PB87-111746
Waste/Soil Treatability Studies for Four Complex
Industrial Wastes: Methodologies and Results
Volume 2. Waste Loading Impacts on Soil
Degradation, Transformation, and Immobilization
Utah Water Research Lab., Logan
Prepared for
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Lab,
Ada, OK
Oct 86
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Technical Information Ssrviei
NTIS
-------
EPA/600/6-86/003b
October 1986
WASTE/SOIL TREATABILITY STUDIES FOR FOUR COMPLEX INDUSTRIAL WASTES:
METHODOLOGIES AND RESULTS
Volume 2
Waste Loading Impacts on Soil Degradation, Transformation, and Immobilization
by
Ronald C. Sims
Darwin L. Sorensen
William J. Doucette
Lauren L. Hastings
Utah Water Research Laboratory
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Utah State University
Logan, Utah 84322
Project CR-810979
Project Officer
John Matthews
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
P.O. Box 1198
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
ROBERT S. KERR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
ADA, OKLAHOMA 74820
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1 REPORT NO 2
LPA/6aO/&~86/QQ3h
4 TITLE AND SUBTITLE WASTE/SOIL TREATABIEITY STUDIES FOR
FOUR" COMPLEX INDUSTRIAL WASTES: METHODOLOGIES AND
RESULTS. Volume 2. Waste Loading Impacts on Soil
Degradation, Transformation, and Immobilization
7 AUTHOR(S)
R/C. Sims, J. L. Sims, D. L. Sorensen, W. J.
Doucette, and L. L. Hastings
9 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Utah State University
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Utah Water Research Laboratory
Logan, Utah 84322
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Lab. - Ada, OK
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Post Office Box 1198
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
3 RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIOkLAlOj j%,.«
PB&7 1117S6IAS
5 REPORT DATE
October 1986
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
10 PROGRAM ELEMENT NO
CBWD1A
11 CONTRACT/GRANT NO
CR-810979
13 TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/15
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Project Officer: John E. Matthews, FTS: 743-2233.
16. ABSTRACT
This two-volume report presents information pertaining to quantitative evalua-
tion of the soil treatment potential resulting from waste-soil interaction studies
for four specific wastes listed under Section 3001 of the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA). Volume 1 contains information from literature assessment,
waste-soil characterization, and treatability screening studies for each selected
waste. Volume 2 contains results from bench-scale waste-soil interaction studies;
degradation, transformation, and immobilization data are presented for four
specific wastes: API separator sludge, slop oil emulsion solids, pentachlorophenol
wood preserving waste, and creosote wood preserving waste. The scope of the study
involved assessment of the potential for treatment of these hazardous wastes using
soil as the treatment medium.
17 KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a DESCRIPTORS
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC.
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
UNCLASSIFIED
20 SECURITY CLASS (This page>
UNCLASSIFIED
c COSATi Field/Croup
25/;
22 PRICE
EPA Perm 2220-1 (R«». 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
-------
NOTICE
The information in this document has been funded wholl / or in part by the
United States Environmental Protection Agency under Cooperative Agreement CR-
810979 to Utah State University. It has been subjected to the Agency's peer
and administrative review, and it has been approved for publication as an EPA
document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
-------
FOREWORD
EPA is charged by Congress to protect the Nation's land, air and water
systems. Under a mandate of national environmental laws focused on air and
water quality, solid waste management and the control of toxic substances,
pesticides, noise and radiation, the Agency strives to formulate and imple-
ment actions which lead to a compatible balance between human activities and
the ability of natural systems to support and nurture life.
The Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory is the Agency's
center of expertise for investigation of the soil and subsurface environment.
Personnel at the Laboratory are responsible for management of research pro-
grams to: (a) determine the fate, transport and transformation rates of
pollutants in the soil, the unsaturated and the saturated zones of the
subsurface environment; (b) define the processes to be used in character-
izing the soil and subsurface environment as a receptor of pollutants; (c)
develop techniques for predicting the effect of pollutants on ground water,
soil, and indigenous organisms; and (d) define and demonstrate the applica-
bility and limitations of using natural processes, indigenous to the soil
and subsurface environment, for the protection of this resource.
When applicable, enviromentally acceptable treatment of hazardous waste
in soil systems is a function of operation and management practices at a
given site. Successful operation and management practices are dependent on
identifying waste loading constraints for that particular site. There is
currently a lack of readily available information relative to impact of
waste loading rates and frequencies on transformation and transport of
hazardous organic constituents in waste-soil matrices and to methodologies
for making such determinations. This two-volume report is intended to pro-
pose one set of methodologies for determining waste loading constraints for
soil systems and to provide an assessment of data collected using the pro-
posed set of methodologies for two petroleum refining and two wood preserving
waste streams applied to two soil types. Volume 1 contains results from
literature assessment, waste/soil characterization and treatability screen-
ing studies; Volume 2 contains results from bench-scale degradation, trans-
formation and immobilization studies.
Clinton W. Hall
Director
Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory
-------
ABSTRACT
This is Volume 2 of a two-volume report that presents information
pertaining to quantitative evaluation of the soil treatment potential
resulting from waste-soil interaction studies for four wastes listed under
Section 3001 of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). This
volume contains information from bench-scale waste-soil interaction studies.
Treatment information, including degradation, transformation, and
immobilization data for hazardous constituents are presented. The four wastes
included API separator sludge, slop oil emulsion solids, pentachlorophenol
wood preserving waste, and creosote wood preserving waste. Chemical analyses
and bioassays were used to characterize and quantify treatment potential for
soil-waste mixtures.
Objectives of the research reported in this volume were to:
(1) Develop degradation, .transformation, and immobilization information
for each candidate hazardous waste in two experimental soils.
(2) Develop methodologies for measurement of "volatilization-corrected"
degradation rates and partition coefficients; use the methodologies
developed to generate degradation kinetics/partition coefficients
for a subset of waste-soil combinations and for a subset of
constituents common to all wastes.
Specific results and conclusions based on the objectives include:
(1) Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) constituents were degraded in
all four wastes under conditions of initial waste application to
nonacclimated soils as well as when wastes were reapplied to soils.
Generally an increase in PAH half-life was correlated with
increasing molecular weight or compound size.
(2) Pentachlorophenol degradation rate in PCP wood preserving ;.e
apoeared to be related to the initial loading rate and the loading
rate used when the waste was reapplied. Higher initial rates and
reapplication rates resulted in higher half-life values.
(3) All waste-soil mixtures exhibited an initial increase in water
soluble fraction (WSF) toxicity followed by a decrease in toxicity
with incubation time. The pattern of WSF toxicity with time was
considered to be an indication of formation and degradation of toxic
intermediates.
IV
-------
(4) Results for mutagenicity evaluations for detoxification of soil-
waste mixtures were dependent upon waste loading rate, waste type,
and soil type.
(5) Partition coefficients determined for PAH and volatile constituents
contained in each of the waste evaluated demonstrated highest
partitioning of constituents into the waste (oil) phase. Relative
concentrations between water and waste (oil) phases for PAH
constituents were 1:1000 to 1:100,000, with the higher ratios
observed for the petroleum wastes. Relative concentrations among
air:water:waste (oil) phases for VOCs were generally 1:100:100,000.
Information concerning "volatilization-corrected" degradation rates in
soils and partition coefficients provided input to the proposed U.S. EPA
Regulatory and Investigative Treatment Zone (RITZ) model developed to assess
treatment potential for organic constituents in soil.
Results of the waste-soil treatability studies indicate the importance of
loading rate, site (soil) selection, and site management for treatment of
hazardous constituents in soil systems.
-------
CONTENTS
Notice ii
Foreword iii
Abstract iv
Figures vii
Tables xi
Acknowledgments xxiv
1. Introduction 1
2. Conclusions 3
3. Recommendations 5
4. Waste Degradation Evaluation 6
Introduction 6
Materials and methods 7
Results and discussion 13
Summary 27
5. Waste Transformation Evaluation 50
Introduction 50
Materials and methods 50
Results and discussion 50
Ames assay 55
Summary 68
6. Waste Immobilization Evaluation 70
Introduction 70
Materials and methods 71
Results and discussion 73
Summary 85
References
Appendices
A. Results of laboratory analyses 87
B. Predictive tool for soil-waste processes 226
VI
-------
FIGURES
Number
1. Laboratory flask apparatus used for mass balance measurements . . 10
2. Toxicity of water soluble fraction measured by the Microtox
assay with incubation time at low moisture content for API
separator sludge mixed with Durant clay loam soil ...... 51
3. Toxicity of water soluble fraction measured by the Microtox
assay with incubation time at low moisture content for slop
oil waste mixed with Durant clay loam soil ........ 51
4. Toxicity of water soluble fraction measured by the Microtox
assay with incubation time at low soil moisture content for
creosote waste mixed with Durant clay loam soil ...... 52
5. Toxicity of water soluble fraction measured by the Microtox
assay with incubation time at low soil moisture content for
PCP waste mixed with Durant clay loam soil ........ 52
6. Microtox results with incubation time for API separator
sludge waste reapplied to Durant clay loam soil at -1 bar
soil moisture .................. 53
7. Microtox results with incubation time for slop oil waste
reapplied to Durant clay loam soil at -1 bar soil moisture ... 53
8. Microtox results with incubation time for creosote waste
reapplied to Durant clay loam soil at -1 bar soil moisture ... 54
9. Microtox results with incubation time for PCP waste reapplied
to Durant clay loam soil at -1 bar soil moisture ...... 54
10. Toxicity of water soluble fraction measured by the Microtox
assay with incubation time at low moisture content for API
separator sludge mixed with Kidman sandy loam soil ..... 56
11. Toxicity of water soluble fraction measured by the Microtox
assay with incubation time at low moisture content for slop
oil waste mixed with Kidman sandy loam soil ........ 56
12. Toxicity of water soluble fraction measured by the Microtox
assay with incubation time at low soil moisture content for
creosote waste mixed with Kidman sandy loam soil ...... 57
vii
-------
FIGURES (CONTINUED)
Number Page
13. Toxicity of water soluble fraction measured by the Microtox
assay with incubation time at low soil moisture content for
PCP waste mixed with Kidman sandy loam soil 57
14. Microtox results with incubation time for API separator
sludge waste reapplied *? Kidman sandy loam soil at -1/3
bar soil moisture . 58
15. Microtox results with incubation time for slop oil waste
reapplied to Kic-nan sandy loam soil at -1/3 bar soil moisture . . 58
16. Microtox results with incubation time for creosote waste
reapplied to K dman sandy loam soil at -1/3 bar soil moisture . . 59
17. Microtox results with incubation time for PCP waste reapplied
to Kidman sandy loam soil at -1/3 bar soil moisture 59
18. Ames assay results for 12% API separator sludge in Durant
clay loam soil immediately after waste incorporation into
soil 60
19. Ames essay results for 12% API separator sludge in Durant
clay loam soil after 400 days incubation 60
20. Ames assay results for 12% API separator sludge in Kidman
sandy loam soil immediately after waste incorporation into
soil 61
?". Ames assay results for 12% API separator sludge in Kidman
sandy loam soil after 400 days incubation 61
22. Ames assay results for 14% slop oil in Durant clay loam soil
immediately after waste incorporation in soil 62
23. Ames assay results for 14% slop oil in Durant clay loam soil
after 400 days incubation 62
24. Ames assay results for 12% slop oil in Kidman sandy loam soil
immediately after waste incorporation into soil 63
25. Ames assay results for 12% slop oil in Kidman sandy loam soil
after 400 days incubation 63
26. Ames assay results for 1.3% cr.usote sludge in Durant clay
loam so":" immediately after waste incorporation into soil ... 64
-------
FIGUBES (CONTINUED)
Number
27. Ames assay results for 1.3% creosote sludge in Durant clay
loam soil after 400 days of incubation ......... 64
28. Ames assay results for 1.0% creosote sludge in Kidman sandy
loam soil immediately after waste incorporation into soil ... 65
29. Ames assay results for 1.051! creosote in Kidman sandy loam soil
after 400 days of incubation ............. 65
30. Ames assay results for 0.7% pentachlorophenol sludge in Durant
clay loam soil immediately after waste incorporation into soil. . 66
31. Ames assay results for 0.7% pentachlorophenol sludge in Durant
clay loam soil after 400 days incubation ......... 66
32. Ames assay results for 0.3% pentachlorophenol sludge in Kidman
sandy loam soil immediately after waste incorporation into
soil ..................... 67
33. Ames assay results for 0.3% pentachlorophenol sludge in Kidman
sandy loam soil after 400 days of incubation ....... 67
34. Sample preparation and analysis scheme for the determination of
Kh, KD, and K0 ................. 72
35. Apparatus for partitioning experiments ......... 74
36. Immobilization of API separator sludge waste as determined by
Microtox bioassay evaluation of laboratory column leachate
immediately after waste incorporation into soil ...... 75
37. Immobilization of slop oil emulsion solids waste as determined
by Microtox bioassay evaluation of laboratory column leachate
immediately after waste incorporation into soil ...... 75
38. Immobilization of creosote waste as determined by Microtox
bioassay evaluation of laboratory column leachate immediately
after waste incorporation into soil .......... 76
39. Immobilization of PCP waste as determined by Microtox bioassay
evaluation of laboratory column leachate immediately after waste
incorporation into soil .............. 76
40. Immobilization of API separator sludge waste as determined by
Microtox bioassay evaluation of laboratory column leachate 352
days after waste incorporation into soil ......... 78
ix
-------
FIGURES (CONTINUED)
Number Page
41. Immobilization of slop oil emulsion solids as determined by
Microtox bioassay evaluation of laboratory column leachate 323
days after waste incorporation into soil 78
42. Immobilization of creosote waste as determined by Microtox
bioassay evaluation of laboratory column leachate 361 days
after waste incorporation into soil 79
43. Immobilization of PCP waste as determined by Microtox bioassay
evaluation of laboratory column leachate 334 days after waste
incorporation into soil 79
A-l. Ames assay results for Durant clay loam 225
A-2. Ames assay results for Kidman sandy loam 225
-------
TABLES
Number Page
1. Soil loading rates for hazardous wastes 8
2. Tissumizer extraction recovery results for PAH compounds in
Kidman and Durant soils 14
3. Degradation kinetic results for PAH compounds in API separator
sludge mixed with Durant clay loam soil as a function of waste
loading rate (low soil moisture) 15
4. Degradation kinetic results for PAH compounds in slop oil
emulsion solids mixed with Durant clay loam soil as a function
of waste loading rate (low soil moisture) 16
5. Degradation kinetic results for PAH compounds in creosote wood
preserving waste mixed with Durant clay loam soil as a function
of waste loading rate (low soil moisture) 17
6. Degradation kinetic results for PAH compounds in PCP wood
preserving wastes mixed with Durant clay loam soil as a
function of waste loading rate (low soil moisture) .... 18
7. Degradation kinetic information for PAH compounds in API
separator sludge waste reapplied to Durant clay loam at
-1 bar soil moisture, experiment M/M 19
8. Degradation kinetic information for PAH compounds in API
separator sludge waste reapplied to Durant clay loam at
-1 bar soil moisture, experiment H/NR 20
9. Degradation kinetic information for PAH compounds in slop
oil emulsion solids reapplied to Durant clay loam at -1 bar
soil moisture, experiment M/M 21
10. Degradation kinetic information for PAH compounds in slop
oil emulsion solids reapplied to Durant clay loam at -1 bar
soil moisture, experiment H/NR 22
11. Degradation kinetic information for PAH compounds in
creosote wood preserving waste reapplied to Durant clay
loam at -1 bar soil moisture, experiment M/M 23
xi
-------
TABLES (CONTINUED)
Number
12. Degradation kinetic information for PAH compounds in
creosote wood preserving waste reapplied to Durant clay
loam at -1 bar soil moisture, experiment H/HR 24
13. Degradation kinetic information for PAH compounds in
pentachlorophenol wood preserving waste reapplied to
Durant clay loam at -1 bar soil moisture, experiment M/M . . 25
14. "egradation kinetic information for PAH compounds in
pentachlorophenol wood preserving waste reapplied to
Durant clay loam at -1 bar soil moisture, experiment H/NR . . 26
15. Degradation kinetic results for PAH compounds in API separator
sludge mixed with Kidman sandy loam soil as a function of waste
loading rate (low soil moisture) 28
K. Degradation kinetic results for PAH compounds in slop oil
emulsion solids mixed with Kidman sandy loam soil as a function
of waste loading rate (low soil moisture) 29
17. Degradation kinetic results for PAH compounds in creosote
wood preserving wastes mixed with Kidman sandy loam soil
as a function of waste loading rate (low soil moisture) ... 30
18. Degradation kinetic results for PAH compounds in PCP wood
preserving wastes mixed with Kidman sandy loam soil as a
function of waste loading rate (low soil moisture) .... 31
19. Degradation kinetic information for PAH compounds in API
separator sludge waste reapplied to Kidman sandy loam at
-1/3 bar soil moisture, experiment M/M 32
20. Degradation kinetic information for PAH compounds in API
separator sludge waste reapplied to Kidman sandy loam at
-] '3 bar soil moisture, experiment L/H 33
21. Degradation kinetic information for PAH compounds in API
separator sludge waste reapplied to Kidman sandy loam at
-1/3 bar soil moisture, experiment N/H 34
22. Degradation kinetic information for PAH compounds in API
separator sludge waste reapplied to Kidman sandy loam at
-1/3 bar soil moisture, experiment H/NR 35
23. Degs .dation kinetic information for PAH compounds in slop
oil emulsion sclids reapplied to Kidman sandy loam at -1/3
bar soil moisture, experiment M/M 36
xii
-------
TABLES (CONTINUED)
Number Page
24. Degradation kinetic information for PAH compounds in slop
oil emulsion solids reapplied to Kidman sandy loam at -1/3
bar soil moisture, experiment L/H 37
25. Degradation kinetic information for PAH compounds in slop
oil emulsion solids reapplied to Kidman sandy loam at -1/3
bar soil moisture, experiment N/H 38
26. Degradation kinetic information for PAH compounds in slop
oil emulsion solids reapplied to Kidman sandy loam at -1/3
bar soil moisture, experiment H/NR 39
27. Degradation kinetic information for PAH compounds in
creosote wood preserving waste reapplied to Kidman sandy
loam at -1/3 bar soil moisture, experiment M/M 40
28. Degradation kinetic information for PAH compounds in
creosote wood preserving waste reapplied to Kidman sandy
loam at -1/3 bar soil moisture, experiment L/H 41
29. Degradation kinetic information for PAH compounds in
creosote wood preserving waste reapplied to Kidman sandy
loam at -1/3 bar soil moisture, experiment N/H 42
30. Degradation kinetic information for PAH compounds in
creosote wood preserving waste reapplied to Kidman sandy
loam at -1/3 bar soil moisture, experiment H/NR 43
31. Degradation kinetic information for PAH compounds in
pentachlorophenol wood preserving waste reapplied to Kidman
sandy loam at -1/3 bar soil moisture, experiment M/M .... 44
32. Degradation kinetic information for PAH compounds in
pentachlorophenol wood preserving waste reapplied to Kidman
sandy loam at -1/3 bar soil moisture, experiment L/H .... 45
33. Degradation kinetic information for PAH compounds in
pentachlorophenol wood preserving waste reapplied to Kidman
sandy loam at -1/3 bar soil moisture, experiment N/H .... 46
34. Degradation kinetic information for PAH compounds in
pentachlorophenol wood preserving waste reapplied to Kidman
sandy loam at -1/3 bar soil moisture, experiment H?NR ... 47
35. Degradation kinetic information for pentachlorophenol in
pentachlorophenol wood preserving waste reapplied to Durant
clay loam soil at -1 bar soil moisture 48
xiii
-------
TABLES (CONTINUED)
Number Page
36. Degradation kinetic information for pentachlorophenol in
pentachlorophenol wood preserving waste reapplied to Kidman
sandy loam soil at -1/3 bar soil moisture 48
37. Microtox bioassay evaluation of laboratory column leachate
for control soil 74
38. Waste/water (K0) partition coefficients for PAH constituents
in four wastes 80
39. Partition coefficients for volatile compounds in API
separator sludge 81
40. Partition coefficients for volatile compounds in slop oil
emulsion solids 82
41. Partition coefficients for volatile compounds in pentachloro-
penol waste sludge 83
42. Partition coefficients for volatile compounds in creosote
waste sludge 84
A-l. Results for oil and grease values with incubation time at
low soil moisture content for creosote waste mixed with
Durant clay loam soil 88
A-2. Results for oil and grease values with incubation time at
low soil moisture content for creosote waste mixed with
Kidman sandy loam soil 89
A-3. Results for oil and grease values with incubation time at
low soil moisture content for PCP waste mixed with
Durant clay loam soil 90
A-4. Results for oil and grease values with incubation time at
low soil moisture content for PCP waste mixed with
Kidman sandy loam soil 91
A-5. Results for oi• and grease values with incubation time at
low soil moisture content for API separator sludge mixed with
Durant clay loam soil 92
A-6. "esults for oil and grease values with incubation time at
jw soil moisture content for API separator sludge mixed with
Kidman sandy loam soil 93
xiv
-------
TABLES (CONTINUED)
Number Page
A-7. Results for oil and grease values with incubation time at
low soil moisture content for slop oil waste mixed with
Durant clay loam soil 94
A-8. Results for oil and grease values with incubation time at
low soil moisture content for slop oil waste mixed with
Kidman sandy loam soil 95
A-9. Oil and grease data with incubation time for API separator
sludge waste applied at various rates to Durant clay loam
soil at 1 bar soil moisture 96
A-10. Oil and grease data with incubation time for API separator
sludge waste applied at various rates to Kidman sandy loam
soil at 1/3 bar soil moisture . . ; 97
A-ll. Oil and grease data with incubation time for slop oil waste
applied at various rates to Durant clay loam soil at 1 bar
soil moisture 98
A-12. Oil and grease data with incubation time for slop oil waste
applied at various rates to Kidman sandy loam soil at 1/3
bar soil moisture 99
A-13. Oil and grease data with incubation time for Durant clay
loam soil control at 1 bar soil moisture and Kidman sandy
loam soil control at 1/3 bar soil moisture 100
A-14. Results for PAH analysis at low soil moisture content for API
separator sludge waste mixed with Durant clay loam soil
immediately after waste addition 101
A-15. Results for PAH analysis at low soil moisture content for API
separator sludge waste mixed with Durant clay loam soil after
167 days incubation time 102
A-16. Results for PAH analysis at low soil moisture content for API
separator sludge waste mixed with Kidman sandy loam soil
immediately after waste addition 103
A-17. Results for PAH analysis at low soil moisture content for API
separator sludge waste mixed with Kidman sandy loam soil after
158 days incubation time 104
A-18. Results for PAH analysis at low soil moisture content for
slop oil waste mixed with Durant clay loam soil immediately
after waste addition 105
xv
-------
TABLES (CONTINUED)
Number Page
A-19. Results for PAH analysis at low soil moisture content for
slop oil waste mixed with Durant clay loam soil after 129
days incubation time 106
A-20. Results for PAH analysis at low soil moisture content for
slop oil waste mixed with Kidman sandy loam soil immediately
after waste addition 107
A-21. Results for PAH analysis at low soil moisture content for
slop oil waste mixed with Kidman sandy loam soil after 131
days incubation time 108
A-22. Results for PAH analysis at low soil moisture content for
creosote waste mixed with Durant clay loam soil immediately
after waste addition 109
A-23. Results for PAH analysis at low soil moisture content for
creosote waste mixed with Durant clay loam soil after 37 days
incubation time Ill
A-24. Results for PAH analysis at low soil moisture content for
creosote waste mixed with Durant clay loam soil after 167
days incubation time 113
A-25. Results for PAH analysis at low soil moisture content for
creosote waste mixed with Kidman sandy loam soil immediately
after waste addition 114
A-26. Results for PAH analysis at low soil moisture content for
creosote waste mixed with Kidman sandy loam soil after 29
days incubation time 116
A-27. Results for PAH analysis at low soil moisture content for
creosote waste mixed with Kidman sandy loam soil after 158
days incubation time 118
A-28. Results for PAH analysis at low soil moisture content for
PCP waste mixed with Durant clay loam soil immediately after
waste addition 119
A-29. Results for PAH analysis at low soil moisture content for
PCP waste mixed with Durant clay loam soil after 140 days
incubation time 120
A-30. Results for PAH analysis at low soil moisture cont-./t for
PCP waste mixed with Kidman sandy loam soil immediately
after waste addition 121
xvi
-------
TABLES (CONTINUED)
Number
A-31. Results for PAH analysis at low soil moisture content for
PCP waste mixed with Kidman sandy loam soil after 140 days
incubation time 122
A-32. Results for PAH analysis at -1 bar soil moisture content
for API separator sludge reapplied to Durant clay loam
soil (immediately after waste addition) 123
A-33. Results for PAH analysis at -1 bar soil moisture content
for API separator sludge reapplied to Durant clay loam
soil (37 days incubation) 125
A-34. Results for PAH analysis at -1 bar soil moisture content
for API separator sludge reapplied to Durant clay loam
soil (74 days incubation) . . . . ; 127
A-35. Results for PAH analysis at -1 bar soil moisture content
for API separator sludge reapplied to Durant clay loam
soil (102 days incubation) 129
A-36. Results for PAH analysis at -1/3 bar soil moisture content
for API separator sludge reapplied to Kidman sandy loam
soil (immediately after waste addition) 131
A-37. Results for PAH analysis at -1/3 bar soil moisture content
for API separator sludge reapplied to Kidman sandy loam
soil (37 days incubation) 133
A-38. Results for PAH analysis at -1/3 bar soil moisture content
for API separator sludge reapplied to Kidman sandy loam
soil (74 days incubation) 135
A-39. Results for PAH analysis at -1/3 bar soil moisture content
for API separator sludge reapplied to Kidman sandy loam
soil (102 days incubation) 137
A-40. Results for PAH analysis at -1 bar soil moisture content
for slop oil emulsion solids reapplied to Durant clay loam
soil (immediately after waste addition) 139
A-41. Results for PAH analysis at -1 bar soil moisture content
for slop oil emulsion solids reapplied to Durant clay loam
soil (37 days incubation) 141
A-42. Results for PAH analysis at -1 bar soil moisture content
for slop oil emulsion solids reapplied to Durant clay loam
soil (74 days incubation) 143
xvii
-------
TABUS (CONTINUED)
Number Page
A-43. Results for PAH analysis at -1 bar soil moisture content
for slop -.1 emulsion solids reapplied to Durant clay loam
soil (102 days incubation) 145
A-44. Results for PAH analysis at -1/3 bar soil moisture content
for slop oil emulsion solids reapplied to Kidman sandy loam
soil (immediately after waste addition) 147
A-45. Results for PAH analysis at -1/3 bar soil moisture content
for slop oil emulsion solids reapplied to Kidman sandy loam
soil (37 days incubation) 149
A-46. Results for PAH analysis at -1/3 bar soil moisture content
for slop oil emulsion solids reapplied to Kidman sandy loam
soil (74 days incubation) 151
A-47. Results for PAH analysis at -1/3 bar soil moisture content
for slop oil emulsion solids reapplied to Kidman sandy loam
soil (102 days incubation) 153
A-48. Results *--ir PAH analysis at -1 bar soil moisture content
for creosote wood preserving waste reapplied to Durant clay
loam soil (immediately after waste addition) 155
A-49. Results for PAH analy s at -1 bar soil moisture content
for creosote wood pre. ving waste reapplied to Durant clay
loam soil (37 days incuoation) 157
A-50. Results for PAH analysis at -1 bar soil moisture content
for creosote wood preserving waste reapplied to Durant clay
loam soil (74 days incubation) 159
A-51. Results for PAH analy. . at -1 bar soil moisture content
for crecsote wood preserving waste reapplied to Durant clay
loam SOT', (102 days incubation) 161
A-52. Results for PAH analysis at -1/3 bar soil moisture content
for creosote wood prese-ving waste reapplied to Kidman sandy
loam soil (immediately sfter waste addition) 163
A-53. Results for PAH analysis at -1/3 bar soil moisture content
for creosote wood preserving waste reapplied to Kidman sandy
loam soil (37 days incubation) 165
A-54. Results for PAH analysis at -1/3 bar soil moisture content
for creosote wood pres°"ving waste reapplied to Kidman sandy
••oil (74 days incubation) 167
xviii
-------
TABLES (CONTINUED)
Number Page
A-55. Results for PAH analysis at -1/3 bar soil moisture content
for creosote wood preserving waste reapplied to Kidman sandy
loam soil (102 days incubation) 169
A-56. Results for PAH analysis at -1 bar soil moisture content
for pentachlorophenol wood preserving waste reapplied to
Durant clay loam soil (immediately after waste addition) . . 171
A-57. Results for PAH analysis at -1 bar soil moisture content
for pentachlorophenol wood preserving waste reapplied to
Durant clay loam soil (37 days incubation) 173
A-58. Results for PAH analysis at -1 bar soil moisture content
for pentachlorophenol wood preserving waste reapplied to
Durant clay loam soil (74 days incubation) 175
A-59. Results for PAH analysis at -1 bar soil moisture content
for pentachlorophenol wood preserving waste reapplied to
Durant clay loam soil (102 days incubation) 177
A-60. Results for PAH analysis at -1/3 bar soil moisture content
for pentachlorophenol wood preserving waste reapplied to
Kidman sandy loam soil (immediately after waste addition) . . 179
A-6L Results for PAH analysis at -1/3 bar soil moisture content
for pentachlorophenol wood preserving waste reapplied to
Kidman sandy loam soil (37 days incubation) 181
A-62. Results for PAH analysis at -1/3 bar soil moisture content
for pentachlorophenol wood preserving waste reapplied to
Kidman sandy loam soil (74 days incubation) 183
A-63. Results for PAH analysis at -1/3 bar soil moisture content
for pentachlorophenol wood preserving waste reapplied to
Kidman sandy loam soil (102 days incubation) 185
A-64. Results for pentachlorophenol analysis with incubation time
for pentachlorophenol wood preserving waste mixed with
Durant clay loam at -1 bar 187
A-65. Results for pentachlorophenol analysis with incubation time
for pentachlorophenol wood preserving waste mixed with
Kidman sandy loam at -1/3 bar 189
A-66. Results for pH values with incubation time at low soil
moisture content for creosote waste mixed with Durant clay
loam soil 191
xix
-------
TABLES (CONTINUED)
Number
A-67. Results for pH values with incubation time at low soil
moisture content for creosote waste mixed with Kidman sandy
loam soil 192
A-68. Results for pH values with incubation time at low soil
moisture content for PCP waste mixed with Durant clay
loam soil 193
A-69. Results for pH values with incubation time at low soil
moisture content for PCP waste mixed with Kidman sandy loam
soil 194
A-70. Results for pH values with incubation time at low soil
moisture content for API separator sludge waste mixed with
Durant clay loam soil 195
A-71. Results for pH values with incubation time at low soil
moisture content for API separator sludge waste mixed with
Kidman sandy loam soil 196
A-72. Results for pH values with incubation time at low soil
moisture content for slop oil waste mixed with Durant clay
loam soil 197
A-73. Results for pH values with incubation time at low soil
moisture content for slop oil waste mixed with Kidman sandy
loam soil 198
A-74. pH data with incubation time for API separator sludge waste
applied at various rates to Kidman sandy loam soil at 1/3 bar
soil moisture 199
A-75. pH data with incubation time for slop oil waste applied at
various rates to Kidman sandy loam soil at 1/3 bar soil
moisture 199
A-76. pH data with incubation time for creosote waste applied at
various rates to Kidman sandy loam soil at 1/3 bar soil
moisture 200
A-77. pH data with incubation time for PCP waste applied at
various rates to Kidman sandy loam soil at 1/3 bar soil
moisture 200
A-78. pH data with incubation time for API separator sludge waste
applied at various rates to Durant clay loam soil at 1 bar
soil moisture 201
xx
-------
TABLES (CONTINUED)
Number Page
A-79. pH data with incubation time for slop oil waste applied at
various rates to Durant clay loam soil at 1 bar soil
moisture 201
A-80. pH data with incubation time for creosote waste applied at
various rates to Durant clay loam soil at 1 bar soil
moisture 202
A-81. pH data with incubation time for PCP waste applied at
various rates to Durant clay loam soil at 1 bar soil
moisture 202
A-82. pH data with incubation time for Durant clay loam soil
control at 1 bar soil moisture and Kidman sandy loam soil
control at 1/3 bar soil moisture 203
A-83. Results for total organic carbon analysis for API separator
sludge waste mixed with Kidman sandy loam soil immediately
after waste addition 203
A-84. Results for total organic carbon analysis for API separator
sludge waste mixed with Durant clay loam soil immediately
after waste addition 204
A-85. Results for total organic carbon analysis for creosote
waste mixed with Durant clay loam soil immediately after
waste addition 205
A-86. Results for total organic carbon analysis for creosote
waste mixed with Kidman sandy loam soil immediately after
waste addition 206
A-87. Toxicity of water soluble fraction measured by the Microtox
assay with incubation time at low moisture content for API
separator sludge mixed with Durant clay loam soil 207
A-88. Toxicity of water soluble fraction measured by the Microtox
assay with incubation time at low moisture content for
slop oil waste mixed with Durant clay loam soil 207
A-89. Toxicity of water soluble fraction measured by .the Microtox
assay with incubation time at low moisture content for
creosote waste mixed with Durant clay loam soil 208
A-90. Toxicity of water soluble fraction measured by the Microtox
assay with incubation time at low moisture content for
PCP waste mixed with Durant clay loam soil 208
xxi
-------
TABLES (CONTINUED)
Number Page
A-91. Toxicity of water soluble fraction measured by the Microtox
assay with incubation time at low moisture content for API
separator sludge mixed with Kidman sandy loam soil .... 209
A-92. Toxicity of water soluble fraction measured by the Microtox
assay with incubation time at low moisture content for
slop oil waste mixed with Kidman sandy loam soil 209
A-93. Toxicity of water soluble fraction measured by the Microtox
assay with incubation time at low moisture content for
creosote waste mixed with Kidman sandy loam soil 210
A-94. Toxicity of water soluble fraction measured by the Microtox
assay with incubation time at low moisture content for
PCP waste mixed with Kidman sandy loam soil 210
A-95. Microtox data with incubation time for API separator sludge
waste reapplied at various rates to Durant clay loam soil
at 1 bar soil moisture 211
A-96. Microtox data with incubation time for slop oil waste
reapplied at various rates to Durant clay loam soil
at 1 bar soil moisture 211
A-97. Microtox data with incubation time for creosote waste
reapplied at various rates to Durant clay loam soil
at 1 bar soil moisture 212
A-98. Microtox data with incubation time for PCP waste
reapplied at various rates to Durant clay loam soil
at 1 bar soil moisture 21?
A-99. Microtox data with incubation time for API separator sludge
waste reapplied at various rates to Kidman sandy loarr soil
at 1/3 bar soil moisture 213
A-100. Microtox data with incubation time for slop oil waste
reapplied at various rates to Kidman sandy loam soil
at 1/3 bar soil moisture 214
A-101. Microtox data with in-.ubation time for creosote waste
reapplied at various rates to Kidman sandy loam soil
at 1/3 bar soil moisture 215
A-102. Microtox data with incubation time for PCP waste
reapplied at various rates to Kidman sandy loam soil
at 1/3 bar soil moisture 216
xxii
-------
TABLES (CONTINUED)
Number
A-103. Microtox data with incubation time for Durant clay loam
soil control at 1 bar soil moisture and Kidman sandy loam
soil control at 1/3 bar soil moisture 217
A-104. Immobilization of API separator sludge waste as determined
by Microtox bioassay evaluation of laboratory column
leachate immediately after waste incorporation into soil . . 218
A-105. Immobilization of slop oil emulsion solids waste as
determined by Microtox bioassay evaluation of laboratory
column leachate immediately after waste incorporation
into soil 219
A-106. Immobilization of creosote waste as determined by Microtox
bioassay evaluation of laboratory column leachate immediately
after waste incorporation into soil 220
A-107. Immobilization of PCP waste as determined by Microtox
bioassay evaluation of laboratory column leachate immediately
after waste incorporation into soil 221
A-108. Immobilization of API separator sludge waste as determined
by Microtox bioassay evaluation of laboratory column leachate
352 days after waste incorporation into soil 222
A-109. Immobilization of slop oil emulsion solids as determined
by Microtox bioassay evaluation of laboratory column leachate
323 days after waste incorporation into soil 222
A-110. Immobilization of creosote waste as determined by Microtox
bioassay evaluation of laboratory column leachate 361 days
after waste incorporation into soil 223
A-lll. Immobilization of PCP waste as determined by Microtox
bioassay evaluation of laboratory column leachate 334 days
after waste incorporation into soil 223
A-112. Microtox results with incubation time for Durant clay loam
soil control at 1 bar soil moisture and Kidman sandy loam
soil control at 1/3 bar soil moisture 224
B-l. Variables for use in the extended Ritz model 229
xxm
-------
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chemical and biological analyses and quality control aspects for the
large volume of samples generated •• this research project were performed by
research technicians Mr. Michael Walsh (Chemist), Mr. Robert Bramblett
(Biologist), and Ms. Kerri Sales (Chemist) of the Toxic and Hazardous Waste
Management Group at the Utah Water Research Laboratory. Environmental
Engineering graduate students who assisted in analytical methods development
included Mr. Mervin Coover, Mr. Kapsong Park, and Mr. Ai-He Zhou.
xxiv
-------
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
Treatment of hazardous waste in soil systems offers a potentially
attractive alternative for management of wastes containing selected hazardous
organic constituents; however, use of this alternative must be restricted to
those wastes for which degradation, transformation, and immobilization of such
constituents can be acceptably demonstrated. This research project was
designed to evaluate the potential for treatment in soil (degradation,
transformation, and immobilization) of four listed hazardous wastes as a
function of waste loading, soil type, and soil moisture content. The four
hazardous wastes included API separator sludge, slop oil emulsion solids,
creosote wood preserving waste, and pentachlorophenol wood preserving waste.
Specific objectives of this research project were to:
(1) Conduct a literature assessment for each candidate hazardous waste,
API separator sludge, slop oil emulsion solids, creosote wood
preserving waste, and pentachlorophenol (PCP) wood preserving waste
to obtain specific land treatability information, i.e., degradation,
transformation, and immobilization, for hazardous constituents
identified in each waste.
(2) Characterize candidate wastes for identification of specific
constituents of concern; and characterize experimental soils for
assessment of specific parameters that influence land treatability
potential.
(3) Conduct treatability screening experiments using a battery of
microbial assays to determine waste loading rates (mg waste/kg soil)
to be used in subsequent experiments to assess potential for
treatment.
(4) Develop degradation, transformation, and immobilization information
as a function of loading for each candidate hazardous waste in the
soil types.
(5) Develop methodologies for the measurement of "volatilization-
corrected" degradation rates and for measurement of partition
coefficients; use methodologies developed to generate degradation
kinetics/partition coefficients for a subset of soil/waste
combinations and for constituents common to all candidate wastes.
-------
Information generated relative to ttie last two objectives is presented in
this volume (Volume 2} of the project report. This information combined with
the information presented in Volume 1 provide an approach for evaluating
waste-soil interactions, i.e., soil treatability potential, for hazardous
wastes. The combined information also provides a comprehensive assessment for
treatability of the four candidate hazardous wastes in soil.
-------
SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS
Specific conclusions based on project objectives and research results
presented in Volume 2 include:
(1) It was possible to characterize treatment in soil systems in terms
of degradation, transformation, and immobilization of hazardous
wastes constituents using the methodology and procedures described
in this report.
(2) The methodology developed for the measurement of "volatilization-
corrected" degradation rates in soil systems for hazardous
constituents in the four wastes evaluated allowed more accurate
evaluation of degradation as a treatment mechanism.
(3) The methodology developed for the measurement of partition
coefficients for hazardous constituents in the four wastes among
waste, water, soil, and air phases was useful for obtaining
partition coefficients for waste (oil)/water (K0), air/water (Kn),
and air/waste (Koa), for volatile constituents and for waste
(oil)/water for semivolatile constituents.
(4) PAH constituents contained in the four wastes investigated were
degraded under conditions of initial waste application to
nonacclimated soils as well as when wastes were reapplied to soils.
In general, PAH degradation did not appear to be influenced by soil
type. Soil degradation of PAH compounds in petroleum refinery
wastes generally exhibited higher rates than for wood preserving
wastes.
(5) Degradation rates for some PAH constituents present in complex
wastes evaluated in this project were generally higher than
degradation rates which have been reported for single PAH compounds
and synthetic mixtures of PAH compounds incubated in different soils
(Sims 1982).
(6) Water soluble fraction (WSF) toxicity for soil-waste mixtures
generally exhibited an increase followed by a decrease in toxicity
with incubation time. This pattern of WSF toxicity with time is an
indication of the formation and degradation of toxic intermediates,
i.e., transformation of the wastes.
-------
(7) Results of mutagenicity evaluations for detoxification of petroleum
wastes indicated a reduction from mutagenic to nonmutagenic activity
with treatment time for API separator sludge in Durant clay loam
soil and for slop oil emulsion solids incubated in Durant clay loam
and in Kidman sandy loam soils. Wood preserving wastes, however,
were not rendered nonmutagenic after 400 days of soil incubation in
Durant clay loam soil at waste loading rates of 1.3 percent and 0.7
percent for creosote and PCP wastes, respectively. However, no
mutagenicity was detected at a loading rate of 0.3 percent PCP waste
in Kidman sandy loam soil, ard the initial positive mutagenic
potential for a loading rate of 1.0 percent creosote waste was
reduced to a nonmutagenic level with a treatment time of 400 days.
(8) Laboratory column leachates from petroleum wastes incubated at the
high loading rates in Durant clay loam soil and in Kidman sandy loam
soil exhibited little toxicity as measured by the Microtox assay.
Leachates produced in creosote and PCP loaded columns exhibited
Microtox toxicity, and indicated the potential for generation of WSF
extract toxicity that should be considered when determining waste
loading rates for the experimental soils used.
(9) Partition coefficients that were determined for PAH and volatile
constituents in all four wastes indicated highest partitioning of
constituents into the oil (waste) phase. Relative concentrations
between water and oil (waste) phases for PAH constituents were
generally 1:1000 to 1:100,000, with the higher ratios observed for
the petroleum wastes. Relative concentrations among air:water:waste
(oil) phases for volatile constituents were generally 1:100:100,000.
(10) Pentachlorophenol degradation rate in PCP wood preserving waste
appeared to be related to the initial loading rate and the loading
rate used when the waste was reapplied. Higher initial rates and
reapplication rates resulted in higher half-life values.
-------
SECTION 3
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on results of the research investigation described in Volume 2 of
this report, the following recommendations are made concerning laboratory
treatability studies and treatability of the four hazardous wastes evaluated
in this project:
(1) Careful attention in future studies should be given to the potential
mutagenicity and fate in soil of intermediate products formed during
the degradation processes (transformation). Information obtained
concerning the degradation and immobilization of information should
be used to aid in selecting loading rates that are used in field-
plot studies.
(2) The use of chemical analyses alone appears to be insufficient to
characterize treatability of a hazardous waste; therefore, it is
recommended that bioassays be used to characterize transformation
and immobilization processes to complement chemical analyses
information. The use of chemical analyses alone fails to account
for interactions of components in a waste and the production of
mutagenic metabolites.
(3) When determining partition coefficients (K0, Kn, KQ, Kao) for
evaluation of immobilization processes in waste/soil mixtures,
several different ratios of wasterwater volumes and several
waste:soil weights should be used to generate partition isotherms
with several points in order to evaluate the ranges of linearity for
the isotherm and partition coefficient values. Determination of
partition coefficients between soil and water (Kp) will require
larger amounts of waste and water than used in this investigation.
(4) Treatability studies should be conducted at loading rate(s) selected
for use at field-pilot and/or full scale facilities. This approach
is especially important for evaluation of transformation processes
using bioassays, as waste loading rate appears to influence bioassay
response for soil-waste mixtures.
(5) Recommended loading rates (waste wet weight/soil dry weight) for
field scale evaluations for the wastes addressed in this project
based on results of the laboratory treatability studies are listed
below for the Durant clay loam soil and Kidman sandy loam soil,
respectively: API separator sludge, 6, 6; slop oil emulsion solids,
6, 6; creosote wood preserving waste, 0.7, 0.4; and
pentachlorophenol wood preserving waste, 0.3, 0.075.
-------
SECTION 4
WASTE DEGRADATION EVALUATION
INTRODUCTION
Demonstration of degradation of waste and waste constituents is based on
the loss of parent compounds within the soil/waste matrix. Complete
degradation is the term used to describe the process whereby waste
constituents are mineralized to inorganic end products, generally including
carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic species of nitrogen, phosphorus, and
sulfur. The rate of degradation may be established by measuring the loss of
the parent compound from the soil /waste matrix with time.
The role of chemical volatilization in influencing the total loss of
parent compound from a soil /waste mixture may be evaluated for obtaining a
closer approximation to "bio-" degradation. High volatilization rates for
individual chemicals in a complex waste may result in high "apparent" loss
rates, which may describe the transfer from soil to air media rather than loss
due to biodegradation. Thp proposed land treatment model uses
"volatilization-corrected biodec adation." Therefore, experiments were
conducted for evaluating the volatilization potential of a subset of aromatic
hazardous constituents in the wastes.
Rates of degradation, based on first order kinetics, were transformed
into half-life values for PAH compounds. The hel*-"ife values calculated were
used for evaluating the effect of waste type, so ;ype, initial loading rate,
and reapplication of waste to soil on the effectiveness of treatment based on
degradation. The statistical significance of the slope of the relationship
between residual soil concentration and time of treatment (slope significantly
different from zero) was used to test the hypothesis that treatment was
achieved for each waste/soil combination.
The Petroleum Association ^or Conservation of the Environment (PACE),
Ontario, Canada, made the following observations concerning PAH degradation
and petroleum refining
Studies using o. y wastes and soil mixtures are required to
adequately assess the persistence of PAHs in oily wastes applied to
land. Such a study requires at least triplicate samples and should
proceed until the concentration in the soil approach background
concentrations. TM» process may be time consuming requiring
greater than one year, but extrapolations from data collected early
in the incubation period is likely to result in a poor estimate of
persistence (Bulman et al . 1985).
-------
The degradation of PAH compounds 1n oily waste-soil mixtures was evaluated in
this laboratory investigation utilizing the approach described above.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Soil/waste mixtures were prepared, at the loading rates identified in
Table 1, and incubated in both wooden soil boxes (3 kg soil, dry-weight) and
in 600 ml glass reactors (200 g soil, dry-weight). Soil/waste mixtures were
maintained at a moisture content less than -2 bars in the wooden soil boxes
and at -1/3 bar for Kidman sandy loam soil and -1 bar for Durant clay loam
soil in the glass beakers by adding distilled water. All soil-waste mixtures
were incubated in constant temperature rooms at 20°C +_ 2, and in the dark to
prevent photodegradation of organic constituents. Extractions of soil-waste
mixtures were conducted through time. Method 8310 (U.S. EPA 1982) was used
for pentachlorophenol waste to obtain base/neutral and acid fractions, and a
modified Method 8310 (U.S. EPA 1982) (methylene chloride extraction of the
soil/waste mixture at neutral pH) was used for the other wastes evaluated. A
Tekmar Tissumizer was used to extract residual individual organic constituents
from the soil/waste mixture (U.S. EPA 1982, Sims 1982). The procedure for
extraction and analysis used is given below.
Sample Extraction
1. Soil (10 g) at 80 percent field capacity is placed in a 600 ml glass
beaker or flask.
2. Methylene chloride (250 ml) is added to sample container.
3. The solvent-soil system is homogenized for two minutes with a Tekmar
Tissue Homogenizer or equivalent.
4. The methylene chloride extract is decanted.
5. The extract is poured through a drying column containing 3-4 inches
of anhydrous sodium sulfate, and collected in a 500 ml Kuderna-Danish (K-D)
flask equipped with a 10 ml concentrator tube. The column is rinsed with 50
ml of methylene chloride to complete the quantitative transfer.
6. Clean boiling chips (1-2) are added to the flask and a three-ball
Snyder column is attached. The Snyder column is prewetted by adding about 1
ml of methylene chloride to the top. The K-D apparatus is placed on a hot
water bath (60-65°C) so that the concentrator tube is partially immersed in
the hot water, and the entire lower rounded surface of the flask is bathed in
vapor. The equipment is adjusted as necessary to complete the concentration
in 15 to 20 minutes. When the apparatus volume of liquid reaches 1 ml, the K-
D apparatus is removed and allowed to drain for at least 10 minutes while
cooling. The Snyder column is removed and the flask and its lower joint are
rinsed into the concentrator tube with 1 to 2 ml of methylene chloride.
-------
TABLE 1. SOIL LOADING RATES FOR HAZARDOUS WASTES
Waste
Creosote
Pentachloro phenol
API Separator "ludge
Slop Oil
Loading Rates
Kidman Sandy Loam
Low
0.4
0.075
6
6
Medium
0.7
0.15
9
8
High
waste wet
1.0
0.3
12
12
Durant Clay Loam
Low
weight/soil dry
0.7
0.3
6
8
Med i urn
weight)
1.0
0.5
9
12
High
1.3
0.7
12
14
CO
-------
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) For Analysis
1. To the extract in the concentrator tube, 4 ml acetonitrile are added
with a new boiling chip. The temperature of the hot water bath is increased
to 95 to 100°C. The solvent is concentrated as above. After cooling the
column is removed and its lower joint is rinsed into the concentrator tube
with about 0.2 ml of acetonitrile. The extract volume is adjusted to 1.0 ml
to 5.0 ml.
2. The sample extract (3 yl) is injected with a sample injection loop,
and integrator set at attenuation of 32. The resulting peak size is recorded
in area units.
3. If the peak area exceeds the linear range of the system, the extract
is diluted and reanalyzed.
Chromatograph conditions were as follows: isocratic for 1 minute with
acetonitrile/water (40/60), linear gradient elution to 100 percent
acetonitrile over 7 minutes, followed by a 3-minute hold at 100 percent
acetonitrile.
Calculations
The concentration of individual compounds is determined according to the
formula:
Concentration, mg/kg = (ni i8/!/
(»i I (ws/
where
A = Calibration factor for chromatographic system in milligrams per
unit area
B = Peak size in injection of sample extract, in area units
Vi = Volume of extract injected (yl)
Vt = Volume of extract total (yl)
Ws = Weight of the soil (dry) (kg)
Volatilization Analysis
The experimental apparatus for volatilization measurements is shown in
Figure 1. The system consists of the 500 ml erlenmeyer flask with a fitted
glass aeration cap through which high quality breathing air enters the flask
through Teflon tubing. The purge air flows over the surface of the soil-waste
mixture contained within the flask and exits the aeration cap through an
effluent tube close to the top of the flask. The flow path and configuration
of the flask ensures effective mixing over the surface of the soil. Effluent
purge gas containing volatile constituents from the soil-waste mixture leaves
the flask through the Teflon tubing, passes a glass T used for split stream
9
-------
Influent
Purge Gas
Effluent Purge Gas
1
l—1-
I!
I
«or
Soil/Waste
Mixture
Sorbent
Tubes
i
Capillary Flow
Control
Constant
Flow
Sample
Pump
Effluent Purgs Gas
Figure 1. Laboratory flask apparatus used for mass balance measurements.
10
-------
sampling, and is then carried" to a vent for discharge away from the
experimental area. Split stream sampling is conducted through the glass Ts in
the flask effluent line by using a constant volume sample pump to pull air
through Tenax sorbent traps connected to the pump via a balanced, capillary
flow controlled glass and Teflon sampling manifold.
The experimental procedure for determining volatilization rates of
individual organic constituents, and for correcting apparent loss to obtain
loss due to biodegradation is given below.
Experimental Procedure for Volatilization Measurements
a. An experimental run is initiated by first placing 200 gm of soil in
experimental flask units. Waste is added to the 200 g of soil in the flask,
is quickly mixed, and the flask units are quickly capped.
b. Once capped, the purqe gas should be initiated at a controlled rate
of 200 ml/min, and initial volatilization measurements should be initiated by
drawing a constant volume sample of flask effluent gas through the sorbent
traps via a constant volume sample pump and a balanced, capillary flow
controlled four-place sampling manifold (three samples plus a blank). This
procedure allows the concurrent sampling of all flask units for the same
period of time and during the same time period over the volatilization run.
c. Sample pump rate and purge gas flow rate are measured before each
sampling event via a bubble tube flow meter, and the duration of the sorbent
tube sampling is recorded for accurate emission flux rate calculations.
d. The sorbent traps should generally be sampled at a rate of 100
ml/min/trap for a period not exceeding 5 minutes to minimize breakthrough of
the most volatile component of interest. Breakthrough traps are used in at
least the first five sampling events to allow the quantification of
breakthrough that occurs during this time, and all mass flux values should be
calculated with the inclusion of this observed breakthrough mass.
e. Upon completion of the sampling event, the sorbent tubes are placed
in muffled culture tubes and stored at 4°C for a maximum of four weeks prior
to specific component identification via GC/FID analysis.
f. Sorbent tube desorption is carried out using a Tekmar™ LSD-1 liquid
sample concentrator or equivalent that contains a trap heater oven modified
for the 5.5 mm O.D., 10 mm long, thin walled stainless steel sorbent tubes
recommended for use. Sample tubes are desorbed for four minutes at a
temperature of 250°C prior to component separation and identification.
g. The sampling and analysis procedure was repeated at selected time
intervals following waste addition corresponding to the anticipated log decay
in volatilization rates of volatile organics from the soil systems. A
sampling schedule that was followed is as follows:
0, 15 min, 1 hour, 2.5 hour, 10 hour, 1 day, 2 days
11
-------
If results indicated undetectable fir emission levels after 2 days of
sampling, the a-, emission portion of the study was terminated. If blank
soils showed inn-jnificant contamination within the first day of sampling,
their use was discontinued. Blank and spike traps were used throughout the
sampling period, however, to obtain QA/QC information for the method.
h. One flask from each loading rate was sacrificed periodically and
chemically extracted to allow correlation with the degradation s1 dies
evaluated in the soil boxes and 600 ml glass reactors regarding residual
levels of contaminants of concern in the soil:waste mixture.
Data Calculations
An initial emission mass flux rate is calculated (mass/area/time} along
with a first order emission rate constant and a half-life for volatilization
Ui/2 in days) representing the time for emission rates to be reduced to one-
half their initial values.
A plot of cumulative mass of organic constituent, collected in the flask
effluent gas versus time is made. These cumulative'mass values are used to
correct degradation data for volatile emission losses by subtracting them from
the total mass change as indicated from beaker degradation studies. Measured
emission rates (mass/area/time) as a function of time are then plotted based
on the soil surface area exposed to the purge air, the fraction of purge air
actually sampled through the traps, and the cumulative time during effluent
sampling. These effluent emiss on data can be plotted as described for the
degradation data to determine a volatilization half-life. For the PAH
compounds addressed in this study no emission data could be calculated since
the mass of material in emissions collected was too low to be quantified.
Statistical Evaluation
Statistical methods were used to help determin^ estimates of compound
half-lives and confidence intends for individual corr.ounds. Differences in
concentrations of PAH compounds . d PCP between sampling times were evaluated
by calculating a linear regression based on first order kinetics. The slope
of the regression line was used to determine the first order degradation rates
for PAH compound' in the waste-soil mixtures. The half-life of each compound
was calculated :-om the first order degradation rate. The half-life values
for the lower ana upper 95 percent confidence intervals were also calculated
for PAH compounds when waste was reapplied to soil to indicate the range of
values about the half-life.
If the slope of the first-order regression was nonnegative, indicating
that no treatment by degradation was observed, or if degradation could not be
quantified due to initial low concentrations (near or below detection limits),
no degradation information is reported in the tables. Specific information
concerning changes in concentrations with time are given in Appendix A. All
of the statistical procedures used were performed using tne SPSS computerized
statistical package (SPSS Inc. 1986).
12
-------
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the PAH extraction
procedure using the Tekmar Tissumizer. Results for spiked recoveries of the
16 priority pollutant PAH compounds for the Durant clay loam and Kidman sandy
loam soils are presented in Table 2. Four concentration levels were used in
order to bracket the range of PAH concentrations in the soil/waste mixtures
from initial concentration (high) to the termination of the degradation
experiments (low).
The information presented in Table 2 indicates consistent and generally
high recoveries of all 16 PAH compounds from both soil types. Also,
recoveries did not vary greatly and were high through a three-log change in
PAH concentrations in the experimental soils. Thus the soil extraction
procedure used appears to provide consistent and high extraction efficiencies
for both soils over the range of concentrations of concern.
Waste degradation results for the four wastes in Durant clay loam soil
are summarized in Tables 3 through 14. Tables 3 through 6 summarize
degradation rates at low soil moisture {-2 to -4 bars) over approximately 280
days. Tables 7 through 14 summarize degradation rates at high soil moisture
(-1/3 to -1 bar) over approximately 100 days. Some samples received a
reapplication of waste, as indicated in the tables. Degradation kinetics are
expressed as first order reaction rates (per day) and as half-lives (days) for
each waste-soil mixture and loading rate evaluated.
Results generally indicate an increase in PAH half-life with increasing
molecular weight or compound size. This observation is generally consistent
with results obtained for the PAH class of compounds in soil systems (Sims and
Overcash 1983). However, half-lives for some higher molecular weight PAH
compounds are observed to be lower in these wastes than for half-lives
obtained with PAH compounds only, i.e., without the waste matrix (U.S. EPA
1982, Sims 1982). The observed variation in degradation rates and half-lives
obtained for the waste constituents may be due to the difficulty in accurately
analyzing individual constituents in soil mixed with complex environmental
mixtures.
An increase in soil moisture content from -2 to -4 bars to -1/3 and -1
bars generally was associated with a decrease in PAH compound half-life.
Results also indicate that for each petroleum waste the half-life values
were similar for some compounds even though the waste loading rate changed.
These results would be expected if degradation followed first order kinetics.
PAH constituents in wood preserving wastes exhibited different half-life
trends in creosote waste (Tables 5 and 11) compared with PCP waste (Tables 6
and 13). Half-life values were generally higher for the creosote waste, while
values for the PCP waste were more typical of those observed for the petroleum
refinery wastes.
Half-life values for some waste constituents in each wood preserving
waste were similar even though the loading rate changed. These results are
13
-------
TABLE 2. TISSUMIZER EXTRACTED RECOVERY RESULTS FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN KIDMAN AND DURANT SOILS*
Compound
Kidman Sandy Loam
Soil Concentration in mg/kg
Ourant Clay Loam
Soil Concentration in mg/kg
Naphthalene
Acenaphthalene
Acenaphthene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor an thene
Pyrene
Benzo( a ) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k Jfluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Dibenz(ah)anthracene
Benzo(ghi)pyrene
Indeno( 1 ,2,3-cd)pyrene
1000
92.3 (3.8)
89.7 (4.7)
82.3 (3.2)
98.0 (1.0)
98.7 (1.5)
98.7 (1.5)
95.0 (2.7)
106.3 (3.1)
97.0 (2.0)
95.6 (1.5)
-
-
-
-
-
-
100
96.0 (0.0)
82.0 (4.4)
80.0 (1.7)
96.7 (0.6)
99.3 (0.6)
89.3 (1.5)
99.3 (1.2)
10/.7 (0.6)
9,.3 (1.2)
97.0 (1.0)
61.0 (0.0)
104.0 (1.0)
75.3 (2.5)
101.7 (2.1)
91.0 (0.0)
97.0 (1.0)
86.3
41.7
68.7
96.0
99.3
82.0
97.0
103.0
97.3
96.7
S4.0
'J3.7
66.3
103.3
90.7
98.3
10
(W.6)
(25.5)
(3-2)
(1.7)
(2.1)
(3-0)
(0-0)
(1.0)
(2.3)
(2.1)
(1-0)
(1.5)
(4.7)
(6.4)
(0.6)
(1.5)
1
103.5
110.0
57.7
85.3
73.7
96.3
94.7
87.7
105.0
61.7
78.0
102.0
100.0
(5.0)
(0.0)
(2.5)
(2.1)
(4.0)
(5.1)
(3.1)
(1.5)
(2.7)
(3.1)
(8-5)
(2.7)
(2.0)
1000
99.0 (3.0)
87.3 (7.2)
86.7 (3.1)
98.7 (0.6)
99.0 (1.0)
94.3 (7.2)
96.0 (0.0)
107.0 (2.7)
97.3 (1.2)
96.7 (0.6)
-
-
-
-
-
•
100
111.7
89.3
86.3
97.7
99.0
93.0
100.3
108.0
98.7
86.3
61.3
104.3
79.3
103.3
92.7
98.3
(5-0)
(8.1)
(11-2)
(1.5)
(1.0)
(2.7)
(2-3)
(3-6)
(1.2)
(0-6)
(0.6)
(1-5)
(0-6)
(3.2)
(1.2)
(0.6)
10
158.3 (G 1)
78.5 (5.0)
77.5 (5.0)
94.3 {1 0)
98.7 12.5)
86.7 (3.5)
98.7 (1.5)
105.0 (5.3)
99.0 (1.7)
98.0 (1.0)
63.3 (1.2)
105.0 (2.0)
61.7 (2.1)
101.3 (4.0)
90.3 (2.5)
98.3 (1.2)
1
-
-
94.5 (7.8)
115.3 (7.2)
65.0 (5.3)
88 0 (16.5)
80.0 (24.3)
100.0 (1.4)
97.0 (1.7)
86.7 (2.1)
99.7 (2.5)
63.3 (10.0)
86.3 (2.3)
111.0 (4.6)
108.0 (0.0)
'Table values represent average recoveries of triplicate extractions at each loading level with standard deviations in par?r> ' >ses.
-------
TABLE 3. DEGRADATION KINETIC RESULTS FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN API
SEPARATOR SLUDGE MIXED WITH DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL AS A
FUNCTION OF WASTE LOADING RATE (LOW SOIL MOISTURE)
PAH
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
r *
Lo
(mg/kg)
40.7
+
56.4
340
380
91.4
55.0
6% Loading Rate
k
(day-1)
-0.0294
-0.0045
-0.0018
-0.0020
-0.0005
-0.0024
M/2
(days)
24
160
380
340
1300
290
12% Loading Rate
Co* k ti/g
(mg/kg) (day-1) (days)
66.8 -0.0324 21
*C0 = initial soil concentration inwediately after waste incorporation into soil
+No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life.
-------
TABLE 4. DEGRADATION KINETIC RESULTS FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN SLOP
OIL EMULSION SOLIDS MIXED WITH DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL AS A
FUNCTION OF WASTE LOADING RATE (LOW SOIL MOISTURE)
8% Loading Rate
C0* k ti/2
PAH (tng/kg) (day1) (days)
Naphthalene 190 -0.0094 74
Fluorene +
rh?nanthrene
Vacene
i :iiuranthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
*C0 = initial soil concentration immediately after
12% Loading Rate
C0* k ti/2
(mg/kg) (day1) (days)
220 -0.0160 43
73.4 -0.0118 59
600 -0.0119 58
70.0 -0.0152 45
2000 -0.0040 180
57.8 -0.0288 24
waste incorporation into soil
14% Loading Rate
r *
Lo
(mg/kg)
460
86.8
470
10.0
3300
3900
390
160
13.8
•
k
(day1)
-0.0014
-0.0036
-0.0017
-0.0303
-0.0013
-0.0013
-0.0008
-0.0010
-0 . 0328
tl/2
(days)
49
200
420
23
540
540
830
670
21
+No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life.
-------
TABLE 5. DEGRADATION KINETIC RESULTS FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN CREOSOTE
WOOD PRESERVING WASTE MIXED WITH DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL AS A FUNCTION
OF WASTE LOADING RATE (LOW SOIL MOISTURE)
PAH
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo{b)f 1 uoranthene
Benzo(k)f1uoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Di ben z ( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
0.7%
r *
Lo
(rag/kg)
+
8.7
30
3.5
27
19
2.6
3.1
1.2
0.8
1.4
0.6
Loading Rate
k
(day-1)
-0.0035
-0.0004
-0.0104
-0.0007
-0.0025
-0.0074
-0.0089
-0.0103
-0.0104
-0.0114
-0.0042
tl/2
(days)
200
2000
67
900
300
94
78
67
67
61
170
1.0*
r *
Lo
(mg/kg)
12
43
6.5
40
32
4.0
4.1
1.8
1.2
1.6
0.6
Loading Rate
k
(day-1)
-0.0027
-0.0045
-0.0034
-0.0016
-0.0009
-0.0097
-0.0002
-0.0006
-0.0108
-0.0128
-0.0041
tl/2
(days)
260
150
200
430
770
71
3000
1200
64
54
170
1.3%
r *
Lo
(mg/kg)
17.6
16.1
53.3
11.3
49.6
78.4
5.3
5.8
2.1
1.7
2.0
0.9
1.4
0.7
Loading Rate
k
(dayl)
-0.0196
-0.004
-0.0038
-0.0079
-0.0031
-0.0033
-0.0042
-0.0054
-0.0028
-0.0006
-0.0018
-0.0015
-0.0003
-0.0021
tl/2
(days)
35
200
;eo
88
220
210
170
130
250
1000
390
460
2000
330
*C0 = initial soil concentration immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
+No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life.
-------
00
TABLE 6. DEGRADATION KINETIC RESULTS FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN PCP
WOOD PRESERVING WASTES MIXED WITH DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL AS A
FUNCTION OF WASTE LOADING RATE (LOW SOIL MOISTURE)
PAH
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b) * 1 nor anthene
Benzo( k ) f 1 uor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo( gh i ) peryl ene
Dibenzf a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
0.3%
r *
Lo
(mg/kg)
+
42.7
120
10.0
110
100
Loading Rate
k
(day-1)
-0.0383
-0.0101
-0.0279
-0.0063
-0.0062
fcl/2
(days)
18
68
25
110
110
0.7%
r *
Lo
(mg/kg)
110
340
90.1
350
65.4
38.1
53.0
14.6
18.2
Loading Rate
k
(day-1)
-0.0065
-0.0022
-0.0011
-0.0019
-0.0013
-0.0017
-0.0026
-0.0013
-0.0052
tl/2
(days)
110
320
630
3/0
550
410
270
520
130
*C0 = Initial soil concentration immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
+No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life
-------
TABLE 7. DEGRADATION KINETIC INFORMATION FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN API SEPARATOR SLUDGE WASTE
REAPPLIED TO DURANT CLAY LOAM AT -1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE, EXPERIMENT M/M*
95% Confidence Interval
Lower Limit
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Ben zo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo( b) f 1 uor anthene
Benzo(k)fluor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
C +
(mg/kg)
37
17
110
16
550
1800
**
85
110
370
170
(dayl)
-0.0627
-0.0169
-0.0150
-0.0077
-0.0027
-0.0136
-0.0132
-0.0011
-0.0114
-0.0066
ii1/2i
(days)
11
41
46
90
260
51
53
630
61
105
(day!)
-0.0924
-0.0275
-0.0190
-0.0170
-0.0100
-0.0353
-0.0222
-0.0173
-0.0262
-0.0278
ttrtl/2^
(days)
8
25
36
41
69
20
31
40
26
25
Upper Limit
k
(day1)
-0.0329
-0.0063
-0.0110
0.0015
0.0043
0.0080
-0.0043
0.0151
0.0033
0.0147
,^1/2N
(days)
21
110
63
_
-
161
-
-
-
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (9%), reloaded at medium rate.
+C0 = initial soil concentration immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
*- indicates treatment was not observed, based on slope of first order regression line.
**No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life.
-------
ro
o
TABLE 8. DEGRADATION KINETIC INFORMATION FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN API SEPARATOR SLUDGE WASTE
REAPPLIED TO DURANT CLAY LOAM AT -1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE, EXPERIMENT H/NR*
95% Confidence Interval
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
(mg/'kg)
f
20
43
(dayl)
-0.0305
-0.0054
(dlyf)
23
128
Lower Limit
k , tl/2
(day1) (days)
-0.0461 15
-0.0170 41
Upper Limit
k
(day-D
-0.0149
0.0061
tj/2
(days)
47
**
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo(3)anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)f1uoranthene
Benzo(k )f 1uoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzc(ghi)perylene
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
*H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (12%), not reloaded.
+C0 = initial soil concentration immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
*No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life.
** indicates treatment was not cbsprved, based on slope of first order regression line.
-------
rs>
TABLE 9. DEGRADATION KINETIC INFORMATION FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN SLOP OIL EMULSION SOLIDS
REAPPLIED TO DURANT CLAY LOAM AT -1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE, EXPERIMENT M/M*
95% Confidence Interval
Lower Limit
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluor anthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
(mg?kg)
270
110
700
110
8300
9100
540
210
**
58
72
(dayl)
-0.0310
-0.0259
-0.0340
-0.0870
-0.0392
-0.0339
-0.0260
-0.0043
-0.0089
-0.0496
tj/2
(days )
22
27
20
8
18
20
27
161
78
14
(dayl)
-0.0478
-0.0510
-0.0630
-0.1440
-0.0789
-0.0717
-0.0595
-0.0169
-0.0360
-0.0801
(days)
14
14
11
5
9
10
12
41
19
9
Upper Limit
(day-D
-0.0141
-0.0009
-0.0043
-0.0310
0.0005
0.0039
0.0075
0.0082
0.0182
-0.0190
49
803
1J59
22
.#
_
_
_
_
36
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (12%), reloaded at medium rate.
+C0 = initial soil concentration immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
*- indicates treatment was not observed, based on slope of first order regression line.
**No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life.
-------
ro
ro
TABLE 10. DEGRADATION KINETIC INFORMATION FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN SLOP OIL EMULSION SOLIDS
REAPPLIED TO DURANT CLAY LOAM AT -1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE, EXPERIMENT H/NR*
95% Confidence Interval
Lower Limit
Naphthalene
Fluor ene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluor anthene
Benzo( k )f 1 uor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Per*7o(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indpno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
C +
(mg?kg)
29
*
320
60
11000
4500
480
55
(dayl)
-0.0187
-0.0640
-0.0320
-0.0170
-0.0157
-0.0020
-0.0076
tl/2.
(days)
37
11
22
41
44
347
91
(day1)
-0.0254
-0.1390
-0.1010
-0.0390
-0.0864
-0.0135
-0.0151
(&')
27
5
7
18
8
51
46
Upper Limit
k
(day-D
-0.0120
0.0110
0.0370
0.004;
0.0549
0.0094
-0.0002
*l/2.
(days)
58
-
-
-
-
i
3600
*H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (14%), not reloaded.
+C0 = initial soil concentration immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
#No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life.
**- indicates treatment was not observed, based on slope of first order regression line.
-------
ro
(A)
TABLE 11. DEGRADATION KINETIC INFORMATION FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN CREOSOTE WOOD PRESERVING WASTE
REAPPLIED TO DURANT CLAY LOAM AT -1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE, EXPERIMENT M/M
95% Confidence Interval
Lower" 1'imit
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pvrene
(mg/kg)
210
44
410
85
**
300
(day-1)
-0.1107
-0.0008
-0.0174
-0.0020
-0.0001
ti/2
(days)
6
890
40
350
8000
(dayl)
-0.1107
-0.0134
-0.0257
-0.0112
-0.0071
ti/2
(days)
6
52
27
62
98
Upper Limit
(day-D
-0.0251
0.0119
-0.0090
0.0072
0.0069
(days)
2O
Q
77
—
i
-
Ben zo (a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
6.3 -0.0054
230
-0.0333
21
0.0225
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (1.0*), reloaded at medium rate.
+C0 = initial soil concentration immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
*- indicates treatment was not observed, based on slope of first order regression line.
**No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life.
-------
ro
TABLE 12. DEGRADATION KINETIC INFORMATION FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN CREOSOTE WOOD PRESERVING WASTE
REAPPLIED TO DURANT CLAY LOAM AT -1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE, EXPERIMENT H/NR*
-5% Confidence Interval
Lower Limit
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Pi -nanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo(a)anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluorar? '"vie
Benzo(k)fluoranlnene
P'-'MaJpyrene
Ben tu( ghi ) peryl ene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
C *
(nig/ kg)
f
45
110
150
410
220
43
43
18
(day-1)
-0.0094
-0.0100
-0.0052
-0.0033
-0.0033
-0.0014
-0.0021
-0.0044
iS1/Zi
(days)
74
69
134
210
210
495
330
]5R
(day-1)
-0.0365
-0.0220
-0.0120
-0.0255
-0.0395
-0.0209
-0.0215
-0.0250
tl/2.
(days)
19
32
58
27
18
33
32
28
Upper '
(day-1) (d^f)
0.0177 -**
0.0008
0.0017
0.0188
0.0328
0.0182 «-
0.0174
0.0160
*H/NR = originally loadpd at high rate (1.3%), not reloaded.
+C0 = initial soil concentration immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
*No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life.
**- indicates treatment was not observed, based on slope of first order regression line.
-------
ro
01
TABLE 13. DEGRADATION KINETIC INFORMATION FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN PENTACHLOROPHENOL WOOD PRESERVING
WASTE REAPPLIED TO DURANT CLAY LOAM AT -1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE, EXPERIMENT M/M*
95% Confidence Interval
Lower Limit
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluor anthene
Ben zo(k)fluor anthene
Benzo( ajpyrene
Benzo(ghi )perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
(mg?kg)
*
150
600
280
370
29
46
2.0
(day-1)
-0.0169
-0.0240
-0.0080
-0.0023
-0.0097
-0.0001
-0.0013
tl/2.
(days)
41
29
87
301
71
9800
533
(dayl)
-0.0257
-0.0330
-0.0130
-0.0057
-0.0244
-0.0022
-0.0147
27
21
53
122
28
315
47
Upper Limit
(day-D
-0.0081
-0.0150
-0.0027
0.0010
0.0050
0.0021
0.0122
tl/2
(days)
86
46
257
**
-
-
-
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (0.5%), reloaded at medium rate.
+C0 = initial soil concentration immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
*No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life.
**- indicates treatment was not observed, based on slope of first order regression line,
-------
ro
TABLE 14. DEGRADATION KINETIC INFORMATION FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN PENTACHLOROPHENOL WOOD PRESERVING
WASTE REAPPLIED TO DURANT CLAY LOAM AT -1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE, EXPERIMENT H/NR*
95% Confidence Interval
lower "Limit
Naphthal ene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)f 1 uor anthene
Benzo(k)fluor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz(a.h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
C +
(mg?kg)
I
45
110
150
410
220
43
26
12
1.6
1.4
(dayl)
-0.0369
-0.0150
-0.0043
-0.0091
-0.0134
-0.0006
-0.0036
-0.0022
-0.0071
-0.0031
*i/z.
(days)
19
46
159
76
52
1000
193
315
98
224
(dayl)
-0.0491
-0.0340
-0.0200
-0.0284
-0.0311
-0.0181
-0.0204
-0.0132
-0.1632
-0.0031
tl/2.
(days)
14
20
35
24
22
38
34
53
4
224
Upper Limit
k
(day1)
-0.0247
0.0048
0.0120
0.0103
0.0043
0.0168
0.0131
0.0087
0.1490
-0.0031
*i/2.
(days)
28
**
-
-
-
-
-
-
224
*H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (0.7%), not reloaded.
+C0 = initial soil concentration immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
*No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life.
**- indicates treatment was not observed, based on slope of first order regression line.
-------
similar to those observed for "the petroleum wastes, and are expected if
degradation processes follow first order kinetics.
After the first experimental period of approximately 280 days, wastes
were reapplied to the soil according to the following schedule: 1) waste
originally loaded at the medium rate was reloaded at the medium loading rate
of application to soil (M/M); 2) waste originally loaded at the low rate was
reloaded at the high rate (L/H); and 3) nonacclimated soil was loaded at the
high rate of waste application (N/H). Results were converted to first order
reaction rate constants and half-life values. A subset of soil/waste mixtures
for each soil type and waste type was selected for detailed analysis of
degradation. The subset chosen was evaluated for approximately an additional
100 days.
Degradation kinetic results for the soil/waste and treatment combinations
selected using the Durant clay loam soil are presented in Tables 7 through 14.
For the petroleum wastes, reapplication did not appear to change the half-life
values for PAH constituents. Neither an inhibiting nor stimulating effect
were observed. For the wood preserving wastes, there is no trend that would
suggest a change in half-life with reapplication after 200 days.
Waste degradation results for the four wastes in Kidman sandy loam soil
are summarized in Tables 15 through 34. Degradation kinetics are expressed as
first order reaction rates (per day) and as half-lives (days) for each loading
rate evaluated.
PAH degradation results for wastes incubated in Kidman sandy loam soil
generally followed the trend observed for waste treatment in the Durant clay
loam soil. PAH degradation generally appeared to be influenced by molecular
weight or compound ring size. Variation in the data obtained for degradation
increased when waste was reloaded (second experimental period).
Pentachlorophenol was evaluated for degradation in PCP waste. Kinetic
information is presented in Tables 35 and 36 for PCP waste in Durant clay loam
soil and Kidman sandy loam soil, respectively. Half-life values are similar
(257 days and 204 days) for PCP initially loaded at the high rate in both
soils and not reapplied. An acclimation of Kidman sandy loam soil to PCP may
be occurring as indicated by comparing results for N/H and H/NR for Kidman
soil in Table 36. Both samples received PCP waste at the high loading rate
(0.3%). However, PCP in the sample incubated for 400 days (H/NR) had a half-
life of 204 days, while PCP in the sample incubated for 164 days (N/H) has a
half-life of 330 days. Evidence for acclimation is also indicated in the
sample initially at the low loading rate (0.075%), Table 36, and reloaded at
the high rate (0.3%). The half-life for PCP in this soil is 151 days.
Acclimation of soil microorganisms to PCP would be expected to result in lower
half-life values (faster kinetics) when waste is reapplied.
SUMMARY
PAH constituents of the four wastes investigated were degraded under
conditions of initial waste application to nonacclimated soils as well as when
27
-------
ro
oo
TABLE 15. DEGRADATION KINETIC RESULTS FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN API
SEPARATOR SLUDGE MIXED WITH KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL AS A
FUNCTION OF WASTE LOADING RATE (LOW SOIL MOISTURE)
PAH
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Ben zo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenzf a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
C *
Lo
(mg/kg)
38.4
+
50.4
310
330
85.9
21.2
6% Loading Rate
k
(day-1)
-0.0307
-0.0014
-0.0006
-0.0004
-0.0003
-0.0006
tl/2
(days)
23
510
1100
1800
2100
1200
12% Loading Rate
C0* k ti/2
(mg/kg) (day-1) (days)
61.3 -0.0337 21
17.0 -0.0112 62
*C0 = initial concentration in soil immediately after waste incorporation into soil
+No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life
-------
ro
vo
TABLE 16. DEGRADATION KINETIC RESULTS FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN SLOP
OIL EMULSION SOLIDS MIXED WITH KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL AS A
FUNCTION OF WASTE LOADING RATE (LOW SOIL MOISTURE)
PAH
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo(a)anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluor anthene
Benzo(k)fluor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Di benz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
8% Loading Rate
C * k
V/Q K
(mg/kg) (day-1)
150 -0.0101
+
32.9 -0.0028
4100 -0.0758
270 -0.0444
tl/2
(days)
66
250
9
16
r *
(mg/kg)
350
65.0
360
2600
3000
320
130
72.9
12% Loading Rate
k
(day-1)
-0.0099
-0.0055
-0.0014
-0.0013
-0.0011
-0.0010
-0.0013
-0.0023
tl/2
(days)
70
130
5QP
540
630
680
540
300
*C0 = initial concentration in soil immediately after waste incorporation into soil
+No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life
-------
TABLE 17. DEGRADATION KINETIC RESULTS FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN CREOSOTE
WOOD PRESEPVING WASTE MIXED WITH KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL AS A
FUNCTION OF WASTE LOADING RATE (LOW SOIL MOISTURE)
PAH
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Ben zo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Ben zo( b) f 1 uor anthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
0.4%
r *
Lo
(mg/kg)
1.4
4.7
170
1.1
150
130
1.1
1.8
7.0
6.0
1.2
5.6
6.0
Loading Rate
k
(day-1)
_+
-0.0203
0.0043
0.0088
0.0038
0.0062
0.0016
0.01
0.0068
0.007
0.0117
0.0003
0.0043
tl/2
(days)
30
160
79
180
110
430
69
100
100
59
2000
160
0.7%
r *
Lo
(mg/kg)
3.7
100
330
5.3
310
260
3.1
3.3
1.4
1.3
1.6
6.3
6.0
Loading Rate
k
(day-1)
-0.0159
0.0046
0.0024
0.0037
0.0022
0.0014
0.0084
0.0007
0.0015
0.0118
0.0134
+ slope
0.004?
tl/2
(days)
44
150
290
190
320
500
83
990
460
59
52
49
170
1.0% Loading Rate
C0* * ti/2
(mg/kg) (day'l) (days)
0.6 0.0003 2000
0.5 0.0034 2000
*C0 = initial soil concentration immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
+- indicates treatment war, not observed, based on slope of first order regression line.
-------
TABLE 18. DEGRADATION KINETIC RESULTS FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN PCP
WOOD PRESERVING WASTES MIXED WITH KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL AS A
FUNCTION OF WASTE LOADING RATE (LOW SOIL MOISTURE)
PAH
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor ant hene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzol a) pyrene
Ben zo ( gh i ) per yl en e
Di ben z( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l, 2, 3-cd) pyrene
0.075%
r *
Lo
(mg/kg)
34.7
+
30.8
27.4
28.0
Loading
k
(day-1)
-0.0339
-0.0134
-0.0227
-0.0353
Rate
tl/2
(days)
20
52
190
20
0.3%
r *
Lo
(mg/kg)
96.7
20.4
99.3
91.0
95.7
38.2
9.9
Loading Rate
k
(day-1)
-0.0012
-0.0330
-0.0049
-0.0035
-0.0049
-0.0006
-0.0026
tl/2
(days)
590
21
1*40
200
140
1200
270
*C0 = Initial soil concentration immediately after waste incorporation into soil
+No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life
-------
CO
ro
TABLE 19. DEGRADATION KINETIC INFORMATION FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN API SEPARATOR SLUDGE WASTE
REAPPLIED TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE, EXPERIMENT M/M*
95% Confidence Interval
Tower Limit
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fl uor anthene
Ben zo ( k ) f 1 uor ant hen e
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a ,h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
C +
(mg/kg)
30
15
120
15
780
1000
88
160
**
100
(dayl)
-0.0185
-0.0139
--0.0019
-0.0260
-0.0333
-0.0553
-0.0044
-0.0011
-0.0050
<$!£
37
49
360
27
21
13
158
630
139
(dayl)
-0.0224
-0.0346
-0.0170
-0.0520
-0.0662
-0.0957
-0.0288
-0.0120
-0.0209
l\l/2^
(days)
31
20
41
13
10
7
24
58
33
Upper Limit
k
(day-D
-0.0146
0.0069
0.0130
-0.0009
-0.0004
-0.0149
0.0200
0.0097
0.0109
l\l/2^
(days)
4S
_#
_
810
1634
47
_
-
_
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (9%), reloaded at medium rate.
+C0 = initial soil concentration immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
*- indicates treatment was not observed, based on slope of first order regression line.
**No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life.
-------
OJ
co
TABLE 20. DEGRADATION KINETIC INFORMATION FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN API SEPARATOR SLUDGE WASTE
REAPPLIED TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE, EXPERIMENT L/H*
95% Confidence Interval
Lower Limit
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)pery1ene
Dibenzf a,h) anthracene
Indem>( 1 ,2, 3-cd)pyrene
(mg/kg)
66
32
190
19
**
1500
380
140
160
0.3
(dayl)
-0.0272
-0.0022
-0.0010
-0.0160
-0.0048
-0.0009
-0.0025
-0.0048
-0.0660
(dSyl)
25
315
693
43
144
747
277
144
11
k
-0.0320
-0.0061
-0.0029
-0.0650
-0.0181
-0.0096
-0.0122
-0.0106
-0.3501
tj/2
(days)
22
114
239
11
38
72
57
65
2
Upper Limit
(dayl)
-0.0223
0.0017
0.0009
0.0330
0.0085
0.0078
0.0071
0.0007
0.2181
(day!)
31
_#
-
-
-
-
-
-
*L/H = originally loaded at low rate (6X), reloaded at high rate (12%).
+C0 = initial soil concentration immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
#- indicates treatment was not observed, based on slope of first order regression line.
**No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life.
-------
OJ
1ABLE 21. DEGRADATION KINE11., INFORMATION FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN API SEPARATOR SLUDGE WASTE
REAPPLIED TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE, EXPERIMENT N/H*
95% Confidence Interval
Lower Limit
Naphthalene
Fl uorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo( b) f 1 uoranthene
Ben zo( k ) f 1 uor ant hene
Benzo( a) pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno( 1 ,2, 3-cd ) pyrene
C +
(mg/kg)
69
21
150
20
**
370
240
(day*)
-0.0393
-0.0009
-0.0025
-0.0140
-0.0115
-0.0095
*l/2.
(days)
18
753
277
50
60
73
(dayl)
-0.0476
-0.0090
-0.0038
-0.0250
-0.0244
-0.0241
tl/2.
(days)
15
139
182
28
28
29
Upper Limit
k
(day-D
-0.0310
0.0031
-0.0012
-0.0034
0.0014
0.0051
i!ii/2i
(days)
22
_#
578
204
-
-
*N/H = nonacclimated soil loaded at high rate (12%).
+C0 = initial soil concentration immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
*- indicates treatment was not observed, based on slope of first order regression line.
**No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life.
-------
TABLE 22. DEGRADATION KINETIC INFORMATION FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN API SEPARATOR SLUDGE WASTE
REAPPLIED TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE, EXPERIMENT H/NR*
CO
en
95% Confidence Interval
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
(mg/kg)
f
72
5.7
(day*)
-0.0007
-0.0470
t\l|^^
(days)
1000
15
Lower Limit
k , M/2
(day1) (days)
-0.0035 198
-0.0540 13
Upper Limit
(day-D
0.0021
-0.0410
(days)
**
17
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo(a)anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
60 -0.0092 75
2.3 -0.0017 408
-.0.0187
-0.0382
37
18
0.0003
0.0349
*H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (12%), not reloaded.
+C0 = initial soil concentration immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
*No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life.
**- indicates treatment was not observed, based on slope of first order regression line.
-------
co
TABLE 23. DEGRADATION KINETIC INFORMATION FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN SLOP OIL EMULSION SOLIDS
REAPPLIED TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE, EXPERIMENT M/M*
95% Confidence Interval
Tower" Tim it
Naphthalene
Fluorene
PHenanthrene
' ' acene
• .'..ranthene
Pyrene
(mg/kg)
160
73
740
88
27000
4500
**
(dayl)
-0.0215
-0.0090
-0.0001
-0.0053
-0.023
-0.0036
(days;
32
77
10500
131
30
193
k
-0.0314
-0.0135
-0.0140
-0.049
-0.0359
-0.0120
(days)
?2
til
50
14
19
58
Upper Limit
(day-D
-0.0117
-0.0045
0.130
0.038
-0.0102
0.0048
(days)
59
154
_#
-
68
-
Chrysene
Ber>*^(b)fluoranthene
Be< i <...; k) f 1 uor ant hene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
-0.0298
23
-0.0625
11
0.0028
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (8%), reloaded at medium rate.
"!;C0 = initial soil concentration immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
f.
**
indicai- treatment was not observed, based on slope of first order regression line.
:jta indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life.
-------
oo
TABLE 24. DEGRADATION KINETIC INFORMATION FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN SLOP OIL EMULSION SOLIDS
REAPPLIED TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE, EXPERIMENT L/H*
95% Confidence Interval
Lowe? Limit
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno (1,2, 3-cd ) pyrene
(mg/kg)
270
120
620
110
6000
6500
1000
220
220
100
59
**
(dayl)
-0.0161
-0.0076
-0.0030
-0.0810
-0.0093
-0.0052
-0.0041
-0.0077
-0.0350
-0.0426
-0.0222
43
91
231
9
75
133
163
90
20
16
31
k
-0.0222
-0.0126
-0.0044
-0.1160
-0.0279
-0.0074
-0.0143
-0.0136
-0.0652
-0.0794
-0.0623
^•1/2
( days )
31
55
158
6
25
94
48
51
11
9
11
Upper Limit
k
(dayl)
-0.0100
-0.0026
-0.0017
-0.0460
0.0093
-0.003
0.0061
-0.0018
-0.0048
-0.0057
0.0178
.si;2,
69
267
408
15
_ff
231
385
144
122
**
*L/H = originally loaded at low rate (6%), reloaded at high rate (12%).
+C0 = initial soil concentration immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
*- indicates treatment was not observed, based on slope of first order regression line.
*No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life.
-------
TABLE 25. DEGRADATION KINETIC INFORMATION HOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN SLOP OIL EMULSION SOLIDS
REAPPLIED TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE, EXPERIMENT N/H*
CO
00
95% Confidence Interval
Lower Limit
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a)anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Ben zn( gh i ) per yl ene
Dibe;!?( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
(mg/kg)
1400
53
**
55
8400
1500
1600
-
-
(day-1)
-0.0224
-0.0244
-0.0680
-0.0306
-0.0460
-0.0204
-0.0335
-0.0294
(days)
31
28
10
23
15
34
21
24
(dayl)
-0.0323
-0.0489
-0.1060
-0.0552
-0.2034
-0.0548
-0.1119
-0.0294
&&
21
14
7
13
3
13
6
24
Upper Limit
k
(day-D
-0.0126
0.0001
-0.0310
-0.0059
0.1114
0.0141
0.0449
-0.0294
(dayl)
55
_#
22
117
_
_
_
24
*N/H = nonacclimated soil loaded at high rate (12%).
+C0 = initial soil concentration immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
*- indicates treatment was not observed, based on slope of first order regression line.
**No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life.
-------
TABLE 26. DEGRADATION KINETIC INFORMATION FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN SLOP OIL EMULSION SOLIDS
REAPPLIED TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE, EXPERIMENT H/NR*
CO
vo
95% Confidence Interval
lower limit
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
(mg?kg)
f
35
270
49
2100
(dayl)
-0.0079
-0.0040
-0.0764
-0.0080
(days)
88
173
9
87
(dayl)
-0.0120
-0.0052
-0.0802
-0.0160
tj/2
(days)
58
133
9
43
Upper Limit
(dayl)
-0.0038
-0.0029
-0.0726
0.00004
<&f>
182
239
10
**
Pyrene
Benzo(a)anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)f1uoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
320
48
-0.0036
-0.0779
193
-0.0288
-0.0779
24
0.0216
-0.0779
*H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (12%), not reloaded.
+C0 = initial soil concentration immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
*No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life.
**- indicates treatment was not observed, based on slope of first order regression line.
-------
TABLE 27. DEGRADATION KTUETIC INFORMATION FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN CREOSOTE WOOD PRESERVING WASTE
REAPPLIED TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE, EXPERIMENT M/M*
95% Confidence Interval
Lower" Limit
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo( b) f 1 uor anthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo( a) pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno( 1 , 2, 3-cd) pyrene
(mg/kg)
320
150
730
210
**
560
54
51
21
15
14
2.2
(dayl)
-0.0737
-0.0170
-0.0120
-0.0013
-0.0054
-0.0027
-0.0005
-0.0039
-0.0017
-0.0023
-0.0009
(days)
9
41
58
530
128
260
1300
178
408
301
763
(day-M
-0.1178
-0.0317
-0.0170
-0.0058
-0.0111
-0.0068
-0.0047
-0.0070
-0.0058
-0.0050
-0.0051
tl/2
(days )
6
22
41
120
62
102
147
99
119
139
136
Upper Limit
(day-D
-0.0296
-0.0022
-0.0074
0.0032
0.0003
0.0014
0.0036
-0.0002
0.0024
0.0004
0.0033
tj/2
( days )
23
315
93
_#
_
_
_
3500
_
_
—
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (0.7%), reloaded at medium rate.
+C0 = initial soil concentration immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
*- indicates treatment was not observed, based on slope of first order regression line.
**No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life.
-------
TABLE 28. DEGRADATION KINETIC INFORMATION FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN CREOSOTE WOOD PRESERVING WASTE
REAPPLIED TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE, EXPERIMENT L/H*
95% Confidence Interval
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo(a)anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluor anthene
Benzo( k)f 1 uor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo( ghi ) peryl ene
Dibenz(a,h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
(mg/kg)
290
150
740
200
550
540
51
48
20
16
15
**
4.2
2.7
(day-1)
-0.0726
-0.0220
-0.0180
-0.0035
-0.0128
-0.0120
-0.0074
-0.0070
-0.0078
-0.0063
-0.0111
-0.0080
-0.0096
<$$>
10
32
39
198
54
58
94
99
89
110
62
87
72
Lower
(dayl)
-0.1146
-0.0537
-0.0330
-0.0230
-0.0240
-0.0247
-0.0146
-0.0192
-0.0155
-0.0132
-0.0351
-0.0192
-0.0240
Limit
(day!)
6
13
21
30
29
28
47
36
45
53
20
36
29
Upper Limit
k
(day-D
-0.0305
0.0097
-0.0032
0.0160
-0.0015
0.0006
-0.0001
0.0052
-0.0001
0.0005
0.0129
0.0033
0.0048
(days)
23
217
462
7700
4800
_
-
L/H = originally loaded at low rate (0.4%), reloaded at high rate (1.0%).
+C0 = initial soil concentration immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
*- indicates treatment was not observed, based on slope of first order regression line.
No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life.
-------
ro
TABLE 29. DEGRADATION KINETIC INFORMATION FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN CREOSOTE WOOD PRESERVING WASTE
REAPPLIED TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE, EXPERIMENT N/H*
95% Confidence Interval
Naphthalene
Fluor ene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Ben^ •'• -i) anthracene
Chrysene
Ben zo(b)fluor anthene
Benzo( k) f 1 uor anthene
Ben7o(a)pyrene
Ber,zo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz(a.h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
(mg/kg)
270
180
830
240
570
570
53
51
21
**
13
0.7
2.1
(dayl)
-0.0035
-0.0267
-0.0260
-0.0100
-0.0094
-0.0130
-0.0085
-0.0047
-0.0080
-0.0046
-0.0008
-0.0021
(dayf)
198
26
27
69
74
53
82
148
87
151
863
330
Lower
k
(dayl)
-0.0074
-0.0338
-0.0340
-0.0150
-0.0141
-0.0159
-0.0218
-0.0071
-0.0147
-0.0108
-0.0095
-0.0071
Limit
*l/2.
(days)
94
21
20
46
49
44
32
98
47
64
73
98
Upper Limit
(dayl)
0.0003
-0.0196
-0.0180
-0.0043
-0.0046
-0.0101
0.0048
-0.0022
-0.0013
0.0015
0.0079
0.0029
(Says2)
.1
35
39
161
151
69
-
31'5
533
-
-
—
*N/H = nonacclimated soil loaded at high rate (1.0%).
+C0 = initial soil concentration immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
*- indicates treatment was not observed, based on slope of first order regression line.
**No data
-------
TABLE 30. DEGRADATION KINETIC INFORMATION FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN CREOSOTE WOOD PRESERVING WASTE
REAPPLIED TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE, EXPERIMENT H/NR*
CO
95% Confidence Interval
lower limit
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluor anthene
Benzo(k)fluor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo( ghi ) peryl ene
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
(mg/kg)
I
23
11
12
0.6
1.3
2.1
46
30
(dayl)
-0.0047
-0.0120
-0.0036
-0.0036
-0.0051
-0.0031
-0.0024
-0.0072
t-1/2
( days )
147
58
191
191
136
224
289
96
(dayl)
-0.0102
-0.0160
-0.0095
-0.0091
-0.0103
-0.0092
-0.0040
-0.0151
-------
TABLE 31. DEGRADATION KINETIC INFORMATION FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN PENTACHLOROPHENOL WOOD PRESERVING
REAPP! :rO TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE, EXPERIMENT M/M*
95% Confidence Interval
Lower Limit
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
8enzo(ghi )perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
(mg/kg)
f
30
84
92
97
10
14
0.9
(day-1)
-0.0187
-0.0120
-0.0032
-0.0040
-0.0057
-0.0003
-0.0022
t\/2
(days)
37
58
?17
173
122
2700
315
(day-1)
-0.0359
-0.0250
-0.0189
-0.0196
-0.0220
-0.0151
-0.0089
ti/2
( days )
19
29
37
35
32
46
78
Upper Limit
k i\ tl/2
(day-1) (rt'.-s)
-0.0014 495
0.0001 -**
0.0125
0.0116
0.0105
0.0146 -.
0.0044
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (0.15%), reloaded at medium rate.
+C0 = initial soil concentration immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
#No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life.
**- indicates treatment was not observed, based on slope of first order regression line.
-------
TABLE 32. DEGRADATION KINETIC INFORMATION FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN PENTACHLOROPHENOL WOOD PRESERVING
WASTE REAPPLIED TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE, EXPERIMENT L/H*
95% Confidence Interval
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo( b ) f 1 uor anthene
Ben zo( k ) f 1 uor anthene
Benzo( a) pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno (1,2, 3-cd ) pyrene
(mg/kg)
*
52
130
145
160
18
0.3
(dayl)
-0.0139
-0.0120
-0.0038
-0.0034
-0.0005
-0.0106
(days)
50
58
182
204
1300
65
Lower
(dayl)
-0.0444
-0.0290
-0.0083
-0.0071
-0.0072
-0.0318
Limit
<$!&
16
24
83
98
96
22
Upper Limit
(day1) (days)
0.0166 -**
0.0049
0.0007
0.0003
0.0062
0.0106
*L/H = originally loaded at low rate (0.075%), reloaded at high rate (0.3%).
+C0 = initial soil concentration immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
**
*No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life.
"""- indicates treatment was not observed, based on slope of first order regression line.
-------
TABLE 33. DEGRADATION KINETIC INFORMATION FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN PENTACHLOROPHENOL WOOD PRESERVING
WASTE REAPPLIED TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE, EXPERIMENT N/H*
95% Confidence Interval
Tower Limit
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluor anthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
(mg/kg)
f
49
120
69
110
140
21
8.0
4.8
(day*)
-0.0128
-0.0150
-0.0031
-0.0015
-0.0041
-0.0028
-0.0019
-0.0048
<&i>
54
46
220
462
169
248
370
144
(dayl)
-0.0182
-0.0230
-0.0091
-0.0073
-0.0095
-0.0083
-0.0063
-0.0150
(days)
38
30
76
95
73
83
109
46
Upper Limit
(dayl)
-0.0074
-0.0079
0.0028
0.0043
0.0012
0.0027
0.0026
0.0053
tj/2
( days )
94
88
**
_
_
_
_
_
**
*N/H = nonacclimated soil loaded at high rate (0.3%).
+C0 = initial soil concentration immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
*"o data Indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life.
- indicates treatment was not observed, based on slope of first order regression line.
-------
TABLE 34. DEGRADATION KINETIC INFORMATION FOR PAH COMPOUNDS IN PENTACHLOROPHENOL WOOD PRESERVING
WASTE REAPPLIED TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE, EXPERIMENT H/NR*
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
(mg/kg)
100
950
(day*)
-0.0211
-0.0064
(days)
33
109
Lower
(dayl)
-0.0554
-0.0200
95% Confidence
Limit
t-1/2
( days )
13
35
Interval
Upper Limit
k i\ *l/2
(day1/ (days)
0.0131 -**
0.0075
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene 510 -0.0001 5000 -0.0589 12 0.0586
Benzo(a)anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene 0.4 -0.0030 231 -0.0161 43 0.0100
*H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (0.3%), not reloaded.
*C0 = initial soil concentration immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
*No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life.
**- indicates treatment was not observed, based on slope of first order regression line.
-------
TABLE 35. DEGRADA"DN KINETIC lh\TRMATION FOR -tNTACHLOROPHENOL IN
PENTACHLOROPHENOL viOOD PRESERVING WASTE REAPPLIED TO DURANT CLAY
LOAM SOIL A" -1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE
Loading
M/M#
H/NR**
*C0 = initial
C *
(mg/kg)
4.0E2
2.3E2
soil concentration
(dayl)
0.0016
0.0027
immediately after
*l/2 P+
(days)
433 +
257 +
waste incorporation into
soil.
++ p > 0.15 (<85%).
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (0.5%), reloaded at medium rate.
**H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (0.7%), nofreloaded.
TABLE 36. DEGRADATION KINETIC INFORMATION FOR PENTACHLOROPHENOL IN
PENTACHLOROPHENOL WOOD PRESERVING WASTE REAPPLIED TO KIDMAN SANDY
LOAM SOIL AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE
Loading
Rate
U /Mrr
ri/ n
L/H**
N/H++
H/NR***
C *
(mg/kg)
2.7E2
_#P
1.8F
k
0.0024
0.0046
0.0021
0.0034
^•1/2
(days)
289
151
330
204
P+
0.15
0.05
0.05
0.10
*C0 = initial soil concentration immediately after waste incorporation into
soil.
+p < 0.01 (99%).
p <~0.05 (95%).
p ro.10 (90%).
p TO. 15 (85%).
#M/M~ = originally loaded at medium rate (0.15%), reloaded at medium rate.
**L/H = originally loaded at low rate (0.075%), reloaded at high rate (0.3%).
++N/H = nonacclimated soil loaded at high rate (0.3%).
**- = not analyzed.
***H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (0.3%), not reloaded.
48
-------
wastes were reapplied to soils. "PAH degradation generally did not appear to
be influenced by soil type. PAH degradation in petroleum refinery wastes
exhibited faster kinetics than for wood preserving wastes. Degradation rates
for some PAH compounds in complex matrices, such as hazardous wastes, appeared
to degrade faster than when present in soil systems as individual compounds.
Half-life values for some PAH constituents in the four complex wastes
appeared to be independent of waste loading rate within the range of loading
rates evaluated. These results would be expected if degradation followed a
first order kinetic model for the range of loading rates for each hazardous
waste evaluated.
High molecular weight PAH compounds have been demonstrated to be
cometabilized (Sims and Overcash 1983). It is possible that the four complex
wastes evaluated in this study, at loading rates that were below a toxic level
to soil microorganisms, provided substrates for cell growth and energy
production which resulted in the degradation of high molecular weight PAH
compounds through a cometabolic process.
Results for pentachlorophenol degradation kinetics in PCP waste indicated
a decrease in half-life with increase in incubation time, and when soil
initially loaded at the lowest loading rate received a reapplication of waste
at the highest loading rate. Acclimation of soil microorganisms to PCP could
result in the increase in degradation kinetics observed.
49
-------
SECTION 5
WASTE TRANSFORMATION EVALUATION
INTRODUCTION
Federal land treatment regulations identified previously (40 CFR Part
262.272) include transformation of hazardous constituents as an acceptable
treatment mechanism for land-applied wastes. Transformation of waste
constituents for the four wastes investigated was evaluated through chemical
and bioassay techniques. Transformation was evaluated by determining the
change in toxicity of the waste/soil extract over time of incubation in soil
as parent compounds are degraded and intermediates are formed. The Microtox
toxicity assay was used to measure and compare the relative acute toxicity of
the water soluble fraction (VISF) for each soil/waste mixture through treatment
time.
In addition, s^ice many of the parent compounds identified in all four
wastes have been identified as mutagens and several compounds have been
identified as carcinogens, the Ames mutagenicity assay also was used to
evaluate the extent of transformation of the waste. The Ames assay was used
to evaluate the soil/was*f mixture at the initiation and at the termination of
the study for each waste and for the two soils used. Using this assay, the
reductions in the mutagerucity of the waste/soil mixtures were determined as a
function of treatment (incubation) time.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The bioassays used included the Microtox toxicity assay and the Ames
Salmonella mutagenicity assay. These assays were conducted as described in
Volume 1 of this report with one modification to the Ames procedure. One
mutagenicity test was performed per extract of each soil/waste mixture with
triplicate plates used for each dose. Evaluations of acute toxicity and
potential mutagenicity are based on the information given previously
concerning that interpretation.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Acute toxicity results of the WSF of each waste incubated in the Durant
clay loam soil are '--•••sented in Figures 2 through 5 for low moisture soil, and
in Figures 6 thrr 9 for high moisture soil. For the first experimental
oeriod cf approxi . . >:y 200 days, the WSF toxicity of API separator sludge
r,;reased with in'.'Jial waste loading rate, as well as with incubation time.
50
-------
0
Figure 2.
O 6% Load Rate
D12% Load Rate
A 9% Load Rate
20
60
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
Time (days)
Toxicity of water soluble fraction measured by the Microtox assay
with incubation time at low moisture content for API separator
sludge mixed with Durant clay loam soil. (EC50(5,15°) denotes the
conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output 5 minutes
after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.)
08% Load Rate
D12% Load Rate
A14% Load Rale
LU
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260'
Time (days)
Figure 3. Toxicity of water soluble fraction measured by the Microtox assay
with incubation time at low moisture content for slop oil waste
mixed with Durant clay loam soil. (EC50 (5,15°) denotes the
conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output 5 minutes
after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.)
51
-------
O 0.7% Load Rate
D 1.0% Load Rate
A13% Load Rate
o
JS
UJ
UJ
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
Time (days)
Figure 4. Toxicity of water soluble fraction measured by the Microtox assay
with incubation time at low soil moisture content for creosote
waste mixed with Durant clay loam soil. (EC50(5,15°) denotes the
conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output 5 minutes
after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.)
o
in
Figure 5.
003% Load Rate
DO.5% Load Rate
A 0.7% Load Rate
20 40
60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
Time (days)
Toxicity of wster soluble fraction measured by the Microtox assay
with incubation time at low soil moisture content for PCP waste
mixed with Durant clay loam soil. (EC50(5,15°) denotes the
conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output 5 np;uies
after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.)
52
-------
OM/M
Figure 6.
0
Figure 7.
DH/NR
20
40
60
80 100
Time (days)
120 140 160 160
Microtox results with incubation time for API separator sludge
waste reapplied to Durant clay loam soil at -1 bar soil moisture.
(EC50(5,15°) denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading
light output 5 minutes after sample addition at a temperature of
150C.)
OM/M
OH/NR
20
40
60
80 100
Time (days)
Microtox results with' incubation time for slop oil waste reapplied
to Our art clay loam soil at -1 bar soil moisture.
-------
40.
Figure 8.
OM/M
OH/NR
20
40
60
80 100
Time (days)
120 140 160 180
Microtox results with Incubation time for creosote waste reapplied
to Durant clay loam soil at -1 bar soil moisture. (EC50(5,15°)
denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output 5
minutes after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.)
UJ
40
35.
30,
25.
20.
15
10.
5
0
Figure 9.
OM/M
OH/NR
20
40
60
80 100
Time (days)
120 HO 160 180
Microtox results with incubation time for PCP waste reapplied to
Ourant clay loam soil at -1 bar soil moisture. (EC50{5,15°)
denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output 5
minutes after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.)
54
-------
The three waste loading rates "used appeared to reach the same level of
toxicity (EC50 approximately 30 percent) by day 167.
For API waste in Durant soil at the high loading rate (12 percent waste
wet-weight to soil dry-weight), a decrease in toxicity was observed 70 days
after initiating the second 200-day experiment (Figure 6). For the medium
load soil, reapplication of the medium loading resulted in gradual decrease in
toxicity (Figure 6).
For the slop oil emulsion solids waste in Durant soil, WSF toxicity was
apparent through both study periods (Figures 3 and 7). Transformation of the
waste is evident at day 129 (Figure 3), however, complete detoxification of
the waste was not achieved.
Wood preserving wastes incubated in Durant clay loam soil demonstrated
higher toxicity in the WSF extract than with the petroleum wastes. Creosote
waste in Durant clay loam soil exhibited initial toxicity of the WSF, and a
decrease in toxicity during the second period of incubation (Figure 8). PCP
waste demonstrated a decrease in WSF toxicity at the lowest loading rate
during the first experimental period (Figure 5)", and for the high loading rate
during the second experimental period (Figure 9). Reloading PCP at the medium
rate resulted in an increase in the WSF toxicity. A pattern of increasing
toxicity followed by decreasing toxicity of the WSF extract is apparent during
the second experimental period (Figures 8 and 9).
Acute toxicity results for the WSF for the four wastes incubated in
Kidman sandy loam soil are presented in Figures 10 through 13 for low moisture
soil and Figures 14 through 17 for high moisture soil. All four wastes
exhibited trends in WSF toxicities similar to those observed for the Durant
clay loam soil during the first experimental period. However, all WSFs are
more toxic than observed with the Durant soil. Results for the control soils,
i.e., Durant soil and Kidman soil with no waste addition are given in the
Appendix. The control soils without waste addition did not exhibit any
Microtox toxicity either initially or with time of incubation.
AMES ASSAY
Mutagenic potential was determined for each soil without waste addition
(controls), and for soil/waste mixtures for all four wastes immediately after
waste incorporation into soil and after approximately one year (400 days) of
incubation. The highest loading rate for each soil/waste combination was
evaluated. Results are presented in Figures 18 through 33.
Results for the Durant clay loam soil and the Kidman sandy loam soil
without waste addition do not exhibit any positive mutagenic response.
Figures indicating the lack of mutagenic response for the control soils are
presented in the Appendix. The mutagenic ratio of approximately one for both
soils indicates that the number of bacterial colonies growing in the presence
of the soil extract was approximately the same as the number growing without
any soil extract addition. Therefore, the experimental soils do not exhibit
any mutagenicity over the range of soil weight evaluated.
55
-------
O 6% Load Rate
D12% Load Rate
A 9% Load Rate
Figure 10.
20 40 60 80
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
Time (days)
Toxicity of water soluble fraction measured by the Microtox assay
with incubation time at low moisture content for API separator
sludge mixed with Kidman sandy loam soil. (EC50(5,15°) denotes
the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output 5 minutes
after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.)
06% Load Rate
D8% Load Rate
A12% Load Rate
UJ
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
Time
20 40 60
Figure 11. Toxicity of water soluble fraction measured by the Microtox assay
with incubation time at low moisture content for slop oil waste
mixed with Kidman sandy loam soil. (EC50(5,15°) denotes the
conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output 5 minutes
after sample addition at a tenerature of 15°C.)
56
-------
tf
o
in
O
UJ
20.
18.
16.
10.
8.
00.4% Load Rate
D 0.7% Load Rate
A 1.0% Load Rate
Figure 12.
8?
£
8
a
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
Time (days)
Toxicity of water soluble fraction measured by the Microtox assay
with incubation time at low soil moisture content for creosote
waste mixed with Kidman sandy loam soil. (EC50(5,15°) denotes the
conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output 5 minutes
after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.)
003% Load Rate
D 0.075% Load Rate
A 0.15% Load Rate
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
Time (days)
Figure 13. Toxicity of water soluble fraction measured by the Microtox assay
with incubation time at low soil moisture content for PCP waste
mixed with Kidman sandy loam soil. (EC50(5,15°) denotes the
conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output 5 minutes
after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.)
57
-------
Ul
Figure 14.
$
o
UJ
35.
30.
25.
20,
15
10.
5.
0.
Figure 15.
OM/M
OH/NR
nL/H
AN/H
20 40 60 80 100
Time (days)
Microtox results with incubation time for API separator sludge
waste reapplied to Kidman sandy loam-soil at -1/3 bar soil
moisture. (EC50(5,15P) denotes the conditions for the test, i.e.,
reading light output 5 minutes after sample addition at a
temperature of 15°C.)
OM/M
OH/NR
AN/H
20
40
60
80 100
Time (days)
120 140 160 180
Microtox results with incubation time for slop oil waste reapplied
to Kidman sandy loam soil at -1/3 bar soil moisture. (EC50(5,15°)
denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output 5
minutes after sample addition at a temperaturt of 15°C.)
58
-------
40.
35.
30.
g 25.
o 2°-
10.
5
0
Figure 16.
OM/M
OH/NR
DIM
AN/H
20
40
60
80 100
Time (days)
120 140 160 180
Microtox results with incubation time for creosote waste reapplied
to Kidman sandy loam soil at -1/3 bar soil moisture. (EC50(5,15°)
denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output 5
minutes after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.)
Figure 17.
OM/M
OH/NR
DL/H
AN/H
20
40
60
80 100
Time (days)
120 140
180
Microtox results with incubation time for PCP waste reapplied to
Kidman sandy loam soil at -1/3 bar soil moisture. (EC50(5,15°)
denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output 5
minutes after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.)
59
-------
LEGEND
• TA-81
O TA-SBnlthout S9
3 290 BOO T90 WOO I29O IBOO ITBO 20OO 225O 2900 2TBO 3000
60 70
ing toil/plait
100
129
Figure 18. Ames assay results for 12% API separator sludge in Durant clay
loam soil immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
2.0-1
0.0
ftOO 1000 IBOO
DOSE lpg/ptai»)
cooo
MOO
I
29
too
129
1O 79
mg toll/plow
Figure 19. Ames assay results for 12% API separator sludge in Durant clay
loam soil after 400 days incubation.
60
-------
2.0-1
19-
u
5
o
§
1.0-
0.9-
0.0
BOO
I
o
29
LEGEND
• TA-9B Mllli S9
O TA- 98 •llheut 1
1000 1500
DOSE
2000
2900
aooo
I
90
79
mg toil/plata
100
129
Figure 20. Ames assay results for 12% API separator sludge in Kidman sandy
loam soil immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
2.0-
O
K
O
I
1.9-
1.0-
0.9-
0.0
LEGEND
• T»-98«llhS9
o Tft-96 without 39
—I—
900
1000 1900
DOSE
COOO
—I—
2900
MOO
100
129
O 29 90 T8
rag toll/plate
Figure 21. Ames assay results for 12% API separator sludge in Kidman sandy
loam soil after 400 days incubation.
61
-------
4-,
3-
K
I
LEGEND
• TA-9e>llliS»
O TA-96 without S9
1000
2000
DOSE
WOO
400O
eooo
I
25
I
50
\
75
100
ing toil/plot*
Figure 22. Ames assay results for 14% slop oil in Durant clay loam soil
immediately after waste incorporation in soil.
2.9-1
2.0-
LECENO
• TA-9
O TA-DB*llhMt SO
u
«t 1.0 H
0.8-
1000
2OOO 9000
DOSE
40OO
9OOO
6OOO
IOC!
125
0 29 90 TO
mg soil/plat*
Figure 23. Ames as:3y results for 14% slop oil in Durant clay loam soil after
400 days incubation.
62
-------
6-1
9-
2 *'
111
2 «-
LECEHD
• TA-9B Mini 89
O TA-98Bltko«t S9
BOO 1000 1900 2000 2900 30OO 3800 4000
DOSE (pg/plat«)
90
mg Mil/Plata
79
IOO
Figure 24. Anes assay results for 12% slop oil in Kidman sandy loam soil
immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
Z.Q-1
1.0-
0.8-
O.O
LE8EMO
• TA-ge«l«lS9
O TA-9B •llhoirt S»
1 1 T—
IOOO 20OO WOO
DOSE (/ig/plat«)
4000
0000
SO TO
mg Mil/plat*
IOO
129
Figure 25. Ames assay results for 12% slop oil in Kidman sandy loam soil
after 400 days incubation.
63
-------
TA-99»HI>99
O TA-99wllt"V 39
290
900
DOSE (jig/plate)
790
1000
90
100 190
mg sell/plaU
200
290
Figure 26. Ames assay results for 1.3% creosote sludge in Durant clay loam
soil immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
6-1
9-
UEOENO
• T»-9B«lthS9
O T*-9B»lthcut 89
ao
«0 90
DOSE (p«/plat«)
120
190
I
0
29
100
129
90 T9
mg wll/plait
Figure 27. Ames assay results for 1.3% creosote sludge in Durant clay loam
soil after 400 days of incubation.
64
-------
ac
22-
LEGEMD
• T*-98«imSB
O TA-9B»llhout 89
90
100 ISO
DOSE (ftg/plati)
zoo
too no
mg toil/plait
zoo
250
Figure 28. Ames assay results for 1.0% creosote sludge in Kidman sandy loam
soil immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
2.9-1
LEGEND
• TA-98 with 89
O TA-98 •llbeul 88
0.9-
0.0
30
6O
DOSE (p«/plata
90
120
90 TB
mg toil /plate
too
125
Figure 29. Ames assay results for 1.0% creosote in Kidman sandy loam soil
after 400 days of incubation.
65
-------
9-1
I? /
LECEND
• TA-98 •Ith SS
O TA-98«tlhoul S9
90
100 ISO
DOSE
200
290
300
SO
too
125
no
mg
Figure 30. Ames assay results for 0.7% pehtachlorophenol sludge in Durant
clay loam soil immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
3.9-1
S.O-
2.8-
1.0
0.9 H
0.0
LEGEND
• T*-a
O T«-B6 wllDnt S9
80
too no
DOSE tft«/Piatal
zoo
zso
so
too
mg toll/plate
ISO
200
Figure 3i. Ames assay results for 0.7% pentachlorophenol sludg-. in Durant
clay loam soil after 400 days incubation.
66
-------
LECEMD
• TA-9B «llhS9
O TA-98 wllheut 39
10
ZO
DOSE
SO
40
29
BO
ies
ISO
TS 100
mg •oil/plota
Figure 32. Ames assay results for 0.3% pentachlorophenol sludge in Kidman
sandy loam soil immediately after waste incorporation into soil.
4.6-
2.0-
0.8-
0.0
LEGEND
• T* -98 •Ilk 89
O TA-98wllhoul S»
10
eo so
DOSE
4O
SO
60
BO
IBO
200
IOO
mg •oil/ploiB
Figure 33. Ames assay results for 0.3% pentachlorophenol sludge in Kidman
sandy loam soil after 400 days of incubation.
67
-------
A postive mutagenic potential (mutagenic ratio greater than 2.5) was
observed for both oetroleum wastes in Durant clay loam soil immediately after
waste incorporate.'! into soil (Figures 18 and 22). With Kidman sandy loam
soil only slop oil emulsion solids exhibited an initial mutagenicity (Figure
24). Mutagenic activity was not observed in any petroleum waste/soil extracts
after 400 days of treatment (Figures 19, 21, 23, and 25), indicating a
detoxification pathway in the soils for these wastes.
For the wood preserving wastes, positive mutagenic potential was observed
for both wastes in Durant clay loam soil immediately after waste incorporation
into soil (Figures 26 and 30). With Kidman sandy loam soil only creosote
waste exhibited an initial mutagenicity (Figure 28). A positive mutagenic
potential was observed after 400 days of treatment for both wood preserving
wastes incubated in Durant clay loam soil at the highest loading rates
(Figures 27 and 31). No positive mutagenic potential was detected in PCP
waste incubated in Kidman sandy loam soil at 0.3 percent loading (Figures 32
and 33). For the creosote waste in Kidman sandy loam soil, mutagenic activity
was not evident after 400 days of treatment (Figure 29), indicating
detoxification of creosote waste in Kidman sandy loam soil.
It is difficult to compare Durant clay loam soil to Kidman sandy loam
soil with respect to mutagenicity reduction efficiency since the loading rates
were different for the two soils for three of the four wastes studied for
mutagenicity.
SUMMARY
Microtox assay results indicated that transformation of hazardous organic
constituents occurred in all waste soil combinations evaluated. An increase
in WSF toxicity was observed for all waste/soil mixtures evaluated during the
first experimental period, and a decrease in WSF toxicity was generally
observed during the second experimental period.
Results obtained from transformation evaluations using the Microtox assay
agree with "bservations from the bioassay comparative study reported in the
Loading Rat. Evaluation Section, Volume 1. The Microtox assay again proved to
be an extremely sensitive assay which may not correlate with gross degradation
indicators such as respiration studies, and therefore should not be used to
positively identify an actual loading rate at which soil biodegradation will
be inhibited. Loading rates actually used in the study were generally higher
than those suggested as a result of using the Microtox assay in the initial
loading rate studies. The rationale for selection of higner loading rates was
the confirmation that biodegradation occurred, as evidenced by carbon dioxide
evolution and by other metabolic activity studies, at higher loading rates.
However, since WSF toxicity results indicated that transformation of the waste
occurred for all waste/soil combinations, and that the WSF may contain
hazardous intermediate products, it may be concluded that lower loading rates,
i.e., rates closer to the ones initially indicated based on Microtox assay,
results should be used in future studies if the treatment criterion desired is
complete detoxification of the waste-soil mixture.
68
-------
Results from mutagenicity evaluations for soil detoxification of
petroleum refinery wastes indicated a reduction from mutagenic to nonmutagenic
activity with treatment time for API separator sludge in Durant clay loam soil
and for slop oil emulsion solids incubated in Durant clay loam and in Kidman
sandy loam soils. Wood preserving wastes, however, were not rendered
nonmutagenic after 400 days of soil incubation in Durant clay loam soil at
waste loading rates of 1.3 percent and 0.7 percent for creosote and PCP
wastes, respectively. However, no mutagenicity was detected at a loading rate
of 0.3 percent PCP waste in Kidman sandy loam soil, and the initial positive
mutagenic potential for a loading rate of 1.0 percent creosote waste was
reduced to a nonmutagenic level with a treatment time of 400 days.
These results indicate the importance of waste loading and site selection
and management for land treatment units receiving hazardous wastes.
Treatability studies can provide valuable information concerning selection of
loading rates and the production of intermediate products in soil-waste
mixtures that may require careful site management.
69
-------
SECTION 6
WASTE IMMOBILIZATION EVALUATION
INTRODUCTION
Mobility includes the downward transport, or leaching potential, and
upward transport, or volatilization potential of waste constituents.
Transport is evaluated in order to ensure that treatment (degradation,
transformation, or immobilization) will occur in the treatment zone. The
transport potential for waste constituents to migrate or partition from the
waste to water, air, and/or soil phases will be affected by the relative
affinity of the waste constituents for each phase. Approaches to the
evaluation of the mobility of a waste in this study included laboratory column
studies and laboratory partition studies to determine partition coefficients.
Laboratory column studies were conducted in order to evaluate the
integrated toxicity of leachate produced in short (50 cm) column studies
containing the experimental soils and wastes. The purpose for using short
columns was to evaluate the "potential" for separation and transport of
toxicity in the WSF (leachate), not for predicting or evaluating the
likelihood of generating toxic leachates from the downward transport of water
through the 5 ft waste treatment zone. Trie water loading for all columns
exceeded the 100 year flood event by a factor of 4 for anywhere in the United
States.
Studies were also conducted to develop and evaluate preliminary
techniques and approaches to determining partition coefficient. The relative
affinity or distribution of waste constituents among the four environmental
phases identified previously, i.e., waste, water, air, and soil, may be
quantified by determining distribution or partition coefficients. Partition
coefficients are defined and evaluated as follows:
K _ constituent(s) concentration in^aste or oil phase
0 constituent(s) concentration in aqueous phase
.. _ constituent(s) concentration in the soil phase
d ~ constituents) concentration in aqueous phase
K _ constituent(s) concentration in the air phase
n ~ constituent(s) concentration in aqueous phase
K _ constituent(s) concentration in the air phase
ao ~ constituent!s) concentration in aqueous phase
Constituent-specific partition coefficients can be used as input parameters
for the proposed treatment zone model for soil processes (Appendix B), along
70
-------
with degradation data, for evaluating the fate and transport of hazardous
constituents in soil systems.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Column Studies
Column studies were performed to evaluate immobilization potential of
waste based on the Microtox™ toxicity of leachate samples. Duplicate
laboratory columns were prepared for each waste-soil combination (4 wastes x 2
soils x 2 replicates = 16 columns), and immobilization was evaluated under
saturated soil conditions immediately after waste incorporation into soil
(initial study). Waste-soil mixtures which had been incubated for 1 year
under high soil moisture conditions (-1/3 to -1 bar) were also applied to
another set of columns (4 wastes x 2 soils x 1 replicate = 8 columns). Since
degradation studies and Microtox system results had indicated general PAH
degradation and transformation after 1 year of soil treatment at high soil
moisture, it was considered important to evaluate the immobilization potential
of waste where transformation of intermediate "degradation products are likely
present.
Glass columns (50 cm x 5 cm I.D.) fitted with glass frits and teflon
stopcocks were used for the studies. The columns were packed to 35 cm with
air-dried Durant clay loam or Kidman sand loam (= 662 g soil for Durant clay
loam and 912 g for Kidman sandy loam). For the initial study, wastes were
incorporated into the top 8 cm (147 g for Durant soil; 195 g for Kidman soil)
at the high rates determined for each soil:waste combination. Initially the
columns were gravimetric ally back-fed with deionized water in order to replace
the air from pore spaces with water. Water was then allowed to percolate
through the columns with the leachate collected at the bottom. Water was
continuously added to the top of each column, with an 8 cm head maintained by
a tube allowing any excess water to drain off. The flow rate for each column
was adjusted to allow for collection of one pore volume (determined to be
approximately 300 ml for both soils) per day.
In the second study, one column was prepared for each soilrwaste
combination. Column preparation was identical to that of the initial study
except that the amount of the Kidman soil:waste mixtures used was
approximately 75 percent (by weight) less than was used in the first study.
Leachate samples, collected as column pore volumes, were analyzed for
toxicity using the Microtox toxicity system.
Partition Coefficient Determination
Experimental Procedure—
Partition coefficients among waste, water, and air phases were determined
for several major components (PAHs and volatile aromatic hydrocarbons) of each
waste. Figure 34 shows the sample preparation and analysis scheme for the
71
-------
r\>
Analyze by I .
Purge and Trap Gr f
Volatile Fraction
Hethanol Extract
Analyze by
CC or HPLC
CH2Cl2 Extractable
Fraction
Volatile
Fraction
Analyze by
GC or MPLC
Extract with
Soil
I!
: Water =£: Air
Sample with Gas
Tight Syringe
Analyze by Direct
Injection GC
CHjClj Extractable
Fraction
Purge and Trap
GC
Analyze by
GC or IIPLC
Figure 34. Sample preparation and analysis scheme for the determination of KH, KQ, and K
-------
determination of the partition coefficients. Due to the low water solubility
of the major constituents of concern, it was not possible to determine
soil/water partition coefficient (KQ) for the complex wastes.
A partition coefficient was calculated for evaluating the distribution of
constituents between the waste (or oil) and air phases (K0-j). This partition
coefficient may be used to assess the relative affinity of a constituent for
the air phase in the presence of a waste (oil) phase. Kpi therefore is an
indicator of the extent of volatilization from the waste (oil) phase.
Ten grams waste (wet weight) and 75 ml distilled deionized water (DDW)
were added to 150 ml glass bottles with scalable top (see Figure 35) the
bottles were sealed with an aluminum cap and teflon-lined septa and then
placed in a rotary shaker at 30 rpm for 24 hrs. After shaking, the bottles
were centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 30 min. Three distinct phases were observed.
The headspace was sampled (1 to 4 ml) with a gas-tight syringe and
analyzed by direct injection gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization
detector .
Three aliquots of the aqueous phase were taken immediately after the
headspace sample. One aliquot was used to determine the volatile constituents
in the aqueous phase using the purge and trap GC method. A second aliquot was
extracted with CHC12 and analyzed by GC or HPLC to determine the nonvolatile
extractable constituents. A third aliquot was equilibrated with soil in a
separate glass container for the determination of Kn,. After equilibrium the
soil was extracted with CHzC^ and the concentration of constituents
determined by GC or HPLC analysis.
Two aliquots of the waste sample were also taken. The methanol extract
of one aliquot was analyzed by purge and trap GC to determine the
concentration of volatile constituents. The second aliquot was extracted with
CH2Clg and the concentration of nonvolatile constituents determined by GC or
HPLC.
Partition coefficients between water and soil, air, and waste phases were
calculated from the experimentally determined concentrations in each phase.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results for laboratory column studies for soils without waste addition
(control columns) are presented in Table 37. All leachate samples taken were
nontoxic using the Microtox assay. Results for laboratory column studies
conducted immediately after initial waste incorporation into soil for all four
wastes and for the two experimental soils are presented in Figures 36 through
39. Leachate generated, which amounted to 15 column volumes, for columns
containing the petroleum refining waste exhibited nontoxic or very low
toxicity values immediately after waste incorporation (Figures 36 and 37).
This was observed for the Durant clay loam soil and the Kidman sandy loam
soil.
73
-------
Aluminum Ring
Waste
Tenon™ Lined Rubber Septa
125 ml Glass Hypo Viol
Aqueous Phase
Figure 35. Apparatus for partitioning experiments.
TABLE 37. MICROTOX BIOASSAY EVALUATION OF LABORATORY
COLUMN LEACHATE FOR CONTROL SOIL
Volume of
Leachate
(columns volumes)
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
Durant Clay Loam
EC50(5,15°)* (vol%)
NT+
NT
NT
NT
NA#
NT
NT
NT
Kidman Sandy Loam
EC50(5,15<>) (vol
NT
NT
NT
NT
NA
NT
NT
NT
*)
*EC50(5,15°) denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output
5 minutes after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.
+NT = no apparent toxic effect.
= no analysis.
74
-------
120
100.
o 60-
8
UJ
40.
20.
012% Sep Sludge in Durant Clay 012% Sep Sludge in Kidman Sandy Loam
-I-
2
4 6 8 10 12
Volume of Leachate (column volumes)
14
16
Figure 36.
120
100
g 80
- 60
8
Immobilization of API separator sludge waste as determined by
Microtox bioassay evaluation of laboratory column leachate
immediately after waste incorporation into soil. (EC50(5,15°)
denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output 5
minutes after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.)
014% Slop Oil in Durant Clay Loam 012% Slop Oil in Kidman Sandy Loam
O
01
40
20.
6 8 10 12
Volume of Leachate (column volumes)
14
16
Figure 37. Immobilization of slop oil emulsion solids waste as determined by
Microtox bioassay evaluation of laboratory column leachate
immediately after waste incorporation into soil. (EC50(5,15°)
denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output 5
minutes after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.)
75
-------
120
01.3% Creosote in Durant Clay Loam 01.0% Creosote in Kidman Sandy Loam
100
3? 80
•5
o 60
in
O
UJ
40
20.
4 6 8 10 12
Volume of Leachale (column volumes)
14
16
Figure 38. Immobilization of creosote waste as determined by Microtox
bioassay evaluation of laboratory column leachate immediately
after waste incorporation into soil. (EC50(5,15°) denotes the
conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output 5 minutes
after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.)
120
O0.7% PCP in Durant Clay Loam O0.3% PCP in Kidman Sandy Loam
o
8
01
100.
60.
40 J
20.
4 6 8 10 12
Volume of Leachate (column volumes)
14
16
Figure 39. Immobilization of PCP waste as determined by Microtox bioassay
evaluation of laboratory column leachate immediately after waste
incorporation into soil. (EC50(5,15°) denotes the conditions for
the test, i.e., reading light output 5 minutes after sample
addition at a temperature of 15°C.)
76
-------
Leachate generated in the creosote loaded columns exhibited very low or
nontoxic values for the Durant soil (Figure 38). However, leachate from the
Kidman soil exhibited a toxic response in every sample analyzed.
Leachate generated in the PCP loaded columns exhibited different
responses which appeared to be a function of the soil properties. For the
Durant clay loam soil, leachate was not observed to exhibit Microtox toxicity
through the first 7 column volumes; however, subsequent leachate had
relatively toxic EC50 values for leachate samples from column volumes 9
through 15. For the Kidman sandy loam soil, leachate from the first 7 column
volumes exhibited Microtox toxicity; however, subsequent leachate exhibited no
toxicity after the 9th column volume. Therefore, the behavior of the columns
with respect to Microtox toxicity was opposite and appeared to be related to
the soil type. However, it is possible that the different toxicity patterns
may have been related to the different PCP loading rates used for the two soil
types (Figure 39).
Results for leachates generated from laboratory column studies initiated
after approximately one year of treatment for all four wastes and for the two
experimental soils are presented in Figures 40 through 43. Leachates from the
petroleum waste columns containing Durant clay loam soil were generally less
toxic than from columns containing Kidman sandy loam soil (Figures 40 and 41).
Leachate from the wood preserving waste columns (Figures 42 and 43) generally
exhibited higher Microtox toxicity values than the petroleum wastes even
though the loading rates were an order of magnitude smaller. Creosote column
leachate generally exhibited lower toxicity than leachate collected from the
PCP column. Also, similar to the results obtained immediately after waste
incorporation into soil for the PCP waste columns, leachate generated from the
column containing Durant soil generally exhibited lower toxicity than leachate
generated from the column containing Kidman sandy loam.
Results for partition coefficients for the distribution between waste and
water (K0) for the PAH constituents for the four wastes investigated are
presented in Table 38. Values for K0 indicated very high partitioning of PAH
constituents into all waste, as expected. K0 values were highest for API
separator sludge waste, which were similar to octanolrwater (Kow) partition
coefficients. Due to the extremely low concentrations of PAH constituents in
the aqueous phase, it was not feasible to measure Kp values for these
constituents experimentally using the procedure described. Also, only
naphthalene could be detected in the air phase in sufficient concentration to
determine a partition coefficient between air and water, and their values were
included in results for volatile constituents.
Results for partition coefficients for volatile constituents in the four
wastes are presented in Tables 39 through 42. Partition coefficients
evaluated included Kn (air/water), K0 (oil/water) for the petroleum wastes, KQ
(waste/water) for the wood preserving wastes, and Kao (air/waste). The
constituents have the greatest affinity for the waste, as indicated by the
high values for K0 and Kao compared with Kn. Concentrations of constituents
were generally in the ratio of 1:10:10,000 for air:water:oil phases for
constituents identified in petroleum waste except for benzene (1:2:5000) and
for naphthalene (1:150:100,000). For the wood preserving wastes
77
-------
120.
100.
I *«
8
"J 40.
20.
012% Sep Sludge in Durant Clay Loam D12% Sep Sludge in Kidman Sandy Loam
Figure 40.
23456
Volume of Leachate (column volumes)
8
Immobilization of API separator sludge waste as determined by
Microtox bioassay evaluation of laboratory column leachate 352
days after waste incorporation into soil. (EC50{5,15°) denotes
the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output 5 minutes
after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.)
120
100.
-------
120
01.3% Creosote in Durant Clay.Loam n 1.0% Creosote in Kidman Sandy Loam
100.
2
O
40.
20
012345678
Volume of Leachate (column volumes)
Figure 42. Immobilization of creosote waste as determined by Microtox
bioassay evaluation of laboratory column leachate 361 days after
waste incorporation into soil. (EC50(5,15°) denotes the
conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output 5 minutes
after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.)
120
100.
40.
20.
O 0.7% PCP in Durant Clay Loam D 03% PCP in Kidman Sandy Loam
23456
Volume of Leachate (column volumes)
8
Figure 43. Immobilization of PCP waste as determined by Microtox bioassay
evaluation of laboratory column leachate 334 days after waste
incorporation into soil. (EC50(5,15°) denotes the conditions for
the test, i.e., reading light output 5 minutes after sample
addition at a temperature of 15°C.)
79
-------
TABLE 38. WASTE/WATER (K0) PARTITION COEFFICIENTS FOR PAH
CONSTITUENTS IN FOUR WASTES
00
PLI Sludge Waste
Creosote Sludge
Waste
API
Separator Sludge
Slop Oil
Emulsion Sol ids
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benz( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Ben zo ( k)f 1 uoranthene
Benzol ajpyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenzf a, h) anthracene
Indeno|l,2,3)pyrene
KO
2,700
9,900
7,500
29,200
9,500
11,200
11,400
12,500
6,000
4,000
3,900
log K0
3.44
4.00
3.88
4.47
3.98
4.05
4.06
4.10
3.78
3.62
3.600
KO
3,800
34,700
3,400
81,800
17,900
700
70,500
13,700
17,900
17,600
5,300
log K0
3.58
4.54
3.53
4.91
4.25
2.84
4.85
4.14
4.25
4.25
3.73
KO
3,400
33,100
102,000
101,000
134,000
118,000
110,000
116,000
214,000
log K0
3.53
4.52
5.01
5.00
5.13
5.07
5.04
5.06
5.33
KO
1,500
18,600
22,300
23,700
22,700
25,200
26,400
20,300
log K0
3.19
4.27
4.35
4.36
4.36
4.40
4.42
•
3 1
-------
TABLE 39. PARTITION COEFFICIENTS FOR VOLATILE COMPOUNDS IN API SEPARATOR SLUDGE
00
Concentration
Benzene
Toluene
Ethylbenzene
p-xylene
m-xylene
o-xylene
Napthalene
Air
(lig/D
1,700
1,200
200
230
590
240
4
Water
(iig/1)
4,000
10,000
800
4,100
3,400
3,100
900
in
Waste
(mg/kg)
4,300
5,300
2,500
3,400
8,000
3,300
1,900
Kh (air/water)
Kh
0.44
0.11
0.25
0.06
0.18
0.08
4.3xlO-3
log Kh
-0.36
-0.94
-0.60
-1.25
-0.76
-1.13
-2.36
Kn (oil /water)
K0
1,100
500
3,200
800
2,400
1,000
2,200
loq K0
3.03
2.72
3.50
2.92
3.38
3.02
3.35
Kan (air/waste)
^ao
4.05xlO'4
2.19xlO-4
8.03xlO-5
6.80xlO-5
7.35x10-5
7.09x10-5
1.94x10-6
log K
-3.39
-3.66
-4.10
-4.17
-4.13
-4.15
-5.71
-------
TABLE 40. PARTITION COEFFICIENTS FOR VOLATILE COMPOUNDS IN SLOP OIL EMULSION SOLIDS
Concentration
Benzene
Toluene
Ethyl benzene
p-xylene
m-xylene
o-xylene
Napthalene
Air
(yg/D
750
780
230
260
760
280
9
Water
(lig/1)
850
10,400
3,800
5,300
15,200
6,800
1,400
in
Waste
(mg/kg)
4,600
2,800
3,600
4,100
10,400
4,390
1,130
Kh (air/ water)
Kh
0.88
7.5x10-2
5.9xlO-2
4.8x10-2
5.0x10-2
4.2x10-2
6.6xlO-3
log Kn
-0.06
-1.12
-1.23
-1.32
-1.30
-1.38
-2.18
Kn (oil
KO
5,400
275
900
800
700
600
800
1 /water)
log K0
3.73
2.44
2.97
2.89
2.84
2.81
2.90
Kao (air/waste)
Kao
1.6xlO-4
2.7xlO-4
6.3xlO-5
6.2x10-5
7.2x10-5
6.5x10-5
8.4xlO-6
log K
-3.79
-3.56
-4.20
-4.21
-4.14
-4.19
-5.08
00
rv>
-------
TABLE 41. PARTITION COEFFICIENTS FOR VOLATILE COMPOUNDS IN PENTACHLOROPHENOL WASTE SLUDGE
Concentration
Benzene
Toluene
Ethyl benzene
p-xylene
m-xylene
o-xylene
m Napthalene
Co
Air
(vg/1)
5.35
8.05
3.07
5.20
6.11
2.68
90.5
Water
(ug/D
146.4
232
58.2
71.2
94.1
64.6
11,600
in
Waste
(mg/kg)
27.76
22.06
9700
Kh (air/water) KQ (waste/water)
Kh
3.7xlO-2
3.5xlO-2
5.3xlO-2
7.3x10-2
6.5x10-2
4.1x10-2
7.8xlO-3
log Kn K0
-1.44
-1.46
-1.28
-1.14
-1.19 4,500
-1.38 8,200
-2.11 107,000
log K0
3.7
3.9
5.0
Kao (air/waste)
Kao
2.20xlO-4
1. 21xlO-4
9. 35xlO-6
log K
-3.6J6
-3.92
-5.03
-------
TABLE 42. PARTITION COEFFICIENTS FOR VOLATILE COMPOUNDS IN CREOSOTE WASTE SLUDGE
Concentration in
Benzene
Toluene
Ethyl benzene
p-xylene
m-xylene
o-xylene
Napthalene
Air
(ng/i)
0.42
1.10
0.61
2.53
1.50
0.79
50.95
Water
-------
concentrations of constituents were generally in the ratio of 1:10:10,000 for
air:water:waste phases except for naphthalene (1:100:100,000). Therefore,
results of partition coefficient studies for the four wastes indicate a two
and five log increase in concentration from air to water and from air to waste
(oil) phases, respectively.
SUMMARY
Immobilization of hazardous waste as measured by the Microtox assay of
laboratory column leachates indicated that little toxicity was exhibited by
leachates from petroleum wastes incubated at the high loading rates in Durant
clay loam soil and in Kidman sandy loam soil. Leachates produced from
creosote and PCP loaded columns exhibited definitive levels of toxicity, thus
indicating the potential for generation of WSF extract toxicity that should be
considered when determining waste loading rates for the experimental soils
used.
Differences in the two experimental soils that may be related to the
immobilization of toxic constituents in PCP wastes may be characterized in
terms of soil pH and soil organic matter. At the pH of the Durant soil and
Kidman soil, 6.6 and 7.9, respectively, PCP is expected to be in the
dissociated, ionized form since these pH values are above the pKa value for
PCP. PCP is known to be toxic to the Microtox organisms; sodium
pentachlorophenate is used as a standard for calibrating the Microtox. PCP
would be expected to be more dissociated, and therefore more water soluble, in
the leachate from the Kidman soil. Also, the Kidman soil contains less
organic matter (0.5 percent) than the Durant soil (2.88 percent). Since
organic matter content is related to the capacity of a soil to sorb organic
chemicals, it is expected that the Durant soil would be more efficient at
treatment, i.e., immobilization of PCP, than Kidman soil. Thus the observed
differences between leachate toxicities from the Durant soil and Kidman soil
columns may be due to soil characteristics including pH and organic matter
content.
Partition coefficients that were determined for PAH and volatile
constituents of all four wastes indicated highest partitioning of constituents
into the oil or waste phase. Relative concentrations between water and oil or
waste phases for PAH constituents were generally 1:1000 to 1:100,000, with the
higher ratios observed for the petroleum wastes. Relative concentrations
among air:water:waste (oil) phases for volatile constituents were generally
1:100:100,000. The oil or waste phase demonstrated greatest partitioning for
both semivolatile and volatile constituents present in all four wastes
evaluated.
85
-------
REFERENCES
Bulman, T. L., S. Lesage, P. J. A. Fowles, and M. D. Webber. 1985. The
persistence of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. PACE Report
No. 85-2, Petroleum Assoc. for Conservation of the Canadian Environ.
Ottawa, Ontario.
Jury, W. A., W. F. Spencer, and W. J. Farmer. 1983. Behavior assessment
model for trace organics in soil: Model description. J. Environ. Qual.
12:558-564.
Kleinbaum, D. 6. and L. L. Kupper. 1978. Applied .regression analysis and
other multivariable methods. Duxbury Press, North Scituate, MA.
Short, T. E. 1986. Modeling of processes in the unsaturated zone, p. 211-
240. In: R. C. Loehr and J. F. Malina, Jr., eds. Land treatment: A
hazardous waste mangement alternative. Water Reosurces Symp. No. 13,
Center for Research in Water REsources, The Univ. of Texas at Austin, TX.
Sims, R. C. 1982. Land treatment of polynuclear aromatic corvrunds. PhD
Dissertation. Dept. Biol. Agr. Eng., No. Carolina State Un, ., Raleigh,
NC.
Sims, R. C., and M. R. Overcash. 1983. Fate of polynuclear aromatic
compounds (PNAs) in soil-plant systems. Residue Rev. 88:1-68.
SPSS Inc. 1986. SPSSX User's guide. Second edition. McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York, NY. 988 p.
U.S. EPA. 1982. Test methods for evaluating solid waste, physical/chemical
methods. 2nd Ed. SW-846. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D.C.
U. S. EPA. 1986b. Permit guidance manual on hazardous waste land treatment
demonstrations. Final Draft. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency
Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
86
-------
APPENDIX A
RESULTS OF LABORATORY ANALYSES
87
-------
TABLE A-l. RESULTS FOR OIL AND GREASE VALUES WITH INCUBATION TIME AT
LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR CREOSOTE WASTE MIXED WITH
DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL
Oil and Grease (mg/kg)
Sample Time
(day)
0
37
143
167
234
0
37
143
167
234
0
37
143
167
234
0
37
143
167
234
Repl
1
2600
2000
2800
1600
310*
3600
3000
5000
3100
2500
4400
3000
3900
2500
2600
200
300
N/A*
500
500
icate Reactors
2
Load Rate
2700
2600
2600
3100
2200
Load Rate
3200
2700
3400
3500
3000
Load Rate
3800
4700
3800
4500
3600
400
300
N/A
700
300
3 x
(%waste wet/ soil
0.7 %
2600 2600
2600 2400
2700 2700
3000 2600
2300 2500
(%waste wet/ soil
1.0 %
3200 3300
3000 2900
3300 3900
2200 2900
1500 2300
(%waste wet/ soil
1.3 %
4300 4100
3800 3800
4600 4100
6400 4500
4000 3400
Control
200
300
N/A
600
400
SD
dry)
58
390
100
840
490
dry)
230
170
950
670
760
dry)
310
850
440
2000
720
CV (%)
2.2
15.6
3.7
32.7
19.5
6.9
6.0
24.5
22.7
32.7
7.4
22.2
10.6
43.7
21.2
*N/A - no anaTysis.
88
-------
TABLE A-2. RESULTS FOR OIL AND GREASE VALUES WITH INCUBATION TIME AT
LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR CREOSOTE WASTE MIXED WITH
KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL
Sample Time
(day)
0
29
130
158
225
0
29
130
158
225
0
29
130
158
225
0
29
130
158
225
Repl
1
1400
1100
1200
1300
1300
2500
3100
2100
2100
2300
4000
3200
2800
3000
2900
200
N/A*
100
100
300
Oil and Grease (mg/kg
icate Reactors
Z
Load
1600
7000
1500
1500
1700
Load
2100
2300
2100
2200
2300
Load
3100
3400
2900
3100
3000
300
N/A
100
100
300
3 x
Rate (%waste wet/soil
0.4 %
1400 1500
1900 3400
1100 1300
1300 1400
1500 1500
Rate (Xwaste wet/ soil
0.7 X
2100 2200
6900 4100
1900 2000
2000 2100
2200 2300
Rate (Xwaste wet/soil
1.0 %
3000 3400
2100 2900
2900 2900
3300 3100
2500 2800
Control
100
N/A
100
200
0
)
SD
dry)
1200
3200
210
120
200
dry)
230
2500
120
100
58
dry)
550
700
58
150
260
CV (%)
7.9
95.2
16.4
8.5
13.3
10.3
60.0
5.7
4.8
2.6
16.4
24.1
2.0
4.9
9.5
"N/A - no analysi s.
89
-------
TABLE A-3. RESULTS FOR OIL AND GREASE VALUES WITH INCUBATION TIME AT
LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR PCP WASTE MIXED WITH
DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL
Sample Time
(day)
Oil and Grease (mq/kg)
Replicate Reactors
1 2 3 x
SD CV (%)
Load Rate (Xwaste wet/soil dry)
0.3 %
0 2500 2200 1900 1900 450 24.1
28 1100 2000 2200 1400 75!, 53.5
116 1300 1600 1200 1400 320 23.8
140 1200 1400 1300 1400 210 14.4
207 1000 1000 1100 1200 180 15.5
Load Rate (fcwaste wet/soil dry)
0.5 *
0 3500 1900 2900 2800 810 29.2
28 1700 1400 4300
116 1300 1500 3100 2000 990 50.2
140 2300 1500 1900 2300 800 34.8
207 1500 1100 2000 1500 450 29.4
Load Rate (Xwaste wet/soil dry)
0.7 %
0 4600 4200 4100 4300 260 6.2
28 2800 2600 4200 3200 870 27.2
116 2800 3700 3100 3200 460 14.3
140 3200 3100 2900 3100 170 5.6
207 22fin. 2400 2500 2400 150 6.5
Control
0 300 200 200
28 300 200 300
116 30r 200 200
140 51' 500 500
207 200 300 200
90
-------
TABLE A-4. RESULTS FOR OIL AND GREASE VALUES WITH INCUBATION TIME AT
LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR PCP WASTE MIXED WITH
KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL
Sample Time
(day)
0
28
112
140
207
0
28
112
140
207
0
28
112
140
207
Oil and Grease (mg/kg)
Rep
1
500
500
500
400
500
800
1000
600
700
800
1600
1500
1200
1400
1200
licate
2
Load
400
600
500
400
600
Load
600
900
700
1000
800
Load
1200
1500
1200
1500
1400
Reactors
3
Rate (%waste
0.075
600
900
400
400
500
Rate (%waste
0.15
800
1500
700
700
800
X
wet/ soil
%
500
670
470
400
530
wet/ soil
%
1400
1100
670
800
800
Rate (SSwaste wet/soil
0.3 %
1900
1000
1200
1800
1400
1600
1000
1200
1600
1300
SD
dry)
100
210
58
0
58
dry)
560
320
58
170
0
dry)
350
810
0
210
120
CV (%)
20.0
31.2
12.4
0
10.8
40.0
28.4
8.7
21.7
0
22.4
78.2
0
13.3
8.7
Control
0
28
112
140
207
100
200
100
400
100
200
200
200
300
100
100
250
100
500
100
91
-------
TABLE A-5. RESULTS FOR OIL AND GREA?" VALUES WITH INCUBATION TIME AT
LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR API SEPARATOR SLUDGE WASTE MIXED WITH
DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL
Sample Time
(day)
Replicate
1 Z
Oil and Grease
Reactors
3
(mg/kg)
"x
SD CV (%)
0
37
143
167
234
0
37
143
167
234
0
37
143
167
234
0
37
143
167
234
28000
18000
39000
10000
16000
27000
27000
29000
26000
23000
36000
30000
30000
31000
28000
400
300
330
300
300
Load Rate (%waste wet/soil dry)
6%
12000
15000
42000
13000
15000
8000
16000
20000
17000
16000
16000
16000
34000
13000
16000
Load Rate (Xwaste wet/soil dry)
14000
20000
20000
18000
19000
9%
16000
23000
21000
22000
19000
19000
23000
23000
22000
24000
11000
1500
12000
3500
580
7000
3500
4900
4000
5000
Load Rate (%waste wet/soil dry)
12% '
25000 9900
31000 1700
26000 4700
30000 1500
20000
33000
21000
30000
29000
?00
L'.iO
2- ''
100
2 CO
18000
30000
25000
28000
27000
28000
1000
Control
400
100
270
200
300
68.1
9.4
35.4
26.3
3.7
36.8
15.1
21.1
18.2
21.3
40.0
5.6
18.0
5.2
3.6
92
-------
TABLE A-6. RESULTS FOR OIL AND GREASE VALUES WITH INCUBATION TIME AT
LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR API SEPARATOR SLUDGE WASTE MIXED WITH
KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL
Sample Time
(day)
Oflana Grease (mg/kg)
Replicate Reactors
SD
CV (%}
Load Rate (%waste wet/soil dry)
6%
0
29
130
158
225
0
29
130
158
225
0
29
130
158
225
0
29
130
158
225
22000
19000
20000
22000
17000
18000
23000
24000
23000
22000
32000
32000
24000
32000
26000
200
120
100
100
400
16000
14000
15000
14000
13000
Load Rate
26000
28000
27000
27000
23000
Load Rate
27000
28000
29000
24000
26000
300
100
100
200
400
15000 17000
17000 17000
17000 17000
18000 18000
17000 16000
(Xwaste wet/ soil
9%
17000 20000
20000 24000
17000 23000
19000 26000
17000
(%waste wet/soil
12%
30000 30000
33000 31000
29000 27000
23000 26000
30000 27000
Control
100
100
100
100
400
4000
2500
2500
4600
2300
dry)
4900
4000
5300
2100
dry)
2500
2600
2900
4900
2300
23.3
15.1
14.
25,
14.7
24.3
17.1
23.0
8.3
8.5
8.5
10.6
18.7
8.5
93
-------
TABLE A-7. RESULTS FOR OIL AND GREASE VALUES WITH INCUBATION TIME AT
LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR SLOP OIL WASTE MIXED WITH
DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL
Sample Time
(day)
0
28
105
129
196
0
28
105
129
196
0
28
105
129
196
0
28
105
129
196
Oil and Grease (mg/kg)
Replicate Reactors
1
36000
48000
51000
51000
48000
34000
58000
58000
56000
53000
47000
78000
77000 •
84000
73000
300
400
100
400
400
2
Load Rate
33000
51000
50000
46000
47000
Load Rate
64000
58000
59000
61000
N/A*
Load Rate
41000
76000
78000
81000
75000
200
500
200
200
400
3 x
(%waste wet/soil
8%
47000 39000
53000 51000
48000 50000
48000 48000
44000 46000
(Xwaste wet/soil
12*
45000 48000
49000 55000
61000 59000
58000 58000
54000 54000
(Xwaste wet/ soil
14%
67000 52000
90000 81000
88000 81000
87000 84000
N/A 74000
Control
3000
400
200
200
500
SD
dry)
7400
2500
1500
2500
2100
dry)
15000
5200
1500
2500
710
dry)
14000
7600
6100
3000
1400
CV (X)
19.1
5.0
3.1
5.2
4.5
31.8
9.5
2.6
4.3
1.3
26.4
9.3
7.5
3.6
1.9
*N/A - no analysis.
94
-------
TABLE A-8. RESULTS FOR OIL AND GREASE VALUES WITH INCUBATION TIME AT
LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR SLOP OIL WASTE MIXED WITH
KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL
Sample Time
(day)
OiI and Grease (mg/lcgj
Replicate Reactors"
2 T
SD
CV (X)
0
28
103
129
196
0
28
103
129
196
0
28
103
129
196
0
28
103
129
196
Load Rate (Xwaste wet/soil dry)
6%
43000
59000
35000
36000
32000
46000
64000
43000
42000
38000
34000
65000
58000
66000
55000
300
300
200
200
300
37000
58000
35000
34000
32000
Load Rate
40000
64000
43000
44000
40000
Load Rate
54000
73000
60000
61000
52000
36000
36000
25000
34000
34000
(fcwaste
8*
52000
62000
42000
36000
39000
(%waste
12*
70000
72000
58000
55000
55000
39000
51000
32000
35000
33000
wet/ soil
46000
63000
43000
41000
39000
wet/ soil
53000
70000
59000
61000
54000
dry)
dry)
Control
400
400
100
200
300
200
300
100
200
300
3800
13000
5800
1200
1200
6000
1200
580
4200
1200
18000
4400
1200
5500
1500
9.8
25.5
18.2
3.3
3.5
13.0
1.8
1.4
10.2
3.0
34.3
6.2
2.0
9.1
2.9
95
-------
TABLE A-9. OIL AND GREASE DATA WITH INCUBATION TIME FOR API SEPARATOR SLUDGE
WASTE APPLIED AT VARIOUS RATES TO DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL
AT 1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE
Incubation Oil and Grease (mg/kg soil)
Time Loading Rates
(dayS) M/M* H/NR+
0 36000 21000
35 -*
70 23000 14000
98
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (9%), reloaded at medium rate.
+H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (12%), not reloaded.
*- = no sample taken.
96
-------
TABLE A-10. OIL AND GREASE DATA WITH INCUBATION TIME FOR API SEPARATOR
SLUDGE WASTE APPLIED AT VARIOUS RATES TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL
AT 1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE
Incubation
Time
(days)
0
35
70
98
Oil and Grease
Loading
M/M* L/H+
35000 64000
_++
32000 51000
-
(mg/kg soil)
Rates
N/H#
40000
-
30000
-
H/NR**
27000
-
23000
-
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (9%), reloaded at medium rate.
*L/H = originally loaded at low rate (6%), reloaded at high rate (12%).
*N/H = nonacclimated soil loaded at high rate (12%).
**H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (12%), not reloaded.
++- = no sample taken.
97
-------
TABLE A-ll. OIL AND GREASE DATA WITH INCUBATION TIME FOR SLOP OIL WASTE
APPLIED AT VARIOUS RATE:" TO DURANT CLAY L SOIL
AT 1 BAR 3IL MOISTURE
Incubation Oil and Grease (mg/kg soil)
Time Loading Rates
(days)
M/M* H/NR+
0 150000 64000
39 -#
74 130000 49000
102
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (12%), reloaded at medium rate.
+H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (14%), not reloaded.
*- = no sample taken.
98
-------
TABLE A-12. OIL AND GREASE DATA WITH INCUBATION TIME FOR SLOP OIL
WASTE APPLIED AT VARIOUS RATES TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL
AT 1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE
Incubation Oil and Grease {mg/kg soil)
Time Loading Rates
(days)
0
39
74
102
M/M*
85000
_++
85000
-
L/H+
69000
-
120000
-
N/H#
74000
-
63000
-
H/NR**
49000
-
40000
-
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (8%), reloaded at medium rate.
+L/H = originally loaded at low rate (695), reloaded at high rate (12%).
nonacclimated soil loaded at high rate (12%).
H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (12%), not reloaded.
- = no sample taken.
99
-------
TABLE A-13. OIL AND GREASE DATA WITH INCUBATION TIME FOR DURANT CLAY LOAM
SOIL CONTROL AT 1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE AND KIDMAN. SANDY LOAM SOIL
CONTROL AT 1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURc.
Incubation Time Oil and Grease (mg/kg soil)
(days) Durant Clay LoamKidman Sandy Loam
0
21
46
74
100
-*
500
-
100
-
200
-
* _
- = no sample taken,
100
-------
TABLE A-14 . RESULTS FOR PAH'ANALYSIS AT LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT
FOR API SEPARATOR SLUDGE WASTE MIXED WITH DURANT CLAY LOAM
SOIL IMMEDIATELY AFTER WASTE ADDITION
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Load Rate (^Twaste wet/soil
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benz( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Ben zo(b)fluor anthene
Benzo(k)fluor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenzf a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3}pyrene
6%
40.7
0.2*
56.4
0.2*
340
380
91.4
55.0
0.2*
0.2*
0.2*
0.6*
1.3*
0.3*
12*
66.8
0.8
97.6
0.2*
680
750
170
52.3
69.5
ND+
15.8
0.6*
ND+
5.1
*Detection limit.
+ND = Not detected (no peak present).
101
-------
TABLE A-15. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT'LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR API
SEPARATOR SLUDGE WASTE MIXED WITH DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL AFTER 167 DAYS
INCUBATION TIME
PAH (tug/kg soil)
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
6%
Naphthalene 0.30* 0.30*
Fluorene 0.2 1.5
Phenanthrene 26.7 120
Anthracene 0.2 0.2
Fluoranthene 250 1100
Pyrene 270 1300
Benz(a)anthracene 83.8 230
Chrysene 22.0 110
Benzo(b)fluoranthene 3.2^ 160 *
Benzo(k)fluoranthene 0.2^ 0.2
Benzo(a)pyrene 0.2^ 120
Benzo(ghi)perylene 0.6^ 0.6
Dibenz(a.h)anthracene 1.3^ 1-3
Indeno(l,2,3)pyrene 0.3 5.9
*Detection limit.
102
-------
TABLE A-16. RESULTS FOR PNA ANAtYSIS AT LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR API
SEPARATOR SLUDGE WASTE MIXED WITH KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL IMMEDIATELY
AFTER WASTE ADDITION
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benz( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3)pyrene
PNA (mg/kg soil)
Load Rate (% waste wet/ so i
6%
38.4
0.2*
50.4
0.2*
310
330
85.9
21.2
22.1
ND+
ND
-* — *
0.6
1.3*
_i
0.3*
dry)
12%
61.3
.2
80.3
~ «*
0.2
220
580
120
34.4
36.7
ND
ND
A C*
0.6
1.3*
17.0
*Detection limit.
+ND = Not detected (peak not present).
103
-------
TABLE A-17. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR API
SEPARATOR SLUDGE WASTE MIXED WITH KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL
AFTER 158 DAYS INCUBATION TIME
— —
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Ben z( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluor anthene
Benzo(k)fluor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3)pyrene
PAH (mq/kq soi 1 )
Load Rate
6%
0.30*
_ , _ +
0.26*
41.7
0.2*
280
310
81.5
19.3
28.2
0.2*
31.8
0.6*
ND
ND
(% waste wet/ soil dry)
12%
0.30*
.2
89.2
_. «.*
0.2*
640
730
160
50.0
51.2
ND+
0.2*
.6
ND
2.9
*Detection limit.
+ND = Not detected (peak not present).
104
-------
TABLE A-18. RESULTS FOR PNA ANALYSIS AT LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR SLOP
OIL WASTE MIXED WITH DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL IMMEDIATELY
AFTER WASTE ADDITION
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benz( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluor anthene
Benzo(k)fluor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-d)pyrene
PAH (mg/kq soil)
Load Rate
8%
190
7.6
170
0.2*
1100
1200
59.0
11.0
18.5
0.2*
ND
ND
ND
ND
(% waste
12%
220
73.4
600
70.0
2000
ND+
ND
ND
— «*
0.2*
0.2
57.8
~ ».*
0.6
. ~1e
1.8
0.3*
wet/soil dry)
14*
460
86.8
470
10.0
3300
3900
390
160
69.4
8.8
13.8
9.5
i n*
1.8
9.9
*Detection limit.
+ND = Not detected (peak not present).
105
-------
TABLE A-19. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT
FOR S.OP OIL WASTE MIXED WITH DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL
AFTER 129 DAYS INCUBATION TIME
PAH (mg/kg soil) _______
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
8% 12% in
Naphthalene 56.8 27.8 74.6
Fluorene 13.0 16.1 54.9
Phenanthrene 180 130 380
Anthracene 0.2* 9.8 0.2*
Fluoranthene 1300 1200 2800
Pyrene 1500 120 3300
Benz(a)anthracene 140 120 350
Chrysene 56.7 0.2* 140
Benzo(b)fluoranthene 38.0 0.2* 65.8
Benzo(k)f1uoranthene 0.2* 0.2* 0.2*
Benzo(a)pyrene 5.0 1.4 0.2*
Benzo(ghi)perylene 0.6* 0.6* 0.6*
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 1.3* 1.3* 1.3*
Indeno(l,2,3)pyrene 0.3* 0.3* 0.3*
*Detection limit.
106
-------
TABLE A-20. RESULTS FOR PAH-ANALYSIS AT LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT
FOR SLOP OIL WASTE MIXED WITH KIDMAN SANDY LOAM
SOIL IMMEDIATELY AFTER WASTE ADDITION
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil" dry)
8% 12%
Naphthalene 150 350
Fluorene 30.3 65.0
Phenanthrene 230 360
Anthracene 32.9 0.2*
Fluoranthene 3200 2600
Pyrene 4100 3000
Benz(a)anthracene 270 320
Chrysene 160 130
Benzo(b)fluoranthene 0.2* 72.9
Benzo(k)fluoranthene 0.2* 0.2*
Benzo(a)pyrene 0.2* 0.2*
Benzo(ghi)perylene 0.6* 0.6*
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 1.3X 1.3*
Indeno(l,2,3)pyrene 0.3* 0.3*
*Detection limit.
107
-------
TABLE A-21. RES'ILTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT LOW SOIL MOISTURE
CONTENT FOR SLOP OIL WASTE MIXED JITH KIDMAN SANDY
LOAM SOIL AFTER 131 DAYS ii.'CUBATION TIML
PAH (mg/kg soil)
~~ Load Rate (% waste wet/sol I dry)
____^ 8% 12%
Naphthalene 37.8 96.0
Fluorene 35.9 31.6
Phenanthrene 260 300 ^
Anthracene 22.9 0.2
Fluoranthene 7200 2200
Pyrene 0.2* 2600
Benz(a)anthracene 0.8 280
Chrysene 240 110
Benzo(b)fluoranthene 0.2^ 54.0
Benzo(k)fluoranthene 0.2 0.2^
Benzolajpyrene 25i9* ?'?*
Benzo(ghi)perylene 0.6^ 0.6
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 1.3 1.3^
Indeno(l,2,3)pyrene 0.3 0.3
*Detection limit.
108
-------
o
10
TABLE A-22. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR CREOSOTE WASTE MIXED WITH DURANT
CLAY LOAM SOIL IMMEDIATELY AFTER WASTE ADDITION
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
0.7%
1.0%
1.3%
Replicate reactors
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluor anthene
Ben zo(k)fluor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
1
*
9.6
33.4
5.6
30.3
24.0
2.8
3.2
1.1
+
1.3
0.6
2
7.4
25.9
2.4
23.6
19.0
2.3
2.7
1.1
1.0
1.4
0.5
3
9.0
29.9
2.4
28.0
22.5
2.8
3.4
1.3
1.2
1.4
0.7
1
13.5
47.2
6.7
43.1
34.3
4.3
4.9
2.0
1.4
1.7
0.5
2
11.4
39.7
4.6
36.4
28.8
3.7
4.0
1.6
1.0
1.5
0.5
3
12.3
43.3
8.2
39.6
31.4
4.0
4.4
1.8
1.2
1.7
0.8
1 2
17.3
55.9
10.8
52.4
41.7
5.7
6.0
1.6 2.6
ND# 1.8
ND 2.1
0.6+ 0.8
2.1 1.1
0.7
3
14.8
50.6
11.8
46.8
36.7
4.9
5.5
2.2
1.6
1.9
1.0
1.1
0.6
*No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life,
+Detection limit.
*ND = Not detected (peak not present).
-------
TABLE A-22. CONTINUED
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluor anthene
Benzo(k)fluor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
I) ibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
X
0.8
8.7
30
3.5
27.0
19.0
2.6
3.1
1.2
0.8
1.4
0.6
1.3
0.6
0.7%
SD
0.6
1.1
3.8
1.8
3.4
7.2
0.3
0.4
0.1
0.6
0.1
0
0
0.1
CV
70
13
13
53
13
38
11
12
10
70
4
0
0
17
X
0.4
12.0
43.0
6.5
40.0
32.0
4.0
4.1
1.8
1.2
1.6
5.6
1.3
0.6
1.0%
SD
0.1
1.1
3.8
1.8
3.4
2.8
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.2
CV
32
9
9
28
8
9
8
7
11
17
7
0
0
29
dry)
X
18.0
47.0
39.0
7.6
37.0
32.0
3.8
4.2
2.1
1.2
1.4
0.8
1.4
0.5
1.3%
SD
2.6
54.0
25.0
6.4
21.0
12.0
2.7
2.7
0.5
0.9
1.1
0.2
0.6
0.2
CV
15
115
64
85
57
39
70
64
24
/5
78
28
40
40
-------
TABLE A-23. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR CREOSOTE WASTE MIXED WITH DURANT
CLAY LOAM SOIL AFTER 37 DAYS INCUBATION TIME
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
0.7%
1.0%
1.3%
Replicate reactors
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Ben zo(b)fluor anthene
Benzo(k)fluor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
1
*
8.5
28.0
23.2
17.4
1.8
1.9
0.7
0.8
1.4
0.6
Z
8.2
29.6
2.6
27.8
21.5
2.2
2.4
0.9
0.9
1.4
0.6
3
8.6
30.0
1.8
28.6
20.8
2.0
2.4
0.8
0.9
0.2+
0.9
1
7.
28.
5.
26.
20.
2.
1.
0.
1.
0.
ND
8
1
3
6
0
1
1
8
6
6*
i#
Z
11.4
38.6
5.1
37.4
30.0
3.9
3.9
1.5
1.4
1.8
0.9
0.6
3
13.7
45.6
6.4
43.6
34.6
4.6
4.8
2.0
1.7
1.8
0.6*
0.7
1
8.
14.
51.
18.
48.
37.
4.
5.
1.
1.
1.
0.
1.
6
7
5
6
3
9
9
1
7
8
9
6*
3*
2
12.1
40.7
5.3
39.3
31.0
4.1
4.1
1.8
1.5
1.8
0.9
1.4
0.6
3
11.4
14.6
47.3
6/1
45.2
35.4
4.6
5.0
2.2
1.7
1.9
0.4
1.3*
0.6
*No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life,
"""Detection limit.
*ND = Not detected (peak not present).
-------
TABLE A-23. CONTINUED
ro
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor ant hene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Ben zo ( k ) f 1 uor anthene
Benzo( ajpyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz(a,h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
X
7.3
8.4
290
7.0
270
200
2.0
2.2
8.0
8.7
1.0
0.5
0.7
0.7%
SO
4.5
2.1
1.1
8.3
2.9
2.2
2,0
3.5
1.0
0.6
0.7
0.4
0.2
CV
62
3
4
119.
11
11
10
16
13
7
73
6
25
3
110
370
5
360
280
3
3
1
1
1
0
0
X
.9
.6
.5
.7
.4
.3
.3
.6
.8
1.0%
SD
3.6
3.0
8.8
7.0
8.6
7.5
1.3
1.2
6.0
4.0
1.0
0
0.1
CV
93
27
24
13
24
27
38
33
42
30
76
0
15
dry)
6
140
47
100
440
350
4
4
1
1
1
0
1
0
X
.8
.5
.7
.9
.7
.9
.6
.3
.7
1.3%
SD
5.8
1.5
5.4
7.5
4.6
3.5
4.0
5.5
2.6
1.5
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.1
CV
85
11
12
75
10
10
9
12i
14
9
3
41
6
17
-------
TABLE A-24. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT
FOR CREOSOTE WASTE MIXED WITH DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL
AFTER 167 DAYS INCUBATION TIME
PAH (nig/kg soil)
i-JL-a Load Rate (i waste wet/soil dry)
OTT?OJ2 173%
Naphthalene 120 0.30* +
Fluorene 4.8 7.9
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene 30.4
Pyrene 26.8^
Benz(a)anthracene 0.8
Chrysene 4.3
Benzo(b)fluoranthene 1.6
Benzo(k)fluoranthene 0.2*- 0.2^
Benzo(a)pyrene 0.2 0.2^ ^
Benzo(ghi)perylene 0.6 0.6^
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 1-3
Indeno(l,2,3)pyrene 0.3* 0.3*
*Detection limit.
+No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-
life.
113
-------
TABLE A-25. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR CREOSOTE WASTE MIXED WITH
KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL IMMEDIATELY AFTER WASTE ADDITION
PAH ("in/kg soil)
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
0.4%
0.7%
1.0%
Replicate reactors
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Ant-fir ""CP.e
! iiitn • >ene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
1
0.7
4.8
15.6
0.9
15.0
11.1
1.0
1.3
0.7
0.6
1.4
0.6*
+
0.7
2
3.1
5.6
20.6
2.3
18.3
15.5
1.4
1.6
0.9
0.7
1.2
0.6*
0.5
3
0.3
3.8
14.4
0.2
12.0
11.4
0.8*
2.5
0.5
0.5
1.1
0.6*
0.6
1
2.8
10.5
32.5
5.4
31.7
24.0
2.9
3.2
1.4
1.2
1.5
0.1
0.5
2
3.9
9.5
30.5
5.5
29.3
23.5
3.1
3.1
1.4
1.4
1.7
1.2
0.7
3
4.5
10.6
35.2
5.1
31.3
29.8
3.2
3.7
1.5
1.3
1.7
0.6
0.6
1
5.1
14.2
42.9
6.3
40.1
31.9
4.0
4.0
1.6
1.4
1.7
0.6*
1.3*
0.5
2
2.2
8.8
28.9
4.2
28.7
22.7
2.7
2.8
1.2
0.9
1.3
0.6*
1.3*
0.5
3
?.8
7.7
25.9
7,1
2^.8
19.5
1.JB
2.0
0.6
0.8
1.4
0.6*
l.J*
0.5
*Detection limit.
+No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life.
-------
TABLE A-25. CONTINUED
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluor anthene
Benzo(k)fluor anthene
Benzol a) pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
X
1.4
4.7
170
1.1
150
130
1.1
1.8
7.0
6.0
1.2
5.6
1.3
6.0
0.4*
SD
1.5
9.0
3.3
1.1
3.2
2.5
3.3
6.2
2.0
1.0
1.5
0
0
1.0
CV
111
19
20
94
21
19
31
35
29
17
12
0
0
17
X
3.7
100
330
5.3
310
260
3.1
3.3
1.4
1.3
1.6
6.3
1.3
6.0
0.7*
SD
8.6
6.1
2.4
2.1
1.3
3.5
1.5
3.2
0.6
1.0
1.2
5.5
0
1.0
CV
23
6
7
4
4
14
5
10
4
8
7
87
0
17
dry)
X
3.4
100
330
4.4
310
250
2.8
2.9
1.3
1.0
1.5
5.6
1.3
5.0
1.0%
SD
1.5
3.5
9.1
1.8
8.8
6.4
1.1
1.0
5.0
3.2
2.1
0
0
0
CV
46
34
28
41
29
26
39
34
44
31
14
0
0
0
-------
TABLE A-26. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR CREOSOTE WASTE MIXED WITH KIDMAN
SANDY LOAM SOIL AFTER 29 DAYS INCUBATION TIME
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
Naphthalene
Fluorene
' 'ienanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Ben zo( a } anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluor anthene
Benzo(k)fluor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
1
0.8
4.2
16.0
o 4
.4
11.3
1.1
1.4
0.5
0.6
1.1
0.6
+
0.5
0.4%
2
0.3*
3.7
13.5
3.0
12. 'j
9.9
0.9
1.3
0.7
0.5
1.1
1.6
0.5
3
4.8
4.1
14.8
0.7
13.2
10.2
0.9
1.2
0.5
0.6
1.1
0.6*
n.5
Repl
1
2.9
7.9
27.4
3.7
26.7
21.2
2.6
2.7
1.2
1.1
J'4*
0.6*
0.5
0.7%
1.0%
icate reactors
2
2.1
6.8
27.9
2.1
25.9
20.1
2.2
3.0
1.1
0.8
1.1
0.6*
0.5
3
2.4
7.7
25.3
8.4
22.7
17.4
2.0
2.6
1.0
0.8
1.2
0.6*
0.4
1
1.6
12.1
40.9
5.2
41.0
32.3
4.0
5.0
1.9
1.7
1.9
1.3
1.3*
0.6
2
10.8
11.0
37.1
4.9
35.1
27.8
3.6
4.0
1.5
1.3
1.6
0.8
1.3*
0.6
3
5.7
7.4
27.4
5.8
24.9
19.7
2.4
2.8
1.2
0.8
1.3
0.6*
1.3*
0.5
*Detection limit.
+No data indicate unsufficient quantitative information to calculate half-life.
-------
TABLE A-26. CONTINUED
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Ben zo (a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluor anthene
Benzo(k)fluor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Ben zo ( gh i ) per yl ene
Dibenz(a.h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
X
2.0
4.0
150
1.4
130
100
9.7
1.3
5.7
5.7
1.1
9.2
1.3
5.0
0.4%
SD
2.5
2.6
1.3
1.4
9.6
7.4
1.2
1.0
1.2
0.6
0
5.9
0
0
CV
125
7
9
104
7
7
12
8
20
10
0
64
0
0
X
2.5
7.5
270
4.7
250
200
2.3
2.8
1.1
9.0
1.2
5.6
1.3
4.7
0.7%
SD
4.0
5.9
1.4
3.3
2.1
2.0
3.1
2.1
1.0
1.7
1.5
0
0
0.6
CV
16
8
5
69
8
10
14
8
9
19
12
0
0
12
dry)
X
6.0
100
350
5.3
340
270
3.3
3.9
1.5
1.3
1.6
8.9
1.3
5.7
1.0%
SD
4.6
2.5
7.0
4.6
1.1
6.4
8.3
1.1
3.5
4.5
3.0
3.8
0
0.6
CV
76
24
20
9
24
24
25
28
23
35
19
43
0
10
-------
TABLE A-27. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR
CREOSOTE WASTE MIXED WITH KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL
AFTER 158 DAYS INCUBATION TIME
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benz( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fl uor anthene
Benzol k)fluor anthene
Benzol a) pyrene
Benzol ghi ) peryl ene
Dibenz(a,h) anthracene
Indenol 1,2, 3) pyrene
Load Rate
0.4%
46.4
0.2*
+
0.2*
^
0.8*
A
0.2*
0.2*
0.6*
0.3*
(% waste wet/ so-
0.7%
0.30*
4.8
22.0
2.9
21.4
19 '7*
0.8*
2.9
1.1
^
0.2*
0.2*
0.6*
^
0.3*
il dry)
1.0%
270
92.3
500
73.7
47.1
35.6
10.4
6.3
0.6*
. -*
1.3
0.3*
*Detection limit.
+No data indicate insufficient quantitative information to calculate half-
life.
118
-------
TABLE A-28. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR
PCP WASTE MIXED WITH DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL IMMEDIATELY AFTER
WASTE ADDITION
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benz( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluor anthene
Benzo(k)fluor anthene
Benzol a) pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz(a,h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3)pyrene
Load Rate
0.3%
29.1
42.7
120
10.0
110
100
-» +
0.2*
+
0.2*
10.5
*
0.2*
0.2*
* —*
0.6
1 3*
*
0.3*
(% waste wet/ soil dry)
O./X
260
110
340
90.1
35.4
350
65.4
38.1
53.0
14.6
18.2
Of *ff
.6
1.3*
12.2
*Detection limit.
119
-------
TABLE A-29. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT'LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR PCP
WASTE MIXED WITH DURANT CL-' LOAM SOIL
AFTER 140 DAYS INCUBAT1. TIME
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Load Rate (% waste wet/so 11 dry)
OS 0.7*
Naphthalene 71.9 280
Fluorene 0.2* 44.6
Phenanthrene 29.0^ 250
Anthracene 0.2 77.2
Fluoranthene 45.6 250
Pyrene 42.2 270
Benz(a)anthracene 34.1 54.8
Chrysene 7.1 30.0
Benzo(b)fluoranthene 12.4^ 37.0
Benzo(k)fluoranthene 0.2^ 12.1
Benzo(a)pyrene 0.2^ 8.8
Benzo(ghi)perylene 0.6^ 0.6
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 1.3 1.3
Indeno(l,2,3)pyrene 0.3 0.3
*Detection limit.
120
-------
TABLE A-30. RESULTS FOR PAH ANACYSIS AT LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR PCP
WASTE MIXED WITH KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL IMMEDIATELY
AFTER WASTE ADDITION
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benz( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fl uor anthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzol a) pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3)pyrene
Load Rate
0.075%
34.7
— +
0.2*
30.8
0.2*
27.4
28.0
- . — +
0.8
i
ND+
0.2*
_ +
0.2*
0.2*
-. -*
0.6*
1.3*
^
0.3*
(% waste wet/soil dry)
0.3%
96.7
20.4
99.3
— . **.*
0.2
91.0
95.7
38.2
9'9*
0.2*
OSHJF
.2
On •*
•2
Of **
.6
i ->*
1.3
0.3*
*Detection limit.
+ND = Not detected (peak not present).
121
-------
TABLE A-31. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR PCP
WASTE MIXED WITH KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL AFTER 140 DAYS INCUBATION TIME
PAH (mq/kg soil)
Load Rate « waste wet/soil dry)
0.075%0.3%
Naphthalene 0.30* 82.0+
Fluorene 0.2* 0.2
Phenanthrene 4.7^ 50.0^
Anthracene 0.2 0.2
Fluoranthene 16.6 55.7
Pyrene 0.2* 48.0
Benz(a)anthracene 0.8 35.2
Chrysene 3.4^ 6.9
Benzo(b)fluoranthene 0.2^ 0.2^
Benzo(k)fluoranthene 0.2^ 0.2^
Benzo(a)pyrene 0.2^ 0.2
Benzo(ghi)perylene 0.6^ ^
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 1.3 1.3^
Ideno(l,2,3)pyrene 0.3* 0.3
*Detection limit.
122
-------
TABLE A-32. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT -1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT
FOR API SEPARATOR SLUDGE REAPPLIED TO OURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL
(IMMEDIATELY AFTER WASTE ADDITION)
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Loading Rate
M/M*
H/NR+
Replicate Reactors
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo( b ) f 1 uor anthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno (1,2, 3-cd ) pyrene
1
33.6
17.3
120
17.7
ND
ND
92.6
ND
110
380
ND
ND
ND
ND
2
28.9
6.8
88.7
10.4
720
ND
180
ND
54.5
63.9
34.6
ND
ND
ND
3
47.7
25.5
120
20.2
920
ND
280
ND
150
650
ND
ND
ND
ND
1
ND#
14.3
54.3
ND
590
610
130
72.3
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
2
ND
29.4
39.8
ND
420
470
86.6
43.7
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3
ND
15.2
49.2
ND
520
550
200
ND
ND
ND
ND
NO
ND
ND
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (9%), reloaded at medium rate,
+H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (12%), not reloaded.
= not detected (peak not present).
123
-------
TABLE A-32. CONTINUED
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluor anthene
Benzo(d)fluor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
X
36.7
16.5
110
16.1
547
_
184
-
105
365
11.5
-
-
-
M/M
SD
9.8
9.4
18.1
5.1
484
_
940
-
48.0
243
20.0
-
-
-
cv
27
57
16
31
89
-
51
-
46
81
173
-
-
-
X
19.6
47.7
-
510
543
139
38.7
-
-
-
-
-
-
H/NR
SD
8.5
7.4
-
85.5
70.2
57.2
36.4
-
-
-
-
-
-
CV
43
15
-
17
13
41
94
—
-
-
-
—
-
124
-------
TABLE A-33. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT -1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR
API SEPARATOR SLUDGE REAPPLIED TO DURANT CLAY LOAM
SOIL (37 DAYS INCUBATION)
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Loading Rate
M/M*
Replicate Reactors
2
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Ben 20 ( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluor anthene
Ben zo ( k ) f 1 uor ant hene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz(a,h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
5.2
7.4
80.1
8.9
750
960
150
170
80.0
NO
100
NO
NO
ND
2.4
31.1
130
22.0
1200
170
140
200
25.4
110
180
ND
ND
ND
ND+
10.5
97.8
14.9
1000
1200
210
130
260
ND
400
ND
ND
ND
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (9%), reloaded at medium rate.
+ND = not detected (peak not present).
125
-------
TABLE A-33. 'CONTINUED
126
PAH (mg/kg soil)
M/M
CV
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrr.-n.e
Ben
-------
TABLE A-34. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT -1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT
FOR API SEPARATOR SLUDGE REAPPLIED TO OURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL
(74 DAYS INCUBATION)
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Loading Rate
M/M*
H/NR +
Replicate Reactors
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluor anthene
Benzo(k)fluor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz{ a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
1
ND#
4.7
52.0
ND
610
690
160
67.7
ND
64.1
26.9
ND
ND
ND
2
ND
5.6
64.0
ND
760
870
210
88.6
ND
110
48.3
ND
ND
ND
3
ND
8.3
94.7
20.3
1600
160
330
150
ND
190
85.6
ND
ND
ND
1
ND
1.2
21.7
2.9
450
490
120
49.1
ND
33.3
12.5
ND
12.8
NO
2
ND
3.8
56.6
11.0
850
940
220
96.5
ND
110.0
49.3
ND
ND
ND
3
ND
1.6
26.0
3.3
460
510
120
49.3
ND
31.6
13.4
ND
14.9
ND
M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (9%), reloaded at medium rate,
+H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (12%), not reloaded.
*ND = not detected (peak not present).
127
-------
TABLE A-34. CONTINUED
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Ben zo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Ben zo(b)fluor anthene
Benzo(d)fluor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Di ben z( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
X
6.2
70.7
6.8
990
573
223
102
-
121
53.6
-
-
-
M/M
SD
1.9
22.0
11.7
533
369
87.3
42.8
-
63.7
29.7
-
-
-
cv
30
31
173
54
64
37
41
-
52
55
-
-
-
X
2.2
34.8
5.7
587
647
153
65
-
58.3
25.0
-
9.2
-
H/NR
5D
1.4
19.0
4.6
228
254
57.7
27.3
-
44.8
21
-
8.1
-
CV
64
55
80
39
39
38
42
-
77
84
-
87
-
128
-------
TABLE A-35. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT -1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR
API SEPARATOR SLUDGE REAPPLIED TO DURANT CLAY LOAM
SOIL (102 DAYS INCUBATION)
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Loading Rate
M/M*
Replicate Reactors
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Ben zo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Ben zo ( b ) f 1 uor ant hene
Benzol kjfluor anthene
Benzol a) pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
ND+
2.0
14.5
5.4
550
550
190
68.7
86.0
48.1
55.8
ND
490
ND
ND
2.8
21.3
6.4
630
650
200
71.8
85.0
110
57.6
_ _**
0.6
48° ,«
0.3
.#
~
-
-
-
-
~
—
•
••
™
"
~
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (9%), reloaded at medium rate.
+ND = not detected (peak not present).
#- = sample not analyzed.
**
Detection limit.
129
-------
TABLE A-35. CONTINUED
PAH (mg/kg soil)
M/M
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzol kjfluor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
—
2.4
17.9
5.9
590
600
195
70.3
85.5
79.1
56.7
0.3
485
0.15
_
0.6
4.8
0.7
56.6
70.7
7.1
2.2
0.7
43.8
1.3
0.4
7.1
0.2
_
24
27
12
10
12
4
3
1
55
2
141
1
141
130
-------
TABLE A-36. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR API SEPARATOR SLUDGE
REAPPLIEO TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL (IMMEDIATELY AFTER WASTE ADDITION)
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Loading Rate
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
£j Pyrene
— • Renzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b) flour anthene
Ben 20 (k) flour anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Diben z{ a ,h) anthracene
Indeno( 1 ,2,3-cd)pyrene
1
31.8
24.5
130
19.3
830
1100
100
190
ND
180
160
ND
'• ND
ND
M/M*
2
31.3
10.3
120
13.9
770
1000
81.7
150
ND
90.1
70.9
ND
ND
ND
L/H+
3
27.2
9.4
no
12.9
740
950
82.8
150
ND
84.8
72.0
ND
ND
ND
1
69.6
38.1
. 220
43.0
1600
1700
540
180
ND
ND
180
ND
ND
ND
Replicate
2 3
-++ 61.8
25.4
160
25.8
1100
1300
220
100
ND
75.6
130
ND
310
ND
N/H*
Reactors
1
72.1
21.2
160
21.1
910
1200
100
180
ND
ND
80.5
ND
NO
ND
2
68.7
24.1
150
20.8
860
1100
110
180
ND
ND
130
NO
NO
84.0
3
65.8
17.5
140
16.7
800
1000
90.1
160
ND
ND
73.2
ND
ND
3.4
1
7.0
4.1
73.1
6.0
500
600
100
ND"
80.6
37.9
62.1
ND
ND
0.5
H/NR**
2
61.8
3.6
67.6
4.5
460
560
93.6
ND
73.0
34.3
55.3
ND
ND
4.0
3
7.0
4.1
76.3
6.6
520
640
110
ND
81.7
38.9
61.6
ND
ND
0.29
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (9<), reloaded at medium rate.
+L/H = originally loaded at low rate (6%), reloaded at high rate (12%).
#N/H = nonaccHmated soil loaded at high rate (12X).
**N/NR * originally loaded at high rate (12X), not reloaded.
+"f- = not analyzed.
not detected (peak not present).
-------
TABLE A-36. CONTINUED
OJ
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
8enzo( a) anthr acene
Chrysene
Benzo( b) f 1 uor anthene
Benzo(d)fluor anthene
Benzo(ajpyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indent '" "\3-cd Jpyrene
X
30.1
14.7
120
15.3
780
1000
88.2
,63
-
118
101
-
-
-
M/M
50
25
8.5
10.0
3.4
45.8
76.4
10.3
23.1
-
53.5
51.1
-
-
-
CV
8
6
8
22
6
8
12
14
-
45
51
-
-
-
X
65.7
31.8
190
34.4
1350
1500
380
140
-
37.8
155
-
155
-
L/H
SO
5.5
9.0
42.4
12.?
35'
283
226
56.6
-
53.5
35.4
-
219
-
CV
8
28
22
35
26
19
60
40
-
141
23
-
141
-
X
68.9
20.9
150
19.5
857
1100
100
173
-
94.6
-
-
29;1
N/H
SO
3.2
3.3
10
2.5
55.1
100
10.0
11.6
-
30.9
-
-
47.6
CV '
5
16
7
13
6
9
10
7
-
33
-
-
163
X
2r 3
3.9
72.3
5.7
493
600
101
-
78.4
37.0
59.7
•
-
1.6
H/NR
SO
31.6
0.3
4.4
1.1
30.6
40
8.3
—
4.7
2.4
3.8
-
-
2.1
CV
/
6
19
6
7
8
-
6
7
6
~
-
131
-------
TABLE A-37. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR API SEPARATOR
SLUDGE REAPPLIED TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL (37 DAYS INCUBATION)
CO
CO
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Loading Rate
M/M*
L/H+
N/H*
Replicate Reactors
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Ben zo(b)f lour anthene
Benzo(k)f lour anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
1
15.5
10.5
30.0
16.0
860
1100
180
110
ND++
ND
120
ND
ND
ND
2
14.7
11.4
100
16.8
890
1100
190
120
240
62.5
78.5
ND
ND
ND
3
15.3
14.3
100
17.7
860
1100
180
120
ND
ND
140
ND
ND
ND
1
27.4
24.1
180
33.3
1600
2000
270
160
0.2**
89.4
110
ND
ND
ND
2 3
33.0 -**
29.4
200
39.7
2200
2500
300
390
0.2**
ND
210
ND
ND
ND
1
12.9
20.0
140
25.6
950
1200
190
110
240
ND
130
ND
ND
ND
2
10.8
17.3
140
23.3
920
1100
180
100
230
ND
130
ND
ND
ND
3
9.4
16.2
130
PI. 9
840
1100
170
100
220
ND
120
ND
ND
ND
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (9%), reloaded at medium rate.
+L/H = originally loaded at low rate (6%), reloaded at high rate (12%),
*N/H = nonacclimated soil loaded at high rate (12%).
**- = not analyzed.
++ND = not detected (peak not present).
**Detection limit.
-------
TABLE A-37. CONTINUED
co
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Ben zo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Ben zo(b)fluor anthene
Ben zo(k)fluor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz(a,h) anthracene
Indeno(a,2,3-cd)pyrene
X
15.2
12.1
76.7
16.8
870
1100
183
117
80
20.8
113
-
-
-
M/M
SO
0.4
2.0
40.4
0.9
17.3
0
5.8
5.8
138
36.1
31.4
-
-
-
CV
3
16
53
5
2
0
3
5
173
173
28
-
-
-
X
30
26
190
36
1900
2250
285
275
0
44
160
-
-
-
.2
.8
.5
.2
.7
L/H
5D
4.0
3.8
14.1
4.5
424
354
29.2
162
0
63.2
70.7
-
-
-
CV
13
14
7
12
22
16
7
59
0
141
44
-
-
-
X
11.
17.
136
23.
403
1100
180
103
230
43.
83.
-
-
7.
0
8
6
3
3
5
N/H
SD
1.8
2.0
5.8
1.9
36.9
57.7
10
5.8
10
75.1
72.3
-
-
13.0
CV
16
11
4
8
6
5
6
6
4
173
87
-
T
173
-------
TABLE A-38. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR API SEPARATOR SLUDGE
REAPPLIED TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL (74 DAYS INCUBATION)
to
01
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Loading Rate
M/M*
L/H+
N/H*
Replicate Reactors
Naphthalene
Fl uorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Ben zo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b) flour anthene
Benzo(k)flour anthene
Benzo( a) pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
D ibenzf a ,h) anthracene
Indeno( 1 ,2, 3-cd) pyrene
I
ND++
11.1
85.2
10.1
830
840
180
80.1
NO
50.8
52.8
ND
ND
ND
2
ND
10.7
82.0
10.2
790
800
180
76.8
NO
49.8
57.4
ND
ND
ND
3
ND
30.2
220
330
780
ND
5BO
220
ND
180
170
0.6**
ND
ND
1
. 12.0
28.1
190
ND
3300
420
400
160
ND
110
100
ND
810
ND
2
10.3
24.4
160
ND
2700
2200
330
140
ND
200
92.0
ND
NO
0.29
3
13.7
16.6
17°.
0.2**
1400
1300
280
84.0
120
120
34.4
ND
ND
11.7
1
ND
15.8
130
NO
1200
1100
220
91.0
95.1
130
55.4
ND
470
ND
2
ND
11.8
110
ND
1000
890
180
75.7
78.8
96.7
42.8
ND
270
ND
3~
4.9
17.1
120
ND
1000
210
91.2
91.9
130
53.9
ND
440
ND
I
ND
4.9
67.8
ND
740
680
130
57.0
ND
45.0
18.8
ND
ND
ND
H/NR**
2
NO
5.0
61.8
ND
680
630
140
62.8
ND
84.5
33.0
ND
240
ND
3
ND
7.8
77.3
ND
870
830
180
79.8
ND
100
44.3
NO
300
ND
*M/H = originally loaded at medium rate (935). reloaded at medium rate.
+L/H = originally loaded at low rate (655), reloaded at high rate (12*).
*N/H = nonacclimated soil loaded at high rate (12%).
**N/NR = originally loaded at high rate (12JQ, not reloaded.
++N0 = not detected (peak not present).
**Detection limit.
-------
TABLE A-38. CONTINUED
CJ
PAH (rag/kg soil]
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo(a)anthracene
Chrysene
8enzo(b)f1uoranthene
Benzo(d)fluoranthene
8enzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(qhi)pery1ene
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
It
17.3
129
117
800
547
313
126
93.5
93.4
0.2
273
M/H
SD
11.1
78.8
185
26.5
474
231
81.7
74.9
66.4
0.3
- ")
CV
w
64
61
158
3
87
74
65
80
71
173
91
X
12
23.0
173
0.2
2460
1300
337
128
40
143
75.5
270
399
L/H
SD
1.7
5.9
15.3
0
971
890
60.3
39.4
69.3
49.3
35.8
468
6.7
CV
14
25
9
0
39
68
18
31
173
34
47
173
167
X
1.6
14.9
120
-
733
997
203
86.0
88.6
118.9
50 -.7
393
1
N/H
SD
2.8
2.8
10
-
643
105
20.8
8.9
8.6
19.2
6.9
108
Cv
175
19
8
-
88
11
10
10
10
16
14
27
X
5.9
69.0
0.2
763
713
150
66.5
76.5
32.0
180
H/NR
SD
1.7
7.8
0
97.1
104
26.5
11.9
28.4
12.8
159
CV
28
11
0
13
15
18
18
37
40
88
-------
TABLE A-39. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR API SEPARATOR
SLUDGE REAPPLIED TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL (102 DAYS INCUBATION)
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Loading Rate
M/M*
L/H+
N/H#
Replicate Reactors
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)f lour anthene
Benzo(k)f lour anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a ,h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
1
ND**
ND
1.1
0.2++
0.9
0.8
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
2
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.17++
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3
ND
0.6++
7.2
ND
53.8
66.2
8.0
4.4
ND
ND
0.5
ND
ND
ND
1
0.3++
26.4
170
19.6
2400
2200
350
130
150
92.9
97.4
490
1200
0.29++
2
3.2
26.9
180
20.7
2700
380
130
130
160
94.0
110
ND
1400
0.29++
3
4.4
23.2
170
ND
1500
1700
550
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
1
2.0
29.3
230
7.8
3000
3500
430
140
170
100
120
ND
290
410
2
0.6
15.1
110
3.0
1000
1100
210
75.0
95.8
54.3
63.3
ND
720
ND
3
ND
191 2
130
ND
1500
1300
410
200
ND
ND
19.7
ND
ND
ND
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (9%), reloaded at medium rate.
+L/H = originally loaded at low rate (6%), reloaded at high rate (12%)
#N/H = nonacclimated soil loaded at high rate (12%).
**ND = not detected (peak not present).
"""Detection limit.
-------
TABLE A-39. CONTINUED
CO
oo
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor ant hene
Pyrene
Ben zo( a) ant hr ac ene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(a,2,3-cd)pyrene
X
.
0.2
2.8
0.1
18.2
22.4
2.7
1.5
-
-
2
-
-
-
M/M
50
.
4
3.9
0
30.8
37.9
4.6
2.5
-
-
29
-
-
-
PAH (mg/kg soil)
L/H
cv
.
173
140
_
169
169
173
173
_
_
173
-
-
-
X
2
255
173
13
2200
1427
343
86
103
62
69
163
867
0
.6
.4
.7
.3
.1
.3
SO
2.1
20
5.8
11.7
625
940
210
75.1
89.6
53.9
60.2
283
757
0
CV
81
78
3
87
28
66
61
87
87
173
87
0
V
0.
21.
156.
3.
1833
1967
^150
3
;y.
51.
67.
_
337
137
9
2
7
6
6
4
7
N/H
SD
1.0
7.3
64.3
3.9
1040
1330
122
72/5
85.2
50.1
50.3
_
362
237
CV
118
34
41
109
57
68
35
45
96
97
74
_
108
173
-------
TABLE A-40. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT -1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT
FOR SLOP OIL EMULSION SOLIDS REAPPLIED TO DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL
(IMMEDIATELY AFTER WASTE ADDITION)
PAH (tng/kg soil)
Loading Rate
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo(a)anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)f luoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Di ben z( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
1
240
93.5
560
92.2
6000
6400
460
180
ND
51.9
62.6
NO
ND
ND
M/M*
2
270
110
710
110
8900
8900
550
220
ND
59.7
72.6
ND
ND
ND
Replicate
3
330
120
840
130
10000
12000
620
240
ND
60.9
81.4
ND
ND
ND
Reactors
1
40.5
56.4
ND*
74.5
20000
ND
570
ND
150
ND
74.0
ND
ND
ND
H/NR+
2
27.7
44.2
360
58.9
9200
ND
470
ND
100
ND
45.2
ND
ND
2.0
3
19.3
37.4
270
46.7
4000
4500
390
ND
100
ND
45.2
ND
ND
1.9
M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (12%), reloaded at medium rate.
+H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (14%), not reloaded.
*ND = not detected (peak not present).
139
-------
TABLE A-40.' CONTINUED
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor ant hene
Pyrene
Ben zo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo( b)f 1 uoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz(a,h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
X
270
108
703
111
8300
9100
543
213
-
57.5
72.2
-
15.5
-
M/M
SD
30
13.4
140
18.9
2066
2805
80.2
30.6
-
4.9
9.4
-
13.4
-
CV
11
12
20
17
25
31
15
14
-
8
13
-
87
-
X
29.2
46
210
60.0
11100
1500
477
-
117
-
54.8
-
-
1.3
H/NR
SD
10.7
9.6
187
13.9
8200
2600
90.2
-
28.9
-
16.6
-
-
1.1
CV
37
21
89
23
74
173
19
-
25
-
30
-
-
87
140
-------
TABLE A-41. RESULTS FOR PAH ANA1YSIS AT -1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR
SLOP OIL EMULSION SOLIDS REAPPLIED TO DURANT CLAY LOAM
SOIL (37 DAYS INCUBATION)
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Loading Rate
M/M*
Replicate Reactors"
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluor anthene
Ben zo(k)fluor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Di ben z( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
760
240
840
500
800
720
61.3
67.5
ND
ND
13.9
ND
ND
3.2
180
140
1100
160
25000
ND
1200
ND
ND
150
ND
ND
ND
1.4
190
1 Cf\
150
••ft j-
ND+
160
25000
ND
1200
kin
ND
kin
ND
mr n
46.8
Cf\ f\
50.9
tun
NL)
KlfN
ND
• 1 r\
ND
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (12%), reloaded at medium rate.
+ND = not detected (peak not present).
141
-------
TABLE A-41." CONTINUED
PAH (mg/kg soil)
M/M
SD IV
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluor anthene
Benzo( kjfluor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo|ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno|l,2,3-cd)pyrene
377
177
647
273
17000
240
820
22.5
-
65.6
71.6
-
-
1.53
332
55.1
575
196
14000
416
657
39.0
-
76.8
70.4
-
-
1.6
88
31
89
72
83
173
80
173
-
117
98
-
-
105
142
-------
TABLE A-42. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT -1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT
FOR SLOP OIL EMULSION SOLIDS REAPPLIED TO DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL
(74 DAYS INCUBATION)
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Loading Rate
M/M*
H/NR+
Replicate
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo) [a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluor anthene
Benzo(k)fluor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi Jperylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno{l,2,3-cd)pyrene
16.
75.
480
0.
4200
4200
590
140
ND
61.
18.
ND
ND
7.
1
0
9
«**
0
9
3
Z
37.3
110
670
0.2**
5700
5800
850
200
ND
82.4
33.2
ND
ND
16.6
3
24.
59.
540
0.
4400'
4600
600
130
ND
5.
0.
ND
ND
7.
7
9
t\^rif
2
15**
5
Reactors
1
12i
ND*
10.
80.
1400
680
260
70.
ND
26.
27.
110
43.
27.
4
3
3
5
9
3
9
5
Z
30.
85.
0.
0.
4700
4700
690
160
ND
ND
26.
ND
ND
13.
2
7
nit*
n1dt
9
5
3
6.
ND
10.5
12.5
2500
870
370
96.
ND
38.
37.
160
ND
ND
6
5
9
8
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (1256), reloaded at medium rate.
+H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (145t), not reloaded.
*ND = not detected (peak not present).
**Detection limit.
143
-------
TABLE A-42. -JNTINUED
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor ant hene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo( a) pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
X
26
81.9
563
0.2
4770
4870
680
157
-
49.2
17.4
-
-
10.5
M/M
SD
10.7
25.6
97.1
0
814
833
147
37.9
-
40.0
16.6
-
-
5.3
CV
41
31
17
0
17
17
22
24
-
8
95
-
-
51
X
16.4
28.6
7.0
31.0
2900
2080
440
109
-
21.9
30.7
-
14.6
13.7
H/NR
sb
12.3
49.5
5.9
43.2
1680
2270
223
46.0
-
19.9
6.2
-
2535
13.8
CV
75
173
84
139
59
109
51
42
-
91
20
-
173
101
144
-------
TABLE A-43. RESULTS FOR PAH ANACYSIS AT -1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR
SLOP OIL EMULSION SOLIDS REAPPLIED TO DURANT CLAY LOAM
SOIL (102 DAYS INCUBATION)
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Loading Rate
M/M*
Replicate Reactors
z
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Ben zo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo{ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
20.3
25.1
200
ND
6700
4300
750
ND
ND
ND
5.5
ND
ND
ND
ND+
0.6
2.7
ND
2.3
7.1
1.5
ND
ND
ND
0.2*
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3.9
ND
44.0
45.0
6.8
ND
1.0
ND
0.2*
ND
ND
ND
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (12%), reloaded at medium rate.
+ND = not detected (peak not present).
#Detection limit.
145
-------
TABLE A-43.' CONTINUED
PAH (mg/kq soil)
M/M
SD CV
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
6.8
8.6
68.9
11.7
14.3
114
173
167
165
Anthracene - -
Fluoranthene 2250 3860 171
Pyrene 1451 2470 170
Benzo(a)anthracene 253 431 170
Chrysene -
Benzo(b)fluoranthene 0.3 0.6 173
Benzo(k)fluoranthene - 0 -
Benzo(a)pyrene 1.9 3.1 160
Benzo(ghi)perylene -
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene - -
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene - -
146
-------
TABLE A-44. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR SLOP OIL EMULSION
SOLIDS REAPPLIED TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL (IMMEDIATELY AFTER WASTE ADDITION)
M/M*
PAH
L/H+
(mg/kg soil )
Loading Rate
Replicate
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor an there
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)f1ouranthene
8enzo(k)flouranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Di ben z ( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
1
170
72.7
B30
91.5
30000
ND
NO
ND
ND
ND
51.5
ND
ND
ND
2
160
73.9
690
84.8
26000
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
59.2
ND
ND
ND
3
160
73.4
700
87.8
26000
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
67.1
ND
ND
ND
1
250
110
590
100
6200
6700
500
290
210
140
ND
ND
ND
5.7
2
270
120
630
110
7300
7400
520
210
220
66.0
58.9
ND
ND
5.3
3
290
120
630
130
4500
5500
2100
170
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Reactors
1
140
57.3
350
58.1
6500
ND
4200
ND
ND
ND
29.5
ND
ND
ND
N/H*
2
150
51.1
350
54.5
8600
ND
370
ND
ND
ND
ND
NO
ND
ND
3
140
50.5
330
52.5
8200
ND
360
ND
ND
ND
1.2
NO
ND
1.6
1
ND++
ND
ND
ND
430
530
87.2
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
H/NR**
2
34.8
35.0
260
43.2
3600
370
ND
ND
ND
ND
47.7
ND
ND..
0.29**
3
78.0
34.0
270
54.7
2300
2500
860
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (85£), reloaded at medium rate.
+L/H = originally loaded at low rate (6X), reloaded at high rate (12%).
*N/H = nonacclimated soil loaded at high rate (12%).
**H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (12*), not reloaded.
++ND = not detected (peak not present).
'^Detection limit.
-------
TABLE A-44. CONTINUED
.
09
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzol a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluor anthene
Benzo(d)fluor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dihe" 'a ,h)anthracene
Irdenoll,2,3-cd)pyrene
X
163
73.3
740
88.0
27000
-
-
-
-
-
62.6
-
-
-
M/M
SD
5.8
0.6
78.1
3.4
2300
-
-
-
-
-
9.7
-
-
-
CV
3
1
11
4
8
-
-
-
-
-
15
-
-
-
X
'270
117
617
173
6000
6500
1040
223
143
68.7
19.6
-
-
2.9
L/H
SD
20
5.8
231
15.3
1410
961
918
61.1
124
70.0
34.0
-
-
4.0
CV
7
5
4
13
24
15
88
27
87
102
17
-
-
141
X
143
53.0
343
55.0
8400
-
1640
-
-
-
10.2
-
-
0.5
N/H
SO
5.8
3.8
11.6
2.8
208
-
2200
-
-
-
16.7
-
-
0.9
CV
4
7
3
5
2
-
135
-
-
-
163
-
-
173
X
37.6
23
177
32.6
2110
1130
439
-
-
-
15.9
-
-
0.1
H/NR
SD
39.1
199
153
28.8
1600
1190
391
-
-
-
27.5
-
-
0.2
CV
104
87
87
88
76
105
89
-
-
-
173
-
-
170
-------
TABLE A-45. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR SLOP OIL EMULSION
SOLIDS REAPPLIED TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL (37 DAYS INCUBATION)
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Loading Rate
M/M*
L/H+
N/H#
Replicate Reactors
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Ben zo(b)f lour anthene
Ben zo(k)f lour anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
8enzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz(a,h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
1
100
100
970
130
33000
NO**
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
2
68.7
97.6
590
52.4
2000
ND
250
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3
94.2
87.3
500
41.1
3700
4500
170
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
1
87.4
67.3
560
73.5
21000
ND
510
ND
ND
90.6
140
ND
ND
ND
2
83.
65.
560
71.
21000
ND
500
ND
65.
72.
81.
ND
ND
ND
7
2
5
9
2
2
3
240
170
1500
200
56000
ND
1200
ND
ND
190
210
ND
ND
ND
1
100
110
820
110
27000
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
2
86.
68.
700
82.
25000
ND
ND
ND
ND
74.
75.
ND
9.
ND
0
6
8
9
3
8
3
98.2
84.6
480,
42.1
5600
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (8%), reloaded at medium rate.
+L/H = originally loaded at low rate (6%), reloaded at high rate (12%).
#N/H = nonacclimated soil loaded at high rate (12*).
**ND = not detected (peak not present).
-------
TABLE A-45. CONTINUED
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor ant hene
Pyrene
Ben zo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Ben zo(k)fluor ant hene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenzf a, h) anthracene
Indeno(a,2,3-cd)pyrene
X
95
687
74
12900
500
140
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
M/M
5D
.6 16.7
.0 6.8
249
.5 48.4
17400
2600
128
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
CV
19
7
36
65
135
173
91
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
X
137
101
873
115
33000
-
737
-
-
116
141
27
-
-
L/H
SD
89.2
59.9
543
73.6
20200
-
401
-
-
65.7
68.9
.1 46.9
-
-
cV
65
59
62
64
62
-
54
-
-
57
49
173
.-
-
X
94.
87.
667
78.
19200
-
-
-
-
25.
25.
-
3.
-
7
7
3
0
1
3
N/H
5D
7.
20.
172
34.
11800
-
-
-
-
43.
43.
-
5.
-
6
9
2
2
5
7
CV
8
24
26
44
62
-
-
-
-
173
173
-
173
-
-------
TABLE A-46. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR SLOP OIL EMULSION
SOLIDS REAPPLIED TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL (74 DAYS INCUBATION)
PAH {mg/kg
Loading
M/M*
L/H+
Repl icate
Naphthalene
Fl uorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrpne
8enzo(a)anthracene
Chrysene
Ben zo(b)f lour anthene
Benzo(k)flouranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Oi ben z( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
1
16.4
37.6
32000
3.9
2400
2500
340
79.7
NO
„.!»»
NO
16.2
NO
2
20.5
35.7
34000
4.3
2400
2600
330
82.1
ND
3.0
7.2
NO
13.7
ND
3
22.9
39.2
360
6.1
2500
2800
360
B1.7
ND
1.4
9.4
ND
10.8
ND
1
83.9
1 83.9
550
0.2**
3700
4100
580
130
45.9
25.9
0.6
ND
23.2
ND .
Z
53.5
64.6
530*,
0.2**
0.17
4000
520
120
7.4
2.5
16.5
ND
28.8
ND
3
70.5
69.3
550«*
0.2**
3800
4200
540
120
12.3
2.2
20.5
ND
18.1
ND
soil)
Rate
Reactors
1
10.2
2.3
2400
0.2**
1800
1800
230
56.1
5.9
0.4
0.2**
ND
ND
3.4
N/H*
2
16.7
26.4
2600
0.2**
1700
1900
240
55.4
6.0
ND
ND
ND
3.3
6.3
3
30.1
37.4
350
ND
2500
2500
330
73.2
7.6
ND
0.2**
ND
NO
2.8
1
ND++
16.6
190«
0.2**
1400
1500
210
47.0
7.9
ND
0.2**
ND
ND
ND
H/NR**
2
ND
20.7
200
0.2**
1700
1800
230
51.0
6.7
ND
ND
ND
3.9
5.9
3
ND
20.7 •
200
0.2**
1700
1800
260
62.0
29.5
NO
0.2**
ND
4.0
3.4
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (8%), reloaded at medium rate.
*L/H = originally loaded at low rate (6*), reloaded at high rate (12%).
*N/H = nonacclimated soil loaded at high rate (12%).
**N/NR = originally loaded at high rate (12%), not reloaded.
++ND = not detected (peak not present).
**Detection limit.
-------
TABLE A-46. CONTINUED
IV)
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Naphthalene
Fl uorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
F)uorant!i lie
Pyrene
Benzo(a)anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo{b)fluoranthene
Benzo(d)fluorantherie
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Di ben z ( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
X
19.9
37.5
10900
4.7
243?
263J
343
81.2
1.8
5.6
13.5
M/M
SO
3.3
1.7
18273
1.2
57.7
152
15.2
1.3
1
4.8
2.7
CV
16
4
167
24
2
6
5
2
55
90
20
X
69.3
72.6
' 513
0.2*
2500
4100
546
123
21.8
10.2
12.6
23.4
L/H
SO '
15.3
10.1
• 1.5
2165
100
30.5
5.8
21
13.6
10.6
5.3
CV
22
14
2
9
2
6
5
9
130
83
23
X
19
22
1780
0.1
2000
2066
267
61.6
6.5
0.1
0.1
1.1
4.2
il/H
SO
10.1
17.9
1250
0. 1
436
379
55
10
0.9
0.2
0.08
1.9
1.9
CV
50
80
69
100
20
18
21
16
15
173
87
173
45
X
19.4
196
n i*
0.2
1600
1700
233
53.4
14.7
0.1
2.6
3.1
H/NR
SD
2.3
5.8
173
173
25
7.7
12.8
0.1
23
3
CV
-
11
10
11
15
87
100
87
96
*Detection limit.
-------
TABLE A-47. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR SLOP OIL EMULSION
SOLIDS REAPPLIED TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL (102 DAYS INCUBATION)
CJl
CO
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Loading Rate
M/M*
L/H+
N/H#
Replicate Reactors
Naphthalene
Fl uorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Ben zo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Ben zo(b) flour anthene
Ben zo( k ) f 1 our anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Ben zo ( gh i ) peryl ene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
1
43.0
36.9
320
ND
3100
3200
5300
ND
ND
ND
8.5
ND
ND
ND
2
ND**
35.6
320
0.2**
2700
3100
520
ND
ND
ND
4.5
ND
ND
ND
3
ND
35.1
320
0.2**
2800
3100
520
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
1
60.6
51.9
440
0.2^*
3400
4200
6700
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
.2 3
50.7 -++
50.6
410
ND
3200
3800
620
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
1
14.3
19.4
270
ND
1800
2200
620
ND
ND
ND
3.1
ND
ND
ND
2
37.3
34.4
410
ND
2800
3400
540
-ND
ND
ND
6.2
ND
ND
ND
3
ND
0.3
4.0#
21.0
24.0
2.3
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (8%), reloaded at medium rate.
+L/H = originally loaded at low rate (6%), reloaded at high rate (12%)
#N/H = nonacclimated soil loaded at high rate (12%).
**ND = not detected (peak not present).
**- = not analyzed.
"'Detection limit.
-------
TABLE A-47. CONTINUED
in
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo( k) f 1 uur anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Di benz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(a,2,3-cd)pyrene
X
14.3
35.9
320
0.1
287
3130
523
-
-
-
4.3
-
-
-
M/M
SD
24.8
0.9
_
0.1
208
57.7
5.8
-
-
-
4.2
-
-
-
PAH (mg/kg soil)
L/H
CV
173
3
_
100
7
2
1
-
-
-
98
-
-
-
X
55.6
51.3
425
0.1
3300
4000
3660
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
SD
7
0.9
21.2
0.1
141
283
4299
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
CV
13
2
5
100
4
7
117
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
X
19.2
18
228
0.1
1540
1870
381
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
N/H
SD
18.8
17
206
0.1
1410
1711
329
-
-
-
3.1
-
-
-
CV
109
95
90
100
91
91
86
-
-
-
100
-
—1
-
-------
TABLE A-48. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT -1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT
FOR CREOSOTE WOOD PRESERVING WASTE REAPPLIED TO DURANT
CLAY LOAM SOIL (IMMEDIATELY AFTER WASTE ADDITION)
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Loading Rate
M/M*
H/NR+
Replicate Reactors
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fl uoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo( b)f 1 uoranthene
Ben zo{ k )fl uoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
1
230
7.1
510
110
340
340
32.3
30.5
12.5
9.1
7.6
ND**
1.27
1.3
2
210
69.7
440
84.2
320
310
30.9
27.9
11.7
8.2
7.2
ND
1.27
1.2
3
180
55.1
280
60.7
250
250
25.0
22.6
9.7
6.7
5.5
ND
1.27
0.9
1
340
49.1
110
110
430
0.2*
45.7
44.7
18.1
13.0
10.7
ND
1.4
1.7
2
240
43.6
110
180
360
290
37.0
38.0
15.4
10.4
0.16
ND
1.3*
1.5
3
310
43.6
120
150
440
360
45.2
45.6
19.0
13.1
11.3
ND
1.3
1.8
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (1.0%), reloaded at medium rate.
+H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (1.3%), not reloaded.
'Detection limit.
**ND = not detected (peak not present).
155
-------
TABLE A-48. " CONTINUED
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Naphthalene
Fl uorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Ben zo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Ben zo(b)fluor anthene
Benzo(k)f luorantriene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz(a,h) anthracene
Indent) (1, 2, 3-cd)pyrene
X
207
44
410
85
303
300
29.4
27
11
7.7
6.6
-
1.3
1.1
M/M
SD
25.2
37.8
118
24.7
47.2
45.8
3.9
4
1.2
0.9
1.0
-
-
0.2
cv
12
75
29
29
16
15
13
15
10
11
15
-
-
16
X
297
3.2
113
147
410
217
42.6
42.8
17.5
12.1
7.4
-
1.3
1.7
H/NR
SD
51.3
0.1
5.8
3.?
43.6
191
4.9
4.1
1.9
1.6
6.3
-
0.1
0.2
CV
17
7
5
24
11
88
11
10
11
13
85
-
5
9
156
-------
TABLE A-49. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT -1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR
CREOSOTE WOOD PRESERVING WASTE REAPPLIED TO DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL
(37 DAYS INCUBATION)
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Loading Rate
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Ben zo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Ben zo ( k ) f 1 uor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi )perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
1
420
51.2
120
130
540
540
54.3
65.0
22.9
14.4
12.3
ND+
2.8
3.2
M/M*
Replicate Reactors
2
370
73.9
100
240
640
630
72.9
72.4
26.8
15.6
20.9
ND
2.6
ND
3
530
45.6
86.2
190
560
570
62.9
68.4
25.2
15.9
14.8
ND
3.3
3.8
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (1.0%), reloaded at medium rate.
+ND = not detected (peak not present).
157
-------
TABLE A-49.- CONTINUED
PAH (mg/kg soil)
M/M
SD CV
Naphthalene
Fl uorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Ben zo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
395
6.25
110
185
590
585
63.6
68.7
24.8
15
16.6
-
2.7
1.6
35.4
16
14.2
77.8
70.7
63.6
13.2
5.2
2.8
0.8
6
-
0.1
2.3
9
26
13
42
12
11
21
8
11
6
37
-
5
141
158
-------
TABLE A-50. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT -1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE
CONTENT FOR CREOSOTE WOOD PRESERVING WASTE REAPPLIED TO
DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL (74 DAYS INCUBATION)
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Loading Rate
M/M*
H/NR+
Replicate Reactors
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Ben zo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzol |b)f 1 uoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzol a) pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno ( 1 , 2, 3-cd ) pyrene
1
ND#
29.2
26.5
700
340
370
53.0
51.4
17.4
16.4
18.0
ND
2.5
2.5
2
ND
56.1
83.2
150
570
580
79.7
72.1
23.5
28.5
31.6
50.9
21.4
9.1
3
ND
73.5
120
170
780
680
84.7
77.8
28.4
29.4
31.6
49.1
18.1
8.9
1
ND
91.0
140
190
960
870
100
96.4
35.2
35.4
39.1
60.7
22.4
11.1
2
ND
15.8
13.7
58.5
260
190
33.3
30.6
10.2
7.6
6.5
1.0
2.4
1.6
3
ND
8.1
6.9
26.9
130
97.4
17.0
16.6
5.6
3.8
3.2
ND
1.3**
0.7
**
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (1.0%), reloaded at medium rate.
+H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (1.3%), not reloaded.
= not detected (peak not present).
Detection limit.
159
-------
TABLE A-50. CONTINUED
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluor anthene
Benzo(k)fluor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
X
52.9
76.5
340
563
543
72.5
67.1
23.1
24.7
27
33.3
14
6.8
M/M
SD
.
223
47.1
312
220
158
17
13.9
5.5
7.3
7.9
28.8
10
3.8
CV
.
42
62
92
39
29
24
21
24
29
29
87
72
55
X
—
38.3
53.5
91.8
450
386
50.1
47.9
17
15.6
16.2
20.6
8.69
4.5
H/NR
SD
t
—
45.8
74.9
86.5
446
422
43.9
42.6
15.9
17.3
19.8
34.8
11.9
5.8
CV
—
119
140
94
99
109
28
89
94
110
122
169
137
129
160
-------
TABLE A-51. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT -1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR
CREOSOTE WOOD PRESERVING WASTE REAPPLIED TO DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL
(102 DAYS INCUBATION)
PAH (mg/kg soil)
M/M*
Replicate Keactors
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
1
ND+
25.7
12.7
60.5
340
220
55.1
71.3
24.7
15.4
14.3
ND
2.4
2.0
2
ND
31.6
15.7
79.0
430
330
74.2
81.1
27.2
25.5
28.1
ND
3.8
3.4
3
ND
23.5
10.9
54.7
340
290
68.4
72.3
25.2
22.5
25.9
ND
40
.e.
.6
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (1.056), reloaded at medium rate.
#ND = not detected (peak not present).
161
-------
TABLE A-51.' CONTINUED
PAH (rug/kg soil)
M/M
SD
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzol kjfluoranthene
Benzol ajpyrene
Benzol ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
„
26.9
13.1
64.7
370
280
65.9
74.9
25.7
21.1
22.8
-
3.5
3
—
4.2
2.4
12.7
51.9
55.7
9.8
5.4
1.3
5.2
7.4
-
0.9
0.8
_
16
20
20
14
20
15
7
5
25
33
-
27
29
162
-------
TABLE A-52. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR CREOSOTE WOOD PRESERVING
WASTE REAPPLIED TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL (IMMEDIATELY AFTER WASTE ADDITION)
CO
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Loading Rate
M/M*
L/H*
N/H*
H/NR**
Replicate Reactors
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracen
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Ben zo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Ben zo( b) flour anthene
Ben zo{ k ) f 1 our anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Oi benzf a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
1
350
160
780
250
650
630
58.7
56.0
23.0
12.9
15.1
NO
1.3
2.1
2
280
130
670
180
500
490
47.0
46.6
19.0
14.1
12.1
ND
1.5
2.4
3
320
160
730
210
620
570
57.4
54.9
21.4
16.6
14.0
ND
2.3
2.2
1
290
150
740
190
560
550
51.8
50.5
21.5
18.7
20.5
ND
6.3
3.5
2
290
150
740
200
550
540
49.5
46.4
18.8
13.4
11.9
ND
1.5
ND
3
290
150
740
210
550
540
50.5
48.1
19.4
14.4
12.0
ND
4.8
1.9
1
260
170
820
180
560
570
52.1
49.9
20.5
3.5
13.0
0.8
1.6
2.1
2
280
170
820
180
560
570
52.1
49.9
20.6
3.5
13.0
0.8
1.6
2.1
3
280
190
860
370
580
580
53.3
51.7
21.2
3.7
13.7
ND
1.8
2.1
I
ND++
100
1300
530
480
500
37.4
46.0
30.3
11.0
13.8
N°«
1.3"
ND
2
ND
100
750
260
490
470
45.4
42.4
17.4
9.9
10.5
ND
1.3
2.0
3
ND
100
810
170
560
550
51.7
48.8
19.9
11.6
12.3
ND
1.3"
2.1
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (0.7%), reloaded at medium rate.
+L/H = originally loaded at low rate (0.4X), reloaded at high rate (1.0*).
*N/H = nonaccllmated soil loaded at high rate (1.05!).
**N/NR = originally loaded at high rate (1.0*), not reloaded.
++ND = not detected (peak not present).
**0etection limit.
-------
TABLE A-52. CONTINUED
en
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo(a)anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
B -nzofdjfluordnthene
oenzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
lndeno( 1 , 2 , 3-cd)pyrcne
X
317
150
727
213
590
563
5.3
• I
14.5
13.7
1.7
2.2
M/M
SO
35
17.3'
55
35.1
79.4
70.2
6.4
5.1
2
1.9
1.5
0.5
0.2
CV
11
12
8
17
13
12
12
If
10
13
11
31
7
X
290
150
,740
200
553
543
50.6
48.3
19.9
15.5
14.8
4.2
2.7
L/H
SD
-
10
5.8
5.8
1.2
2.1
1.4
2.8
4.9
2.5
1.1
CV
-
5
1
1
2
4
7
18
33
58
42
X
273
177
833
243
567
573
52.5
50.5
20.7
3.5
13.2
.7
1.6
2.1
N/H
SD
11.5
11.5
23
110
11.5
5.8
0.7
1
0.4
0.1
0.4
.1
0.1
4
7
3
45
2
1
1
2
2
3
3
20
7
0
X
100
953
320
510
507
44.8
45.7
27.5
10.8
12.2
1.3
7.7
H/NR
SD
-
302
187
43.6
7.2
3.2
6.8
0.8
1.6
n.?
9 °-
CV
-
32
59
O
16
7
30
8
14
1
128
-------
TABLE A-53. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR CREOSOTE
WOOD PRESERVING WASTE REAPPLIED TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL (37 DAYS INCUBATION)
en
en
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Loading Rate
M/M*
L/H+
N/H*
Replicate Reactors
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Ben zo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Ben zo(b) flour anthene
Benzo(k) flour anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
1
560
190
820
460
810
700
58.1
70.1
25.4
16.8
13.5
ND
1.8
3.4
Z
190
240
'860
480
950
860
75.3
76.2
26.0
13.7
15.2
ND
1.8
3.0
3
820
260
890
460
900
770
70.
73.
25.
17.
15.
ND
3.
3.
5
1
9
3
0
9
5
1
330
210
830
320
800
760
70.
70.
28.
16.
17.
ND
1.
3.
8
1
5
1
6
6
0
2
580
200
860
370
930
820
68.8
77.6
29.9
19.0
16.2
ND
3.6
3.8
3
ND**
270
890
470
960
ND
66.0
83.7
ND
ND
ND
ND
10.3
1.8
1
160
150
560
190
530
530
50.6
50.5
19.1
10.0
13.5
ND
1.3++
0.3++
2
230
51.9
320
160
360
360
31.5
35.9
12.0
6.1
5.1
ND
1.8
2.1
3
250
. 120
650
200
410
420
37.6
40.3
15.0
8.5
8.0
ND
1.7
2.1
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (0.7%), reloaded at medium rate.
+L/H = originally loaded at low rate (0.4%), reloaded at high rate (1.0%).
#N/H = nonacclimated soil loaded at high rate (l.W).
**ND = not detected (peak not present).
++0etection limit.
-------
TABLE A-53. CONTINUED
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Ben zo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Ben zo(k)fluor anthene
Benzo( a) pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz(a,h) anthracene
Indeno(a,2,3-cd)pyrene
X
523
230
857
467
887
776
67.9
73
25.7
15.9
14.5
-
2.5
3.3
M/M
5D
317
36
35
11.5
70.9
80.2
8.8
3
0.3
1.9
0.9
-
1.2
0.3
PAH (mg/kg soil)
L/H
CV
60
16
4
2
8
10
13
4
1
12
6
-
49
8
*
303
227
860
387
897
527
68.
77.
19.
11.
11.
-
5.
2.
5
1
5
7
2
1
8
SD
291
38
30
76.4
85
457
2.4
6.8
16.9
10.2
9.8
-
4.5
1
CV
96
17
3
20
9
87
4
9
87
87
87
-
88
35
X
160
111
373
307
320
437
200
42
25
11
7
4
1
1
.3
.8
.2
.7
.5
.2
.8
N/H
SD
138
54.6
254
220
115
86.2
286
7.5
21.4
6.9
2.5
7.8
1
0.5
CV
86
49
68
72
36
20
143
18
83
62
32
173
87
26
-------
en
TABLE A-54. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR CREOSOTE WOOD PRESERVING
WASTE REAPPLIED TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL (74 DAYS INCUBATION)
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Loading Rate
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo(a)anthracene
Chrysene
Ben zo(b) flour an thene
Benzo(k)flouranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi )perylene
Diben z( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
1 '
ND++
82.8
430
160
410
320
38.4
39.5
12.6
8.8
12.9
26.9
13.0
59.9
M/M*
2
ND
120
530
160
620
410
46.1
47.9
13.6
7.8
8.0
ND
4.1
2.0
3'
ND
210
670
280
160
900
83.8
85.7
23.7
13.2
12.9
ND
5.8
3.6
1
NO
0.2
' 1.7
0.17
110
56.1
24.4
5.8
ND
ND
0.15
NO
ND
0.3*
L/H+
Repl ic ate
2
ND
140
580
170
730
500
56.7
58.9
17.9
11.2
12.6
2.4
2.6
2.4
3
ND
200
670
250
120
690
77.5
77.4
24.9
20.4
17.6
ND
4.4
4.0
N/H*
Reactors
1
ND
33.0
65.5
70.0
260
200
26.7
27.9
8.6
6.5
5.5
0.8
1.3
1.4
2
ND
57.5
180
110
400
310
38.7
40.2
12.9
10.1
8.8
NO
2.2
2.2
3
ND
42.0
80.4
86.2
330
260
35.6
36.0
13.0
12.3
13.0
0.6**
7.1
3.5
1
ND
56.6
390
110
300
270
27.5
26.8
10.1
9.2
9.5
14.3
5.0
3.8
H/NR**
2
ND
66.6
530
92.4
410
370
37.4
35.8
13.5
12.2
13.4
25.1
11.1
3.9
3
ND
93.1
580
190
480
420
43.3
42.8
15.4
ND
16.9
48.1
12.6
12.6
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (0.7X), reloaded at medium rate.
+L/H = originally loaded at low rate (0.4X), reloaded at high rate (1.0*).
*N/H = nonacclimated soil loaded at high rate (1.0%).
**N/NR = originally loaded at high rate (l.OX), not reloaded.
*4ND = not detected (peak not present).
^Detection limit.
-------
TABLE A-54. CONTINUED
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzol a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo( b)f luoranthene
Benzol d) f 1 uor anthene
Benzol ajpyrene
Benzolghi )per/lene
Oiben z( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
X
.
138
543
200
397
543
56.1
72
16.6
9.9
11.3
9
7.6
2.9
M/M
SO
—
65.4
121
69.3
230
312
24.3
20.9
6.2
2.9
2.8
15.5
4.7
0.8
CV
—
48
22
34
58
57
43
29
37
29
25
173
62
28
*
_
• 113
417
140
320
415
52.8
47.3
14.3
10.5
10.1
0.8
2.3
2.2
L/H
SO CV
_ ..
102 90
362 87
128 91
355 111
325 78
26.8 51
37.2 78
12.8 90
10.2 97
9 89
1.4 173
2.2 95
1.9 83
if
_
44.2
109
88.7
330
257
33.6
34.7
11.5
9.6
9.1
0.5
3.5
2.4
N/H
SO
_
12.4
62.9
20
70
55
6.7
6.3
2.5
2.9
3.8
0.4
3.1
1.0
Cv
_
28
57
23
21
22
19
18
22
30
41
90
88
45
X
_
72.1
500
131
397
'53
Jib
35.1
13
7.1
13.3
29.1
9.6
6.8
H/NR
SO
_
18.9
98.5
52
90.7
76.4
8
8
2.7
6.3
3.7
17.2
4
5
CV
_
26
20
40
23
22
22
23
21
89
28
59
42
75
-------
TABLE A-55. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR CREOSOTE
WOOD PRESERVING WASTE REAPPLIED TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL (102 DAYS INCUBATION)
CTl
UD
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Loading Rate
M/M*
L/H+
N/H#
Replicate Reactors
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Ben zo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Ben zo(b) flour anthene
Ben zo(k) flour anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a,h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
1
NO**
5.3
400
150
400
330
39.2
46.2
15.2
13.5
11.0
ND
1.9
2.0
2
ND
42.0
290
130
430
360
45.5
51.2
16.8
15.0
12.0
ND
2.2
2.3
3
ND
58.7
360
210
420
340
42.7
48.2
15.3
14.5
11.8
ND
2.2
1.9
1
ND
41.3
260
81.8
230
190
24.5
27.8
9.2
7.9
7.6
ND
1.3++
1.1
2
ND
16.7
52.9
59.4
130
120
15.8
21.7
5.5
4.6
3.6
ND
1.3++
0.64
3
ND
37.7
170
110
300
260
33.8
43.4
12.5
12.3
12.4
ND
2.1
2.1
1
ND
9.8
15.0
49.4
220
160
26.0
30.5
9.6
8.2
6.4
ND
1.7
1.5
Z
ND
11.8
16.7
68.6
150
130
21.6
26.8
8.5
6.4
5.1
ND
1.7
1.2
3
ND
10.0
10.2
4.6.8
200
170
33.9
39.2
13.0
12.0
12.8
ND
2.2
1.9
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (0.7%), reloaded at medium rate.
+L/H = originally loaded at low rate (0.4%), reloaded at high rate (1.0%).
*N/H = nonacclimated soil loaded at high rate (1.0%).
**ND = not detected (peak not present).
"""Detection limit.
-------
TABLE A-55. CONTINUED
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluor anthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Ben zo ( gh i ) per yl ene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(a,2,3-cd)pyrene
X
mf
3D
350
163
417
393
42.4
48.5
15.7
14.3
11.6
-
2.1
2
M/M
SD
—
27.3
55.7
91.6
15.3
15.3
3.2
2.5
0.9
0.7
0.5
-
0.2
0.2
PAH (rag/kg soil)
L/H
CV
—
77
16
26
4
4
7
5
6
5
5
-
8
10
X
_
31.9
161
83.7
220
190
24.7
31
9
8.3
7.9
-
1.5
1.2
SD
_
13.3
104
25.4
85.5
70
9
11.2
3.5
3.8
4.4
-
0.5
0.7
CV
_
42
65
30
39
37
36
36
39
47
6
-
31
58
X
_
10.5
14
55
190
153
27.2
32.2
10.4
8.9
8.1
-
1.8
1.5
N/H
SD
H
1.1
3.4
11.9
36
20.8
6.2
6.4
2.3
2.9
4.1
-
0.3
0.3
CV
_
10
24
22
19
14
23
20
23
32
51
-i
15
20
-------
TABLE A-56. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT -1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT
FOR PENTACHLOROPHENOL WOOD PRESERVING WASTE REAPPLIED TO DURANT
CLAY LOAM SOIL (IMMEDIATELY AFTER WASTE ADDITION)
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Loading Rate
M/M*
H/NR+
Replicate Reactors
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
1
ND#
69.2
410
130
250
260
13.1
21.9
8.6
3.3
5.7
ND
1.3
1.8
2
ND
140
690
230
380
450
39.1
58.0
24.2
12.8
11.7
ND
2.4
2.0
3
ND
160
710
490
350
410
33.4
57.6
21.9
10.5
9.8
ND
3.2
2.3
1
ND
44.7
180
80.0
190
210
19.1
28.3
17.1
5.2
4.9
ND
ND
0.4
2
ND
29.4
340
130
250
250
20.6
33.9
10.9
4.0
4.4
1.6
1.6
1.5
3
ND
21.5
78.9
38.8
89.5
100
8.8
14.4
8.8
2.9
2.4
0.6**
ND
0.7
**
M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (0.5%), reloaded at medium rate.
+H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (0.7%), not reloaded.
*ND = not detected (peak not present).
Detection limit.
171
-------
TABLE A-56. CONTINUED
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz(a.h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
X
.
121
603
283
327
373
28.5
45.8
18.2
8.9
9.1
-
2.3
2
M/M
SD
.
51.3
168
186
681
100
13.7
20.7
8.4
4.9
3.1
-
1
0.3
CV
—
42
28
66
21
27
48
45
46
56
34
-
42
12
X
—
31.9
200
83
177
187
16.2
25.5
12.3
4
3.9
0.72
0.5
0.9
H/NR
SD
—
11.8
132
45.7
81.1
77.7
6.4
10
4.3
1.2
1.3
0.8
0.9
0.6
CV
—
37
66
55
46
42
40
39
35
29
34
113
173
66
172
-------
TABLE A-57. RESULTS FOR PAH ANA1YSIS AT -1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR
PENTACHLOROPHENOL WOOD PRESERVING WASTE REAPPLIED TO DURANT CLAY LOAM
SOIL (37 DAYS INCUBATION)
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Loadinq Rate
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)f 1 uoranthene
Benzo( k )f 1 uoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
1
ND+
140
640
250
480
410
47.1
65.3
32.5
23.5
32.2
44.8
18.2
7.7
M/M*
Replicate Reactors
2
ND
140
670
280
220
440
46.1
65.7
25.5
17.0
14.3
ND
3.0
2.6
3
ND
130
640
210
480
410
46.2
65.4
30.3
24.3
30.6
33.9
15.1
7.4
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (0.5%), reloaded at medium rate.
+ND = not detected (peak not present).
173
-------
TABLE A-57.' CONTINUED
PAH (mg/kg soil)
M/M
174
CV
Naphthalene - -
Fluorene 137 5.8 4
Phenanthrene 650 17.3 3
Anthracene 247 35.1 14
Fluoranthene 393 150 38
Pyrene 420 17.3 4
Benzo(a)anthracene 46.5 0.6 1
Chrysene 65.5 0.2 0.3
Benzo(b)fluoranthene 29.4 3.6 12
Benzo(k)fluoranthene 21.6 4 19
Benzo(a)pyrene 25.7 9.9 39
Benzo(ghi)perylene 26.2 23.4 89
Dibenz( a,h) anthracene 12.1 8 66
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene 59 2.9 49
-------
TABLE A-58. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT -1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT
FOR PENTACHLOROPHENOL WOOD PRESERVING WASTE REAPPLIED TO DURANT
CLAY LOAM SOIL (74 DAYS INCUBATION)
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Loading Rate
M/M*
H/NR+
Replicate Reactors
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phen ant hrene
Anthracene
Fluor ant here
Pyrene
Ben2o( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz(a.h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
1
ND#
46.0
150
120
350
320
42.9
50.4
22.3
14.2
13.2
ND
3.0
3.5
2
ND
100
560
210
430
410
46.3
58.8
26.0
17.3
15.7
ND
2.9
3.3
3
ND
38.2
78.0
160
350'
300
48.6
58.6
25.4
17.3
15.8
ND
3.2
3.9
1
ND
2.2
6.0
7.9
110
83.6
18.9
23.8
10.4
5.9
5.4
ND
1.3**
1.2
2
ND
1.8
5.4
7.7
62.3
49.8
11.0
14.1
9.6
3.2
2.8
0.6**
1.3**
0.9
3
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.2
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (0.5%), reloaded at medium rate,
+H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (0.7%), not reloaded.
*ND = not detected (peak not present).
**Detection limit.
175
-------
TABLE A-58. - CONTINUED
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluor anthene
Benzo(k)fluor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
X
—
61.4
263
163
377
343
45.9
55.9
24.6
16.3
14.9
-
3
3.6
M/M
SD
—
33.7
260
45.1
46.2
58.6
2.9
4.8
2
1.8
1.5
-
0.2
0.3
PAH (mg/kg soil)
•
—
55
99
28
12
17
6
8.5
8
11
10
-
5
9
X
_
1.3
3.8
5.2
57.4
44.5
10
12.6
6.7
3
2.7
0.2
0.8
0.7
H/NR
SD
_
1.2
3.3
4.5
55.2
41.9
9.5
12
5.8
2.9
2.7
0.3
0.7
0.6
C"
_
88
87
87
96
94
95
95
89
97
99
173
87
89
176
-------
TABLE A-59. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT -1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR
PENTACHLOROPHENOL WOOD PRESERVING WASTE REAPPLIED TO DURANT CLAY LOAM
SOIL (102 DAYS INCUBATION)
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Loading Rate
M/M*
Keplicate Reactors
Naphthalene
Fl uorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluor anthene
Benzo(k)fluor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a,h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
1
ND+
15.6
13.9
50.1
300
270
58.2
59.4
25.2
18.7
18.0
ND
2.6
3.0
2
ND
18.0
16.3
41.8
280
260
51.8
53.0
22.0
16.6
15.8
ND
2.0
2.3
ND
32.1
25.9
— • •
89.1
420
370
72.7
T A C
74.5
31.8
OO £
22 .6
11 f\
21.9
Mf\
ND
3 A
.4
3.7
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (0.5%), reloaded at medium rate.
+ND = not detected (peak not present).
177
-------
TABLE A-59." CONTINUED
PAH (mg/kg soil)
M/M
SD CT
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluor anthene
Ben zo(k)fluor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
_
21.9
18.7
60.3
333
300
60.9
67.3
26.3
19.3
18.6
-
2.7
3
_
8.9
6.3
25.3
75.7
60.8
10.7
11
5
3
- 3.1
—
0.7
0.7
-
41
34
42
23
20
18
18
1 f\
19
<• f
16
• *
16
~
26
23
178
-------
TABLE A-60. CONTINUED
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Ben zo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Ben zo(b)fluor anthene
Benzo(d)fluor anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Di benz( a, h) anthracene
lndeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
a
.
29.7
83.7
41.6
92.4
97.4
9.9
13.6
5.5
2.7
2.4
0.8
0.4
0.4
M/M
So
.
2.9
10.1
3.8
11
14
1.2
1.5
0.8
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.1
CV
.
10
12
9
12
14
12
11
13
15
13
56
173
34
x
m
34.3
86.7
50.5
96.7
107
7.9
11.7
1.9
0.5
1
-
9.2
Z.5
L/H
SD CV
_ _
29.9 87
75 . 7 87
44.5 88
83.9 87
92.4 87
7.2 91
10.2 87
3.2 173
0.8 173
1.6 160
-
7.3 173
4.4 173
X
_
49.2
120
69.4
73.3
143
14
20.7
8
2.6
4.8
-
-
2.8
N/H
SD
_
1.7
-
7.2
63.5
5.8
1.6
1.8
1.5
2.5
0.3
-
-
3.4
CV
_
3
-
10
87
4
11
9
19
94
6
-
-
139
X
.
7.3
41.2
15.4
53.1
57.8
5.5
8.3
3.8
1.5
1.0
0.2
-
0.2
H/NR
SD
.
6.8
34.1
13.5
45.5
49.4
5
6.7
3.3
1.4
1.0
0.3
-
0.4
CV
_
92
83
88
86
85
89
80
87
94
94
173
-
173
-------
TABLE A-60. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR PENTACHLOROPHENOL WOOD PRESERVING
WASTE REAPPLIEO TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL (IMMEDIATELY AFTER WASTE ADDITION)
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Loading Rate
Naphthalene
Flourene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
oo Pyrene
° Benzo(a)anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)f louranthene
Benzo( k)f lour anthene
Ben7o(a)pyrene
Benzofghi )perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
1
ND"
29.7
87.1
37.2
97.3
100
10.3
14.1
5.7
2.7
2.5
1.4
ND
0.5
M/M*
2
111'
32.6
91.6
43.9
100
110
10.8
14.9
6.1
3.1
2.7
0.6
ND
0.3**
3
ND
26.8
72.3
43.7
79.8
82.3
8.6
12.0
4.7
2.3
2.1
0.5**
HO..
0.3**
1
ND
48.1
120
84.2
150
160
9.8
16.2
ND
ND
NO
ND
170
95.1
L/H+
Repl
2
icate
3
ND 0.3
54.9
140
67.2
140
160
14.0
18.9
5.6
1.4
2.9 0
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
1.2**
NO
ND
NO
N/H*
Reactors
1
ND
50.8
120
77.4
ND
140
15.6
22.7
9.6
4.9
5.1
ND
ND
0.5
T
ND
47.5
120
63.4
110
140
12.5
19.7
7.8
3.0
4.5
ND
ND
0.6
3
ND
49.3
120
67.3
110
150
14.0
19.6
6.6
ND
4.8
ND
ND
7.3
1
NO
13.9
66.4
26.1
87.7
94.7
9.5
13.2
5.4
2.8
1.8
0.6**
ND
ND
H/NR**
Z
ND
7.7
54.7
19.9
69.9
77.0
7.2
11.0
6.0
1.7
1.1
ND
NO
0.7
3
ND
0.4
2.4
0.2**
1.6
1.7
ND
NO
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (0.15%), reloaded at medium rate.
+L/H = originally loaded at low rate (0.075%), reloaded at high rate (0.3%).
*N/H = nonacclimated soil loaded at high rate (0.3%).
**N/NR = originally loaded at high rate (0.3<), not reloaded.
++ND = not detected (peak not present).
**Detection limit.
-------
TABLE A-61. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR PENTACHLOROPHENOL
WOOD PRESERVING WASTE REAPPLIED TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL (37 DAYS INCUBATION)
00
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Loading Rate
M/M*
L/H+
N/H#
Replicate Reactors
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor ant hene
Pyrene
Ben zo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)flouranthene
Benzo(k)flouranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
1
ND**
3.9
14.2
3.9
18.0
16.1
0.8++
2.8
2.0
0.5
0.3
ND
ND
0.3++
2
ND
ND
1.13
0.2++
ND
ND
0.8++
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3
0.3++
25.0
87.2
40.0
120
110
13.2
16.2
6.8
4.6
3.5
ND
1.3++
0.7
1
ND
53.1
160
76.6
180
170
20.9
24.2
10.8
7.4
6.0
ND
ND
1.5
2
ND
54.8
180
65.5
190
180
21.4
24.6
11.3
7.3
6.0
ND
1.4
1.2
3
ND
0.5
2.5
0.2++
1.4
1.1
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
1
ND
30.3
100
40.2
120
110
12.4
14.8
6.9
4.3
3.7
ND
ND
0.4
2
ND
33.8
110
38.2
120
110
11.8
15.0
7.1
4.3
3.7
ND
ND
0.3++
3
ND
32.0
97.9
40.3
110
110
12.3
14.5
11.8
4.3
3.8
ND
1.3++
0.5
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (0.15%), reloaded at medium rate.
+L/H = originally loaded at low rate (0.075%), reloaded at high rate (1.0%).
#N/H = nonacclimated soil loaded at high rate (0.3*).
**ND = not detected (peak not present).
"""Detection limit.
++- = not analyzed.
-------
TABLE A-61. CONTINUED
oo
ro
*
M/M
SL> CV
PAH (mg/kg soil)
L'"
x SD CV
N/H
x SD
CV
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo(a)anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
^ Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(gh1)perylene
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
Indeno(a,2,3-cd)pyrene
9.6 13.4 139
34.2 46.4 135
14.7 22 149
46 64.7 140
42 59.4 141
4.7 7.4 159
6.3 8.7 136
3.6 2.8 77
1.8 2.4 134
1.3 1.9 153
0.5
0.5
0.7
0.3
127
59
36.4 30.9 85
114 97.2 85
47.4 41.4 87
124 106 86
117 101 86
14.1 12.2 87
16.3 14.1 87
7.4 6.4 87
4.9 4.2 87
4 3.5 87
0.5
1
0.8
0.6
173
63
32 1.8 5
103 6.5 6
39.6 1.2 3
117 5.8 5
110
12.2 0.3 3
14.7 0.3 2
8.6 2.8 32
4.3
3.7 0.06 2
0.4 0.1 26
-------
TABLE A-62. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR PENTACHLOROPHENOL WOOD PRESERVING
WASTE REAPPLIED TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL (74 DAYS INCUBATION)
oa
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Loading Rate
M/M*
L/H+
Replicate
Naphthalene
Flourene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Ben zo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Ben zo(b) flour anthene
8enzo(k)f lour anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzotghi Jperylene
0 i ben z( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
1
ND++
0.9
3.2
2.2
14.7
15.3
2.6
3.2
2.5
0.6
0.3
NO
NO
0.3
2
ND
1.9
9.3
4.0
12.6
12.0
1.8
2.2
1.6
0.3
0.2
ND
ND
0.3**
3
ND
15.6
63.3
44.3
110
93.0
12.8
15.3
6.7
4.0
2.8
1.3**
0.6
1
ND
20.4
40.4
'54.8
110
120
17.8
20.1
9.4
5.9
4.8
K3**
0.8
2
ND
ND
ND
0.2
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3
ND
ND
1.1
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NO
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
N/H*
H/NR"
Reactors
1
ND
9.3
44.8
21.7
47.8
43.4
4.9
6.4
4.2
1.1
0. 7
0. 6**
NH
0.4
2
NO
27.6
99.7
41.3
110
100
11.1
14.8
10.5
3.3
2.3
NO
1.3**
0.5
3
ND
15.9
75.2
31.6
82.0
73.8
8.0
11.2
7.2
2.2
1.3
0.9
1.3"
0.5
1
ND
ND
3.3
11.6
38.3
4.1
9.3
12.4
7.8
2.8
1.6
K3**
0.5
2
ND
3.6
5.0
22.1
63.4
53.9
11.1
14.3
9.1
3.2
1.8
ND
NO
0.5
3
ND
1.3
4.2
18. C
64.1
54.4
1?.2
15. S
5.8
3.7
?.o
NO
1.3"
0.7
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (0.15%), reloaded at medium rate.
+L/H = originally loaded at low rate (0.075*), reloaded at high rate (0.3%).
*N/H = nonacclimated soil loaded at high rate (0.3%).
**N/NR = originally loaded at high rate (0.3%), not reloaded.
t+ND = not detected (peak not present).
^Detection limit.
-------
TABLE A-62. CONTINUED
CO
PAH (ing/kg soil)
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Muoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo(a)anthracene
Dirysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo{d)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Di b en z( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
X
6.1
25.3
16.8
45.8
40.1
5.7
6.9
3.6
1.6
1.1
0.2
0.4
0.4
M/M
SO
8.2
33.1
23.8
55.7
45.8
6.2
7.3
2.7
2
1.4
0.3
0.7
0.2
cV
134
130
141
121
114
106
105
75.6
125
134
173
173
44
X
6.8
13.9
18.3
36.7
40
5.9
6.7
3.1
2
1.6
0.4
0.3
L/H
SO
11.8
23
31.6
63.5
69.3
10.2
11.6
5.4
3.4
2.8
0.7
0.5
CV
173
166
172
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
X
17.6
73.2
31.5
79.9
72.4
8
10. B
7.3
2.2
1.4
0.5
0.8
0.5
N/H
SO
9.3
27.5
9.8
31.2
28.3
3.1
4.2
3.1
1.1
0.8
0.4
0.7
0.06
CV
53
38
31
39
39
39
39
43
50
56
93
87
12
X
1.6
4.2
17.5
55.3
37.5
L0.9
14.2
7.6
3.2
1.8
0.3
0.8
0.6
H/NR
SO
1.8
0.8
5.4
14.7
28.9
1.5
1.7
1.7
0.5
0.2
0.6
0.7
0.1
CV
111
20
31
27
77
13
12
??
I/ J
87
20
-------
TABLE A-63. RESULTS FOR PAH ANALYSIS AT -1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR PENTACHLOROPHENOL
WOOD PRESERVING WASTE REAPPLIED TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL (102 DAYS INCUBATION)
00
in
PAH (mg/kg soil)
Loading Rate
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluor anthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)f lour anthene
Benzo(k)f lour anthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz( a, h) anthracene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
1
ND**
4.5
6.4
28.7
91.0
75.3
18.0
18.3
7.7
6.8
5.5
4.5
2.7
1.4
M/M*
Z
ND
3.9
43.1
32.7
100
100
16.8
16.8
6.7
5.2
4.3
0.6
ND
0.7
3
ND
11.0
16.4
40.4
69.6
73.9
16.0
15.9
6.7
5.2
4.3
ND
ND
0.6
Repl
1
ND
10.0
21.4
63.7
140
160
31.2
30.1
12.7
10.1
9.2
ND
1.3++
1.5
L/H+
N/H#
icate Reactors
2
ND
6.6
3.6
36.8
100
100
20.1
20.4
8.3
6.5
5.6
ND
ND
0.8
3
ND
9.2
9.4
55.8
94.2
110
20.3
21.1
8.7
6.3
5.3
ND
ND
0.8
1
ND
9.3
8.4
36.9
77.7
83.5
17.1
17.0
6.7
4.8
4.2
ND
ND
0.6
T
ND
19.2
90.4
42.3
120
120
16.9
17.4
6.6
5.0
3.9
ND
ND
0.6
3
ND
17.4
81.9
5*3.3
140
130
18.8
19.0
7.2
5.7
4.9
ND
ND
0.6
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (0.15%), reloaded at medium rate.
+L/H = originally loaded at low rate (0.075%), reloaded at high rate (1.0%),
*N/H = nonacclimated soil loaded at high rate (0.3%).
**ND = not detected (peak not present).
"'"''Detection limit.
-------
TABLE A-63. CONTINUED
GO
Naphthalene
Fluorenp
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Dibenz(a.h) -jracene
Indeno(a,2,3-cd)pyrene
X
—
6.5
22
33.9
86.9
83.1
16.7
17
7.1
5.7
4.7
1.7
1.7
0.9
M/M
SD
—
3.9
19
5.9
15.6
14.7
1
1.2
0.6
0.9
0.7
2.4
0.8
0.4
PAH (mg/kg soil)
L/H
CV
—
61
86
18
18
18
6
7
8
16
15
143
47
48
X
—
8.6
11.5
52.1
111
123
23.9
23.9
9.9
7.6
6.7
-
0.4
1
SD
_
1.8
9.1
13.9
24.9
32.1
6.3
5.4
2.4
2.1
2.2
-
0.7
0.4
CV
_
21
79
27
22
26
27
23
25
28
0.3
-
173
39
5c
_
15.3
60.2
44.2
113
111
17.6
17.8
6.8
5.2
4.3
-
-
0.6
N/'
SO
_
5.3
45.1
8.4
31.8
24.5
1
1
0.3
0.5
0.5
-
-
-
"TV
_
35
65
19
28
22
6
6
5
9
12
*•
0
-
-------
TABLE A-64 . RESULTS FOR PENTACHLOROPHENOL ANALYSIS WITH INCUBATION TIME
FOR PENTACHLOROPHENOL WOOD PRESERVING WASTE MIXED WITH
DURANT CLAY LOAM AT -1 BAR
PCP (mg/kg soil)
Loadinq Rate
Time
(days)
0
37
74
102
164
1
390
320
340
99
330
M/M*
Replicate
Z 3
410 -#
330
340
83
330 410
H/NR+
Reactors
1 2
220 230
-
210 270
-
370 34
3
-
-
-
-
270
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (0.5%), reloaded at medium rate.
+H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (0.7/K), not reloaded.
*- = not analyzed.
187
-------
TABLE A-64 . CONTINl- 1
PCP (mg/kg soil)
Loading Rate
Time
(days)
0
37
74
102
164
X
400
320
340
91
360
M/M*
SO
14
7.1
0
11
46
CV
3.5
2.2
0
12
13
ri/NR+
x 5D CV
220 7.1 3.2
.#
240 42 18
_
220 170 77
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (0.5%), reloaded at medium rate.
+H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (0.7%), not reloaded.
#- = not analyze-:.
188
-------
00
TABLE A-65. RESULTS FOR PENTACHLOROPHENOL ANALYSIS WITH INCUBATION TIME FOR
PENTACHLOROPHENOL WOOD PRESERVING WASTE MIXED WITH
KIDMAN SANDY LOAM AT -1/3 BAR
PCP (mg/kg soil)
Loading Rate
Time
(days)
0
37
74
102
164
M/M*
L/H+
N/H#
H/NR**
Replicate Reactors
1
270
140
210
150
120
2 3
_++
150
140
150
110 200
1
160
220
190
210
95
2 3
160
190
200
170
96 64
1
.
130
140
140
130
2 3
.
140
160
140
110 93
1
120
-
110
-
95
2 3
240
-
160
-
95 100
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (0.15%), reloaded at medium rate.
+L/H = originally loaded at low rate (0.075%), reloaded at high rate (0.3%).
#N/H = nonacclimated soil loaded at high rate (0.3%).
**H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (0.3%), not reloaded.
"H"- = not analyzed.
-------
TABLE A-65. CONTINUED
to
0
PCP (mg/kg soil)
Loading Rate
Time
(days)
0
37
74
102
164
X
270
140
180
150
140
M/M*
SO
_++
7.1
50
0
49
CV
5.1
28
0
35
X
160
200
200
190
85
L/H+
SD
0
21
7.1
28
18
CV
0
11
3.6
15
21
X
—
140
150
140
110
N/H#
SD
—
7.1
14
0
18
CV
—
5.1
9.3
0
16
X
180
-
140
-
97
H/NR**
SD
85
-
35
-
2.9
CV
47
-
25
-
3.0
M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (0.15%), reloaded at medium rate.
+L/H = originally loaded at low rat.'.- (0.075%), reloaded at high rate (0.3%)
*N/H = nonacclimated soil loaded al high rate (0.3%).
**H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (0.3%), not reloaded.
++- = not analyzed.
-------
TABLE A- 66. RESULTS FOR PH VALUES WITH INCUBATION TIME AT
LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR CREOSOTE WASTE MIXED WITH
DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL
pH Values
Sample Time Replicate Reactors
(day) 12
Load Rate(% waste wet/soil dry)
0.7%
0 6.7 6.4 6.4
37 6.6 6.4 6.4
234 7.9 7.2 7.0
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
1%
0 6.6 6.5 6.5
37 6.5 6.5 6.4
234 7.5 7.1 7.3
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
1.3%
0 6.4 6.5 6.4
37 6.8 6.5 6.4
234 7.8 7.3 6.9
Control
0 6.6 6.6 6.4
37 6.7 6.4 6.4
234 6.6 6.4 6.6
191
-------
TABLE A-67. RESULTS FOR PH VALUES WITH INCUBATION TIME AT
LOW SOI! MOISTURE CONTENT FOR CREOSOTE WASTE MIXED WITH
KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL
pH Values
Sample time
(day) 1
Replicate Reactors
2 3
0.4%
0 7.7 7.6 7.6
30 6.6 6.6 6.5
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
0.7%
0 7.6 7.6 7.6
30 6.7 6.7 6.7
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
1.0%
0 7.6 7.6 7.6
30 6.7 6.7 6.7
Control
0 7.5 7.6 7.6
30 6.5 6.3 6.4
192
-------
TABLE A-63 . RESULTS FOR PH VALUES WITH INCUBATION TIME AT
LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR PCP WASTE MIXED WITH
DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL
DH Values
Sample Time
(day] I—
Replicate Reactors
2 3
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
0.3%
0 6.9 6.8 6.7
28 6.7 6.7 6.5
234 7.4 7.3 7.4
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
0.5%
0 6.9 6.8 6.7
28 6.7 6.7 6.5
234 7.1 7.3 7.1
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
0.7%
0 6.9 6.8 6.7
28 6.7 6.7 6.5
234 7.3 7.1 6.8
Control
0 6.9 6.7 6.7
28 6.8 6.5 6.5
234 7.1 6.9 7.1
193
-------
TABLE A- 69. RESULTS FOR PH VALUES WITH TJJCUBATION TIME AT
LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR PCP I-,. MIXED WITH
KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOI.
Sample Tim
(day)
0
28
207
0
28
207
0
28
207
0
28
207
e
1
Load
7.7
7.3
8.3
Load
7.7
7.4
8.5
Load
7.6
7.4
8.2
7.7
7.4
8.3
pH Values
Replicate Reactors
2
Rate (%
7.6
7.4
7.4
Rate (%
7.6
7.4
8.2
Rate (%
7.5
7.4
7.1
7.6
7.4
7.6
3
waste wet/soil dry)
0.075%
7.5
7.4
7.4
waste wet/soil dry)
0.15%
7.6
7.4
8.2
waste wet/soil dry)
0.3%
7.6
7.4
7.3
Control
7.5
7.'«
7.5
194
-------
TABLE A-70 RESULTS FOR PH VALUES WITH INCUBATION TIME AT
LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR API SEPARATOR SLUDGE
WASTE MIXED WITH DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL
pH Values
Sample Time Replicate Reactors
(day) 12
Load Rate(I waste wet/soil dry)
6%
0 7.0 6.8 6.9
37 7.0 7.0 6.8
234 7.1 7.2 6.7
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
9%
0 7.0 6.9 6.8
37 7.2 7.1 7.0
234 7.1 7.3 7.1
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
12%
0 7.3 7.3 7.0
37 7.2 7.2 7.1
234 7.0 7.2 7.1
Control
0 6.9 7.1 6.4
37 6.9 6.6 6.5
195
-------
TABLE A-71 . RESULTS FOR PH VALUES WITH INCUBATION TIME AT
LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR API SEPARATOR SLUDGE
WASTE MIXED WITH KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL
pH Values
Sample Time Replicate Reactors
(day) 1 2
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
6%
0 7.8 7.6 7.8
29 7.0 7.0 6.9
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
9%
0 7.7 7.7 7.7
29 7.0 7.0 7.0
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
12%
0 7.6 7.6 7.7
29 7.1 7.0 7.0
Control
0 7.6 7.5 7.5
29 6.7 6.5 6.6
196
-------
TABLE A-72 . RESULTS F9R PH VALUES WITH INCUBATION TIME
AT LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR SLOP OIL WASTE
MIXED WITH DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL
Sample Time
(day)
Replicate Reactors
1
2
0
28
0
28
0
28
0
28
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
8%
6.1
6.6
N/A*
6.1
6.6
6.7
6.1
6.5
7.0
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
12%
6.2
6.6
6.1
6.6
6.1
6.6
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
14%
6.2
6.7
6.1
6.5
6.2
6.6
Control
6.1
6.5
6.2
6.6
6.0
6.4
AN/A - no analysis.
197
-------
TABLE A-73 RESULTS FOR PH VALUES-WITH INCUBATION TIME AT LOW SOIL
MOISTURE CONTENT FOR SLOP OIL WASTE MIXED
WITH KIDMAN SANDY L(M1 SOIL
_EL
Sample Time Replicate Reactors
(day) 1 2
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
6%
6.4 6.3 6.3
7.8 7.8 7.7
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
8%
6.7 6.5 6.4
7.8 7.8 7-. 8
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
12%
6.3 6.6 6.7
7.7 7.7 7.8
Control
6.3 6.4 6.4
7.6 7.6 7.5
198
-------
TABLE A-74. pH DATA WITH INCUBATION TIME FOR API SEPARATOR SLUDGE WASTE
APPLIED AT VARIOUS RATES TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL
AT 1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE
Incubation
Time
(days]
0
35
70
98
M/M*
6.7
7.2
7.3
7.3
pH
Loading
L/H+
7.3
7.0
7.2
7.6
Rates
N/H*
6.6
7.6
7.0
7.3
H/NR**
7.4
_++
7.0
-
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (9%), reloaded at medium rate.
+L/H = originally loaded at low rate (6%), reloaded at high rate (12%)
*N/H = nonacclimated soil loaded at high rate (12%).
**H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (12%), not reloaded.
**- = no sample taken.
TABLE A-75 . pH DATA WITH INCUBATION TIME FOR SLOP OIL WASTE
APPLIED AT VARIOUS RATES TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL
AT 1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE
Incubation
Time
(days)
0
39
74
102
M/M*
6.7
7.3
7.3
7.4
PH
Loading
L/H+
6.9
9.0
7.6
7.6
Rates
N/H*
8.1
8.1
7.7
7.8
H/NR**
6.9
_++
7.6
-
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (8%), reloaded at medium rate.
*L/H = originally loaded at low rate (6%), reloaded at high rate (12%).
*N/H = nonacclimated soil loaded at high rate (12%).
**H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (12%), not reloaded.
++- = no sample taken.
199
-------
TABLE A- 76. pH DATA WITH INCUBATION TIME FOR CREOSOTE WASTE APPLIED AT VARIOUS
RATES TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL AT 1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE
Incubation
Time
(days)
0
42
77
105
M/M*
7.7
8.0
7.5
7.6
pH
Loading
L/H+
7.7
8.8
8.3
8.6
Rates
N/H* H/NR**
7.4 8.0
8.5
8.3 8.2
7.3
*M/H = originally loaded at medium rate (0.755), reloaded at medium rate.
*L/H = originally loaded at low rate (0.4%), reloaded at high rate (1.0%).
*N/H = nonacclimated soil loaded at high rate (1.0%).
**H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (1.0%), not reloaded.
**- = no sample taken.
TABLE A-77. pH DATA WITH INCUBATION TIME FOR PCP WASTE APPLIED AT VARIOUS
RATES TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL AT 1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE
Incubation
Time
(days)
0
39
74
102
M/rt*
7.8
8.0
8.1
8.0
pH
Loading
L/K+
7.6
8.1
7.1
8.3
Rates
N/H*
7.7
8.6
7.6
8.1
H/NR**
7.4
_++
7.6
~
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (0.15%), reloaded at medium rate.
*L/H = originally loaded at low rate (0.075%), reloaded at high rate (0.3%)
*N/H = nonacclimated soil loaded at high rate (0.3%).
**H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (0.3%), not reloaded.
**- = no sample taken.
200
-------
TABLE A-78. pH DATA WITH INCUBATION TIME FOR API SEPARATOR SLUDGE WASTE
APPLIED AT VARIOUS RATES TO DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL
AT 1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE
Incubation
Time
(days)
0
35
70
98
pH
Loading Rates
M/M* H/NR*
7.1 7.0
7.3 -#
7.4 7.0
7.1
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (9%), reloaded at medium rate.
+H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (12%), not reloaded.
*- = no sample taken.
TABLE A-7S. pH DATA WITH INCUBATION TIME FOR SLOP OIL WASTE
APPLIED AT VARIOUS RATES TO DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL
AT 1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE
Incubation
Time
(days)
0
39
74
102
M/M*
7.5
7.1
6.6
7.8
pH
Loading Rates
H/NR+
6.8
.1
6.7
-
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (12%), reloaded at medium rate.
+H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (14%), not reloaded.
'- = no sample taken.
201
-------
TABLE A-80. pH DATA WITH INCUBATION TIME FOR CREOSOTE WASTE
APPLIED AT VARIOUS RATES TO DURAMT CLAY LOAM SOIL
AT 1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE
Incubation
Time
(days)
0
42
77
105
pH
Loading Rates
M/H* H/NR+
7.6 7.1
8.0 -'
7.7 7.9
7.6
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (1.0%), reloaded at medium rate.
+H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (1.3%), not reloaded.
*- = no sample taken.
TABLE A-81. pH DATA WITH INCUBATION TIME FOR PCP WASTE
APPLIED AT VARIOUS RATES TO DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL
AT 1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE
Incubation
Time
(days)
0
39
74
102
M/M*
7.3
7.5
7.4
8.3
pH
Loading Rates
H/NR+
7.0
.1
7.6
-
*M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (0.5%), reloaded at medium rate.
+H/MR = originally loaded at high rate (0.7%), not relrvied.
'- = no sample taken.
202
-------
TABLE A-82. pH DATA WITH INCUBATION TIME FOR DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL
CONTROL AT 1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE AND KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL
CONTROL AT 1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE
Incubation Time
(days)
0
21
46
74
Durant Clay Loam
7.0
7.4
6.2
7.3
PH
Kidman Sandy Loam
7.9
7.8
8.6
8.8
TABLE A-33 . RESULTS FOR TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON ANALYSIS FOR API
SEPARATOR SLUDGE WASTE MIXED WITH KIDMAN SANDY
LOAM SOIL IMMEDIATELY AFTER WASTE ADDITION
Total Organic Carbon (q C/g soil)
Replicate Reactors
— 2 3~~ x SD CV
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
6%
0.0136 0.0118 0.0111 0.012Z 0.0013 10.7
{Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
9%
0.0136 0.0155 0.0127 0.0139 0.0014 10.1
(Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
12%
0.0164 0.0161 0.0156 0.0160 0.0004 2.5
Control
0.0047 0.0055 0.0054 0.0052 0.0004 7.7
203
-------
TABLE A-84. RESULTS FOR TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON ANALYSIS FOR
API SEPARATOR SLUDGE WASTE MIXED WITH DURANT CL/.,'
LOAM SOIL IMMEDIATELY AFTER WASTE ADDITION
Total Organic Carbon (q C/g soil)
Replicate Reactors
. = ~3 x SO CV
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
6%
0.0385 0.0337 0.0362 0.0361 0.0024 6.7
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
9%
0.0326 0.0304 0.0316 0.0315 0.0011 3.5
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
12%
0.0361 0.0324 0.0313 0.0333 0.0025 7.5
Control
0.0292 0.0291 0.0297 0.0293 0.0003 1.0
204
-------
TABLE A-85. RESULTS FOR TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON ANALYSIS FOR CREOSOTE
WASTE MIXED WITH DUKANT CLAY LOAM SOIL IMMEDIATELY
AFTER WASTE ADDITION
Total Organic Carbon (g C/g soil)
Replicate Reactors
12 3 x SD CV_
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
0.7%
0.0295 0.0258 0.0288 0.0280 0.0020 7.1
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
1.0%
0.0320 0.0328 0.0317 0.0322 0.0006 1.9
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
1.3%
0.0350 0.0321 0.0317 0.0329 0.0018 5.5
Control
0.0263 0.0281 0.0261 0.0268 0.0011 4.1
205
-------
TABLE A-8G. RESULTS FOR TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON ANALYSIS FOR
CREOSOTE WASTE MIXED WITH KIDMAN SANDY LOAM
SOIL IMMEDIATELY AFTER WASTE ADDITION
Total Organic Carbon (q C/q soil)
Replicate Reactors
— 2 3~~ x SD CV
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
0.4%
0.0058 0.0074 0.0059 0.0064 0.0009 14.1
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
0.7%
0.0078 0.0080 0.0075 0.0078 0.0003 3.9
Load Rate (% waste wet/soil dry)
1.0%
0.0078 0.0080 0.0075 0.0078 0.0003 3.9
Control
0.0048 0.0048 0.0046 0.0047 0.0001 2.1
206
-------
TABLE A-87 . TOXICITY OF WATER SOLUBLE FRACTION MEASURED BY THE
MICROTOX ASSAY WITH INCUBATION TIME AT LOW MOISTURE CONTENT FOR
API SEPARATOR SLUDGE MIXED WITH DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL
EC50(5,150)*
Sample time
(days)
0
34
167
234
Loading Rate
6*
NT*
53.0
27.7
29.4**
SD
0
6.6
4.1
4.0
(% waste
9* '
89.8
86.0
26.0
30.5**
(Vol %]
,+
wet wt./soil dry
SD
17.7
24.3
3.0
0
12%
73.3
41.2**
27.9**
21.1
wt.)
SD
27.1
16.2
5.4
5.3
*EC50(5,15°) denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output
5 minutes after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.
+ResuHs given are means of three replicates.
#NT = no apparent toxic effect.
**Mean of two replicates.
TABLE A- 88 . TOXICITY OF WATER SOLUBLE FRACTION MEASURED BY THE
MICROTOX ASSAY WITH INCUBATION TIME AT LOW MOISTURE CONTENT FOR
SLOP OIL WASTE MIXED WITH DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL
Sample time
(days)
0
129
196
EC50(5,15°)
Loading Rate (% waste
8% SD 12%
6.3# 0.6 4.9
14.2 3.8 12.8
7.2 3.2 8.8
* (Vol %)
wet wt./
SD
2.8
1.5
1.8
1+
soil dry
14%
4.1
10.5
7.9
wt.)
SD
1.5
3.8
3.1
*EC50(5,15°) denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output
5 minutes after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.
"•"Results given are means of three replicates.
*Mean of two replicates.
207
-------
TABLE A-59 . TOXICITY OF WATER SOLUBLE-FRACTION MEASURED BY THE MICROTOX
ASSAY WITH INCUBATION TIME AT LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR
CREOSOTE WASTE MIXED WITH DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL
Sample time
(days)
0
37
167
234
Loading Rate
6.7* §D
7.0 2.2
12.6 2.0
13.5 7.2
11.7 7.2
% waste wet wt
1.0* SD
6.2 0.8
11.2 0.7
7.5 1.6
3.5# 1.1
./soil dry wt.)
.3% SD
7.9 0.3
9.7 3.0
8.4 4.7
5.5 2.9
*EC50{5,15°) denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output
5 minutes after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.
+Results given are means of three replicates.
Mean of two replicates.
TABLE A-90 . TOXICITY OF WATER SOLUBLE FRACTION MEASURED BY THE MICROTOX
ASSA>' WITH INCUBATION TIME AT LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR
PCP WASTE MIXED WITH DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL
EC50(5,15°)* (Vol %)+
Sample time
(days)
0
140
207
Loading Rate (% waste wet wt./son ory wt.;
0.3%
7.7#
43.0*
36.3
SD
1.5
34.5
30.0
0.5%
4.8
23.2
12.9
SD
2.9
15.9
4.7
0.7%
3.8#
7.9
6.7
SD
0.1
1.4
2.8
*EC50(5,15°) denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output
5 minutes after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.
"•"Results given are means of three replicates.
#Mean of two replicates.
208
-------
TABLE A- 91 . TOXICITY OF WATER SOLUBLE FRACTION MEASURED BY THE
MICROTOX ASSAY WITH INCUBATION TIME AT LOW MOISTURE CONTENT FOR
API SEPARATOR SLUDGE MIXED WITH KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL
EC50(5,150)* (Vol
Sample time
(days)
0
29
158
225
Loading Rate (% waste wet wt.
6%
76.2
57.2
25 -9*
15.8*
SD
21.5
37.3
11.2
4.5
9%
89.6
65.9
29.6
19.2
SD
18.0
24.9
10.6
3.2
/soil dry wt. )
12%
82.1
33.0
21.2
14.6
SD
15.8
19.3
2.1
3.5
*EC50(5,15°) denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output
5 minutes after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.
+Results given are means of three replicates.
#Mean of two replicates.
TABLE A- 92 . TOXICITY OF WATER SOLUBLE FRACTION MEASURED BY THE
MICROTOX ASSAY WITH INCUBATION TIME AT LOW MOISTURE CONTENT FOR
SLOP OIL MIXED WITH KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL
EC50(5,15°)* (Vol %r
Sample time
(days)
0
131
208
Loading Rate
6% SD
5.5 1.7
11.4 1.6
7.2 3.4
(% waste wet
8%
3.8
11.6
9.8*
wt./soi
SD
0.3
0.3
1.6
1 dry
12%
3.6
8.8
7.1
wt.)
SD
2.0
1.2
0.9
*EC50(5,15°) denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output
5 minutes after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.
"""Results given are means of three replicates.
#Mean of two replicates.
209
-------
TABLE A-93 . TOXICITY OF WATER SOLUBLE FRACTION MEASURED BY THE MICROTOX
ASSAY WITH INCUBATION TIME AT LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR
CREOSOTE WASTE MIXED WITH KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL
Sample time
(days)
0
29
158
225
Loading
0.4%
6.0
5.0
6.0
5.2
EC50(5,15°)
Rate (% waste
SD 0.7%
1.8 5.':
2.4 3.c
1.0 4.5
1.8 3.3
* (Vol %)+
wet wt./soi
SD
0.8
0.4
1.1
0.1
1 dry
1.0%
4.0
2.6
2.8
4.4
wt.)
SD
1.3
0.6
0.5
0.8
*EC50(5,15°) denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output
5 minutes after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.
"""Results given are means of three replicates.
TABLE A-94. TOXICITY OF WATER SOLUBLE FRACTION MEASURED BY THE MICROTOX
ASSAY WITH INCUBATION TIME AT LOW SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT FOR
PCP WASTE MIXED WITH KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL
Sample time
(days)
0
140
207
EC50(5
Loading Rate (%
0.075% 5D
5.8 0.8
14.6 8.1
17.2 10.1
,15°)*
waste
0.15%
3.4
8.4
6.7
(Vol %)+
wet wt./soi
SD
0.6
3.9
0.6
1 dry
0.3%
2.3
4.5
3.8
wt.)
SD
0.6
1.8
0.8
*EC50(5,15°) denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output
5 minutes after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.
+Results given are means of three replicates
210
-------
TABLE A-95. MICROTOX DATA WITH INCUBATION TIME FOR API SEPARATOR SLUDGE
WASTE REAPPLIED AT VARIOUS RATES TO DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL
AT 1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE
Incubation
Time
(days)
0
35
70
98
EC50(5,15°)* (vol
Loading Rates
M/M+
28.1
27.8
21.5
27.0
%)
H/NR#
35.5
**
46.3
~
*EC50(5,15°) denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output
5 minutes after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.
+M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (9%), reloaded at medium rate.
#H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (12%), not reloaded.
**- = no sample taken.
TABLE A-96. MICROTOX DATA WITH INCUBATION TIME FOR SLOP OIL
WASTE REAPPLIED AT VARIOUS RATES TO DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL
AT 1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE
Incubation
Time
(days)
0
39
74
102
EC50(5,15°)* (vol
Loading Rates
M/M+
18.3
9.9
3.8
3.5
%)
H/NR#
23.0**
_++
8.6
••
*EC50(5,15°) denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output
5 minutes after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.
+M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (12%), reloaded at medium rate.
*H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (14%), not reloaded.
**Estimated results.
++- = no sample taken.
211
-------
TABLE A-97. MTCROTOX DATA WITH INCUBATIOf "JME FOR CREOSOTE WASTE
REAPPL ~1 AT VARIOUS RATES TO DURA.' CLAY LOAM SOIL
AT 1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE
Incubation
Time
(days)
0
42
77
105
EC50(5,15°)* {vol
Loading Rates
M/M+
13.7
19.6
7.4
8.5
%)
H/NR*
26.0
**
17.5
"
*EC50(5,15°) denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output
5 minutes after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.
+M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (1.0*), reloaded at medium rate.
*H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (1.3*), not reloaded.
**- = no sample taken.
TABLE A-S8. MICROTOX DATA WITH INCUBATION TIME FOR PCP WASTE
REAPPLIED AT VARIOUS RATES TO DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL
AT 1 BAR SOIL MOISTU^t
Incubation EC50(5,15°)* (vol %)
Time Loading Rates
(da*s) M/M+ H/NR*
0
39
74
13.7
14 -8!!
4.5**
20.9
-++
11.7
102 7.0***
*EC50{5,15°) denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output
5 minutes after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.
+M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (0.556), reloaded at medium rate.
*H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (0.7%), not reloaded.
**Duplicate sanple EC50 = 16.0.
++- = no sample taken.
*#Duplicate sample EC50 = 4.8.
***Duplicate sample EC50 =5.3.
212
-------
TABLE A- 99. MICROTOX DATA WITH INCUBATION TIME FOR API SEPARATOR SLUDGE
WASTE REAPPLIED AT VARIOUS RATES TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL
AT 1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE
Incubation
Time
(days)
0
35
70
98
M/M+
45.2##
30.5
17.1***
21.4
EC50(5,15°)
Loading
L/H#
36.0
18.8
10.1****
12.7
* (vol %)
Rates
N/H**
23.8
22.5***
15.8
18.8
H/NR++
33.6
.+++
18.3
-
*EC50(5,15°) denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light
output 5 minutes after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.
+M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (9%), reloaded at medium rate.
*L/H = originally loaded at low rate (6%), reloaded at high rate (12%).
**N/H = nonacclimated soil loaded at high rate (12%).
++H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (12%), not reloaded.
*#Estimated results.
***Duplicate sample EC50 = 29.6.
+++- = no sample taken.
###Duplicate sample EC50 = 18.7.
****Duplicate sample EC50 = 10.1.
213
-------
TABLE A-100. MICROTOX DATA WITH INCUBATION TIME FOR SLOP OIL WASTE
REAPPLIED AT VARIOUS RATES TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL
AT 1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE
Incubation
Time
(days)
0
39
74
102
M/M+
17.0
8.0
4.9
6.9
EC50(5,15°)* (vol
Loading Rates
L/H#
16.0
14.6##
3.2
4.9-m-
«>
N/H**
21.4
15.5##
6.2
4.5
H/NR++
16.8++
***
6.8
-
*EC50(5,15°) denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light
output 5 minutes after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.
+M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (8%), reloaded at medium rate.
#L/H = originally loaded at low rate (6%), reloaded at high rate (12%).
**N/H = nonacclimated soil loaded at high rate (12%).
++H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (12%), not reloaded.
^Estimated results.
***- = no sample taken.
+++Duplicate sample EC50 =3.4.
214
-------
TABLE A-101. MICROTOX DATA WITH INCUBATION TIME FOR CREOSOTE WASTE
REAPPLIED AT VARIOUS RATES TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL
AT 1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE
Incubation
Time
(days)
0
42
77
105
M/M+
11.6
13.5
3.1
2.8-
EC50(5,15°)* (vol
Loading Rates
L/H#
11.8
11.9
5.4
3.2***
«)
N/H**
12.9
15.9
5.5
4.9
H/NR++
19.2
.##
3.7***
-
*EC50(5,15°) denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light
output 5 minutes after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.
+M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (0.7%), reloaded at medium rate.
*L/H = originally loaded at low rate (0.4%), reloaded at high rate (1.0%).
**N/H = nonacclimated soil loaded at high rate (1.0%).
++H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (1.0%), not reloaded.
f#_ = no sample taken.
Duplicate sample EC50 =2.9.
^Duplicate sample EC50 = 2.7.
icate sample EC50 =2.7.
215
-------
TABLE A-l 02. MICROTOX DATA WITH INCUBATION TIME FOR PCP WASTE
REAPPLIED AT VARIOUS RATES TO KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL
AT 1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE
Incubation
Time
(days)
0
;9
74
102
M/M+
12.8
17.1
6.6
7.9
EC50(5,15°)* (vol
Loading Rates
L/H#
12.7
14.4
3.8
5.5
%)
N/H**
18.6
16.7
5.3
4.4
H/NR++
23.3
.##
11.1
-
*EC50(5,15°) denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light
output 5 minutes after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.
+M/M = originally loaded at medium rate (0.15%), reloaded at medium rate.
*L/H = originally loaded at low rate (0.075%), reloaded at high rate (0.3%).
N/H = nonacclimated soil loaded at high rate (0.3%).
+*H/NR = originally loaded at high rate (0.3%), not reloaded.
**- = no sample taken.
216
-------
TABLE A-l 03. MICROTOX DATA WITH INCUBATION TIME FOR DURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL
CONTROL AT 1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE AND KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL
CONTROL AT 1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE
Incubation Time EC50(5.15°)* (vol %)
(days) Durant Clay LoamKidman Sandy Loam
0 NT+ NT
21 NA# NT
46 NT NT
74 NT NT
*EC50(5,15°) denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output
5 minutes after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.
+NT = no apparent toxic effect.
*NA = no analysis.
217
-------
TABLE A-104. IMMOBILIZATION OF API SEPARATOR SLUDGE WASTE AS DETERMINED BY MICROTOX BIOASSAY
EVALUATION OF LABORATORY COLUMN LEACHATE IMMEDIATELY AFTER
WASTE INCORPORATION INTO SOIL
Volume of
Leachate
(column
ro
00
volumes)
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
Durant Clay Loam
Loading Rate 12%
(% waste wet wt/soil dry
EC50(5,15°)* (vo!5
Replicate 1
33.7
NT
NT
NT
NT
90.6
56.9
61 .«
Replicate 2
6.5
NA**
64.4
NA
NT
96.3
NT
93.9
wt)
5)
Avg.+
20.1
NT
-
NT
NT
93.5
-
77.7
Kidman Sandy Loam
Loading Rate 12%
(% waste wet wt/soil dry
wt)
EC50(5,15°) (vol %)
Repl icate 1
NT*
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
Replicate 2
NT
NA
NT
NA
89.6
57.4
66.9
NT
Avg.
NT
NT
NT
NT
-
-
-
NT
*EC50(5,15°) denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output 5 minutes after sample
addition at a temperature of 15°C.
+Avg. = average value based on two replicates.
*NT = no apparent toxic effect.
**NA = no analysis.
-------
ro
TABLE A-105. IMMOBILIZATION OF SLOP OIL EMULSION SOLIDS WASTE AS DETERMINED BY MICROTOX BIOASSAY
EVALUATION OF LABORATORY COLUMN LEACHATE IMMEDIATELY AFTER
WASTE INCORPORATION INTO SOIL
Volume of
Leachate
(column volumes)
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
Our ant
Loading
(% waste wet
EC50(5,
Replicate 1
NT*
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
Clay Loam
Rate 14%
wt/soil dry wt)
150)* (vol*)
Replicate 2 Avg.+
NT NT
NA** NT
59.2
NA NT
90.3
NA NT
86.0
NA NT
Kidman
Loading
(X waste wet
EC 50 (5,
Replicate 1
NT
59.1
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
Sandy Loam
Rate 12%
wt/soil dry wt)
150) (vol %)
Replicate 2
NT
NA
NA
NA
83.3
NA
NT
NA
Avq.
NT
59.1
NT
NT
-
NT
NT
NT
*EC50(5,15°) denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output 5 minutes after sample
addition at a temperature of 15°C.
+Avg = average value based on two replicates.
*NT = no apparent toxic effect.
**NA = no analysis.
-------
TABLE A-106. IMMOBILIZATION OF CREOSOTE WASTE AS DETERMINED BY MICROTOX BIOASSAY
EVALUATION OF LABORATORY COLUMN LEACHATE IMMEDIATELY AFTER
WASTE INCORPORATION INTO SOIL
Volume of
Leachate
(column
ro
ro
o
volumes)
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
Our ant Clay Loam
Loading Rate 1.3%
(% waste wet wt/soil dry wt)
EC50(5.15°)* (volX)
Replicate 1
NT*
91.6
56.9
NT
83.7
NT
NT
NT
Replicate 2
NT
NA
67.4
NA
66.5
NA
59.1
NA
Avg.T
NT
91.6
62.2
NT
75.1
NT
-
NT
Kidman Sandy Loam
Loading Rate 1.0%
(% waste wet wt/soil dry wt)
EC50(5,15°) (vol %)
Replicate 1
43.0
16.0
17.7
46.7
77.5
45.5
64.3
86.3
Replicate Z
NA**
NA
22.6
NA
12.5
NA
32.8
NA
Avg.
43 n
16.1
20.2
46.7
45.0
45.5
48.5
86.3
*EC50(5,15°) denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output 5 minutes after sample
addition at a temperature of 15°C.
+Avg = average value based on two replicates.
#NT = no apparent toxic effect.
**NA = no analysis.
-------
TABLE A-107-. IMMOBILIZATION OF PCP WASTE AS DETERMINED BY MICROTOX BIOASSAY
EVALUATION OF LABORATORY COLUMN LEACHATE IMMEDIATELY AFTER
WASTE INCORPORATION INTO SOIL
Volume of
Leachate
(column volumes)
1
3
5
2 7
9
11
13
15
Durant Clay Loam
Loading Rate 0.7%
(% waste wet wt/soil dry wt)
Replicate
NT*
NT
47.4
NT
34.9
31.0
27.6
35.5
EC50(5,150)* (volX)
1 Replicate 2
NT
NT
NT
NA
23.2
NA
24.2
NA
Avg.+
NT
NT
-
NT
29.1
31.0
25.9
35.5
Kidman
Loading
(% waste wet
EC50(5,
Replicate 1
NT
7.3
70.9
23.3
NT
NT
NT
NT
Sandy Loam
Rate 0.3%
wt/soil dry wt)
15°) (vol %)
Replicate 2
23.7
NA**
47.0
NA
60.8
NA
NT
NA
Avg.
-
7.3
59.0
23.0
-
NT
NT
NT
*EC50(5,15°) denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output 5 minutes after sample
addition at a temperature of 15°C.
+Avg = average value based on two replicates.
*NT = no apparent toxic effect.
**NA = no analysis.
-------
TABLE A-l Oa IMMOBILIZATION OF API SEPARATOR SLUDGE WASTE AS DETERMINED BY
MICROTOX Bin«SSAY EVALUATION OF LABORATORY COLUMN LEACHATE 352 DAYS
AFTER WASTE INCORPORATION INTO SOIL
Volume of
Leachate
(column volumes)
Durant Clay Loam
Loading Rate 12%
(% waste wet wt/soil dry wt)
EC50(5,15°)* (vol %)
Kidman Sandy Loam
Loading Rate 12%
(% waste wet wt/soil dry wt)
EC50(5,150) (vol %)
1
3
5
7
68.3
NT+
78.0
NT
36.0
14.9
81.3
45.4
EC50(5,15°) denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output
5 minutes after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.
+NT = no apparent toxic effect.
TABLE A-l 09. IMMOBILIZATION OF SLOP OIL EMULSION SOLIDS AS DETERMINED BY
MICROTOX BIOASSAY EVALUATION OF LABORATORY COLUMN LEACHATE 323 DAYS
AFTER WASTE INCORPORATION INTO SOIL
Volume of
Leachate
(column volumes)
Durant Clay Loam
Loading Rate 14%
(% waste wet wt/soil dry wt)
EC50(5,15°)* (vol %)
Kidman Sandy Loam
Loading Rate 12%
(% waste wet wt/soil dry wt)
EC50(5,15°) (vol %)
1
3
5
7
74.9
NT
NT
31.2
NT+
60.7
48.8
97.1
*EC50(5,15°) denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output
5 minutes after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.
+NT = no apparent toxic effect.
222
-------
TABLE A-110. IMMOBILIZATION OF CREOSOTE WASTE AS DETERMINED BY MICROTOX
BIOASSAY EVALUATION OF LABORATORY COLUMN LEACHATE 361 DAYS
AFTER WASTE INCORPORATION INTO SOIL
Durant Clay Loam Kidman Sandy Loam
Volume of Loading Rate 1.3% Loading Rate 1.0%
Leachate (% waste wet wt/soil dry wt) (% waste wet wt/soil dry wt)
(column volumes) EC50(5,15°)* (vol %) EC50(5,15°) (vol %}
2 58.6 NT+
3 48.2 31.3
5 NT 21.9
7 NT 26.3
*EC50(5,15°) denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output
5 minutes after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.
+NT = no apparent toxic effect.
TABLE A-11 1. IMMOBILIZATION OF PCP WASTE AS DETERMINED BY MICROTOX
BIOASSAY EVALUATION OF LABORATORY COLUMN LEACHATE 334 DAYS
AFTER WASTE INCORPORATION INTO SOIL
Durant Clay Loam Kidman Sandy Loam
Volume of Loading Rate 0.7% Loading Rate 0.3%
Leachate (% waste wet wt/soil dry wt) (% waste wet wt/soil dry wt)
(column volumes) EC50(5,15°)* (vol %) EC50(5,15°) (vol %)
1
3
5
7
NT+
63.3
NT
56.8
60.7
27.0
73.9
80.3
*EC50(5,15°) denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output
5 minutes after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.
+NT = no apparent toxic effect.
223
-------
TABLE A-112. MICROTOX RESULTS WITH INCUBATION TIME FOR OURANT CLAY LOAM SOIL
CONTROL AT 1 BAR SOIL MOISTURE AND KIDMAN SANDY LOAM SOIL
CONTROL AT 1/3 BAR SOIL MOISTURE
Incubation Time
(days)
0
21
46
74
EC50(5,15°)* (
Durant Clay Loam
NT+
NA#
NT
NT
vol %)
Kidman Sandy Loam
NT
NT
NT
NT
*EC50(5,15°) denotes the conditions for the test, i.e., reading light output
5 minutes after sample addition at a temperature of 15°C.
+NT = no apparent toxic effect.
*NA = no analysis.
224
-------
2 -i
O
K
U
i1
I
LEGEND
• TA-96 with 59
O TA-98 •Itneul S9
10
DOSE (ftg/plol«|
29
90
I
T9
too
mg toil/plate
Figure A-l. Ames assay results for Durant clay loam.
LECEHO
• U-96«UhS9
O TA-98 •Itkout S9
a 4
DOSE l/xg/plate)
i
9
90 100 190
ing eoil/plau
200
290
Figure A-2. Ames assay results for Kidman sandy loam.
225
-------
APPENDIX B
PREDICTIVE TOOL FOR SOIL-WASTE PROCESSES
INTRODUCTION
Mathematical models can be utilized to provide a rational approach
for obtaining, organizing, and evaluating specific information required for
soil-waste systems. A relevant model can be considered as a tool for
integrating data concerning contaminant transformation, immobilization, and
degradation for assessing the relative treatment effectiveness of alternative
design/ management combinations. The multiple factors involved in deter-
mining the success of treatment are generally complex and make it difficult
to evaluate the effect of each factor on the total treatment process without
a tool for interrelating these individual factors. A model also can be used
to guide the design of specific experiments and the collecion of specific
data. Specifically, the effects of design and operating alternatives on the
soil site assimilative capacity (SSAC) may be predicted, and the influence of
waste type and soil type on treatment may be assessed.
A mathematical description of the soil-waste system site assimilative
capacity system provides a unifying framework for the evaluation of labor-
atory screening and field data that is useful for the determination of
treatment for a waste. While current models cannot be relied upon for
long-term predictions of absolute contaminant concentrations due to the lack
of an understanding of the biological, physical, and chemical complexity
of the soil/waste environment, they represent a powerful tool for ranking
design, operation, and maintenance alternatives as well as for the design of
monitoring programs.
A mathematical description of soil-waste systems provides a framework
for:
(1) Evaluation of literature and/or experimental data;
(2) Evaluation of the effects of site characteristics on treatment
performance (soil type, soil horizons, soil permeability);
(3) Determination of the effects of loading rate, loading frequency,
irrigation, and amendments to increase degradation, on soil treatment per-
formance;
(4) Evaluation of the effects of environmental parameters (season,
precipitation) on soil treatment performance; and
226
-------
(5) Comparison of the effectiveness of treatment using different
practices in order to maximize soil treatment.
MODEL DESCRIPTION
The effectiveness of a site for treatment will depend on its ability to
immobilize and/or degrade hazardous waste constituents. There are many
mechanisms influencing these two phenomena, and although certain character-
istics can be identified and quantified independently for specific sub-
stances, it is necessary to express the mechanisms in mathematical terms
to evaluate the overall performance of a site. The mathematical formulation
also facilitates the transfer of knowledge optained at one site to other
similar sites.
Short (1985) presented a predictive model (Regulatory and Investigative
Treatment Zone model; RITZ) based on the approach by Jury et al. (1983) for
simulating the fate of pesticides in soils. The RITZ model has been expanded
at Utah State University during this project to incorporate features which
increase its utility for the planning and evaluation of treatment for soil-
waste systems.
The extended version of the model is programmed for the computer in such
a way that additional enhancements (such as unsteady flow and time variable
decay transport/partition coefficients) may be incorporated into the model in
the future with a minimum of reprogramming. A summary description of the
extended RITZ model is provided below. Additional details concerning the
model can be obtained in the Permit Guidance Manual on Hazardous Waste Land
Treatment Demonstrations (U.S. EPA 1986b).
Model Construct
The model describes a soil column 1 meter square with depth specified
by the user. The soil environment within the column is made up of four
phases: soil grains, pore water, pore air, and pore oil. It is important
that all phases and constituent states be included in order to accurately
simulate interactions and maintain a mass balance in the model. Characteris-
tics of the soil environment may change with depth and/or time. The waste is
applied to the plow zone at loading rates and frequencies specified by the
user.
The constituent is acted on by the transport and degradation mechanisms
in the model, and its "life history" is calculated at intervals determined by
the user. The constituent may migrate from one phase to another during the
course of the model simulation. Breakthrough occurs when a pre-determined
concentration level is exceeded at the bottom of the lower treatment zone.
The average Soil Retention Time (SRT) and Treatment Efficiency are estimated
from the model results.
227
-------
Immobilization/Transport
A constituent may be mobilized by three mechanisms: migration between/
among phases, dispersion, and advection.
Migration--
When two or more phases are in contact, the constituent will tend to
migrate between/among them. This mechanism is modeled by assuming that
constituent concentrations reach equilibrium immediately between/among all
phases which are in contact. This equilibrium condition is described by
partition coefficients determined from literature data, laboratory experi-
ments, field sampling, and/or appropriate parameter estimation methods.
The upper zone contains all four phases and the constituents migrate
among them to maintain equilibrium. In addition, the oil phase is assumed to
decay with first-order kinetics and releases its contents to the other three
phases. It is assumed that the oil phase does not penetrate significantly
below the upper zone.
Dispersion--
Concentration gradients drive transport within a phase from regions of
high concentration to regions of low concentration. Dispersive transport
is caused by molecular diffusion and turbulence within the phase. In the
model, dispersion is the primary transport mechanism for the volatile frac-
tion of the constituent in the air phase. This mechanism is included in the
model because of its importance in distributing the mass of the constituent
in the vapor phase throughout the soil column.
Advection--
If a phase moves through the soil column, it will transport the con-
stituent along with it. In the model, the water phase and its dissolved con-
stituents are advected at the average soil pore water velocity. This veloc-
ity is calculated from the site infiltration rate and the site soil type.
The movement of the constituent is retarded via adsorption/desorption
by the other phases that it comes in contact with a=> it passes through the
soil column.
Constituent Degradation
The constituent may be decomposed by biochemical processes which are
represented in the model by first-order rate kinetics. Different rate
coefficient values may be assigned to different phases and to different
depths within the soil column.
Table B-l shows specific input parameters characterizing the waste
constituents. These parameters may be obtained from laboratory experiments,
literature data, and/or parameter estimation techniques used in conjunction
with field and laboratory observations.
228
-------
TABLE B-l. VARIABLES FOR USE IN THE EXTENDED RITZ MODEL
Biodegradation information (for each soil zone as appropriate):
Half-life (^-1/2) for each constituent of concern, corrected
for volatilization
Immobilization information (for each soil zone as appropriate):
Ko = partitioning of constituents between water and oil phases
Kd = partitioning of constituents between water and soil phases
Kh = partitioning of constituents between water and air phases
Output
The user may select the level of detail for the output of the model
results. The output may include the constituent concentrations in each phase
at selected depths in the soil column, and at times specified by the user.
Output also includes the time to breakthrough of the constituent at the
bottom of the designated treatment zone at leachate concentrations at or
above analytical detection limits for the constituents.
MODEL APPLICATION
The results of the model, representing an integration of laboratory,
literature, and/or calculated input data may include the determination
of:
1. Maximum residence time of each constituent in the upper zone of
soil;
2. Upper zone breakthrough time for constituent concentration at or
above the detection limit;
4. Concentration of the constituent in the leachate at breakthrough;
Cb, ^detection limit if available;
5. Retardation factor in a lower zone; and
6. Velocity of the pollutant through a soil zone.
229
------- |