EPA R2-72-119
NOVEMBER 1972          Environmental Protection Technology Series
   Revegetation  Augmentation by
   Reuse  of Treated
   Active Surface Mine Drainage
                               Office of Research and Monitoring

                               U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

                               Washington, D.C. 20460

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            RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the  Office  of  Research  and
Monitoring,  Environmental Protection Agency, have
been grouped into five series.  These  five  broad
categories  were"established to facilitate further
development  and  application   of   environmental
technology.   Elimination  of traditional grouping
was  consciously  planned  to  foster   technology
transfer   and  a  maximum  interface  in  related
fields.  The five series are:

   1.  Environmental Health Effects Research
   2.  Environmental Protection Technology
   3.  Ecological Research
   4.  Environmental ^5onitoring
   5.  Socioeconomic Environmental Studies

This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION   TECHNOLOGY   series.    This   series
describes   research   performed  to  develop  and
demonstrate   instrumentation,    equipment    and
methodology  to  repair  or  prevent environmental
degradation from point and  non-point  sources  of
pollution.  This work provider the new or improved
technology  required for the control and treatment
of pollution sources to meet environmental quality
standards..

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                                                      EPA-R2-72-119
                                                      November 1972
              REVEGETATION AUGMENTATION BY

     REUSE  OF TREATED ACTIVE  SURFACE MINE DRAINAGE


                   A FEASIBILITY STUDY
                           by

                     Frank J.  Zaval
                     John D. Robins
                    Project 14010  HNS
                     Project Officer

                     Ronald D. Hill
            Environmental Protection Agency
        National Environmental Research Center
                 Cincinnati, Ohio  45268

                      Prepared for

           OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND MONITORING
         U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                 WASHINGTON, D.C.  20460
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price $2

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                      EPA REVIEW NOTICE

This report has been reviewed by the Environmental
Protection Agency and approved for publication.  Approval
does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the
views and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency,
nor does mention of trade names or commercial products
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

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                          ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility
of conducting a full-scale demonstration project on the use
of neutralized acid mine drainage to irrigate new vegetative
cover on regraded spoil banks.  Two active surface mine
sites in the Commonwealth of Kentucky were thoroughly
evaluated for this purpose.  Based upon this investigation,
it was determined that a site located in the Western Coal
Field of Kentucky, near Madisonville, was the most suitable
for implementation of the revegetation concept.

Determination of project feasibility was based upon the
performance and results of the following investigative
measures:  waters of receiving streams and pit discharges
were analyzed and evaluated for treatment; regraded spoil
banks were sampled and analyzed with respect to treatment
and nutrient requirements necessary for vegetative survival;
and weir structures, monitor enclosures and instruments
were evaluated and selected for application in unattended
installations.

Based upon the analyses performed, a flow diagram of
a suitable limestone neutralization facility was developed.

Four irrigation techniques were evaluated before a high
pressure spray system was selected as the most practical
means of delivering the treated drainage.  Pertinent cost
estimates were developed for the construction, installa-
tion and operation of the entire system at the selected
demonstration site.

This report was submitted in fulfillment of Project
Number 14010 HNS under the partial sponsorship of the
Office of Research and Monitoring, Environmental Protection
Agency.
                            111

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                          CONTENTS
SECTION                                              PAGE


    I - CONCLUSIONS                                     1

   II - RECOMMENDATIONS                                 3

  III - INTRODUCTION                                    5

        General Discussion                              5
        Project Objective                               7
        General Description of Project                  8
        Effectiveness of Project                       10

   IV - JURISDICTIONAL FRAMEWORK                       11

        Cognizant Authority                            H
        Existing and Proposed Standards                13
        Site Acquisition                               14
        Authority for Funding                          15
        Water and Mineral Rights                       16
        Prevention of Future Pollution                 17

    V - INVENTORY AND FORECAST                         19

        Physical Conditions                            19
        Water Resources                                37
        Social and Economic Environment                49

   VI - PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING                        53

        Abatement Project Description                  53
        Preliminary Design                             69
        Surveillance Facilities                        74
        Schedule of Design and Construction            79
        Collecting and Evaluating Data                 82
        Emergency Provisions for Failure
          of Project Facilities                        82
        Capital and Operating Costs                    82

  VII - IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATING PLAN              87
                           v

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                   CONTENTS (Cont'd)
SECTION
  VIII - ACKNOWLEDGMENTS                              93

    IX - REFERENCES                                   95

     X - GLOSSARY OF TERMS, ABBREVIATIONS AND
         SYMBOLS                                      97

    XI - APPENDICES                                   "

         Table of Drawings                           100

         Fabrication Specifications for Monitor
           Station Enclosure                         102
         Assembly Specifications for Monitor
           Station                                   1°6
         Installation Specifications for Monitor
           Station                                   112
         Contractor's Specifications for Construc-
           tion of Stream.  Gauging Stations           117

         Kentucky Statutes  and Regulations:

         WP-4-1 - Water Quality Standards  for
           Waters of the Commonwealth of Kentucky    122
         Strip Mine Regulation-Rg-11                 128
         224.030  Water Pollution Control  Commis-
           sion; creation;  membership;  compensation;
           meetings; officers and employes.          131
         224.040  Powers and duties of  commission.   133
         350.024  Reclamation Commission;  Member-
           ship; Meetings;  Compensation.             136
         350.050  Powers of Division.                137
         350.060  Permit Required; Contents  of
           Application; Map; Fee; Bond.              138
         350.090  Reclamation Plan; requirements;
           approval; dumping regulations.            141
         350.150  Reclamation Work by  Division;
           Procedure; Acceptance of Federal  and
           Other Funds; Access  to Land.              143
                            vz

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                   CONTENTS (Cont'd)



SECTION                                              PAGE


    XI - APPENDICES (Cont'd)

         Kentucky Statutes and Regulations  (Cont'd)

         350.152  Acquisition of Land by Common-
           wealth for Reclamation Purposes.          144
         350.154  Restoration and Reclamation by
           Division of Reclamation.                  145
         350.156  Restored Land, Transfer to State
           or Local Agencies.                        146
         350.163  Division may Accept State and
           Federal Funds;  Reclamation Fund
           Created.                                  147
                            VI1

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                          FIGURES
NO.                         TITLE                     PAGE
 1            Location Plan - Vogue Mine               22

 2            Vogue Mine Site - Monitor Station
              and Sample Point Locations               23

 3            Location Plan - Colonial Mine            36

 4            Colonial Mine Site - Monitor Sta-
              tion and Sample Point Locations          38

 5            Water Resources Data                     46

 6            Vogue Plot Plan - Sheet 1                54

 7            Vogue Plot Plan - Sheet 2                55
            r
 8            Vogue Mine - Process Flow &
              Instrumentation Diagram                  61

 9            Colonial Survey Plan - Sheet 1           64

10            Colonial Survey Plan - Sheet 2           65

11            Typical Weir Structure & Monitor
              Station                                  76

12            Monitor Station - General Arrange-
              ment                                     7 7

13            Monitor Station - Schematic and
              Interconnection Diagram                  78

14            Engineering, Procurement & Construc-
              tion Schedule - Vogue Mine Site          80

15            Engineering, Procurement & Construc-
              tion Schedule - Vogue Mine Site          81

16            Project Schedule and Milestones          83
                           Vlll

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                      FIGURES (Cont 'd)
NO.                         TITLE                    PAGE
17            Data Handling - Tasks and
              Responsibilities                         84

18            Neutralization System Operation -
              Tasks and Responsibilities               89

19            Irrigation System - Tasks and
              Responsibilities                         90

20            Monitor Stations - Tasks and
              Responsibilities                         91
                           IX

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                           TABLES
NO.                         TITLE                     PAGE
 1            Summary of Coal Mining in Western
              Kentucky - 1965 through 1970               6

 2            Mine Drainage Quality - Preliminary
              Mine Sites                                20

 3            Water Analyses - Vogue Strip Pit
              (Mid-Pit)                                  24

 4            Water Analyses - South End of Vogue
              Strip Mine                                25

 5            Water Analyses - Pond West of Vogue
              Strip Pit                                 26

 6            Water Analyses - Headwaters of Un-
              named Tributary to Isaacs Creek           28

 7            Water Analyses - Isaacs Creek Near
              Conveyor Belt                             29

 8            Water Analyses - Isaacs Creek Above
              Route 70                                  31

 9            Water Analyses - Discharge from North
              End of Vogue Strip Pit                    33

10            Water Analyses - Unnamed Tributary to
              Isaacs Creek Near Bridge at Route 70      35

11            Water Analyses - Colonial Strip Pit       39

12            Water Analyses - Colonial Drainage
              Ditch Approximately 200 Yards Down-
              stream from Head of Ditch                 40

13            Water Analyses - Colonial Strip Pit
              Discharge Near North End of Pit           41

14            Water Analyses - Pond Creek Approxi-
              mately 600 Feet Downstream From Bridge
              on Route 1034                             42
                            x

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                       TABLES (Cont'd)
NO .                          TITLE                     PAGE
15            Water Analyses - Colonial Drainage
              Ditch Approximately 20 Feet Upstream
              From Its Confluence with Pond Creek       43

16            Water Analyses - Colonial Strip Pit
              Discharge (Near Mid-Pit)                  44

17            Water Analyses - Strip Mine Impound-
              ment West of Colonial Pit Area            45

18            Surface Water Quality                     48

19            Chemical Characteristics of the
              Spoil Materials from the Vogue and
              Colonial Mines                            57

20            Recommended Rates of Lime, Fertilizer
              and Seed for Vogue and Colonial Spoil
              Areas                                     59

21            Vogue Pit Discharge - Water Analyses
              Tabulation                                60

22            Tabulation of Rainfall Data -
              1960 through  1971                         62

23            Colonial Pit Discharge - Water Analyses
              Tabulation - Sample Point C-3             67

24            Colonial Pit Discharge - Water Analyses
              Tabulation - Sample Locations C-3 & C-6   68
                            XI

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                          SECTION I

                         CONCLUSIONS
1.  This study has shown that a demonstration of the
    reuse of treated active surface mine drainage for
    revegetation augmentation on regraded spoil banks
    is feasible at the Vogue Mine and that this site
    meets the requirements of Section 14 of the Federal
    Water Pollution Control Act.

2.  The chemistry of the regraded spoil banks and of the
    pit water at the Vogue site is conducive to the
    demonstration of the engineering economic feasibility
    of this technique.

3.  The effluent from the treatment facility can be
    applied as irrigation water to insure higher vegetative
    survival by:

    a.  Supplying adequate moisture to assure germination
        and survival during the sensitive seedling stage.

    b.  Providing the required water supply for maximum
        plant growth.

    c.  Providing an abundant water supply to maintain
        spoil surface temperatures within tolerable limits
        for plant survival.

    d.  Supplying alkaline particles to neutralize en-
        trapped toxic material in the spoil.

4.  Observed preliminary flow data and recorded climatolog-
    ical information indicate that during the normal low
    rainfall periods of the area all of the effluent from
    the treatment facility can be applied as irrigation
    water.  This will substantially reduce the amount of
    total dissolved solids entering the receiving streams.

5.  The investigation of the Colonial Mine site concluded
    that this site would not be suitable for a demonstra-
    tion as outlined in the Federal Grant for the following
    reasons:

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a.  The relatively high quality of the pit water and
    the location of the pit with relation to the re-
    ceiving stream result in an effluent discharge
    that is acceptable to the strip mine regulations
    as enforced by the Commonwealth of Kentucky.

b.  The chemistry of the spoil and evidence of
    volunteer vegetation at this site indicate that
    a vegetative cover can be established with
    minimal effort by the operator.

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                      SECTION II

                    RECOMMENDATIONS
1.  It is recommended that an on-site, semi-portable
    treatment facility, utilizing pulverized limestone
    and sized to handle the total pit discharge, be
    engineered, constructed and operated at the Vogue
    mine site.  This facility would be operated for a
    period of two years, from July, 1973, through June,
    1975.

2.  The treating facility should be engineered and
    constructed using standard "off the shelf" equip-
    ment, modified for semi-portability, to be compatible
    with the transient nature of surface mining technique
    in western Kentucky.

3.  The engineering, installation and operation of a semi-
    portable high pressure spray irrigation system is
    recommended to operate in conjunction with the
    treatment facility for the same period of time.  The
    revegetated demonstration area would consist of
    approximately 25 acres utilizing the irrigation
    technique and a control plot of approximately 5 acres
    with no irrigation and using the standard minimum
    strip mine regulation requirements for revegetation.

4.  Pulverized limestone should be used as the neutralizing
    agent, since the carry-over of the unreacted limestone
    is not likely to raise the pH of the spoil above 7.5;
    also, it would take a longer time for the spoil to reach
    this level using limestone that it would if hydrated
    lime were utilized.

5.  In order to document the effectiveness of the project,
    it is recommended that monitoring stations, which
    record flow, pH and conductivity, be installed at
    the following points:

    a.  Isaacs Creek above and below the demonstration
        site to record the effect of this demonstration
        on the receiving stream.

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b.  The discharge of the treating  facility to assure
    compliance with the strip mine regulations of the
    Commonwealth.

c.  Drainage ditches adjacent to the irrigated and
    non-irrigated test plots.  These would provide data
    relative to ground water and surface runoff of
    spoil banks as affected by revegetation.

One of the prime objectives of the project is to
eliminate or reduce the total dissolved and suspended
solids entering the receiving streams.  Therefore, it
is recommended the operation of the irrigation system
would be based upon stressing the  system to the point
of maximum capability of the spoil material to absorb
moisture and the carry-over of suspended and dis-
solved solids without suffering loadings detrimental
to vegetative survival.

Western Kentucky has both  active and orphaned areas
contributing to waterway and aesthetic pollution.
Since there is a lack of recorded  evidence on
demonstrating the use of anhydrous ammonia for the
treatment of acid mine water, it is recommended that
an investigation be conducted to select a site  (active
or orphaned) suitable for  this purpose and using the
effluent for spray irrigation.

There are several advantages associated with a
demonstration of this classification:

a.  Document the engineering economic feasibility of
    treating acid mine drainage using anhydrous
    ammoni a.

b.  In the reaction of anhydrous ammonia with water
    containing free sulfuric acid, one of the products
    is ammonium sulfate, commonly  used as a fertilizer.
    This could have a beneficial effect on plant
    growth.

c.  Demonstrate the feasibility of off-season revegeta-
    tion of spoil banks utilizing  treated acid mine
    water to provide an abundant supply of moisture
    and plant nutrients.

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                         SECTION III

                        INTRODUCTION
General Discussion

Kentucky coal occurs in two major fields - the Eastern Ken-
tucky Coal Field and the Western Kentucky Coal Field.  The
former lies within the Appalachian Coal Region, while the
latter occupies the southern extremity of the Eastern
Interior Coal Basin.  These fields are widely separated
geographically and the quality of the coals varies con-
siderably.  The coal of both fields belongs to the Pennsyl-
vania system.

The Western Kentucky Coal Field encompasses an area of
4,680 square miles in 21 counties.  The coals produced rank
within the high-volatile bituminous A, B or C classifica-
tion.  At least eight principal seams are mined with the
seams averaging between five and seven feet in thickness.
Coals in this field are widely used for steam generation
purposes.

In 1970, the Western Kentucky Coal Field produced a total
of 52.7 million tons of coal with surface mining producing
63 percent of the total.  The mining activity in Western
Kentucky is summarized in Table 1.  Muhlenberg County is
the largest coal-producing county in the nation.

With the terrain flat to gently rolling, many of the surface
mines operate with the pit floor well below the water table,
necessitating pumping in order to remove collected drainage.
The discharge from the pits varies from periodic to con-
tinuous, depending on the season of the year as well as the
particular location of each pit.  The drainage is presently
discharged untreated onto spoil banks where it eventually
reaches a stream, or it is discharged untreated directly to
a stream.

The nature of the terrain requires effective surface
drainage control techniques, otherwise excessive volumes
of runoff would enter the pits and require pumping.  The
depth of the pits below water table plus the runoff from
the immediate spoil banks accounts for the water entering
the pits, which must be discharged by pumping if

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                 TABLE  1
SUMMARY OF COAL MINING  IN WESTERN  KENTUCKY
             1965 THROUGH 1970
Year
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
Permits and
Supplements
60
56
68
91
106
159
Strip Mine
Operators
45
43
46
43
126
73
Acreage
Permitted
4,463
4,442
4,220
3,697
4,852
6,392
Production-
Surface
26,537,294
27,104,309
29,740,962
28,325,046
28,167,862
33,281,946
Underground
Mines
49
40
45
40
35
34
Production-
Underground
13,341,646
14,878,164
15,872,844
17,805,636
19,834,278
19,430,489
Total
Production
39,878,940
41,982,473
45,613,806
46,130,682
48,002,140
52,712,435

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 operations are to be conducted.  Thus, primary  consideration
 for alleviation of the pollution problem  rests  with  the
 use of adequate and practical treatment techniques
 applicable to the drainage before discharge.

 The treatment scheme used for drainage control  must  lend
 itself to the transient nature of the stripping operation;
 the treatment plant must be able to be transported from
 site to site as the operating pit is moved  and  the spoil
 banks are regraded to contour.  Since revegetation of  the
 regraded spoil banks is required, and the high  evapo-
 transpiration rate in summertime plus the porous nature of
 the spoil makes vegetative survival difficult,  a treatment
 scheme that allows final use of the drainage water for
 irrigation of the spoil at least during summer  months
 would have many advantages .

 In both cases of discharge of drainage to streams and
 treated drainage to spoil irrigation, the primary process
 of choice is neutralization followed by aeration for
 conversion of the ferrous iron content to ferric iron.
 This neutralization process is in widespread use and the
 equipment for controlling the addition of the treatment
 lime or limestone is proven and readily available.

 Project Objective

 The objective of the study conducted was  to determine the
 feasibility of utilizing such neutralized acid  mine
 drainage, from active surface mines, to irrigate new
 vegetative cover on regraded spoil banks  to achieve higher
 vegetative survival and to eliminate pollution  of surface
 water courses at two independent mine sites.  An inherent
 determination in establishing such feasibility  was the
 demonstration of the practicability of combining and
 arranging available treatment equipment in  a semi-portable
 unit to allow resultant neutralized oxidized discharge from
 the process to either:

 1.  be spread directly on regraded, prepared, revegetated
    spoil bank areas as irrigation water, or

 2.  be clarified in temporary settling ponds for ultimate
    discharge to a receiving stream during  periods of high
    rainfall.

Neutralization of the acid mine water will  be accomplished
by utilizing pulverized limestone, since  unreacted lime-
 stone has a residual beneficial effect when used in the

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irrigation water.  Commercially available neutralization
modules will be used.

A scheme so designed would allow maximum spoil bank
irrigation, with an alternate discharge to a receiving
stream, depending on the water saturation of the spoil
area.  The entire process need have a lifetime of only
that of the active pit operation, since upon termination
of the permit the entire area is regraded and the pit
either filled with earth or an impoundment developed.  In
either case, the exposed coal seam at the highwall is
completely excluded from air.

General Description of Project

Pumping from the operating pit of surface mines becomes
more frequent during high rainfall periods when the spoil
area would be saturated with water and unable to absorb
irrigation water; therefore, an alternate method of disposal
of the treated effluent is required.  Temporary settling
ponds will be used for sludge settling during these periods.
Since the pond would be used only for the life of the
single strip', no sludge handling is required.  The sludge
that accumulates in the settling lagoon will be covered in
the regrading process as the active pit area moves with the
mining schedule.  The effluent will have an iron level of
less than 7 ppm and a dissolved solids content that will
be a function of the pH and the solubility product con-
stants of the various chemical constituents present in the
water being treated.

The three primary benefits to be derived from the use of
the treated mine drainage for irrigation purposes are as
follows:

1.  Supplying water to the spoil during the summer
    months would alleviate the lack of adequate moisture,
    one of the most detrimental conditions affecting
    survival of new vegetation.

2.  Flushing of the upper soil layers removes salts and
    acids accumulated by oxidation during periods of
    dryness.

3.  The discharge of a highly mineralized water to a
    receiving stream will be greatly reduced or eliminated
    during periods of low flow by spraying the treated
    water on spoils.

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During those periods when irrigation may be employed almost
continuously in July, August, September and October, records
indicate an average monthly 3.5 inches of rainfall.  This
amount deducted from an average of 0,25 inches per day for
evapo-transpiration gives a maximum of 4 inches of water
per month for irrigation.  On this basis, a 500 gpm treat-
ment plant, operating eight hours per day, as projected at
the Vogue site, five days per week, would be able to
irrigate as originally conceived approximately 45 acres
of spoil.  This area is reasonable in terms of the size
of the permit areas and the various pumping rates en-
countered .

Use of irrigation would require taking the effluent from the
neutralization unit and pumping the water and suspended
solids through aluminum irrigation piping to spray nozzle
headers on the graded spoil area.  In addition to the irri-
gated area, a companion control area of approximately 5
acres non-irrigated would be established.

The neutralization plant would employ standard "off the
shelf" equipment.  Such equipment is suitable for use with
either hydrated lime or pulverized limestone.  While lime-
stone has been shown to be less efficient than hydrated
lime (50-75%), the unreacted limestone has a residual
benefit on the spoil.  A trial using limestone at the
Vogue (No. 1)  site is projected.  Limestone consumption is
estimated at 1000 pounds per hour.  The Colonial site was
originally planned for the use of hydrated lime.  As a
result of the relatively high quality of the discharge
water as revealed by this Feasibility Study, it was de-
termined that further treatment would not be required.

The entire set of equipment would be constructed in modular
fashion for easy movement from site to site.  A self-
contained diesel electric power plant would be one of the
modular units and would supply all power for the pumps and
control equipment.

Operation of the irrigation project would take at least two
growing seasons to reach any definitive estimate of benefits
of irrigation, and thus the project should be operated for
two full years.

Appropriate statistical analyses will be made of the test
areas to verify the differences between the irrigated and
non-irrigated areas, as well as documenting the overall
success of the operation.

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Effectiveness of Project

In fulfillment of requirements of the project, treatment
facilities would be designed to treat the total pit
effluent to a level acceptable for discharge to any re-
ceiving stream, in accordance with state Water Quality
Standards.   (Refer to Appendices for appropriate Kentucky
Revised Statutes and SMR-Rg-11.)  This is important to the
performance of the project because, during periods of high
rainfall when the spoil area would be saturated and unable
to absorb irrigation water, the treated effluent would be
diverted to a temporary settling pond for final clarifica-
tion prior to discharge to the receiving stream.  Treatment
of the acid mine water is essential to the establishment
of good vegetative cover, since plant life cannot survive
on the untreated water and abundant growth is necessary
for restoration of disturbed land.  It is also required
to effect substantial improvement in the quality of
receiving streams which may be used for other purposes by
industry and the general populace.

Effective operation of the demonstration project would
completely eliminate the discharge of untreated acid mine
drainage from the project site to the local receiving
stream, since all pit drainage would be treated with the
application of limestone for neutralization of the acidic
content.  Significant reduction of spoil bank erosion
would also be evident since vegetative cover would flourish
under close control of the growing conditions for the
control area.  Soil acidic conditions would be neutralized
by the treatment imposed and sufficient water, conveying
essential nutrients, would be supplied to the spoil bank
by irrigation.   Contaminated surface runoff would be
eliminated since all acid mine drainage water at the site
would be subjected to treatment and/or clarification before
it is discharged to the receiving waterways.  Under the
performance of the project, everything aforementioned
should be done to bring efforts to reclaim the land and
to improve the water quality in compliance with existing
standards.  Efforts successfully carried out would do much
to establish improved methods for compliance with laws,
result in more substantial vegetative renewal on poor land
areas, effect better control of potential public hazards,
help to restore public waters to greater potential uses by
the general public and establish more rapid vegetative
renewal.  Implementation of the demonstration concept
throughout the Commonwealth would result in a considerable
advance in reestablishing all disturbed land to more
natural conditions.
                           10

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                         SECTION IV

                  JURISDICTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Cognizant Authority

This study has been conducted under the auspices of the
Environmental Protection Agency.  The Agency is subject
to the provisions of the Water Quality Improvement Act
of 1970, PL 91-224.  The Act includes a subsection
titled "Area Acid and Other Mine Water Pollution Control
Demonstrations" which became Section 14 of the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act, as amended.  This section
provides for the demonstration of techniques for mine
drainage pollution control and directs that the Environ-
mental Protection Agency shall require such feasibility
studies as required in selecting watersheds for the
purpose of the demonstration projects.  Such feasibility
studies are to aid the Environmental Protection Agency
in selecting not only the mine drainage pollution control
method(s) , but also the watershed or drainage area for
such application.  The Act requires that the Environmental
Protection Agency give preference to areas which will
have the greatest public value and uses.

The Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research
and Monitoring, issued a grant for the mine drainage de-
monstration project, described herein, to the Commonwealth
of Kentucky, Department of Natural Resources, Division of
Reclamation.  Administration of the study has been the
responsibility of the Commonwealth of Kentucky's Department
of Natural Resources.

The Department of Natural Resources is a statutory unit of
the Kentucky government headed by a Commissioner.  The
legislative basis for the department may be found in Ken-
tucky Revised Statutes  (KRS) 146.010.  The department has
the authority to exercise all state administrative functions
relating to the conservation and protection of natural
resources  (except wildlife), flood control, municipal and
industrial water usage, and strip mining and reclamation.
These functions are carried out by the following five
divisions in the department:

Division of Beautification
Division of Forestry
Division of Reclamation
Division of Soil and Water
Division of Water

                            11

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 Chapter 350 of the Kentucky Revised Statutes is one of the
 most modern and effective strip mining and reclamation laws
 in the United States.  Under KRS 350.024 a Reclamation
 Commission was created in the Department of Natural Re-
 sources.  (See Appendices for KRS 350.024  Reclamation
 Commission;  Membership; Meetings; Compensation.)

 The Kentucky General Assembly, under KRS 350,  have  vested
 in the Division of Reclamation and Reclamation Commission
 the authority to regulate and control strip mining  of coal
 to minimize or prevent its injurious effects on the people
 and resources of the Commonwealth.  The Division  of
 Reclamation under the supervision of the Commissioner of
 Natural Resources has the following authority  and powers
 (see Appendices for KRS 350.050  Powers of Division)
 relative to this project:

 1.   To encourage and conduct investigations, research^
     experiments and demonstrations,  and to collect  and
     disseminate information relating to strip  mining and
     reclamation of lands and waters  affected by^ strip
     mining;

 2.   To adopt,  without hearing, rules and regulations with
     respect  to the filing of reports,  the issuance  of
     permits  and other matters of procedure and adminis-
     tration;

 3.   To  examine and pass upon all plans  and specifications
     submitted  by  the  operator for the  method of operation,
     backfilling,  grading and for the reclamation  of the
     area of  land  affected by his operation;

No operator  in  the  Commonwealth  of Kentucky is allowed to
engage  in strip mining  without having  first obtained from
the  Division of Reclamation a permit designating  the  area
of land affected  by the operation. Permit requirements
are  described  under KRS  350.060.  (See  Appendices for
KRS  350.060  Permit Required;  Contents  of Application;  Map;
Fee; Bond.)

An operator is required to  have  a drainage plan.  This  plan
must indicate  the  directional  flow of water, constructed
drainways, natural waterways  used for drainage, and the
streams or tributaries  receiving the discharge.   In
addition to the method  of operation, grading,  backfilling
and  reclamation,  the operator  is  required to perform the
following:
                            12

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1.  Cover the face of the coal with compacted nonacid bear-
    ing and nontoxic materials to a distance of at least
    four feet above the seam being strip mined or by a
    permanent water impoundment;

2.  Bury under adequate fill all toxic materials, roof
    coal, pyritic coal or shale determined by the division
    to be acid producing, toxic, or creating a fire hazard;

3.  Seal off, as directed by regulations, any breakthrough
    of acid water creating a hazard;

4.  Impound, drain or treat all runoff water so as to
    reduce soil erosion, damage to agricultural lands and
    pollution of streams and other waters;

5.  Remove or bury all metal, lumber, and other refuse
    resulting from the operation;

6.  Revegetate with suitable seed or plant mixtures after
    approved regrading and soil preparation.

The project, as presented, is a demonstration of methods
of improved reclamation of strip mine areas.  It is in
keeping with the foregoing Kentucky Revised Statutes on
reclamation and shall serve to expand upon the intent of
several points of the law.  The project will be conducted
by one of the regulatory agencies responsible for the en-
forcement of all applicable laws and thereby has all
administrative authority to efficiently carry out the
project in compliance with the existing laws.

Since the Division of Reclamation is the  grantee for the
performance of the project, it will be conducted under
authority established in the law  {KRS 350) for the Division
to encourage and conduct demonstrations related to the
reclamation of lands and waters affected  by strip mining.

Upon completion of the project, the Division is also
charged with the dissemination of information collected
during progress of the report.

Existing and Proposed Standards

The site of the demonstration project is  within the
jurisdiction of the Commonwealth of Kentucky.  The streams
involved are considered public  streams of the Commonwealth
and are therefore subject  to the Federally approved Ken-
tucky Water Quality Standards for Interstate Waters.
                            13

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The water quality of the public streams, within the
confines of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is maintained
through the authority vested in the Water Pollution Control
Commission of the Commonwealth, under Kentucky Revised
Statute (KRS) 224.040.  The applicable standards by which
said authority is administered are covered by regulation
WP-4-1, "Water Quality Standards for Waters of the Common-
wealth of Kentucky", adopted July 23, 1971, which relates
to KRS 224.010 to 224.210 and 224.990.   (See Appendices
for Regulation WP-4-1.)

In accordance with the performance of the demonstration
project, a treatment plant would be installed at the
selected site to neutralize acid mine water before it
is pumped to spoil banks to augment revegetative survival;
and monitoring stations would be placed at selected sites
in the effluent streams to monitor flow, pH and conduc-
tivity .

The project is in keeping with laws regulating and control-
ling strip mining of coal within the Commonwealth, since
operators mus,t now have a drainage plan for the sites of
their operations.  Also, under current law, a major
requirement exists for the reclamation of all worked-out
sites, and includes provisions for treatment of runoff
water and the revegetation of the regraded areas.  The
project serves to carry out such requirements, demonstra-
ting new methods of performing same and improving upon
the results expected.

Since the project would be conducted under the direction
of the Division of Reclamation, all aspects of applicable
regulations would be strictly observed, since it is the
body charged with monitoring and enforcement.  The
Division would maintain supervision of all Contractors
and personnel selected to carry out the various tasks
associated with the successful implementation of the
project.

The project will meet all water quality criteria set by
the Commonwealth (see Appendices for WP-4-1 and KRS
350.090).

Site Acquisition

The site chosen for the demonstration project is located
within the Commonwealth of Kentucky.  The authority to
acquire, restore and reclaim land, as required for the
                            14

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project, is vested in the Commonwealth of Kentucky in
accordance with Kentucky Revised Statutes relating to
strip raining and reclamation, KRS 350.152, 350.154 and
350.156, which are included in the Appendices of this
Report.

Land selected for the performance of the project, Vogue
Mine site, is held in private ownership.  Peabody Coal
Company, operator of the mine, is the owner of all surface
rights and has leased the mineral rights for the life of
the mine.  The mineral rights have been leased from
Terteling Brothers, Inc., 611 First Security Bank Build-
ing, Boise, Idaho.

In the normal progress of the reclamation project pre-
sented, it is not anticipated that transfer of the proper-
ty will be required; especially since a formal working
agreement for conducting the project has been made between
the parties concerned.  Acquisition of the property by
purchase or under the power of eminent domain would only
become necessary if severe health or safety hazards were
encountered under the present ownership arrangements, or
the owners defaulted on their responsibility to restore
all strip mined land.

Authority for Funding

Federal funding for this project was provided by way of
a grant to the Commonwealth by the Environmental Protection
Agency under authority of Section 14 of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act, as amended.  The grant offer was
made to the Commonwealth of Kentucky's Department of
Natural Resources, Division of Reclamation.  The Division
of Reclamation is permitted to accept Federal and other
funds in accordance with Kentucky Revised Statutes  (KRS)
350.150 and 350.163 which are included in the Appendices
of this Report.

All sums received through the payment of fees, forfeiture
of bonds and federal grants are placed in the State
Treasury.  The Division of Reclamation receives a general
fund appropriation on a bi-annual basis as approved by
the Kentucky General Assembly.  Funds are expended for
the administration and enforcement of Kentucky Revised
Statute 350 and for the reclamation of improperly reclaimed
strip mined lands.  Expenditure of funds is administered
by the Director of the Division of Reclamation.
                            15

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Water and Mineral Rights

Property ownership and the associated holding of water
and/or mineral rights for areas designated as sites for
the demonstration project presented herein are not of
major concern.  A working agreement, by mutual affirmation,
is in effect between the Commonwealth of Kentucky  (Grantee)
and the operator of the active surface mine selected as
a site for the demonstration.

No transfer of property and/or rights is anticipated with
the performance of the demonstration project.  The working
agreement entered into with each coal operator provides
that the grantee will conduct the project so as not to
interfere with the mining operations; and likewise the
operator will not interfere with the performance of the
project.   All streams running through the properties are
considered public streams of the Commonwealth and  are
subject to all applicable Federal and Commonwealth Water
Quality Standards.  The operators of the mines are subject
to all existing standards concerning water quality and
regulations for reclamation which apply to the workings and
adjacent property covered by the boundaries stipulated  in
the property  title, lease, etc.  However, for the  duration
of the demonstration described herein, the grantee_shall
assume such responsibility only for the demonstration
site.  Upon completion of the project, such responsibili-
ties shall once again revert to the mine operator  and/or
property owner.

Peabody Coal  Company owns the surface and is leasing the
mineral rights at the recommended site.

Water used in the irrigation phase of the project  would be
recycled to the stream, as ground water, unless  actively
used to support vegetation or lost by evaporation.
Therefore, no water rights are required for performance of
the project since the water  courses would be maintained
except for irrigation pumping requirements and neutraliza-
tion treatment of the acidic stream, both of which will be
beneficial to the receiving  stream.  This is in  keeping
with Commonwealth of Kentucky water rights law since  surface
water  flowing in a stream or definite channel is not
subject to ownership, in  accordance with 1954 legislation
 (KRS 262.670  to 262.690), which states  in part:
                            16

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    The  owner of land contiguous to public water shall
    have the  right to such reasonable use of this water
    for  other than domestic purposes as will not deny the
    use  of such water to other owners for domestic
    purposes, or impair existing uses of other owners
    heretofore established, or unreasonably interfere
    with a beneficial use by other owners.  (KRS 262.690-2)

Prevention of Future Pollution

The Division of Reclamation and Reclamation Commission
of the Department of Resources of the Commonwealth of
Kentucky have the authority to regulate and control the
quality of drainage water emanating from strip mining
operations in the Commonwealth.  The existing standards
and regulations which have been established to protect the
people and resources of the Commonwealth from the injurious
effects of untreated and uncontrolled strip mine operations
are vested in these agencies under Kentucky Revised Stan-
dards (KRS) 350.  An applicable section of the standards,
Strip Mine Regulation - Rg. 11, RE:  Water Quality,
adopted October 1, 1971, is included in the Appendices of
this Report.

In addition to this regulation, the Kentucky Water
Pollution Control Commission is charged with safeguarding
the uncontaminated waters of the Commonwealth, preventing
the creation of new pollution in the waters of the Common-
wealth, and abating existing pollution.  For this purpose
the Kentucky Legislature created in the Department of
Health the Water Pollution Control Commission.   (See
Appendices for 224.030  Water Pollution Control  Commission;
creation; membership; compensation; meetings, officers and
employes.)

The authority, powers and duties of the Water Pollution
Control Commission are  identified  in KRS  224.040  Powers
and duties of commission  (see Appendices).

The laws  and regulations of the Commonwealth, in conjunction
with the  authority to assure compliance of  these laws  and
                            17

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regulations, as described above, assure the Federal
Government that the area will not be affected adversely
by the influx of acid or other mine water pollution from
nearby sources.
                           18

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                          SECTION V

                   INVENTORY AND FORECAST
Physical Conditions

Five sites of active mining, in the vicinity of the Madison-
ville field office of the Department of Reclamation, were
considered as possible sites for conducting this mine
drainage demonstration project.  The sites considered
were as follows:

Vogue Mine, Peabody Coal Company, Permit 29-69, Supplement
No. 6 (Site No. 1)

Volunteer Mine, Cimarron Coal Company, Permit  1169-70 and
1169-69 (Site No. 2)

Colonial Mine, Pittsburg and Midway Coal Mining Company,
Supplement No. 1  (Site No.  3)

Colonial Mine, Pittsburg and Midway Coal Mining Company,
Permit No. 27-70  (Site No.  4)

Walter Wright Mine, Permit  No.  453-70  (Site No. 5)

Two sites were selected for development of  the project.
The sites lie in  Muhlenberg and Hopkins Counties  in the
Western Coal Field  of Kentucky  near Madisonville.   The
primary decisive  factor in  making  the  selection was the
fact that preliminary analyses  of  the  streams  at  the five
sites considered  revealed that  only two were  significantly
discharging highly  acid mine water.  These  analyses are
reported  in Table 2.  The sites selected were  Site  No.  1,
 (Vogue Mine, Peabody Coal Company, Permit  29-69,  Supple-
ment No.  6) and Site No,  4  (Colonial Mine,  Pittsburg &
Midway Coal Mining  Company, Permit  27-70).

The physical  conditions at  each selected  site  are as
follows:

Vogue Mine, Peabody Coal  Company,  Permit  29-69, Supplement
No.  6  (Site No.  1)

The  Vogue Mine is an active operation  of  the  Peabody Coal
Company.   The mine  is  an  area  type, open  pit,  surface
                            19

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                                           TABLE 2
                                     MINE DRAINAGE QUALITY

                                    PRELIMINARY MINE SITES


Sampled
4/70

5/71

5/71

5/71

5/71

5/71


Site
No.
1

2

3

4

4

5



Location
Vogue Mine, Upper
Pit
Volunteer, East
End
Colonial, Suppl. 1
East End
Colonial, South
End
Colonial, North
End
Walter Wright,
East End

M.O.
Alk.
0

202

86

0

*—

148

Free
Acid-
ity


0

0

176

_

0

Total
Acid-
ity
2054

14

8

300

—

38

Spec.
Cond.
mmhos
4000

2300

2300

3700

_ .

2250



PH
3.6

6.8

6.3

2.3

_

6.1



Ca
800

335

545

605

755

490



Mg
384

250

290

418

399

200



S04
3958

1960

2260

4230

4130

1965



Fe
400

1.1

0.7

513

508

1.1



Al
200

0.54

<0.05

1.6

0.65

0.06

to
o
                     Test results reported in mg/1 unless otherwise noted.

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mine and is located in Muhlenberg County, Kentucky,
approximately 11 miles southeast of Madisonville, Kentucky.
It appears on the USGS Millport, Kentucky, quadrangle map
at 37° 17' 48" latitude and 87° 19' 18" longitude.  The
permit area is approximately 100 acres and is shown in
Figure 1.  Mining is in the No. 9 seam of coal and the pit
extends the entire length of the permit area.  Although
there is no active mining at this site at the present time,
the stripping operation will be resumed in the northern
portion of the pit in the spring of 1974.  During active
mining operations, water is pumped from the pit  as re-
quired to accommodate mining activities.  The effluent is
pumped into drainways that eventually drain into Isaacs
Creek, which drains into the Pond River, which in turn
flows into the Green River and then into the Ohio.

During periods of relatively dry weather, approximately 80%
of the total drainage from the Vogue pit originates as
drainage from orphaned areas near the southern portion of
the strip pit.  The quality of the drainage from this area
is very poor and shows heavy acid and iron contamination.
Samples were collected of the influent and effluent drain-
age to the pit and of Isaacs Creek, both above and below the
drainage from the Vogue strip pit.  The geographic locations
of these sample points are illustrated in Figure 2.  The
results of these analyses are tabulated in Tables 3 through
10.  These samples were collected periodically over a four
month period and represent periods of both high  and low
water flows.

Colonial Mine, Pittsburg & Midway Coal Mining Company,
Permit 27-70  (Site No. 4)

The Colonial Mine is an active operation of the Pittsburg
& Midway Coal Mining Company.  This operation is also an
area type, open pit, surface mine and is located in Hopkins
County, Kentucky, approximately seven miles west of
Madisonville, Kentucky.  It appears on the USGS Madison-
ville West, Kentucky, quadrangle map at 37° 20'  55"
latitude and 87° 35' 49" longitude.  The permit area is
120 acres and is shown in Figure 3.  Mining is in the
No. 14 seam of coal and the pit has been developed almost
the entire length of the permit area.  Future surface
mining activities will be concentrated toward the southern
portion of the per .nit area, since present plans call for
the development of a deep mine near the northeastern end
of the pit.
                            21

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        1000   0   1000  2000  3000
             SCALE IN FEET




LOCATION PLAN, VOGUE MINE - FIGURE 1
                  22

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37" 17 30
                                 O Sample point
                                    Monitor Station
                    VOGUE MINE SITE
     MONITOR STATION  AND SAMPLE POINT LOCATIONS
                          23

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                           TABLE  3
                   WATER QUALITY ANALYSES
                  SAMPLE  LOCATION  NO.  1 (l)

                  VOGUE  STRIP  PIT  (MID-PIT)
 Date
 Flow  (gpm)
 Pht.  Alkalinity
 M.O.  Alkalinity  (CaCOs)
 Free  Acidity  (CaC03)
 Total Acidity  (CaC03)
 Conductivity  (25°C)  nunhos.
 pH (electrometrically)
 Color (APHA)
 Turbidity (JTU)
 Calcium (Ca)
 Magnesium (MgO
 Hardness  (CaC03)
 Sulfate (804)
 Total Iron  (Fe)
 Ferrous Iron  (Fe)
 Total Solids
 Suspended Solids
 Dissolved Solids
 Settleable  Solids  (ml/1)
 Aluminum  (Al)
 Manganese (Mn)
 Chloride  (Cl)
 Sodium (Na)
 Potassium (K)
 Copper (Cu)
 Hot Pht.  Acidity
8/17/71 9/10/71 10/13/71  11/3/71
400
1160
4160
3.0
130 -
54
-
—
2400
3600
94
11.9
4458
31
4427
0.6
92
40.2
<0.17
84
6.3
0.39
375
1120
4500
2.8
60-70
14
365
210
1774
2920
114
5.5
4682
24
4658
0.2
130
41.0
-
-
-
-
302
1310
4100
3.0
-
-
400
235
1966
3050
170
7.52
5250
17
5233
0.2
132
47.0
-
-
-
-
630
1382
3540
2.8
-
-
427
246
2077
3260
144
3.54
5281
5
5276
<0.1
123
48.1
-
-
-
-
 Test results reported in ppm unless otherwise noted.

(T) Refer  to  Figure 2  for location of sample point.
                              24

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                TABLE 4
         WATER QUALITY ANALYSES
        SAMPLE LOCATION NO. 2 (T)

      SOUTH END OF VOGUE STRIP MINE
Date
Flow (gpr.)
Pht. Alkalinity  (CaC03)
M.O. Alkalinity  (CaC03)
Free Acidity  (CaC03)
Total Acidity  (CaC03)
Conductivity  (25°C) ramhos
pH  (electrometrically)
Color (APHA)
Turbidity (JTU)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Hardness  (CaC03)
Sulfate (SO4)
Total Iron  (Fe)
Ferrous Iron  (Fe)
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Dissolved Solids
Settleable Solids  (ml/1)
Aluminum  (Al)
Manganese (Mn)
Chloride  (Cl)
Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Copper (Cu)
Hot Pht. Acidity (CaC03)
              8/17/71
              5
              620
              1040
              5700
              2.9
              156
              230
              3050
              4650
              256
              148
              6484
              112
              6372
              4
              20
              25.6
              <0.17
              250
              19.0
              0.13
Test results reported in ppm unless
otherwise noted.
   Refer to Figure
   sample point.
2 for  location  of
                   25

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                           TABLE 5
                    WATER QUALITY ANALYSES
                   SAMPLE LOCATION NO .  3
                 POND WEST OF VOGUE STRIP PIT
 Date
 Flow (gpm)
 Pht. Alkalinity (CaC03)
 M.O. Alkalinity (CaC03)
 Free Acidity (CaC03)
 Total Acidity (CaC03)
 Conductivity (25°C)  mmhos.
 pH (electrometrically)
 Color (APHA)
 Turbidity (JTU)
 Calcium (Ca)
 Magnesium (Mg)
 Hardness (CaC03)
 Sulfate (804)
 Total Iron (Fe)
 Ferrous Iron (Fe)
 Total Solids
 Suspended Solids
 Dissolved Solids
 Settleable Solids  (ml/1)
 Aluminum (Al)
 Manganese (Mn)
 Chloride (Cl)
 Sodium (Na)
 Potassium (K)
 Copper (Cu)
 Hot Pht.  Acidity  (CaCO3)
8/17/71    9/7/71
970
1950
5420
2.8
230
68
3300
5380
334
35.6
6953
27
6926
0.5
174
49.2
<0.17
124
4.6
0.45
950
2185
4320
2.8
>70
51
283
314
1995
4263
100
2.97
6754
22
6732
0.3
85
30.0
         10/13/71
         185
458
2190
4870
2.8
455
300
2371
4560
415
16.1
7473
37
7436
0.2
212
75.0
 Test results  reported in ppm unless otherwise noted.

(T)  Refer to Figure 2  for location of sample point.
                             26

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                  TABLE 5 (Cont'd)
               WATER QUALITY ANALYSES
              SAMPLE LOCATION NO.  3 ©

            POND WEST OF VOGUE STRIP PIT
      (gpm)
      Alkalinity (CaC03)
      Alkalinity (CaC03)
      Acidity (CaC03)
       Acidity (CaC03)
Date
Flow
Pht.
M.O.
Free
Total
Conductivity  ( 25 °C) "mmhos
pH  (electrometrically)
Color (APHA)
Turbidity (JTU)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Hardness (CaC03)
Sulfate (S04)
Total Iron  (Fe)
Ferrous Iron  (Fe)
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Dissolved Solids
Settleable Solids  (ml/1)
Aluminum (Al)
Manganese (Mn)
Chloride (Cl)
Sodium  (Na)
Potassium (K)
Copper  (Cu)
Hot Pht. Acidity  (CaCO3)
11/3/71
15
1400
2550
5080
2.6
                                498
                                325
                                2578
                                4610
                                306
                                7.93
                                7653
                                17
                                7636
                                0.1
                                207
                                76.3
                                           1/19/72
502
1214
4140
2.7
>70
60
411
451
2877
3450
196
68.3
5329
38
5291
0.3
118
48.4
 Test results reported in ppm unless otherwise noted,

!T) Refer  to  Figure  2  for location of sample point.
                         27

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                TABLE 6
         WATER QUALITY ANALYSES
        SAMPLE LOCATION NO. 4 (T)

     HEADWATERS OF UNNAMED TRIBUTARY
             TO ISAACS CREEK
Date
Flow (gpm)
Pht. Alkalinity  (CaC03)
M.O. Alkalinity  (CaC03)
Free Acidity  (CaC03)
Total Acidity  (CaC03)
Conductivity  (25°C) mmhos.
pH  (electrometrically)
Color (APHA)
Turbidity (JTU)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Hardness  (CaCO3)
Sulfate (SO4)
Total Iron  (Fe)
Ferrous Iron  (Fe)
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Dissolved Solids
Settleable Solids  (ml/1)
Aluminum  (Al)
Manganese (Mn)
Chloride  (Cl)
Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Copper (Cu)
Hot Pht. Acidity  (CaC03)
           8/17/71
           103
           250
           2760
           3.2
           8
           4
           1600
           1920
           8.0
           6.21
           2510
           3
           2507
           0.1
           21
           29.2
           3.58
           36
           7.8
           0.17
Test results reported in ppm unless
otherwise noted.
   Refer to Figure 2
   sample point.
for location of
                   28

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                          TABLE 7
                   WATER QUALITY ANALYSES
                  SAMPLE LOCATION NO. 5 (T)

               ISAACS CREEK NEAR CONVEYOR  BELT
Date                          8/17/71     9/7/71    10/13/71
Flow  (gpm)                    900         900       1050
Pht. Alkalinity  (CaC03)       -           -
M.O. Alkalinity  (CaC03)       -
Free Acidity  (CaCO3)          720         330       426
Total Acidity  (CaC03)         1660        980       1780
Conductivity  (25°C) iranhos.    4820        2640      4350
pH  (electrometrically)        2.9         2.8       2.9
Color (APHA)                  152         20
Turbidity  (JTU)               32          56
Calcium  (Ca)                  -           234       382
Magnesium  (Mg)                -           163       275
Hardness  (CaCOs)              2900        1253      2086
Sulfate  (S04)                 4510        2034      3620
Total Iron  (Fe)               164         6.5       245
Ferrous  Iron  (Fe)             22.0        1.88      11.3
Total Solids                  5908        3334      6207
Suspended Solids              14          48        23
Dissolved Solids              5894        3286      6184
Settleable  Solids  (ml/1)      0.2         0.9       0.4
Aluminum (Al)                 150         60        204
Manganese  (Mn)                65.6        38.0      85.0
Chloride (Cl)                 0.17
Sodium  (Na)                   46
Potassium (K)                 5.0
Copper  (Cu)                   0.35
Hot Pht.  Acidity (CaC03)      -
 Test  results  reported in ppm unless otherwise noted.

Jj Refer to Figure  2  for location of sample point.
                              29

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                 TABLE 7  (Cont'd)
               WATER QUALITY ANALYSES
             SAMPLE  LOCATION NO.  5 @


           ISAACS CREEK NEAR CONVEYOR BELT
 Date                            11/3/71     1/19/72
 Flow  (gpm)                      900
 Pht.  Alkalinity (CaC03)
 M.O.  Alkalinity (CaC03)
 Free  Acidity (CaC03)            806         460
 Total Acidity  (CaCO3)           1816        824
 Conductivity (25°C)  mmhos.      4300        2720
 pH (electrometrically)          2.8         2.7
 Color (APHA)                    -           40-50
 Turbidity (JTU)                 -           64
 Calcium (Ca)                    469         243
 Magnesium (Mg)                  258         219
 Hardness  (CaCO3)                2231        1506
 Sulfate (S04)                   3530        2009
 Total Iron  (Fe)                 160         100
 Ferrous Iron (Fe)               6.23        25.5
 Total Solids                   5943        3225
 Suspended Solids                10          80
 Dissolved Solids                5933        3145
 Settleable  Solids  (ml/1)        <0.1        1.4
 Aluminum (Al)                   173         91.9
 Manganese (Mn)                  79.8        46.7
 Chloride  (Cl)
 Sodium (Na)                     -           -
 Potassium (K)
 Copper (Cu)
 Hot Pht.  Acidity  (CaCO3)
 Test results  reported in ppm unless otherwise noted,

^) Refer  to Figure  2  for location of sample point.
                         30

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                           TABLE 8
                    WATER QUALITY ANALYSES
                   SAMPLE LOCATION NO. 6 @

                  ISAACS CREEK ABOVE  RT. 70
 Date                           8/17/71    9/8/71    10/13/71
 Flow  (gpm)                     -          9425      945
 Pht.  Alkalinity (CaC03)        -          -         -
 M.O.  Alkalinity (CaCO3)        -          -         -
 Free  Acidity  (CaC03)           535        220       183
 Total Acidity (CaCO^)          1240       632       1010
 Conductivity  (25°C)  mmhos.     4250       2350      3900
 pH (electrometrically)         2.9        2.9       3.0
 Color (APHA)                   260        20
 Turbidity  (JTU)                180        125
 Calcium (Ca)                   400        223       387
 Magnesium  (Mg)                 139        133       250
 Hardness  (CaCO^)               1580       1103      1995
 Sulfate (S04)                  3560       1672      2850
 Total Iron  (Fe)                106        23        125
 Ferrous Iron  (Fe)              14.1       8.51      8.32
 Total Solids                   5226       2662      5092
 Suspended Solids               71         51        111
 Dissolved Solids               5155       2611      4981
 Settleable  Solids  (ml/1)       5.0        1.0       7.5
 Aluminum (Al)                  124        1.5       128
 Manganese  (Mn)                 57.2       9.6       60.0
 Chloride  (Cl)                  3.51
 Sodium (Na)                    56
 Potassium  (K)                  5.8
 Copper (Cu)                    0.32
 Hot Pht. Acidity  (CaCO$)       -          -
 Test results  reported in ppm unless otherwise noted.

(T) Refer to Figure  2  for  location of  sample point.
                              31

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                 TABLE 8 (Cont'd)
              WATER QUALITY ANALYSES
             SAMPLE LOCATION NO. 6 (T)

            ISAACS CREEK ABOVE  RT.  70
Date
Flow  (gpm)
Pht. Alkalinity  (CaCO3)
M.O. Alkalinity  (CaCO3)
Free Acidity  (CaCO3)
Total Acidity  (CaC03)
Conductivity  (25°C) itunhos.
pH  (electrometrically)
Color  (APHA)
Turbidity  (JTU)
Calcium  (Ca)
Magnesium  (Mg)
Hardness  (CaC03)
Sulfate  (S04)
Total  Iron  (Fe)
Ferrous  Iron  (Fe)
Total  Solids
Suspended Solids
Dissolved Solids
Settleable  Solids  (ml/1)
Aluminum (Al)
Manganese  (Mn)
Chloride  (Cl)
Sodium (Na)
Potassium  (K)
Copper (Cu)
Hot Pht. Acidity (CaC03)
11/3/71
800
469
1290
3970
2.9
406
262
2089
3070
96
5.2
4948
79
4869
6.5
131
69.2
                                           1/19/72
220
657
2730
2.9
30-40
150
217
145
1138
1896
78
21.0
3048
89
2959
2.5
79
41.9
 Test results reported in ppm unless otherwise noted,

2)  Refer  to  Figure 2  for location of sample point.
                         32

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                          TABLE 9
                   WATER QUALITY ANALYSES
                  SAMPLE LOCATION NO. 7 (T)

                 DISCHARGE FROM NORTH END OF
                       VOGUE STRIP PIT
Date                          9/10/71    10/13/71     11/3/71
Flow (gpm)                    600        175          140
Pht. Alkalinity (CaC03)       0
M.O. Alkalinity (CaC03)       0          -            -
Free Acidity (CaC03)          440        415          673
Total Acidity (CaC03)         810        1280         1438
Conductivity (25°C) mmhos.    3760       4070         4110
pH  (electrometrically)        2.9        2.8          2.8
Color (APHA)                  60         -
Turbidity (JTU)                1.4
Calcium (Ca)                  330        394          429
Magnesium (Mg)                 195        235          256
Hardness  (CaC03)              1625       1951         2123
Sulfate (S04)                 3081       3020         3290
Total Iron  (Fe)                98         165          130
Ferrous Iron (Fe)              4„4        8.32         2.97
Total Solids                  4918       5157         4616
Suspended Solids              29         53           1
Dissolved Solids              4889       5104         4615
Settleable Solids  (ml/1)      Q.2        1.6          <0.1
Aluminum  (Al)                 130        120          130
Manganese (Mn)                 40         50           48.5
Chloride  (Cl)                 -
Sodium  (Na)                    -
Potassium (K)                 -
Copper  (Cu)                    -          -
Hot Pht. Acidity  (CaC03)      -
Test results reported  in  ppm unless  otherwise noted.

.)  Refer to Figure  2  for location of  sample  point.
                             33

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                      TABLE 9  (Cont'd)
                   WATER QUALITY ANALYSES
                  SAMPLE LOCATION NO. 7 (T)

                 DISCHARGE FROM NORTH END OF
                       VOGUE STRIP PIT
Date
Flow  (gpm)
Pht. Alkalinity  (CaC03)
M.O. Alkalinity  (CaC03)
Free Acidity  (CaC03)
Total Acidity  (CaC03)
Conductivity  (25°C) mmhos.
pH  (electrometrieally)
Color  (APHA)
Turbidity  (JTU)
Calcium  (Ca)
Magnesium  (Mg),
Hardness  (CaC03)
Sulfate  (S04)
Total Iron (Fe)
Ferrous  Iron  {Fe)
Total Solids
Suspended  Solids
Dissolved  Solids
Settleable Solids  (ml/1)
Aluminum (Al)
Manganese  (Mn)
Chloride  (Cl)
Sodium  (Na)
Potassium  (K)
Copper  (Cu)
Hot Pht. Acidity  (CaC03)
11/9/71    11/30/71    1/19/72
                       201
                       555
                       2700
                       2.9
                       30-40
                       12
                       262
                       160
                       1311
                       1723
                       102
                       7.03
                       2710
                       18
                       2692
602
1397
4050
2.8
29.0
390
234
1934
3180
108
2.9
5163
2
5161
<0.1
124
51.7
680
1230
3720
2.7
6.4
390
230
1918
2992
110
3.07
4885
25
4860
0.5
10
48.0
                        69.1
                        33.4
250
1216
 Test  results  reported in ppm unless otherwise noted.

fl)  Refer  to Figure 2  for location of sample point.
                              34

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                 TABLE  10
          WATER QUALITY ANALYSES
        SAMPLE  LOCATION NO.  8 (T)

    UNNAMED TRIBUTARY TO ISAACS CREEK
          NEAR  BRIDGE  AT  RT.  70
 Date
 Flow  (gpm)
 Pht.  Alkalinity (CaC03)
 M.O.  Alkalinity (CaC03)
 Free  Acidity (CaCO3)
 Total Acidity (CaC03)
 Conductivity (25°C)  mmhos
 pH  (electrometrically)
 Color (APHA)
 Turbidity  (JTU)
 Calcium (Ca)
 Magnesium  (Mg)
 Hardness  (CaC03)
 Sulfate (504)
 Total Iron  (Fe)
 Ferrous Iron (Fe)
 Total Solids
 Suspended Solids
 Dissolved Solids
 Settleable  Solids  (ml/1)
 Aluminum (Al)
 Manganese  (Mn)
 Chloride  (Cl)
 Sodium (Na)
 Potassium  (K)
 Copper (Cu)
 Hot Pht. Acidity  (CaC03)
10/13/71
900
534
1950
4530
2.7
382
275
2086
3630
355
16.4
6604
28
6576
0.4
172
60
 Test  results  reported in ppm unless
 otherwise  noted.

^l)  Refer to Figure 2  for location
    of sample  point.
                    35

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        1000    0    1000  2000  3000
              SCALE IN I
LOCATION PLAN,  COLONIAL MINE - FIGURE 3
                   36

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During the period of this study, pumping rates varied
between 1000 gpm during relatively dry conditions up to a
maximum of 5000 gpm following periods of moderately heavy
rainfall.  This water is pumped from the pit into a
drainage ditch, which in turn flows into an abandoned strip
mine impoundment.  This lake is both fed and drained by
Pond Creek, which flows into Clear Creek, which then drains
into the Tradewater River and then into the Ohio River.

The quality of the drainage from this area is alkaline in
nature with only minor iron contamination.  The present
quality of the discharge from this site at its confluence
with the abandoned strip mine impoundment meets State water
quality standards; several species of game fish have been
observed at this site.  Samples were collected of the in-
fluent and effluent drainage to the pit, of Pond Creek
above the drainage from the Colonial strip pit and of the
abandoned strip mine impoundment.  The geographic locations
of these sample points are illustrated in Figure 4.  The
results of these analyses are tabulated in Tables 11
through 17.  These samples were collected periodically
over a four month period and represent periods of both
high and low water flows.

Data collected during this study indicates that the Vogue
site provides an excellent basis for the demonstration of
treatment schemes applicable to revegetation of acidic
spoil material by the use of neutralized acid mine
drainage; the supportive data from the Colonial site,
however, indicates that additional neutralization is not
warranted.

Water Resources
An important consideration in  the  selection  of  the Western
Kentucky Coal Field  for demonstration of mine drainage
pollution control procedures was the water resources of  the
area.  Figure 5, which is taken from  "Water  Resources In-
vestigations in Kentucky" USGS 1969,  shows a number of
pertinent facts regarding these resources.   The annual pre-
cipitation of 48 inches is important  as it relates to the
irrigation aspect of the control procedure as will be
discussed later.  The character of the surface  waters in
the Western Kentucky Coal Field area  as predominantly sul-
fate bearing reflects the coal mining conditions but, more
importantly, the area defined  as such  (under "Chemical
Type of Surface Water" in Figure 5) is small enough that
                            37

-------
  N
37° 20'
m
to
o
h-
00
                                  O Sample point

                                   ^ Monitor Station



                    COLONIAL MINE SITE


     MONITOR STATION AND SAMPLE POINT LOCATIONS


                         FIGURE 4
                           38

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                 TABLE 11
         WATER  QUALITY  ANALYSES
         SAMPLE  LOCATION NO.  1 (JL)

            COLONIAL STRIP PIT
Date                             8/18/71
Flow  (gpm)
Pht.  Alkalinity  (CaC03)          0
M.O.  Alkalinity  (CaC03)          40
Free  Acidity  (CaC03)             0
Total Acidity  (CaC03)            275
Conductivity  (25°C)  mmhos.       5590
pH  (electrometrically)           5.8
Color (APHA)                     36
Turbidity  (JTU)                  460
Calcium  (Ca)                     1012
Magnesium  (Mg)                   2.18
Hardness  (CaCO3)                 2440
Sulfate  (S04)                    4440
Total Iron  (Fe)                  210
Ferrous  Iron  (Fe)                207
Total Solids                     6206
Suspended Solids                 182
Dissolved Solids                 6024
Settleable  Solids  (ml/1)         0.4
Aluminum (Al)                    0.6
Manganese  (Mn)                   21
Chloride  (Cl)
Sodium  (Na)                      624
Potassium  (K)                    26
Copper  (Cu)                      0.07
Hot Pht. Acidity  (CaC03)
 Test  results reported in ppm unless
 otherwise  noted.

(T)  Refer to  Figure  4  for location of
    sample  point.
                    39

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                      TABLE 12
              WATER QUALITY  ANALYSES
             SAMPLE LOCATION NO.  2 (l)

       COLONIAL DRAINAGE  DITCH APPROXIMATELY
      200 YARDS DOWNSTREAM FROM HEAD OF DITCH
Date                           8/18/71     10/13/71
Flow  (gpm)
Pht. Alkalinity  (CaCO3)        0
M.O. Alkalinity  (CaCOs)        256         325
Free Acidity  (CaCO3)           0
Total Acidity  (CaCO3)          16.0        13.2
Conductivity  (25°C)  mmhos.     4400        3700
pH  (electrometrically)         6.4         7.7
Color  (APHA)                   48
Turbidity  (JTU)                96
Calcium (Ca)                   528         313
Magnesium  (Mg)                 118         210
Hardness  (CaCO3)               1810        1646
Sulfate (S04)                  2520        2150
Total Iron (Fe)                7.5         3.1
Ferrous Iron  (Fe)              2.1         0.43
Total Solids                   4145        3776
Suspended  Solids               54          22
Dissolved  Solids               4091        3754
Settleable Solids  (ml/1)       0.8         <0.1
Aluminum  (Al)                  0.24        0.29
Manganese  (Mn)                 9.2         9.1
Chloride  (Cl)                  10.6
Sodium  (Na)                    524
Potassium  (K)                  24
Copper  (Cu)                    0.08
Hot Pht. Acidity  (CaCOa)
Test  results reported in ppm unless otherwise noted.

^l)  Refer to Figure 4  for location of sample point.
                         40

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                           TABLE 13
                   WATER  QUALITY  ANALYSES
                   SAMPLE  LOCATION NO. 30

                COLONIAL  STRIP PIT DISCHARGE
                     NEAR  NORTH END OF PIT
Date
Flow (gpm)
Pht. Alkalinity (CaC03)
M.O. Alkalinity (CaC03)
Free Acidity (CaC03)
Total Acidity  (CaC03)
Conductivity (25°C) mmhos.
pH  (electrometrically)
Color (APHA)
Turbidity (JTU)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Hardness (CaCO3)
Sulfate (S04)
Total Iron  (Fe)
Ferrous Iron (Fe)
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Dissolved Solids
Settleable Solids  (ml/1)
Aluminum (Al)
Manganese (Mn)
Chloride (Cl)
Sodium  (Na)
Potassium (K)
Copper  (Cu)
Hot Pht. Acidity  (CaC03)
                            9/8/71 10/13/71 11/3/71 11/9/71
                                   3800     1200
                            228
380
398
374
8. 0
3240
7. 6
35
240
283
175
1486
2305
370.0
4 .36
3960
219
3741
1.4
195. 0
60.0
12.0
3650
7.6
-
-
334
165
1513
2130
0.7
0.06
3727
12
3715
<0.1
0.21
7.0
12.0
3600
7.7
-
-
322
164
1477
1950
4.9
1. 6
3599
55
3544
<0.1
0.5
6.2
10
3610
7.7
-
7.9
401
177
1079
2110
2.1
1.4
3738
5
3733
<0.1
0.3
5.9
 Test  results  reported in ppm unless otherwise noted.

(T)  Refer  to Figure 4  for location of sample point.
                              41

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                 TABLE 14
          WATER QUALITY ANALYSES
         SAMPLE LOCATION NO.  40

     POND CREEK APPROXIMATELY 600  FEET
    DOWNSTREAM FROM BRIDGE ON RT.  1034
 Date
 Flow  (gpm)
 Pht.  Alkalinity  (CaC03)
 M.O.  Alkalinity  (CaC03)
 Free  Acidity  (CaC03)
 Total Acidity  (CaC03)
 Conductivity  (25°C)  mmhos.
 pH  (electrometrically)
 Color (APHA)
 Turbidity  (JTU)
 Calcium  (Ca)
 Magnesium  (Mg)
 Hardness  (CaC03)
 Sulfate  (S04)
 Total Iron  {Fe)
 Ferrous Iron  (Fe)
 Total Solids
 Suspended Solids
 Dissolved Solids
 Settleable  Solids  (ml/1)
Aluminum  (Al)
Manganese  (Mn)
Chloride  (Cl)
Sodium (Na)
Potassium  (K)
Copper (Cu)
Hot Pht. Acidity  (CaC03)
               9/7/71
               15

               3
               1500
               7.7
               20
               111
               113
               61
               533
               909
               0.41
               0.16
               1529
               10
               1519
               0.57
               0.10
Test results reported in ppm unless
otherwise noted.
   Refer to Figure
   sample point.
4 for location of
                   42

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                     TABLE  15
              WATER QUALITY ANALYSES
             SAMPLE LOCATION  NO.  5@

   COLONIAL DRAINAGE DITCH APPROXIMATELY 20  FEET
   UPSTREAM FROM ITS CONFLUENCE WITH  POND CREEK
Date
Flow  (gpm)
Pht. Alkalinity  (CaCO3)
M.O. Alkalinity  (CaCO3)
Free Acidity  (CaC03)
Total Acidity  (CaC03)
Conductivity  (25°C) mmhos
pH  (electrometrically)
Color (APHA)
Turbidity  (JTU)
Calcium  (Ca)
Magnesium  (Mg)
Hardness  (CaCO3)
Sulfate  (S04)
Total Iron  (Fe)
Ferrous  Iron  (Fe)
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Dissolved Solids
Settleable Solids  (ml/1)
Aluminum (Al)
Manganese  (Mn)
Chloride  (Cl)
Sodium  (Na)
Potassium  (K)
Copper  (Cu)
Hot Pht. Acidity  (CaCO3)
10/13/71
55.6

7.2
2100
7.3
163
105
839
1130
0.23
0.15
1898
6
1892
<0.1
0.28
2.2
11/3/71
96.0

12.0
2610
7.3
198
108
938
1420
0.13
0.10
2452
3
2449
<0.1
0.3
2.7
Test results  reported  in  ppm unless otherwise noted,

f)  Refer to Figure  4 for location  of sample  point.
                        43

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                     TABLE  16
              WATER QUALITY ANALYSES
             SAMPLE LOCATION NO. 6 (T)

    COLONIAL STRIP PIT DISCHARGE (NEAR MID-PIT)
Date
Flow (gpm)
Pht. Alkalinity  (CaC03)
M.O. Alkalinity  (CaC03)
Free Acidity  (CaC03)
Total Acidity  (CaC03)
Conductivity  (25°C) mmhos.
pH  (electrometrically)
Color  (APHA)
Turbidity  (JTU)
Calcium  (Ca)
Magnesium  (Mg)
Hardness  (CaC03)
Sulfate  (SO.)
Total  Iron  (Fe)
Ferrous  Iron  (Fe)
Total  Solids
Suspended  Solids
Dissolved  Solids
Settleable  Solids  (ml/1)
Aluminum (Al)
Manganese  (Mn)
Chloride (Cl)
Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Copper (Cu)
Hot Pht.  Acidity (CaC03)
10/13/71
1080

92.4

27.2
4050
6.8
405
215
1896
2760
33
1.32
4482
54
4428
0.13
19
                                            11/30/71
50.9

28.4
4320
6.8

360
560
260
2466
3457
44
32.6
5589
112
5477
0.5
0.33
17
             16
 Test results reported in ppm unless otherwise noted

[T)  Refer  to  Figure 4  for location of sample point.
                         44

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                TABLE 17
         WATER QUALITY  ANALYSES
        SAMPLE LOCATION NO.  7 @

         STRIP MINE IMPOUNDMENT
        WEST OF COLONIAL PIT AREA
Date                             1/19/72
Flow  (gpm)
Pht.  Alkalinity  (CaC03)
M.O.  Alkalinity  (CaC03)          37
Free  Acidity  (CaCO3)
Total Acidity  (CaC03)            7
Conductivity  (25°C)  mmhos.       955
pH  (electrometrically)           7.1
Color (APHA)                     30-40
Turbidity  (JTU)                  2.2
Calcium  (Ca)                     59
Magnesium  (Mg)                   31
Hardness  (CaC03)                 275
Sulfate  (S04)                    303
Total Iron (Fe)                  0.17
Ferrous  Iron  (Fe)                0.027
Total Solids                     663
Suspended  Solids                 2
Dissolved  Solids                 661
Settleable Solids  (ml/1)         <0.1
Aluminum (Al)                    <0 .1
Manganese  (Mn)                   0.49
Chloride  (Cl)
Sodium  (Na)
Potassium  (K)
Copper  (Cu)
Hot Pht. Acidity  (CaCO3)
 Test  results  reported in ppm unless
 otherwise  noted.

[T)  Refer to Figure  4  for location of
    of  sample  point.
                    45

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 MEAN  ANNUAL PRECIPITATION  IN  INCHES   1931-55
        (DATA  FROM US WEATHER  BUREAU-ESSA)
                                                        AVERAGE ANNUAL  RUNOFF IN  INCHES


             MEAN  DISCHARGE,  CFS
                                     25,000
                                       " OOO
                                        ooo
                                    900,000
WIDTH  OF RIVER INDICATES  MEAN DISCHARGE
     MEAN  DISCHARGE  OF  MAJOR  RIVERS,
         IN  CUBIC  FEET  PER  SECOND
   n
BICARBONATE
SULFATE
             CHLORIDE
                                                              CHEMICAL  TYPE  OF SURFACE
                                                                       WATER
                                                                     I
                                            _— —      •'•"/.•'• y
            MOST  WELLS  YIELD ENOUGH  WATER FOR
                       DOMESTIC  USE
        SANDSTONE AND SILTSTONE
                                      LIMESTONE
WELLS YIELD 100
   GALLONS OR
MORE PER MINUTE
                                                       SAND  AND GRAVEL
      ABOUT HALF THE WELLS
          YIELD ENOUGH
      WATER FOR DOMESTIC USE

               CD
       LIMESTONE AND  SHALE
              SAND           LIMESTONE AND SANDSTONE   SAND BENEATH^URFACE


                                       TYPE AND YIELD OF  AQUIFERS

                          WATER  RESOURCES  DATA  -  FIGURE  5
                                                                                     SILTSTONE
                                                46

-------
successful treatment procedures may ultimately restore
quality to that of surrounding areas  (headwaters) which
are predominantly bicarbonate containing.

As indicated by Figure 5, the quality of surface streams
uncontaminated by mine drainage in western Kentucky re-
flects the limestone common to the area and particularly
to the headwaters.  Table 18 shows the quality of the Green
River at Bowling Green, Kentucky, which is upstream of
surface coal mining activities and is typical of the
natural surface quality.  Also shown in Table 18 is an
analysis of the Pond River near Sacramento, Kentucky,
just north and east of Madisonville,  This is a point
downstream of heavily mined areas, including those of
Site No. 1 and Site No. 2 previously mentioned.  Also
listed in Table 18 is an analysis of the Tradewater
River at Olney, Kentucky, which is west and slightly
south of Madisonville, but downstream of considerable
surface mining activity.  The drainage from Site No. 3
and, at times, Site No. 4 enters downstream of Olney.

There is very little published data available on the
quality of the streams draining the particular active sites
under consideration.  Stream monitoring stations should be
installed to provide a continuous record of the surface
water quality in order to establish the data required to
adequately evaluate the effectiveness of the demonstration
project.

Most of the surface streams draining the western Kentucky
coal region are contaminated with acid mine drainage.
Clear Creek, for example, originates in the south-central
portion of Hopkins County near Madisonville.  It flows in
a west-northwesterly direction to its confluence with the
Tradewater River at the Hopkins and Webster County line.
Two of the major tributaries of Clear Creek are Pond
Creek and Greasy Creek, into which the drainages discharge
from Site No. 4, Colonial Mine.

There are no fish in either Clear Creek or its tributaries
because of acid mine drainage.  Clear Creek has a pH range
of 2.5 to 4.0.  Apparently, many of the older open pits
are self-contained and contribute little to downstream
pollution problems.  It is estimated, however, that runoff
occurs on roughly 25 percent of the strip mine spoil areas.
Isaacs Creek, which receives the drainage from the Vogue
strip mine, exhibits similar quality characteristics.
                            47

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                                           TABLE 18
                                     SURFACE WATER QUALITY

Total Iron (Fe)
Aluminum (Al)
Manganese (Mn)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Sodium (Na)
Bicarbonate (HCC^)
Sulfate (SO4)
Chloride (Cl)
Hardness (CaCC^)
Conductivity (25°C)mmhos
Dissolved Solids
pH
Green River at
Bowling Green, Ky.
(Warren County)
Dec/ 19 67
0.12
-
0.18
44
9
4.5
130
36
8
147
306
177
7.6
Feb/1969
0.12
-
0.02
38
6.6
4.6
122
18
9
122
269
142
7.4
Pond River near
Sacramento, Ky.
(McLean County)
Oct/1967
7.1
-
11
160
81
55
0
888
28
733
1810
1350
3.3
Oct/1968
40
55
19
238
158
76
0
1790
22
1240
3200
2470
2.8
Tradewater River at
Olney, Kentucky
(Caldwell County)
Oct/1967
0.02
5.2
13
-
-
-
2
528
6
504
966
822
4.6
Nov/1968
0.1
16
18
140
92
18
0
860
10
729
1440
1260
4.2
00
                   Test results reported  in mg/1  unless  otherwise indicated.

-------
Samples collected periodically throughout the course of
this study indicate that the discharge water from the Vogue
mine site is highly acid and would provide an excellent
basis for a demonstration of treatment schemes applicable
to area type surface mining techniques.  The discharge from
the Colonial mine site is alkaline in nature and would not
be representative of typical acid mine drainage conditions
for the demonstration of a hydra ted lime neutralisation
plant; the quality of this water would, however, provide
an excellent source of water for irrigation purposes.

Social and . JEconomic Environment

The mine sites discussed are in two adjacent counties and
are both in the immediate vicinity of the City of Madison-
ville.  For purposes of an analysis of the social and
economic factors inherent in the area of the selected
sites, census data has been reviewed with respect to the
state, counties involved, and the City of Madisonville.
Comparisons between 1960 and 1970 figures indicate that
major trends determined within the Commonwealth are as
follows :

1.  Kentucky's population increase has lagged behind the
    national average.

2.  A larger portion of the Commonwealth 's population
    has become urbanized.

3.  Kentucky has fewer people in the working class age
    group of 20-64 years of age than the national average.

The counties and city aforementioned are definitely follow-
ing the statewide trend, in that the City of Maclisor.ville
has experienced a 16.9% increase in population between
census surves while Hokins and Mhnr      t
                          have
                          over
                      Vogue
has experienced a 16.9% increase in population betwe*
census surveys while Hopkins and Muhlenberg Counties
experienced small percentage decreases in population
the same period.  Muhlenberg County, site of the Vogu
Mine, experienced a shift in population by displaying
an increase in urban population and a decrease in rural
population.

Pertinent facts (1970) on population density for the areas
of the demonstration sites are as follows:
49

-------
Muhlenberg County

481 square miles land area
27,537 population
57.2 people/square mile

Hopkins County

553 square miles land area
38,167 population
69.0 people/square mile

Statistics  (1960) on the population in the Commonwealth
reveal that half of the state's employed workers are in
blue-collar occupations, the number of adults completing
one or more years of college is lower than the national
average, and nearly four out of ten families have incomes
of $3,000 or less.  This is significant since the state
does not experience a high influx of new residents and
those that are native born remain in the state of their
birth, as evidenced by the figures on Hopkins (88.9%)
and Muhlenberg  (92.9%) Counties.  People in the area are
definitely dependent upon employment in the vicinity of
their home since low percentages of the work force work
outside the county of their residence (8.4% in Hopkins
County and 11.8% in Muhlenberg County).

Over 50% of the population in Muhlenberg and Hopkins
Counties is in the age bracket of 18 to 64, eligible
to be a part of the work force.  However, state records
indicate that the largest segment of the population is in
the age bracket 44 to 64, which also coincides with the
largest segment of the working force.  This part of the
population is significant since, of the people 25 years
old or older, only a third have completed 4 years of
high school and the median years of school completed for
the average individual is only 8.5 at best.

The factors of minimal education, dependence on employ-
ment in the vicinity of the home, predominance of employ-
ment in blue-collar positions are significant factors
indicating the potential of the work force.  This is
further supported by the high unemployment in the counties
(5% in Hopkins and 9.5% in Muhlenberg) and the low median
income of the average laborer ($4,044 in Hopkins and
$3,355 in Muhlenberg).  Workers are dependent on manu-
facturing industries, agriculture, construction and mining
as the chief areas of employment.  The need for increased
                            50

-------
job opportunities is critical from the standpoint that
the median age of the public is 27.6 and a significant
segment of the population is married and has children of
elementary school age.  These young families, as well as
the older segment of the population approaching retirement,
require a sufficient income on which to survive and are
heavily dependent on the industry established in the
Commonwealth.

Water may be Kentucky's primary industrial resource for
the future; therefore, it is important that everything
possible be done to maintain or improve the quality of
the waters of the Commonwealth so that a sufficient
quantity of good quality water is available for existing
and potential industrial consumption.  According to
information available on water sources and consump-
tion in the Commonwealth, 83.6% of the water sources in
the Western Coal Field are attributed to surface water, of
which 78.1% of the supply is put to industrial use.  To
assure the continuous supply of water in the quantity and
quality required for such use, the Commonwealth has laws
and regulatory agencies which exist to safeguard streams
against pollution, continually monitor water quality and
quantity of Commonwealth streams, and allocate water
supply usage in the Commonwealth,

The provision of a good supply of water to encourage
industrial investment in the Commonwealth will serve
as a major factor in providing more job opportunities.
The economic development so stimulated and the jobs
created will serve to encourage  a larger population growth
in the Commonwealth.  In general, population increases
are being  experienced around urban  centers at  the  expense
of rural areas of the Commonwealth. Although a reversal
in this trend is not expected, increased water usage is
anticipated in rural areas  for irrigation of croplands.
Therefore, the use of treated water as a significant
feature of the demonstration project will provide  valuable
results toward the overall  improvement of Commonwealth
waters for all use requirements.
                             51

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                      SECTION VI

                PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING
Abatement Project Description

As previously mentioned, two sites were selected for
further investigation, namely the No. 1 Vogue and the
No. 4 Colonial sites.

The Vogue mine, operated by the Peabody Coal Company,
is located in Muhlenberg County, Kentucky.  Approximately
50% of the permit area has been mined to date; with the
exception of the existing pit area, the spoil banks have
been regraded to near original contour conditions.
While the mine has been inactive throughout the course
of this study, present plans call for the resumption of
stripping operations during the spring of 1974.  At that
time, mining will begin in the northern section of the
pit and progress in  a southwesterly direction.

The area initially allocated for the demonstration site
consisted of approximately 35 acres beginning at the north
end of the pit  (refer to Figures 6 and 7).  Since the
coal seam generally  dips to the north at  this site and all
drainage eventually  exits at the north end of the pit,
the pumping facilities and treatment plant would be
located in this area to eliminate excessive pumping
distances and interferences with mining operations.  The
extreme southern portion of the demonstration area  (5 acres)
could be used as a control test plot in which surface_
preparation, pretreatment and planting would be identical
to the remaining demonstration area, the  only difference
in treatment being that this area would not be irrigated.

Soil samples were taken in some detail at the Vogue mine
site as shown on the map of the area  (refer to Figures 6
and  7).  The entire  area showed signs of  acidic materials,
including isolated and small severely acid spots.  The 14
samples taken represent approximately two acres each, and
each sample was composed of approximately eight cores
taken at a depth of  0-8 inches.
                            53

-------
< i!
.1
                                                         VOGUE PLOT PLAN- SHEET I
                                                              FIGURE  6

-------
< n
                                                                                              I  ;  iO(I '.AMI-I I Hi i
                                                                                              • '  f'API CIHCl t M'HINKI ( h-3 (•/ : 111 A J
                                                                                              • •'  Mil L LlWCLl '.d'MINKI I H'., ' ?W UIA,)
                                                                          VOGUE  PLOT  PLAN-  SHEET 2
                                                                                   FIGURE   7

-------
The samples were returned to the  laboratory, dried in  a
60°C oven  and ground to pass a 2  mm  screen.  Analyses  for
pH , lime requirement, phosphorus  and potassium were run
by the Soil Testing Laboratory at the University of
Kentucky.  Four of the most acid  materials were shaken
with 0.04N CA(OH)2 for one day and pH was determined on
the suspensions.   (This was done  to verify the Soil Test-
ing Laboratory lime requirement test for the most severely
acid areas.)  Electrical conductivity was determined on
all materials in a 2:1 water-spoil ratio using an Indus-
trial Instruments Bridge and a conductivity cell with  a
cell constant of 1.0.

The results of the pH, electrical conductivity, phosphorus
and potassium tests are shown in  Table  19.  In general
the pH values in samples from the Vogue site are rather
low, but the extreme ends  (1 and  7) are much less acid
than the middle.  Area 4 was especially acid and so was
area 6  (refer to Figures 6 and 7) .  The electrical conduc-
tivity did not appear to be a serious problem except in
area 4.  Even here, it is doubtful that it will prevent
plant growth after winter rains remove  some of the salt.
Phosphorus extractable by NH4F-HC1 was  very low for all
samples.   This usually is the case in mine spoils and
nothing out of the ordinary was encountered.  Potassium
was on the borderline in all of the samples from the Vogue
site.  However, except for samples 2F,  4B and 6, it is
unlikely that potassium is deficient for plant growth.

The lime requirement was determined for all the materials
sampled using the change in the pH of a buffered salt  as
the indicator.  Values obtained are shown in Table 19  and
range from one ton per acre to eight tons per acre of  the
Vogue mine and from 0 to 1 ton on the Colonial mine .

Because of the extreme variability in lime requirement on
the Vogue mine spoils and because later irrigation can be
used to supplement problem areas, it appears that a general
agricultural limestone rate of 5  tons per acre should  be
used as a  treatment as soon as the land surface is reformed
for irrigation.
Since phosphorus levels were very low, 200  Ibs. of P2®5 Per
acre will be applied  (about 425 Ibs. of 46% P2C>5 per  acre)
at the Vogue site.  Because potassium is somewhat low, 100
Ibs. of 60% K20 should be applied in order  to assure
adequate growing conditions .
                            56

-------
                      TABLE 19
          CHEMICAL  CHARACTERISTICS  OF THE
             SPOIL  MATERIALS  FROM THE
             VOGUE  AND  COLONIAL MINES
            (Sampled November  30, 1971)
Location of
Spoil Material*
Vogue Mine:
1 F
L
2 F
U
L
3 F
B
4 A
B
5 A
B
C
5
7
Colonial Mine:
1
2
3
4 (Vegetated)
PH
5.3
5.7
3.3
4.5
3.8
3.4
4.5
3.1
3.0
4.6
3.9
4.5
3.2
5.1
7.7
6.7
8.1
4.9
Conductivity* *
mhos/cm2
1.35
2.50
3.25
2.70
3.10
3.15
2.50
4.00
3.80
P
Ibs/A
5
1
6
2
3
7
2
K
Ibs/A
136
135
94
122
122
113
144
8 106
5 85
!
3.30 ! 2
3.40 4
3.40 ! 2
3.00 \ 4
2.70 2
1.40 1
115
117
120
81
I
140
315
1.90 2 330
Lime ***
Requirement
Tons/Acre
1.0
1.0
7.0
1.0
4.0
7.0
1.0
8.0
7.0
1.0
4.0
1.0
8.0
1.0
0
o
1.05 1 i 312 0
1.05 4 ' 119 1.0
*    Refer to Figures 6 and 7
**   10 g soil: 20 ml H20
***  Agricultural Limestone
                            57

-------
All spoil material is generally low in nitrogen and this
element is required in rather large amounts for plant
growth.  In view of this, the Vogue site should be
fertilized at the rate of 100 Ibs. of nitrogen per acre
 (300 Ibs. of ammonium nitrate).  All these recommendations
are summarized in Table 20.

Water samples were collected and flow measurements were
made of the pit influent and effluent drainage and of Isaacs
Creek above and below the drainage from the Vogue mine site
at regular intervals throughout the course of this study.
The results of the analyses of these samples can be seen
in Tables 3 through 10.

On the basis of the pit effluent water analyses and
observed flow rates,  (refer to Table 21), a conventional
acid mine drainage treatment plant is proposed to treat
the total pit effluent to a level acceptable for discharge
to a receiving stream.  The treatment plant will be designed
in such a manner as to permit the neutralized, oxidized
discharge from the process to either be used as irrigation
water on the prepared spoil banks or to be clarified in
temporary settling ponds for ultimate discharge to a
receiving stream.  A plot plan of the proposed treatment
plant/irrigation system is shown in Figures 6 and 7.

The neutralization plant would employ standard "off the
shelf" equipment.  Such equipment is suitable for use with
either hydrated lime or pulverized limestone.  While lime-
stone has been shown to be less effective than hydrated
lime (50-75%), the unreacted limestone would have a
residual  benefit on the spoil.  Limestone consumption has
been estimated at 1000 pounds per hour for treatment of the
maximum flow expected from the Vogue mine site.  A flow
diagram of the proposed treatment facilities can be seen
in Figure 8.  The entire set of equipment would be con-
structed in modular fashion for easy movement from site
to site.  A self-contained diesel electric power plant
would be one of the modular units and would supply all
power for the pumps and control equipment.

During those months when irrigation may be employed almost
continuously in July, August, September and October, records
indicate an average monthly 3.5" rainfall (refer to Table
22).  This amount deducted from an average of 0.25" per day
for evapo-transpiration gives an average of 4" of water per
acre per month for irrigation.  On this basis, the 25 acres
available for irrigation at the Vogue site would require an
average of 275 gpm operating eight hours per day five days
                            58

-------
                                           TABLE  20
                                     RECOMMENDED  RATES OF
                                  LIME, FERTILIZER AND SEED
                             FOR VOGUE AND COLONIAL SPOIL AREAS
Location
Vogue Mine
Colonial Mine
Tons Lime
Per Acre
5
0
Lbs. Fertilizer
Elements/Acre
N
100
100
P20S
200
200
K20
100
200
LBs. Seed per Acre
Kentucky ~T Korean
Fescue Lespedeza
10 10
10 0
Red
Clover
10
10
Ladino
Clover
0
5
Ul

-------
                                            TABLE 21
                                       VOGUE. PIT DISCHARGE
                                   WATER ANALYSES TABULATION
                                       SAMPLE LOCATION V-7

Flow (qpm)
Pht. Alkalinity (CaCO-^)
M.O. Alkalinity (CaCO7)
Free Acidity (CaC03)
Total Acidity (CaCO^)
Conductivity (25°CJ mmhos.
pH (electrometrically)
Color (APHA)
Turbidity (JTU)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Hardness (CaC03)
Sulfate (SO4)
Total Iron (Fe)
Ferrous Iron (Fe)
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Dissolved Solids
Settleable Solids (ml/1)
Aluminum (Al)
Manganese (Mn) 	 	
9/10
600
0
0
440
810
3760
2.9
60
1.4
330
195
1625
3081
98
4.4
4 91 8
29
4889
0.2
130
40.0
10/13
175
-
-
415
1280
4070
2.8
-
—
394
235
1951
3020
165
8.32
5157
53
5104
1.6
120
50.0
11/3
140
-
-
673
1438
4110
2.8
—
—
429
256
2123
3290
130
2.97
4616
1
4615
<0.1
130
48.5
11/9 !
"™ t
-
— t
602
1397
4050
2.8
-
29.0
, 390
1 234
1934
3180
108
2.9
5163
2
5161
<0.1
124
51.7
11/30
-
-
-
680
1230
3720
2.7
-
6.4
390
230
1918
2992
110
3.07
4885
25
4860
0.5
10
48.0
1/19
-
-
_
201
•555"" "
2700
2.9
30-40
12.0
262
160
1311
1723
^102
7.03
2710
18
2692
<0.1
69.1
33.4
Max.
600 '
—
—
680
1438
4110
2.9
60
29.0
429
256
2123
3290
165
8.32
5163
53
5161
1.6
130
51.7
Min.
140 1
—
—
201
555
2700
2.7
30-40
1.4
262
160
1311
1723
98
2. 9
1 2 7 IT)
^_
2692
<0.1
1 10
3.4
Ave.
305
~
»
5T)2
1118
3735
"2.8
47.5
2 . /
366
218
1810
2881

4 . 78
4575

4554
0. 3~§
y / . /
45.3
a\
o

-------
                                                       -LIME STOWAGE BIN
                                                        274O CU f T-CAR*CIIY
                                                        1?'OIA.*32'HI&H
                                                                                                 FLOAT NG IRHIGATOII PUMP
|^HF
Df MONSTRAT10N AREA 31.0 ACRFS APPROX
5.5ACRf& TFSTAflEA

i

10
MC
Rf
1

1 	


rTiT
5,9AC«S

111
4.7 ACRf &

f

4.; ACRES
                       MON
-------
                                            TABLE 22
                                   TABULATION OF RAINFALL DATA
                               MADISONVILLE, KY. - HOPKINS COUNTY
                                        1960 THROUGH 1971
YEAR
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
TOT.
AVE.
JAN.
2.43
2.58
4.31
0.64
2.49
4.30
4.67
2.21
1.91
6.47
0.69
4. 50
37.20
3.10
FEB.
2.93
5.51
7.06
0.96
2.41
4.15
4.04
2.59
1.93
1.69
4.11
8.19
45.57
3.80
MAR.
2.70
5.13
4.13
9.71
14.68
7.25
1.18
3.11
4.84
2.98
4.58
1.88
62.17
5.18
APR.
2.73
5.61
2.55
1.31
3.31
3.88
9.45
2.92
5.32
5.40
9.03
1.78
53.29
4.44
MAY
2.58
6.56
4.85
3.77
3.95
1.65
6.19
7.69
6.25
3.48
2.28
3.20
52.45
4.37
JUNE
5.47
2.86
3.08
1.99
2.22
2.96
1.62
4.95
1.83
13.86
5.18
3.89
49.91
4.16
JULY
5.50
>
7.17
2.44
2.92
3.86
2.91
0.95
5.99
3.96
4.81
4.18
4.96
49. 65
4.14
AUG.
0.83
3.53
5.71
2.33^
2.82
2.37
3.71
2.33
3.08
3.48
3.23
1.38
34.80
2.90
SEPT.
1.65
1.94
5.59
0.40
5.84
6.07
4.60
3.94
3.84
2.70
0.91
3.36
40.84
3.40
OCT.
1.64
3.48
2.51
0
0.29
1.84
2.51
3.49
1.19
2.63
7.73
1.98
29.29
2.44
NOV.
4.13
5.79
2.10
1.38
3.44
2.45
2.87
3.29
4.26
4.93
2.27
1.91
38.82
3.24
DEC.
3.70
4.13
2.07
0.88
5.15
0.86
4.72
5.47
4.16
4.73
4.87
4.26
45.00
3.75
YR.TOT.
36.29
54.29
46.40
26.29
50.46
40.69
46.51
47.98
42.57
!
57.16
49.06
41. >.9
538.99
44.92
N)

-------
per week.  After germination, the system can be scheduled
to supply up to 0.50" of water per day without damage to
vegetation, providing the spoil is capable of absorbing
this amount of water without becoming saturated.  By so
stressing the system, the amount of total dissolved solids
entering the receiving stream could be significantly re-
duced or possibly eliminated depending on the volume of
water available for irrigation.

The Colonial mine, operated by the Pittsburg & Midway
Coal Mining Company, is located in Hopkins County,
Kentucky.  Approximately 90% of the permit area has been
mined to date.  With the exception of the existing pit
area, the  spoil banks have been regraded to near original
permit conditions.  Due to the dip of the coal and the
increasing amount of overburden which must be removed to
gain access to the coal seam, surface mining operations
will be discontinued in the near future and a deep mine
will be developed near the northeastern end of the present
pit area.

The area initially allocated for the demonstration site
consisted of approximately 60 acres near the northwest
portion of the present pit area (refer to Figures 9 and 10) .
Of the total area available, preliminary plans called
for a 30-acre plot to be used to demonstrate the effec-
tiveness of irrigation, while an additional 10-acre plot
was to be used as a control area in which surface prepara-
tion, pretreatment and planting would be identical to the
demonstration area.

Only four soil samples were taken at the Colonial mine site,
since it was evident that acidic materials were not a
serious problem.  Three of the samples were taken from a
fairly fresh, rocky material that had a sparse stand of
sweet clover.  One sample was taken from an area having a
good stand of fescue.  The material on which the fescue was
growing was quite sandy and apparently had washed in from
the surrounding higher points.  The fact that volunteer
vegetation was taking over the Colonial site indicates,
better than any other measure, the absence of acidic
materials on the surface.

The samples were returned to the laboratory and analyzed
as previously described.  The results of the pH, electrical
conductivity, phosphorus and potassium tests are shown in
Table 19.
                            63

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'•
:
                                               COLONIAL SURVEY PLAN- SHEET

                                                      FIGURE 9

-------
'
'
                                                   COLONIAL SURVEY PLAN .-SHEET 2
                                                         FIGURE  10

-------
The pH values for the Colonial mine samples are very satis-
factory except for sample 4.  The value for sample 4 may be
caused by some surface acid runoff since the appearance of
the fescue grass was vigorous.  Conductivities in all the
Colonial samples were low.  The potassium level was very
high in samples 1 through 3, while sample 4 was marginal.
Potassium should be adequate for plant growth at this site.
Since phosphorus levels were very low, 200 Ibs . of
per acre would be required  (425 Ibs. of 46% P2°$ per
acre) at the Colonial site.  As previously mentioned,
nitrogen is generally low in all spoil material; therefore,
the Colonial site would also require approximately 100
Ibs. of nitrogen per acre  (300 Ibs. of ammonium nitrate).

Planting would be in the late spring and would be assisted
by irrigation to assure germination and survival during
the sensitive seedling stage.

Water samples were collected and flow measurements were
made of the p_it influent and effluent drainage at regular
intervals throughout the course of this study.  Water
samples were also collected of Pond Creek near its con-
fluence with the Colonial mine discharge and of the  strip
mine impoundment which is fed by Pond Creek and the
Colonial mine discharge.  The results of the analyses of
these samples can be seen in Tables 11 through 17.   As
is evidenced by the quality of the effluent water near
its point of entry into the receiving stream  (Sample
Location No. 5, Table 15),  the discharge from the Colonial
mine site is within the Kentucky state discharge
regulations and does not appear to require any additional
treatment.   While this appears to be contradictory  to
the results of  the preliminary analysis reported in
Table 2, it should be noted that the initial sampling
was done near the southern  portion of the pit area  (site
of the active  operations at that time) and subsequent
sampling was  done at the northern end of the pit.   It
should also be  pointed out that the actual quality  of
the pit water  at^ the point of discharge does not meet
Kentucky state  discharge standards  (refer to Tables
23 and 24) .  If property limitations were such that  this
discharge did  not receive  the benefit of settling afforded
by the  extensive drainage  system, this effluent water
would  require treatment prior to its discharge into
any  receiving stream.
                            66

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                                    TABLE  23
                            COLONIAL  PIT  DISCHARGE
                          WATER ANALYSES  TABULATION
                               SAMPLE  LOCATION C-3

Flow ^Tgpm)
pH (electrometrically)
M.O. Alkalinity (CaCOs)
Free Acidity (CaC03)
Total Acidity (CaCO^)
(25°C)
Conductivity mmhos
Turbidity (JTU)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Hardness (CaC03)
Sulfate (504)
Total Iron (Fe)
Ferrous Iron (Fe)
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Dissolved Solids
Aluminum (Al)
Manganese (Mn)
Settleable Solids (ml/1)
9/8

7.6
228

8
3240
240
283
175
1486
2305
370
4.36
396C
219
3741
195
60
1.4
*
10/13
3800
7.6
380

12
3650

334
165
1513
2130
0.7
0.06
3727
12
3715
0.21
7.0
<0.1
1C
11/3
1200
7.7
398

12
3600

322
164
1477
1950
4.9
1.6
3599
55
3544
0.5
6.2
<0.1
*
11/9

7.7
374

10
3610
7.9
401
177
1079
2110
2.1
1.4
3738
5
3733
0.3
5.9
< 0.1
SMR-Rg-11
Wtr.Qual.

>6.0
< 9.0


5.0
<9.0



<1200 Ave.
<1600 Max.









< 750 Ave.
<1000 Max.



Max.
3800
7.7
398

12
3650
240
401
177
1513
2305
370
4.36
3960
219
3741
195
60
1.4
Mi n .
1200
7.6
228

10
3240
7.9
283
164
1079
1950
1
0.06
3599
5
3544
0.21
5.9

-------
         TABLE 24
  COLONIAL PIT DISCHARGE
 WATER ANALYSES TABULATION
SAMPLE LOCATIONS C-3  &  C-6

Flow (qpm)
pH (electrometrically)
M.O. Aklalinitv (CaCO3)
Free Acidity (CaCOo)
Total Acidity (CaCOo)
Conductivity (25° Ommhos.
Turbidity (JTU)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Hardness (CaCO^)
Sulfate (SO^)
Total Iron (Fe)
Ferrous Iron (Fe)
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Dissolved Solids
Aluminum (Al )
Manganese (Mn)
Settleable Solids (ml/1)
C-3
9/8
3800
7.6
228
_
8.0
3240
240
283
175
1486
2305
370
4.36
3960
219
3741
195
60
1.4
C-6
10/13
1080
6.8
92.4
_
27.2
4050
_
405
215
1896
2760
33
1.32
4482
54
4428
0.13
19
<0.1
11/30
Max.
824 3800
6.8
50.9
^ ^
28.4
4320
360
560
260
2466
3457
44
32.6
5589
112
5477
0.33
17
0.5
7.6
228
.
28.4
4320
360
560
260
2466
3457
370
32.6
5589
219
5477
195
60
1.4
Min.
824
6.8
50.9
«
8.0
3240
240
283
175
1486
2305
33
1.32
3960
54
3741
0.13
17
<0.1
Ave.
1901
7.1
123.7
_
21.2
3870
300
416
217
1949
2841
149
12.76
4677
128.3
4549
65.2
32
0.95
               68

-------
However, on the basis of the water quality at the present
point of discharge, this effluent would not require
additional treatment.  The alkaline nature of the final
effluent discharge, along with the alkaline condition of
the spoil material at the Colonial site, generally do
not lend themselves to a suitable demonstration of a
hydrated lime treatment scheme.

As previously mentioned, all spoil material is generally
low in nitrogen, which is required in rather large
amounts for plant growth.  As an alternative to hydrated
lime neutralization followed by irrigation, it is
suggested that the Colonial site could be utilized to
demonstrate the benefits derived from irrigation supplemen-
ted with ammonium nitrate as opposed to straight irrigation,
A third plot  (non-irrigated) could also be utilized to
verify the effectiveness of the two proposed test areas.

The survey work, weir structure design and preliminary
engineering necessary for the development of such a system
has been completed at the Colonial site.  The required
irrigation water could be picked up at any point in the
present drainage system and could effectively reduce the
discharge of total dissolved solids into the receiving
stream while enhancing the growth oJ vegetative cover.
This treatment scheme has been suggested, but not re-
commended, as an alternative to abandonment of the Colonial
site .

Preliminary Design

Investigations were made at both the Colonial and Vogue
sites for the purpose of determining the moisture
holding and transmitting properties of the spoil material.
The results of these investigations are shown below.

                             Saturated        Moisture
                             Hydraulic        Holding
                            Conductivity      Capacity
    Site     Sample         Inches/Hour      Inches/Foot

    Vogue       1               .521            1.13
                2               .142            1.35
                3               .235            1.46

    Colonial    1               .069            0.84
                2               .295            1.83
                3               .064            1.49
                            69

-------
From these figures an irrigation rate of about 0.20 inches
per hour was decided upon.

Several alternate methods of irrigation were considered
for each area.  All are based on applying 1.5 inches of
water at each irrigation with a seven  (7) day frequency
of irrigation.  The systems have the ability of applying
0.6 inches at each irrigation with a frequency of three
(3) days.  This lower application at three  (3) day
intervals would be used during the germination and early
growth periods of the vegetation.  It was assumed that the
vegetation during the summer would require  about 0.25
inches of water per day.

Vogue Site

Four irrigation systems were considered for the Vogue site,
namely:

High Pressure Nozzle System  (Solid Set)
Big Gun System
Furrow Irrigation  (Hand Move)
Furrow Irrigation  (Solid Set)

A hand moved high pressure nozzle system was not con-
sidered since very little pipe savings could be affected
with the long narrow site being irrigated.

High Pressure Nozzle System

Of the four systems considered, the high pressure nozzle
system appeared to best lend itself to the  conditions
applicable at the Vogue site.  It consists  of one
lateral running the entire length of the site with
Rainbird 80 EW TNT sprinklers  (or equivalent) spaced at
150 feet on the lateral.  Each nozzle puts  out 84 gpm
over a diameter of 220 feet.  This sprinkler selection
kept the application rate low.  Twelve sprinklers are
used at one time and are hand moved.  The nozzles should
be set on an 18-inch riser and used in conjunction with
Webstermatic  (or equivalent) quick connect  fittings
allowing for rapid moving.

The time required  for applying 1.5 inches of water is
7.5 hours for each setting.  With 60 sprinkler locations,
5 days would be required to  cover the  fields.  During
emergence 0.6 inches of water can be applied  in 2-1/2
days operating only eight hours a day.  A time clock
shut-off could be  used to increase the operating time to
16 hours a day without increasing the operator time.

                            70

-------
The actual operator time required will be less than two
hours per day.

Big Gun System

This system is considered the best alternate to the high
pressure (solid set) system.  It consists of the use of
two Rainbird 205 part circle water guns  (or equivalent)
mounted on a trailer and an 8-inch main distribution line
running the length of the entire field.  Tees would be
located at 200 foot intervals on the main for connecting
the water guns.  The water guns would be moved with a
tractor or similar vehicle twice each day.  Approximately
one hour would be required daily for moving the guns.
Other labor requirements are nil.

The possibility exists of getting the vehicle stuck in
the wet field before grass is firmly established.  For
this reason self-propelled guns were considered; however,
these required the use of expensive 4-inch rubber hose.
Consultation with an equipment manufacturer revealed
that the probability of frequent puncture of the hose was
great on the rocky fields.  Therefore, the self-propelled
system is not recommended.  The possibility of getting
stuck while pulling the water guns is another reason
that this system was not recommended.

In order to keep the application rates below 0.2 inches
per hour, the guns would have to be cycled on and off on
a 15-minute cycle.  This requires the use of a timer and
motor operated valve arrangement such that surges are
prevented.  The On-Off cycles are not as desirable as
continuous operation.

Operator time for this system is less than one hour per
day.

Furrow Irrigation  (Hand Move)

This system is the second alternate to the high pressure
nozzle solid set system.  It involves the use of a 5-inch
distribution line running the length of the fields,
fourteen 5-inch gated pipe lateral lines for distributing
water to the furrows and 6-inch by 12-inch furrows
spaced 40 inches plowed on the contour.  Deeper furrows
would cause excessive ponding problems during rainfall
periods.  A valve located at the lateral would reduce the
                            71

-------
pressure from  the mainline  to  the  lateral lines.   The
laterals can be  hand  moved  to  keep the cost down.

This  furrow size provides  for  an average application of
0.6 inches each  flooding.   With  the expected evaporation
rate  for that  area  of 0.2  to 0.3 inches per day,  the field
must  be covered  at  least every three days.   Operating
eight hours per  day,  this  requires 24 furrows to  be
irrigated at one time.  Approximately 1,400 furrows would be
needed.

One operator cannot watch  24 furrows at one time  while
moving  laterals  and prevent the  furrow from overtopping;
thus, two full-time operators  would be required.   Electric
valving could  be installed  to  automatically shut  the gates
on the  pipe; however, the  apparatus to do the job is
still in the experimental  stage  and is not  commercially
available.

The installation of the system would require considerable
surveying time.  -In order  to adequately irrigate  the areas,
it is imperative that the  furrows  be exactly on the
contour.  As a minimum, every  fourth furrow should be
.staked  with stakes  spaced  20 feet  along the furrow.  The
furrows can be constructed  with  a  conventional grader
with  the blade set  at an angle.   This is considerably more
rugged  than conventional agricultural plows.

The problems of  ponding of  water in the level furrows
during  periods of excessive rainfall will cause difficulty
in obtaining vegetation in  the furrow bottoms and will
present a mosquito  problem. Because of this ponding
problem, the high labor costs  during operation and the
high  equipment and  installation  cost, this  system was not
recommended.

Furrow  irrigation is  normally  cheaper than  sprinkler
irrigation; however,  the rows  used with furrow irrigation
are normally longer than 2,000 feet, whereas the  row
lengths in these sites range from  50 feet to 400  feet.
This  requires  a  large number of  distribution lines which
increase the costs.   The variable  slopes require  a high
installation cost compared  to  a  flatter terrain.

Furrow  Irrigation  (Solid Set)

This  system is the  same as  the hand move system,  except
that  enough gated pipe is purchased to permanently set
                            72

-------
all laterals rather than hand move laterals.  This reduces
the labor required.  At least one full-time operator would
still be required.

This system is not recommended due to the high costs and
the ponding problem.

Colonial Site

Three irrigation systems were considered for this location,
namely:

High Pressure Nozzles  (Solid Set)
Big Gun System
High Pressure Nozzles  (Hand Move)

Again, the high pressure nozzle  system best lends itself
to the conditions applicable at  the Colonial site.

High Pressure Nozzles  (Solid Set)

This system has a low  labor requirement.  It requires
that 19 sprinklers be  snapped out of  the laterals and
moved to a new position each day.  One man  could easily
accomplish this in less than an  hour.  The  sprinklers
recommended in this system are Rainbird  80  EW TNT with
9/16-inch nozzles.  These sprinklers  put out 84 gpm  on a
220 foot diameter circle.  The system consists of a  main
running across the middle of the area with  laterals  off
each site of the main  line.  The sprinklers are spaced
on a 150 foot x 150 foot triangular pattern.

This system must be operated about 5.5 hours per day for
6 days to cover the entire area  (based on irrigation of
the total allotted area - 60 acres).  With  one hour  per
day allowed to move the sprinklers, 39 hours per week  are
required.  During germination and early  growth of the
vegetation, the system would be  operated on a  3-day
frequency or less by  applying less water at each irriga-
tion.

Big Gun System

This system has a  low labor  requirement.  It requires  that
10 trailer-mounted  guns be moved each day.  The  guns re-
commended are Rainbow 205 part  circle rain  guns with
                             73

-------
1-3/8-inch  ring  orifices.   These guns put out 382  gpm
on a 410  foot diameter  circle.   The guns would be  set
every  180 feet along  the  laterals.   The laterals would be
spaced at 220 foot  intervals  across the area.  Six
laterals  would be required.

Because of  the high discharge of these guns,  they  would
have to be  cycled to  operate  only one-half of the  time.
Thus,  five  guns  would be  operating  at all times.   A
15-minute cycle  controlled  by an electric timer and motor
operated  valve are  recommended.

Part circle sprinklers  are  required so that the trailer-
mounted nozzles  can be  moved  without operating the moving
vehicle on  recently irrigated ground.

With this system operating  as described above,  about
10.5 hours  are required to  get  1.5  inches of  water on at
0.19 inches per  hour.   This would make it necessary to
have a time clock on  the pump to shut it down so that a
man would not be required to  be  on  the site for the
entire 10.5 hours.

There  are about  60  gun  locations requiring six  days to
cover  the entire area.  The frequency of coverage  can be
decreased to three  days or less  by  applying less water.
This would  be desirable during germination and  early
growth of the vegetation.

High Pressure Nozzles (Hand Move)

This system is similar to the high  pressure nozzle  solid
set system,  except  in addition to moving the  sprinklers
the lateral pipe also must be moved.   This  would require
considerably more labor but would greatly reduce the  cost
of the system.   The application  rates  and times would be
the same  as  for  the high pressure nozzle  solid  set  system.
The time  required to move the system would  be approximately
8.5 man-hours.   This would have  to  be  accomplished  daily.

Surveillance  Facilities

An important  part of the demonstration project  is  the
documentation of the effectiveness  of  the  control
measures being demonstrated.  In the proposed project,
                            74

-------
measurement of the quality and quantity of the drainage
from the pit area and the chemistry of the spoil would
show both the effect of discharge of treated effluent
to the stream and the effect of discharge to the irrigation
system on the spoil area.  In the latter case, runoff from
the irrigated and non-irrigated areas should be intercepted
before entering a stream course and the quality and quantity
monitored.  This would provide for a correlation of the
effects of rapid establishment of vegetative cover with
respect to sparsely vegetated spoil banks.

After the land is formed for irrigation, a specific number
of selected, marked sites should be established as sample
locations.  These should be sampled prior to liming and
fertilizing and after the application of lime and
fertilizer.  Subsequently, they should be sampled
periodically to determine the effect of the treated
irrigation water on the soil properties.  In addition,
observations on plant growth at each sampling site should
be made in an effort to correlate the vegetative growth
with the soil chemical characteristics.

The locations of the proposed stream monitor stations at
the Vogue mine site are indicated in Figure 6.  The
monitor equipment for each station would be housed in a
weatherproof enclosure which will be mounted above a
stilling well located just upstream from the weir
structure.  A typical stream weir structure and monitor
station is illustrated in Figure 11.  The design for the
monitor station is illustrated in Figure 12, General
Arrangement, and Figure 13, Schematic Diagram.

Each monitor station would continuously record conductivity,
pH and flow.  Since continuous measurement of all para-
meters of interest would not be practical, measurement of the
foregoing would, when correlated with spot sampling and
laboratory analysis, allow reasonable estimates of the re-
maining parameters during the interval between samples.
Samples should be taken on a monthly basis at each of the
indicated stations for laboratory analysis for items such
as pH, iron, sulfate, turbidity, chloride, calcium,
magnesium, acidity, alkalinity, dissolved solids, suspended
solids, settleable solids, manganese, conductivity and
aluminum.  The monitoring program should begin following
the Feasibility Study and continue for the duration of the
demonstration project (approximately two years) .
                            75

-------

                                      -
VIEW LOOKING UPSTREAM
                                                              VIEW AT OPERATOR STATION
               TYPICAL WEIR STRUCTURE  AND MONITOR STATION
                               FIGURE  11

-------
;

V.
-f — . j 7T
:
7


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                                          1 i'in BuTiOH iAlTtftr POi
                                    '

                                         •

                                                                                                                                                                                                     •  • . •:*! ti ..
                                                                                 MONITOR  STATION- GENERAL ARRANGEMENT
                                                                                                   FIGURE   12

-------
25
26
27
28
!9
X
31
32
33

35
36
17
38 i
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to
41

43
44
45
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              pM » COMOUt miTV BKORDER^
                  MOt   P{M NO2
                  ..	«_£
               - TFUM&HltTEf V_?
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                                 BfcNG ElICTBOOE
        TMC«IK>SI»T
-------
In addition to the foregoing stream monitoring stations,
a similar station should be located on the discharge of the
treatment facility.

Monitor stations would operate from a primary 120 volt AC
source.  In the event of a power failure of this primary
system, a standby battery power source would be auto-
matically energized.  This battery circuit has provisions
for testing during routine service inspections.

The battery circuit will function without interruption and
the operation of monitoring instrumentation would not
be adversely affected.  In order to eliminate excessive
drain on the battery, the heat lamp and strip heater
would not operate on the battery circuit.  The battery
has the capability of powering the instruments continuously
for a period of approximately 20 hours.  In the event data
recording would be acceptable on a cycled sequence, 2
minutes every 15 minutes, the battery would have the
capability of providing power for a period of approximately
6 days.  When this circuit is operating from the primary
source, the battery charger will charge the battery to
its full capacity and then shut off automatically.

When the primary power is restored, the power and control
functions are automatically switched back to this source.

The specifications developed for the enclosure fabrica-
tions, station assembly, station installation and weir
structure construction are included in the Appendices of
this report.

Schedule of Design and Construction

The project schedule requires that the engineering phase
to be  completed and approved prior to the initiation of
any construction activities.

A schedule identifying the procurement and construction
tasks  has been developed and is illustrated  in Figures
14 and 15.
                            79

-------
                                           FIGURE  14
                              PROCUREMENT & CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE
                                        VOGUE MINE SITE


Demonstration Area
Survey & Stake Area
Soil Samples & Analyses
Area Plot Plan
Regrading Specification
Request for Proposal
Bid Evaluation & P.O.
Regrading
Fertilization & Planting Spec.
Request for Proposal
Bid Evaluation & P.O.
Fertilize
Plant
Treating Facility
Equipment Specifications
Request for Proposal
Bid Evaluation & P.O.
Equipment Delivery
Installation Specification
Request for Proposal
Bid Evaluation & P.O.
Installation - Treating Fac.
Start-up & Test

AUG


















LMMHI
•••




SEP



















mmm
—


L972
OCT















L—




_



NOV















—






1

DEC

,






















JAN








mmmm















FEE

mmmm
•MM
•••••
mmmm
••



••••














MAR





••
mm



mm
mm











19"
APR







mmm




mmmm




mmmm





n
MAY






















mm

JUN
























JUL























oo
o

-------
                                          FIGURE 15
                     ENGINEERING,  PROCUREMENT & CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE
                                       VOGUE MINE SITE


Irrigation System
Equipment Specifications
Request for Proposal
Bid Evaluation & P.O.
Equipment Delivery
Installation Specification
Request for Proposal
Bid Evaluation & P.O.
Installation - Irrigation Sys .
Start-up & Test
Stream Monitor Stations
Installation Specification
Request for Proposal
Bid Evaluation & P.O.
Installation
Start-up & Test

AUG





mmmmm





mmmm
•••




SEP





mmmm






mm
mm


1912
OCT


mmmm



mmmm






mm
mm


NOV


••
••


••
••






mm
••

DEC



••



mm









JAN

















FEE

















MAR
















19"
APR
















73
MAY




••



••
mm







JUN

















JUL
















CO

-------
The schedule for the remaining phases of  the Grant, in-
cluding the reporting schedule is shown in Figure 16.

Collecting and Evaluating Data

The instrumentation required to effectively record the
parameters that will document the effectiveness of the
control measures proposed in this study are discussed in
the Section "Surveillance Facilities" and illustrated
in Figures 2 and 8.  These are:

Stream Monitor Stations  	 2
Groundwater Monitor Stations   	 2
Effluent Monitor Station   	 1
Irrigation Monitor Station   	 1
Neutralization Monitor Station   .... 1

In order to maintain a continuous flow of information
pertinent to the project, the data handling system as
identified in Figure 17  should be initiated as each unit
goes  "on line".

Emergency Provisions for Failure of
Project Facilities

The treatment plant should be so designed that it may
operate unmanned during  those periods when conditions
may require extended or  continuous operation.  A pH
controller would be installed at the effluent line from
the mixing tank.  In the event of inadequate neutraliza-
tion  or equipment malfunction, the pumping and treatment
plant facilities would automatically shut off to insure
against the discharge of inadequately treated water.

Capital and Operating Costs

As previously discussed, no  acquisition costs will be in-
volved  for the purchase  of land, minerals or water rights.
The use of the demonstration area has been donated by the
Peabody Coal Company to  the  Commonwealth  of Kentucky  for
the duration of the project.

A cost  estimate has been prepared for each of the elements
of the  demonstration facility and are summarized as
follows:
                            82

-------
                                         FIGURE 16
                              PROJECT SCHEDULE AND MILESTONES
CO
U)
Year
Phase/Quarter
I. Fcas. Study
II. Engineering
III. Construction
IV. Operating
V. Monitoring
VI. Adm. & Rpts .
1971
3
H


4
•••


1972
1
••


2
mmm

3
mmm

4


1973
1



2
•••


3




4




1974
1




2




3__^



4



1975




2




3


4


                                                     A    A    A    A
A
                                 Feasibility Report
                                 Engineering Report, Construction
                                 Report & First Year Report 1
                                 Operating Report 1
                                 Second Year Report 2
                                 Operating Report 2
                                 Operating Report 3
                                 Final Report

-------
                                            FIGURE 17
                           DATA  HANDLING  -  TASKS  AND  RESPONSIBILITIES


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

TASK
Collect all Strip Charts
Read Strip Charts & Record on
Tabular Format
Transmit Data to Frankfort Office 1
Collect Stream Samples
Collect Irrigation Samples
Collect Effluent Samples
Collect Groundwater Samples
Transmit Samples for Analyses
Water Analyses
Transmit Analyses Report to
Frankfort Office
Prepare Graphical Presentation
& Computer Input Forms
Prepare Monthly Report & Transmit
Data to EPA, Cincinnati
RESPONSIBILITY
OPER DR-M DR-F
	 	 	 * 	 \
x
•• x 1
X
X
X
~x"" " "
w


; x
t
X
FREQUENCY
CWR AS RF.p'D WEEK MONTH
^ x ; 	
;
x H 	 .
x i.
x __
X ;
X © x "1
X ;
X
X X
X X ';
X X i
1 X
00
         Weekly, until  facility  reaches  a  steady state condition.
     OPER  =  Plant Operator
     DR-M  =  Division of  Reclamation,  Madisonville
     DR-F  =  Division of  Reclamation,  Frankfort
     CWR   =  Cyrus Win.  Rice  Division - NUS  Corporation

-------
Neutralization Facility

Floating Transfer Pump                $ 18,796
Storage Bin, Feeder & Mixing Tank       31,915
Aeration Pond & Aerator                  4,230
Settling Lagoon & Drainways             15,988
Effluent Monitor Station                 5,250

Subtotal                                        $ 76,179

Irrigation System

Floating Transfer Pump                $ 15,394
Stationary Booster Pump                  5,269
Irrigation Pipe & Fittings              13,110
Irrigation Monitor                       4,350
Groundwater Collection Ditch             1,330
Groundwater Monitors  (2)                 9,500

Subtotal                                        $ 48,953

Diesel Power Plant & Control Trailer  $ 22,717
Site Preparation & Revegetation          8,188
Soil Samples                               960
Engineering                             31,364

Subtotal                                        $ 63,229

Stream Monitor Stations  (2)                     $ 14,600

TOTAL                                           $202,961

The costs to operate the demonstration facility for 24
months are estimated to be as follows:

System Operator Salary                $ 21,840
System Maintenance & Repair             13,120
Monitor Station Parts & Supplies         1,000
Limestone                               31,200
Diesel Fuel                             13,072
Water Sample Analyses                   12,030

Subtotal                                        $ 92,262

Data Handling                                   $ 15,102

TOTAL                                           $107,364
                            85

-------
                      SECTION VII

           IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATING PLAN
The Kentucky Department of Natural Resources, Division of
Reclamation, would have full authority and responsibility
for the demonstration program.  This agency would provide
for routine servicing for all recording instruments,
maintenance of stream gauging stations and weir struc-
tures, and periodic collection of water samples from
treatment plant effluents, stream monitor stations, and
irrigation test plot runoffs.

The procurement and construction schedules to be
implemented during Phase II and Phase III of this
project are illustrated in Figures 14 and 15.  The complete
project schedule and milestones are shown in Figure 16.
The construction of the facilities at the Vogue site would
extend over a period of three months.  Construction bids
should be obtained, evaluated and contracts awarded during
Phase III.  Bids would be based on standard uniform speci-
fications.  Contracts should be awarded to the lowest
responsible bidder taking into consideration the qualities
of the articles to be supplied, their conformity with the
specifications, their suitability to the requirements of
the Federal Government and the delivery terms.  Cyrus Win.
Rice Division - NUS Corporation personnel would provide
construction supervision to assist the Division of
Reclamation.

The proposed report schedule is shown in Figure 16.  The
reports would be prepared by Cyrus Win. Rice Division -
NUS Corporation personnel in cooperation with the Division
of Reclamation.

Operation of the treatment plant/irrigation system should
extend over a two-year period.  The facility would be
designed to operate on a three shift per day, five day
per week basis; the first shift to be operator atten-
ded, while the second and third shift, if required, would
be by automatic operation.  One full-time shift operator
would be responsible for the system operation.  Division
of Reclamation personnel would be responsible for overall
operational supervision of the facility with assistance
provided by Cyrus Win. Rice Division - NUS Corporation.
                            87

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A detailed listing of tasks and responsibilities for the
neutralization system, irrigation system and monitor
stations is illustrated in Figures 18, 19 and 20.
                           88

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                                           FIGURE 18
                                NEUTRALIZATION SYSTEM OPERATION
                                  TASKS AND RESPONSIBILITIES
TASK
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Operating & Maintenance Manual
Operator Instruction
System Start-up
Maintain System Operation
Check & inspect all mechanical
and electrical equipment
Check & inspect all mechanical
and electrical equipment
Check & inspect all mechanical
and electrical equipment
Record Limestone Usage
Reorder Limestone
Record Diesel Oil Usage
Reorder Diesel Oil
Equipment Maintenance
RESPONSIBILITY
OPER

DR-M 'DR-F
CWR
X
I X
X X i X
X j
1
i X
! X ;
X | i



"\f
, „ A™.,^ , ., „ J
i
"V
X ;
X

X
.

- -
1 	


FREQUENCY
AS REQ'D'HOUR
X
•y
X






x



i
x j
1
1 	
V i
x
DAY



WEEK





X
X
, X

X
•
	
i
MONTH

	

X

i
	 	 - .1
j


CO
      OPER  =   Plant Operator
      DR-M  =   Division of Reclamation, Madisonville
      DR-F  =   Division of Reclamation, Frankfort
      CWR   =   Cyrus Wm.  Rice Division - NUS Corporation

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                                           FIGURE 19
                                  IRRIGATION SYSTEM OPERATION
                                  TASKS  AND RESPONSIBILITIES
TASK
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Operation & Maintenance Manual
Operator Instruction
System Start-up
Irrigation Schedule
Set Sprinklers per Schedule
Start Irrigation Pumps
Check Monitoring Instruments
Operating Check of Irrigation
Pumps & System
Check and Inspect System
Equipment Maintenance
RESPONSIBILITY
OPER




X
X
X
X


DR-M









X
DR-F








X

CWR
X
X
X
X




X

FREQUENCY
AS REQ'D
X
X
X
X





X
HOUR






X



DAY




X
X

X


WEEK










MONTH








X

vo
o
      OPER  =   Plant  Operator
      DR-M  =   Division  of  Reclamation,  Madisonville
      DR-F  =   Division  of  Reclamation,  Frankfort
      CWR    =   Cyrus  Wm.  Rice Division - NUS Corporation

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                                     FIGURE 20
                                 MONITOR STATIONS
                            TASKS AND RESPONSIBILITIES


1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.

TASK
Operation & Maintenance Manual
Operator Instruction
Unit Start-up
Check & Inspect all Stations
Check & Inspect all Stations
Check & Inspect Stream Stations
Check & Inspect Effluent Station
Check & Inspect Groundwater
Stations
Check & Inspect Rain Gauge
RESPONSIBILITY
OPER'DR-M DR-F CWR
•y
X
X
X X
y
X : 1
X
X

FREQUENCY
AS REQ'D'DAY WEEK MONTH
x
x
X
X
X
X
X
. X !
: x
OPER  =  Plant Operator
DR-M  =  Division of Reclamation, Madisonville
DR-F  =  Division of Reclamation, Frankfort
CWR   =  Cyrus Wm. Rice Division - NUS Corporation

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                        SECTION VIII

                       ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The advice and guidance of Messrs. Robert E. Nickel, David
Kirtz, C. C. McCall and Calvin Crabtree of the Kentucky
Department of Natural Resources is sincerely appreciated.

Messrs. Herb Fox, Robert Harris, Lee Kelce, James Sandusky,
Jim Turner and Howard Williams of the Peabody Coal Company,
and Messrs. Carl Sainato, Clifford Rice, James Calhoun and
Rupert Kington of the Pittsburg & Midway Coal Mining
Company supplied valuable data and technical support
during the investigative portion of this study.

Drs. G. W. Thomas, B. J. BarfieId and C. T. Haan of the
University of Kentucky served as special consultants
during the preliminary planning and design of the proposed
irrigation systems.

Mr. R. R. Johnson, P.E., Madisonville, Kentucky, served as
consultant and provided  local surveying and design  require-
ments .

The support of the project by the Office of Research and
Monitoring of the Environmental Protection Agency and the
help provided by Mr.  Ronald  D. Hill, the Project Officer,
Mr. Elmore C. Grim, Strip Mine Specialist, and Mr.  Ernst P.
Hall,  Chief of the Pollution Control Analysis Branch, is
acknowledged with sincere thanks.

The principal investigators  on  this  study were Mr.  Frank
J. Zaval,  Project Engineer,  and Mr.  John D. Robins,
Technical  Associate,  of  the  Cyrus Wm.  Rice Division - NUS
Corporation.
                             93

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                         SECTION IX

                         REFERENCES
1970 Census of Population - Number of Inhabitants_-
Kentucky, PC  (1) -A19 Ky., A United States Department of
Commerce Publication, Bureau of the Census, Issued July,
1971.

1960 Census of Population; Volume 1^ -^Characteristics of
the Population^Part 19~ Kentucky', I~ssuecT by United States
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington,
D.C., 1963.

Schwab, G. O., Frevert, R. K., Edminster, T. W., Barnes,
K. K., Soil and Water^ Conservation Engineering, John
Wiley and Sons, Inc. 7 New York, 196(T.

Wilmoth, R. C., Hill, R. D., Neutralization of High Ferric
Iron Acid Mine Drainage, Water Pollution Control Research
Series, 14010 ETV,  1970.
                             95

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                        SECTION X

      GLOSSARY OF TERMS, ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
 1.  Emergence:  In reference to plant growth, the period
     from the germination of the seed until the seedling
     develops a root system and stands about an inch or so
     in height.

 2.  Evaporation:  The process by which moisture is returned
     to the air from a liquid to a gaseous state.

 3.  Evapo-Transpiration:  Loss of water from the soil both
     by evaporation and by transpiration through the plants
     growing thereon.

 4.  Germination:  To sprout or develop, to begin to grow,
     to come into being.

 5.  Highwall:  The unexcavated face of exposed overburden
     and coal or ore in an area mine or the face or bank
     on the uphill side of a contour strip mine excavation.

 6.  Moisture holding capacity:  The amount of water a soil
     can hold that is readily available for use by plants.

 7.  Orphan area:  Lands which were surface mined but not
     reclaimed; usually refers to pre-law mined areas.

 8.  Overburden:  Any material, consolidated or unconsoli-
     dated, that overlies a deposit of useful materials,
     ores or coal.

 9.  Pre-law area:  Lands surface mined before enactment
     of the 1966 Surface Mining Laws and Regulations.

10.  Reclamation:  The reconditioning of the area of land
     affected by strip mining under a plan approved by
     the Division of Reclamation.

11.  Saturated hydraulic conductivity:  The readiness with
     which a saturated material transmits water.
                            97

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12.  Spoil:  The overburden or non-ore material removed in
     gaining access to the ore or mineral material in
     surface mining.

13.  Transpiration:  The process by which water as water
     vapor is transferred into the atmosphere through the
     tissues of living plants.

14.  Volunteer vegetation:  Any vegetal growth that appears
     that was not artificially seeded.
                             98

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SECTION XI




APPENDICES
        99

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                          DRAWINGS
DRAWING
  NO.
              TITLE
6218-2A1

6218-2A2

6218-2A3

6218-2A4

6218-4A1


6218-4A2


6218-4A3


6218-4A4

6218-5A1

6218-5A2

6218-5A3

6218-6A1


6218-2A20

6218-2A21

6218-4A20


6218-4A21
Monitor Station General Arrangement

Monitor Station Enclosure Details

Vogue Survey Plan - Sheet 1

Vogue Survey Plan - Sheet 2

Monitor Station V-l, Weir Arrangement &
Details

Monitor Station V-2, Weir Arrangement &
Details

Monitor Station V-3, Weir Arrangement &
Details

Floating Pump Platform

Vogue Mine Flow Diagram

Vogue Mine Plot Plan - Sheet 1

Vogue Mine Plot Plan - Sheet 2

Monitor Station Schematic & Intercon-
nection Diagram

Colonial Survey Plan - Sheet 1

Colonial Survey Plan - Sheet 2

Monitor Station C-l, Weir Arrangement
& Details

Monitor Station C-2, Weir Arrangement
& Details
                            100

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                      DRAWINGS (Cont'd)
DRAWING
  NO.                             TITLE
6218-5A21           Colonial Mine, Plot Plan - Sheet 1

6218-5A22           Colonial Mine, Plot Plan - Sheet 2
                             101

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                 FABRICATION SPECIFICATIONS
                             FOR
                  MONITOR STATION ENCLOSURE

1.0  Scope of Work

     1.1  This specification defines the work to be per-
          formed by the Contractor in the fabrication of
          a monitor station enclosure, utilized in the
          manufacture of an assembly which can be in-
          stalled on a prepared support foundation to
          continuously monitor water quality character-
          istics of a flowing stream.  The work shall be
          performed in accordance with both the specifi-
          cation and referenced construction drawing.

     1.2  The Contractor shall furnish all labor,
          materials, tools, supplies, supervision, equip-
          ment and place of business required to fabri-
          cate a monitor station enclosure in accordance
          witji this specification and the construction
          drawing.

     1.3  This specification is written on the basis of
          fabricating one  (1)  monitor station enclosure.
          If by virtue of choice the Purchaser expresses
          the desire to purchase a multiple quantity of
          same, each enclosure contracted for shall be
          built in accordance with these specifications,
          unless otherwise designated by written instruc-
          tions from the Purchaser's authorized repre-
          sentative.

     1.4  It is obligatory upon the Contractor to confirm
          with the Purchaser,  before proceeding with
          fabrication, the quantity of enclosures to be
          provided.  This shall be considered corrobora--
          tion of the contract requirements.

2.0  General Requirements

     2.1  The Contractor shall be responsible for verify-
          ing the dimensional accuracy of the fabrication
          details given on the construction drawing before
          undertaking the fabrication of the enclosure.
          Such verification shall include agreement with
                           102

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          cumulative dimensions,  indicated means of fabri-
          cation,  proper fit of the assembled parts,  and
          the quantity,  size and material of the various
          parts.

     2.2  Any discrepancies which may result because of
          the foregoing review shall be called to the
          attention of the Purchaser's authorized repre-
          sentative, by the Contractor, before proceeding
          with the work.  Corrections shall be made for
          same before fabrication commences.

3.0  Construction Drawings

     3.1  The fabrication of the monitor station enclosure
          shall be in accordance with the following con-
          struction drawing:

          6218-2A2  Monitor Station Enclosure Details

4.0  Materials

     4.1  Structural steel and plate utilized in the
          fabrication of the monitor station enclosure
          shall conform to the "Standard Specifications
          for Structural Steel" ASTM Designation A-36,
          as amended to date.

     4.2  All steel plate for fabrication of the enclosure
          shall be  1/4" thick, unless otherwise specifi-
          cally noted on the construction drawing.

     4.3  Standard  equal leg angles 1-1/2" x 1-1/2" x 1/4"
          shall be  used throughout for supports for
          equipment mounting plates.

     4.4  All metal shall be free of defects impairing
          strength, durability or appearance, of the best
          commercial quality for the purpose used, have
          structural properties sufficient to withstand
          the strains and stresses to which subjected and
          true to detail, having clean,  straight, sharply
          defined profiles and smooth  finished  surfaces.

5.0  Workmanship

     5.1  Workmanship shall be in accordance with the best
          standard  practice of the trade and performed by
                           103

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          mechanics  skilled in the type of work required.
          The work shall be fitted and shop assembled,
          with all joints and intersections accurately
          made,  tightly fitted and made in true planes.

     5.2  Defective  workmanship in the shop will not be
          accepted;  and replacement of same to satisfy
          contract requirements will be at the expense
          of the Contractor.

     5.3  Material incorrectly fabricated which neces-
          sitates extra field work shall be the respon-
          sibility of the Contractor, who shall bear the
          entire cost of the correction of shop errors
          and replacement of material including engineer-
          ing costs.

6.0  Fabrication

     6.1  Except as  otherwise specified, the structural
          steel and  plate pieces of the enclosure shall
          be Welded  in place throughout.  Welds shall
          be 1/8" fillets, unless otherwise noted, and
          shall be performed in accordance with the weld
          symbols noted.

     6.2  Welds shall be continuous along the adjoining
          edges and/or surfaces of mating parts of the
          monitor station enclosure.

     6.3  Surfaces to be welded shall be free of dirt,
          grease, burrs, loose scale, paint and foreign
          matter. Welds shall be brushed with wire
          brushes upon deposition, and shall exhibit
          uniform section, smoothness of weld metal,
          feather edges without undercuts or overlays,
          and freedom from porosity and clinkers.

     6.4  In assembling and during welding, the component
          parts of the assembly being joined shall be
          held in place by sufficient clamps or other
          adequate means to keep the parts straight, in
          close contact, and properly aligned.

     6.5  Any welds  or parts of welds found to be defec-
          tive shall be cut with a chisel and replaced
          with proper workmanship.
                           104

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     6.6  Welds that will be exposed to view upon ultimate
          installation of the monitor station enclosure
          shall be ground smooth.
7.0  Painting
     7.1  The Contractor shall paint all surfaces of the
          enclosure upon completion of fabrication.
          However, painting shall not begin until the
          surfaces have been inspected, cleaned and are
          in proper condition to receive the paint
          specified.

     7.2  In preparing surfaces for painting, the Contrac-
          tor shall be sure that the surfaces are free of
          grease, dirt, rust and scale.  Where a heavy
          coating of scale may exist, it shall be removed
          by descaling or wire brushing as necessary.

     7.3  The enclosure shall be given the following
          number and type of coats of paint:

          Primer - one (1)  coat of red lead-oxide primer
                   (Mobil Chemical Company primer 13-R-54,
                   red, or approved equal).

          Finish - two (2)  coats of enamel paint (Mobil
                   Chemical Company M & F enamel 20-G-12,
                   cypress green, or approved equal).

     7.4  Each coat of paint shall be uniform and of the
          approved color(s).  It shall completely cover,
          be smooth and free from runs, sags, clogging
          or excessive flooding.  Sufficient time shall
          be allowed between coats of paint for thorough
          drying and the enclosure surface will be cleaned
          and properly prepared before each additional
          coat is applied.
                           105

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                   ASSEMBLY SPECIFICATIONS
                             FOR
                       MONITOR STATION
1.0  Scope of Work
     1.1  This specification defines the work to be per-
          formed by the Contractor in the assembly of a
          stream monitoring station which shall ultimately
          be installed on a prepared support foundation
          to continuously monitor water quality charac-
          teristics of a flowing stream.  The work shall
          be performed in accordance with both the
          specification and referenced construction
          drawings.

     1.2  The Contractor shall furnish all labor,
          materials,  tools, supplies, supervision, equip-
          ment and place of business required to assemble
          a stream monitoring station in accordance with
          this specification and the construction drawings.

     1.3  this specification is written on the basis of
          fabricating one (1)  monitor station assembly.
          If by virtue of choice the Purchaser expresses
          the desire  to purchase a multiple quantity of
          same, each  enclosure contracted for shall be
          assembled in accordance with these specifica-
          tions,  unless otherwise designated by written
          instructions from the Purchaser's authorized
          representative.

     1.4  It is obligatory upon the Contractor to confirm
          with the Purchaser,  before proceeding with
          fabrication, the quantity of monitor assemblies
          to be provided.  This shall be considered
          corroboration of the contract requirements and
          serve as the basis from which additional charges
          for modifications and/or additional units may be
          made.

     1.5  Each unit provided in accordance with these
          specifications and the referenced construction
          drawings shall be considered complete upon:

          1.5.1  Assembly of all component parts as desig-
                 nated within  the specifications and
                 drawings.
                           106

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          1.5.2-; Performance of point to point wiring of
                 component instruments in accordance with
                 the assembly's schematic and interconnec-
                 tion diagram.

          1.5.3 " Refinishing of all painted surface areas
                 of assembly enclosure which may have
                 become damaged during assembly to restore
                 same to original finished condition.

          1.5.4  Replacement of all damaged components of
                 the assembly which may have been damaged
                 during assembly.

          1.5.5  Testing of the circuitry of the unit to
                 establish that it is workable and
                 functional in accordance with the unit's
                 schematic and interconnection diagrams.

2.0  General Requirements

     2.1  The Purchaser's authorized representative  shall
          provide  the Contractor with a blank enclosure
          and several of the components for the assembly
          of each  monitor station.  These items are  identi-
          fied by  an asterisk  (*) adjacent to their  item
          number in the Bill of Material on construction
          drawing  6218-6A1, and are designated as  "items
          supplied by Purchaser".  Receipt of the  fore-
          going by the Contractor will permit him  to carry
          out the  terms of the contractual agreement for
          the supply of the assemblies designated.

     2.2  The Contractor shall complete the assembly of
          the unit utilizing  the  component parts as  de-
          fined by manufacturer  and model number in  the
          Bill  of  Material on  the construction drawings.
          No replacements for  the items listed will_be
          accepted, unless specifically designated in
          writing  as a replacement by the Purchaser's
          authorized representative.  Substitute items,
          initiated bv the Contractor, must receive
          written  approval of the Purchaser's  authorized
          representative  as  an "approved  equal" before
          proceeding with assembly  and  any  changes in^
          mounting holes  or  arrangement and wiring which
          are  thereby  necessitated.
                            107

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    2.3  The Contractor shall be responsible for verify-
         ing the location and size of mounting holes in
         the enclosure for mounting the component parts.
         If it is found that variances exist between the
         mounting holes provided and the equipment
         mounts, the Contractor shall notify the Pur-
         chaser's authorized representative of same before
         proceeding.  Upon approval to proceed from the
         Purchaser's representative, the Contractor shall
         modify the enclosure to suit and mark a set of
         construction drawings with the "as built" condi-
         tions.  Upon completion of the assembly, the "as
         built" drawings will become the property of the
         Purchaser.

 .0  Construction Drawings

    3.1  The assembly of the monitor station shall be in
         accordance with the following construction
         drawings:

         6218-2A1  Monitor Station General Arrangement

         6218-2A2  Monitor Station Enclosure Details

         6218-6A1  Monitor Station Schematic Diagram,
                   Interconnection Diagram and Bill of
                   Material

LO  Workmanship

    4.1  Workmanship shall be in accordance with the best
         standard practice of the trade involved and
         performed by mechanics skilled in the type of
         work  required.  The work shall be shop assem-
         bled  with all component items securely fastened
         to the enclosure housing.

    4.2  Defective workmanship in the shop of  the assembly
         will  not be accepted; and replacement of same  to
         satisfy contract requirements will be at the
         expense of the  Contractor.

    4.3  Component items, improperly mounted or incor-
         rectly wired, which necessitate  extra field
         work  shall be the  responsibility of the Contrac-
         tor,  who  shall  bear the entire cost of the
         correction of shop errors and replacement  of
         material,  including engineering  costs.
                           108

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5.0  Assembly
     5.1  The Contractor shall apply a 1/4" thick layer of
          insulating material to all the inside surfaces
          of the monitor station enclosure provided.  The
          insulating material selected by the Contractor
          shall be an insulating board or material made
          from fiberglass, mineral wool, cork or some
          other material with a low thermal conductivity.
          It shall serve to minimally protect monitor
          station instrumentation from the severity of
          temperature fluctuations with the weather
          conditions where the unit may be installed and
          retain heat generated by the unit strip heater
          during cold weather.

     5.2  The Contractor shall install and secure in
          place, within the enclosure provided, all the
          equipment listed on the construction drawing
          Bill of Material.  The equipment shall be located
          in accordance with the construction drawings.
          Equipment shall be secured with fasteners to
          suit.

     5.3  With all component equipment mounted in place,
          the Contractor shall wire the equipment, point
          to point, in accordance with the interconnec-
          tion wiring diagram and schematic diagram on
          the construction drawings.

     5.4  The Contractor shall test the wiring installed
          for short circuits, grounds and successful
          operation in accordance with the intent of the
          wiring diagrams.  Where corrections must be
          made due to improper connections, the Contrac-
          tor shall make such corrections at his expense.
          Where improper circuitry according to the
          drawings is established, the Contractor can
          negotiate for additional remuneration to cover
          the cost of performing same and shall mark
          prints of the "as built" condition, which
          become the property of the Purchaser.
6.0  Painting
     6.1  Where exterior painted surfaces of the enclosure
          may have been damaged in the process of assem-
          bling the monitor station, the Contractor shall
                           109

-------
          repaint the damaged areas to restore the
          finished surface(s) to their original state.

     6.2  In preparing surfaces for painting, the Con-
          tractor shall be sure that surfaces are free
          of all grease, dirt, rust and scale.

     6.3  As necessary, primer and/or finish coats shall
          be applied to the damaged areas.  Paint
          applied shall match the color and coats
          originally specified.  Paint originally applied
          to the surfaces was in accordance with the
          following, unless revised in the contract for
          fabrication of the unit or per selection of
          approved equal:

          Primer - one (1) coat of red lead-oxide primer
                   (Mobil Chemical Company primer
                   13-R-54 red)

          Finish - two (2) coats of enamel paint (Mobil
                   Chemical Company M & F enamel 20-G-12
                   cypress green)

          The purchaser's authorized representative shall
          be contacted to determine the applicable
          paint selections if the finished unit is dif-
          ferent in appearance than the foregoing.
7.0  Wiring
     7.1  All work, materials and manner of placing
          material associated with the interconnecting
          wiring of the monitor station shall be performed
          in accordance with the latest requirements of
          the National Electric Code.

     7.2  All electrical materials furnished as a part of
          the work shall be approved by the Underwriters
          Laboratories, Inc., and shall bear their label
          of approval.

     7.3  All 120 VAC power wiring and grounds shall be
          single conductor, soft drawn, #12 AWG copper
          wire with 600 volt insulation, type RHW.

     7.4  All low-voltage power and signal circuit wiring
          shall be single conductor, soft drawn, #16 AWG
                           110

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     copper wire with Type RHW (rubber)  or Type THW
     (thermoplastic)  insulation.

7.5  All power wiring shall be physically separated
     from signal wiring within the monitor station
     enclosure.

7.6  Wiring within the enclosure shall be neat and
     orderly and, where possible, shall be bound into
     wiring harnesses with standard harness ties.

7.7  The ends of each interconnecting wire shall be
     tagged with appropriate wire markers carrying
     the wire numbers designated on the wiring
     drawing.

7.8  All wires and/or harnesses shall be held in
     place within the enclosure by appropriate
     hangers, clips, etc.
                       Ill

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                 INSTALLATION SPECIFICATIONS
                             FOR
                       MONITOR STATION

1.0  Scope of Work

     1.1  This specification defines the work to be per-
          formed by the Contractor in the field installa-
          tion of two stream monitoring stations in
          Muhlenberg County, Kentucky.

     1.2  The Contractor shall furnish all labor,
          materials, tools, supplies, supervision and
          equipment required to secure a monitor station
          assembly to an existing support structure at
          each installation site designated by the Pur-
          chaser.  Installation shall also include the
          performance of all required wiring connections
          to the monitor station from the source of power
          at the site.

2.0  General Requirements and Provisions

     2.1  The Contractor is expected to visit each in-
          stallation site to ascertain to his own
          satisfaction the means of access to the site,
          the type of support structure existing, and
          the stream conditions under which installation
          shall be made.

     2.2  During installation, stream flow at the site
          shall not be impaired by the activities of the
          Contractor.

     2.3  The Purchaser shall provide the Contractor
          with one  (1) monitor station assembly for
          installation at each designated installation
          site.  The Contractor shall be responsible
          for safely transporting and installing same
          at the site.

     2.4  Each monitor station provided shall be con-
          sidered an approved operating assembly at the
          time of installation.  It is incumbent upon
          the Contractor to inspect the conditions of
          said station assembly upon receipt since any
          incurred damage or claims of inoperability,
          upon installation, attributable to Contractor
          negligence will rest with the Contractor.
                           112

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     2.5  Any damage incurred on the assembly in the
          conduct of the work which shall require replace-
          ment or extensive field repairs to the station
          shall be the responsibility of the Contractor.
          The Contractor shall immediately notify the
          Purchaser of any damage and shall solicit an
          immediate inspection of same.  The Contractor
          shall be liable for all charges for replacement
          or repairs required on each damaged station
          assembly due to negligence of his workmen or
          inadequate installation procedures.

     2.6  Inspection and approval of the completed in-
          stallation by the Purchaser's Project Engineer
          shall relieve the Contractor of any liability
          for damages or claims which may be attributable
          to work performed in placing the installed
          station in service.  Said work shall not be the
          responsibility of this Contractor.

     2.7  The Purchaser shall provide the Contractor with
          all necessary maps, descriptions or drawings
          required to locate the installation sites and
          all drawings and instructions required to pro-
          perly connect each installed station to the
          power supply at the sites.

3.0  Installation

     3.1  Station Placement

          Installation of each monitor station at the
          site shall require the following:

          3.1.1  Provision of four  (4) mounting legs
                  (2" schedule 80 pipe) for the station.
                 Pipe lengths shall be determined to
                 match the finished installation elevation
                 of the station as  designated by the
                 Purchaser and installation drawings
                 provided.  Both ends of each pipe leg
                 shall be threaded  to allow connection of
                 the leg to one of  the 2" 150 Ib. flat
                 face threaded flanges which are a part of
                 the station assembly.  Upon installation
                 of all four  (4) legs in a like manner,
                 a 2" 150 Ib. flat  face threaded flange
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            shall be affixed to the free end of
            each leg.

     3.1.2  With all legs in place, the entire
            station assembly shall be lifted in
            place above the existing support posts
            located in the stream bed.  The station
            shall be carefully lowered upon the
            posts, being sure that the station legs
            and support posts are in proper align-
            ment.

     3.1.3  Adjustment of the legs and/or flanges to
            make the station level shall be accom-
            plished before the station is permanently
            fixed in place.

     3.1.4  Upon determination that the station is
            level, the legs shall be tack welded in
            place to the existing steel plates
            affixed to the top of each support post
            rising from the stream bed.  Pipe legs
            shall be centered, as much as possible,
            within the circular area of each
            plate.

3.2  Wiring Connections

     3.2.1  Operating power  (120 VAC) shall be
            supplied to the installed station from
            the power source available at the site.

     3.2.2  Power conductors shall be 3/c-No. 14
            conductor, soft drawn, copper wire with
            600 volt insulation, Type TW.

     3.2.3  Power shall be connected to terminals N
            and LI  (tagged) on the terminal strip
            mounted inside the station assembly in
            accordance with Drawing No. 6218-6A1 -
            Schematic Diagram, Interconnection
            Diagram and Bill of Material.

     3.2.4  Wiring to the station enclosure shall be
            accomplished through a standard conduit
            fitting and service entrance fitting.
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                 Wiring  from  the  power  source  to  the
                 station enclosure will be  run in rigid
                 steel conduit  (1/2").

          3.2.5  Conduit shall be run in straight lines
                 with no more than three (3) 90-degree
                 bends per  run.   The conduit shall be run
                 embedded from the power source to the
                 entrance fitting at the monitor  enclosure

4.0  Workmanship

     4.1  Workmanship shall be in accordance with the best
          standard practice of trades involved and per-
          formed by mechanics skilled in the type of work
          required.

     4.2  Materials required to make a  complete installa-
          tion shall be new and of the  best grade.

5.0  Applicable Regulations

     5.1  The Contractor shall obtain all permits, in-
          spections, etc., which  may be required  by
          regulatory agencies having jurisdiction over
          the work sites.

     5.2  All electrical materials used in this work
          shall be approved by the Underwriters Labora-
          tories, Inc., and shall bear  their label of
          approval.

     5.3  All work, materials and manner of placing
          material shall be in accordance with  the latest
          requirements of the National  Electric Code and
          all municipal laws and  ordinances relating to
          the work.

6.0  Cleanup

     6.1  Upon completion of all  installation work at
          the sites, the Contractor shall clear the
          construction area of all debris and excess
          materials which may remain.

     6.2  The Contractor is responsible  for complete
          removal of the aforementioned  from the  sites and
          shall do nothing to despoil the surrounding
                           115

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environment by attempting to burn, bury or dump
any such debris or materials.
                 116

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                 CONTRACTOR'S SPECIFICATIONS
                             FOR
           CONSTRUCTION OF STREAM GAUGING  STATIONS

1.0  Scope of Work

     1.1  This specification defines the work  to be
          performed by the Contractor in the construc-
          tion of two  (2) stream gauging stations at
          two  (2) separate locations in Muhlenberg County,
          Kentucky.  The construction of each  station
          shall be in accordance with this specification
          and the individual station drawings  which
          detail their construction requirements  (Section
          3.0, Plans and Drawings).

     1.2  Construction at the site of each station is
          defined by an individual plot plan on each con-
          struction drawing.  Base points  and  bench marks
          and base lines for each station have been
          established at the various sites and all dimen-
          sions and elevations shown on the drawings are
          with reference to them.  An assumed  elevation of
          100"-0" has been established at each site as
          the key reference point.

     1.3  The Contractor shall furnish all labor,
          materials, tools, supplies, supervision and
          equipment required to construct and place in
          proper operating condition the two (2) stream
          gauging stations defined in the referenced
          drawings.

2.0  General Requirements

     2.1  The Contractor is expected to visit each of
          the two (2) sites to ascertain to his own satis-
          faction the means of access to each of the
          construction sites and the construction condi-
          tions encountered at each.

     2.2  During construction, the Contractor shall main-
          tain stream flow around the construction area
          as indicated on the individual station drawings.
          The Contractor shall erect temporary diversion
          dams to accomplish same and be vigilant in the
          prevention of deleterious effects to the
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          immediate environment due to such temporary
          provisions.  The Contractor shall be respon-
          sible, upon completion of construction, for
          restoring each stream bed construction area to
          a condition essentially as found before con-
          struction began.

3 .0  Plans^ and Drawings

     3.1  The location of each construction site and the
          requirements for construction of each of the
          two (2)  stream gauging stations shall be in
          accordance with the following drawings:

          6218-4A1 - Stream Monitoring Station No. V--1,
                     Weir Arrangement and Detail

          6218-4A3 -- Stream Monitoring Station No. V-3,
                     Weir Arrangement and Detail

4.0  Temporary Construction

     4.1  As indicated on each station construction draw-
          ing, the Contractor shall temporarily divert
          stream flow, during construction, by providing
          and placing all sand bag material as delineated.

     4.2  Bags shall be 18" x 28" 18-ounce burlap.  Each
          bag shall be filled with sand  (only) and, upon
          filling, shall be securely sewed shut to prevent
          loss.

     4.3  Sand bags used for temporary structures at one
          site may be used at another site at the option
          of the Contractor.

     4.4  The Contractor shall note that the quantity of
          sand bags required in the Bill of Material on
          the various drawings is only an estimated
          quantity.

5.0  Excavation

     5.1  The Contractor shall provide all excavation,
          grading and backfilling required for the project
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6.0  Permanent Construction

     6.1  The Contractor shall furnish all material and
          construct the timber weir structures in
          accordance with the construction drawings.

     6.2  Timber

          6.2.1  The quality of timber sheeting and piling
                 required shall be in accordance with
                 standards established by the American
                 Society of Testing Materials.  All timber
                 materials shall be treated by pressure
                 application of hot creosote, or an
                 approved equivalent treatment agent.
                 Substitution of an equivalent agent
                 shall be approved by the Purchaser's
                 Project Engineer prior to use by the Con-
                 tractor.  Creosote for preservative treat-
                 ment shall conform to the requirements of
                 ASTM D-390-64, Land and Fresh Water
                 Grades.

          6.2.2  The timber piling shall be driven  to the
                 specified depth or until practical re-
                 fusal is encountered before  that depth
                 is reached.  Any pile exhibiting practical
                 refusal shall be subject to  the review and
                 approval of  the Purchaser's  Project
                 Engineer.

          6.2.3  Piling  shall be driven true  and level and
                 shall be checked for such as they  are_
                 driven.  Desired penetration of the piles
                 shall be accomplished within the follow-
                 ing tolerances:

                 a.  Piles  shall not be more  than 2% out
                     of  plumb.

                 b.  Piles  shall not be more  than  3 inches
                     out of  place.

          6.2.4  Broken  or  shattered piles shall not be
                 acceptable.   If  any pile  is  misdriven or
                 otherwise  unacceptable,  the  Contractor
                            119

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            shall drive an extra pile or piles, at
            no further expense to the purchaser, to
            replace the unacceptable pile(s).  The
            Contractor shall be prepared to extract
            piles which are overdriven or damaged.

     6.2.5  Piles shall be cut off at the proper cap
            elevation and the cut shall be horizontal.
            Upon establishment of the cap elevation,
            a finish cut shall be made on each pile
            so indicated on the construction drawing
            details.  All cut ends shall then be
            brushed with two coats of hot creosote and
            one coat of coal tar, or an approved
            equivalent treatment agent.

6.3  With all piles properly installed and cut ends
     treated, California redwood sheeting shall be
     bolted to the piles in accordance with the
     drawing installation details to complete the
     weir plate support structure.  Sufficient
     caulking, to prevent seepage, shall be placed
     between all planks to make the finished
     construction watertight.

6.4  The Contractor shall place bolts for securing
     the steel weir plates in the support planks in
     accordance with the construction drawings.  The
     workmanship shall assure placement of the weir
     plate in a true and level position.

6.5  Riprap shall be placed against the downstream
     side of the weir support structure in accordance
     with the construction drawings to prevent scour.

6 .6  The Contractor shall provide and place all bags
     filled with a mixture of sand and cement as
     required to construct the permanent structures
     on either end of the weir structures.  The bags
     shall be 18" x 28" 18-ounce burlap and shall be
     filled with a mix consisting of one  (1) part
     cement and nine  (9) parts well-blended sand.
     This mix shall be blended (no water is to be
     used) to prevent channeling when in final
     position in the stream bed.  After filling with
     the above mix, the bags shall be securely sewed
     shut to prevent loss of material.  The Contractor
     shall note that the quantity of such bags
                       120

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          required in the Bill of Material on the various
          drawings is an estimated quantity.
7.0  Cleanup
     7.1  Upon completion of all the permanent construc-
          tion at each site, the Contractor shall remove
          all temporary construction and clear the con-
          struction area of all debris and excess
          materials of construction which may remain.

     7.2  The Contractor is responsible for complete re-
          moval of the aforementioned from each site and
          shall do nothing to despoil the surrounding
          environment by attempting to burn, bury, or
          dump any such debris or materials.
                           121

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WP-4-1

Re:  WATER QUALITY STANDARDS FOR WATERS OF THE
     COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY

Relates to KRS 224.010 to 224.210 and 224.990

Supersedes WP-4

Pursuant to the authority vested in the Water Pollution
Control Commission by KRS 224.040, the following regula-
tion is adopted;

Section 1.  Prohibitions.  No person or group of persons
as defined in KRS 224.010 shall cause to be violated any
one of the minimum standards in Section 2 or any one of the
standards established in Section 3 of this regulation.

Section 2.  The following are minimum conditions applicable
to all Haters of the Commonwealth of Kentucky.  All waters
of the Commonwealth shall be:

(1)  Substantially free from substances attributable to
     municipal, industrial or other discharges or agricul-
     tural practices that will settle to form putrescent
     sludge deposits;

(2)  Free from floating debris, oil, scum and other float-
     ing materials attributable to municipal, industrial
     or other discharges or agricultural practices in
     amounts sufficient to be unsightly or deleterious;

(3)  Free from materials attributable to municipal, indus-
     trial or other discharges or agricultural practices
     producing color, odor or other conditions in such
     degree as to create a nuisance; and

(4)  Free from substances attributable to municipal,
     industrial or other discharges or agricultural
     practices in concentrations or combinations which
     are toxic or harmful to human, animal, plant or
     aquatic life.

(5)  In the standards established by Subsections  (1)
     through  (4), every person as defined in KRS 224.010
     shall remove from their discharges those substances
     described in Subsections  (1) through (4) to the
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     lowest practicable level attainable under current
     technology .

Section 3.  Stream_use classification.  In addition to the
minimum conditions set forth in Section 2, the following
specific stream use classification shall govern where
applicable:

(1)  Public water supply and food processing industries.
     The following criteria are applicable to surface
     water at the point at which water is withdrawn for
     use for a public water supply or by a food process-
     ing industry.

     (a)  Bacteria:  Coliform group not to exceed 5,000
          per 100 ml as a monthly arithmetical average
          value  (either MPN or MF count); nor exceed this
          number in more than 20 percent of the samples
          examined during any month; nor exceed 20,000 per
          100 ml in more than 5 percent of such samples.

     (b)  Threshold-odor number:  After normal treatment
          to be less than 3.

     (c)  Dissolved solids;  Not to exceed 500 mg/1 as a
          monthly average value, nor exceed 750 mg/1 at
          any time.   (Values of specific conductance of
          800 and 1,200 micromhos/cm  (at 25°C) may be
          considered equivalent to dissolved solids concen-
          trations of 500 and 750 mg/1.)

     (d)  Radioactive substances:  Gross beta activity not
          to exceed 1,000 picocuries per liter,  (pCi/1),
          nor shall activity from dissolved Strontium 90
          exceed 10 pCi/1, nor shall activity from dis-
          solved alpha emitters exceed 3 pCi/1.

     (e)  Chemical constituents:  Not to exceed the follow-
          ing specified concentrations at any time:

          Constituents               Concentration  (mg/1)

          Arsenic                           0.05
          Barium                            1.0
          Cadmium                           0.01
          Chromium  (Hexavalent)             0.05
          Cyanide                           0.025
          Fluoride                          1.0
          Lead                              0.05
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          Selenium                          0.01
          Silver                             0.05

(2)   Industrial water supply.   The following criteria are
     applicable to water at the point at which water is
     withdrawn for use,  either with or without treatment,
     for industrial cooling and processing (other than
     food processing)  and shall be applicable only within
     a mixing zone.

     (a)   pH;  Not less  than 5.0 nor greater than 9.0 at
          any time.

     (b)   Temperature:   Not to exceed 95°F at any time.

     (c)   Dissolved solids;  Not to exceed 750 mg/1 as a
          monthly  average value, nor exceed 1,000 mg/1 at
          any time.   (Values of specific conductance of
          1,200 and 1,600 micromhos/cm  (at 25°C)  may be
          considered equivalent to dissolved-solids con-
          centrations of 750 and 1,000 mg/1.)
          f

(3)   Aquatic  life.   The  following criteria are for evalua-
     tion of  conditions  for the maintenance of well
     balanced, indigenous fish population.  The aquatic use
     standards shall not apply to areas immediately adjacent
     to outfalls.   Areas immediately adjacent to outfalls
     shall be  as small as possible, be provided for mixing
     only, and shall not prevent the free passage of fish
     and drift organisms.

     (a)   Dissolved oxygen:  Concentrations shall average
          at  least 5.0 mg/1 per calendar day and shall not
          be  less  than 4.0 mg/1 at any time or any place
          outside  the mixing zone.

     (b)   pH;  No  values below 6.0 nor above 9.0.

     (c)   Temperature:

          (i)    Not to  exceed 89°F.

          (ii)   There shall be no abnormal temperature
                changes that may affect aquatic life
                unless  caused by natural conditions.

          (iii)  The normal daily and seasonal temperature
                fluctuations that existed before the
                addition of heat due to other than natural
                causes  shall be maintained.


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     (iv)    The maximum temperature rise at any time
            or place above natural temperatures
            shall not exceed 5°F in streams.  In
            addition, the water temperature for all
            streams shall not exceed the maximum
            limits indicated in the following table:

            Stream maximum temperature for each
                       month in °F.

            January                          50
            February                         50
            March                 •           60
            April                            70
            May                              80
            June                             87
            July                             89
            August                           89
            September                        87
            October                          78
            November                         70
            December                         57

     (v)     The allowable temperature increase in
            public water impoundments will be limited
            to 3°F in the epilimnion if thermal
            stratification exists.   Public water
            impoundments include all impounded waters
            of the Commonwealth which are open to the
            public and used by the  public.

(d)   Toxic substances:   Not to exceed one-tenth of
     the  96-hour median tolerance limit of fish; where
     there are substances that are  toxic because of
     their cumulative characteristics other limiting
     concentrations may be used in  specific cases as
     presently approved by the Federal Environmental
     Protection Agency, or as later adopted by the
     Water Pollution Control Commission.

(e)   Put-and-take trout streams: The following
     criteria are applicable to those waters designa-
     ted by the Commission as put-and-take trout
     streams:

     (i)     Dissolved oxygen:  Concentrations  shall
            not be less than 6.0 mg/1 at any time or
            any place.   Spawning areas (during the
            spawning season)  shall  be protected by a
            minimum DO concentration of 7.0 mg/1.

                      125

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          (ii)    Temperature;   Stream temperatures shall
                 not  be increased artificially above
                 the  natural temperature at any time in
                 cold water trout streams.

(4)   Recreation:   Unless caused by natural  conditions, the
     following criterion shall apply in waters to be used
     for recreational purposes, (including  but not limited
     to such water-contact activities as swimming and
     water skiing).

     Bacteria:   The  total coliform level shall not exceed
     an average 1,000 per 100 ml.  Total coliform shall
     not exceed this  number in 20% of the samples in a
     month,  nor exceed 2400/100 ml on any day.  If the
     level of total  coliform is exceeded, then a fecal
     coliform standard shall be used.  There shall be a
     reduction of fecal coliform to such degree that:

     (i)    During the months of May through October fecal
           coliform  density in the discharge does not
          -exceed 200 per 100 ml as a monthly geometric
           mean (based on not less than ten samples per
           month), nor exceed 400 per 100 ml in more than
           ten percent of the samples examined during a
           month,  and

     (ii)   During the months of November through April
           the density does not exceed 1,000 per 100 ml as
           a monthly  geometric mean  (based on not less than
           ten samples per month), nor exceed 2,000 per
           100 ml in  more than ten percent of the samples
           examined  during a month.

(5)   Agricultural:  No criteria in addition to the minimum
     conditions enumerated in Section 2 are proposed for
     the evaluation  of stream quality at the point at
     which water is withdrawn for agricultural and stock
     watering use.

Section 4.  Multiple  uses.  One or more uses established
in Section 3 may apply to the same waters.   The use
criteria shall apply  to those waters suitable for the use
or uses provided in  Section 3.  In the event there is a
conflict between or  among the applicable uses, the more
stringent use criteria shall apply.
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Section 5.  Regulation WP-4 is superseded

Adopted:       July 23, 1971
Filed:         July 23, 1971
Effective:     August 22, 1971
                           127

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SMR-Rg-11

RE:  Water Quality

Relates to KRS 350.090

In order to establish and maintain an effective program
for assuring high quality water in the Commonwealth, coal
mine operators shall comply with the following requirements:

(1)  Treatment

      (a)  Treatment facilities of sufficient size and
          number consisting of, but not limited to,
          collection basins, water retarding structures
          and silt dams shall be constructed prior to the
          stripping operation for maintaining a quality of
          water to specifications in paragraph l(c) herein.
          The location of all sediment control facilities
          shall be indicated on the permit map(s) prior
          to issuance of the permit.

      (b)  All treatment facilities ahall be kept in proper
          working order to maintain those specifications in
          paragraph 1(c) herein, until the operator can
          demonstrate that the specifications in paragraph
          1 (c) herein can be met without such treatment
          facilities.  Records of treatment shall be
          maintained by the operator on forms furnished
          by the Division.

      (c)  The operator shall prevent discharge of drainage,
          into the waters of the Commonwealth from the
          area of land affected, the pH of which is less
          than 6.0 or greater than 9.0 or which contains
          a concentration of iron in excess of seven  (7)
          milligrams per liter  (mg/1).  The total alkalinity
          of the discharge must exceed the total acidity.
          The discharge shall contain no settleable matter,
          nor shall it contain suspended matter in excess
          of  150 Jackson Turbidity Units, except during
          a precipitation event, which the operator must
          show to have occurred, in which case 1000 Jackson
          Turbidity Units may not be exceeded.  Suspended
          matter in parts per million  (ppm) may not exceed
          the Jackson Turbidity Units multiplied by 2.20.
          Sampling and analyses are to be defined and
          performed according to Standard Methods for the
          Examination of Water and Wastewater, Thirteenth
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          Edition,  unless  otherwise specified in writing
          by  the  Division.
(2)   Drainage
     (a)   Water which might drain into the stripping pit
          shall be intercepted above the highwall by
          diversion ditches and conveyed by stable
          channels (designed so they will not erode) or
          other means to natural or prepared watercourses
          unless the Division finds these ditches unneces-
          sary.  Such ditches shall be built of sufficient
          size and grade to handle the runoff resulting
          from a once in ten  (10) year storm event as a
          min imum.

     (b)   Intermittent streams in the area of land
          affected shall be kept free of spoil material
          for a minimum distance of twenty-five  (25) feet
          on each side of the channel.  The Division^may
          grant permission to operate within these  limits
          provided that the natural drainage be conveyed
          across or under the land affected.

     (c)   No drainage shall be discharged into underground
          mine workings.  When an underground mine  or mine
          drainage is encountered, the operator shall
          report this occurrence to the Division  and bring
          any discharge into  compliance with paragraph  1 (c)
          herein immediately.  Plans must be submitted
          within five  (5) days for permanent control.   Upon
          approval by the Division, the operator  shall
          comply to the plans within thirty  (30)  days.

      (d)   Sudden release of  large volumes of water  onto
          outer slopes of spoil  banks is prohibited.

      (e)   All  drainage originating on the area of land
          affected must meet  the specifications  in  para-
          graph 1(c) herein  or exit through treatment
          facilities in accordance with paragraph 1.

      (f)  The  Commission finding that some flexibility  is
          required  in  the  administration of regulations,
          where special conditions warrant, the  director
          may  provide  for  exceptions to  this regulation
          consistent with  the requirements of  KRS Chapter
          350. All such exceptions shall be presented  to
          the  Commission for its approval  or rejection.
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Definitions

As used in this regulation, certain words are defined as
follows:

Area of Land Affected - means the area of land from which
overburden is to be or has been removed and upon which
the overburden is to be or has been deposited and shall
include all lands affected by the construction of new
roads or the improvement or use of existing roads other
than public roads, to gain access and to haul coal.

Source:  Kentucky Revised Statutes Relating to Strip
Mining and Reclamation, 1966, Chapter 350.010 (3).

Jackson Turbidity Unit - An arbitrary unit for the optical
property of a sample indicating the presence of suspended
matter.  For preparation of a Standard Jackson Turbidity
suspension, see pp. 349-356 of Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater, Thirteenth Edition.

Settleable Matter - That matter in a sample that will
settle in one  (1) hour using the test described in page
539, procedure l.a, of Standard Methods for the Examina-
tion of Water and Wastewater, Thirteenth Edition.

Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste-
water, Thirteenth Edition - is believed to represent the
best current practice of American water analysts and to
be generally applicable in connection with the problems
of water purification, sewage disposal and sanitary inves-
tigations.  The Standard Methods for the Examination of
Water and Wastewater, Thirteenth Edition may be obtained
from the American Public Health Association, Inc., Pub-
lication Office, 1740 Broadway, New York, New York 10019.
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224.030  Water Pollution Control Commission; creation;
membership; compensation; meetings; officers and employes.

(1)  For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of
     KRS 224.010 to 224.060, 224.080 and 224.100, there
     is hereby created in the Department of Health a
     Water Pollution Control Commission.

(2)  The commission shall consist of the Commissioner of
     Health, the Commissioner of Natural Resources, the
     Attorney General, the Commissioner of the Department
     of Fish and Wildlife Resources, the Director of
     Reclamation, the Commissioner of Mines and Minerals,
     the Commissioner of Commerce, and three citizens of
     the Commonwealth, to be appointed for terms of four
     years each by the Governor.  One citizen member shall
     be selected from groups representative of munici-
     palities, one from groups representative of indus-
     trial management, and one from either groups
     representative of municipalities or groups repre-
     sentative of industrial management.  Vacancies shall
     be filled for the unexpired portion of any term in
     the same manner as an original appointment.  Each of
     the officers of the Commonwealth hereby made a member
     of the commission may, by written order filed with the
     secretary of the commission, designate a deputy or
     other representative in his department to serve in
     his stead and to perform his duties as a member of
     the commission in his absence.  Such designation shall
     be deemed temporary only and shall not affect the
     merit system or retirement rights of any person so
     designated.

(3)  No salary or other compensation shall be allowed any
     member of the commission but each member may be
     reimbursed for actual and necessary expenses incurred
     in the performance of his official duties.

(4)  The commission shall select one of its members as
     chairman and another member as vice-chairman at its
     first regular meeting in each calendar year.  The
     Commissioner of Health shall be the secretary of the
     commission, and may employ an executive director and
     such technical and other personnel as may be required
     in order to carry out the provisions of KRS 224.010
     to 224.060, 224.080 and 224.100 and the policies of
     the commission, and may define their powers and
     duties and fix their compensation.  During the
     interim between meetings, the Commissioner of Health
     may perform in the name of the commission such

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     functions and duties  and may  exercise  such  authority
     of  the  commission  as  the commission  may  delegate  to
     him, or he may delegate such  functions,  duties, and
     authority to the executive  director.

(5)   The commission may employ,  compensate  and prescribe
     the powers and duties  of such officers,  employes,  and
    -consultants, in accordance  with  the  laws of this
     Commonwealth, as may  be necessary  to carry  out the
     provisions of KRS  224.010 to  224.050 subject to the
     approval of the Governor as required in  KRS Ch. 12.

(6)   The commission shall  hold regular  meetings  at least
     once in every two  months, the time and place of which
     shall be determined by the  commission.   Special
     meetings may be called by the chairman or by three
     members of the commission by  delivery  to the office
     of  each member of  the  commission of  a  written notice
     thereof of at least five days in advance of the
     date of any such meeting.   Five  members  of  the
     commission shall constitute a quorum at  any meeting.
     The 'commission shall  establish bylaws  for the conduct
     of  its  meeting and shall keep an accurate record
     of  all  its proceedings.  (1950,  c. 69, 4; 1952,
     c.  127; 1958, c. 148;  1966, c. 21, 1)   (Formerly
     compiled as KRS 220.600)
                           132

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224.040  Powers and duties of commission.

The Water Pollution Control Commission shall have and be
entitled to exercise the following authority, powers and
duties:

 (1)  To exercise general supervision of  the administration
     and enforcement of KRS 224.010 to 224.060, 224.080
     or 224.100 and all rules and regulations and orders
     promulgated thereunder.

 (2)  To develop a comprehensive program  for the prevention,
     control and abatement of water pollution throughout
     the Commonwealth.

 (3)  To advise, consult, and cooperate with other agencies
     of the Commonwealth, other states and the Federal
     Government and with affected groups and  industries,
     in the formulation and carrying out of such  a  pro-
     gram; to  accept and administer loans and grants  from
     the Federal Government and from other sources  for
     carrying  out  any  of its  functions.

 (4)  To encourage  and  conduct  studies,  investigations,
     research, experiments  and demonstrations  and to
     collect  and disseminate  information relating to  water
     pollution and the prevention,  control  and  abatement
     thereof.

 (5)  To establish,  modify  or  amend,  after public  hearing,
     water quality standards  for  the waters  of  the  Common-
     wealth according  to  their particular uses.

 (6)   To  adopt, after hearing,  such  general rules  and
      regulations  pertaining to the  prevention,  abatement
      and  control  of existing  or proposed pollution  as the
      commission  may deem necessary  to the accomplishment  of
      the  purposes  of KRS  224.010  to 224.060,  224.080  or
      224.100.

 (7)   To adopt, without hearing, rules and regulations with
      respect  to the procedural aspects of hearings, the
      filing of reports and orders,  the  issuance of permits
      and other matters.

 (8)   To issue, after hearing, orders abating discharges
      or requiring the adoption of such  remedial measures,
      including the construction of new  disposal systems
      or treatment works or the modification, extension or
      alteration of existing systems and  works, as  the


                            133

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      commission may deem necessary or proper; to receive
      complaints and make investigations in connection
      with the foregoing.

 (9)  To examine and pass upon all plans and specifications
      for, and to inspect the construction of new disposal
      systems and treatment works, extensions, modifications
      or additions to new or existing disposal systems or
      treatment works, and extensions and modifications or
      additions to factories, manufacturing establishments
      or business enterprises, the operation of which would
      cause an increase in the pollutional load of any
      waters of the Commonwealth.

(10)  To issue, continue in effect, revoke, modify or
      deny, under such conditions as the commission may
      prescribe,  permits for the discharge or deposit of
      any sewage, industrial wastes or other wastes, into
      any waters  of the Commonwealth, and for the installa-
      tion and operation of disposal systems and treatment
      works . '

(11)   To make  investigations or inspections which may be
      deemed necessary to insure compliance with any of the
      provisions  of KRS 224.010 to 224.060, 224.080 and
      224.100  or  with any rules, regulations or orders
      of the commission,  or which may be deemed necessary
      to enable the commission to carry into effect the
      provisions  of KRS 224.010 to 224.060, 224.080 and
      224.100.

(12)   To institute  or cause to be instituted in a court of
      competent jurisdiction, proceedings to compel com-
      pliance  with  the provisions of KRS 224.010 to
      224.060, 224.080 and 224.100 or with the orders of
      the commission.

(13)   To enter at any reasonable time, through any commis-
      sioner,  assistant,  agent or employe,  in or upon any
      public or private property for the purpose of in-
      specting and  investigating conditions relating to
      pollution or  possible pollution of any waters of the
      Commonwealth,  which inspection or investigation will
      not involve confidential information relating to
      secret processes or to the economics  of operation.

(14)   To examine  any records or memoranda relating to the
      operation of  any disposal system or treatment works
      which examination does not involve confidential
                            134

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      information relating to secret processes or to the
      economics of operation.

(15)   To take all action necessary or appropriate to secure
      to the Commonwealth the benefits of the Federal Water
      Pollution Control Act  (Public Law 845, 80th Congress;
      62 Stat. 1155) .

(16)   To perform such other and further acts as may be
      necessary/ proper or desirable in order to carry out
      effectively the duties and responsibilities of the
      commission herein prescribed.   (1950, c. 69, 5)
      '(Formerly compiled as KRS 220.610)
                            135

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350.024  Reclamation Commission; Membership; Meetings;
Compensation.

There is hereby created in the Department of Natural
Resources a Reclamation Commission, which shall be composed
of the Commissioner of Natural Resources, serving as
chairman, the  Commissioner of Mines and Minerals, and
the Director of Reclamation.  The members of the Commis-
sion, other than the Director of Reclamation, shall receive
no compensation for their services on the Commission,
but shall be reimbursed for their expenses incurred in
performing their functions.  The Commission shall meet from
time to time on the call of any member, but shall meet at
least four times each year.
                          136

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350.050  Powers of Division.

The Division of Reclamation of the Department of Natural
Resources under the supervision of the Commissioner of
Natural Resources shall have and exercise the following
authority and powers:

(1)  To exercise general supervision and administration
     and enforcement of this chapter and all rules and
     regulations and orders promulgated thereunder;

(2)  To encourage and conduct investigations, research,
     experiments and demonstrations, and to collect and
     disseminate information relating to strip mining and
     reclamation of lands and waters affected by strip
     mining;

(3)  To adopt, without hearing, rules and regulations
     with respect to the filing of reports, the issuance of
     permits and other matters of procedure and adminis-
     tration;

(4)  To examine and pass upon all plans and specifications
     submitted by the operator for the method of operation,
     backfilling, grading and for the reclamation of the
     area of land affected by his operation;

(5)  To make investigations or inspections which may be
     deemed necessary to insure compliance with any
     provision of this chapter;

(6)  To order, through personnel of the Division, the
     suspension of any permit for failure to comply with
     any of the provisions of this chapter or any
     regulations adopted pursuant thereto;

(7)  To order, through personnel of the Division, the
     stopping of any operation that is started without
     first having secured a permit as required by this
     chapter.
                           137

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350.060  Permit Required; Contents of Application; Map;
Fee;  Bond.

(1)  No operator shall engage in strip mining without
     having first obtained from the Division a permit
     designating the area of land affected by the opera-
     tion.  The permit shall authorize the operator to
     engage in strip mining upon the area of land des-
     cribed in his application for a period of one year
     from the date of its issuance;

(2)  An operator desiring a permit shall file an applica-
     tion which shall state:

     (a)   The location and area of land to be affected by
          the operation, with a description of access to
          the area from the nearest public highways;

     (b)   The owner or owners of the sjurface of the area
          of land to be affected by th°e permit and the
          owner or owners of all surface area within five
          hundred feet of any part of the affected area;

     (c)   The owner or owners of the coal to be mined;

     (d)   The source of the applicant's legal right to
          mine the coal on the land affected by the permit;

     (e)   The" permanent and temporary post office
          addresses of the applicant;

     (f)   Whether the applicant or any person, partner-
          ship or corporation associated with the applicant
          holds or has held any other permits under this
          chapter, and an identification of such permits;

     (g)   Whether or not the applicant is in compliance
          with subsection (3) of KRS 350.130 and whether
          or not every officer, partner, director or
          any individual owning of record or beneficially
          (alone or with associates) if known, ten percent
          or more of any class of stock of the applicant,
          is subject to any of the provisions of subsection
          (3) of KRS 350.130 and he shall so certify;

(3)  The application for a permit shall be accompanied by
     two copies of a United States Geological Survey
     topographic map on which the operator has indicated
     the location of the operation, the course which would
     be taken by drainage from the operation to the stream


                           138

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     or streams  to which such drainage would normally flow,
     the name  of the applicant and date, and the name of
     the person  who located the operation on the map;

(4)   The application for a permit shall be accompanied by
     two copies  of an enlarged United States Geological
     Survey topographic map meeting the requirements of
     the subsections below.  The map shall:

     (a)   Be prepared and certified by a professional
          engineer, registered under the provisions of
          KRS  Chapter 322.  The certification shall be in
          the  form as provided in subsection (5) below;

     (b)   Identify the area to correspond with the
          application;

     (c)   Show adjacent deep mining and the boundaries of
          surface properties and names of owners on the
          affected area and within five hundred feet of
          any  part of the affected area;

     (d)   Be of a scale of not less than four hundred feet
          to the inch and not to exceed six hundred and
          sixty feet to the inch;

     (e)   Show the names and locations of all streams,
          creeks, or other bodies of public water, roads,
          buildings, cemeteries, oil and gas wells, and
          utility lines on the area of land affected and
          within five hundred feet of such area;

     (f)   Show by appropriate markings the boundaries
          of the area of land affected, the cropline of
          the  seam or deposit of coal to be mined, and the
          total number of acres involved in the area of
          land affected;

     (g)   Show the date on which the map was prepared, the
          north point and the quadrangle name;

     (h)   Show the drainage plan on and away from the
          area of land affected.  Such plan shall indicate
          the  directional flow of water, constructed
          drainways, natural waterways used for drainage,
          and  the streams or tributaries receiving the
          discharge;
                            139

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(5)   The certification of the maps by the professional
     engineer shall read as follows:  "I, the undersigned,
     hereby certify that this map is correct, and shows
     to the best of my knowledge and belief all the infor-
     mation required by the strip mining laws of this
     state."  The certification shall be signed and
     notarized.   The Division may reject any map as in-
     complete if its accuracy is not so attested;

(6)   In addition to the information and maps required
     above, each application for a permit shall be
     accompanied by detailed plans or proposals show-
     ing the method of operation, the manner, time and
     distance for backfilling, grading work and a
     reclamation plan for the affected area, which proposals
     shall meet  the requirements of this chapter and
     rules and regulations adopted pursuant thereto;

(7)   A basic fee of one hundred and fifty dollars plus
     thirty-five dollars for each acre or fraction thereof
     of the area of land to be affected by the operation
     shall be paid  before the permit required herein
     shall be issued.  The operator shall file with the
     Division a  bond payable to the Commonwealth of Kentucky
     with surety satisfactory to the Division in the penal
     sum to be determined by the Commission on the recommendation
     of the Director of not less than two hundred dollars
     nor more than one thousand dollars for each acre or
     fraction thereof of the area of land affected, with
     a minimum bond of two thousand dollars, conditioned
     upon the faithful performance of the requirements
     set forth in this chapter and of the rules and
     regulations of the Commission.  In determining the
     amount of the bond within the above limits, the
     Commission  shall take into consideration the character
     and nature  of the overburden, the future suitable
     use of the  land involved and the cost of backfilling,
     grading and reclamation to be required.  In a par-
     ticular instance where the circumstances are such as
     to warrant  an exception, the Commission, in its
     discretion, may reduce the amount of the bond for a
     particular  operation to less than the required
     minimum.
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350.090  Reclamation Plan, Requirements, Approval; Dumping
         Regulations.

(1)   Under the provisions of this chapter and regulations
     adopted by the Commission, an operator shall prepare
     and carry out a method of operation, plan of grading and
     backfilling and a reclamation plan for the area of
     land affected by his operation.  In developing a
     method of operation, and the plans of backfilling,
     grading and reclamation, all measures shall be taken
     to eliminate damages to members of the public, their
     real and personal property, public roads, streams
     and all other public property from soil erosion,
     rolling stones and overburden, water pollution and
     hazards dangerous to life and property.  The plan shall
     be submitted to the Division and the Division shall
     notify the applicant by registered mail within twenty
     working days after receipt of the plans and complete
     application if it is or is not acceptable.  If the
     plan is not acceptable, the Division shall set forth
     the reasons for which the plan is not acceptable and
     it may propose modifications, delete areas or reject
     the entire plan.  Should the applicant disagree with_
     the decision of the Division, he may, by written notice,
     request a hearing by the Commission.  The Commission
     shall notify the applicant by registered mail within
     twenty days after the hearing of its decision.  Any
     person aggrieved by a final order of the Commission
     may appeal through the courts as set forth in KRS
     350.032;

(2)   In addition to the method of operation, grading,
     backfilling and reclamation requirements of this
     chapter and regulations adopted pursuant thereto, the
     operator, consistent with the directives of subsection
      (1) above, shall be required to perform the following:

      (a)  Cover the face of the coal with compacted non-acid
          bearing and non-toxic materials to a distance of
          at least four feet above the seam being strip
          mined or by a permanent water impoundment;

      (b)  Bury under adequate  fill all toxic materials,
          roof coal, pyritic coal or shale determined by
          the Division to be acid producing, toxic, or
          creating a fire hazard;
                              141

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     (c)  Seal off, as directed by regulations, any
         breakthrough of acid water creating  a hazard;

     (d)  Impound, drain or treat all  runoff water so  as
         to reduce soil erosion, damage  to agricultural
         lands and pollution of streams  and other waters;

     (e)  Remove or bury all metal,  lumber, and other
         refuse resulting from the  operation;

(3)   No operator shall throw, dump,  pile  or permit the
     dumping, piling  or throwing or  otherwise  placing
     any overburden,  stones, rocks,  coal,  particles  of
     coal,  earth,  soil, dirt, debris,  trees, wood, logs
     or any other  materials or substances of any  kind  or
     nature beyond or outside of the area of land which  is
     now under permit and for which  bond  has been posted
     under  KRS 350.060 or place such materials herein
     described in  such a way that normal  erosion  or  slides
     brought  about by natural physical causes  will permit
     such'materials to go beyond or  outside of the area
     of land  which is under permit and for which  bond  has
     been posted under KRS 350.060.
                             142

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350.150  Reclamation Work by Division; Procedure; Accep-
tance of Federal and Other Funds; Access to Land.

(1)   In the reclamation of land affected by strip mining
     for which it has funds available, the Division may
     avail itself of any services which may be provided
     by other state agencies or by agencies of the
     Federal Government, and may compensate them for such
     services.  The Division may also receive any federal
     funds, state funds or any other funds for the
     reclamation of land affected by strip mining.  The
     Division may cause the reclamation work to be done
     by its own employees or by employees of other
     governmental agencies, Soil Conservation Districts,
     or through contracts with qualified persons.  Such
     contracts shall be awarded to the lowest responsible
     bidder upon competitive bids after reasonable ad-
     vertisement.  The Division and any other agency and
     any contractor under a contract with the Division
     shall have the right of access to the land affected
     to carry out such reclamation.

(2)   Any funds available to the Commission and any public
     works program may be used and expended to reclaim
     and rehabilitate any lands that have been subjected
     to strip mining that have not been reclaimed and
     rehabilitated in accordance with standards set by
     this chapter or regulations thereunder and which are
     not covered by bond to guarantee such reclamation;

(3)   A person or organization, having qualifications
     acceptable to the Commission, may post bond or a cash
     deposit, in a sum determined by the Commission, and
     assume the liability for carrying out the reclamation
     plan approved by the Division in areas where the
     mining operation and any necessary grading and back-
     filling have been completed.  The Division shall then
     release the bond posted by the operator for such area,
                            143

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350.152  Acquisition of Land by Commonwealth for Reclama-
tion Purposes.

(1)   The Commonwealth,  acting by and through its Depart-
     ment of Natural Resources, shall have the power to
     acquire, either by negotiation or by exercise of the
     power of eminent domain, land which has been affected
     or disturbed by strip or auger mining, which now
     consists of orphan banks or unreclaimed spoil piles,
     and which in its present state is hazardous or
     otherwise detrimental to the health and safety of
     the citizens of the Commonwealth, and for the
     restoration of which Federal funds have been made
     available;

(2)   Prior to acquiring any land pursuant to Part 3 of
     this Act,  the Department of Natural Resources shall
     extend to the owners thereof an apportunity to
     backfill,  grade, plant and do other acts of restora-
     tion thereon to the same extent and within the same
     time limits as prescribed by Chapter 350 of the
     Kentucky Revised Statutes and regulations adopted
     pursuant thereto.   If the owner or owners agree in
     writing to perform such restoration and, weather
     permitting, start such restoration within a period
     of thirty days, the land shall not be acquired by
     the Commonwealth;

(3)   The Department of Natural Resources shall attempt
     to purchase any land which it has determined should
     be acquired for the purpose of restoration and which
     the owners have not agreed to restore as provided in
     subsection (2) above.  In any case where the Depart-
     ment and the owners of the land are unable to agree
     upon the amount to be paid for the land, the Depart-
     ment may exercise the power of eminent domain against
     such land by filing a condemnation suit under any
     procedure as provided in Chapter 416 of the Kentucky
     Revised Statutes;

(4)   The purchase price, in the case of a negotiated
     acquisition, or the damages as finally determined,
     in the case of acquisition by condemnation, and the
     necessary expenses indicental thereto, shall be paid
     from the Reclamation Fund or appropriations made by
     the General Assembly for such purposes and appro-
     priations to which Federal funds made available for
     such purposes have been credited.
                           144

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350.154  Restoration and Reclamation by Division of
Reclamation.

The Division of Reclamation shall have the power to
backfill, grade, plant and perform other acts of restora-
tion and reclamation, or contract for the performance
of such restoration work, on any lands acquired under
Part 3 of this Act, to the extent and subject to such
conditions as State or Federal Funds are appropriated
and available therefor.
                           145

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350.156  Restored Land, Transfer to State or Local
Agencies.

(1)   After restoration of the acquired land, the Department
     of Natural Resources may, with the approval of the
     Governor, transfer jurisdiction of such land, or any
     portion thereof, to any State agency that can best
     utilize such land for public purposes;

(2)   If the retention of such land is determined to be
     impractical, the Department of Natural Resources
     may, with the approval of the Governor, sell such
     land to political subdivisions of the Commonwealth
     at the cost of acquisition and restoration or public
     sale to the highest bidder.  Such land shall be
     sold subject to the condition that no strip mining
     shall be carried on thereon at any time thereafter.
     The proceeds ofvany such sale shall be credited to
     the ReclamationVFund as provided for in Section 37(2)
     of the- Act.
                            146

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350.163  Division may Accept State and Federal Funds;
Reclamation Fund Created.

(1)  The Division of Reclamation is authorized and
     empowered to receive and accept from the Common-
     wealth or any of its agencies and from Federal
     agencies appropriations or grants to accomplish the
     purposes of Part 3 of this Act, and to receive and
     accept aid or contributions from any source of either
     money, property, labor or any other things of value,
     to accomplish the purposes of Part 3 of this Act;

(2)  All funds available or paid to the Division of
     Reclamation under Part 3 of this Act, shall be
     placed in the State Treasury and credited to a special
     agency account to be designated as the Reclamation
     Fund.  Any unencumbered and any unexpended balance
     of this  fund at the end of any fiscal year shall not
     lapse but shall be carried forward for the purposes
     of Part  3 of this Act until expended or until
     appropriated by subsequent legislative action.
                            147

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                         3C, 5D
                                        SELECTED WATER RESOURCES  ABSTRACTS

                                             INPUT TRANSACTION FORM
     ,f.ar,,z<.<,on  Coiranonweajtj1 Of Kentucky,  Department of Natural Resources,
    Division of Reclamation (Grantee)
    Cyrus Wm.  Rice Division - NUS Corporation  (Consultant Contractor)
    T'"c  REVEGETATION AUGMENTATION BY REUSE  OF TREATED
         ACTIVE  SURFACE MINE DRAINAGE - FEASIBILITY STUDY
ioM «"»>**;

   Zaval, Frank J.
   Robins, John D.
                               16
Project Designation
 Environmental Protection Agency
                               2] Note
 22
    Citation
           Environmental Protection Agency report
           number EPA-R2-72-119, November 1972.
 23
   Descriptors (Starred First)

   *acid mine  drainage,  *neutralization, *irrigation,  *limestones,
   *surface mines, mine  drainage.
 25
    Identifiers (Starred First)
    *Feasibility Study,  *Kentucky, monitoring  stations.
 27 Abslracl The  objective of this study was to  determine the feasibility of
    conducting a  full-scale demonstration project  on the use of neutralized
acid mine drainage  to irrigate new vegetative  cover on regraded spoil banks.
Two active  surface  mine sites in the Commonwealth  of Kentucky were thoroughly
evaluated for  this  purpose.  Based upon this investigation, it was determined
that a site  located in the Western Coal Field  of Kentucky, near Madisonville,
was the most suitable for implementation of the revegetation concept.
  Determination of  project feasibility was based upon the performance and
results of  the following investigative measures:   waters of receiving streams
and pit discharges  were analyzed and evaluated for treatment; regraded spoil
banks were  sampled  and analyzed with respect to treatment and nutrient require-
ments necessary for vegetative survival; and weir  structures, monitor enclosures
and instruments were evaluated and selected for application in unattended
installations.
  Based upon the analyses performed, a flow diagram of a suitable limestone
neutralization facility was developed.
  Four irrigation techniques were evaluated before a high pressure spray system
was selected as the most practical means of delivering the treated drainage.
Pertinent cost estimates were developed for the construction, installation and
operation of the entire system at the selected demonstration site.
  This report  was submitted in fulfillment of  Project Number 14010 HNS under
the partial  sponsorship of the Office of Research  and Monitoring, Environmental
Protection Agency.
 Abstrnc I or
   Robert A.  Loos
                         Institution
                         Cyrus Wm.
  Rice Division - NUS Corporation
  W R : * & 2 (REV JUL.V I 9 6 9 f
  WR St C
                                       SEND TO: WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTER
                                             U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
                                             WASHINGTON. D. C 20240
        U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1972 514-150/115  1-3

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