 February 1970, 28 February 1970,
4 March 1970, 13 April 1970, and 13 May 1970. This wet-weather
season resulted in a total precipitation of 20. 80 inches, which was very
nearly an average wet-weather season.
A summary of rainfall characteristics associated with the twelve wet-
weather sampling episodes is presented in Table 4. The largest total
amount of continuous precipitation, 2. 31 inches, occurred during a 29-
hour period on 20-21 January 1970. The maximum recorded intensity
of that single storm was 0. 25 in. /hr, which occurred during the same
hour that the combined sewage sampling commenced. For the twelve
single continuous rainfall events occurring during the wet-weather
sampling episodes, the maximum rainfall intensity of 0., 39 in. /hr was
reported two hours prior to commencement of sampling on 4 March
1970.
The last two sampling episodes were conducted during periods of very
light rainfall and most likely represent conditions more typical of dry-
weather flow than wet-weather flow. Therefore results from the last
two sampling episodes have been excluded from the analysis in some
instances, which are noted by "10 storms," so as not to bias the correla-
tions and evaluations.
Local climatological data for the Federal Office Building during the
period extending from January 1969 to June 1970 are given in Appendix
C. Rainfall intensity-duration-frequency relations for San Francisco
are provided in Appendix D.
SEWAGE FLOWS
The temporal distributions of the observed sewage flows in the sampling
manhole on Jackson Street and the recorded precipitation at the Federal
Office Building on Fulton Street about two miles easterly are shown in
Figure 8.
23
-------
Table 4
SUMMARY OF PRECIPITATION AT FEDERAL OFFICE BUILDING
ASSOCIATED WITH WET-WEATHER MEASUREMENT
Date
4 Apr 69
5 Nov 69
19 Dec 69
21 Dec 69
13 Jan 70
20 Jan 70
27 Jan 70
13 Feb 70
28 Feb 70
4 Mar 70
13 Apr 70
13 May 70
Day
Fri
Wed
Fri
Sun
Tue
Tue
Tue
Fri
Sat
Wed
Mon
Wed
Continuous
Total Rainfall
in.
0. 51
0. 38
0.51
0.66
0. 23
2. 31
0.49
0.09
0. 43
1.17
0. 01
0. 03
Maximum Intensity
in. /hr
0. 12
0. 10
0. 11
0. 18
0. 07
0. 25
0.29
0. 04
0. 10
0. 39
0.01
0.01
Duration of Storm
hr
13
7
12
9
11
24
4
4
11
9
5
3
Antecedent
Dry Period
hr
25
461
7
21
28
15
2
12
4
15
718
9
-------
T—10.4
19 20 21 22 23
21 DEC 1969
UNFALL
FLOW
Ts «rf~
TIME OF DAY
0.2
0.1
Figure 8. PRECIPITATION AT SAN FRANCISCO FEDERAL OFFICE
BUILDING AND COMBINED SEWAGE FLOW AT
JACKSON STREET SAMPLING SITE
25
-------
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00
' 1 1
27 JAN 70
j | ^~e*mif
22 23 66 6
%
\
1 I ! t 1 ' 1
4 RAINFALL
^
•• """";
^FLOW
t-~ . - •.r.;.".r?r^F^. . ^* i i i i
I 02 03 04 05 06 07 0809
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
RAINFA
09 10 11 12 13 14
Figure 8. PRECIPITATION AT SAN FRANCISCO FEDERAL OFFICE
BUILDING AND COMBINED SEWAGE FLOW AT
JACKSON STREET SAMPLING SITE (Continued)
26
-------
I I I I 1
28 FEB 1970
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
u.
1 1 1 1
13 APRIL 1970
RAINFALL
08 09 10 Vl"
i i i i i i i '
FLOW
12 13 14 T5 16 17 18 19
U.H
0.3
0.2
0.1
1 r-
13 MAY 1970
T T
T 1 1 T
FLOW
RAINFALL
T T
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
TIME OF DAY
Figure 8. PRECIPITATION AT SAN FRANCISCO FEDERAL OFFICE
BUILDING AND COMBINED SEWAGE FLOW AT
JACKSON STREET SAMPLING SITE (Continued)
27
-------
A wide range of combined sewer flow rates were observed representing
every hour of the day and night. Extreme combined sewer flows in the
15-in. diameter sewer were a low of 0. 022 cfs and a high of 2. 22 cfs.
The largest variation in flow occurring during any 5-hour sampling epi-
sode was a 30-fold decrease from 1. 23 to 0. 039 cfs. The largest hourly
variation was a 9-fold increase from 0. 124 to 1. 13 cfs.
Averages of the five hourly combined sewer flows observed during each
of the twelve sampling episodes were, chronologically, 0. 299, 0. 516,
0.271, 0.286, 0.202, 0.707, 0.421, 0.309, 0.213, 1.043, 0.058, and
0. 036 cfs. All but the last two sampling episodes were conducted during
periods where the combined sewer flows contained sizable storm runoff
fractions, since for the dry-weather flow the maximum consecutive 5-
hour average of observed flows was 0. 068 cfs and the daily average was
0. 041 cfs.
The dry-weather sewage flow observed at the Jackson Street sampling
manhole is presented in Figure 9. Because the hourly flow values were
quite variable as one would expect for a small tributary area, the data
were smoothed utilizing polynominal curve-fitting techniques and are
best represented by the segmented curve shown. From the curve, the
average hourly sanitary sewage flow was 0. 0423 cfs. The peak hourly
flow of 0. 103 cfs occurred at 0800 hours and was 243% of the average
flow. Minimum flow occurred at 0400 hours and at 0. 0080 cfs was 19%
of the average. A second peak of 0. 049 cfs occurred at 2000 hours and
another of 0. 045 cfs at midnight.
Regression analyses, summarized in Table 5, revealed no significant
correlation at the 95-% confidence level between the calculated storm
flow (observed combined flow less the appropriate sanitary sewage flow
from the curve of Figure 9) and the reported rainfall upon either ad-
vancement or retardation of time to compensate for the distance between
the two observation points. The best relation was obtained, however,
when the corresponding time of rainfall occurrence to storm runoff
flow was increased by one hour, indicating that rainfall occurred on the
average at the combined sewage sampling site perhaps one hour before
it occurred at the weather recording station. In general this time shift
would be expected since most of the weather in the area moves in east-
erly from the Pacific Ocean.
Due to the poor temporal correlation between the calculated storm flows
and the available rainfall intensity, it is difficult to ascertain what re-
lation, if any, existed between the intensity and duration noted at the
Federal Office Building two miles distant and that occurring in the study
area contributing to surface runoff and subsequent combined sewer flows.
The field sampling activities for the most part were initiated by an ob-
server at the North Point Sewage Treatment Plant, which serves the
study area, upon the first sign of combined sewer overflows from the
sewer system.
28
-------
0.12
NO
i r~i—i—i—rn
TIME OF DAY
Figure 9. DIURNAL DISTRIBUTION OF DRY-WEATHER SEWAGE FLOW
AT JACKSON STREET SAMPLING SITE
-------
Table 5
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN PRECIPITATION AT FEDERAL OFFICE BUILDING
AND CALCULATED STORM RUNOFF FLOW AT SEWAGE SAMPLING LOCATION
10 Storms
00
o
X
Rain-2hr
Rain-lhr
Rain
Rain+lhr
Rain. _,
Y
Flow
Flow
Flow
Flow
Flow
Form
1
5
5
2
2
Equation
Coefficient Coefficient
A B
0. 304
18.5
22. 1
0.0889
0. 126
1.17
-35. 8
-87. 8
11.3
9.03
Correlation
Coefficient
0. 217
0. 127
0. 311
0. 558
0. 326
No.
of
Data
48
48
48
48
48
Significance
Equation Correlation
Coefficient Coefficient0
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
+2hr
l. Y=A+B; 2. Y=Aexp(BX); 3. Y=AXB; 4. Y=A+(B/X); 5. Y=1/(A+BX); 6. Y=X/(A+BX)
F- statistic significant at the 95-% confidence level
C 2
X2 -statistic significant at the 95-% confidence level
-------
SEWAGE QUALITY
Complete detailed physical, chemical, and biological analyses of com-
bined sewage bulk samples collected from the Jackson Street manhole
are presented in Appendix E,
Average combined sewage bulk statistics observed for the 10 storms
are presented in Table 6. In all characteristics the observations, as
expected, were highly variable, with the values of the standard devia-
tions nearly as large or larger than the values of the means.
Results of. particle size distribution analyses indicates that the "size"
of solids contained in the combined sewage were for the most part ex-
tremely small. The average median size, which represents the size
in the particle distribution which has one-half the total weight of parti-
cles above and one-half below that size, was 0. 0068 in. Moreover 64%
of all bulk samples analyzed for particle size distribution passed com-
pletely through a 0. 131-in. aperture screen, with no solids retained.
The overall average quality of the screenings collected with all sizes
of screens from the combined sewage flow during the 10 storms is
presented in Table 7. In comparison to the bulk, the observed physi-
cal and chemical characteristics of the screenings were less variable,
and the bacterial concentrations were somewhat more variable.
Complete detailed analyses of the physical, chemical, and biological
characteristics of the combined sewage screenings collected from the
Jackson Street manhole are provided in Appendix F.
SEWAGE CONSTITUENT CORRELATIONS
Least-squares regression analyses were performed to determine wheth-
er statistically significant relationships exist between any pair of com-
bined sewage constituents. Data pairs were assumed to be related by
one of six equation forms, which were utilized to ascertain the best
correlation. The significance of the resulting correlation was tested
at the 95-% confidence level for two conditions. The first check was
an F-test (Ref. 1), which tests the hypothesis that the slope of the re-
gression is significantly different from zero. If so, it is assumed, at
the selected level of confidence, that the pair of variables are correla-
ted . For example, one constituent concentration increases as the
other increases. The hypothesis is accepted if the calculated F is
larger than the tabulated F at the selected level of confidence, or in
this case F > FQ 95. The value of F is p 2 (N-2)/(l- p2), where p
is the correlation coefficient and N is the number of data points or
observations. The degrees of freedom for this test is N-20
The second, and much more powerful, test was a X2-test, which tests
the confidence with which the equation can predict one variable given
31
-------
Table 6
COMBINED SEWAGE BULK QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
10 Storms
Constituent
Total solids, mg/1
Total volatile solids, mg/1
Total suspended solids, mg/1
Total volatile suspended solids, mg/1
Settleable solids, ml/1
Floatable solids, mg/1
Biochemical oxygen demand, mg/1
Chemical oxygen demand, mg/1
Hexane extractable material, mg/1
Total coliforms, MPN/ 100ml
, log MPN/100ml
Fecal coliforms, MPN/ 100ml
, log MPN/100ml
Fecal streptococci, MPN/ 100ml
.log MPN/100ml
2.
8.
6.
lt
Mean
209
105
67. 6
52. 2
2. 58
3.89
49
155
12. 3
88xl06
32xl05
5
40x10
55xl05
Range
44-575
16-420
4-426
4-373
0.05-14
0.
<1.
16.
1.
2. 3x10
<3xlO
6-22. 3
5-202
9-626
3-54.4
4-l. 6xl07
3 7
->1. 1x10
1.29x10 <30-2. 4x10
2.
09xl04
Standard
Deviation
138
87.5
80
69.7
3.22
3.58
57.2
132
12.9
3. 98xl06
A
1.09x10
3. 93xl05
No. of
Data
50
50
50
50
45
45
47
50
50
46
46
43
43
39
39
-------
Table 7
COMBINED SEWAGE SCREENINGS QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
10 Storms
UJ
uo
Constituent
Total solids, g
Total volatile solids, g
Biochemical oxygen demand, mg/g
Chemical oxygen demand, mg/g
Hexane extractable material, mg/g
Total coliforms, MPN/g
, log MPN/g
Fecal coliforms, MPN/g
, log MPN/g
Fecal streptococci, MPN/g
, log MPN/g
Mean
21.3
18.8
484
1,940
90.5
2. 15xl09
3. 55xl08
3. 34xl08
4. 67xl07
7
7. 04x10
9. 55xl06
Range
5-77
4. 6-64. 5
1. 2-1,898
9.7-5,490
0.42-286
<5. 79xl05-2. 8xl010
4 1 0
<3. 6x10 -1. 16x10
3 8
<2. 4x10-6. 31x10
Standard
Deviation
14
12
369
1,577
60. 5
4. 85xl09
1. 87xl09
8
1. 37x10
No. of
Data
50
50
49
50
49
49
49
41
41
42
42
-------
the other. The hypothesis for this test is that the explained variance _
is greater than the product of the residual variance and the value of X
2 22
at the selected level of confidence, or ff£ > xo 95 aR* The appro-
priate degrees of freedom for this test is one. Whereas many correla-
tions passed the F-test, many failed the X -test.
Summarizing, the test for correlation (F-test) indicates whether or not
it can be assumed that a change in the independent variable will cause
a change in the dependent variable. The X -test indicates how accurate-
ly this change can be predicted.
Combined Sewage Bulk
Regressions were performed between all of the observed combined sew-
age bulk constituent concentrations, consisting of total solids (TS), total
volatile solids (TVS), total suspended solids (TSS), total volatile sus-
pended solids (TVSS), settleable solids (SS), floatable solids (F), bio-
chemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), hexane
extractable material (HEM), total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC),
and fecal streptococci (FS). Summaries of all regression analyses on
combined sewage bulk characteristics are presented in Appendix G.
Of the regressions performed, only three proved significant at the
95-% confidence level. These are presented in Table 8 with their re-
spective correlation coefficients, indicating that the volatile fractions
of the various types of solids contained in combined sewage can be pre-
dicted from a measure of the combined fixed and volatile solids. One
relation indicates also a statistically significant relation between the
volatile fractions of suspended solids and total solids. The statistically
significant relations for the combined bulk constituents are presented in
Figures 10, 11, and 12 with the observed data points.
Combined sewage bulk samples were characterized by a particle size
distribution analysis from which a single descriptor was developed and
called the median size, which represents the size in the particle distri-
bution which has one-half the total weight of particles above and one-half
below that size. Regression analyses were performed between this
parameter and normalized combined sewage bulk characteristics, name-
ly the ratios of settleable solids and floatable solids to total suspended
solids and the ratios of biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen
demand, hexane extractable material, total coliforms, fecal coliforms
and fecal streptococci to total volatile solids. No statistically signifi-
cant correlations were obtained at the 95-% confidence level; summar-
ized regression analyses of these data are given in Appendix H.
Combined Sewage Screenings
Correlations between total solids (TS), total volatile solids (TVS), bio-
chemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), hexane
34
-------
Table 8
STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT CORRELATIONS BETWEEN
COMBINED SEWAGE BULK CONSTITUENTS AT THE
95-% CONFIDENCE LEVEL
10 Storms
Correlation
Relation3" Coefficient
TVS - 0.261TS1'11 0.934
TVSS = 0.715TVS - 23.0 0.898
TVSS = 0.864TSS - 6.20 0.991
aTVS = total volatile solids, mg/1
TS = total solids, mg/1
TVSS = total volatile suspended solids, mg/1
TSS = total suspended solids, mg/1
35
-------
1000
,,00
8
-I
s
10
I II I I I I I I
TVS <= 0.261 TS1'11
I I I l_
10
I I I I 1
J I I I I I I I
100
TOTAL SOLIDS, mg/l
1000
Figure 10. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOTAL SOLIDS AND TOTAL
VOLATILE SOLIDS OF COMBINED SEWAGE BULK
10 Storms
36
-------
400
*
3 300
8
Q
UJ
O
ui
85 200
3
UJ
^
o 100
_•
i
i i i r
TVSS = 0.715TVS-23.0
500
0 100 200 300 400
TOTAL VOLATILE SOLIDS, mg/l
Figure 11. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOTAL VOLATILE SOLIDS AND
TOTAL VOLATILE SUSPENDED SOLIDS OF COMBINED
SEWAGE BULK
10 Storms
400
-. 300
O
ui
O
200-
ww
8
TVSS- 0.864 TSS- 6.20
100-
500
TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS,
Figure 12. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS
AND TOTAL VOLATILE SUSPENDED SOLIDS OF
COMBINED SEWAGE BULK
10 Storms
37
-------
extractable material (HEM), total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC),
and fecal streptococci (FS) concentrations of screenings collected from
the combined sewage by all four sizes of screen apertures revealed
four statistically significant relations, which are presented in Table 9.
For the screenings, the total volatile solids concentration is correlated
to the total solids concentration, and indicates that at least 85% of the
weight of total solids is comprised of volatile solids. Other statisti-
cally significant correlations exist between biochemical oxygen demand
and hexane extractable material, amd between chemical oxygen demand
and hexane extractable material. These relationships and the observed
data points are presented in Figures 13, 14, 15, and 16.
Summaries of the 28 regressions performed on the combined sewage
screenings are presented in Appendix I.
38
-------
Table 9
STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT CORRELATIONS BETWEEN
COMBINED SEWAGE SCREENINGS CONSTITUENTS
AT THE 95-% CONFIDENCE LEVEL
10 Storms
Correlation
Relation Coefficient
TVS = 0.856 TS + 0.526 0.998
COD = BOD 0.956
" '™ '- 0.00160BOD
BOD 0.999
. . _
2. 90 + 0.00840BOD
HEM = CQD,, 0.960
22. 1 - 0.0166COD
aTVS = total volatile solids, g
TS = total solids, g
COD = chemical oxygen demand, mg/g
BOD = biochemical oxygen demand, mg/g
HEM = hexane extractable material, mg/g
39
-------
100
90
80
70-
2 60
p sof-
o
30-
20
10-
I I I
TVS« 0.856 TS + 0.526
I
I
I
10 20 30 40 50 60
TOTAL SOLIDS, g
70
80
90
100
Figure 13. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOTAL SOLIDS AND TOTAL
VOLATILE SOLIDS OF COMBINED SEWAGE
SCREENINGS
10 Storms
40
-------
0.1 0.2 0 0.4 OS 0.6 0.7 OJ OJ
RECIPROCAL BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND, g/mg
Figure 14. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
AND CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND OF COMBINED
SEWAGE SCREENINGS
10 Storms
41
-------
Ul
i
CO
o
K
IU
X
§
oc
u
IU
oc
2.4
2.2
2.0-
1.8
, c
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
HEM'
BOD
2.90 + 0.00840 BOD
0.06
x
0.04
0.02
I
0.01— 0.02'
03
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
RECIPROCAL BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND, g/mg
Figure 15. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN
DEMAND AND HEXANE EXTRACTABLE
MATERIAL OF COMBINED SEWAGE
SCREENINGS
10 Storms
42
-------
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10
RECIPROCAL CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND, g/mg
Figure 16. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
AND HEXANE EXTRACTABLE MATERIAL OF
COMBINED SEWAGE SCREENINGS
10 Storms
43
-------
Section VI
EFFECTS OF SCREENING DEVICES
The placement of screening devices in combined sewers could perhaps
provide two distinct functions. First the screen could remove pollu-
tants from combined sewage prior to its overflow, thereby reducing
the pollutant load to receiving waters. Of particular significance would
be the removal of floatable and settleable matter, which upon discharge
to receiving waters manifests itself by forming objectionable floating
aggregations of debris and sewage solids and creating banks of accumu-
lating sludges that can become septic and unsightly in character. Sec-
ondly, the removals of solid materials by screens could effect measur-
able reductions in chlorine requirements where disinfection of combined
sewer overflows is practiced or indicated. The presence of solids in-
fluence chlorine demand and bacterial kills by immediate and gradual
chemical consumption of the available chlorine and by physically shield-
ing the bacteria from the remaining effective chlorine in solution.
Both of these effects were studied in this program to determine the ex-
tent to which pollutant loads and chlorination requirements are reduced
by the placement of screens in combined sewers.
CONSTITUENT REMOVALS
Qualitative descriptions of visible materials collected on the screens
placed in the Jackson Street sampling manhole are presented in Table
10. Visible materials collected consisted mostly of fecal matter, paper,
leaves, and cigarettes. The nature of the collected visible screenings
appears to be independent of the size of screen aperture.
Removal efficiencies of total solids (TS), total volatile solids (TVS),
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD),
hexane extractable materials (HEM), total coliforms (TC), fecal coli-
forms (FC), and fecal streptococci (FS) provided by each insertion of
the screenings sampler into the combined sewage were estimated and
are presented in Table 11. The amount of constituent passing the
screen and subject to removal during the insertion was assumed to
be the simple average of the mass rates of the constituent determined
from the routine bulk sewage sampling immediately preceding and fol-
lowing the insertion of the screen. Irrespective of screen aperture
size, removals of total solids ranged from 0. 1 to 8. 1%, with an over-
all average of 1.4%. For total volatile solids, the average removal
was larger at 2. 7% and individual removals ranged from 0. 2 to 11. 6%.
Biochemical oxygen demand removals averaged 3. 9% and ranged from
0. 1 to 17. 2%. A similar average removal of 3. 8% was observed for
chemical oxygen demand, with individual removals ranging from 0. 1
to 15. 6%. Removal efficiencies of hexane extractable material ranged
45
-------
Table 10
QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF COMBINED SEWAGE SCREENINGS
Date
4 Apr 69
5 Nov 69
19 Dec 69
21 Dec 69
13 Jan 70
20 Jan 70
Time of
Immersion
0520
0620
0720
0820
0920
1045
1145
1240
1340
1440
0930
1025
1125
1225
1410
1800
1900
2100
2200
2300
1625
1725
1835
1930
2030
Screen
Size, in.
0.5
0.5
0.25
0.25
1.0
1.0
Description
Not analyzed
Leaves, paper, twigs
Leaves, cigarettes, fecal
material
Leaves, fecal material
Paper, cigarettes, fecal
material
Paper, fecal material
Leaves, fecal material
Twigs, paper, fecal material
Mostly fecal material
Mostly fecal material
Paper, Fecal material
Mostly leaves and twigs
Mostly leaves and twigs
. Mostly fecal material
Mostly fecal material
Mostly fecal material
Mostly fecal material
Mostly fecal material
String, cloth, fecal material
Mostly fecal material
Mostly leaves
Leaves, cigarettes, fecal
material
Leaves, cloth, plastic material
Leaves, cloth, cigarettes
Leaves, cloth, cigarettes
Leaves, cloth, string
46
-------
Table 10 (continued)
QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF COMBINED SEWAGE SCREENINGS
Date
27 Jan 70
13 Feb 70
28 Feb 70
4 Mar 70
13 Apr 70
Time of
Immersion
0130
0230
0345
0430
0530
0645
0745
0845
0945
1045
0835
0935
1035
1130
1230
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1100
1200
1300
Screen
Size, in0
0. 125
00 125
1.0
0.5
0. 125
Description
Leaves, paper
Mostly fecal material
Mostly fecal material
Mostly fecal material
Mostly fecal material
Mostly fecal material
Mostly fecal material, paper
Mostly fecal material, paper
Mostly fecal material, paper
Mostly fecal material
Mostly fecal material, paper
Mostly fecal material, paper
Mostly fecal material, paper
Mostly paper
Mostly paper
Paper, fecal material, leaves
Paper, fecal material, leaves
Fecal material, paper
Fecal material, paper
Fecal material, paper
Brownish pulp appearance,
cigarettes, little fecal
material
Brownish pulp appearance,
cigarettes, little fecal
material
Brownish pulp appearance,
cigarettes, little fecal
material
47
-------
Table 10 (continued)
QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF COMBINED SEWAGE SCREENINGS
Date
13 Apr 70
13 May 70
Time of Screen
Immersion Size, in.
1400
1500
0430
0530
0630
0730
0830
0. 125
0.25
Description
Pinkish-grey appearance,
cigarettes, little fecal
material
Light brown appearance,
cigarettes, little fecal
material
Mostly paper
Mostly paper, some food matter
Mostly paper, some fecal
material
Mostly paper, some fecal
material
Mostly fecal material, some
paper
48
-------
Table 11
COMBINED SEWAGE CONSTITUENT REMOVAL EFFICIENCIES BY FIXED SCREENS
Date
4Apr69
5Apr69
5Nov69
19Dec69
21Dec69
Time at Screen
Immersion Size, in.
2240
2330
2030
0130
0530
0630
0730
0830
1115
1215
1315
1415
1000
1100
1200
1340
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
TS
0.5
0.8
1.4
4.2
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.9
0.4
0.8
0.5
1.0
0.6
1.3
1.4
0.8
TVS
0.6
2.2
3.9
10.8
0.7
0.7
1.1
1.6
0.6
1.4
1.0
2.0
0.8
2.0
2.4
1.7
BOD
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.5
1.4
1.9
1.5
2.8
7.0
3.8
10.9
0.5
2.5
5.0
1.6
COD
0.0
0.0
0. 1
0.1
0.5
0.9
1,1
2.2
1.1
7.9
5.3
4.8
2.2
6.8
8.9
5.3
HEM
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.5
2.4
4.5
0.5
3.3
2.8
1.1
3.3
11.4
13.0
1.4
TC
21.3
0.7
1.7
0.1
0.3
2.6
1.7
159.7
0.3
0.3
25.0
133.0
6.2
2.6
43.1
103. 1
FC
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.4
-
0.4
0.3
-
0.4
1.0
50.5
25.0
0.8
0.5
4.6
-
FS
-
-
-
-
0.1
4.6
2.7
4.1
12.2
40.6
126. 3
-
-
-
-
-
-------
Table 11 (continued)
COMBINED SEWAGE CONSTITUENT REMOVAL EFFICIENCIES BY FIXED SCREENS
Date
13Jan70
20Jan70
Z7Jan70
13Feb70
Time at
Immersion
1730
1830
1930
2130
1658
1755
1900
2000
0158
0314
0400
0500
0710
0815
0915
1015
Screen
Size, in.
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0. 125
0. 125
0. 125
0.125
0. 125
0. 125
0. 125
0. 125
TS
0.3
1.1
0.3
1.0
0.9
0.2
0.5
3. 1
0.8
0.9
1.7
4.3
2.2
8.1
1.9
1.4
TVS
0.6
1.5
0.4
1.9
1.8
0.7
1.0
5.0
1.3
1.4
2.8
8.0
2.9
10.9
2.8
2.9
BOD
-
-
1.9
4.6
2.0
1.0
0.9
7.9
-
-
12. 5
12.3
4.8
5.6
-
0.6
COD
2.2
11.0
1.6
3.7
0.9
0.8
1.3
4.3
2.9
1.5
15.6
4.0
4.3
11.1
1.2
3.2
HEM
0.9
0.9
0.4
1.3
0.5
0.0
0.6
3.7
1.0
0.9
3.4
2,2
0.4
12.5
2.0
1.5
TC
1.5
8. 1
8.4
5.4
90.2
8.1
45.3
-
9.3
2.3
2.0
3.0
2.9
242.0
-
-
FC
16.9
34.8
5.4
1.7
-
2.5
7.3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1MB
FS
140.9
130.3
90.4
-
0.5
4.8
14.6
79.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
-
0.5
2.2
-------
Table 11 (continued)
COMBINED SEWAGE CONSTITUENT REMOVAL EFFICIENCIES BY FIXED SCREENS
Date
28Feb70
4Mar70
13Apr70
13May70
Time at
Immersion
0900
1000
1100
1200
1130
1230
1330
1430
1130
1230
1330
1430
0500
0600
0700
0800
Mean
Screen
Size, in.
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0. 125
0. 125
0. 125
0. 125
0. 25
0.25
0.25
0. 25
TS
2.4
2.0
1.4
0.6
3.9
0.4
0.2
0.1
1.8
2.0
1.5
1.3
1.3
2.0
-
-
1.4
TVS
3.9
3.8
2.9
1.3
11.6
0.9
0.4
0.2
3.0
4.0
3.0
2.6
4.0
4.4
-
-
2.7
BOD
4.7
1.8
3.3
1.3
17.2
0.3
0.1
0.1
2.0
6.2
3.1
2.1
9.8
5.3
-
-
3.9
COD
2.0
1.5
2.4
1.2
13.9
0.1
0.4
0.2
7.7
6.8
3.7
5.2
6.0
5.4
-
-
3.8
HEM
7.3
3.3
-
-
4.0
0.2
0.2
0. 1
3.7
3.2
2.6
2.4
1.2
10.7
-
-
2.7
TC
7.9
44.8
120. 8
11.5
-
-
-
-
0.1
9.5
10. 2
0.7
0.0
0.1
-
-
10.3
FC
13.1
10.5
477. 8
24.0
22. 6
0.3
4.3
-
0.7
154.2
0.7
0.3
0. 1
0.0
-
-
6.5
FS
-
-
-
5.1
6.4
0.2
2.2
0.4
0.0
23. 2
0.6
0.8
0.0
0.0
-
-
16.7
-------
from 0. 0 to 12. 5% for an overall average of 2. 7%. The observed re-
movals for all three bacterial forms were highly variable, indicating
no removals in some instances and more than 100% in others. This
irregularity is believed due primarily to the combined effects of the
underestimation of bacterial densities in the bulk sample as a result
of encapsulation in solids of organisms which do not develop in the
analytical test media, and the growth and release of organisms from
the collected screenings during sample collection, storage, prepara-
tion, and analysis. Reducing to 100% all observed bacterial removals
that were greater than 100% provides overall average removals, irre-
spective of screen aperture size, of 10.3, 6.5, and 16.7%, respectively,
for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci.
Average removals of combined sewage constituents by fixed screening
devices'as a function of screen aperture size are shown in Figure 17.
Maximum average removals of biochemical oxygen demand, total solids,
and total volatile solids resulted with the 0. 125-in. screen, and were,
respectively, 5.4, 2.3, and 3. 8%. The larger 0. 25-in. screen provi-
ded the maximum average chemical oxygen demand and hexane extract-
able material removals of 5. 4 and 4. 8% respectively. Only the average
total volatile solids removal was least with the 1. 0-in. screen, which
was the largest screen aperture used, with intermediate sizes effecting
minimum removals of the remaining physical and chemical constituents.
Average bacterial removals were consistently lowest with the smallest
screen aperture used and greatest with the largest screen aperture.
This apparent anomoly is not explained.
For the physical and chemical constituents, the 1. 0-in. screen effected
removals that ranged from 48 to 60% of those obtained with the 0. 125-in.
screen. Apparently screens with relatively large openings are capable
of removing a majority of the pollutants contained in combined sewage
that are amenable to reduction by screening devices.
CHLORINATION PRACTICES
Four combined sewage bulk samples were collected from the Jackson
Street manhole for use in laboratory studies to determine the effect of
solids removal by screens on chlorination practices. The first three
samples were collected during the normal sampling episode of 4 March
1970, and the fourth sample was taken between 0900 and 1100 hours on
14 April 1970.
Chlorine demands of screened and unscreened combined sewage samples
are shown in Figure 18. The break-point of chlorination was determined
on one sample and occurred at a chlorine dosage of about 30 mg/1.
Prebreak-point chlorination of all samples, results of which are shown
in the lower half of Figure 18, demonstrated the effect of solids on
chlorine requirements. The 15-minute chlorine residuals of Samples
52
-------
* 5
tu 4
U
tu 2
oc
35
30
25
*
*
5 20
o
iZ
Su 15
<
10
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
TOTAL SOLIDS
r
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
A
V
1/8 1/4 1/2 1
SCREEN APERTURE, in.
Figure 17. EFFECT OF SCREEN APERTURE SIZE ON COMBINED
SEWAGE CONSTITUENT AVERAGE REMOVALS
53
-------
i
8
K
lil
5 1.8
a
3
5
UNSCREENED SAMPLE 3
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.6-
0.4 -
O2-
UNSCREENED
V SAMPLE 1
O SAMPLE 2
Q SAMPLES
O SAMPLE4
SCREENED, SAMPLE 4
A 0.066 in.
Q 0.0328 in.
0.8- O 0.0164 in.
•fr
CHLORINE DOSAGE,
Figure 18. CHLORINE DEMAND OF SCREENED AND UNSCREENED
COMBINED SEWAGE SAMPLES
54
-------
1, 2, and 3 are much higher than the chlorine residual of Sample 4 at
the same chlorine dosage due to the marked differences in total sus-
pended solids concentrations. The first three samples contained on
the average about 35 mg/1 of total suspended solids, whereas the fourth
sample had a total suspended solids concentration of 89 mg/1. At a
chlorine dosage of 2. 0 mg/1, Sample 4 had a chlorine residual of 0. 5
mg/1 after 15 minutes and Samples 1, 2, and 3 had about 1. 1 mg/1. The
chlorine residual at a fixed chlorine dosage for Sample 4 increased 50%
following passage through a screen with 0. 0164-in. aperture. A
0. 0328-in. screen effected a somewhat smaller increase, and a 0. 065-
in. screen caused no increase in chlorine residual over the unscreened
Sample 4. For a fixed chlorine residual of 1. 0 mg/1 after 15 minutes,
the required chlorine dosage of Sample 4 decreased with decreasing
screen aperture size, as shown in Figure 19. A reduction in chlorine
dosage of only 11%, however, was observed following passage through
all the screens, including the small 0. 0164-in. screen.
The solids content of the combined sewage samples after serial pro-
cessing through the series of screen sizes is presented in Figure 20.
The data are irregular, but in general overall settleable solids concen-
trations were decreased, ranging from 20 to 80% upon final passage
through the 0. 0328-in. screen. Suspended solids content of the one
sample decreased only 2% upon passage through the last, 0. 0164-in.
screen and actually increased upon passage through the 0. 065- and
0. 0328-in. screens! The number of samples available for analysis
are too few for meaningful evaluation of the suspended solids content of
screened combined sewage samples.
Bacterial counts of combined sewage following serial passage through
screens of decreasing aperture size prior and subsequent to chlorina-
tion at a dosage providing a 15-minute chlorine residual of 1. 0 mg/1
are shown in Figure 21. (Arrows denote the direction of possible
density for those determinations that were indefinite.) For Sample 1,
general decreases in both total and fecal coliform densities occurred
as screen aperture size was decreased. With the exception of isola-
ted points, this general decrease in bacterial densities prior to chlor-
ination was not observed to occur for any of the other combined sewage
samples.
Post chlorination bacterial densities were for the most part indetermin-
ate in Sample 1. In Sample 2, bacterial densities of the various screen-
ed portions were variable but demonstrated some decrease (more than
one order of magnitude for total coliforms) following passage through the
smallest, 0. 0164-in. screen. Samples 3 and 4 demonstrated on the
contrary that bacterial densities were little effected or increased as
screen sizes became smaller. In Sample 3 the fecal coliform concen-
tration increased one order of magnitude following serial passage
through all screens, and in Sample 4 the total coliform concentrations
likewise increased an order of magnitude.
55
-------
Ill < ,
Q D 3
ui £ 2
33
_L
X
_L
•*
1/64 1/32 1/16 1/8 1/4
SCREEN APERTURE, in.
iir
SAMPLE 4
Figure 19. EFFECT OF SCREEN APERTURE SIZE ON CHLORINE
DOSAGE OF COMBINED SEWAGE
56
-------
1/64 1/32 1/16 1/8
110
100 -
90 -
1*
ta
a
o
g 60h
ui
50-
40-
30-
SAMPLE4
J.
1/64 1/32 1/16 Vi 1/4 1^ 1
SCREEN APERTURE, in.
Figure 20. SOIJDS CONTENT OF SCREENED COMBINED
SEWAGE SAMPLES
57
-------
I •
BEFORE CHLORINATION
TOTAL
OOLIFOi
FECAL COLIFORMS
SAMPLE 1
AFTER CHLORINATION
1/32
vie iji TM
00
2 *
5 »
i 7
f •
< 5
§
4
3
2
i i
_
BEFORE O— H
CI2
AFTER A
Cl, 1
- 2 K=^
SAMPLES
1 , -U.
iii iii
TOTAL COLIFORMS
/
LH^~O-» ^>^n>***Hrr>>fc-
^V — .
FECAL COLIFORMS
_
|- — 5 — 5 — A — J 5_
^x^ /i^
\/ \
• ,^^% -™
« V^
J 4— U 1 4. L
•
7
6
5
4
3
T 1 I 1 1 1
TOTAL COLIFORMS
A. r n
M^^-*-J3 BEFORE Clj
U-^U
^^ FECAL COLIFORMS
•— |PI
AFTER CI2
Q--O--0
SAMPLE 4
i i i i i i
i i
. 0
—
B
-o
1 1
1/64 1/32 1/16 178 1/4 1/
SCREEN APERTURE, in.
Figure 21. BACTERIAL DENSITIES OF SCREENED COMBINED SEWAGE
SAMPLES BEFORE AND AFTER CHLORINATION
-------
The absence of any generally consistent trend in bacterial densities
as a consequence of screening of combined sewage suggests that
screens of the size considered in this study have little, if any, effect
on bacterial concentrations, per se, either associated with or without
chlorination.
59
-------
Section VII
APPLICATION OF SCREENING DEVICES
Combined sewage by nature is highly variable in both quantity and qual-
ity, and thus presents an extremely difficult material to control. Dur-
ing periods of rainfall, snow melt, and infiltration when the sewered
flow increases to a point where it can no longer be hydraulically accom-
modated at the sewage treatment plant, the combined sewage is dis-
charged untreated at bypass structures to receiving waters or open
drains.
A national survey (Ref. 2) has concluded that combined sewer over-
flows contribute a significant portion to the nation's water pollution
problem. It was estimated that about one-fifth of the country's pop-
ulation is served by combined sewers, of which more than three-
quarters (of those inventoried) reported overflow occurrence. Also
about three-quarters of all overflow sources surveyed was from com-
bined sewers.
A number of methods for the abatement of pollution from combined sew-
er overflows have been proposed and many are being evaluated and de-
monstrated. "Total" solutions are available that eliminate combined
sewer overflows, by separation of sanitary and storm water flows or
by in-line or off-line storage and subsequent treatment of total flow in
conventional sewage treatment facilities, but all are quite costly to im-
plement and maintain. Another approach is the treatment of combined
sewer overflows at their point of discharge, which suggests the use of
high-rate treatment systems that are capable of processing highly
variable flow rates and compositions. An extension of this latter
scheme is the placement of devices in combined sewers upstream of
the overflow bypass to retain certain pollutants in the sewer system
during overflow occurrences and to release them back to the sewage
subsequent to cessation of the overflow condition.
Of the many types of pollutants contained in combined sewage, particu-
late matter and especially the floatable and settleable fractions contri-
bute to conditions which can quickly manifest themselves upon discharge
to receiving waters by their obvious presence. Moreover, other imme-
diate and potential degradation of receiving waters can occur from these
solids so that their separation from combined sewer overflows could
greatly reduce the deleterious effects of combined sewer discharges on
receiving waters.
Mechanical means of solids removal, such as fixed or moving screens,
would appear to possess the desirable characteristic for this applica-
tion of the acceptance of wide variations in hydraulic loading with rela-
tively little effect on performance compared to systems dependent upon
61
-------
biological actions, gravity separation, or porous media filtration. In
addition, high solids removal efficiencies can be obtained from mech-
anical screening devices. They are well suited to modular or staged
operation and are immediately operable.
Similar reductions in combined sewer overflow pollution could be effec-
ted either by screening stations at the points of combined sewer over-
flows or by the placement of screening devices in the combined sewers
upstream of the overflow bypass. The two systems, however, differ
greatly in their operation and must be carefully evaluated with regard
to their comparative utility. The in-sewer devices would require no
additional space for their implementation other than that already allo-
cated to the conveyance of combined sewage, since they would be in-
serted into manhole sections. Also the choice of locating the in-sewer
devices to best control and retain the solids in the system should be
almost limitless. The greater number of devices required for in-sewer
placement, however, as compared to combined sewer bypass placement,
requires careful assessment of the capital and particularly maintenance
costs associated with this method of pollution control. Total costs of
the in-sewer screens would be greatly dependent upon the character and
design of the device, but it is evident that it must be capable of nearly
maintenance-free operation. Frequent, periodic inspection and routine
maintenance of several larger screening stations located at overflow
points would certainly be more convenient and economical. Develop-
ment and demonstration of satisfactory in-sewer screening devices
must be performed before serious consideration can be given this meth-
od of solids removal from combined sewer overflows.
»
The maintenance of acceptably high hydraulic loading rates without in-
curring impractical pressure d.ropg requires that screen apertures be
sufficiently large, which limits the minimum sized particle that can
be physically retained.by the screen. For the placement of fixed
screens in sewers, where tolerable hydraulic head losses are usually
quite small, the screen aperture may be only small enough to retain
street litter, paper and paper goods, leaves, and fecal matter. These
larger solids, however, upon discharge? t6 receiving waters tend to ag-
glomerate into larger, more evident and objectionable, concentrations
of water pollution. If the aesthetic quality of receiving waters is to be
preserved, these large screenable solids must be remove from com-
bined sewage discharges.
The extent to which screenable solids discharged with combined sewer
overflows will produce deleterious effects will depend in large part
upon the nature of the receiving waters. The most serious condition
in this respect occurs where the solids have the greatest opportunity
to become and remain aggregated, such as would occur in lakes and
tidal estuaries of low flushing characteristics. Lesser opportunity
for agglomeration exists in "flowing streams and rivers and in exposed
embayments and coastal waters; and therefore the degradation of these
62
-------
receiving waters caused by release of screenable solids is much less
evident and significant.
Although the potential deleterious effects of deoxygenation, eutrophica-
tion, and pathogenic inoculation of receiving waters caused by screen-
able solids should not be overlooked, the primary function of removing
these solids is the protection and preservation of the esthetic quality
of the environment. Thus those uses of receiving waters that benefit
most from the control of screenable solids are those subject to public
use and view, namely, recreation and scenic viewing. Of half of the
estimated jurisdictional areas served by combined sewers in the nation
that were surveyed (Ref. 2), 11. 9% reported combined sewer overflows
into receiving waters used for body contact recreation, 16. 2% indicated
overflows to limited body contact recreational waters, and 15. 8% re-
ported overflows to receiving waters whose highest use is fishing. The
same survey also indicated that an additional 20. 6% of the overflows
are discharged to open drains which normally are dry and thus are sus-
ceptable to intermittent, prolonged exposure of deposited solids.
With respect to land use in the immediate vicinity of combined sewage
overflows it was found (Ref. 2) that 13. 9% of the overflows occurred in
recreational areas and 30. 4% in residential areas.
A major portion of the nation's receiving waters therefore would appear
to be immediately affected and degraded by the discharge of materials
that are amenable to removal from combined sewage overflows by
screening devices.
The reduction of pollutants, which exert an early demand on the oxygen
resources of the receiving waters as measured by biochemical oxygen
demand and chemical oxygen demand, by fixed screening devices was
found in this program to be small (~5%); and although any reduction
is certainly of benefit, the improvements produced by this treatment
are marginal and most probably could not be easily measured in the
receiving waters. Also negligible reductions in bacterial densities
and chlorine requirements were observed with screens having aperture
sizes that are considered practical for insertion into sewers. Thus for
conditions requiring reduction either in substances that exert an early
oxygen demand or in bacterial quantities, there appears to be no bene-
fit from the placement of a fixed screen into a combined sewer. Re-
ductions effected in these pollutants by moving screening devices are
of course another matter and are not quantitatively considered herein.
63
-------
Section VIII
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The program was performed during the 1968-1969 and 1969-1970 wet-
weather seasons by the Envirogenics Company, a Division of Aerojet-
General Corporation, at El Monte, California, under the direction of
Messrs. John C. Merrell, Jr. , Project Officer, and Darwin R. Wright,
Federal Water Quality Administration. Aerojet-General personnel par-
ticipating in the program were Dr. D. L. Feuerstein, Program Manag-
er; Mr. Alfred Grimm, Project Engineer; Mr. T. A. Bursztynsky,
Engineer; Messrs. R. C. Hanson and B. H. Putt, Analysts; and Mrs.
M. D. Robinson, Secretary.
The field sampling, monitoring, and laboratory analysis for this pro-
gram were contracted with and performed by Engineering-Science,
Incorporated, Oakland, California under the supervision of Drs. W.
G. Gates and T. G. Shea.
The cooperation of the City and County of San Francisco in allowing
the sampling station manhole modifications for the tests is gratefully
appreciated and acknowledged.
65
-------
Section IX
REFERENCES
1. Dixon, W. J. and F. J. Massey, Jr. Introduction to Statisti-
cal Analysis. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. ,
Inc. , 1957.
2. Problems of Combined Sewer Facilities and Overflows, 1967.
(WP-20-11), Washington: Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, 1 December 1967.
67
-------
Section X
APPENDICES
Appendix Page
A. Drawings of Bulk Sampler 70
B. Drawings of Screenings Sampler 91
C. Local Climatological Data 96
D. Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency Rela- 113
tionships, San Francisco, California
E. Characteristics of Combined Sewage Bulk 114
F. Characteristics of Combined Sewage 126
Screenings
G. Correlations between Combined Sewage 138
Bulk Constituents, 10 Storms
H. Correlations between Combined Sewage Parti- 142
cle Size and Bulk Constituents, 10 Storms
Io Correlations between Combined Sewage 143
Screenings Constituents, 10 Storms
69
-------
-4
O
Appendix A. BULK SAMPLER ASSEMBLY
-------
v«
fr
"il
i
2
Z
i
2
2
i
- 1
CODE
PART OR
EPOXX
RUB&ER.CE.MEKT
SEAL
RAMP
SCREW THREAD
INSERT
LID
JAM UPPER
DOOR -1KM
COVER
""HttATWKM
DUPONT
NEOPREHE, I'K-JX 4i'
?v£SVAniSSfi«u.
HELI-COIL
W-UMtO&l-Tfe
ALUM t, 061-0
ALUMfc06l-Tfo5l
ALUWWtl-TfeB.
ALUM.fcOfel-O
\"
8
7
&
5
4
i
Z
i
mH
Appendix A (Continued). SAMPLER BODY
-------
L tU**% * 5MAIM- IOU*
TO • OlR MMl.UNl.IA*
OTHtRWIU, NOTIO
MFORI DAlUUMft Alt MOTEj&ORWG i»6»1U,
A *,t*tM6L». MINCE TO noon * HATCH MILL<5tAOGIA HOLU "«> MM ftlMILAK MOLftt IN ftOOV l»>l|«)
AMlMftLi DOOft >H P/N U6*l»t C600-O
WITH LlNKfcbt KirORl LOCAT1HO TOK. &CMW IT1M7,
• •
Trm^
- T ~:'T "T 'T"'T r
.(41 Dt*s. TMIW
C'ftK, ,17 01A.M •*• OTHt*
DITtAMlM. THIft DIM. AT AMV.
Appendix A (Continued). REAR DOOR
-------
NOTES: I. REMOVl M.L BURRS VSNKRP
EQUIVM-INT TO .OlR MAX, UNLESS
OTHERWISE. NOTB.D,
A
-.29
A
1.0
R.C.F.
.375 -I6A.N.C.
.252
-Z50 D^.TMRU
Z. PLACES
A A
HrVREdD
SYM
CODE
IDENT
-1
f" PART OR
IDENTIFYING NO.
NOMENCLATURE OR
DESCRIPTION
ALUM &OSt-Tfe
MATERIAL
aot-A-270a-l
COMO.T
SPECIFICATION
UNII
WT.
ZONE
ITEM
NO.
Appendix A (Continued). CONNECTING ROD
-------
I. REMOVE ALU 6U«.R% J, &HA.R.P C.D0K*
EQUIVALENT TO -OK* MAX. UNLtSS
OTH1RWIM NOTCO.
.375-I6A.N.C.
LEFT HAND THR1M3
-8.00-
2.00
-2.75 —
-2.00-
2 PLACE*
2.75-
.06X45* CHAMFER
a PLA.CM
•.375-16 A.N.C.
RIGHT HAND THREAD
V
sv
SYM
CODE
IMNT
- 1
PART OR
IDENTimNGNO.
DESCRIPTION
Hty.»AH »»T101
C.D. M.T.
MATERIAL
WL-S-77ZO
SPECIFICATION
UNIT
WT,
ZONE
ITEM
NO.
Appendix A (Continued). ADJUSTING ROD
-------
NOTU: I. RtKlOVE M.L BURR* * SHARP
TO .
OTHERWISE NOTED.
9C9
'
DIA..THRU-
L—Z.OOO-*
.38-
•ioo
<4* i 6:>
I .500 >s
2.50
5.00
><
X"
1
50 pl.OO
»
»-l.6t~
?s .
— r
t
.375 -IfcAHC-THRU
L.H THREAD
jtqp
SVM
CODE
IDENT
-1
PART OR
IDENTIFYING NO.
NOMENCLATURE OR
DESCRIPTION
ALUM. GO6I-T6
MATERIAL
COMD.T
SPECIFICATION
WT.
ZONE
ITEM
NO.
Appendix A (Continued). SWIVEL BLOCK
-------
2.50
T
Appendix A (Continued). SWIVEL BRACKET
76
-------
I. KCM0VC ALL BUfUU tt AHAAF CMC*
IQUIVALtNT TO .OIK MAX.UNLttt
, OTWlRlVlM. MOTID,
» UOCMltO P/H |iC915« »OOV 61TOR.L SLtfTTlHO.
-4
-J
-t-
.25 D1^.THRU.R^D1U* CDGU
4 PUCK
~*
A
A A
a
e
2
4
EB
•VH
,ss
IDCNTIFYMa NO-
VTM
BRIDGE
6R^Ct
LEG
""iS^TION0"
ALUM. feOfcl-Ti.
Z.OOM1.9Or.t£ ANOU
ALUM.6O«t-T«
t-OOX I.OO K .11 CMISMH«.t.
^LOM-fcOfc-fc-TB
r JXJ K IAO K . IJ CHfcHNtl.
At.UM. fcO*»-TR
HATCRIAL
IKCinCATKW
w
ZOMC
4
1
2
1
w
Appendix A (Continued). CRADLE
-------
NOTES: I. REMOVE ALL E>URR«i i, SHARP EDGES
EQUIVALENT TO .01R. MAY.
OTHERWISE NOTED.
A
/**
A
.410
E PLACtS
09
, DIK. THRU
2T PLACE*
SECTIOM
A A
QTY REQI)
SVM
CODE
IDENT
-\
PART Of?
IDENTIFYINQ NO.
NOMENCUTURE OR
DESCRIPTION
A.LVJM S>O6\-T4
MATERIAL
««-*-Z7Ot-l
COND.T
iPECIFICATION
UNIT
WT.
ZONE
fT£M
NO.
Appendix A (Continued). CLEVIS ROD
-------
NOTCS: I, ft(M0Vt
A
-250
OIA..THR1J.
-.29
T i rr
£ y/ I — i — »
t
.4)0
i
^ — , — .
!
r
L, ,_-,.
-*«—
RE.F.
.62
A
_J
r
&
<*
— »
N
/
r-
'////
////,
1.75 — •
* 1
r i-o
\ 1 i
— 1
1 > *
0 *
-I, .375-ICAMC. RIGHT HAND THREAD.
-a, .375-16 A.N.C.LEFT HAND THREAD.
SECTION A A
1
1
-1
QTYKQD
SYM
CODE
IDENT
-2
-1
PART OR
IDENTIFYING NO.
NOMENCLATURE OR
DESCRIPTION
ALUM.606I-T6
ALUM.606I -T6
MATERIAL
4«-A-1704-l
CONO.T.
9q-A-aTOi-i
COND.T.
SPECIFICATION
UNIT
WT.
ZONE
ITEM
NO.
Appendix A (Continued). CLEVIS ROD (L. H. )
-------
I. MlUVt AU. WM» I »»«» IM»
IWHVALtHT TO .OIR MAX. UNLlt*
.
A LOCAIt .t* HOLl IN CtNTU QT t.OOO Uk.HOLt
. UFWU. WILPIHO ITtM t ,»CALt>l-l
«£=-
_r
00
o
EMLA1W1D OCTAlLOf ITIM I,
FIVOT bLOCK
VERTICAL »• HLUW.404I-T*
R»
PORT HOLC EAR
ALUM.6O*l-0
W"-1*
Appendix A (Continued). FRONT DOOR
-------
NOTE*: |. REMOVE. ALL BURR* *• SHARP E.DGE.S
EQUIVALENT TO.01R MA.X. UNUEV5
OTHERWISE NOTED.
00
UNOE.RGUT.O*WIOEx DEPTH Of THREAD -*i*-
1
SCRtW. 6*6-11 K.NX.
.at x 45*CH/\Mren —• U-
QIYREQD
SYM
COOE
IDENT
-\
PART OR
IDENTIFYING NO.
NOMENCLATURE OR
DESCRIPTION
=>vr. ioi
C.D. HT.
MATERIAL
Miu-»- T7ZO
SPECIFICATION
UNIT
WT.
ZONE
ITEM
NO.
Appendix A (Continued). SHAFT STUB
-------
NOTE* I. REMOVE ALL BURR* *• 4HARP E.O6E&
EQUIVALENT TO .OIR. MAX.
NOTtD.
00
CO
ENLARGED VIEW t\ SCALE £:|
1
1
- 1
OTKW
SYM
CODE
IDENT
PART OR
IDENTIFY4NG NO.
BUSH
BEARING HOUSING
NOMENCLATURE OR
DESCRIPTION
^vTflSin.0.
SST. 30* C.D. H.T.
MATERIAL
MH--S-7720
SPECIFICATION
UNIT
W.
ZONE
Z
1
ITEM
NO.
Appendix A (Continued). BEARING HOUSING
-------
NOTES: i. REMOVE ALL EWRR-J *• SHARP LOSES
EQWVALEHT TO .01R MAX UNLESS
OTHERWISE NOTED.
A COAT WITH TEFLON S", DUPONT '339SO3,
. DEPTH .OOV
00
«— 3.10
I.OO
A
—
«_ ' • °°-«
.. .OCX 4-5" CHAMFER
2. PLACES
1 .*2DIA.
STK.
QTYREQO
SYM
CODE
IDENT
-1
PART OR
IDENTIFYING NO.
NOMENCLATURE OR
DESCRIPTION
ALUM.60fel(6lS-T6)
MATERIAL
QQ-f-i2Sb
COND.T
SPECIFICATION
WT.
20NE
NO.
Appendix A (Continued). SWIVEL BAR
-------
t. MMOW ALL turn i tuav to«tt
ICIUlVfcLWT TO .011 MAX.UHLltt
OTHUWIK tamo.
JMUCIIINI ITtM 4 flUSH WITH TOM 2
.04 «*.. TO BftlAK THRU
t n.«ct%
00
*te=
ALUMftOftl-Tftftl
PIVOT PLKTt
ALUM 4O6I -Tfi.
I
«w
Appendix A (ContinuedX YOKE
-------
NOTES. I. REMOVE ALL BURRS if SHARP EDGES
EQUIVALENT TO ,01R MAX. UNLESS
OTHERWISE. NOTED.
00
.ZSODlAv
STK.
.125 DlAs.THRU
a PLACES
Appendix A (Continued). PIN
-------
MOTES'. REMOVE. ALL BURRS £- SHARP EDGES
TO ,OIO R. MAX.
\
e ^"v^v ^\.
-*
i i
1 -) • ^t> p
_— ^ AA H
v /
y
. /
4-
^—
STkT.
.IZ5 DIA.THRU
^ PL ACES
Appendix A (Continued). MAIN PIN
86
-------
NOTES: I, REMOVE ALL BURRS i, SHARP EDGES
EQUIVALENT TO .OIR MAX. UNLtSS
OTHERWISE. NOTED.
00
. ZftDIA-THRVJ
-.031 R
QIYKQO
SYM
CODE
IDENT
-1
PART OR
IDENTIFYING NO.
NOMENCLATURE OR
DESCRIPTION
AU)N\.«,Ofcl(tlS-T&)
MATERIAL
aft-*.- 3Z5b
CONO.T
SPECIFICATION
UNIT
trr.
ZONE
ITEM
NO.
Appendix A (Continued), PLUG
-------
NOTES: I. REMOVE ftURM * SHARP EMt*.
00
00
.575 -
L EFT HAND THREAD
1
• J.tlU -
•50-—
'PLMCK
•-I.OO-*
- — 1.25— •
1
«-I.OO-»
1
\
\
I- -6ZA/F
375-16 A.N.C.
RIGHT HAND THREAD
.OCx45'CHAMFtR
Z PLACtS
1
- 1
^"M"
SYM
CODE
IOENT
PART OR
IDENTIFYING NO.
NOMENCLATURE OR
DESCRIPTION
HEX.bfcR &ST 101
C.O.H.T.
MATERIAL
MIU-S-7720
SPECIFICATION
WT.
ZONE
NO.
Appendix A (Continued). ADJUSTING ROD
-------
.59
Appendix A (Continued). SPACER
89
-------
i. REMOVE BURRS ^SHARP EDGES.
vD
O
417-20U
r-a
IMF.
-.75-
—100-
£/A—
y/A
^
.1% wine vTiifl
i
-i
<"«y
SYM
COM
IDCNT
PMTM
(OOfTVYIMQ N(X
NOMENCUTURE M
DESCRIPTION
SST. S03C4).H.T.
MATERIAL
MIL-i-T7»
SKCIFKATIOfl
UNIT
WT.
ZONE
ITEM
NO.
Appendix A (Continued). EXTENSION
-------
uv. wi ~
•»t.wr~
Appendix B. BULK SAMPLER ASSEMBLY
-------
SW ~~ ^*L_~SX \ «
'' t^rt *t*a» . \
_^ i \
Appendix B (Continued). SCREENING SAMPLER
-------
tftWlVM.tNT TtJ ,OIM*AX.UNLI
OTHUWIM »OTIO.
/£> UX>TITO f/HIKtISi »ODV
vQ
OO
j \
t
A
—i. 25 DW.TMRU.KADIW locu
A
' '
»_.-..
'
2
£
2
4
--V
Q
Sft
PlkflT OH
%1M
BRIDGE
5RXCt
LEC,
ALUM fcCW-Tt
't.OO » i.QO ii .li MtlM.1
*^V»M feG&l-Tft
•.uiM v^ntai • Tb
Mtcinoiro*
.,
!ONt
4
3
2
1
NO.
Appendix B (Continued). CRADLE
-------
NOTES-. |. REMOVE. AUU BURRA te SHARP E.DGE*
E
-------
I. REMOVE ALL &URRS Jr SHARP lt>M.»
EQUIVALENT TO .01". MAX. UNLiMi OTHLRWtSL NOTtO-
Z. ITEM 5 TO fct &AK.ID ONTO 1TIM I
/^ DlMtN^ON -A-TO Bt MACMIHID *.FTtR DtTtRMININO
DIMtN^ION-6-OF DWG.N* l^fc9IZ9 SO ^6TO
ORTfcIN A.GAPOF .OlO/.OiO AFTtR TEFLON LINIH&.
NO
in
SECTION ^ J SC*.L£4:l
X
2
l
1
1
-1
»"«"
SVM
-5
-4
-1
-Z
-1
CODE HUT OK
IOCKT | IDENTIFYING MO.
LINING, TtFLON
MORlZOHTkL Rib
VERTICAL Rib
LIFTING EXt
DOOR
NOMENCLATURE OR
DESCRIPTION
T6.ri.oN, BLACK
nO^OH-r *951'f>'
MILD STttL.
H.R.
*
MILD STEtl-
MATERIAL
M l(5ao
M IOZO
!PtCIFICATH»
WT.
ZONE
5
4
3
2
1
I TtM
NO.
Appendix B (Continued). DOOR
-------
Appendix C
LOCAL CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA
U S DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE - MAURICE H. STAMS, Secretary
EXVIROXlfENTAL SCIENCE SERVICES ADBIKISTI-ATION — EXVIROWKMTAL DATA SERVICE
S»N FRANCISCO, CUlFS
FEOE«AL OFFICE IIDC.
Ja*UARV 1969
N UmRUude
Temptraluri.- •
25'
Elevation -ground" 31 fl _ __^tandard time used __ Pa.Cl*JC _-,--- _____ __ T _
r _ _____ . . . .
Weather types
PrecipiUlion AvP
shown by code ,Sn,.»v., ; station. , ^ —
1-9 on dates
of occurrence
113
K E
it
fU **
5£ <-S
J-
-1 — .
1
2
3
5
7
9
10
11
12
13
14
13
16
17
19
19
20
21
I*
24
23
26
27
28
29'
30!
54
53
30
31
51
53
56
54
54
56
35
54
52
54
59
61
61*
59
53
45
4B
60
59 ,
50
45
48
30 '
l»*o"|
i
44
44
44
41
39
43 '
41
46 '
31 :
47
45
43
46
42
45
57
36
49
40
40 :
4t
43
44
39
31*
40 .
Sum i
1370 '
^_
49
49
47
46
43
47
49
30
33
52
50
49
49
41
32
39
59
54
49
43
44
34
32
47
4?
43
45
1 .... •
-2
-2
-4
-3
-6
-4
-2
•1
2
2
0
-1
-1
-3
1
•
8
3
-2
.8
-7
3
1
-4
-9
-•
i -*
: s . 1 '
X U
^_TA ITS..
16[ 0
16, 0
11: 0
20' 0
: 19 0
) 20. 0
20 0
16 0
1> 0
16 0
15 0
12 0
13 0
13 0
16 0
16 0
17 0
13 0
6 0
6 0,
16 0
22 0
21 0
11 0!
13l 0
11 0
21 0
22 0;
20 9,
I 20; 01
" Total * Total •
303" o'
* T>p 1 Dep_ I
.si
iZH
U
n
o
<
8
fl
8
»
X
i
i
s
s
1
~ — i
**•».
j_
E:
ft
u
13
|t
g
u
M
S
1*.
s
s
i
*
6
s
g
1^.
ml
= s 1 = 1
:o c»5
2
g
S
(•«
g
___,!„--.
>er orda
'
!
1
1
1
iy«
Precipitation
0
01
°;
Q
ol
oi
0!
oi
0
Ol
0
oi
oi
0
0
0
0
0
o:
oi
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0'
0!
0'
ft
jo__.
0
0
0
0
Ot
«t
T
o!
0
Oi
.39
.46
.62
0
0
0
0
1.51
1.33
.47
.50
.02
.12
.56
.67
.26
:I5|
.23
.04|
.01!
Toul 1
•J:*4
-U -L-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o'
0
0
0
0;
0,
o1
°l
0:
Toul '
0:
Sky cover j
• Tenths i
.li._Jtt
! (J 1C
ll"
13
14
17
16
1 17
15
13
. 9
10
17
26
11
17
10
9
9
31
29
25
3*
21
19
9
33
»»
16
32
19
, > 9.
1 14!
m » n t li
r •- '*'
IT
NN
NH
N
NU
H
N*
S«
HE
N
H
S<
SE
su
H
K
•
E
S«
s«
SE
s«
M
E
SE
SE
SH
H
SK
SE
H
•
S«
JB
6.
5.
6.
7.
I.
3.
0.
7.
0.
3.
0.
0.
0.
7.
6.
3.
6,
0.
0.
0.
4.
3,
2.
0.
I.
ft.
ft.
3.
3.
4.
foul
19
~ 63
it
6>
73
83
52
0
>2
7
57
0
0
0
72
63
33
6'
0
3
0
43
33
2>
0
13
68
64
52
53
41
. •'.
'. "" i
20 21 22
I
j
' i
|
10
, U
112
1 13
14
I"
' 16
17
11
19
1 20
21
' >2
23
1 24
j 23
1 26
127
121
i"
i JO
„ . . . 4.U
Sum Sym_j
~I.T=— i.7_r.
.^•am.it to date" ^Snow. ueet JTT~7I- " '.77_L.-I * "IT "_~~
_Total • Total ' _i* 1 0 inch fi; Greatest in 24 ht>iys__and dal
J77* P Thunderstorms" _._l?«*1P1_t"?'0"n ,.... Snow, SI
f» ! "t)ep ^ Hcav^- fog X ^ J**V l**l?_i Oi. _ --
?^i-— J ENTRIES Of TR*:t AWOJNT^ IN IHL HOU-/.. T -Kt, i ~- i TAT i-ji
2ft* _
T--. -.. -• i'p**7!-**- 4
~^~ ~~ Creaiest" elf pth on"^rouna .-f i
| _ smiw^ sleet if lie and date j
HOURLY PRECIPITATION Water equivalent m inches PLETE. OFFICE IlOSiD K1GMTS *
A M Hour ending ai
^....T-^ i... ^^;.^-i-
j ' i i !
1
• i j ; 1
• ' i ,
1 ' .02' .03 .02 .05! .03, .06
i 1
.09 .03 .01 ' .06 .12.
i
: .01!
.06 .02 .03 .13 .01 !
.04 T .01 T .01 T .03 .06
.01 .03 .01 .02 .14 .07 .03
.01 .01 .02 .01 .01 T T 1
.12 .07 .02 .01 , .01 .01
.11 .01 .01 .01
! i i
.02 .02 .01 .04 .01' .01! .02 .01
, :
.0>; i i : .01!
Extreme tempera: .rr-. tvi the rm-nih Mav be the !•«
Melnw xm, tnrperaturc «r ne**tive ti*t*nuf» front
, 70 »l ^U-k4^ rtMtfiut
AH. .>n ar ^*r ,r .Utr. or .tutn
Ir ihe U*4irlv frt-r>pi:»(i<-n t»NV and in f^turriw
9 10 an*. 11 •H'bc«l^ an amtxilit too sn^all IA
r ftra*uft f> r d<*icrre dav* t»*i»« »i:h Julv for heatintT
j. m cuhimn* ». 12, 13 N •iV 15 ire ba**d on D
urM t'T .lirevtxvui are irn* »f Jrfre.* ftx»m true
^.]JL
|
|
.031 .07
.13 .08
I
1
1
1 .02
.01 .02
.09 .04
T i .01
.01! 7
.01!
1
.ot; .02
i
I , P M Hour ending at
pu-nn
.02 .02
.OT .02
.01 .04
T • .02:
' T
;.-__-
_j._j_? ; .4 r s_ ;. 6_, ...i. .. «-.;_«_: JO_H
M ! : ;
1 1
i i ; , i i
.02
i ; :T T ;
; • ; '
: • ! • ,
1 ' '
.01 .06 .06 .10 .03 .06
.ei . :
.16
T
.01
'
.01 .02 ; .04
.13 '
T :
: .03
.03' . .
i ! .
; • • , 1
1 ' ' i
; ! j
.21 .24 .(5 .11 .08 .01! T .01 .01
.01 .02 .C8 .03, T ' .01 .08 .09
.02 .04 .02 .01 .01 .04
T ' .02 .11 .01 .03
' .02'
! i T .01 .02 .02 .01 .02
.01 T 1 .01 T .01 .01 .02 .10
.01, .02 .02 . , <
1 .03 .01 .02 !
.03 .03 .01 .02 .04, .07
.01 ; i
i 1 .01 .04L .01
N3 «LCK t>.D$.
EJi-^u-
.06
.13
• 0*
7
.03
.12
.07
.01
.12
£
10
.06 12
13
.12
14
IS
16
17
18
.02 19
.01 20
21
22
.OH 22
.1*1 24
.l?j 23
T
26
27
23
.01 29
: ' .oil
30
>l
Any emei on-cl«d wOt be corr«rte ci-«\iauv pv uni-nc
.u_nur.iui. .ill bunouudn the annual lunnarv SIMMAKN B> HOI RS
rSubarrtpti-r.
Stna"lv ^"py :
crntN fi-r anfi
rw urwalv
i ~(\7T A-3L£fi45rE-5 ______
Priee: Local niniatolniical Data 11 OOJ |-~._ 55- J, --_! 1^ ffj
ludinf annual S«mmanf if poWi-hed , _:£ i ^*- ,* _?• r . ,
10 renti for monthly Summary; IS _! j c 7 _. *~ J- £ ! =
ual Summary rh**_j or money or-l«r_ , .-^__-^ . -_ — T-- - -3 — . -
i r 2M«_. 1 i i •
i ! • ' : t
record* nn file al the National Weather i > \ i
J
— * . i
'
j
|
•9f
f, E i
RemrOB renter. Aahevilk. North Tar-lina 2»«01.
Niwtb ie,*t> East 1H S«H«h. 21 - ttrsn 36 - North
a«d 0" = C'aitai \Vhrn dtn-rtfus »f« in ten* of **
Mt Cat |7 entrirfl in '"ot It. are fa*Ir*t
Dmrlor. National Weather Reconfa renter
-ASHEVILI.E
96
-------
Appendix C (Continued)
LOCAL CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA
U. S DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE - mURICE H. STAKS, Secretary
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SERVICES ADMINISTRATION — ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SERVI
SAN FR4NCISCD, CALIFORNIA
FEOEKAL OFFICE 6LDC.
FEBRUARY 1969
La
I
1
1
t
3
4
I
9
10
11
12
13
14
1!
n
u
19
2C
21
22
23
2«
2!
2<
27
2(
1
2
3
4
3
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
29
2«
21
21
titude 57
17 u Longitude I7y ,5' a Elevation (ground*
Temperature
E
J
a
2
52
55
56
55
52
52
53
55
57
64
57
54
56
52
56
58
53
53
33
31
in
50
52
54
53
53
53
1507
Uaxim
i
'c
S
3
48
46
44
44
43
47
45
52
• 53
49
47
43
48
49
4t
46
47
50
46
44
43
45
43
44
47
47
1T9T
Avg
« 46.31
Number
um Temp.
3'r
1
4
50
51
50
48
48
48
50
50
55
59
53
51
30
50
53
53
50
50
52
49
47
47
49
50
49
50
50
,°F, Weather t
shown bv
a
3 O
S.E
SJ 0
Qi
5
-2
-1
-2
-4
-4
-4
-2
-2
3
6
0
-2
-3
-3
0
-1
-4
-4
-2
-3
-7
-7
-3
-4
-3
-4
-4
Avg_ ucp.
50.1 -2.
of davs
Minimum Te
0
Degree days !:9 on d'
(Base 65') of occurre
i!
II
6
mp.
^ 0'
0
c
1
7A
li
11
i;
n
n
n
i:
n
1C
£
12
li
li
11
11
i:
1!
1]
U
IS
1!
11
It
1.
1(
1
1
Total
1
U
7B
J Toui
V-.^-
KE
Jill
8
,^ 1 DATA ARE NOT ENTERED IN THIS COLUMN BECAUSE
|i RECORDS OF WEATHER TYPES MAY BE INCOMPLETE
I
:ode |
tes ;
nee
1
Dtno*
i
s
e
K
£
of da
i
52 ft. Standard time used:
Precipitation ! Avg • wjnd
station
Sleet, j
or i Water
ground
at
9
0
C
Q
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ys
76: | > .01 inch IS
Total i Total > 1.0 inch i
2188^ 0 Thunderstorms .
20<1
2S f. I
HOURLY PRECIPITATION iW
A M Hour ending at
.01
.07
.06
.06
.01
.29
.02
.01
2
.24
.04
• 0;
• OS
.09
.20
.0
.1
.1
.2
.1
.0
.0
I .01
i .05
t .07
.03
8 .07
.01
6 .02
3
'
.03
.03
.06
.07
.03
6
.04
.10
.13
.01
.02
7
.01
.02
.09
.01
.06
R [
.02
.10
T
.04
.01
• Extreme temperatures for the month. May be the last
of more than one occurrence.
- Below zero temperature or neirative departure from
normal.
t > 70* at Alaskan stations.
* Also on an earlier date, or dates.
I Heavy fo(t restricts visibility to 'A mile or less.
T In the Hourly Precipitation table and in columns
t. 10, and 11 indicates an amount too small to
The. season for decree days begins with July for heating
and with January for coolirur.
Data in columns 6. 12. 13. 14. .nd 15 are based on 8
•Imervations per day at 3-hour intervals.
Wind directions are those from which the wind blows.
Reat/.lant wind is the vector sum of wind directions
and speeda divided by the number of observations.
Fizures for directions are tens of decree* from true
North ; i.e.. 09 = East. 18 = South. 27 = West. 36 = North.
•nd 00 = Calm. When directions are n tens of decrees
U OJ- 17. enlrie. in Col. 16 are fastest observed
1-aiiDUU apeeds If the / appears in Col. 17. speeds
.02
.11
T
.02
.02
.11
.13
.08
.08
11
.02
.17
T
.03
12
.14
.05
.01
lent
"In.l
10
.11
0
0
.06
.89
.38
0
• 02
• 0>
0
1.13
0
0
.69
.47
0
.11
.13
C
C
.2!
.2
.4C
.6!
.21
.0'
.4
.8
Total"
7.2
3.6
Grf
Prct
Snow,-
sleet
.InJ
11
!
"Total
atest ir
matiol
pres-
sure i
lln.
Elev. ||
feet if
m.si. \&
12 13
J
3
J
3
)
D
9
D
0
0
9
0
0
ol
0
Ol
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
24 hours a
. 1 ^
i
111
14
the
nd date
low. Sit;
I
!!
t?
m 0 n
s
!t
1.3* 14-13 ! 0
PAC1F
Kas
m
If
24
11
U
20
19
25
16
26
11
14
18
17
27
17
30
24
34
21
14
28
26
th:
1C
test
Je
g
1
i5
17
H
N
Si
SE
S«
i
SE
S*
S
SE
M
M
SE
sw
H
H
H
Ski
SE
SE
SE
SE
s«
SE
SE
SN
Sunshine
c
11
18
7.8
10.4
9.4
3.4
2.7
6.3
6.7
3.9
3.3
6.3
0.0
10.7
8.6
0.1
7.3
8.1
3.9
4.3
0.4
8.0
2.3
7.1
5.4
6.3
8.9
3.<
1,1
4.'
Tola
T54.
302.
Greatest depth
snow, sleet or
1
0.
1
41
-O
11
=•1
•s
9
76
100
91
H
11
37
31
59
0
100
80
1
67
81
33
39
3
73
23
64
48
55
76
50
17
39
Cor
51
on gr
ice ar
rater equivalent in inches!— ENTRY OF TRACE AWOUNTS *«.
T P. M. Hour e din* at
1
.04
.13
.06
.01
2
.03
.05
.02
.02
.15
.04
Any errors detected will be corrected and
summary data will be annotated in the *nnua
Subscription Price: Local nimatolopiral P
per year includir.fr annual Summary if
Sinjrle copy: 10 cents for monthly Sum
cents for annual Summary. Checks or mon
•hould be mad* payable and remittances a
spondence should be sent to the Superinu
Documents. U. S. Government Printing
Washington, D. C. 20402.
I certify that this is an official publicati
Environmental Science Services Aijminislrati
compiled from records on file at the Nations
Records Center. Aaheville. North Carolina 2ft
j t /
JrM-*~~ // /y+f'f*'*'
Director. National Weather Reca
3 4
.07 .1C
.05 T
.04 .!<
.02 T
.03 .0.
T
T
.01 .0
.10
.02
.19
.01
.0*
T
T
6
.01
.09
.02
.01
.01
7
.03
.04
.04
.03
.01
.04
.03
.01
.03
.01
.01
.02
.06
.09
Sky cover
(Tenths)
0
20
Avg
lund o
d date
S
&%,
11
2'i
21
Sum
1
Y BE INCOWLE
.04
• 03
.02
• 01
.02
.01
11
.01
.02
.07
.05
.08
.01
.19
12
.01
.01
.02
.06
.03
.12
.12
.01
s
a
22
1
2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
TE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
."SfMi^1 SUMMARY BY HOURS
at. SI .00
ublished.
nary; 15
nd corre-
mlent of
Office.
:,n of the
on. and is
1 Weather
i A VEB AGES
I-^f
o~
\f
801.
J
Resultant
-j w»d
H I
i~ a
1!
USCOMM—ESSA—ASHEVILLE
97
-------
Appendix C (Continued)
LOCAL CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE - MAURICE H. STAKS, Secretary
EHVIROKMiKTAL SCIENCE SERVICES ADMI1IISTRATIOJI — ENVIBOllirEXTAI, DATA SERVICE
SAN FRANCISCO. CALIFORNIA
FEDERAL OFFICE BLOC.
HARCH 1969
latitude 37" 47' H Longitude 122 ' 25 ' U Elevation Igroundl 52 ft Standard time used: piCIFIC
,
1
1
2
10
11
12
11
14
If
16
17
It
1»
20
21
It
11
24
»«.
26
21
2»
10
n
Temperature (°F>
Maximum
2
56
53
55
61
59
56
53
54
51
55
53
50
59
64
62
96
51
51
64
53
57
57
71
72
74
7»»
71
59
66
-#-
1068
Avt
60.3
Minimum
3
46
46
44
47
41
46
44
44
45
44
45
44
43>
48
47
46
49
49
48
46
47
4>
4»
51
55
55
49
49
54
52
Sum
1493
A»g.
48.2
§>
4
51
50
50
54
54
51
49
49
48
50
49
47
51
56
55
51
54
54
56
50
52
53
60
65
69
67
60
54
60
«4
Avg.
54.3
_
Departure
from normi
S
-3
-4
-4
0
0
-3
-5
-5
'-6
-5
-6
-8
-4
1
0
-4
-1
-1
1
-5
-3
-2
5
10
10
12
5
-1
5
-1
Dep
-0.4
Average
dew point
fi
Avg.
Nnmrrcr of r-avs
Ifaxinun
-^w
0
n Temp. ! Minimum Temp.
390'1~] a 32' 1 SO'
• 1 0 1 0
Degree days
He.tlng
7A
14
15
15
11
11
1*
16
16
17
15
16
It
1*
9
10
14
11
11
*
15
13
12
5
0
0
0
5
11
5
Toti]
BO
1
7B
Weather types 1
1-9 on dates
123 456 78*
i! ii!
Jill 111
8
Ol
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
D
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Tola?"
«3 5
Dep. ! Dep.
14
Total ' Total
25Z1
Dep.
218
Dep.
§5
a E!
o 5
,_ 3
S PS
J
8 S
gs
a
B 8
S E
a £
§ * 5
IIs
1 E 19
0 a 3
S " L
i K s
a ; s
g 1 «
sag
Sleet,
at
08AM
lln.l
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Number of days
Precipitation
5 .01 inch 6
5 1.0 inch o
Thunderstorms
Heavy fog X
Precipitation
Water
lent
iln.l
10
0
.16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.31
0
0
0
.11
.19
.02
0
.26
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
Total
-^
-1.92
Snow.
sleet
(In.»
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Tsrf-
0
s£L Wind
pres-
sure
(In.)
Elev.
155
feet
ms.L
12
Fo
ii
13
- l-p
* H&
~i E
Ii
14'
TT-^
a-
it
15
Fastest
mile
•a*
i <*
O.C
Mi
1C
U
29
23
16
26
21
73
16
76
19
15
16
14
11
17
14
13
18
17
13
17
17
12
15
H
11
24
18
22
-^
Direction
17
«
S*
U
Nn
H
U
«
V
U
«
«
NE
S*
SW
H
H
H
sw
«
SE
V
s»
NE
NE
NE
II
•
IT
B
s«
_29]_IK_
l>ate: 02
Sunshine
Hours and
tenths
-18
10. S
5.2
11.4
41
I!
19
92
45
100
11.5 100
11.5 100
Sky cover
(Tenths)
Sunrise to
sunset
20
11.6 100 i
11.6 100
11.6 1100
11.4 I 98
11.7 100
9.9
6.2
10.3
11.9
11.9
8.9
6.0
10.5
12.1
1.3
11.0
10.7
11.3
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.4
11.2
10.6
9.7
3ii±L
Pottiblt
371.0
84
53
87
97
100
79
50
87
100
11
91
88
92
100
100
100
99
90
89
77
for
mont>
17
Sum
Avg.
Midnight tc
midnight
21
"Surir
Avg.
Greatest in 21 hours and dales Greatest depth on ground of
Precipitation [ Snow. Sleet j snow^ sleet or
.311 12 ! ol 1 0 !
re and date
2
&
22
1
2
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
7^
26
28
29
30
31
HOURLY PRECIPITATION (Water equivalent in inches) - ENTRY OF TR*CE AMOUNTS MAY BE INCOMPLETE
I
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
11
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
21
2*
30
»t
1
1
3
.02
A.
.04
.01
a. Bo,
.06
.01
.01
or end
6
.08
.03
I
>C at
T
.03
.01
pT~
T
.04
r»~
.01
.01
10
T
T
11
.04
.04
12
.07
.10
-[—
.05
.01
.03
rr^
.06
.04
3
.01
r~r~
pTr
s
foure
.03
idinis
.02
l
.03
9
10
.03
11
.08
nr
.01
1
1
2
9
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
10
31
for the mnth Hw be UK kit
tate.
or ntcmtin departure from
Any errors detected wffl be corrected and changea hi
summary data will be annotated in the annual summary.
SUMMARY BY HOURS
t S~W*~at AWiku atation.
* Aha » u earlier dale, or data.
X BIMT tar reatrirta najbOitr to
T b tke HoBrir pncipUatioi
mite or leaa.
table and la roki«a
8. 1ft, aad II indicates an ammmt too amaH to
Tke aeaaeB fer (km* 4ar> b«im with July for beataf
•a* m*l Jaaaarjr for eooliaf.
Data h ciilmn C. Ii. IS. 14. and IS art tend OB «
okaeratixa per aar at SJwur intercala.
«eti«»a an tkoae from rtkh the wind btowa.
br the umber of obximtkm.
Flavrea for diraetioaa are tea* of decree* from true
Hartk;U,« = EaO. 18 =• Sank. 27 = Wnt, 36 = North.
aadM = Oh». Whea dirjrtioo. are la ton of defreta
hi Gal 11. ertrta t> CM. 1« are faatert otaemd
U the / annra ia Col. 17. apeeda
Subscription Price: Local Cnmatok«iei.t Data (1.00
per rear indudina: annual Summary if published.
Sinrle copy: 10 cents for monthly Summary: 15
cents for annual Sommary. Check* or money orders
should be made payable and remittances and corre-
spondence sliouU be sent, to the Superintendent of
Documents, f. S. Gom-nment Printing Office.
I Washington. D. C. 204.02.
I certify that tho ia an official publication of the
Environmental Science Services Administration, and is
compiled from records on file at the National Weather
Records Center. Ashevak. North Carolina 28801.
Hour
(Lw*l dtntl
. , A 7ERAG
H
Ir;
IP
1-
t_
a
£
f£
KS
E
'*
£
\f
|"
it
n
RnulUflt
T
11
Director. KatfceaJ Waather Records Center
USCOMM—ESSA—ASHEVILLE
300
98
-------
Appendix C (Continued)
LOCAL CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA
U S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE - MAUBJCI H. STMS, Secretary
EKVIROmiEKTAL SCIENCE SERVICES
Latitude 37" $-f N Longitude l;;'_2S_'
M1H1STR/ITJOS — EKVlROMfEKTAL DAT* SERVICE
Elevation 'ground' • ? ft. Standard time used:
SIS FRUNCISCO/ CiLIfO
fEQtRAL OFFICE BLOC.
IfRU 1969
5
i
i
2
J
4
5
6
7
S
9
10
11
If
13
14
15
14
17
16
20
21
22
Jt
25
26
27
Temperature I'D j Weather types T pre
46
49
50
46
49
49
49
50
40
47
4<
51
51
2« 63 ! 4«
K
57
54
fib
48
47
4;^
48.5
1-
M
1
4
55
53
51
54
50
50
55
56
55
59
54
53
53
: Degree days
. (Base 65' 1
1-9 on dates Steet, ;
of occurrence j or | Water
IJ3
10 o £ I
\ * 0
! U 0
1 12 0
; 12 0
52 I -4 i 13 0
56 0
9 0
60 4 . i 0
52 -4
54 -2
59 3
55
55
53
-1
-1
-3
52 ! -4
54 -2
3 "
8 S
S S
g S
5 e
: 13 o _ e
U 0
6 0
i 10 0
10: 0
12' 0
: 13 0
U 0
60 4 51 0
62 6 i 3 0
56
5}
0 9 0
-3 ; U 0
51 I -5 j : 14 0
i 1 , — j_. 1
S . 5
a S S
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
Q
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
o
e g •" o
Z g 0
" 8 6
* S 2
5 1 §
Q
0
0
10
c
.31
0
.05
.64
U
0
n
0
n
o
m.s.l. 'ci"B ci %
12 'V3 H
.19 Oj
0 0
0 0
.17 0
0
0
.02
0
c
0
0
7
0
o
o
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o! o
.01 • 0
.34
.01
0
o[ o
0 0
0 T
S « 2 oj „
0 0
j ! 315! o! Numberofdays 1.74
L75ydT5e.R.l;Sye~t"P "|~Cepn Precipiuticm jI>P
54.2, -l.i| 36 3 .01 inch 9 _ 0.30
Number of days Total i Total
MaxiTium Temp I Minimum TC:TID 2S36 5
^ 32* i 5 90' t 1 < 32" ! ^ £T Dep- > Dep.
Snow. sJeet
^ 10 inch Q Grc
' Thunderstorms |~ Prec
Heavy fog X 1 .6*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.
t= —
Illl! 1 ill
.5 16
ea ||
D-"o CO «
n \ is 1 is 20
19
17
15
10. i 65
4. 36
sa
•S. E
21
12. iloO
261
IB
n
S
16 3
16
22
19
74
71
74
7?
?2
21
19
?3
75
75
?4
21
19
17
i 1 20
24
JLLh
S
10.
3.
82
23
12. 99
12. 99
12.
9.
12.
9.
11.
12.0
13.1
13.2
13.2
3.1
S
5
98
75
99
67
B9
9?
100
100
100
23
13. ]100
12.
e.
0.
13.
13.
13.
13.
9.
i 12.
95
100
66
66
97
100
100
100
67
95
S 13. I 99
1
""l-vl Sh 1337.8? tot \ r
IDate: 30 ! P—'ibip monthf Avg. I Avg.
atest in 24 hours and dates i Greatest depth on gruun31i?
pitation i Snow. Sleet ( snow, sleet or ice and date
4- 5 1 01 1 0 1
Q
22
1
7
4
4
6
7
n
9
10
n
17
n
14
15
16
17
IB
70
77
73
?±
75
26
?7
?9
30
10, 0 j U , u , fi-t
HOURLY PRECIPITATION 'Water equivalent in inches!— ENTRY OF TRAc: AK3UNT5 ,.v.f •)£
5
1
2
3
10
11
12
13
14
16
17
11
19
20
21
12
23
24
25
26
2|
29
10
A. 4. Hour ending at
1
.12
.03
.10
2
.03
.06
.14
3
.01
.01
.05
4
.03
.17
.03
.01
5
.02
.02
.03
6 7
.04
.04
.01
T
8 9
T
.05
T
T
.06
10
T
.06
n
.05
12
.02
.02
1
2
3
T
1
• Eitrtmc temoerntum to th« month. M»y t* the l«st *"? «"°« * torrertwi »nd ch»™« i
of more «u« Tom occurrence •umnarr H te «nnoUted in the «nnu«J sumnurj
— Below Mro temp*r»tuw or n*s«tive departure from
normal.
$ > 70' it Alaskin stations.
JAtoo on an earlier dat*. or date.- .
He*ry /or restricts vMttiility to '4 cttile or less.
T In the Hourly Precipiuti.m UMe »nd in columns
f. 14. Md 11 indicates an amount too small to
The aeaxm (or degree days twin with July for hc.tinj
Sutecriptirai Price: Loral OimattiSogir.l Data »!.M
per year including annual Summary if published.
Single copy: 10 cents for monthly Summary; IS
cents for annual Summary. Checks or money orders
should be mad* payable and remittances and corre-
spondence should he sent to the Superintendent of
Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office.
Data in columns G. 12. IS. 14. and l.S are based on 8
WindVdirtrtion*r are* those from which the wind blows. 1 certify that this is an official publication of th
Keuttant wind is the vector ..urn of winj directions EnvironmenU Science Services Administration and 1 i
and speeds divided by the number of ohjerv.tiom. compiled from records on file «t the .Saturn*! Weathe
FtaireTfor directions are tens of decrees !rom true Record, Center. Ashe.iUe. North Carolina 28801.
Wort* ;i.e» 09 = East. 18 = South. 27= K'Mt.Se = North. 1 // A
•ad 00 = Calm. When directions ar* in tens of degrees jt£«c»^ rf/ it f -*. J^1 r^_
In Col. 17. entries in Col. 16 are fastest observed *r-*v-*» ^- /' '^J"
P. M. Hour endinfi at
5
13
.02
T
6
.OS
.09
r
.01
1 8 ..
.04
.06
T
7
.04
a
10
.Ul
11
,
03
11
12
.01
.01
i
i
2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
It
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
2«
29
30
" SUMMARY BY HOURS
e
s
r
Ij A'' El
'• — I > ^
ib
1-
fi-
AGES
*"
E •=
** ?
-
it
i
Resultant
1
O
8
1-miuite speeds. B U» / appean in C«l 17. »peeda
mfM*. Director. N.tto«l Weather Record! Center USCOMM-ESSA-ASHEVILLE 3QO
99
-------
Appendix C (Continued)
LOCAL CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA
0. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE - MAURICE B. STARS, Secretary
EKVIROmfENTAL SCIEIICE SERVICES ADHIXISTRATION — ENVIROHMEHTAl. DATA SERVICE
SAN FRANCISCO/ CALIFORNIA
FEDERAL OFFICE BLOC.
HAY 1969
Latitude 37* 47' „ Longitude ,92 " 25 ' a Elevation .ground' 52 (t Standard time used: p,tlrlt
1
1
I
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
IT
It
19
20
22
21
14
25
76
IT
21
29
30
-
Temperature CFI
S
I
59
60
55
64
BO*
6T
61
62
65
55
55
57
60
62
59
65
64
61
67
60
5T
"59
56
64
63
6T
64
6*
T2
Tl
64
Avg
6?.T
Minimum
3
4T
49
4>
4T«
52
50
53
53
52
50
49
51
54
53
50
49
48
53
52
50
90
51
50
52
50
55
54
53
55
55
53
-fti-
w
31.2
i
s
4
53
55
52
56
66
59
57
58
59
53
52
54
57
51
55
57
56
57
60
55
54
55
53
51
58
61
59
61
64
63
59
57.0
1
«
_
.
.
.
.
1
1
4
0
0
3
1
?
3
3
5
3
0
1
2
0
1
1
2
3
4
4
6
1
-1
2
0
2
5
4
0
Dep.
-0.4
Numbe. of days
Maximum Twin. 1 MrntmUT
zW
0
5 90" 2
0
a 32'
0
Average
dew point
fi
Degree days
(Base 65' t
1
7A
12
10
13
9
0
6
8
7
6
12
13
11
t
7
10
a
9
t
5
10
11
10
12
7
7
4
6
4
1
2
6
1' Total
— =, 2*2
TCvjp
Dep.
8
I
7B
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TnlsT
1
Dep'.
Weather types | Precipitation
«V"vn hy code |Snnu-
1-9 on dates ^leet.
of occurrence or
111 431 !I» !„,„„
i J
•Jills!!!
a
i s
H (^
S S3
& &
1 £
j ,.
8 S
S i
B *
n £
Be0
& * s
fi a 5
8 * a.
2 *. 6
8 S3
< § •>
f B «
s S &
Number old.
[round
Ot'/H
(In.l
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n
Precipitation
5 .01 inch 0
Tout Total ~- 1-0 inch c
iTemn. 307ft t 6 Thunderstorms
^ 6"
0
Dep.
257
Dep.
Heavy fog X
Water
lent
< In.)
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
T
0
0
0
0
T
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
T
0
0
0
0
0
Total
T
bep.
-0.63
Snow.
sleet
iln.l
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Touij
0
Avg.
station
pres-
sure
Elev.
195
feet
m.s.1.
12
Ko
Greatest in 24 1
PrecioiUtton
T
26+
Wind
! .c
cc! c E
11
13
r
11
14
tTTe~
1
If
IS
mon
ours and dates
Snow. Sleet
0
Fastest
mile
•o -C
16
21
70
33
20
17
19
20
17
24
24
20
16
17
to
26
21
25
22
23
25
21
20
It
17
16
11
?4
19
11
23
33
Direction
17
W
W
SW
V
SW
SW
3i<
tv
W
SW
w
w
SM
M
SK
S
sw
w
SW
w
w
w
sw
SK
Date: 03
i
Creates
mow. s
Sunshine
Hours and
tenths
18
ft
&-S
Sky cover
(Tenths!
Sunrise to
sunset
19 20
13.8 100
13.2 r«5
13. bo
13. 100
13. {100
13.
12.
6.
14.
12.
9.
2.
6.
9.
10.
11.
12.
e.
14.
10.
3.
3.
3.
t.
13,
5.
12.
14.
14.
14,
14.6
Total
&32.I
Poniblc
140.6
100
(6 !
4' i
100
90
20
44
64
77
13
16
61
100
71
23
26
27
56
93
38
87
100
100
100
% < Sum
tot ;
attain1 Avg.
7» '
Midnlcht t
midnight
Date
21 22
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
I
I?
b
J1
12
r*
14
IS
16
17
It
59
20
tel
^2
2>
84
BS
26
27
£t
89
BO
•Sumf
Avg.
: depth on ground of
Jeet or in and date
0 '1
HOURLY PRECIPITATION (Water equivalent in inches! - ENTRY OF TRACE AMOUNTS MAY BE t WTOM-l ETE.
*
1
\
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
IT
11
J»
20
tl
22
23
24
25
26
2T
It
29
10
tl
A. M. Hour endine at
1
2
3
4
5
6
T
T
7
T
T
8
T
T
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
'
8
T
T
9
T
T
10
T
T
H
T
12
i
L
11
12
13
14
15
16
it
11
19
>0
•1
!2
!3
e4
!3
>6
!T
[i
10
||
• Extreme trmpmtere. (or th.moMk.Uirb.tb.lut A«T enora detected wul be cometed and chantei i» cmra*RV nv HnilHt Aauaa «t»ttoe».
JAtao on an earlier date, nr datn.
Btnr f. 1*. and 11 bdieatea an amount too unaD to
m aeaiOTbr **r«« oar. beliaa wit. J.I, for kcatbic
a>4 witi Jajoar/ far eooHv-
Data ta eakna. S. U. 11. 14. and IE an baaed o. S
Subaenption Price-. Local Clinutoloiical Data tl.M
per rear inchidini ammal Snmmarr if pubbahed.
Siarl. copy: 10 cents for monthly Summary: IS
centa for annual Snmmarr. Checks or money oroera
should be made payable and remittances and corre-
snonlence ahouU be tent-to the Superintendent of
Docunenta. U. S Go«einment Printinr Office.
abatnaUuaa par dar at 8-«our intervals.
Wbrf finetlam an tboae from «nkk tae win) blows. I certa> tint Una l> an official pubHcatioa of the
l^anHinl «M is Ike nctor son of wiad dinction Enrtrormmtal Science Services Administration, and la
and steeds IMded by the number of obtervaUons. compiW from records on file at the National Weather
r AVEI
.= i*
lm
ll-
2C
f-
AGES
\
i-
M«
li
li
»
RoulUM 1
Kind
1
l!
flowroa for daceUona aie tma of decrees from true
Kortb:La_69 = Eut. It = South. 27 - WeM.»-North,
and M - Cahm. Wken dincUona an in ten of oarraa
In CaL IT. eatrloa in Col 16 an taint observed
lealn.il npoada. If the / appears » CoL 17. aneeds
Becorda Center. AaheviUe. North Carolina 28801.
tNnetor. National Weather Record. Center
USCOMM—ESSA—ASHEVTLLE
100
-------
Appendix C (Continued)
LOCAL CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA
U. S DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE - KAURICE H. STAHS, Secretary
SAN FRANCISCn, CALIFORNIA
FEDERAL OFFICE BLOC.
^SZir ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SERVICES ADMINISTRATION — ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SERVICE
Latitude $f */ N Longitude 122° 25' W Elevation 'ground) 33 ft. Standard time used: p^cIFIC
1
.
i
i
4
6
7
1
9
in
1 1
i?
14
11
IIS
17
11
19
11
2?
71
M
26
21
79
30
Temperature (°F>
E
J
1
2
65
64
61
61
63
65
60
56
59
64
61
63
60
60
62
60
67
65
63
61
59
59
65
66
62
63
68
77»
59
Sum
-Afcr
lbxin.1.
*
1
E
"c
i
3
ST
56
55
55
56
55
55
54
55
55
54
56
54
54
53
54
57
57
56
56
54
54
54
53
54
53
54
55
51*
Sum
1636
Avg.
— 54TJ"
Number
son-}
0
So
a
4.
60
60
58
58
60
60
58
55
57
60
58
60
57
57
58
57
62
61
60
59
57
57
60
60
58
58
61
66
55
Avg
56.7
of davs
! Mini)
t E
S.E
ai 0
5
0
0
-2
-2
0
0
-2
-5
-3
0
-2
0
-3
-3
-1
-2
3
2
1
0
-2
-2
1
1
-1
-1
3
8
-3
mum Tc;
fc c
Ir
<•§
6
Av|-.
Degree days
(Base 65°)
c
1
7A
5
5
7
7
5
5
7
10
8
5
7
5
B
8
7
C
I
7B
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8 0
4
5
6
8
5
5
7
7
0
10
Total
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Total
1
~ToT5n Total
3263: 7
^ 37 ' 1 <: 0° 1 Dep- DeP-
1 0 | 0 1 2621
Weather types Precipitation
shnwn hv rode Snnw.L
1-9 on dates Sleet. !
of occurrence or Water
123
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
c
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ys
10
0
0
T
T
0
0
0
.04
T
.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
T
0
0
0
e
e
0
«
0
.0:
5 .01 inch 2i -0.0!
> 1.0 inch Ol Ore
Thunderstorms Free!
Heavy fog X .04
'
Snow,
sleet
Hn.l
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
0
atest in
pitation
Avg.
station
pres-
sure
tin.)
Elev.
m.s.l.
12
Fo
24 hour
Wind
n
q.
| J | E
SI
11
E=
s an
Sri
14
U-
d date-
w. Sle
S
t 4
IS
m o n
s
et
B 1 Ol
Fastest
mile
I!
IB
19
20
17
17
IS
22
23
11
14
22
18
If
23
2i
23
18
18
16
10
U
31
20
28
26
26
26
26
22
22
27
31
§
E
a
17
SH
SK
SH
H
SH
H
M
H
H
SH
W
H
H
SH
H
H
SH
H
H
NH
H
H
H
H
SH
H
H
H
H
H
H
Create
snow.
Sunshine
s
o c
BS
18
10.2
14.6
5.0
3.4
_J
SS
'T °-
tC"c
19
69
100
34
23
6.7 46
14.7
6.1
0.0
0.2
10.3
5.0
4.1
2.3
5.5
11.
6.
i.
14.
14.
14.
14.
14.
14.
14.
11.7
Tola
247.8
442.1
t depth
leetor
100
42
0
1
70
34
27
15
37
it
79
40
38
38
100
100
99
100
100
100
(9
for
56
on gr
ice a
Sky cover
(Tenths)
S
,Sunris
sunset
20
>und (
id dab
j-. £
"E 'c
•c -u
is E
21
Sum
1
0 1
Q
22
1
2
A
5
6
10
12
13
16
\l
1»
22
2*
25
?7
26
29
i
2
3
4
5
6
7
§
9
10
11
12
13
14
19
It
17
11
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
A M Hour endins at I
1
-*-
3
4
— 5 — !
6
T
7
7
.01
7
T
7
T
8 |
7
7
7
7
• Extreme temperatures for the month. May be the last
of nore than one occurrence.
- Below tero temperature or netrative departure from
BormaL
t ^ 70* at Alaskan stations.
+ Abo on an earlier date, or dates.
X Heavy fog restricts visibility to 14 mile or less.
T In the Hourly Precipitation table snd in columns
9. 10. and 11 indicates an amount too small to
T«e season for degree days begins with July for heatinl
•ad with January for cooling.
Data in columns 6. 12, 13. 14. and 15 are based on 8
-JL-
7
7
Itr
7
7
11
.01
7
7
12
T
7
7
__ . ,
.01
7
7
T
7
T
3
.01
7
7
4
.01
7
Any error* detected will be corrected and changes in
summary data will be annotated in the annual summary.
Subscription Price: Local Climatologies! Data Jl.OO
per year including annual Summary if published.
Single copy: 10 cents for monthly Summary; 15
cents for annual Summary. Checks or money orders
should be made payable and remittances and corre-
spondence should be sent to the Superintendent of
Documents. U. S. Government Printing Office.
Washington. D. C. 20402.
j ____j7nj:-.;jL» v.- .I. ...mi»r ftf ntwrvmtions. comniled from records on file at the National Weather
'. M. Hour ending at
5 \
6
B
»
10
11
I/
3
Q
10
Jl
12
13
14
15
16
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
23
26
28
29
30
SUMMARY BY HOURS
1
AVEFAGES
1
s§-
lt
£~
t
ft
_a
i!
wind
I
8
gures for directions are tens of degrees from true
North • Le- 09 = East, 18 = South. 27 = West. 36 = North.
and 00 = Calm. When directions are in tens of degrees
bl CoL 17 entries in Col. 16 are fastest observed
1-minute apeada. If the / appears in CoL 17. speeds
•re feats.
Records Center. Asheville, North Carolina 28801
Director, National Weather Records Center
USCOMM—ESSA—ASHEVTLLE
101
-------
Appendix C (Continued)
LOCAL CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA
U S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE - MAVR1CC B. STANS, Secretary
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SERVICES ADMINISTRATION — ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SERVICE
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA
FEDERAL OFFICE BLDG.
JULY 196°
Latitude if *1 H Lonoitude ,„' ,5' y Elevation igroundi 52 ft. Standard time used: pACIFIC
|
I
-T
7
3
4
5
6
7
9
in
M
it
i)
19
16
17
18
19
70
11
7?
»1
74
11
26
78
79
10
31
Temperature <°F>
g
i
E
2
60
64
73
67
63
61
64
64
63
62
61
65
65
60
63
71
74*
64
66
60
59
6.1
65
67
64
59
59
58
59
64
Sum
p62
63.3
§
'c
S
3
56
51
51
92
51
91
91
91
90
51
91
52
93
93
93
92
99
92
49*
91
51
53
95
3*
9*
92
92
51
91
90
Sum
AYR
91.9
&
i
4
95
98
62
60
57
56
58
58
57
57
56
99
99
97
98
62
65
58
58
96
95
57
60
63
60
56
96
95
53
57
AvB.
97.6
Number of days
IturSuni Temp. I tiini
0
„
» i
il
5
-3
0
4
2
-2
-3
-1
-I
-2
' -2
-3
0
0
-2
-1
3
6
-1
-1
-3
-4
-3
0
3
0
-4
-4
-3
-3
-3
Tiep.-
-1.2
^
Average
dew poll
1!
AWE.
num Temp.
r:=33't =32' =3-
0 1 0 1 0
Degree days
I
X
7A
10
7
3
9
6
9
7
7
B
8
9
6
6
6
7
3
0
7
7
9
10
8
3
2
5
9
9
10
10
8
Total
1 221
Dep.
29
S
i
7B
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Season to date
Total 1 Total
i2l 7
Dee. ' Pep
Weather types :
1-9 on dates Sleet.
123 156 'll'Iceon
" S SI grounc
iiiiiiliiC
H
awl £
S §
i >
2 0
3 V4
SI .J
2 JS
g s
* i!
W -M
s g s
Els
3 f-
S ^ ft
Hf*
s <
g g g
9.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Number of days
Precipitation
s .01 inch 0
s 1.0 inch 0
Thunderstorms
Precipitation
Water
lent
'In i
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
T
0
0
0
0
0
T
LVp. 1
-0.01
Snow.
sleet
Un.l
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
0
Avf ' Wind
pres-
I j-
£|||l
12
Fo
13
H
the
S
K-
&2
ll
15
—
Greatest in 24 hours and dates
Precipitation j Snow. Sittst
Tl 25 1 01
Fastest
mile
I!
16
18
23
21
70
29
17
20
21
22
23
?5
71
18
73
18
23
19
19
22
22
70
20
19
IT
23
25
25
23
21
22
Directio
17
W
H
SH
SK
U
M
SH
U
II
$H
W
*
II
U
U
H
W
V
s
s
s
?*.
5ate: 05
Sunshine
•?
U
18
6.3
13.3
14.7
14.7
14.7
14.7
10. B
B.7
B.3
3.7
12.9
14.0
14.6
14,6
14,5
14,3
14.5
12.0
13.0
12.8
10.9
10.8
6.4
9,3
10.3
7.1
3.7
6.0
5.6
11.7
Total
344.5
Pouibte
448.9
i>
£S
It
19
43
90
Sky cover
(Tenths)
S
11
20
100 |
100]
icol
100
74
59
56
»0
B8
96
100
100
100
100
100
93
90
19
73
75
98
63
72
SO
40
42
to
13
[of
77
"gum
Avg.
;
•fct-
'it "E
21
Sum
AVB.
Greatest depth on ground of
snow, sleet or ice and date
O 1
V
&
22
1
2
10
11
12
13
14
13
16
17
18
1»
20
21
22
n
24
23
26
28
29
30
31
29 1
HOURLY PRECIPITATION (Water equivalent in inches! -ENTRY OF TRACE AJKJUXTS »»Y =>E IKCOajfLETE.
1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
11
19
20
21
22
24
29
2*
ZT
11
29
30
A. M. Hour end IE at
|
7
3
4
a
ft
7
T
R
7
9
T
wn
11
U
T |
2
J
4
• EMnsne temperatures for the month. May be the tost Any errors detected win be corrected and enamel «
of niore than one occurrence. summary data will be annotated in the annual sununsr
- Below aero temperature or negative departure from
I » 7»- at Alaskan stations.
+ Also on an earlier date, or dates.
X Heavy foa- restricta visibility to 1, mile or less.
T In tfcc Hourly Precipitation table and in columns
9, 16. and 11 indicate* an amount tao smaB to
The season for decree days begins with July for heatint
and with Januarv for roolmr.
Subseriptioo Price: Local Cnmatolorical Data 11.00
per year including annual Summary if published.
Srnlrie copy: 10 cents for monthly Summary; 15
cents for annual Summary. Checks or money orders
ahouid be made parable and remittances and corre-
spondence should be sent to the Superintendent of
Documenta, U. S. Government Printing- Offr*.
Washington. D. C. 2MQZ.
Data m cobma. «. 12. 13. 11. and U are based on B
'. M. lour e Kline t
6
1
»
»
10
U
W
" SUMMARY BY HOURS
:
abaemtiona per day at 3-hour intemk.
Wind direetiona are those from which the wind blows. I certify that this is an official publication of the
Beaohant wind is fhe vector sum of wind directions Environmental Science Services Administration., and is
and speeds divided by the number of observations. compiled front records on file at the National V/ealher
'! A
' ;1
II1
r£I AGES
£
IE
i
lc H
r Is
Bnulunt
|
fi
I
i
10
11
12
13
14
13
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
29
26
27
28
29
30
31
Ffesrea for djrectiooa .are teas of decrcex from true
Worth;!*,05 = Eart, U - South, ZI - West,36 =. North,
and W = Calm. When direetjona are in tens of degrees
•a Cat 17. entries i» C6L 16 are fastest observed
*ds. U the / appear! in CuL 17. apeads
Dinetor. National Weather Records Center
USCOMM—ESSA—ASHEVTLLE
300
102
-------
Appendix C (Continued)
Latitude
LOCAL CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE - MAURICE H. STANS, Secretary
ENVIROXVEXTAL SCIENCE SERVICES ADHINISTRATION — ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SERVICE
37° 47 H Longitude 122° 2l' a Elevation 'ground' 52 ft Standard lime used: par IP re
SAN FRANCISCO/ CAUUJRNU
FEDERAL OFFICE BLOC.
AUGUST 1969
1
s
1
1
10
U
12
13
It
15
16
17
11
H
20
21
22
73
24
25
26
27
2«
11
10
Temperature <°F'
E
•s
2
59
73
72
73
71
6i
66
65
63
63
66
73
62
60
63
66
60
58
62
67
71
59
63
65
73
68
68
65
74»
67
T0_
66.1
S
S
3
51
51
55
56
53
53
52
52
49
53
53
54
50
48*
52
52
52
52
52
52
53
51
53
55
55
54
52
54
53
54
5J_
52.6
S.
<
4
55
62
64
65
63
58
59
59
56
58
60
64
56
54
58
59
56
55
57
60
62
55
58
60
64
61
60
60
64
61
61_^
Avg.
59.4
a, e
„
= o | s,-g
S.E
Q i;
5
-5
2
4
5
3
—2
-1
-1
.4
-2
0
4
-4
-6
-2
-1
.4
-5
-3
0
2
-5
-2
0
4
1
0
0
4
1
1
u.o
in
<-§
6
..
Degree days
(Base 65s)
M
c
X
7A
10
3
1
0
2
7
6
6
9
7
5
1
9
11
7
6
9
10
8
5
3
10
7
5
1
4
5
5
1
4
4
1 171
Avg.j Dep.
^ -3
Number of davs
Maximum Temp. ! Minimum Temp.
?W S90'l 1 e32' I 50*
101 01 0 1 0
Weather types 1 , preclp,tation AvS : Wind Sunshine Sky cover1,
1-9 on dates ^Sleet, \ pres-
of occurrence or i Water Snow. 1 sure
Fastest
,, I mile ' .
123 «s« J89 |ceon equ,va- sleet j tln.l : | J= Si
?; E— wl at 1 'In ' • ^'^V' c a c t
c
a
7B
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dep.
"E tiSIOBArl
f 1 . . s||l
II^i= 111! an,
8
5 1
W £
S s
jc 8
X SK
j IH
8 g
M S
X X
s
M OK
« * S
u u a
fi S S
H *
C . fe
B ° °
« w S
go
< W O
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Number of days
Precipitation
* .01 inch 0
Total Total | => 1.0 inch o
392 ?' Thunderstorms
Dep.
i
10 11
0 0
0 0
155-5 -„
nS £§ ! g-
12
0 01
13 14
01 0
o: o
0| .0
0! 0
1
!
0 0 j
0 0 !
Oj 0
Ol 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
T
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.04
Gre
Preci
Dep. Heavy foe X T
0
0
0
0
Q
!
0
ol
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
atest in
jTitation
1
tt- _
— . §
fc ci,
< s
15
u] - 5
ir, n
20
23
22
22 S
22
IS
24 1
221
21
24
27
23
24
24
22
18 S
21
26
27 1
23 S
25j N
25
23
22 W
26 «
23 H
21 »
Lzi] L
1 271 H
24 hours and dates
f Snow, Sleet
9 I 0
•o
I 1 i
C, 0
g -f v
s
-=-
£J
18
£ "S 3> ;. : S '£ Q
19 20 21 22
12,1 85 1
14.1 100
14.1 100
14.0 100
14.0 100
13.9 100
13.9 1UO
13.6 98
11.7 65
13. oi 94
13.8
13.7
12.7
10.2
13.6
12.0
8.0
3.9
9.5
12.5
13.4
10.8
7.5
13.3
13.3
12.0
13.2
13.2
13.1
13.1
13.0
380.?
Possible
421.?
100
100
93
74
1UO
B8
59
28
70
93
100
DO
56
100
100
91
100
100
100
100
100
2
3
10
:n
12
13
14
15
16
.17
18
19
20
21
22
23
: 24
25
126
27
28
29
30
3L
vn ! ;
Greatest depth on ground of
snow, s eet or ice and da:e 1
o !
26 41 Hn n*Ta c-o 17TH n*v
HOURLY PRECIPITATION (Water equivalent'in inches^TRACE Af.'DuNT SNTSIES VAT Si IN:ov=lETE.
i
2
t
4
9
7
1
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
11
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
21
29
30
31.
A M. Hour ending at
1
2
3
4
5
6
T
7
T
8
T
9
Iff
11
12
P. M Hour endmc at
1
2
3 4
• Extreme temperatures for the month. May be the last Any errors detected will be corrected and changes in
of more than one occurrence. summary data will be annotated in the annual summary.
— Below zero temperature or negative departure from |
normal.
t > 70° at Alaskan station*.
+ Abo on an earlier date, or dates.
X Heavy fo* restrict.- visibility to 'A mile or le.is.
T In the Hourly Precipitation table and in columns
9. 10, and 11 indicates an amount too small to
measure.
The season for degree days begins with July for heating
5
6
7
8
9
10
»
11
12
a
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
e
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
SUMMARY BY HOURS
* AVERAGES
Subscription Price: Local Climatolopical Data Jl. 00 . |" l~c\ ga-
per vear including annual Summary if published. \~^ "ii ~^~
Single copv: 10 cents for month v Summary; 15
cents for annual Summary. Checks or money orders -
should be made payable and remittances and corre-
spondence should be sent to the Superintendent of
Docuiru-nts. U. S. Government Printing Office.
Washington. D. C. 20402.
Data in columns 6. 12, 13. 14. and 15 are based on 8
WinTdircetioluT are thotel"frem"»hich*'thc wind blows. certify that this ia an official publication of the
Resultant wind is the vector sum of wind directions Environmental Science Services Administration, and is
and aueeds divided by the number of observations. compiled from records on file at the National Weather
Ftaureafor directions are tens of decrees from true Records Center. Asheville. North Carolina 28801.
— jr.—
* &
1 3
ft ^
*
I
£
E
North ; i.e.. 09 = East. 18 = South. 27 = We«t.M = North. , .
•nd 00 = Calm. When directions are in tens of degree* Ltijj*^ J./ -// — -J*
in Col. 17, entries in Col. 16 are fastest observed «r«~»»_ ^. fr~jj~- -v.
=
IT
l~
i=
^ £
s~
Rp
-------
Appendix C (Continued)
LOCAL CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA
U. S DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE - KAURICE H. STA1IS, Secretary
EKVIROMIEXTAL SCIENCE SERVICES ADMINISTRATION
EXVIROKVEXTAL DATA SERVICE
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA
fEBERH OFFICE BLOG.
SEPTEMBER 1*69
Latitude ,-,' ty „ Longitude i»'»'u Elevation (ground! ,? ft Standard time used: P11.ielc
1
]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
V
10
11
1?
U
1*
If
16
IT
It
1«
20
71
?»
M
74
25
«7
?•
?»
90
Temperature °F)
1
2
65
63
61
60
61
78
• 0
7*
63
67
60
59
62
60
62
62
65
70
63
66
70
72
68
6«
• 2*
63
75
70
68
ISffial
2002
Avg.
66.71
liudnxi
292'
0
Minimum
3
52
51.
52
53
53
54
62
56
55
54
53
52
53
54
33
52
56
56
56
56
56
54
56
55
S»
57
57
51
57
igBH
TSiH
Number
n Temp.
!
4
59
57
57
57
57
66
71
65
59 .
61
57
56
58
57
58
57
61
63
60
61
63
63
62
62
71
60
66
64
63
TEwl
of daw
"1 Mini
Departure
from norms
S
_
_
.
*
»
v
«
.
_
.
-
-
_
•
_
_
_
_
0
Dep.
-1.1.,
numTe
Average
dew point
n
Kif
np.
SHU 1 I B3/' 1 SO'
01 010
Degree days
(Base 65')
**
c
1
7A
6
a
8
8
8
0
0
0
6
4
8
«
7
8
7
8
4
2
5
4
2
2
3
3
0
5
0
1
2
Total"
Dep.
30
Totitl
524
c
1
78
0
0
Weather types ; Precipitation
1-9 on dates Sleet,
of occurrence > or
izj 4
23
2*
J2
24
71
21
22
19
21
21
17
23
21
16
19
17
22
21
2*
20
IT
17
20
22
to
Date
Direction
17
H
H
SK
H
II
H
U
NX
SH
V
SH
«
W
SK
H
«
H
V
H
V
K
k
U
«
U
U
K
H
5»
W
_26 _
L_F ,
| Greate-
t 1 snow, :
Sunshine
|
11
11
Percent
of possible
19
13.0 10?
13.0 100
12.0 93
8.6 66
10.3
10.4
11.9
12.7
10.3
12.5
5.9
4.2
6.6
8.0
12.1
9.6
3.6
4.5
3.4
3.0
12.2
12.2
U.I
8.6
11.9
7.4
10.3
10.9
11.9
284.9
Possible
372. 7
1 depth
leetor
Bo
82
V3
100
81
99
47
14
53
64
97
78
29
36
44
24
100
100
100
71
99
61
36
92
100
far
mMUN
76
3n gr
ce ar
Skv cover
(Tenths)
Sunrise to
sunset
20
AvR
Kind o
d date
Midnight t
midnight
21
Sum
AvK.
Heavy toe A .0V 1 fc 1 a 1 1 01
S
a
22
1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
27
28
29
30
HOURLY PRECIPITATION (Water equivalent in inches)—ENTRIES OF TRACE AMOUNTS MAr BE INCOH1PLETE
3
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
11
19
20
21
22
23
14
25
26
27
28
2*
10
-T— |
7
3
A.
M.HO,
T end
0
r*ri
HH
9
run
n
12
T—
r*~
T
[-J-,
T
4
7
7
5
.01
T
Hour e
rf-
idine
I 7
it
T
9
T
10
7
11
1?
i
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
*
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
• Ertnoe temperature for UunoMk. Mar btthckut
of men tba» OM oerurreiM*.
- Beta* aere temperature or BHative departure from
Any error* detected will be rorrorlftd and duutfn
auannan, data will be aaaatated in the annual nummary.
SUMMARY BY HOURS
t S1*" at Abaka* itaUona.
fAho •» an earlier date, or datea.
Hrnrr If ntfrirta mibilitr to (4 nile or ten.
T la the Roerlr Precipitation table and in columaa
I. 10. ud II uidintea aa amount uo amall to
TW aaaaon for dffree dur. bwim »Hk July for heatinf
aid wjtfc Jamurr for cooline.
DoU h eohmna 6. 12. U. 14. and 15 an baaed on 8
•baeraUomi per *r at 9-hour intrmb.
Wind dlrorUOBi are tlioot from which the Kind bio. I
nod U tho «rtor aum of wind diKrtkm
eedf dmdri br the mimbcr of otoemtion.
for dnvcttona are teiu of decrfff from true
North: Le..« = EmM. 18 c South, a = U>>t. X = North.
umi BO e Cahn. When diRCtiow are in ten* of degrvea
k> CoL \1. e>trla> in Col. U an taMot otaemd
da. If the / appora to • CoL 17. apeedi
Sufcaeription Price: Local CUmatokcical Data SI.00
Mr year inchtdinc annaal Summaiy if published.
Single ropv: 10 reata for monthly Summary: 15
ornta for annual Summary. Cherfci or monev orders
ahoaM be made payable and remittance* and com.
apondeace should be sent to the Superintendent of
Documents. U. S. Government Printing Office.
I certify that thia la an official publication of the
Environmental Science Services Administration, and is
compiled from records on file at the National Weather
Records Center. AaheruV. North Carolina 28WI.
S
.1
£
Al
ft
'PI
fe
AC
h
ES
;,
k
1"-
k
Is
Unutual
1
5
38
Director. National Weather Records Canter
USCOUM—ESSA—ASHEVILLE
104
-------
Appendix C (Continued)
LOCAL CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
MAURICE H. STANS, Secretary
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SERVICES ADMINISTRATION
ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SERVICE
S4N FK1NCISCO, C»L!fO«NI»
fEDERAl OFFICE BIDG.
OCTOBER 1969
latitude ,V «.y u Loneitude \,,° ,,' M Elevation (ground! 5; ft. Standard time used: P1MEIC
1
1
10.
11
12
13
14
16
17
11
19
20
21
22
?T
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Ji
Temperature t'FI s'howS'bVcode Snon prcc'P'tat!on ist*i£n! Wmd
E
S
*
,
75
78
77
71
69
67
68
74
74
62
61
63
65
60
62
69
71
74
61
61
62
67
60
62
68
77
77
— «
Avg.
Maximu
0
E
E
"c
S
a
<
- 56 1 62 "I
54 1 61
60
58
58
56
57
56
57
60
53
54
56
54
56
54
92
92
52
54
54
56
54
52*
95
56
54
54
58
58
Sum
1718
Avg_
55.4
Number
m Temp
590-1
0
S.E
-i
-z
66 1 3
68 9
68 5
68
64
5
Degree days
IBase 65" >
&•! -
f 8.
> 't
< -o
.c
Sunshine
1-9 on dates Sleet. . . i pres- | ; i Fastest
of occurrence j or Water ^now. sure ; _ -o ] nule 1
K6 s|j.r,iund| lent ! ''n-1
™= EE" at . .In.' '
i ill nl 111 .in.-
3 0
4 0
i 0
i
u
3 s t<
Oj 3
< u
o 3 3 S
1 1
61 -2
62 -1
63 1
67 9
64 2
58 -4
59 -3
59 -3
61
57
57
61
62
64
98
59
58
60
58
99
61
66
68
Avg.
61.9
-9
-4
0
1
3
.3
-2
-3
-1
.3
-1
1
6
8
9
i Pep.
*—<>.>
*. —
cl davs
""rMTmmunrTeinp.
" <32 ^U
0 0
4
3
2
0
7
:
8
8
4
3
1
7
6
7
9
7
6
4
0
0
TSL
"~Dep.
"~ -1 1"
0! o
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
JfotaL
20
~Pep.'
t
8W
ID
n >•
NOT ENTERED 1
OF WEATHER TYl
S S
II
\ Number ofjja
Precipitation
i .0! inch
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
oooooooo
oooooooo
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ys
10
- - - ! ! Q- , 0. |
Elev. | g | E * _
nil Illl; III!
11 ! 12 13 ! 14
0: 0
Oi 0
0 0
0 0
o o-
o; o
0' 0
.07
o
.13
0
0
0
.07
2.29
o
OOOOOOOUt
0
0
0
0
I
U °
Total
1 .2.6,1.
Z»t-
t.72.
oooooooo
oooooooo
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
p °
LO
the
15 1C
—
1 Total Total ' > 1-0 inch OJ Greatest in 24 hours and dates
T 631 41 ' Thunderstorms Precipitation [ Snow. Sieet
iyt i
24
17
72
16
9
12
20
20
22
21
2»
i!
17
14
8
!i
13
15
14
17
17
12
11
° •
III!
17
H
H
NH
Nt
H
H
H
J
NH
w
SM
SE
SH
M
H
H
w
H
»
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
N
iT
ID
11.8
11. B
11.7
11.6
11.6
11.6
r
^H
n
19
1UO
100
1UO
99
100
100
Skv cover
(Tenths)
3
'5 S
5 §
20
11.5 130
6.3' 95
11.41100'
11.4 100!
0.1 1
0.0 0
0.0 0 1
4.1
11.1
11.0
11.0
11.1
11.0
0.1
0.0
46
100 i
99
100
100 i
o!
8.6 79
0.0 0
4.3 40
10.7 100
10.7 100
10.7:100
10.6;10Q
Pfotal , ••
241.9 i I":
3»7.5!~7(T
Greatest depth
1 sno». sleet or
0 1
JNT ENTRIES «Mf
Sum
c "c | u
S E 1 Q
21 ! 22
1
2
4
6
,0
ll
13
14
19
;n
IB
19
20
ii
23
Sum
Avg.
ict? and date
3E IKCOW°L£TE
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
~~5 ~~ A M Hour ending at ]
S
1
2
1
4
9
6
7
8
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
1
.02
2
.05
_J_
.02
.09
4
.04
.04
.03
.01
.08
6
.03
.03
.07
1
7
.01
.02
.27
-L
.01
.24
9
T
.35
10
_
.47
11
12
T
.05
.01
; 1 • '
.02
— - —
7
.16
3
.01
.14
P. M. Hour ending at
T
• Extreme temperature, for the month. May be the last Any error! detected will be eorrertedjindj hanKej i
of more than one occurrence. summ»r> «u wi anno
normal.
t > 70° at Alaskan station*.
+ Alao on an earlier date, or dates.
X Heavy fa, restrict, visibility to >/, mile or less.
T IB the Hourly Precipitation uble and m columns
9. 10. and 11 indicates an amount too small to
Th« leSnVfor deiree day. begins with July for he»tiwr
and with January for cooling.
D.U in columns 6. 12. 13. 14. and « are baaed on 8
Subscription Price: Local nimatoloirical Data Sl.OO
per Year including annual Summary if published
Single copv: 10 cents for monthly Summary: 15
cents for annual Summary. Checks or money orders
ihould be made payable and remittances and corre-
spondence should be sent to the Superintendent of
Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office
Washington. D. C. 20402.
25
T
tr
T
/
T
a
T
.01
a
T
.04
IU
.01
.01
.01
"
.02
1^
• 03
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
19
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
21
29
30
31
" SUMMARY BY HOURS
i
KnlFH' iTlnVSeloT, "rn'ol 'wtad"'d?rerS£ En^.ronmenUl' ££,£ ^jf^^S^H.r
I
1
AVERAGES
H --S- ji-
:- ||= I A
It
E
I5
i"
Resultant
wind
Q
I!
North ;i.e.. 09 = E«t. 18 = South. 27 = We.t. 36 = North.
,nd OC U C.ta. Whe. dir^t.on, u» ,n l,m ot decree,
in Col. 17. entrie. in Col. 16 .re fu.te.t «b«rvePeed.
USCOMM—ESSA-ASHEVILLE
105
-------
Appendix C (Continued)
EE LOCAL CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
MAURICE H. STANS. Secntory
ENVIRONfAENTAl SCIENCE SERVICES ADMINISTRATION
ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SEIVICE
SMI FR1NUSCO, CILIFORNU
FEDERAL OFFICE BLOGt
NOVEMBER 1969
Latitude 37* 47' N Longitude 122 ° 25 ' « Elevation 'ground! 52 ft Standard time used: r«C!MC
|
1
— I
10
11
1?
13
M
17
It
19
>n
ii
14
?5
Hi
n
79
30
Temperature t'FI
g
E
"M
2
78.
69
69
62
60
60
60
66
70
73
71
73
71
59
62
62
61
66
64
64
67
6J
64
70
71
70
66
65
61
Ave.
60.0
E
E
i
3
SI
53
51
52
53
52
52
56
53
54
57
57
56
56
53
48
50
51
53
50
50
52
52
53
51
53
50
Sum
1579 ~
Ave.
5?. 4
Number
!
4
it
61
60
57
57
56
56
61
62
64
64
65.
64
58
5«
55
56
59
59
57
51
57
5t
61
62
61
60
57
56
$9.3
of days
„
c. E
Ii
5
8
1
1
-2
-2
-3
-3
2
. 3
5
6
7
6
0
0
-3
-1
2
2
0
1
0
2
5
6
5
5
2
1
1.9
sg.
II
fi
Degree days
c
1
7A
0
4
1
9
S^
QC
C
1
7B
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
•fSaT
TsSf"
Maximum Temp- j Minimum Temp. 1 if I j *>*
Weather types
1*9 on dates iSleet,
ol occurrence or
1*1 456 789^ lceon
8
n H
a fe
S j
n 3
o
3 x
8 S
i
c
D
H M
fc S
s
e *
i *
S 0
< s
< o
Number of da
• In.)
9 ._
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
rc
Snow, sleet
.-.-- 1.0 inch 0
Thunderstorms
Heavy f« X
Precipitation
Water
lent
.ration VwA
pres- [
Snow. ! sure j „ ! -o
sleet (In. >
'In.l
10 1 11
0
0
0
0
.41
.03
.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
0
Greatest in
Elev.
155
feet
m.s.1.
12
Fo
24 hour
•= I
•i d s E ! r;
ts —
13
14
'
s an
.47 | 5- 6 [ )E I«C3»PLETE.
1
T
10
11
12
1]
14
15
16
17
It
1*
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
A,
1
.01
2
1
4
.06
«. Hour end is at
5
.06
6
.10
.02
7
.07
.01
1)
.07
9
.02
7ir^
T
II
12
.01
_
2
.01
3
4
*. M. Hour ending at
5
6
7
»
9
10
11
.01
12
1
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
23
26
27
28
29
30
Extreme tonperatura for the month. M*r be the test
- Below wfo ten««r*tin« or n*»j»li TO* st AhukM Buttons.
+ Atoo an M earlier date, or date*.
X Be*vv foe mtricts viiibiltty to W mite or ks*.
T b tfce Hourly Prtciputio*. table and in column*
ft. 10. and 11 indicates an amount too wn*ll to
The MMOB for decree dan beffina with July for heating
mud wit* JaauuT for eoolmr.
bmn. «. 12. IS. 14, and 15 ar* baMd on 8
s per day at 1-hour interval*.
tiffin an tboae from which the wind blows.
Reuttairt «u*d is the vector sum of wibd directions
•ad apeeda divided by the number of observationa.
Finns for directions an tens of *«rrt*» from true
Nort*: Le,W = E«t, 10 = South. 27 = West. 36 = North.
•ad 00 = Calat. When dirertioiu are in teM of detrrMs
to OuL 17. entries ni CoL 16 are fastest obser««d
' If ta* / appear* In CoL 17. apeeda
Sabacription Price: Local Climato]o«ri
-------
Appendix C (Continued)
ES LOCAL CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
MAURICE H. STANS. Secretory
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SERVICES ADMINISTRATION
ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SERVICE
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA
FEDERAL OFFICE SLUG.
DECEMBER 1969
Latitudes?" 47' N Longitude ij2 " 23 ' W Elevation (ground) 32 ft. Standard time used: PACIFIC
1
j
i
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
IB
19
20
21
22
21
24
25
26
27
2B
29
>0
11
P
Maximu
2
66*
65
65
62
61
51
5B
57
IB
60
61
61
60
61
62
63
60
99
62
65
64
J7
60
62
39
36
35
99
99
9B
36
liTl
Avg.
-Temperature (°F)
|
S
3
69
49
49
52
46
50
52
51
50
51
56
57
S3
53
54
51
53
52
57
5B
52
50
51
56
50
49
46
4B
46
45
43*
15B6
Avg.
Wi.mUr
Maximum Temp.
^ 32"
0
> 90° t
0
&
1
<
56
37
57
37
56
54
55
54
54
56
59
59
58
37
58
57
57
56
60
62
5B
34
57
59
55
33
51
34
53
52
51
Avg.
of rlavs
Mini
E!
2 1
IE
a, o
5.
2
2
3
2
0
1
0
1
3
6
3
4
6
5
5
4
B
10
6
2
5
7
3
1
0
3
2
1
0
t>ep,
«_,
a-s
to a.
ll
6
Avg.
iuni Tempi
-= 32° 1 <: 0'
0 [ 0
Degree days
(Base 65')
BO
c
X
7A
7
6
8
a
9
11
10
11
11
9
6
6
7
B
7
B
B
9
5
3
7
11
B
6
10
12
14
11
12
13
14
277
TJep. 1
Total
'1074
?
l
7B
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
T5ep.
44
Dep. 1 Dcp.
-131 I
Weather types
1-9 on dates iSleet,
of occurrence : or
»f slbround.
|f |S»
fcXH EEO Qcnn
8
S u
a I
§ 9
5 *
8 S
2 S
»
S S
_ £
Q
U H
if
« °
S s
g 8
s S
OBA'H
lln.l
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Number of days
Precipitation
> 10 inch 0
Thunderstorms
Heavy fog X
Precipitation
Water
lent
lln.l
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.56
.01
.70
• 10
.08
.01
0
0
0
0
.23
.54
2.49
.66
0
.10
.46
.21
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.15
l*p. _
Snow.
I In.)
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Greatest in
Avg.
pres-
sure
155
feet
m.sl.
12
Fo
Wind
~r~
i *
Resultan
-ditecliQEL
IS
i
24 hours an
1-
3*g
II
H
i dates
Fastest
mile
I
ll
. M. loure
I
.01
.07
.01
T
2
.02
T
T
T
3
T
.04
.01
.02
4
.03
T
T
5
T
T
T
6
T
.01
ndme at
7
.01
.01
.01
8
.06
9
.02
10
.03
.01
.02
.01
11
.06
.02
12
.02
.02
.04
1
1
3
4
5
6
7
10
31
Extreme temperatures for the month. May be the U*t
of more than one occurrence.
Below tero temperature or ne
> 70* at Alaskan stations.
Atao on an earlier date, or dates.
Heavy tot restricts vinihility to %
IB the Hourly Precipitation table
t, 10. and 11 indicates an amou
Any errors detected wilt be corrected and change!
summary data will be annotated in the annual a
SUMMARY BY HOURS
and with January for cooling.
D»U in columns 6. 12. 13. 14. and 15
abaci-ration* per day at 3-hour intervals.
Wind directions are those from which
BoutUnt wind is the vector auni of
and apeeds divided by the number
Figure* for directions arc tens of decree
North ; i.e., 09 = E«M. 18 = South. 27 = West. 36 - North.
and 00 = Calm. When directions are in tens of degrees
in Col. 17. entries in Col. 16 are fastest observed
1-nlaute speeda. If the / appears in Col. 17, apeeds
arcguaU.
e departure from
mile or lens.
nt too small to
July for heating
are based on 8
the wind blows.
wind directions
of observations.
eroe* from true
Subscription Price: Local Cli mat clog ical Data S1.00
per year including annual Summary if published.
SinjrVe copy: 10 cents for monthly Summary: 15
should be made payable and remittances and corre-
spondence should be sent to the Superintendent of
Document*. U. S. Government Print in ft Office.
Washington. D. C, 20402.
certify that this is an official publication of th
^nvimnmenUl Science Services Administration, and i
•ompiied from records on file at the National Wenthe
lecords Center, Asheville. North Carolina 28801.
1
=|
ii
A
SI1
?EI
o~
AG
If
ES
If
Resultant
n
i!
Director, National Weather Keconb Outer
USCOMM—ESSA—ASHEVILLE
107
-------
Appendix C (Continued)
SO LOCAL CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
MAUIICE H. STANS, Secretory
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SERVICES ADMINISTRATION
ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SERVICE
SIN FR«NCISCO, CAll FORM
FEDERAL OFFICE BLOC.
JiNUaRV 1970
Latitude <7* iV u Lonritude I«'j«' y Elevation (ground) 52 ft Standard time used: »ACIFIC
I
1
-y
10
U
1?
. »
17
18
19
21
It
fl
fa.
2^
21
10
11
Temperature
Maximum
2
60~
56
5]
11
52
51
52
51
59
58
54
60
60
61
56
62
19
59
61
•61
61
64*
61
57
59
60
59
IT
51
56
A-*
57.9
Uaximu
0
Minimum
3
44
48
44
44
41
42*
46
47
50
51
49
54
56
54
52
56
59
51
54
55
60
56
51
52
49
51
41
45
46
47
46
Sum
IM4
Avg.
50.1
f- Temp
SSO't
0
f
4
— V
52
49
48
48
47
49
51
55
5!
52
57
56
56
54
59
57
56
56
56
61
61
57
55
54
56
54
11
52
51
52
Avg.
•F)
IJ
,
_
_
.
.
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
Dep.
Average
dew point
B
AvR
Min mum Temp. _
a 32' z 0'
0
0
Degree days
(Base 65" >
f
3
7A
11
11
16
17
17
11
16
12
10
10
11
6
7
7
11
6
6
9
7
7
4
4
a
10
11
9
11
14
11
12
11
Hep.
1 1406
-240
e
I
7B
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dep.
1 6~
T3ep-
Weather types
shown by code Snow.
1-9 on dates sleet,
of occurrence or
12J 1.0 inch 0
Thunderstorms
Heavy tog X
Precipitation
Water
lent
(In.)
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
.01
.18
.57
.14
.40
.04
.21
1.19
.61
.61
.04
0
.11
1.41
!02
.49
0
0
.06
.49
0
.01
.02
.02
Total
7.61
Snow,
sleet
(In.)
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
C
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
"YiSiT
0
Avg.
station
pres-
sure
ilri.)
Elev
155
feet
12
1.26 1 |
Greatest in 24 ]
Precipitation
2.1ll 20-21
Wind
II
OS-C
13
'
£
gf
l!
M
thT"
IB
§2
II
15
mo n
ours and dates
mle
1|
16
V
14
10
11
11
11
11
27
11
17
17
11
11
21
17
2'
17
9
15
11
20
17
14
21
9
19
27
17
14
12
IV
14
Date
Direction
17
K
HE
N
N
E
SE
SE
SE
SE
K
SE
SK
SE
SK
SE
SK
SK
H
SE
S
S
SK
SK
K
SK
S
NK
K
K
K
SK
Sunshine
1
X
|
I
IB
B
6
6
8
5
0
0
0
6
0
2
0
2
0
1
1
9
0
0
.3
.7
.8
,V
.2
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.8
.2
.0
.0
.
.
•
0.
0.
0
1
1
!
10
10
10
10
,
,
,
,
uno-
Greatest de
' o~~
Sky cover
(Tenths)
= | S-
alii
(Z-8 52
19
86
10
VI
V2
63
60
0
0
0
62
0
t»
2
20
0
54
it
55
i
2
0
1
It
It
56
99
100
100
100
18
tor
monUi
20
|Avg
Midnight t
midnight
21
Sum
Ave
pth on ground 01
or ice snd d«f*
nHM C
1
22
1
2
1
5
1
10
U
14
15
16
11
16
19
iO
21
22
24
25
27
28
2V
10
11
HOURLY PRECIPITATION (Water equivalent I
*
I
2
1
10
11
12
11
14
15
16
IT
19
20
21
22
11
14
15
16
IT
1?
19
11
A~
.01
.01
.01
.01
.11
.01
-1-
.01
.06
.11
.09
.01
• 01
.29
.01
-L
.07
.01
.12
.01
.01
.16
-*—
.02
.06
.08
.12
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
M- Hour ending at _J
.01
.05
.01
.01
.20
.01
.04
.01
_6_
.02
.05
.02
.09
.01
.02
.04
T
.01
.01
.01
.11
.21
T
—
.07
.04
.01
.17
.15
T
-J—
.01
.02
.05
7
.12
T
.01
.05
T
T
.01
.04
T
.12
.01
T
.01
.01
.02
T
-^
.11
.04
.01
.05
T
.05
-^
.01
.07
.01
7
.01
J~
.01
.02
.04
T
.01
T
.02
2
T
.01
.01
.01
.04
.10
3
.02
T
.05
.02
.
.
• r.i.imi tenmenturea for the month Hay be the feet Any errors detected wiO be corrected and chances fa
?s.i7l»a,^^rreacl aanmary data win be annotated in the Sanaa! summar,
- Below aero temperature or naiaUve departnre from
t > 79* a: Abakan ataUona.
JAkjo ea an earlier date, or dataa.
Heavy 1--1 rauicts risibility to (t mOt or leu.
T b the Hourly Precipitation table and m cohimna
I. 10. and 11 indicates an amount too email to
Tke eeaaen for decree da?» befins with Mr for beatmt
Subscription Price: Local CUmatonrieal Data 81.60
per year Incbdine annual Summary if published
Siaele copy: 10 centa for monthly Sommary: IS
centa for annual Summary. Checks or money orders
sboald be made psvable and remittances and corre-
spondence shook) be sent to the Superintendent of
Documents. U. S. Government Printinf Office.
WMklllBtna D r *1UO2.
Data at eolcana t. 12. 13. 14. and 16 are baaed on 1
•teervatieoe pee day at Moor inervala.
WM dbect;»a are thaee froe. which the «ind blows.
•eswltait wind is the vector «io> of wind directions
•ad apaada divided by the number of obwnvauons.
n(*ree fee directue. are_ tens of dejcrees from tn.
I_ certify that _lnls
compiled from record
Records Center. Ashc
la an official publication of tk
* Services Administration, and i
f on file at the National Weathe
«iUe. North Carolina 28801.
P. M. Hour endine at
1
01
17
01
03
07
12
5
T
.01
.07
.02
.25
T
6
T
.01
.04
.05
7
.21
T
• 01
7
.01
.01
.07
.01
.01
.19
.01
8
.01
.01
.01
.22
.10
.14
s
.0
1
.01
.01
.06
.16
.16
.07
:
5~~] '
01
OS
01
07
10
01
Ji
.01
.01
.05
.02
T
.01
• 01
12
.05
.17
.04
J
"T
2
10
11
12
11
14
11
16
IT
11
19
20
21
22
2}
24
21
26
27
tl
29
10
11
" SUMMARY BY HOURS
e
•
I
A' EB AGES
1
V
J-
r-
It
|
.
JJE
E—
y
-fcjjjj..
!
1!
North:!*.0» - EaVt. M = South.27 = Weat.» = Nortk.
•ad 90 * Ca2m- Van dinction* are in tent of degrees
. Col 17. entries in Col K are fastest observed
1-vente apaxk. If the / appaua i. Col 17. speeds
Director. National Weatker Racorda Center
USCOMM—ESSA—ASHEVILLE
108
-------
Appendix C (Continued)
LOCAL CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
MAURICE H. STANS, Socretory
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SERVICES ADMINISTRATION
ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SERVICE
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA
FEDERAL OFFICE BLDC.
FEBRUARY 1970
Latitude ,7° 47' M Longitude j?j ° ?5 ' y Elevation (ground' 57 ft. Standard time used: piripic
•j
Q
1
1
2
3
4
i
6
7
t
9
10
11
12
13
15
16
17
ie
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
2<
C
1
1
2
3
4
1
6
7
A
9
10
11
1?
11
12
1A
17
19
20
21
72
tt
74
25
77
21
Temperature <"F> Weather types Precipitation AV8
E
E
S
2
6C
6*
61
65
58
6C
66
69
67
63
6*
60
59
59
62
57
63
65
6»
63
65
64
61
69
7C"
65
63
1776
_ _Ayg-_
63.4
Maxirr.u
Z32
0
-IE: i ? i T
E
~w
c. E
0, ^ fc
1 Degree davs *:' on dal" !Sleet- i „ : f™*
| .Base oa 1 ,„ <>f .„ ,c i £|ev
5 < Gi <-§
3 i 4
50 55
5 6
3
49 57 5
49 55 3
51 1 5« 6
50 54 2
50
51
53
56
53
56
55 I 3
59
61
7
9
62 10
it 5
60
54 57
7
4
51 • if 2
51
55
50 56
50 54
2
2
0
46« 55 1
53 59 5
52 60 6
JO 57 3
49 57 3
47
54
53
56
61
61
53 62
51 58
54
59
Sum
"J&KE
51.3. 57.4
Number of days
2
7
7
a
4
5
4.4 :
590:» , £32 50"
0 i 0:0
Ttirt-:. .-*MOJNTj IN rtJJ^L
AT US »Ar 3£ |:.CJIU>L£TE
X
7A
U ii = H £a:5 CMS; 'In-'
7B 1 8 9
10 ] a
8 i 0 H
10 o: g S
11 o % Ei
10 o I " S
6| 0 £ w
4 o s S
3
7
5
II
0 OK
0 83
0 « >•
o S £
10 ! o * „
ic o ~ £
» o B R
11 0 E *
10
6
i
0 E g
o C t
0 fi
i o K '
S 0 * ft
1
4
4
3
7
6
Total
2iO_
^126"
Total
-316
Y
0 "a
0 g
o S 8
o S §
0
10 11
155
feet
m.s .
12
Oi .01 0
0
0
0 ! 0
0 0
000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
t TuUl 1 — H ~~ i
T Q | Number of days
7 Pep. | Precipitation
^ 1 5 .01 inch I
Total 1 3 1.0 inch 0
0
0
0 0
0 0
C 0
.04 0
0
0
.20
.10
0
.59
.02
0
0
0
0
0
Q
0
0
0
.16
.44
TI^:
-2.10
Gr<
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
atest in
Wind : Sunshine i Sky cover
: Fastest i 1
cc £ £ i
' c ! *c —
S
llll; If !-' I 11 H' 11
n] 14
24 hours ar
a "m.-J^-.^ir.^ Prccifiuticn 1 Sr.
Dep. Heavy fofi X .1,1 16-17 o
HOURLY PRECIPITATION (Water equivalent in inches'
A M. Hour endine at
i ; 2
.01
,
1
!
i
1
t
3 «
.09
.03
5
.02
.03
6
.11
.01
.10
7
.02
.04
.03
B 9
.01
.02
.07
.05
.03
10
.01
11
T
.02
17.
.01
.01
1234
.01
.01
7
.(
T
d date
£5: a
15 1C
17
£ - O.'o; W «
18 19 20
10 N : 10.3 100
s
10 NE 10.4 100
12 NW 9.6 92
20 H 1 . !100 ;
15 W
11
11
NK
NE
10 N
25 St
12
12
79
22
14
?7
IS
If
21
10
20
16
9
11
9
17
13
21
NM
SE
5
SE
SH
St
W
HU
NE
NE
5
N
N
N
S
29 S
Date. J2
Creates
84
.
.
77
91
72
t
t
•
)
,
9.
10.
11.
11.
11.
11.
8.
9.
10.
11.
8.
243. 4
302.6
t depth
39
61
6?
67
59
63
12
89
100
100
100
luo
100
77
87
69
98
78
74
1 lor
mon,^ Avg.
BO 1
on ground o
c 'c
•n-c
S E
21
Avg.
1 0
V£^VJ, AND ExnSVES TAiLc aHDULO :: 5£
>. M. Hour endmc i t
1
567
.05
T
.12
.01
.19
.04
8 9 10
.01
.08
.04
.02
.02
.03
7
.05
11
.01
.13
B
.01
«
Q
22
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
15
16
17
ID
19
20
21
22
23
24
Z5
76
77
20
•
i
i
2
3
4
»
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
16
19
20
21
23
24
26
27
26
• ExtrccrM temperatures for the month. May be the last
of more than on* occurrence.
- Below zero temperatun or nefrative departure from
I ?
Any errors delected will be corrected and changes
summary data will be annotated in the annual summary.
>TO *t Alaskan station*
+ Abo cc an eartier date, or dates.
X Heavy for restricts visibility to 14 mile or less.
T In th* Hourly Precipitation table and in columns
t. 10. mid 11 indicate* an amount too small to
measure.
Tfce aeuor for decree day* beFii» with July for heating
ud with Jtnuarv ft>r coding.
D»U in foluaiH 6- 12- 13. »*- •"
-------
Appendix C (Continued)
LOCAL CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
MAUtlCt H. STANS, S.cr.loir
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SERVICES ADMINISTRATION
ENVniONMENTAt DATA SERVICE
S»N FR.NCI5CO, CJUFDRNJJ
FEDERAL OFFICE BLOC.
MARCH 1970
Latitude rj' 47" M Longitude t!f ' fs ' „ Elevation (ground! S1 ft Standard lime used ,,rltlr
1
10
11
11
14
Temperature <"Fl
I
2
55
55
5?
51
61
At
6;
56
st
5T
A5
6%
61
151 »»
16 6>
17
11
It
10
11
IT
14
25
16
27
21
29
M
6"r
65
6^
60
6*
62
71
11
79.
72
1.
64
»»
««
Ha 4
Minimum
3
48
47
4<
45*
46
49
52
50
50
4)
51
52
54
54
51
51
52
54
51
50
4»
50
51
15
56
54
54
>2
52
4<
JT
i
4
52
51
51
49
S3
56
it
56
5$
52
54
59
62
5C
59
61
60
60
60
51
57
56
62
67
66
61
64
59
57
-tffl-i-^-r
5|.l 1 57. •
H,,n,k« nf J.v.
aaaxrr.um Temp.
h^r r;v
T>parture
from normal
5
«
.
.
1
:
. .1.1
•finiraun
0
Average
dew point
fi
S
Temp.
0
Degree days
bo
I
7A
11
14
12
16
BC
c
1
?B
0
0
0
Q
12 0
7
o,
12
11
11
0
0
Weather types
shown by code ;Snow,
Precipitation Av6 i Wind
Sunshine
1-9 on dates Sleet. 1 ] i pres^ ; ! ; Fastest
of occurrence ! or ! Water Snow. . sure _ , ,, } mile |
111 tit 7«> ,„„„
H | s g feroum
r_« ^
^
to u
< w
S si
A S
R S
o 5 E
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
i
1
0
0
0
0
0
0^
tfspt
i r;li i ^ •
^
8 S
i i
K s
M S
fi ^*
S «
g M
C *
* a
fe *
K *».
•i
2 S
S
jj S
g 8
0
0
0
0
0
Q
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
tr
Un.l
t— IS—
.22
0
.04
1.17
0
0
.04
0
.06
0
T
0
0
.02
0
0 0
o o
o 1 o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 8_
Nuriibcr of days
Precipitation
^10 inch Q
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
rt
0
0
0
0
0
Tottl
l-fc^
-l.lf
sleet (in i
Un > ' i - - -
Elev
1 155
! feet
j mil.
11 1
ReauHanl
.direct ian,
Resultant
speed im.p.h
12 lisl M
O1
0
0
0
0
0 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
:|
0
i
i
Thunderstorms Precipitation
H&ry'fci X ! -LIT! • 4 "'"
_j_l
Average spec
'm.p.hJ
15
Snow. Sleet
Q
ll
T3
§ i S
I 11
.i: o c
o as
16 i 17
21 M
Sky cover
(Tenths)
I — '
Percent
or possible
Sunrise to
sunset
18 18 20
9, a 86
16 i SU 11.4 '100
11 1 K
3.'9
n
20 St 3.6 11
16 H 1 11.5 100
13 N«
14 | 5K
20 1 *
19 SM
15
12
15
15
22
15
?2
21
17
21
ie
it
14
M
ss
H
M
M
SW
*
H
N
17
16 ! S
21
26
21
24
20
M
H
J!l_
J6 ! N
Date 27
Create)
10, B i 94
5.9 ' 51
11.6 'JOO
2.2 19
•.9
0.3
6.4
76
2
54
l.t 65
10.2 1 16
11.9 100
12.0 100
12.0 100
12.1 ilOO
12.1
12.1
11.1
12.2
12.3
12.3
12.1
12.4
12.4
12.5
12.5
100
100
92
100
100
100
100
100
1110
100
100
12,6 iiOO
Umb
111.7
:dettth
Midnight to
midnight
21
I
22
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
, 9
110
jll
It 2
111
r
b
«7
Si
59
1
L80J _|
>n ground of
snow, steet or ice and date
a !
!0
11
E2
t)
!4
!5
!6
!7
!9
10
K-
HOURLY PRECIPITATION iW.ttr equivalent in inches! - ENTRIES OF TRACE AJUOUHTS wr BE INCOMPLETE
1
10
tl
1Z
1)
t*
IS
1*
17
11
M
20
Zl
22
21
2*
25
2*
XT
t*
It
M
1JJ
A.
1 2
.01 .04
;
*
i
_„.
.0»
4
.05
A- Hour ending at _,
S
.02
.01
C
T
.05
7
.01
T
.11
.01
»
.11
.01
9
• !•
1ft
.19
11
.20
1J
.0]
.09
T
P. M. Hour endine at
1
.01
.01
T
T
2 3
.02
7
.01
7
«
T
5, ..«
T
T
7
»
.01
9
.01
.02
10
.01
11
.02
H
S
1
2
1
4.
5
6
7
a
9
to
tl
12
11
14
15
16
17
1>
19
to
U
!2
El
E4
15
16
87
U
!9
>0
11
tztnr* MUtmtum lor tW moMh Vw te tM >a«
«f «MT* UM* MM UUUIHm..
or «xum leputne fn»
. r error* detected wQl be corrected and rharwea m
aoaunary data trig be annotated In tbe annual ramoary.
SUMMARY BY HOURS
X Ban? fe« tntrieu nailditi to I.
T b dx Hoortj PneirAaUon table aad i> coknn*
*. M aa4t 11 atdieabie mjt amoul tap anal to
Tae.-^for decree d«ra bej*. witb My for beatjac
Md «iOi .•uaarjr for coolia«.
Data bi rfvm* «. It. U. 14. and U are baaed on S
at Mtfur iaftenrala.
l are tboae fraai wbicb tbe wind Mow*.
BeMkaM »ind a tbe tertor aam of d dinetioM
•ad apeedf dMded br tbe amber of olMmatkma.
~ i 1 -X dtrectiOBa are tcn» el deneea froea true
- - - — rWnOC-Nortb.
teteernttm Trxt: Local nim.lok»ic»l D.U St.M
•er rear iadbdia* aaiiial Sunnur; if pnUahed
Stairle copy. la rcn** for roontbtv Sunuaary: 15
eeMs for annual Summary. Cbecfca or moner orders
aboald be nad. pa^Me and mnttuntt* and rnre-
apoadeac* ahould be aeat to tbe Superintendent of
Offiee.
taat tbia la aB official (nUiraticJi of tbe
EaTieeMnmtal SeieBee Servieea Adminiiitntion. and b
ronpiled from record. o« file at tke .National nxtfcer
Kenrda Cctter. AakeriHe. North Carolina fflWl
II"
14
i-
DkMar. Kattaal Weather Keronb Oe>ter
USOOMM—ESSA— ASHEVILLE
110
-------
Appendix C (Continued)
LOCAL CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
MAURICE K. STANS, Secretary
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SERVICES ADMINISTRATION
ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SERVICE
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA
FEDERAL OFFICE BLDG,
APRH 1970
N^^X Latitude 3T ttf . N Longitude ;j2
Temperature rF>
|
i
S *
0 S
1 2
1 69
2 66
7*«
72
59
38
57
61
58
10 59
11 61
12 6*
13 52
14 55
19 5»
16 57
17 59
18 51
19 56
20 57
22 56
23 56
24 63
25 55
26 5*
27 51
28 58
29 63
10 65
E
S
3
50
49
51
90
50
48
46
47
49
50
48
47
49
47
45
46
47
48
48
46
45
49
47
48
49
44*
49
48
91
1419
', ! | Degree days
1 (Base 65')
& ' 3 g & 1 g
c
s • ti 's* 1 1
4 ! 5 6
7A i 7B
60 5 50
58 : 3 70
63« 7 2! 0
61 5 ! 1 V 0
55 -1
53 -3 I
52 -4
54 -2
54 , -2
55 -1
55 : -1
56 i 0
49 -7
51 ! -5
50 : -6
52 -4
93 ! -3
93 -3
92 -4
52 -4
91 -5
10
0
12 0
13 0
11 0
111 0
10
10
9
16
14
o
0
0
0
0
151 0
13 0
12 0
12
13
13
14
51 ; -5 14
54 ; -2
92 -4
50 -6
48* -8
52 -4
96 0
58 I 2
11
Q
o
0
0
0
131 0
15! 0
17
13
-_' -_^T
— >?.-?; 53°3* -f.TT
9
7
u- 341
0
0
0
0
-^4r
fj4-^t-
Number of davs Tola! Total
Maximum Temp.
> su 4
D
"" ^ 3Z
0
• Minimum Temo. ' Z1B1 3
. ^ 32' ^ u I>tu Lieu.
j 0 ! 1) ! -481
25' H Ele
Weather types
on dates' of
occurrence
Fog
Heavy fog x
Hail
Glaze
Dusistorm
itowjnff'snow
8
S H
5 j
m S
p
5 £
S M
g S
n »M
S S
*"* n
5 i
^
Q
S g
H S
s a
* s
a .
" i
« §
s s
vation 'ground' 52 ft. Standard time used: PACIFIC
Snovv.j precipitation i Av6- Wind Sunsh ne . Skv cover
ire j ; station, , . iT.nthtl
pellets1 ! Snow, j prus- ' ; j i Fastest
or 1 Water ! ice ! sure _ j -o rnile 1
at
08AH
',„. i tin.' . - - - : a ; a
'in.' : : Elev :gg =-E : i-
• T)
J! c
3!
feet :Se>JS; v 4 j R-1 £ ! 2r
iln.i ! msl. £v K ^ <£ vi£ j D -^
S 10 11 12 13 i 14
0 0; 0! :
0
0
0 0|
0
0
o o: o!
0 Oi 0
000
0
0
0
0 0
0 0!
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
0
0
0
.01
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0! 0
0 0
oj o
0 0
0 .03
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
.02
0
0 0
0
0
0
Number o! davs i .00
0
0
0
15 1C 17
17
1*1
16 1
17
19
27
19J 1
21
19
28
IB
11
13
?7
21
S
S
S
17
26 S
ft
?6
20
76
26
?6
18
10
70
24
M
18
12.6
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.8
12.4
12.9
10.3
12.2
11.0
13.0
13.1
6.9
11.0
8.5
13.2
13.3
13.0
13.3
11.7
12,5
1 13.2
S
K
^ 1.0 inch 0: Greatest in 24 hnurs and dates
Thunderstorm
Heavy iug
Cleai
s ! Precipitation Snow, ice pellets
13.5
13,5
6,8
12.8
13.7
13.6
13.7
1 — r
«-• rS • ^ ^
~]
.§ ^
!»•, =! 22:1
tSo M 3 S E j C
19 '20 21 22
100
100
100
100
100
97
100
BO
94
85
100
100
53
84
64!
100;
100
98
100:
87!
931
98
100
100
50!
941
100
9«l
100
_S6_9_.«i 1.,, \ !
J39J.5
Greatest depth on
ice pellets or ice
,w3. 13 ; 5 « j
Partly cloudy Cloudy
93! j
1
Z
3
: 4
• 5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
ground of snowl I
and date j
i
HOURLY PRECIPITATION 'Water equivalent in inches' - TRACE AAOUNT ENTRIES *>AY BE INCOMPLETE.
JA. M. Hour end: IB at
. 1
i;
2
»;
4
5:
6
7.
1
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
"1
18
19
20
21
22)
23
24
19
26
n
28
29
10
2
.02
3
.01
4
5
6
7
T
.02
II
T
9
T
NT
.01
11
T
12
P. M. Hour ending at
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 1 10
11
12
S
~T
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
19
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
• Extretr* tempenturm for th* month. May b* ihf last
of more than one occurrence
— Below z«ro tfmptralur* or ntyitive departure from
nornu!
I >70C «• AbsViit st-t.ons
4- Abo or »n nirlier date, or (1*1 es.
X Heavy Jo* rr^trirts visibility to *£ mile or !««.
T In th* Hourly f*nyipil»lion table «nit in columns
9. 10. and 11 indicates an amount ttx> small to
naeuur*
The **»»or for defre* day* bepm> uith July for heating
and with Ji-uary for co<.!in*.
DaU in ce;,mn» 6. 12. 13. H. -ml 15 are based on 9
obMrTBtior-* per day at 3-hour intervals.
Wiri direct.>ns are thiisp from which the wstitl blii«s.
Rr*.!tanl »:nd i* the vecto
Any error* detected
•ummary data will be
till be corrected and changes in
nnotated in the annual nummary.
SUMMARY BY HOURS
Subscription Price: Local ClimatoloRical Data !
per year including annual Summary if published
Sinyl* copy: 10 cents for monthly" Summary "
cent* for annual Summary. Checks or money 01
should be mail* liable ami remittanct-s and corre
spondence should be wnt to the Superintmilen! of
Documents. V. S. Government Printing Office.
Washington., P. C. 2QJ02.
Fir-re» fo
North ; i.e.. .
and '» = C
in *'oi. 17
1-ir aute s
•rv fu«U.
Envinmmental Sci
divided by the numUr of ob*erv>ti,-nf. compiled from rec
' - Easi. It* = 5^)uth.-J7 - U\"l. 3i- -- N"ith
When d:
s an official publication of the
i Sen-ices Administration, and is
on file al the National Weather
-ille North Carolina 28301.
1
AVERAGES
$?
i
£ ' £
E
= £;.-, n i r ! >?" - ^ ; _ «"
-'J-! * a
O i S
j
j
e
ReMilunt
S ; |- I~~F~
s
e E ' ^
*
(5
_
"ji
i?
-
-
entriv* in r,,l ]fi a
^da. H the / appear
in Col 17.
Director, National Weather Records Centei
USCOMM—ESSA—ASHEV1LLE
111
-------
Appendix C (Continued)
•ssf. LOCAL CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
MAUftlCE H. STANS. Secretory
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SERVICES ADMINISTRATION
ENVIBONMENTAl DATA SERVICE
*,N »Mcmo, Cui»»..
"'" HCC'
\^Ix^ Latitude 37' 47
1
i
i
2
3
4
ft
7
9
9
10
U
12
13
1*
15
16
17
19
19
20
«!
23
24
25
ift
27
29
29
30
n
N Longitude 1?2° ,5' „ Elevation i ground 57 ft Standard time used: BACTFtr
Temperature ("Ft
E
3
E
X
H
S
2
76
77
72
57
55
60
U
59
63
64
79
91«
79
59
55
:;
64
67
59
64
59
5ft
61
63
77
93
E
"c
i
3
51
51
4B
47
48
51
53
49
4«
50
53
54
63
53
49
49
4ft
4»
31
33
51
49
49
52
1111-
1
4
64
64
6C
52
52
' 56
53
51*
53
57
5'
»7
77»
66
S5
52
53
55
57
39
53
39
Si
53
55
37
63
»9
II
IE
s
9
i
i
Dep.
64.9 50.5 57.7 0.3
Number of daj-s
Bucumun Temp. T ffinimum Ter
— »u •
1
*- 3*
toe X .031 U 1 0
0
-403! 1 den Partly cloudy Cloudy
Tie
fe-
lt
I?
i dates
Fastest
mile
-a
_ | l^
16 17 18
19
17
24
21
24
26
22
33
26
19
13
20
15
17
19
24
24
33
22
25
23
19
23
19
17
21
24
2*
11
21
h :
33
Bate
s
s
i
t
I •
13.
•IS:
0.
11.
2.
13.
13.
11.
4.
9.
13i
10.
4.
1*1
10.
10.
0.
9.
14.
i*!*
Tola
!3'.S
ei
19
100
100
4
62
It
32
65
100
100
V4
72
30
V9
100
100
100
100
73
71
1
63
V9
100
100
ijt
for
j Sky cover !
i (Tenths) ;
t
j
j o
1 20
Sum
5
H 1
S E i a
21 22
i 1
2
3
4
3
6
7
j t
i 9
11
,i
u»
III
i.
19
20
21
2<
23
24
25
126
'»•
30
31
Sum
1440.6! 77] J
Greatest depth cr. ground of snow.
iee petrels or ice and date i
o i ~T
HOURLY PRECIPITATION 'Water equivalent in inches'- T3ACE AKOUNT ENT3IES «AT BE INCD»PLETE.
i
£
10
U
12
13
14
15
16
17
11
It
to
11
ti
13
14
15
2%
17
tl
29
M
31
1
2
.01
3
.01
A.
«
.01
M Hoi
5
^ end
6
T
T
IK at
7
T
T
r~s~~
T
T
| 9
T
T
1 16
11
12
1
T
2
T
J
T
4
T
T
p~sr
5
T
•lour e
6
T
idine
7
it
II
q
10
11
12
~S~
K
1
2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
19
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
29
29
30
-3J.
at more thu. «M oceurmm.
am Unpenture or netTatire departure from
be corrected and
I i V> »t AU-Un pUtioiM
- Abo o« MI miter date, or dates.
X Bca*-v fair rrrtrirts vi»tb»Uty to % mile or low.
T IB the Hourh I'rfciptUttMt table and in cohimra
ft. 10. aad 11 indtcsUa an amount too »maH to
TV MUK r for derree dar* brrin* with July for hratiair
azd with Januan for coolini-
P»U ia colwoutt «. 12. 13. 14. and 15 are baaed on 8
•toervatk rat per day at 3-hour inOrvals.
*md directions are tfa f-r dtrenionit are teiw of derrees from tnie
K.rtfc:U. •» = E**t. IB * South.27 = WVrt. 3C - North
aij M = Calm. When dim-twos are in ten* trf decree*
it Co*. IT. eotriM in CoL 16 are faMe^t ob*«-n i» an official puMiration of the '
Environmental Science Service* AdminiMntmii and is ,
•mnpiled from records on fife at tbe National Weather s
|y
s"-
A U
|
T
k
*
__
i
c
If
Dinetor. K.liool Wnther Reccnfa Center
USCOMM—ESSA-ASHEVILLE J25
112
-------
ANALYSIS BY METHOD OF EXTREME VALUES
(AFTER GUMBEL)
DATA FROM U.S.W.B., FEDERAL OFFICE
BUILDING. SAN FRANCISCO 1903 • 1950
§3 46 50 60
0.
minute*
hour*
DURATION
Appendix D. RAINFALL INTENSITY-DURATION-FREQUENCY RELATIONSHIPS
-------
Appendix E
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMBINED SEWAGE
BULK SAMPLE
4-5 April 1969
Time
Flow, cfs
Total Solids, mg/1
Total Volatile Solids, mg/1
Total Suspended Solids, mg/1
Total Volatile Suspended Solids, mg/1
Settleable Solids, ml/1
Floatables, mg/1
Particle Size Distribution, mg/1
>3. 327 mm
3. 327-0.991 mm
0.991-0.295 mm
0.295-0.074 mm
<0. 074 mm
size at 50-percentile by weight, mm
BOD, mg/1
COD, mg/1
Hexane Extractable Material, mg/1
Total Coliforms, MPN/100 ml
Fecal Coliforms, MPN/100 ml
Fecal Streptococci, MPN/100 ml
2230
0.297
575
420
426
373
2320
0. 050
130
50
26
15
0020 •
0. 606
80
25
9
5
0120
0. 518
44
16
19
12
0220
0. 022
85
25
22
12
202
480
12.7
11
55
2.5
3
19
1.3
4
38
10. 3
5
38
1.7
1. 5x10'
4.6x10-
7. 3x10'
2. 8x10'
9. 1x10-
1. 5x10-
9. 3x10
4. 3x10'
. 3x10
2. 1x10-
2. 3x10'
. 5x10-
2.4x10
2. 3x10'
. 3x10-
-------
Time
Flow, cfs
Total Solids, mg/1
Total Volatile Solids, mg/1
Total Suspended Solids, mg/1
Total Volatile Suspended Solids, mg/1
Settleable Solids, ml/1
Floatables, mg/1
Particle Size Distribution, mg/1
>3. 327 mm
3. 327-0.991 mm
0. 991-0. 295 mm
0.295-0.074 mm
<0. 074 mm
size at 50-percentile by weight, mm
BOD, mg/1
COD, mg/1
Hexane Extractable Material, mg/1
Total Coliforms, MPN/100 ml
Fecal Coliforms, MPN/100 ml
Fecal Streptococci, MPN/100 ml
November 1969
0520
0.591
148
40
34
15
5
1.4
0
0
trace
trace
16. 3
9.5
51.6
4. 1
2. 3xl05
3xl04
0620
0.711
140
44
45
31
0.7
2.4
trace
trace
trace
4.1
18.4
11.0
62. 5
4
2. 3xl05
3xl04
0720
0.706
180
64
63
24
1
3.9
trace
trace
5.5
5.6
34.5
0. 018
11
82. 5
3.8
3xl04
3xl04
0820
0.499
220
112
57
40
0.6
2. 3
14. 4
11.2
42.5
22.9
69.5
0. 14
61
132.4
7. 2
4. 3xl06
4. 3xl06
0920
0. 075
432
224
185
131
0.7
11.8
29.5
14.3
36. 5
33.4
135. 7
0. 05
175
626
14.5
2. 3xl06
9xl05
9x10-
4. 3x10
9x10"
4. 3x10-
3x10
-------
Appendix E (continued)
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMBINED SEWAGE
BULK SAMPLE
19 December 1969
Time
Flow, cfs
Total Solids, mg/1
Total Volatile Solids, mg/1
Total Suspended Solids, mg/1
Total Volatile Suspended Solids, mg/1
Settleable Solids, ml/1
Floatables, mg/1
Particle Size Distribution, mg/1
>3. 327 mm
3. 327-0.991 mm
0.991-0. 295 mm
0.295-0. 074 mm
<0. 074 mm
size at 50-percentile by weight, mm
BOD, mg/1
COD, mg/1
Hexane Extractable Material, mg/1
Total Coliforms, MPN/lOOml
Fecal Coliforms, MPN/100 ml
Fecal Streptococci, MPN/100 ml
1045
0. 375
95
50
19
9
0.2
7.1
0
0
2.9
5.3
10. 8
0.054
14.7
76. 8
4.1
1145
0. 447
115
65
46
31
1.5
3.6
0
1.7
4.2
12.5
27. 6
0.049
15
57.6
6.1
1240-
0.413
135
60
31
21
1
4.2
0
4.8
11.6
11. 8
2.8
0. 34
16. 8
57.6
4.8
1340
0.073
415
180
112
70
3.5
4.4
56.9
5.1
16. 3
27.7
6
0.45
77.4
221
36. 3
1440
0. 046
275
125
84
55
2.5
3.9
6.3
4
8.9
24. 6
44. 2
0.074
40. 5
144
1.6
1. 5x10-
9. 3x10'
7. 5x10'
4.6x10
4. 3xlO!
4. 3xlO:
4.6x10
2. 4x10*
2. 3xlO-
2. 4xlOv
4. 6x10-
1. 1x10-
4. 6x10
4. 6xlO[
1. lx!0!
-------
21 December 1969
Time
Flow, cfs
Total Solids, mg/1
Total Volatile Solids, mg/1
Total Suspended Solids, mg/1
Total Volatile Suspended Solids, mg/1
Settleable Solids, ml/1
Floatables, mg/1
Particle Size Distribution, mg/1
>3. 327 mm
3. 327-0.991 mm
0. 991-0. 295 mm
0.295-0.074 mm
<0. 074 mm
size at 50-percentile by weight, mm
BOD, mg/1
COD, mg/1
Hexane Extractable Material, mg/1
Total Coliforms, MPN/100 ml
Fecal Coliforms, MPN/100 ml
Fecal Streptococci, MPN/100 ml
930
0.910
110
80
55
42
2.5
2.3
8. 8
14. 1
9
15. 1
8
0. 54
32. 6
86. 4
4.4
1025
0. 175
280
165
89
76
13
1.5
0
8.6
32. 4
18. 1
29.9
0. 22
75.9
158
2.5
1125
0.169
210
115
79
64
4.5
3.6
0
5.9
13. 0
14.7
45.4
0. 047
56.4
182
5. 1
1225
0. 105
250
140
98
68
2.5
3.5
0
20.2
16.3
25. 8
35.7
0. 15
62.4
154
6.7
1410
0.070
400
140
118
94
7
4.2
0
8.3
34.7
19.5
50.7
0. 11
102
257
28. 5
4. 6x10"
4. 3x10"
9. 1x10'
2. 4x10
2. 4x10*
2.4x10
2. 4x10*
9. 3x10'
4. 6xlOf
4. 6x10
4. 6xlO(
2. 4x1 o'
-------
Appendix E (continued)
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMBINED SEWAGE
BULK SAMPLE
13 January 1970
Time
Flow, cfs
Total Solids, mg/1
Total Volatile Solids, mg/1
Total Suspended Solids, mg/1
Total Volatile Suspended Solids, mg/1
^ Settleable Solids, ml/1
oo Floatables, mg/1
Particle Size Distribution, mg/1
>3. 327 mm
3.327-0.991 mm
0.991-0.295 mm
0. 295-0.074 mm
<0. 074
size at 50-percentile by weight, mm
BOD, mg/1
COD, mg/1
Hexane Extractable Material, mg/1
Total Coliforms, MPN/100 ml
Fecal Coliforms, MPN/100 ml
Fecal Streptococci, MPN/100 ml
1800
0.685
170
70
75
56
2.3
6
1900
0.056
520
370
376
332
2.8
9.5
2100
0.094
250
170
72
67
3
5.2
2200
0.095
195
95
66
61
4.5
6.9
2300
0.080
245
140
119
74
2.8
3.6
:io
96
5.9
1.6xl07
1.2xl06
-
297
54.4
4. 3xl06
2. 3xl05
33
129
29.5
9. 3xl06
1. 4xl05
35
144
16.9
2. 9xl06
4. 3xl05
17
77
7.6
9. 3xl06
9. IxlO4
-------
Time
Flow, cfs
Total Solids, mg/1
Total Volatile Solids, mg/1
Total Suspended Solids, mg/1
Total Volatile Suspended Solids, mg/1
Settleable Solids, ml/1
Floatables, mg/1
Particle Size Distribution, mg/1
>3. 327 mm
3. 327-0.991 mm
0.991-0.295 mm
0. 295-0.074 mm
<0. 074 mm
size at 50-percentile by weight, mm
BOD, mg/1
COD, mg/1
Hexane Extractable Material, mg/1
Total Coliforms, MPN/100 ml
Fecal Coliforms, MPN/100 ml
Fecal Streptococci, MPN/100 ml
20 January
1625
1.05
84
48
29
19
0.2
4.2
0
0.5
2.1
6.2
10. 2
0.065
21. 2
72
2
1970
1725
0.605
84
16
30
23
1.2
22.3
0
1.6
5.7
5. 1
17.6
0.036
18.2
127
44
3x10^
<3xl04
2. 3x10'
3. 6x10
3. 6x10'
2. 3x10"
1835
0.894
184
68
15
14
0.2
3.9
0
1. 3
2.6
4
7. 1
0.084
7.97
311
3.8
7. 3x10'
7. 3x10"
9. lxlO:
1930
0.431
148
72
33
28
0.2
4.7
0
2.6
2
4.2
25. 2
0. 01
30.4
349
10.4
3. 6x10'
3. 6x10'
3. 6x10'
2030
0.556
60
36
17
16
0.6
2.8
0
0.9
1.5
4.8
9.8
0. 055
12.7
43
5
3. 6x10'
3. 6x10'
7. 3xlO:
-------
Appendix E (continued)
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMBINED SEWAGE
BULK SAMPLE
27 January 1970
Time
Flow, cfs
Total Solids, mg/1
Total Volatile Solids, mg/1
Total Suspended Solids, mg/1
Total Volatile Suspended Solids, mg/1
Settleable Solids, ml/1
Floatables, mg/1
Particle Size Distribution, mg/1
>3. 327 mm
3. 327-0.991 mm
0.991-0.295 mm
0. 295-0. 074 mm
<0. 074 mm
size at 50-percentile by weight, mm
BOD, mg/1
COD, mg/1
Hexane Extractable Material, mg/1
Total Coliforms, MPN/100 ml
Fecal Coliforms, MPN/100 ml
Fecal Streptococci, MPN/100 ml
0130
1. 23
95
55
8
7.5
0. 3
1.4
0
1.4
3.7
9.6
12.9
0.082
3. 3
64
3.2
2. 3xl06
4xl04
0230
0. 603
60
32
4
4
0. 1
1
0
0.2
0.9
2.4
7
0. 035
<1. 5
16.9
3.8
9xl05
<3xl03
0345 .
0. 176
73
40
6
6
0.2
0.8
0
0.2
1.7
5.5
3.9
0. 11
4. 65
31
2.6
9xl05
<3xl05
0430
0. 058
72
37
6
5
0.05
0.6
0
0. 3
0.5
1.9
7.9
0. 023
1.95
31
2
4. 3xl06
<3xl05
0530
0. 039
90
43
6
6
0. 05
0.9
0
2
1.1
1.9
8
0.028
17.7
52.5
5.4
7xl05
<3xl05
2. 3x10
4. 3x10
4xlO-
2. 4x10
1. 5x10-
-------
13
Time
Flow, cfs
Total Solids, mg/1
Total Volatile Solids, mg/1
Total Suspended Solids, mg/1
Total Volatile Suspended Solids, mg/1
Settleable Solids, ml/1
Floatables, mg/1
Particle Size Distribution, mg/1
>3. 327 mm
3. 327-0.991 mm
0.991-0.295 mm
0. 295-0. 074 mm
<0. 074 mm
size at 50-percentile by weight, mm
BOD, mg/1
COD, mg/1
Hexane Extractable Material, mg/1
Total Coliforms, MPN/100 ml
Fecal Coliforms, MPN/100 ml
Fecal Streptococci, MPN/100 ml
February
0645
1.069
148
96
49
29.5
0.6
4. 65
0
9.4
10. 6
42. 2
33.4
0. 116
21
88.4
12
1. IxlO7
9xl04
1970
0745
0. 199
152
72
50
33
2.5
1.83
0
11. 6
24.2
3.4
2.6
0. 64
55. 8
176. 8
7.7
2. 4x1
4. 3x1
4. 3x10'
4. 6x10'
0845
0. 1024
432
316
127
115
11.5
3.68
34.2
9.8
28
22. 6
12.4
0. 64
139. 1
353. 6
20. 2
2. 4x10
2. 4xl06
2, 4xlOE
0945
0.0932
552
248
95
80
4
3. 36
126
56
47
43
78
1. 12
168
402. 2
44. 1
>1. Ixio'
>1. 1x10'
4. 6xl05
1045
0.079
348
156
115
94
14
1.73
0
29
18
16
62
0. 076
121.4
371. 3
21. 5
1. 1x10
9. 3xlOf
9. 3x10'
-------
tSJ
Appendix E (continued)
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMBINED SEWAGE
BULK SAMPLE
28 February 1970
Time
Flow, cfs
Total Solids, mg/1
Total Volatile Solids, mg/1
Total Suspended Solids, mg/1
Total Volatile Suspended Solids, mg/1
Settleable Solids, ml/1
Floatables, mg/1
Particle Size Distribution, mg/1
>3. 327 mm
3. 327-0.991 mm
0.991-0.295 mm
0.295-0. 074mm
<0. 074 mm
size at 50-percentile by weight, mm
BOD, mg/1
COD, mg/1
Hexane Extractable Material, mg/1
Total Coliforms, MPN/100 ml
Fecal Coliforms, MPN/100 ml
Fecal Streptococci, MPN/100 ml
0835
0. 422
100
52
23. 6
23.3
0.3
2.2
0
2.3
3.1
9.3
40. 4
0.021
16. 2
137
5.4
0935
0. 139
184
108
43.3
40
4.5
3.4
11.4
9.6
12.5
14.1
38.1
0. 116
27. 3
157
4. 1
1035
0. 231
264
112
31. 6
27.7
0.4
1.4
—
-
-
-
-
-
61
167
13
1130
0. 155
200
90
23. 3
20. 3
2.6
3.5
_
-
-
-
-
-
25
117
12. 2
1230
0. 116
404
172
57
52
2.7
1. 1
H>
-
-
-
-
-
199
292
12
4. 3x10-
2. 3x10-
9. 1x10'
2. 3x10"
2. 3xl05
3.6x10'
2. 3x10
9. 3x10'
<30
9. 3x10-
2. 3x10-
4. 3x10'
2. 3x10
2. 3x10"
2.4x10'
-------
4 March 1970
00
Time
Flow, cfs
Total Solids, mg/1
Total Volatile Solids, mg/1
Total Suspended Solids mg/1
Total Volatile Suspended Solids, mg/1
Settleable Solids, ml/I
Floatables, mg/1
Particle Size Distribution, mg/1
>3. 327 mm
3. 327-0.991 mm
0. 991-0. 295 mm
0. 295-0. 074 mm
<0. 074 mm
size at 50-percentile by weight, mm
BOD, mg/1
COD, mg/1
Hexane Extractable Material, mg/1
Total Coliforms, MPN/lOOml
Fecal Coliforms, MPN/100 ml
Fecal Streptococci, MPN/100 ml
1100
0. 230
72
20
33. 6
17
1.2
2.2
1.8
0.4
2.6
5.5
7
0. 108
8.4
18.8
6.4
1200
0. 124
100
32
43
22. 3
1.5
2.2
1.4
33.2
28. 5
17
22
0.49
8.2
59.3
12. 6
1300
1. 130
208
76
28.6
14.6
0.3
1.9
1. 1
1.6
4.1
7.6
14
0.076
38. 8
115.6
33. 2
1400
1.51
300
156
144
110
2.7
3
3.8
2.6
6.7
11. 1
118
192
306. 3
37.4
1500
2. 22
352
124
34
26.6
2.5
5
3.8
5. 1
9.2
8.9
36
0.036
31.2
146. 2
13.2
4. 6x10"
9. 3x10"
4. 3xlO:
. 1x10
. 5xlO!
. Ixl0f
4.6x10 >1. 1x10
4. 6x10-
9. 1x10'
2.4x10'
1. lxlO!
1. 1x10
2. 4xlO!
2. 4x10"
-------
Appendix E (continued)
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMBINED SEWAGE
BULK SAMPLE
13 April 1970
Time
Flow, cfs
Total Solids, mg/1
Total Volatile Solids, mg/1
Total Suspended Solids, mg/1
Total Volatile Suspended Solids, mg/1
Settleable Solids, ml/1
Floatables, mg/1
Particle Size Distribution, mg/1
>3. 327 mm
3. 327-0.991 mm
0.991-0.295 mm
0.295-0.074 mm
<0. 074 mm
Size at 50-percentile by weight, mm
BOD, mg/1
COD, mg/1
Hexane Extractable Material, mg/1
Total Coliforms, MPN/100 ml
Fecal Coliforms, MPN/100 ml
Fecal Streptococci, MPN/100 ml
1100
0.056
648
392
168
136
5
14.4
trace
3.1
15.6
3.8
123
313
461
55.3
1200
0. 043
512
160
98
88
15
7.8
15
9.8
12.6
17.3
45. 5
0. 15
134
299
26.9
1300
0. 053
784
392
184
162
28
21. 8
25. 1
37.9
40. 3
26. 8
101
0. 18
178
236
83.4
1400
0. 045
648
252
138
132
10
11.2
8.6
9.4
39.4
25.4
90
0. 05
2.77
567
59.7
1500
0. 042
472
184
276
176
8
19.6
22
24.4
21.5
32.6
127
0. 01
145
304
34.6
4. 6x10
4. 6x10*
1. 5xlOf
4. 6x10
9. 3x10"
1. 1x10'
1
1. 1x10
4.6x10*
1. 1x10'
1. 1x10
2. 4x10*
4.6x10*
1
4. 6x10
1. 5xlO(
2. 4xlO(
-------
Time
Flow, cfs
Total Solids, mg/1
Total Volatile Solids, mg/1
Total Suspended Solids, mg/1
Total Volatile Suspended Solids, mg/1
Settleable Solids, ml/1
Floatables, mg/1
Particle Size Distribution, mg/1
>3. 327 mm
3. 327-0.991 mm
0.991-0. 295 mm
0. 295-0. 074 mm
<0. 074 mm
size at 50-percentile by weight, mm
BOD, mg/1
COD, mg/1
Hexane Extractable Material, nag/1
Total Coliforms, MPN/100 ml
Fecal Coliforms, MPN/100 ml
Fecal Streptococci, MPN/100 ml
13 May 1970
0430
0.022
412
136
69.5
31.5
0.9
2
5.6
10.3
15. 6
13
0. 20
49
254
5.7
0530
0. 024
372
104
60. 5
31
1.5
3.5
13. 5
22.7
32.9
14
0. 25
60. 1
156
6.5
4. 3x10'
3. 6xlO(
4. 3x10'
1. 1x10'
3. 6x10^
4.
0630
0.043
468
220
108
83
6
0.6
8.9
15
30. 3
50
0.09
143
307
12.5
2. 4xlOv
2. 3x10'
9. 3x10*
8
0730
748
312
484
210
17
2.2
21. 1
28. 3
93
72
0. 15
224
723
20. 2
1. 1x10
1. 5x10
2. 3x10
15
12
0830
0. 056
496
216
188
138
10
5. 3
4.4
18
47.6
168
253
450
37.7
4. 6x10
2xl07
2. 9x10*
8
-------
Appendix F
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMBINED SEWAGE
0. 5-in. SCREEN SAMPLE
4-5 April 1969
Time
Start
Finish
Flow, cfs
Start
Finish
Total Solids, g
Total Volatile Solids, g
BOD, mg/g
COD, mg/g
Hexane Extractable Material, mg/g
Total Coliforms, MPN/g
Fecal Coliforms, MPN/g
Fecal Streptococci, MPN/g
2240
2310
0.265
0.224
24. 4
20. 8
7.6
27. 1
2.6
2330
0000
0.049
0.298
11.4
10. 1
1.4
9.7
0.48
2030
0100
0. 508
0.872
26
23. 3
5.8
27.5
1.9
0130
0200
0.492
0.242
26. 3
24.4
3.6
21. 3
1.1
0230
0300
0. 022
0.018
9.7
8.9
1.2
12.7
0.42
1. 3x10
2. 6x10*
<2. 8x10
8
1. 1x10'
4. Ixio'
. 4xlO
2.7x10'
6. 5xlOE
<1.7xlO'
1. 3x10
5. OxlO!
. 9xlOv
1.0x10'
1.0x10-
2. 4x10:
-------
0. 5-in. SCREEN SAMPLE
5 November 1969
ro
-4
Time
Start
Finish
Flow, cfs
Start
Finish
Total Solids, g
Total Volatile Solids, g
BOD, mg/g
COD, mg/g
Hexane Extractable Material, rng/g
Total Coliforms, MPN/g
Fecal Coliforms, MPN/g
Fecal Streptococci, MPN/g
0530
0600
0.603
0.693
10. 4
9.4
180
864
59. 3
2. ZlxlO7
1.42xl06
8. 95xl06
0630
0700
0.595
0.509
15.9
13.9
349
1,428
45.2
7. 55xlO?
2. 52xl06
2. 7xlO?
0730
0800
0.516
0. 508
30.6
27. 2
603
1, 122
127
3. IxlO8
4. 9xlO?
4. 9xlO?
0830
0900
0.399
0.088
33.7
30.4
507
1,865
160
2.8xl010
6. 8xl07
0930
1000
0.058
0.055
27.7
24. 5
438
1,200
142
8. 32xl07
3. 92xl06
1. 55x10'
-------
Appendix F (continued)
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMBINED SEWAGE
0. 25-in. SCREEN SAMPLE
19 December 1969
t\J
00
Time
Start
Finish
Flow, cfs
Start
Finish
Total Solids, g
Total Volatile Solids, g
BOD, mg/g
COD, mg/g
Hexane Extractable Material, mg/g
Total Coliforms, MPN/g
Fecal Coliforms, MPN/g
Fecal Streptococci, MPN/g
1115
1145
0.448
0.447
8. 63
6.98
1,008
1,824
67. 4
1.74xl08
2. 6xl07
1.7xl07
1215
1240
0. 831
0.413
17.72
15. 62
1, 150
4,720
184
1. 35xl08
1. 35xl08
1.4xl07
1315
1340
0. 117
0.073
9.48
8.08
1,070
4,710
286
1. 16xl010
1. I6xl010
2. 54xl08
1415
1440
0.054
0. 046
9.18
8.08
1,898
2,516
68
1.2xl010
3. I6xl08
1. 6xl07
1515
1540
0. 157
0.083
17. 42
14. 19
494
2,039
81. 5
2. 64xl09
1. 66xl08
6. 31xl08
-------
0. 25-in. SCREEN SAMPLE
21 December 1969
INJ
Time
Start
Finish
Flow, cfs
Start
Finish
Total Solids, g
Total Volatile Solids, g
BOD, mg/g
COD, mg/g
Hexane Extractable Material, mg/g
Total Coliforms, MPN/g
Fecal Coliforms, MPN/g
Fecal Streptococci, MPN/g
1000
1025
0. 567
0. 175
19.40
17. 44
256
2,578
161
5. 66xl08
3. 9xl07
5. 7xl07
1100
1125
0. 164
0. 169
24. 10
20. 36
506
3, 520
130
1. 91xl08
3. 9xlO?
1. 91xl08
1200
1225
0. 107
0. 105
18. 26
17. 24
924
4,849
236
2. 52xl09
2. 4xl08
5. OSxlO8
1340
1410
0.069
0. 070
11. 56
10.41
477
4,000
83. 5
9. 51xl09
1. 82xl09
<3xl06
1415
1445
0.075
0. 075
15.94
14.96
145
1,867
151
5. 7xl08
<1.8xlO?
4xlO?
-------
Appendix F (continued)
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMBINED SEWAGE
1-in. SCREEN SAMPLE
13 January 1970
Time
Start
Finish
Flow, cfs
Start
Finish
Total Solids, g
Total Volatile Solids, g
BOD, mg/g
COD, mg/g
Hexane Extractable Material, mg/g
Total Coliforms, MPN/g
Fecal Coliforms, MPN/g
Fecal Streptococci, MPN/g
1730
1800
0.247
0.685
11. 88
10. 26
1,028
3,800
132
3. 62xl09
3. 03xl09
3. 62xl08
1830
1900
0.219
0.056
15. 18
13.91
783
5, 320
87. 6
1. 52xl09
1. 52xl08
6. OxlO7
1930
2045
0.064
0.094
8.14
7.42
937
3,035
156
1. 14xl010
1. 12xl08
4. 79xlO?
2130
2200
0. 130
0.095
9.54
8.93
823
2,710
108
7. 96xl08
3. 78xlO?
1. 57xl07
2230
2300
0. 102
0.080
7. 57
6.92
555
1,650
132
9.91xl07
3. 04x1 0?
5. 67xl06
-------
1-in. SCREEN SAMPLE
20 January 1970
oo
Time
Start
Finish
Flow, cfs
Start
Finish
Total Solids, g
Total Volatile Solids, g
BOD, mg/g
COD, mg/g
Hexane Extractable Material, mg/g
Total Coliforms, MPN/g
Fecal Coliforms, MPN/g
Fecal Streptococci, MPN/g
1658
1725
1. 18
0. 605
28. 4
25. 1
545
1, 140
117
2. 88X108
1755
1835
1. 33
0.894
17.6
15.9
346
5,490
26. 5
1. 36xl08
1900
1930
0.900
0.431
26. 2
23
186
5,470
44. 1
3. 56xl08
2000
2030
0.454
0. 556
77
64.5
525
2,485
87. 6
1.43xl08
2100
2130
0. 573
1. 11
51.8
44. 3
425
1, 206
68
<5. 79x!
1. 06x10'
1. 52x10
8
4. 16x10'
2. 04x10
5. 74xl0 5. 97xl0
1. 38xl0
1.43xl0
. 79xlO
1.80x10
-------
Appendix F (continued)
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMBINED SEWAGE
0. 125-in. SCREEN SAMPLE
27 January 1970
00
Time
Start
Finish
Flow, cfs
Start
Finish
Total Solids, g
Total Volatile Solids, g
BOD, mg/g
COD, mg/g
Hexane Extractable Material, mg/g
Total Coliforms, MPN/g
Fecal Coliforms, MPN/g
Fecal Streptococci, MPN/g
0158
0216
1.79
0.763
19.7
17. 1
370
1,980
49
2. 44x1 09
7. 63xl07
•7 i... i r\ $
0314
0345
0.416
0. 176
11. 1
9.9
341
552
59.4
3. 88xl08
8. llxlO6
0400
0430
0.268
0.058
7.4
6.5
402
3,890
66.3
2. 74xl08
2. 02xl07
0500
0530
0. 051
0.039
8.4
7.8
299
464
21. 6
2. SOxlO8
<3. 6xl04
0600
0630
0. 040
0.050
5
4.6
877
1, 188
76. 8
4. 2x10
<6xl04
•~r o__ i r\
9
4
-------
0. 125-in. SCREEN SAMPLE
13 February 1970
oo
Time
Start
Finish
Flow, cfs
Start
Finish
Total Solids, g
Total Volatile Solids, g
BOD, mg/g
COD, mg/g
Hexane Extractable Material, mg/g
Total Coliforms, MPN/g
Fecal Coliforms, MPN/g
Fecal Streptococci, MPN/g
0710
0715
0.728
0.199
17.9
14.5
386
1,339
13.7
8. 4xl08
1.7xl07
1. 3xl06
0815
0825
0. 1545
0. 1024
51.2
43.3
234
1, 312
74.8
2. 9xl09
5. 9xl06
>2. 15xl07
0915
0930
0. 0872
0.0932
22. 5
20
-
503
69.5
1.9xl08
4xl07
1.9xl06
1015
1025
0. 0932
0.079
9.7
8.8
124
1,859
75.7
2. 48xl09
2.4xl08
9.6xl06
1110
1120
0. 1374
0.079
11. 1
8. 6
892
3, 265
38.8
8. 4xl08
2. IxlO8
1. 35x10
-------
Appendix F (continued)
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMBINED SEWAGE
1-in. SCREEN SAMPLE
28 February 1970
OJ
Time
Start
Finish
Flow, cfs
Start
Finish
Total Solids, g
Total Volatile Solids, g
BOD, mg/g
COD, mg/g
Hexane Extractable Material, mg/g
Total Coliforms, MPN/g
Fecal Coliforms, MPN/g
Fecal Streptococci, MPN/g
0900
0930
0.570
0.139
41.4
36.9
309
976
128
1000
1030
0. Ill
0. 231
44.3
39.9
184
529
68. 1
1100
1130
0.195
0. 155
33.5
29.7
453
1,039
-
1200
1230
0.109
0. 116
12
11. 16
761
1, 368
44.9
1300
1330
0. 116
0.011
20
17.9
338
1, 119
156
1.04x10
1.04x10
2. 66x10
9.61x10
2.06x10
1.02x10
8
1. 37xl07 3.58x10
1. 37xl09 1.95x10*
1. 37xl08 7.59x10*
1. 2x10'
1. 2x10'
7. 5x10*
-------
0. 5-in. SCREEN SAMPLE
4 March 1970
Ul
Time
Start
Finish
Flow, cfs
Start
Finish
Total Solids, g
Total Volatile Solids, g
BOD, mg/g
COD, mg/g
Hexane Extractable Material, mg/g
Total Coliforms, MPN/g
Fecal Coliforms, MPN/g
Fecal Streptococci, MPN/g
1130
1200
0. 238
0. 124
29. 1
25. 3
443
1,420
106
7.9xl07
7.9xl07
8. 25xl06
1230
1300
0. 262
1. 130
23.4
21
154
423
97
1. 54xl07
1. 54xlO?
3. 9xl05
1330
1400
1.33
1.51
38. 7
34.7
321
1,460
145
2. 47xl08
2. 47xl08
2. 47xl07
1430
1500
1. 80
2. 22
23.2
20.9
377
1,490
102
1. 85xl08
9.9xlO?
9.9xl06
1530
1600
2. 28
2.66
15
13. 1
295
659
90
6. IxlO7
<2xlO?
6. 07x10
-------
Appendix F (continued)
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMBINED SEWAGE
0. 125-in. SCREEN SAMPLE
13 April 1970
OJ
Time
Start
Finish
Flow, cfs
Start
Finish
Total Solids, g
Total Volatile Solids, g
BOD, mg/g
COD, mg/g
Hexane Extractable Material, mg/g
Total Coliforms, MPN/g
Fecal Coliforms, MPN/g
Fecal Streptococci, MPN/g
1130
1200
0.041
0.043
27.4
22. 2
429
1, 110
147
5. 8xlO?
1.9xl07
c
1. 1x10
1230
1300
0.029
0.053
32.8
28. 1
729
1, 345
140
1. 9xl09
3. 4xl09
Q
1. 9xl(T
1330
1400
0.061
0.045
27.9
24. 2
623
1,280
171
IxlO9
2. 2xl07
7
4x10
1430
1500
0. 0278
0.042
16. 8
12. 8
584
3,010
149
7. 8xl07
7. 3xl06
7
3. 9x10
1530
1600
0. 030
0.027
18. 1
12. 6
586
1,518
113
1.7xl05
3. 6xl06
s
1.4x10
-------
0. 25-in. SCREEN SAMPLE
13 May 1970
UJ
Time
Start
Finish
Flow, cfs
Start
Finish
Total Solids, g
Total Volatile Solids, g
BOD, mg/g
COD, mg/g
Hexane Extractable Material, mg/g
Total Coliforms, MPN/g
Fecal Coliforms, MPN/g
Fecal Streptococci, MPN/g
0500
0530
0. 024
0. 022
5.99
5.57
1,047
2, 315
13. 8
0600
0630
0. 021
0. 043
14.61
13.42
707
1,608
129.7
0700
0730
-
69.58
57. 08
521
1,237
82. 2
0800
0830
0. 055
0.056
110.88
84. 01
569
10,800
100. 6
0900
0930
0. 080
104. 24
89.64
272
786
133. 5
7. 18x10'
6. 01x10*
7. 18x10"
7. 52x10
2. 46x10*
2. 94x10*
8
6. 89x10
1.99x10
14
6.51x10 2.71x10
2. 67xl06 4.57x10
11
8. 84x10'
3. 82xlO(
5. 56x10"
-------
APPENDIX G
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN COMBINED SEWAGE BULK CONSTITUENTS
10 Storms
oo
00
Equation
X
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
TVS
TVS
TVS
TVS
TVS
Y
TVS
TSS
TVSS
ss
F
BOD
COD
HEM
TC
FC
FS
TSS
TVSS
SS
F
BOD
_ a
Form
3
3
3
3
6
1
3
2
1
3
2
1
1
3
5
3
Coefficient
A
0. 261
0. 0708
0. 0370
5. 16xlO"4
35. 5
-27.5
0. 326
3. 17
4. 89xl05
3. 59xl02
3
9.71x10
-17.9
-23. 0
0. 00710
0. 566
0.0775
Coefficient
B
1. 11
1.24
1.31
1.50
0. 187
0. 370
1. 13
0. 00425
1. 20xl04
0.0116
0. 00368
0. 813
0.715
1. 16
-0. 00132
1. 33
Correlation
Coefficient
0.934
0. 808
0.839
0.651
0.439
0. 862
0.849
0.609
0. 397
0. 320
0. 270
0. 889
0.898
0. 574
0. 303
0. 844
No.
of
50
50
50
45
45
47
50
50
46
43
39
50
50
45
45
47
Significance
Equation
Coefficient
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Correlation
Coefficient
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
-------
TVS
TVS
TVS
TVS
TVS
TSS
TSS
TSS
TSS
TSS
TSS
TSS
TSS
TSS
TVSS
TVSS
TVSS
TVSS
TVSS
TVSS
TVSS
TVSS
SS
COD
HEM
TC
FC
FS
TVSS
SS
F
BOD
COD
HEM
TC
FC
FS
SS
F
BOD
COD
HEM
TC
FC
FS
F
3
2
1
3
2
1
6
6
3
3
3
1
4
4
6
6
3
3
3
1
3
4
6
2.
4.
7.
2.
1.
-6.
65
4.
0.
10
1.
1.
9.
3.
01
16
99xl05
SlxlO3
llxlO4
20
.5
65
506
. 1
09
24xl06
5
90x10
14xl04
64. 2
4.
0.
10
1.
1.
9.
-4.
0.
44
613
.6
18
46xl06
72xl03
57xl03
0528
0.
0.
2.
0.
0.
0.
-0.
0.
1.
0.
0.
2.
-1.
2.
-0.
0.
1.
0.
0.
2.
0.
2.
0.
915
00587
04xl04
901
00617
864
209
244
05
636
523
47xl04
7
25x10
25xl06
783
209
10
680
549
76xl04
764
48xl06
302
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
815
532
450
313
262
991
788
736
811
734
549
511
293
316
802
729
863
796
584
499
315
358
694
50
50
46
43
39
50
45
45
47
50
50
46
43
39
45
45
47
50
50
46
43
39
45
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
-------
APPENDIX G (continued)
X
ss
ss
ss
ss
ss
ss
F
F
F
F
F
F
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
COD
Form
BOD
COD
HEM
TC
FC
FS
BOD
COD
HEM
TC
FC
FS
COD
HEM
TC
FC
FS
HEM
6
3
3
2
1
4
6
6
1
4
1
4
3
3
1
3
4
3
Equation
Coefficient Coefficient
0. 0130
1. llxlO2
8. 00
4. 93xl05
3. 06xl05
-2. 06xl03
0. 186
0. 0189
6. 10
3. 60xl06
8. 26xl05
-1. SlxlO5
15.6
1.57
1. 47xl06
7.05xl03
-6. 77xl04
0. 341
0. 0353
0. 275
0. 261
0. 202
1. 44xl05
4. 96xl04
-0. 0148
0. 00408
1. 78
-1. 83xl06
-2. 71xl04
6. 50xl05
0. 605
0. 484
2. 53xl04
0.901
2. 86xl06
0. 665
Correlation
Coefficient
0.610
0.476
0.396
0. 345
0. 423
0. 582
0. 658
0. 518
0. 478
0. 170
0.088
0. 574
0. 858
0.616
0. 370
0.452
0. 681
0.605
No. Significance
°* Equation Correlation
Data k
Coefficient
42
45
45
41
38
39
42
45
45
41
38
39
47
47
43
41
36
50
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Coefficient
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
-------
COD
COD
COD
HEM
HEM
HEM
TC
TC
FC
TC
FC
FS
TC
FC
FS
FC
FS
FS
1
3
2
4
3
4
3
3
1
1.77x10
1. ZlxlO3
1. 35xl04
3. 93xl06
6. 03xl04
4
-4.77x10
3. 72xl02
1. 52xl02
3. 28xl04
7. 54x10
1. 00
0. 00267
-5. 06xl06
0. 433
A
1. 11x10
0. 438
0. 349
0. 0414
0. 247
0. 362
0. 191
0. 221
0.179
0. 356
0. 376
0. 367
0. 426
46
43
39
46
43
39
40
35
32
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
l. Y=A+B; 2. Y=A exp (BX); 3. Y=AX; 4. Y=A+(B/X); 5. Y=1/(A+BX); 6. Y=X/(A+BX)
F-statistic significant at the 95-% confidence level
X2-statistic significant at the 95-% confidence level
-------
APPENDIX H
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN COMBINED SEWAGE PARTICLE SIZE
AND BULK CONSTITUENTS
10 Storms
Equation
Forma Coefficient Coefficient
A B
No. Significance
Correlation °* Equation Correlation
Data t> c
Coefficient Coefficient
Coefficient
tSJ
SS/TSS
F/TSS
BOD/TVS
COD /TVS
HEM/TVS
TC/TVS
FC/TVS
FS/TVS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
3
3
3
5
6
6
6
5
3
3
3
5
6
6
6
5
0. 824
0. 0175
0. 147
9.57
20.6
11.9
7.49
18. 1
0.597
-0.661
0. 386
4.90
-0. 157
2. 13xl04
1.83xl04
3. 43xlO"4
0.479
0.498
0. 234
0. 356
0. 125
0.611
0.543
0. 193
34
34
33
34
34
31
28
30
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
ll. Y=A+B; 2. Y=A exp (BX); 3. Y=AX ; 4. Y=A+(B/X); 5. Y=1/(A+BX); 6. Y=X/(A+BX)
JF-statistic significant at the 95-% confidence level
' X -statistic significant at the 95-% confidence level
-------
APPENDIX I
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN COMBINED SEWAGE SCREENINGS CONSTITUENTS
10 Storms
OJ
X
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
TVS
TVS
TVS
TVS
TVS
TVS
BOD
BOD
Y
TVS
BOD
COD
HEM
TC
FC
FS
BOD
COD
HEM
TC
FC
FS
COD
HEM
Form
1
4
1
5
3
4
3
4
1
5
3
4
3
6
6
Equation
Coefficient Coefficient
A B
0. 526
2. 49xl02
2. 35xl03
0. 230
1. 95xl09
-1. 90xl08
2. 35xl05
2. 32xl02
2. 38xl03
0.229
2. OBxlO9
-2. 54xl08
2. 84xl05
0. 120
2.90
0. 856
3. 53xl03
-19.2
-0. 00421
-0.600
1. lOxlO10
1.29
3. 36xl03
-23.6
-0. 00476
-0. 644
1.06xl010
1. 28
0. 00160
0. 00840
No,
Correlation ~ .
Coefficient Data
0.998
0. 370
0. 170
0. 127
0. 160
0. 197
0. 283
0.391
0. 179
0. 123
0. 171
0. 215
0.279
0.956
0.999
50
49
50
49
49
41
42
49
50
49
49
41
42
49
48
Significance
Equation Correlation
b c
Coefficient Coefficient
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
-------
APPENDIX I (Continued)
Form.6
Equation
Coefficient Coefficient
Correlation
Coefficient
No. Significance
Equation Correlation
Data
b c
Coefficient Coefficient
BOD
BOD
BOD
COD
COD
COD
COD
HEM
HEM
HEM
TC
TC
FC
TC
FC
FS
HEM
TC
FC
FS
TC
FC
FS
FC
FS
FS
6
6
2
6
3
6
3
6
6
2
6
2
3
8. 32x10"
8. 24xlO~6
3. 59xl06
22. 1
7. 55xl05
5. 52xlO~5
3. OSxlO3
2. 90xlO"?
2. 82xlO~6
7. 24xl05
7.29
7. 68xl06
6. 56xl02
6.41x10"^
1. 13xlO~9
0. 00181
-0. 0166
0. 887
-1. 26xlO"8
1.09
3. 70xlO"9
-1. 56xlO"8
0. 0250
6. 48xlO~8
1. OSxlO"10
0. 549
0.749
0. 884
0. 230
0.960
0.659
0.744
0.359
0.757
0. 878
0. 507
0. 870
0. 199
0. 394
48
40
41
49
49
41
42
48
40
41
41
41
34
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
ai. Y=A+B; 2. Y=A exp (BX); 3. Y=AX; 4. Y
bF- statistic significant at the 95-% confidence level
c x2- statistic significant at the 95-% confidence level
; 5. Y=1/(A+BX); 6. Y=X/(A+BX)
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHIC: Envirogenics Company, In-Sewer Fixed Screening of
Combined Sewer Overflows, PWQA Publication No. 11024FKJ10/70
ABSTRACT: A field sampling and analysis program, supplemented
with laboratory studies, was conducted to characterize combined sew-
age contributory to combined sewer overflows, to ascertain the re-
moval of floatables and solid materials that could be effected by the
placement of screening devices in combined sewer systems, and to
assess the effect of solids removal on chlorination requirements and
bacterial concentrations. Statistics are presented on combined sew-
age bulk and screenings collected with 0, 1£5-, 0. 25-, 0. 5-, and 1. 0-
in. aperture screens for the following constituents (where meaning-
ful): total solids, total volatile solids, total suspended solids, total
volatile suspended solids, settleable solids, floatable solids, parti-
cle size distribution, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen
demand, hexane extractable material, total coliforms, fecal coli-
forrns, and fecal streptococci. Regression analyses were performed
between all observed combined sewage bulk and screenings consti-
tuent pairs. Statistically significant correlations at the 95-% confi-
dence level were obtained for the combined sewage bulk only between
total solids and total volatile solids, between total volatile solids and
total volatile suspended solids, and between total suspended solids
and total volatile suspended solids. For combined sewage screenings,
statistically significant correlations at the 95-% confidence level were
found between total solids and total volatile solids, between BOD and
COD, between BOD and hexane extractable material, and between
COD and hexane extractable material. Removals of total solids, to-
tal volatile solids, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen de-
mand, hexane extractable material, total coHforms, fecal coliforms,
and fecal streptococci resulting from placement of the screening de-
vices into the combined sewer were calculated and were marginal.
KEY WORDS
Combined sewage
Combined sewer over-
flows
Combined sewage treat-
ment
Combined sewage
characteristics
Fixed screens
Solids removal
BIBLIOGRAPHIC: Envirogenics Company, In-Sewer Fixed Screening of
Combined Sewer Overflows, FWQA Publication No. 11024FKJ 10/70
ABSTRACT: A field sampling and analysis program, supplemented
with laboratory studies, was conducted to characterize combined sew-
age contributory to combined sewer overflows, to ascertain the re-
moval of floatable s and solid materials that could be effected by the
placement of screening devices in combined sewer systems, and to
assess the effect of solids removal on chlorination requirements and
bacterial concentrations. Statistics are presented on combined sew-
age bulk and screenings collected with 0, 125-, 0. 25-, 0. 5-, and 1. 0-
in. aperture screens for the following constituents (where meaning-
ful): total solids, total volatile solids, total suspended solids, total
volatile suspended solids, settleable solids, floatable solids, parti-
cle size distribution, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen
demand, hexane extractable material, total coliforns, fecal con-
forms, and fecal streptococci. Regression analyses were performed
between all observed combined sewage bulk and screenings consti-
tuent pairs. Statistically significant correlations at the 95-% confi-
dence level were obtained for the combined sewage bulk only between
total solids and total volatile solids, between total volatile solids and
total volatile suspended solids, and between total suspended solids
and total volatile suspended solids. For combined sewage screenings,
statistically significant correlations at the 95-% confidence level were
found between total solids and total volatile solids, between BOD and
COD, between BOD and hexane extractable material, and between
COD and hexane extractable material. Removals of total solids, to-
tal volatile solids, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen de-
mand, hexane extractable material, total coliforms, fecal coliforms,
and fecal streptococci resulting from placement of the screening de-
vices into the combined sewer were calculated and were marginal.
KEY WORDS
Combined sewage
Combined sewer over-
flows
Combined sewage treat-
ment
Combined sewage
characteristics
Fixed screens
Solids removal
BIBLIOGRAPHIC: Envirogenics Company, In-Sewer Fixed Screening of
Combined Sewer Overflows, FWQA Publication No. 11024FKJ10/70
ABSTRACT: A field sampling and analysis program, supplemented
with laboratory studies, was conducted to characterize combined sew-
age contributary to combined sewer overflows, to ascertain the re-
moval of floatables and solid materials that could be effected by the
placement of screening devices in combined sewer systems, and to
assess the effect of solids removal on chlorination requirements and
bacterial concentrations. Statistics are presented on combined sew-
age bulk and screenings collected with 0. 125-, 0. 25-, 0. 5-, and 1. 0-
in, aperture screens for the following constituents (where meaning-
ful): total solids, total volatile solids, total suspended solids, total
volatile suspended solids, settleable solids, floatable solids, parti-
cle size distribution, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen
demand, hexane extractable material, total coliforms, fecal coli-
forms, and fecal streptococci. Regression analyses were performed
between all observed combined sewage bulk and screenings consti-
tuent pairs. Statistically significant correlations at the 95-% confi-
dence level were obtained for the combined sewage bulk only between
total solids and total volatile solids, between total volatile solids and
total volatile suspended solids, and between total suspended solids
and total volatile suspended solids. For combined sewage screenings,
statistically significant correlations at the 95-% confidence level were
found between total solids and total volatile solids, between BOD and
COD, between BOD and hexane extractable material, and between
COD and hexane extractable material. Removals of total solids, to-
tal volatile solids, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen de-
mand, hexane extractable material, total coliforms, fecal coliforms,
and fecal streptococci resulting from placement of the screening de-
vices into the combined sewer were calculated and were marginal.
KEY WORDS
Combined sewage
Combined sewer over-
flows
Combined sewage treat-
ment
Combined sewage
characteristics
Fixed screens
Solids removal
-------
Fixed screening of combined sewage with aperture sizes ranging from
0. 0164 to 1. 0 in. appear to have little, if any, effect on total coliform
and fecal coliform densities or bacterial kills by chlorination. Chlori-
nation requirements for combined sewage subjected to fixed screening
at different practical aperture sizes were reduced only slightly.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract No. 14-12-180 and
Program No. 11024 FKJ between the Federal Water Quality Administra-
tion and the Aerojet-General Corporation.
Fixed screening of combined sewage with aperture sizes ranging from
0.0164 to 1. 0 in. appear to have little, if any, effect on total coliform
fend fecal coliform densities or bacterial kills by chlorination. Chlori-
nation requirement* for combined sewage subjected to fixed screening
at different practical aperture sizes were reduced slightly.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract No. 14-12-180 and
Program No. 11024 FKJ between the Federal Water Quality Administra-
tion and the Aerojet-General Corporation,
Fixed screening of combined sewage with aperture sizes ranging from
0. 0164 to 1. 0 in. appear to have little, if any, effect on total coliform
and fecal coliform densities or bacterial kills by chlorination. Chlori-
nation requirements for combined sewage subjected to fixed screening
at different practical aperture sizes were reduced only slightly.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract No. 14-12-180 and
Program No. 11024 FKJ between the Federal Water Quality Administra-
tion and the Aerojet-General Corporation.
-------
Accession Number
Subject Field & Group
SELECTED WATER RESOURCES ABSTRACTS
INPUT TRANSACTION FORM
Organization
Envirogenics Company, El Monte, California
Title
In-Sewer Fixed Screening of Combined Sewer Overflows
1 Q Authors)
Feuer stein, D.
L.
16
21
Project Designation
FWQA Program 11024 FKJ
Contract 14-12-180
Note
22
Citation
23
Descriptors (Starred First)
Waste water treatment, municipal wastewater, storm runoff, sewers, combined
sewage, combined sewer overflows, combined sewage treatment, combined sewage
characteristics, fixed screens, solids removal.
25
Identifiers (Starred First)
97 I Abstract A field sampling and analysis program, supplemented with laboratory studies,
—was conducted to characterize combined sewage contributary to combined sewer over-
flows, ascertain the removal of floatables and solid materials that could be effected
by the placement of screening devices in combined sewer systems, and assess the ef-
fect of solids removal on chlorination requirements and bacterial concentrations. Sta-
tistics are presented on combined sewage bulk and screenings collected with 0. 125-,
0 25- 0 5-, and 1. 0-in. aperture screens. Statistically significant correlations at
the 95-%'confidence level were obtained for the combined sewage bulk only between total
solids and total volatile solids, between total volatile solids and total volatile suspended
solids and between total suspended solids and total volatile suspended solids. For com-
bined sewage screenings, statistically significant correlations at the 95-% confidence
level were found between total solids and total volatile solids, between BOD and COD,
between BOD and hexane extractable material, and between COD and hexane extractable
material. Removals of total solids, total volatile solids, biochemical oxygen demand,
chemical oxygen demand, hexane extractable material, total coliforms, fecal coliforms,
and fecal streptococci resulting from placement of the screening devices into the com-
bined sewer were marginal. Fixed screening of combined sewage with aperture sizes
ranging from 0. 0164 to 1. 0 in. appear to have little, if any, effect on total coliform
and fecal coliform densities or bacterial kills by chlorination with chlorination re-
quirements being reduced only slightly.
Abstractor
D. L. Feuer stem
Institution
Envirogenics Company
WR:I02 (REV JULY 1969)
WRSIC
SEND TO:
WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTER
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
WASHINGTON. D. C. 20240
* CPo: 1969-359-339
-------
Continued from Inside front cover....
11022 — 08/67
11023 — 09/67
11020 — 12/67
11023 — 05/68
11031 — 08/68
11030 DNS 01/69
11020 DIH 06/69
11020 DES 06/69
11020 — 06/69
11020 EXV 07/69
11020 DIG 08/69
11023 DPI 08/69
11020 DGZ 10/69
11020 EKO 10/69
11020 -— 10/69
11024 FKN 11/69
11020 DWF 12/69
11000 — 01/70
11020 FKI 01/70
11024 DOK 02/70
11023 FDD 03/70
11024 DMS 05/70
11023 EVO 06/70
11024 — 06/70
Phase I - Feasibility of a Periodic Flashing System
for Combined Sewer Cleaning
Demonstrate Feasibility of the Use of Ultrasonic
Filtration in Treating the Overflows from Combined
and/or Storm Sewers
Problems of Combined Sewer Facilities and Overflows,
1967, (WP-20-11)
Feasibility of a Stabilization-Retention Basin in Lake
Erie at Cleveland, Ohio
The Beneficial Use of Storm Water
Water Pollution Aspects of Urban Runoff, (WP-20-15)
Improved Sealants for Infiltration Control, (WP-20-18)
Selected Urban Storm Water Runoff Abstracts, (WP-20-21)
Sewer Infiltration Reduction by Zone Pumping, (DAST-9)
Strainer/Filter Treatment of Combined Sewer Overflows,
(WP-20-16)
Polymers for Sewer Flow Control, (WP-20-22)
Rapid-Flow Filter for Sewer Overflows
Design of a Combined Sewer Fluidic Regulator, (DAST-13)
Combined Sewer Separation Using Pressure Sewers, (ORD-4)
Crazed Resin Filtration of Combined Sewer Overflows, (DAST-4)
Storm Pollution and Abatement from Combined Sewer Overflows-
Bucyrus, Ohio, (DAST-32)
Control of Pollution by Underwater Storage
Storm and Combined Sewer Demonstration Projects -
January 1970
Dissolved Air Flotation Treatment of Combined Sewer
Overflows, (WP-20-17)
Proposed Combined Sewer Control by Electrode Potential
Rotary Vibratory Fine Screening of Combined Sewer
Overflows, (DAST-5)
Engineering Investigation of Sewer Overflow Problem -
Roanoke, Virginia
Microstraining and Disinfection of Combined Sewer
Overflows
Combined Sewer Overflow Abatement Technology
------- |