EPA-600/3-76-009
April 1976
Ecological Research Series
TOXICITY OF
CHLORINATED POWER PLANT
CONDENSER COOLING WATERS
TO FISH
Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Duluth, Minnesota 55804
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into five series. These five broad
categories were established to facilitate further development and application of
environmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The five series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
This report has been assigned to the ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH series. This series
describes research on the effects of pollution on humans, plant and animal
species, and materials. Problems are assessed for their long- and short-term
influences. Investigations include formation, transport, and pathway studies to
determine the fate of pollutants and their effects. This work provides the technical
basis for setting standards to minimize undesirable changes in living organisms
in the aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric environments.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/3-76-009
April 1976
TOXICITY OF CHLORINATED POWER PLANT
CONDENSER COOLING WATERS TO FISH
by
R. E. Basch
J. G. Truchan
Michigan Water Resources Commission
Michigan Bureau of Water Management
Lansing, Michigan 48926
Grant No. R-800700
Project Officer
John W. Arthur
Monticello Field Station
Environmental Research Laboratory
Duluth, Minnesota 55804
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
DULUTH, MINNESOTA 55804
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Research Laboratory,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication.
Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the
views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor
does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorse-
ment or recommendation for use.
ii
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ABSTRACT
Studies were conducted during 1972 at five Michigan power plants
in which caged brown trout (Salmo trutta) and fathead minnows
(Pimephales promelas) were held for 96 hr in the intake and con-
denser cooling water discharge channels. Caged fish were also
held in condenser cooling water dechlorinated with sodium thio-
sulfate at the same time that fish held in the discharge channel
were subjected to 30-min chlorination periods. The 48-hr total
residual chlorine intermittent concentrations lethal to 50 percent
(ILC-50) of the caged brown trout ranged from 0.14 to 0.17 and
0.18 to 0.19 mg/liter for fish exposed to two and four 30-min
chlorinations, respectively. The 96-hr ILC-50 total residual
chlorine values at two plants ranged from 0.02 to 0.05 and 0.17
to 0.18 mg/liter for fish exposed to three and six 30-min chlori-
nations, respectively. Fathead minnow deaths in all studies could
not be attributed to the total residual chlorine because of exces-
sive numbers of deaths among control fish.
Resident fish were observed in distress at two plants during
1972. These behavioral symptoms were noted at maximum total
residual chlorine concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 mg/liter.
Studies were repeated in 1973 at one plant with brown trout and
other salmonid species. These fish were subjected to similar
chlorine concentrations as the 1972 studies at this plant. No
deaths of test fish occurred during these tests that could be
attributed to chlorine concentrations. The inconsistent results
may be related to interactions between chlorine, temperature, and
dissolved oxygen saturation in the discharge channel.
A laboratory bioassay was conducted during 1973 in which brown
trout were held for 96 hr at 17 C (63 F) and 21 C (70 F) after being
subjected to one 30-min chlorine dosage. Increase in lethality was
greater than 50 percent with the 4 C (7 F) temperature increase.
The ILC-50's were 1.19 mg/liter and 0.56 mg/liter for fish held at
17 C (63 F) and 21 C (70 F), respectively.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Project Number R800700
by the Michigan Water Resources Commission, Bureau of Water Manage-
ment, under the (partial) sponsorship of the Environmental Protection
Agency. Work was completed in September 1974.
iii
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CONTENTS
Abstract
List of Figures
List of Tables
Acknowledgments
Sections
I Conclusions 1
II Recommendations 2
III Introduction 3
IV 1972 Field Studies 4
V 1973 Field Studies 43
VI Laboratory Bioassays 52
VII General Discussion 57
VIII References 62
IX Appendices 65
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FIGURES
No. Page
1 Boom arrangement employed during caged fish studies 6
at Michigan power plants.
2 Dechlorination device employed during caged fish 7
studies at Michigan power plants, 1972.
3 Map of the J. H. Campbell plant showing caged fish 11
stations, May 30 - June 3, 1972.
4 Map of the J. H. Campbell plant showing caged fish 16
locations, October 9-13, 1972.
5 Map of the B. C. Cobb plant showing caged fish 19
stations, June 26-30, 1972.
6 Map of the Conners Creek plant showing caged fish 26
locations, July 11-15, 1972.
7 Map of the Karn-Weadock power plant complex area 32
showing caged fish locations, July 31-August 4, 1972.
8 Map of Karn-Weadock plants showing caged fish loca- 35
tions, November 27 - December 1, 1972.
9 Map of the Monroe plant showing caged fish locations, 38
December 11-15, 1972.
10 Map of J. H. Campbell Plant showing caged fish loca- 44
tions April 30-May 4, 1973.
vi
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TABLES
Ncr. Page
1 Brown trout mortality (expressed as percentage) after 13
various time intervals, total residual chlorine concen-
tration, and temperature at the caged fish and control
stations in the J. H. Campbell power plant intake and
discharge channels, May 30 to June 3, 1972.
2 Brown trout mortality (expressed as percentage) after 17
various time intervals, total residual chlorine concen-
tration, and temperature at the caged fish and control
stations in the J. H. Campbell power plant intake and
discharge channels, October 9-13, 1972.
3 Sunfish mortality (expressed as percentage) after various 21
time intervals, total residual chlorine concentration,
and temperature at the caged fish and control stations in
the B. C. Cobb power plant intake and discharge channel,
June 26-30, 1972.
4 Brown trout mortality (expressed as percentage) after 23
various time intervals, total residual chlorine concen-
tration, and temperature at the caged fish and control
stations in the B. C. Cobb power plant intake and dis-
charge channel, October 24-28, 1972.
5 Sunfish mortality (expressed as percentage) after 27
various time intervals, total residual chlorine concen-
tration, and temperature at the caged fish and control
stations in the Conners Creek power plant intake and
discharge channel, July 11-15, 1972.
6 Brown trout mortality (expressed as percentage) after 29
various time intervals, total residual chlorine concen-
tration, and temperature at the caged fish and control
stations in the Conners Creek power plant intake and dis-
charge channel, November 6-10, 1972.
7 Brown bullhead mortality (expressed as percentage) after 33
various time intervals, total residual chlorine concen-
tration, and temperature at the caged fish and control
stations in the Karn and Weadock power plants intake and
discharge channels, August 1-4, 1972.
vii
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TABLES (Continued)
No.
8 Brown trout mortality (expressed as percentage) after 37
various time intervals, total residual chlorine concen-
tration and temperature at caged fish and control sta-
tions in the Karn and Weadock power plants intake and
discharge channels, November 27 - December 1, 1972.
9 Brown trout mortality (expressed as percentage) after 40
various time intervals, total residual chlorine concen-
tration, and temperature at the caged fish and control
stations in the Monroe power plant intake and discharge
channel, December 11-15, 1972.
10 Summary of caged fish bioassay results obtained in the 42
nine studies at five Michigan power plants, 1972.
11 Fish mortality (expressed as percentage) after various 46
time intervals, total residual chlorine concentration
and temperature at the caged fish and control stations
in the J. H. Campbell plant intake and discharge channels,
April 30-May 4, 1973.
12 Fish mortality (expressed as percentage) after various 49
time intervals, total residual chlorine concentration,
and temperature at the caged fish and control stations
in the J. H. Campbell power plant intake and discharge
channels, May 14-18, 1973.
13 Brown trout mortality (expressed as percentage) after 54
one 30-minute exposure to total residual chlorine during
laboratory bioassay, July 16-20, 1973.
14 Mortality of fathead minnows (expressed as percentage) 56
exposed for 30 min to total residual chlorine at 21 C
(70 F) and subjected to two methods of dechlorination,
July 27-31, 1973.
15 Summary of important variables in the 1972 and 1973 58
caged brown trout bioassays conducted at the J. H.
Campbell power plant.
viii
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Environmental and operating personnel from the Consumers Power
and Detroit Edison Companies provided valuable assistance in
conducting this project, and special thanks are due them.
Various members of the Bureau of Water Management staff participated
in this project, and their support is greatly appreciated. Special
thanks are due Ronald Fobes, William Stone, Willard Quandt, and
William Watt, who contributed valuable suggestions, criticisms, and
hard work throughout this project. Special thanks are also due to
Esther Clickner who typed many revisions of this document.
The Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Fisheries Division,
provided fish throughout the project, and their assistance is
appreciated.
The Environmental Protection Agency project officer was John Arthur,
whose assistance and patience are also gratefully acknowledged.
ix
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SECTION I
CONCLUSIONS
1. Chlorinated power plant cooling waters in the discharge channels
of two plants caused aberrant behavior of resident adult salmonid
fish.
2. Chlorinated power plant cooling waters were lethal to caged brown
trout but not to fathead minnows, brown bullheads, or various
centrarchid species held in many of the discharge channels.
3. The 48-hr total residual chlorine intermittent concentrations
lethal to 50 percent (ILC-50) of the caged brown trout ranged
from 0.14 to 0.17 and 0.18 to 0.19 mg/liter for fish exposed
to two and four 30-min chlorinations, respectively. The 96-hr
ILC-50 total residual chlorine values at two plants ranged from
0.02 to 0.05 and 0.17 to 0.18 mg/liter for fish exposed to three
and six 30-min chlorinations, respectively.
4. Water temperature and gas saturation levels can interact to
markedly change the concentrations of chlorine lethal to fish.
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SECTION II
RECOMMENDATIONS
Chlorine dosages needed to prevent fouling of power plant con-
densers are poorly defined. Frequency of chlorine application
has been based largely on judgment and experience of the plant
operating personnel. It is recommended that research be conducted
to determine minimal levels and frequency of chlorine application
necessary to prevent biofouling. This research should result in
reduced chlorine concentrations and frequency of use which will
help to minimize the impact on aquatic organisms in the discharge
waters.
In high water-quality areas where sensitive fish species occur
it may be necessary to reduce the concentrations of chlorine to
levels near the limit of detectability. It is recommended in
these instances that the plants either neutralize the chlorine
before discharge or use an alternative condenser cleaning technique.
In this regard it is recommended that research be increased on
chlorine neutralization and alternative condenser cleaning techniques,
Since free chlorine measurements were inaccurate it is also recom-
mended that total residual chlorine be monitored by amperometric
titration procedures.
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SECTION III
INTRODUCTION
Several investigators have reviewed the literature on toxicity
to fish of continuous exposure to chlorine (Doudoroff and Katz
1950; McKee and Wolf 1963; Isom 1971; Zillich 1972). Brungs (1973)
recently completed a comprehensive review of literature dealing
with the toxicity to fish of both continuous and intermittent
exposures to chlorine.
Electric generating plants intermittently chlorinate their condenser
cooling water for short time periods to remove algal and bacterial
slimes growing on the condenser tubes. These growths interfere
with heat transfer across the condenser and cause loss of turbine
efficiency. In the fall of 1971 the possible lethality of this
type of chlorine application was investigated. Chlorine-monitoring
surveys by the Michigan Water Resources Commission (MWRC) at two
Michigan plants indicated that under normal plant chlorination
procedures the intermittent doses of chlorine could be lethal to
fish in the discharge channels (Basch 1971; Basch and Truchan 1971;
Truchan and Basch 1971).
Based on this preliminary field work, the MWRC staff in January 1972
recommended interim restrictions for industrial dischargers of
chlorine. They proposed that, where chlorine application is on a
continuous basis, total residual chlorine (TRC) concentrations in the
effluent should not exceed 0.05 mg/liter. For intermittent chlorine
application, total residual chlorine concentrations in the effluent
should not exceed 0.5 mg/1, with such application limited to 30
min during any 2-hr period. Brungs (1973) also suggested concen-
trations for intermittent chlorine dosages that would protect fish.
He recommended that limiting residual chlorine concentrations to
0.04 mg/liter for 2 hr per day should protect most species of fish.
He also recommended that, if high concentrations of free chlorine
persist, the level should not exceed 0.01 mg/liter for the same
time period.
This project was conducted to assess, under field conditions, the
effect of chlorinated cooling waters from power plant condensers on
coldwater and warmwater fish. A further objective was to evaluate
seasonal differences in lethality of these chlorinated waters.
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SECTION IV
1972 FIELD STUDIES
METHODS
Study sites for this project were selected with the cooperation
of the Consumers Power and Detroit Edison Companies. Plant personnel
provided close control over chlorine application rates and in-plant
monitoring of chlorine concentrations. The plant staff also supplied
the following operational data for their respective plants: intake
and discharge temperatures, chemical sampling results, cooling water
volumes, number of units in operation, chlorination schedules, dosage
rates, and in-plant chlorine-monitoring results.
Nine bioassays with caged fish were conducted in 1972 at five power
plants. Separate bioassays were conducted at all five plants during
the summer and repeated at four of the five plants during the fall
or winter. Fish were held in cages in the discharge channels and
exposed to free and combined chlorine present in the condenser cooling
water. Control fish were held in the intake water and in cooling
water that had been dechlorinated.
Fish held in the intake were subjected to the same water quality as
fish held in the discharge except for the elevated water temperatures
and the periodic chlorinations. A device was employed in which fish
were held in dechlorinated discharge channel water to monitor the
effect of the elevated temperatures. Since the fish at the test
stations in the discharge channel and the dechlorinated control stations
were subjected to the same temperature and water-quality conditions,
differences in survival were assumed to be due to the chlorinated
compounds present in the cooling water. Any deaths among the intake
control fish could indicate stress from the experimental design, fish
handling, intake water quality, disease, or any combination of these
factors. The general procedures employed during each of the 1972
bioassays are given below. Exceptions to these general methods will
be noted in the discussion of the results for each bioassay.
Rhodamine JB dye was used to determine the location of the plant's dis-
charge plume. Four to six stations were then positioned at various
-------
distances down the discharge channel and in the receiving water
within the discharge plume. Three wooden cages were used for
fish exposure at each station (Basch et al. 1971). Two of the
cages contained brown trout, and one cage contained fathead minnows.
The fathead minnow cages were partitioned into two equal sections.
At the discharge channel stations the three cages were bolted to
one end of a 2.4-m (8-ft) wooden board (4.1 cm X 9.2 cm, commonly
called a 2 X 4); a second 2X4 was attached to the opposite end
(Fig. 1). The total apparatus, referred to as the boom, was sus-
pended by U-bolts from a 2.1-m (7-ft) steel fence post driven into
the channel bottom. A rope was attached to the outer end of the
boom and secured to a second fence post positioned approximately
3.1 m (10 ft) upstream. This rope and boom arrangement allowed
the cages to be checked for fish mortality by swinging the boom
toward shore. The U-bolt suspension also allowed vertical move-
ment of the cages with changes in the channel depth. A 13.6-kg
(30-lb) concrete weight was attached to the outer end of the
boom along with a 1-gal plastic bottle. The weight and bottle
kept the cages submerged just beneath the surface. At the lake
stations and intake stations the cages were attached to a 1.2-m
(4-ft) 2X4 and were weighted to float just beneath the water's
surface.
A device was constructed to acclimate the fish to condenser cooling
water that had been dechlorinated. This dechlorination device
was mounted on a flat-bed snowmobile trailer (Fig. 2). Two 208.3-
liter (55-gal) drums held an aqueous sodium thiosulfate (Na2S203)
solution at a concentration of approximately 2,400 mg/liter.
This solution was continuously pumped at about 80 ml/min with a
ministaltic pump into the bottom of a baffled box and mixed with
condenser cooling water pumped from the discharge channel. The
discharge channel water was pumped at approximately 0.5 m^/sec
(8-9 gpm) with a 1-hp centrifugal pump to the mixing box. The
resulting mixture in the box had approximately 6.5 mg/liter of
sodium thiosulfate. The dechlorinated cooling water overflowed
from the mixing box into a 545.5-liter (144-gal) metal tank. Fish
were acclimated in this metal tank before each test. In addition,
caged fish were held in this tank during each test. Water overflowed
from the tank back to the discharge channel.
The two species of test fish, brown trout ranging in length from
6.4 to 10.2 cm (2.5-4.0 inches) and fathead minnows ranging from
5.1 to 7.6 cm (2-3 inches), were obtained from the Michigan Department
of Natural Resources (MDNR) Wolf Lake State Fish Hatchery. Approximately
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2.13m (7ft)
STEEL FENCE POST
2.43m (8ft)
WOODEN "2x4"
2.13m (7ft)
STEEL FENCE POST
Figure 1. Boom arrangement employed during caged fish studies at Michigan
power plants.
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Figure 2. Dechlorination device employed during caged fish studies at
Michigan power plants, 1972.
THIOSULPHATE
DRUMS
OVERFLOW BACK
TO CHANNEL
OVERFLOW TO
METAL TANK
<
FRONT VIEW
^^^
^
BAFFLED MIXING
BOX
144-GALLON
METAL TANK
MINISTALTIC
PUMP
SIDE VIEW
•;
\i
l-hp PUMP
REAR VIEW
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300 of each species were acclimated in dechlorinated water for
3-5 days prior to the test. The fish were held in the metal
tank in separate cages constructed of 1.9-cm (0.75 inch) exterior
plywood that enclosed a volume of nearly 0.2 m3 (6 ft^). Screened
openings provided water circulation through the cage. At the start
of each test the fish were transported from the stock cages to the
test and control stations in an insulated cooler. Ten brown trout
were placed in the inner and outer cages and 10 fathead minnows
were placed in each half of the middle cage for a total of 20 indi-
viduals of each species per station.
In all tests large numbers of fathead minnows died at control
stations, and therefore the data for this species are not presented.
Concentrations of free and total residual chlorine were determined
at each station and at the condenser outlet during plant chlorination
periods with three portable Fisher and Porter Model 17T1010 ampero-
metric titrators at various times throughout the study. Test-station
chlorine determinations were performed from a boat anchored at each
station. Each titrator had a minimum detection level of approximately
0.02 rag/liter total residual chlorine. The minimum detection level
was determined by serially diluting a known concentration of chlorin-
ated tap water with distilled water and comparing measured total
residual chlorine concentrations with computed concentrations based
on dilution. A comparison of titration precision for total residual
and free chlorine concentrations in tap water and field samples was
made with the three titrators. Two operators using the different
titrators independently made free and total residual chlorine deter-
minations on duplicate samples. The percent relative deviation
(Skoog and West 1963) for total residual and free chlorine determin-
ations derived from this test was 5.4 and 13.8 percent, respectively.
Thus reproducibility between operators and titrators was good for
total residual chlorine determinations, but not good for free chlorine
determinations. Because of the poor reproducibility the free chlorine
data were not analyzed.
Water samples were collected from the intake and discharge every 4 hr
for a 24-hr period. These samples were refrigerated and transferred
to the MWRC Lansing Wastewater Laboratory for analysis of dissolved
oxygen (DO), pH, temperature, and ammonia (NH3 as N) . Dissolved
oxygen was determined by the azide modification of the Winkler method
as given by the American Public Health Association (1971). Determina-
tions of pH were made with an Orion Instrument Company pH meter (Model
701). Ammonia concentrations were determined by the phenate method
-------
described in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1971) Chemical
Analysis Manual. Temperature was determined in the field with a
glass-stem mercury thermometer.
Samples were collected once during each study from the intake, dis-
charge, and dechlorinated control stations, transported to the MWRC
Lansing Wastewater Laboratory, and analyzed by methods given by
the American Public Health Association (1971) for DO, pH,
NH3, hardness, alkalinity, total solids (TS), suspended solids (SS),
total dissolved solids (TDS), chlorides (Cl), sulphates (SO^), cyanide
(Cn), iron (Fe), sodium (Na) , hexavalent chromium (Cr+°), manganese
(Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn).
Fish mortality was checked and dead fish were removed 24, 48, 72, and
96 hr after the start of the test. Fish were considered dead if no
opercular movements were observed and tactile stimulation did not elicit
movement.
The chlorinated plume normally extended over several stations and could
not be monitored simultaneously at all stations. Therefore, chlorine
was measured at each station during different chlorination periods
at times of increasing, peak, and decreasing total residual chlorine
concentration. The mean concentration during chlorination for each
station for the 96-hr period was then determined by averaging all
of the obtained values.
The exposure time at station 1, immediately below the discharge
headwall, was approximately equal to the time that chlorine was
applied to the condensers. At the farthest station downstream the
chlorine was monitored to non-detection, when possible, and average
exposure times were calculated for this station. Since all stations
could not be monitored simultaneously, exposure times at intermediate
stations were interpolated based on distances down the channel.
Cumulative exposure times at each station were computed for each
24-hr period based on the number of chlorinations occurring.
It was assumed that fish mortality would be a function of chlorine
concentration and exposure time. This has been shown for bacteria
killed during sewage disinfection (Moore 1951; Sawyer and McCarty,
1967). For bacteria this relationship can be expressed as:
M = CT
where M = mortality, C = chlorine concentrations, and T = time of
exposure.
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Assuming this relationship would also apply to fish, the number
of chlorine-minutes at each station in each 24-hr interval was
computed by multiplying the average chlorine concentration by
the corresponding cumulative exposure time. The numbers of
chlorine-minutes lethal to 50 percent of the fish in the 48- and
96-hr periods, termed the CM-50, were computed by linear regression.
In determining lethal concentrations the classical LC-50 or TL-50
concept utilized in laboratory bioassays could not be employed
since the test fish were not continuously exposed to total residual
chlorine. The total residual chlorine concentrations during
the chlorination period that were lethal to 50 percent of the fish
intermittently exposed during the 48- and 96-hr period were computed
from the CM-50. These intermittent lethal concentrations (ILC-50)
were calculated by dividing the CM-50 by the time of exposure.
Since exposure times at each station were unknown, a range of times
was employed. Exposure times ranged from the known time of chlorine
application at the condensers to the average time determined at
the farthest downstream station.
The intermittent lethal concentration was described as the ILC-50
(jc, y)t where x. is the number of chlorination periods and y_ is the
total number of minutes that chlorine was applied to the condensers
during the test.
STUDY 1
DESCRIPTION
The J. H. Campbell plant is a coal-fueled facility located north
of the mouth of the Pigeon River in Port Sheldon Township, Ottawa
County (Fig. 3). Two generating units produce a combined total of
647 megawatts electrical (MW6). Condenser cooling water for the
plant is drawn through an intake channel from Lake Michigan via
Pigeon Lake. The maximum rate of discharge from this plant is
18.9 m3/sec (300,000 gpm), which flows into a 1.2-km (0.75-mile)
discharge channel to Lake Michigan (Consumers Power Company 1972).
Each unit was chlorinated twice weekly for 30-min periods. Aqueous
sodium hypochlorite (16 percent) was applied; approximately 18.1 kg
(40 Ib) and 26.5 kg (58.5 Ib) were used during each chlorination
of units 1 and 2, respectively.
The test fish were acclimated May 25-30, 1972, in dechlorinated water,
transferred to all stations (Fig. 3) on May 30, 1972, and 15 fish
placed in the inner and outer cages. The fish were exposed to
chlorination periods on May 30, June 1, and June 2. The chlorine
10
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Figure 3. Map of the J. H. Campbell plant showing caged fish stations,
May 30 - June 3, 1972.
LAKE
MICHKAN\
DECHLORINATED
CONTROL
081km (l/2mi)
(g) CAGED FISH STATION
! I
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exposure concentrations are given in Appendix 1. Numbers of
dead fish were checked every 24 hr, before and after the chlorin-
ation periods.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Plant staff maintained the chlorine concentration during this test
at less than 0.5 mg/liter at the confluence of the discharges from
the two units. The maximum total residual chlorine concentration
observed during this study was 0.43 mg/liter. Average total
residual chlorine concentrations observed at the test stations
ranged from 0.07 to 0.26 mg/liter. At stations 1-5 mortality was
greater than 50 percent within 24 hr after the first chlorination;
almost all fish were dead after 96 hr (Table 1). Brown trout
mortality was lower at station 6, where the average total residual
chlorine concentration was 0.07 mg/liter. No deaths were observed
at either the intake or dechlorinated control station.
Linear regression was employed to determine the 48- and 96-hr ILC-50's.
A regression was calculated for the cumulative number of dead brown
trout based on the log^Q of the cumulative chlorine-minutes. Separate
regressions were computed for the 48- and 96-hr results. The r-values
(0.43 and 0.53, respectively) for both the 48- and 96-hr regressions
were not significantly different (at the 0.05 level), but accounted
for 19 and 28 percent, respectively, of the variability in the
regressions. The slope of the 96-hr regression differed significantly
from zero, but the slope of the 48-hr regression did not.
The regression for the 96-hr results was:
y = 2.2450 + 8.1914 Log1Q (x)
where v_ is number of brown trout dead and _x_ is cumulative chlorine-
minutes. The 96-hr CM-50 value extrapolated from this regression
was 4.38 chlorine-minutes.
The time chlorine was applied to the condensers was 30 min, while
the exposure time at the last station averaged 60 min. Therefore,
the average total residual chlorine concentration that could be
expected to kill 50 percent of brown trout exposed to three 30-min
chlorination periods at 0, 48, and 72 hr of elapsed time during
96 hr in this plant's channel [ILC-50 (3, 90)] was 0.02 to 0.05
mg/liter.
Water samples were taken from the intake and discharge channel on
May 31, June 1, and June 2, 1972, and were transported to the MWRC
Lansing Wastewater Laboratory for analysis (Appendices 2 and 3).
The water temperature ranged from 17 C (63 F) to 20.5 C (69 F) in
12
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Table 1. Brown trout mortality (expressed as percentage) after various time intervals,
total resldu.il chlorine concentration-, and temperature at the caged fish and
control stations in the J. H. Campbell power plant intake and discharge channels,
May 30 to June 3, 1972.
Iten
Elapsed time'
2 hr - Lb
- R
24 hr - L
- R
48 hr - L
- R
72 hr - L
- R
96 hr - L
- R
Total
TRC (mg/liter)C
Max latin
Average1*
Minimum
ne
Calculated exposure
time (rain)
Temperature [C (F)l
Maximum
Average
Minimum
£
ne
Intake
control
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
_
-
-
••
-
12 (54)
10.5 (51)
9
7
* Elapsed Cine equals time fish were In
L and R refer to left
*j TRC is total residual
and right cages
Station
Dechlorinated
control
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
_
-
-
—
_
19 (66)
18 (64)
17 (62)
7
cages.
determined when facing
1
27
27
67
60
93
60
100
67
100
60
90
0.37
0.26
0.12
11
96.6
20.5 (69)
19 (66)
IB (64)
7
downstream.
2
0
7
60
67
67
80
80
87
93
87
90
0.43
0.22
0.06
8
104.4
20.5 (69)
19 (66)
18 (64)
7
3
7
13
33
73
73
73
60
73
80
87
83
0.27
0.16
0.07
6
118.3
20.5 (69)
19 (66)
18 (64)
7
4
27
7
67
60
80
80
93
87
93
87
90
0.26
0.10
0.04
6
127.2
20.5 (69)
19 (66)
18 (64)
7
5
0
20
47
67
73
80
73
87
93
87
90
0.20
0.13
0.05
9
142.5
20.5 (69)
19 (66)
37-5 (63)
7
6
7
0
33
20
40
40
53
53
60
60
60
0.14
0.07
0.01
19
180
20 (68.5)
19 (66)
17.5 (63)
7
chlorine concentration.
not nenitored because of titrator malfunction.
n is the cotal number of readings (non-zero) used to compute averages.
Fish subjected to three 30-mln exposures, but initial dosage was
-------
the discharge; no diurnal differences were observed in either the
intake or discharge waters. No major differences were found between
stations other than increased temperature and percentage satura-
tion of dissolved oxygen and no concentrations were detected
at lethal levels. The dechlorinated control station had a lowered
DO concentration, which may be due partially to reduction by the
thiosulfate in the mixing box. The DO, however, was sufficient
(7.3 mg/liter) to support brown trout and fathead minnows. Oxygen
saturation in the discharge channel ranged from 118 to 127 percent
and averaged 123 percent. These levels are above the 8-day
median lethal level of 119 percent for rainbow trout reported by
Otto (1972). The shorter exposure period in this study (4 days)
and different test species of fish may have lessened the number
of deaths related to gas supersaturation.
Three SCUBA divers observed resident fish behavior in the dis-
charge channel during the June 1, 1972, chlorinatlon period. Total
residual chlorine concentrations averaged 0.26 mg/liter, and 0.43
mg/liter was the highest concentration recorded in the channel.
These divers initially positioned themselves across the channel
at station 1 and followed the chlorinated water downstream to
station 6. They noted that resident fish, predominately alewife,
increased their activity and moved out of the main channel or to
side eddies as the chlorinated slug passed. After the chlorinated
water passed, fish returned to the main channel and resumed their
normal activity.
SUMMARY
Chlorine concentrations measured in the J. H. Campbell plant
discharge channel during this study were lethal to brown trout.
Approximately 90 percent of all brown trout were killed within
96 hr at all stations in the discharge channel except at
the furthest downstream station where 60 percent died. No fish
died at either the intake or dechlorinated control stations.
Brown trout exposed to three 30-min chlorination periods at 0,
48, and 72 hr of elapsed time during 96 hr in the plant's dis-
charge channel could be expected to incur 50 percent mortality
[ILC-50 (3, 90)] at average TRC concentrations ranging from
0.02 to 0.05 mg/liter.
-------
STUDY 2
DESCRIPTION
The second study was conducted at the J. H. Campbell plant, Octo-
ber 9-13, 1972. The general plant description and plant operational
information are given in study 1. Chlorination data and condenser
cooling water flow rates applicable during this survey were similar
to those of study 1, except that one unit was taken off line at
1440 hr on October 12, 1972.
The test fish were acclimated at the dechlorinated control station,
October 6-9, 1972. They were transferred to all stations on Octo-
ber 9, 1972 (Fig. 4). The fish were held until October 13, 1972,
and exposed to four chlorinations on October 9, October 10, October
12, and October 13. The total residual chlorine concentrations
measured are given in Appendix 4. Cages were checked for dead fish
every 24 hr.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
During this test the plant staff maintained the TRC concentration
at less than 0.5 rag/liter at the confluence of the discharges
from the two units. Average calculated TRC values at the test
stations ranged from 0.06 to 0.18 mg/liter (Table 2). Mortalities
at the test stations after 96 hr ranged from 50 to 100 percent;
mortality at both control stations was 15 percent. The mortalities
at each station were quite variable, especially at station 4, which
had 10 and 90 percent survival in the two cages.
Separate linear regressions were computed for the 48- and 96-hr
brown trout results. Neither r-value was statistically signifi-
cant (at the 0.05 significance level), nor was either slope
different from zero. Therefore ILC-50's were not calculated.
Water samples were taken from the intake and discharge channel
on October 11 and 12, 1972, and transported to the MWRC Lansing
Wastewater Laboratory for analysis (Appendices 5 and 6).
Temperature was fairly constant averaging 9.5 C (49.5 F), 18 C
(64 F), and 18 C (64 F) in the intake, dechlorinated control,
and discharge, respectively. Dissolved oxygen ranged from approxi-
mately 9 to 11 mg/liter at all stations and was supersaturated in
15
-------
Figure 4. Map of the J. H. Campbell plant showing caged fish
locations, October 9-13, 1972.
LAKE
MICHk
DECHLORINATED
CONTROL
0 0.81 km (1/2 mi)
•
CAGED FISH STATION
-------
Table 2. Brown trout mortality (expressed ns percentage) nfter various
tln*2 intervals, totn 1 residual chlorine concent ration, and temperature
at the cngcd fish anJ control stations In the J. H. Campbell power plant
intake and discharge channels, October 9-13, 1972.
Station
Intake Dechlorinated
Item
Elapsed tiroe
24 hr - Lb
- R
48 hr - L
- R
72 hr - I
- R
96 hr - L
- R
Total
TRC (nR/l)c
Maximum
Average"
Minimum
ne
Calculated exposure
time (Bin)
Temperature [C (F)]
Max! mum
Average
Miniaua
ne
, Elapsed time equals tine
L and R refer to the left
TD/* 1 *. frnfc,.! _.._l.l.._1 —1,1
control
10
0
10
10
20
10
20
10
15
.
-
-
-
-
11.5 (53)
10.5 (51)
9 (48)
4
fish were in cages.
control
10
0
10
0
1.0
0
10
20
15
.
-
-
-
-
21 (70)
18.5 (65)
17 (63)
5
and right cages determined when facing
1
20
70
40
70
50
100
90
100
95
0.41
0.13
0.01
16
123
21 (70)
19 (66)
16.5 (62)
7
downs treaa
2
0
40
30
40
50
50
90
50
70
0.50
0.18
0.04
14
132.2
22 (72;
18.5 (65)
16.5 (62)
7
3
10
0
60
30
100
80
100
100
100
0.34
0.15
0.05
11
141.9
22 (72)
18.5 (65)
16.5 (62)
6
4
10
0
10
50
10
80
10
90
50
0.
0.
0.
18
160
22
18.
16
6
17
06
02
(72)
5 (65)
(61)
Average TRC is the average tptal residual chlorine concentration to which the fish were exposed.
during four 30-oin chlorin»cions.
o is the total nuaber of readings (non-zero) used to compute averages.
These averages were computed from values obtained
-------
the dechlorinated control and discharge with the corresponding
percentage saturation ranges 95-114 and 104-114, respectively.
These levels were less than the 8-day median lethal level of 119
percent for rainbow trout reported by Otto (1972). Except for the
elevated temperature in the channel and an increase in ammonia at
station 6 (0.20 mg/liter), no major differences were found that
would be lethal to the test fish.
Abnormal behavior of rainbow trout, brook trout, and coho salmon
was observed when total residual chlorine concentrations were moni-
tored in the discharge channel on October 12, 1972 (Truchan 1972).
Forty to eighty of these fish were observed floundering at the
surface. Their behavior was described as listless swimming or jump-
ing out of the water. The fish made no attempt to escape when
approached. This abnormal behavior appeared to be related to the
presence of chlorine in the channel since similar fish behavior
was not noted before the chlorination period. The plant was operating
normally with a maximum total residual chlorine concentration recorded
in the channel of 0.2 mg/liter. Similar abnormal behavior of 10-15
salmonids was also noted at this plant on the following day, October
13, 1972, at a maximum measured total residual chlorine concentration
of 0.5 mg/liter (Truchan 1972). Abnormal fish behavior was not
observed in the discharge channel before or after these dates, even
during chlorination periods.
SUMMARY
Chlorine concentrations in the J. H. Campbell plant discharge during
this study were lethal to caged brown trout. Because of excessive
variability in mortality, the ILC-50 concentrations could not be
calculated. However, total residual chlorine was lethal at concen-
trations averaging less than 0.15 mg/liter. Resident rainbow trout,
brook trout, and coho salmon were observed in distress on two
occasions. This behavior was definitely related to the total residual
chlorine concentrations, which measured 0.2 and 0.5 mg/liter.
STUDY 3
DESCRIPTION
The B. C. Cobb plant (Fig. 5) is a coal-fueled facility located
at the east end of Muskegon Lake in Muskegon Township, Muskegon
County. Five generating units have a combined capacity of 531 MWe.
Condenser cooling water for the plant is drawn from Muskegon Lake
via an intake channel north of the south branch of the Muskegon
River. The combined discharge flows at a maximum rate of 25.6 m-Vsec
(405,000 gpm) via a discharge channel into the north branch of the
Muskegon River.
18
-------
Figure 5. Map of the B. C. Cobb plant showing caged fish stations,
June 26-30, 1972.
MUBKKON LAKE
©CAGED FISH STATION
DECHLQRINATED
'CONTROL
19
-------
Each unit was chlorinated with aqueous sodium hypochlorite (16%)
for 25-min periods on June 26, 28, and 30, 1972. Units 1, 2, and
3 were treated with 15 kg (33 Ib) and units 4 and 5 with 22.7 kg
(50 Ib).
The test fishes were a mixture of centrarchid species which consisted
of approximately equal numbers of rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris),
black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus), longear sunfish (Lepomis
megalotis), and pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus). These fish, ranging
in size from 7.5 to 15.0 cm (3-6 inches), were seined from Muskegon
Lake at the mouth of the B. C. Cobb discharge and acclimated at
the dechlorinated control station from June 21 to 26, 1972. The
test fish were transported to all stations on June 26, 1972, and 10
fish were placed in each of the inner and outer cages. Numbers
of dead fish were noted daily before the 1100-hr and after the
1400-hr chlorinations. Chlorine concentrations and temperature
were monitored during each chlorinatoin period (Appendix 7). The
TRC levels were consistent at all test stations with average values
ranging from 0.10 to 0.20 mg/liter.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
No fish died at the control stations. Mortality was low (0-15%)
and variable at the test stations (Table 3). The low mortality
and variability prohibited statistical analysis of the data.
However, the lack of deaths at the control stations suggests that
fish deaths at the test stations were related to chlorine.
Water samples were collected from the intake and dechlorinated control
on June 21, 28, and 30 and transported to the MWRC Lansing Wastewater
Laboratory for analysis (Appendices 8, 9, and 10). Temperatures were
high, averaging approximately 21 C (70 F) in the intake and 26 C
(79 F) in the discharge. The DO in the dechlorinated control at
times was very low with the concentrations on June 28 (4.3 mg/liter)
less than one-half the concentration in the intake (9.8 mg/liter)
and two-thirds of the average value at the discharge channel stations
(6.5 mg/liter). All DO levels were less than 100 percent saturated.
In subsequent tests the dechlorinated control station was artificially
aerated. Intake and discharge ammonia levels on June 21, 1972, had
a maximum of 0.7 mg/liter which may have stressed the fish. All
other ammonia concentrations were less than 0.32 mg/liter. Other
characteristics did not differ widely between the intake, dechlorin-
ated control, and the test stations, and none reached toxic levels.
20
-------
Table 3. Sunfish mortality (exnressed as percentage) after various time
intervals, toi.il residual chlorine concentration, and temperature
at the caged fish anil control stations in the B. C. Cobb power
plant intake and discharge channel, June 26-30, 1972.
Station
Item
Elapsed time3
b
4 hr - L
- R
24 hr - L
- R
48 hr - L
- R
72 hr - L
- R
96-hr - L
- R
Total
TRC (ng/l)c
Maxtniura
Average1*
MiniiEun
sf
Calculated exposure
ttca (nin)
Temperature [C (F)]
Maximum
Average
Minimum
ne
3 Elapsed time equals
L and R refer to the
C TT>r 4 o *-n«-tl rni.4.4....
Intake
control
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
"0
0
0
0
—
-
-
-
-
22 (72)
21.6 (71)
17.5 (64)
5
time fish were
left and right
Dechlorinated
control
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.
-
-
-
-
26.5 (80)
26 (79)
24.5 (78)
4
in cages.
cages determined
1
0
0
10
0
20
10
20
10
20
10
15
0.38
0.19
0.03
19
132
27 (81)
26 (79)
24.5 (76)
9
when facing
,
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
10
0
5
0.34
0.20
0.10
14
150
27 (81)
26 (79)
24.5 (76)
8
downstream.
,
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.30
0.17
0.06
13
185
27 (81)
26 (79)
24 (75)
9
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
0
15
0.41
0.16
0.05
13
210
27 (81)
26 (79)
24 (75)
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
10
5
0
0
0
16
176
26
25
24
8
s
.26
.10
.01
f
.5 (80)
.5 (78)
(75)
These averages vere computed from values obtained from 5-
Average TRC is the average total residual chlorine to which the fish vere exposed.
and 24-min chlorinations.
n is the nunber of readings (non-zero) used to compute the average.
Because of wind action on the chlorine plume, fish at this station were not exposed to the June 30, 1972, chlorination.
-------
SUMMARY
Various sunfish species were held in the B. C. Cobb plant discharge
channel and subjected to five 25-min chlorinations during the 96-hr
period. Deaths among the test fish were few, but may have been due
to chlorine since no deaths occurred at the control stations.
STUDY 4
DESCRIPTION
The fourth study was conducted at the B. C. Cobb plant, October 24-
28, 1972. One plant operational difference from study 3 was that
the normal Monday chlorination was conducted on Tuesday.
The test fish were acclimated in the dechlorinated control station
from October 19 to 24, 1972, and transferred to all stations on
October 24. The fish were exposed until October 28 and subjected
to two chlorinations per day on October 24, 25, and 27. The chlorine
concentrations are given in Appendix 11. Fish deaths were checked
every 24 hr.
During this test plant staff maintained the total residual chlorine
concentrations in the discharge channel at less than 0.5 mg/liter.
A maximum of 0.32 mg/liter was observed in the channel, with average
total residual chlorine concentrations ranging from 0.06 to 0.17
mg/liter.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Brown trout mortality ranged from 10 to 70 percent at the test stations
(Table 4). No deaths occurred at the control stations. No fish died
until 48 hours had elapsed. This delay in death may be related to
the lower average total residual chlorine levels.
Separate linear regressions were computed for the 48- and 96-hr
periods. The r-values for both regressions (0.69 and 0.87) were
statistically significant at the 0.05 significance level and accounted
for 47 and 77 percent of the variability in the regressions, respectively,
In addition, the slopes of both regressions were significantly dif-
ferent from zero. The regression for the 48-hr results was:
y = -4.9862 + 6.9737 Log (x).
The corresponding regression for the 96-hr results was:
y = 12.9043 + 14.0329 Log1()(x)
22
-------
Table 4. Brown trout mortality (expressed as percentage) after various time
intervals, total residual chlorine concentration, and temperature
at the caged fish and control stations in the B. C. Cobb power plant
intake and discharge channel. October 24-28, 1972.
Station
I tea
Elapsed time a
4 hr - LC
- R
24 hr - L
- R
48 hr - L
- R
72 hr - L
- R
96 hr - L
- R
Total
d
TRC (rig/liter)
Maximum
Awr.ige6
Minimum
f
nr
Calculated exposure
tine (min)
Tecoeraturc [C (F)}
Maximum
Average
Minimum
n*
Elapsed tiae equals
No brown trout were
*" L and R refer to the
Intake
control
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
_
-
-
—
-
12 (54)
10.5 (51)
10 (50)
4
tine fish were
utlized at this
left and right
Dechlorinated
control
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
_
-
-
~
_
19.5 (67)
16.5 (62)
15.5 (60)
4
in cages.
station.
cages determined when
1 2
0 b
0
0
0
50
20
60
60
70
70
70
0.32 0.32
0.17 0.17
0.02 0.02
30 20
150.4 152.4
20.5 (69) 20 (68)
16.5 (62) 17 (63)
15.5 (60) 16 (61)
8 i
facing downstream.
3
0
0
0
0
40
10
60
20
60
20
40
0.24
0.10
0.03
20
153.8
20 (68)
16.5 (62)
15.5 (60)
6
4
0
0
0
0
20
10
20
10
30
20
25
0.17
0.09
0.02
14
155
15.5 (60)
14 (57)
11.5 (53)
8
5_
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
20
0
20
10
0.
0.
0.
22
156
15
13.
12
8
12
06
02
(59)
5 (56)
(54)
TRC is total residual chlorine concentration.
Average TRC is the average total residual chlorine concentration to .which the fish were exposed. These averages were computed from values
obtained from six 25-min chlorinations.
n is number of readings (non-zero) used to compute the averages.
-------
where v_ is the number of brown trout dead and x. is the cumulative
chlorine-minutes. The 48- and 96-hr CM-50's calculated from the
regressions were 18.9 and 27.0 chlorine-minutes, respectively.
The time chlorine was applied to the condensers averaged 24 min;
the exposure time at the last station averaged 26 min. The average
total residual chlorine concentration during the chlorination period
that could be expected to kill 50 percent of brown trout exposed
to four 25-min chlorination periods at 3, 6, 27, and 30 hr of elapsed
time during 48 hr in this plant's discharge channel [ILC-50 (4,100)]
was from 0.18 to 0.19 mg/liter. The average total residual chlorine
concentration that could be expected to kill 50 percent of all brown
trout exposed to six 25-min chlorination periods at 3, 6, 27, 30,
75, and 78 hr of elapsed time during 96 hr in this plant's discharge
channel [ILC-50 (6,150)] was from 0.17 to 0.18 mg/liter.
Water samples were taken from the intake, dechlorinated control,
and discharge channel October 25-27 and transported to the MWRC
Lansing Wastewater Laboratory for analysis (Appendices 12 and 13).
Temperature increased at the dechlorinated control station over the
24-hr period 15 C (59 F) to 16.5 C (62 F) and in the condenser cooling
water from 15 C (59 F) to 17.5 C (63 F). Dissolved oxygen concentra-
tions decreased slightly in the dechloriiiated control (9.2 to 7.4 rag/
liter), but the minimal DO value was adequate to support the test fish
All DO saturation levels were less than 100 percent. No constituents
were present at lethal concentrations (Appendix 12).
Adult chinook salmon and rainbow trout were observed floundering at
the water surface at station 1 during the chlorination period on
October 25, 1972. This behavior appeared related to the chlorine
concentrations, which averaged 0.26 mg/liter and reached a maximum of
0.32 mg/liter during this period.
SUMMARY
Chlorine concentrations in the B. C. Cobb plant discharge channel
were lethal to caged brown trout. Caged brown trout exposed to
four 25-min chlorination periods at 3, 6, 27, and 30 hr of elapsed
time during 48 hr in this plant's discharge channel could be
expected to incur 50 percent mortality [ILC-50 (4,100)] at total
residual chlorine concentrations during the chlorination periods
averaging from 0.18 to 0.19 mg/liter. These fish exposed to six
25-min periods at 3, 6, 27, 30, 75, and 78 hr of elapsed time
during 96 hr could be expected to have 50 percent mortality [ILC-50
(6,150)] at total residual chlorine concentrations during the chlor-
ination periods averaging from 0.17 to 0.18 mg/liter. Resident
adult chinook salmon and rainbow trout were observed in distress
24
-------
on one date. This behavior appeared related to the total residual
chlorine concentrations, which averaged 0.26 rag/liter and reached
a maximum of 0.32 mg/liter during this period.
STUDY 5
DESCRIPTION
The Conners Creek plant (Fig. 6) is a coal-fueled facility located
on the Detroit River at the north end of Belle Isle in the city of
Detroit, Wayne County. Nine generating units have the capacity
to produce 575 MWe. Condenser cooling water, 40.8 m^/sec (646,000
gpm), is withdrawn from the Detroit River and discharged back to
the river via a discharge channel. Each unit was chlorinated
twice daily for 30-min periods; a maximum of 250 Ib liquid chlorine
gas was used during each chlorination.
The test fishes consisted of approximately equal numbers of
largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), rock bass (Ambloplites
rupestris), and black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus). These
fish, ranging in size from 0.6 to 1.2 cm (1.5 to 3 inches), were
seined from the Detroit River near Belle Isle, acclimated from
July 8 to 11, transported to all stations on July 11, 1972, and
10 specimens placed in the inner and outer cages. Cages were checked
daily for dead fish before and after the morning chlorination period.
Chlorine concentrations are presented in Appendix 14.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Higher total residual chlorine concentrations were measured at
this plant than at any other plant studied. A maximum total
residual chlorine concentration of 1.05 rag/liter was observed
in the channel; average concentrations ranged from 0.15 to 0.56
mg/liter.
Mortality of the test fish was high at the control stations,
ranging from 15 to 30 percent, and variable at the test stations,
ranging from 0 to 55 percent (Table 5). Because of the control
mortality, mortality at the test stations could not be related
to chlorine concentrations.
Water samples were taken from the intake and discharge channels
on July 12-13, 1972, and transported to the MWRC Lansing Waste-
water Laboratory for analysis (Appendix 15). Except for the
temperature difference [20 C (68 F) in the intake versus 28.5 C
(83.5 F) in the discharge] and one elevated ammonia reading in
the intake (0.35 mg/liter), no consistent differences were found,
and no concentrations were found that could be lethal. Dissolved
25
-------
Figure 6. Map of the Conners Creek plant showing caged fish loca-
tions, July 11-15, 1972.
NTAKE CONTROL DE CO
MARINA
DECHLORINATED
CONTROL
0 30.4 608 91.2m
0 IOO ZOO 300ft
®CAGED FISH STATION
26
-------
NJ
Table 5. Sunflsh mortality {expressed as percentage) after various time
Intervals, total residual chlorine concentration, and temperature
at the cagJd fish and control stations in the Connors Creek power
plant intake and discharge channel, July 11-15, 1972.
Station
Intake Dechlorlnated
Item control control
Elapsed time3
2 hr - Lb 0
- R 0
24 hr - L 0
- R 0
48 hr - L 0
- K 20
72 hr - t 0
- R 30
96 hr - I. 0
- R 30
Total 15
TKC (as/ liter)
Maxireua —
Average* -
Minimum —
n*
Calculated exposure
time (pin) -
Temperature [C (F)l
Maximum 20
Average 20
Minimum 20
n{ 6
* Elapsed tine equals tine
* L and X refer to the left
No sun fish, were placed in
TRC is the total residual
0
0
0
0
10
10
10
20
30
30
30
_
-
-
-
-
(68) 29 (82)
(68) 26.5 (80)
(68) 25.5 (78)
5
fish were in cages.
1
0
0
20
40
20
40
30
70
40
70
55
0.69
0.47
0.04
23
240
29.5 (83)
27 (81)
25.5 (78)
8
2
10
c
60
70
70
70
70
1.05
0.56
0.03
22
240
31 (88)
30.5 (87)
29.5 (85)
13
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.78
0.50
0.07
19
240
30 (86)
29 (82)
25.5 (78)
13
It
0
0
20
0
20
10
30
30
30
30
30
0.
0.
0.
30
240
24.
22
19
10
45
15
01
5 (76)
(72)
(66)
and right cages determined when facing downs treaja.
this cage.
chlorine concentration.
" Averages computed from values obtained from eight
n Is the total number of
readings (non-zero) used
30-nln chlorinatlons.
to compute averages.
-------
oxygen levels were high., averaging approximately 9.6 at both stations.
Dissolved oxygen saturation levels were correspondingly high,
averaging 105 and 117 percent, respectively, in the intake and dis-
charge channels.
SUMMARY
Various centrarchid species were held in the Conners Creek plant
discharge channel and subjected to eight 30-tnin chlorinations during
the 96-hr exposure period. Although test fish died, their death
could not be attributed to chlorine because of the excessive
number of deaths among the control fish.
STUDY 6
DESCRIPTION
The sixth study was conducted at the Conners Creek plant, November
6-10, 1972. The only difference in plant operation from study
5 was that chlorination occurred once daily at 1000 hr rather
than twice daily.
Brown trout were acclimated in the dechlorinated control station
November 2-6 and transported to all stations on November 6. The
fish were held until November 10 and subjected to five 30-min
chlorination periods. Chlorine concentrations and temperature
data are given in Appendix 16.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Total residual chlorine concentrations averaged approximately
one-half of corresponding values determined during the first study
at this plant (0.05 to 0.28 mg/liter compared to 0.15 to 0.56
mg/liter during the first study) (Table 6). Average temperatures
were approximately 11 C (20 F) lower than corresponding values
for the first study, except at station 4 where there was an 18 C
(33 F) temperature difference between the two studies.
Brown trout mortality exceeded 20 percent in the dechlorinated
control station after 48 hr. Therefore, all data beyond this time
were not analyzed.
Linear regression was employed to determine the 48-hr CM-50. The
_r-value (0.94) was significant at the 0.01 significance level
and accounted for 89 percent of the variability in the regression.
28
-------
V£>
Table 6. Brown trout mortality (expressed .is percentage) after various
time intervals, tola' rcsiJual chlorine concentration, and
temperature at the caged fish and control stations in the
Connors Creek power plant intake and discharge channel,
November &-10. 1972.
Station
Intake Dechlorinated
Item
Elapsed tine*
b
2 hr - L
- R
24 hr - L
- R
48 hr - L
- R
72 hr - L
- R
96 hr - L
- R
Total
d
TRC (m?/liter)
Maximum
Average6
Minimum
nf
Calculated exposure
time (min)
Temperature (C (F)]
Maximua
Average
Minimum
nf
f Elapsed time equals
control
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
0
10
_
-
-
-
-
8 (47)
8 (47)
7.5 (46)
6
Control
0
0
0
10
0
30
30
30
50
60
55
—
-
-
-
-
18 (64)
15.5 (60)
14.5 (68)
7
1
0
0
20
40
50
50
60
80
90
90
90
0.45
0.25
0.03
21
124
16 (64)
15.5 (60)
13.5 (56)
10
2
0
0
60
80
80
90
90
100
90
100
95
0.51
0.28
0.05
20
140
16.5 (65)
17 (63)
15.5 (60)
10
3
0
0
0
10
0
20
20
30
30
30
30
0.13
0.08
0.03
17
1&3
15.5 (60)
12 (54)
10 (50)
10
4
0
0
10
0
c
0
-
10
-
20
20
0.08
0.05
0.03
6
180
10 (50)
9.5 (49)
9 (48)
9
time fish were in cages.
L and R refer to the left and right cages
c The left cage was destroyed and the trout
determined when facing
escaped.
downstream.
TRC Is total residual chlorine concentration.
e Average TRC is the
obtained front four
n is the number of
average total residual
chlorine concentration
to which the
fish were exposed.
These averages were computed
from values
of the 30-min chlorinations.
readings (non-zero) used to compute averages.
-------
The slope was significantly different from zero (P <0.01). The
regression for the 48-hr data was:
y = 3.1981 + 8.1421 Log1Q(x)
where v_ is the cumulative number of dead brown trout and x is the
cumulative number of chlorine-minutes. The 48-hr CM-50 value
computed from this regression was 10.0 chlorine-minutes. The time
chlorine was applied to the condenser averaged 30 min, and the
exposure time at the last station averaged 36 min. The average
TRC concentration during the chlorination period that could be
expected to kill 50 percent of brown trout exposed to two 30-min
chlorination periods at 2 and 26 hr of elapsed time during 48 hr
in this plant's discharge channel [ILC-50(2,60)] was 0.14 to 0.17
mg/liter.
Water samples were taken at the intake, dechlorinated control,
and condenser cooling water discharge on November 8-9 and trans-
ported to the MWRC Lansing Wastewater Laboratory for analysis
(Appendices 17 and 18). Temperatures in the intake were constant
over the 24-hr sampling period [approximately 8.5 C (47 F)]. In
the condenser discharge and the dechlorinated control the temperatures
dropped approximately 5.6 C (10 F) between 2000 and 2400 hr and
increased approximately 5.6 C (10 F) between 0400 and 0800 hr. This
temperature fluctuation is due to the cyclic power generation pattern.
Dissolved oxygen levels were high at all stations averaging approx-
imately 10 mg/liter. Saturation levels averaged approximately 93
percent in the intake and the dechlorinated control and 104 percent
in the discharge channel. Except for an increased ammonia concen-
tration in the samples collected at 2000 hr (0.47 mg/liter versus
average values of 0.1 mg/liter), the other constituents did not
fluctuate widely throughout the 24-hr sampling period, and no
concentrations were found that could be lethal.
SUMMARY
Chlorine concentrations in the Connera Creek discharge channel
were lethal to caged brown trout. Brown trout subjected to two
30-min chlorination periods at 2 and 26 hr elapsed time during 48
hr in this plant's discharge channel could be expected to incur
50 percent mortality [ILC-50 (2,60)] at average TRC concentrations,
during chlorination periods, in the range of 0.14 to 0.17 mg/liter.
30
-------
STUDY 7
DESCRIPTION
The D. E. Karn plant is a coal-fueled plant located at the south
end of Saginaw Bay in Hampton Township, Bay County. Two units
have a combined generating capacity of 547 MWe. Condenser cooling
water for the plant is drawn from the mouth of the Saginaw River
via an intake channel. The combined maximum discharge rate of
18.9 m-Vsec (300,000 gpm) flows via a discharge channel to the
J. C. Weadock discharge channel (Fig. 7). Each unit in the Karn
plant was chlorinated twice daily for 30-min periods. Approximately
21.5 kg (47.5 Ib) of gaseous chlorine was applied in each period.
The J. C. Weadock plant is a coal-fueled plant located on the east
bank near the mouth of the Saginaw River in Hampton Township, Bay
County. Eight generating units have a combined generation
capacity of 679 MWe. Condenser cooling water for the plant is
drawn from the Saginaw River at the east bank. The combined maxi-
mum rate of discharge of 34.2 m^/sec (540,000 gpm) flows to Saginaw
Bay via a discharge channel shared with the D. E. Karn plant (Fig.
7). Units 1-6 in this plant were chlorinated once daily with 9.1 kg
(20 Ib) of gaseous chlorine. Units 7 and 8 were chlorinated twice
daily with 15.9 kg (35 Ib) per chlorination period.
Brown bullheads (Ictalurus nebulosus), ranging in size from 2.5
to 4.8 cm (1-2 inches), were collected from an unnamed pond south-
west of Lansing, Michigan. The fish were transported to the Karn-
Weadock plant complex, acclimated from July 28 to 31 at the dechlor-
inated station, and 10 specimens were transferred to the right
cage at all stations on July 31. The fish were exposed until
August 4, 1972. Chlorine concentration and temperature data are
presented in Appendix 19. The number of chlorination periods at
each station during the exposure could not be determined because
of the extremely complex chlorination schedule employed and various
plant operational difficulties. In addition, total residual chlorine
was not detected at all channel stations during each chlorination
period and was never observed at stations W-4 and W-5, both of which
were located in Saginaw Bay.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
During this study the plant staff maintained the average total
residual chlorine concentration at less than 0.5 mg/liter (Table 7).
31
-------
Figure 7. Map of the Karn-Weadock power plant complex area
showing caged fish locations, July 31-August 4, 1972.
W-4
W-5
0 304 698m
O IOOC 2000ft
O CAGED FISH STATION
3 !
-------
CO
u>
Table 7. Brown bullhead mortality (expressed as percentage) after various
time intervals, total residual chlorine concentration, and
temperature at the csgud fish and control stations in the Karn
and Wejdock power plants intakes and discharge channels,
August 1-4. 1972.
Stxtlon
Item
Elapsed time *
24 hr - Rb
48 hr - R
72 hr - R
96 hr - R
Total
TRC (ng/llter)d
Maximum
Avorape*
Minimum
n*
Karn
Intake
control
0
30
40
40
40
_
-
-
-
Ueadock
intake
control
0
20
20
30
30
-
-
-
-
Dechlorinated
control
20
40
40
40
40
.
-
-
-
K-l
0
10
10
10
10
0.57
0.22
0.03
32
W-l
0
20
20
20
20
0.45
0.18
0.03
48
W-2
20
30
30
30
30
0.45
0.16
0.02
28
W-3 W-4
30 0
30 0
30 0
30 c
30
0.14
0.06
0.02
17
W-5
20
30
50
70
70
_
-
-
-
Calculated exposure
time (rain)*
Temperature [C
Maximum
Ave rage
Kinixum
nf
a Elapsed time
*" R refers to
c The cage at
d TBC is total
' Average TRC
-
(r)}
23.5 (74)
23 (73)
22.5 (72)
4
-
24.5 (76)
23.5 (74)
23 (73)
4
-
30.5 (87)
29.5 (85)
29 (84)
4
-
32 (90)
30 (86)
28 (82)
12
-
34.5 (94)
29.5 (85)
26.5 (80)
16
-
30 (86)
28.5 (83)
27 (81)
12
_
29 (84) 28 (82)
28.5 (83) 28 (82)
28 (82) 27 (81)
7 4
_
28
29
26
4
(82)
(81)
(79)
equals time fish were in cages.
the right cages determined when facing downstream.
this station was lost
.
residual chlorine concentration.
is the average total
from eight Karn chlorlnatlons and
monitored.
residuGl chlorine concentration to vhich
nine We.idock
chlorinations.
The entire
the fish were
plume was not
exposed. These averages were computed from values
monitored at each
station nor were all chlorination
obtained
periods
n is the number of readings (non-zero) used to compute the averages.
8 The chlorinatioa schedule was too
complicated
and variable to
allow the computation of
an exposure time.
-------
The highest maximum and average TRC values were 0.57 and 0.22
mg/liter, respectively, at station K-l in the Karn channel.
Extremely high temperatures were detected at the test and dechlor-
inated control stations. Average discharge temperatures ranged
from 28 C (82 F) to 30 C (86 F) at these stations (Table 7).
Except for two samples from the Karn intake, all DO values were
less than the 100 percent saturation level. Fish mortality was
variable at the test stations (10 to 70 percent), but because of
the high mortality at the control stations (30 to 40 percent)
deaths could not be attributed to residual chlorine (Table 7).
Therefore, the mortality data were not analyzed further.
Water samples were taken August 4-5 from the intake and discharge
channel of each of these plants (Appendices 20, 21 and 22). In
both plants similar diurnal patterns were observed in the intake
and condenser discharge for each characteristic measured. The
maximum concentrations or fluctuations in these measurements
were not sufficient to cause fish deaths.
SUMMARY
Brown bullheads were held in the Karn and Weadock power plant
discharge channels and subjected to an undetermined number of
chlorination periods during a 96-hr period. Deaths of test fish
could not be attributed to total residual chlorine concentrations
because of deaths at the control stations.
STUDY 8
DESCRIPTION
The eighth study was conducted at the Karn and Weadock plants,
November 27-December 1, 1972. The general plant description and
operational data were similar to those given in study 7. Station
locations were changed, and the revised locations are shown in
Fig. 8.
Brown trout were acclimated at the dechlorination control station
from November 22 to 27, transferred to all stations on November 27,
and exposed until December 1, 1972. During each day and selected
night chlorinations the total residual chlorine concentrations were
monitored (Appendix 23).
34
-------
Figure 8. Map of Karn-Weadock plants showing caged fish locations,
November 27 - December 1, 1972.
• W-5
W-4
DECHLORINATED
CONTROL
DISCHARGE CHANNEL
0 304 608m
•••
0 1000 2000 fl
• CAGED FISH STATION
35
-------
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The mean total residual chlorine levels ranged from 0.06 mg/liter
at station W-4 in Saginaw Bay to 0.27 mg/liter at station W-l (Table
8). Mortality of the brown trout controls was low; 15 percent
died in both the Weadock intake and dechlorinated controls. From
85 to 100 percent of the fish at all test stations, except W-5,
died (Table 8).
Exposure times could not be determined or estimated because of
the complex and variable chlorination schedule. Therefore, the
brown trout data were not analyzed further. Since deaths among
control fish were minimal, it was apparent that test fish deaths
were related to the total residual chlorine concentrations present.
Water samples were taken on November 29-30 in the intakes, discharge,
and dechlorinated control stations (Appendices 24 and 25). Except
for temperature differences, there were no consistent differences
between plants. No water characteristics were found at levels
that would cause the observed mortalities.
SUMMARY
Brown trout were held in the Karn and Weadock plant discharge
channels and subjected to an undetermined number of chlorination
periods during the 96-hr period. Fish deaths were related to
total residual chlorine concentrations in the condenser cooling
water, but ILC-50 values could not be computed.
STUDY 9
DESCRIPTION
The Monroe plant is a coal-fueled facility located on Lake Erie
at the mouth of the Raisin River in the city of Monroe, Monroe
County. Construction of two of four generating units was com-
pleted during the study, but only one unit was operational. This
unit had a generating capacity of 800 MWe. Condenser cooling water,
approximately 21.2 m-Vsec (335,700 gpm), was withdrawn from the
Raisin River at the interface of the river and Lake Erie (Fig.
9). The cooling water was discharged via a 3,018-m (9,900-ft)
channel to the lake (Cole 1972). The discharge channel also
receives a small contribution of approximately 1 m^/sec (16,000
gpm) from Plum Creek (Marcus 1972). Unit 1 was chlorinated
twice daily during this study for a 30-min period; approximately
250 Ib of gaseous chlorine was used during each chlorination.
36
-------
Table 8. Broun trout mortality (expressed .is percentage) after
various tine intervals, total residual chlorine concen-
tration and temperature at caged fish and control
stations in the Karn and Vcadock power plants Intakes
and discharge channels, November 27-December 1. 1972.
Station
Karn Ueadock
Intake intake Dechlorloated
Item control control control K-l W-l
Elipsed tloea
24 hr - Lb 0 0 0 90 50
- R 0 0 0 60 70
48 hr - L 0 0 10 100 50
- R 000 90 70
72 hr - L 0 10 10 100 60
- R 0 10 10 100 80
96 hr - L 0 10 10 100 90
- R 0 20 20 100 100
Total 0 15 IS 100 95
TRC («g/liter)c
Maxlnua - 0.25 0.83
Averaged - - - 0.12 0.27
Mir.lnun - 0.02 0.01
n* 44 44
Calculated exposure
tiae (min)1 - - - - -
Temperature 1C (F)]
Maximum 2 (37) 2 (37) 13 (57) 13.5 (58) 13 (57)
Average 1.5 (36) 2 (37) 13 (57) 12 (56) 12 (56)
Kininun 1 (35) 2 (37) 12.5 (56) 9 (48) 11 (52)
ne 4 2 4 14 11
* Elapsed time equals tine fish were in cages.
L and R refer to the left and right cages determined when facing downstream.
c TRC is total residual chlorine concentration.
d Average TRC indicates t'.ie average total residual chlorine concentration to which
W-2
20
0
60
10
70
60
90
80
85
0.33
0.09
0.01
54
-
14.5 (60)
13.5 (58)
12 (56)
13
W-3
70
50
100
70
100
70
100
100
100
0.17
0.08
0.01
36
-
14 (59)
11.5 (55)
10.5 (51)
8
W-4
0
0
10
0
40
20
100
90
95
0.11
0.06
0.02
21
-
14 (59)
11.5 (55)
10.5 (51)
8
W-5
0
0
0
20
10
50
60
70
65
0.20
0.10
0.01
10
13.5 (58)
10.5 (53)
3.5 (38)
8
fish vere exposed. These averages were obtained from results
obtained during eight 35-raln chlorinatlons at the Karn plant and nine 30-mln chlorinations at the
monitored at each station nor ucre all chlorinatlons monitored.
e n is the nusber of readings (non-zero) used to compute the averages.
Veadock plant.
The entire
plume was not
£ The chlorination schedule vac too conplex and variable to allow computation of exposure times.
-------
Figure 9. Map of the Monroe plant showing caged fish locations,
December 11-15, 1972.
RECIRCULATING
CHANNEL
DECHLORINATED /^^)
CONTROL llf
JLAKE
606m
-^
ZOOOft
@CAGED FISH STATION
18
-------
Brown trout were acclimated at the dechlorinated control station
December 8-11, 1972, transported to all stations on December 11,
and exposed until December 15 (Fig. 9). Deaths were noted daily
and total residual chlorine concentrations were monitored
(Appendix 26).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Mean total residual chlorine levels were high, ranging from 0.26
to 0.40 mg/liter (Table 9). These values were exceeded only by
those determined in the first study at the Connors Creek plant,
July 11-15. Exposure times at all stations could not be determined
becasue of various plant operational and experimental problems.
Water samples were collected December 13 from the intake, dechlor-
inated control, and condenser cooling water discharge (Appendix 27).
Water samles were also collected at 4-hr intervals December 13-14
from these stations (Appendix 28). Temperatures were low in the
intake, averaging approximately 1 C (34 F) and approximately 9 C
(48 F) in the dechlorinated control and test stations. The DO
levels were high, averaging approximately 11.5 mg/liter in the
intake and 10.5 and 11.5 mg/liter in the dechlorinated control
and discharge, respectively. Dissolved oxygen saturation levels
at all three stations averaged near 100 percent. Ammonia and
pH were consistent at all times at all stations, averaging approx-
imately 0.3 mg/liter and 7.9, respectively. No constituents were
found at toxic levels.
SUMMARY
Brown trout were held in the Monroe plant discharge channel and
subjected to nine 30-min chlorination periods during the 96-hr
exposure period. Some brown trout deaths appeared to be due to
chlorine, but lethal concentrations could not be determined.
39
-------
Table 9.
Brown trout mortality (expressed as percentage)
after vnrlous tine Intervals, total residual
chlorine connm.ration, and temperature at the
caged fish and control stations in the Monroe
power plant Intake and discharge channel
Intake Dechlorlnated
!tea control control
Elapsed time a
24 hr - Lb 0
- R 0
48 hr - L 30
- R 30
72 hr - L 40
- R 50
96 hr - L 40
- R 50.
Total 45*
TRC (ng/ liter)6
Maximum -
Average* —
Minioun -
h
n
Calculated exposure
time (ain)8
Temoerature [C (F) 1
Maximum 3.5 (38)
Average 1.5 (35)
Minimum 1 (34)
nh 4
Elapsed time equals tine fish
L and R refer to the left and
0
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
10
.
-
-
—
_
13.5 (56)
11 (52)
9.5 (49)
4
were in cages
1
60
80
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1.03
0.36
0.02
43
_
13.5 (56)
10 (50)
7.5 (45)
8
right cagos determined when
2
40
70
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
0.87
0.40
0.02
39
13 (55)
10 (50)
7 (44)
9
facing downscrean.
Duf to a three feet overnight drop in water level all cages at Station 3 and the
cages at Station 4 were partially out of water).
These mortalities could be due to chlorine
of the plants recirculation channel and the
was not documented.
' TRC is total residual chlorine
present In the
River Raisin
intake channel since a
approximately 200 yards
3
0
o
100C
100C
100
100
100
100
100
0.59
0.26
0.01
22
10 (50 )
8.5 (47)
7 (44)
6
left cage at
4
0
Q
100C
10
100
30
100
30
65
—
-
9 (48)
7.5 (45)
6.5 (43)
5
Station 4 were found completely out of the water (other
maximum TRC concentration of 0.31 mg/1 was recorded at the Junction
upstream from the intake. The presence of chlorine in the IntaVe
concentration.
Average TRC refers to the average total residual chlorine concentration to which the fish were exposed. These averages were computed from values
obtained from five 30-min chlorlnatlons.
No exposure tines could be calculated.
n is the total number of readings (non-zero) used to compute averages.
-------
CONCLUSIONS
Nine caged fish bioassays were conducted at five Michigan power
plants from May to December 1972. The results of these studies
are summarized in Table 10. The 48-hr ILC-50 concentration ranges
calculated for brown trout at two plants were 0.14 to 0.17 mg/liter
and 0.18 to 0.19 mg/liter. The 96-hr results were more variable:
ILC-50 ranges calculated at two plants were 0.02 to 0.05 mg/liter
and 0.17 to 0.18 mg/liter. Mortality in two of the other brown
trout studies was related to total residual chlorine concentrations,
but corresponding ILC-50 values could not be calculated.
Three studies were conducted with centrarchid species or brown
bullheads. Mortalities in these three tests could not be related
to total residual chlorine concentrations. The sunfish, based
on two studies, were able to tolerate intermittent mean total
residual chlorine levels up to 0.5 mg/liter without excessive
numbers of deaths. Brown bullheads were able to tolerate inter-
mittent mean total residual chlorine concentrations of 0.2 mg/liter
with no chlorine-attributable deaths. Similar results were
reported by Arthur (1971) (cited in Brungs 1973) for largemouth
bass. He found a 1-hr TL-50 of >0.74 mg/liter for this species.
The discharge channel temperature appears to be a major factor
affecting the lethality of the TRC concentrations. The maximum
mean discharge channel temperature at which brown trout were
tested was 18.9 C (66 F) (Campbell, May 30-June 3, 1972). This
study also had the lowest 96-hr ILC-50 range. Stober and Hanson
(1974) also found that the lethality of chlorine increased with
increasing temperature for pink and chinook salmon held in sea
water and subjected to brief exposures (<1 hour).
41
-------
Table 10. Summary of caged fish bloassny results obtained in nine studies at
five Michigan power plants, 1972.
48 hr 96 hr
Me, in temperature [C (F)] Number of Nurcber of
Plant
Caapbell
Campbell
Cobb
Cobb
Conners
Creek
Conners
Creek
Karn-
Weadock
ICim-
Woadock
Monroe
Date
5/30 -
10/9 -
6/26 -
7/24 -
7/11 -
11/6 -
7/31 -
11/27 -
12/11 -
6/3
10/13
6/30
7/28
7/15
11/10
8/4
12/1
12/15
Test species
Brown trout
Brown trout
Sunfishb
Brown trout
Sunfishc
Brown trout
Brown bullhead0
Brown trouta
Brown trout*
Intake
10.5 (51)
10.5 (51)
21.5 (71)
10.5 (51)
20 (68)
8.5 (47)
23.5 (74)
3 (37)
1.5 (35)
Discharge chlorlnatlons ILC-50 (rag/liter) chlorinations ILC-50 (mg/litei)
19 (66) 1 a 3 0.02 - 0.05
18 (65) 2 a 4 a
26 (79)
15.5 (60) 4 0.18 - 0.19 6 0.17 - 0.18
27 <81)
14 (57) 2 0.14 - 0.17 a
29 (84) Not determined
13.5 (56) Not determined
9 (48) Not determined
* Mortality related to TRC concentrations, but confounding factors prohibited further analysis.
United number of deaths possibly due to TRC concentration.
c Excessive control deaths; deaths not attributable to TRC.
-------
SECTION V
1973 FIELD STUDIES
Four caged fish tests were conducted at the J. H. Campbell
plant during the spring of 1973 to determine differences in ILC-50
concentrations for brown, rainbow, and lake trout and coho salmon.
Death attributable to stresses from fish acclimation or handling,
or both, was also studied.
TEST 1
METHODS
Unit 2 of the Campbell plant was in operation during this test
while Unit 1 was being repaired. The description of this plant
and general operating information is given in study 1 of the 1972
field studies. Station locations used in the study are given in
Fig. 10.
During the 1973 field tests the fish were acclimated in test cages
at each station in the discharge channel from Friday to Monday
instead of in the dechlorination apparatus. Since chlorine was
not applied to the condensers on weekends this procedure was
employed to evaluate stresses due to handling or dechlorination
or both. Each exposure station consisted of three booms, each
of which contained three cages.
Rainbow trout, 13-20 cm (5-8 inches) long, and coho salmon, 10-15
cm (4-6 inches) long, were obtained from the Sturgeon River Rearing
Station on April 27, 1973. Brown trout, ranging from 10 to 15 cm
(4 to 6 inches), were obtained from the Oden State Fish Hatchery.
Fifteen individuals of each species were placed in separate cages
on two booms at each test station and intake control. FJsh were
also placed in stock cages in the intake and held until April 30,
1973. On April 30, 1973, before chlorination, the survival of
all fish acclimated in the test cages was determined and the number
in each cage 'reduced to 10.
Fish held in intake stock cages water temp [10 C (50 F)] were
acclimated to the discharge water temperature [17 C (63 F)] by
slowly adding water from the discharge channel to the stock cages
over a 30-min period. After chlorination, 10 fish of each species
43
-------
Figure 10- Map of J. H. Campbell Plant showing caged
fish locations April 30-May 4, 1973.
LAKE
MICHIGAN\
0 Q.eihm(l/2mi)
!
CAGED FISH STATION
-------
were transported to each test station and placed in cages on
the third boom. At each station, after chlorination, 20 individuals
of each species were present that had been subjected to chlorination
and 10 individuals of each species were present that had not been
subjected to chlorination. The latter served as controls. Fish
mortality was checked 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr after chlorination.
Water samples were taken May 2, 1973, from the intake and each
test station and were transported to the MWRC Lansing Wastewater
Laboratory for selected physical and chemical analyses.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The cumulative fish mortalities observed througout this study are
presented in Table 11, and total residual chlorine concentrations
and temperature data are summarized in Appendix 29.
No heat was added to the discharge water on April 27, 1973, when
fish were placed in the test cages to acclimate since both units
were not operating. Unit 2 was brought on-line at approximately
1145 hr on this date. The temperature in the discharge channel
increased by approximately 6.7 to 9.6 C (12-16 F) over a 24-hr
period. This temperature increase may have stressed the brown
and rainbow trout as seen by the losses of these fish in the dis-
charge channel during the acclimation period. However, none of
the coho salmon died during this period.
In addition to heat from unit 2, the temperatures in the intake
water rose steadily from 9.5 C (49 F) on April 27 to a peak of
14.5 C (58 F) on May 2, and then decreased to 10.5 C (51 F) on
May 4 (Appendix 29). As a result of this rise in the temperature
of the intake water, a similar pattern was seen in the discharge
channel with a maximum observed temperature of 22.5 C (72.5 F).
Deaths of brown trout during the first 24 hr after chlorination
may be related to total residual chlorine concentrations since
approximately half the fish of this species died during this
period and no control fish died. The average total residual
chlorine values during the chlorination period were low, ranging
from 0.03 to 0.11 mg/liter. Mortality of control brown trout was
high after 48 hr, and therefore no 48- or 96-hr mortalities were
calculated. Rainbow trout deaths in the discharge channel could
not be attributed to chlorine because of the high mortality of
control fish. Mortality was low in both the test and control coho
salmon. High mortality in the control brown and rainbow trout may
45
-------
Table 11. Fish mortality expressed as percentage) after
various tine intervals, total residual chlorine
concentration, and temperature at the caged fish
and control stations In the J. 11. Campbell plant
Intake and discharge channel, April 30-May 4, 1973.
Species
and
time Boom:
Brown trout
Acclimation loss
24 hr
48 hr
72 hr
96 hr
Rainbow trout
Acclimation loss
24 hr
48 hr
72 hr
96 hr
Coho salmon
Acclimation loss
24 hr
48 hr
72 hr
96 hr
TRC mg/Hter)b
Maximum
Average
Mlnlmun
nc
Calculated exposure
time (mln)
Temperature 1C (F))
Maximum
Average
Minimum
nc
Stations
A
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
10
30
30
0
0
0
0
0
Intake
a B
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
_
-
-
-
—
14.5 <58)
11 (52)
9.5 (49)
6
C
—
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
0
A
7
50
80
80
100
7
0
0
10
10
0
0
0
0
10
a In boom A and B fish were subjected to chlorini
TRC is total residual chlorine concentration.
c n la the number
of re;
idines fnon
-2C1
•o) used to
1
B C
0
40 0
90 20
90 70
100 80
0
30 20
30 70
40 70
40 70
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 20
0.22
0.11
0.02
10
30
22.5 (72.5)
18.5 (65)
10.5 (51)
6
;. Fish in boom
eonDute avaraeel
A
7
50
100
100
100
7
10
10
20
20
0
0
20
20
20
C were
i.
2
B
13
40
90
90
90
7
0
20
20
20
0
0
10
10
10
0.14
0.08
0.02
10
30
22 (72)
18.5 (65)
10.5 (51)
6
put In after
c
**
0
50
70
80
.
0
10
10
10
.
0
0
10
10
A
0
60
80
90
90
27
20
50
50
50
0
0
10
10
20
chlorlnatlon
3
B
0
70
100
100
100
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
30
30
0.04
0.03
Trace
6
30
22 (72)
18 (64)
10.5 (51)
6
and served
" —
c~™~~~
f*
0
10
30
30
.
0
10
10
20
.
0
0
0
10
aa control,
46
-------
have been due to wide temperature fluctuations. During the study
temperatures in the channel ranged from 10.5 to 22.5 C (51-72.5 F),
with an average of approximately 19 C (66 F).
Dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, and hardness were slightly
lower during this study than in the 1972 studies conducted at the
plant (Appendix 30). Concentrations of nitrate, total phosphorus and iron
were higher. These differences, however, were minor and would not
account for the difference in mortalities between species.
SUMMARY
A caged fish bioassay was conducted in the J. H. Campbell
plant April 30 to May 4, 1973, with brown trout, rainbow trout,
and coho salmon. Mortality results obtained were inconclusive,
but indicated a possible lethal effect of chlorine on brown trout
in the 48 hr immediately after chlorination. The death of brown
trout after 48 hr and all deaths of rainbow trout and coho salmon
could not be attributed to chlorine. A possible cause of these
deaths was the widely fluctuating temperature in the discharge
channels.
TEST 2
A second caged fish bioassay was conducted during the 1973 spring
field studies at the J. H. Campbell plant. Because of the
wide temperature fluctuations in the channel during the previous
test, the circulating water pumps of unit 1, which was off-line,
were operated to reduce the temperature variation. Unit 2 was chlor-
inated three times during this test to prevent condenser fouling.
Other conditions were similar to those of test 1 of this series.
Station locations are given in Fig. 10.
METHODS
The test fish were obtained on May 10, 1973, from the following
hatcheries: rainbow trout from the Sturgeon River Rearing Station;
brown trout from the Oden State Fish Hatchery; and coho salmon from
the Platte River State Fish Hatchery. These fish were similar in
size to those used in test 1 of this series. Fifteen fish of each
species were placed in separate cages on each of four booms in the
intake on May 11. Additional fish were acclimated to the discharge
channel temperature in wooden stock cages in a 545.5-liter (144-gal)
metal tank filled with intake water [13 C (56 F)] while slowly replacing
the water with discharge channel water [17.5 C (64 F)] over a 60-min
period. Fifteen fish of each species were then transferred to separate
cages on two booms at each discharge channel station. The remaining
fish were held in stock cages in the channel at station 1. All fish
47
-------
were held in the test and stock cages until May 14, when the
losses were noted and the number of fish in each cage reduced to
10.
Before each chlorination period (May 14, 16, and 18) the stock
cages containing fish at station 1 were removed from the discharge
channel and held in a 545.5-liter (144-gal) tank filled with
unchlorinated discharge channel water. After passage of the chlor-
inated water, the stock cages were transferred back to the discharge
channel. To provide controls for each chlorination period, 10
fish of each species were transferred from the stock cages to the
test cages after each chlorination.
Deaths were checked every 24 hr, and total residual and free chlorine
concentrations were monitored at each station commencing May 14.
Water samples were taken from the intake and discharge channel on
May 17 and transported to the MWRC Lansing Wastewater Laboratory
for analysis.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
There were minor losses of rainbow trout during the acclimation
period; however, during the test no TRC-related deaths occurred
in any of the three test species (Table 12). The fish were exposed
three times to chlorine for a maximum of 30 min during the 96-hr
period at average TRC concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.25
mg/liter and a recorded maximum of 0.39 mg/liter (Appendix 31).
The lack of deaths during test 2 may be due to decreased temperature
fluctuations and lower average discharge channel temperatures,
16 C (61 F) vs. 19 C (66 F). Temperature fluctuations during test
1 averaged 12 C (21 F) in the channel and 5 C (9 F) in the intake.
In test 2, however, the temperature fluctuations averaged 1 C (2 F)
at the test stations and 0.5 C (1 F) in the intake. The decreased
fluctuations are due to decreased variability in the intake water
temperature and the additional flow from the operation of the cir-
culating water pumps of unit 1.
Dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, and hardness increased slightly,
and iron concentrations were less than those obtained in test 1 of
this series (Appendix 32). These minor differences would not cause
the difference in mortality observed in these two tests.
48
-------
Table 12. Fish mortality (expressed as percentage) after
vnrlous time intervals, total residual chlorine
concentration and temperature at the caged fish
and control stations In the J. II. Campbell power
plant Intake and discharge channel. May 14-18, 1973.
Species
and
time Boom:
Brown trout
Acclimation loss
24 hr
48 hr
72 hr
96 hr
Rainbow trout
Acclimation loss
24 hr
48 hr
72 hr
96 hr
Coho salmon
Acclimation loss
24 hr
48 hr
72 hr
96 hr
TRC (mg/liter)b
Maximum
Average
Minimum
n'-
Calculated exposure
time (min)
Temperature [C (F))
Maximum
Average
Minimum
nc
Intake 1
A BCD ABC
0000 00
0 000 000
0 000 000
0000 000
0 000 000
0 0 7 13 77
0000 000
0000 000
0000 000
0 000 0 0 10
0000 00
0000 000
0 10 0 0 000
0 10 0 0 10 10 0
0 20 0 0 10 10 0
0.39
0.25
0.03
22
90
11 (52) 16.5 (62)
11 (52) 16 (61)
10.5 (51) 15 (59)
5 5
Booms A and B contained fish subjected to chlorinatlons on
following the May
lowing the Mny 16
14 chlorination and subjected to May 16
chlorlnation and subjected to the May 18
Stations
D A
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
7
0
0
0 0
0 0
0
0
0
10 0
20 0
May 14, 16 and
2
BCD
0
0 0
0 0
10 0 0
10 0 0
0
0 0
0 0
0 10 0
0 10 0
7
0 0
0 0
000
000
0.23
0.12
0.02
33
90
16 (61)
15.5 (60)
15 (59)
5
18, 1973.
and 18 chlorinatlons. Boom
chlorlnation.
3
A
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
10
10
10
0
0
10
20
40
Boon C
D fish
B
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.
0.
0.
22
90
16.
16
IS.
5
fish
C D
0
0
0 0
0 0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0
0
0 0
0 0
10
05
03
5 (62)
(61)
5 (60)
were put In
were put in fol-
b TRC Is total residual chlorine concentration.
e n is number of readings (non-zero) used to compute the averages.
-------
SUMMARY
A caged bioassay was conducted at the J. H. Campbell plant
May 14-18, 1973, with brown trout, rainbow trout, and coho salmon.
Fish deaths were minimal for fish subjected to one to three chlor-
ination periods during 96 hr and could not be related to total
residual chlorine concentrations in the channel. Lower average
water temperatures could have reduced chlorine toxicity to these
fish and may partially account for the lack of fish deaths.
TESTS 3 AND 4
Additional caged fish bioassays were conducted at the J.H. Campbell
plant May 21-30, 1973, with brown trout, rainbow trout, lake trout,
and coho salmon. These fish were subjected to multiple chlorinations
(up to six 30-min exposures) at mean TRC levels during chlorination
ranging from 0.07 to 0.19 mg/liter. Water temperatures ranged from
16.5 to 18 C (62 to 64 F). Few deaths occurred throughout these
tests, and none was attributable to the total residual chlorine con-
centrations in the channel.
At the request of the MWRC staff, the chlorination level was increased
on May 25 to a maximum of 0.38 mg/liter and a mean of 0.17 mg/liter
at station 1. Small rainbow and brown trout [20.3-27.9 cm (8-11
inches)]were observed at station 1 in stress as they swam into the
shallow waters and gulped at the water's surface. Numerous shiners
were also observed dead and rolling along the channel bottom. It
could not be determined if these fish were initially near the headwall
and were: subjected to extremely high total residual chlorine levels
and them floated downstream to station 1. Even though these fish
were stressed or killed, no deaths were observed in the caged fish
than could be related to the total residual chlorine concentrations in
(the; channel-..
SUMHMY
Caged bloassays were conducted at the J. H. Campbell plant, May 21 to
30, 1973, with brown trout, rainbow trout, lake trout, and coho salmon.
Deaths among fish subjected to up to six 30-min chlorinations were few
and could not be related to total residual chlorine concentrations in
the channel.
CONCLUSIONS
Four bioassays were conducted at the J. H. Campbell plant during May,
1973, with brown trout, rainbow trout, lake trout, and coho salmon.
Fish were subjected to up to six 30-min chlorination periods at
concentrations similar to concentrations occurring in the 1972 studies
conducted at this plant. Unlike the 1972 studies, no deaths occurred
during the 1973 studies that could be attributed to total residual
chlorine concentrations in the channel, except possibly the deaths of
50
-------
brown trout during the first 48 hr after chlorination in test 2.
Overall lower water temperatures could have reduced chlorine tox-
icity to fish, and thus the apparent discrepancies between the
1972 and 1973 field studies may be explained. The results indicate
that chlorine toxicity to salmonids will be most severe during
warmwater periods.
51
-------
SECTION VI
LABORATORY BIOASSAYS
INTRODUCTION
Continuous flow bioassays were conducted during July and August
1973 at the MWRC bioassay laboratory in Lansing, Michigan, to
determine the effect of water temperature on the lethality of
one 30-min intermittent dose of chlorine and the lethal effect
of sodium thiosulfate on fish.
METHODS
The test fish, brown trout, ranged in length from 4.8 to 8.1 cm
(1.9 to 3.2 inches) and averaged 6.5 cm (2.4 inches). Fish weight
ranged from 0.6 to 5.6 g and adveraged 2.2 g. The fish were obtained
from Oden State Fish Hatchery and held at the MWRC Bioassay Laboratory.
Twelve 15-liter glass aquaria were used as test chambers, of which
six were equipped with 15-w electric heaters. A modified serial
dilution system (Mount and Brungs 1967) supplied the aquaria with
filtered, dechlorinated municipal water. The diluter supplied
each aquarium with 250 ml of water in approximately 112 sec,
giving 99 percent replacement in about 1.8 hr. The fish (10)
were acclimated in the aquaria for 72 hr at test temperatures
of 17 C and 21 C (63 F and 70 F). Six aquaria were used at each
temperature with one control and five test solutions containing
total residual chlorine concentrations ranging from approximately
0.6 to 1.0 mg/liter.
A stock solution of chlorine was made by adding 30 ml of commercial
bleach (5 percent NaOCl) to 3.6 liters of dechlorinated city water.
The chlorine solution was added by pipet to the test aquaria and
mixed thoroughly by stirring with a glass rod.
During the 30-min chlorination period, total residual chlorine
readings were taken at 5-min intervals with a Fisher-Porter
amperometric titrator. Both control aquaria were checked before
and after chlorination for the presence of chlorine. After the
exposure period, 66 ml of dilute solution of sodium thiosulfate
(^6.5 mg/liter Na2S203) was added to all aquaria, controls included,
stirred thoroughly, and a chlorine sample taken to verify that all
chlorine had been neutralized.
52
-------
A water sample was taken from each aquarium before, midway through,
and 48 hr after the chlorination and was analyzed for dissolved
oxygen with the Winkler-Azide method; for pH with an Analytical
Instruments glass electrode pH meter; for total alkalinity with
a Hach kit; and for hardness by means of the EDTA method. Temperature
was recorded during each test with a maximum-minimum thermometer
and periodically checked with a thermistor.
Deaths, fish behavior, and gill-irrigation rates were observed and
recorded throughout the 96-hr test period. Gill-irrigation rates
were determined from both controls and test aquaria before chlorination,
at 5-min intervals for 1/2 hr after dechlorination, and at 24-hr
intervals thereafter. The irrigation rates were calculated by
averaging the rates determined for three randomly chosen fish in each
aquarium.
In the dechlorination test, 15 fathead minnows were added to each
of four aquaria and acclimated to 21 C (70 F) for 72 hr. At the end of
the acclimation period the chlorine stock solution was added to
each aquarium, and chlorine determinations were made. After one-
half hour two of the aquaria were dechlorinated, and the fish in the
remaining two aquaria were transferred to aquaria containing fresh
water. Fish behavior was observed, and deaths recorded during the
following 96 hr.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Brown trout mortalities in the 17 C (63 F) aquaria ranged from 10
percent to 50 percent; no fish died at concentrations below 0.71
mg/liter (Table 13). Mortalities in the 21 C (70 F) aquaria ranged
from 50 to 90 percent; some fish died at all chlorine concentrations
tested. At both temperatures an average of 90 percent of the total
number of deaths occurred within 24 hr.
At the lower concentrations and temperature abnormal behavioral
symptoms did not appear as soon and the reaction was milder. The
behavioral symptoms included violent gill movement, jaw snapping,
and an increase in gill-irrigation rate. After the initial behavior
changes the fish became lethargic, resting on the bottom and swimming
very little or swimming at the water surface with jaws snapping.
Eventually the fish lost their equilibrium and began whirling and
jerking violently. Dandy (1972) reported similar behavior and increased
irrigation rates for his test fish (brook trout). Once the fish lost
equilibrium, death always followed even when the fish were transferred
to clean water. Similar results were reported for green sunfish,
53
-------
Table 13. Brown trout mortality (expressed as percentage)
after one 30 min exposure to total residual
chlorine during laboratory bioassay, July 16-20,
1973.
Elapsec
time
(hr)
0.5
1
2
24
48
72
96
1 Temperature:
0.993
0
20
30
50
50
50
50
17 C (63 F)
Chlorine concentration 0.0
0.93 0.78 0.71 0.58 (Control) 1.02
0
0
0
20
20
20
20
0
0
10
10
10
10
10
0
0
0
20
20
20
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
70
70
80
80
80
90
21
C (70 F)
Chlorine concentration 0.0
0.86 0.78 0.67 0.56 (Control)
0
30
40
80
80
80
80
0
60
70
90
90
90
90
0
30
40
40
50
50
50
0
20
20
30
40
50
50
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
Mean total residual chlorine concentrations (mg/liter).
-------
goldfish, black bullhead, and golden shiner (Panikkar 1960); for
brown trout (Pike 1971); for brook trout (Dandy 1972); and for
pink and chinook salmon (Stober and Hanson 1974).
Linear regression was employed to determine the 48- and 96-hr CM-50's.
Three regressions were calculated for cumulative number of brown
trout dead on the log-.Q of the chlorine-minutes. Separate regressions
were calculated for the 48- and 96-hr exposure at 21 C (70 F), and
one regression was calculated for the 17 C (63 F) results. The r-values
for the 21 C (70 F) 48-hr (0.82) and 17 C (63 F) (0.81) exposures were
significant (P <0.05). The 96-hr exposure r-value at the 21 C (70 F)
(0.77) temperature was not significant, but accounted for 60 percent
of the variability in this regression. All three slopes were signifi-
cantly different from zero (P<0.05). The 48-hr and 96-hr regressions
for the 21 C (70 F) exposure were:
y = -17.5252 + 17.8994 Log1Q(x)
y = -12.7601 + 14.5402 Log1Q(x)
and the regression for the 17 C (63 F) exposure was:
y = -20.5193 + 16.4219 Log10(x)
where, in all regressions, _y_ is the number of brown trout dead and x
is the number of chlorine-minutes.
The CM-50's calculated for 48- and 96-hr exposures at 21 C (70 F)
were 18.1 and 16.8 chlorine-minutes, respectively, whereas the 17 C
(63 F) CM-50 was 35.8 chlorine-minutes. The average total residual
chlorine concentration during one 30-min chlorine dosage that could
be expected to kill 50 percent of all brown trout in 96 hr under the
conditions of this bioassay would be 1.19 mg/liter at 17 C (63 F)
and 0.56 mg/liter at 21 C (70 F). This is greater than a 50 percent
increase in lethality with an increase of 4 C (7 F) from 17 C (63 F)
to 21 C (70 F).
Dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from 7.6 to 9.2 mg/liter before
chlorination, 6.8 to 7.6 mg/liter during chlorination, and 6.2 to 7.0
mg/liter after dechlorination (Appendix 33). The pH increased in all
aquaria to approximately 9.2 at 48 hr after chlorination. Alkalinity
and hardness remained fairly constant in all aquaria, 68 and 86 mg/liter,
respectively, throughout the 48 hr.
In the dechlorination test as many fathead minnows died after transfer
to fresh waters as died after dechlorination with sodium thiosulfate,
indicating that the dechlorination process was not lethal to the test
fish (Table 14). Pyle (1960) found that exposure to a 5 percent
(50,000 mg/liter) solution of sodium thiosulfate caused no distress
in brook, rainbow, and brown trout fingerlings after 3 hours exposure.
All of his fish survived 24 hr in a 1 percent (10,000 mg/liter)
solution.
55
-------
Table 14. Mortality of fathead minnows (expressed as
percentage) exposed for 30 min to total
residual chlorine at 21 C (70 F) and subjected
to two methods of dechlorination, July 27-31,
1973.
Dechlorination with Dechlorination by trans-
sodium thiosulfate fer to fresh water
Time (hr)
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
24
48
72
96
Aa
13
47
93
93
93
93
93
93
B
7
20
47
47
47
47
47
47
A
13
47
80
80
80
80
80
80
B
7
13
40
40
40
40
40
40
Mean total residual
chlorine (mg/liter) 1.14 1.00 1.05 0.99
3 A and B refer to replicate tanks
56
-------
SECTION VII
GENERAL DISCUSSION
The primary objective of this project was to determine if intermit-
tently chlorinated cooling waters from power plant condensers are
lethal to fish inhabiting the discharge channels of these plants.
The results show that under certain circumstances chlorinated con-
denser cooling waters are extremely toxic to caged brown trout.
Brown trout were used in six caged bioassays in 1972, and in all
six tests deaths occurred that were related to chlorine concentrations
in the channels. The 48-hr ILC-50 total residual chlorine values
ranged from 0.14-0.17 rag/liter for fish exposed to two chlorinations
at the Conners Creek plant to 0.18-0.19 mg/liter for brown trout
exposed to four chlorinations at the Cobb plant. The 96-hr ILC-50
values were more variable, ranging from 0.02-0.05 mg/liter for
brown trout exposed to three chlorinations at the Campbell plant
to 0.17-0.18 mg/liter for fish exposed to six chlorinations at the
Cobb plant.
Fathead minnows were used as a test species in all nine of the
1972 studies, and no deaths occurred that could be attributed to
chlorine. Fathead minnows were not killed by intermittent exposures
to total residual chlorine levels up to 0.5 mg/liter.
Other warmwater fishes used during the 1972 studies were the brown
bullhead and various centrarchid species. These warmwater fish
were able to tolerate short exposures to mean total residual
chlorine levels up to 0.5 mg/liter.
The brown trout results obtained in 1973 indicate that the sensitivity
of brown trout to intermittent exposures of chlorine can be extremely
variable depending on other ambient variables. In the 1973 caged
brown trout bioassays at the Campbell plant, unlike the 1972 tests,
almost no fish died after exposure to similar numbers of chlorination
periods and chlorine concentrations.
Chlorine-related lethality was documented in the 1972 field studies
conducted at the Campbell plant, but definite chlorine-related
fish deaths did not occur during the 1973 studies. To determine
if dechlorination with sodium thiosulfate may have caused this
descrepancy, the brown trout data from the 1972 spring and fall
studies were compared with data from test 2 of the 1973 series
(Table 15). The 1973 studies did not utilize the dechlorination
57
-------
Table 15. Summary of important variables in the 1972 and
1973 caged brown trout bioassays conducted at
the J. H. Campbell power plant.
Spring 1972
TRC - related
mortality Yes
Acclimation
procedure Dechlorination
Temperature
change [C (F) ] 3.5 (6)
Temperature
maximum [C (F) ] 20.5 (69)
Maximum TRCa
(mg/liter) 0.43
Mean TRC range
(mg/liter) 0.07 - 0.26
Number of chlor-
inations 3
DO - mean
(mg/liter) 11.2
DO - percent
saturation 117
Mean fish size
[cm (inches)] 6.4-10.2 (2.5-4.0)
pH (standard
units) 8.3
Total alkalin-
ity (mg/liter) 110
Hardness (mg/liter) 140
Test 2
Fall 1972 Spring 1973
Yes No
Dechlorination In-channel
6 (11) 1 (2)
22 (72) 16.5 (62)
0.50 0.39
0.06 -0.18 0.05 - 0.25
4 3
10.4 7.5
108 86
6.4-10.2 (2.5-4.0) 10.2-15.2 (A.O-e.Q)
7.5 7.2
120 115
150 160
a Total 'residual chlorine.
58
-------
device used in 1972 studies. However, the dilute mixture (^6.5
mg/liter) of sodium thiosulfate used in the dechlorination device
in 1972 should not stress the fish according to various MWRC
studies and toxicity levels reported in the literature (Pyle
1960). The dechlorination procedure may have stressed the fish
more than acclimating them in the discharge channel, as was done
in 1973. If this were true, the number of deaths among the control
fish would have been significantly greater during the dechlorination
studies. Since this was not the case, the dechlorination procedure
did not cause the discrepancy in these tests.
Temperature ranges during the 1973 tests averaged 2-5 C (4-9 F)
less than in 1972. The maximum temperature averaged 4-5.5 C (7-
10 F) less in 1973. Deaths among the test fish during 1972 cannot
be attributed solely to temperature since the dechlorinated control
fish were subjected to similar maximum temperatures and temperature
fluctuations as the test fish and deaths among the controls were not
excessive.
The laboratory bioassays showed a very pronounced effect of temper-
ature on the lethality of chlorine to brown trout. Brown trout
exposed to one 30-min exposure and held at 17 C ("63 F) and 21 C
(70 F) had corresponding 96 hr ILC-50's of 1.19 and 0.56 mg/liter.
The increase in lethality is greater than 50 percent with a 4 C
(7 F) temperature increase.
Since the maximum and average temperatures were higher in the 1972
field studies, and chlorine lethality was also greater, it appears
that increased temperatures can increase chlorine toxicity to caged
brown trout. This effect has also been shown for saltwater salmonids
by Stober and Hanson (1974).
Brown trout used in the 1972 studies ranged in size from approximately
6.4 to 10.2 cm (2.5 to 4 inches). The brown trout used in the 1973
studies were somewhat larger, ranging from 10.2 to 15.2 cm (4 to 6
inches) long. With respect to the size-specific effect of chlorine
on fish, Fobes (1971) found that smaller white suckers were more
affected than larger individuals at a given chlorine concentration.
Rosenberger (1971) observed, however, that size and lethality were
directly related for coho salmon. In the third test of the spring
1973 series, the smaller brown trout were tested and no TRC-attributable
deaths resulted. It therefore appears that differences in mortality
cannot be directly attributed to size differences of the fish tested.
Variations in pH, total alkalinity, and hardness, although not enough
to directly account for differences in mortality, may interact to
modify the toxicity of chlorine (Table 15). No reports on the
effect of these variables on chlorine lethality were found in the
59
-------
literature. Warren (1971) and McKee and Wolf (1963) present studies
where these parameters interact to affect the lethality of other
toxicants.
Chlorine concentrations were similar during all three studies, as
were the number of chlorlnations to which fish were subjected. Average
total residual chlorine levels in 1972 ranged from 0.06 to 0.26
mg/liter, whereas in 1973 the levels ranged from 0.05 to 0.25 ing/liter.
Fish during both years were subjected to three or four chlorinations.
Free chlorine, when levels were high enough to detect, comprised
30-65 percent of the total residual chlorine in 1972 and 50-70 percent
in 1973. Levels of total residual chlorine and free chlorine as well
as number of chlorinations were similar in both years and could not
account for the difference in mortality.
Heated effluents from power plant cooling systems can be saturated
or supersaturated with dissolved oxygen and can cause the formation
of emboli in fishes that damage gills, eyes, epidermis, and other
tissues and may be lethal. Newly hatched whitefish and lake herring
have been reported to be susceptible to damage from dissolved gas
supersaturation (U.S. Department of Interior 1970). This potential
problem was recognized at power plants by Krenkel and Parker (1969).
DeMont and Miller (1971) reported the first incidence of gas bubble
disease symptoms in various species of warmwater fishes in the dis-
charge channel of the Marshall Steam Station, Lake Norman, North
Carolina. Otto (1972), in laboratory studies at the Waukegan Generating
Station on Lake Michigan, found that rainbow trout were unaffected
when exposed to gas saturation levels less than 110 percent and had an
estimated 8-day TL-50 saturation level of 119 percent. Yellow perch
were more tolerant and were unaffected at less than 115 percent and
had an 8-day TL-50 saturation level of 126 percent. Dissolved oxygen
saturation was lower in the 1973 Campbell plant studies, averaging
8ft percent as compared with 108 and 117 percent saturation during
1972 (Table 15). Gas supersaturation does not solely account for
the difference in number of fish deaths observed in the 1972 and
1973 studies at the Campbell plant since in 1972 deaths at the Cobb,
Monroe, and Karn-Weadock plants were attributable to TRC at average
gas saturation levels less than 100 percent.
It appears that brown trout intermittently subjected to total residual
chlorine concentrations in power plant discharge channels can exhibit
variable mortality. By eliminating factors that were similar in three
Campbell plant studies,, temperature and dissolved oxygen saturation
interactions with chlorine appeared to account for the observed
mortality differences.
60
-------
Even though the field bioassay data are inconsistent between 1972
and 1973, the observations of resident fish in distress during 1972
support the conclusion that chlorinated condenser cooling waters
are lethal or toxic to fish inhabiting power plant discharge channels.
On three occasions during the 1972 field studies large [45.7 - 71.1 cm
(18 - 28 inches), total length] salmonid fish were observed in distress.
The presence of distressed fish at the water's surface at the Campbell
plant on two occasions was definitely related to the presence of
chlorine. The maximum chlorine concentrations were 0.25 and 0.5
rag/liter, and the discharge channel temperature was 17 - 19 C (62 -
66 F). Other authors have also noted fish in stress in power plant
discharged which they attributed to chlorine (Truchan and Basch, 1971);
Massey, 1972; Fairbanks e£ al., 1971).
Brungs (1973), after summarizing the available literature, arrived
at guidelines for intermittent chlorine discharges in which he
recommended that to protect salmonids in areas with high concentrations
of free chlorine, residual chlorine levels would need to be kept below
0.01 ing/liter for a 30-min exposure in any 24 hr period. It appears,
based on the 1972 and 1973 results, that at times the 0.01 level
suggested by Brungs may be overly protective.
The mortality of fish exposed to intermittent power plant chlorination
practices was found to be variable in this project. Brungs (1973), in
discussing continuous exposure chlorination results, felt that chlorine
lethality to fish was not significantly affected by typical environmental
variables. The results of this project demonstrated that fish mortality
from exposure to intermittent dosages of chlorine is difficult to predict
and will remain so until additional controlled laboratory studies have
delineated the interaction of chlorine with other ambient variables.
particularly temperature.
61
-------
SECTION VIII
REFERENCES
American Public Health Association, Inc. 1971. Standard methods
for the examination of water and wastewater. 13th ed. New York.
874 p.
Argonne National Laboratory. 1972. Summary of recent technical
information concerning thermal discharges into Lake Michigan.
Contract Report 72-1.
Arthur, J. W. 1971. Progress reports. National Water Quality
Lab. EPA, Duluth, Minnesota. Cited by Brungs (1973).
Basch, R. E. 1971. Campbell power plant chlorine measurements.
Michigan Water Resources Commission Memo. Unpublished.
Basch, R. E., M. E. Newton, J. G. Truchan and C. M. Fetterolf.
1971. Chlorinated municipal waste toxicities to rainbow trout
and fathead minnows. EPA Water Pollution Control Research Series.
No. 18050 GZZ.
Basch, R. E. and J. G. Truchan. 1971. A caged fish study on the
toxicity of intermittently chlorinated condenser cooling waters at
the Consumers Power Company's J. C. Weadock power plant, Essexville,
Michigan. Michigan Water Resources Commission Report. Unpublished.
Brungs, W. A. 1973. Literature review of the effects of residual
chlorine on aquatic life. J. Water Pollution Control Fed. 45 (10):
2180-2193.
Cole, R. A. 1972. An ecological evaluation of a thermal discharge:
Summary of early post operational studies. Tech. Kept. No. 32.
Institute of Water Research. Michigan State University. East Lansing,
Michigan.
Consumers Power Company. 1972. Aquatic surveillance program biolog-
ical studies, annual report 1972. Unpublished report.
Dandy, J. W. T. 1972. Activity response to chlorine in the brook
trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchell). Can. J. Zool. 50 (4):
405-410.
62
-------
DeMont, D. J. and R. W. Miller. 1971. First reported incidence
of gas-bubble disease in the heated effluent of a steam generating
station. Presented at the 25th Annual Meeting S. E. Association
of Game and Fish Commissioners.
Doudoroff, P. and M. Katz. 1950. Critical review of literature on
the toxicity of industrial wastes and toxic components to fish.
Sewage and Industrial Wastes: 22, 1432.
Fairbanks, R. A., W. S. Collings and W. T. Sides. 1971. An assess-
ment of the effects of electrical power generation on marine resources
in the Cape Cod Canal. Massachusetts Department of Natural Resources,
Division of Marine Fish. March 13, 1971. Cited in Argonne Nat. Lab.
1972.
Fobes, R. L. 1971. Chlorine toxicity and its effect on gill tissue
respiration of the white sucker, Catostomus commersoni (Lacepede).
M.S. Thesis. Michigan State University. East Lansing, Michigan.
Isom, B. G. 1971. Evaluation and control of macroinvertebrate
nuisance organisms in freshwater industrial supply systems. Presented
at the 19th Annual Meeting of the Midwest Benthological Society.
Krenkel, P. A., and F. L. Parker. 1969. Biological aspects of thermal
pollution. Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press. 407 p.
Marcus, M. D. 1972. An ecological evaluation of a thermal discharge:
The distribution of phytoplankton and primary productivity near the
western shore of Lake Erie. Tech. Rept. No. 14. Institute of Water
Research. Michigan State University. East Lansing, Michigan.
Massey, A. 1972. A survey of chlorine concentrations in the Consumers
Power Company's Big Rock Point power plant discharge channel. Michigan
Water Resources Commission Report. Unpublished.
McKee, J. S., and H. W. Wolf. 1963. Water quality criteria. Sec. Ed.
The Res. Ag. of California. State Water Quality Control Board. Pub.
No. 3-A.
j
Moore, E. W. 1951. Fundamentals of chlorination of sewage and waste.
Wat. and Sew. Works. 3:130.
Mount, D. I. and W. A. Brungs. 1967. A simplified dosing apparatus
for fish toxicology studies. Water Research. 1:21-29.
Otto, R. G. 1972. Report to Commonwealth Edison Company: Effects of
gas supersaturation on fishes in southwestern Lake Michigan. Industrial
Biotest Laboratories. Northbrook, Illinois. Report No. W1286.
63
-------
Panikkar, B. M. 1960. Low concentrations of calcium hypochlorite
as a fish and tadpole poison applicable for use in partly drained
ponds and other small bodies of water. Progressive Fish - Culturist.
22(3): 117-120.
Pike, D. J. 1971. Toxicity of chlorine to brown trout. New Zealand
Wildlife. 33.
Pyle, E. A. 1960. Neutralizing chlorine in city water for use in
fish distribution tanks. Progressive Fish - Culturist. 22(1): 30-34.
Rosenberger, D. R. 1971. The calculation of acute toxicity of free
chlorine and chloramines to coho salmon by multiple regression analysis.
M.S. Thesis. Michigan State University. East Lansing, Michigan.
Sawyer, C. N. and P. L. McCarty. 1967. Chemistry for sanitary engineers.
2nd Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 367 p.
Skoog, D. A. and D. M. West. 1963. Fundamentals of analytical
chemistry. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. 786 p.
Stober, Q. J., and C. H. Hanson. 1974. Toxicity of chlorine and
heat to pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and chinook salmon (0.
tschawytscha). Trans. Am. Fish Soc. 103(3): 569-576.
Truchan, J. 1972. Abnormal fish behavior at Campbell Plant due to
chlorine exposure. Michigan Water Resources Commission Memo.
Unpublished.
Truchan, J. and R. Basch. 1971. A survey of chlorine concentrations
in the Weadock Power Plant discharge channel. Michigan Water Resources
Commission Report. Unpublished.
U. S. Department of Interior. 1970. Physical and ecological effects
of waste heat on Lake Michigan. Great Lakes Fish Lab. Ann Arbor, Michigan.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1971. Methods of chemical
analyses of water and wastes. Cincinnati. 298 p.
Warren, C. E. 1971. Biology and water pollution control. Phila-
delphia: W. B. Saunders Co. 434 p.
Zillich, J. A. 1972. Toxicity of combined chlorine residuals to
freshwater fish. J. Water Pollution Control Fed. 44: 212-220.
64
-------
SECTION IX
APPENDICES
65
-------
Appendix 1. Total residual chlorine readings, temperatures, and descriptive
statistics for c-iged fish and control stations, J. H. Campbell
power plant. May 30 - June 3. 1972.
Station
Dochlor-
Intake
Item control
TRCa
5-30-72 0.00
6-1-72
6-2-72
Maximum TRC -
Average TRC 0.0
Minimum TRC
nc 1
Maxlr.um free
chlorine
Average free
chlorine
Minimun free
chlorine
n
Temperature [C (F)]
5-30 11 (52)
5-31 10.5 (51)
6-1 9 (48)
6-1 9.5 (49)
6-2 11 (52)
6-2 11 (52)
6-3 12 (54)
Maximum temp.
[C (0) 12 (54)
Average temp. 10.5 (51)
Minimum temp. 9 (48)
n 7
inated
control
0.00
0.00
_
_
_
0.0
-
2
18.5 (65)
19 (66)
16.5 (62)
18.5 (65)
18.5 (65)
18.5 (65)
16.5 (62)
19 (66)
18 (64)
16.5 (62)
7
* TRC Is the total residual chlorine
Parentheses denote free
1
0.23
0.20 (0.10)"
0.26 (0.10)
0.37
0.37
0.32 (0.20)
0.12
0.23
0.22
0.24 (0.13)
0.25
0.37
0.26
0.12
11
0.20
0.13
0.10
4
20.5 (69)
20.5 (69)
18 (64)
18.5 (65)
18.5 (65)
19.5 (67)
18. $ (65)
20.5 (69)
19 (66)
18 (64)
7
2
0.28
0.43
0.06
0.21
0.21 (0.14)
0.21 (0.14)
0.21 (0.15)
0.17
0.43
0.22
0.06
8
0.15
0.14
0.14
3
20.5 (69)
20 (68)
18 (64)
18.5 (65)
18.5 (65)
19.5 (67)
18.5 (65)
20.5 (69)
19 (66)
18 (64)
7
3
0.13
0.10
0.07
0.25
0.27
0.25 (0.12)
0.27
0.18
0.07
6
_
0.12
-
1
20.5 (69)
20 (68)
18 (64)
18.5 (65)
18.5 (65)
19.5 (67)
18 (64)
20.5 (69)
19 (66)
18 (64)
«
0.05
0.05
0.19 (0.16)
0.26
0.035
0.035
0.26
0.10
0.035
6
-
0.16
.
1
20.5 (69)
20 (68)
18 (64)
18.5 (65)
18.5 (65)
19.5 (67)
18 (64)
20. J (69)
19 (66)
18 (64)
7
5
0.20
0.15 (0.
0.14
0.17
0.16 (0.
0.15
0.13
0.05
0.20
0.13
0.05
9
0.08
0.08
0.07
2
20.5 (69)
20 (68)
18 (64)
18.5 (65)
18.5 (65)
19. J (67)
17 (63)
20.5 (69)
19 (66)
17 (63)
7
6
0.08
07) 0.11 (0.04)
0.14 (0.05
0.09
0.06
0.06
0.04
0.01
08) 0.065
0.095
0.095
0.10
0.12
0.07
0.005
0.03
0.02
0.005
0.14
0.07
0.005
19
0.06
0.05
0.04
2
20 (68.5)
20 (63)
18 (64)
18.5 (65)
18.5 (65)
19.5 (67)
17 (63)
20 (68.5)
19 (66)
17 (63)
7
concentration (mg/lltcr).
chlorine concentrations (ug/liter).
66
-------
Appendix 2. Chemical and bacteriological char;oterlstics of water samples collected
at the J. H. Campbell power plant, K.iy 31 and June 2, 1972.
Characteristic
Tine
Temp.
no
DO (percent saturation)
BOD
PH
TS
TDS
SS
Cl
M!3-N
Fc
SO,
Total alkalinity
Carbonate alkalinity
Hardness
Cn
Cr*
As
Mn
Cu
Zn
Total colifonn
Fecal colifora
Intake
control
Date: 5-31-72 6-2-72
1230 1400
10.5 (51) 11.0
11.2
101
3.4
8.3 8.2
191
188
3
10
0.02 <0.01
0.21
31
110
0
135
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.1
<0.01
<0.01
25.000
<10
Dechlorlnated
control
6-2-72
1400
(52) IS (65)
7.3
77
8.1
0.01
10.000
<10
Station
1 23
5-31-72 6-2-72 6-2-72 6-2-72
1200 1120 1130 1135
20.5 (69) 19 (66) 19 (66) 19 (66)
11.5 11.9 11.3
123 127 121
5.7
8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3
190
188
2
10
0.02 <0.01 0.03 <0.01
0.25
26
110
0
140
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.1
<0.01
<0.01
4.000 32,000 14,000
<10 <10 <10
4 5
6-2-72 6-2-72
1145 1150
19 (66) 19 (66)
11.1 11.9
119 127
4.5
8.3 8.3
0.01 0.01
1,000 350.000
<10 <10
6
6-2-72
1230
19 (66)
11.0
118
3.3
8.3
0.02
80,000
<10
3 All characteristics except temperature [C (F)], pH (standard units), and total and fecal coliform (counts/100 ml) are expressed as ing/liter.
-------
CO
Appendix 3. Chemical characteristics of water samples
collected at the J. H. Campbell power plant,
May 31 - June 1, 1972. 1 and C denote samples
collected from the intake and condenser cooling
water discharge, respectively.
Temperature
[C (F)D
Date
6-31-72
5-31-72
5-31-72
6-1-72
6-1-72
6-1-72
Time
1200
1650
2015
0015
0400
0800
I
10.5
11.5
11.0
10.5
10.0
9.0
(51)
(53)
(52)
(51)
(50)
(48)
C
20.5
20.0
20.0
20.0
17.0
18.0
DO
(rag/liter)
I
(69) 10.8
(68) 11.0
(68)
(68)
(63)
(65)
C
10.1 8
11.0 8
g
8
8
8
PH
(standard
units)
I
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
C
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
NH3-N
(mg/ liter)
I
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0
0
0
0
0
0
C
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
-------
Appendix 4. Total rosldual chlorine readings, temperatures, and descriptive
statistics for caged fish and control stations, J. H. Campbell
power plant, October 9-13, 1972.
Station
Dechlor-
Intake in a ted
Item control control
TRCa
10-9-72 _ _
10-10-72 _ _
10-12-?2 _ _
10-13-72 _
Maximum TRC
Average TRC
Minimum TRC
nc _
Temperature [C (F) 1
10-9 - 21 (70)
10- 10 10. 5 (SI) 18. 5 (65)
10-10
10-11 9 (48) 18 (64)
10-12
10-13 10.5 (51) 18 (64)
10-13 14.5 (58) 17 (63)
Maximum Temp. 11.5 (53) 21 (70)
Average Temp. 10.5 (51) 18.5 (65)
Minimum Tcnp. 9 (48) 17 (63)
nc 4 5
* TRC Is Che total residual chlorine concentration
Parenthese denote free chlorine concent rat Innq In
1
0.03
0.03
0.09
0.01
0.06
0.07
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.12
0.11
0.22
0.20
0.13
0.40
0.41
0.41
0.13
0.01
16
22 (72)
20 (68)
19 (66)
16.5 (62)
19 (66)
16.5 (62)
17 (63)
22 (72)
19 (66)
16.5 (62)
7
(mg/llter).
10/1 1tt»r\ .
a
0.08
0.09
0.06
0.14
0.13
0.10
0.20
0.16
0.13
0.15
0.37
0.50 b
0.33 (0.22)
0.04
0.50
0.18
0.04
14
22 (72)
20 (68)
18 (64)
16.5 (62)
19 (66)
16.5 (62)
16.5 (62)
22 (72)
18.5 (65)
16.5 (62)
7
3
0.05
0,08
0.06
0.11
0.13
0.13
0.10
0.06
„.
0.31
0.34
0.26 (0.18)
0.34
0.15
0.05
11
22 (72)
20 (68)
18.5 (65)
16.5 (62)
.
16.5 (62)
16.5 (62)
22 (72)
18.5 (65)
16.5 (62)
6
4
0.04
0.04
0.07
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.03
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.14
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.17
0.17
0.06
0.02
18
22 (72)
19.5 (67)
18.5 (65)
16.5 (62)
18.5 (65)
16.5 (62)
16 (61)
22 (72)
18.5 (65)
16 (61)
6
69
-------
Appendix 5. Chemical characteristics of water samples
collected from the J. H. Campbell power plant
intake and stations 2 and 6 in the condenser
cooling water discharge, October 11 and 12, 1972.
o
Characteristic
Time
Temperature
IS
TDS
SS
PH
NC-3-N
NH3-N
SOP04
TP04
Cl
Fe
Ca
Mg
Na
K
SC-4
Total alkalinity
Carbonate alkalinity
Hardness
CN
Cr+6
Mn
Cu
F
Zn
Intake
10-12-72
1700
10.5 (51)
196
192
4
7.4
0.21
0.05
0.01
0.03
10
0.1
38
12
7
1.3
27
120
0
150
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.16
0.02
Station
2
10-11-72
1430
18.0 (64)
187
182
5
7.5
0.28
0.02
0.01
0.02
10
0.1
38
12
7
1.2
27
120
0
150
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.13
0.01
6
10-12-72
1615
19.0 (66)
7
7.4
0.20
0.20
0.01
0.02
10
0.1
38
12
8
1.2
27
90
0
140
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.13
0.01
All characteristics except temperature
are expressed as mg/liter.
(F)J and pH (standard units)
70
-------
Appendix 6.
Chemical characteristics of samples collected at the J. H.
Campbell power plant, October 11-12, 1972. I, D, and C
denote samples collected from the intake, dechlorinated
control, and condenser cooling water discharge, respectively.
Temperature [C (F) ]
Date
10-11-72
10-11-72
10-11-72
10-12-72
10-12-72
10-12-72
Time
1600
2000
2400
0400
0800
1200
I
9.0
9.0
10.0
9.0
10.0
10.5
(49)
(49)
(50)
(49)
(50)
(51)
D
18 (64)
18 (64)
18 (64)
18 (64)
19 (66)
19 (66)
C
18 (64)
18 (64)
18 (64)
18 (64)
19 (66)
19 (66)
DO
pH (stan-
(mg/liter)
I
11.0
10.8
10.6
9.2
9.8
10.2
-• D
9.0
9.4
10.4
10.8
9.6
9.4
C
10.8
10.6
10.6
10.4
9.8
10.4
dard units)
I
7.3
7.1
7.5
7.3
7.3
7.3
D
7.1
7.3
7.5
7.3
7.3
7.1
C
7.3
7.3
7.5
7.2
7.3
7.2
NH3-N
(mg/liter)
I
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.03
D
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
C
0.02
0.05
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.04
-------
Appendix 7. Total residual chlorine readings, temperatures and descriptive
statistics for caf,cd fish and control .stations, J. li. Campbell power
plant, June 26-30, 1972.
Station
Intake
Item control
TRC
6/26
(1200)
6/26
(1400)
6/26
(1100)
6/28 0.0
(1430)
6/30
(1045)
Maximum TKC
Average TRC 0.0
Minimum TRC
n3 1
Maximum free
chlorine
Average free
chlorine
Minimum free
chlorine
n -
Temperature [C (F)]
6/26
6/26 21.5 (71)
6/26
6/27 21.5 (71)
6/28
6/28 22 (72)
6/28 20.5 (69)
6/28
6/29 21 <7C-
6/30
6/30
6/30
Maximum Temp.
[C (F)] 22 ' (72)
Average Temp. 21.5 (71)
Minimum Temp. 18 (64)
n 5
Dechlor-
inated
control 1
0.16
0.31
0.36
0.12
0.20
0.38
0.30 (0.
0.13
0.16
0.20
0.03
0.04
0.21
0.21 (0.
0.29
0.06
0.15
0.20
0.18 (0.
0.38
0.19
0.03
19
0.10
0.08
0.07
3
25.5 (78)
24.5 (76)
_ •
26.5 (80) 27 (81)
25 (77)
26.5 (80)
26 (79) 25.5 (78)
-
26.5 (80)
27 (81)
27 (81)
~ ~
26.5 (80) 27 (81)
26 (79) 26 (79)
25.5 (78) 24.5 (76)
4 9
TRC is the total residual chlorine concentration
" Parentheses denote free
2
0.16
0.17
0.33
0.15
0.34
b
07)
0.15
0.23
0.28
0.10
0.29
0.15 (0.08)
0.10
07)
0.14
0.18
10)
0.34
0.20
0.10
14
_
0.08
-
1
24.5 (76)
24.5 (76)
-
27 (81)
25.5 (78)
26.5 (80)
27 (81)
-
25.5 (78)
27 (81)
-
~
27 (81)
26 (79)
24.5 (76)
8
(me/ liter).
3
0.11
0.21
0.17
0.03
0.24
0.20
0.13
0.17
0.23
0.13 (0.05)
0.09
0.15
0.15
0.06
0.30
0.17
0.06
13
_
0.05
-
1
24.5 (76)
24 (75)
-
27 (81)
25.5 (78)
26.5 (80)
26.5 (80)
-
26.5 (80)
27 (81)
27 (81)
~
27 (81)
26 (79)
24 (75)
9
4
0.10
0.17
0.12
0.17
0.30
0.41
0.14
0.15
0.18
0.05
c
0.08
0.13
0.05
0.41
0.16
0.05
13
-
-
-
-
25 (77)
24 (75)
-
27 (81)
25.5 (78)
26 (79)
26.5 (80)
-
26 (79)
26.5 (80)
-
—
27 (81)
26 (79)
24 (75)
8
5
0.11
0.06
0.01
0.26
0.14
0.08
0.03
0.17
0.11
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.16
0.16
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.26
0.10
0.01
16
_
-
-
—
24 (75.5)
24 (75)
-
26.5 (80)
24.5 (76)
26 (79)
25.5 (78)
-
26 (79)
26.5 (80)
-
—
26.5 (80)
25.5 (78)
24 (75)
8
chlorine concentrations (mc/Jlter).
' The chlorine plume was missed at this station.
n 1» the total number of
readings (non-zero) used
to compute the averages.
72
-------
Appendix 8.
u>
Chemical characteristics of water samples
collected at the B.C. Cobb power plant intake
and dechlorinated control stations, June 21,
1972.
a
Characteristic
Time
Temperature
DO
DO (Percent saturation)
TS
TDS
SS
PH
Cl
NH3-N
Fe
Na
so4
Total alkalinity
Carbonate alkalinity
Hardness
CN
Cr+6
Mn
Cn
Zn
Intake
0900
20.5 (69)
5.6
62
222
208
14
7.8
17
0.65
b
b
23
110
0
160
<0.01
<0.01
b
b
<0.01
Station
Dechlorinated
control
0900
25.5 (78)
4.8
58
225
214
11
7.8
18
0.70
b
b
26
120
0
160
<0.01
0.03
b
b
0.05
All characteristics except pH (standard units) and temperature
Quantity not sufficient to be
(F)3 are expressed as mg/liter.
-------
Appendix 9. Chemical characteristics of water samples collected
at the B.C. Cobb power plant, June 21-22. 1972. I
and C denote samples collected from the intake and
condenser cooling water discharge, respectively.
Date Tine
6/21/72
6/21/72
6/21/72
6/21/72
6/22/72
6/22/72
1200
1600
2000
2400
0400
0800
Temperature
Cc (F)]
I
20.5 (69)
22 (71)
21 (70)
21 (70)
20 (69)
20 (68)
Appendix 10.
C
25.5 (78)
27 (82)
26.5 (80)
25 (77)
23 (73)
25.5 (78)
DO pH NH3
(mg/llter) (stanard units) (mg/llter)
I C I
7.0 5.
8.0 7.
8.0 7.
6.6 6.
5.8 6.
6.6 5.
Chemical characteristics
collected at
at the B. C.
the control
Cobb power
Static".
8 7.9
0 7.9
0 7.7
2 7.8
4 7.7
6 7.9
C I
7.7 0.65
7.9 0.65
7.8 0.15
7.8 0.18
7.8 0.24
7.8 0.15
C
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
70
18
18
21
20
24
of water samples
and test stations
plane, June
28-30, 1972.
Dechlor inated
Item
Date
Tine
Temp. [C (F)D
DO (mg/llter)
pH (rag/liter)
NH3-N (mg/llter)
Date
Time
Temp. [C (F)]
p« (ing/liter)
NHj-N (rag/liter)
Date
Time
Temp. [C (F)]
pH (og/llter)
NHj-N (mg/llter)
Intake
6/28/72
1255
—
9.S
8.2
0.28
6/28/72
1640
22 (72)
8.0
0.33
_
_
-
-
-
control
6/28/72
1100
25 (77)
4.3
7.5
0.29
6/28/72
1650
26.5 (80)
7.7
0.32
—
_
-
-
-
1
6/28/72
1115
25 (77)
6.7
7.8
0.20
6/28/72
1440
26.5 (80)
8.0
0.25
6/30/72
1105
27 (81)
7.9
0.21
2
6/28/72
1140
25.5 (78)
6.9
7.8
0.28
6/28/72
1518
26.5 (80)
7.9
0.28
6/30/72
1120
27 (81)
8.0
0.21
3
6/28/72
1200
—
6.1
7.9
0.27
6/28/72
1525
25.6 (90)
7.9
0.29
6/30/72
1135
27 (81)
7.9
0.20
4
6/28/72
1225
25.5 (78)
6.4
7.9
0.27
6/28/72
1630
26 (79)
8.0
0.30
6/30/72
1150
26.5 (80)
7.9
0.21
5
6/28/72
1235
24 (76)
6.6
7.9
0.27
6/28/72
1602
26 (79)
8.0
0.27
6/30/72
1215
26.5 (80)
7.9
0.21
74
-------
Appendix 11, Total residual chlorine readings, temperatures and descrip-
tive statistics for caged fish and control stations, B. C.
Cobb power plant, October 24-28, 1972.
Station
Intake
Item control
TRC3
10/24
(1115)
10/24
(1400)
10/25
(1045)
10/25
(1300)
10/27
(1045)
10/27
(1415)
Maximum TRC
Average TRC -
Minimum TRC
nc
Temperature [C (F)]
10/24
10/24
10/24
10/25
10/25
10/25 10 (50)
10/26 10 (50)
10/27
10/27
10/27 10 (50)
10/28 12 (54)
Dechlor-
inated
control 1
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
30
16
15.
-
16.
-
15.5 (60) 16.
15.5 (60)
16
15.
16.5 (62) 18
19.5 (67) 20.
02
04
10
20
10
11
16
21
24
09
17
22
28
28
16
23
32
31
23
03
18
27
10
10
07
15
24
28
26
09
32
17
02
(61)
5 (60)
5 (62)
5 (62)
(61)
5 (60)
(64)
5 (69)
2
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
b
b
0.
0.
0.
20
16
16
•
-
-
16.
-
-
-
18
20
13
11
13
10
09
02
15
21
17
10
32
32
21
24
18
31
32
18
10
03
32
17
02
(61)
(61)
5 (62)
<*4)
(68)
0
C
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
15
15
-
-
-
16
-
-
15
18
20
3
.11
.10
.05
.03
.13
.10
.06
.16
.16
.09
.04
.03
.13
.04
.09
.06
.09
.24
.13
.13
.24
.10
.03
.5 (60)
.5 (60)
•5 (62)
.5 (60)
(64)
(68)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
b
0
0
0
0
14
15
15
•
14
14
14
-
1J
12
13
It
.11
.10
.09
.09
.10
.05
.02
.09
.10
.10
.06
.06
.17
.12
.00
.17
.09
.02
.5 (60)
(59)
.5 (58)
• 5 (58)
.0 (57)
.5 (53)
(54)
.5 (56)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
22
15
15
-
14
13
12
-
-
13
12
12
5
.03
.08
.10
.10
.03
.03
.09
.12
.02
.03
.03
.07
.06
.03
.03
.05
.06
.08
.05
b
.11
.06
.09
.12
.05
.02
.5
.5
(59)
(59)
(57)
(56)
(54)
(56)
(54)
(54)
75
-------
Appendix 11. Continued.
Station
Dechlor-
Intake inated
Item control control 1 2
Maximum Temp. [C (F)] 12 (54) 19.5 (67) 20.5 (69) 20 (68)
Average Temp. 10.5 (51) 16.5 (62) 16.5 (62) 17 (63)
Minimum Temp. 10 (50) 15.5 (60) 15.5 (60) 16 (61)
n 4485
* TRC is the total residual chlorine concentration (mg/liter) .
The chlorine plume was nissed at these stations.
c n is the total number of readings (non-zero) used to compute the
3
20
16.5
15.5
6
averages.
(68)
(62)
(60)
4
15.5
14
11.5
8
(60)
(57)
(53)
5
15
13.5
12
8
(59)
(56)
(54)
76
-------
Appendix 12. Chemical characteristics of water samples collected at the
B. C. Cobb power plant Intake, condenser cooling water dis-
charge, and dechlorlnated control station, October 26, 1972.
Station
Characteristic
Time
Temperature
DO
DO (percent saturation)
TS
TDS
SS
PH
Cl
N03-N
NH3-N
SOP04
TPO,
Fe
Ca
Mg
Na
K
SO,
Total alkalinity
Carbonate alkalinity
Hardness
Cr"6
As
Mn
Cu
F
Zn
Intake
1200
10 (50)
9.2
81
252
238
14
7.6
23
0.2
0.14
0.05
0.1
0.4
48
16
15
1.4
24
150
0
185
<0.01
<0.01
0.05
<0.02
0.23
0.02
Condenser
cooling wator
discharge
2400
9.5 (49)
9.0
78
235
231
4
8.1
23
0.17
0.12
0.05
0.11
0.32
24
145
0
190
<0.01
0.04
<0.02
0.26
0.02
1200
15.5 (60)
9.0
89
244
238
6
8.0
23
0.2
0.13
0.04
0.09
0.4
48
16
15
1.3
23
150
0
185
<0.01
<0.01
0.04
<0.02
0.23
0.02
2400
16.5 (62)
9.0
92
236
231
5
8.1
23
0.17
0.12
0.05
0.11
0.27
24
150
0
190
<0.01
0.04
<0.02
0.23
0.02
Dechlorlnated
control
1200
15.5 (60)
7.4
73
255
244
11
7.8
23
0.19
0.13
0.03
0.09
0.25
48
16
17
1,4
30
145
0
185
<0.01
<0.01
0.04
<0.02
0.23
0.02
2400
16.0 (63)
7.8
78
239
238
1
8.0
26
0.17
0.33
0.05
0.1
0.3
30
145
0
185
<0.01
0.05
<0.02
0.23
0.04
' All characteristics except temperature [C (F)] and pH (standard units) are expressed as mg/llter*
77
-------
oo
Appendix 13.
Chemical characteristics of water samples col-
lected at the B. C. Cobb power plant, October 26-
27, 1972. I, D, and C denote samples collected
from the intake, dechlorinated control station, and
condenser cooling water discharge, respectively.
Temperature [C (F) ]
Date
10/26/72
10/26/72
10/26/72
10/26/72
10/27/72
10/27/72
Time
1200
1600
2000
2400
0400
0800
I D
10 (50) 15.5 (60)
10 (30) 15.5 (60)
10 (50) 15.5 (60)
9.5 (49) 16 (61)
10 (50) 15 (59)
10 (50) 16.5 (62)
C
15.5 (60)
15.5 (60)
15.5 (60)
16.5 (62)
15.5 (60)
17.5 (64)
TJO" •'
(me/liter)
I
9.2
9.8
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
D
7.4
7.6
9.2
7.8
8.0
8.6
C
9.0
9.2
9.0
9.0
8.2
8.8
pH (.stan-
dard units)
I
7.6
7.8
7.9
8.1
7.9
7.9
D
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.0
7.9
7.9
C
8.0
7.9
8.0
8.1
7.9
7.8
NH3-N (mg/liter)
I
0.14
0.13
0.16
0.12
0.23
0.20
D
0.13
0.11
0.15
0.11
0.17
0.23
C
0.13
0.13
0.17
0.12
0.18
0.33
-------
Appendix 14. Total residual chlorine readings, temperatures and descriptive
statistics for caged fish and control stations, Conners Creek power
plant. July 11-15, 1972.
Station
Item
a
TRC
7/11
(1030)
7/11
(2230)
7/12
(1000)
7/12
(2200)
7/13
<1000)
7/13
(2200)
7/14
(1000)
7/14
(2200)
Maximum TRC
Averaga TRC
Minimum TRC
nc
Maximum free
chlorine
Average free
chlorine
Minimum free
chlorine
nc
Dechlor-
Intake Inated
control control
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
- - 0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
- - 0.
0.
- - 0.
0.
0.
23
0.
0.
0.
10
18
38
50
62
21
32
62
50
51
04
43
68
50
63
33
55
67
25
55
57
62
36
69
69
47
04
54
42
13
1
b
(0.28)
(0.38)
(0.11)
(0.38)
(0.54)
(0.48)
(0.42)
(0.52)
(0.44)
(0.13)
(0.51)
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
1.
0.
0.
22
0.
0.
0.
13
2
33
50
55
66
10
22
85
59
56
03
48
74
59
72
08
59
71
64
73
69
93
05
05
56
03
83
49
15
(0.
(0.
(0.
(0.
(0.
(0.
(0.
(0.
(0.
(0.
(0.
(0.
(0.
38)
48)
15)
47)
33)
43)
52)
40)
54)
48)
56)
73)
83)
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
19
0.
0.
0.
6
3
25
10
65
78
46
57
66
58
73
56 (0.37)
58 (0.43)
70
71 (0.50)
55 (0.32)
30 (0.17)
15
07
41 (0.24)
70
78
50
07
50
34
17
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
30
-
-
-
-
4
03
03
38
45
25
17
16
14
04
02
34
40
29
30
07
04
02
14
18
20
08
01
03
03
21
11
17
11
03
02
45
15
01
79
-------
Appendix 14. Continued.
Station
Item
Intake
control
Dechlor-
Inated
control
1
2
3
4
Temperature [C (F)]
7/11
7/11
7/11
7/12
7/12
7/12
7/12
7/13
7/13
7/13
7/13
7/14
7/14
7/14
7/14
7/15
Maximum temp.
Average temp.
Minimum temp.
nc
* TRC Is the
Parentheses
-
20
-
20
-
-
-
20
-
-
-
20
20
-
-
20
[C (F)] 20
20
20
6
-
(68) 28
-
(68) 26. 5
-
-
-
(68) 26.5
-
-
-
(68) 25.5
(68)
-
-
(68) 26.5
(68) 28
(68) 26.5
(68) 25.5
5
total residual chlorine
(82)
(80)
(80)
(78)
(80)
(82)
(80)
(78)
28
28
26.5
28
28.5
-
25.5
27
27
-
26.5
25.5
26.5
-
26.5
26.5
28.5
27
25.5
8
concentration
(82)
(82)
(80)
(82)
(83)
(78)
(81)
(81)
(80)
(78)
(80)
(80)
(80)
(83)
(81)
(78)
(mg/liter).
31
31
31
29.
31
-
31
30
30.
-
30
30
30.
-
31
30.
31
30.
29.
13
(88)
(88)
(88)
5 (85)
(88)
(88)
(86)
5 (87)
(86)
(86)
5 (87)
(8P;
5 (87)
<88)
5 (87)
5 (85)
28
28.5
26.5
29
29
-
27
28
29
-
25.5
27
28
-
30
28
30
28
25.5
13
(82)
(83)
(80)
(84)
(84)
(SI)
(82)
(84)
(78)
(51)
(82)
(86)
(82)
(86)
(82)
(78)
23.5
23.5
23.5
-
-
-
24.5
22
24.5
-
19
23.5
-
-
21
20
24.5
22
19
10
(74)
(74)
(74)
(76)
(72)
(76)
(66)
(74)
(70)
(68)
(76)
(72)
(66)
i denote free chlorine concentrations (ag/liter).
c n la the total number
of readings
(non-zero)
used
to compute
the
averages.
80
-------
oo
Appendix 15. Chemical and bacteriological characteristics of water samples
collected at the Connors Creek power plant, July 12-13, 1972.
I and C denote samples collected from the intake and condenser
cooling waterdischarge, respectively.
Date
7-12-72
7-12-72
7-12-72
7-12-72
7-13-72
7-13-72
7-13-72
Time
1200
1600
2000
2400
0400
0800
0915a
20
20
20
20
20
20
Temp .
CC (F)]
I
(68)
(68)
(68)
(68)
(68)
(68)
26.5
C
29 (84)
31 (88)
30 (86)
26.5 (80)
26 (79)
28.5 (84)
(80)
DO
(mg/liter)
I C
9.4
9.4
9.8
9.7
9.5
9.7
8.6
8.9
9.3
10.0
9.4
9.7
8.1
PH
(standard
units)
I C
8.3
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.5
8. 6
8.1
8.2
3.4
8.5
8.5
8.6
8.3
NHj
(cog/liter)
I C
0.01
<0.01
0.35
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
Total coliforms
(counts/100 ml)
I C
5,200
4,800
44,000
3,200
6,300
2,600
280,000
55,000
280,000
5,500
1,400
4,300
4,900
Fecal coliforms
(counts/100 ml)
I C
70 10
<10 <10
20 10
<10 10
30 10
10 <10
10
Sample collected from dechlorinated control station.
-------
Appendix 16. Total residual chlorine readings, temperatures and descriptive
statistics for caged fish and control stations,Conners Creek
power plant, November 6 - 10, 1972.
Intake
Item control
TRC3
11/6
11/7
U/8
11/10
Maximum
TRC
Average
TRC
Minimum
TRC
Q
n
Maximum free
chlorine —
Average free
chlorine -
Minimum free
chlorine -
n
De chlor-
inated
control 1
0.03
0.19
0.33
0.31 (0.23)
0.38 (0.26)
0.03
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.22
0.30 (0.14)
0.30 (0.11)
0.32 (0.22)
0.31 (0.12)
0.08
0.26
0.33 (0.08)
0.41 (0.12)
0.45 (0.18)
0.43
0.45
0.25
0.03
21
0.26
0.16
0.08
9
Station
2
0.45 (0.33)b
0.45 (0.33)
0.06
0.17
0.20 (0.08)
0.19 (0.07)
0.19 (0.13)
0.17 (0.11)
0.17 (0.14)
0.13 (0.05)
0.35 (0.18)
0.38 (0.15)
0.25 (0.09)
0.22 (0.10)
0.44
0.45 (0.21)
0.46 (0.27)
0.51
0.22 (0.10)
0.05
0.51
0.28
0.05
20
0.33
0.16
0.05
15
1
0.13
0.11
0.11
0.08
0.05
0.08
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.05
O.D9
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.06
0.10
0.06
0.13
0.08
0.03
17
-
-
-
-
l.
0.05
0.03
0.03
c
6.00
0.08
0.05
0.05
0.08
0.05
0.03
6
-
-
-
-
82
-------
Appendix 16. Continued.
Station
Item
Temperature [C (F)]
11/6
11/6
11/7
11/7
11/8
11/8
11/9
11/10
11/10
11/10
Maximum
temp. [C (F)]
Average
temp.
Minimum
temp.
nd
Intake
control
_
8 (46)
8 (46)
-
8.5 (47)
-
8.5 (47)
8 (46)
8.5 (47)
8.5 (47)
8.5 (47)
8 (46)
6
De chlor-
inated
control
_
18 (64)
14.5 (58)
-
14.5 (58)
-
15.5 (60)
15.5 (60)
15.5 (60)
15.5 (60)
18 (64)
15.5 (60)
14.5 (58)
7
1
16.5 (62)
18 (64)
14.5 (58)
13.5 (56)
15.5 (60)
15.5 (60)
15.5 (60)
15.5 (60)
15.5 (60)
16.5 (62)
18 (64)
15.5 (60)
13.5 (56)
10
2
18.5 (65)
18.5 (65)
15.5 (60)
15.5 (60)
16.5 (62)
18 (64)
17 (63)
18 (64)
18 (64)
18 (64)
18.5 (65)
17 (63)
15.5 (60)
10
3
13.5 (56)
13.5 (56)
11 (52)
11 (52)
15.5 (60)
15.5 (60)
11 (52)
10.5 (51)
10 (50)
10 (50)
15.5 (60)
12 (54)
10 (50)
10
4
9.5 (49)
9.5 (49)
10 (50)
-
10 (50)
10 (50)
9.5 (49)
9.5 (49)
9 (48)
9 (48)
10 (50)
9.5 (49)
9 (48)
9
a TRC IB the total residual chlorine concentration (mg/llter).
b Parentheses denote free chlorine concentrations (mg/llter).
c The chlorine plume was missed at this station.
d n is the total number of readings (non-zero) used to compute the averages.
83
-------
oo
Appendix 17. Chemical characteristics of water samples collected at the Conners
Creek power plant intake, condenser cooling water discharge and
dechlorinated control station, November 8, 1972.
Station
Characteristic
Time
Temperature
DO
DO (percent saturation)
pH
TS
TDS
SS
N03-S
NHo-N
Cl
SO;
Total alkalinity
Carbonate alkalinity
Hardness
CN
Cr+6
Fe
Mn
Cu
Zn
F
As
Intake
1200
9.0 (48)
10.8
93
7.5
188
156
32
0.28
0.10
10
21
80
0
110
<0.02
<0.01
0.85
0.03
<0.01
0.04
0.1
<0.01
2400
8.0 (46)
11.1
97
7.7
226
208
18
0.36
0.12
13
26
80
0
125
<0.02
<0.01
0.43
0.02
<0.01
0.02
0.15
<0.01
Condenser
discharge
1200
16.5 (62)
10.7
109
7.6
252
215
37
0.28
0.12
22
80
0
110
<0.02
<0.01
1.1
0.04
<0.01
0.05
0.1
<0.01
2400
9.5 (49)
10.8
94
7.8
216
202
14
0.36
0.12
13
25
80
0
120
<0.02
<0.01
0.55
0.04
<0.01
0.03
0.15
<0.01
Dechlorinated
control
1200
15.5 (60)
-9.3
93
7.6
239
208
31
0.28
0.12
10
22
80
0
110
<0.02
<0.01
0.85
0.03
<0.01
0.07
0.1
<0.01
2400
10 (50)
10.1
89
7.8
219
202
17
0.36
0.12
15
27
80
0
120
<0.02
<0.01
0.44
0.03
<0.01
0.04
0.15
<0.01
All characteristics except pH (standard units) and temperature [C (F)] are expressed as ing/liter.
-------
00
Ln
Appendix 18. Chemical characteristics of water samples collected at the
Conners Creek power plant, November 8-9, 1972. I, D, and C,
denote samples collected from the intake, dechlorinated control
and condenser cooling water discharge, respectively.
Temperature [C (F)
Date
11-8-72
11-8-72
11-8-72
11-8-72
11-9-72
11-9-72
Time
1200
1600
2000
2400
0400
0800
I
9.0 (48)
9.0 (48)
8.5 (47)
6.0 (46)
8.5 (47)
8.5 (47)
D
15.5 (60)
16.5 (62)
15.5 (60)
10.0 (50)
9.5 (49)
15.5 (60)
1
C
16.5 (62)
17.5 (64)
16.5 (62)
9.5 (49)
10.0 (50)
15.0 (59)
DO (mg/liter)
I
10.8
10.9
11.0
11.1
10.8
10.9
D
9.3
9.4
9.2
10.2
10.2
9.8
C
10.7
10.6
10.4
10.8
10.8
10.8
PH
(standard
I
7.5
7.8
7.7
7.7
7.4
7.7
D
7.6
7.8
7.6
7.8
7.6
7.7
NH3-N
units)
C
7.6
7.9
7.6
7.8
7.5
7.7
(mg/liter)
I
0.10
0.12
0.47
0.12
0.10
0.12
D
0.12
0.16
0.34
0.12
0.14
0.16
C
0.12
0.10
0.57
0.12
0.16
0.14
-------
Appendix 19. Total residual chlorine readings, temperatures and descriptive
statistics for caged fish and control stations, Karn and Weadock
power plants, August 1 - 4, 1972.
Station
Item
TRCa
8/1
<0200)
8/1
(0900)
8/1
(1300)
8/1
(1400)
8/1
(1900)
8/2
(0900)
8/2
(1300)
8/2
(1700)
8/2
(1900)
8/3
(0900)
K-l W-l
0.18
0.20
0.19
0.23
0.11
0.14
0.12
0.18
0.06
0.09
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.06
0.03
0.14
0.26
0.2O
0.26
0.23
0.03
0.03
0.31
0.21
0.08
0.03
0.03
0.11
0.08
0.45
0.33
0.40
0.29
0.18
0.25
0.13
0.11
0.17
0.21
0.23
0.23
0.20
0.33
0.20
0.22
0.38
0.40
0.25
0.22
W-2
..
0.03
0.03
0.00
_
0.0
_
0.04
0.02
-
0.19
0.24
0.35
0.28
0.15
0.06
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.11
0.06
0.06
0.03
W-3
_
_
-
-
-
_
-
-
0.08
0.14
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.09
0.06
0.02
86
-------
Appendix 19. Continued.
Item
TRC"
8/3
(1400)
8/3
(1700)
8/4
(0900)
8/4
(1300)
8/4
(1400)
Maximum TRC
Average TRC
Minimum TRC
nc
Maximum free chlorine
Average free chlorine
Minimum free chlorine
nc
Temperature [C (F) j
Karn
Date Intake
8/1 23 (73)
8/1
8/1
8/1
8/1
8/1
8/2 22 (72)
8/2
8/2
8/2
8/2
8/3 23.5 (74)
8/3
8/4
8/4
8/4 23 (73)
Station
K-l W-l
0.38
0.48
0.56
0.57
0.47
0.55
0.03
0.17
0.17
0.18
0.17
0.26
0.27 b
0.20 (0.06)
0.07
0.03
0.17
0.12
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.20
0.07
0.13
0.18
0.21
0.22
0.11
O.S7 0.45
0.22 0.18
0.03 0.03
32 48
_ _
0.06
— _
1
Weadock Dechlor-
intake Inated
control control K-l
23.5 (74) 30.5 (87) 31 (88)
- - 30 (86)
30.5 (87)
31 (88)
-
- - _
24.5 (76) 29 (84) 30 (86)
28 (82)
- - 30 (86)
32 (90)
- -
23.5 (74) 29.5 (85) 30 (86)
29 (84)
28.5 (83)
- -
23 (73) 29 (84) 28.5 (83)
W-2
—
_
0.10
0.32
0.52
0.45
0.42
0.23
0.05
0.00
_
0.45
0.16
0.02
28
_
-
_
.
W-l
30.5 (87)
27 (81)
26.5 (80)
29 (84)
31.5 (89)
30.5 (87)
29 (84)
29 (84)
29 (84)
34.5 (94)
30 (86)
29.5 (85)
28 (82)
29 (84)
29.5 (85)
30 (86)
W-3
—
0.0
0.09
O.06
0.06
0.06
0.03
0.03
—
0.14
0.06
0.02
17
„
_
_
-
W-£ W-3
29 (84) 29 (84)
28.5 (83) 28.5 (83)
-
28 (82)
29 (84)
_
29 (84) 28 (82)
-
27 (81)
28 (82) 28 (82)
28.5 (83) 28.5 (83)
29 (84) 28 (82)
28 (82)
30 (86)
29.5 (85) 28.5 (83)
87
-------
Appendix 19. Continued.
Weadock Dechlor-
Karn Intake inaCed
I ten
Maximum temp.
Average temp.
Minimum temp.
n
intake control control
[C (F)]
23.5 (74) 24.5 (76) 30
23 (73) 23.5 (74) 29
22 (72) 23 (73) 29
444
•5 (87)
.5 (85)
(84)
K-l
32
30
28
12
(90)
(86)
(82)
W-l
34.5
29.5
26.5
16
(9A)
(85)
(80)
W-2
30
28.5
27
12
(86)
(S3)
(81)
W-3
29
28.5
28
7
(84)
(83)
(82)
TRC is the total residual chlorine concentration (mg/liter).
Parentheses denote free chlorine concentrations (mg/liter).
0 n. is the number of readings (non-zero) used to compute averages.
88
-------
Appendix 20.
Chemical characteristics of water samples collected
at the Karn and Weadock power plants, August 14, 1972.
oo
a
Characteristic
DO
TS
SS
TDS
PH
Cl
NO--N
NH^-N
SOPO,
TP04
Fe
Ca
Mg
Na
K
so4
Total alkalinity
Carbonate alkalinity
Hardness
CN
Cr+6
As
Mn
Cu
F
Zn
Weadock
Intake
4.4
441
25
416
7.9
100
0.6
0.24
0.09
0.26
0.94
72
15
39
4.0
51
150
0
240
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.1
0.05
0.62
<0.01
Plant
Discharge
4.5
475
33
442
7.8
110
0.7
0.33
0.10
0.26
1.0
72
16
41
4.5
53
150
0
245
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.1
<0.05
0.72
<0.01
Station
Karn Plant
Intake
5.8
367
29
338
8.2
76
0.5
0.15
0.01
0.21
0.81
58
13
27
4.0
43
130
0
200
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.1
<0.05
0.49
<0.01
Discharge
5.8
392
34
358
7.9
82
0.6
0.21
0.04
0.21
1.1
62
15
32
3.5
46
145
0
215
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.1
<0.05
0.52
<0.01
All parameters except pH (standard units) are expressed as mg/liter.
-------
Appendix 21,
Chemical characteristics of water samples
collected at the Weadock plant, August 4,
1972. I and C denote intake and condenser
discharge, respectively.
Characteristic
Time
0100
0500
0900
1300
1700
2100
DO
(mg/liter)
I
4.4
4.0
5.3
7.3
7.5
7.0
C
4.5
3.9
5.4
5.0
6.8
5.2
pH
(standard units)
I
-r-,-r-
8.1
7.6
8.6
8.5
8,7
C
__,__
7.8
7.6
8.6
8.6
7.6
NH3-N
(mg/liter)
I
, — . —
0.08
0.15
0.03
0,01
<0,01
C
_
0.14
0.11
<0.01
<0.01
0.37
Appendix 22,
Chemical characteristics of water samples
collected at the Karn plant, August 4, 1972.
I and C denote intake and condenser discharge,
respectively.
Characteristic
Time
0100
0500
0900
1300
1700
2100
DO
(mg/ liter)
I
5.8
5.2
6.0
9.7
9.2
7.7
C
5,8
4.9
5.8
8.0
7.7
7.8
PH
(standard units)
I
*~fW*
8.2
8.1
8.6
8.6
8.5
C
»— •-
8.1
7.8
8.6
8.6
8.6
NH3-N
fog/liter)
I
^^•—
0,07
0.08
<0.01
<0.01
0.02
C
___
0.07
0.15
0.03
<0.01
<0.01
90
-------
Appendix 23. Total residual chlorine readings, temperatures nnd descrip-
tive statistics for caged fish and control stations, Karn
and Weadock power plants, November 27 and December 1, 1972.
Item
TRCb
11/27
(1AOO)
11/27
(1700)
11/27
(1700)
11/28
(1300)
11/28
(1400)
11/28
(1700)
11/29
(0900)
11/29
(0100)
K-l
0.12
0.16
0.21
0.21
0.12
0.03
0.06
0.13
0.13
0.09
..
.
o.os
0.08
0.11
0. 11
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.12
0.13
0.18
0.19
0.08
_
W-l
-
-
0.07
0.37
0.41
0.59
0.18
0.12
0.21
0.17
0.02
-
_
0.21
0.03
O.S3
0.83
0.50 (0.21)c
0.24
Station
W-2
-
-
0.15
0.25
0.33
0.25
0.22
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.03
0.02
-
_
0.06
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.02
0.06
0.15
0.15
0.13
0.10
W-3a
-
0.06
0.09
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.13
0.15
0.15
0.07
0.02
0.03
0.05
O.OS
0.03
-
0.04
0.08
0.06
0.05
-
0.17
0.14
0.14
0.12
0.10
W-4a W-5a
-
-
0.03 0.0
0.10
0.06
0.03
-
-
-
-
0.07 0.13
0.08 0.17
0.10 0.15
0,11 0.20
0.11 0.15
0.04
0.10
0.09
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.01
11/29
(1400)
11/29
(1700)
0.03
0.19
0.19
0.21
0.13
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.03
91
-------
Appendix 23. Continued.
Station
Item K-l
TRCb
11/29
(1900)
11/30
(0100)
11/30
(0900)
11/30
(1300)
W-l
0.28
0.50
0.34
0.36
0.09
0.23
0.28 (0.06)
0.28
0.07
0.01
0.08
0.09
0.30
0.15
0.15
0.05
0.21
0.36 (0.04)
0.46 (0.11)
0.33 (0.14)
0.10 (0.04)
W-2 W-3a
0.03 d
0.03
0.03
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.01 0.0
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.07 0.02
0.07
0.07
0.07
O.OS
0.03 0.09
0.07 0.09
0.11 0.06
0.11 0.03
0.06 0.03
M-4tt V-5*
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
_ _
. .
0.06
0.04
0.04
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.04
11/30 0.07
(1400) 0.13
0.18
0.18
0.17
11/30 0.06
(1700) 0.06
0.18
0.23
0.25
0.18
0.08
12/1
(0900)
Maximum TRC 0.25
Avenge TRC 0.12
Minimum TRC 0.02
n« 44
Maximum free
chlorine
Average free
chlorine
Minimum free
chlorine -
n«
-
0.46
0.62 (0.37)
0.71
0.50
0.32
0.16
0.02
0.83
0.27
0.01
44
0.37
0.14
0.04
7
-
0.03
0.07
0.07
0.12
0.17
0.18
0.16
0.12
0.04
0.33
0.09
0.01
54
-
-
-
-
-
0.09
0.07
O.OS
O.OS
0.07
O.OS
0.01
0.17
0.08
0.01
36
-
-
-
-
-
_
0.11 0.20
0.06 0.10
0.02 0.01
21 10
-
92
-------
Appendix 23. Continued.
Temperature [C (F)]
Karn
Intake
Date control
11/27
11/27
11/28
11/28
11/29
11/29
11/29
11/29
11/30
11/30
11/30
11/30
12/1
12/1
Maximum tem?.(C (F)]
Avernge leaf.
Minimum temp.
n«
3
1.5
_
_
_
2
_
_
-
2
-
3
2
1.5
4
(37)
(35)
(36)
(36)
(37)
(36)
(35)
Wcadock
Intake
control
-
_
3 (37)
_
.
-
.
.
-
3 (37)
~
3 (37)
3 (37)
3 (37)
2
Dechlor-
Inated
control
-
14
13.5
-
-
-
13.5
-
-
-
14
"•
14
14
13.5
4
^57)
(56)
(56)
(57)
(57)
(57)
(56)
K-l
16.5 (62)
15 (59)
16.5 (62)
14 (57)
13.5 (56)
18 (64)
16.5 (62)
13.5 (56)
-
-
14 (57)
16.5 (62)
16.5 (62)
~
14.5 (58)
13.5 (56)
9 (48)
14
W-l
14.5
14.5
14
14
13.5
14
14
13
13.5
9
13
13.5
14
13.5
14
13.5
9
11
W-2 H-3 W-4 W-5
(58)
(58)
(57)
(57)
(56)
(57)
(57)
(55)
(56)
(48)
(55)
(56)
(57)
(56)
(57)
(56)
(48)
14 (57) 15 (59) 13.5
14.5 (58) -
14 (57) 14 (57) -
13.5 (56) 14.5 (58) 12
13.5 (56) -
13.5 (56) 15.5 (60) 10.5
13.5 (56) 13.5 (56) 12
14 (57) 13.5 (56) 13
12 (54) 14 (57) -
13.5 (56) 14
11 (52) 15 (59) 15
14 (57) 13.5 (56) -
13.5 (56) 15.5 (60) 12
13.5 (56) -
15.5 (60) 15 (59) 15
14.5 (58) 13 (55) 13
13.5 (56) 10.5 (51) 10.5
13 8 8
(56) 3.5
(54) 10.5
-
(51) 14
(54) 13
(55) 13.5
(57) 14
(59) 14.5
-
(54) 13
™
(59) 14.5
(55) 12
(51) 3.5
8
(38)
(50)
(57)
(55)
(56)
(57)
(58)
(53)
(58)
(53)
(38)
Stations U-3 through U-5 were exposed to both Karn and Ueadock chlorlnitloni. Stations W-l and W-2 were exposed only
to Woadotk. chlorlnatlona while utatlon K-l was exposed only to Karn chlorlnatlons.
b TRC Is the total residual chlorine concentration (ng/llter).
c Parentheses denote free chlorine concentrations (mg/liteu).
" The chlorine plume was misaed at this station.
' n Is the total number of readings (non-zero) used to compute the averages.
93
-------
1C
Appendix 24. Chemical characteristics of water samples collected at the intakes, condenser
cooling water discharges and dechlorinated control station at the Karn and
Weadock power plants, November 29-30, 1972.
Station
Intake
Characteristic3 Plant : Karn
Time
Temperature
DO
TS
TDS
SS
PH
Cl
N03-N
NH3-N
Fe
SO^
Total alk.
Carbonate alk.
Hardness
CN
As
Cr+6
Mn
Cu
F
Zn
1300
1.5 (35)
11.5
459
455
4
8.1
77
1.6
0.34
0.21
60
170
0
300
<0.02
<0.01
<0.01
0.03
0.01
0.41
0.01
0100
2.0
10.6
558
527
31
8.1
77
2.1
0.39
0.32
85
200
0
345
<0.02
<0.01
<0.01
0.05
0.01
0.36
0.01
Weadock
1300
(36) 2.5
11.4
532
527
5
8.0
97
2.2
0.47
0.29
75
200
0
355
<0.02
<0.01
<0.01
0.05
0.01
0.36
0.02
0100
(37) 2.0 (36)
10.7
552
540
12
8.1
77
2.1
0.41
0.19
84
200
0
345
<0.02
<0.01
<0.01
0.03
0.01
0.41
0.01
Condenser cool-
ing water discharge
Karn
1300
17.0 (63)
10.1
529
520
9
8.0
85
1.8
0.41
0.16
83
180
0
320
<0.02
<0.01
<0.01
0.04
0.01
0.41
0.02
0100
16.0 (61)
9.6
585
569
16
8.1
88
2.1
0.41
0.29
89
200
0
350
<0.02
<0.01
<0.01
0.04
0.01
0.41
0.01
Weadock
1300
14.0 (57)
10.6
582
572
10
8.0
97
2.2
0.44
0.19
81
195
0
360
<0.02
<0.01
<0.01
0.04
0.02
0.41
0.02
0100
9.0 (48)
10.4
500
491
9
8.1
77
2.1
0.39
0.25
88
200
0
345
<0.02
<0.01
<0.01
0.06
0.01
0.41
0.01
Dechlor-
inated control
1300
13.5
10.1
591
585
6
7.9
100
2.2
0.4
0.2
80
195
0
355
<0.02
<0.01
<0.01
0.06
0.02
0.41
0.02
0100
(56) 9.5 (49)
9.8
525
525
5
8.1
77
2.1
0.39
0.25
86
200
0
345
<0.02
<0.01
<0.01
0.05
0.02
0.41
0.03
All characteristics except pH (standard units and temperature [C (F)] are expressed as mg/liter.
-------
Appendix 25.
Chemical characteristics of water samples collected at the Karn and Weadock
power plants, November 29-30, 1972. I, D, and C denote sample taken
from the intake, dechlorinated control and condenser cooling water dis-
charge, respectively. K and W denote samples taken from the Karn and
Weadock plants, respectively.
Temperature [C (F) ]
Date
11-29-72
11-29-72
11-29-72
11-30-72
11-30-72
11-30-72
Time
1300
1700
2100
0100
0500
0900
I
K
1.5
1.5
4.0
2.0
3.0
2.0
(35)
(35)
(39)
(36)
(37)
(36)
W
13.5 (37)
2.0 (36)
3.0 (37)
2.0 (36)
3.0 (37)
2.0 (36)
D
W
13.5 (56)
13.5 (56)
11.5 (53)
9.5 (49)
9.5 (49)
12.0 (54)
K
12.0
13.5
16.0
16.0
14.0
16.5
pH (standard units)
Date
11-29-72
11-29-72
11-29-72
11-30-72
11-30-72
11-30-72
Time
1300
1700
2100
0100
0500
0900
K
8.1
8.0
7.9
8.1
8.1
8.1
I
W
8.0
8.0
7.9
8.1
8.0
8.0
D
W
7.9
7.9
7.9
8.1
7.0
7.9
C
K W
8.0 8.0
7.9 8.0
8.0 8.2
8.1 8.1
8.0 8.0
8.0 7.8
K
0.34
0.39
0.43
0.39
0.47
0.41
C
(63)
(56)
(61)
(61)
(57)
(62)
W
14.0 (57)
14.0 (57)
13.0 (55)
9.0 (48)
9.5 (49)
13.0 (55)
I
K
11.5
10.6
10.4
10.6
10.6
10.6
DO (mg/liter)
D C
W W K
11.4 10.1 10.1
10.8 9.8 10.4
9.9 9.3 9.9
10.7 9.8 9.6
10.4 9.8 9.4
10.9 9.9 9.7
W
10.6
10.0
-
10.4
10.4
10.4
NH^-N (mg/liter)
I
W
0.47
0.39
0.40
0.41
0.48
0.41
D
W
0.40
0.37
0.39
0.39
0.41
0.43
C
K
0.41
0.41
0.47
0.41
0.42
0.39
W
0.49
0.39
0.38
0.39
0.44
0.41
-------
Appendix 26. Total residual chlorine readings, temperatures and
descriptive statistics for cased Qsn stations, Monroe
power plant, December 12-15, 1972.
Item
TRC*
12/12
(0800)
12/13
(0800)
12/13
(2000)
12/14
(0800)
.12/15
(0800)
Maximum TRC
Average TRC
Minimum TRC
nc
Maxloum free chlorine
Average free chlorine
Minima™ free chlorine
nc
1
0.06
0.07
0.06
0.45
0.86 .
1.03 (0.08)b
0.51
0.44
0.12
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.04
O.OS
0.03
0.03
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.91
0.16
0.07
0.56
0.79
0.90
0.83 (0.43)
0.69 (0.2S)
0.20
0.02
O.S8
0.63
0.85 (0.29)
0.97 (0.27)
0.47
0.34 (0.18)
0.85 (0.13)
0.90 (0.20)
0.08
0.03
1.03
0.36
0.02
43
0.43
0.23
0.08
8
Sent ton
2
0.87 (0.30)
0.87
0.41 (0.09)
0.14
0.09
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.20
0.64 (0.06)
0.81
0.81 (0.40)
0.81 (0.30)
0 65 (0.18)
0.13
0.16 (0.07)
0.03
0.18
0.48
0.47 (0.06)
0.62 (0.06)
0.73 (0.16)
0.75 (0.11)
0.67 (0.10)
0.44 (0.03)
0.12
0.03
0.78
0.57
0.36
0.16 (0.07)
0.14
0.06
0.25 (0.03)
0.47 (0.06)
0.61 (0.03)
0.49
0.35
O.87
0.40
0.02
39
0.40
0.12
0.03
17
3 4
0.43 0.00
0.43 (0.30)
0.49
0.56
0.59
0.59 (0.15)
0.59 (0.15)
0.47 (0.28)
0.35 (0.05)
0.26
0.19
0.12
0.07
0.03
0.02
0.01
-
-
0.10 0.00
0.10
0.06
O.OS
0.07
0.09
. -
0.59
0.26
0.01
22
0.30
0.19
0.05
3
96
-------
Appendix 26. Continued.
Temperature
[C (F)]
Intake
Date control
12/12 0.5
12/12
12/13 1
12/13
12/13
12/14 1.5
12/14
12/15 3.5
12/15
Maximum
temp. 3.5
Average
tenp. 1.5
Minimum
temp. 0.5
nc 4
(33)
(34)
(35)
(38)
(38)
(35)
(34)
Station
De chlor-
inated
control 1
11
-
10
-
-
9.5
-
13.5
•
13.5
11
9.5
4
(52)
(50)
(49)
(56)
(56)
(52)
(49)
11
10.5
10
9.5
8
9.5
10
-
13.5
13.5
10
8
8
(52)
(51)
(50)
(49)
(46)
(49)
(SO)
(56)
(56)
(50)
(46)
2
11
10
6.5
9.5
8.5
9
9.5
13
13
13
10
6.3
9
(52)
(50)
(44)
C'9)
(47)
(48)
<49)
(55)
(55)
(55)
(50)
(44)
3
9
9
6.5
-
-
8.5
8.5
10
~
10
8.5
6.5
6
4
(48)
(46)
(44)
(47)
(47)
(50)
(50)
(47)
(44)
6.5
6.5
9
-
-
-
6
6.5
9
7.5
6
5
(44)
(44)
(48)
(43)
(44)
(48)
(45)
(43)
* TRC li the total reildual chlorine concentration (mg/llter).
Parentheie* denote free chlorine readings (mg/llter).
c n i> the total number of reading* (non-zero) used to calculate the averages.
97
-------
Appendix 27. Chemical characteristics of water samples collected at the Monroe
power plant Intake, condenser cooling water discharge channel and
dechlorinated control, December 13, 1972.
Characteristic8
Time
Temperature
DO
PH
TS
TDS
SS
Cl
Fe
H03-N
NH3-N
S04
Total alkalinity
Carbonate alkalinity
Hardness
CN
Cr*6
As
Mn
Cu
P
Zn
Intake
1200
1.0 (34)
11.6
82
7.6
484
465
19
60
0.55
5.7
0.34
170
190
0
360
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.05
0.02
0.28
0.06
Station
Condenser cooling
water discharge
2400
1.0 (34)
12.7
89
8.0
461
450
11
43
0.55
5.2
0.39
170
195
0
370
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.05
0.02
0.32
0.03
1200
10.0 (50)
11.5
102
7.9
470
460
10
58
0.55
5,7
0.32
160
190
0
355
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.05
0.02
0.28
0.04
2400
7.5 (45)
12.4
103
8.0
456
450
6
46
0.45
5.5
0.39
170
195
0
370
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.05
0.02
0.28
0.02
Dechlorinated
control
1200
10.0 (50)
10.5
93
8.0
495
485
9
72
0.75
5.2
0.33
160
190
0
355
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.05
0.02
0.28
0.17
2400
7.5 (45)
11.2
93
8.0
452
450
2
46
0.55
5.4
0.36
170
200
0
375
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.05
0.02
0.28
0.05
* All characteristics except temperature [C (F)J and pH (standard units) are expressed as ing/liter.
98
-------
Appendix 28.
Chemical characteristics of water samples taken at the Monroe
power plant, December 13-14, 1972. I, D, and C denote samples
collected from the intake, dechlorinated control and condenser
cooling water discharge, respectively.
Temperature [C (F)]
Date
12-13-72
12-13-72
12-13-72
12-13-72
12-13-72
12-14-72
Date
12-13-72
12-13-72
12-13-72
12-13-72
12-13-72
12-14-72
Time
0800
1200
1600
2000
2400
0400
Time
0800
1200
1600
2000
2400
0400
I
2 (36)
1 (34)
0.5 (33)
1 (34)
1 (34)
3 (37)
NH-j-N
I
0.29
0.34
0.26
0.32
0.39
0.41
8
10
6
8
7
8
D
.5 (47)
(50)
(43)
(47)
.5 (45)
.5 (47)
10
10
7.
8.
7.
8.
C
DO (mg/liter)
I
(50) 12.3
(50) 11.6
5
5
5
5
(45) 11.2
(47) 11.7
(45) 12.7
(47) 10.7
D
10.5
10.5
10.6
10.3
11.2
10.1
C
12.1
11.5
10.0
11.2
12.4
12.3
pH (stan-
dard units)
IDC
7.9 7.7 7.7
7.9 8.0 7.9
7.8 7.8 7.8
7.8 7.8 7.8
8.0 8.0 8.0
7.9 7.9 7.9
(mg/liter)
D
0
0
0
0
0
0
.27
.33
.25
.30
.36
.41
0.
C
30
0.32
0.
0.
0.
0.
26
31
39
41
-------
Appendix 29.
Total residual chlorine readings, temperatures
and descriptive statistics for caged fish and
control stations, J. H. Campbell power plant,
April 27 - May 4, 1973.
Item
TRC3
4-30-73
Maximum TRC
Average TRC
Minimum TRC
nd
Station
Intake 1
0.00 0.05
0.04
0.13
0.16
0.18 (0.02)b
0.17 (0.03)
0.22
0.10 (TR)C
0.03 (TR)
0.02
0.22
0.11
0.02
10
2
0.02
0.05
0.06
0.12
0.14
0.14
0.10
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.14
0.08
0.02
10
3
0.04
TR
0.04
0.02
0.02
TR
0.04
0.03
TR
6
Temperature [C (F)]
4-27-73
4-30-73
5-1-73
5-2-73
5-3-73
5-4-73
Maximum
Temp. [C (F)]
Average
Temp.
Minimum
Temp.
nd
9.5 (49)
10 (50)
10 (50)
14.5 (58)
13.5 (56)
10.5 (51)
14.5 (58)
11 (52)
9.5 (49)
6
10.5 (51)
17 (63)
19 (66)
22.5 (72.5)
21 (70)
19 (66)
22.5 (72.5)
18.5 (65)
10.5 (51)
6
10.5
16.5
19
22
21
19
22
18,5
10.5
6
(51)
(62)
(66)
(72)
(70)
(66)
(72)
(65)
(51)
10.5
17
18.5
22
20.5
19
22
18
10.5
6
(51)
(63)
(65)
(72)
(69)
(66)
(72)
(64)
(51)
a TRC is the total residual chlorine concentration (mg/liter).
° Parentheses denote free chlorine concentration (mg/liter).
TR denotes a trace.
n is the number of readings (non-zero) used to compute averages.
100
-------
Appendix 30.
Chemical characteristics of water samples
collected at the J. H. Campbell power plant
intake and condenser cooling water discharge
May 2, 1973.
a
Characteristic
Temperature
DO
DO (percent saturation)
SS
SVS
PH
Cl
N03-N
NH3-N
Org. N
SOP04
TP04
Total alkalinity
Carbonate alkalinity
Hardness
Fe
S°4
Cn
Cr+6
As
Mn
Cu
F
Zn
Intake
14.5 (58)
7.8
76
7
-
7.5
12
0.65
0.03
1.0
0.04
0.12
70
0
120
0.8
27
<0.02
<0.01
<0.01
0.02
<0.01
0.20
<0.01
Station
1
22.5 (72.5)
7.6
87
18
10
7.3
12
0.60
0.05
1.1
0.05
0.16
75
0
110
0.8
29
<0.02
<0.01
<0.01
0.03
<0.01
0.24
<0.01
2
22 (72.0)
7.2
84
7
-
7.4
12
0.59
0.05
0.80
0.04
0.12
70
0
85
3
23 (73)
7.8
90
9
—
7.4
12
0.57
0.04
0.63
0.03
0.09
85
0
115
All characteristics except temperature [C (F) ] and pH (standard units)
are expressed as rag/liter.
101
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Appendix 31. Total residual chlorine readings, temperature
and descriptive statistics,for caged fish and
control stations, J. 11. Campbell power plant,
May 14-18. 1973.
Item Intake
a
TRC
5-14-73
5-16-73
5-18-73
Maximum TPC
Average TRC
Mtnirmra TRC
na
Maximum free chlorine
Average free chlorino
Mlnloun free chlorine
nd
Temp. [C (F)]
Date
5-14-73 11 (52)
5-15-73 11 (52)
5-16-73 10.5 (51)
5-17-73 11 (52)
5-18-73 10i5 (51)
Maximum Temp. (C (F)] 11 (52)
Average Temp. 11 (52)
Minimum Temp. 10.5 (51)
nd 5
1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.03
0.06
0.26
0.29
0.33
0.32 (0.29)D
0.39 (0.3)
0.39
0.37
0.05
TX
0.21
0.27
0.25 (0.16)
0.24 (0.17)
0.29 (0.22)
0.26 (0.20)
0.27 (0.21)
0.33
0.37 (0.27)
0.39
0,25
0.03
22
0.30
0.23
0.16
8
16.5 (62)
16 (61)
15 (59)
16.5 (62)
16 (61)
16.5 (62)
16 (61)
15 (59)
5
2
0.17
0.12
0.10
0.11
0.09
0.14
0.09
0.08
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.15
0.20
0.13 (0.03)
0.19
0.19 (0.03)
0.20 (0.03)
0.23
0.20
0.13
0.10
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.1
0.15 (0.04)
0.15
0.16
0.15
0.16
0.18 (TR)
0.15
0.05
TR
0.23
0.12
0.02
33
0.04
0.03
0.03
4
16 (61)
15.5 (60)
15 (59)
16.5 (62)
15.5 (60)
16 (61)
15.5 (60)
15 (59)
5
3
0.03
0.03
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
TRC
0.05
0.06
0.10
0.10
0.06
0.05
0.03
TRC
0.04
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.03
0.10
0.05
0.03
22
_
-
-
—
16.5 (62)
15.5 (60)
15.5 (60)
16.5 (62)
16 (61)
16.5 (62)
16 (61)
15.5 (60)
5
3TRC is the total residual chlorine concentration (mg/llc«r).
b Parentheses denote free chlorine concentration (rag/liter).
' TR denotes a trace.
u n Is the number of non-zero readings, not Including traces, used to compute averages.
102
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Appendix 32.
Chemical characteristics of water
samples collected at the J. H.
Campbell power plant, May 17, 1973.
Characteristic3
Temperature
DO
DO (percent saturation)
PH
N03-N
NH«-N
cr
Total alkalinity
Carbonate alkalinity
Hardness
Fe
so4
Cn
Cr+6
As
Mn
Cu
F
Zn
Intake
11 (52)
9.8
88
7.0
0.15
<0.01
10
115
0
160
0.05
28
<0.02
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
0.16
0.01
Station
1 23
16.5 (62) 16.5 (62) 16.5 (62)
9.8 10.0 10.0
100 102 102
7.2
0.15
<0.01
10
115
0
160
0.05
27
<0.02
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
0.20
<0.01
All characteristics except temperature [C (F)] and pH (standard
units) are expressed as mg/liter.
103
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Appendix 33. Chemical characteristics of water samples collected from
each aquarium before (B), during (D), and 48 hr after (A),
chlorination, July 16-20, 1973.
Temperature
Item
DO (mg/liter)
B
D
A
DO (percent
saturation)
B
D
A
pH (standard
unit)
B
D
A
Alkalinity
(mg/liter)
B
D
A
Hardness
(mg/liter)
B
D
A
0.99a
8.0
6.8
6.6
81
69
67
7.6
8.9
9.3
86
68
68
86
86
86
0.93
8.5
6.8
6.2
83
69
62
7.4
9.1
9.3
86
68
68
86
86
86
[17 C
0.78
7.6
7.0
6.6
77
72
67
8.4
9.0
9.3
86
68
68
86
86
86
(63 F)
0.71
8.2
7.6
6.6
82
77
67
8.3
9.1
9.2
68
68
68
86
86
86
1
0.58
9.0
7.0
6.6
92
72
67
8.7
9.3
9.2
68
68
68
86
86
86
[21 C (70 F)]
0.0
8.0
7.0
6.6
81
72
67
7.7
8.8
9.2
68
68
68
86
86
86
1.02
9.0
7.0
6.8
99
76
74
8.9
9.1
9.2
68
68
68
86
86
86
0.86
8.0
7.0
6.4
88
76
71
7.9
8.5
9.2
68
68
68
86
86
86
0.78
8.2
7.0
7.0
90
76
76
8.0
9.1
9.2
68
68
68
86
86
86
0.67
7.6
7.0
7.0
82
76
76
8.1
9.2
9.2
68
68
68
86
86
86
0.58
6.5
7.0
7.0
71
76
76
7.9
9.2
9.2
68
68
68
86
86
86
0.0
9.2
7.0
7.0
102
76
76
8.7
8.7
9.2
68
68
68
86
86
86
Mean total residual chlorine concentration (mg/liter).
104
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/3-76-009
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE ANDSUBTITLE
TOXICITY OF CHLORINATED POWER PLANT CONDENSER
COOLING WATERS TO FISH
5. REPORT DATE
April 1976 (Issuing Date)
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
R. E. Basch and J. G. Truchan
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO,
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Michigan Water Resources Commission
Michigan Bureau of Water Management
Stevens T. Mason Building
Lansing, Michigan 48926
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1BA608
II.XBHXKKGCKGRANT NO.
R-800700
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Environmental Research Laboratory
Duluth, Minnesota 55804
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Studies were conducted during 1972 at five Michigan power plants in which caged brown
trout (Salmo trutta) and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were held for 96 hr in
the intake and condenser cooling water discharge channels and in condenser cooling
water dechlorinated with sodium thiosulfate. Total residual chlorine levels as low
as 0.05 mg/liter were lethal to brown trout below four of the five plants. Total
residual chlorine concentrations lethal to 50 percent (ILC-50) of the caged brown
trout at two plants averaged from 0.02 to 0.18 mg/liter during the chlorination
periods. Fathead minnow deaths in all studies could not be attributed to the total
residual chlorine.
Resident fish were observed in distress at two plants during 1972. These behavioral
symptoms were noted at maximum total residual chlorine concentrations ranging from
0.2 to 0.5 mg/liter.
Studies were repeated in 1973 at one plant with brown trout and other salmonid
species. No deaths of test fish occurred during these tests that could be attributed
to chlorine concentrations. The inconsistent results may be related to interactions
between chlorine, temperature, and dissolved oxygen saturation in the discharge
channel.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
Bioassay
Chlorination
Electrical industry
Fishes
Toxicity
Toxicity tests
Condenser cooling water
Median lethal
concentration
6F
3. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
115
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
•EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
105
*USGPO: 1976 — 657-695/5404 Region 5-11
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