STUDY OF OILY WATER MARINE TREATMENT FACILITIES
by
John R. Hyland
Radiological § Industrial Wastes
Evaluation Section
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Water Programs
Division of Technical Support
August 1971
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
SUMMARY v
CONCLUSIONS vi
RECOMMENDATIONS vii
INTRODUCTION 1
PHYSICAL CHARACTER OF WATER-OIL MIXTURE 2
TYPE SEPARATORS 5
API Oil-water Separators 5
Circular Separators .'...... 6
Air-flotation Unit 6
Oil-raft 7
Sand Filters 8
Separator Filters 9
Plate Separators 10
Up-flow Filters 11
Methods used in Breaking or Separating Emulsions . . 12
SOURCES OF WASTE AND LOCATION
OF BALLAST WATER FACILITIES 17
Ballast Water Disposal Facilities 17
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES .... 20
-------
OPERATING UNITS SAMPLED 26
Shell Oil 26
Mobil Oil Corporation 27
U.S. Navy Fuel Depot 28
Union Oil Company 29
Standard Oil Company 30
Atlantic-Richfield Company 31
U.S. Naval Station 34
Microbiological Malysis 34
REFERENCES 40
APPENDIX
11
-------
LIST OF TABLES
Page
I. Oil Film Thickness 4
II. Properties of Selected Type Filters .... 16
III. Properties of Solvents 23
IV. Microorganisms Isolated from Fuel 38
V. Organisms Isolated from Samples 39
111
-------
LIST OF FIGURES
Following
Number Page
1 API Separator 5
2 Separator-Filter 5
3 Plate Separator 11
4 Sampler in Open Position 21
5 Wastewater Separator 27
6 Standard Oil Separators 30
Photographs
1 Shell Oil Separator 33
2 Mobil Oil Separator 33
3 Navy Oil Separator 33
4 Atlantic-Richfield Air-Flotation Unit 33
5 § 6 Navy Oil Disposal Raft 33
IV
-------
SUWARY
In response to a request of the Office of Oil and Hazardous
Materials a field evaluation of existing oily waste removal facili-
ties at various ports was made. A literature search of treatment
methods available was conducted and descriptions of API oil^water
separators, air-flotation units, oil-rafts, sand filters, separator
filters, up-flow filters and plate separators are included in the
report.
Sampling techniques and analytical procedures were developed
for this study to provide consistency in sampling and reliability
in comparison and measurement of unit effectiveness.
Ballast water facilities were located in the field from an
inventory conducted by the U.S. Coast Guard and a selection made in
the Los Angeles-Long Beach area for sampling. The type facilities
sampled included API separators, air flotation units and oil rafts.
Separators were found to have highest efficiency in removing free
oil and lowest in removing dissolved oil, actually increasing the
amount in 7 out of 9 samples.
Samples taken for microbiological analysis contained organisms
active in the decomposition of hydrocarbons, but not in significant
kinds.
-------
CONCLUSIONS
1. Several methods, including API type separators and air-flotation
units, exist and are practiced for the treatment of oily wastes.
2. API separators operated within design limitations are capable of
effective separation of free oil (over 90 percent reduction), but
are relatively ineffective for emulsified oil, removing up to 25
percent, but in two cases increasing the amount.
3. API separators resulted in increases in dissolved oil in seven of
nine samples.
4. The air-flotation unit sampled had a higher rate of efficiency and
resulted in decreased amounts of emulsified and dissolved oil on
two out of three days.
5. Oil disposal rafts ("doughnuts") operated by the U.S. Navy permit
a loss of solids and result in water containing oil being displaced
outside the doughnut.
6. Present methods of analysis are inadequate for determination of the
different oil phases present in water samples.
7. No significant bacterial species capable of biological degradation
of hydrocarbons in any measurable amount were isolated from the
Navy Fuel Depot oil waste pit.
8. Oily wastewaters may support pathogenic organisms.
VI
-------
RECQWENDATIQNS
1. Oil disposal rafts of the U.S. Navy, if continued in use, should
have solid bottoms and appropriate piping to prevent loss of
solids during filling and loss of oily waste during towing. This
would also increase usable capacity of the raft.
2. Additional research and development of methods are needed for
analysis of total oil and the different phases of oil present in
water samples. This is particularly so from the standpoint of
reliability and less involved instrumentation.
3. More sampling and analysis needs to be done for bacteria popula-
tions in oily ballast wastewater.
4. Improved evaluation of separator effectiveness could be made by
a longer sampling period of one or two units under controlled
operating modes. Improved analysis would be possible by arranging
for the separator at Naval Fuel Depot, San Pedro to be operated at
predetermined flow rates under predetermined ranges of loadings for
a period of several weeks. This one is recommended for additional
testing because it also has facilities for determining effects of
various flow-through filtering in the separator outlet.
5. Coalescing filters or sand filters will probably provide the most
complete treatment of oily wastes from known, commercially avail-
able equipment, and when used in series with a gravity separator
should present a minimum of maintenance and provide a maximum of
treatment.
VII
-------
6. The recommended treatment for tanker ballast water and similar
oily wastes is pumping to a storage tank, treatment by a plate
separator or API separator followed by a coalescing filter or
sandfilter.
7. A research and development project to install and test treatment
configurations for ballast water and oily wastes is recommended
at Naval bases as the Mayport Naval Base and the San Pedro Naval
Fuel Depot to evaluate and report on operating experience with
several treatment units under actual field and operating condi-
tions .
Vlll
-------
INTRODUCTION
It was proposed by the Office of Oil and Hazardous Materials to
evaluate existing oil removal facilities at various ports to determine
compliance with water quality standards and to make recommendations
for design criteria and effluent quality. Port facilities at Boston,
the Port of Los Angeles and Long Beach and the San Diego Naval Base
were examined.
Originally, facilities typical of different treatment methods
were to be examined, however, a lack of facilities and wastewater
being treated precluded this and field sampling was scheduled where
the greatest variety of gravity separators was available. No chemical
nor heat treatment facilities in operation were located.
A sampling method and analytical procedures were developed to
help assess efficiencies and a literature survey of treatment methods
was made.
Field sampling was conducted during April 1971, and included
sampling for microbiological examination. Chemical analyses of oil
fractions were conducted in the vicinity of the sampling operations
through the use of laboratory facilities of the California State
Regional Health Laboratory at Los Angeles.
-------
PHYSICAL CHARACTER OF WATER-OIL MIXTURES
Water and natural petroleum oils are ordinarily immiscible and
are soluble in each other only to a very slight extent. When the two
are mixed and agitated together in a pure form in a container, a cer-
tain admixture occurs and some of the water mass is broken up and sus-
pended in the oil. (Crude oil of an API gravity greater than 10 will
have a specific gravity less than one.) However, this is purely a
mechanical mixture and if allowed to stand, will, in time, separate
with the water particles again uniting to form a continuous layer
underlying the oil. No permanent emulsification of the two fluids
occurs. If certain types of oil are used however, or if impurities
are present, either in the oil or water phase, and they usually are,
and the two are intimately mixed, a part of the oil will separate from
the water as before, but a portion of the water will now remain float-
ing in the oil. This emulsion will remain as a layer of intermediate
density, between the water layer and the less dense oil layer that
floats above.
Emulsions ^ often develop physical properties that differ from
those of either of the component fluids. They differ in viscosity and
also are heterogeneous mixtures rather than fluids of uniform properties.
There is one type of emulsion that consists of small globules of water
floating in a continuous body of oil (water in oil) and another type
consisting of small globules of oil floating in a continuous body of
water (oil in water). Naturally occurring crude oil emulsions are
usually the water-in-oil type. Petroleum emulsions display considerable
-------
variation in stability and frequently the water seems to be practically
in permanent suspension. Finely divided solids promote or stabilize
emulsification. A significant fact is found in the results of tests
showing that the liquid which preferentially wets the emulsifying
agent will invariably be the continuous phase of the emulsion. For
example, clean, dry, finely divided clay and silica are wetted more
readily by water than by oil and form oil-in-water emulsions, whereas
oil-saturated clay and carbon black, which are more readily wetted by
oil than by water, form water-in-oil emulsions.
Oil on water theoretically spreads in ever increasing area
until reaching a thickness depending on viscosity and temperature.
The American Petroleum Industry gives the following table on oil film
thickness and appearance:
-------
Gal. of Oil/sq.mi.
Table I.
Approx. film
Thick., in.
Appearance
25
50
100
200
666
1,332
1
3
6
12
40
80
.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
X
X
X
X
X
X
10
10
10
10
10
10
-6
-6
-6
-6
-6
-6
Barely visible.
Silvery sheen on the
First trace of color
surface
observed
i
Bright bands of color visible
Colors begin to dull
Color much darker
1,085,000 (3,958 T/sq.mi.) .0625 (1/16") Dark
4
-------
TYPE SEPARATORS
API Oil-Water Separators
The API oil-water separator is historically based on the prin-
ciple of gravity differential as expressed in Stokes' law. Design
principles are based on an oil globule size having a minimum diameter
of 0.015 cm. (15 microns). The basic design procedure includes inlet
and outlet arrangements, shape of the rectangular channels, and the
effect of appurtenances on hydraulic characteristics in the channels.
An example of one is shown in Figure 1.
The procedure for the design of a standard API separator^
evolved from refinery operating experience with similar units and a
research study at the Engineering Experiment Station of the University
of Wisconsin. With a globule size of 15 microns, the rate of rise of
oil globules in wastewater may be expressed (vt), in feet per minute,
as equal to .0241 (specific gravity, wastewater at design temperature--
specific gravity, oil at design temperature) divided by absolute vis-
cosity, wastewater at design temperature, in poises. The design is
then based on this relationship and a minimum horizontal area and ver-
tical cross-sectional area calculated, assuming a minimum depth to
width ratio of 0.3, from the known wastewater flow and a design factor
based on turbulence and short-circuiting. Operating experience has
shown that horizontal velocity should not exceed three feet per minute
and this is specified as an additional criterion for design. A slotted
pipe oil skimmer is usually installed at the end of the main channel and
in front of an oil-retention baffle.
5
-------
Control
chamber
71
Overflow
weir
Outfall
Slotted pipe
baffle /skimmer
*r
Vertical
baffles»>
1 Sludge
hopper
Inlet
Fig. 1. API Separator
(not to scale)
Level
gauge
Oil drain
Accumulater sump
Coalescing media Cor filter)
Outlet
•Drains
Head gasket
§ removable cover
Inlet
Fig. 2. Separator-Filter
-------
Circular Separators
The design of these units is similar to the rectangular API unit
and is based on the same principle of rate of rise. The circular sepa-
rator, however, uses a central influent entrance and a circular trough
around the periphery for the discharge. A skimmer is usually placed at
the surface near the effluent and along the radii of the tank.
Air-Flotation Unit - The principle whereby this unit operates
is that of air injection under pressure into the oily wastes, followed
by release of pressure back to atmospheric, creating numerous small
bubbles which have sufficient velocity to carry oil particles to the
surface, where they are removed. It is used, as are most other methods,
in conjunction with a storage tank. The principal advantage of the
method is the shorter retention time required.
Wastewater is accumulated in a large storage or pre-skimming
tank. Most free oil is recovered by surface skimming there. From
there the wastewater is transferred, either by gravity flow or pumping,
to a circular flotation tank. Before entering the flotation tank, air
under pressure (up to 40 psi) is injected into the water in a retention
tank. The wastewater with the injected air enters at the bottom of the
clarifier-flotation tank. Diffusers cause the water to flow laterally
into the separation zone vhere the dissolved air is released from
solution upon the reduction of pressure back to atmospheric. The air
forms tiny bubbles which have sufficient velocity to carry particles
-------
of oil to the surface. As the air floats the oil to the surface, rotating
flight scrapers, or arm skimmers, move the free oil to a hopper, where it
is pumped to a siop-oil storage tank. Sludge accumulates in the bottom of
the tank where it is removed to a sludge pit and pumped to a vacuum truck.
Clarified water leaves the flotation tank by passing over a weir encircling
the tank and drops into a trough, leaving by gravity flow to the effluent
line. The process may be modified by a split-flow or recycle operation.
Oil-Raft - A very simple slop-oil and ballast water collecting unit
used at Navy ports takes advantage of the differences in specific gravity
of the materials with sea water to effect a rude separation. The oil dis-
posal raft or 'Uoughnut" used by the U.S. Navy is an elliptical shaped
cylinder, open at both ends and made of welded steel plates. The general
design of these is 15' x 25" in horizontal cross-section, about 17 feet
deep, with the upper 5 or 6 feet of enclosed buoyancy tanks. It is
fitted with piping to determine oil-water levels within the raft. In
practice these are tied off along side a ship; hoses from tanks being
pumped inserted in the top opening and the wastes pumped in; heavier
material drops to the bottom below the raft and lighter than water
oily wastes accumulates, displacing water within the raft. When full,
and this is generally at about 50 percent of the internal volume of the
raft, these are towed to a dock, from which a vacuum truck pumps out the
-------
oil and hauls it to disposal. There are some plans for bottoms to
be welded into these oil disposal rafts, which would double the
operating capacity of them, but none are known to have been so modi-
fied as yet. This would increase operating capacity to the full
17,000 gallons available in these rings.
18
Sand Filters - A recent development reported to be highly
effective in removing oily wastes is a sand-filtration technique.
The method is a new combination of several existing techniques . The
sand-filtration system employs these process steps:
1. Sand filtering of the water-oil mixture to remove solids,
resolve emulsions and coalesce oil;
2. Gravity separation of coalesced oil;
3. Steaming of the filter cake to remove oil, producing
solids suitable for burial after settling;
4. Backwashing of the filter to remove deoiled solids and to
prepare the sand for reuse.
These steps are carried out using two items of equipment: a
sand filter and a coalescing settler. The process is reported to
produce an essentially oil-free effluent at flow rates of from 2 to
10 gpm per square foot of filter surface area. A modification of
the unit includes a coalescing, adsorbent media in the filter elimi-
nating the gravity separation for low oil content wastewaters.
-------
Separator Filters 6 - TO perform the function of removing
entrained and emulsified water from a continuous liquid phase, the
separator must do two things:
(1) It must coalesce and enlarge the finely divided droplets
of water in the emulsified state and,
(2) it must separate or remove these coalesced droplets
from the flowing stream.
This function may be performed in one of two different ways:
either by use of a single stage medium for coalescing and the
reliance on gravity separation of the coalesced droplets, or by
the use of a first stage medium for coalescing and the use of a
hydrophobic membrane medium in the second stage for the blocking
of coalesced droplets.
The process of coalescing is accomplished by flowing the
contaminated wastewater, at velocities below 0.25 feet per second,
through media having an infinite number of small, irregular, con-
tinuous passages of small diameter. These passages are such that
by impingement the emulsion is broken into minute particles. These
particles progress through the entire depth of the media and are
co-mingled or coalesced into discrete droplet size. Because of
the extremely small diameters of the irregular, continuous passages
of the coalescing media, it also serves to filter small solid
particles.
-------
Because of the relatively high flows through a separator, pro-
visions must be made for collection of the separated liquids. One
method is to use differences in specific gravity and provide a sump
or collecting area on the downstream side of the coalescer media. The
other method is to provide a hydrophobic membrane to repel water drop-
lets, permitting the separated liquid to pass through the membrane.
In the usual configuration for oil removal the separator used
is a single stage horizontal unit with the oil collection area in a top
sump. The coalescing media may be excelsior, glass fibers, stainless
steel wool or a combination. (Figure 2)
Plate Separators - A plate separator achieves oil separation
from water in two stages. First the oil-water mixture enters the
vessel into the first stage quiescent zone where the bulk of the oil
will rise into the upper oil collecting chamber. The flow enters the
second stage where the water and remaining oil flows at low velocity
between the plates in the lower chamber. Here, the remaining oil
forms globules and rises to the upper end of the plates. The upper
edge of each plate has a collecting rib which guides the oil globules
into the vertical tube. The oil will rise in the tube without inter-
ference from the water into the oil collecting chamber. Different
separators are made in various configurations of plates and chambers.
The oil collects in the upper chamber where two sampling cocks or
sensing units are located to determine the oil-water interface. When
10
-------
the oil reaches the lower sensing unit, the valve opens for oil dis-
charge until the rising water contacts the upper sensing unit at which
point the valve is closed. A back pressure valve ensures a pressure
build-up inside the vessel. (Fig. 3) The units are not applicable
to removal of oil emulsions.
Up-flow Filters - The up-flow filter 5 is fed from the bottom.
Feed of turbid water enters the unit through a large number of distri-
bution nozzles located in a distribution plate at the bottom of the
filter vessel. The wastewater first enters a 4-inch layer of coarse
gravel, then passes through a 10-inch layer of finer gravel, then 12
inches of coarse sand and finally through 60 inches of fine sand of
1-2 mm size. The entire depth of the filter bed is utilized for
filtration and storage of removed solids. Usual filtration rates are
2-6 gpm per square foot of filter bed although rates up to 8 gpm per
square foot have been reported.
The up-flow filters have capabilities for filtering water con-
taining 50 ppm of oil with an effluent of less than 1 ppm.
Up-flow filters are cleaned by forward-flushing rather than
back-flushing. The first step is to drain the water level down to
the top of the sand. Air is then introduced at a rate of about
4 cu.ft./sq.ft. of filter bed at the relatively low pressure of 5
to 10 psi. to fluidize the entire bed. After the bed is upset,
11
-------
Oily water
inlet
Water
outlet
Pressure gauge
air vent
Oil outlet
Test cocks or
sensing units
Drain
Vertical rise
tube
Fig. 3. Plate Separator
-------
it is then forward-washed with raw, untreated water at the rate of
approximately 15 gpm/sq.ft. for 10 to 15 minutes. During this washing
period, the sand grains are turned over, rubbed against each other and
the undesired turbidity washed out. When the filter is used to remove
oily wastes, the sand is washed with a surfactant.
Methods Used in Breaking or Separating Emulsions
Gravity type separators do not, of themselves break or provide
separation of emulsions. When quantities of emulsified oil are present
in the waste stream, additional treatment is required to remove these.
Methods that have been employed include: 1) heat-treatment, 2) chemical-
treatment, 3) electrical charges, 4) centrifugal force, and 5) filtra-
tion.
Application of heat is often an effective means of bringing
about separation of water from petroleum emulsions by reducing the
viscosity of the oil, so that gravity may more readily operate; by
effecting change in the interfacial tension relationships and colloidal
properties of the emulsifying agent; and if the temperature is carried
high enough, by actually forming steam, bursting the enclosing oil
films about the water droplets. It is often used to assist other
processes such as the plate separator or API separator. The heat may
be applied in several ways; most often by use of a heating coil or
steam coil submerged in the storage tank.
12
-------
Chemical treatment usually involves counteracting the effect of
the emulsifying agent in some way, either by changing interfacial ten-
sion relationships or by changing the elecgrolytic relationship. Thus
salts such as sodium chloride or ferric chloride or flocculants as fer-
rous sulphate may operate to change interfacial tension or neutralize
the ionization, thus promoting demulsification. These are most often
used along with some other method such as the air-flotation unit.
(Demulsifying chemicals are often introduced into the crude oil at the
well-head to decrease emulsification, thus affecting later treatment.)
Electrical removal of water from petroleum emulsions is most
often practiced in refining crude oil and is included here only for
unity.
Theory indicates that the droplets of emulsified water, when
passing between two electrodes upon which a high potential is imposed,
become charged by induction. One side is negatively charged, the other
positively, and attraction between opposite charges causes the water
droplets to align themselves, forming a chain between the electrodes.
When this occurs, a discharge of electricity passes through the chain
from one electrode to the other rupturing the films surrounding the
droplets. As a result, the water globules in the electrical path
coalesce and form larger water masses that readily settle from the oil
uider gravity. This is usually done under a high potential alternating
current field. Water separation occurs in two steps in this method and
13
-------
is aided by heat. In the first step, the water globules coalesce,
forming larger masses, and in the second, these larger masses settle
out under the influence of gravity.
Centrifugal force, developed mechanically by rapid rotation of
an oil-water mixture, is effective in bringing about separation of the
two fluids. The effect is the same as that of gravity but is many
times as powerful. High speed centrifuges often operate at speeds of
12,000 to 15,000 rpm and develop a force of 10,000 g or more. The effi-
ciency of separation between water and oil is dependent on the relative
densities. The oily wastewater is fed into the centrifuge bowl at its
center through a pipe discharging near the bottom of the bowl. The cen-
trifugal force then causes the water, as the denser fluid, to move out-
ward as it moves up to the perimeter outlets. In at least one model5
this is through a series of narrow metal cones, one over the other
around the central axis. A well-defined plane of separation soon de-
velops between the water and oil on reaching the operating rpm depending
on the gravity difference and the relative amounts of each. Clean oil
overflows through an outlet near the top, while water flows through an
outlet near the perimeter. Coarse solids and sludge are generally
retained in the bowl. The zone of separation automatically adjusts to
varying proportions of oil and water.
Filtration as previously described in types of separators effects
emulsion-breaking by the coalescing properties of the filer selected
14
-------
and as a result of removing the emulsion stabilizing solids. Several
types of media are available and used having this property.
Following is a table from Industrial Water Engineering, Vol. 8,
No. 5, page 13, giving some properties of selected type filters.
15
-------
Table II.
Type Filter Filtration Filter Media Specification
Rate
gpm/sq.ft.
Comment
Gravity
(single layer) 2-6
Mixed media 3-10
(Microfloc)
Minimum 24 in. sand or coal. Solids capacity, 0.5 Ib/sq.ft.
Sand, coal, garnet, etc.,
specially graded so that
porosity is also graded.
Patented media selection, mfr.
recommends pilot study for each
application.
Upflow
2-6 4-6 foot bed preferred; in-
depth, multilayered effect
obtained by using graded
gravel underdrain layer.
Flow rates restricted to prevent
breakthrough of turbidity
through top layer of fine sand,
top of bed must be held down,
else counterflow water required;
turbidity monitor required.
Continuous
sand
2-30 Single media, usually sand.
Leaf or
tubular septum-
precoat or dia-
tomite
Disposable
cartridge
(woven,
wrapped,
pleated)
2-4 Thin precoated cakes, 1/8-1/4
in. thick using diatomite or
cellulose fibers; formed on
stainless steel wire screens
(40-110 mesh), plastic screens
wedge wire slotted pipes
(slots 0.003-0.006 in.), etc.
2-4 Cellulose, acetate, nylon,
porous stainless steel, stone
etc., 2-1/2 in. dia. x 10 in.
long cartridge equivalent to
about 0.5 sq.ft.
Must be base loaded so that
equilibrium turbidity removal is
effected, intermittent movement
of sand or removal of media for
washing creates hydraulic dis-
turbances, causing turbidity
leakage; essentially a strainer
for rough filtration.
Air and water wash required;
solids capacity less than 0.5
Ib/sq.ft.; filters usually oper-
ated at high pressures (70-100
psi).
Available in various porosities
(e.g. 0.45-100 microns); generally
used to polish relatively clear
water or condensate (turbidity
less than 5 ppm); solids capacity
of woven cartridge about 0.25-0.5
Ib/sq.ft.; other below 0.25 lb/
sq.ft., cartridges generally not
cleanable.
16
-------
SOURCES OF WASTE AND LOCATIONS OF BALLAST WTER FACILITIES
Ballast Water Disposal Facilities
Ballast water may be fresh, salt, contaminated water or a mixture
of these. It may contain large amounts of silt if picked up in an
estuary, river or offshore from a large river flow. It may be polluted
if picked up from these sources having untreated effluents. It may also
contain rust particles and chemicals from tank cleaning. Vessels arriv-
ing in port without a cargo load most often will carry ballast vater,
but for reasons of trim or load, vessels with cargo loads will arrive
with some ballast.
A vessel will carry ballast for any of the following reasons:
1) to improve manageability and propulsion of the vessel by correcting
depth and line of thrust at which rudder and propeller act; 2) to
reduce surface area acted upon by wind and seas; 3) to improve sta-
bility of the ship; 4) to bring a ship into desired trim, both fore and
aft. The ballast system of a ship consists of those tanks and spaces
for storage of any heavy substances used to improve stability or con-
trol of the ship, vhether it be liquid or solid. In the case of tankers
this is most often sea water. This ballast water may be stored in cargo
tanks or in tanks specifically designed for ballast water. They may
carry up to one half their cargo load in ballast.
Ballast water carried in special ballast tanks will usually not
be contaminated unless water was taken from a polluted source, however,
17
-------
ballast water from cargo tanks will contain the oily residues left from
prior loads or from tank cleaning wash water. In this respect the load-
on-top method substantially reduces the amount of oily wastewater from
tank cleaning.
The load-on-top method is generally practiced by all tankers.
In this method tank washings are all transferred to one section where oil
is allowed to separate and the separated water pumped overboard after
separation has taken place. The new cargo load is then loaded on top;
the residue of oily waste remaining. The Navy bases and tankers
entering a repair facility have a special problem in this respect in
that tank cleanings must be disposed of since no cargo load to a
refinery is involved.
These tank cleanings are disposed of to a shore facility in the
same way as ballast water. Also included in this type disposal of
oily wastes is bilge water. Bilge water that accumulates in a ship's
bottom usually contains lubricating and fuel oil along with solids and
rust scale and may be pumped out along with ballast water.
Tank cleaning produces persistent oils such as crude and heavy
residual oils as well as the chemical cleaning compounds used to remove
the oily residues. These compounds usually have emulsifiers in them.
Dirt and scale are also produced by tank cleaning.
Cargo tanks are cleaned on the average of once every three or
four trips. They are cleaned if the product to be carried varies from
18
-------
the previous one, particularly if of a higher grade, or if going into
a repair yard. They are also cleaned if the tanker is required to
enter a port gas free.
A basis for tanker comparisons is the T2 class tanker of World
War II. This tanker had a dead weight tonnage of 16,700 tons and
nominally carried 141,000 bbl of oil. As of June 1969 there were 38
tankers in the world having a dead weight tonnage of over 200 thousand
tons,* the largest of which was 326,500 tons. Any of these could
safely transport over 1-1/2 million barrels of oil. Total registry of
all tankers as of January 1, 1969, was 3,895 tankers. Ballast require-
ments, based on one-third the cargo capacity, could run from 50,000
bbl (2.1 mg) to 500 thousand bbl (21 mg) ballast water.
Facilities for reception of oily wastes from vessels were
surveyed by the USCG and listed in a table dated July 1970. Unfortu-
nately they chose to list these by Coast Guard Districts which par-
tially limits usefulness of the table, since several of the States are
within more than one district, causing a search of the list to find a
given facility. The list also gives the capacity in gallons (some
erroneously) without always describing the facility for which the
capacity is given.
Facilities listed for the coastal areas of the United States are
shown in Appendix A.
*1970 World Almanac, Lloyd's Register.
19
-------
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
Sampling techniques, prior to this study had been limited to
conventional means of sampling as bucket samples, or specially con-
structed devices for oil collecting as wide-mouth funnels or dust pan
type collectors.
Because of the need to evaluate oily water treatment facilities,
a sampling device was needed that would assure the collection of the
upper layers containing oil without the undue bias that surface film
samples present.
Not finding any that provided these features, it was decided
to construct one incorporating the features desired. A sampler was
designed to retrieve a given surface area along with the water immedi-
ately beneath it, and if taken in a quiescent area to do so with a
minimum of disturbance. Since laboratory analyses involved between
1,000 and 2,000 ml of sample and available glass bottles were of two-
quart capacity, it was further decided to make the sampler of two-
quart capacity. In case of mixed and flowing water, the same sampler
should also be able to be used for obtaining a sample.
The sampler designed was cylindrical with open ends - 3" D. x 18"
and 4-3/4"D. x 6-1/2". A closing device was made for the bottom end by
fitting a circular metal plate attached to a rod inside. This rod was
held in place by two metal spiders. A plastic gasket was fitted to the
plate to make the closure water-tight. The rod extended above the top
to twice the length of the cylindrical sampler. Open, the bottom
20
-------
closing plate was suspended well below the sampler. In use the sam-
pler was brought suspended under water with two lines attached and
to the area where a sample was desired. It was then brought carefully
to the surface and closing by pulling up on the line carrying the rod.
It was also retrieved from the water by this same line and the sample
inside transferred to the sample bottle. With turbulent or full pipe
flow, it was used in the closed position simply as a bucket sampler
(Fig. 4). Samples were collected in completely filled wide-mouth
glass jars and iced until reaching the laboratory.
Analytical procedures considered from Standard Methods, 12th
edition,10 or from API Standards 731-S3,11 were inadequate for the
needs of this survey, either because the solvent did not extract all
the petroleum fractions present in crudes, had a boiling point too
high, or was too involved and time-consuming to run for the number of
samples required in any field evaluation.
Since it was desired to have fractions of the waste that would
give information on the effectiveness of the different processes, ways
of determining free oil, dissolved oil and emulsified oil, as well as
the total content were explored. Among those looked at was an ultra-
violet analyzer. This, however, required extensive calibration and
would only provide results of total oil. Another method had been
o
developed in a kit form by Nalco Chemicals. It involved extraction
with Freon and a volumetric measurement-making small concentrations
difficult to determine. But again, it was only useful for total oil
determinations.
21
-------
Figure 4
SAMPLER IN OPEN POSITION
-------
In some bench work3 for a ballast water treatment facility by
Envirotech Systems there was some reference to the recovery and
analysis of the different oil phases being treated. The separation of
the emulsified phase was followed by hexane extraction - an undesirable
method because of the higher boiling point (70°C.). This did, however,
point the way towards a technique for recovering the emulsified phase
by flocculation and a further reference1 of a technique using floe was
located.
Some laboratory tests were run using these methods with both
prepared known oil samples and refinery wastewater with an oil residual.
Results of these brought out and confirmed weaknesses and disadvantages
to these procedures. Solvents (see Table III for properties) used in
the extractions have the inherent property of removing from the test
results any hydrocarbons with a boiling point at or below that of the
solvent when it is removed by evaporating.
Since crudes contain hydrocarbons having boiling points below
140°F. at times, it would be well to select a solvent with as low a
boiling point as practicable. Dissolved salts also are taken up by
solvents and these appear in the results as oil when simple evaporation
techniques are used. This is particularly true of sodium chloride and
is particularly important when dealing with ballast water. Another
source of error lies in an oil residue from the solvent and this
should be determined by running a blank with distilled water whenever
a new supply of solvent is used.
22
-------
Several authors* have pointed out the dangers of incomplete
removal of oil from the sides of a container and claim incomplete
removal even by rinsing with the solvent used. This can be guarded
against by 1) using glass or metal containers for sample collection,
2) having samples run immediately with a minimum of standing, 3) using
a method of fixing in the field.
Table III.
Properties of Solvents
Hexane
Petrol. Ether
Chloroform
Preon TF
Formula Molecular #/gal.
weight
CH3 (CH^CHj 86.17 5.51
_
CHC13 119.39 12.43
CC12FCC1F2 187.39 13.16
B.P. P.P.
°F. °F.
153 -139.5
105-210 -50
142 -82.3
117.63 -31
(TrichloTO-trifluoroethane)
Hexane
Petrol. Ether
Chloroform
Preon TF
Evaporation Solubility
rate* (in water)
139 .014%
37
118 .821
170 .017%
Toxicity, ppm
TLV-ACGIH
500
500
50
1000
*Compared with CC14
100
23
-------
The method finally evolved for sample analysis incorporated
several of the features already tested. It was briefly; separation
of the free oil; flocculation and absorption of the emulsified phase;
extraction of the dissolved oil. Freon TF was chosen for the solvent
because of its nonflammable properties along with its stability,
purity and low boiling point.
The first step in the method was to place the sample in a 2000
ml spearatory funnel and allow it to separate for at least 30 minutes,
after which the water layer was drawn off. Sample container washings
were added to the separately funnel, drawing off any additional
separated water. Hie solvent, as well as subsequent solvent washings
containing free oil were drawn off and evaporated. This was considered
the free oil phase. The water phase containing emulsified and dis-
solved oil was then treated with ferric chloride and a polymer to form
an hydroxide floe. After this had been slowly stirred and settled,
the mixture was filtered through a 0.45 micron millipore filter paper
and the residue dried. This filter and residue was placed in a thimble
of a Soxhlet apparatus and extracted with Freon for two hours, then
dried, cooled and weighed. The dissolved oil in the filtrate was
extracted using Freon again in the conventional manner, distilled,
dried and weighed.
In this method, where dirt was present in the sample, it was
filtered out following the free oil separation and oil extracted from
it separately. This oil was later included with emulsified oil in
24
-------
reporting results.
Samples for microbiological examination were collected separately
in the field in sterile sample bottles and iced until they reached the
laboratory. There they were filtered through sterile 0.45 micron mem-
brane filters. The filters were placed on prepared media, incubated
for 24 hours and placed in containers for return to Cincinnati and
identification.
25
-------
OPERATING UNITS SAMPLED
Units selected for field sampling included API separators, air
flotation and an oil raft. Separators were chosen with a wide varia-
tion in operating characteristics since these appeared to be the most
frequently used type. The units were also selected for availability
for sampling. API separators ranged from the 12 compartment, 32,000
gpm unit of Standard Oil to an only occasionally used one of 7 gpm on
Shell Oil Company's docks.
Through the cooperation of personnel at the California Regional
Health Laboratory, separation and the bulk of the analyses were made
in the field at their Los Angeles facility. Dried filter residues
were returned to Cincinnati for completion of the analysis.
Growth from filter media incubated in the field was streaked
on a nutrient medium and three selective media for isolation and
identification at Cincinnati.
Shell Oil Company, Wilmington
Dock Area CPhoto No. 1)
The separator is made of concrete, 20 ft. wide, 4 'ft. deep and
100 ft. long with five wooden oil baffles, slanted or angled across
the box with slotted pipe skimmers. It is normally operated with an
excelsior baffle screen in the final outlet to the harbor. Ballast
water is stored in a 31,000 bbl tank in the dock area. Average flow
reported by the company is 2.7 gpm ballast water, 3.6 gpm pump-bearing
cooling water and 0.9 gpm line-flush water; a total of 7.2 gpm (10 bbl/
hr). It has a maximum capacity of 400 gpm ballast water. It was
26
-------
sampled twice at average flow rates during the last week in April.
Free Oil Emulsified Dissolved Total Oil
mg/1 Oil mg/1 Oil mg/1 mg/1
Influent 4/27
4/30
Effluent 4/27
4/30
Ignoring the second effluent value for emulsified oil, which
seems an unreasonable one for this unit, and assuming a value equal
of the first, the overall efficiency of removal is 20 percent by
weight with practically all free oil removed, but with an increase in
dissolved oil.
Mobil Oil Corporation, Terminal
0.2
1.7
0.0
.05
9.1
9.4
6.8
(16.3)
0.8
4.1
1.1
5.0
10.1
15.2
7.9
(21.4)
11.9
rpo
(Ph
Island Dock (Photo No
It is a conventioal API separator, with a capacity of 3300 bbl,
made of reinforced concrete, 136 ft. long, 27 ft. 4 in. wide, 9 ft.
2 in. deep with 11 compartments and slotted pipe skimners. The first
three compartments are covered. Air and chlorine are pumped into the
central compartments and pH is adjusted in the final compartment with
a NaOH solution before discharge through an excelsior baffle into the
harbor. Ballast water is stored in a 25,000 bbl tank. The separator
normally operated at a flow rate of 70 bbl/hr (50 gpm) . Waste oil is
further separated in two covered compartments and returned to the
ballast tank for skimming (Fig. 5). It was operated and sampled once
(April 30) during the first week.
27
-------
*
s
j
-J-4-
M
j a. ,
CoriJurrff*
r io Comaj. A
g4f ^
/
Skimminy f/o»>
i
--
,
5
0
P
•n
^
OL
A
X _|
2 1
~~7ll
~~Jl*HI t*M
B
i
i
C
»_*/«
T
_j .
Chlorite
r
_>
y'n™
1
A,f
r
f.
r
1
1
r"-H
L . i /V<
A,
— 1
F
r
fAt/
/~
\ r
A
r1
s
i — ..
— T T TT-
Air ChJort*e
\ — ' 1 — 1
1
!
' *"- « - -
CA/^c^^0*9
\ x \
l\
\ J
\ L-
\ I
\. <
X if ^ A/
\
\
fn/ei1 Watfr /erf/
Cff
ti
y
r~> —
~~"~\-*--
s >
A •
_____
£.
jf
\^-
-
h-r-
" ^ "
f *~
•r—i—/-
/ N L
FT *^
^^"|^
fbj>^3 1 o
/
i/;/ ^OM^.
erf :
'• 4 '" Hf/Jf, 9 '- i '• Mffxt'jHVHi dtjoH.
paci ,
c
j
.
WASTE
SE PAW TOP -
WA T££
• S.W. T.
Mobil Oil Corporation
Fig.
5
WEST COAST PIPtLINES
-------
Free Oil Emulsified Dissolved Total Oil
mg/1 Oil mg/1 Oil mg/1 mg/1
Influent 4/30 0.6 12.3 10.7 23.6
Effluent 4/30 .05 14.5 7.8 22.4
Overall efficiency was 5 percent removal with the greatest
effectiveness again in removal of free oil.
U.S. Navy Fuel Depot.
San Pedro Dock Area~(Photo No. 5)
This is a rectangular reinforced concrete separator with two
parallel compartments and a capacity of 3,400 bbl. It operates with
two long channels, flowing down one side with five slotted pipe skim-
mers and returning the other side where it overflows a concrete weir
into a final compartment kept filled with straw from where it flows
into the harbor. Maximum flow is 1,000 bbl/hr with a normal operation
of 250 bbl/hr (175 gpm). Ballast water storage is a 20,000 bbl tank.
Waste from butter-worthing (tank cleaning) operations is stored here
as well as slops and ballast from vessels entering harbor. It was
sampled only once at normal flow rates during the week (April 27)
because of low storage in the tank.
Free Oil
mg/1
7.6
3.5
Emulsified
Oil mg/1
21.8
17.5
Dissolved
Oil mg/1
8.4
1.6
Total Oil
mg/1
37.8
22.6
Influent 4/27
Effluent 4/27
Overall efficiency was 40 percent with better than 50 percent
reduction in free oil, but with the largest rate as well as amount in
28
-------
reduction of dissolved oil. This is believed to be due to the dif-
ferent character of wastes at this operation and the probable pres-
ence of chemicals from tank cleaning. The sample collected compared
well with a prior analysis.
Bacteria identified from the separator influent were Pseudo-
monas sp., Coliform grp. and Proteus sp.
Union Oil Company
Wilmington Dock Area
A reinforced concrete API type separator, 85 ft. long, 12 ft.
wide, operating depth of 3-1/2 ft., with a capacity of 624 bbl. The
normal operating rate is 400 bbl/hour (280 gpm). The unit is situated
along the dock and discharges to the harbor. The ballast storage tank
holds 20,000 bbl. It was sampled three times during the survey with
the following results:
Free Oil Emulsified Dissolved Total Oil
mg/1 Oil mg/1 Oil mg/1 mg/1
Influent 4/29
4/30
Effluent 4/29
4/30
The bacteria isolated from a sample taken from the storage tank
were identified as Proteus sp. and Coliform grp.
The only reduction observed was in the free and emulsified oil.
This was both the smallest unit and for the size, the highest through
29
5.0
13.4
8.8
1.8
22.2
26.1
17.1
17.1
23.5
12.6
26.7
16.7
50.7
, 52.1
52.6
35.6
-------
put rate observed. The only conclusions drawn are that very little,
if any, treatment was accomplished in the separator and what was
evident was through gravity separation in storage.
Standard Oil Company, El Segundo
Beach Fbrebay (Figure 6)
This is a large reinforced, covered concrete separator with
12 separate parallel channels or compartments. Each compartment is
50 ft. long by 20 ft. wide with a depth of 12 ft. (operating depth
was only 6 ft. however). The overall dimensions were 250 ft. x 60
ft. and average flow-through was 30,000 to 32,000 gpm. This was the
largest of the separators examined. It contained not only ballast
water flow, if there were any, but also total plant flow from the
refinery. At this installation, tankers were unloaded off-shore at
mooring buoys, so that any ballast water unloaded was pumped through
the separators. The separator was fed by a 30-inch line and a 24-
inch line from refinery forebays, each of which is duplicated. An
intake flume distributes this flow among the 12 compartments and
also provides closures to any compartment for repairs or for clean-
ing. Outlet flow is combined in a 60-inch outlet line submerged
into the ocean. A bypass to the beach for the entire unit is also
provided. Compartment No. 6 was the only one selected for sampling
because of the sealed compartments. Three sets of samples were
taken, two of which were from this final separator:
30
-------
-Influents from
plant separators
Removable
gate bypass
?ach
^^*fc
Separate
compart
lents
^
J
— >
r
I
"V1^ *
Outlet
Control
valve
V.
Skimming -— ^^"^
lines
Plan
jtf~~~ skimmer
1
I
t\
\
Weir
1
1
Intake
flume
i.JlZJLUdlL
baffle
SECTION
Fig. 6. Standard Oil Separator
-------
27.1
17.7
40.0
8.0
36.8
23.6
14.9
32.5
16.9
5.5
4.4
3.9
10.5
4.9
10.7
55.1
36.5
83.0
29.8
53.0
Free Oil Bnulsified Dissolved Total Oil
mg/1 Oil mg/1 Oil mg/1 mg/1
Influent 4/27
4/28
4/30
Effluent 4/28
4/30
(These values were higher than those determined by Standard Oil
on duplicate samples. Their values for total oil and grease in their
effluent for April 28 and 30 were 11.2 mg/1 and 8.3 mg/1, respectively.)
Overall efficiencies were 18 percent and 36 percent. Free oil
was again reduced in each case, but the last sample showed a substantial
reduction in the emulsified phase. This, however, may be due to
plating outof the emulsified phase, as this sample was returned to
Cincinnati, intact and analyzed there rather than at Los Angeles.
Bacteria isolated and identified from an effluent sample in-
cluded Paracolobactrum sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Coliform grp.
Atlantic-Richfield
Long Beach Dock Area (Photo NO. 4
This was the only air-flotation available for sampling treating
efficiency. A conventional unit, it consisted of 1000 bbl flotation
tank with injection of 40 psi air in the dwell vessel prior to the flo-
tation tank. Ballast storage was accumulated in a 45,000 bbl tank for
pre-skimming of oil. Average flow through the system was 5,000 bbl/day.
31
-------
Oily water is pumped through a dwell vessel, receiving 40 psi air
injection; from there it enters the bottom of the flotation tank,
passing through diffusers where the dissolved air is released from
solution, forming tiny bubbles having sufficient velocity to carry
oil and sludge particles to the surface; there four rotating flight
scrapers move the free oil to a hopper, where it is transferred by
pump to a storage tank. The clarified water passes over a weir, drops
into an effluent launder encircling the tank and flows to an outfall
in the harbor. A spill boom protects the outlet in the event of upset
conditions. Arrangements are available for adding coagulating chemi-
cals prior to the wastewater entering the dwell vessel, but none were
used during the sampling period. Three sets of samples were collected
and analyzed:
Free Oil Emulsified Dissolved Total Oil
mg/1 Oil mg/1 Oil mg/1 mg/1
Influent 4/27
4/28
4/29
Effluent 4/27
4/28
4/29
At low influent levels no improvement was evident, but at
higher oil content levels, a high degree of effectiveness was noted--
92 percent. Eighteen percent was recorded on the last sample, and all
effluent samples were below 50 mg/1 total oil.
32
12.4
178.3
4.2
14.8
6.0
0.5
9.8
39.1
18.7
13.9
12.3
14.5
2.0
3.0
37.0
4.0
0.3
34.2
24.2
220.4
59.9
32.7
18.6
49.2
-------
Photograph Number
1 Shell Oil Separator, Wilmington Dock
2 Mobil Oil Separator, Terminal Island
3 Navy Riel Depot, San Pedro, discharge end
4 Atlantic-Richfield Air-flotation Unit
(storage tank in background)
5, 6 Oil raft "doughnut" tied up and receiving
wastes from ship
33
-------
Photo jfl. Shell 011 Separator,
Wilmington Dock
Photo #2. Mobil Oil Separator,
Terminal Island
'
#3. Navy Fuel Depot
San Pedro, discharge and
. Atlantic-Richfield
Air-flotation Unit (Storage tank
in "background)
-------
Photos #5 & #6. Oil raft "doughnut" tied up and receiving
wastes from ship.
-------
A sample from the effluent was found to have Pseudomonas sp.,
Coliform grp., and Proteus sp.
U.S. Navy Station
San Diego (Photos" 5 and 6
A typical Navy oil disposal raft in active use was sampled at
the San Diego Navy Base. At the time of sampling it was about half
full and out board of the destroyer using it to dispose of slops and
bilge water. The sample was taken of the water phase within the
"doughnut" and beneath the oily layer. A background sample of water
in the dock area was taken at the same time.
Free Oil Emulsified Dissolved Total Oil
mg/1 Oil mg/1 Oil mg/1 mg/1
Inside raft 4/29 - 7.2 14.0 21.2
Dock area 4/29 - 1.8 4.4 6.2
Obviously water displaced from within the oil raft contains a
measurable amount of oil in addition to the solids that settle out the
bottom. A bacteria sample from within the raft contained Pseudomonas
sp., Coliform grp., and Proteus sp.
Microbiological Analysis*
Many of the bacteria found as contaminants in liquid hydrocarbon
fuels (gas, fuel oil, etc.) commonly occur in soil, air and surface
waters. Interest in identification of the genus, group, or species of
"Conducted by L. A. Resi and W. E. Stager, Microbiologist, Division of
Field Investigations, for this report.
34
-------
microorganisms centers on the problems of contamination during handling
and storage, which may lead to an unusable fuel. Table IV lists bac-
teria isolated from fuel. This study was concerned with the bacteria
present as a source of degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons, as well
as a source of bacterial contamination in the water and wastewater from
petroleum storage facilities.
Water and wastewater samples from oil storage facilities were
collected and bacterial isolates were made. Some of the organisms
isolated may be directly related to the biological degradation of fuel.
However, since many of these organisms are ubiquitous there are no
means of directly identifying them to these processes.
The microbiology samples were collected in sterile sample
bottles from tie following sampling stations: No. 1 - Standard Oil
(El Segundo) Final Separator; No. 2 - Navy Station (San Diego) Oil
Raft; No. 8 - Atlantic-Richfield (Long Beach) Effluent; No. 11 -
Naval Fuel Depot (San Pedro) Ballast Water Storage; No. 19 - Union
Oil (Wilmington) Ballast Water Storage; NFD - Naval Fuel Depot (San
Pedro) Treatment Pond. Sample aliquots were filtered through sterile
0.45 u membrane filters. The filters were placed on pre-prepared
media, incubated for 24 hours and placed in mail containers for return
to Cincinnati. Brain heart infusion gear (BHIA) in 50 mm plastic
petri dishes was used as growth and transport medium.
The containers were returned to the Division of Field Investi-
gations, Cincinnati. On arrival at the microbiology laboratory, four
35
-------
and five days had elapsed since the water samples were filtered. All
filters showed confident growth. Isolates from BHIA and the bacteria
listed in Table IV were predominatly Gram Negative organisms. In
attempting to isolate and identify the bacterial genera present, growth
from four random cross-sections of each sample were examined. This
growth was streaked on a nutrient medium (BHIA) and three selective
media: ENDO agar, Brilliant Green agar and Eosin Methylene Blue agar.
After incubation at 35°C. for 24 hours, four representative colonies
from six sampling stations (1, 2, 8, 11, 19 and MFD) were studied for
colony morphology and biochemical reactions. The colonies identified
are listed in Table V.
Bacteria from the coliform group were isolated from all samples.
Proteolytic organisms (Proteus sp.) were isolated from all sampling
points studied except Station 1. Pseudomonas, the species most often
mentioned in the literature as active in decomposition of liquid hydro-
carbon fuels, were not recovered from two (Stations 19 and NFD) of the
six sampling stations. Paracolobactrum species, enteric organisms
like the coliform group, were isolated from Stations 1 and NFD. These
"paracolon" organisms were suspected of being Salmonella from their
biochemical reactions. However, they proved to be "paracolons" when
negated with polyvalent Salmonella typing serum.
The organisms isolated from these water and wastewater samples
may or may not be directly related to the biological degradation from
microbial contaminants of liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Some of the bac-
terial genera isolated have species that are considered pathogenic to
36
-------
man and animals. These microorganisms could have sanitary significance
if discharged in number into a water course.
The sample obtained from the Naval Fuel Depot was of particular
interest, because at this depot location, a particular effort had been
made in an open storage pit to encourage biological degradation of
fuel. As noted Proteus sp, Paracolobactrum sp. and Coliform grp. were
the only organisms isolated. Pseudomonas were not recovered, nor were
visual results of degradation observed in the sampling period.
37
-------
Table IV.
SOME OF THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF MICROORGANISMS
ISOLATED FROM FUEL
Bacteria
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Pseudomonas sp.
Bacillus subtitis
Bacillus mycoides
Bacillus sp.
Brevebacterium sp.
Paracolobacterium sp.
Escherishia sp.
Bacterium sp.
Flavobacterium sp.
Micrococcus sp.
Thiobacillus sp.
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans
(From Swatek, Frank E., 1963)
38
-------
Table V.
ORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM WATER AND WASTEWATER SAMPLES
FROM OIL STORAGE IN THE VICINITY OF SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA
Station No. 1
Standard Oil
Station No. 2
Naval Station
Station No. 8
Atlantic-Richfield
Station No. 11
Naval Fuel Depot
Station No. 19
Union Oil Co.
NFD
Paracolobactrum sp.
Paracolobactrum sp.
Pseudomonas sp.
Pseudomonas sp.
Coliform
Coliform
Coliform
Pseudomonas sp.
Coliform
Coliform
Coliform
Coliform
Pseudomonas sp.
Pseudomonas sp.
Pseudomonas sp.
Pseudomonas sp.
Pseudomonas sp.
Coliform
Pseudomonas sp.
Coliform
Coliform
Proteus sp.
Coliform
Coliform
Proteus sp.
Proteus sp.
Proteus sp.
Coliform
Pseudomonas sp.
Pseudomonas sp.
Proteus sp.
Proteus sp.
Pseudomonas sp.
Coliform
Proteus sp.
Pseudomonas sp.
Proteus sp.
Proteus sp.
Proteus sp.
Coliform
Proteus sp.
Proteus sp.
Proteus sp.
Proteus sp.
Pseudomonas sp.
Proteus sp.
Proteus sp.
Coliform
Pseudomonas sp.
Pseudomonas sp.
Pseudomonas sp.
Pseudomonas sp.
Pseudomonas sp.
Coliform
Coliform
Coliform
Proteus sp.
Proteus sp.
Proteus sp.
Proteus sp.
Proteus sp.
Proteus sp.
Proteus sp.
Proteus sp.
Proteus sp.
Proteus sp.
Coliform
Coliform
Coliform
Coliform
Coliform
Proteus sp.
Coliform
Proteus sp.
Coliform
Coliform
Proteus sp.
Proteus sp.
Coliform
Coliform
Proteus sp.
Proteus sp.
Proteus sp.
Proteus sp.
Proteus sp.
Proteus sp.
Proteus sp.
Proteus sp.
Coliform
Proteus sp.
Proteus sp.
Proteus sp.
Proteus sp.
Proteus sp.
Coliform
Paracolobactrum sp
39
-------
REFERENCES
Noll, C. A. and Tomlinson, W. J.
Fixing and Determining Oil in Feed Water and Boiler Water.
Industrial § Engineering Chemistry, 15:10, 629-632,
October 15, 1943.
Test Instructions No. 50, Volumetric Measurement of Freon
Extractables, Nalco Chemical Co., undated, Chicago.
3. Field § Bench Studies of a Ballast Water Treatment Facility,
Envirotech Systems, Inc., undated, Brisbane, California.
4. Becker, C. H.
Filtration. Industrial Water Engineering, 8:5, 12, May 1971.
5. Equipment for the Chemical § Process Industry, DeLaval Separation
Co., Bulletins, New York, 1969.
6. Separation/Filters, Fram Corp., Tulsa, July 1968.
7. Uren, L. C.
Petroelum Production Engineering, p. 472-578, New York, 1969.
8. Freon Solvent Bulletin, E. I. DuPont de Nemours § Co.,
Wilmington, 1959.
9. Kawahara, F. K.
Laboratory Guide for the Identification of Petroleum Products.
FWPCA, January 1969.
10. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,
APHA, AWWA, 12th Ed., 1965.
11. Manual on Disposal of Refinery Wastes, Vol. IV, Sampling and
Analysis, API, 1957; Liquid Wastes, 1969.
12. Oil Spillage Study Literature Search, Battelle Memorial Institute,
November 1967.
13. Kingsbury, A. W.
Development of an Oily Water Separator. Jour. WPCF, 38:2,
236-240, February 1966.
14. Marine Engineering/Log, Simmons-Boardman Pub. Co., Monthly,
Various Publications.
40
-------
15. Hosteller, H. F. and Powers, E. J.
Bugs, Surfactants and Woes. Preprint, API, Div. of Refining,
May 13, 1963.
16. Swatek, F. E.
Fundamentals of Microbiological Contamination of Liquid
Hydrocarbon Fuels. Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit,
January 14-18, 1963.
17. Fragala, R., Trickett, E. and Jasinski, R.
Microbiological Treatment of Waste Oil Sludge, for Massachusetts
Division of WPC, 40 pp., 1970.
18. Beacon, D. K.
Sand Filtration Cuts Pollution. Oil § Gas Journal, June 2, 1969,
p. 76.
19. Hooper, M. W. and Myrick, H. N.
Evaluation of Solid and Liquid Waste Discharge Management
Techniques for Commercial Watercraft, Offshore Technology
Conference, April 19-21, 1971, Houston.
41
-------
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES OF INTEREST
Beychok, M. R., Aqueous Wastes from Petroleum and Petrochemical
Plants. Wiley § Sons, 1967.
Bland, W. F. and Davidson, R. L., Petroleum Processing Handbook,
McGraw-Hill, 1967.
Faulconer, F. M., McCann, D. F., Bedell, H. L., A Method of Con-
ditioning of Refinery Effluent for Re-use and Disposal.
API Meeting Paper, Houston, 1949.
King, G. E., Oil Separator for Refinery Wastewater Disposal.
API Meeting Paper, Houston, 1949.
Ludzack, F. L., and Kinkead, D., Persistence of Oily Wastes in
Polluted Water Under Aerobic Conditions. Industrial
and Engineering Chemistry, 48:263, February 1956.
McMorris, W.B., How to Avoid Oil-Waste Pollution. Engineering
New-Record, p. 42, September 29, 1949.
Monsori, F. T., Resolution of Oil-In-Water Emulsions.
Petroleum Engineer, December 1946.
Rohlich, G. A., Hydraulic Characteristics of Gravity-Type Oil
Water Separators. Univ. of Wisconsin Engineering
Experiment Station Reprint, 1951.
42
-------
APPENDIX A
Survey of Facilities for the Reception of Oily Wastes from Vessels
conducted by
The United States Coast Guard
July 1970
Key to Symbols
Column 2: Type of Facility
A - at ports for non-tank ships
B - at oil loading terminals for tankers
C - at ship repair ports ships entering for repairs
Column 3: Mobile or Stationary
M - mobile
S - stationary
All Columns:
N - none
U - unknown
-------
Location end name of
facility
First Coast Guard District
MAIKE
Banpor
Merril. Transport Co.
Portland
Coastal Services Div.,
Ocean Vorld, Inc.
MASSACHUSETTS
Beverly
Chemical applications
Company
/Braintree
Coastal Services Div. ,
Ocean World, Inc.
Charlestoi/n
U. S. Navy Shipyard
"VP-
S
or
M
M
M
M
S
M
Capacity in
gallons
282,000
0
38,000
50,000
100,000
423; ooo
description
47 trucks
(6,000 gal. each)
none existing
6 mobile tanks (5,000 gai
each), 2 vacuun .trucks
(4,000 gal. each)
6 trucks
4 tanks
1 sludge ring (5*000 gal
2 sludge barges (79,000
tjal. each)
2 sludge barges (130,000
gal. each)
dote
nstallefi
U
vithin
tho past
10 years
U
U
restrictions
on
availability
35 of the trucks
are available only
in winter
N
N
N
additional
plans
N
negotiating for
840,000 gal.
facilities
N
negotiating for
1,764,000 gal.
facilities in
Soston ore?.
N
-------
Location and name of
facility
Chelsea
Munro Shipyard
Eosl Boston
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Shipyard
. Brorafield Shipyard
v/
Fairhaven
Hathaway Braley Wharf
Company
Fall Illver
Shell Oil Co.
Kev; Jtedford
Addesco Company
Saunders Oil Company
Revere
Gibbs Oil Company
/South Boston
White Fuel Company
Typ
C
c
C
A
B
B
B
S
or
M
M
M
M
S
M
S
M
K
S
S
Capacity in
gallons
10,000
42,000
10,000
5,000
5,600
50,000
12,200
6,400
3,000
1,008,000
description
2 barges (5,000 gal. ea)
1 barge
2 tanks (5,000 gal. ea.)
1 tank (5,000 gal. ca.)
2 trucks (2,800 gal. ea.)
2 tanks (25,000 gal. ea.
1 track (6,£00 gal.)
1 truck (5,800 gal.)
2 trucks (3,200 gal. each
U
U
date
installed
U
U
U
U
1935-1940
estimatet
a
u
u
1968
restrictions
on
availability
N
restricted to
reasonably calm
water
N
N
company use only
(seldom used)
N
N
N
N
additional
plans
H
N
N
N
fl
N
N
K
B
-------
Location and name of
facility
South Dartmouth
Pier Oil Company
Wai tli am
Pierce Brothers, Inc.
Vest Yarmouth
Cannon Tank Cleaners
RHODE ISLAND
Coastal Services Div.,
Ocean World, Inc.
Newport
Newport Shipyard, Inc.
Providence
Ihuuble Oil and Refining
Company
Texaca Oil Company
rypr
B
C
B
B
S
or
M
M
M
3
M
S
M
S
9
Capacity in
gallons
17,000
35,000
,500,000
15,000
12,000
0
2,000
20,000
23,200
description
1 barge
3 trucks
6 tanks.
3 trucks
1 tank
N
1 barge
U
2 tanks (12,690 gals, ea
date
nstalled
U
U
1930
U
1950
1970
1952
1950
restrictions
on
availability
N
N
N
K
N
Company use only
Company use only
(no longer in
active use)
additional
plans
N
N
H
W
negotiating for
1,680,000 gal.
facilities in
Rh'ode Island area
N
K
H
-------
Location and name of
facility
Second Coast Guard District
ILLINOIS
Cairo
Cairo Marine Service
Hartford
American Oil Company-
Clark Oil Company
Shell Oil Company
National Marine
Service
Peoria
Lenze Oil Service
Plymouth
Wireback Oil Company
ryot
B
A
B
C
A
B
C
S
or
M
S
M
S
M
S
M
i
Capacity in
gallons
0
U
300,000
12,000
108,000
3,700
50,400
1O,000
t
description
N
oil loading terminals
sludge pond
sludge barge
6 tanks, not on water
2 tracks
waste oil tanks, not on
watei; tvo trucks
date
installed
TJ
U
1950
1917
restrictions
on
availability
will accept oily
residues in an
emergency only
U
tanks vri.ll accept
oily residues if
not mixed with too
nuch vater
will accept oily
mixture without
too much solid
material
additional
plans
studying a re-
fuse, used oil,
and bilge water
collecting station
U
U
additional fac-
ilities are
planned
H
-------
Location end name of
facility
INDIANA
Jeffersonville
Jeffboat, Inc.
IOWA
Dubuoue
Dubuque Tank Terminal
Company
LJnuood
American Oil Company
KEKTUCKY
Ashland Oil, Inc.
Typr
C
B
S
or
M
S
S
S
Capacity in
gallons
564,000
200 gal. per nin.
13,020,000
210,000
504,0dtf
210,000
description
3. tanks (45,000 gal.,
25,000 gal., and 494,000
gal.); the first 2 arc
used for tank cleaning
operations
waste passes through
grease traps, and water
then goes to city sewage
treatment plant; used for
cleaning barges
U
heavy oils
medium oils
light oils
dato
installed
mid
1940 's
1965
1957
1967
restrictions
on
' availability
None in an emer-
gency
Company use only
N
petroleum product
only
additional
plans
none; the third
tank nay be sold
N
TJ
N
-------
Location and ncme of
facility
Pndiicah
Paducah Marine Ways
Walkers Midstream Service
MINNESOTA
Minnenpolig
J. L. Shiely Company
St. Paul
Twin City Barge and
Towing Company
MISSOURI
Cape GJrordeou
Missouri Drydock and
Repair Company
KnnsoH City
American Oil Conpany
Type
C
S
or
K
M
M
S
M
S
Capacity in
gallons
79,800
0
'"unlimited"
"unlimited"
420,000
126,000
description
tank barge (50,400 gal.
clean product; 29,400 gaL
contaminated product)
N
U
U
tank barge (120,000 gal.
clean product; 120,000
gal. conteninated product?
sludge pond
date
installed
1970
1965
.1970
1969
1962
restrictions
on
availability
N
N
N
•will accept pet-
roleum product
waste mixtures in
in the case of a
spill in the area
additional
plans
(I
studying a re-
fuse, used oil,
and bilge water
collecting station
N
N
U
-------
Location and nair.e of
facility
Conservation Chemical
Company
St. Louis
Midwest Oil Refining
Company
Mobil Oil Company
Reidy Brothers Terminal
Inc.
St. Louis Fuel and
Supply Co.
NEBRASKA
Monarch Oil Company
Type
B
C
A
B
S
or
M
S
S
M
S
M
S
M
M
S
Copacity in
gallons
200,000
65,000
15,000
100,000
18,000
U
504,000
378,000
4,500
1,000,000
description
sludge pond
tanks
3 trucks (5fOOO gal ea.)
tanks
4 tracks
oil loading terminal
2 tanks (126,000 gal. ea)
and a sludge pond (252,CO(
gal.)
sludge tank barge
residue tejik barge (3,000
gal. in bulk plus 1,500 •
gal. in drums)
tanks (in addition, there
is a sludge pond 20 ft.
deep covering 5 acres.)
date
n stalled
1963
1934
U
U
1965
1948
restrictions
on
availability
N
will accept oil if
there is not too
much water in it
will accept oily
residues in an
emergency only
for company use,
but available in
an emergency
N
It is 1200 ft.
from the facility
to the river's
edge; there is no
pipeline. Residu
rrast contain
enough oil for
economical1 repro-
cessing.
additional
pi ens
under study
N
U
plan to install
a "waste disposal
facility" for
vessels
N
N
-------
Location end nsrao of
fr.ci.lity
OHIO
Cincinnati
River Transportation
Company
PENNSYLVANIA
Vanport
Petroleum Solvent
Division, Ashland Oil
Company
VEST VIRGINIA
Charleston
Union Carbide Corp.
THIRD COAST GUARD DISTRICT
CONNECTICUT
Type
C
S
or
M
S
S
Capacity in
gallons
13,000
70,000
8,400,000
description
U
facility for cleaning
tank barges prior to
entering shipyard
U
date
installed
1960
1962
1945
restrictions
on
• availability
available by
appointment
light oils only
refined hydrocar-
bons only
additionc-1
plans
H
H
N
Connecticut River
Automated Comfort
Chevron Oil Company
250,000
tank
temporary storage
a facility is
planned
-------
Q,
Location and name of
facility
Pratt & Whitney
- Middletown Plant
- Villgoos Labs
Shell Oil Company
Now Haven
Connecticut Coke Co.
Dosch-King Company
Eljn City Plant No. 1
Elm City .Plant No. 2
Metropolitan Petroleum
Company
Michael Schiavone
and Sons, Inc.
NEW JERSEY
YflChemical Kleen Services,
Inn.
Bayonno
& Standard Tank
Cleaning
Samson Tank
cypc
S
or
M
S
S
S
S
S
S
M
M
M
S
M
Capacity in
gallons
500,000
23,000
1,000
0
1,000,000
1,000
5,000,000
15,000
0
5,040
17,100
1,512,000
2,-000,000
384,000
description
tank
tank
tank
N
tank
tank
tank
tank
N
2 vacuum trucks (2940 gal
and 2100 gal.)
4 vacuum trucks (3 trucks
4,766 gal. plua 1 tmefc,
3,000 gal.)
2 vacuum barges (1.,4JOOOO
gal. and 42,000 gal)
tanks
11 vacuum trucks (10 truck
JS,000 gal., and 1 truck,
^,000 gal.)
date
installed
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
1952
1965
M965
restrictions
on
availability
temporary .storage
temporary storage
temporary storage
temporary storage
N
temporary storage
temporary storage
N
N
N
additional
plans
U
U
U
a facility is
clamed
U
U
U
U
a facility is
planned
H
N
N
-------
10
Location and name of
facility
Bridgeport
Rollins Pearl
Browntown
Loeffel's Waste Oil
East Millstone
Reid Russel Company
Elizabeth
Chemical Union Corp.
Elizabeth Disposal
Service Inc.
Hoboken
Bethlehen Steel
Jamesburg
Jersey Tank Company
Keyport
Rollo Trucking Corp.
Type
S
or
H
S
S
M
M
S
K
M
S
M
M
Capacity in
gallons
250,000 gal.
per day
U
IT
9,000
U
300,000
800 gal. per day
336,000
7,560
175,500
description
various treatment facilit-
ies
tank
mobile collection cana-
bility
3 vacuum trucks
(3,000 gal. each)
8-10 acre settling pond
60 vacuum trucks
(5,000 gal. each)
containers
tank and separator
3 vacuum tracks (1 truck,
2940 gal; 2 trucks,
2310 gal.)
27 vacuum trucks
(about 6,500 gal.)
date
installed
1970
1930
1965,
1969&
1970
1955
(new)
1960
1958
1960
1970
1950
restrictions
on
availability
N
N
N
N
none (Has no separa
tion capability)
reclaimed oil aus1
bo bumcblo
no bunker oil
N
additional .
plena
plan 75-,lOO siraiZar
treatment plants
throughput U.S.
N
N
N
N
N
N
vill acquire
4. or 5 tracks
per year
-------
11
Location and name of
facility
Linden
Cambridge Chemical
Cleaning Inc.
Motaven
L and L«Road
Oil Service
Paulsboro
Kobil Oil Company
Red Dank
Chemical Tank Line Inc.
Rutherford
Active Oil Service Inc.
South riains
Scientific Chemical
Treatment Company
V/estviUe
Texaco Inc.
NEW YORK
Keu York
Guardino
Oil Tank Cleaning
rypf
S
or
K
M
S
S
M
M
S
S
«
M
Capacity in
gallons
2,800
100,000
4,200
U
52,200
U
1,087,800
2,100
.42,000 barge
210,000 barge
42,000 barge
42,000 barge
description
1 vacuum truck
tank (also have mobile
collection capability
of unknown capacity)
tank
110 vacuum truck?
9 vacuum trucks (5,800
gal.)
recovery plant; also have
3 land fills, "but use nuj?
be prohibited
2 tanks (697.200 gal. &
390,600 gal.)
vacuum truck
date
nstalled
U
U
U
U
1969
1970
U
1950
1960
1930
1940
1899
1920
restrictions
on
• Availability
H
N
N
N
N
N
company approval
N
N
additional
plans
M
N
1
will aco^iiro 1
track per year
N
•
M
N
-------
12
Location and none of
facility
Pittston Company
Subsidiary
Riverhead
North ville Dock Corp.
DELAWARE
Palauare City
Getty Oil Company
PENNSYLVANIA
Chester
Sun Shipbuilding and
Drydocking Company
Mnrcus Hook
Sun Oil Company
Philadelphia
Gulf Oil Corp.
Tj/pi
C
B
B
S
or
M
S
5
S
M
M
M
S
S
S
S
M
S
Capacity in
gallons
1,^70,000
2,100,000
84,000
588,000
9,000
300 gal.
por riin.
504,000
1,260,000
350,000
1,3U,000
4,200
3,780,000
I
description
tank
tank
tank
barge
3 vacuum trucks
(3,000 gal.)
separator
tank
tank
tank
1 tank
2 vacuum trucks
(2,100 gal.)
tank
date
.nstalled
1966
1945
1960
1962
1970
1970
1957
1956
U
1969
U
U
restrictions
on
availsbility
K
N
N
ships entering
for repairs
petroleum residue
only
cosspany approval
availability, of
dock space
i
additional
plans
attempting to
create a cleanup
company
N
N
N
N
N
new, larger tank
is planned
i
-------
-V-
Location and njjjne of
facility
FIFTH. COAST GUARD DISTRICT
MARYLAND
Baltimore
American Sugar Co.
Ashland Oil Company
Atlantic Richfield Co.
Autoline Oil Company
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Captain Ship
Chandlery
James M. Fesmire &
Sons
fl, ifaff^esgea? Qeuppay
Humble Oil & Refining
Company
Sinclair Refining Co.
•ypc
M
s
or
M
S
S
s
s
M
S
s
M
M
M
S
M
S
5
Capacity in
gallons
12,000
500,000
400,000
100,000
8,000
4,000
1,000
200,000
100,000
125,000
9B0,Q9P
50,000
25,000
8,000
description
tank
tank
3 tanks
3 tanks
truck
tank
tank
2 tanks
tank
tank
*•**
barge
2 tanks
tank and separator
dats
.nsialled
1921
U
1948
U
U
1920
U
1957
U
U
y
U
U
U
restrictions
on
availability
emergency use
only
emergency use
only
advance notice
required
None — tanks are
not in use.
'/hen available
When available
When available
When available
N
When available
gmes-geney use
only
when available
When available
When available
acditior.al
plans
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
if
N
N
N
-------
Location and name of
facility
Sun Oil Company
U.S. Coast Guard Yard
Curtis Bay
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Tank Cleaning Plant
Falrfield
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
(1) Buffalo Tank Div.
(2) Tanker Cleaning
PiMl*
WORTH CAROLINA
Vi IMngton Port area
American Oil Company
Atlantic Richfield Co.
Cupe Penr Terminal
TJIJ.X
P
*
i
/
B
B
3
S
or
M
S
M
\
o
1
M
S
S
S
S
S
S
Capacity in
gallons
12,000
1,000
40,000
300,000
3,000
§0,000
200,000
150,000
42,000
1,000
20,000
description
tank
Dempster container on
truck
sludge barge (bottomles£
slop tank with centri-
fuge system for separa-
ting oil
manufactures small oil
tanks vhich are immediate
ly available (about 100
tanks on hand)
2 tonics
ship section
ballast tank
(separator alao^ay.ailcblo;
0
U
U
date
Installed
U
1968
1944
U
1970
1959
1965
1965
U
1955
U
restrictions
on
availability
N
Coast Guard ves?
sels
Coast Guard ves-
sels
N
N
emergency use onTj
emergency use onl
6-aergen.Qy use onl
N
N
additional
plans
N
N
another 40,000
gal. sludge barge
.s being construct-
ed
N
If
N
N
N
N-
H
1 i'
-------
15!
Location and name of
facility
Hercules, Inc.
Hess Oil Company
Horton Industries
Humble Oil Company
Phillips Oil Company
Shell Oil Company
Somerset Construction
Sun 'Oil Company
Taylor Piedaont
Texaco, Inc.
Wilmington Iron Works
Wilmington Shipyard
Type
S
or
K
M
5
M&
S
S
S
S
M
S
S
S
M
S
Capacity in
gallons
50
1,000,000
168,000
U
500
1,000
about 500
10,000
40,000
1,000
U
5,000
description
U
2 lagoons
U
slop tanks and 2-acre
reservoir
U
TJ
U
U
U
U
55-gallon druns
U
date
n stalled
U
1968
1961
1963
1954
1930
about 195
to I960
U
U
U
U
1963 or
1964
restrictions
on
•availability
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
K
additional
pXans
P
?
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
i
N
N
-------
Location and name of
facility
VIRGINIA
Chesapeake
Te
-------
17
Location and some of
facility
SEVENTH COAST GUAM) DISTRICT
FLORIDA
Jacksonville port area
American Oil Company
Atlantic Refining Company
Bellinger Shipyards
British Petroleum Oil
Company
Cities Service Oil
Company
Colonial Oil Company
Eastern Seaboard
Petroleum
Tiorida flowing gasp.
Gulf Oil Company
He33 Oil Company
Kennedy Generator
Norbhside Generator
Cypt
C
C
S
or
M
S
S
S
M
S
S
S
M
S
S
S
S
Capacity in
gallons
500
550
3,000
30,000
1,000
500
18,000
9.999
3,000
300
10,030
200
description
U
U
U
U
no existing facility
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
date
nstalled
1963
1970
1953
1970
1968
1969
1967
1969
1962
1960 '- - -
1958
1967
restrictions
on
availability
N
N
not available for
outside use
not available for
outside use
N
N
N
N
N
•H-
N
N
*
additional
plans
N
N
W
N
a separator
should be in-
stalled by end
of 1970
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
-------
Location and name of
facility
Northslde Shipyard
Shell Oil Company
Southside Generator
Southside Shipyard
St. Johns Shipyard
Standard Oil Company
Sun Oil Company
Texaco Inc.
KeyWeat Port area.
U.S. Kavy
various marinas and boat
yariSs
Miami Port area
Belcher Oil Company
P
-------
19
r°
o
Location and acme of
facility
various locations in Pain
Beach, Port Everglades,
and Miami
Tampa
Donanni Ship Supply
Central Oil Company
Tampa Ship Repair
and Drydock Company
GEORGIA
Savannah port area
American Oil Company
Savannah Machine & Foundr/
SOUTH CAROLINA
Charleston port area
ftcme Boat Yard
Detyens (Wando)
Hess Oil Company
Shell Oil Company
Type
C
B
C
C
C
C
B
B
S
or
M
M
M
M
S
M
S
S
M
S
S
S
M
S
Capacity in
gallons
U
294,000
420,000
5,000
30,000
126,000
U
6,000
U
U
30,000
U
24,000
description
tank trucks for pumping
septic tanks and oil tanks
on shore
3-4 tank barge
B-7 tank barge
holding tank
tank trailer
5 tanks
separator
tank truck
several 1,500 and 2,000
gal tanks
tanks.
3 tanks (10,000" gal.)
tank trucks
2 tanks (12,000 gal.)
date
installed
IT
1944
1955
U
1970
U
U
U
U
1967
P
U
restrictions
on
availability
as available
N
N
N
generally restrict
ed to vessels a-
vaiting repair
U
U
•U
for vessels under
contract only.
available on a cos
plus basis.
emergency use only
emergency use only
user must pay cost
of labor
additional
plans
N
N
N
N
N
TJ
U
U
U
U
U
-J
-------
Location and none of
facility
PUEP.TO RICO
Guayanilla
Corco
Los Mareas
Phillips Paerto
Rico Core, Inc.
San Juan
A fab Corp.
Coribbean^Gulf
Refining
Department of Public Works
Esso
Texaco
frlRGIN ISLANDS
St. Croix
Hess Oil Refining Co.
Type
B
B
B
B
B
S
or
M
M.
S
S
M
M
>
H
:1
*
M
S
Capacity in
gallons
5,000
8,000,000
1,250,000
290,000
1,600
300,000
2,000
325,000
12,000
4,000
2,100,000
description
vacuum truck
separator pond, storage
tanks, ballast tank
ballast tank
barge
vacuum track
separator tank
vacuum truck
barge
4. vacuum trucks (3,000
gel.)
vacuum truck
ballast tanks
date
.nstallcd
U
1956
1966
U
U
1955
U
U
9
U
1966
restrictions
on
availability
N
N
N
2 hour delay to
empty it
N
N
N
2 hour delay to
empty it
N
N
ft
additional
plans
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
K
I
-------
Location and name of
facility
EIGHTH COAST GUARD DISTRICT
ALABAMA
Mobile
U
LOUISIANA
A] piers
U
Baton Rouge
U
U
U
Berwick
U
ChnJiio'tite
U1
nrctna
U
llnhrwille
u:
ui
i
i
U
j
B
"»
3
C
C
C
S
or
M
M
H
S
*
3
M
S
3
S
S&M
i
Capacity in
gallons
302,000
163,000
420,000
420,000
3,360,000
210,000
840,000
504,000
210,000
23,000
description
barge (210,000 gal.),
barges (23,000 gal.)
U
1 tank and a pit
1 tank
1 tank
U
4 tanks
10 tanks and a pit
8 tanks
2 tanks and 3 unknown
mobile facilities
date
.nstalled
1963
1943
1959
1967
1966
1940
1948,
1967
1944
1963
1966,
1964
restrictions
on
availability
N
oil only
N
N
N
diesel fuel only
N
N
N
petroleum product
only
additional
plans
N
nay expand
may increase
by 1/3
nay increase
by #
N
N
N
M
N
: N
-------
Location and name of
facility
Norco
U
Ostriea^
U
Venice
U
U
KestweRQ
U
TEXAS
Brownsville
U
Laria Brothers ship
Wrecking Yard
Corpus Christi Port area
Atlantic Bichfield
Atlantic Pipeline Company
Champlin Petroleum Co.
Coastal Qtate Petro-.
Chemical Co.
Type
B
B
B
B
C
C
B
B
B
3
S
or
M
S
3
S
S
S
M
S
S
S
Capacity in
gallons
1,050,000
A, 620,000
3,108,000
3,360,000
-420,000
1,512,000
U
3,360,000
3,52^,000
2,100,000
4,410,000
description
1 tank
2 tanks
3 tanks
1 tank and 2 pits
6 tanks
spoil pits
tank trucks
3 tanks (2,310,000 gal.,
840,000 gal. . and
210,000 galO
3tanks (210,000 gal.,
2,520,000 gal.j and
79S,000 gal.)
tanks
tanks
\
i
date
.nstallod
1960
1954
1970
1965
1959
U
U
1938,
1940 &
1953
1940,
1953 &
1957
1955-
1944
restrictions
on
availability
ballast water orijy
ballast water orijr
ballast water only
ballast water only
U
U
U
emergency use only
emergency, use onl;
emergency use only
emergency use only
I
additional
plans
may increase
by 3,570,000
gal.
N
N
N
N
N
plan to expand
N
N
N
N
-------
Location and name of
facility
Hess Oil Company
Humble Pipeline Company
Rincon Shipyard
Mobil Oil Company
Southwestern Oil and
Refinery
Sun Pipeline Company
Suntide Refinery Company
Texaco Inc.
Texas Pipeline Company
Three Rivers Refinery
Terminal
Galve-iton
Todd's Shipyard
U
Typt
B
B
(i
j
B
B
I
}
)
i
B
C
A
S
or
M
5
•i
S
ft
D
*
}
I
S
S
5
«
5
S
M
i
Capacity in
gallons
252,000
4,620,000
30,000
672,000
546,000
1,764,000
1,785,000
8,000
840,000
294,000
U
U
description
tanks
tanks
tanks
tanks
tanks
tanks
tanks
tanks
tanks
tanks
slop lines leading to Z
ape* p£ta
barges
date
installed
1968
late 1940%
U
U
IT
1947
U
U
1953
U
IT
U
restrictions
on
availability
emergency use only
emergency use only
emergency use only
emergency use only
none except that
tank mist be clean
cd after use
N
emergency use only
emergency use only
emergency use only
N
U
V.
additional
plens
N
N
will increase by
26,000 gal.
11
more tanks are
planned
N
N
will install a
cenent pit
K
K
y
•K-
-------
Location and ncine of
facility
Har] inp.en
U
Hougton Ship Channel
Atlantic Richfield Corp
Humble Oil and Refining
Co.
Shell Oil and Refining
Company
Signal Oil and Gas Co.
TexacO Co.
Port Mansfield
U
Texan City
U
ryps
B
B
B
B
3
B
S
or
M
M
S
s
«
5
s
S
5
M
S
Capacity in
gallons
U
6,048,000
3,242,484
2,310,000
U
10,500 to 12,600
gal. per hour
2,310,000
U
U
description
tank tracks
2 tanks (3,024,000)
1 tank
1 tank
ballast pond
treatment plant
1 tank
tank trucks
aost docks have 'ballast
discharge lines leading to
open filter pits of tank
forn waste disposal systen
date
uistallefl
U
1950 to
1955
1964 to
1965 '
1969
U
1943 &
1969
1938
U
U
restrictions
on
availability
U
N
N
N
U
N
N
TJ
U
additional
plans
N
N
N
plan to enlarge
tank capacity to
4,200,000 gal.
N
N
U
N
-------
(X
Location and raaie of
facility
NINTH COAST GUARD DISTRICT
ILLINOIS
Chicago
U
U
MICHIGAN
Bay City
U
U
U
Detroit
U
U
U
U
U
U
rVP<
B
C
A
6
B
A
A
A
B
B
B
S
or
M
S
M
S
S
S
S
S
S
S &
M
S
S
Capacity in
gallons
10,000
10,000
85,000
252,000
840,000
1,500,000
1,800,000
4,000,000
1,500
24,000
1,600
description
U
tank barges and tank
trucks
U
tank
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
clato
installed
U
U
1955
1944
1970
1940 &
1945
1945 &
1960
1945 &
1970
1960
1961
1960
restrictions
on
availability
N
N
N
Leonard Oil Compaq
vessels only
N
N
N
depends or. market
conditions for
waste oil
emergency use only
Texaco Company and
emergency use only
emergency use only
non-flam able pro-
ducts only
addition el
plane
N
N
N
N
N
U
N
U
N
N
K
-------
Location and nomo of
facility
Grnnd Haven
U
U
HE'J YORK
Masoena
U
OHIO
Cleveland
U
U
U
U
U
U
TT
U
U
U
Hyp
B
B
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
S
or
H
S
S
S
M
H
M
M
M
M
S
S
S
S
Capacity in
gallons
500
1,000
A, 250, 000
34,000
113,000
3,600
4, 000
3,500
AS, 000
429,000
80,000
1,766
1,543,000
description
U
2 tanks (500 gal.)
2 legoons
4 tank tracks (8,500 gel.)
self- propelled slop boxg<
2 units (?) (1,800 gal.)
2 tracks (2,000 gal.)
2 tracks (1,750 gal.)
self -propelled slop barge
tank
4 tanks (20,000 gals)
Z tanks (883 gal.)
U
date
.^stalled
1955
1960
U
1966 to
1969
I960
1955
1964 &
1965
1966
1926
1947
1953 .
1928
192S
restrictions
on
availability
N
light oil only
R
3-hour notice
2-hour notice
12-hour notice
12-hour notice
12-hour notice
6-hour notice
H
H
N
N
additional
plans
K
H
N
N
N
H
H
N
N
N
H
X
M
-------
27
Location and aane of
facility
U
U
U
U
Lorain
U
Toledo
U
U
U
WISCONSIN
Superior
U
U<
Ul
Type
B
B
B
B-
B
B
B
B
A
A .
A
S
or
M
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
M
M
M
Capacity in
gallons
60,000
430,000
500,000
240,000
50,000
10,000
1,000,000
11,600
64,000
13,000
4,000
description
2 tanks (30,000 gal.)
tank
2 tanks (250,000 gal.)
12 tanks (20,000 gal.)
barge
tank
tank
tank
self-propelled barge
barge
2 tank trucks (2,000 gal.
date
installed
1947 to
1966
1946
1910
1968
1934
1953
1970
1942
U
U
U
restrictions
on
availability
N
N
sunnier and fall
only
K
6-hour notice
N
N
N
emergency use only
emergency use only
N
additional
plane
N
N
N
N
N
N
N'
N
N
N
N
-------
location and nama of
facility
Eleventh Coast Guard
District
CALIFORNIA
El wood
SignaT 011 Co.
Gaviota
Getty Oil Co.
llueneme
Port of Hueneme
Los Anqeles - Lonq Beach
(two unknown
companies)
Mobil Oil Co.
Phillips Co.
Richfield Oil Co.
Shell 011 Co.
Standard Oil Co.
Todd Shipyard
Union Oil Co.
U. S. Navy Fuel Depot
U. S. Navy Shipyard
ryp
B
B
A &
I
A,B
&C
B
B
3
B
3
f
3
J
*,
•
5
or
M
S
S
H
M
s-
S
S
s
s
M
S
s
M
Capacity in
gallons
210,000
1,260,000
1,200
315,000
840,000
294,000
210., 000
1 ,680,000
2*,520',000
10,000
210,000
840,000
1-35,000
description
U (not in use)
U (not in use)
U
75 vacuum tank trucks
(4,200 gal.)
U
U
U
U
U
portable tank
U
U
9 floating "doughnuts"
(15,000 gal.)
date
nsialled
1930
1951
U
1960 to
1969
1920's
1920's
1920's
1920's
1920's
U
1920's
1940's
U
restrictions
on
•availability
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
U
N
N
N
additional
plans
N
N
1,000 gal.
catch basin
planned
N
N
N
N
N
N
U
N
N
N
-------
29
Locabion and none of
facility
San Diego
Pepper Tank Cleanim
Service
Tenth Avenue Marine
Terminal
U. S. Navy
-Ballast Point area
-North Island
-32nd St. Naval
Station
San Pedro
U
Santa Barbara
'Sterns Wharf
Twelfth Coast Guard
District
CALIFORNIA
Senicia
Humble Oil Co.
Typr
A,
B,
fiC
A
B
A
B
S
or
M
M
M
S
M
'S
Capacity in
gallons
670,000
5,400
4,200
20,000
40,000
140,000
U
1,000
U (small)
description
4 bjarges
. 3 vacuum tank trucks
oil -water separation
facility
1 "doughnut"
2 "doughnuts"
7 "doughr.uts"
facility for receiving
contaminated oil
U
slop system on shore
dato
installed
U
1958
U
U
U
various
restrictions
on
•availability
N
N
U
U
N
•
no provision for
suction from
vessels
additional
plans
N
N
N
U
N
U
-------
30
Location and none of
facility
Estero Bay
Pacific Gas and
Electric Co., Morro
Say
Standard 011 Co.,
Morro Bay
Texaco Sales
Terminal, Korro Bay
Martinez
Phillips Oil Co.
Shell 011 Co.
Moss Landing
Pacific teas and
Electric
Richmond
Standard Oil Co.
-Point Orient
Typ.
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
S
or
N
S
S
S
S
S
S
Capacity in
gallons
U
U
1,554,000
U (small)
up to 126,000
gal. per hour
51,030,000
420,000
description
skimming pond
2 acres of settling
ponds
sump on shore
slop system on shore
small effluent system'
on shore
tanks on shore
slop system on shore
date
installed
1955
1932
1936
various
various
1948,
1951,
& 1967
various
restrictions
on
availability
ef fluent nust
not exceed 20
ppm oil
no oils heavier
than water or
high wax crude
waste
N
no provision for
suction from
vessels
no suction from
vessels
N
no suction from
vessels
additional
plans
N
N
N
U
U
N
U
-------
Location and name of
facility
Richmond (cont'd)
-Richmond Longwharf
Willamette Iron and
Steel Co.
Rodeo
Union 011 Co.
San Francisco
River Lines Co..
Standard Oil Co.
U. S. Naval Shipyard
Hunters Point
United Towing Co.
Tjlp
B
C
B
B
B
C
i
S
or
M
S
S
M
M
M'
M
M
S
M
H
Ccpacity in
gallons
1,260,000
54,453,000
1,260,000
2,100,000
3,612,000
1,113,000
770,000
357,000
70,505,400
1,654,800
924,000
description
slop system on shore
3 graving docks
(8,064,000 gal.), 1
graving dock (15,800,001
qal.), 1 graving dock
(13,451,000 gal.)
slop system on shore
5 barges (420,000 gal.)
3 barges (1,050,000 .
gal .) and 1 barqe
(462,000 gal.) "
1 barge
1 barge
1 barge
6 gmv-ing-docJts.
2 barges (327,400 gal.)
1 barge (92^,000 gal.)
dote
nsialled
various
U
various
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
restrictions
on
availability
limited suction
from vessels
U
limited suction
from vessels
for black oil
for clean oil
for black oil
for clean oil
for oil wastes
U
for black oft
for clean oil
additional
plans
U
N
U
N1
N
H
N
N
N
N
N
-------
32
Location and name of
facility
San Luis Obispo
Union Oil Co.
Vail e jo
U. S. Naval Shipyard
Mare Island
Thirteenth Coast Guard
District
OREGON
Astoria
Knap torn Towboat Co.
Standard Oil Co.
Marine Fuel Docks
Portland
Albina Engine Works
and Shipyard
American Ship
Dismantling
Type
B
C
A
C
C
S
or
M
S
S
S
M
S
M
Capacity in
gallons
2,310,000
28,345,800
600
1 ,000'
132,000
1,470,000
description
tank on shore
4 graving docks
U
barrel
6 tanks (22,000 gal.)
U
doto
^nstallcd
1953
U
U
1970
U
1964
restrictions
on
availability
no ballast
received under
10° API
U
fishing vessels
only
working hours
only; r.o deep-
draft ships
rig facilities for
ship-to-shore
transfer; up to
24 hours notice
is needed to
convert tanks-foi
oily wastes
N
additional
plena
N
N
N
N
negotiating
for a 4,500
gal. berge
U
1
-------
33
Gl
Location and name of
facility
Portland (cont'd)
Gunderson Brothers
Shipbuilding
Pacific Marine
Service, Swan
Island
Shaver Transportatio
Co.
Standard Oil Co.
Time Oil Co.
Zidell Machinery Co.
Type
C
A
&B
A
&3
8
5
or
M
M
M
M
S
s
M
Capacity in
gallons
3,500
1,000,000
210,000
210,000
3,360,000
U
description
tank on skids with
pumps
2 trucks
barge, pumps, and other
facilities for removing
oily wastes from ships
tank under construction
will have A.P.I, oil
separator
t?nk
liberty ship GODSMUX
converted to water
tanker; could be
sriopted for receiving
oily vcstes
date
installed
1960
1945
U
late
1970
1956
U
1
restrictions
on
availability
N
N
limited by lack
of means of
disposal
N
need 2 days '
notice
U
additional
plans
N
will build a
holding and
destructor
unit to re-
ceive oily
wastes di-
rectly from
vessels. Com-
pletion: late
1S7Q.
N
N
N
N
-------
Location and name of
facility
North Bend
Shell Oil Co.
Union Oil Terminal
Fourteenth Coast Guard
District
HAWAII
Honolulu
U
u
Standard 011 Co.
U. S. Navy, Pearl
Harbor
.GUAM
U. S. Navy
Typ<
B
3
A
A
3
S
or
M
S
S
H
S
S
M
H
M
S
Capacity in
gallons
il, 340,000
14,742,000
8,000
50,000
966,000
ti-
es, ooo
2,400
6,400
40,000
description
10 tanks
13 tanks
U
U
U
U
4 oil Hnos (22,000
gal.)
"Wheel erizer"
8 rieballast tanks (300
gal.)
2 deballast tanks
(20,000 qal.)
date
installed
U
U
1965
1950
I960
U
1957
6 1967
1968
1963
1953
restrictions
on
availcbility
H
N
U
U
company use only
U
U
U
U
U
additional
plans
N
N
U
U
proposed
stationary
3,400 gal.
tank
U
U
U
U
u
-------
35
Location and acme of
facility
GUAM (cont'd)
U. S. Navy
Seventeenth Coast Guard
District
ALASKA
Drift River
Cook Inlet Pipeline
Kenan
Kenai Pipeline
Ketch ikan
Standard Oil Co.
Typr
B
B
B
S
or
M
S
M
S
S
S
Capacity in
gallons
105,000'
7,000
3,780,000
6,300,000
18,900
description
oil skimming and
burning pit
7 tank trucks
u
U
U
date
installed
1953
U
1967
1962
1952
restrictions
on
availability
U
U
ice in winter
ice in winter
need 24 hours'
notice
i
additional
plans
U
U
N
N
N
------- |