LAND USE  INFORMATION  FOR WATER  QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLANNING
                Environmental Protection Agency




                    Washington, D.C.  20460
                         August 1976

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                  UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SUBJECT:
FROM:
TO:
Land Use Information for Water Quality              DATE:
Management

Mark A. Pisai
Director, WatsK* Planning Division (WH-554)

All  Regional  Water Division Directors

ATTN:  Regional  208 Coordinators

                              TECHNICAL GUIDANCE MEMORANDUM:   TECH-13

Purpose

This memorandum transmits the recently completed report, "Land Use
Information for Water Quality Management Planning."  It is intended
for use by State and areawide agencies in the development of their
water quality management programs.

Guidance

This report tells water quality management planners what kinds of
land use information are likely to be available and useful to them
in their work at identifying impact of land use activities on water
quality and at seeking planning and management strategies to solve
water quality problems.  It is organized around the sources and types
of information available and points up the first steps in data collec-
tion:  people to see, maps and reports to get, things to look for.
It is not a manual on methods and techniques for analyzing the relation-
ship between water quality and land use.  A great deal of work already
has been done in that area and is continuing to be produced.   This is
designed to complement that work.

If you would like further information on the report, please contact
Bill Lienesch of the Program Development Branch (426-2522).

Enclosure

     State and areawide agencies
 EPA Form 1320-6 (Rev. 6-72)

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	 NOTE 	

      This document is not a replacement to the Act, the Regulations,  or
 Official EPA Policy Statements.  It is a supplement to these documents.
 The guidance in this handbook does not constitute a uniform National  EPA
 standard of acceptability.  Any clarification and specific conditions
 applicable to a state or areawide agency should be discussed with the
 EPA Regional Offices.

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                              TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE	   ii
INTRODUCTION  	  iii
PART I.  THREE PRINCIPLES FOR USING LAND USE INFORMATION IN WATER
  QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLANNING 	 1

       1.  Focus on Possible Solutions from the Beginning 	   1
       2.  Talk to the Experts	   3
       3.  Know Your Land Use and Water Quality Models	   4
PART II.  LAND USE INFORMATION FOR WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
  PLANNING  	   6

       1.  Soil Surveys	   7
       2.  Aerial Photography 	   8
       3.  U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Maps  	  10
       4.  U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Maps 	  11
       5.  General, Comprehensive, or Policy Plans  	  12
       6.  Zoning Ordinances and Subdivision Regulations  	  12
       7.  Floodplain Regulations 	  14
       8.  Plat Books and Assessors' Rolls	15
       9.  Transportation Studies 	  16
      10.  Health and Sanitation Records  	  16
      11.  Capital Improvement Programs 	  17
      12.  U.S. Geological Survey Geology Maps	18
      13.  Special Local Commissions, Boards, and Districts 	  18
      14.  Resource People	19
APPENDICES

  A.  INTERIM OUTPUTS FOR LAND USE INFORMATION	21
  B.  U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE STATE
        CONSERVATIONISTS  	  22
  C.  APPROXIMATE AIRPHOTO SCALE RANGES USEFUL FOR PLANNING AND
        PLANNING-RELATED STUDIES  	  23
  D.  U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY REGIONAL PUBLIC INQUIRIES OFFICES  ....  27
  E.  U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, WATER RESOURCES DIVISION  	  28

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                                   BREFACE
      This  handbook is one of a series designed to provide State and area-
wide agencies with assistance in carrying out  water quality planning and im-
plementation.   Designation, Grant Application  and Work Plan, Cost Analysis,
interim Outputs, Management Agencies,  State Continuing Planning Process and
Public Participation handbooks have already been published.  This handbook
serves as a supplement to 40 CFR, Parts 130 and 131.  It also expands the
Draft Guidelines for State and Areawide Water  Quality Management Program
Development  (February,  1976)  and the land use  information contained in the
Interim Output  Evaluation Handbook.

      This handbook tells water quality management planners what kinds of
land use information are likely to be available and useful to them in their
work at identifying impact of land use activities on water quality and at
seeking planning and management strategies to  solve water quality problems.
It is organized around the sources and types of information available and
points up the first steps in data collection:  people to see, maps and reports
to get, things  to  look for.  It is not a manual on methods and techniques for
analyzing the relationship between water quality and land use.  A great deal
of work already has been done in that  area and is continuing to be produced,
much of it under EPA sponsorship.  This is designed to complement that work.

      Other EPA reference documents and previously published handbooks deal-
ing in part with land use information  in the Water Quality Management process
include:

      •  40 CFR, Part 130,  Policies and Procedures for the State Continuing
         Planning  Process

      •  40 CFR, Part 131,  Preparation of Water Quality Management Plans

      •  Draft  Guidelines for State and Areawide Water Quality Management
         Program Development (February,  1976)

      •  Interim Output Evaluation Handbook for Section 208 Areawide Waste
         Treatment Management Planning (June,  1975)

      This handbook was prepared under Contract No. 68-01-1969 by the
American Society of Planning Officials.   William Toner was Project Director.
Antoinette McAllister and George C.  Turnbull,  Jr. were other research staff
members.  Michael  J.  Meshenberg was  Project Supervisor.  For EPA, James Lund
and the Program Development Branch provided direction and support.

                                     Mark A. Pisano
                                     Director, Water Planning Division
                                     Washington, D.C.

                                     ii

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                                 INTRODUCTION
      Water pollution experts are more aware than ever of one thing:   control-
ling land use may be an effective strategy in reducing the impact of  many non-
point pollution problems and in providing an alternative to constructing ex-
pensive sewers and treatment plants.   The Federal Water Pollution Control Act
of 1972, emphasizing prevention of pollution at its source as well as treat-
ment, declared as national policy an attack on water pollution.   In Section
208 of that Act, land use is seen as a major element in the water quality
management strategy.

      Land use techniques for reducing water pollution include zoning, subdi-
vision regulations, floodplain controls, public facility development to in-
duce development into more compact areas, controls on agriculture and silvi-
culture, urban stormwater controls, and sediment controls.  Reduction in sedi-
ment and urban runoff by themselves would have an enormous impact on the puri-
ty of our rivers and lakes.

      The growing body of literature that discusses the relationship between
land use and water quality is readily available and is not duplicated here.
Rather, this listing identifies sources of information that may provide WQM
agencies with specific data on local land use conditions.  Such information is
needed to assess the impact of existing and proposed local land uses and to
develop regulatory and management approaches to pollution control that can be
implemented locally.  Included here are the sources for information,  where to
find it, its form of presentation, and some key elements of the information
to consider.

      This resource list focuses on the early stages of a 208 agency work
program.  It supplements and expands upon Interim Output Evaluation Handbook
for Section 208 Areawide Waste Treatment Management Planning, U.S. EPA, Wash-
ington, D.C., June 1975 and is responsive to Draft Guidelines for State and
Areawide Water Quality Management Program Development, U.S. EPA, Washington,
D.C., February 1976.
                                  111

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                                   PART I

               THREE PRINCIPLES FOR USING LAND USE INFORMATION
                     IN WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLANNING
      This list of sources should be of great help to agencies in collecting
information about their regions'  land use so that they can come up with effec-
tive and sensible solutions to water quality management problems.  Not every
source needs to be consulted.   Three principles should guide the collection
and use of land use data by 208 agencies.

1.  Focus on Possible Solutions from the Beginning

      The 208 program is intended to be the first comprehensive, coordinated,
wide-ranging effort to attack water quality problems at the regional level.
Most of the regions have a limited period of time, but often considerable
sums of money, to study the problems and come up with workable solutions.
The issues, however, are large and complicated.  Agencies that are lulled into
thinking that plenty of time and money must be spent to define the problems
and then to collect vast amounts of data to back up their solutions, might
find there is little of either left to prepare good plans and develop the
essential backing of those people, mainly local government officials, who
will implement them.

      To avoid getting trapped in overwhelming data and the need to support
every conclusion and proposal with enormous detail, agencies need to be selec-
tive not only in the  problems they choose to address but in the solutions
they offer.  Certainly agencies should not ignore complicated relationships
between problems that demand coordinated and consistent solutions, but at the
same time they need not cover everything.  The desire to tie up every loose
end has hung up many planners and reduced their effectiveness with decision
makers.  The 208 program offers a good chance to learn from these experiences
and come up with selective, sound, and politically acceptable solutions.

      The water quality issues that have been identified are complex.  Relat-
ing in-stream water pollution generation to categories of nonpoint source
activity is a difficult and time-consuming process.  But a considerable
amount of research is available to WQM agencies; every agency need not do
its own original research to come up with good, workable solutions.  What is
important is knowing what is available and using the data to focus program
direction—and allocate agency resources—on solving pressing local water
quality problems.   (See Figure 1.)

      The experiences of some well-developed 208 programs and other similar
planning programs indicate the need for an early and continuous  focus on
specific goals and possible implementation strategies.  The significance of
this focus is perhaps too well known to  the many planners who have found that

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                                    Figure 1

                      The Role of Land Use Planning and Control
                            in Water Quality Management


BALANCE AND
REDUCE POINT
DISCHARGES


GOALS

REDUCE AND
BALANCE
NON-POINT
DISCHARGES



CONSERVE
NATURAL
FEATURES
















REGIONAL
STRATEGIES
• MODIFY
GROWTH RATES
• MODIFY GROWTH
DISTRIBUTION

• CONSERVE EN
VIRONMENTALLY
SENSITIVE AREAS
& OPEN SPACE
• CONTROL SITING
OF "CRITICAL
USES-


















STRATEGIES

SITE DEVELOP-
MENT STRATEGIES
• MODIFY SITE
LOCATION
PRACTICES
• MODIFY
PROJECT
SIZE & MIX
• IMPROVE SITE
PLANNING &
DEVELOPMENT




















LAND MANAGEMENT
STRATEGIES
• CONTROL CON-
STRUCTION RE-
LATED EROSION
• UTILIZE AGRI-
CULTURE & SIL-
VICULTURE
CONSERVATION
PRACTICES
• MANAGE FLOOD
PLAIN &
SHORELINE USES
• CONTROL
RESOURCE
EXTRACTION
ACTIVITIES















REGULATIONS
• ZONING
• SUBDIVISION
REGS
• BUILDING
CODES
• SPECIAL
ORDINANCES
• STATE LAND
USE REGS
• STATE DIS-
CHARGE PERMITS
• HEALTH COOES















TECHNIQUES

INCENTIVES &
DISINCENTIVES
• TIMBER
CONSERVATION
INCENTIVES
• DEVELOPMENT
BONUSES &
PENALTIES
• RELOCATION
SUBSIDIES
• DEVELOPMENT
DISINCENTIVES
• TAX DEFERMENT






ACQUISITION
PROGRAMS
• OPEN SPACE
ACQUISITION
• SCENIC &
CONSERVATION
EASEMENTS
• PARK
DEDICATION
• LAND
BANKING
• URBAN
RENEWAL





GRANT
PROGRAMS

• CONDITIONAL
REQUIREMENTS
• FACILITY
DEVELOPMENT
• LAND ACQUI-
SITION
• PLANNING
• NEW TOWNS











INTER-GOVT
ARRANGEMENTS
a REVIEWS

• ZONING &
SUBDIVISION
REFERRAL
• NEWGOVT
FORMS
• A-95 REVIEW
• E 1 S











VOLUNTARY
AGREEMENTS
a SERVICES

• LENDING
POLICIES
• INNOVATIVE
ENTREPRE-
NEURSHIP
• TRADE ASSOC
GUIDANCE

PUBLIC
FACILITY
DEVELOPMENT
& SERVICE
DELIVERY
• URBAN SERV-
ICE POLICY
• SEWER TAP
POLICY
• CAPITAL
IMPROV POLICY
• MORATORIA
a BANS











Source:  Environments  for Tomorrow,  Inter-Relationships of Land-Use Planning
     and Control  to  Water Quality Management Planning, U.S. Environmental     '
     Protection Agency,  1973,  p.  95.       2

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supposedly workable solutions are politically unpopular and infeasiole.  In
many instances, emphasis may be placed on identifying and controlling the
most serious water pollution problems initially and resolving the remaining
ones over time.  In any case the implementation strategies developed are
critical factors in determining the usefulness of the sources, scales, for-
mats, and analyses of the information collected by 208 agencies.  For exam-
ple, detailed maps are required for regulatory purposes.  An early decision
about something as basic as map scales can save time and money later.

      A good way to get the program focusing on solvable water pollution
problems early is to talk to the people in the region.  One western WQM
agency, for example, worked with special committees to come up with a list of
water problems that had some possibility of being solved.  Following the
problem-identification stage, the committees were again used to develop a
list of solutions for each of the problems identified.  Thus, at a very early
stage the agency was able to focus its attention on specific problems in spe-
cific places.  In the relatively short time of fourteen months, the agency
had prepared detailed cost estimates of a range of solutions to these prob-
lems.  This means that in the remaining ten months the agency could concen-
trate on further developing and specifying its plans and programs and work
with local governments and others to gain support for carrying them out.

      In some other regions, possible solutions are not considered until the
final plan preparation phase.  The inventory and problem definition phases in
some work programs run anywhere from three to nine months into the program.
The plan formulation phase may begin in the twelfth month while the final
plan preparation begins sometime after the sixteenth or eighteenth month.
Since it is intended that elements of the plan should be implemented within
the  two years, far too much time is spent on problem identification.

      Certainly considering solutions at the beginning involves some risks
that perhaps could be avoided in a more carefully ordered approach to water
quality planning and management.  Such a process does not try to cover all
possible land use related water quality problems in the region.  It may miss
some of the interrelationships between problems that may suggest joint solu-
tions.  But the selective approach may be more politically desirable because
it brings faster results.  It is a conscious trading of elaborate, exhaustive,
and  complicated data gathering, analysis, and plan making for the rapid iden-
tification of problems and solutions, selection of priorities, and achieve-
ment of quick  success.  Given the nature of the 208 program,  its big mission
and  short time schedule, this is a sensible approach.

2.   Talk to the Experts

      Planners in 208 agencies are finding that one of their most difficult
problems is  getting  solid  interpretations from the great mass of existing
data.  Indeed, the kinds of primary and secondary data that could be col-
lected and the number of ways to manipulate them appear to outrun analytic
capabilities.  (Though in some places new water quality and other data must
be gathered through new testing stations.)  But 208 planners are discovering
that one of the best methods to isolate critical data and to effect solid
analysis and solutions is to talk to the experts.

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      Data experts are the people who initially gather the data  or  the peo-
ple who  constantly work with them.  Soil scientists,  hydrologists,  land use
planners,  photo interpreters, public works engineers,  developers, and geolo-
gists have those important qualities of experience and expertise.   Often,
these are  the people who first mapped data on soil,  topography,  or  hydrology
or who first interpreted land use from aerial photographs.   More important,
they often have direct experience in and thus can offer practical solutions
to specific water quality problems.

      Sometimes 208 agencies operate under the mistaken assumption  that these
experts  really don't want to be bothered.   In one western region, for example,
the 208  management failed to invite  the local Soil Conservation  Service to
participate in any substantive way in the  208 process.   Yet  this 208 agency
intended to devote a large segment of its  resources to  the interpretation of
SCS-generated soil surveys.   As a result,  208 staffers  were  constant visitors
to SCS offices,  gathering maps and picking up reports,  but reluctant to get
into questions that might involve large chunks of SCS time.  Thus the 208
planners spent many frustrating hours evaluating  these  data  and  adapting them
to their special purpose.   In exasperation,  the local SCS chief  complained to
208 officials that SCS had never even been invited to participate.  The 208
staffers were delighted.   But the program  had been underway  for  several
months and it was too late to make use of  the SCS's help.

      There are,  of course,  potential problems with relying  upon the advice
and interpretations of some  data experts.   One of the most common is that
the experts themselves may sometimes be consumed  by the data they generate.
Ask some experts what to do  and they may say,  "Collect  more  data" or "Ana-
lyze it  further."  Another difficulty is that some experts may recognize only
the conventional ways of doing things and  may not be able to respond with the
necessary  flexibility.

      There are many ways to avoid these problems.  One of the best is to en-
sure that  the experts understand that 208  is a problem-solving program and is
intended to provide solutions.   This suggests that the  experts be asked to
look for quick,  inexpensive  solutions to water quality  problems.  This ap-
proach leads to questions like,  "If  you (the experts) had to produce three
solutions  to a given quality problem in four weeks, what would you do?" Or,
"If you  (the expert)  had to  produce  a map  which was suitable for land-use
regulations showing the five most development-sensitive soils, how would you
do it?"  Thus 208 planners should ensure that the participation of  the ex-
perts extends beyond such questions  as "What data do you have?" to questions
of "How  can we use the  existing data,  quickly and effectively, to produce
solutions  to specific water  quality  problems?"

      There is a variety of  ways that 208  planners can  capture this exper-
tise.  If  the region has  relatively  few experts,  then the planners might
maintain a one-to-one relationship.   If the  region is blessed with a great
deal of  expertise,  technical committees might be  formed.  In some instances,
cooperative cost-sharing  arrangements might  be  reached.

3.  Know Your Land Use  and Water Quality Models

      The  first  two guidelines  are critical  for keeping  information targeted

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on resolving regional water quali-ty problems.  But to be comprehensive, some
activities in the 208 program may demand some expansion of this problem
solving approach.  Devising a new land use inventory that will serve 208 and
other planning purposes is one such example.  This activity produces a tool
for problem solving and thus can expedite the process.  However, it is impor-
tant to maintain the perspective on problem solving to ensure a clear analy-
sis of the usefulness of the proposed activity.  Indiscriminate allocation
of resources (including staff, time, and finances) to land use and water
quality modeling may be one such process.

      Agencies performing 208 water quality management are required to evalu-
ate the environmental capacity of alternative physical and land-use controls.
Different models have been developed to provide a quantitative measurement of
various aspects of land use and water quality; and some can provide estimates
of the effectiveness of proposed water quality programs.  For example, some
models can determine the magnitude of wash-off from impervious areas; others
can give rough estimates of the water quality consequences of sweeping the
streets once a month versus once a year.  Or a model might estimate the
effect on water quality of on-site runoff retention.

      In the context of information collection and analysis, the usual cau-
tions about the use of models and computers must be stated.  Models can be
useful tools when kept in perspective with other program objectives.  It is
often the case that the data required for the model are unavailable or of dif-
ferent scales, formats, and types than existing information.  For example,
land-use categories used by local planning agencies (residential, commercial,
etc.) may be different from the categories that must be used by a model.  In
this instance and in others, 208 agencies must be prepared to balance the
costs of providing the data required by a model and the output that the model
can produce.

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                                  PART II

        LAND  USE  INFORMATION FOR WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLANNING

                —Where to find it

                —Its format

                —Its usefulness


      This section describes for water  quality management planners what kinds
of land use information are likely to be  available and useful to them in
identifying the impact of land  use activities  on water quality and in seeking
planning and  management strategies to solve  water quality problems.  It is
organized around  the  sources and types of information available and points up
the first steps in data collection,  which experts to consult, which maps and
reports to get, and  so on.  It  is not a manual on methods and techniques for
analyzing the relationship between water  quality and land use.  A great deal
of work already has been done and continues  to be done in that area, much of
it under EPA  sponsorship.  This study is  designed to complement that work.

      The message is  simple: there is a  great deal of extremely valuable in-
formation available  to planners in every  region, if they only know where to
look.  The information may sometimes be incomplete, or in the wrong format,
but it is still enormously useful.  These secondary sources often will suf-
fice.  Only as a  last resort is the best, but  also the most expensive, method
—the land use field  survey—used.

      This is a list  of available sources.   The first five sources listed—
soil surveys,  aerial  photographs, topographic  maps, hydrological maps, and
comprehensive plans—are likely to be the most useful for working on land use
and water quality problems. Other sources should be  considered as substitutes
for or duplicates of  them.  Appendix A keys  interim outputs for land use
identified in the Interim Output Evaluation  Handbook for Section 208 Areawide
Waste Treatment Management Planning, to the  most useful and productive
sources.

      This list can be used to  examine possible alternatives when important
sources of information are missing.   For  example, a region might prefer a
complete set  of USGS  topographic  and hydrologic maps to serve as base maps
for the entire program.   But when  sources are not available, the agency
might find that USGS  orthophotoquads are  available, although they may be less
complete and drawn to a smaller scale.  Alternatively, 208 agencies might
turn to LANDSAT data  to perform many functions that may have been accomplished
with orthophotoquads,  had they  been  attainable.  Thus, this list is a flexible
one that can be adapted to a variety of local  circumstances to serve a host
of 208 planning requirements.

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      The data obtained from some of these information sources have some lim-
itations.  First, scales and survey boundaries of some land use data may vary
and be incompatible with one another.  For example, early topographic maps of
Connecticut were 15-minute quadrangles on the scale of 1:62,500 (1 inch = 1
mile) with 20-foot contour intervals.  Later maps were 7-1/2-minute quad-
rangles on a scale of 1:31,680 (1 inch = 1/2 mile).  In 1967, a topographic
maps of the state was produced on a scale of 1:125,000 (1 inch = 2 miles)
with 50-foot contour intervals.  Revised editions record man-made changes
only.  On the other hand, a soil survey map was prepared on an aerial photo-
graph base at a scale of 1:15,840.  Aerial photography maps can be reduced or
expanded in scale.  Reduction or enlargement, however, may create distortion
and incongruency in the identifiable features of the aerial photograph and a
topographic map, for instance.

      Further, certain sources of land use information—such as zoning ordi-
nances and comprehensive or general plans—may be dated and are not useful.
This problem may be particularly evident in areas experiencing rapid growth
and development and other recent urbanizing conditions.  Finally, the infor-
mation on some sources is directly affected by seasons (wet weather, dry
weather, ice and snow cover, etc.).  Soil surveys are particularly susceptible
to inaccuracy.

1.  Soil Surveys

      The Soil Conservation Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture
conducts soil surveys routinely and widely.  These surveys, originally in-
tended for improving agriculture, have also been concerned with erosion from
roadways and subdivisions and are an extremely useful, important planning re-
source .

      Contact;  Local Soil Conservation Service offices or State Conserva-
tionists  (see Appendix B).

      Format of Information; Aerial photographs (usually used as base maps)
and soil survey maps witn accompanying reports, tabulations, and interpreta-
tions.
      Elements of Information to Consider;  Soil maps by themselves are not
likely to produce a great deal of information for anyone but a skilled soils
scientist.  Thus, unless the maps are accompanied by interpretive reports,
they are not likely to be of much use.  This suggests that 208 planners
should establish an early and continuous relationship with the Soil Conserva-
tion Service.  Another good reason for a close working relationship is that
there are many possible interpretations of soil survey maps.  Of these, only
a few are truly central to planning.  Soil scientists can isolate the impor-
tant ones.  Some important interpretations are:

      A.  Depth of Watertable:  This category is important for many reasons
as it identifies clear limitations on septic tanks; areas not suitable for
development; water quality problem areas; and drainage problems.

      B.  Hydrologic Soil Groups:  This grouping identifies soils with high
runoff potential.  Obviously, these areas must be carefully evaluated since
runoff is closely linked to water quality and water quantity problems.  Spe-

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cial attention given  to these  areas may go a  long way in preventing runoff-
related water quality problems.

      C.  Erosion  Hazard Groups:   High erosion-hazard areas can be major
producers of sediment.   Once disturbed, these areas can release tremendous
amounts of soil  that  will eventually  find their way into surface waters or
clog recharge areas.   As sediment  is  a leading pollutant, special planning
and regulatory attention should be given this category.

      D.  Soil Permeability:  Extremely high  and extremely low permeability
ratings are important to water quality and quantity.  Septic tanks, for
example, may not work at all in areas with low permeability ratings.  Water
may lie on the surface for long periods and cause unsanitary conditions as
well as raise the  threat of flooding.  Highly permeable areas, on the other
hand, may also prove  troublesome,  since liquids pass through them quickly to
the groundwater, without filtering out pollutants.

      These are  a  few of the more  important interpretations for water quality
planning purposes.  There are  many others, such as hillside slippage and
depth to bedrock,  which might  be important in select regions.  The main point
is that 208 planners  should review this information with the data source—the
local Soil Conservation Service office—in order to identify the key cate-
gories and interpret  them.

2.  Aerial Photography

      Aerial photographs, including high-altitude photographs and remote
sensing, are an  important source of information for water quality planning
and management.  Aerial photographs indicate  the use of land as well as a
whole range of natural features and the relationships between the natural and
man-made features  or  conditions  (see  Appendix C for types of detail available
at various scales).

      Contact:   There are a number of federal, state, and local agencies that
may have complete  or  partial aerial coverage  of the region.

      The Federal  sources are:

      A.  Historical:   Cartographic Records Division, National Archives,
General Services Administration, Washington,  D.C.  20408.

      B.  Department  of Agriculture:

          CD Agricultural  Stabilization and  Conservation Service:  Aerial
      Photography  Field Office, Administrative Services Division, 2511
      Parley's Way, Salt Lake  City, Utah  84109.

          (2) Soil Conservation Service:  Contact State Conservationists or
      Local SCS  Offices (See Appendix B).

          (3) Forest  Service:  Regional Forester, U.S. Forest Service, Agri-
      cultural Building,  12th  and  Independence Avenue, Washington, D.C.
      20250.


                                      8

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      C.  Department of the Interior:

          (1)  Geological Survey:  National Cartographic Information Center,
      U.S.G.S.,  507 National Center, Reston,  Virginia  22092.

          (2)  Earth Resources Observation Systems Program:  User Services
      Unit,  EROS Data Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota  57198.

      D.  National Ocean Survey:  Coastal Mapping Division, C3415, National
Ocean Survey,  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration CNOAA),  Rock-
ville, Maryland  20852.

      The State sources are:  The state offices of transportation often have
aerial photos of large portions of the state, especially those areas within
existing or proposed state highway corridors.

      The Local sources are:  General purpose governments often have complete
sets of aerial photographs covering their jurisdiction.

      Format of Information;  The photos themselves plus accompanying reports
and maps generated by the photographs.

      Elements of Information to Consider;  There is no substitute for a
skilled photo-interpreter, preferably someone who has worked with the photo-
graphs in the past.  Unless the aerials will be used for the broadest kinds
of observations (i.e.,  size of a lake,  or patterns of new development),  the
services of such a skilled interpreter will be required.  Cooperative arrange-
ments with the aerial lending or issuing agency is one worthwhile approach.

      A.  National Archives:  This  is the storage place of historical aerial
photos, some of which date back to  the 1920s.  These photos are useful in
understanding changing development patterns and in following the  topographical
evolution of certain watercourses,  such as streams and wetlands.  Further,
these photos can also provide valuable information on the alteration of the
natural landscape—the addition of ponds and lakes,  for example,  as well as
changes in vegetative cover over time, say from brush to  forest.

      B.  U.S. Department of Agriculture:

           CD The Agricultural  Stabilization and  Conservation Service oper-
      ates primarily in active  agricultural areas.   But it does have photo-
      graphic coverage of many  areas of  the country  which were once active
      agricultural areas.  Scales of 1:20,000 are common.

           (2) The  Soil Conservation Service uses  aerial photographs as  the
      base document  for their soil  surveys.  The  photographs are  generally
      available at scales of  either 1:20,000  (3.17 inches = 1 mile) or
      1:15,840  (4  inches = 1 mile).

           (3)  The U.S.  Forest Service  often  has  aerial photographs  of
       forested areas,  especially in large national forests or  in  national
       parks.   Scale varies.

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      C.  United States Department of Interior

          (1) The U.S. Geological Survey has two important types of aerial
      photographs useful for planning purposes.  The first type is the verti-
      cal photographs used to make the widely used topographic maps.  These
      photographs are prepared at a scale of 1:24,000.  The other type of
      aerial is an orthophoto quadrangle, a planimetric, scale-corrected
      photo-image map.  This quadrangle is distinctive because it is accurate-
      ly positioned as a standard topographic map and is compatible with 7-1/2
      minute quadrangle and other maps prepared with a 7-1/2 minute base.
      This map can serve as a basic data source as well as an information
      product, despite the lack of delineated natural and cultural features.
      An orthophoto quadrangle, in combination with a field survey, can be
      used to identify wetlands, scenic areas, erosion areas, and other fea-
      tures observable on the aerial photograph.  The quality of the photo-
      graph may sometimes be of issue.  Scale is generally standardized at
      1:24,000.

           (2) Earth Resources Observation Systems Program  (EROS):  This pro-
      gram provides a variety of small scale aerial photography and other
      remote sensing data.  This includes LANDSAT  (formerly ERTS) data, NASA
      Skylab, and NASA Earth Resources Aircraft Program.  High aerial photo-
      graphs by NASA are available on a scale of 1:15,000 to 1:120,000.
      LANDSAT may be particularly interesting to 208 planners since it has
      been used in mapping variations in water quality.  LANDSAT data can be
      used to detect certain water quality and quantity effects of land use
      development by sedimentation loads.  One interesting service provided
      by EROS is a computerized program which can print out the types of ser-
      vices  that EROS can provide for any area in the country.  A letter to
      EROS is all one needs and the computer will respond with information  on
      the types of high altitude or remote sensing of coverage available for
      your region.

      D.  U.S. Department of Commerce:  The National Ocean Survey has aerial
photographs  in strips of many areas of the nation's coastline.

      E.  State Transportation Departments:  These state agencies generally
have the longest history or experience in aerial photography of any state
agency.  Transportation departments were one of the first state agencies to
consistently use aerial photographs in planning for new transportation routes.
Thus they have two important resources:  skilled interpreters and a large set
of photographs which may cover major areas of the state.  While a state agen-
cy may  have coverage of the entire state, the photographs usually run along
existing or projected corridors or routes and are available at various scales.

3.  U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Maps

      These maps are an important planning resource and often serve as the
base maps for water quality management planning.  Their distinctive feature
is that they present a graphic representation of the shape of part of the
earth's surface.

      Contact;  One of nine USGS regional offices  (See  Appendix  D).

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      Format of Information:   Topographic maps,  aerial photographs,  and
special surveys.  Most recent maps,  particularly those with considerable de-
tail, are 7-1/2" or 1:24,000.  Others are 1:62,500 or smaller scales.

      Elements of Information to Consider;  USGS topographic maps present
three types of important information.

      A.  Topographic Features:  This is the distinctive  feature of USGS
topographic maps.  Contour lines on the maps indicate slopes, mountains,
hills, plateaus, valleys, and other features of the terrain, with the detail
varying depending on the map scale and the contour interval.  This informa-
tion has been used by 208 planners to identify slope areas, erosion areas,
floodplains, wetlands, and other sensitive land areas.

      B.  Water Features:  The maps show location and shape of oceans,  lakes,
rivers, canals, glaciers, swamps, and other water-related resource areas,
information of considerable value in 208 planning.

      C.  Man-Made Features:  The topographic map also shows a number of
man-made features such as streets and highways, trails, dams, buildings,
airports, railroads, city and county boundaries, and transmission lines.

4.  U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Maps

      Hydrology is concerned with the properties of water, including circula-
tion and distribution, on and below  the ground.  The USGS produces informa-
tion that covers various characteristics of the hydrologic cycle—the circular
path which water takes as it falls in the form of precipitation, penetrates
into groundwater reserves, collects  in lakes, streams, and oceans, and is
evaporated by  the sun or transpired  by plants back into the  atmosphere.
While some information is available  for the entire United States, other hy-
drological characteristics have been mapped only for  limited areas.

      Contact;  Water Information Group,  U.S. Geological Survey, Mail Stop
420, National  Center, Reston, Virginia  22092  (See Appendix  E).

      Format of  Information;  Maps,  atlases, or reports; a  free publication
available  for  each state, "Water Resources  Investigation,"  includes a  list of
a selected number of  reports prepared for each state.  Depending on detail,
scale of maps  vary from  1:24,000 to  1:250,000.

      Elements of Information  to Consider;  Hydrologic maps  and other  reports
include lots of data  about  the  quality  and  quantity  of ground  and  surface
water.  "Hydrologic information includes analyses of  the elevation  levels  of
major  floods,  depth to mineralized  groundwater,  saline water resources,
geohydrology,  chemical qualities of  surface water,  temperature of  surface
water,  and water resources of  river  basins.

      Groundwater data have  been used to  identify aquifer  recharge and dis-
charge  areas and to evaluate the adequacy of water supplies.   Comprehensive
information concerning flow  systems  is usually lacking, due  in part to  the
prohibitive costs of drilling  test wells  and mapping  subsurface aquifers.


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5.  General, Comprehensive,  or  Policy  Plans

      These plans  set  out the future pattern  of development for a local jur-
isdiction, county,  or  region.   The  level  of detail and precision of plans
varies from jurisdiction  to  jurisdiction.  Some are extremely detailed in-
cluding considerable land use and environmental inventory information, others
are only broad policy  guides for the community.  Some communities do not
have plans.

      Contact:   Planning  department; local general purpose government.

      Format of  Information; The plans are usually contained in one report
or a series of reports.   Maps usually  accompany the reports.  Aerial photo-
graphs may be available.

      Elements of  Information to Consider;

      A.  Distribution of Land  Uses:   Land use categories, depending on the
place and scale, may include residential, manufacturing, transportation,
communication and  utilities, trades and services, entertainment, recreation,
resource production and extraction, open  space, and wetlands.  Type of land
use, its location  and  extent, is important information for 208 planners,
since land use affects all aspects  of  water quality, including the capabili-
ties of watersheds  and aquifer  recharge areas, the incidence of sedimenta-
tion, and the stability of the  aquatic ecosystem.

      B.  Future Growth and  Development:  Most plans indicate the community's
policies on future  growth and development.  The type, location, amount and
rate of population  growth, employment  growth, housing, and so forth may be
specified.  These policies are  terribly useful to 208 planners who must
translate forecasts of population,  land use,  and the distribution of other
activities into  anticipated  levels  of  water quality.

      C.  Sensitive Areas:   Some general  plans contain sections on conserva-
tion, natural resources,  or  open space, or detailed natural environmental
inventories are  prepared  prior  to plan preparation.  Important characteris-
tics about local water bodies and water courses and other sensitive areas,
such as wetlands, hillsides, and wooded areas as well as the size and condi-
tion of the resource may  be  described.  Further, special studies may give
specific interpretations  of  the capacity  of the land to support various
types of uses without  seriously impairing natural processes.

6.  Zoning Ordinances  and Subdivision  Regulations

      These land use controls are two  of  the  most precise land use documents
that local governments possess.  They  specify local control over the use of
land, type and intensity,  and rules for converting undeveloped land to urban
use.

      Contact;   Zoning or planning  department; local general purpose govern-
ments .
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      Format of Information:   The zoning ordinance including text and maps;
subdivision regulations (text only).

      Elements of Information to Consider;

      A.  Growth and Development Policies:  Zoning ordinances specify,
through legislation, the local policy for new growth and development.  The
ordinance establishes various districts and'uses allowed in the districts,
and standards controlling development in each district.  Examination of the
districts and uses allowed can provide information on the local policy toward
future growth and development—where, what type, how much, and when growth
will or will not be permitted.

      B.  Standards Affecting Natural Processes:  Ordinances may set out
regulations for treatment of land areas easily disturbed by development,
such as hillsides, wetlands, wooded areas, recharge areas, and floodplains.
Standards to reduce erosion, sedimentation, and runoff may be included.

      Most ordinances  include provisions  for regulating such processes as
mineral extraction, topsoil removal, excavation, and other earth processes.
When insufficient environmental  studies are conducted, regulations may not
reflect water quality  considerations.  For example, aquifer recharge  areas
might be  zoned  for major new commercial developments that, because of their
high lot  coverage, would impair  the  recharge  function.  Or, zoning might
permit  the most intensive type of development in  highly erodible soils.


      C.  Lot Coverage Requirements:  While mainly used to control density
and aesthetics, land development standards may  also limit the amount  of sur-
face covered by impervious material.  In  an industrially zoned area,  for ex-
ample, coverage by buildings and paved areas might be  limited to 40 per cent
of the  lot area.  This figure may be as high as 90 per cent in high-density
zones.  Coverage requirements may also be set out in terms of bulk regula-
tions such as floor area ratios.  Since impervious cover is a prime determi-
nant of the amount of  runoff, coverage requirements by land use  category
 (residential, commercial, industrial, etc.) should be  analyzed.   These re-
quirements snould also be checked against local soil conditions  since these
conditions, too, may vary significantly from place to place.

       D.   Flexible Zoning Techniques:   It is often the case that local regu-
 lations include some flexible zoning techniques such as incentive (or bonus)
 zoning, subdivision exactions,  and clustering provisions.   In many of these
 techniques,  final decisions about the actual development are made by the
 jurisdiction after negotiating with the developer.   Some-of these techniques
 may give opportunities for achieving water quality objectives, such as by
 giving developers bonuses of higher density for protecting especially sensi-
 tive areas.   But, they can work against water quality objectives as well.
 Ordinances should be examined to see if such provisions exist and how they
 work with respect to water quality.

       E.   Subdivision Regulations:   These control the  process of converting
 "raw"  into developed land by setting standards for  streets, sewers,  drainage,
 septic tanks  (where permitted),  water  supply, curbs and gutters, and general
 site design.   What these  regulations cover and how they are administered can

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 significantly affect the change in water quality prior to and after develop-
 ment.

 7.  Floodplain Regulations

       "Floodplain" is a general term for the land area adjacent to a water-
 course,  such as a river, stream, or creek, which has been or may be covered
 by flood waters.  The planning and regulation of floodplains have important
 linkages to the 208 program.  Aside from the obvious hydrologic relationships,
 a great deal of information used to develop floodplain management programs
 is also useful in water quality management planning.

       Contact:  County or metropolitan flood control districts or the state
 water  agency.  Regional HUD Offices (Office of Flood Insurance), U.S. Weather
 Bureau,  regional offices of the Corps of Engineers, offices of USGS,  local  or
 county water agencies, planning or zoning agencies, or public works depart-
 ments.  Any or all of these may be involved in a total flood-control program.
 If a flood control agency exists, start there; if not, the best bet is prob-
 ably the regional planning agency.

       Format of Information;  Maps and reports detailing surface and subsur-
 face hydrology of the area.  This includes information on location and routes
 of water courses, flow characteristics, flood-prone areas, meteorology, ad;ja-
,cent land uses, problem conditions.  Copies of existing or proposed flood-
 plain  regulations.

       Elements of Information to Consider;

       A.  Land Use/Water Quality:  Floodplain regulations are important for
 their  direct substantive ties to water quality goals.   Such regulations may
 set up a series of floodplain districts which generally parallel the floodway
 path and within which regulations—permitted uses,  development standards—
 vary.   The more likely to flood, the more restrictive  the controls.   These
 regulations all have important water quality relationships.  For example,
 farming  is often a permitted use on floodplain districts.  Yet agricultural
 erosion  is one leading generator of sediment and pesticide—or fertilizer--
 related  pollutants.   Maybe the standards themselves should also be examined.
 For example, a small natural buffer zone between all permitted uses  and the
 water  course would serve to help filter and trap various types of pollutants.
 Conversely, standards which do not account for this filtering function may  be
 detrimental to water quality.

       B.  Land-Use/Water Quantity Relationships:  Planning for floodplains
 often  requires analysis of expected flows which in turn requires analysis of
 runoff in the watershed.  The information generated in this analysis  can be
 used by  208 planners in their estimates of current and projected runoff,
 erosion  and sedimentation from the existing and projected land use patterns.

       C.  Basic Hydrology:  Reports on the floodplains will often be  the
 single best source of information on the basic hydrology of the watershed.
 They may include data on topography,  land use,  length  of channels,  tempera-
 ture of  water,  size of drainage basins, width and length of channels, flow
 rates,  food discharge,  floodplains,  flood frequency,  wetlands,  recharge

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areas, easily erodible soils and so forth.  The reports will also identify
basic sources of information which will be useful to 208 planners.

      D.  Administration:  One important feature of the regulation of flood-
plains is the number of agencies and procedures that might be involved in it.
This might include local general purpose and special district governments,
special conservation commissions, or administrative review procedures in
regional HUD offices.  Water quality planners should identify the roles and
regulations of all these agencies in order to determine the regulatory con-
flicts, to identify gaps in the regulatory approach, and to gather base data

8.  Plat Books and Assessors' Rolls

      A plat consists of a map or chart of a city, town, section, or subdivi-
sion showing the location and boundaries of individual properties.  Plats
contain information about land ownership and are most often used for tax
assessment purposes.  Tax assessment sheets, usually pretty accurately drawn,
may be used by 208 agencies as base maps for conducting field surveys, parti-
cularly in rural areas, and to determine the location of tax-exempt land.

      Contact;  County or city, township, or village registrar of deeds or
tax assessor.

      Format of Information;  Reproductions of plat and tax assessment sheets.
Copies usually are not available or are extremely expensive to reproduce since
each sheet may cover only a small area.

      Elements of Information to Consider:

      A.  Ownership:  Ownership data may be important after water quality
problem areas are designated.  For example, although existing land use maps
identify public lands by such categories as recreation, transportation
routes, utilities and other uses, ownership data is needed to differentiate
between federal, state, and local ownership.  Land in public ownership may
require a different management approach when there are water quality problems
to be solved.

      B.  Assessed Valuation:  Assessed valuation data may be omitted from
the assessment sheets used in the field survey.  Nevertheless, these data
may help to determine development potential for the jurisdiction.  Most
often, the land is valued at some percentage of its market value  at the
land's highest and best use.  This valuation may or may not include consider-
ation of local zoning.  Thus it  can provide a strong check of information in
the zoning ordinance  (or vice versa) concerning development potential of im-
portant parcels.  High assessed  valuation on vacant land indicates strong
development pressure, from the tax itself or from forces which produce the
high valuation.

      C.  Update Current Land Use:  Ownership and assessed valuation data
can also be used to update land  use maps, to make them reflect current land
use or as a cross reference to check questionable land uses identified
through other sources such as aerial photographs.
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9.  Transportation  Studies

      Maps prepared as part of such studies set out the basic transportation
scheme for the jurisdiction.  They often form the basic data collection unit
for 208 land use studies.

      Contact;  County highway or road departments, or transportation dis.-
trict offices and planning departments.  Also contact the state transporta-
tion departments to check and update the local information.

      Format of Information;  Copies of maps which lay out routes, capacities
and traffic counts of existing network as well as routes, capacities, and
timing of new roads.  Reports often accompany the maps and give details on
routes, capacities, usage, and timing for the entire existing or produced
network.  There may be similar information on existing or planned transit
systems.

      Elements of Information to Consider

      A.  Population and Employment:  Transportation plans prepared by state,
regional, county, and city agencies are excellent  sources of information on
population and employment, both current and projected.   Models used by trans-
portation planners  demand  extensive population and employment figures.  These
projections are often broken down  into small areas called traffic zones which
then are used to project future land use patterns.  The  population projec-
tions prepared under these programs may be used in lieu  of the OBERS  "Series
E" national population projections prepared by the Department of Commerce's
Bureau of Economic  Analysis, if their use can be justified.

      B.  Network Development:  The transportation networks proposed in these
plans and maps are strong indicators of future development patterns.  By
looking at locations, capacities, and interchanges and comparing these to
existing patterns of development, planners can get a good understanding of
key areas for new development and timing of new development.  Just as impor-
tant, this information will also point out those areas not likely to develop
for some time.

      C.  Location and Characteristics:  The transportation routes themselves
can cause important water quality problems.  Runoff from streets and highways
is often a problem when it drains directly into a water course.  Oil drip-
pings, unburned fuel, road salts, and general grime which collects on streets
can be highly contaminating, especially at the beginning of a storm.  Knowl-
edge of location, traffic counts, capacities and their relationship to the
drainage system can lead to a quick evaluation of this potential problem
condition.

10.  Health and Sanitation Records

      Private septic tanks are often the main sewage disposal method in rural
areas.  Leakage from septic tanks and raw sewage dumping causes water pollu-
tion.  Among other  things, health codes generally  set standards for the con-
struction, number,  and location of private wells and residential sewage sys-
tems, such as septic tank systems; inspection procedures and requirements for


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new septic tanks; and regulations for commercial and industrial sewage treat-
ment systems.

      Contact:  County and city health boards and agencies; local offices of
state health boards and agencies; state water control boards;  pollution con-
trol agencies; and the like.

      Format of Information!  Copies of health codes, standards, and require-
ments for the use of septic tanks, private wells, and other private sewage
systems; inventories of septic tank permits, land fills, and strip mines;
surveys of areas with septic tank failures; inventories of commercial and
industrial sewage treatment systems; and laboratory results of air and water
quality samples.  The data available and capacity for delivering technical
assistance vary significantly among health agencies, perhaps more than other
sources of information.  Available reports may be in the form of memoranda,
simple inventories, coded maps, or laboratory analyses.

      Elements of Information to Consider

      A.  Standards for the Location and Construction of Septic Tank Systems:
Local health agencies generally set the location and construction standards
for septic systems and other private residential sewage systems.  Problems
with faulty septic or sewer systems that contaminate water sources may be
corrected by modifying or improving existing standards.  Minimum changes in
the standards may eliminate the need for extensive and expensive future con-
ditions.  Soil surveys of areas with septic tank failures may help to iden-
tify potential malfunctions that might affect water quality and also show
locations where private sewer systems would not be suitable.

      B.  Laboratory Testing:  In addition to  soil  sampling,  some  health
boards may produce other sampling information of value to  208 planning.  For
example, information on the effects of air pollution on surface water runoff
may be found in some laboratories.

11.  Capital Improvements Programs

      A community's capital improvements program indicates its plans and
schedule for public physical improvements, usually over 5-7 year period.  Be-
cause the provision, nature and location of certain public facilities has a
strong influence on the pattern of urban growth, capital improvements pro-
grams although infrequently used, are considered an important tool to imple-
ment community land use plans.

      Contact:  Finance or budget officer; city manager or mayor; planning
department.

      Format of Information:  Municipal capital budgets, programs, and plans;
preliminary reports from participating municipal departments; financial  anal-
yses.

      Elements of Information to Consider

      Physical facilities:  "Corridor" or  "linear" facilities such as high-

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way routes, transit  lines,  and water  supply  and  sewer systems, are among the
most important determinants of future growth.  While a plan may indicate an
intention, a CIP which  includes provisions for new construction or moderniza-
tion is a specific allocation of public money and worthy of special note.
While other public facilities such  as schools, libraries, police and fire
stations, parking lots,  and playgrounds have far less influence on develop-
ment patterns, they  can be  part of  an overall growth management strategy,
which in turn is a determinant of future waste loads.

12.  U.S. Geological Survey  Geological Maps

      Geological maps have  limited  use.  Detailed maps are available for
only a small portion of the country,  are frequently old, and expert assis-
tance is required for interpretation.

      Contact:  One  of  nine USGS regional offices  (See Appendix D).

      Format of Information; Maps, reports  and  surveys.

      Elements of Information to Consider;   Geological maps can assist in the
identification of potential aquifers  for domestic, commercial, or industrial
use; and sand and gravel deposits.  They also can determine hazardous condi-
tions where development should not  occur.  If available, these sources will
probably already have been  tapped by  planning agencies for conducting land
resource inventories and developing plans.   Additional analysis of these
data by a 208 agency under  such conditions,  is probably unnecessary.

13.  Special Local Commissions, Boards, and  Districts

      In any 208 region there is likely to be a  whole set of special purpose
governments which are often responsible for  planning, protecting, and manag-
ing resources that have a direct bearing on  208  planning.  Common commissions
and districts include:   soil and-water conservation, water, sanitation and
sewer, watershed conservancy, water and sewer, flood control, port authori-
ties, canals, parks  and recreation, forests, agricultural, public works,
irrigation, conservation and environmental,  and  economic development.

      Contact;  Special commissions are generally visible at the local level.
Local planners, both city and county, may be able to identify them.  If not,
the tax assessor, in setting and collecting  property, is likely to be in
contact with all active special district governments in the area.

      Format of Information; Plans,  reports, studies, inventories, capital
budgets, aerial photographs.

      Elements of Information to Consider

      A.  Condition  of  Natural Resources:  Some  commissions and districts
may be responsible for  the  protection or conservation of important local
natural resources.   These sources can identify the type and location of vari-
ous natural resources.   Parks and recreation, for example, may provide a de-
tailed description of the condition,  extent,  and  composition of existing flora
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and fauna and types of land use and other conditions that may have an adverse
impact on the resources.

      B.  Regulatory Functions:  Resource oriented special commissions and
districts often possess regulatory responsibilities that overlap 208 planning
functions, particularly if they are permit issuing agencies.  Such regula-
tions may often cover the development of floodplains, provisions for water
supplies, development along watercourses, etc.  Furthermore, some commissions
or districts set local policy in terms of future economic development.  In-
formation available at these sources may also help indicate the type; timing,
and rate of new development.

14.  Resource People

      The data which 208 agencies collect is only as good as their interpre-
tation.  If at all possible, 208 agencies should try to use the talents of
the experts.  Thus it is important to spend time trying to involve key re-
source personnel in the data collection and interpretation process.  Indeed,
in many ways, the resource personnel may be more valuable than maps and re-
ports themselves.

      Contact, Format and Elements of Information to Consider;

      A.  Regional USGS Offices:  These offices are staffed by qualified
geologists, hydrologists and many other earth resource specialists.  These
personnel are obviously most qualified to evaluate information contained in
such things as topographic maps and hydrologic maps.  They also know the
shortcomings of this information and the places to go to get additional in-
formation that might be required.

      B.  Regional EPA Offices:  Regional EPA offices house limited collec-
tions of technical material on most aspects of 208 planning.  Some of this
material is directly concerned with the land use/water quality relationship
—how to define it, how to measure it, methods and techniques of analysis
and implementation.  Some regional offices offer technical assistance in
water quality modeling.  One of their most important resources is the knowl-
edge of ongoing 208 programs in the region as well as others across the coun-
try.

      C.  State Soil Conservationists Offices:  This service also has expert
personnel.  Soil scientists are the most familiar with soil survey informa-
tion as well as other data that SCS has or can provide.  Further, they under-
stand the soils of the region and can provide evaluation and advice which
simply cannot be gleaned from the maps and reports.  In many regions soil
scientists are crucial to the success of 208 programs.

      D.  State Planning Offices:  208 planners should recognize that state
planning offices typically collect a wealth of material.  Occasionally, the
sources of the information or the information itself are computerized, pro-
viding an important library for 208 planners.   Further, state planning
offices generally have good contacts at other important offices such as with
geologists and hydrologists and biologists.  Thus, 208 planners should con-
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tact the state planning agency in search of hard data as well as information
on places to go and people  to see.

      E.  Other State Offices:  Each state houses a collection of resource
experts that can be extremely useful to 208 planners.  Many of these experts
are located in the state  capital but others can be found in regional offices.
Occasionally, these experts may be made available to 208 agencies if the
agency is faced with a unique opportunity of regional or statewide impor-
tance.  State geologists, for example, are often located in departments or
divisions of divisions of mines and geology.  State hydrologists may be found
in water survey offices or  state water departments or water quality boards.
Regional water quality boards are also important sources of hydrologic exper-
tise.

      F.  Colleges and Universities:  Professors and other staff are often
knowledgeable about environmental information, including land use/water
quality interrelations.   These resources may be tapped to compile data, pre-
pare maps, analyze data,  educate, and disseminate information.  Water quality
modeling expertise and unpublished reports may be available.  Students are
sometimes used to conduct field surveys for 208 agencies and sampling.

      G.  Private and Public Developers:  Developers are often familiar with
environmental data collected for environmental impact statements and other
local regulatory requirements.  In addition, developers may provide informa-
tion prepared for market  analyses that may be beneficial in determining  de-
velopment patterns.  While  some data may be biased, information from devel-
opers may be most useful  for site-specific considerations.  Likewise, con-
sultants may be knowledgeable about site-specific conditions, as well as
other local water quality planning concerns.
                                      20

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                                                       APPENDIX A

                                 INTERIM OUTPUTS FOR LAND USE INFORMATION:   MAJOP SOURCES *
Resources for
Land-Use Information
Soil Surveys
Aerial Photos
USGS Topographic Maps
USGS Hydrologic Maps
Comprehensive Plans
Zoning Ordinances
Floodplain Regula-
tions
Plat Books and
Assessors' Rolls
Transportation
Studies
Health and Sanita-
tion Records
Capital Improvements
Programs
USGS Geological Maps
Special Local Commis-
sion and Districts
Resource People
Required Existing & Projec-
ted Area Characteristics
Population and
Economic
Projections




X
X


X

X

X
X
Land-Use
Projections




X
X

X
X

X
X
X
X
Suggested Outputs (Illustrative Examples}
Identification of
Alternative Land-
Use Controls




X
X
X


X


X
X
Relationships
Between Land Use
and Hater Quality
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X
X
X
Identification of
Major Nonpoint
Source
Problems
X
X
X
X
X



X
X


X
X
Identification
of Management
and Regulatory
Alternatives





X
X
X

X
X

X
X
* This table keys interim outputs for land use identified in the Interim Output Evaluation Handbook For Section 208
  Areawide Waste Treatment Planning, to the most useful and productive sources of information

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                   APPENDIX B

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
          SOIL  CONSERVATION SERVICE
            STATE CONSERVATIONISTS
      SCS STATE OFFICE
TELEPHONE  NO.
      ALABAMA, Auburn               205-821-8070
      ALASKA, Anchorage             907-274-7626
      ARIZONA, Phoenix               602-261-3271
      ARKANSAS,  Little Rock          501-378-5445
      CALIFORNIA, Davis               916-758-2200
      CARIBBEAN  AREA,  Santurce      809-725-8966
      COLORADO, Denver             303-837-4275
      CONNECTICUT, Storrs            203-429-9361
      DELAWARE,  Dover               302-678-0750
      FLORIDA, Gainesville             904-377-8732
      GEORGIA, Athens                404-546-2275
      HAWAII, Honolulu                808-546-3165
      IDAHO,  Boise                   208-342-2711
      ILLINOIS, Champaign             217-356-3785
      INDIANA, Indianapolis            317-269-6515
      IOWA, Des Moines               515-284-4260
      KANSAS, Salina                 913-825-9535
      KENTUCKY,  Lexington            606-252-2312
      LOUISIANA,  Alexandria           318-448-3421
      MAINE,  Orono                   207-866-2132
      MARYLAND,  College Park         301-344-4180
      MASSACHUSETTS,  Amherst       413-549-0650
      MICHIGAN,  East Lansing          517-372-1910
      MINNESOTA, St Paul            612-725-7675
      MISSISSIPPI, Jackson            601-969-4335
      MISSOURI, Columbia             314-442-2271
      MONTANA, Bozeman             406-587-5271
      NEBRASKA,  Lincoln             402-471-5301
      NEVADA, Reno                  702-784-7304
      NEW HAMPSHIRE,  Durham        603-868-7581
      NEW JERSEY,  Somerset          201-246-1205
      NEW MEXICO,  Albuquerque       505-766-3277
      NEW YORK,  Syracuse            315-473-3530
      NORTH  CAROLINA,  Raleigh       919-755-4210
      NORTH  DAKOTA, Bismarck        701-255-4011
      OHIO, Columbus                 614-469-6785
      OKLAHOMA,  Stillwater            405-372-7111
      OREGON, Portland               503-221-2751
      PENNSYLVANIA, Harnsburg        717-782-2202
      RHODE  ISLAND, West Warwick    401-828-1300
      SOUTH CAROLINA,  Columbia      803-765-5681
      SOUTH  DAKOTA, Huron          605-352-8651
      TENNESSEE, Nashville            615-749-5471
      TEXAS,  Temple                 817-773-1711
      UTAH, Salt Lake City             801-524-5050
      VERMONT, Burlington            802-862-6501
      VIRGINIA, Richmond             804-782-2457
      WASHINGTON,  Spokane          509-456-3770
      WEST VIRGINIA, Morgantown      304-599-7151
      WISCONSIN,  Madison             608-252-5341
      WYOMING, Casper               307-265-5550
                   22

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                                APPENDIX C


               APPROXIMATE AIRPHOTO SCALE RANGES USEFUL FOR
                  PLANNING AND PLANNING-RELATED STUDIES*
                                Scale  1:250,000
             Example of uses
      Level of detail discernible
Studies of land forms
Studies of gross land  use
Natural features:
  Mountain ranges
  Valleys
  Lakes
  Rivers
Urban areas:
Rural areas:
  Forests
  Farmland
                            Scale  1:96,000-1:126,720
Studies of land forms
Studies of gross land use
Includes all discernible at
  preceding scale
Urban areas:
  Subdivisions
Rural areas:
  Villages
  Reservoirs
Transportation and communication
  Ai rports
  Railroad yards
  Expressways and interchanges
                            Scale 1:62,500-1:70,000
General land-use studies at
  State and regional levels
Studies of watershed drainage
  patterns
Studies of road and street
  patterns
Studies of rate of rural to
  urban land use change
Preliminary site selection
  studies for new towns
Selection of possible sites
  for State or county parks
Preliminary site selection
  studies for new highways
Detail discernible at preceding
  scale.
Natural features:
  Streams     Flood plains
  Ponds       Beaches
  Potholes    Rapids
  Swamps
Urban land uses:
  Residential areas
  Industrial areas
  Commercial areas
  Parks and recreation areas
  Race tracks
Rural land uses:
  Woodlots
  Cultivated fields
  Pasture or idle land
                                     23

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                           APPENDIX C (Cont'd.)
                       Scale 1:62,500-1:70,000(Continued)
              Example of uses
      Level of detail  discernible
                                           Industrial complexes
                                           Transportation and communication:
                                             High-voltage electric trans-
                                               mission towers
                                             Pipelines
                                             Gas and oil storage tank farms
                             Scale 1:25,000-1:50,000
Natural resources inventory
Studies for reservoir site selection
Study of potential water power
Detail discernible at preceding
  scale.
Transportation:
  Railroads
  Highways
  Docks
  Shipyards
Urban land uses:
  Subdivisions
  Shopping centers
  Mobile home pa,rks
  Central business districts
  Drive-in theaters
  Stadiums
  Golf courses
Rural land uses:
  Farms
  Nurseries
  Greenhouses
  Cemeteries
                             Scale 1:12,000-1:20,000
Detailed land-use studies
Mapping the distribution of one
  crop
Housing market analyses
Shopping center location
  studies
Studies for selection of dam
  sites
School site selection
Farm land-use planning
Erosion control studies
Detail discernible at preceding
  scale.
Urban land uses:
  Residential
    Houses—single, duplex, row
    Apartment buildings
  Institutional
    Hospitals
    Churches
  Community facilities
    Schools
                                         24

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                            APPENDIX C (Cont'd.)
                      Scale  1:12,000-1:20,000(Continued)
              Example  of  uses
      Level of detail discernible
Soil mapping
Forest classification
Forest inventory
  Commercial
    Shopping areas
    Gasoline stations
  Industrial
    Factories
    Warehouses
  Vacant land
Rural land uses:
  Nonfarm residential
  Farmsteads
    Houses
    Barns
  Cropland
    Row crops
    Close-grown crops
    Pasture
    Orchards
    Vineyards
  Idle land
  Irrigation and drainage ditches
Natural features:
  Rivers
  Sandbars
  Streams
  Ponds
  Swamps, marshes
Transportation and communication:
  Roundhouses
  Lanes
  Streets
  Parking lots
  Bridges
  Airports
    Runways
    Hangers
    Administration buildings
    Control towers
  Pipelines
    Pumping stations
    Oil storage tanks
    Gasometers
    Water storage tanks
Recreation areas:
  Football fields
  Baseball diamonds
  Campgrounds
  Swimming pools
  Picnic grounds
                                        25

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                           APPENDIX C  (Cont'd.)
                                 Scale 1:7,920
              Example of uses
      Level of detail discernible
Classification and inventory
  of buildings
Count buildings
Count railroad cars on a siding
Highway route selection
Detail discernible at preceding
  scale.
                                  Scale 1:5,280
Measure size of buildings
Identify individual heavy
  industries
Detail discernible at preceding
  scale.
                                 Scale 1:2,400
Measure size of railroad cars
  and automobiles
Detail discernible at preceding
  scale
Source:   Simon Baker.  Aerial Photography for Planning and Development in
    Eastern North Carolina; A Handbook and Directory, North Carolina State
    University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607.  April 1976.
                                        26

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                               APPENDIX D

                         U.S.  GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

                    REGIONAL PUBLIC INQUIRIES  OFFICES
108 Sklyline Building
508 Second Avenue
Anchorage, AK  99501

7638 North Los Angeles St.
Los Angeles,  CA   90012

504 Custom House
555 Battery Street
San Francisco, CA  94111

1012 Federal Building
1961 Stout Street
Denver, GO  80202

General Services Building
18th and F Streets, N.W.
Washington,  DC  20244
1045 Federal Building
1000 Commerce Street
Dallas, TX  75202

8102 Federal Building
125 South State Street
Salt Lake City, UT  84111

National Center
Room 1C-402
Reston, VA  22092

678 U.S. Court House
West 920 Riverside Avenue
Spokane, WA  99201
                                    27

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                               APPENDIX E

               U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, WATER RESOURCES DIVISION

                      Addresses of District Offices
Alabama
P.O. Box V
University, Alabama  35486
205/752-8104

Alaska
218 "E" Street Skyline Bldg.
Anchorage, Alaska  99501
907/277-5526

Arizona
Federal Bldg. , 301 W. Congress
Tucson, Arizona  85701
602/792-6671

Arkansas
Rm. 2301 Federal Office Bldg.
700 W. Capitol Avenue
Little Rock, Arkansas  72201
501/378-5246

California
855 Oak Grove Avenue
Menlo Park, California  94025

Colorado
Bldg. 53, Stop 415, Box 25046
Denver Federal Center
Lakewood, Colorado  80225

Connecticut
Rm. 235, Post Office Building
135 High Street
Hartford, Connecticut  06101
203/244-2528

Delaware  (See Maryland)

Florida
Suite F-240, 325 John Knox Rd.
Tallahassee, Florida  30303
904/386-1118
Georgia
6481 Peachtree Industrial Blvd.
Suite B
Doraville, Georgia  30340
404/526-4858

Hawaii
1833 Kalakaua Ave., 5th Floor
Honolulu, Hawaii  96815
808/955-0251

Idaho
Room 365, Federal Bldg., Box 036
550 W. Fort Street
Boise, Idaho  83724
208/342-2538

Illinois
P.O. Box 1026, 605 N. Neil St.
Champaign, Illinois  61820
217/359-3918

Indiana
1819 N. Meridian Street
Indianapolis, Indiana  46202
317/269-7101

Iowa
P.O. Box 1230
Rm. 269, Federal Building
Iowa City, Iowa  52240
319/338-0581

Kansas
1950 Avenue "A", Campus West
University of Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas  66045
913/864-4321

Kentucky
Rm. 572, Federal Building
600 Federal Place
Louisville, Kentucky  40202
502/582-5241
                                      28

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Louisiana
P.O. Box 66492
Baton Rouge, Louisiana  70806
504/348-0181, Ext. 281

Maine  (See Massachusetts)

Maryland (also Delaware)
8809 Satyr Hill Road
Parkville, Maryland  21234
301/661-4664

Massachusetts (also ME, NH, RI & VT)
150 Causeway St., Suite 1001
Boston, Massachusetts  02114
617/223-2822

Michigan
2400 Science Parkway
Red Cedar Research Park
Okemos, Michigan  48864
517/372-1910, Ext. 561

Minnesota
1033 Post Office Building
St. Paul, Minnesota  55101
617/725-7841

Mississippi
430 Bounds Street
Jackson, Mississippi 39206
601/969-4600

Missouri
1400 Independence Road
Rolla, Missouri  65401
314/364-1599

Montana
P.O. Box 1969
421 Federal Building
316 N. Park
Helena, Montana
406/449-5011, Ext. 5263

Nebraska
Rm. 406, Federal Building
U.S. Court House
Lincoln, Nebraska  68508
402/471-5082
 Nevada
 Rm.  229,  Federal  Building
 705  N.  Plaza  Street
 Carson  City,  Nevada  89701
 702/882-1388

 New  Hampshire (see Massachusetts)

 New  Jersey
 P.O. Box  1238
 Rm.  420,  Federal  Building
 402  E.  State  Street
 Trenton,  New  Jersey  08607
 609/766-2246

 New  Mexico
 P.O. Box  4369 Geology Bldg.  2nd Fl.
 University of New Mexico Campus
 Albuquerque,  New  Mexico   87106
 505/766-2246

 New  York
 P.O. Box  1350
 343  U.S.P.O.  and  Court House
 Albany, New York   12201
 518/472-3107

 North Carolina
 P.O. Box  2857
 Century Station,  P.O.  Bldg.
 Rm.  436
 Raleigh,  North Carolina   27602

 North Dakota
 P.O. Box  778
 Rm.  332,  Federal  Bldg.
 3rd St. and Rosser Avenue
 Bismarck, North Dakota   58501

 Ohio
 975 W. Third Avenue
 Columbus, Ohio  43212
 614/469-5553
Oklahoma
Rm. 621, 201 N.W. 3rd
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
405/231-4256
73102
                                      29

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Oregon
P.O. Box 3202
830 N.E. Holladay St.
Portland, Oregon  97208
503/234-3361

Pennsylvania
P.O. Box 1107
4th Fl. Federal Building
Harrisburg,  Pa.   17108
717/782-3468

Puerto Rico
Bldg. 652, P.O. Box 34168
Ft. Buchanan, Puerto Rico  00934
809/783-4660

Rhode Island  CSee Massachusetts)

South Carolina
2001 Assembly St., Suite 200
Columbus, South Carolina  29201
803/765-5966

South Dakota
P.O. Box 1412
Rm. 231, Federal Building
Huron, South Dakota  57350
605/352-8651, Ext. 258

Tennessee
A-413 Fed. Bldg.
U.S. Courthouse
Nashville, Tennessee 37203
615/749-5424

Texas
Utah
8022 Federal Building
125 South State Street
Salt Lake City, Utah  84138
801/524-5663

Vermont (See Massachusetts)

Virginia
200 W. Grace Street, Room 304
Richmond, Virginia  23220
804/782-2427

Washington
Rm. 300, 1305 Tacoma Avenue South
Tacoma, Washington  98402
206/593-6502

West Virginia
500 Quarrier St. E
Rm. 3303
Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse
Charleston, West Virginia  25301
304/343-6181, Ext. 310

Wisconsin
Rm. 200
1815 University Ave.
Madison, Wisconsin  53706
608/262-2488

Wyoming
P.O. Box 2087
Cheyenne, Wyoming  82001
307/778-2220, Ext. 2111
649 Federal Building
300 East 8th Street
Austin, Texas  78701
                                      30

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