ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT
REMOTE SENSING REPORT
PACIFIC NORTHWEST AREA
WASHINGTON, OREGON, IDAHO
APRIL AND JULY 1973
NATIONAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS CENTER-DENVER
DENVER, COLORADO
AND
REGION X. SEATTLE, WASHINGTON
SEPTEMBER 1974
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT
REMOTE SENSING REPORT
PACIFIC NORTHWEST AREA
WASHINGTON, OREGON, IDAHO
APRIL AND JULY 1973
National Field Investigations Center-Denver
Denver, Colorado
and
Region X, Seattle, Washington
September 1974
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CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION 1
PUGET SOUND, WASH 1
Bellingham Area 2
Anacortes Area 2
Port Townsend Area 2
Everett Area 2
Seattle Area 2
Tacoma Area 2
Bremerton Area 2
Shelton Area 2
GRAYS HARBOR, WASH 3
WILLAMETTE RIVER, OREG 3
COEUR D'ALENE LAKE, IDAHO 3
SNAKE AND SALMON RIVERS, IDAHO 3
II. SUMMARY 5
PUGET SOUND, WASH 5
Bellingham Area 5
Anacortes Area 5
Port Townsend Area 6
Everett Area 6
Seattle Area 6
Tacoma Area 7
Bremerton Area 8
Shelton Area 8
GRAYS HARBOR, WASH 8
WILLAMETTE RIVER, WASH 8
COEUR D'ALENE LAKE, IDAHO 9
SNAKE AND SALMON RIVERS, IDAHO 9
III. STUDY TECHNIQUES 11
AIRCRAFT AND FLIGHT DATA 11
SENSOR DATA 11
Cameras 11
Films and Filters 13
Camera Station 1 13
Camera Station 2 13
Camera Station 3 13
Camera Station 1 15
Camera Station 2 15
Camera Station 3 15
Camera Station 1 16
Camera Station 2 16
Camera Station 3 16
iii
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CONTENTS (Con't)
Infrared Line Scanner 16
DATA INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS 18
ERROR ANALYSIS 20
IV. RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION
PUGET SOUND AREA, WASH 23
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF AREA 23
BELLINGHAM (AREA A) 26
Description of Area 26
General Observations 28
Specific Observations,
Cherry Point-Neptune Beach Area 28
A-l Cherry Point Refinery -
Atlantic Richfield Company [3-001] . . 28
A-2 Intalco Aluminum Corporation [3-056]. . 28
A-3 Ferndale Refinery,
Mobil Oil Corporation [3-060] 30
Specific Observations, Bellingham Bay .... 30
A-4 Columbia Cement Company [2-097] .... 30
A-5 Unidentified Outfall 34
A-6 Lynden Umitilla Foods [2-215] 34
A-7 Bellingham Cold Storage [2-252] .... 34
A-8 Vita Food Products [2-187] 34
A-9 Bumble Bee Seafoods [3-005] 34
A-10 Oil Slick 36
A-ll Unknown Discharge 36
A-12 Oil Slick 36
A-13 Surface Runoff 36
A-14 Storm Drain 36
A-15 Unknown Discharge 36
A-16 Unknown Outfall ' . . 36
A-17 Georgia Pacific Corporation [2-081] . . 38
A-18 Unknown Discharge 38
ANACORTES (AREA B) 39
Description of Area 39
General Observations 39
Specific Observations 41
B-l Unknown Discharge 41
B-2 Northwest Fur Breeders [3-184] .... 41
B-3 Whitney Fidalgo [3-184] 41
B-4 Fisherman's Packing Corporation [2-289] 41
B-5 Anacortes Marina 43
B-6 Scott Paper Company [3-049] 43
B-7 Publishers Forest Products [2-202] . . 43
B-8 Texaco Corporation Refinery [3-053] . . 43
iv
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CONTENTS (Con't)
B-9 Texaco (Cont.) 47
B-10 Texaco (Cont.) 47
B-ll Shell Oil Company [2-034] 47
B-12 Allied Chemical Corporation [2-132] . . 47
PORT TOWNSEND (AREA C) 48
Description of Area 48
General Observations 48
Specific Observations 48
C-l Unknown Outfall 48
C-2 Oil Slick 49
C-3 Crown Zellerbach Corporation [2-055]. . 49
EVERETT (AREA D) 52
Description of Area 52
General Observations 52
Specific Observations 54
D-l Tulalip River 54
D-2 Weyerhaeuser Company,
Everett Kraft Mill (Mill C) [3-072] . . 54
D-3 Weyerhaeuser Kraft Mill (Cont.) .... 54
D-4 Weyerhaeuser Kraft Mill (Cont.) .... 58
D-5 Oil Slick 58
D-6 Weyerhaeuser Company
Sawmill Complex (Mill B) [3-682] ... 58
D-7 Weyerhaeuser Sawmill (Cont.) 60
D-8 Oil Slick 60
D-9 Everett Plywood Corporation [2-286] . . 60
D-10 Western Gear Corporation [3-224] ... 60
D-ll Scott Paper Company [2-014] 64
D-12 Scott Paper Company (Cont.) 64
D-13 Landfill Operation 65
D-14 Dock Construction 65
D-15 Weyerhaeuser Company,
Everett Sulfite Mill (Mill A) [2-040] . 65
D-16 Weyerhaeuser Sulfite Mill (Cont.) ... 65
D-17 Weyerhaeuser Sulfite Mill (Cont.) ... 68
D-18 Weyerhaeuser Sulfite Mill (Cont.) ... 68
D-19 Weyerhaeuser Sulfite Mill (Cont.) ... 68
D-20 Weyerhaeuser Sulfite Mill (Cont.) ... 68
D-21 Weyerhaeuser Sulfite Mill (Cont.) ... 68
D-22 Pigeon Creek 69
D-23 Storm Drain 69
D-24 Oil Slicks 69
SEATTLE (AREA E) 70
Description of Area 70
General Observations 71
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CONTENTS (Con't)
Specific Observations - Lake Washington
Ship Canal 71
E-l Oil Slicks 71
£-2 Seattle Cedar Lumber
Manufacturing Company [2-173] 71
E-3 Turbidity 71
E-4 Oil Slicks 71
E-5 Unknown Discharge 71
E-6 Oil Slicks 73
E-7 Unknown Discharge 73
E-8 Graystone Corporation [2-265] 73
E-9 Oil Slicks 73
E-10 Turbidity . . .- 73
Specific Observations - Elliott Bay 73
E-ll Seafood Processing Facilities 73
E-12 Discoloration 75
E-13 Todd Shipyards Corporation [2-652] . . 75
E-14 Lockheed Shipbuilding and Construction
Company (Plant No. 2) [2-004] 78
E-15 Lockheed Plant No. 2 (Cont.) 78
E-16 Unknown Discharge 78
Specific Observations - Duwamish Waterway . . 78
E-17 Lockheed Plant'No. 2 (Cont.) 78
E-18 Lockheed Shipbuilding and Construction
Company (Plant No. 1) [2-004] 79
E-19 Oil Slicks 79
E-20 Unknown Discharge 79
E-21 Potential Discharge 79
E-22 Unknown Discharge 79
E-23 Unknown Discharge 79
E-24 Outfall Structure 81
E-25 Liquid Carbonic Corporation [2-079] . . 81
E-26 Ideal Cement Company 81
E-27 Oil Slicks 81
E-28 Northwestern Glass Company [3-246] . . 81
E-29 Kaiser Gypsum Company [3-075] 81
E-30 Glacier Sand and Gravel
Company [2-011] 82
E-31 Kaiser Gypsum Company (Cont.) 82
E-32 Oil Slicks 82
E-33 Concrete Mix Facility 82
E-34 Potential Discharge 82
E-35 Unknown Discharge ." . 82
E-36 Unknown Discharges 83
E-37 Outfalls 83
vi
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CONTENTS (Con't)
E-38 Unknown Discharge 83
TACOMA (AREA F) 84
Description of Area 84
General Observations 84
Specific Observations - Ruston Area 86
F-l American Smelting and
Refining Company [2-016] 86
Specific Observations - Tacoma Harbor .... 89
F-2 Union Oil Company of California [2-028] 90
F-3 Mobil Oil Corporation [3-028] 90
F-4 Concrete Mix Plant 90
F-5 St. Regis Paper Company,
Tacoma Door Plant [3-158] 90
F-6 Wheeler - Osgood Waterway 93
F-7 St. Regis Paper Company,
Tacoma Kraft Pulp and Paper Mill [2-045] 93
F-8 St. Regis Paper Company,
Tacoma Sawmill [3-157] 95
F-9 Municipal Wastewater Discharge .... 95
F-10 Storm Drains 95
F-ll Cascade Pole Company [2-071] 95
F-12 Potential Discharge 96
F-13 Domitar Chemicals, Inc.,
Lime Division [2-068] 96
F-14 Hooker Chemical Corporation [3-022] . . 96
F-15 City of Tacoma, Department of Public
Utilities, Steam Plant No. 2 [2-200] . 97
F-16 Potential Discharges 97
F-17 Pennwalt Corporation [3-123] 97
F-18 Turbidity 97
F-19 Glacier Sand and Gravel
Company [3-086] 99
F-20 Potential Thermal Discharge 99
BREMERTON (AREA G) 100
Description of Area 100
General Observations 100
Specific Observations 100
Puget Sound Naval Shipyard [2-241] 100
SHELTON (AREA H) 102
Description of Area 102
General Observations 102
Specific Observations 102
H-l 102
H-2 104
H-3 104
vii
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CONTENTS (Con't)
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION - GRAYS HARBOR, WASH. . .
Description of Area
Specific Observations
RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION
WILLAMETTE RIVER, OREG
RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION
COEUR D'ALENE LAKE, IDAHO
RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION
SNAKE AND SALMON RIVERS, IDAHO
APPENDICES:
A SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY DATA AND TRANSMITTANCE CURVES
B FILM DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES
C AERIAL SENSORS
III
III-l
III-2
III-3
III-4
IV-1
IV-2
IV-3
IV-4
IV-5
TABLE
FLIGHT PARAMETER DATA
FIGURES
Aircraft Sensor Locations
Viewing Angle of the Framing Camera
Field of View of Infrared Line Scanner
Incident Infrared Energy
Puget Sound Study Areas
Cherry Point - Neptune Beach Area
Intalco Aluminum Corporation Discharges
Intalco Aluminum Corproation Lagoon
Mobil Oil Corporation Discharge
viii
105
105
108
109
111
113
12
Follows
Page
13
13
16
16
23
26
28
30
30
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CONTENTS (Con't)
Follows
Page
IV-6 Bellingham Bay Area 30
IV-7 Squalicum Creek Waterway Area 34
IV-8 Whatcom Creek Waterway Area 36
IV-9 Anacortes Area 39
IV-10 Isoconcentratlon Sketch of Industrial Discharge 41
IV-11 Scott Paper company 43
IV-12 Publishers Forest Products 43
IV-13 Texaco and Shell Refineries 43
IV-14 Port Townsend Area 49
IV-15 Crown Zellerbach Corporation 49
IV-16 Everett Area 52
IV-17 Weyerhaeuser Everett Kraft Mill 54
IV-18 Weyerhaeuser Facilities 54
IV-19 Weyerhaeuser Aeration Basin 54
IV-20 Weyerhaeuser Sawmill Complex 58
IV-21 Everett Plywood Corporation 60
IV-22 Everett Waterfront 60
IV-23 Northern Port Gardner Area 60
IV-24 Scott Paper Company 65
IV-25 Weyerhaeuser Everett Sulfite Mill 65
IV-26 Lake Washington Ship Canal 71
IV-27 Elliott Bay and Harbor Island 73
IV-28 Northeast Elliott Bay Waterfront 75
ix
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CONTENTS (Con't)
Follows
Face
IV-29 Todd Shipyards Corp. 75
IV-30 Duwamish Waterway 79
IV-31 Tacoma Harbor - Commencement Bay 84
IV-32 Ruston Area 86
IV-33 American Smelting and Refining Company 86
IV-34 City Waterway 90
IV-35 Tacoma Harbor 90
IV-36 St. Regis Paper Company 93
IV-37 Hylebos Waterway 97
IV-38 Bremerton Area 100
IV-39 Shelton Area 102
V-l Upper Grays Harbor Area 105
V-2 Rennie Island 105
VI-1 Willamette River Valley 110
VI-2 Willamette River Valley HO
VI-3 Willamette River Valley HO
VI-4 Willamette River Valley HO
VI-5 Willamette River Valley HO
VI-6 Willamette River Valley HO
VI-7 Willamette River Valley HO
VII-1 Coeur D'Alene Lake H2
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CONTENTS (Con't)
Follows
Page
VIII-1 Idaho Falls - American Falls 114
VIII-2 Strike Reservoir Area 114
VIII-3 Boise River - Payette River Area 114
xi
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GLOSSARY
cm
km
km
m
m
m /day
3.
m /sec
mm
mm sq
mrad
— Temperature in degrees Centigrade = 5/9
("Farenheit -32)
— Length in centimeters = 0.3937 inch or
0.03281 foot
— Distance in kilometers = 0.621 mile
— Area in square kilometers = 100 hectares;
0.3861 square mile
— Volume in liters = 0.2642 gallon
— Length in meters = 3.281 feet or
1.094 yards
— Volume in cubic meters = 264.2 gallons
— Flow rate in cubic meters per day
= 0.000264 million gallons per day
— Flow rate in cubic meters per second
= 22.8 million gallons per day
= 35.3 cubic feet per second
— Micrometer
— Length in millimeters =0.1 centimeter
— Area in square millimeters = 1.550 square inches
~ Milliradian
IRLS
RAPP
Infrared Line Scanner
Refuse Act Permit Program
xii
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I. INTRODUCTION
Airborne remote sensing studies of five areas in the Pacific North-
west states of Washington, Oregon and Idaho (Puget Sound, Wash.; Grays
Harbor, Wash.; Willamette River, Oreg.; Coeur D'Alene Lake, Idaho; and
the Snake and Salmon Rivers, Idaho) were conducted in April and July
1973. These studies were undertaken at the request of the Permits
Branch, Enforcement Division, Region X, EPA, Seattle, Wash. The scope
and purpose of each investigation is summarized below.
PUGET SOUND. WASH.
Eight population and/or industrial centers in the Puget Sound area
were investigated in both April and July. Aircraft sensors were selected
to record the presence and characteristics of municipal and industrial
wastewater discharges. The location and characteristics of detected
discharges were compared with those of known discharges reported in
Refuse Act Permit Program (RAPP) and National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) permit applicatons. Discharges from unknown
sources that may have originated from nonfilers, and apparent additional
or changed discharges at sources filing for permits were identified.
The color, dispersion pattern and size of visible plumes for the observed
discharges were documented. The geographical extent of each of the eight
study areas* follows.
* An additional area, Port Angeles, Wash., was investigated to evaluate the
dispersion of pulp and paper mill waste. The study is reported in "Remote
Sensing Report, Port Angeles, Washington, April and July 1973," EPA
National Field Investigations Center-Denver, Colo, and Region X, Seattle,
Wash, (in preparation).
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Bellingham Area
Cherry Point on the Strait of Georgia and Bellingham Bay.
Anacortes Area
Guemes Channel, Fidalgo Bay and southwestern Padilla Bay.
Port Townsend Area
Port Townsend Bay.
Everett Area
The Lower Snphomish River, Everett Harbor, Port Gardner and north-
eastern Possession Sound.
Seattle Area
The Lake Washington Ship Canal from Shilshole Bay (Puget Sound)
to Lake Union, Elliott Bay, East and West Waterways, the Duwamish Water-
way and the Lower Duwamish River.
Tacoma Area
Commencement Bay, the lower reach of the Puyallup River, and the
Tacoma Harbor waterways.
Bremerton Area
Port Orchard, Port Washington Narrows and Sinclair Inlet.
Shelton Area
Oakland Bay
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GRAYS HARBOR. WASH.
The upper reach of the Grays Harbor estuary in the vicinity of the
cities of Hoquim and Aberdeen and the mouths of the Chehalis and Hoquim
Rivers was investigated in late July to record and define the presence,
magnitude and seepage of pulp and paper mill wastewaters from a lagoon on
Rennie Island in the estuary.
WILLAMETTE RIVER. OREG.
A study of the lower Willamette River Valley between Salem and
Portland was conducted in late July to document the physical location of
non-point-sources of pollution to the Willamette River. Irrigation
return flow drainage canals and other waterways were recorded and defined,
COEUR D'ALENE LAKE. IDAHO
This lake was investigated in late July to define the presence and
areal extent of aquatic plant growths and algae.
SNAKE AND SALMON RIVERS. IDAHO
Segments of agricultural lands in the valleys of these two rivers
were observed to define the presence of domestic animal feedlots close
to the rivers. The Snake River area was flown in late April and the
Salmon River area in late July. A complete inventory of feedlots in the
form of annotated photographs was furnished to Region X.
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II. SUMMARY
PUGET SOUND. WASH.
Bellingham Area
Wastewater discharges from two refineries and an aluminum plant
were observed in the Cherry Point area of the Strait of Georgia.
Numerous oil slicks were recorded at the Atlantic Richfield Company
Cherry Point Refinery. A possible leak in an outfall or unreported
discharge was detected at the Intalco Aluminum Corporation facility.
In Bellingham Bay, adjacent to the city of Bellingham, wastewater
discharges from four food processing plants and a pulp and paper mill
were observed. Also, five wastewater discharges of unknown origin and two
oil slicks were detected. Bellingham Cold Storage was discharging
wastewater to the Bay in July although the plant was scheduled to be
connected to the municipal system by that date. Georgia Pacific Corpo-
ration reported eight wastewater discharges, several of which were inactive.
In addition, two apparent unreported discharges were recorded.
Anacortes Area
In this area three food processing plants and a pulp and paper
mill discharge wastewater to Guemes Channel. Two oil refineries and a
wood products plant are on Fidalgo Bay. An unknown source in the
vicinity of Northwest Fur Breeders west of Anacortes was discharging
a large volume of a white substance that drifted westward about
1,830 m (6,000 ft) before dispersing. Oil slicks were detected in
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the vicinity of the Whitney-Fidalgo facility on Guemes Channel.
Extensive oil slicks were present in the Anacortes Marina.
Port Townsend Area
An unknown outfall was detected near downtown Port Townsend.
Oil slicks in the marina were recorded by the aircraft sensors. The
Crown Zellerbach Corporation's kraft mill effluent was discoloring
near-shore waters in the Glen Cove area.
Everett Area
Port Gardner, Everett Harbor, and the lower reach of the Snohomish
River were investigated in this area. Weyerhaeuser Company operates a
kraft mill and a sawmill on the lower reach of the Snohomish River.
Effluents from these mills produced discoloration in the Snohomish River
and adjacent Steamboat Slough. An oil slick was present in the river
near the sawmill. Oil slicks were also detected in Everett Harbor in
the vicinity of the Everett Plywood Corporation, Western Gear Corporation,
and in a small marina. Scott Paper Company and the Weyerhaeuser Company
operate sulfite pulp and paper mills discharging wastewaters to Port
Gardner. Foam and visible discharge plumes were observed at both mills.
An unreported discharge was recorded at the Weyerhaeuser mill. A foam
tank on a subsurface diffuser was overflowing to Port Gardner at this mill.
Seattle Area
Numerous oil slicks were observed at six scattered locations in the
Lake Washington Ship Canal. Two wastewater discharges from unknown sources
were also detected.
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Wastewater discharges to Elliott Bay from six seafood processing
facilities and two shipyards were observed, as were two oil slicks near the
seafood plants. Small oil slicks were also detected near discharges
from both shipyards. A small discharge of unknown origin was detected
to the west of the Lockheed shipyard.
Oil slicks and two discharges of unknown origin were detected in the
East Waterway. Numerous oil slicks were also present in the Duwamish
waterway. At the Ideal Cement Company mill, an apparent unreported
discharge was detected.
Fifteen of the twenty-nine reported discharges were detected during
the remote sensing flight.
Tacoma Area
Turbidity originating from the Puyallup River and the American
Smelting and Refining Company at Ruston was discoloring much of Commence-
ment Bay. The wastewater discharges from the Ruston smelter were producing
extensive discoloration of near-shore waters. A surface bypass on a city
of Tacoma sewer subsurface outfall was active near the smelter.
An oil slick was observed in City Waterway. The source appeared to
be the Union Oil Company and Mobil Oil Corporation bulk petroleum products
plants. A concrete mix plant was observed discharging truck washing
wastewater to City Waterway. No permit application was submitted for
this facility. A small discharge of unknown origin was observed at the
southeast corner of the Wheeler-Osgood Waterway, a branch of City Waterway.
A discharge of unknown origin was recorded at the south end of
Sitcum Waterway. At the Domitar Chemical, Inc. lime facility on Blair
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Waterway, there were indications of significant leaching for raw mate-
rials stockpiles. The surface waters in the turning basin of Blair
Waterway were significantly warmer than the rest of the waterway. The
source of a thermal discharge was not determined. Three discharges of
unknown origin to Hylebos Waterway were detected. Eleven of the ninteen
reported discharges were detected.
Bremerton Area
The Puget Sound Naval Shipyard is on Sinclair Inlet at Bremerton.
No discharges were visible from the facility's reported 17 outfalls.
However, an oil slick was recorded in the vicinity of an aircraft carrier.
Shelton Area
Wood products plants operated by Simpson Timber company and ITT
Rayonier discharge wastewaters to Oakland Bay at Shelton. The bay was
heavily discolored. Three unreported wastewater discharges were observed.
GRAYS HARBOR. WASH.
The upper portion of the Grays Harbor estuary was investigated to
define the presence of wastewater discharges and seeps from a lagoon on
Rennie Island serving the ITT Rayonier pulp and paper mill. Also, pol-
lution dispersion patterns from these discharges were recorded. Two
pipe outfalls, two open ditch outfalls and numerous seeps were observed.
No significant discoloration attributable to these discharges was recorded.
WILLAMETTE RIVER. WASH.
Numerous non-point-sources of pollution to the Willamette River in
the form of irrigation return flow drainage canals'and other small
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watercourses were recorded in the Willamette Valley between Salem and
Portland. This area is fertile agricultural land.
COEUR D'ALENE LAKE. IDAHO
This lake was investigated to define the presence and areal extent
of algae and aquatic plant growths. No significant concentrations of
algae were detected in open lake waters. Aquatic plant growths were
recorded in several of the tributary arms and backwater bays of the lake.
SNAKE AND SALMON RIVERS. IDAHO
The locations of hundreds of domestic animal feedlots in the
agricultural valley lands adjacent to the Snake, Boise and Payette
Rivers in southern Idaho were documented. No feedlots were observed
along the middle reach of the Salmon River in central Idaho.
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11
IIT. STUDY TECHNIOUES
AIRCRAFT AND FLIGHT DATA
Four high-performance aircraft were used in the remote sensing
flights over the Pacific Northwest. Specially designed for aerial re-
connaissance work, each plane was equipped with different camera films
and filters to fulfill a specific purpose In the study as described
below.
The flight parameter data shown in Table III summarize the variables
important at the time of flight and during the analysis of the airborne
data. The airspeed variations are automatically entered in the aircraft
computer system, combined with aircraft altitude, and used to calculate
the amount of photographic stereo overlap.
SENSOR DATA
The sensors installed in each aircraft were three cameras and an
infrared line scanner.
Cameras
The cameras on three of the aircraft were KS-87B aerial framing ca-
meras equipped with 152 mm (6 In.) focal length lens assemblies. They
were mounted in vertical position at the three camera stations shown in
Figure III-l. In the fourth aircraft, KS-87B aerial framing cameras (152 mm
lens assemblies) were positioned at Stations 1 and 2 and a T-ll framing
\
camera was at Station 3.
The T-ll uses 241 mm (9.5 in.) film which gives a 229 mm sq (9 in. sq)
format. This camera covers four times as much ground surface as the KS-87B.
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12
TABLE III
FLIGHT PARAMETER DATA
[Nominal aircraft airspeed was 666 kn/hr (360 kn).]
Study Area
April
Puget Sound
Bellingham- Everett
Port Susan-Everett
Tacoma-Everett
Bremerton-Tacoma
Everett-Tacoma
Snake River
July
Puget Sound
Bellingham-Everett
Everett-Tacoma
Willamette River
Grays Harbor
Puget Sound
Coeur d' Alene Lake
and Salmon River
Flight No. of
Date and Time Aircraft
, (PST)^
4-25-73 1310-1412
1620-1740
1620-1740
1700-1740
4-26-73 1030-1138
1000-1100
(PDT)-'
7-24-73 1150-1310
1650-1715
1400-1540
1530-1550
7-26-73 1210-1300
1140-1250
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
Altitude Above No. of
Water or Ground Level Sensors
(meters) (feet) KS-87B T-ll
915
7,000
7,000
915
915
7,000
915
915
915
915
12,000
3,050
3,000
20,000
20,000
3,000
3,000
20,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
40,000
10,000
6
6
6
6
6
3
1
1
1
1
, 1
1
IRLS^
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
a/ Infrared Line-Scanner b_/ Pacific Standard Time £/ Pacific Daylight Time
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13
The viewing angle was 41° for the KS-876 framing cameras and 74°
for the T-ll cameras, centered at the lowest point of the aircraft
[Fig. III-2].
Films and Filters
The KS-87B cameras on two aircraft were loaded with these film
and optical filter combinations:
Camera Station 1—Kodak S0-397 Aeropraphlc Ektachrome Filn (127 mm)
with a Wratten HF-3/HF-5 gelatin optical filter combination. The film
provides a true color transparency 114 mm sq (4.5 in. sq). The filter
combination prevents ultraviolet light from reaching the film and
eliminates the effects of atmospheric haze.
Camera Station 2—Kodak 2402 plus-X Aeropraph'ic Filtr (127 mm) with
a Wratten 39 glass optical filter. This film-filter combination provides
a black/white negative, having, been exposed to near-ultraviolet and deep-
blue optical energy. This sensor was primarily used for the detection of
oil slicks.
Camera Station 3—Kodak 2443 Aerochrome Infrared Film (127 mm) with
a Wratten 16 gelatin optical filter. The film provides color transparen-
cies 114 mm sq.
In contrast to the more familiar true color film, the Kodak 2443 film
presents modified color, or false color, in the processed transparency.
Whereas the true color nktachrome filn has a red, preen, and blue sensitive
emulsion layer, the Kodak 2443 film emulsion layer is sensitive to the
near-infrared as well as red and preen*. The modified or false color occurs
when the exposed image on the infrared film is processed.
* Every color film has various combinations of red, green and blue dyes
similar to the red. preen and blue dots on the front of a color tele-
vision picture tube.
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14
1.2.3- FRAMING CAMERA STATIONS
4- INFRARED LINE SCANNER STATION
Figure lll-l. Aircraft Sensor Locations
KS-87B
GROUND LEVEL
T-11
Figure 111-2. Viewing Angle of the Framing Camera
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15
The Wratten 16 filter, a deep orange color, transmits a portion of
the visible optical spectrum (deep green, yellow, orange, and red) with
the near-infrared energy from 0.7 to 1.0 ym. It keeps all blue light from
reaching the film and thus prevents an unbalance in the normal red, green,
and blue colors.
In the finished transparency, trees, plants, and al»ae produce infra-
red exposure and appear red, while red and green objects appear green and
blue, respectively. The false color rendition of this film-filter combi-
nation greatly eases the task of locating surface water since foliage is
shown as red and water as blue.
The most important asset of the Kodak 2443 film is its capacity to
record the presence of various levels of chlorophyll in terrestrial and
aquatic plant growth. Leaves on a healthy tree will appear bright red
rather than the usual green, and unhealthy foliage looks brownish-red.
The KS-87B framing cameras on the third aircraft were loaded with
these film and optical filter combinations:
Camera Station 1—Kodak S0-397 Aerographic Ektachrome Film (127 mm)
with a Wratten 58 (green) gelatin optical filter, resulting in a color
transparency exposed to the green region of the optical spectrum.
Camera Station 2—Kodak S0-397 Aerographic Ektachrome Film (127 mm)
with a Wratten 25 (red) gelatin optical filter, resulting in a color
transparency exposed to the red region of the optical spectrum.
Camera Station 3—Kodak 2443 Aerochrome Infrared Filter with a
Wratten 89B infrared optical filter, producing a red transparency that
-------
16
contains the infrared optical information reflected from a particular
target area.
The two KS-87B framing cameras and a T-ll camera on the fourth aircraft
were as follows:
Camera Station 1—KS-87B camera with Kodak 2443 Aerochrome Infrared
Film (241 mm) with a Wratten 16 (orange) optical filter. This station
was used as backup for the T-ll camera at Station 3.
Camera Station 2—Spare camera, not loaded.
Camera Station 3—T-ll framing camera with Kodak 2443 Aerochrome
Infrared Film (241 mm) with a Wratten 16 (orange) optical filter. This
camera was used to map the feed lots in Idaho, the non-point-source water
to the Willamette River in Oregon, and in portions of the high altitude
reconnaissance over Puget Sound.
Infrared Line Scanner
Each aircraft was equipped with an AN/AAS 18 Infrared Line Scanner
located on the underside of the aircraft [Fig. III-l]. The IRLS image
area is along the flight path of the aircraft. The width of the image
area depends on the aircraft altitude; the area is encompassed by a
120° field-of-view in crosstrack, or perpendicular to the flight path
[Fig. III-3].
An IRLS converts variations in infrared energy emissions from objects
of different temperatures into a thermal map. The three basic parts of an
IRLS are the scanner optics, a detector array, and a recording unit. The
scanner optics collect the infrared emissions from ground and water areas
and focus them on the detector [Fig. III-4].
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17
AIRCRAFT
ALTITUDE
GROUND LEVEL
Figure 111-3. Field of View of Infrared Line Scanner
Detector
Fo Id in 0 Mirror
Fold ing M irror
Fo Id ing M irror
Rotating
Scan
M irror
Fo Id in g M irror
Figure III—4. Incident Infrared Energy
-------
18
The detectors, cryogenically cooled to 26° K, convert the Infrared
energy collected by the scanner optics into an electronic signal. Ttiis
signal is processed electronically and subsequently transformed into
visible light through a cathode ray tube. This light is then recorded
on ordinary 126 mm (5 in.) RAR black/white film. The recorded thermal
map is 100 mm (4 in.) wide, and its length depends on the length of a
particular line of flight being imaged.
The IRLS has a sensitivity bandwidth from 8 to 14 ym, the so-called
thermal band of the electromagnetic spectrum, representing temperatures
from -66°C to 89°C. The system has an instantaneous field-of-vlew of
1 mrad sq. The total fleld-of-view is achieved by the rotating mirror
in the optical collection system, which is 120° by 1 mrad. The measured
noise equivalent temperature of the IRLS is 0.32°C with 100 percent prob-
•s
ability of target detection. This represents an effective measurement of
the temperature resolution of the system.
The spectral sensitivity data for each film, and the optical filter
transmittance curves are shown in Appendix A. Development processes for
each type of film are described in Appendix B. Appendix C explains aerial
sensors in respect to focal length, angle of view, and the effects of
focal length and altitude on scale and ground coverage.
DATA INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS
All data interpretations and analyses were made on the original
photographic and infrared line scanner films, since photographic prints
-------
19
of transparencies distort scale and color balance. The original films
are true color transparencies, false color Infrared transparencies,
black/white ultraviolet negatives, and the IRLS thermal Image black/white
negatives.
Standard Image analysis techniques were used to reduce the aerial
reconnaissance data, which Include the physical measurements of distances
and areas, and stereoscopic analysis of areas displaying topographic gra-
dients on land and in water.
The reduced data were plotted on U. S. Geological Survey 7.5-minute
topographic maps (scale 1:24,000) and U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey
Nautical Charts (Scale 1:15,000). All photographs and thermal maps in
this report show scale. To evaluate scale consistency, the map scales
were compared to the imagery empirical scales, which were derived from
the optical focal length of each sensor and the altitude of the aircraft
above water level [Appendix C].
In the black/white IRLS film, temperature levels are represented by
shades of gray in the negative, or rendition. Cool temperatures appear
as clear film or low-density gray, while increasingly higher temperatures
appear as higher density gray. Positive prints presented in this report
reflect the reverse of the negative film; cool areas are dark and warm
areas are light gray.
It is important to remember that the IRLS will only record water
surface temperatures, since water is opaque in this region of the infra-
red spectrum. The maximum penetration in either fresh or salt water is
-------
20
0.01 cm. Therefore, a submerged thermal discharge can be detected from
an aircraft with IRLS only if the warm wastewater reaches the surface
of the receiving body of water. The isothermal maps developed by this
study thus represent surface temperatures only and do not necessarily
reflect subsurface temperature distributions.
ERROR ANALYSIS
Limitations can be placed on the accuracy or uncertainty of the
film analysis measurements from the photographic and thermal data.
Measurements for linear distance and surface area were made with scaling
instruments and light table microscopes.
The uncertainty for linear distance (ALD) is:
ALD = + 2 x 10~ x photographic scale (meters) (1)
The photographic scale for most of the Puget Sound imagery was 1:5,000.
-4
The value for ALD = (+ x 10 X 5,000) m • + 1 m. A distance X, measured
on the original photographic film, is accurate to within + 1 meter.
The uncertainty for the surface area (ASA is rectangular) is:
ASA = + ALD (X + Y) (2)
2
For this study area ASA = (+ X + Y) m , (ALD - + 1 m) .
For example, a rectangular area with dimensions of X + 1 m and Y 4- 1 m
would have the value [XY + (+ X + Y) ] m2.
The uncertainty In the IRLS is the measured system noise equivalent
temperature which is + 0.32° C. Since no ground truth was taken at the
time of flight, no terrestrial instrumentation uncertainty entered the
analysis.
-------
21
No atmospheric corrections were applied to the reconnaissance data.
It was assumed that the atmospheric effect was constant through the air
column between the aircraft and the water during the short duration of
each flight. For the most part, the data was used for qualitative
analysis only, due to the lack of ground truth.
-------
23
IV. RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION
PUGET SOUND AREA, WASH.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF AREA
Puget Sound is the dominant feature of a complex system of water-
ways in northwestern Washington [Fig. IV-1]. This large marine waterway
2 2
has a surface area of about 6,400 km (2,500 mi ). Numerous bays, inlets,
straits and channels serve to dissect the terrain into islands and
peninsulas.
Puget Sound is connected to the Pacific Ocean by the Strait of
Juan de Fuca, a large marine waterway. The Strait of Georgia, a large
fjord fed by the Fraser River in Canada, lies to the north of Puget
Sound. A large tidal range and strong tidal currents characterize the
waterways of this area. Large seasonal fluctuations in freshwater inflow
to both Puget Sound and the Strait of Georgia also occur. The combination
of tidal effects and fluctuating freshwater inflows exert a major influence
on water quality throughout the system. In most cases water quality is
excellent. In confined bays and estuaries adjoining industrial areas,
however, water quality problems have occurred. These problems have
historically been most severe near pulp and paper mills.
The Puget Sound waterway system provided the basis for development of
industrial and population centers at scattered points favorably situated
for the movement of raw materials and finished products by water. The
wood products industry, including sawmills and pulp and paper mills, have
capitalized on this low cost means of transportation.
-------
24
^
V* S -A N JUAN i
\ ••^«&,
-
A\ " M*'
•
'' ' /*. • Coiurnbia.
- / V -0 «it B"ch m
I -^_ Gl^ndBlB
*•> "BlTnwnwnS
AklWfVrXMl Manor 1
. • ' s i..1*11 —T— .-- LypniVOOd «.
/ H.nrtl,,,, •f V r-J M'1""' ^ ',
• HI *. •- i / \ " MountlaKe 1 ciracB
u__i ; - v
,5V"" -••- /o '"»l II
•0».,, • T'
," /'
fc .. ••"»"
: '«-."»*<'
•' **j>i ' Pdlfc
• •«»» P^Moin.! *•»«
•,
"
i ' '&&$&&&&
Figure IV-). Puget Sound Study Areas
-------
25
The population of the Puget Sound area is more than 2,000,000,
primarily located in the Seattle-Tacoma metropolitan area. Other
population centers are Anacortes, Bellingham, Everett, Bremerton, Port
Angeles, Olympia and Shelton; this study includes all of these areas
except Olympia and Port Angeles.
The following sections present a more detailed description of the
eight study areas in the Puget Sound region and summarize the results of
the remote sensing studies.
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26
BELLINGHAM (AREA A)
Description of Area
Two hydrologically separate areas were investigated in the Belling-
ham vicinity. The Cherry Point - Neptune Beach area is located on the
east shore of the Strait of Georgia about 16 km (10 mi) west-northwest
of Bellingham [Fig. IV-2]. Two oil refineries and an aluminum plant are
on a 6 km (4 mi) section of this shoreline. The population density of
the adjacent area is low. The Strait of Georgia is wide and deep at
this location. Water depths in excess of 55 m (180 ft) occur several
kilometers offshore; water depths of 18 m (60 ft) occur within 0.7 to 1.0
km (0.4 to 0.6 mi) of shore. No significant freshwater inflow occurs in
the immediate vicinity.
The second area investigated was the eastern portion of Bellingham
Bay in the Bellingham urban area. Bellingham, Samish and Padilla Bays
form an oceanographic unit about 30 km (19 mi) long and 8 km (5 mi)
wide that is hydrologically separated from the Strait of Georgia by
several islands. Surface water quality in Bellingham Bay is strongly
influenced by the inflow from the Nooksack River which enters the Bay
at the north end. This inflow averages 105 m /sec (3,700 cfs). Water
depths in the Bellingham vicinity reach 18 m (60 ft) about 1 km (0.6 mi)
offshore.
The population of Bellingham and its environs is about 40,000. In
addition to the municipal waste treatment facility, known waste dis-
charges originate from a large pulp and paper mill and several food
processing plants.
-------
27
Figure IV —2. Cherry Point — Neptune Beach Area
-------
28
General Observations
In the vicinity of Cherry Point, the water was gray-green, typical
of the appearance of the Strait of Georgia. Kelp beds near shore were
clearly visible.
The northern portion of the area of Bellingham Bay investigated
was also gray-green. In the main harbor area, however, the water was
dark green. Numerous log rafts, pilings and dolphins were observed
throughout the harbor area.
Specific Observations - Cherry Point-Neptune Beach Area
A-l Cherry Point Refinery. Atlantic Richfield Company [3-001]*—
3
The refinery reportedly discharges 24,600 in /day (6.5 mgd) of cooling
water, boiler blowdown, and process and sanitary wastewater to the
Strait of Georgia through a submerged diffuser on their dock about 700 m
(2,300 ft) offshore in 18 m (60 ft) of water [Fig. IV-2]. Aerial imagery
of the actual outfall position was not obtained. However, numerous oil
slicks were observed in the immediate area.
A-2 Intalco Aluminum Corporation [3-056]—Two outfalls were
3
reported by this installation. Outfall 001 discharges 57,000 m /day
(15 mgd) of cooling water and process wastewater to the Strait of Georgia
from a point on the pier about 270 m (900 ft) offshore [Fig. IV-3].
Outfall 002 is a storm drain discharging at the shoreline.
In April, a yellow-brown plume was originating from Outfall 001 and
was dispersing southward for 150 m (500 ft). The extent of the'
*A coded form of the Refuse Act Permit Program application number will be
used throughout this report. The code [3-001] refers to application
number 071-OYB-3-000001. The underlined numbers are the code. The other
letters and numbers are the same for all application numbers in this report.
-------
29
OF
/A
"A" THIRD OUTFALL OR POSSIBLE
LEAK TO OUTFALL OO1
Figure IV-3.lntalco Aluminum Corporation Discharges
-------
30
plume and relative levels of discoloration are shown in Figure IV-3,
with the area labeled "1" the most discolored. Outfall 002 was inactive.
At point "A" on the pier, a small yellow-brown plume 2 m (6 ft) wide and
11 m (35 ft) long was dispersing southward indicating the presence of a
third outfall or a leak in the pipeline to Outfall 001.
The July imagery included only Outfall 002 and point "A". No
activity was recorded in the area of Outfall 001. An aerated lagoon on
shore to the south of the pier [Fig. IV-4] was noted that was not
reported in the RAPP application. A refuse area similar in color to the
lagoon contents lay between the lagoon and the shoreline; there were
indications of seepage from the lagoon to the Strait.
A-3 Ferndale Refinery, Mobil Oil Corporation [3-060]—Cooling
o
water, boiler blowdown, and process wastewater averaging 8,700 m /day
(2.3 mgd) are discharged from this facility to the Strait of Georgia
through Outfall 001 located about midway out on the pier [Fig.IV-5].
Both the April and July flights recorded a visible plume originating
from this outfall. In April the plume extended 370 m (1,200 ft) south-
ward [Fig. IV-5] with the tide in the ebb phase. In July the plume
extended 240 m (780 ft) northward during flood tide.
Specific Observations - Bellingham Bay
A-4 Columbia Cement Company [2-097]—Aerial imagery was not
recorded in this area of Bellingham Bay [Fig. IV-6]. The plant re-
portedly discharges 1,400 m /day (0.37 mgd) of cooling and process
wastewater through two outfalls.
-------
31
REFUSE AREA
TREES
LAGOON
Figure IV-4. Intalco Aluminum Corporation Lagoon
-------
32
OUTFALL ooi
o
XN
Figure IV-5.Mobil Oil Corporation Discharge
-------
33
.,
BELLINGHAM
BAY
AREA FILLED IN SINCE
MAP PU BL 1C ATION
Figure IV—6. Bellingham Bay Area
-------
34
A-5 Unidentified Outfall—A yellow-green plume 18 m (60 ft) long
was recorded at this location [Fig. IV-6 and IV-7] in July, indicat-
ing the presence of an active outfall. Aerial imagery was not recorded
for this area in April.
A-6 Lynden Umitilla Foods [2-215]—Cooling and process wastewater
3
averaging 4,000 m /day (1.15 mgd) is discharged from this plant into
Squalicum Creek Waterway. A yellow-brown plume 37 by 180 m (120 by
600 ft) was observed dispersing southward in the waterway in July.
This area was not imaged in April.
A-7 Bellingham Cold Storage [2-252]—This plant reported three
outfalls in 1971. All three discharges were to be connected to the
municipal sewerage system by July 1973. In July, however, a moderate-
sized white plume indicated the presence of a discharge from Outfall
001. The discharge was reported by the RAPP application as cooling and
process water. No discharge was detected from Outfalls 002 and 003.
A-8 Vita Food Products [2-187]—Two outfalls reportedly batch
3
discharge about 34 m /day (0.009 mgd) of process wastewater from this
facility at the dock face [Fig. IV-7]. This area was imaged only in
July. Both outfalls were active, creating two distinct white foam
plumes that combined and drifted southeastward for 76 m (250 ft) along
the dock face before dispersing.
A-9 Bumble Bee Seafoods [3-005]—A slight discoloration was
observed in the vicinity of Outfall 002 in July [Fig. IV-7]. No dis-
charge was detected at Outfall 001 located on the breakwater. These
3
two outfalls reportedly discharge a total of 1,170 m /day (0.31 mgd).
-------
\
:*
\
35
BREAKWATER
Figure IV-7. Squalicum Creek Waterway Area
-------
36
An oil slick containing about 15 liters (4 gal.) of oil was located
on the inside of the breakwater.
A-10 Oil Slick—An oil slick containing about 19 liters (5 gal.)
of oil and discoloration of surface water was observed at this location
[Fig. IV-7].
A-ll Unknown Discharge—In July a yellow-brown plume, 27 X 37 m
(90 X 120 ft), was recorded indicating the probable presence of a
discharge. No surface disturbance was observed suggesting that the
source originated under the wharf. An oil slick containing about 11
liters (3 gal.) of oil was present.
A-12 Oil Slick—A small oil slick containing 8 liters (2 gal.)
of oil was recorded in this area. There was no visible indication of
a discharge.
A-13 Surface Runoff—A yellow-gray plume 30 m (100 ft) long orig-
inated at this position [Fig. IV-7]. The discharge appeared to be
surface runoff.
A-14 Storm Drain—A large pipe with an estimated diameter of
0.9 m (36 in.) terminates at water level at this location [Fig. IV-8];
it was presumed to be a storm drain. No discharge was observed.
A-15 Unknown Discharge—Yellow-brown wastewater was flowing as
runoff from two ponds into Whatcom Creek Waterway [Fig. IV-8]. The
resultant plume dispersed quickly in the waterway.
A-16 Unknown Outfall—A small above-surface outfall was discharg-
ing into Whatcom Creek Waterway in July, creating a small yellow-gray
plume [Fig. IV-8].
-------
BELLINGHAM WWTP
RED - BROWN
WATER DISCOLORATION
BACKGROUND WATER
WHATCOM CREEK WATER WAY
GEORGIA PACIFIC CORPORATION
•A". "B" POSSIBLE(SUBMERGED)DISCHARGE
Figure IV-8. Whatcom Creek Waterway Area
OJ
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38
A-17 Georgia Pacific Corporation [2-081]—The Corporation reported
3
eight waste discharges totalling 200,000 m /day (52.7 mgd). The flow
distribution was as follows:
Outfall
001
002
003
004
005
006
007
008
Discharge
(m^/day)
6,800
4,900
13,000
49,000
80,000
20,000
19,000
6,100
(mgd)
1.8
1.3
3.5
13.0
21.0
5.3
5.0
1.6
Outfall 002 reportedly discharges process and sanitary wastes and
the other outfalls discharge process wastes and cooling water.
In both April and July the discharges from Outfalls 004, 005 and
006 created a large white plume with surface foam that spread up and
down Whatcom Creek Waterway in an irregular shape [Fig. IV-8]. The
average plume width was 10 m (33 ft) and the overall length was 200 m
(660 ft). The discharge from Outfall 003 was similar in appearance to
the three main outfalls but much smaller in volume. In April no dis-
charges were recorded for Outfalls 001, 002, 007 and 008. However, the
characteristics of a submerged discharge were recorded at point "A."
X
In July Outfalls 002 and 008 were active. A white foam-like sub-
stance floating on the water surface indicated the possible presence of
discharges at points "A" and "B." No outfalls were reported at these
two locations.
A-18 Unknown Discharge—In April a large red-brown plume was ob-
served in the lower reach of Whatcom Creek Waterway. The plume appeared
to contain a significant amount of suspended solids [Fig. IV-8].
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39
ANACORTES (AREA B)
Description of Area
This study area included the waters at the north end of Fidalgo
Island in the vicinity of Anacortes [Fig. IV-1]. Padilla Bay on the
east side of the study area is the southern portion of the Bellingham
oceanographic unit. The Bay is separated from the San Juan Islands
Channels to the west by Fidalgo and Guemes Islands. Guemes Channel
between the two Islands connects Padilla Bay to the deepwater Rosario
Strait to the west. Water quality in Padilla Bay is influenced by
freshwater inflow to Bellingham and Samish Bays to the north and the
tidal interchange through Guemes Channel. There are no significant
freshwater inflows in the study area.
The waters of primary interest in the study area are the Guemes
Channel, Fidalgo Bay, and the southwestern portion of Padilla Bay
[Fig. IV-9]. Guemes Channel is a narrow waterway with depths in excess
of 23 m (75 ft) at mid-channel. In contrast, Fidalgo Bay is shallow
with water depths less than 2 m (6 ft). The western shore of Padilla
Bay is also shallow.
Anacortes with a population of about 8,000 is the economic center
of the area. Known waste discharges in Anacortes are primarily from
food processing and pulp and paper industries. Two oil refineries and
a chemical plant are located east of Anacortes between Fidalgo and
Padilla Bays.
General Observations
The open waters of Padilla Bay and Guemes Channel were gray-green.
Water in the Anacortes Marina was dark green. A moderate amount of
-------
-u
o
Figure IV —9 Anacortes Area
-------
turbidity was present in shallow waters of Fidalgo Bay along the
southern Anacortes shoreline.
Specific Observations
B-l Unknown Discharge—In April an outfall was discharging a
large volume of a white colored substance at this location [Fig. IV-9]
producing a plume that drifted westward for 1,830 m (6,000 ft) before
completely dispersing. A relative isodensity sketch of the plume is
shown in Figure IV-10. The area labeled "1" was the most dense and
"8" represents background water. The outfall was not active in July.
B-2 Northwest Fur Breeders [3-184]—This facility reportedly has
a batch discharge of 30 m /day (8,000 gpd). A discharge was not observed
during either mission.
B-3 Whitney-Fidalgo [3-184]—Outfall 003 was discharging with con-
siderable force in July creating many irregular shaped gray-green
plumes [Fig. IV-9]. The general area appeared to contain a significant
amount of oil. The plumes were dispersing in a northeasterly direction
throughout the waterfront area during a flood tide condition. Outfalls
001 and 002 were also discharging in July but did not contribute sig-
nificantly to the plume created by the discharge from Outfall 003. The
3
three outfalls reportedly discharge a total of 650 m /day (0.17 mgd) of
process and sanitary wastes and boiler blowdown.
B-4 Fisherman's Packing Ccirjxaration [2-289]—This facility reportedly
has two outfalls that discharge under the pier. The effects of these
discharges could not be determined because of the presence of the
plumes originating from the Whitney-Fidalgo Facility.
-------
10
1 - GREATEST DENSITY
8s BACKGROUND WATER
Figure IV-10. Isoconcentralion Sketch of Industrial Discharge
-------
43
B-5 Anacortes Marina—Extensive oil slicks were recorded inside the
boat marina in both April and July. In July the slicks contained about
106 liters (28 gal.) of oil.
B-6 Scott Paper Company [3-049]—This mill is south of the marina
[arrow "A," Fig. IV-9]. In 1971 the company reported the discharge of
3
24,400 m /day (6.42 mgd) of mill effluent to Guemes Channel through
Outfall 001, located under the dock and indicated by arrow "B." This
outfall was to be replaced by a submerged diffuser 210 m (680 ft) off
the dock face. The water in the shore indentation adjacent to Outfall
001 contained a high concentration of suspended solids. No discharge
was observed nor was there any indication of the submerged diffuser.
Water discoloration around Outfalls 002, 003, and 004 is shown in
Figure IV-11.
B-7 Publishers Forest Products [2-202]—This facility reportedly
3
discharges 550 m /day (0.145 mgd) of process wastewater and boiler
blowdown to Fidalgo Bay through multiple floor drains in the mill
building [Fig. IV-12]. A discharge plume was not detected but numerous
small oil slicks were present in the immediate area.
B-8 Texaco Corporation Refinery [3-053]—The refinery reported
a discharge of 11,000 m /day (2.88 mgd) through Outfall 001 located
at the bend in their pier [Fig. IV-13]. A visible plume was not re-
corded in the immediate vicinity of the reported outfall location. In
April a small red-gray plume 2 m (6 ft) wide and 12 m (40 ft) long was
visible near the end of the pier. This indicated the possibility of a
leak or unreported outfall although tidal action could have caused
effluent from Outfall 001 to surface at this location.
-------
FIDALGO BAY
OUTFALL
STRUCTURE'
GRAY-GREEN
OUTFALL OO3
Figure IV-11. Scott Paper Company
-------
GRAY WATER DISCOLORATION
FIDALGO BAY
LOG HOLDING AREA
OUTFALL OO1 - FLOOR DRAINS
Figure IV-12. Publishers Forest Products
01
-------
46
ALLIED CHEMICAL
I NOT IMAGED)
SCALE I 28 OOO
Fifire IV-1). Tinci ill Still liliiiriis
-------
47
B-9 Texaco (Continued)—In July a red-gray plume 7 m (23 ft) wide
and 195 m (640 ft) long was recorded as shown in Figure IV-13. Again,
this may have been an unreported discharge or the effluent from Outfall
001 deflected by tidal action as discussed under B-8 above.
B-10 Texaco (Continued)—A culvert extends from the east side
of the road to the beach at this location [Fig. IV-13]. No discharge
was detected.
B-ll Shell Oil Company [2-034]—Shell reportedly discharges 16,700
3
m /day (4.4 mgd) of cooling and process wastewater through a single
submerged outfall at the end of their pier [Fig. IV-13]. No visible
plume was observed. A pipe that appeared to be an overflow system
extended from the holding pond to the beach. No discharge was observed.
B-12 Allied Chemical Corporation [2-132]—This company reportedly
discharges 300 m /day (0.08 mgd) of cooling and process wastewater. The
plant location was not imaged by either flight.
-------
48
PORT TOWNSEND (AREA C)
Description of Area
With a population of about 6,000, the city of Port Townsend is
^
situated at the northeastern end of the Quimper Peninsula on the western
shore of Admiralty Inlet [Fig. IV-1]. Port Townsend Bay extends south-
ward from the city and is separated from the Inlet by Marrowstone and
India Islands. Admiralty Inlet is the main connection between the
Puget Sound system and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Saline bottom
waters flowing inland from the Strait and less saline surface waters
flowing seaward from the Sound are mixed in the Inlet by strong tidal
currents. Water quality in Port Townsend Bay is controlled by tidal
interchange with the Inlet waters and is thus subject to seasonal
changes as the freshwater inflow to the Puget Sound system varies.
Water depths in Port Townsend Bay average 18 m (60 ft). Depths of 9 m
(30 ft) occur near shore.
General Observations
Port Townsend Bay was gray-green, comparable to open waters of the
Puget Sound area. Water within the Port Townsend marina was dark green.
Bottom features near shore were clearly visible.
Specific Observations
C-l Unknown Outfall—A small yellow-green plume about 3 x 8 m
(10 x 26 ft) originating about 26 m (85 ft) southeast from the end of
the pier indicated the presence of a submerged discharge [Fig. IV-14].
-------
49
C-2 Oil Slick—An oil slick containing about 19 liters (5 gal.)
oil was observed in the marina in July. The apparent source of the
oil was a dredge operating in the marina.
C-3 Crown Zellerbach Corporation [2—0551—This kraft pulp and paper
mill is located on Glen Cove west of Port Townsend [Fig. IV-14], A
yellowish-orange discoloration was recorded in the adjacent waters. In
April this discoloration was general but in July a definite plume
extending about 550 m (1,800 ft) up and down the shoreline was present.
No specific discharges were identified.
The mill reported four wastewater discharges [Fig. IV-15]. Outfall
001 is a minor discharge from the bag conversion plant. Outfall 002
3
discharges an average of 1,800 m /day (0.47 mgd) of cooling water under
the dock. Outfall 003 discharges about 22,000 m /day (5.9 mgd) of
barometric condenser water from the black water evaporator through a
pipe terminating between high and low tide elevations; this pipe was
submerged at flight times. The main process wastewater stream, with a
3
flow rate of 34,000 m /day (8.9 mgd), receives primary treatment and
then is discharged through a 550 m (1,800 ft) long submerged outfall
(004). The discharge depth is about 14 m (46 ft).
At point "A" [Fig. IV-15], there was evidence that overflow from
the pond enters Glen Cove but no flow was observed.
-------
50
, „ .,•
S-- >' '
UNITED STATES - WEST COA8T
WASHINGTON
PORT TOWNSEND
SOrNDINOS IN FATHOMS
AT MKAK LOWBH LOW WATMR
' PORT TOWNSEND
"., «'.-".
»-
Figure IV —14 Port Townsend Area
-------
51
SUBMERGED OUTFALL OO4
Figure IV-15 Crowi Zellerkich Corporatioi
-------
52
EVERETT (AREA D)
Description of Area
Everett, with a population of about 55,000, is located north of the
Seattle metropolitan area [Fig. IV-1]. The city fronts on Port Gardner,
the northeast arm of Possession Sound which is an arm of Puget Sound.
The Snohomish River enters Possession Sound at Everett.
The presence of, the Snohomish River exerts a major influence on
3
water quality in the Everett vicinity. Average river flow is 270 m /sec
(9,500 cfs). This freshwater discharge affects the salinity of surface
waters and circulation patterns, especially during periods of high runoff.
The river has created a large shallow water area at its mouth with
depths less than 1 to 2 m (3 to 6 ft) [Fig. IV-16]. In sharp contrast,
adjacent waters of Possession Sound are as much as 90 to 120 m (300 to
400 ft) deep. Everett Harbor, extending along the Everett waterfront
from Port Gardner to the mouth of the Snohomish River, has water depths
ranging from 2 to 5 m (6 to 16 ft). The Harbor provides a dredged
shallow-draft entrance to the north waterfront area and the Snohomish
River.
The principal waste sources of interest in this area are three
pulp and paper mills and two wood products facilities.
General Observations
The waters of the Snohomish River and Union and Steamboat Sloughs
in areas not discolored by wastewater discharges were dark green. Port
-------
53
Figure IV-16. Everett Area
-------
54
Gardner was also dark green. Bottom features were not visible. Exten-
sive log storage areas occupied most of the shoreline in Everett Harbor.
Specific Observations
The Weyerhaeuser Company operates three facilities at Everett. A
sulfite pulp mill (Mill A) is on Port Gardner in Everett. A lumber
facility (Mill B) and a kraft pulp mill (Mill C) near the mouth of the
Snohomish River have adjacent outfalls.
D—1 Tulalip River—The river discharges to the shallow (less than
2 m) Tulalip Bay [Fig. IV-15]. Suspended solids in the river flow
created a large gray plume in the bay that extended southward along
the eastern shore for about 610 m (2,100 ft).
D-2 Weyerhaeuser Company. Everett Kraft Mill (Mill C) [3-072]—
Weyerhauser's Everett Kraft Mill is on the south bank of the Snohomish
River at arrow D-4, Figure IV-16. The main process wastewater stream,
3
with a flow rate of 87,000 m /day (23 mgd), is discharged to an aeration
pond system on Smith Island across the river [Fig. IV-17 and IV-18].
Pond effluent is discharged through Outfall 001 to Steamboat Slough in
two batches per day during ebb tide phases. This effluent created a
long dark brown plume in the Slough that moved downstream into Possession
Sound before dissipating. There was no indication during either flight
that the effluent was being washed into Port Susan.
D-3 Weyerhaeuser Kraft Mill (Continued)—No discharge was observed
from Outfall 005 [Fig. IV-17 and IV-19]. This tide gate is a possible
overflow structure for the aeration system on Smith Island.
-------
55
NOTE ARROWS IN NORTH AERATION BASIN SHOW
THE PATHS OF CIRCULATION TOWARD THE OUTFALL
D-3 OUTFALL DOS
EVERETT MUNICIPAL
WASTEWATER
TREATMENT FACILITY
AERATION BASIN
Figure IV-17 Weyerhaeuser Everett Kraft Mill
-------
56
X
\
KRAFT MILL' /
AERATION PONDS
SNOHOMISH RIVER
MBER MILL
Figure IV —18 Weyerhaeuser Facilities
-------
57
-N-
OUTFALL OO5
EXISTING
TIDE GATE
Figure IV-19.Weyerhaeuser Aeration Basin
-------
58
D-4 Weyerhaeuser Kraft Mill (Continued)—Three outfalls from the
mill discharge to the Snohomish River at this location. Outfall 002
[Fig. IV-17], with a flow rate of 19,000 m /day (5 mgd) discharges under
a dock. No trace of the discharge was observed in the vicinity of the
outfall. However, a small area of light yellow-brown turbidity was
observed to the west of the outfall during a high tide condition.
The presence of steam or smoke and large log rafts prevented
observation of the discharge from Outfall 003 which has a reported flow
n
rate of 6,000 m /day (1.6 mgd). Outfall 004 is discussed under D-6
below.
D-5 Oil Slick—An oil slick was recorded in the Snohomish River
immediately downstream from the railroad bridge. It contained about
68 liters (18 gal.) of refined oil. The source appeared to be two
boats that were moving logs.
D-6 Weyerhaeuser Company Sawmill Complex (Mill B) [3-682]—
Weyerhauser operates a large lumber mill on the Snohomish River upstream
of their kraft mill at location D-7 [Fig. IV-16, IV-18, IV-20]. Waste
discharges from both the kraft mill (Outfall 004) and the sawmill
(Outfall 003) are located at D-6. A red-brown plume was present in the
Snohomish River with the relative levels of discoloration shown in
Figure IV-20 by the numbered areas with No. 1 the greatest. The color
of the waste plume was identical to wastewater in the clarifiers onshore.
This would indicate- that the plume was from Outfall 003 (sawmill) with
3
a reported flow rate of about 3,800 m /day (1 mgd). The discoloration
in the receiving water prevented detection of the discharge from Outfall
3
004 (kraft mill) with a reported flow rate of 5,700 m /day (1.5 mgd).
-------
REDBROWN
D-6
SNOHOMISH RIVER
\ 0
^ LIGHTR AY-BROWN
OUTFALL OO4
(KRAFT MILL )
OUTFALL OO3
(SAWMILL I
CLARIFIE RS
NOTE - COLOR DESCRIPTIONS DENOTE
WATER DISCOLORATION
PLUME NUMBERS 1-4 INDICATE RELATIVE
DISCHARGE DENSITIES 1 DENOTES
GREATEST DENSITY
WEYERHAEUSER SAWMILL
/MILL - B " I
D-7
Figure IV-20 Niyirdimir Siwuill
-------
60
D-7 Weyerhaeuser Sawmill (Continued)—The discharge from Outfall
001 was clearly visible creating white and light brown foam and a yellow-
3
brown plume. This effluent has a reported flow rate of 3,800 m /day
3
(1 mgd). Outfall 002 reportedly batch discharges 2.8 m (750 gal.) four
times daily. The river in the immediate vicinity of this outfall was
covered with a light gray-brown foam and the water along shore was gray-
brown.
D-8 Oil Slick—An oil slick containing about 77 liters (20 gal.) of
oil (possibly engine oil) was observed in the northern side of the small
boat marina.
D-9 Everett Plywood Corporation [2-286]—In the immediate vicinity
of this facility, Everett Harbor was discolored and several small oil
slicks were present [Fig. IV-21 and IV-22]. The mill reportedly dis-
charges about 1,100 m /day (0.3 mgd) of cooling water and process wastes
from the manufacture of plywood through five outfalls to Everett Harbor.
These outfalls are under the dock or submerged. Specific waste plumes
were not observed.
D-10 Western Gear Corporation [3-224]—This facility manufactures
construction machinery and equipment. Cooling and process wastewaters
3
with an average flow of about 400 m /day (0.1 mgd) are discharged through
five outfalls [Fig. IV-22 and IV-23]. At the time of flight, Outfalls
001 and 005 did not have any significant amount of flow. However, there
was some discoloration in the harbor waters adjacent to these outfalls.
These outfalls reportedly batch discharge small volumes frequently
during the day. Wastewaters are from steam cleaning and sandblasting
operations. No indication of a discharge from Outfall 002 was observed.
-------
EVERETT HARBOR
D-9
OUTFALL OO3
OUTFALL OO2
REO-BROWN
WATER DISCOLORATION
OUTFALL OO1
OUTFALLS 4A5- FLOOR DRAINS
PORT GARDENER
Figure IV-21 Everett Plywood Corporation
-------
G2
EVERETT PLYWOOD
\
WESTERN GEAR
THERM
PLUMES
PAPER
WEYERHAEUSER
SULFITE MILL
PIGEON CREEK
DEEPWATER OUTFALL
Figure IV-22 Everett Waterfront
-------
63
OUTFALL 003
GRAY-BROWN
WATER
DISCOLORATION
003
SCOTT PAPER
Figure IV-23. Northern Port Gardner Area
-------
64
This discharge is reportedly (RAPP application) cooling water from an air
compressor and air after-cooler. Outfall 003 was creating a gray-brown
field of discoloration in Port Gardner that contained small amounts of
oil. This discharge reportedly originates from steam cleaning activities
and deburring machines. Small oil slicks were present in the vicinity
of Outfall 004.
D-ll ScottPaper Company [2-014]—This pulp and paper mill has five
3
wastewater discharges with a combined flow of about 227,000 m /day (60
mgd). Spent cooking liquors from the sulfite pulp process and blowpit
washwaters averaging 42,000 m /day (11 mgd) are discharged through a
\
deepwater outfall (001) jointly with wastewaters from the Weyerhaeuser
Company. • This outfall is discussed under D-21 below. Filtrate from the
3
paper machine save-alls, averaging 19,000 m /day (5 mgd), is discharged
^
to Port Gardner through a 180 m (600 ft) submerged outfall (004) [Fig.
IV-23]. Average water depth at the discharge point is about 9 m (30
ft). A light yellow-gray plume was visible at the discharge point. The
shape and relative density of the plume is sketched in Figure IV-24.
D-12 Scott Paper Company (Continued)--Outfalls 002, 003 and 005
are at this location. Outfall 002, the foam tank diffuser, is a submerged
multi-port diffuser 12 m (40 ft) long positioned along the dock face and
3
submerged in 8 m (25 ft) of water. Effluent, averaging 72,000 m /day
(19 mgd), consists of pulp bleaching (chlorination washer) wastes and
clarified process wastewaters that have passed through a foam separation
tank. Discoloration of the receiving water adjacent to this outfall
was minimal.
-------
65
Outfall 003 is the main sewer diffuser reportedly discharging an
3
average of 95,000 m /day (25 mgd) of excess white water, clarified
process wastewaters, and some cooling water. The multiport diffuser
extends 91 m (300 ft) along the dock face and is submerged 8 m (25 ft).
This effluent was creating a yellow-brown plume and white surface foam
as shown in Figure IV-24.
Outfall 005 reportedly discharges minor amounts of cooling water and
boiler blowdown under the dock. The effects of this discharge could
not be separated from the effects of Outfall 003.
D-13 Landfill Operation—A landfill operation was creating a
moderate sized field of turbidity in this area [Fig. IV-23].
D-14 Dock Construction—In April a dock was under construction at
this location [Fig. IV-23]. Surface disturbances and small plumes were
visible. The construction was complete in July. The areas where dis-
coloration of the receiving water was observed in April were covered and
no discoloration was visible around the dock.
D-15 Weyerhaeuser Company. Everett Sulfite Mill (Mill A) [2-040]--
Weyerhaeuser reported five wastewater discharges to tidal waters from
this mill [Fig. IV-25]. A sixth discharge (005), from their water
treatment plant, is to a small creek entering tidal waters south of the
plant.
Outfall 006, a surface water drain is reportedly (RAPP application)
located as shown in Figure IV-25. No discharge was observed. A dark
gray-brown discoloration with the relative densities as shown was present
in the area.
D-16 Weyerhaeuser Sulfite Mill (Continued)—A large light gray-
brown field of discoloration and small white foam plume were present as
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66
YELLOW - GRAY
PLUME
OU
D-II y-
TFALL OO4/
YELLOW - BROWN
PLUME
NOTE-
NUMBERS 1-5 INDICATE
RELATIVE DISCHARGE
DENSITIES:
1 DENOTES GREATEST
DENSITY
WHITE SURFACE FOAM
OUTFALL OO5
OUTFALL OO3
D-12
Figure IV-24 Scott Paper Company
-------
D-22
NOTE
DARK GRAY-GREEN
DARK BROW N
COLOR DESCRIPTIONS DENOTE WATER DISCOLORATION
PLUME NUMBERS 1-3 INDICATE RELATIVE DISCHARGE
DENSITIES WITHIN PLUME
1 DENOTES GREATEST DENSITY
L W - LOW WATER LINE
H W HIGH WATER LINE
Figure IV-25 Weyerhaeuser Everett Sulfite Mill
O)
-------
68
sketched in Figure IV-25. Outfall 002, the main process effluent
discharged under the dock, was probably the source of these effects.
3
This discharge reportedly consists of about 36,000 m /day (9.6 ragd)
of tailing system and hydraulic barker effluent and wastewater from
the powerhouse.
D-17 Weyerhaeuser Sulfite Mill (Continued)—Outfall 003 reportedly
3
discharges an average of 26,000 m /day (6.8 mgd) of chlorinator effluent
to Port Gardner through a submerged diffuser [Fig. IV-25]. The diffuser
is 18 m (60 ft) long and submerged an average of 8m (25 ft) at the
southwest end of the dock. A gray-brown plume was observed at the end
of the dock.
D-18 Weyerhaeuser Sulfite Mill (Continued)—Large amounts of white
foam were being discharged at this shore location [Fig. IV-25]. A large
plume was moving northeasterly along shore. A foam tank equipped with a
bypass and overflow is located on the line to Outfall 003 at this position.
D-19 Weyerhaeuser Sulfite Mill (Continued)—White foam was present
near shore at this location [Fig. IV-25].
D-20 Weyerhaeuser Sulfite Mill (Continued)—A surface drain
(Outfall 004) from the mill area enters Port Gardner at this location
3
[Fig. IV-25]. Flow averages 1,600 m /day (0.44 mgd). An orange-brown
discoloration was present.
D-21 Weyerhaeuser Sulfite Mill (Continued)—Spent sulfite cooking
3
liquor and caustic effluent averaging 38,000 m /day (10.1 mgd) are
-------
69
discharged to Port Gardner through a deepwater outfall (001) [Fig.
IV-25]. This outfall also carries an average of 42,000 m /day (11 mgd)
of process wastes from Scott Paper Company. The outfall extends 650 m
(2,150 ft) offshore with the last 300 m (1,000 ft) of the outfall being
a diffuser section. Water depths at the diffuser average 100 m (330
ft). A visible plume was not observed at the outfall location in either
April or July. However, a high-altitude thermal map recorded in April
indicated the possible surfacing of some of the wastewater further
offshore in an area not photographed [Fig. IV-22].
D-22 Pigeon Creek—Pigeon Creek enters Port Gardner at this loc-
ation through a culvert under the Great Northern Railroad. Filter back-
wash (Outfall 005) from the Weyerhaeuser water treatment plant is
discharged to the creek 500 m (1,700 ft) upstream from its mouth. The
effluent from the culvert was dark gray-green and created a small tur-
bidity plume in Port Gardner.
D-23 Storm Drain—The bottom of the shallow near-shore waters
was discolored at the mouth of this drain. Aquatic plant life was
recorded in the area of discoloration. Topographic maps indicate a
small tributary stream originates in a wooded suburban area at this
location.
D-24 Oil Slicks—Several small oil slicks containing a total of
11 liters (3 gal.) of oil were recorded in the vicinity of this dock,
a military fuel storage facility.
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70
SEATTLE (AREA E)
Description of Area
The Seattle metropolitan area, with a population of about one
million, is on the east shore of the main body of Puget Sound [Fig. IV-
1]. Lake Washington, a 35 km (22 mi) long glaciated freshwater lake,
parallels the Sound and bounds the metropolitan area on the east. The
Lake Washington Ship Canal provides a connection between the Lake and
the Sound. The canal was constructed by interconnecting several natural
water bodies including Salmon Bay, Lake Union, Portage Bay and Union
Bay. The Chittendon Locks near the west end of the canal separate the
marine waters of Puget Sound from the fresh waters of the Lake Washington
system. Freshwater outflow from the Lake through the canal controls
salinity intrusions from the Sound.
Elliott Bay is a deepwater arm of Puget Sound extending into central
Seattle. Water is as deep as 180 m (600 ft) in mid-bay and greater than
18 m (60 ft) near shore.
The Duwamish River enters Elliott Bay from the south. The river
is tidal in the metropolitan area. The lower 11 km (7 mi) of the river
has been dredged as the Duwamish Waterway. The area adjoining the
waterway is one of the most heavily industralized in the state. The
Duwamish River flow enters Elliott Bay through West Waterway on the west
side of Harbor Island. During high runoff periods, flow also enters
through East Waterway on the east side of the island.
Water quality in Elliott Bay and the Duwamish Waterway is influenced
by both the Duwamish River flows and seasonal changes in salinity in
Puget Sound.
-------
71
The Seattle study area included the Lake Washington Ship Canal
t
from Puget Sound to Lake Union, the shoreline of Elliott Bay, and the
Duwamish Waterway.
General Observations
Elliott Bay and Puget Sound near the entrance to the Lake Washing-
ton Ship Canal (Shilshole Bay) had the gray-green color typical of
natur.al waters of the area. The Ship Canal was dark green. The
Duwamish Waterway appeared black near Elliott Bay changing to a blue-
gray progressing upstream. Water depths in the bays and density in the
other waterways prevented observance of bottom features.
Specific Observations - Lake Washington Ship Canal
E-1 Oil Slicks—Numerous small oil slicks were present in this
general dock area [Fig. IV-26]. No active discharges were film-recorded.
E-2 Seattle Cedar Lumber Manufacturing Company [2-173]—This
3
company reportedly discharges about 2,300 m /day (0.6 mgd) of cooling
water through two outfalls to the canal. No indication of these dis-
charges was recorded in July. The area was not imaged in April.
E-3 Turbidity—A moderate-sized field of turbidity appeared to
originate from underneath a building at this shore indentation. No
active discharge was detected. A small amount of oil was present in
the turbidity field.
E-4 Oil Slicks—Numerous small oil slicks were present in these
docking areas. The sources of oil were not distinguishable.
E-5 Unknown Discharge—Yellow-brown water discoloration was present
immediately east of the Ballard Bridge. A small amount of oil was also
-------
-------
73
present. The discoloration was nearly identical in color to wastewater
contained in a pond near shore. No permit application was available for
this location.
E-6 Oil Slick—A slick containing about 28 liters (7 gal.) of
oil was recorded in this area of the canal. The source could not be
determined.
E-7 Unknown Discharge—Yellow-brown water discoloration originated
adjacent to the bridge and extended westward in the canal nearly to
Salmon Bay. The source was not determined.
E-8 Graystone Corporation [2-265]—This facility reportedly dis-
3
charges about 30 m /day (8,000 gpd) of boiler blowdown and autoclave
wastewater to the canal through two outfalls. Yellow-brown water dis-
coloration was recorded along the southwest side of the canal origi-
nating from the Graystone outfall.
E-9 Oil Slicks—Numerous slicks containing a total of about 150
liters (39 gal.) of oil were recorded in this area of Lake Union. The
sources were not determined.
E-10 Turbidity—Several turbid areas along shore appeared to be
caused by surface runoff.
Specific Observations - Elliott Bay
E-ll Seafood Processing Facilities—Six seafood processing facili-
ties are located on the Elliott Bay waterfront near the main Seattle
business district [Fig. IV-27]. Plant statistics and letter keys to
locations in Figure IV-27 are listed below.
-------
74
Figure IV-27 Elliott Bay and Harbor Island
-------
75
Map
Key
A
B
C
D
E
F
Company
McCallum-Legas Fish Co.
Dressel Collins Fish Co.
Odion Sea Products
New England Fish Co.
Main Fish Co., Inc.
Washington Fish & Oyster
Permit
Appl. No.
2-259
2-231
2-256
2-243
2-216
Co. 2-221
Discharge
(m-Vday)
23
105
198
160
305
76
(gpd)
6,000
27,600
52,000
42,000
20,000
80,000
There were no discharges detected at any of the plant locations.
The permit applications indicated that each plant discharges through
floor drains under the piers. Two oil slicks with about the same char-
acteristics as refined (petroleum-base) oil were observed in the general
area [Fig. IV-28].
E-12 Discoloration—Gray-brown water discoloration was present in
this small dock area [Fig. IV-27]. It was very similar in color to the
material being loaded onto a barge adjacent to the discoloration.
E-13 Todd Shipyards Corporation [2-652]—Todd Shipyards is located
on Elliott Bay on the east edge of East Waterway [Fig. IV-27]. The
facility has 58 discharge points, most associated with steam heating or
drydock activities. Outfalls 001, 002 and 003 [Fig. IV-29] discharge an
3
average of 1,100 m /day (0.028 mgd) of boiler blowdown and compressor
cooling water. These discharges under the dock did not create visible
/
plumes. A small oil slick was present in the vicinity.
A total of 21 essentially identical discharge points for condensate
from the steam heating system were reported as Outfall type 004. The
3
combined flow 1,300 m /day (0.35 mgd). These discharges are under docks
around the water perimeter of the shipyards and were not visible.
-------
76
E:LLIOTT BAY
DOWNTOWN
SEATTLE
Figure IV-28. Nirthent Elliott Bay Waterfront
-------
77
a:
Ul
to
UJ
ELLIOTT BAY
,OUTFALL TYPE OO6
OUTFALL TYPE OO7
OUTFALL TYPE OO5
OUTFALL TYPE OO4
I
/<"
t *
/
/
/
I PIER 3
1 T \
^^^^^^^^^^^^^m
P 1 F PI
~)
r1
ll^_ OUTFALI_a
I OO1 AND OO3
\
OUTFALL OO2
TO DD
1 SHIPYARDS
1 E-13
TIER 2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
HARBOR ISLAND
Figure IV-29. Todd Shipyards Corp.
-------
78
The remaining 44 discharges were associated with drydock activi-
ties. Outfall type 005 was reported (RAFF application) as chemical
treatment discharge points (4) for Drydock No. 2. Outfall type 006 was
reported as the ten chemical treatment discharge points for Drydock No.
3. Outfall type 007 was reported as the 30 sand blasting discharge
points for the three drydocks. In general, these discharge points are
located on the perimeter of the floating drydocks. Drydock Nos. 1 and 2
were in use in July. No active discharges were recorded.
E-14 Lockheed'Shipbuilding and Construction Company (Plant No. 2)
[2-004]—Lockheed has two plants included in the same permit application.
Outfall 001 is at Plant No. 1 discussed under E-18 below. Outfall 003
from Plant No. 2 is located at point E-14. It reportedly discharges
3
380 m /day (0.1 mgd) of air compressor cooling water. The above-surface
outfall was active in July creating a gray-brown plume. Oil was present
in the discharge creating several small slicks.
E-15 Lockheed Plant No. 2 (Continued)—Outfall 002, also an air
compressor cooling water discharge, did not appear to be active.
i
E-16 Unknown Discharge—A yellow-gray wastewater was being dis-
charged at this location creating a small concentrated plume of dis-
coloration. The Lockheed permit application indicated this area was
owned by the Wyckoff Company. No permit application was available.
Specific Observation - Duwamish Waterway
E-17 Lockheed Plant No. 2 (Continued)—No discharge was detected
from the submetged Outfall 004, reportedly discharging a minor volume
of metal rinse wastes. Outfall 005 is reported to be a small pond with
-------
79
a treach draining to West Waterway and discharging a small volume of
metal rinse wastes. No pond or trench was observed.
Lockheed reported a total of 60 discharges from two floating
drydocks (Typical Outfalls 006 and 007). These discharges reportedly
contain metal rinse wastes in small volumes.
E-18 Lockheed Shipbuilding and Construction Company (Plant No. 1)
3
[2-004]—Outfall 001 reportedly discharges about 450 m /day (0.12 mgd)
of air compressor cooling water. The discharge location in West Water-
way was obscured by a docked ship. No plumes or discoloration were
detected in the area.
E-19 Oil Slicks—Numerous oil slicks were recorded in this area of
East Waterway [Fig. IV-27]. The sources could not be determined.
E-20 Unknown Discharge—Yellow-brown water discoloration was
detected along the west shore of East Waterway at this location; a
pond on shore contained wastewater very similar in color. No active
discharge was recorded.
E-21 Potential Discharge—A small yellow-gray area of discoloration
was located in a shoreline indentation of East Waterway adjacent to the
north edge of the Spokane Street Bridge. No active discharge was recorded.
E-22 Unknown Discharge—A gray-brown plume was present in this
small area of the West Waterway in July. No source was detected.
E-23 Unknown Discharge—A concrete structure on the west side of
the Duwamish Waterway [Fig. IV-30] appeared to be discharging a yellow-
brown wastewater creating a small area of discoloration. The source
of the .wastewater was not detectable.
-------
80
Figure IV —30. Duwamlsh Waterway
-------
81
E-24 Outfall Structure—An outfall structure was present adjacent
to a water filtration plant. No discharge was detected.
E-25 Liquid Carbonic Corporation [2-079]—Cooling water from the
production of carbon dioxide is discharged through a single outfall to
3
the east end of a boat slip. The average discharge rate is 5,300 m /day
(1.4 mgd). No sign of the discharge was detected.
E-26 Ideal Cement Company [2-269]—Air compressor cooling water,
averaging 38 m /day (0.01 mgd), is reportedly (RAPP application) dis-
charged to a side channel of the Duwamish Waterway through two outfalls
in the cement storage area. No indication of these minor discharges was
recorded. Gray water discoloration in the main channel of the Duwamish
Waterway originated from the vicinity of the cement mill. Wastewaters
fiom the mill are reportedly connected to the municipal sewer system.
E-27 Oil Slicks—Numerous large slicks with a calculated content of
nearly 575 liters (150 gal.) of refined oil were present in this area of
the Duwamish Waterway. The source of the oil was not detected.
E-28 Northwestern Glass Company [3-246]—Cooling water averaging
3
300 m /day (0.075 mgd) is discharged to Duwamish Waterway through two
outfalls, one of which is submerged at high tide. Contaminated cooling
water and other wastewaters are reportedly (RAPP application) discharged
to municipal sewers. A yellow-brown plume was present along shore. The
two known discharges were not specifically detected.
E-29 Kaiser Gypsum Company [3-075]—This facility that manufactures
gypsum wallboard and plaster reported (RAPP application) three dis-
charges. Submerged Outfall 001 discharges an average of 640 m /day (0.17
mgd) of wastewater from a wet scrubber used for gypsum dust control.
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82
Outfalls 002 and 003 have a single above-water discharge point and
o
discharge about 150 m /day (0.04 mgd) of cooling water and boiler blow-
down. Two distinct adjacent yellow-gray plumes were recorded in the
vicinity of Outfall 001. No indication of the discharge from Outfalls
002 and 003 was observed.
E-30 Glacier Sand and Gravel Company [2-011]—Gray water dis-
coloration surrounded the outfall of this concrete mixing facility on
Slip No. 2 of Duwaraish Waterway. Wastewater resulting from the washing
of transit mixer trucks, the central mixer, and the yard is reportedly
batch discharged once per day for a 15 to 20 minute period. Average
3
volume is 250 m /day (0.065 mgd).
E-31 Kaiser Gypsum Company (Continued)—Kaiser's accessory plant on
3
the south side of Slip No. 2 reportedly discharges about 3 m /day (800
gpd) of cooling water to the slip. No discharge was observed.
E-32 Oil Slicks—Numerous small oil slicks were recorded in these
boat slips [Fig. VI-30]. The sources could not be determined.
E-33 Concrete Mix Facility—Runoff from this facility was causing
small fields of turbidity in the Duwamish Waterway. A permit appli-
cation was not available.
E-34 Potential Discharge—Dark gray-brown water discoloration was
detected along the east shoreline of Duwamish Waterway. No discharge
was visible.
E-35 Unknown Discharge—A small yellow-gray area of turbidity was
recorded along the west bank of the Duwamish Waterway. It appeared that
wastewater was discharged on the bank of the waterway and then dispersed
into the main channel. The source of the wastewater was not detected.
-------
S3
E-36 Unknown Discharges—In April two adjacent yellow-brown dis-
charges were observed entering the Duwamish Waterway during a low tide
condition. Only slight discoloration was'recorded during a high tide
condition in July. The north discharge ,[Fig'. IV-30] was traceable to a
small ditch flowing through a large auto salvage yard.
E-37 Outfalls—Three pipes, each an estimated 60 cm (24 in.) in
diameter, entered the Duwamish Waterway at this location. None of the
pipes was observed' discharging.
E-38 Unknown Discharge—An outfall with an estimated diameter of
180 cm (72 in.) and an elevation slightly above the mean low water line
was active in April creating a yellow-gray field of discoloration in
the Duwamish Waterway. The outfall was completely submerged in July.
-------
84
TACOMA (AREA F)
Descripiton of Area
Tacoma is located on Commencement Bay at the south end of the main
body of Puget Sound [Fig. IV-1]. The city, with a population of about
175,000, is an industrial center.
Commencement Bay is one of the world's largest naturally protected
harbors. The average depth of the harbor is 45 to 55 m (150 to 180 ft).
The southeast end of the Bay has been dredged into a number of deep
waterways to facilitate ship docking. The Puyallup River, with an
3
average flow of about 100 m /sec (3,500 cfs), enters the Bay through
one of these waterways.
Strong tidal action combined with surface freshwater outflow from
the Puyallup River produces regular flushing of the entire Bay. Pollutants
introduced into the Bay are thus rapidly dispersed except in the con-
fined harbor waterways.
General Observations
Background waters of Commencement Bay were a natural gray-green.
Extensive areas of light tan turbidity were present throughout the Bay.
This turbidity appeared to originate from two sources: The Puyallup
River and the American Smelting and Refining Company at Ruston. The
Puyallup River was tan [Fig. IV-31]. Turbidity from the river inflow
was dispersing along the southwest shoreline of Commencement Bay. Tidal
action also transported turbidity into the adjacent dredged waterways.
The overall color of these waterways was dark green. Bottom features of
the waterways were not visible.
-------
85
I
COMMENCEMENT
••
BAY
Figure IV — 31. Tocoma Harbor — Commencement Bay
-------
86
Specific Observations - Ruston Area
F-l American Smelting and Refining Company [2-016]—The largest
copper smelter on the west coast is operated by this company on the west
shore of Commencement Bay at Ruston [Fig. IV-32]. The company reported
3
six wastewater discharges with a combined flow rate of 45,000 m /day
(12 mgd).
3
Outfall 001 discharges an average of 12,000 m /day (3.2 mgd) of
cooling and process wastewater from a contact sulfuric acid plant. The
outfall discharges to a small dispersion pond on shore [Fig. IV-33].
Effluent from' the pond seeps through a slag fill to Commencement Bay.
In April the open end of a pipe estimated to be 2 m (6 ft) in diameter
was observed terminating offshore in Commencement Bay northeast of the
dispersion pond. A straight line extension inland of this^pipe would
pass just southeast of the pond. In July the pond had been enlarged and
extended over the straight line projection of the pipe. No information
on the pipe was included in the permit application. Heavy concentrations
of a yellowish-green substance were observed in Commencement Bay in the
vicinity of this pipe in both April and July. Lighter concentrations
of this substance in discontinuous patches discolored the Bay offshore
for a distance greater than that photographed [Fig. IV-33].
Outfall 002, a wood covered ditch terminating at the Bay shoreline
inside the copper dock area [Fig. IV-33], serves the copper converting
and anode casting process areas. Average discharge is reported as
14,000 m3/day (3.7 mgd). No discharge was observed in either April or
July. The ditch is located in a slag fill and the discharge to the Bay
may occur as seepage through the fill.
-------
87
. t i ° i f
Figure IV —32. Ruston Area
-------
00
cc
\
\
COPPER DOCK
Figure IV-33. American Smelting and Refining Company
-------
89
Outfall 003, with an average flow of only 1,100 m /day (0.3 mgd),
serves electrolyte purification and precious metal recovery operations.
The outfall is a 30 cm (12 in.) diameter tile line terminating below low
water level beside the copper dock [Fig. IV-33]. A small yellowish-
green discharge was observed during both flights.
No discharge was observed from Outfall 004, a 60 cm (24 in.) pipe
terminating above high water. This outfall reportedly discharges
3
340 m /day (0.09 mgd) of wastewater from electrolyte purification and
copper casting operations.
Outfall 005 discharges air compressor cooling water averaging
3
1,100 m /day (0.3 mgd) to a large Tacoma sewer outfall terminating in
deep water near shore. At the shoreline a manhole on this outfall is
equipped with a "storm overflow pipe." During both missions a discharge
of considerable force was recorded from this overflow pipe. An area of
the Bay surface about 3 x 6 m (10 x 20 ft) was disturbed by this discharge.
Slag from the reverberatory furnaces is disposed of by granulation
and landfill on a small peninsula constructed entirely of slag northwest
3
of the plant [Fig. IV-32]. Saltwater averaging 17,000 m /day (4.5 mgd)
is used in transporting and granulating the slag. This wastewater
drains through the slag into the Bay (Outfall 006). The granulator was
active during both missions.
Specific Observations - Tacoma Harbor
F-2 Union Oil Company of California [2-028]—This facility is a
petroleum bulk station and terminal with no manufacturing processes.
-------
90
3
Wastewaters (type unknown) pass through a 2.1 m (550 gal.) oil separator
^
before discharge through a 10 cm (4 in.) diameter pipe to City Waterway
[Fig. IV-34]. The volume was not reported. A skimmer in the waterway
surrounding the discharge point was observed to be ineffective in con-
taining a moderate amount of oil. In April an oil slick extended 150 m
(500 ft) along the east bank of the waterway toward Commencement Bay.
In July tidal action had transported a similar slick about 120 m (400
ft) south in the waterway.
F-3 Mobil Oil Corporation [3-028]—This facility is a wholesale
distribution terminal for refined petroleum products and is located
adjacent to the Union Oil terminal [Fig. IV-34]. Surface runoff from
the terminal passes through a modified API oil separator before dis-
charge to City Waterway. A skimmer was present around the discharge
point but it was not effectively containing all the oil. Some oil con-
tributed to the slick from the Union Oil facility, and the combined
volume of oil was estimated to be 12 to 14 liters (3 to 4 gal.).
F-4 Concrete Mix Plant—A concrete mix plant with a fleet of
transit-mix trucks is located on the west bank of City Waterway [Fig.
IV-35]. No permit application was available. An area at the plant on
the south side of the swing bridge is used for washing out the trucks.
A truck was observed in this area in July. An area of the waterway
about 2 x 6 m (6 x 20 ft) was gray in color.
F-5 St. Regis Paper Company. Tacoma Door Plant [3-158]—This plant
3
reported the discharge of about 500 m /day (0.13 mgd) of cooling water
through one outfall to the Wheeler-Osgood Waterway, a branch of C-ity
-------
91
UNION OIL
UNION OIL OO1
MOBIL OIL
MOBIL OIL
OO1
E.AST D STREET
CITY WATERWAY
CITY OF TACOMA
Figure IV-34.City Waterway
-------
Ui IC COMENCEMENT
Figure IV — 35 Tacoma Harbor
-------
93
Waterway. The outfall did not appear to be active in April. In July
a small light brown plume was observed in the vicinity of the outfall.
F-6 Wheeler - Osgood Waterway—A plume from an unknown source that
appeared to be in the southeast corner of this waterway was recorded by
both missions. The plume, about 2 m x 60 m (6 ft x 200 ft), was greenish-
brown in April. Some oil was present in July.
F-7 St. Regis Paper Company, Tacoma Kraft Pulp and Paper Mill
[2-045]—This mill is located on Commencement Bay at the mouth of the
Puyallup Waterway (Puyallup River) [Fig. IV-36]. The mill reported five
3
outfalls. The location of Outfall 001, which discharges about 150 m /day
(0.04 mgd) of sanitary wastes, was not reported.
Outfall 002 discharges to Puyallup Waterway an average of 3,100 m /day
(0.83 mgd) of auto wash wastewaters and filter backwash from a water treat-
ment plant. No discharge was observed.
Outfall 004 is the main process wastewater discharge. This effluent,
3
averaging 108,000 m /day (28.5 mgd), receives primary treatment before
discharge through a near-surface port on a "level control silo" located
about 18 m (60 ft) offshore in Commencement Bay. White foam surrounded
the discharge point but it was contained by log booms. Flotsam and a
small amount of oil were present inside the booms.
Outfall 005, a 120 cm (48 in.) pipe terminating in 6 m (20 ft)of
water, is an auxilliary process waste outfall. It did not appear to be
active. No discharge was observed from Outfall 006, a storm drain and
emergency hydraulic barker outfall.
-------
94
PUYALLUP WATERWAY PUYALLUP RIVER
TACOMA KRAFT MILL. F-7
ST. PAUL WATERWAY
MIDDLE WATERWAY
Figure IV-36. St. Regis Paper Company
-------
95
F-8 St. Regis Paper Company. Tacoma Sawmill [3-157]—This mill
reported the discharge of about 5,000 m /day (1.3 mgd) of cooling
water and process wastewater through two surface outfalls to St. Paul
Waterway [Fig. IV-36]. Incomplete photographic coverage precluded full
study of the waterway. In July a dark brown plume originating in the
area of the discharges was moving northward in the waterway beyond the
photographic limit.
F-9 Municipal Wastewater Discharge—An outfall adjacent to a municipal
wastewater treatment plant was active during both missions. In July the
yellowish-gray plume about 12 m (39 ft) wide was flowing downstream in
the Puyallup River for about 550 m (1,800 ft).
F-10 Storm Drains—What appeared to be three storm drains entered
Sitcum Waterway at the points indicated [Fig. IV-35]. Construction was
in progress in the area. No outflow from the drains was observed.
F—11 Cascade Pole Company [2-071]—This company treats wood prod-
3
ucts with preservatives. Wastewaters averaging less than 260 m /day
(0.07 mgd) are discharged to a Port of Tacoma storm sewer that discharges
to Sitcum Waterway under Pier 7. In April a gray ribbon-like plume
originated in the vicinity of the storm drain and extended about 160 m
(520 ft) southward to the end of the waterway. A small amount of oil
was present in the plume. The company's permit application indicated
there may be other industrial effluents from other plants discharged
to this storm sewer. No other permit applications were available for
this general location.
-------
96
F-12 Potential Discharge—The water surface under Pier No. 7 at
this location [Fig. IV-35] as viewed through an open area in the pier
was observed to be disturbed, indicating the probable presence of an
active outfall. A yellowish-gray discoloration was entering Sitcum
Waterway from under the pier.
F-13 Domitar Chemicals. Inc.. Lime Division [2-068]—This facility
manufactures quicklime and hydrated lime from raw limestone. Wastewaters
generated primarily by cooling kiln bearings with some washing of raw
limestone are discharged through one outfall to Blair Waterway near the
3
facility dock [Fig. IV-35]. The flow rate is about 190 m /day (0.05 mgd).
In July there were indications of significant leaching from stockpiles
into the waterway.
F-I4 Hooker Chemical Corporation [3-022]—This chemical plant
manufactures chlorine, caustic soda, trichlorethylene and ammonia.
Water use for cooling purposes is reported to be 66,000 m /day (17.49
3
mgd) with only 450 m /day (0.12 mgd) used for process water. Wastewater
is discharged through two outfalls to Hylebos Waterway. The permit
application did not define the process area served by each outfall.
Outfall 001 is a near-surface discharge under Dock No. 1. No
discernible discharge was recorded but some discoloration was present
3
between the dock and shore. The flow rate is 18,000 m /day (4.8 mgd).
About 47,000 m /day (12.4 mgd) is discharged through Outfall 002, aim
(3 ft) diameter pipe submerged in 8 m (25 ft) of water between the two
docks. In July a gray plume about 240 m (800 ft) long with an average
width of 4 m (13 ft) extended from the vicinity of Outfall 002 up the
Hylebos Waterway along the western bank.
-------
97
F-15 City of Tacoma, Department of Public Utilities. Steam Plant
No. 2 [2-200]—This two-unit oil-fired steam electric plant has four
outfalls. A 38 cm (15 in.) storm sewer, a sanitary sewer, and a 30 cm
(12 in.) cooling water line from the transformers all have minor flows.
3
The main outfall discharges about 350,000 m /day (93 mgd) of salt water
used for cooling purposes. The outfall is a 1.2 m (48 in.) pipe terminating
between high and low tide level with a downward discharge direction.
The only discharge visible was from the main outfall. An area of the
Hylebos Waterway about 4 x 24 m (13 x 79 ft) was disturbed by the force
of the discharge. Bubbles and foam were visible for another 30 m (100
ft) on an incoming tide pushing the discharge up the waterway.
F-16 Potential Discharges—A blue-gray discoloration that appeared
to originate from two probable outfalls located at points "A" and "B"
[Fig. IV-37] was recorded in Hylebos Waterway. The discoloration was
contained along the south bank by an extensive log boom. No permit
application was available for this location.
F-17 Pennwalt Corporation [3-123]—This plant manufactures chlorine,
caustic soda and hydrochloric acid. Process and cooling waters averaging
3
32,000 m /day (8.45 mgd) are discharged to Hylebos Waterway through a
single outfall terminating in a multi-pipe discharge manifold under the
dock at a 3 m (10 ft) depth [Fig. IV-35]. There was no evidence of
discharge.
F-18 Turbidity—An excessive amount of turbidity was recorded in
April along the northern shore of the Hylebos Upper Turning Basin [Fig.
IV-35|. The source of this turbidity could not be identified.
-------
98
F-16
LINCOLN
NOTE - "A". "B" - PROBABLE OUTFALLS
Figure IV-37.Hylebos Waterway
-------
99
F-19 Glacier Sand and Gravel Company [3-086]—Wastewater resulting
from the washing of transit-mix trucks, the concrete mixer and the yard
at this concrete ready-mix plant is discharged through a ditch to the
southwest side of the Hylebos Upper Turning Basin. The discharge is
intermittent over a four-hour period.
F-20 Potential Thermal Discharge—The Infrared Line Scanner imagery
indicated the water surface in the turning basin at the end of Blair
Waterway [Fig. IV-35] was significantly warmer than the rest of the
waterway. The source could not be determined. This area was not
photographically covered.
-------
100
BREMERTON (AREA G)
Description of Area
Bremerton, with a metropolitan area population of about 70,000,
is located on the Kitsap Peninsula between the Hood Canal and Puget
Sound west of Seattle [Fig. IV-1]. The city fronts on Sinclair Inlet
and Port Washington Narrows [Fig. IV-38].. Port Orchard connects these
waterways to Puget Sound west of Bainbridge Island.
Water depths in Sinclair Inlet adjacent to the city vary from 10
to 20 m (33 to 66 ft). Port Washington is much deeper and provides
tidal flushing of the area with Puget Sound water.
The Puget Sound Naval Shipyard is the major employer and indus-
trial facility in the area.
General Observations
Waters of Sinclair Inlet were natural gray-green and were free of
visible turbidity.
Specific Observations
Puget Sound Naval Shipyard [2-241]—This facility reportedly has
2
17 outfalls with a combined flow of about 38,000 m /day (10 mgd). No
discharges from these outfalls were visible nor were any other dis-
charges detected. In April an oil slick was recorded originating at
aircraft carrier No. 20 which was docked at mooring 7. The slick
contained about 145 liters (38 gal.) of oil.
-------
1 'M
Figure IV —38. Bremerton Area
-------
102
SHELTON (AREA H)
Description of Area
Shelton is located on Oakland Bay, a southwest arm of Puget Sound
[Fig. IV-1]. Goldborough Creek, a small stream, enters the Bay in
Shelton [Fig. IV-39]. The Bay is shallow near the city and industrial
areas, deepening to more than 20 m (66 ft) in the open water areas.
The city has a population of about 6,000. The economy depends on
the wood products industry.
General Observations
The shallow harbor areas of Oakland Bay appeared black with extenT
sive areas of turbidity. Numerous pilings and log holding areas covered
much of the harbor. Bottom features were not visible.
Specific Observations
The Simpson Timber Company and ITT Rayonier reported a total of 17
wastewater discharges to Oakland Bay. Numerous pilings, dolphins, log
booms and log rafts were present in the vicinity of the reported outfalls
The receiving water was very turbid and discolored with the most promi-
nent color a greenish-gray.
Three outfalls not reported in the applications were detected.
H-l—An active outfall was discharging from the bank of Goldsborough
Creek at this location [Fig. IV-39]. The viewing angle did not allow
photographing the bottom of the creek channel precluding identifi-
cation of the color of the discharge.
-------
Figure IV-39. Shelton Area
-------
104
H-2—A long, large hose was coiled on the bank of Goldsborough
Creek and was discharging a fluid into the creek.
H-3—An active outfall under a building was discharging with suffi-
cient volume and flow to disturb an area of water surface 2 x 4 m (6 x
13 ft). Turbidity and discoloration in the receiving water prevented
the detection of any plume associated with this discharge.
-------
105
V. RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION - GRAYS HARBOR, WASH.
The upper reaches of Grays Harbor including the mouth of the
Chehalis River were investigated using remote sensing techniques dis-
cussed in Section III. The purposes of the investigation were:
1. to record the presence of discharges and seeps from the
ITT Rayonier Company waste lagoon on Rennie Island, and
2. to record pollution dispersion patterns and areas of influence
for the lagoon discharges.
Description of Area
Grays Harbor is a shallow estuarine tributary to the Pacific Ocean
west of the Seattle-Tacoma metropolitan area. The estuarine area of
interest in this study is at the mouths of the Chehalis and Hoquiam
Rivers adjacent to the cities of Hoquiam and Aberdeen [Fig. V-l]. Much
of the upper reach of the estuary is less than 1 m (3 ft) deep and is
exposed as mud flats at low-tide. The North and South Channels on
opposite sides of Rennie Island convey Chehalis River outflow to the
lower estuary. The Hoquiam River discharges to the North Channel. Both
rivers are tidal for some distance upstream from their mouths.
Several wood products plants, seasonal seafood processing facilities,
other minor industries and several municipal wastewater treatment facil-
ities discharge effluents to Grays Harbor. This investigation was
concerned only with the ITT Rayonier Company. This pulp and paper mill
discherges process wastes to a lagoon on Rennie Island [Fig. V-l].
-------
106
"N'* V! f
„____ , ^ ^|-;^i
,
.
< •,' *J
:'
-" -- I ,"' , ' ' ' •>
•i .:••» • ' ' ~-^.
>! 1
.^i^,M '"'*"*M
kMStfSffiMffi
... -•: i._. ' •
, W %:
. '
.
.
G '
M.«rf! i»N .. " «'!TV
•
'
'
,-
- _
• ",;„"
H,.,k,
,-'
t — "
„•' -
•
...
Figure V —1. Upper Grays Harbor Area
-------
1
-H-
Subm«rged Pipe OuKa
.Ope n
Open Ditch Outfn —
GRAYS HARBOR
Fi|ire ¥2 Rmie Isliil
-------
108
These wastes are held and batch discharged twice daily on outgoing
tides. The mill also has several wastewater discharges at the mill
site on the north side of North Channel.
f
Specific Observations
A sketch of the Rennie Island lagoon [Fig. V-2] shows pipe outfalls,
open ditch outfalls, and numerous seepage areas. The pipe outfalls did
not appear to be active. The open ditches contained extremely dark
wastewater identical in color to that in the lagoon. The seep lines
sketched actually depict the near-surface movement of lagoon wastewater
(indicated in the remote sensing data as a lack of or degradation of
foliage and significant soil moisture and discoloration) near the lagoon
dikes and open ditch movement near the island shoreline.
No significant discoloration was recorded in the upper reaches of
Grays Harbor that could be attributed to the ITT Rayonier discharge.
-------
109
VI. RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION
WILLAMETTE RIVER, OREG.
The Willamette River is in northwestern Washington. It flows north
about 320 km (200 mi) from its source in the Cascade Mountains to join
the Columbia River. The Willamette Valley traversed by the River for
most of its length is fertile, relatively level farmland situated between
the Coast Range and Cascade Mountains. A mild climate, winter rains and
summer irrigation provide ideal conditions for growing a variety of crops.
Because of the agricultural nature of the Willamette Valley, non-
point-sources are important contributors of pollution to the Willamette
River. The area of the lower valley between Salem and Portland, a distance
of about 80 km (50 mi), was investigated in late July 1973 to document the
presence of non-point-sources of pollution such as irrigation return flow
drainage channels. Infrared film and an Infrared Line Scanner (see
Section III) were used to record the presence of surface water as an aid
in detecting water flow paths.
The results of this investigation are presented on U. S. Geological
Survey 7.5 minute topographical maps (original scale 1:24,000) used as
base drawings with recorded surface water overprinted in red [Fig.
VI-1 through VI-7]. Red lines overprinted on black-line watercourses
represent a confirmation of the presence of water in those locations.
Red lines alone indicate the presence of watercourses not shown on the
base map. For major streams identified in black on the base map, the
red overprint was omitted since these streams are known to carry
-------
110
perennial flow. Return flows recorded in the Oregon quandrangles of Dundee,
Lake Oswego, Gladstone, and Oregon City, as well as those flows already
shown on the basic maps, were insignificant.
-------
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
-------
Ill
VII. RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION
COEUR D'ALENE LAKE, IDAHO
Coeur D'Alene Lake is in the panhandle region of northern Idaho
just east of Spokane, Wash. Fed by the Coeur D'Alene and St. Joe Rivers
and numerous creeks, the lake is the source of the Spokane River. A
popular recreation area, the lake is surrounded by partially timbered
foothills and semi-mountainous terrain.
The lake was investigated on 26 July 1973 to define the presence of
algae and other aquatic plant life. Infrared film that records the
presence of chlorophyll was the sensor used [see Section III].
Observed locations of significant areas of aquatic plant growth are
printed in red on a U. S. Geological Survey topographical map of the
lake [Fig. VII-1]. In general, no algae were detected in the main body
of the lake. However, numerous patches of aquatic plant growth that may
have contained algae were recorded in the lake's backwaters and bays.
(The sensor used does not distinguish between algae and aquatic plants.)
With the exception of an area immediately to the north of the mouth of
the Coeur D'Alene River, the patches were small. In the large area the
aquatic plant growth was widespread along shore and in the water. One
area of growth was recorded on both sides of the U. S. Highway 95 bridge
near the outlet to the Spokane River.
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PAGE NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
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113
VIII. RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION
SNAKE AND SALMON RIVERS, IDAHO
For much of its length the Snake River traverses fertile irrigated
farm land. Several tributaries including the Boise and Payette Rivers
also flow through intensely farmed irrigated valleys. Much of this
farmland produces feed crops which are then used to feed livestock,
primarily cattle. Animal feedlots are numerous in the Snake River area
and are important sources of pollutants to the river system where they
are located in close proximity to watercourses or drainage canals.
Two segments of the Snake River valley, the lower Payette River
valley and the Boise River valley from Boise to the Snake River, were
investigated in late April 1973 to document the presence of feedlots.
The locations of these areas and flight paths are shown in Figures VIII-1,
VIII-2 and VIII-3. The areas were imaged from an altitude of 5,500 m
(18,000 ft) above ground level providing coverage of a band 6,100 m
(20,000 ft) wide parallelling the flight path.
Several hundred feedlots of varying sizes were located in these
areas. The location of each feedlot was indicated on the 23 cm (9 in.)
wide film obtained from the study and the film transmitted to EPA
Region X for their use in preparing a feedlot inventory. The locations
of feedlots are not documented in this report.
A similar investigation of the narrow Salmon River valley in north-
central Idaho was conducted in late July 1973. The middle reach of the
river covered extends about 160 km (100 mi) upstream from Riggins to
near North Fork. No feedlots were detected in this area.
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AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
-------
APPENDIX A
FILM SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY DATA
OPTICAL FILTER TRANSMITTANCE DATA
-------
The spectral curves for each film and optical filter used
during this reconnaissance program are provided on the following
pages:
i) SO-397 with HF3/HF5 filter combination
ii) 2403 with 47A
iii) 2443 with 16.
In order to obtain the optical band width B (A) of each film-
filter combination let F(A) be the transmittance function of the
(j
respective filter and S(A) be the spectral sensitivity function for
the particular film. Then
B(A) = ** S(A) F(X) dX.
-------
Kodak Ektachrome EF Aerograph!c Film
SO-397 Development Process EA-5
Cyan forming
layer
Yel1ow formi ng
Magenta forming
aver
Normal Exposure, D = 1.OC
above minimum density
Sensitivity = reciprocal of exposure
(ergs/cm2) required to produce specified
density above density of base plus fog
500 600
Wavelength in Nanometers
.IX 3
100% o
200
300
400
500 600
WWEUNGTH (Nmmtvs)
700
300
AAB*
900
-------
MAPPING FILMS
KODAK Ptus-X AEROGRAPHIC Film 2402
(ESTAR Base)
Spectral Sensitivity Curves:
D-19
Development KODAK Develop., D 19 3 m,n at 68 F (20 O
in a Seniitometnc Proeeiung Machine
450 500 550
WAVELENGTH (nm)
Sensitivity = Reciprocal of the exposure in ergs/cm* required to produce the indicated density (D) above
gross fog.
.1% 3
3 IX
1 *
i °
in tn
110 % |
200
300 400 500 600 700 800 900
100% 0
39
(GLASS)
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
WAVELENGTH (Nanometers)
AAA
Blue. Glass contrast filter for printing motion-picture duplicates.
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INFRARED-SENSITIVE FILMS
KODAK AEROCHROME Infrared Film 2443
(ESTAR Base)
KODAK AEROCHROME Infrared Film 3443
(ESTAR Thin Base)
Critical users of these two films should determine the actual sensitometric characteristics
of their particular batch of film by using their own specialized techniques. The keeping
conditions forthese films have an effect on their sensitometric response.
Spectral Sensitivity Curves:
Sensitivity — Reciprocal of the exposure (ergs/cm2) required to produce a density of 1.0 above D min.
Measurements were confined to the 400 to 900 nanometer region.
Spectral Dye Density Curves:
200 300 400
AAB 100 % o
200
600 700 800
400 500 600 700
WAVELENGTH (Nanometers)
800
900
900
Orange. Permits greater overcorrection of sky than No. 15. Absorbs
small amount of green.
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APPENDIX B
DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES FOR BLACK-WHITE,
COLOR RECONNAISSANCE FILMS
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The film was processed in processors manufactured by Eastman
\
Kodak Company. The infrared and true-color Ektachrome films were
processed in the Ektachrome RT Processor, Model 1811, Type M,
Federal Stock Number 6740-109-2987PK, Part Number 460250. This machine
uses Kodak EA-5 chemicals. The temperature of the respective chemicals.
In the processor and the film process rate, in feet per minute, are
che important parameters. Their values were specified as follows:
1) Prehardner 115°F
2) Neutralizer 115°F
3) First Developer 115°F
4) First Stop Bath 115°F
5) Color Developer 120°F
6) Second Stop Bath 120°F
7) Bleach 125°F
8) Fixer 120°F
9) Stablizer 120°F
The film process rate was 9 feet per minute. The nine chemical
baths, mentioned above, comprise the EA-5 process used for the
color films. The temperature and pressure of the fresh water supplied
to the processor was 120°F and 45 pounds per square inch minimum
respectively. The fresh water is used to wash the film immediately
before entering the dryers.
The black and white film 2403 was processed in a Kodak Versamat
Model 11-CM processor using Kodak 641 chemicals. This process contains
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only two chemical baths which are the developer and fixer. During
processing, these .were maintained at- 85°F with a film process rate
of 12 feet per minute. Fr.esh water temperature was maintained at
85°F with a pressure greater than 45 pounds per square inch.
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APPENDIX C
Focal Length, Angle of View, and the Effects of Focal Length and Altitude
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The focal length of the aerial sensors affects the size (or scale)
of the resulting imagery. At any given altitude, the image size
chan'ges in direct proportion to changes in focal length. Also for a
given focal length, the image size is inversely proportional to the
altitude.
The angle of view of a sensor is a function of the focal lenpth
and the image format size. The importance of the angle of view is
its relationship to the amount of target area recorded in the imagery.
Refer to the following diagrams: A. Focal length of a simple lens.
B. Effect of focal length on scale and ground coverage. C. Effect
of altitude on scale and ground coverage.
Point at
Infinity
Reproduction of
point at mfmity-
[— Focal Length —
A
Focal
Plane
-Parallel light rays from infinite
distance and a single point source.
Diagram A. Focal Length of a Simple Lens
Focal length is the distance from the lens (A) to the film (B).
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' V •*
3-Inch Focal Length // \
ZZ
6-Inch Focal Length
30,000 Ft
12-Inch Focal Length
500 Ft
7,500 Ft
1 /— 5,300 Ft
5,000 Ft
18-Inch Focal Length
DIAGRAM B Effect of Focal Length on Scale and Ground Coverage
i:::: Ft
5.000 Ft
—7 /—7.500 Ft
3-Inch Focal Length
DIAGRAM C Effect of Altitude on Scale and Ground Coverage
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