EPA-R2-73-279
July 1973 Environmental Protection Technology Series
Phosphorus Removal
By Trickling Filter Slimes
Office Of Research And Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
-------
RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the office of Research and
Monitoring, Environmental Protection Agency, have
been grouped into five series. These five broad
categories were established to facilitate further
development and application of environmental
technology. Elimination of traditional grouping
was consciously planned to foster technology
transfer and a maximum interface in related
fields. The five series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY series. This series
describes research performed to develop and
demonstrate instrumentation, equipment and
methodology to repair or prevent environmental
degradation from point and non-point sources of
pollution. This work provides the new or improved
technology required for the control and treatment
of pollution sources to meet environmental quality
standards.
-------
EPA-R2-73-279
July 1973
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL BY' TRICKLING FILTER SLIMES
by
A. E. Zanont
Grant #17010 DZG
Project Officer
Edwfn F. Barth
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Environmental Research Center
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
for
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND MONITORING
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20460
-------
EPA Review Notice
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental
Protection Agency and approved for publication.
Approval does not signify that the contents neces-
sarily reflect the views and policies of the
Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention
of trade names or commercial products constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
11
-------
ndSTRACT
At the time this investigation was started almost ail the reported
work in the I fterature on the biologi'cal removal of phosphorus had been
with the activated sludge wastewater treatment process. Little informa-
tion was available on the trickling filter performance in this regard.
This is surprising since there are many uni'ts of this type i'n operation
in the country today. The published data plus the writer's own experi-
ence Indicated phosphorus removal for the trickling filter process from
negligible amounts to as much as 20 per cent under currently operating
schemes.
A review of recent investigations on the behavior of fixed biologi-
cal slimes plus a degree of similarity between slfme biota suggested
that the potential for phosphorus removal by trickling filters, and
other processes using slimes growing on solid surfaces, Is higher than
the values which have been reported. The primary objective of this
research project was to explore the possibility of greater phosphorus
uptakes by biological slimes growing on a solid surface as the result of
varying such conditions as slime thickness, feed constituents, growing
environment, etc.
Two laboratory units were built In an attempt to study phosphorus
uptake by biological slimes. The first consisted of four parallel discs
rotating within separate reaction vessels. Slime was grown on the discs
under many different operating conditions with little success in obtain-
ing "luxury" uptake of phosphorus. The disc slimes usually contained
1.5 to 2.5 per cent phosphorus on a dry weight basis. In the cases
where the values were above this range, ft was usually because of the
presence of the calcium added to the feed.
The other unit consisted of an inclined surface which contained
four one-half inch wide channels of varying lengths for growing slimes.
Provisions were included for varying the slope and subjecting the slime
surface to ultraviolet irradiation. Basically the results of the test
conducted on this apparatus demonstrated that phosphorus uptake on a
slfme surface Is almost entirely due to a biological mechanism with
physical adsorption playing a very minor role.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Project Number 17010 DZG
under the sponsorship of the Environmental Protection Agency by the
Department of Civil Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
53233. The Project Engineer was A. E. Zanoni.
Ul
-------
CONTENTS
Section Page
1 Conslusions 1
11 Recommendations 3
111 Introduction 4
IV Literature Review 7
V Base Objectives os Study 9
VI Analytical Procedures Employed 11
VII Analysis of Actual Trickling Filter Slimes 18
VIII Design and Construction of Laboratory Disc Apparatus 22
IX Tests Conducted with Laboratory Disc Apparatus 25
X Design and Construction of Laboratory Channel Apparatus 31
XI Tests Conducted with Laboratory Channel Apparatus 34
XII Discussion of Results 39
XIII Acknowledgements 50
XIV References 51
XV Appendix 54
-------
FIGURES
Figure No. Title
I Schematic of Laboratory Disc 23
Apparatus
2 Photographs of Disc Apparatus 24
3 Schematic of Channel Apparatus 32
4 Photograph of Channel Apparatus 33
vf
-------
TABLES
Table
4
5
8
10
II
12
13
Title
Analysis of Trickling Filter Slimes
From Six Plants In the Milwaukee
Area
Effect of Refrigerated Storage of Waukesha
Trickling Filter Slime on Phosphorus
Level
Effect of Room Temperature Storage of
Actual Trickling Filter Slimes on
Phosphorus Level
Effect of 35°C Storage of Actual Trickling
Filter Slimes on Phosphorus Level
Effect of Anaerobic Storage at 35°C of
Waukesha Plant Slime on Phosphorus
Levels (Run No. I)
Effect of Anaerobic Storage at 35°C of
Waukesha Plant Slime on Phosphorus
Levels (Run No. 2)
Effect of Anaerobic Storage at 35°C of
Laboratory Slime on Phosphorus
LeveIs
Effect of Anaerobic Storage at 35°C of
Waukesha Plant Slime on Phosphorus
LeveIs
Effect of Anaerobic Storage at 35°C of
Waukesha Plant Slime on Phosphorus
LeveIs
Effect of Anaerobic Storage at 35°C of
Laboratory Slime on Phosphorus
LeveIs
Total Hardness of Trickling Filter Slimes
Log of All Test Runs Conducted with Disc
Apparatus
Analysis of Disc Slimes at Varying Speeds
and Different Growing Conditions
Appendix - 55
Appendix - 60
Appendix - 61
Appendix - 64
Appendix - 66
Appendix - 68
Appendix - 70
Appendix - 71
Appendix - 73
Appendix - 76
Appendix - 78
Appendix - 79
Appendix - 89
vl
-------
TABLES (Continued)
Table
14
Title
Page
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Percent Calcium and Magnesium In Disc
S11mes
Analysis of Channel Slimes Preliminary
Runs
Feed and Effluent Analyses RemovaI-Storage
Comparison Runs on Channel Apparatus
Analysis of Channel Slimes RemovaI-Storage
Comparison Runs
Feed and Effluent Analyses Ultraviolet
Studies on Channel Apparatus
Feed and Effluent Analyses Starve-K!11
Study on Channel Apparatus
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis-Disc I
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis-Disc II
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis-Disc III
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis-Disc IV
Summary of Multiple Correlation and F Values
on Multiple Linear Regression Analysis
of Data From Disc Apparatus
Appendix
Appendix
Appendix
Appendix
Appendix
Appendix
41
42
43
44
45
104
109
110
114
117
119
vill
-------
SECTION I
CONCLUSIONS
!. For the analysis of total phosphorus, the ashing method proved to
be superior to the persulfate method for sludges and semi-sol ids
like biological slimes. Due to its simplicity and accuracy the per-
sulfate method is still recommended for the routine analysis of
water and wastewater samples.
2. A satisfactory method was developed for estimating the per cent
carbon in slime samples by using a modified COD procedure.
3. A large number of slime samples from six different trickling filter
plants in the Milwaukee area were analyzed with the results that
the volatile solids were mostly in the 70 to 80$ range, phosphorus
in the 2 to 3$ range, nitrogen in the 6 to Q% range and carbon in
the 40 to 50/S range.
4. A number of tests were conducted In which slimes from actual trick-
ling filters were incubated under anaerobic conditions and the
phosphorus release properties were examined. Initially a small
amount of phosphorus Is released to the surrounding liquid but the
bulk of it remains tied up in the solid fraction. This indicates
that most likely most of the phosphorus in actual slimes is tied up
in chemical precipitates.
5. Slfmes were grown on the disc apparatus under varying feed and en-
vironmental conditions. The amount of total phosphorus in the
slime varied from approximately 0.3 to 3.0$ for all the test runs
conducted. The low values occurred under conditions of phosphorus
deficiency in the feed, whereas the high value usually occurred
when some calcium hardness was added to the feed.
6. The results of the disc study indicated that there Is little like-
lihood of Increasing the amount of biologically stored phosphorus
much over 2.0 to 2.5 percent. This means for most municipal waste-
waters, a phosphorus removal of less than 20$ will usually be
achieved under ideal conditions, considering average hardness and
the present phosphorus levels in raw wastewater. Chemical addition
will be required to increase phosphorus removals above this level.
7. It Is difficult to control the biological removal of phosphorus by
slimes at any given level, which means the biological phenomenon In-
volving phosphorus uptake Is much more random or unpredictable than
the better known carbon removal kinetics.
8. Through the use of the channel apparatus a clearer Insight as to
the mechanism of phosphorus uptake on a slime surface was obtained.
-------
The mechanism was shown to be almost entirely due to biological ac-
tivity. Physical adsorption which is very important In the soil
regime, is of little Importance when it comes to slimes growing on
solid surfaces. Had physical adsorption proven to be more signifi-
cant, this would have had interesting implications in the design of
treatment units using biological slimes.
-------
SECTION I I
RECOMMENDATIONS
At the time that this study was proposed a number of papers had
occurred in the literature purporting that luxury biologfcal storage
of phosphorus was possible in the activated sludge process under
certain plant operational and environmental conditions. Those observa-
tions plus the fact that little was known about the trickling filter
process in this regard served as the primary impetus for this study.
It has since been fairly well established that the luxury uptake
of phosphorus in the activated sludge process was probably due to
chemtcal precipitation with the normal hardness-causing cations under
favorable pH conditions. It is the conclusion of this study that the
biological removal of phosphorus by slimes growing on sol I'd surfaces
is also quite limited, simply because the quantity of biologically
fixed phosphorus in slime on a dry weight basis will not exceed 2.5%
regardless of environmental and operating conditions. Phosphorus must
be incorporated into the sludge if it is to be removed from a waste-
water. The only practical way of achieving this in the trickling
filter process is by chemical addition. The results of this study
strongly suggest that further investigation along the lines of this
reported study not be encouraged. The only situation in which biologi-
cal removal of phosphorus might be worth considering is the case of a
wastewater with a high carbon to phosphorus ratio. Even under this
ideal case it will probably be found that the control of the operation
wiI I be quite difficult.
As far as phosphorus removal from trickling filter plants Ts
concerned, it is recommended that further study be given to opt frot2Ing
chemical methods, with particular attention being given to.type of
chemical, point of application, and effect of recirculatlon schemes.
It is also recommended that further attention be given to the fate of
phosphorus once it is incorporated in the plant sludge, particularly
if anaerobic digesters are involved.
-------
SECTION I II
INTRODUCTION
The fact that the rapid euthrophfeat ton of many lakes throughout
this country Is one of the major water resources problems today needs no
real convfncfng. There Ts almost unantmous agreement among water experts
from government, education and industry that this problem is one of the
most vexing ones challenging the water resources field presently and
most probably for many years in the future. Numerous articles which
have appeared in the technical journals and other publications in the
last decade or so concur that the rate of natural aging of many Inland
lakes has been accelerating in recent years, and that this upward trend
is the result of the increasing quantities of "nutrients" which are
finding their way to these waters (I) (2) (3). These additional loads
stem primarily from the varied activities of man residing in the water-
shed. Most investigators agree that the most important "nutrients" are
the various inorganic forms of nitrogen and phosphorus. Of the two
elements, the current thinking appears to be that the latter is usually
the "limiting" one, meaning, of course, that the extent of eutrophic
activity is governed principally by the concentration of the phosphate ion
One principal source of phosphorus to natural water bodies is the
effluent of wastewater treatment plants. A recent study by Ferguson (4),
for example, showed that 44 to 56 percent of man-generated sources of
phosphorus in U. S. waters originate from domestic sewage. Another
report (5) prepared by FWPCA for the Great Lakes Region states that,
"about two-thfrds of the present annual supply of phosphate going into
Lake Michigan (estimated to be about 15 million pounds) comes from
municipal and industrial wastewaters".
Information of this nature has been the major impetus in recent
years to develop methods for effective phosphorus removal from waste-
waters. Early work has been devoted to chemical removal methods which
have proved to be effective but comparatively costly. Removal of
phosphorus by activated sludge treatment has been shown to be possible
at certain plants and under certain operating conditions but there are
still some unanswered questions in this area. Very little and inconclu-
sive information is presently available on the potentiality for
phosphorus removal by trickling filters.
There has been discussion in some quarters that interest fn phos-
phorus will wane If in fact phosphate detergent builders are replaced
wTth other materials. Assuming as an extreme that all the phosphorus
is taken out of the detergent formulations, the concentration of phos-
phorus in municipal wastewaters from human wastes alone will still be
in the"range of 3 to 4 mg/l. With an increasing population this amount
can continue to have a deleterious effect on receiving waters. This lower
value does offer a greater possibility of removing a large percentage
of the influent phosphorus through the optimization of current biologl-
-------
cal processes alone, and without chemical additions. This prospect Is
quite dim with the current phosphorus concentrations In wastewaters.
Assuming solids removal Is not a problem, all biological wastewater
treatment methods depend upon one essential fact, that Is, the optimal
growth of microorganisms. It Is through this growth that soluble organ-
Ics (or biochemical oxygen demanding materials) are Incorporated Into
part IcuI ate mass or sludge. In addition this growth requires the
presence of nutrients, growth factors and trace salts In the wastewater
to be treated. Two nutrients of principal concern are nitrogen and
phosphorus since limitations In either could Impair the growth of the or-
ganism Involved. Optimum growth necessitates that a balanced quantity
of organic matter (carbon) and nutrients be available. A wastewater
would be considered nutritionally balanced with a carbon:nitrogen: phos-
phorus ratio of approximately 50:5:1. This means that the actively
growing microorganism In the bio-mass of a biological treatment plant
would be extracting these elements In approximately this proportion
assuming, of course, proper environmental conditions as well as the
proper ratio of bio-mass to available food. If the bio-mass or sludge
Is effectively removed from the system, the effluent discharged should
contain low quantities of carbonaceous matter and nutrients.
Usually, however, the above situation Is not the case and because
of poor operation or nutritional Imbalance, nutrients are present In the
final effluent of a biological treatment process. It Is not unusual,
for example, for the carbon: nitrogen: phosphorus ratio of a domestic
wastewater to be In the range of 10:5:1 which means, of course, that It
Is nutrient rich. In such a case It Is very difficult to produce an
effluent low In nitrogen and phosphorus through biological synthesis
mechanisms alone.
This study is concerned with the removal of phosphorus by trickling
filter slimes. The removal,of phosphorus by means of blo-sllmes of the
type present on a trickling >fliter medium or surface Is governed by the
same limitations stated above. Considering the nutritional balance con-
cept there Is no question that some amount of phosphorus will be Incor-
porated into the bio-mass following contact with the wastewater stream.
The question Is, however, can this amount be enhanced by employing cer-
tain operational schemes? Is there theoretically a range of biological
phosphorus uptake possibilities depending upon certain environmental or
operational conditions? The above questions do not preclude the certain-
ty that a biological maximum uptake does exist, since It can be stated
unequivocally that It does exist. The questions, are directed to an
elucidation of the possible enhancement of phosphorus storage In the
slime, and to a better understanding of the reasons for the variations
In reported values of phosphorus removal by trickling filter plants. It
Is to these ends that this research project Is primarily directed.
In a sense, the significance of this research can best be described
by considering a hypothetical community with a population of approxlmat-
-------
ely 1,000. This community finds Itself In the same quagmire that many
other small communities throughout the U.S. find themselves. Assume
that It has an existing trickling filter plant which Is common for small
communities. The plant is up to capacity and operating as well as can
be expected on a BOD and suspended solids basis. It Is located In the
watershed of an Inland lake and regulatory agencies have decided with
valid reasons that phosphorus discharges must be abated or significantly
reduced. The questions that a community In this situation first ask are
what alternatives are available? Is chemical treatment the only answer?
Is there any way In which the existing plant can be operated which will
enhance the amount of phosphorus removal using existing plant facilities
or with minor modification or additions of equipment? If chemical treat-
ment must be used, what is the most effective method of Its Implementa-
tion with an existing trickling filter plant?
-------
SECTION IV
LITERATURE REVIEW
Recent literature reviews by Nesbitt (6), Campbell (7) and Spiegel
and Forrest (8) on the topic of phosphorus removal divide the present
available schemes under three main headings. They are chemical methods,
biological methods and combined biological-chemical methods.
Of these methods, earliest attention has been given to the chemical
methods. These methods Involve the use of calcium, aluminum or iron
salts to precipitate the phosphate ion out of solution. The work of
Malhotra et al. (9), Duff et al. (10), Wukasch(ll), Leary and Ernest(l2)
and Schmid and McKlnney (13) among numerous other works, have all
clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of phosphorus removal from waste-
water using this scheme. Recent works by Ferguson et al. (14), (15),
have demonstrated, however, that this chemical precipitation mechanism
is not a simple one but rather quite complex because of the significant
effect of such variables as pH, time, carbonate and magnesium concentra-
tion. In addition, these studies have cast new light on the biological
vs. chemical phosphorus removal mechanism arguments which have appeared
in the literature in recent years.
Following the interesting investigations of Levin and Shapiro (16),
Vacker et al. (17) and Sea If et al. (18), there has been much Interest
in the biological methods of phosphorus removal. Most of the recently
reported investigations have, in addition to the three noted above, been
confined to the activated sludge wastewater treatment process. In all
of these investigations it was demonstrated that under controlled oper-
ational conditions excess or "luxury" uptake of phosphorus by the acti-
vated sludge mass can be accomplished. The rapid removal of a fixed
percentage of this phosphorus enriched sludge in the final clarlflers
results in the phosphorus removal from the wastewater. Early studies
have concluded that the phosphorus removal activity Is the result pri-
marily of a biochemical mechanism, whereas more recent studies (19),(20),
(21), (22), (23) suggest that other factors In addition to biochemical
ones may also be operative.
The combined biological-chemical methods are merely the combination
of the methods already discussed. The metal salts are generally added
to the mixed liquor of the activated sludge aeration basin causing both
a chemical and biological fixation of the soluble phosphate Ion. Methods
of this type have been described by Nesbitt (6), Hubbell (19), Barth
et al. (24) and Brenner (25).
Somewhat related to the above topics Is the question of phosphorus
release during the digestion of waste biological sludges and the Impact
of supernatant recycling on overall phosphorus removal. Interesting
studies addressed to the question have been reported by Rtes et al.(26),
Dunseth et al. (27), and Malhotra et al. (28).
-------
A review of the literature shows rather surprisingly a serious
dearth of Information on the effectiveness of the trickling filter
process for phosphorus removal. Though one of the most often used bio-
logical treatment processes, It Is almost totally Ignored In most re-
ports or studies dealing with phosphorus removal. The writer became In-
terested In the performance of trickling filters In this regard after
conducting a few phosphorus removal surveys at several small trickling
filter plants In the Milwaukee metropolitan area. The results all clear-
ly showed that poor to negligible removals were being obtained.
The data that are available In the literature seem to concur with
the above findings. Vacker et al. (17) presented some data from four
large trickling filter plants showing phosphate reductions varying from
2 to 22 percent. HubbelI (19) stated flatly that, "Experience has Indi-
cated that the trickling process will not remove soluble phosphate".
Brenner (25) and Barth et al. (29), recently presented some preliminary
results on a full plant scale study at Falrborn, Ohio. After a four-
week study where they dosed one-third of the 3 mgd plant with sodium alurn-
Inate just prior to distribution on the rock media, they obtained an
overall phosphorus removal of 65 percent. The phosphorus removal across
a control filter at the same plant was only 15 percent. A rather lengthy
report was recently written by Benson (30) In which he reported on the
performance of four trickling filter plants In Wisconsin. In the case
of phosphorus, both the literature review and the actual operating data
strongly concur with what already has been stated above, that Is, phos-
phorus removals by trickling filter plants Is generally below 20 percent.
Finally, a recent study by Jebens and Boyle (31), using a pilot unit,
showed that "luxury" uptake of phosphorus was really the result of chem-
ical precipitation of phosphorus with cations present In the hard water
wastewater.
Upon examination of some of the recent Interesting works by
Hartmann (32), Kornegay and Andrews (33) and Maler et al. (34) on the
kinetics of substrate removal by fixed slimes, It Is difficult to accept
without question that the trickling filter process has no potential for
exhanced phosphorus removal. Though these studies were concerned with
uptake of soluble carbon compounds, nutritive balance requirements and
luxury uptake possibilities suggest higher phosphorus uptake rates than
present evidence Indicates Is possible. Also, the similarity of this
biota to that found In the activated sludge process - - at least from
the standpoint of the basic types of micro-organisms rather than the
relative numbers of each - - further suggests the possibility of higher
uptake rates.
-------
SECTION V
BASIC OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The primary objective of this Investigation was to study In detail
the behavior and characteristics of fixed biological slimes from the
standpoint of phosphorus uptake. The study was confined almost exclu-
sively to the laboratory phase of this problem, and It was not the origi-
nal Intention to Include any full scale trickling filter plant operation-
al studies relative to the question of phosphorus removal. It was hoped,
however, that the results of this work might suggest certain operational
or design changes of the trickling filter process tn order to enhance
phosphorus removal. The fact that soluble phosphorus might be recycled
to the head end of the treatment plant as a result of Its release Into
digester supernatant liquor was not of concern to this study. Of course,
this would be of concern In an actual plant. The principal objective
of this study was to examine the factors which control or have some Im-
pact on the quantity of phosphorus which Is "biochemically" Incorporated
Into fixed media slimes. Once the phosphorus Is Incorporated Into the
slime It Is In effect removed from the soluble phase. To keep the phos-
phorus In the slime and to remove It from the plant becomes a sludge
disposal problem. Admittedly this latter question Is not a simple one
and, In fact, could be one of the principal stumbling blocks In effective
biological phosphorus removal. At any rate, this aspect of phosphorus
removal was not considered to be within the scope of this Investigation.
To put It very succinctly, the primary Intention of this study was to es-
tablish If certain environmental conditions or cell growth factors cause
an Increase In the amount of phosphorus stored In the biological slime.
Could this Increase then be repeated using the same set of conditions?
Is the Initial phosphorus uptake mechanics more the result of biochem-
ical or physical adsorption activities? Will the presence of metallic
cations to the level found In moderately hard to hard ground waters en-
hance the amount of "biological" uptake? Will a greater percentage of
algal growth In the biological slime result In more phosphorus storage
In the slime? What would be the Impact of such factors as dissolved oxy-
gen, slime thickness, nutrient balance, type of carbon source, among
others, on the amount of stored phosphorus? All of these questions
would appear to be of theoretical Interest only, but upon further reflec-
tion, they all suggest certain operational or design changes which could
be easily Incorporated Into a trickling filter process.
In order to achieve the above stated objectives, an effective means
of growing fixed biological slimes had to be developed. Upon reflection,
It was decided to use a rotating disc apparatus for this purpose. In
contrast to a full scale trickling filter, In the disc apparatus the
media moves past the substrate. This difference was not felt to be Im-
portant since the main objective of the apparatus Is to grow copious
amounts of slime as quickly and as simply as possible. In order to ,
evaluate a number of different conditions, the unit was constructed so
that four completely Isolated para I lei units could be operated at the
-------
same time.
In addition to the disc apparatus, another experimental unit was
constructed to study the mechanism of phosphorus uptake on biological
slime. This apparatus is referred to as the "channel" unit. Four paral-
lel channels of different lengths for growing slimes were constructed on
a movable platform. Provisions were also Included to inactivate the bio-
logical slimes growing in the channels. Both of these units will be de-
scribed in greater detail further on In the report.
-------
SECTION VI
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES EMPLOYED
Except for the analyses and modifications to be described below,
the latest edition of Standard Methods (35) was employed as the princi-
pal guide in conducting all the analyses used in this investigation.
In all cases, controls and blanks were Included with all sets of samples
which had to be analyzed. Standard curves were checked repeatedly. On
several random occasions during the course of the study, new control
samples were set up and analyzed. Also a number of different analysts
cross-checked procedures.
Total Phosphorus Analysis
Obviously one of the most Important analyses of this study was the
one for total phosphorus. The term "total phosphorus" can be somewhat
misleading and frequently results are misinterpreted because of this
problem. In this study total phosphorus analysis as applied to biologi-
cal slime samples, is the sum total of all phosphorus contained in a
weighted quantity of the material. For most of the slime grown on the
laboratory apparatus, this phosphorus is primarily the organically bound
phosphorus. However, it should be understood that this analysis Includes
also any phosphorus which might be In the Inorganic partlculate form.
Furthermore, because the slime units were fed with a substrate containing
soluble orthophosphate (and in a few cases soluble complex phosphate) it
Is conceivable that this analysis Includes some of these forms also,
assuming some of the liquid film adheres to the slime surface. Prior to
analysis, however, slime surfaces were routinely washed with distilled
water to remove as much of the soluble ortho-phosphates as possible.
At the time that this Investigation was initiated, a number of
methods were being used for total phosphorus analysis, but none of these
were considered satisfactory in releasing completely the organically
bound phosphorus. Recently, some methods have been developed using
strong oxldants to liberate the organically bound phosphorus. One such
method, the "persulfate method," has shown promise due to Its simplicity
and superiority over other oxidants. However, there was still much vari-
ation in the literature regarding the procedure which should be employed.
The "ashing method" has been considered a complete oxidation method but
It Is a very time consuming method. A comparison study of these two
methods was conducted to evaluate them In depth for the use In water and
wastewater analyses.
For method development, an organic compound of phosphorus (B-glycer-
ophosphorlc acid—dlsodlum salt) was chosen to prepare a standard solu-
tion such that I ml = 0.001 mg P.
In the persulfate method, a number of variables were optimized such
as (a) amount of ICSJDg, (b) amount of 30JK H2SO., (c) boiling time, and
II
-------
(d) neutralization technique prior to blue color development for color-
Imetric test.
In the ashing method, the variables examined were (a) amount of
MgCI *6H20 (13.67? solution), (b) ashing temperature, (c) ashing time,
(d) amount of 30$ I-LSO., and (e) time of heating for hydrolysis.
After developing these two methods for total phosphorus analysis, a
method evaluation was conducted by analyzing the various water and waste-
water samples listed below which range from liquid to solid samples:
MlIwaukee river water, Menomonee river water, MIIwaukee raw sewage,
Milwaukee secondary effluent, biological slime, primary sludge, secondary
sludge from the Waukesha trickling filter plant, mixed liquor suspended
solids, return activated sludge, and vacuum filter cake. While the com-
plete details of this study are presented elsewhere (36), the general
findings are presented below:
(a) The persulfate method Is capable of analyzing up to 10 mg
of total P In the sample without dilution. In other words,
concentrated samples can be treated first and the dilution
can be made afterwards. Similar findings were obtained for
the ashing method up to 20 mg P.
(b) The persulfate method gave very satisfactory recovery over
a wide range of samples, within ±5^; except for the samples
of mixed liquor suspended solids, return sludge, and filter
cake. The poor recovery with the latter samples Is probab-
ly due to the Interference of Iron present In high concen-
trations. The ashing method appeared to overcome this
shortcoming.
(c) The ashing method proved to be superior for sludges and
semi-solid samples and worked as well as the persulfate
method for liquid samples,
(d) Due to simplicity, ease, and quickness of the persulfate
method, this method should find wide application for the
routine analysis of water and wastewater samples.
Following the above comparative studies, plus additional ancillary
studies concerning the neutral IzatIon step and hydrolysis time which were
reported In an earlier progress report (37), It was decided that the
"ashing method" for total phosphorus analysis would be the most accurate
for this particular Investigation. The final procedure employed Is as
follows:
The slime was dried In a weighed crucible at I03°C for 8 hours.
After drying, It was returned to a desslcator and cooled for 8 hours and
weighed again. Following weighing, 2 ml of I3.67J6 MgClj were pipetted
Into the crucible containing the dried sample. The mixture was evaporated
to dryness at I03°C, then ashed at 600°C for 2 hours. After cooling,
12
-------
3 ml 3056 H7SO. were pipetted into the crucible and the sample was hydro-
lyzed on a steam table at 95°C for not less than 45 rain., but not more
than 60 mln. Immediately following hydrolysis, the sample was quantita-
tively transferred to a 200 ml volumetric flask and diluted to mark with
deionlzed water. The contents of the flask were thoroughly shaken, and
a 2 ml aliquot (or volume to give a %T not less than 20 nor greater than
80) was transferred to a nessler tube. The sample was diluted with de-
ionized water, I drop of phenophthalein indicator was added, and 5N
NaOH was added, drop by drop, shaking after each addition, until the
first pink color remained after shaking. The sample was then diluted to
mark (100 ml) with delonized water. Four ml ammonium molybdate reagent
(See Ref. 35) and 0.5 ml (10 drops) stannous chloride reagent were added,
with thorough shaking after each addition. After 10 minutes, but before
12 minutes, using the same specific time interval for all determinations,
the color was photometrically measured on a Beckman D.B. Spectrophoto-
meter using a I cm light-path at a wavelength of 690 mu and compared to
a standard calibration curve. A blank was also set up using deionlzed
water plus all the same reagents used In the sample. The phosphorus
content was recorded at a %P on a total dry weight basis.
Standard calibration curves have been made for orthophosphate using
KhLPO. as a standard, complex phosphorus using Na,-P,0|0 as a standard,
ana organic phosphorus using B-glycerophosphorlc acid as a standard.
KJeldahl Nitrogen Analysis
The Kjeldahl nitrogen test following the procedure In Standard Meth-
ods. (35) was first run on a standard glutamlc acid solution (.2gN/L) to
determine recovery and reproduclbiIIty. Due to the nature of the samples
to be used In this study (solids rather than liquids), a modification had
to be made as to the form of the sample used. In this study, the sample
was dried at I03°C for 8 hours, cooled In a dessicator for 8 hours, and
weighed. It was then quantitatively transferred to a Kjeldahl flask with
300 ml of delonized water. Since It Is Important that all the dried
sample be transferred, It was necessary to carefully scrape the sample
from the crucible with a glass stirring rod. From this point on the
analysis followed the digestion and distillation procedure as described
in Standard Methods (35) and thus both the nitrogen In the ammonia and
organic forms were Included. The results were expressed as #sl on a dry
weight basis as follows:
,(NIns|llne= intrant) (0.028)
dry weight
assuming, of course, that the normality of the titrant was equal to 0.02
and the dry weight was expressed In grams.
Chemical Oxygen Demand •
The chemical oxygen demand analysis according to Standard Methods(35)
was first run on a standard glucose solution (.4 mgC/ml) to determine
13
-------
recovery and reproduclb! 1 Ity. Again, due to the nature of the samples,
a modification had to be made In the procedure. Due to the large
amount of oxld Izab I e material present In the samples, It was not possible
to use all of the dry weight. It was decided to wash and scrape the
dried and weighed sample Into a Waring Blender with delonlzed water and
to thoroughly blend for 10 minutes, washing down the sides of the con-
tainer several times with delonlzed water. The liquid was then quanti-
tatively transferred to a 500 ml volumetric flask and diluted to mark
with delonlzed water. After thorough shaking, a suitable aliquot (usual-
ly 10 ml for actual trickling filter slimes and 20 ml for disc slimes)
was taken and transferred to a COD flask. If less than 20 ml of sample
was used, the volume was brought to 20 ml with delonlzed water. From
this point on, the analysis followed the procedure outlined In Standard
Methods (55).
Initially, the results were recorded only as - ^ — • — r—r-r — , but
after a short time, It was decided to express them 88 rn"^ Kas?s of #C
on a dry weight basis by assuming that the reaction taking place In the
exertion of the oxygen demand Is mainly due to the oxidation of carbon-
aceous matter to carbon dioxide. Considering the ratio of the molecular
weights of carbon to oxygen In the formation of carbon dioxide, the %C
was estimated from the COD data as follows:
- mg COD 3 |OQ
x I0°
mg dry weight
The validity of the above assumption was checked by comparing the %C as
determined by the COD procedure against #C as determined by a total
carbon analysis conducted In another laboratory. This comparison was
made on three separate occasions using both slimes from the laboratory
disc apparatus and from a full scale trickling filter. In all cases the
slime were dried and divided Into two portions, one for each of the two
5te analyses. The results are presented below:
Sample #1 - Disc Slime % Carbon
COD procedure, Duplicate Analysis 45.1
47.8
Total carbon analyzer, Private Lab. 47.9
Sample #2 - Waukesha Trickling Filter
COD procedure . 48.8
Total carbon analyzer, Private Lab. 41.3
Sample #3 - Disc SI Ime
COD procedure (Triplicate Analyses) 42.6
42.0
41.3
14
-------
Sample #3 - Disc Slime (cont. % Carbon
Total carbon analyzer, Private Lab. 43,7
As noted, except for the case of the actual trickling filter slime, the
two procedures compared very well. The disparity In the actual slime
results may have been due to Interfering materials present In the slime.
At any rate, the results were felt to be close enough to continue ex-
pressing the COD analysis results In terms of Jfc In the slime on a total
dry weight basis.
Metal IIc Ions
Of early Interest In the study was the development of a reliable
procedure for the analysis of calcium, magnesium, Iron and total hardness
In the slime. Because of numerous Interfering substances in the slime,
particularly actual trickling filter slime, these procedures offered
many more problems than had been anticipated.
First much attention was given to evaluating different digestion
procedures; namely, using a mixture of nitric and perchloric acids, and
using the dry ashing method suggested by Menar and Jenkins (38). In the
case of the calcium and total hardness analysis, the samples were titra-
ted with EDTA following the digestion step. Poor endpolnts In the tltra-
tlon step stimulated a search for an Improved Indicator or for inhibitors
of Interfering substances. The details of these ancillary studies were
presented In an earlier progress report (37). With the help of a paper
which appeared In Ana Iy11caI Chem i stry (39), the following tltratlon pro-
cedures were fInally establI shed
(I) TotaI Hardness
a. Pipette an amount of sample Into a porcelain dish and
dilute with deIonized water to a volume of 50 ml.
b. Add 5-6 ml of buffer and stir; then add 0.25 gm of NaCN
and stir;
(the added buffer Is needed to offset the effects
of the hydrolysis of CN In water. The ph must
be adjusted to about 10 to effectively perform
the tltratlon)
c. Add 4 drops of ErI chrome Black T Indicator solution to
the dish. , :
d. Add 0.005M EDTA tltrant slowly, with continuous stirring,
until the last reddish tinge disappears. The endpolnt
Is taken as. that point at which the solution turns to a
definite blue color.
15
-------
e. Calculate total hardness as mg/IIter of CaCO, as
follows:
hardness .
-------
c. Ash at 800°C In a muffle furnace for one hour.
d, Add 5 ml of 2N HCI and digest on a steam table for one hour.
e. Transfer quantitatively to 100 ml volumetric flask and add
10 ml of Lanthanum Oxide solution (\% La, 5% HCI) and I ml
of potassium chloride solution (100 mg K per ml).
f. Dilute to 100 ml mark with delonlzed water.
g. Analyze sample on the atomic absorption unit according to In-
struction manual and obtain magnitude from an appropriate
standard curve.
h. Express Ca or Mg In terms of % of dry weight of slime.
The original method used to analyze for Iron In the digested slime
sample was basically the phenanthrolIne method of Standard Methods (35).
Interferences caused rather erratic results and extracting the Iron with
Iso-propyl ether proved to be burdensome and the results still question-
able. The acquisition of the atomic absorption unit proved to be the
final solution of this problem.
17
-------
SECTION VI I
ANALYSIS OF ACTUAL TRICKLING FILTER SLIMES
In order to obtain some background data on biological slimes, it was
decided to run phosphorus, nitrogen and COD analyses on actual trickling
filter plant slimes. The slime was scraped from the surface rock media
of six municipal plants in the Milwaukee area. All of the plants are
within 25 miles of the City of Mi'lwaukee, Four of the plants treat flows
of less than one MGD. These plants are located in Cedarburg, Germantown,
Hales Corners and Saukville. The Menomonee Falls plant handles a flow
of approximately one MGD, whereas the Waukesha plant handles an average
flow of 10 MGD.
After the slime sample was brought to the laboratory, the slime
sample was stirred thoroughly before taking aliquots for analysis. Usually
the slime had a very dark green color, generally it had an earthy odor, and
occasionally it was teeming with small (1/4 inch) pink sludge worms. The
si fine was analyzed in triplicate for volatile sol fds, total phosphorus,
nitrogen and COD. As discussed previously the mg of COD per mg of dry
weight was converted to percent carbon for convenience of expression.
The slimes were analyzed at vari'ous times to determine if marked varia-
tions occur with seasons of the year.
ResuIts on Fresh TrIck Iing F i Iter SIf mes
A summary of the slime analyses is presented in Table I (Appendix).
The results are expressed in terms of percent of total dry weight of
sample. The values did not vary markedly from plant to plant. The vola-
tile solids were mostly in the 70 to 80 percent range, phosphorus in the
2 to 3 percent range, nitrogen i'n the 6 to 8 percent range and carbon in
the 40 to 50 percent range.
Slime Washing Procedure
Originally the method for washing the slime was to add deionlzed
water to the sample, mix well, and filter with paper on a Buchner funnel
using suction. This washing procedure was carrfed out 3 times. There
were several drawbacks to this method and they made it undesirable. Even
using coarse filter paper, the pores quickly became clogged. To remove
the slime from the filter paper, It was necessary to scrape it off and
there was the possibility of also scraping paper Into the sample.
The second method tried, and eventually used, was centrifugatlon.
Deionized water was added to the sample and mixed well. The liquor was
then put Into bottles and centrifuged at 3000 RPM (or approximately 2000 g)
for approximately 20 minutes. After this, the supernatant was drawn off
and discarded. Fresh deionized water was added to the bottle, and the
entire procedure was then repeated. In all, three washings were made
on the si!me.
18
-------
Effect of Storage on Phosphorus in the Slime
There has been some evidence published In the technical literature
that the storage of bio-mass under low or zero dissolved oxygen condi-
tions results in the release of organically bound phosphorus to the
surrounding liquid environment. Most of this reported work has been
done with activated sludges. There Is also evidence that If the phos-
phorus Is tied up in an inorganic complex, the release Is markedly re-
duced.
It was felt of interest to examine this behavior in actual trickling
filter slimes. After storing the slime for a designated period of time
in a sealed container, a sample of the sludge was taken for analysis and
washed In the manner already described to remove the "solublIized" phos-
phorus. Low oxygen level in the bulk of the stored sludge was evidenced
by the strong septic odors and the darkening of the sludge with time.
The volatile solids also decreased with time of storage.
The results of one storage test is presented in Table 2 (Appendix)
in which the slime sample was stored in a refrigerator (approximately
4°C). Thus biological activity was reduced and any phosphorus changes in
the bio-mass could be attributed to this condition. As noted, however,
the stored phosphorus remained constant during the 15 day period. Also
there was no difference between the initial untreated slime sample and
the initial washed sample, indicating that all the phosphorus is held
tenaciously within the slime matrix or held by adsorpttve forces to the
siIme exterior.
The results of room temperature storage on phosphorus release is pre-
sented in Table 3 (Appendix) using slimes from three different plants.
The results were no different from that of the refrigerated samples. The
fact that the phosphorus percentage increased with time of storage is the
result of the decrease In volatile solids with time.
The results of 35°C storage on phosphorus percentages In the sludge
is presented in Table 4 (Appendix). As noted, the results are not marked-
ly different from those obtained under room temperature conditions. Also
there was little difference in the behavior of the slimes from the differ-
ent plants.
Effect of Anaerobic Storage on Phosphorus In the Slime
The preliminary results on the effect of storage on phosphorus
levels In actual trickling filter slimes were of interest and prompted
further studies along these lines. It was decided to store the slime
under truly anaerobic conditions and at an elevated temperature to speed
up the rate of biological activity. Approximately 100 ml of trickling
filter slime was placed In a 500 ml Erlenmeyer flask and the remainder
of the flask was filled with deionized water. The flask was tightly
sealed with a water trap device so that generated gases could be re-
leased. A very small void space was provided between the surface of the
19
-------
supernatant liquid and the bottom of the stopper. Samples of super-
natant were taken at various times and analyzed for ortho-phosphate.
Deionized water was added to the flask to compensate for the sampling
loss. A number of flasks were set up in order to make it possible to
periodically analyze the slime Itself during the degradation process.
When this was done, the flask content was discarded and the phosphorus
was then monitored in a new flask.
The results of two of these studies are presented in Tables 5 and 6
(Appendix). As noted In both test runs, the supernatant phosphorus built
up to a maximum value of approximately 200 mg/l within four days and re-
mained fairly constant beyond this time up to 26 days of anaerobic stor-
age. There Is an apparent Inconsistency In the fact that as the super-
natant phosphorus level increased, the percentage phosphorus value in
the slime remained the same or even increased. As noted previously, the
phosphorus percent is calculated on a total dry weight basis and the de-
struction in volatile solids tends to mask the overall decrease in the
phosphorus present in the solid fraction. Considering the data in Table
6 (Appendix) and expressing the percentages of phosphorus In terms of
the solids in the slime, shows that this value was approximately 16 per-
cent at the start of incubation and 10 percent 25 days later.
The same approach described above was attempted using a composite
slime from the four discs of the laboratory apparatus. The results of
this test are presented in Table 7 (Appendix). This test run was beset
with more problems than was the case with the actual trickling filter
slimes. The laboratory slime was very light and fluffy and tended to
rise up to the supernatant liquid during the anaerobic storage period or
when disturbed slightly In the process of obtaining the sample. As a
consequence the data obtained were somewhat erratic. However, it is evi-
dent that there was release of phosphorus to the supernatant. Better than
50 percent of the phosphorus remained in (or with) the slime even after
13 days, which Is particularly surprising since this phosphorus was
supposedly metabo11caI Iy incorporated into the slime.
Finally, three additional anaerobic storage studies were conducted,
two using actual trickling filter slimes and one using laboratory disc
slime, but with the difference that the percent carbon and nitrogen In
the slime were also monitored. The results of these studies are present-
ed in Tables 8, 9 and 10 (Appendix).
As noted In all three cases, an immediate supernatant build-up In
phosphorus occurs within 5 to 7 days and remains fairly constant from
that time on. It could be reasoned that In the case of the actual trick-
ling filter slimes the phosphorus released Immediately was from organic
sources while that held in the slimes was Inorganically bound. Such
reasoning does not fully explain the results obtained with the laboratory
slime since It is expected that almost all the slime phosphorus is organ-
ically bound.
As would be expected, the percent carbon In the incubated slime
20
-------
samples also decreased with time, which means of course, the organic
carbon was converted to methane and carbon dioxide as a result of an-
aerobic decomposition. The reduction in percent nitrogen indicates that
either some of the organic nitrogen In the slime was solubalized or con-
verted to nitrogen gas. These results merely attest to the active an-
aerobic activity which took place In the vessels during the storage of
the siime samples.
Other Studies
The most likely reason for the rather limited release of phosphorus
under storage conditions is that the phosphorus In the slime is bound up
into some sort of inorganic complex. The metallic ions of calcium, mag-
nesium and iron, among others, would be involved in this complexing ac-
tivity. It is therefore of interest to have some knowledge of the "total
hardness" of the actual trickling filter slimes used In the storage ex-
periments. The procedure for hardness determination has been described
earlier In the report. The hardness values found In some of the slimes
analyzed are shown in Table II (Appendix). The results are expressed in
terms of percent as calcium carbonate. The much lower values for the lab-
oratory slime are expected since the feed solution was made with softened
water.
The high hardness values of the slime are not surprising when one
analyzes the hardness in the effluents of some of the treatment plants
used as sources of the slime. The average hardness and calcium of trip-
licate analyses of three plant effluents expressed as calcium carbonate
are presented below.
Plant Calcium (mg/l) Hardness (mq/l)
Hales Corners 210 439
Menomonee Fa 11s 300 593
Waukesha 201 388
21
-------
SECTION VIII
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF LABORATORY DISC APPARATUS
Past experience of the writer with slime growth studies, demonstra-
ted that it would be possible to use a rotating disc device to grow the
slime required for the phosphorus uptake investigation. Whereas in a con-
ventional trickling filter plant the wastewater is sprayed over a fixed
rock media, it was felt that for a laboratory set-up, it would be much
more convenient to move the media through the wastewater or test sub-
strate. Also, in contrast to an actual trickling filter plant, the basic
purpose of the laboratory disc apparatus Is to provide a convenient means
of developing copious growths of biological slimes on a solid surface,
rather than using this surface activity for the BOD reduction in the In-
fluent stream.
A schematic sketch and photographs of the laboratory disc apparatus
are presented in Figures I and 2 respectively. The apparatus was con-
structed so that it would be possible to run four test runs in parallel
at the same time. The reaction vessels and 10 Inch discs were construct-
ed of one-half inch plexiglas. The apparatus was constructed so that It
would be possible to run the entire unit under one set of conditions by
removing two plugs provided in each of the three interior separation
walls. Each reaction vessel was fed by gravity from 19 liter jugs con-
taining the feed solution. The siphon arrangement was set up so that the
inlet atmosphere air pressure point was approximately one inch above the
point of the siphon discharge line. This made it possible to obtain a
fairly uniform rate of discharge since the driving head remained constant.
The final adjustment of the discharge rate was made using a pitch-cock on
the rubber tubing used for the discharge line. An air gap was provided
between the discharge line and the influent funnel of the reaction vessel
to prevent "crawling" contamination of the feed solution with biological
slime. The discs were rotated by means of a pulley system connected to
a gear reduction unit and an electrical motor. The exact rotational
speed was accomplished using a rheostat-type unit controlling current to
the motor.
After passing through the reaction vessel and past the rotating disc,
the feed solution passed out from the bottom of the unit into a settling
cone (plastic Imhoff cones were used for this purpose). The level of the
liquid in the reaction vessel and thus the degree of disc submergence was
controlled by adjusting the height of the sett I Ing cones. The supporting
structure for the cones was constructed to easily facilitate this adjust-
ment. Most of the slime which sloughs off the discs was collected in the
bottom portion of the cones which were provided with a volumetric scale
for estimating sludge quantities. The effluent from the cones was finally
directed to large storage jugs. The entire system operated on gravity
and, except for the disc rotation, did not depend on mechanical equipment
for Its operation.
22
-------
STOPPER
FEED LINE
SCHEMATIC OF LABORATORY
DISC APPARATUS
PINCH
COCK
10" DISC
FOR SLIME GROWTH
x X f •' ' S f/ S ' /ff/S
AIR GAP2-"
// s '
REACTOR
VESSEL
MOTOR AND
SPEED CONTROL
7
SETTLING
CONE
\ •
xSLUDGE
STORAGE
EFFLUENT
JUG
S S S / / / /
FIGURE !
-------
r r r »-\f "
•
n^^^r^^^^^^~
FIGURE 2
PHOTOGRAPHS OF
DISC APPARATUS
(a) overalI view of
apparatus
(b) close up view of disc
with si I me
24
-------
SECTION IX
TESTS CONDUCTED WITH LABORATORY DISC APPARATUS
General Test Procedure
At the start of a test run the disc vessels were seeded with biolo-
gical slime obtained from a full scale trickling filter plant. The four
reaction vessels were then fed a prescribed substrate at the rate of
approximately 9 liters per day. The feed carboys were filled with 18
liters of substrate every two days. The feed rates were continually ad-
justed during this period so that approximately 9 liters of substrate
were used up In 24 hours. No attempt was made, nor was It felt necessary,
to keep a constant flow rate throughout the entire period.
As the feeding progressed the disc surfaces were frequently examined
for evidence of slime build-up. Usually within two to three days a fair-
ly good growth had developed. However, In most cases the units were fed
for approximately two weeks before slime samples were obtained for analy-
sis. In a few cases the test runs were shorter and longer than this
period, but In all cases the runs were continued to the point where it
was felt that the slime growth was completely acclimated to the particular
test run conditions.
Just prior to the filling of the feed with fresh substrate, the jugs
and siphon assembly were thoroughly washed in a strong bleach solution
and carefully rinsed with tap water and distilled water. The air inlet
line to the feed Jug was plugged with sterile cotton. All the feed jugs
were washed with a strong acid solution at the end of each test run.
Each day the walls of the reaction vessels were thoroughly brushed
to prevent bull'd-up of any slime. As a result, slime build-up.on the
walls was minimal. Agitating the vessel contents periodically provided
good "seeding" for the disc surfaces. During the course of each run, the
pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen were determined In the reaction
vessels. A careful log was kept of all activities associated with the
test run. Such Items as date of Jug refill, disc speed check,.condition
of disc slime, sludge In storage cone, etc. were noted In the log book.
After sufficient time had elapsed for good slime growth development,
the disc rotation was stopped and the top half of the slime covered disc
was gently washed ,with delonlzed water. The slime was then scraped from
the surface of the disc with a steel knife blade and placed Into a beaker.
After completing the top half of the disc, the lower half was exposed and
the slime was removed In the same manner. The analyses of the slime were
set up Immediately after the four scrapings were made. A residual coat-
Ing, or film, remained on the disc and served as a seed for the subsequent
test run. The analyses routinely conducted on thesiIme were vojatlle
sol Ids, phosphorus, nitrogen and COD. In a few test runs calcium and
25
-------
magnesium analyses were also conducted. On an average of once per test
run, the same analyses were conducted on the feed solution and effluent
of the disc units. This was done to provide a random check of the char-
acteristics of the feed solution and to have a record of the "removals"
provided by the disc units. As expected, very limited nitrogen and phos-
phorus removal was obtained, particularly in the runs where excess amounts
of these elements were in the substrate. The COD removals were usually
around 50 percent. These results were not surprising since this apparatus
was designed to grow slime rather than to treat an influent flow.
Attempts were made to measure the slime thickness with a callper de-
vice and a magnifying glass, just prior to the scraping of the slime. Be-
cause of irregularity and the "spongy" nature of the slime the measure-
ments obtained were approximate at best. After the thickness was noted,
the scraped slime contained on each disc was placed into a calibrated
beaker and the volume of "crop" was also noted. Other characteristics
of the slime,such as color and texture, were also noted and recorded in
the log book.
Specific Test Runs
As pointed out previously, one of the principal objectives of this
investigation was to determine under what set of conditions It was
possible to enhance the amount of phosphorus storage in biological slime.
At the outset, no attention was given to applicability of the condition
to a prototype treatment system employing fixed biological slimes for the
treatment of wastewaters. The question was simply: Can greater amounts
of phosphorus be taken up into biological slimes, and If so, under what
environmental and operating conditions? Once this is established, the
second question logically follows: Is there any way of Incorporating
these same conditions In a prototype system to achieve enhanced removals
without going to well-known chemical removal methods? The subsequent dis-
cussion on the test runs conducted should be viewed with the above objec-
tives In mind.
For the first test runs It was decided to feed the four disc reactors
with a specified amount of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. The carbon
and nitrogen were kept identical but the phosphorus values were varied
from a phosphorus deficient feed In the case of the first disc reactor,
to a phosphorus rich feed in the case of the last. The nutrient composi-
tion on a weight ratio basis selected for the four feeds was as follows:
C N P
Feed I 50 5 O.I
Feed II 50 5 |
Feed III 50 5 5
Feed IV 50 5 10
Feed II would be considered the closest to a nutritionally balanced diet
26
-------
from the standpoint of the metabolic requirements of most nvfcroblal sys-
tems, Including biological slimes.
For the first series of test runs It was decided to use glucose as
the carbon source. The sources of nitrogen and phosphorus were ammonium
chloride and sodium phosphate, respectively. The concentration selected
for the glucose was 300 mg/l which results In a theoretical COD of 320
mg/l for the feed solutions. With this concentration established, the
resulting concentrations of the nitrogen and phosphorus would have to be
as follows:
Concentration (mg/l)
GIucose N P
Feed I 300
Feed II 300
Feed III 300
Feed IV 300
The glucose and the ammonium chloride were added to 80 liters of softened
Milwaukee tap water In a large plastic container and the contents were
stirred thoroughly. The phosphate salt was added directly to the four
Jugs. The softened tap water containing the glucose and nitrogen sources
was then pumped up to the four feed jugs. A disc speed was selected and
maintained for the entire duration of the test run.
Following this Initial series of test runs, new operating conditions
were employed in subsequent runs. A summary log of all test run conditi-
ons, Including some remarks on s.llme characteristics, Is present In
Table 12 (Appendix). As noted, the operating variables Include disc
speed, water hardness, type of carbon source, type of nitrogen source,
concentration of phosphorus In the feed, absence or addition of a calcium
source to the substrate, and whether or not the disc slime was continual-
ly subjected to a plant light.
In the nomenclature used to Identify each test run, a different
roman numeral was used for each carbon source; "A" means the first test
run under a set of conditions and "B" means the second test run under
the same set of conditions, "H" means hard water was used to make up the
feed solution and "S" means soft water was used to make up the feed solu-
tion, and the last number represents the disc speed In revolutions per
minute. ,
The term "hard" water Is really a relative one since It Is Milwaukee
tap water which Is obtained from Lake Michigan. The hardness of this
water Is approximately 120 mg/l as CaCO, which Is only moderately hard
for a water supply. The soft water was obtained by passing Milwaukee
tap water through a zeolite softener. The.hardness of this water for
all practical purposes is close to zero. ^ -
The carbon sources used were glucose, nutrient broth, yeast extract
and dry milk solids In various combinations. These same substrates
27
-------
served as the nitrogen source in addition to ammonium chloride. Sodium
phosphate, an ortho-phosphate, was used as the phosphorus source in all
cases and concentrations ranging from 0 to 24 mg/l as P were employed.
Two sources of calcium were used in those test runs in which this element
was added, namely, calcium chloride and lime.
For most of the test runs the disc siIme was subjected to the normal
diurnal light cycle. The disc apparatus was located In a room with a
southern exposure and thus well lighted during the day, In spite of the
fact that the shades were down on bright sunny days. On many days the
fluorescent ceiling lights were on continually. In spite of this light-
ing, only a limited amount of green growth developed on the discs. For
some of the final test runs it was decided to subject the disc apparatus
to 24 hours of special plant lighting* with a wave length for optimal
photosynthetic activity, to determine the effect of copious algal growth
on phosphorus storage. From the luxurious green growth which developed
during these runs, it was apparent good algal growth had occurred.
Results of Tests Conducted With Laboratory Disc Apparatus
The results of all of the test runs described in the previous section
are presented in Table 13 (Appendix). The four slime analyses Included
in this Table are volatile solids, phosphorus, carbon and nitrogen.
Calcium and magnesium analyses were also conducted in some of the test
runs, and these results are presented in Table 14 (Appendix). Because
varying amounts of phosphorus were fed to the four reaction vessels, the
results are presented for each of the individual disc slimes. Because of
the incompleteness of the data in a number of test runs, not all of the
test run data were Included in the statistical analyses which will be de-
scribed subsequently. The test runs included are designated in the Table
and as noted, 33 of the 38 runs are included.
Other Operating Observations
A detailed log was kept of the observations made during the operation
of the disc apparatus. Early In the investigation tt was felt that since
a biological process was being operated, these observations might assist
in the final interpretations of the data. While such items as slime
color, texture and yield may not appear too significant for an individual
test run, they might supply some important Insight if certain finds were
noted In a large number of test runs. For example, runs with high biologi-
cal phosphorus uptake might be associated with a slime of a particular
character. If this proved to be the case, this slime could then be ex-
amined in greater detail.
After a number of test runs It became apparent that no dfscernable
trends were developing In this regard. On the contrary, the results were
^General Electric, Plant Light, F40PL (two lamps)
28
-------
often conflicting and confusing and thus can be only used in a general
qualitative way rather than in a specific quantitative or statistical
way.
For most of the test runs the slime had a color in the white-cream-
yellow range. Occasionally the slime also had a pink tint but this never
persisted. Except for the test runs in which the continuous plant light
was employed, very little green growth developed on the disc surface.
This was surprising since the apparatus was located in a well lighted
room. Copius green colored slime developed during the last test runs
when the apparatus was subjected to the plant light. In some of these
test runs part of the surface was also covered with a more tan-1 ike
growth. In summary, if one examines all of the test run data on slime
appearance, no real conclusions can be drawn other than possibly the fact
that slime growth is a highly hetereogeneous biological situation.
The same conclusions can be drawn regarding slime texture. At times
the slime was very slimey and fragile and had the tendency to break off
the disc surface in large chunks. Other times It was much more cohesive.
The former condition was more prevalent at slower disc speeds whereas
the latter was more apt to be the case at higher speeds. Sometimes this
variation occurred in the four discs which were all rotating at the same
speed but under varying feed conditions. When the feed solutions con-
tained some hardness, the slime surface on occasions had a more granular
texture - - particularly at higher disc speed.
Much attention was given to slime thickness. One of the original
premises of this investigation was that slime thickness might have an
effect on the amount of phosphorus stored in the biological slime. Speed
control of the disc rotation was provided mainly In an attempt to control
slime thickness. A call per device was employed for some of the early
test runs to measure slime thickness. This proved to be difficult be-
cause of the fragile nature and Irregularity of the slime surface. A
micrometer was tried for subsequent test runs and this offered somewhat
of an Improvement. The micrometer was operated under a large magnifying
glass mounted on the reaction vessel. The major problem again was the
Irregularity of the surface. Frequently the slime was quite thin where
large chunks of slime had previously fallen off. Thus there were fre-
quent areas of thin and thick slime on the same disc.
In general, the slime thickness was greatest for the'slower test
runs, namely test runs of 25 RPM disc speed and less. These slimes were
usually in the 1/8 to 3/16 inch range of thickness. At higher speeds
the slimes were generally thinner; namely in the 1/16 to possibly 1/8
Inch range. Any attempt to refine these data beyond the above generali-
zation would be quite futile. This Is particularly true when one con-
siders that the slime thickness often varied from one disc to another in
the same test run in which all four discs operated at the identical speed.
It Is to be expected that as thickness varied so did slime yield.
By slime yield Is meant the total amount of slime "crop" removed from the
% >
29
-------
surface of the disc at the end of a test run. Again more crop was usual-
ly obtained for the test runs at the slower speed. Though variations
occurred above and below these amounts, the amount of yield was generally
In the 75 to 100 ml range with a highly variable amount of actual total
solids. Obviously slime yield is not the same as the total sludge gen-
erated during a test run. No attempt was made to arrive at this latter
figure. Slime yield represented the amount of slime carried on disc sur-
face under a given set of operating conditions after achieving a steady-
state condition with the substrate In the reaction vessel.
At various times during the course of the Investigation the temper-
ature, pH and dissolved oxygen content of the substrate In the reaction
vessel were measured. Most of the temperatures were In the 18 to 20°C
range and the pH In the 7.0 to 8.0 range. The dissolved oxygen varied
depending on the disc speed of the particular test run. At no time did
the D.O. ever reach zero. Even for the test runs of I RPM disc speed, *
the D.O. Was generally In the 1.0 to 2.0 mg/l range. At disc speeds of
10 to 25 RPM the D.O. Increased to the 4.0 to 6.0 mg/l range, and at
higher speeds a D.O. of 7.0 to 9.0 mg/l was achieved.
30
-------
SECTION X
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF LABORATORY CHANNEL APPARATUS
One question which has been raised regarding the uptake of phosphor-
us by biological slime is the role that physical adsorption on the slime
surface plays in the overall removal process. It Is known that this
mechanism is very important in natural soils. As far as phosphorus re-
moval ts concerned, it makes little difference if the phosphorus is In-
corporated biologically into the slime or adheres to the slime surface
as long as It is removed from the wastewater. If, however, it is deter-
mined that surface adsorption is an Important part of the overall removal
mechanism, the total amount of slime surface area In a fixed medium treat-
ment device would partly control the extent of the total phosphorus which
is removed. This is a design feature which could be controlled to some
extent by the designer.
A channel apparatus was constructed to study this particular ques-
tion. A schematic of the apparatus set up Is presented in Figure 3.
Most of the channel unit was constructed of 1/2" plexiglas. An important
design feature was that the slope of the channel plank could be adjusted
as desired. The greater the slope, the less will be the time of contact
between the slime surface and the phosphorus containing feed solution.
Also important was the fact that the four different channel lengths were
available on the channel plank. At a given slope, this provided still
another variable, that is, total.opportunity for slime contact. A photo-
graph of the channel apparatus Is presented In Figure 4.
The channels themselves were one-half Inch wide and one-quarter Inch
deep. The channels were constructed so that It was possible to firmly
lay down on the bottom a fine fI berg I as mesh. The mesh provided an ex-
cellent base for the development of the channel slime.
Four positive displacement pumps which operated off the same motor
drive were used to bring the feed solution to the head end of the channel.
The pumps maintained the desired low rate of flow for extended periods of
time with very little variation among the four units. After dropping to
the channel surface, the feed solution flowed down the channel to a dis-
charge hole at the end of the reach. Plastic tubing was used to drain
the channel effluent into sample jugs.
Brackets were provided at the ends of the channel plank to support
an ultraviolet lamp assembly used to Inactivate the microorganism on the
channel surface. The lamp assembly did not interfere with the Influent
line of the channel operation.
A special metal tool was designed to scrape the slime growth (or
crop) from the channel surface. The scraping edge of the tool was de-
signed such that It lifted the slime off of the bottom mesh.
31
-------
SUPPLY. LINE FOR
EACH CHANNEL
SCHEMATIC OF LABORATORY
CHANNEL APPARATUS
FOUR- 1/2 WIDE CHANNELS
FOR GROWTH OF SLIME
( LENGTHS SHOWN)
ADJUSTA
PLANK
MOTOR AND
PUMPS
EFFLUENT
LINES
ADJUSTMENT
ARM
120 LITER
FEED CONTAINER
SUPPORT FOR
UV LIGHT UNIT
£/ // // / /////////
L-EFFLUENT JUGS
FIGURE 3
-------
FIGURE 4
PHOTOGRAPH OF CHANNEL
APPARATUS
33
-------
SECTION XI
TESTS CONDUCTED WITH LABORATORY CHANNEL APPARATUS
General Test Procedure
After the channel apparatus was constructed, the first problem was
to establish the operating conditions that resulted in a good slime
growth in the four channels. The first substrate tried was dry milk
solids in varying concentrations but the resulting growth was not too
satisfactory. The slime growth was very Irregular and "puffy" in tex-
ture. Various rates of flow were also tried. When the flow rates were
too low (in the range of I to 2 ml per minute per channel) the slime
growth tended to be Irregular and not cover the entire channel surface
area. A flow rate of 4.0 ml per minute per channel eliminated this prob-
lem. The logistics of supplying enough feed substrate in the continuous
operation of a laboratory unit precluded Increasing the flow rate too
much above the 4.0 ml figure cited above.
Glucose was also tried as the carbon source, supplemented with ammo-
nium and phosphate salts. The characteristics of the slime did not Im-
prove much. A combination of nutrient broth and glucose was also tried
with limited success. After attempting a number of different combina-
tions, the substrate which appeared to work the best consisted of glucose,
milk solids, sodium phosphate and ammonium chloride added to softened
Milwaukee tap water. The actual amounts of each of these varied during
some of the initial test runs, but for the most of the remaining test
runs the channel feed substrate consisted of the following:
80 liters of Milwaukee softened tap water
25 g. dry milk solids (commercial brand)
75 g. glucose
15 ml Na^HPO. solution (containing 20 mg P per ml)
80 ml NH^ CI solution (containing 48 mg N per ml)
A typical analysis of the above feed solution was as follows:
COD = 1330 mg/l
Kjeldahl N = 65 mg/l
Total-P = 5.5 mg/l
One of the factors which also had a bearing on the^characteristics
of the final substrate selected was the sensitivity of phosphorus removal
within the length of channels available in the apparatus. In some of the
original test runs, negligible removals were obtained. There were three
reasons for this situation. First, metabolic requirements for phosphorus
are quite low relative to carbon and nitrogen and thus little phosphorus
will be Incorporated into the channel slime even under Ideal growing
conditions. Second, in some of the initial feed solutions the carbon to
phosphorus ratio was too low. Greater phosphorus removal sensitivity can
34
-------
be obtained by using a carbon rich - phosphorus poor nutritional composi-
tion In the feed. Thirdly, the length of the channels themselves afford-
ed a limited amount of "reaction" surface for biological phosphorus re-
moval. The substrate composition described above appeared to minimize to
a certain extent the effect of the first two conditions. Not much could
be done with the channel length condition since this is governed by the
normal physical limitations of a laboratory set-up.
Three different slopes were used during the course of the channel
studies. They were as follows:
Tangent of
Slope Designation Slope Angle Angle
Low 0.0616 3.5°
Mid 0.4412 24.0°
High 0.9537 43.5°
The procedure for starting a test run was essentially the same In all
cases. After the feed solution was made up in a 80 liter batch, the solu-
tion was seeded with a small amount of slime from a full scale trickling
filter plant. Some of the seed material was also rubbed Into the fine
bottom mesh for the entire length of the channels. After a growth started
to develop, the channels were continually fed with fresh feed solution.
After a good growth of slime developed, It was scraped down to the level
of the fine mesh. Test runs were normally conducted several hours after
the slime was scraped. Effluent samples for analysis were collected In
erlenmeyer flasks packed in Ice. Prior to analysis, the effluent and raw
samples were filtered through paper. The procedures employed for the
analysis of the liquid and slime samples were the same as those used for
disc studies.
Channel Studies Using Ultraviolet Radiation
In order to establish the degree of physical adsorption involved In
the uptake of phosphorus by biological slimes, a method of Inactivating
the surface slime had to be developed. The method used could not alter
the surface properties of the slime appreciably since It was necessary
that the physical .characteristics of the slime surface be the same both
before and after the biological Inactlvatlon. Only then would It be
possible to establish whether the physical adsorption mechanism was Im-
portant in phosphorus uptake.
Several methods of siIme surface Inactlvatlon were considered. For
example, a solution containing a chemical disinfectant such as chlorine
or Iodine could be passed down the channel for a short period of: ,tlme
just prior to resuning the tesfv Another method could be to place the
entire channel set-up In the walk-In constant temperature room. The
channel; apparatus was designed-with tKlsposslbllIty in mind. The tem-
perature of the room could be reduced['to about 5°C and the slime accli-
mated to this temperature. At this temperature the biological activity
35
-------
would be suppressed while the physical characteristics would remain un-
altered. Still another possibility was one reported in a paper by
Borchardt and Azad (21) in which chemicals like sodium azide, sodium ar-
senate, iodoacetic acid, and sodium fluoride could be used for the i nac-
tivation of phosphorylating enzymes while not harming the cells them-
selves. Finally, a set-up could be constructed containing a bank of
ultraviolet germicidal lamps which could be employed to radiate the
channel slime. Keeping in mind the main idea of stopping the biochemical
activity of the slime while still retaining the same physical character-
istics of the surface, this last method appeared to offer the greatest
promise. Thus a number of ancillary studies were conducted to explore
i ts potent i a I.
In the first ancillary test some slime was removed from the disc
apparatus and divided into two petri dishes. One was retained as the
control, the other was subject to UV light in a commercial unit used for
the disinfection of glassware needed for bacteriological tests. After
exposing the slime for an increment of time, a piece of sterile gauze was
placed gently on the slime and transferred to tryptone glucose extract
agar plates. The same procedure was used for the control. Ten exposures
with a total cumulative time of 120 minutes were used. After incubation
the plates were compared. The UV plates had fewer colonies than the con-
trol, but the kill did not appear to be extensive enough. One reason for
the poor kill might have been that an irregular (not like a surface grow-
ing slime) slime sample was used and the UV radiation could not reach all
the surface because of projections.
An undisturbed slime sample, 1-1/2 inch by 1-1/2 inch, was carefully
removed from the disc for the second test. The test was conducted as
described above, only that 180 minutes of total UV exposure was employed
this time. Some kill was noted at 10 minutes. At 20 minutes the kill
was good, and at 30 minutes it was very good. After 60 minutes there were
very few colonies on the plate incubated with the gauze from the UV
radiated siime.
Another test was conducted using a slime sample which was felt to be
essentially undisturbed. This was accomplished by attaching a small
piece of plastic film to the rotating discs. After two weeks the slime
growth on the film was continuous with the slime on the remainder of the
disc surface. On the day of the test the small film was carefully re-
moved from the disc with the slime completely intact. The results ob-
tained with this slime sample were about the same as those described
above.
Except for some minor problems, the results of these ancillary tests
were felt to be encouraging and it appeared that this method could be
used to inactivate the slime. One problem noted was that in the commer-
cial unit the temperature in the enclosure began to increase with time
of exposure. In all of the tests the internal temperature at the point
of slime radiation increased from 24°C to 38°C. Such an increase In
temperature could be deleterious to the slime surface. The increase in
temperature also caused a drying of the slime surface which In turn
could change the physical characteristics. When sterile water was placed
on the slime surface after a period of UV exposure, It caused an Increase
36
-------
in the number of colonies of the UV plates. The water seemed to re-
suspend or disturb the surface colonies. This is not surprising since
it is known .that UV penetration ib very minimal, particularly in an
aqueous environment. It was felt that the first problem could be mini-
mized by designing the UV light assembly so that the heat dissipated
rapidly. The second problem could be minimized by continuing the UV
radiation of the slime for long periods while the feed solution was ac-
tually flowing down the channels.
The UV light assembly was constructed to completely cover the chan-
nel planks which contained the four channels. The depth of the unit was
eight inches with the result that the lamps were approximately three
inches from the slime surface. Four 36 inch long, commercial germicidal
lamps* were mounted in the unit such that all the channel surface was
well covered. The top of the unit was constructed of thin gauge sheet
metal for good heat dissipation. The sides of the units were constructed
of standard window panes. Large openings were provided at the two ends
of the unit (influent end and discharge ends of the channels) in order to
insure good air circulation. The unit was constructed so that it was
well secured to the channel plank and in no way interfered with the
slope adjustments or the channel flow arrangement.
Specific Test Runs
As stated previously, a large number of preliminary test runs were
conducted in order to establish the most suitable substrate composition
for development of the best channel slime. During the test runs, analyses
were conducted on the channel feed and effluent. The analyses conducted
were total phosphorus, COD and total Kjeldahl nitrogen. During these
test runs, analyses were also conducted on the channel slime. These con-
sisted of percent total phosphorus in all cases, plus percent nitro-
gen, volatile solids and carbon in that order depending upon the amount
of channel slime available.
Following the establishment of a suitable substrate, a series of test
runs were conducted primarily to determine If the amount of phosphorus
uptake varied with the length of channel slime. These tests were con-
ducted at three different slopes to appraise the importance of time of
contact on the amount of phosphorus uptake.
As noted previously, one of the main reasons for the channel study
was to determine if physical adsorption is part of the mechanism of phos-
phorus uptake on biological slimes. At this point the UV light assembly
was incorporated into the test runs. Two test runs were first conducted
as follows. The channel unit was fed with the substrate until a good
slime growth developed. Following this development, Influent and effluent
analyses were conducted as before. The channel unit was then subjected
to UV radiation as the channels were fed in the normal manner. Influent-
effluent analyses were conducted following varying increments of UV ex-
posure. The longest time of exposure employed was 72 hours.
*General Electric, Germicidal, G30T8
37
-------
Following these tests a number of "starve-ki11" test runs were
conducted. The basic idea in these runs was to first grow an active slime
and then run a conventional influent-effluent test as described above.
The slime was then "fed" with de-chlorinated tap water for 24 hours which
kept the slime viable but also In a somewhat starved condition. The chan-
nel unit was then fed with the normal substrate while a second test was
being conducted. The water feed was resumed for 24 hours, the UV radia-
tion was turned on for two hours with the water feed continuing. At the end
of the radiation period, the normal feed was again turned on and in-
fluent-effluent analyses were conducted. This procedure was employed at
the three different slopes.
Results of Tests Conducted With Laboratory Channel App_ar_atus_
The analysis of channel slimes during preliminary runs using a num-
ber of different substrated Is presented in Table 15 (Appendix).
The results of feed and effluent analyses for eight test runs is
presented in Table 16 (Appendix). It wasn't until test run VI that the
test substrate was finally established for the remainder of the channel
testing program. Slime analyses conducted during this phase of the
testing program are presented In Table 17 (Appendix).
Feed and effluent analyses while the UV assembly was in use are
presented in Table 18 (Appendix) and the results of the "starve-ki 11"
runs are presented in Table 19 (Appendix).
38
-------
SECTION XI I
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
The prfmary objective of thi's study was to determine if the amount
of phosphorus uptake by biological sli'mes on fixed surfaces can be
enhanced. To accomplish the objective i't was necessary to examine how
vari'ous operational variables, such as, carbon source, concentration of
Influent phosphorus, dissolved oxygen level, slime thickness, water
hardness, and degree of algal growth, Influenced the amount of phos-
phorus stored i'n the si ime. ft was also important to understand the
mechanism of phosphorus uptake on biological slimes, particularly the
importance of physical adsorption on the slime surface.
It was never the intention of this research project to develop a
"new process" for fixing phosphorus on biological slimes; but rather,
It was to develop a better understanding of this uptake activity, and
on the basis of this understanding, establish if it would be possible
to suggest ways to enhance the amount of phosphorus removed in the
conventional trickling filter process. An enhancement of 15 to 25
percent, if accomplished through relatively simple operational or
design changes, would be quite significant. This would be particularly
true In the event that the phosphorus additives are eventually elimi-
nated from detergent products. This would lower the amount of total
phosphorus in raw waste-water from approximately 10 mg/l to 3-4 mg/l.
Well controlled biological treatment might adequately take care of these
lower concentrations eliminating the need for more costly chemical
treatment. Even at these lower concentrations it would be erroneous to
assume that biological treatment will ever provide "total" phosphorus
removaI.
The research program was mainly centered around two laboratory
apparatus which already have been described in detail, namely, the disc
apparatus and the channel apparatus. The discussion of the results for
convenience will also be divided under the same two headings,
The Disc Apparatus
In spite of the large number of test runs and the various opera-
tional conditions used, the percentage phosphorus on a dry weight basis
stored in the disc slime ranged from O.I I to 4.34 percent, as noted in
Table 13. Discounting the ten lowest values and the ten highest values,
the range decreases markedly to 0.30 to 2.88%, which is a way of demon-
strating the central tendency of the data. The range is quite narrow
considering that well over 400 different disc slime samples are included,
By different samples Is meant each is from a new growth on a given disc.
It is true that many of the test runs were repeated with identical oper-
ating conditions, but each test run resulted in a completely new growth.
As noted previously, all si fine'was scraped from the disc prior to the
start of a new run. .In spite of the same operating conditions for two
different test runs, frequently the slime had a different appearance and
consistency. It would be reasonable to suspect that such differences
would be the result of the growth of varying biota which in turn might
result in a change In the amount of phosphorus stored.
39
-------
Thus for the purpose of discussion, each slime sample can be considered
as being derived from a unique situation,
A cursory observation of Table 13 will show that a vast majority
of the percent phosphorus values in the slime vary from 1.5 to 2.5 per-
cent. Values considerably below 1.5 percent occurred primarily In those
test runs where the concentration of the phosphorus in the feed was quite
low - - In fact a level which would be considered biologically deficient.
In these test runs the ratio of carbon to phosphorus was approximately
500 to I. Under these feed conditions there appears to be enough phos-
phorus to cause growth but certainly not enough to satisfy the full de-
mand of the growing siIme.
On the other hand, values above 2,5 per cent usually occurred In
those test runs where some calcium hardness was added to the feed. In
general, the greater the amount of hardness In the feed, the higher is
the resulting phosphorus stored in the slime. Obviously these higher
phosphorus values are not the result of biological activity but the
result of calcium phosphate precipitates being incorporated into the
slime matrix. This fact is substantiated by the values for percent cal-
cium in the slime, which were also greater for the slime samples in which
the phosphorus amounts were greater.
It is much more difficult to explain the reasoning for the varia-
tion In stored phosphorus for the range between 1.5 to 2.5 percent. An
examination of Table 13 wlII not show any clear trends or patterns. If
anything, the results appear haphazard and random. When one thinks he
has an explanation for the results of a particular run, the hypothesis
is quickly refuted in a subsequent run.
In an attempt to derive some meaning from the spate of data aval I-
able from the disc apparatus, it was decided to subject the data to a
multiple correlation analysis using a digital computer. The method em-
ployed Is based on the assumption of linearity In the relationships
among the variables. The purpose of this statistical analysis Is to
establish which of the independent variables have the greatest signi-
ficance in controlling the eventual percent phosphorus stored In the
slime. The data employed as Independent variables Include disc speed,
concentration of COD, N, P and Ca In the feed, and percent volatile
solids, C and N In the disc slime, whereas, the percent P In the slime
was naturally the dependent variable. The results of the multiple re-
gression analysis for the data from each of the four discs Is presented
in Tables 20, 21, 22 and 23. A summary of two common statistics used
to characterize multiple regressions Is presented In Table 24.
The results of this statistical analysis are by no means conclusive,
However, keeping In mind the constraint that linearity between variables
was the assumption in all cases, the results suggested the following
observations:
(I) The quantity of calcium In the feed Is the most Important
variable influencing the quantity of stored phosphorus.
40
-------
TABLE 20
MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS - DISC
(a)
ALL TEST RUNS
RUNS WITHOUT CALCIUM ADDED
(b)
VARIABLE
Speed (RPM)
Feed COD( mg/l)
Feed N (mg/l)
Slime VS .'('*)
Slime C (*)
Slime N (*)
Feed Pi mg/l)
Feed Ca (mg/l)
Slime P <50
Mean
41.7
347.1
17.9
90.4
48.4
8.5
3.8
43.7
1.33
Stand
Dev.
38.9
81.2
8.1
4.2
9.7
2.2
3.4
54.9
0.62
Corr.
Coef.
0.25
0.27
0.28
-0.33
-0.01
0.77
0.69
0.49
"t" Value (c) Mean
Case A
1.58
0.07
0.31
I.II
0.81
5.08(d)
6.23(d)
5.,2
-------
M
TABLE 21
MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS - DISC II
.(a)
ALL TEST RUNS
RUNS WITHOUT CALCIUM ADDED
(b)
VARIABLE
Speed (RPM)
Feed COD(mg/t)
Feed N(mg/l)
Slime VS (%)
Slime C (2)
Slime N (%)
Feed P (mg/l)
Feed Ca(mg/l)
Mean
41.7
347.1
17.9
89.7
47.6
9.1
6.3
47.1
Stand
Dev.
38.9
81.2
8.1
2.8
5.3
I.I
3.0
54.1
Corr.
Coef .
-0.05
0.32
0.21
-0.38
-0.04
0.03
0.31
0.44
"t" Val
Case A
l.98(d)
l.66(d)
0.09
2.42(d)
,.68(d)
1 .03
0.55
1.59
(c)
ue
Case B
2.l7(d)
l.96(d)
0.23
l.84(d)
Mean
38.2
353.8
19.3
91.3
48.3
9.2
5.12
Stand
Dev.
37.3
107.8
10.5
2.34
6.52
1.3
2.7
Corr.
Coef.
-0.25
0.53
0.47
0.19
0.15
0.32
0.09
"t" Value(c)
Case A Case B
l.89(d)
-.33 0.57
0.44 0.65
0.76
0.47
0.91
0.62 1.26
Slime P
(Dep. Var.)
1.73 0.42
1.54 0.39
(a) 33 test runs included
(b) 19 test runs included
(c) Each case for the independent variables shown
(d) Significant to 90$ level of confidence
-------
TABLE 22
MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS - DISC TTT
ALL TEST RUNS RUNS WITHOUT CALCIUM ADDED
VARIABLE
Speed (RPM) 41.7
Feed CODCmg/I)347.I
Feed N(mg/|) 17.9
89.4
47.3
9.3
SIime VS ($)
SI line C <*)
SIi me N (%)
Feed P (mg/l) 10.4
Stand Corn.
Dev. Coef.
38.9
81 .2
8.1
3.4
4.5
1.0
2.1
54.8
0. 12
-0.02
-0.12
-0.58
-0.31
-0.26
-0. 12
0.73
it
t" Val
Case A
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
.30
.77
.50
(d)
.91
.43
.94
.48
.84d>
(c)
ue
Case B
0.72
(d)
1 .69
0.00
j.ei"
Mean
38.2
353.8
19.3
91.1
48.8
9.7
10.5
Stand
Dev.
37
107
10
2
4
0
2
.3
.8
.6
.8
.9
.9
.5
Corr.
Coef.
-0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
-0.
18
II
05
31
33
59
15
(c)
"t11 Value
Case A
(d)
1 .97
0. 17
1.00
0.52
(d)
1 .85
(d)
0.44
Case B
0.61
0.46
0.53
SI i me P (%)
(dep. Var.)
1.82 0.44
1.55 0.25
(a) 33 test runs included
(b) 19 test runs included
(c) Each case for the independent variable shown
(d) Significant to the 9056 level of confidence
-------
TABLE 23
MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS - DISC IV
.(a)
ALL TEST RUNS'
RUNS WITHOUT CALCIUM ADDED
(b)
Mean
VARIABLE
Speed
Feed
Feed
SI ime
Slime
Slime
Feed
(RPM)
COD(mg/l)
N (mg/l)
VS (?)
C (%)
N (%)
P (mg/l)
Feed Ca (mg/l)
41
347
17
88
46
9
15
55
.7
.1
.9
.5
.2
.2
.6
.4
Stand
Dev.
38.9
81 .2
8.1
3.9
4.5
1.2
4.9
58.4
Corr.
Coef.
0.13
-0.08
-0.17
-0.85
-0.25
-0.39
-0.19
0.78
H
t" Value(c)
Mean
Case A Case B
0
0
0
5
0
0
2
3
.32
.88
.06 l/9|(d)
.I6(d)5.84(d)
.48
.28
..l(d)2.72(d)
.30(d)4.07(d)
38.2
353.8
19.3
90.8
46.7
9.5
17.3
Stand
Dev.
37.3
107.8
10.6
2.2
4.9
1.3
5.9
Corr.
Coef.
-0.32
-0.05
-0.09
-0.34
0.22
0.04
0.17
"t" Value(c>
Case A Case B
0.21
0.25 0.25
0.36 0.29
1.18
0.85
0.98
1.34 0.56
Slime P (%)
(Dep.Var.)
1.96 0.60
1.59 0.22
(a) 33 Test runs included
(b) 19 Test runs included
(c) Each case for the independent variable shown
(d) Significant to the 90% level of confidence
-------
TABLE 24
SUMMARY OF MULTIPLE CORRELATION AND F
VALUES 3ASED ON MULTIPLE LINEAR
REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF DATA
FROM DISC APPARATUS
MULTIPLE
DISC INDEPENDENT VARIABLES INCLUDED CORRELATION
1 Al 1
1 N,
1 Al 1
1 COD
II All
II N ,
M All
1 1 COD
II 1 All
III N,
III All
1 1 1 COD
IV All
IV N,
IV . All
IV COD
P & Ca in feed & % MS in slime
except Ca in feed
, N & P in feed
P & Ca in feed & % VS in s 1 i me
except Ca in feed
, N & P in feed
P & Ca in feed & % VS in s M me
except Ca in feed
, N 4 P in feed
P & Ca In feed & % VS in slime
except Ca in feed
, N & P in feed
0.954
0.893
0.988
0.846
0.741
0.615
0.730
0.600
0.773
0.759
0.837
0.222
0.921
0.917
0.573
0. 188
it p ti
VALUE
30.46
27.69
64.04
12.65
3.66
4.27*
1 .80*
2.82*
4.47
9.50
3.68
0.26*
16.82
37.18
0.77*
0. 18*
*These values are not significant at 95% level of confidence
45
-------
Insuf f i'cfent data are available to show if there is any
difference as to the calcium source.
(2) Usually, as the percent volatile solids in the slime increases,
the quantity of stored phosphorus decreases. This is the same
as saying that as the amount of inorganic calcium phosphate precipi-
tate increases in the slime, the percent volatile solids decreases.
(3) The results are much more random and inconclusive for the runs
in which calcium was not added to the feed. This indicates
that the biological phenomonen is in a sense more random and
unpredictable even under the control conditions of the labora-
tory. The possibility of running a biological unit with the
basic aim of controlling the quantity of phosphorus in the
slime appears quite remote.
(4) It appears that the best situation in which it might be pos-
sible to predict or control biologically stored phosphorus
is when the amount of feed phosphorus is limiting. In other
words, feed phosphorus is a much more sensitive parameter when
it is biologically limiting. If one compares the mean stored
phosphorus in runs without calcium addition for the four discs,
the values for discs II, III, and IV are essentially identical
and below the values for disc I. It should be recalled that
the quantity of phosphorus in the feed to the four discs was
varied, with only disc I being phosphorus limiting.
(5) On the basis of the calculated multiple correlation co-efficients
and "F" values, it would be safe to state that the percent
phosphorus expected in the slime can be predicted from knowing
the values of all the independent variables employed, but again
it should be stressed that the quantity of calcium in the feed
tends to mask all other variables.
(6) Disc speed, the only variable that characterizes a physical
feature of the phosphorus uptake process, appears to be a
significant factor about one half of the time. At the start
of the research project, the suggestion was raised that as the
disc speed increases and the resulting slime thickness de-
creases, the quantity of phosphorus stored per unit weight
would tend to increase. By virtue of the fact that both posi-
tive and negative correlation co-efficients were obtained for
the various disc data, one would be forced to reject this
hypothesis outright.
One of the main objectives followed throughout the course of this
investigation was to vary operational conditions and to determine what
effect these changes had on the quantity of phosphorus stored in the bio-
logical slime. It was hoped that one or two set conditions could be
46
-------
found which encouraged a biota that tended toward a "luxury" uptake of
phosphorus. Once this condi'tion or these conditions were identified,
an in depth study of them would then follow, including bacteriological
analyses, to understand the mechanism of what was going on. Ideally,
this understanding could be applied to prototype treatment processes
employing bio-slimes on fixed surfaces. For this reason slime was grown
under light and dark conditions, with different carbon and nitrogen
sources, under varying disc speeds, etc. However, the stored phosphorus
never consistently increased above the predictable 1.5 to 2.5 percent
range unless it was "forced" with hardness additions. A biological
"arrangement" was being sought after which would provide "luxury" phos-
phorus values in the 3.5 to 5.0 percent range. This could then lead one
to a means of enhancing the amount of phosphorus removed by treatment
processes using fixed biological slimes. Regretably, this "arrangement"
was not found or does not exist.
The Channel Apparatus
As pointed out previously, much of the time devoted to the channel
apparatus was spent trying to develop a slime growth that could be effec-
tively used for the investigation. This problem turned out to be much
more troublesome than had been anticipated. Once a slime was developed,
the analysis of the key constituents of the slime demonstrated that the
channel slime growth was similar to the disc growth. For example, the
percent volatile solid of the channel slime for some preliminary runs
varied from approximately 86 to 91, the percent phosphorus from 1.2 to
2.2 and the percent nitrogen from 8.1 to 10.7. Later, more extensive
analysis of the channel slime produced similar results. These values
are similar to the ones obtained for a typical disc slime. Thus it can
be assumed that the nature and make-up of the two slimes were fairly
similar — a conclusion which would be suggested by a visual comparison
of the two siImes as well.
After establishing a set of operating conditions which resulted in
a good channel slime growth, a number of simple feed-effluent experiments
were conducted. Runs were set up merely to demonstrate that a measure-
able removal of phosphorus can take place within the length of channel
slimes and slopes provided. The only concern at this point was to show
that some activity (certainly some of which had to be biological since
it is known that phosphorus is incorporated Into the living slime matrix)
was operative in causing the removal of phosphorus. It was also demon-
strated at this time that COD and N were being removed from the feed
solution as it passed down the channel slime. The concurrent removal of
P, COD and N certainly supports the obvious conclusion that biological
activity of the growing slime was mainly responsible for the difference
in the feed and effluent constituent concentrations. What was not ob-
vious at this point, however, Is whether or not all of the phosphorus
removed from the feed solution was needed for metabolIc reasons.
As expected, generally the amounts of P, COD and N removed varied
in a direct proportion to the length of the channel. Effluent concentra-
47
-------
tions In almost all cases were lower for the longest channel. The
difference was particularly striking when comparing the shortest and
the longest channels (18 inches vs 72 inches). Again, though this was
expected, It is still not possible to establish if the difference was
entirely due to a biological mechanism, at least in the case of phos-
phorus removal.
The change in the slope of the channel did not appear to have a
significant effect on the overall results. If a comparison is made
between the "high" slope and the "low" slope results, it appears that
the effluent concentration for the latter condition was lower, though
thse results are not too conclusive by any means. In other words,
time of contact was not a significant variable regardless of the
mechanism which is operative in causing the uptake of phosphorus. This
may not be unreasonable if one considers that the channel flow condi-
tion was estimated to be laminar even under the highest slope condition.
Using the form of the Reynolds number as defined by Bird et al. (40), a
typical flow rate of 4 ml per minute, and the geometry of the slime
channel, a Reynolds number of 21 was estimated. It Is suggested by the
above reference that "laminar flow without rlppltng" occurs in a channel
when the value is between 4 and 25. The value of the Reynolds number
would, of course, be considerably lower under the two flatter slop flow
conditions. Under laminar flow conditions the kinetics of passage of
phosphorus through the water film is governed by molecular diffusion. In
order for molecular diffusion to occur a concentration gradient must set
up in the water film directly above the slime interface. The uptake of
phosphorus at the interface will result in the formation of this gradient,
but it is of little or no consequence whether the gradient results from a
biological or physical mechanism. Thus the fact that time of contact was
not a significant variable does not give any Indication which mechanism is
actually operative. All It indicates Is that under the three slope con-
ditions employed, phosphorus was taken into the slime at the maximum rate.
Had turbulent conditions prevailed, It Is likely that the uptake kinetics wou |
would have been Increased since the maximum possible concentration of
phosphorus is always present at the sllme-lfquld interface. This is par-
ticularly true if the physical mechanism Is significant.
It was not until the ultraviolet radiation studies were completed
that a clearer insight as to the uptake mechanism was obtained. A
series of test runs were conducted in which P, COD and N analyses
were compared for the feed and effluent from the channel apparatus, both
prior to and following ultraviolet radiation of the slime surface.
Under all three slope conditions a significant removal of P, COD and N
occurred prior to the ultraviolet exposure. Following exposure to the
.ultraviolet radiation, removals dropped to zero. Exposure duration was
varied from I to 72 hours with no appreciable change In results. The
characteristics of the slime surface did not appear to be altered by
the radiation procedure. Apparently the radiation technique was effec-
tive in attenuating the biological activity at the surface of the slime
since both the COD and N remained unchanged following passage of the
feed solution down the channel. Such was not the case for all the pre-
48
-------
vlous test runs. The fact that there was no phosphorus uptake during
these same runs means that this activity is strictly the result of a
biological mechanism. There was no evidence of any phosphorus uptake
resulting from a physical adsorption on the slime surface.
A second series of test runs was set up to test this thesis fur-
ther. In this series an initial control run was conducted at the
three difficult slopes without any radiation of the slime surface.
The results, as before, showed a measureable amount of phosphorus uptake
In all cases; the amount being proportional to the length of the chan-
nel. The slime surface was then "fed" for 24 hours with dechlorinated
tap water which resulted in a starved situation. The surface was fed
the test substrate following this starvation period and the results on
the effluent were obtained as before. Because of the starved condi-
tion, It was theorized that the biological uptake of the phosphorus on
the slime surface would be intensified. While a good uptake was ob-
tained in all cases, it was not necessarily an improvement over the in-
itial or control condition, thus, starvation did not markedly enhance
the amount of biological phosphorus uptake. Following the test run
just described, the slime was again subjected to 24 hours of water
feed followed by two hours of ultraviolet radiation of the surface.
This feed was continued while the slime surface was subject to the ultra-
violet treatment. The test substrate was then fed to the slime and the
previously described analyses were conducted on the channel effluents.
As before, negligible amounts of phosphorus were removed by the channel
slime. Some removal was noted in a few cases, but because COD and N
were also removed, it is probable that this removal was due to partial
biological activity rather than physical adsorption. Thus In these
cases the ultraviolet treatment was not sufficiently effective in In-
activating the slime surface. In some of the runs the test procedure
was repeated following 24 hours of ultraviolet exposure, but the-re-
sults were similar to those already described for the 2 hours of
exposure.
49
-------
SECTION XIII
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The writer wishes to express his gratitude to Mr. Edwin F. Barth,
Project Officer, Biological Treatment Research Program, Advanced
Waste Treatment Research Laboratory, EPA, for his interest and co-
operation throughout the course of the investigation.
Appreciation is also extended to Beth Hugunin for taking care of
the vast number of laboratory analyses in an expert fashion during
her two years with the project, to William Karlovitz for his assistance
in the laboratory and with the statistical studies, to Andrew Horn for
his construction of the fine laboratory apparatus, and to the various
Milwaukee area communities which provided trickling filter slime
samp Ies as des i red.
50
-------
SECTION XIV
REFERENCES
(I) Stewart, K.M. and Rohllch, G.A., "Eutrophlcation - A Review,"
A Report to the State Water Quality Control Board,
California, 1967.
(2) "Eutrophlcation: Causes, Consequences, Correctives," Proc. of
Symposium, Nat. Acad. of Sclen., Washington, D.C., 1969,
661 pp.
(3) House Report No. 91-1004, 91st Congress, 2nd Session, Twenty-
Third Report by the Committee on Government Operations,
April 14, 1970.
(4) Ferguson, F.A., "A Nonmyoptlc Approach to the Problem of Excess
Algal Growths," Envlr. Scl. and Tech., March 1968, pp.188-193.
(5) "Water Pollution Problems of Lake Michigan and Tributaries,"
U.S. Dept. of the Interior, FWPCA, Great Lakes Region,
Chicago, III., Jan. 1968.
(6) Nesbltt, J.B., "Phosphorus Removal—The State of the Art,"
presented at 40th Annual Conf., Water Pollution Control
Assoc. of Pa., Aug. 7-9, 1968.
(7) Campbell, George R., "Studies on the Chemistry of Orthophosphate
and Polyphosphate Removal with Ferric Chloride," M.S. Thesjs,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y., 1967.
(8) Spiegel, M. and Forrest, T.H., "Phosphate Removal: Summary of
Papers," J. of the S.E.D. of ASCE, Vol. 95, No. SA5,
Oct. 1969, p. 803.
(9) Malhotra, S.K., Lee, G. Fred and Rohllch, G.A., "Nutrient
Removal from Secondary Effluent by Alum Flocculatlon and
Lime Precipitation/1 Int. J. Air and Wat. Poll., pp. 487-500,
I964< ; '•
(10) Duff, J.H., Dvorln, R. and Salem, E., "Phosphate Removal, by
Chemical Precipitation," 2nd Workshop.on Phosphorus Removal,
U.S. Dept. of the Interior/Chicago, III ./June 26-27, 1968.
(II) Wukasch, R.F., "The Dow Process for Phosphorus Removal," 2nd
Workshop on Phosphorus Removal-j 4J.S. Dept. of the {nterlbr/
Chicago, 111., June 26-27; 1968.
(12) Leary, R.D. and Ernest, L,A;, "Municipal Utl ItzatIon of an
IndustrI a I Waste F6r Phosphorus RemovaI," 32nd Porcelain
Enamel Institute, Univ. of III., Oct. 8,
51
-------
(13) Schmid, L.A. and McKinney, R.E., "Phosphate Removal by Lime-
Biological Treatment Scheme," Jour. WPCF, Vol. 41, No. 7,
1969, p. 1259.
(14) Ferguson, J.F. and McCarty, P.L., "The Precipitation of Phosphates
from Fresh Waters and Wastewaters," Tech. Rept. No. 120,
Stanford Univ., Dept. of Civil Engr., Dec. 1969.
(15) Ferguson, J.F., Jenkins, D. and Stumm, W., "Calcium Phosphate
Precipitation in Wastewater Treatment," Applied Chem. Lab.,
Div. of Engr. and Applied Physics, Harvard Univ., Cambridge,
Mass.
(16) Levin, G.V. and Shapiro, J., "Metabolic Uptake of Phosphorus by
Wastewater Organisms," JWPCF, pp. 800-821, June, 1965.
(17) Vacker, D., Connell, C.H. and Wells, W.H., "Phosphate Removal
Through Municipal Wastewater Treatment at San Antonio, Texas,"
JWPCF, pp. 750-771, May, 1967.
(18) Scalf, M.R., Pfeffer, P.M., et. al., "Phosphate Removal at
Baltimore, Maryland," J. of the S.E.D. of ASCE, Vol. 95, SA5,
Oct. 1969, p. 817.
(19) Hubbell, George E., "Process Selection for Phosphate Removal at
Detroit," presented at 41st Annual Conf., WPCF, Sept.24,1968.
(20) Hennessee, T.L., Maki,K.V., and Young, E.Y., "Phosphorus Removal
in Wastewater by a Modified Activated Sludge Process," City
of Trenton, 1968.
(21) Borchardt, J.A. and Azad, H.S., "Biological Extraction of
Nutrients," JWPCF, pp. 1739-1754, Oct. 1968.
(22) Personal Communication from Milwaukee Sewerage Commission,
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1969.
(23) Muibarger, M.C., Shifflett, D.G., Murphy, M.C., and Huffman, D.D.
"Phosphorus Removal By Luxury Uptake," Jour. WPCF, Vol. 43,
No. 8, Aug. 1971, p. 1617.
(24) Barth, E.F., Brenner, R.C. and Lewis, R.F., "Chemical-Biological
Control of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Wastewater'EffIuent,"
JWPCF, pp. 2040-2054, Dec. 1968.
(25) Brenner, R.C., "Phosphorus Removal by Mineral Addition,"
Technical Symposium—Nutrient Removal and Advanced Waste
Treatment, Cincinnati, Ohio, April 29-30, 1969, p. 1.9.
(26) Ries, K.M., Dunseth, M.G., Salutsky, M.L., Shapiro, J.J. "Ultimate
Disposal of Phosphate From Wastewater by Recovery as
Fertilizer," Final Report, FWPCA Contract No. 14-12-171,
July 15, 1969.
52
-------
(27) Dunseth, M.G., Salutsky, M.L., Ries, K.M. and Shapiro, J.J.,
"Ultimate Disposal of Phosphate From Wastewater By Recovery
as Fertilizer," Report Submitted to Fed. Water Poll. Cont.
Adm. (No. 14-12-171), Jan. 1970.
(28) Malhotra, S.K., ParriIlo, T.P. and Hartenstein, A.G., "Anaerobic
Digestion of Sludges Containing Iron Phosphates," J.S.E.D.
of ASCE, Vol. 97, No. SA5, Oct. 1971, P. 629.
(29) Barth, E.F., Jackson, B.N., Lewis, R.F. and Brenner, R.C.,
"Phosphorus Removal From Wastewater by Direct Dosing of
Aluminate to a Trickling Filter," U.S. Dept. of the Interior,
Adv. Waste Treatment Res. Lab., Cine., Ohio, June 1969.
(30) Benson, R.J., "A Report of the Performance of Four Trickling
Filter Plants In Wisconsin," M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Wisconsin,
Madison, 1970.
(3D Jebens, H.J. and Boyle, W.C., "Enhanced Phosphorus Removal In
Trickling Filters," J. of the S.E.D. of ASCE, Vol. 98, No. SA3,
June 1972, p. 547.
(32) Hartmann, L., "Influence of Turbulence on the Activity of
Bacterial Slimes," JWPCF, pp. 958-964, June 1967.
(33) Kornegay, B.H. and Andrews, J.F., "Kinetics of Fixed-Film
Biological Reactors," JWPCF, pp. R460-R468 (Part 2),Nov. 1968.
(34) Maier, W.J., Behn, V.C. and Gates, C.D., "Simulation of the
Trickling Filter Process," J. of the S.E.D. of ASCE, Vol. 93,
No. SA4, pp. 91-112, Aug. 1967.
(35) Standard Methods for the Examination of Waters and Wastewaters,"
APHA, AWWA and WPCF, 13th Edition, 1971.
(36) Gupta, K.B., "A Comparison of the Persulfate and the Ashing
Analyses for the Total Phosphorus," M.S. Thesis, Marquette
University, Dec. 1970.
(37) Zanoni, A.E., "Progress Report on Phosphorus Removal by Trickling
Filter Slimes," Grant No. I70IODZ6, Marquette Univ., Civil
Eng. Dept., Milwaukee, June 1970.
(38) Menar, A.B. and Jenkins, D., "The Fate of Phosphorus In Sewage
Treatment Processes," Part II, SERL Report No. 68-6,
University of California Berkeley, August 1968.
(39) Hlldebrand, G.P. and ReMley, C.N., "New Indicator for Complex-
ometrlc Titratlon of Calcium In Presence of Magnesium,"
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 29, No. 2, Feb. 1957, p. 258.
(40) Bird, R.B., Stewart, W.E. and Lightfoot, E.N., "Transport
Phenomena," J. Wiley 4 Sons, Inc., N.Y., I960, p. 41.
53
-------
SECTION XV
APPENDIX
54
-------
TABLE I
ANALYSIS OF TRICKLING FILTER SLIMES
FROM SIX PLANTS IN THE MILWAUKEE AREA
Date
Cedarburg
Dec. 11/1969
Jan. 6, 1970
Apri I 21, 1970
April 28, 1970
Germantown
Jan. 6, 1970
Hales Corners
Nov. II, 1969
Nov. 20. 1969
% Volati le Sol ids
Each
Sample Avg.
73.24
74,84 74.64
75.85
81 .41
82.44 82.05
82.30
80.77
80.90 80.82
80.79
80.95
80.68 80.44
79.70
69.10
75.31 70.82
68.05
79.01
82.40 78.64
74.52
81.72
80.17 81.25
81.85
% Phosphorus (b)
Each
Sample Avg.
2.62
3.56 3.03
2.92
1.99
2.04 1.99
1.95
2.54
2.38 2.46
2.47
2.32
2.63 2.52
2.61
2.28
2.40 2.26
2. 10
2.00
2. Of 2.13
2.38
2.36
2.54 2.40
2.29
% Nitrogen (b)
Each
Sample Avg.
6. 15
6.10 6.12
6.38
6.23 6.40
6.60
7.35
7.61 7.46
7.42
7.33
7.47 7.35
7.24
6.54
6.6t 6.65
6.79
7.89
7.94 6.05
2.31
7.83
7.19 7.57
7.69
% Carbon
Each
Samp le
40.14
38.89
41.42
46.46
37.50
49.61
44.85
44.92
38.21
40.35
28.50
30.86
40.35
45.90
43.16
45.49
44.36
43.76
39.75
(b)
Avg.
40. 15
41.98
46.46
39.28
33.24
44.85
42.62
-------
Date
Menomonee Fa I Is
Nov. II, 1969
Nov. 20, 1969
Dec. 22, 1969
Saukvllle
Jan. 6, 1970
April 21, 1970
April 28, 1970
Waukesha
Nov. 4, 1969
Nov. II, 1969
TABLE I (continued)
% Volatile Solids % Phosphorus Cb) % Nitrogen (b)
Each Each
Samp Ie Avg. Sample Avg.
79.58
79.52
79.61
79.81
79.75
75.18
78.69
78.52
78.37
80.42
82.. 32
82.37
75.28
73.99
74.28
74.28
73.34
72.95
79.57
78.25
78.53
8E.70
74.52
73.52
3,
2.
.3,
2.
2.
2.
03
86
02
80
88
84
2.88
2.79
2.85
2.34
2.2f
2.40
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
II
20
30
19
39
74.85
76.34
76.14
75.78
2.29
3.08
3.02
3.21
2.75
2.57
2.65
2.97
2.84
2.84
2.32
2.20
2.29
3.10
2.66
% Nitrogen (b)
Each
Sample Avg.
7.66
7.52 7.57
7.52
7.17
7.51 7.26
7.10
6.95
6.65 6.65
6.36
7.76
6.62 7.35
7.66
7.07
7.19 7.15
7.19
6.62
6.59 6.62
6.66
6.63
6.81 6.72
5.97
6.90 6.52
6.69
% Carbon
Each
Sample
36.37
36.00
36.64
43.69
43.97
43.95
41.55
39.60
35.81
45.22
47.21
33.56
43.35
41.81
46.76
37.99
34.91
41.96
46.76
41.62
46.54
35.44
40.99
39.75
Cb)
Avg.
36.34
43.87
38.99
42.00
43.97
38.29
44.97
38.73
-------
TABLE I (continued)
% Volatile Solids % Phosphorus (b) % Nitrogen (b) % Carbon (b)
Each Each Each Each
Date Samp I e Avg._ Samp I e Avg. Samp I e Avg. Samp I e
Nov. 20, 1969 75.21 2.05 6.62 43.35
74.53 74.93 2.62 2.47 6.75 6.70 42.22 42.80
75.05 2.74 6.72 42.82
Dec. 9, 1969 73.74 2.65 6.05 41.06
74.21 73.49 2.80 2.89 6.49 6.25 43.20 45.00
72.53 3.23 6.22 50.74
Dec. 22, 1969 71.79 2.60 5.48 39.26
73.93 72.86 2.54 2.58 3.22 4.53 41.14 40.91
2.61 4.90 42.34
Jan. 9, 1970 72.94 2.76 6.27 28.16
72.01 72.64 2.92 2.77 6.42 €.34 46.01 39.19
72.97 2.64 43.39
Feb. 14, 1970 75.64 3.29 6.44 47.55
71.99 72.10 3.16 3.51 7.06 6.57 45.26 45.22
68.68 4.07 6.20 42.86
Feb. 26, 1970 79.27 1.92 7.59 44.36
79.55 79.26 3.16 2.71 6.34 7.07 48.26 46.31
78.97 3.04 7.28
April 2, 1970 77.35 3.60 6.41 41.29
77.11 76.92 3.98 3.81 8.30 7.35 39.90 41.49
76.29 3.86 43.27
April 15, 1970 78.17 2.95 6.76 47.66
77.71 77.98 2.91 2.84 6.86 6.51 45.04 46.49
78.06 2.66 5.92 46.76
April 21, 1970 78.92 2.83 7.28 43.65
78.15 78.27 2.41 2.62 6.58 6.71 42.41 44.41
-------
TABLE I (continued)
00
% Nitrogen (b)
^Carbon (b)
Date
April 28, 1970 '
May 13, 1970
June 9, 1970
June 22, 1970
July 21, 1970
August 2, 1970
November 13, I970(a)
January II, 1971 (a)
March II, 1971 (a)
fff V ^— ' 1 <-» • i
Each
Samp 1 e
76.97
78.37
50.71
78.85
79.79
79.64
76.40
76.67
75.99
77.71
78.91
78.54
75.37
74.24
79.32
78.58
78.54
78.90
79.25
78.57
79.69
80.90
79.48
79.82
Each
Avq. Sample Avg.
2.60
68.68 2.91 2.85
3.04
2.92
2.83 2.79
2.63
2-45
79.43 2.31 2.37
2.36
2.42
76.35 2.69 2.50
2.40
2.33
78.39 1.68 2.40
3.20
2.72
76.31 2.79 2.46
1.88
2.46
78.67 2.32 2.40
2.43
2.20
79.17 2.57 2.42
2.49
2.23
80.07 2.25 2.24
2.23
Each
Samp 1 e Avg.
6.93
7.24 7.17
7.35
5.63
5.47 5.64
5.81
6.97
7.26 7.13
7.15
6.45
6.62 6.57
6.64
6.89
6.93 6.82
6.66
6.84
6.57 6.73
6.78
7.85 7.81
7.76
6.72
7.53 7.15
7.19
7.51
7.40 7.44
7.41
Each
Samp le
46.42
43.39
42.52(c)
62.89(c)
8l.56(c)
50.51
45.34
48.56
69.36
45.76
63.68
36.82
38.62
44. 18
39.00
37.35
43.88
43.88
43.72
39.49
46.20
48.94
47.59
46.01
45.81
45.06
Avg.
44.90
62.32(c)
48. 14
59.60
39.87
40.08
42.36
47.58
45.63
-------
TABLE I (continued)
% Volatile Solids % Phosphorus (b) % Nitrogen (b) £ Carbon (b)
Date
May 20, 1971 (a)
August 3, 1971 (a) 81.75
Each
Sample
81.17
80.93
81.27
81.75
82.09
81 .84
Avg.
81.12
81.89
Each
Sample Avg.
2.21
2.20 2.22
2.25
2.31
2.33 2.29
2.24
Each
Sample
7.51
7.62
6.37
7.74
8.23
Avg.
7.17
7.98
Each
Samp le
45.71
44.70
46.09
43.75
43.95
43.50
Avg .
45.50
43.73
(a) The average percent calcium In the last 5 samples were respectively: 11/13 - 3.2*: I/I I - 2 68*-
3/11 - 3.5IJ6; 5/20 - \ .80%; and 8/3 - 2.82%. '
(b) On a total dry weight basis.
(c) Sample contaminated with gasket pieces from blender.
-------
TABLE 2
EFFECT OF REFRIGERATED STORAGE OF WAUKESHA
TRICKLING FILTER SLIME ON PHOSPHORUS LEVEL
% Phosphorus*
Sample Each
Identification Condition Sample Avg.
A3 initial sample untreated 3.40
A4 initial sample untreated 3.31 3.40
C6 initial sample untreated 3.50
C7 initial sample washed 3.51
C9 initial sample washed 3.45 3.46
D3 initial sample washed 3.42
DIG sample washed after 2 hours 3.24
E4 sample washed after 2 hours 3.33 3.33
E6 sample washed after 2 hours 3.43
E8 sample washed in 24 hours 3.71
E10 sample washed in 24 hours 3.36 3.47
Ell sample washed in 24 hours 3.34
E13 sample washed after 48 hours 2.97 , ln
E14 sample washed after 48 hours 3.23
A10 sample washed after 14 days 3.42
All sample washed after 14 days 3.27 3.22
Bl sample washed after 14 days 2.97
B5 sample washed after 15 days 3.27
B6 sample washed after 15 days 3.38 3.35
B7 sample washed after 15 days 3.39
*0n total dry weight basis.
60
-------
TABLE 3
EFFECT OF ROOM TEMPERATURE STORAGE OF ACTUAL
TRICKLING FILTER SLIMES ON PHOSPHORUS LEVEL
Sample
Identification
Waukesha -
Sample 1
C3
C4
C5
C6
C8
C9
CIO
Cll
C12
C13
E14
B9
BIO
J12
J13
H14
LI
L2
L3
Waukesha
Sample 2
LI
L2
L3
L4
L5
L6
E13
E14
E16
B4
B6
B7
J6
J7
J8
Condition
initial sample untreated
initial sample untreated
initial sample untreated
initial sample washed
initial sample washed
sample washed after 3 hrs.
sample washed after 3 hrs.
sample washed after 3 hrs.
sample washed after 24 hrs.
sample washed after 24 hrs.
sample washed after 24 hrs.
sample washed after 72 hrs.
sample washed after 72 hrs.
sample washed after 72 hrs.
sample washed after 8 days
sample washed after 8 days
sample washed after 8 days
sample washed after 15 days
sample washed after 15 days
sample washed after 15 days
initial sample untreated
initial sample untreated
initial sample untreated
initial sample washed
initial sample washed
initial sample washed
sample washed after 24 hrs.
sample washed after 24 hrs.
sample washed after 24 hrs.
sample washed after 7 days
sample washed after 7 days
sample washed after 7 days
sample washed after 14 days
sample washed after 14 days
sample washed after 14 days
% Phosphorus*
Each
Sample Avg.
3,
3,
08
02
3.21
,12
,29
3.14
3.15
2.88
3.72
3.66
3.77
3.57
3.43
3.33
2.75
2.57
2.65
2.81
2.74
2.85
3.11
3.12
3.03
2.98
2.83
2.95
3.29
2.96
3.07
3.10
3.20
3.06
3.72
3.44
2.66
2.80
3.09
2.92
3.11
I Volatile
Solids
Each
Sample Avg.
74.85
76.34
76.14
75.94
74.95
75.49
73.71
72.28
74.18
69.42
69.77
69.68
75.78
75.46
73.39
69.62
61
-------
TABLE 3 (continued)
Sample
Identification Condition
Waukesha -
Sample 3
H7
H8
H9
L4
L5
L6
All
C13
L15
Menomonee Falls
Sample 1
HI
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
E9
E10
Ell
MO
All
C13
Menomonee Falls
Sample 2
H6
H4
H5
J10
J12
J13
C7
C8
C9
initial sample untreated
initial sample untreated
Initial sample untreated
sample washed after 24 hrs.
sample washed after 24 hrs.
sample washed after 24 hrs.
sample washed after 7 days
sample washed after 7 days
sample washed after 7 days
initial sample untreated
initial sample untreated
initial sample untreated
initial sample washed
initial sample washed
initial sample washed
sample washed after 24 hrs,
sample washed after 24 hrs,
sample washed after 24 hrs,
sample washed after 7 days
sample washed after 7 days
sample washed after 7 days
initial sample untreated
initial sample untreated
initial sample untreated
sample washed after 24 hrs.
sample washed after 24 hrs,
sample washed after 24 hrs.
sample washed after 7 days
sample washed after 7 days
sample washed after 7 days
% Phosphorus*
Each
Sample Avg.
2,
2.
2,
2,
2,
2,
3.
2.
2.
2.
2,
3.
2.
3.
3.
3.
2.
2,
2.
2,
2,
2.
05
62
74
57
60
65
10
81
2.91
3.03
2.86
3.02
,94
,94
,92
,44
.88
.38
,62
.47
3.69
,80
,88
,84
,76
,84
,39
2.47
2.61
2.94
2.97
2.93
3.23
3.59
3.40
3.19
3.24
2.84
2.66
3.28
I Volatile
Solids
Each
Sample Avg.
75.21
74.53
75.05
73.21
73.29
72.74
70.64
71.14
70.97
79.58
79.52
79.61
79.22
79.16
79.28
77.27
79.67
76.23
79.81
79.75
75.18
78.07
78.81
78.81
75.15
74.57
58.33
74.93
73.08
70.92
79.57
79.22
77.72
78.25
78.56
69.35
62
-------
TABLE 3 (continued)
Sample
Identification
Hales Corners -
Sample 1
.01
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
E2
E3
E8
C3
C8
C9
J2
J4
J5
Hales Corners -
Sample 2
HI
H2
H3
Jl
J3
J9
Cl
C2
C3
Phosphorus*
Condition
initial sample untreated
initial sample untreated
initial sample untreated
initial sample washed
initial sample washed
initial sample washed
sample washed after 24 hrs.
sample washed after 24 hrs.
sample washed after 24 hrs.
sample washed after 7 days
sample washed after 7 days
sample washed after 7 days
sample washed after 14 days
sample washed after 14 days
sample washed after 14 days
initial sample untreated
initial sample untreated
initial sample untreated
sample washed after 24 hrs.
sample washed after 24 hrs.
sample washed after 24 hrs.
sample washed after 7 days
sample washed after 7 days
sample washed after 7 days
Each
Sample
2.00
2.01
2.38
2.48
2.53
2.50
2.64
2.65
2.30
2.73
3.26
2.57
3.19
2.98
2.64
2.36
2.54
2.29
2.26
2.26
2.19
2.43
2.45
Avg.
2.13
2.50
2.53
2.85
2.94
2.40
2.24
2.38
% Volatile
Solids
Each
Sample Avg.
79.01
82.40
74.52
2.27
80.89
81.13
71.85
81.85
80.29
80.76
74.29
73.68
73.96
81.72
80.17
81.85
80.87
80.84
81.01
77.56
77.93
78.66
78.64
77.96
80.97
73.98
81.25
80.91
78.05
*0n total dry weight basis
63
-------
TABLE 4
EFFECT OF 35°C STORAGE OF ACTUAL TRICKLING
FILTER SLIMES ON PHOSPHORUS LEVEL
Sample
Identification Condition
Phosphorus*
% Volatile
Solids
Waukesha -
C4
CS
C6
HI
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
H8
H9
H10
Hll
HI 2
L10
Lll
L12
L13
L14
L15
Waukesha -
Jl
J2
J3
E10
Ell
El 2
Waukesha -
L4
L5
L6
L16
L18
L20
Sample 1
initial sample, untreated
initial sample untreated
initial sample untreated
sample washed after 24 hrs.
sample washed after 24 hrs.
sample washed after 24 hrs.
sample washed after 48 hrs.
sample washed after 48 hrs.
sample washed after 48 hrs.
sample washed after 72 hrs.
sample washed after 72 hrs.
sample washed after 72 hrs.
sample washed after 6 days
sample washed after 6 days
sample washed after 6 days
sample washed after 7 days
sample washed after 7 days
sample washed after 7 days
sample washed after 14 days
sample washed after 14 days
sample washed after 14 days
Sample 2
initial sample untreated
initial sample untreated
initial sample untreated
sample washed after 8 days
sample washed after 8 days
sample washed after 8 days
Sample 3
initial sample untreated
initial sample untreated
initial sample untreated
sample washed after 7 days
sample washed after 7 days
sample washed after 7 days
Each
Sample
2.65
2.80
3.23
2.60
2.66
2.69
3.12
3.05
2.44
2.69
2.16
2.95
2.90
2.95
3.03
3.17
3.19
2.93
3.63
2.74
3.15
2.60
2.54
2.61
3.17
3.18
3.38
2.76
2.92
2.64
3.16
3.30
Avg.
2.89
2.65
2.87
2.60
2.96
3.10
3.17
2.58
3.26
2.87
3.26
3.32
Each
Sample
73.74
74.21
72.53
71.73
7.1.00
70.54
70.71
69.69
70.35
68.33
68.67
68.09
66.33
65.84
66.48
66.22
66.36
66.04
63.26
62.10
62.03
71.79
73.93
68.38
67.59
67.68
72.94
72.01
72.97
68.17
70.05.
71.12
Avg.
73.49
71.09
70.25
68.36
66.22
66.21
62.46
72.86
67.88
72.64
69.78
64
-------
TABLE 4 (continued)
Sample
Identification Condition
Saukville
J4 initial sanple untreated
J5 initial sanple untreated
J6 initial sanple untreated
J16 sanple washed after 7 days
J17 sanple washed after 7 days
J18 sanple washed after 7 days
Cedarburg - Sanple 1
El initial sanple untreated
E2 initial sample untreated
E3 initial sample untreated
E4 sample washed after 8 days
E5 sanple washed after 8 days
E6 sample washed after 8 days
E7 sanple washed after 19 days
E8 sample washed after 19 days
E9 sample washed after 19 days
Cedarburg - Sample 2
initial sample untreated
initial sample untreated
initial sanple untreated
sample washed after 7 days
sanple washed after 7 days
sample washed after 7 days
D4
D5
D6
D16
D17
D18
Germantown
H4
H5
H6
H16
H17
H18
Menomonee Falls
HI
H2
H3
D10
Dll
D12
initial sanple untreated
initial sanple untreated
initial sample untreated
sample washed after 7 days
sanple washed after 7 days
sample washed after 7 days
initial sanple untreated
initial sample untreated
initial sample untreated
sample washed after 8 days
sample washed after 8 days
sanple washed after 8 days
I Phosphorus*
iiach
Sample Avg.
2,
2,
2,
,34
,21
,40
2.01
2.32
2.11
2.62
3,
2,
2,
2,
2.
3,
3,
1,
2,
1,
2,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2.
56
92
98
84
85
72
78
3.38
99
04
95
38
96
2.28
28
40
10
71
2.58
3.08
2.88
2.79
2.85
3.34
3.63
3.28
2.32
2.15
3.03
2.89
3.63
1.99
2.21
2.26
2.79
2.84
3.42
Volatile
Solids
Each
Sample
80.42
82.32
82.37
79.66
80.22
78.87
73.24
74.84
75.85
69.38
71.67
68.57
64.74
64.89
64.43
81.41
82.44
82.30
79.01
78.28
78.29
69.10
75.31
68.05
68.80
69.66
68.53
78.69
78.52
78.37
74.94
75.56
75.30
Avg.
81.70
79.58
74.64
69.87
64.69
82.05
78.53
70.82
69.00
78.53
75.27
*0n total dry weight basis
65
-------
TABLE 5
8 days
9 days
11 days
12 days
EFFECT OF ANAEROBIC STORAGE AT 35 C OF
WAUKESHA PLANT SLIME ON PHOSPHORUS LEVELS
(RUN NO. 1)
Time
Initially
1 day
2 days
4 days
5 days
6 days
Supernatant
Phosphorus (mg/1)
Each Sample ^Avg.
13.98* -,
15. 601 14.79X
86. 501 86.50*
190.0* ,
170. Of 167.0
159.07
149. 0
167. 0*
188. Of -I
179. Of 152. 6-1
175. 0:f
154.0
205. O1
200. Of -,
191. Of 191. 51
213.07
174. Of
166. Of
Slime
Phosphorus* (1)
Each
Sample Avg.
1.92i T
3.16f 2.711
3.041
2.77* 1
2.88f 2.841
2.881
% Volatile
Solids
Each
Sample Avg.
79.27* ,
79.55f 79.26-1
78. 971
76.96* ,
77.80f 77. S31
77. 821
183.0,
174.0,
185.0,
184.0,
176.0,
180.0
176.0^
220.0'
213.0'
213.0'
174.0
150.0
180.0'
171.0'
200.0'
200.0'
180.3'
2
205.5'
162.0'
175.5'
200.0
66
-------
18 days
21 days
22 days
23 days
25 days
26 days
TABLE 5 Ccontinued)
Time
13 days
15 days
16 days
Supernatant
Phosphorus One/I")
Each Sample
141.0*
155. 0*
192. O2
188. 0^
164. O2
Avg.
148. O2
190. O2
i
Slime % Volatile
Phosphorus* C%) Solids
iiach Each
Sanple Avg. Sample Ava.
164.o:
151.0'
180.Oi
169.0^
200.0^
200.0^
151.0'
159.7'
174.5'
200.0'
151.0'
170.O2 170.O2
4.292
3.71,
3.93^
3.98'
71.34'
71.70'
71.52'
71.52'
125.0'
125.0'
*Qn total dry weight basis
(1) First flask
(2) Second flask
67
-------
TABLE 6
Time
initially
1 day
4 days
5 days
11 days
12 days
14 days
22 days
EFFECT OF ANAEROBIC STORAGE AT 35C
OF WAUKESHA PLANT SLIME ON PHOSPHORUS LEVELS
(RUN NO. 2)
Supernatant
Phosphorus
Each
Sample
7.91*
8.80^
*,
10.06?
0.68;:
0.83
91.76*
83.51,
89.15;:
83.77|:
209. 76 J
151.72,
160.56^
159. 20,
148. 68Z
203.00?
212.56^
189. 48Z
191.56^
181.36,
188.96°
175.00^
188.48,
183.36^
180.88T
181. 36 J
175. 484
127.8oi
121. 10 J
134. 601
*%
113.10?
127.80^
140. 10^
Avg.
180. 741
?
156. 15Z
ry
201. 68Z
187. 293
182. 283
179. 244
127. 834
127. OO5
Slime
Phosphorus*
Each
Sample Avg.
3.607
3.987 ,
3.861 3.811
3,
2.
2.
48
95
3.02^
3.29,
2.93^
3.58:
3.54:
3.18*
3.39
4.00^
3.96
3.14J
3.08'
3.43^
3.78"
Volatile
Solids
Each
Sample
77.35J
77.li:
76.291
69.28?
68.97,
69.07^
64.42^
65!03^
AVE
76.92J
69. 15J
70.19J
69. 541
72.74?
72. 80,
72.36^
69. 631
72. 632
69. ir
65.024
68
-------
TABLE 6 (continued)
Supernatant Slime % Volatile
Phosphorus (mg/1) Phosphorus* (%) Solids
Each Each Each
Time Sample Avg. Sample Avg. Sample Avg.
25 days 121.10< , 3.97JJ ,- 64.10$
125.80^ 124.90b 3.79^ 3.S25 63.53^ 63.13
127.80s 3.7CT 61.75s
*0n total dry weight basis
(1) (2) (3) (4) and (5) refer to flask number
69
-------
TABLE 7
Time
initially
1 day
3 days
4 days
13 days
EFFECT OF ANAEROBIC STORAGE AT 35C
OF LABOi
-------
TABLE 8
EFFECT OF ANAEROBIC STORAGE AT 35°C OF WAUKESHA PLANT SLIME ON PHOSPHORUS LEVELS
Supernatant
Phosphorus (mg )
Time
$
initial
1 day
2 days
3 days
Flask
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
2
3
3
4
Each
Samp 1 e Avg .
0
1
1
1
1
18
20
44
43
43
47
48
48
56
55
62
58
59
61
.796
.454
.154
.633
. 190
.44 18.44
.03 20.03
.32
.10 43.50
.09
.07
.26 47.84
.11
.97
.30 58.09
.01
.60
.09 59.85
.87
%
Phosphorus* % Sol i
Each Each
Sample Avg. Sample
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
42 7.07
69 2.50 7.06
40 7.14
17
25 2.18
18
15
07-, 2. ! 1
6CT
13
23 2.13
02
% Volatile
ds Solids %
Each
Avg. Sample
76.
7.09 76.
75.
75.
74.
75.
74.
44.
73.
71.
72.
72.
40
67
99
73
87
58
Jt
5I#
60
79
54
00
Carbon
Each
Avg . Samp 1 e Avg .
69.
76.35 45.
63.
43.
75.39 44.
44.
73.94 39.
41.
39.
72.11 36.
42.
36
76 59.66
68
76 44.04
32
89
83 41.95
14
92
75 39.67
39
% Nitrogen
Each
Samp 1 e
6.45
6.62
6.64
6.04
6. 15
5.98
5.70
5.67
5.75
5.51
5.52
Avg.
6.57
6.06
5.71
5,52
-------
TABLE 8 (continued)
Tfme Flask
4 days 4
7 days
Supernatant
Phosphorus (mg ) %
Each
Samp 1 e
61.
62.
64.
61.
63.
61.
67.
67.
71.
70
38
81
13
50
82
08
08
97
Avg.
62.96
62.15
68.71
Phosphorus* % Solids
Each Each
Sample Avg. Sample Avg.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
10
17 2.15
17
04 2.04
03
% Volati le
Solids %
Each
Sample
72.
72.
72.
72.
71.
70.
19
50
90
05
37
04
Carbon
Each
Avg. Sample Avg,
38.
72.53 32.
33.
71.15 36.
00 35.18
36
26 34.93
60
% Nitrogen
Each
Sample
5.
5.
4.
5.
5.
42
42
92
08
35
Avg.
5.25
5.22
ro
*0n a percent dry weight basis
#Problem with analysis procedures - not used in average calculation
SAverage present calcium in the original sample was 2.78%
-------
TABLE 9
EFFECT OF ANAEROBIC STORAGE AT 35°C OF WAUKESHA PLANT SLIME ON PHOSPHORUS LEVELS
Time
initial
I day
2 days
Flask
1
2
3
4
1
1
Supernatant
Phosphorus (mg)
Each
Sample Avg.
1.159
1.144
0.7128
2.214
19.256 J9.52
19.787
36.35
% Phosphorus*
Each
Sample Avg.
2.33
1.68 2.40
3.20
% Sol ids
Each
Sample Avg.
6.64
6.49 6.56
6.56
% Volatile
Sol ids
Each
Sample Avg.
77.71
78.91 78.39
78.54
% Carbon
Each
Sample Avg.
36.82
38.62 39.87
44.18
% Ni
Each
Samp
6.89
6.93
6.66
trogen
le Avg.
6.82
34.48 34.51
32.70
3 days I 44.68
44.68 44.06
42.83
6 days I 59.98
59.98 60.66
62.01
7 days I 60.14 1.73 76.12 45.04 5.89
' 59.65 59.76 1.81 L82 75.98 76.13 46.84 44.65 5.79 5.71
59.49 1.94 76.28 42.08 5.45
2 62.57
59.89 62.04
63.81
-------
TABLE 9 (continued)
Supernatant % Volatile
Phosphorus (mg) % Phosphorus* % Solids Solids % Carbon % Nitrogen
Time
8 days
9 days
12 days
13 days
14 days
15 days
—
30 days
Flask
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
Each
Sample
66.27
65.19
65.51
57.05
60.89
58.25
57.83
57. 37
58.91
58.94
61.55
49.75
62.09
60.71
55.85
53.59
53.01
58.88
59.24
60.71
63.17
51.58
50.06
52.01
48.92
49.60
53.64
Each Each Each Each Each
Avg. Sample Avg. Sample Avg. Sample Avg. Sample Avg. Sample Avg.
65.66
58.72
57.86
1.64 73.53 44.96 5.98 6.27
56.75 2.00 2.22 74.19 74.17 46.54 45.80 6.56
3.02 74.80 45.90
59.53
55.13
61.04
2.39 2.36 70.72 40.58 4.50
51.22 2.33 70.98 70.80 33.90 40.05 5.78 5.32
70.69 45.68 5.69
50.72
-------
Time Flask
6 weeks 4
*0n a dry weight basis
IABLE 9 (continued)
Supernatant
Phosphorus (mg)
Each
Samp 1 e
50.96
48.65
53.32
Avg.
50.98
% Phosphorus*
Each
Samp 1 e Avg .
2.31
2.76 2.61
2.75
% Volatile
% Solids Solids % Carbon
Each Each
Samp 1 e Avg . Samp 1 e
69.80
69.34
69.84
Each
Avg. Sample
42.71
69.66 43.05
41.29
Avg.
42.35
% Nitrogen
Each
Samp 1 e
6.09
5.65
5.78
Avg.
5.84
-------
TABLE 10
EFFECT OF ANAEROBIC STORAGE AT 35 C OF LABORATORY SLIME ON PHOSPHORUS LEVELS
Time
initial
I day
2 days
3 days
4 days
7 days
Supernatant
Phosphorus (mg)
Each
Disc Sample Avg.
1
II
1 II
IV
Comp.
1 1.048
11.087 11.437
12.176
14.109
14.840 14.596
14.840
15.179
15.676 15.493
15.626
16.429
15.725 15.959
15.725
12.613 14.068
15.523
% Vo 1 at i 1 e
% Phosphorus* % Solids Solids % Carbon % Nitrogen
Each Each Each Each Each
Sample Avg. Sample Avg. Sample Avg. Sample Avg. Sample Avg.
.50 1.50
.42 1.40
.38
.53 1.50
.47
.54 1.54
.38 1.74 49.54 9.66
.17 1.30 1.78 1.74 51.22 50.42 9.83 9.70
.34 1.71 50.51 9.63
-------
TABLE
Supernatant % Volatile
Phosphorus (mg) % Phosphorus* % Sol ids Sol ids % Carbon % Nitrogen
Time Disc
8 days*
9 days
10 days
13 days
14 days
15 days
16 days
31 days
6 wk-l day
Each
Samp 1 e
19.154
17.542
17.947
17.363
17.789
17.466
17.363
18.002
17.412
17.734
16.839
16.533
16.429
17.204
19.208
19.099
18.324
17.521
18.056
19.661
20.240
18.002
17.576
14.889
15.921
15.424
Each Each Each Each Each
Avg. Sample Avg. Sample Avg. Sample Avg. Sample Avg. Sample Avg.
18.214
17.539
17.592
17.286
16.722
18.877
18.412
18.606
0.88 97.95
I5.4M 0.80 0.83 95.79 97.44
0.82 98.57
*Percent dry weight basis
#RemaInder with composite sample
-------
TABLE I I
TOTAL HARDNESS OF
TRICKLING FILTER SLIMES
Cl. c , o -J-.L- % Hardness#
Slime Sample Condition „ nn
1 ————— as L/dUU —
Waukesha initial 8.3
(Sample l-Table4) 24 hours 11.4
7 days 13.I
14 days 9.8
Waukesha initial 12.0
(Sample 2-Table 4) 8 days 12.3
Waukesha initial 9.6*
(Table 5) 6 days 10.0*
22 days 14.57*
Cedarburg initial 11.97
(Sample l-Table 4) 8 days 12.0
Menomonee Falls initial 16.1
(Table 4) 8 days 14.2
Laboratory Slim© from initial, Disc III 1.02*
Settling Cone initial, Disc IV 1.17*
*Slime digested with HCi. All the other samples digested with perch-
loric-nitric acid mixture according to Standard Methods.
#After digesting a known weight of oven dried slime, the sample was
so I Lib I i zed to a convenient volume, usually 50 ml. The hardness con-
centration in this volume was determined and expressed as mg/l CaCO,.
This concentration was then expressed as a weight and related to the
original weight of the dried slime sample, hence the unit,
^Hardness as CaCO,.
78
-------
Run
\D
I-A-S-I
I-B-S-I
TABLE 12
LOG OF ALL TEST RUNS CONDUCTED WITH DISC APPARATUS
Phosphorus
Speed Carbon Nitrogen NaJHPO Calcium
Date RPM Water COD (mg/l) N (mg/l) P.fmg/T) (mg/l
1-21-70 I
1-30-70 I
2-11-70 I
2-26-70 I
3-31-70 I
Soft
Soft
Soft
Soft
Soft
Glucose NH Cl
300 12
Glucose NH.CI
300 12
Glucose NH Cl
300 12
Glucose NH Cl
300 12
Glucose NH.CI
300 12
Glucose NH Cl
300 12
.24,
12,
.24,
12,
.24,
12,
.24,
12,
.24,
12,
.24,
12,
2.4,
24
2.4,
24
2.4,
24
2.4,
24
2.4,
24
2.4,
24
* $
Light Remarks
No Same yield; l-yellow;
II, Ill-white; IV-pink;
I-thickest growth
No I-pi nk; I I-It. p ink;
III, IV-cream; enough
growth for duplicates
on VS, P,C,N; l-thickest
growth
No I, II, III, IV-creamy
white; I Il-thickest
growth; IV-most
cohesive
No I-white; I I-creamy
white; III, IV-creamy
white with little green;
IV-most cohesive; 1-40 ml;
I 1-45 ml; !I 1-80 ml;
IV-50 mKSIime yields)
No I, II, I I I-white;
IV-dark cream; I I-most
cohesive
No All white; I-most
cohesive; I I-very
fragi le
-------
TABLE 12 (continued)
Run
I-A-S-IOO
Date
Speed
RFM
Water
#
4-24-70 100 Soft
Carbon
COD (mg/l)
G 1 ucose
300
Nitrogen
N (mg/ 1 )
NH.CI
A
Phosphorus
Na7HPO
P fmg/T)
.24, 2.4,
12, 24
Ca 1 c i urn
(mg/l )Ca
I-B-S-IOO
5-8-70 100 Soft
Glucose
300
o>
o
l-A-S-50
5-22-70 50
Soft
GIucose
300
[-B-S-50
6-5-70 50
Soft
GIucose
500
NHC,
NH Cl
12
No
.24, 2.4,
12, 24
No
.24,2.4,
12, 24
No
.24,2.4,
12, 24
No
Rema rks
All units cohesive; very
thin growth; I I-very pale
green algal growth at
edge; Ill-grey-brown;
IV-black specks; II &
IV-granular
I-cream; II, IV-yellowish
with some algae; Ill-cream
with some algae; IV-most
cohesive; ll-thickest
growth
I-white with faint pink;
I-white with taint pink;
I I-yeI low with traces of
a Igae; I I I-ye I Iow-green;
IV-yellow; all very
fragile; II, Ill-granular
IV-thickest, but a lot
broken off.
l-white with light pink;
II, IV-creamy white to
yellow with green around
edges; Ill-pale green
with dark green at edges;
II, III- granular; II, IV-
s lough off; 1-35 ml ;
I 1-80 ml; I I 1-25 ml;
IV-50 ml
-------
Run
Date
TABLE 12 (continued)
Phosphorus
Ca I c i urn
(mq/DOa
ll-A-S-25 6-18-70 25
ll-A-S-50 7-1-70
M-B-S-25 7-20-70 25
Speed
RPM
25
50
100
25
„ Carbon
Water* COD (mg/l)
Soft Glucose,
Nutrient
Broth;
Yeast-
Extract
330
Soft Glucose;
Nutrient
Broth;
Yeast
Extract
330
Soft Glucose;-
Nutrtent
Broth;
Yeast
Extract
330
Soft Glucose;
Nutrient
Broth;
Yeast
Extract
330
Nitrogen
N (mg/l)
Glucose;
Nutrient
Broth;
Yeast
Extract
22-24
Glucose;
Nutrient
Broth;
Yeast
Extract
22-24
Glucose;
Nutrient
Broth
Yeast
Extract
22-24
Glucose^
Nutrient
Broth;
Yeast
Extract
22-24
Na HPO
P fmg/T)
3, 6, 9,
12
+ from
feed
3,6,9,
12
+ feed
3,6,9,
12
+ feed
3,6,9,
12
+ feed
Remarks5
No I-pinkish yellow; II, III,
IV-yellow with green
algae; I, Ill-feathery;
I I-most cohesive; I, III,
IV-partly sloughed off;
1-25 ml; I 1-75 ml; I I I-
25 ml; IV-60 ml
No I-orange; II, III, IV-
yellow orange with algae
growth; I-feathery and
filamentous; 1-50 ml;
11-100 ml; I I 1-50 ml;
IV-75 ml
No I-pink; II, I I I, IV-
Iight pink with some
algae; very thin growth;
smal I yield; I, IV,.-10 ml;
I I,- I I 1-25 ml.
No l-pink; II, Ill-pinkish
orange with small amount
atgae; tV-yellow with
little algae; 1-25 ml;
It, I I 1-50 ml; IV-30 ml
-------
Run
I Il-A-S-25
Speed
Date RPM
7-28-70 25
jt Carbon
Water COD (mg/l)
Soft
TABLE 12 (continued)
Phosphorus
Nitrogen Na HPO Calcium
N (mg/l) P fmg/T) (mg/l)Ca
lll-B-S-25 8-5-70 25 Soft
o>
ro
III-A-S-IOO 8-21-70 100 Soft
IV-A-S-25
9-4-70 25 Soft
Glucose;
Nutrient
Broth;
Yeast
Extract
660
Light* Remarks
Glucose
Nutrient
Broth;
Yeast
Extract
660
Gl ucose;
Nutrient
Broth;
Yeast
Extract
660
G ! ucose
Nutrient
Broth;
Yeast
Extract
40-45
G 1 ucose ;
Nutrient
Broth;
Yeast
Extract
40-45
3,6,9,
12
+ feed
3,6,9,
12
+ feed
Glucose;
Nutrient
Broth;
Yeast
Extract
40-45
3,6,9,
12
-I- feed
Mi Ik
320
Milk
14-15
from
mi Ik
only
from
mi 1 k
only
No All creamy yellow;
feathery; I-cohes i ve;
II, III, IV-slough off;
II, IV-slimy; I, II-
50 ml; I I 1-40 ml;
IV-60 ml
No AM creamy yellow-orange;
II, III, IV-1i ke peach-
skin in thin part; I,
Ill-ropey in thick part;
1-40 ml; I 1-55-60 ml;
I I 1-30 ml; IV-50 ml;
2 different thicknesses
due to motor stopping
over-night
No 1,11,11 I-rust color;
IV-rose color; very
blotchy, large chunks,
broken off; thick and
thin sections on each
disc; 1-35 ml; I 1-55 ml;
I I 1-30 ml; IV-50 ml
No I,II,I I I-peach; IV-cream;
I,IV-variable thickness;
I 1, 11 l-uniform thickness;
J, IV-stringy; I-tenacious;
I I,I Il-firm siime; IV-
fragile
-------
TABLE 12 (continued)
Run
V-A-S-25
Date
Speed
RPM
9-11-70 25
Oo
V-A-S-IOO 9-25-70 100
V-B-S-IOO 10-9-70 100
Water*
Soft
Soft
Soft
Hard
Hard
Carbon
COD (mg/l )
Milk
320
Milk
320
Milk
320
Milk
320
Milk
320
Nitrogen
N (fpg/l)
Milk
14-15
Mi Ik
14-15
Milk
14-15
Milk
14-15
Milk
14-15
Phosphorus
Na9HPO
P tmg/T)
3,6,9,
12
+ feed
3,6,9,
12
+ feed
3,6,9,
12
+ feed
3,6,9,
12
+ feed
3,6,9,
12
+ feed
Calcium
(mg/l )Ca
from
mi 1 k
only
from
mi Ik
only
from
mi Ik
only
CaCI7
100
+ mi Ik +
CaCI7
100
+ mi Ik +
Remarks
No I-peach; I I, I I 1,IV-cream;
I-uniform thickness;
11,111,IV-irregular
thickness; I-cohesive;
IV-very small specks of
green; 1-80 ml; I I,IV-
100 ml; I II-7C ml
No I,II,IV-cream; Ill-
reddish; 1,111-80 ml;
I 1-100 ml; IV-70 ml
No I, I I, I Il-tannish pink
slime; very tenacious;
IV-yeI low-green and
fragile
No All orange; rough textured;
different from all other
runs; 1,11,11 I-tenacious,
dry-consistency of squash;
III,IV-gritty; 1-55 ml;
11-80 ml; IIl,IV-75 ml
No 1,11,Ill-variegated, light
and dark brown; IV-same
with green; 1,11,111-
tenacious; 11,Ill-dry;
I 11-gritty at edge; IV-
gritty all over; 1-75 ml;
11-90 ml; I I 1-50 ml;
IV-85 ml
-------
TABLE 12 (continued)
Phosphorus
Run
Date
VI-A-H-IOO 11-25-70
CD
VII-B-S-25 I-II-7I
Speed
RPM
i 100
100
I 25
25
„ Carbon
Water COD (mg/l)
Hard Milk
320
Hard Milk
320
Soft Milk
320
Soft Milk
320
Nitrogen
N (mg/ 1 )
Milk
14-15
Mi Ik
14-15
Milk
14-15
Milk
14-15
Na7HPO
P Tmg/T)
3,6,9,
12
+ feed
3,6,9,
12
+ feed
9
+ feed
9
+ feed
Ca 1 c ! urn
(mg/l)Ca
CaCI7
100
+ mi Ik +
H20
CaCI7
100
+ mi fk
CaCI?
0,25750,
100
+ mi Ik
CaCI2
0,25,50,
100
+ milk
Ligl
No
No
No
No
* $
ht* Remarks
IV-Iight pink; l-dry;
all very tenacious;
III,!V-come off in
sheets; 1-70 ml; II-
75 ml; II1-65 ml; IV-
55 ml
1,11l-dark yellow-brown;
I I-1ight yellow-brown;
IV-yellow-orange with
brown blotches; all very
tenacious; 1,11,Ill-very
dry; 1-60 ml; 11-50 ml;
III,IV-70 ml
I-cream-darkest of four;
all good thick growths;
I 1,111,1V-a11 with a lot
sloughed off and lumpy;
I-jeI IyIi ke cons i stency;
11,111,IV-watery
consistency;
I,IV-250 ml; 11,111-
200 ml
l-beige; ll-orange (darkest);
I I I-between I and I I;
IV-yellow; II and IV-very
cohesive; I and Ill-less
cohesive; 1-225 ml; II-
125 ml; I 11-90 ml; IV-
50 ml
-------
TABLE 12 (continued)
Run
Date
VII-A-S-IOO 1-29-71
VM-A-S-IO 2-12-71
CD
Ul
VIII-A-H-IO 2-24-71
Speed
RPM
100
10
10
„ Carbon
Water COD (mg/l)
Soft Milk
320
Soft Ml 1 k
320
Hard Milk
320
Nitrogen
N (mg/l)
Mi Ik
14-15
Milk
14-15
Milk
14-15
Phosphorus
Na9HPO.
P Tmg/T)
9
+ feed
9
+ feed
0,3,6,
12
+ feed
Calcf urn
(mg/DCa.
CaCI7
0,25750
100
+ milk
CaCI7
0,25750,
100
+ milk
Ca(OH)
50
+ milk
# J
Liqht Remarks
No I-Iight ye I low; II-
yellow; Ill-orange-
yellow; IV-orange with
green; I-smooth texture;
11,111-texture not
consistent; IV-pumpktn-
like consistency; all
very cohesive; 1-20 ml;
Il,IV-25 ml; II1-30 ml
No I-white; 1,111-yeI low-
beige; IV-peachy; I-soft
and smooth-not tenacious;
Il-thick and thin-tenacious
where thin; not where
thick; Ill-lumpy, tenacious;
IV-tenacious; comes off
i n sheet-ski nIi ke;
1-100 ml; I 1,111-120 ml;
IV-60 ml
No I-peach; I 1,111,1V-
ye11ow i sh; I-smoothest-
but small bumps; ll-bumps
most prominent; I 11,1V-
pebbly appearance;
Il,IV-peels off I ike
skin; a 11 cohesive;
1,111-175 ml; 11-90 ml;
IV-120 ml
-------
00
TABLE 12 (continued)
Phosphorus
Speed ., Carbon Nitrogen
Run -Date RPM Water COD (mg/l ) N(mg/l)
VIM-B-H-IO 3-10-71 10 Hard Milk Milk
320 14-15
IX -A-H-IO 3-26-71 10 Hard Milk Milk
320 1 4- 1 5
IX.-B-H-IO 4-14-71 10 Hard Milk Milk
L 320 14-15
IX.-A-H-50 4-30-71 50 Hard Milk Milk
L 320 14-15
P ?mg/f )
0,3,6,
12
+ feed
0,3,6,
12
+ mi Ik
0,3,6,
12
-*• mi Ik
0,3,6,
12
+ milk
Calcium *
(mg/l) Ca Light* Remarks
Ca(OH)2 No 1 -ye 1 low-brown; ll-cream;
50 Ill-grey-green; 1 -uniform
+ milk thickness; others have
+ H?0 sloughed off patches;
l-most tenacious; IV-
slimy; 1- 100 ml; 11,111-
175 ml; IV-150 ml
Milk Yes 1 -green particles in
+ HJD clear or tannish matrix;
11,111, 1 V-tan on green;
tan washes off; 1 V-tan
more stringy; M-bumpy;
under it is tenacious;
1-50 ml; 11,11 1-70 ml;
IV-60 ml
Milk Yes 1 -grey-white over green
+ HO with reddish brown blotches
in green; ll-green with
very few red-brown blotches;
Ill-grey-white over green
with very little brown;
IV- variegated green with
brown bumps; IV-most
tenacious; 1-120 ml;
II,IV-IOO ml; Ill-ISO ml
Milk Yes All dark green with no
+ H~0 white; 1- least bumpy;
IV-most bumpy; IV-drtest
and most cohesive;
l-l10 ml; I 1-120 ml;
111-120 ml; IV-IOO ml
-------
Run
Date
Speed
RF"M Water
CO
-4
IXL-A-H-IOO 5-19-71 100 Hard
Carbon
COD (mg/l)
Mi Ik
320
TABLE 12 (continued)
Phosphorus
Nitrogen
N (mg/l)
Na>IPO.
P fmg/T)
Mi Ik
14-15
0,3,6,
12
+ mi Ik
XL-A-H-IO
6-4-71 10 Hard
XL-A-H-IOO 6-23-71 100 Hard
Mi Ik
320
Milk
14-15
0,3,6,
12
+ mi Ik
Calcium
(mg/l) Ca
Mi Ik
Liqht* Remarks
$
Mi Ik
320
Milk
14-15
0,3,6,
12
+ mi Ik
CaCI
100
+ mi Ik
CaCI7
100
+ mi Ik
+ HO
Yes I-light tan-green over
dark green; 11,1 Il-bright
green blotches over grey-
green; IV-finely mottled-
light and dark green;
1-dry; I I,Ill-more wet;
IV-thick and lumpy-
consistency of thick milk
shake, very tenacious;
1-150 ml; I 1-120 ml;
I I 1-90 ml; IV-60 ml
Yes All four light green
filamentous growth over
inner 2/3 of discs; IV-
most cohesive, then I -
III - II; I-smooth; I I-
more fluid; IV-dry-gritty;
1-175 ml; I 1-140 ml,
I Il-l10 ml; IV-90 ml
Yes Under layers-green;
tenacious; upper layer
Iighter-not very
tenacious; I and I I -
pebbly looking; 1-100 ml;
I 1-105 ml; I 11-95 ml;
IV-60 ml
-------
Speed
Run Date RPM
VIML-A-H-IO 7-2-71 10
Carbon
Water* COD (mg/l) N (mg/l)
Hard
TABLE 12 (continued)
Phosphorus
Nitrogen Na0HPO
Milk
320
Mi Ik
14-15
QO
oa
0,3,6,
12
+ milk
Calcium
P Tmg/T) (mg/l)Ca Light* Remarks1
CaO
50+
mi Ik +
H20
Yes I-brown-green; 11,111,
IV-green; I-most
tenacious, 11 and III-
least tenacious; I and
IV-f iIamentous growth
moves about when washed;
I I and I I I-top layer
washes off;
l-like very thick taffy;
It and IV-1 ike taffy;
Ill-soft
V1IIL-A-H-IOO 7-19-71 100 Hard
Mi Ik
320
Milk
14-15
i Soft = Milwaukee tap Zeolite softened
Hard = Milwaukee tap
* Plant light on continuously over disc apparatus
$ Slime yield In ml reported where applicable
0,3,6, CaO Yes I I-most tenacious; not
12 50+ moved with H^O; I and III-
+ milk milk+ move with H.-0 wash; IV-
HJD lightest green; I-ye I low-
green with brown; ll-dark
ye I low-green with dark
green bumps; Ill-light
green in middle, dark
green at edges; 1,11,111-
consistency of baby food.
-------
TABLE 13
ANALYSIS OF DISC SLIMES AT VARYING SPEEDS
AND DIFFERENT GROWING CONDITIONS
00
\o
Date and
Identification
Jan. 14, 1970
X-A-S-I*
Jan. 21. 1970
X-B-S-lf
Jan. 30, 1970
X-C-S-I#
Disc
I
II
III
IV
I
I II
IV
I
11
III
IV
% Volatile
Each
Sample
94.68
91.95
91.78
93.72
94.09
96.76
91.33
90.44
95.41
89.29
90.92
90.10
96.70
93.67
96.00
94.59
94.21
93.41
93.76
92.25
92.27
91.17
89.73
90.62
Solids
Avg.
94.68
91.95
91.78
93.72
95.42
90.88
92.35
90.55
95.46
94.07
92.76
90U5I
% Phosphorus*
Each
Samp 1 e
D.3I
1.80
1.81
1.51
D.22
).22
.82
.84
2.10
2.10
.78
1.85
D.I 1
D.ll
D.ll
.15
.09
.12
.20
.25
.07
.22
.23
.30
Avg.
0.31
1.80
1.81
1.51
0.22
1.83
2.10
1.81
0. II
1.12
1.17
1.25
% Carbon
Each
Sample
51.00
58.91
53.66
51.67
45.72
45.34
28.95
44.47
51.79
47.70
48.11
33.34
23.10
24.97
27.71
41.44
40.82
42.90
39.04
44.62
40.69
46.12
47.51
34.09
Avg.
51.00
58.91
53.66
51.67
45.53
36.71
49.74
40.72
25.26
41.72
41.45
42.84
% Nitrogen
Each
Samp 1 e
4.06
7.39
8.44
5.89
3.60
3.82
9.62
9.81
11.18
11.07
9.98
9.83
4.17
4.15
3.90
7.02
5.79
6.52
8.75
8.55
8.60
8.77
8.44
8.86
Avg.
4.06
7.39
8.44
5.89
3.71
9.71
11.12
9.90
4.07
6.44
8.63
8.69
-------
TABLE 13 (continued)
VO
o
Date ana
Identification
Feb. II, 1970
X-D-S-I#
Feb. 26, 1970
I-A-S-I#
Disc
I I I
II
March 31, 1970 All
I-B-S-I
April 2, 1970** I
I I I
% Volati le
Each
Sample
95.80
92.00
90.34
91.72
73.91
84.53
83.01
87.50
95.63
94.85
96.10
94.71
93.75
Sol ids
Avg.
95.80
92.00
90.34
91.72
73.19
84.53
83.01
87.50
95.53
94.23
% Phosphorus* %
Each
Samp 1 e
0.33.
0.46
0.37
.42;
.64.
.52'
.68.
.15
2.17.
.54
.72'
.40
0.31 .
0.30 '
0.33
.31
.27
.51
0.76,
.04.
.87
.94' .
2.32
0.76
0.58:
0.79"
2.38
i.92
1.87
1.88
1.70
Avg.
0.39
1.53
1 .67"
1.55
0.31
1.29
1.10
2.04
0.71-
2.38
1.92
1.82
Each
Sample
56.29
45.42
53.47
46.27
50.21
46.50
44.59
49.69
48.52
83.21
88.20
64.31
56.74
49.27
54.90
39.60
49.76
43.39
43.65
Carbon
Avg.
50.85
49.87
47.10
49.10
85.70
64.31
53.00
54.90
44.25
43.65
% N i trogen
Each
Sample Avg.
4.64
4.83
4.64
8.89
8.29
8.84
9.37
9.22
9.52
9.99
9.69
9.82
4.78
4.45
6.52
7.12
7. 13
8.08
4.48
4.54
4.62
8.89
4.70
8.67
9.37
9.83
4.61
6.52
7.13
8.08
4.55
8.89
-------
vO
Date and
Identification
April 24, 1970
I-A-S-IOO
May 8, 1970
I-B-S-IOO
May 22, 1970
I-A-S-50#
June;5, 1970
I-B-S-50#
% Volatile Solids
Disc
IV
1
II
II 1
IV
1
II
1 1 1
IV
1
II
III
IV
1
Each
Samp 1 e
95.83
96.51
97.62
95.07
85.96
93.89
97.39
90.94
92.16
94.59
89.94
90.59
97.94
97.62
98.38
93.62
93.66
93.84
95.06
96.39
95.27
95.31
93.72
96.34
94.50
91.14
Avg.
96.17
97.62
95.07
85.96
93.89
97.39
91.55
94.59
90.27
97.98
93.71
95.73
94.77
93.99
TABLE 13 (continued)
% Phosphorus* % Carbon
Each
Samp 1 e
1.39
1.23
0.78
1.26
1.35
!.57
1.36
0.27
1.53
1.52
1.50
1.49
1.43
0.51
0.26
0.28
1.75
1.60
1.72
1.43
1 . 36
1.46
1.52
1.50
1.64
0.28
0.44
0.25
Avg.
1.31
0.78
1 .30
1.57
1 .36
0.27
1.53
1.47
0.35
1.69
1.42
1.55
0.32
Each
Samp 1 e
43.99
45.07
47.85
56.17
51 .30
20.32
39.00
27.60
33.1 1
32.14
53.74
39.49
29.62
33.00
37.80
41.74
51.08
Avg.
43.99
46.46
53.73
28.97
39.66
39.49
33.47
46.41
% Nitrogen
Each
Samp Ie
8.51
8.58
8.83
8.76
8.20
8.18
5.
5,
5.
94
30
39
8.73
7.
7.
84
97
9.06
9.47
8. !0
9.51
5.53
4.26
4.40
Avc
8.51
8.72
8. 19
5.54
8. 18
9.06
9.03
4.73
-------
TABLE 13 (continued)
Date and
Identification
June 18, 1970
ll-A-S-25#
\o
to
July I, 1970
I I-A-S-50#
Disc
II
III
IV
1
1 1
II 1
IV
1
1 1
1 II
IV
% Volati
Each
Sample
89.32
89.86
89.61
90.26
89.55
89.29
87.50
88.60
88.22
90.58
92.67
90.58
90. 19
91.80
91.64
92.77
91.43
91.91
89. 18
88.76
90.46
91.40
91.03
90.49
89.25
89.67
90.43
89.19
89.20
87.87
90.22
le Solids % Phosphorus*
Each
Avg. Sample
89.60
89.70
88.11
91.28
91.21
92.04
89.47
90.97
89.78
89.20
89.04
.61
.55
.60
.60
.49
.68
.99
.82
.75
.70
.95
.74
.66
.71
.70
.60
.77
.60
.90
.94
.47
.28
.38
.34
.36
.42
.36
.59
.38
.59
.58
.35
Avg.
1.59
1.59
1.85
1.80
1.69
1.66
1.92
1.37
1.37
1.44
1.50
% Carbon
Each
Sample
40.58
59.89
47.51
49.72
47.44
58.01
43.28
48.34
34.65
31.54
51.79
59.59
48.98
45.45
57. 15
56.29
47.96
33.68
51.41
56.62
43.43
42.56
47.44
41.21
46.16
35.29
37.61
43.43
46.84
39.86
48.63
Avg.
49.32
51.76
42.09
47.64
47.22
53.80
47.25
44.48
43.69
38.78
45.11
% Nitrogen
Each
Sample
9.33
9.30
9.05
9.36
9.03
8.96
8.82
8.52
1 1.50
1 1.32
1 1.44
10.69
10.24
10.59
10. 19
10.33
10.01
10.77
11.05
10.25
10.00
10.03
9.91
9.53
9.74
10.02
10.01
10.32
10.22
9.82
10.44
9.66
^g.
9.23
9.20
8.77
1 1.42
10.67
10. 18
10.69
9.98
9.76
10. 18
9.97
-------
Date and
Identification
July 13, 1970
M-A-S-IOOiJf
vO
July 20, 1972
ll-B-S-25
July 28, 1970
lll-A-S-25
III
I
I I
III
IV
&
IV
TABLE 13
(continued)
% Volatile Solids -% Phosphorus*
Each Each
Sample Avg. Sample
91.43 92.12
92.82
93.30
93.13 93.31
93.50
92.50
92.49 92.35
92.07
89.35 90.60
91.84
97.95
95.79 97.44+
98.57
92.93
93.25 93.02
92.88
94.23
94.30 94.12
93.82
93.35
93.32 93.36
93.42
.06
.22
.29
.44
.00
.27
.23
.35
.32
.21
.00
.39
.50
.42
.38
.53
.47
.54
.67
.46
.72
,66
.70
.61
.74
.73
.67
Avg.
1. 19
1.24
1.30
1.20
1.50
1.40
1.50
1.54
1.61
1.65
1.71
% Carbon
Each
Samp I e
49.09
88.88
46.00
41.65
41.68
48.79
44.44
44.48
41.32
43.35
49.54
51.22
50.51
33.41
44.28
42.26
38.21
36.38
35.18
40.28
41.25
36.82
Avg.
68.99
43. 1 1
45.90
42.33
50.42+
39.98
36.59
39.45
% Nitrogen
Each
Samp Ie
9.38
10. 10
9.62
9.87
9. 18
9.81
9.87
10.12
9.58
8.92
9.66
9.83
9.63
I 1.36
11.07
I 1.74
9.41
8.62
9.15
10.74
10.32
10.29
Avg.
9.74
9.56
9.93
9.25
9.704
I 1.39
9.06
10.45
-------
TABLE 13 (continued)
% Phosphorus*
Carbon
vO
Date and
Identification Disc
August 5, 1970 1
lll-B-S-25#
II
1 II
IV
August 21, 1970 1
1 1 I-A-S-IOO#
II
Ml
IV
Sept. 4, 1970 1
Each !
Samp 1 e Avg . I
93.05
93.16 93.08
93.03
93.19 :
93.22 93.22 ;
93.23 :
93.84
93.25 93.43
93.21
93.50
93.29 93.29
93.09
95.35
96.23 95.75
95.69
94.79
94.77 94.67
94.46
94.56 94.86
95.16
94.29
94.47 94.26
94.01
89.92
88.68 89.61
90.22
Each
>amp 1 e
.38
.48
.37
5.09
2.77
2.83
.41
.48
.51
.53
.60
.49
.75
.61
.67
.17
.58
.60
.71
.80
.83
.63
.80
.43
.6la
.563
5,a
'.64*
Each
Avg. Sample Avg.
55.31
1.41 53.51 55.12
56.55
49.58 54.32
2.90 59.06
53.36
1.47 53.51 53.36
53.21
52.09
1.54 50.49 51.28
51.30
57.52
1.68 50.78 55.24
57.41
52.28 51.53
1.45 50.78
52.09 54.34
1.79 56.59
51.68
1.62 53.18 50.57
46.84
44.40
I.573 52.54 44.01
35.10
L
Each
Sample
10.46
9.76
10.08
10.40
11.04
10.44
10.62
10.31
10.32
10.50
10.46
1 1.23
1 1.37
10.26
11.12
11.40
11.20
11.03
11.25
12.41
11.58
10.28
10. 18
10.78
Avg.
10.10
10.63
10.42
10.48
1 1.30
10.93
11.12
11.75
10.41
1.58:
1.60
.61
-------
TABLE 13 (continued)
% Volatile Solids % Phosphorus*
vo
vn
Date and
Identification
Sept. II, 1970
V-A-S-25#
Sept. 25, 1970
V-A-S-IOO#
Each
Disc Sample
II 90.04
89.07
90. 19
III 89.99
90.34
89.33
IV 88.38
88.48
88.76
1 91.79
91.53
92.67
II 91.42
92.08
92.06
III 92.86
92.50
93.00
IV 92.72
93.26
93.06
1 93.57
91.27
91.67
II 94.74
92.74
91.23
IN 92.69
91.72
92.66
IV 92.99
92.23
93.87
Avg.
89.77
89.89
88.54
92.00
91.85
92.79
93.01
92.17
92.90
92.36
93.03
Each
Sample
.53
.65
.61
.67
.95
.63
.64
.55
.44
.46
.35
.45
.50
.50
.66
.66
.56
.61
.40
.61
.41
.36
.41
.26
.29
.20
.54
.50
.52
.43
.37
.38
Each
Avg. Sample
46.05
1.60 50.40
1.81
52.05
59.44
49.01
1.61 47.70
48.86
47.44
1.42 51.34
41.89
46.84
1.48 47.25
44.63
47.74
1.63 67.88
46.39
41.28
1.54 28.80
78.30
47.70
1.39 49,39
48. 19
45.90
1.25 45.26
47.44
50. 18
1.52 44.78
46.69
44.10
1.39 46.20
46.73
Avg.
48.22
51.18
48.52
46.89
46.29
54.00
49.46
48.42
46.20
47.20
% N
Each
Samp le
10.61
10.40
9.73
10.79
10.79
10.23
11.16
1 1.20
11.15
8.78
10. 17
10. 17
9.44
8.77
9.33
9.99
10.25
10.25
1 1.08
10.39
10.60
10.75
11.18
9.82
6.40
9.41
10.27
10. 18
10. 18
10.21
9.29
7.64
itrogen
Avg.
10.25
10.60
11.17
9.71
9. 18
10.17
10.69
10.97
• •
8.54
10.24
9.05
-------
TABLE 13 (continued)
% Volatile Solids % Phosphorus*
% Carbon
% Nitrogen
Date and
Identification
Disc
October 9, 1970 I
V-B-S-IOO
IV
October 29, 1970
VI-A-H-25#
II
II
Each E
Sample Avg . S
94.74
93.61 94.39 .
94.82
93.20
92.79 92.98
92.96 ^ *
93.82
92.61 93.04
93.68
93.63 93.82
94.15
87.05 :
86.89 86.68 :
86.10 :
85.42 :
86.10 85.96 :
86.37 i
83.33 :
83.38 83.08 :
82.52 /
iach Each Each
>ample Avg. Sample Avg. Sample Avg.
>na
.41
.36a I.383
l£
!43b l.40b
.40
.50a
.50a I.523
:l$
!58b l.54b
.52
•56!
.62a l.63a
•6*H
n n
,6r 1.62
n
.61
.69a
.49a l.60a
•6lb
•56b b
.54° 1.54°
h
.53°
?.47 43.99 8.65
2.44 2.42 49.12 46.25 8.01 8.34
2.36 45.64 8.35
2.50 39.60 7.78
2.46 2.50 40.45 42.15 7.99 7.96
2.54 46.39 8.10
2.94 40.19 7.72
5.05 2.95 37.91 41.00 7.76 7.77
?.87 44.89 7.82
-------
TABLE 13 (continued)
% Volatile Sol ids
VO
Date and
Identification
Nov. 13, 1970
VI-B-H-25#
Nov. 25, 1970
VI-A-H-IOO*
Dec. 9, 1970
VI-B-H-IOO*
Each
Disc Sample
IV 76.30
76.44
76.62
1 88.67
89.36
89.36
II 87.60
87.93
87.32
Ml 86.70
86.18
86.50
IV 85.30
84.56
84.79
1 89.74
88.78
89.19
M 87.64
88.18
88.31
III 86.42
87.50
86.48
IV 84.29
85.24
83.93
1 87.50
89.37
90. 1 4
II nr* « *~
1 88.96
87.66
85.80
Avg.
76.45
89.12
87.62
86.46
84.88
89.24
88.04
86.80
84.49
89.00
87.47
Each
Samp 1 e Avq .
4.34
3.67 3.97
3.89
1.77
1.87 1.82
1.81
2.22
2.04 2.12
2.09
2.28
2.19 2.24
2.26
2.39
2.46 2.46
2.53
2.02
1.96 2.00
2.01
2.07
2.02 2.12
2.28
2.39
2.40 2.39
2.37
2.79
2.88 2.82
2.80
1.73
1.68 1.76
1.86
2.43
2.37 2.35
2,26
/v x^*.
Each
Samp le
35.18
37.50
37.76
44.89
40.61
44.59
42.90
68.96
50.63
45.71
46.39
48.15
39.52
43. 12
41.14
52.08
45.86
47.18
47.36
49.91
45.45
50.48
43.73
46.61
51.23
48.49
53. 18
42.74
46.16
37.58
43.54
42.00
46.05
Avg.
CJ
36.81
43.36
54.16
46.75
41.26
48.37
47.57
46.94
50.97
42.18
43.86
f Mil
Each
Samp le
7. 13
7.24
7.26
8.92
9.32
8.88
9.39
9.13
9.66
6. 13
9.42
9.50
8.44
8.89
8.78
9.70
9.22
9.22
8.68
9.02
9 05
•S • V*'
9.39
9.43
9.36
8.22
7.87
8.40
9.05
9.12
8.47
8.78
9.14
8.44
i
-------
Date and
Identi fication
Dec. 22, 1970
VIl-A-S-25#
00
IV
Jan. II, 1971
VIl-B-S-25#
I I
I I I
IV
% Volatile
Each
Sample
86. 16
87.78
87.22
84.58
84.97
85.55
88.77
89.47
89.61
87.72
87.89
87.89
87.96
88.86
87.87
87.31
86.97
87.42
86.92
87.88
87.56
90.88
90.63
90.64
92.23
92.48
92.15
89.96
89.92
89.02
Solids
Avg.
87.05
85.03
89.28
87.83
88.23
87.23
87.45
90.72
92.29
89.60
TABLE 13 (continued
% Phosphorus*
Each
Sample Avg.
2.37
2.35 2.29
2.16
2.80
2.81 2.82
2.84
2.09
1 . 86 1 . 93
1.85
2.50
2.35 2.39
2.32
2.20
2.14 2.21
2.29
2. II
2.10 2.09
2.06
2.01
1.98 2.01
2.05
1.58
1.61 l-6i
1.65
1.57
1.65 1.61
1.61
2.09
2.11 2.13
2.20
)
%
Each
Sample
34.54
36.94
45.68
46.01
54.49
44.02
45.53
47.40
48.75
45.77
46.88
45.00
44.66
44.85
44.92
44.93
45.69
47.32
48.41
49.05
47. f4
47.10
46.58
47.44
47.25
48.08
50.85
45.83
47.96
48.82
Carbon
Avg.
39.05
48. 17
47.23
45.88
44.81
45.95
48.20
47.04
48.73
47.55
% N
Each
Samp le
9.45
9.29
9.4!
9.01
9.33
0.38
9.27
8.84
7.90
7.56
7.78
7.46
7.73
7.93
6.67
7.82
7.56
7.22
8.99
8.27
8.61
8.10
7.94
8.09
8.42
8.03
c
6.83
8.95
8.87
9.09
i trogen
Avg.
9.38
9.57
8.67
7.60
7.44
7.53
8.62
8.04
8.23
8.97
-------
\o
vO
Date and
Identification . Disc
Jan. 29, 1971 1
VH-A-S-IOO#
1 1
III
IV
Feb. 12, 1971 1
VII-A-S-IO#
II
1 II
IV
Feb. 24, 1971 1
VIII-A-H-IO#
II
1 II
IV
% Volati
Each
Sample
85.20
85.91
88.77
86.05
87.78
87.23
89.49
89.47
88.65
88.08
86.34
87.39
86.75
89.22
89.67
90.09
88.87
90.02
89.46
89.31
88.17
89.60
88.39
86.94
87.76
87.54
87.88
86.31 .
TABLE 13 (continued)
le Solids % Phosphorus* % Carbon
Each
Avg. Sample
85.20 .81
.81
85.91 .73
.73
88.77 .67
.64
86.05 .84
.96
1.87
88.16 2.15
2.18
88.73
86.82
89.66
89.45
89.03
.67
.73
2.06
.,96
.90
.89
.63
.91
.87
.67
.68
.81
.84
.87
.85
2.16
87.70 2.24
2.09
2.16
87.24 2.16
Avg.
1.81
1.73
1.66
1.90
2.07
1.82
1.92
1.80
1.72
1.85
2. 16
2.16
Each
Samp le
47.74
48.30
47.89
46.69
48.41
49.97
49.56
49.24
48.41
48.82
47.99
50.86
47.06
50.64
49.92
47.89
51.00
49.81
50.59
48.54
50.40
48.79
49.28
45.71
49.48
45.38
44.31
53.96
46.41
55.05
Avg.
47.74
48.30
47.29
48.41
49.59
48.41
49.52
49.60
49.65
49.49
46.86
49.93
% Nitrogen
Each
Samp 1 e
9.30
9.31
9.35
9.39
9 37
* • -x i
9.52
9.48
8.89
9.26
9.57
9.41
9.39
9.56
9.46
9.94
6.86
8.67
7.91
9.04
9.85
10.34
8.50
10.74
10.00
9.09
Avg.
9.30
9.31
9.35
9.39
9.46
9.24
9.45
9.70
7.81
9.74
9.62
9.54
-------
TABLE 13 (continued)
Date and
Identification
March 10, 1971
VI II-B-H-IO*
o
o
March 26, 1971
IXL-A-H-IO#
April 14, 1971
IXL-B-H-IO#
% Volati 1
Each
Disc Sample
1 87.69
87.78
87.95
II 85.67
85.66
85 31
\J «^ • — ' l
III 85.65
85.15
84.36
IV 88.28
87.98
87.22
1 89.68
92.02
91 .88
I 1 89.82
91.43
91 .24
III 88.27
89.60
89.84
IV 90.17
88.93
90.03
I 89.64
90.05
90.04
M 89.80
89.78
90.27
III 90.14
90.73
90.65
e Sol ids
Avg.
87.81
85.55
85.05
87.83
91. 19
90.83
89.24
89.71
89.91
89.95
90.51
% Phosphorus % Carbon
Each
Samp le
1.43
1 .44
1.39
2.08
2.45
2.14
2.13
1.82
2.14
1.90
2.01
1.99
.24
.48
.78
.49
.63
.45
.80
.74
.84
.84
.65
2.04
.22
.27
.23
.26
.38
.45
Each
Avq. Sample
43.73
1.42 45.08
44.51
44.68
2.22 46.89
45.49
45.28
2.03 46.11
48. 19
1.97 47.63
46. 19
52.03
1.50 49.93
51.28
46.52
1.52 50.96
47.70
44.21
1.79 46.28
48.41
47.44
1.84 46.98
46.76
1.245 46.18
1.245 45.67
1.415 45.52
Avg.
44.44
45.69
45.70
47.34
51 .08
48.39
46.30
47.06
46. 18
45.67
45.52
TO IN i T r
Each
Samp 1 e
8.63
8.80
8"Z C.
.-56
8.65
8.82
8.91
8.42
8.56
81 7
. 1 /
8 A ~I
.47
8.38
81 /-\
. 1 0
10. 17
9.82
I/"\ /*\ 1
0.01
10.25
9.98
9.78
91 f\
. 1 0
10.40
9.48
8.06
9.95
9j- ^
.63
10. 16
10.28
10. 13
9.93
9.84
9Q~7
* O /
9.53
9.79
9.71
ogen
Avg.
8.60
8.79
8.38
8.32
10.00
10.00
9.66
9.21
10.19
9.88
9.68
-------
TABLE 13 (continued)
% Volatile Solids • % Phosphorus % Carbon % Nitrogen
Date and
Identification Disc
IV
April 30, 1971 I
IX.-A-H-50#
L
1 1
III
IV
May 19, 1971 1
IX,-A-H-IOO#
L
1 1
III
IV
June 4, 1971 1
X.-A-H-IO#
L
Each Each
Sample Avg. Sample
88.07
88.63 88.54
88.93
90.88
90.60 90.34
89.55
89.25
88.34 88.63
88.29
88.44
88.15 88.05
87.56
89.71
88.39 88.92
88.67
92.30
92.11 92.05
91.74
91.75
91.21 91.34
91.05
90.31
90.03 90.22
89.43
91.20
89.87 90.58
90.66
90.73
90.20 90.59
90.83
.33
.40
.17
.16
.15
.40
.18
.25
.37
.46
.35
.55
.49
.07
.00
.12
.35
.32
.28
.50
.52
.06
.62
.56
.58
.57
.51
.65
Each
Avg. Sample
1.365 46.42
51.23
1.16 51.38
52.24
56.04
1.28 52.39
52.66
48.94
1.39 50.92
1.52 52.05
50.83
50.74
49.43
1.06 52.65
51.94
49.60
1.32 47.93
50.55
51.38
1.36 50.95
52.20
46.87
1.59 45.68
50.48
46.01
1.58 44.98
44.86
Each
Avg. Sample
46.42 9.92
9.78
9.93
10.21
51.62 9.99
10.11
9.83
53.70 9.70
10.32
49.93 9.54
9.53
9.04
51.21 8.83
9.21
9.03
51.34 9.36
9.01
9.60
49.36 9.70
9.40
9.06
51.51 10.35
9.71
9.60
47.68 9.40
9.43
9.51
45.28' 9.28
9.32
Avg.
9.88
10.10
9.95
9.54
9.03
9. 13
9.57
9.71
9.48
9.34
-------
TABLE 13 (continued)
o
N)
% Vo 1 at II
Date and Each
Identification Disc Sample
1 1 89.78
89.4!
89.52
1 1 1 88.61
88.51
88.52
IV 85.76
85.92
85.38
June 23, 1971 1 89.99
X,-A-H-IOO# 90.08
L 90.08
II 89.74
90.28
89.64
III 87.42
111 w » • ^ *-
86.05
86. 16
IV 83.87
83.57
84.04
July 2, 1971 1 83.45
VIII . -A-H-IO# 89.96
L 90.41
II 88.66
88.56
88.25
III 95 74
III & -* * * ~
89.05
88.52
IV 88.28
88.10
88.12
e So lids % Phosphorus % Carbon % Nitrogen
Each
Avq. Sample
1
89.57 1
1
2
88.55 2
2
.73
.86
.74
.19
.06
.28
2.72
95.69 2
2
90.05
89.89
.60
.81
.35
.56
.30
.53
.64
.61
2.45
86.54 2.39
2.48
2.94
83.83 2.91
3.15
87.94
88.44
91.10
88. 17
.52
.55
.48
.59
.72
.75
.77
.80
.95
.90
.98
Each
Avg. Sample
44.89
1.78 44.85
43.84
44.93
2.18 45.94
41.32
41.98
2.71 46.65
43.67
45.00
1.40 47.32
48.27
45.26
1.59 45.00
45.52
43.88
2.44 45.04
43.69
43.35
3.00 43.88
43. 13
43.99
1.52 47.40
53.40
45.00
1.69 47.14
45.15
1.79 43.65
43.61
45.45
44.85
1 . 94 41.81
44.2!
bach
Avq. Sample
9.96
44.86 9.52
9.67
10.05
44.06 9.95
9.84
9.23
44.10 9.25
9.47
8.31
46.86 8.37
8.98
8.41
45.26 8.37
8.67
44.20 8.53
7.95
8.58
43.45 8.62
8.24
10.89
48.26 10.42
10.52
9.91
45.76 10.53
9.62
10.02
44.24 11.48
10. 10
9.68
43.62 9.72
9.41
Avg.
9.72
9.95
9.32
8.55
8.39
8.38
8.48
10.61
10.02
10.53
9.60
-------
TABLE 13 (continued)
% Volatile Sol ids % Phosphorus
Date and
Identification Disc
July 19, 1971 1
VIII.-A-H-IOO#
L.
ii
in
IV
Each
Samp 1 e
87.24
87.13
87.27
82.37
82.92
83.12
81.06
80.82
80.71
80.52
80.00
79.82
Avg.
87.21
82.80
80.86
80.1 1
Each
Sample
1.73
1.66
1.51
2.00
2.17
2.28
2.67
2.81
2.69
2.91
2.21
Avg.
1.63
2.15
2.72
2.56
% Carbon
Each
Samp 1 e
44.96
44. 18
44.78
42.49
43.94
43.35
45.94
40.99
44.04
39.68
41.55
40.99
Avg.
44.64
43.26
43.66
40.74
% Nitrogen
Each
Sample
8.99
8.03
8.55
8,37
7.66
8.15
7.99
7.73
7.36
7.39
8.46
7.93
7.49
o
UJ
**
* On dry weight basis
+ Composite from four discs
All these slime samples were taken from the settling cones
Test runs included in statistical analysis
After washing with deionized water
Before washing with deionized water
Problem with laboratory analysis
-------
TABLE 14
PERCENT CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM
IN DISC SLIMES
Date and
Identification
October 9, 1970
V-B-S-IOO
November 13, 1970
YI-B-H-25
November 25, 1970
VI-A-H-IOO
December 9, 1970
VI-B-H-IOO
Percent on Dry Weight Basis
Disc
1
II
III
IV
1
II
III
IV
1
II
III
IV
I
II
Ca
Each
Sample
0.51
0.50
0.42
0.48
0.50
0.42
0.53
0.49
0.58
0.39
0.46
0,37
2,18
1.58
1,86
1.76
1,82
2.17
2.33
2.20
3.13
2.71
2.83
2.12
2.24
2.84
2.61
2.44
3.55
3.46
1,92
4.14
3.67
4.22
1.49
1.42
1.48
3.25
3.07
Mq
Each
Ave . Samp 1 e Ave.
0.48
0.47
0.53
0.41
1.88
1.81
2.23
2.89
2.18 .21 .215
.22
.25
2.63 .21 .22
.20
.23
2.98 .26 .25
.26
.26
4.01 .23 .25
.26
1.46
2.98
2.61
104
-------
TABLE 14 (continued)
Percent on Dry Weight Basis
Date and
Identification
December 22, 1970
VII-A-S-25
January II, 1971
VM-B-S-25
January 29,
VII-A-S-IOO
1971
February 12, 1971
VII-A-S-IO
Disc
III
IV
1
II
III
IV
1
II
III
IV
1
II
III
IV
1
II
Ca
Each
Samp 1 e
3.73
3.39
3.30
4.39
4.27
4.70
.71
.66
.69
.97
.79
.71
.44
.92
.83
.71
.75
.70
1.29
1.12
1.24
1.99
2.00
2.15
2.89
2.88
2.83
.40
.41
.81
.83
1.04
1.66
1.53
.36
.48
.38
.80
.84
.79
Ave.
3.47
4.45
.69
1.88
1.58
1.88
.72
1.22
2.04
2.87
.41
.82
1.04
1.60
.41
.81
Mg
Each
Samp 1 e
.23
.20
.19
.22
.22
.19
.17
.15
.19
.17
.18
.17
.13
.13
.13
.12
.11
.15
.12
.14
.13
.105
.106
.08
.09
.08
.08
.08
.11
.13
.12
.09
.10
.10
Ave.
.21
.22
.18
.17
.173
.13
.13
.13
.106
.09
.08 •
.08
.12
.10
105
-------
TABLE 14 (continued)
Percent on Dry Weight Basis
Date and
Identification Disc
III
IV
February 24, 1971 1
VIM-A-H-IO
II
III
IV
March 10, 1971 1
VMI-B-H-IO
II
III
IV
March 26, 1971 1
IX.-A-H-IO II
L
III
IV
Ca
Each
Samp 1 e
.60
.12
.10
.15
.78
.41
.79
.90
.76
.74
.82
.78
2.17
2.25
2.12
1.90
1.99
2.24
3.50
3.99
3.71
3.03
2.95
2.95
4.28
3.94
3.85
2.46
2.54
3.30
.57
.70
.69
.71
.64
.70
.75
1.15
1.37
1.56
Ave.
1.11
1.45
1.82
1.78
2.18
2.04
3.73
2.98
4.02
2.77
.57
.70
.70
1.36
Mg
Each
Samp 1 e Ave .
.06
.10
.10
.086
.108 .094
.087
.41 .40
.39
.33 .33
.24
.24 .243
.25
.26
.26 .27
.28
.31
.32 .31
.30
,40 .39
.38
.42
.36 .39
.38
.34
.36 .35
.01 .01
.35
.35 .34
.31
106
-------
TABLE 14 (continued)
Percent on Dry Weight Basis
Ca
Mg
Date and
Identification
April 14, 1971
IX.-B-H-IO
I
L.
April 30, 1971
IX.-A-H-50
L
May 19, 1971
IX.-A-H-IOO
L
June 4, 1971
X.-A-H-IO
L
Each
Disc Sample
1 .75
.82
.89
II .84
.89
.91
III .19
.17
.11
IV .19
.06
.17
1 .79
.82
.85
II 1 .02
.86
III .11
.06
.06
IV .36
.37
.43
1 .84
.82
.80
II ,04
.07
.07
Ml .17
.20
IV .47
.50
.44
1 1.59
2,17
2.09
II .58
.70
III .65
.97
.95
Ave.
.82
.88
1.16
1.14
.82
.94
1.08
1.39
.82
1.06
1.18
;
1.47
2.13
1.64
1.86
Each
Sample Ave.
.30 .29
.27
.37
.30 .33
.32
.34 .34
.31 .32
.32
.23
.22 .22
.21
.23 .23
.23
.25 .24
.24
107
-------
TABLE 14 (continued)
Percent on Dry Weight Basis
Ca Mg
Date and
Identification
June 23, 1971
XL-A-H-IOO
July 2, 1971
VIIIL-A-H-I,0
July 19, 1971
VMIL-A-H-IOO
IV
IV
Each
Sample
2.78
2.86
2.93
1.75
1.59
1.57
2.30
2.46
2.26
2.84
3.48
3.31
4.05
4.00
4.14
1.46
1.26
1.37
2.12
1.96
2.00
1.89
2.02
1.92
2.94
2.71
3.12
3.00
4.04
4.37
4.26
4.50
4.77
4.54
6.51
5.36
5.04
Ave.
2.86
1.64
2.34
3.21
4.06
1.36
2.03
1.94
2.88
3.06
4.22
4.60
5.20
Each
Sample
.25
.28
.24
.20
.24
.23
.19
.22
.26
.26
.27
.26
.31
.30
.24
.25
.24
.30
.34
.30
.29
.30
.28
.29
.29
.29
.31
.37
.39
.31
.37
.47
.38
.46
.39
.34
Ave.
.27
.23
.21
.26
.29
.24
.31
.29
.29
.30
.36
.41
.40
108
-------
TABLE 15
ANALYSIS OF CHANNEL SLIMES
PRELIMINARY RUNS
Date and
Jjdent ? f i cat f on
March 26, 1971
Mllk(24 g./SOL)
only feed
April 16, 1971
Ml Ik only,
4.0 ml/mln.
Mid-slope
% Volatile Sol ids % Phosphorus
Carbon
% Nitrogen
June I, 1971
Mllk(36g/80L),
80ml N.B. solfn
<450mg/ml), 20ml
Na2HPO (20mgP/ml
Channel Each Sample Avg. Each Sample Avg. Each Sample Avq. Each Sample Avq.
Comp . * 91.4
91.2 91.3
91.3
I
II
1 1 1
IV
.24
.25
.40
.21
. 14
.20
. 14
.22
.20
.09
. 17
. 19
. 19
1 2. 15
1.89
M 2.00
2.02
1.96
111 88.6 88.6 1.97
2.10
2.04
IV 87.8 87.3 2.21
86.8 2.09
2.26
49.50
1.30 49.44 49.53
49.66
1. 175
1. 17
1. 16
1. 18
2.02
1.99
2.04
2. 19
10.48
9.90
10.26
10.73
10.74
8.65
8.94
9.02
8.07
8. 18
10.21
10.74
8.65
8.99
8. 13
Average percent of calcium in slime = 0.62$.
-------
TABLE 16
FEED AND EFFLUENT ANALYSES
REMOVAL-STORAGE COMPARISON RUNS ON CHANNEL APPARATUS
Feed (ma/I)
Run Comments
I Low slope. 4 ml/min. 24 mq milk
so I ids/SQL. 50 ml stock P~sol'n.
(12 mg P/ml=7.5 mg P/L + milk)
Effluent (mg/I)
Date Phosphorus COD
4-19-71
4-20-71
4-22-71
II Mid slope. Same feed as
Same rate as 1.
I.
4-27-71
4-28-71
4-29-71
5-4-71
9.05
8.95
8.49
8.64
8.40
8.17
7.41
318 15.2
265 15.7
314 15.4
301
339
313
331
16. I
16.4
13.8
14.5
I
I 1
I I I
IV
I
II
I II
IV
I
11
III
IV
11
IV
iv*
IV
Phosphorus
9.71
9.85
8.98
9.46
9.44
9.44
8.83
9.63
8.49
8.58
14. 10
8.38
8.56
9.05
7.72
8.47
8.38
8.59
8.09
7.96
8.13
8.15
7.89
7.80
8.80
8.36
8.31
9.08
COD
343
326
289
275
219
199
170
141
285
281
273
240
255
238
188
265
291
283
266
261
230
224
178
167
254
239
181
164
Nitrogen
22.3
21.9
19.3
20.3
16. 1
13.9
12.1
11.9
17.4
17.7
19.0
17.9
14.5
14.7
1 1.7
1 1.4
14.7
13.8
14.2
13.7
10.0
9.2
9.8
8.9
14. 1
13.3
1 1.9
1 1.3
-------
TABLE 16 (continued)
Run
Comments
Feed (mg/l)
Effluent (mg/l)
II Mid slope. 4 ml/min. 36 g
glucose, 80 ml Nutrient broth
sol'n. (450 mg/ml), 20 ml
(20mgP/ml).
IV Low slope.
as 111.
Same feed and rate
Date
5-5-7 1
5-6-71
6-8-71
6-9-7 1
6-11-71
6-14-71
6-15-71
6-18-71
Phosphorus "COD Nitrogen Channel
8.83 365 15.4 1
1 1
1 1 1
IV
8.83 326 14.7 1
1 1
1 1 1
IV
10.03 780 55.0 1
1 1
1 1 1
IV
10.00 932 59.5 1
1 1
II 1
IV
9.38 924 61.8 1
1 1
1 1 1
IV
7.20 959 60.2 1
1 1
1 1 1
IV
10.19 928 64.4 1
1 1
1 1 1
IV
10.91 935 63.4 1
1 1
1 1 1
IV
Phosphorus
9.05
8.85
8.95
8.93
8.45
8.38
8.59
9.10
9.07
9.07
8.78
9.94
7.94
9.13
8.43
8.58
9.05
9.41
8.31
10.03
9.78
6.07
8.72
6.53
1 1.30
9.07
10.25
10.06
26.08
10.14
9.32
10.06
COD
298
279
270
262
249
227
193
187
804
780
760
812
772
772
788
796
824
768
820
,779
734
827
850
858
928
802
858
771
862
838
834
798
Nitrogen
15.9
15.5
15.7
16.3
10.4
10.2
1 1 . 1
1 1.4
55.7
60.7
56.0
58.5
54.0
55.5
53.9
56.7
57.8
59.3
55.7
56.7
52.3
60.4
59.3
52.3
64.6
57.2
56.5
56.2
59.9
56.9
55.7
52.0
-------
TABLE 16 (continued)
Run
Comments
High slope. Same feed and rate
as III.
Feed (mg/l)
Effluent (mg/l)
N>
VI
Mid slope.
milk, 15 ml
80ml NH4CI(48mgN/
ml/min. Separate tubing
col lection.
75g glucose, 25 g
Na,HPOd(20mgP/ml),
8mgN/mT)/80L. 5.4
for
VII High slope.
rate as VI.
Same feed and
Date
6-21-71
6-22-71
6-23-71
7-6-71
7-7-71
7-8-71
7-14-71
7-15-71
Phosphorus COD Nitrogen Channel
9.94 942 60.7 1
1 1
II 1
IV
10.38 880 60.2 1
II
1 II
IV
13.54 935 1
1 1
1 1 1
IV
6.98 1356 70.9 1
1 1
1 II
IV
7.85 1341 65.6 1
1 1
1 1 1
IV
5.42 1342 70.0 1
II
1 1 1
IV
5.62 1324 62.7 1
1
1 1
V
5.46 1336 58.8 1
1
1 1
V
Phosphorus
8.34
10.58
10.38
9.35
10.68
9.63
10.03
8.52
8.52
9.69
13. 13
9.08
5.76
6.29
5.94
5.32
6.43
5.28
5.79
5.22
5.30
5.00
3.62
3.02
5. 10
4.30
4.46
4.06
5.31
4.50
4.75
3.44
COD
770
742
774
770
701
748
788
741
719
781
765
715
1290
1310
1325
1193
1255
1 189
1015
1255
1272
1280
1 1 17
974
1284
1260
1244
1208
1304
1280
1216
1128
Nitroqen
50.4
55.4
56.5
57.4
46.3
52.3
56.0
53.7
*
*
*
*
59.3
66.6
63.7
63.5
61.0
57.9
46.7
44.9
66.9
57.8
54.8
45.9
65.5
62.7
61.04
64.6
64. 1
56.8
56.5
50.4
-------
TABLE 16 (continued)
Run
Comments
7-16-71
VI II Low slope.
as VI.
Same feed and rate
7-20-71
7-21-71
7-22-7'I
Feed (mg/l)
Date Phosphorus COD Nitrogen Channel
Effluent (mg/l)
5.73
1383 57.4
5.47 1298 63.2
5.73 1317 66.3
5.94 1309 70.0
I
I I
I I
IV
Phosphorus
5.03
4.58
4.21
3.98
5.30
5.01
4.79
4.53
4.51
4.51
4. 15
4.06
4.51
4.41
4. 14
3.61
COD
1312
1288
1272
1 161
1275
1294
1279
1228
1262
1215
1219
1 183
1238
1 183
1 159
1088
Nitrogen
65.5
62.4
59.3
58.8
56.5
59.9
56.5
61.0
59.9
59.3
57.6
62. 1
68.6
60.2
59.9
48.7
*Ana-|ysis problem
-------
TABLE 17
ANALYSIS OF CHANNEL SLIMES
REMOVAL-STORAGE COMPARISON RUNS
Volatile Sol ids. % Phosphorus
% Carbon
% Nitrogen
Run Date Channel Each Sample Avg. Each Sample
t 4-23-71 1
II
III
IV
II 5-20-71 1
1 1
III 87.0 87.0
IV 85.4 85.4
III 6-1 1-71 1
II 93. 1 93. 1
1 1 1
IV
.35
.34
.39
.47
.54
.43
.25
.21
.24
.13
.22
.16
.23
.27
.14
.25
.02
.72
c *y
.53
.51
.57
.52
.55
.59
.61
.50
.56
.77
Avg. Each Sample
1.34
1.39
1.50
1.43
1.23
1.20
1.22
1.14
If *"i
.62
1.53
1.58
1.61
Avg. Each Sample
1 1.21
10.36
10.51
10.88
10.40
10.58
10. 20
8.97
9.58
10.06
9.74
Avg.
1 1.21
10.58
10.40
9.28
9.90
-------
Ul
TABLE 17 (continued)
% Volatile Solids % Phosphorus
% Carbon
% Nitrogen
Run Date Channel Each Sample Avg. Each Sample Avg. Each Sample Avg. Each Sample Avg.
IV 6-18-71 1
II
IN
IV
V 6-25-71 1
II 88.72 88.57 ;
88.41
*•
III 91.65
88.92 89.73
88.64
IV 90.00
91.56 90.61
90.26
VI 7-9-71 1
.32
.62
.77
.60
.74
.88
.63
.57
.62
.76
.85
.58
.81
.83
?.20
.86
1.20
.68
.63
.85
.68
.85
.53
.97
.98
.82
II 86.13 86.13 2.57
2.27
1.85
III 88.47 88.47 1.76
1.72
1.71
1.47
1.70
1.69
1.74
1.74
2.09
1.73
1.69
1.92
2.23
1.73
9.77
8.80
9.71
9.99
9.63
10.04
10.01
9.64
10.34
10.40
10.30
1 1,53
11.38
9.36
8.26
8.14
10.39
10.22
9.77
9.90
9.85
9.63
9.90
10.35
1 1.46
8.59
10.30
-------
Run Date
VII 7-16-71
VIM 7-23-71
*Analysis problem.
TABLE 17 (continued)
% Volati le Sol ids % Phosphorus % Carbon % Nitrogen
IV
I II
IV
I I
II
Each Sample
84.66
89.18
90.77
88.35
89.24
87.13
84.51
85.89
Avg. Each Sample
84.66 1.69
1 .81
1.62
*
2.30
1.92
1.82
2.27
2.23
89.98 *;°<
2.02
1.66
1.98
2.05
1.95
2.01
2.00
88.80 1.79
1.71
1.71
2.01
85.84 2.01
2.13
Avg. Each Sample
1.71
2.11
2.11
2.10
1.90
1.99
1.74
2.05
Avg. Each Sample
10.62
1 1.46
9.90
9.60
9.78
11.12
9.28
9.79
9. 13
10.25
9.93
9.39
9.78
Avg.
1 1.04
9.76
11.12
9.28
9.72
9.70
-------
TABLE 18
FEED AND EFFLUENT ANALYSES
ULTRAVIOLET STUDIES ON CHANNEL APPARATUS
Run Date
I 8-11-71 Mid
Comments
Mi Ik, Glucose, Na HPO
Cl for feed as last
study (removal-storage
comp.)
8-12-71
II 8-16-71 Mid Same feed as I.
Feed (mg/l) Effluent (mg/l)
Time Phosphorus COD Nitrogen Channel Phosphorus COD N
Initial 5.61 !2I5 60.7
1
UV-I 5.61 1214 58.5
|
UV-2 5.44 1206 59.0
1
UV-I 9 1/2 5.46 1 198 52.9
1
UV-26 5.44 1182 64.4
1
\
\
3.22 897
2.74 782
2.18 741
/ 1.46 602
5.28 1072
6.12 1052
6.43 1092
/ 6.76 1028
5.32
5.44
5.68
/ 5. 18
5.31
5. 17
5.30
V 5. 10
1 4.99
1 4.72
1 5.44
V 4.51
133
060
084
028
194
133
190
092
161
121
186
145
Initial 5.61 1135 77.5 1 3.61 1131
1 1.63 1015
II 0.96 840
V 1.26 832
UV-I 5.24 1215 57.6 1 6.00 1235
1 6.79 1219
1 1 7.33 1171
V 7.91 1199
i trogen
*
40.8
39.4
*
50.6
52.6
53.2
59.0
58.2
52.0
51.8
55.7
59.6
56.8
61.3
55. 1
56.5
53.7
58.8
53.7
54.6
53.7
44.2
42.0
78.9
66.0
64.4
71.4
-------
TABLE 18 (continued)
Run Date Slope Comments
8-17-71
Feed (mg/l)
Effluent (mg/l)
o>
8-18-71
8-1 9-71
Time Phosphorus COD Nitrogen Channel Phosphorus COD
UV-19 4.20 1183 46.4
1
UV-24 5.44 1201 56.0
1
UV-48 5.04 1203 63.2
1
UV-72 5.15 1262 55.4
1
\
\
\
4.27 996
4.17 999
3.76 980
/ 3.62 972
5.44
5.28
4.94
/ 4.94
5.31
5.18
4.99
/ 5. 13
5.65
6.25
5.94
V 6.02
217
185
161
161
170
170
154
I5C
25
-------
TABLE 19
FEED AND EFFLUENT ANALYSES
STARVE-KILL STUDY ON CHANNEL APPARATUS
\o
Run Date Slope
Comments
Feed (mg/l)
Effluent (mg/l)
study. Same rate as
ultraviolet study
8-24-71 24 hrs. with H20 feed
8-25-71
24 hrs. with hU) feed.
Put on UV light, stiI I
with HO feed.
II 8-30-71 Mid Same feed and rate.
8-31-71 24 hrs. with H20 feed.
9-1-71
24 hrs. with H?0 feed.
Put on UV light, stiI I
with H20 feed.
Ill 9-8-71 Mid Same feed and rate
Time Phosphorus COD Nitrogen Channel Phosphorus COD
Initial 2.0 1331 58.0
1
II
1
5.61 1296 *
1
1 1
1
UV-2 5.42 1318 61.0
1
1 1
1
Initial 5.61 1303 59.3
1
5.22 1128 53.7
1
UV-2 5.61 1259 59.3
1
Initial 5.31 1325 61.0
1
1 1
1
1 0.374 1173
1 0.289 1022
1 812
V 761
1 4.51 1158
1 4.87 923
1 2.95 796
V 2.56 642
1 6.05 1207
1 6.52 1065
1 7.07 961
V 7.32 823
4.39 1136
3.68 996
3.10 784
V 2.41 791
3.52 902
3.39 793
2.23 524
V 1.93 470
6.39 1148
7.30 1086
7.82 954
V 8.78 926
1 3.71 1180
1 2.33 1060
1 0.91 935
V 0.30 799
Nitrogen
62
52
46
47
57
49
42
45
58
56
54
53
55
54
45
48
45
41
34
32
57
56
56
57
57
51
42
46
.4
.3
.4
.0
.6
.5
.0
.3
.2
.2
.0
.7
.7
.0
.9
.7
.6
.7
.1
.4
.4
.8
.0
.6
.6
.5
.2
.4
-------
TABLE 19 (continued)
Run Date Slope
Comments
Feed (mg/l)
Time Phosphorus COD
Effluent (mg/l)
9-9-71
9-10-71
9-11-71
24 hrs. with H20 feed.
24 hrs. with H~0 feed.
Put on UV Iighf, stiI I
with H20 feed.
24 hrs. with H?0 feed
and UV Iight.
UV-2
UV-24
IV 9-14-71 Low Same feed and rate.
9-15-71
9-16-71
9-17-71
24 hrs. with H20 feed.
24 hrs. with HO feed.
Put on UV IighT, stiI I
with H20 feed.
.24 hrs. with HO feed
and UV light. Z
UV-2
UV-24
5.56
5.76
5.46
Initial 1.95
5.62
5.73
5.74
1298 60.7
1282 59.9
1252 57.1
1290
1255
1288
1283
67.7
60.7
60.2
60.4
anne
L
1
1
V
1
1
1
V
1
1
1
V
V
V
V
1 Phosphorus
4.82
4.29
3.36
2.38
5.31
5.78
6.22
6. 10
5.08
5. 17
5. 14
4.74
3.59
2.60
1.75
4.62
3.84
3.34
3.81
6.07
4.62
4.88
4.62
COD
1 120
991
887
741
1236
1083
1007
892
1 154
1101
1078
961
1237
1 1 Af,
I 1 HO
QKfl
17 J\J
--CA
1 J"
955
849
699
481
1 190
1 167
1088
888
1283
1237
1 153
1163
Nitrogen
54.3
49.8
44.2
45.0
53.7
52.8
53.4
47.6
54.3
50.4
48.7
44.8
fi9 A
Of. . 1
R~7 A
j / . *t
51 S
1 . J
47.3
39.2
32.7
27.4
56.2
54.3
55.1
61.6
58.8
53.7
54.3
50.6
-------
TABLE 19 (continued)
Run Date Slope
Comments
Feed (mg/l)
V 9-20-71 Low Same feed and rate.
9-21-71 24 hrs. with H20 feed.
Time Phosphorus COD
Initial 5.61 1243 62.4
5.33 1279 59.6
Effluent (mg/t)
Is)
9-22-71
9-23-71
24 hrs. with H?0 feed.
Put on Light with H20
feed.
24 hrs. with H,0 feed
and UV Iight. *
UV-2
VI 9-27-71 High Same feed and rate.
9-28-71
9-29-71
9-30-71
24 hrs. with H00 feed.
24 hrs. with HO feed.
Then put on UV IIght
with H20 feed.
24 hrs. with H~0 feed
and UV light.
UV-2
4.01 1303 55.4
UV-24 5.24 1303 58.2
Initial 5.25 1277 59.3
5.43 1293 59.3
5.13 1238 48.1
UV-24 5.31 1255 58.8
IV
IV
Phosphorus
3.94
3.48
3.87
3.61
5.28
4.77
4.37
3.27
1.26
1.22
1.10
1.07
4.33
3.36
3.62
2.74
4.51
4.33
3.82
3.08
4.50
4.47
3.81
3.50
4.98
4.95
5.61
5.59
4.29
4.09
5.90
3.71
COD
1218
1297
1 148
1115
1 177
1076
983
902
1233
1210
1171
1108
1260
1214
1187
1 148
1227
1219
1127
1103
1159
1125
1016
945
163
146
138
171
179
179
330
217
Nitrogen
58.2
59.0
60.2
61.3
56.2
*
49.8
45.3
52.0
50.4
53.7
50.9
54.8
53.7
53.2
51.5
57.6
56.0
54.6
56.5
55.4
52.6
49.8
47.0
53.7
55.1
56.8
57.1
53.7
53.7
60.4
54.8
-------
TABLE 19 (continued)
Run Date Slope
Comments
Time Phosphorus
Feed (mg/I)
Effluent (mg/l)
NJ
M
VII 10-4-71 High Same feed and rate.
10-5-71 24 hrs. with H20 feed.
10-6-71 24 hrs. with H,,0 feed.
Put on UV light, with
H20 feed stiI I on.
10-7-71 24 hrs. with HO feed
and UV Iight.
Initial 6.78 1285 59.3
5.46 1248 59.9
UV-2 5.58 1292 60.2
UV-24 5.61 1276 61.0
Phosphorus
5.15
5.18
3.58
3.49
4.09
3.50
3.15
2.03
5.74
5.94
5.70
6.64
4.96
4.96
4.69
4.79
COD
1165
1140
1012
942
1060
971
838
475
1180
1 164
1101
1093
1 184
1168
1 105
1041
Nitrogen
56.2
53.2
50.6
47.0
52.3
41.4
45.3
39.7
55.7
57.1
55.4
57.6
54.3
52.0
52.0
52.0
I
3
*Analysis problem.
I
8
-------
SELECTED WATER
RESOURCES ABSTRACTS
INPUT TRANSACTION FORM
/. Report No.
3. Accession No.
W
4. Title
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL BY TRICKLING FILTER SLIMES
7. Author(s)
Zanoni, A. E.
9. Organization
Marquette University
Department of Civil Engineering
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
12. Sponsoring Organization
15. Supplementary Notes
Environmental Protection Agency report number,
EPA-R2-73-279, July 1973.
5. Report Date
6.
8. Performing Organization
Report No.
10. Project No.
17010 DZG
//. Contract/Grant No.
17010 DZG
13, Type of Report and
Period Covered
16. Abstract
A rotating disc apparatus was constructed so that disc speed could be varied. Orgaaisms
that developed on the disc surface, in response to various nutrient solutions, could be
harvested and analyzed. Correlations were.attempted between mineral composition of the
feed solutions and the phosphorus and nitrogen content of the resulting slimes.
An inclined channel apparatus was also constructed and evaluated to differentiate
physical or chemical mechanisms from biological mechanisms of phosphorus uptake. The
angle of inclination was used to measure the kinetic rates before and after inactivation
of the biological slime with ultraviolet light.
With the disc apparatus, limited success of inducing biological uptake of phosphorus, in
excess of 1.5 to 2.5 percent of the cell mass, was obtained. Statistical analysis of the
data indicated that those values above 2.5 percent usually were encountered when the
medium contained calcium salts. Results from the inclined plane growth chamber showed
that the limited phosphorus uptake that did occur could be related to metabolic activity
rather than physical sorption or chemical precipitation.
17a. Descriptors
*Phosphorus Removal, *Biological Treatment, Nutrient Studies
17b. Identifiers
#Attached Growth, Synthetic Media, Research Apparatus
17c. COWRR Field A Group 05D
18. Availability
19. Security Clast.
(Report)
20. Security Clas*.
Abstractor E. F. Barth
21. No. of
Page*
22. Price
Send To:
WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTER
U.S. DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR
WASHINGTON. D.C. 20240
Ja«trtutyon
EpA>
Cincinnati. Ohio
WRSIC 102 (REV. JUNE 1971)
*U3. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1973 546-303/16
------- |