EPA-670 4-74-oo2a Environmental Monitoring Series
January 1974
REVIEWS OF CURRENT LITERATURE
ON ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY
AND QUALITY CONTROL
No. 24
Office of Resesearch and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, O.C 20460
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NOTICE
This bulletin, which is a continuation of Report Series
EPA-R4-73-023, is prepared monthly by the staff of the Analytical Methodology
Information Center (AMIC), Information and Communications Systems Research
Department, Battelle, Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, under EPA
Contract No. 68-01-1832, to inform personnel of the Methods Development and
Quality Assurance Research Laboratory and other segments of the National
Analytical Methods Development Research Program of recent publications on
methodology. Personnel associated with the center are Mr. Ralph Darby,
Project Director, Mr. Robert Little, Project Leader, and Miss Verna Holoman,
Abstractor.
The 3" x 5" format of the citations and use of card stock, is
intended to facilitate removal and filing of items of interest. Because of
space limitations, the index terms accompanying the citations are selected
from a complete list as representative of the important concepts represented
in each article.
Comments and suggestions regarding the content of the "Reviews" or
requests from EPA personnel to be placed on the mailing list should be
directed to the Project Officer:
Mr. Luther E. Garrett
Data and Information Research Division
Office of Research and Development
Environmental Protection Agency
404 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20024
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REVIEWS OF CURRENT LITERATURE ON
ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL
No. 24
By
Analytical Methodology Information Center (AMIC)
Information Systems Department
Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201
Contract No. 68-01-1832
Prepared for
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
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\
01
CD
•r
NATIONAL ANALYTICAL METHODS DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM
ANALYTICAL QUALITY CONTROL LABORATORY
REVIEWS OF CURRENT LITERATURE ON
ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL
No- 24- January 1974
Arrangement of the citations following the major research areas of the Analytical
Quality Control Laboratory and other segments of the National Analytical Methods
Development Research Program. Items which apply to more than one area are cross-
referenced .
CONTENTS
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS Page 1-20
Scope: Wet chemical methods; Nutrients; NTA; Trace metals; Helium glow;
Chromatography (thin layer, gas, liquid); Spectroscopy (atomic absorption;
flame emission, arc-spark, visible, UV, IR, fluorescent); Radiochemistry;
Automation of methods; Ion-specific and other probes; Mass spectrometry;
Mass spectra; NMR; Instrument-computer interface; Chlorinated hydrocarbons
(pesticides, PCB's, other); Trace organics; Petroleum processes (reforming,
hydroforming, platforming, catalysts); Petroleum additives; Reduced crudes;
Sulfur isotopes; Boiling range determination; Asphatenes and carboids;
Weathering; Organometallics; Elemental analysis; Paraffinic distribution;
Petroleum wastes; Water quality standards; Effluent monitoring.
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS Page 21-37
Scope: Plankton; Periphyton; Macrophyton; Macroinvertebrates; Fish;
Sample collection (grab samplers, artificial substrates); Sample
processing (preservation, staining, automatic and manual sorting and
counting); Organisms identification (taxonomic keys, optical and electron
microscopy, gas Chromatography, electrophoresis, karyosystematics); Biomass
measurements (drying, freeze-drying, ashing, ATP, DNA, chlorophyll measure-
ment, calorimetry); Metabolic rates (primary productivity, respiration,
electron transport, nitrogen fixation); Culturing; Biomonitoring; Bioassay;
Bioaccumulation of hazardous materials; Community structure (indicator
organisms, species diversity, community stability); Mathematical models;
Statistical analysis.
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3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS Page 38-43
Scope: Pollution indicators; Waterborne pathogens; Sampling; Detection;
Identification; Enumeration; Monitoring; Survival; Automation; Instrumenta-
tion; Cell counting; Selective and differential media; Growth factors;
Metabolic products; Membrane filter procedures; Microbiological standards;
Specific bacteriophage; Fluorescent antibody techniques; Radioactive
tracers; Antigen identification; Photomicroscopy; Optical measurements;
Data handling, presentation, and interpretation.
4. METHODS AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION Page 44
Scope: Collaborative testing; Laboratory and analyst performance evaluation;
Inter- and intralaboratory quality control; Evaluation of laboratory equip-
ment; Statistical treatment of analytical data; Experimental design.
5. INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT Page 45-48
Scope; Intake systems (methods of sampling, connecting lines, wells, motors,
pumps, mode of operation); Sensors (electro-chemical, electro-biological,
thermodynamic, mechanical, optical, nuclear); Analyzers (analog and digital
amplifiers, output displays); Recording systems (telemetry, data logging,
digital data processors).
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
A MIC-9277
"A NEW COLOKIMPTKIC PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF BENOMfL", Kvalvag, J.,
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 1C, No. 3,
September 1973, pp 137-139.
A colorlmetrie procedure for the combined determination of the fungicide
benomyl and metabolites hydrolyzable to 2-amlnobenzimidazole is described. The
procedure IF based on the lntens» blue color that appears when hypochlorite or
i hypobromlte IB added to an aqueous solution of 2-eminobenzlmidazole. An extraction,
j hydrolysis, and cleanup procedure described elsewhere is used. The final evaporation
IB halted when sufficient ethyl acetate has evaporated to leave an essentially aqueous
I solution. This solution is poured Into a 10 ml centrifuge tube, the beaker is washed
j with 3 ml hot water, and this IE added to the solution in the tube. After cooling,
l the volume Is adjusted to 5 ml and part of the contents Is transferred to an optical
cell. Measurement is made at 560 run against water, and the sample discarded If
absorbance IE higher than 0.015. Two drops of sodium hypochlorite are added to an
acceptable solution, and the cell in placed quickly In the colorimeter compartment.
absorbance IB compared with a standard curve. If the undertainty span Is confined to
three tlmeH the absorbance mentioned above, the limit of detection Is slightly
above 2 micrograms/ml ?-eminobenzimidazole which corresponds to 0.? ppm benomyl In e
50-g sample based on n 5 ml final volume. In order to check precision of the method
four different cropr, were fortlfJed with 2 ppm of benomyl and analyzed.
INDEX TERMS: Colorimetry, Pollutant identification, Fungicides, Aqueous solutions,
Hydrolysis, Separation techniques, Fruit crops. Vegetable crops, Benonyl,
Metabolites, S-Aminobenziraldazole, Cleanup, Sodium hypochlorite.
The
AMIC-9280
"MULTIPLE OHGANOCHLOEINE PETICIDF RESIDUES IN JAPAN",Suzuki, M., Yamato, Y.,
Watanabe, T,, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 1C, No. 3,
September 1973, pp W-l^O.
Organochlorlne pesticide residues were analyzed In agricultural soil of the
Kyushu district in Japan. Soil samples were taken 15 cm deep, stored at -30 C, then
air-dried, pulverized, screened In a 20-oesh sieve, and mixed. For analysis, one
hundred grams of dry soil was mixed with a 0.70 volume of water in a high speed mixer
and deactivated for 30 mln. After this treatment, 200 ml of acetonitrlle was added and
blended at a high speed for 5 mln. An extract was filtered, and the filtrate was
poured Into a 1-liter separatory funnel, shaken with 100 ml of n-hexane for 5 mln., and
partitioned with 600 ml distilled water by shaking for 1 mln. Then the n-hexane layer
was washed twice with 100 ml distilled water. The n-hexane layer was dried. The
column was rinsed twice with approximately 5 ml of n-hexane, and washings were mixed
Into the layer. The dried n-hexane solution was applied to a gas chronatograph
equipped with a tritium foil electron capture detector. Gas chromatogrsphic
determination was carried out by combining three different columns. The typical
multiple Organochlorlne pesticide residues in soil are given. Alpha-, beta-, gamma-,
and delta-BHC were detected In all 99 soil samples. Considerable residual amounts of
aldrin, dleldrin and endrln and high residual levels of DDT and its related compounds
were detected.
INDEX TERMS! Pesticide residues, Soils, Gas chromatography, Aldrin, Dleldrin, Endrin,
DDE, DDT, Vegetable crops, BHC, Japan, Sample preservation, Sample preparation.
AfflC-9515
"DETERMINATIOB OF OIL CONCENTRATION AND SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN SHIP BALLAST WATERS.
METHOD AND REPRESENTATIVE RESULTS", Witmer, F. E., Gollan, A., Environmental Science
and Technology. Vol. 7, No. 10, October 1973, pp 9^^-9^.
Straightforward techniques to determine the state of dispersion - i.e.,
quantity and droplet size distribution - for oily ballast waters are outlined. Oil
concentrations were determined by using light transmlttance through an ultrasonlcally
emulsified, surfactant-stabilized sample, while oil droplet size distributions were
directly measured using a microscopic photography cell. When thene techniques were
applied to actual deballasting operations, it war, confirmed that oily ballast clarlfiers
for crude oil tankage must be able to handle oil fines that are ac small as microns
in diameter along with very high levels of oil contamination which may exceed 10
percent on occasion. The concentration of crude and Bunker C oil (10-5000 ppm) in
distilled water samples was reproduclbly measured on a turbidity meter. The
instrument consisted of a light source, sample holder cell, an ultrasonic emulsifier,'
and a photocell. Transmitted light was used to make the measurement. Since output
was sensitive to the oil type, calibration curves have been obtained with standards
produced from Kuwait, and Venezuela crudes and Bunker C. The droplet size
distribution apparatus consists of a small transparent flow rell 1/U in. wide by 3/8
in. mounted on a microscope platform. Photographs are taken of the sample stream while
it flows through the cell. The optical system conslstr of a direct light source
(transmitted through tne sample cell), microscope barrel and reflex camera. The
microscope and light source have "been mounted to a shock-Insulated platform to
facilitate field use.
AMIC-9515 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Oily water, Separation techniques, Dispersion, Surfactants, Stabilization,
Emulsions, Analytical techniques, Turbidity, Light transmittance, Microscopic
photography, Ballast water, Droplet size, Cru'le oil, Bunker C oil.
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9516
"SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF SULFUR FROM MARINE SEDIMENT AND ITS DETERMIHATION Ef GAS
CHROMftTOGRAPHY", Chen, K. Y., Moussavl, M., Sycip, A., Environmental Science and
Technology. Vol. 7, «o. 10, October 1973, pp 9*»8-951.
The purpose of this paper Is to examine the feasibility of elemental sulfur
extraction and analytical determination by gas chromatography (gc). To get maximum
response from the gc, various experiments were performed using different parameter
Bettings. The operating conditions at which optimum responses for sulfur were obtained
occurred at the following settings: Injection port temperature - 220 C, over column
temperature - 190 C, EC detector temperature - 265 C, and gas flow - 8U-90 ml/min.
These settings, after injection of standards or extracts, the predominant sulfur
species eluted were EU, S6, and S8. The E8 species exhibits the largest area and peak
height. The recovery of sulfur from sediment was carried out initially with a sediment
sample of unknown sulfur content. The purpose was to evaluate the efficiency of
different solvents in recovering sulfur and to evaluate their suitability for subsequent
determinations by both colorlmetry and chromatography. Only benzene and toluene
exhibited high recovery efficiencies and showed consistent results In both methods.
The detection limit of the method described was at the plcogram level, unmatched by
other known methods. Neither the coefficient of variation nor mean values for sulfur
were significantly different in comparisons between the gc method and a standard
colorlmetric method.
INDEX TERMS: Sulfur, Solvent extractions, Separation techniques, Sediments, Gas
chromatography, Comparative techniques, Sample preservation.
-4-
A MIC-90 57
"GRADIENT TITRATION - A NOVEL APPROACH TO CONTINUOUS MONITORING USING ION-SELECTIVE
ELECTRODES". Fleet, B., Ho, A. Y. W., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. U6, No. 1,
January 1974, pp 9.11.
A new approach to the automation of tltratlon processes using ion-selective
electrodes is described. Based on the gradient tltratlon principle, the method
involves the semicontlnuous monitoring of a sample stream with a reagent stream where
the concentration of the latter increases linearly in the form of a gradient. The
flow rates of both sample and reagent streams are maintained constant, and a suitable
Ion-selective electrode monitors the approach to the equivalence point. The method is,
in principle, the constant volume analog of conventional titrimetry. The results
obtained for the determination of sulflde ion using mercuric nitrate as gradient
reagent and a sulflde membrane electrode are presented. The initial study has shewn
that the gradient tltratlon technique is experimentally feasible when an appropriate
ion-selective electrode with a rapid response is available as the end-point sensor.
No sophisticated potential measuring device is required) simple, inexpensive operational
amplifier modules can be used for the potential readout. The procedure as described is
not fully automatic, however, with part of the sample (and reagent titrant) handling
atep being done manually. Full automation, however, is possible by incorporating a
modified Technlcon Sampler into the system.
INDEX TERMS: Volumetric analysis, Aqueous solutions, Automation, Methodology,
Ion selective electrodes, Continuous monitoring. Gradient tltration,
AMK-959S
"SUWftRY OF THE STATE OF THE ART IH RADIOOJROmTOORAPHY"
Chemistry, Vol. U5, No. Ik, December 1973, pp 2317-2326.
Prydz, B., Analytical
Film registration in radlochromstography Is discussed. Low-tenperatur*
fluorography gives the lowest detection limits, 3.0 and 0.06 nCi-day/sq cm for tritium
and radiocarbon, respectively. Various detectors for one- and two-dimensional
scanning, comprising windowless gas-flow OM detectors, solid state detectors, and
vacuum-operated channel electron multipliers are treated. The luminescence detection
method, applying sclntillators in the chromatogram and a scanned photon detector, is
discussed. For tritium, the latter method is about 30 times more efficient than GM
detection. Two radio-labels may be counted simultaneously using pulse height
discrimination. The beta camera, the spark chamber, and the possibility of using
image intensifiers are also discussed. The application of a computer to increase the
signal-to-noiee ratio and, hence the sensitivity, of scanners is mentioned. A
comparison of the sensitivities of the available detection techniques and an appendix
giving prices and technical details of the comnercially available scanners are given.
INDEX TERMS: Reviews, Carbon radioisotopes. Tritium, Radlochemical analysis.
Radioactivity techniques, Computers, Prices, Radiochroraatography, Film registra-
tion, Fluorography, Detectors, Luminescence, Photon detector, EcintlllatorB,
Image intensifies, Scanners.
AMIC-9627
"RECOVERY OF ARSENIC BY DRY ASHING FROM AHIMAL TISSUE FORTIFIED WITH
ORGAHOARSBNICALS OR ARSENIC TRIOXIDE", George, G. M., Frahm, L. J., McDonnell, J. P.,
Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 56, No. 6, November
1973. PP 136U-136S.
A study was conducted to establish whether or not arsenic recovery from animal
tissue is independent of arsenic source. Control chloken liver and kidney tissues
were fortified with 1.0 or 2.0 ppm arsenic from arsenic trioxlde, roxarsone, arsanllic
acid, nitarsone, or carbarsone. The tissue samples were dry ashed and total arsenic
was determined colorlmetrically. Arsenic recovery for the organoarsenical-fortified
tissue sample* is essentially complete for all drugs tested. Mean recoveries ranged
from 98 to 109 percent of the theoretical amount expected.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Poultry, Methodology, Arsenic, Chemical recovery.
Animal tissues, Organoarsenicale, Arsenic trioxide, Dry ashing, Liver, Kidneys.
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL HBTHODS
"ACTO AMMONIUM ACETATE EXTRACTION AND ELECTRON CAPTURE CAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC
DfTERMINATIOK OF CARBOFURAN IN SOILS", Caro, J. H., Glotfelty, D. E., Freeman, H. P.,
Taylor, A. W., Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Vol. 56.
No. 6, November l9?3, pp 1319-1523.
A method IB presented for determining caxbofuran residues in soils that gives
Improved recovery, especially in weathered soils, and allows quantitatlon of as little
as o.l ppm without cleanup. The soil is extracted with 0.5 M acid ammonium acetate
and the carbamate in the extract is determined by electron capture gas chromatography
as the dinJtrophenyl ether. A systematic study was conducted to optimize extraction
conditions. In tests of soils fortified with 1 ppm earbofuran, using optimized
extraction conditions, recoveries varied with soil type, ranging from 61 percent In
a peat to 92 percent in a silt loam. Recoveries of the metabolites 3-hydroxy- and
3-ketocarboofuran from field soils were at least as efficient as by HC1 extraction. In
addition to carbofuran, other methylcarbamate insecticide residues that may be
determined by this method include Landrin, propoxur, and Bux.
IITDHX TERMS: Pollutant identification, Soil analysis, Methodology, Pesticide residues.
Carbonate pesticides, Solvent extractions, Carbofuran, Electron capture gas
chromatography, Chemical recovery, Metabolites, Detection limits.
A MIC -96 32
"OBSERVATIONS ON THE GAt CHROMATOGRAPHY OF KELTHANE (DICOFOL)", Ives, N. P., Journal
of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Vol. 56, No. 6, November
PP 1335-1338. " ~~
Problems associated with the GLC or Kelthane (dicofol) are discussed. The
contribution of inlet glass wool to the decomposition of dicofol to
p,p'-dichlorobenzophenoiw is investigated and steps to minimize the problem are
suggested. An impurly of the technical material, which eluted immediately after
dicofol, was Isolated and tentatively identified as l,l-bls(p-chlorophenyl)-l,2,2,2-
tetrachloroethane by Infrared and mass spectrometry.
INDEX TERMS: Degradation (decomposition), Gas liquid chromatography, Kelthane, Sample
preparation, Dichlorobenzophenone, Infrared spectrophotometry.
AMIC.97U6
"OXYCHLORDANE RESIDUES IN HUMAN ADIPOSE TISSUE", Biros, F. J., Enos, H. P., Bulletin
of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 10, No. 5, November 1973»
pp 257-260.
Twenty-seven specimens of adipose tissue collected from post-mortem
examinations and therapeutic surgery were analyzed for a series of organochlorioe
residues by gas and thin-layer chromatography. Results were confirmed using mass and
infrared spectral analyses. Two columns were employed for gas chrcmatographyS 1.5
percent 0V-17/1.95 percent QF.1, RRT sub aldrin of oxychlordane, 1.39 at 200 C and
5 percent OV-210 RRT sub aldrin of oxychlordane, 1.56 at 180 C. The tissue was
extracted with petroleum ether. Results showed the presence of beta-HCH, oxychlordsne,
p,p'J)DE, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT, and heptachlor epoxide. The occurrence of storage of
oxychlordane residues In general population human adipose tissue may indicate consistent
previous exposure to chlordane insecticide nnd/or oxychlordane from many possible
sources.
INDEX TERMS: Adipose tissue, Oxychlordane, Beta-HCH, Biological samples, Heptaehlor
epoxide, Pesticide residues, Gas chromatogrnphy, Mass spcctronetry, DDE, DDT,
Separation techniques.
AMIC-97W3
"CONFIRMATION OF HEXACHLOROBENZ.ENE BY CHEMICAL REACTION", Baker, E. E., Bulletin of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 30, No. 5, November 1973, FP 279-28U.
When hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is treated with sodium ethoxlde,
monoethoxypentachlorobenzene is formed. This chemjcal reaction can be used to identify
and confirm the presence of HCB. That this sane derivative can be used to Identify
HCB in the presence of isomers of lindane has been confirmed, A hexane solution
Of 1 mlcrogram each of HCB and lindane was treeted with sodium ethoxidfi and mixed with
water. Sufficient KC1 was added to give a.n acid reaction, the mixture extracted with
hexane, dried over aodium sulfate, and analyzed by GC. After heating under reflux
for 1 hr, product analysis showed the presence of unreacted HCB, MEPCB, and an
unidentified peak X.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical reactions, Pollutant Identiflrition, Methodology,
Hexachlorobenzene.
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AM1C-9760
"VOLTAMMBTRIC BEHAVIOUR OF COPPER(III) AMD ITE ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS", Raspl, G.,
Zanello, P., Cinquantini, A., Corti, P., Analytiea Chiinlea Acta. Vol. 66, No. 3,
October 1973, pp
The voitarametric behavior of diperiodatocuprate(lll) and
diteHuratocupnite(lII) complexes was investigated in aqueous solution at a platinum
mieroelectrode for which the diffusion layer was periodically renewed. The
voitamraetric determination of Cu(II) was also investigated. The copper(ll) and
copper(lll) complexes with periodate or tellurate ligands are electroactive at a smooth
platinum electrode, giving an anodic, cathodlc or cathanodlc wave In the presence
of alkaline hydroxide solutions containing copper(ll), copper(lll), or
copper(ll)-capper(tll) specie b, respectively. The following analytical applications
are proposed: (s) amperometric titration of copper(III) solutions; (b) voltammetrlc
determination of copper. Results of amperometric titrations of copper(lll) were
similar to those by an established procedure. Voltamnetry of copper(ll) allows the
metal to be determined down to concentrations of 0.00001 M, even in the presence of
different ions; the procedure can be applied to such heat-transfer media for nuclear
reactors an sodiurr, and potassium metals and their hydroxides.
INDEX TERMS: Copper, E]
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-979S
"TOXIC MATERIAL; AHALYEIE OF STREET SURFACE CONTAMINANTS", Pitt, R. E., Any, G.,
URS Research Company, San Mateo, California, Report No. EPA-R2-73-S83, EPA Contract
No. llt-12-921, August 197B, 133 pp.
Because of the large amounts of toxic materials (especially heavy metals)
found associated with street surface particulates during the course of a previous
study (Water Pollution Aspects of Street Surface Contaminants), additional work has
recently been completed which defines the distribution and range of heavy metals on the
nation's city streets. This ptoject defined the breakdown of the particulateE1
compositions by having mas;; spectrographic analyses performed on various samples. Using
these results, the heavy metals which were determined to have the greatest water
pollution potential (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Hg, Hi, Sr, Ti, Zn, and Zr) were
analyzed in each of about 75 samples collected nationwide in 10 cities in the previous
ctudy. Other analyses conducted Included: size affinities of the nctals, solubilities
and toxlcities of th*; road surface runoff mixture, and certain organic analyses on
selected samples. Additional sampling was conducted on rural road, highway and airport
surfaces and parUculates, were analyzed for the following common water pollution
parameters: BOD sub 5, COD and nutrients, plus selected heavy metals, for comparison
with values representative of normal city streets.
INDEX TERMS: Mass spectronetry, Chemical analysis, Toxiclty, Urban runoff, Surface
runoff, Heavy metals, Water pollution sources, Organic compounds. Roads,
Solubility, Oil, Pesticides, Polychlcrlnated blphenyls, Nutrients, Runways,
Street surface contaminants, Atomic absorption speetrophotometry, Elemental
composition, Grease.
AMIC-9805
"PICLORAM MOVEMENT FROM A CHAPARRAt WATERSHED", Davis, E. A., Ingebo, P. A., Water
Resources Research. Vol. 9, No 5, October 1973, pp 130U-1313.
This study was conducted in conjunction with a brush control treataent with
plcloram (U-amlno-3,5,6-trlchloropicollnic acid) on an experimental watershed to
determine the effect of a bruch-to-grass conversion on water yield. It Is concerned
with the extent and duration of stream water contamination by plcloram and with the
estimation of the loss of picJoram from the watershed to stream water. Plcloram pellets
were applied to the soil (9-3 lb acid equivalent per acre of a 2.1-acre side slope of a
!*6-acre chaparral watershed in central Arizona. Water samples from a stream at the base
of the watershed were collected at irregular intervals until picloram was no longer
detected. The samples were stored in 1-plnt brown polyethylene bottles at 35-38 F
before analysis. The water samples were analyzed by a sand culture bioassay method in
which safflower (CarthamuE tinctoriuB) was used as the indicator plant. Maximum
measured concentrations (350-370 ppb) occurred during the first 3 months after treatment
and were associated with heavy rainfall. After I1* months and bO inches of accumulated
rainfall, plcloram was no longer detected in the stream water. An estimated U.5
percent of the picloram applied was lost to stream water. Direct use of stream water
from the outlet of the treated watershed when plcloram levels were 1*6-370 ppb could
have damaged sensitive crops such as cotton.
INDEX TERMS: Watersheds (basins), Streams, Persistence, Soils, Runoff, Hydraulic
conductivity, Water sampling, Bioassay, Bioindicators, Chaparral, Precipitation,
Streamflow, Plcloram, Sample preservation. Sand culture.
A MIC-9806
"CESIUM 137 IK A MOUNTAIN STREAM CHANNEL", Hubbard, J. E., Striffler, W. D., Water
Resources Research, Vol. 9, No. 5, October 1973, PP lW*0-l'^2.
Concentration of the radlonuclide Cs-137 in water, sediment, and channel
vegetation was determined in a Colorado mountain watershed in 1967. No measurable
Cs-137 was found in stream water. Specific Cs-137 activity in pediment decreased
exponentially with distance from the headwaters. Its concentration was 12U pc/g at the
headwaters, where a snowfield has existed continuously since the atmospheric testing of
nuclear weapons, to *» pc/g 5600 meters downstream. Stream vegetation samples also
indicated a similar decrease in specific Cs-J37 activity with site location downstream.
Radiation from the samples was measured in a steel-walled low-background shield. The
samples in plastic containers were mounted in uniform geometry above an 8 X U Inch
Nal(Tl) scintillation crystal. Gamma emissions from the sample resulted in
scintillations from the crystal that were detected by matched photomultipller tubes.
These were connected to a RIDL Jk-12 multichannel pulse height analyzer. The pulse
data were stored in 200 channels representing successive 10-kev Increments of absorbed
gamma energy from 0 to 2 Mev. The spectra were presented for visual inspection of an
oscilloscope tube and punched on Hollerith carde lor Cs-137 activity calculations.
INDEX TERMS: Cesium, Radioisotopes, Radioactive wnstes, Watersheds (basins), Streams,
Sediments, Mountains, Colorado, Sampling, Vegetation, Radioactivity techniques,
Mosses, Data processing, Gamro: rpectroroet.ry, Cs-137.
AMIC-o8l3
"INTERFACING A PROGRAMMABLE ELECTRONIC CALCULATOR WITH AN AUTOMATIC AMINO ACID
ANALYZER", Fishman, M. L., Landgraff, L. M., Burdi'-k, D., Journal of Chromatography,
Vol. 86, No. 1, November 1973, PP 37-51.
The rapid calculation of data from fin automatic amino acid analyzer by a
programmable electronic calculator Is now possible. The programmable electronic
calculator offers a less expensive and more flexible alternative to large computers.
Typically, data in the form of retention times and peak areas are read from e punched
tape and converted into final values with a minimum of data handling. A digital
integrator, teletypewriter with tape punch and reader, tape editor and printer also are
required. A mathematical program is described that has been devised to convert raw
data from a l»-h protein hydrolyzate run Into final values. The final printout presents
in tabular form each amino acid at a. percentac/' of th>? sample dry weight and crude
protein. The total weight percentage of amlno acids and percentage recovery of protein
based on KJeldahl nitrogen ar» also calculated. Other features of the program include
the ability to eliminate up to 20 extraneous peaks from the sample and to correct for
sampling errors with the aid of internal standards. Amino acid molecular weights and
color constants, which are also calculated, are stored without destruction so as to
permit the calculation of an unlimited number of samples from the asme set of standards.
INDEX TERMS: Amino acids, Chemical analysis, Data processing, InXerfac»E, Electronic
equipment, Costs, Instrumentation, Data interpretation. Automatic amino acid
analyzer, Programmable electronic calculator.
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9816
"IDITJTIFICATION OF AROMATIC NITKILEC BY REACTION PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY", Franc, J.,
Pospisilova, K., Journal of Chromatoeraphy. Vol. 86, Ho. 1, November 1973, pp 159-165.
A procedure involving reaction paper chromatography for the determination of th<
number of nitrilr groups In molecules from the shift in the R sub M values of the
substance before and after reaction has been developed. A technique for the detection
of substances with a nitrile group, which can be used with advantage even for other
substances, has been devised. To 1 ml of 15-20 percent hydrogen peroxide, 1-2 drops of
15 percent aqueous NaOH solution and several milligrams of a sample of a substance
containing a nitrile group were added. The mixture was shaken and filtered after 2-3
min, and the residue on the filter was dissolved in either dimethyl sulphoxide or
ethanol. Th<= solution obtained w^s applied directly on to the chromatographic paper
t!L a. 5 percent solution. The substances were chromatographed on Whatman No. 3 paper
using n-propsnol-RjnmoniB (2:1) as the solvent. The detection was carried out by
spraying with two reagents. The first reagent was prepared by mixing 5 g of
hydroxylamine hydrochloride with an equivalent amount of anhydrous sodium carbonate and
adding 200 ml of 96 percent ethanol. After stirring, the solution was filtered and the
filtrate was used for spraying. The second reagent was a saturated aqueous solution of
copper(ll) acetate. The chromntogram was sprayed with the first reagent and, after
drying either freely in the air or in an oven at 80 C, it was sprayed with the second
reagent. The coloration of the spots was observed Immediately under UV light. Some
substances fluoresced brightly in various colours, and some were visible even under
normal light.
INDEX TERMS: Chromatography, Aromatic compounds, Acids, Nitriles, Paper chromatography,
Dinitriles, Dlnmides, Carboxylie acid, Cyanobenzoic acid, Dicarboxyllc acid.
AMIC-9817
"rSLECTIVE CHROMATOGRAPHIC CSPARATION OF URANIUM(VI) ON DEAE-CELLULOSE LAYERS IN
DILUTE ACETIC ACID MEDIA", Kuroda, R., Oguma, K., Watanabe, H., Journal of
Chromatography, Vol. QC, No. 1, November 1973, PP 167-172.
In dilute acetic acid solutions, U(VI) shows a useful chromatographic
distribution on DEAE-cellulose layers, while most other metals Ions migrate upwards
to the solvent front or remain at or near the start. This chromatographic behavior
of U(VI) enables a selective method for the separation of U(VI) by thin-layer
chromatography to be developed. The R sub f values on DEAE-cellulose and Avicel SF
are quoted for 3^ metal ions as a function of acetic acid concentration in the range
1-6 M. Results for two- and three-component separations by elution with 1 M acetic
acid are given in order to illustrate the effectiveness and utility of the present
method.
INDEX TERMS: Cellulose, Separation techniques, Ions, Acids, Uranium, Thin layer
chromatography. Acetic acid, DEAE-cellulose.
Amc-9839
"A HIGHLY SEHSITIVE AUTOMATED TECHNIQUE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF AMMONIUM NITKXJEN",
Brown, M. W., Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, Vol. 2k, No. 9,
September 1973, PP 1119-1123.
The catalytic action of nitroprueside on the phenol hypochlorite reaction has
been utilized to design B. more sensitive automated technique for determining
amnonlum nitrogen in soil extracts. The method gives reproducible results in close
agreement with manual methods. Sensitivity is such that as little as o.l ppn of N In
solution can be determined without the use of recorder range expansion. Using this
procedure, 10 g of air-dried soil were shaken for one hour with 100 ml 2 M-potasalum
chloride. The supernatant extract was fed into the analyzer without prior filtration,
along with standard solutions. Where the anticipated level of nitrogen was greater
than U ppn, the soil extract was first suitably diluted with 2 M-potassium chloride.
Agreement between the two sets of results Is very good. Statistical tests, Student's
t, show there is no significant difference between the two sets of results even at the
20 percent probability level. Experience with the basic phenol hypochiorite method
strongly suggests that the method would also be suitable for the analysis of
fertilizers and natural waters.
INDEX TERMS: Ammonium compounds, Soils, Automation, Chemical analysie, Fertilizers,
Water analysis, Ammonium nitrogen, Phenol hypochlorite reaction, Autoanalyzer,
Catalytic methods.
AMIC-9660
"GAS CHBOMATCGRAFKIC STUDIES OF MIXED-LIGAKD COMPLEXES OF DIVALENT CATIONS", Burgett,
C. A., Journal of Chromatographic Science, Vol. 11, No. 11, November 1973, pp 6ll-6li.
Volatile complexes of iron(II), cobalt(II) and nickel(II) are prepared by
solvent extraction using the mixed-ligand system 1,1,1,2,2,6,6,7,7,7-decanfluoro-3,5-
heptanedlone, H(FHD), di-n-butylsulfoxlde, (DBSO). The composition of the extracted
species Is reported to be M(FHD)2 . BBSO. ThermogravimetrJc analysis of the complexes
is reported. The complexes were eluted fron the gas chromHtographic column without
decomposition as determined by mass spectrometric detection. Separation of iron(ll)
and cobalt(ll) from nickelfll) was readily achieved;however, iron(ll) and cobalt(II)
were not separated.
INDEX TERMS: Cations, Gas chromatography, Solvent extractions, Iron, Cobrilt, Nickel,
Gravimetric analysis, Mass spectrometry, Separation techniques, Llgands,
Thermogravlmetric analysis, Thermal stability, Divalent cations.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9865
"RESIDUES OF ATRAZINE, CYANAZINE, AND THEIR PHYTOTOXIC METABOLITE IN A CLAY LOAM
SOIL", Sirons, 0. J., Frank, R., Sawyer, T., Journal of Agrlcvatural and Food
Chemistry. Vol. 21, No. 6, Kovember/tecenber 1973, pp 1016-1020.
The degradation of ?-chloro-li.ethylamino-6-isopropylamlno-s-trlazine
(atrazine) and 2-chloro-l»-(l-cyano-l-methylethylamlno)-6^tliylaflilno-2-triaalne
(cyunazine) was Investigated in Perth clay loam soil. Atrazine and cyanazlne were
applied at rates of 1, 2, and 3 Ib/A of active ingredients as pre- and postemergence
treatments. Soil was sanpled from plots after 0, 2, 3.5, 5, and 12 months at 0-2.5,
c.5-5, and 5-10 In. depths. Atrazlne, cyanazlne, and their phytotoxic metabolites
were extracted with a 65 percent acetonitrile-water mixture and quantltated on a
Coulson conductivity detection system. Presented data Indicate that atrazine is
converted into deethylated atrazine (2-chloro-l»^unIno-6-lsopropylamino-s-triaalne) as
» major and deisopropylated atrazine (2-chloro.U-amlno-6-ethylamlno-s-tria2.lne) as a
minor phytotoxic metabolite and that cyanazlne Is changed to deisopropylated atrazine
as a major phytotoxic metabolite. Cyanazine amide (2-chloro-Ml-carbamoyl-l-
mpthyl(?thylamlno)-6-ethylamlno-B-trlazine) was found. It Is proposed that the hydrolysis
precedes the microbiological degradation to the deisopropylated atrazine.
INDEX TERMS: Clay loam, Pesticide residues, degradation (decomposition), Trlaalne
pesticides. Persistence, Metabolites, Couleon conductivity detector,
Quantitative nnalyeis, Chemical recovery.
AMICES?1*
"REDUCTION 15 MERCURY CONTENT OF FISH PROTEIN CONCENTRATE BY ENZYMATIC DIGESTIOH"
Archer, M. C., Stillings, B. F., Tannenbaum, et al., Journal of Agricultural and
Food Chemistry. Vol. 21, No. 6, November/December 1973, PP 1116-1117.
The effect of proteolytic digestion on the distribution of mercury in fish
protein concentrate (FPC) has been investigated. A two- to sevenfold concentration of
mercury In the Insoluble FPC fraction and & corresponding reduction of mercury level
in the soluble FPC fraction was achieved after proteolysle. The following commercial
enzyme preparations were used: Pancreatin, B grade (porcine pancreas), Calbiochem;
Pronase, B grade (Streptomyces griseus), Calbiochem; and Monzyme PA-1 (Bacillus
subtllls), Monsanto. FPC samples were prepared from either Pacific haite (Merluccius
produetus) or swordflsh (Xlphias gladius). Ten percent slurries of FPC were digested
for periods of 1 and 6 hr at 50 C with Monzyme at pH 8.8 and with Pronas? and
Pancreatin at pH 8.5. After digestion Tor i or 6 hr, the reaction was stopped by
pouring the mixture into two 50-ml centrifuge tubes and spinning down the residue at
I* C for 5 min and 5090 X g. The residue was suspended in distilled water and
recentrifuged. The clear supernatants were combined and freeze-dried after most of the
water was removed by flash evaporation at a bsth temperature of Uo C. The residue was
also freeze-drled. The soluble and insoluble fractions wen. then analyzed for mercury
content,
INDEX TERMS: Merci^rj, Reduction (chemical), Digestion, Proteins, Separation techniques,
Enzymes, Centrifugatlon, Fish protein concentrate, Proteolysis, Sample
preparation.
AMIC-9873
"NATURE AND TOXICITY OF WO OXYCHLCRDANE PHOTOISOMERG", Ivie, G. W., Journal
Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Vol. 21, No. 6, November/December 1973, pp 1113-1115.
of
A mixture of 2.5 mmol each of oxychlordane and xanthone in 50 ml of chloroform
was streaked over the surface of several 0.25-mm silica gel chromatoplates to a
concentration of about 0.2 mg of oxychlordane/sq cm. The plates were exposed to direct
sunlight for Sk hi- over a period of 3 days; then the gel was scraped and the products
were extracted with chloroform. Tic revealed two major photoproducts In addition to
the parent compound. These derivatives were methylene-bridged isomers, one containing
a keto group generated by photochemical cleavage of the oxychlordane oxlrane ring and
the other with an intact epoxide moiety. Their formation was greatly accelerated by
xanthone photosensltizer. Oxychlordane and Its keto photolsomer are quite toxic to
white mice, but the second isomer is of very low toxicity.
INDEX TERMS: Pesticide toxicity, Oxychlordane, Photodecomposltion, Photoisomers.
AMIC-9901*
"KAEMPFEROL ( 3,5,7,U'-TSTRAHYDROXYFLAVONEJ Al, A CHROMOGENIC RKAGENT FOR TIN(P.')",
Oarg, B. £., Singh, R. P., Microehemieal Journal, Vol. 18, No. 5, October 1973,
pp 509-519.
Tin(lV) forms a deep yellow chelate with the ligand kacmpferol in aqueous
ethanollc medium. This color reaction has been investigated in terms of using It for the
spectrophotometric determination of tin. Those parameters studied were acidity,
ethanol, time and temperature, reagent concentration. With the method used, the
sensitivity of the color reaction 0.0029 microgram of Sn/sq cm i: identical to log
I sub o/I equals 0.001, at hJ3 im in 0.1 N HC1 medium &nd Beer's law ic obeyed up to
3.6 ppm of tin. Several complexing anions dc not int^rTfrf; and they have been used
for masking some of the cations which Interfere in the determination.
INDEX TERMS: Spectrophotometry, Aqueous solution;., Methodology, ?ollutnnt identification
Color reactions, Tin, Chroraogenic reappnts, KaernpferOj., M^tal chelates, Ionic
interference, Sensitivity, Precision.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHBHICAL METHODS
AMIC-9911
"MICROD^TKRMINAriON OF RKSOHC1NOL IN PRESENCE OF PHENOL", Sarwar, M., Butt, K.4J.,
Mikrochimica Acta, Ho. 5, 1973, pp 679-632.
A displacement titrntion method using N-bromosuccinimide as the titrant
has lx=^n devised for estimation of resorcinol in phenol. One ml of the resorcinol
tent solution is placed in c iG-ml Erlenneyer flack. One ml of potassium iodide and
O.S-l.C ml of fresh starch is added. The solution is titrated against 0,01 TS solution
of N-bromosuccinirrJ.de added dropwise from a mlcroburette. The end point is reached
when a lluish color app?;art and persists for 30 seconds. A similar procedure is
repeated for the estimation of resorcinol in phenol. The method is very simple,
rapid, ana necurrate.
INDEX TERIC: Phenols, Volumetric analysis, Aqueous solutions, Resorcinol.
AMIC-9929
"THE DETERMINATION OF COBALT IN FISH TISSUE BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTHOFHOTOMETRY ,
Julshamn, K., Braekkan, 0. R., Atomic Absorption Newsletter, Vol. 12, No. 6,
November-December 1973, PP 139-1M.
A method is described for the determination of cobalt in fish. The samples
were prepared for analysis by freeze-drying and nomogenization. A portion of 10 g was
pre-ashed with infrared heat and then ashed in a muffle furnace at W3o C. The residue
was dissolved in 0.1 N hydrochloric acid, chelated with ammonium pyrrolidine
dlthlocarbanate, extracted with methyl isobutyl ketone, end analyzed by atomic
absorption spectroscopy. Levels down to 0.01 mlcrograra cobalt per g of fish tissue may
be estimated with an average recovery of 96 percent and a coefficient of variation of
5.7-1U.2 percent.
INDEX TERMS: Cobalt, Chemical analysis, Fish, Trace elements, Animal tissues, Atomic
absorption spectrophotometry, Sample preparation, Chemicnl recovery, Detection
limits. Precision.
AMIC-9925
"REACTIONS OF CHLORAMINEE WITH ACTIVE CARBON", Bauer, R. C., Enoeyink, V. L.,
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 1*5, No. 11, November 1973. PP
2290-8301.
AMTC-9931
"THE QUANTITATTVE DETERMINATION OF CHROMIUM IN 'JRiNE BY FLAMELESS ATOMIC
ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY", Schalier, K. H., Essing, H.-G., Valentine, H., et al.,
Atomic Absorption Newsletter, Vol. 1?, KG. 6, November-December 1973, pp 1U7-150.
Tlie purpose of this study was to determine the nature of the NH2Cl-active
carbon and HHC12-active carbon reactions. These reactions are of Importance if
carbon is to be used to eliminate combined residual chlorine from an effluent and
if it is to aid In the oxidation of NH3-N to N2. The tests were performed in
small-scale batch systems with pH control being used to maintain either NH2C1 or NHC12
as the predominant species in the C1-NH3 solution. NHC12-N is readily oxidized by
carbon to N2. NH2C1JI is reconverted to ammonia by fresh carbon; however, carbon that
has an accumulation of surface oxides, which develop through reaction of free and
combined chlorine with carbon, will partially oxidize KH2C1-N to N2.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical reactions, Activated carbon, Nutrient removal, Chloramines,
Monochloramine, Dlchloramine.
Flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry is considered to be the most
suitable method for the determination of chromium in body fluids. This method has
been applied to the direct determination of the chromium content of urine. Fifty
mlcrollters of a 2t-hr urine sample are Injected Into an electrically heated graphite
tube and the determination made at 358 nm. No prior sample preparation is required.
To check the accuracy of the method, !> mjcrosTRms/l Cr wai, addr?d to urine samples not
previously exposed to chromium. The median recovery was 93 percent. To determine
precision in a series, one urine sample was annlyz»d twenty times. With K median
chromium concentration of 6.0? mlcroprariF/l and a standard deviation of 0.9 microgram/1,
the coefficient of variation was equal to 1^ percent. The precision from day-to-day,
over the course of one week, expressed as the coefficient of variation was 17 percent
at the 6-mlcrogram/l level. The detection Jimit (equivalent to 1 percent absorption)
was 0.2 microgram/1 chromium in urine u&ing a sample quantity of W micruliters,
equivalent to 10 pg of chromium absolute.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Urine, Chromium, Methodolcry, Hf?avy metals, Follutant
Identification, Reliability, Trace elements, Body fluids, Flam»less atomic
absorption Bpectrophotometry, Biological sample's Chemical recovery, Pr.'Cision,
Detection limits, Absorbance.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9932
"A REVIEW OP WATER ANALYSIS BY ATOMIC: ABSORPTION", Ediger, B. D., Atomic Absorption
Kewaa.et.ter, Vol. 12, Ho. 6, November-December 1973, pp 151-137.
A review is presented of the analysis of water samples by atomic absorption.
A brief summary of preservation and storage methods IB presented, along with
information on some of the more useful concentration methods and specialized atomlzation
teclmiquee. Each element of major Interest in vater quality analysis is considered
separately and typical analytical procedures are discussed.
INDEX T3RME: Water analysis, Methodology, Heavy metals, Alkaline earth metals, Alkali
metals, Reviews, Pollutant identification, Atomic absorption speetrophotometry,
Natural waters, .Cample preparation, Sample preservation, Sample storage,
Pre c one entrat i on.
AMIC-9936
"PYROGRAFHIC AHALYSIS OF WASTE WATERS", Lysyj, I., Environmental Science and
Technology. Vol. 8, Ho. 1, January 197^, pp 31-31*.
Based on the theory of multicomponent pattern recognition and differentiation,
a new analytical approach represents a fundamental departure from the traditional
working concept of analytical chemistry. Multicomponent pattern recognition permits
definition of a complex chemical composition as a separate entity, and provides means
for studying its Interactions with other compositions found In environmental matrices.
In the pyrographlc method, organic matter is subjected to elevated temperatures in the
absence of oxygen, leading to thermal decomposition of organic molecules into several
preferential fragments. The nature and quantity of such fragments reflect the
elemental and structural character of the parent material. Through Identification of
the pyrolytlcally produced derivative composition by means of gas chroroatography, the
nature of the parent material can be defined. By comparing pyrograms of unknown
matter with that of known materials, the qualitative nature of the substance in
question could be determined. Analysis of water samples IE performed automatically. No
sample preparation, such as extraction or separation, is squired. Interpretation of
data is aided by two computer programs. The technique has been studied and evaluated
In wast* source Identification and differentiation, industrial effluent analysis,
control of waste treatment process, characterization of organic content of natural
waters, and process control in beer brewing and other fields. Its use for stream
monitoring, Industrial effluent analysis, and waste treatment control are discussed.
IJJDEX TERMS: Water analysis, Monitoring, Viste water (pollution), Msthematlr.al studies,
Gas chromatography. Organic matter, Statistical rcethods, Computer programs, Water
quality, Industrial wastes, Pyrographic analysi s, Pattern recognition,
decomposition.
AMIC-AMIC-9935
"A TECHNIQUE FOR EXTRACTION AND STORAGE OF WATER SAMPLES FOR Mn, Cd, and Pb DETERMINATION
BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY", Olsen, R. D., Eommerfeld, M. H., Atomic Absorption
Newsletter. Vol. 12, No. 6, November/December 1973, pp 165-166.
AMIC-9937
"ATRAZINE, PROPACHLOR, AND D1AZINOH RESIDUES ON SMALL AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS", Ritter,
W. F., Johnson, H. P., Lovely, W. G., Molnau, M., Environmental Science and
Technology. Vol. 8, No. 1, January 1971*, PP 33
A method has been developed for stabilizing metal chelates thus allowing
extracted metals to be stored for at least 2 weeks at room temperature in an acetone-HCl
solution. The stability is attained when the metal chelates are transferred from methyl
Isobutyl ketone to the acetone-HCl solution. Other limited tests indicate that Co,
Cr, Cu, Fe, Ki, and Zn may also be coextracted and stored in acetone-HCl with similar
stability. Some signal enhancement associated with MIBK solutions is also retained with
the acetone-HCl solution. This technique should permit greater time flexibility in
atomic absorption analysis involving multi-element organic extractions of large numbers
of water samples.
INDEX TERMS: Solvent extractions, Manganese, Cadmium, Lead, Methodology, Chemical
analysis, Water analysis, Trace elements, Stability, Metal chelates, Atomic
absorption speetrophotometry, Sample storage.
Atrazlne (2-chloro-1*-ethylamIno-6-lsopropylainino-s-triazine), propachlor
(2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanlllde), and diazlnoii (0,0-dJ ethyl 0-(2-lsopropyl-
6-methyl-U-pyrimldinyl) phosphorothioate) losses in sediment mid surface
runoff were measured from four watersheds ranging in size from 1.9-3-8 acres ana
located In the loesslal soil region of western IOWB. Two of the watersheds were
planted to ridged corn, and two were planted to surface-contoured corn. Movement of
atrazlne, propachlor, and diazlnon In the soil profile and degradation of these
pesticides were measured. Water and sediment samples u?re obtained Irom the four
watersheds with single-stage sediment samplers. All water anrt sediment samples w»re
collected in glass bottles, transferred to polyethylene bottles, and frozen Immediately
after collection. Soil samples were taken within 24 h after pesticide application
and at 7-day intervals for the first few weeks. The Gelgy Chemical Corp. (1965)
ultraviolet method was used for atrazlne analysis. Propachlor and diaztnon were deter-
mined by electron capture gas chromatography. Pesticide losses were much greater from
the surface-contoured watersheds than the ridged watershed. Significant amounts of
surface-applied atrazine and propachlor were removed from the surface-contoured
watersheds by storms occurring shortly after the pesticides were applied.
Insignificant amounts of diazlnon were removed In the surface runoff and Sediment.
Generally, pesticide concentrations were higher in the sediment than In the runoff
water; however, greater total losses were associated with the (greater volume of water.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9937 (Continued)
Cam 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Pesticide residues, Agricultural watersheds. Pesticide kinetics, Triazlne
pesticides, Phosphothloat* pesticides, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Snail
watersheds, Degradation (decomposition), Surface runoff, Movement, Water pollution
sources,. Persistence-, Fate of pollutants, Pesticide loss, Chemical concentration.
AKCC-9939
"COAGULATION IN ESTUARIES", Edzwald, J. K., Upchurch, J. B., G'Melia, C. R.,
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 8, No. I, January 1971*, pp 58-61.
The stability of clay suspensions as a function of ionic strength was
determined from observations of coagulation rates. The stability value, alpha,
depends on the type of clay mineral and on chenicsJ. solution parameters such as
salinity and pH. These studies indicated that clays can be destabilized in estuaries
t>y compression of the electrical double iayer. Measurements of the composition and
stability of sediments collected along the 35-mile length of the Pamlico Estuary
indicated that the sediments in the upper end of the estuary were lees stable than
those collected in the downstream brackish areas. Kaollnlte, a relatively unstable
clay, was predominant In the upstream sediments while illlte, a more stable clay,
accumulated in the sediments near the mouth of the estuary. These observations
are consistent with the view that sediment deposition in the estuary Is Influenced by
coagulation.
INDEX TERMS: Coagulation, Colloids, Ciay mlneralc, Chemical reactions, Suspended
solids, Soil stability, Pamlico EstuKry, Coagulation rates, Tonic strength.
A1GC-9938
"PHOSPHATES IN SEDIMENTS OF PAMLICO ESTUARY", Upchurch, J. B., Edzwald, J. K.,
O'Melia, C. F., Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 1, January
197U, pp 56-58.
Of concern is the amount of available phosphorus present In the bottom
sediments of North Carolina's Pamlico Estuary along the length of the estuary from a
freshwater to an estuarine environment. Bottom sediments were collected at 23 sites
from the middle of the Pamlico River with an Ekman dredge. The sediments were frozen,
thawed, mixed, dried in an oven at 110 C for 2U hr, and ground. A modified HC1-K2SOU
extraction procedure was used to extract the available phosphorus from the sediments.
After extraction, the phosphorus was measured using the vanadomolybdophosphoric acid
colorlmetric method. The amount of "available" phosphorus extracted from sediment
samples along the 35-mile length of the Pamlico Estuary, was observed to decrease from
1.6 rag P/g sediment in freshwater to 0.3 mg P/g sediment in water with a salinity of
18 ppt. A high correlation (r equals 0.99) between available phosphorus and oxalate-
extractable Iron was found in the upper reach of the estuary (salinity less than 1 ppt).
In the lower part of the estuary the Fe-P correlation decreased (r equals 0.86). The
decrease in the available P and in the Fe-P correlation along the length of the estuary
is consistent with the suggestion that P is held to suspended sediments by seme type
of Fe-inorganic P complex of limited stability. Suspended materials entering the
estuary in the freshwater Inflow could lose phosphorus to solution as they are
transported through waters of increasing salinity to the mouth of the estuary.
INDEX TErae: Phosphates, Bottom sediments, Phosphorus, Freshwater, Estuarine environ-
ment, Mixing, Saline water-freshwater interfaces, M-thodology, Inflow, Famlico
Estuary. ____________________„ _____
A MIC-9955
"POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS IN THE SEAETAR ACANTHAETEfi PLANC1", McCloskey, L. R.,
Deubert, K. H., Bulletin of Environmental Cont-aminat.ign and Toxicology, Vol. 1C,
Bo. 5, November 1973, PP 261-261*. ——
Procedures for separating PCB in small amounts of gonaQ tissue specimens from
the starfish Acanthaster plancl are described. Cleanup was done using disposable
Pasteur pipettes. The columns were filled with Floristl activated for 2U hours at
130 C. Columns were packed in petroleum eth^r (30-60 C) and washed with PO ml of
petroleum ether prior to use. Extracts equivalent to one to two grams of fixed tissue
were used for cleanup and PCBs were eluted with a volume (5-7 ml) of petroleum ether
(30-60 C) that eluted 1 mlcrogram of Aroclor 1251* to fipproxirantely 96 percent. A
solvent blank was run with each extraction. Eluni.e& were concentrated to 0.5 ml, ana
1- to 5-mlcroliter aliquots were analyzed by GLC-EC. TLC analysis was also carried out.
Nitration of cleaned-up residues did not change the basic peik pattern, except to add
new peaks. All tissue extracts produced peaks with the following retention times
relative to p,p«-DEE: O.U5, 0.79, 1.0, 1.09, 1.35, 3.70, 2.1U, ?.6l, and 3.19- These
peaks were also obtained with Aroclor 125^, suri^ they did net dlsnppear after nitration.
TLC analysis of the extracts produced spots with R sub - value.: 0.72, 0.80, and 0.92,
whereas Aroclor 1251* produced two overlapping spotn. Approximate R nub f vnlues were
0.7 and 0.8. The accuracy of the quantitation cannot be d"V»rmined because of the
differences between the peak patterns produced by Aroclor 125U and the extracts.
However, quantities estimated in this study seem to be in agreement with data obtained
in similar studies on marine organisms.
INDEX TRRMS: Poly chlorinated biphenyls. Pesticide residues. Oar chx-o
Separation techniques, Starfish, Cleanup, Tissue.
To
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMic-9956
"FIELD IONIZATION MAES SPECTH3METRY: A NEW TOOL FOR THE ANALYTICAL CHEMIST",
Anbar, M., Aberth, W. H., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*6, No. 1, January 197^,
pp 59-#».
Multipoint field ionization sources developed In recent years are discussed
in detail and some n?w applications of mass speetrometry made possible by field
lonizatlcn are reviewed. This technique provides nonfragmented and isotopically
nonscrambled mass spectra which will open up at least two Important areas of application:
(i) analysis of complex mu3ticompor.ent mixtures without preparation and (2) isotope
dilution ftnnlysiE by use of multilabeled molecular tracers. Field ionization spectra
are shown for ncthaquaJone, phenobarbital, norchlorpromazine, and No. 6 fuel oil. Field
lonization mass Epectrometry promise,0, to provide a powerful tool in a diversity of fields
including environmental research.
IHD^X TER'1:,: Mn.se spectrcmetry, Ionization, Tracers, Isotope studies, Oil, Chemical
amlysi.-3, Field lonii.atj.on, Molecular tracers, Isotope dilution.
"CHARACTERIZATION OF WOOD-PRESERVING COAL-TAR CREOSOTE BY GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY",
Nestler, F. K. M., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. U6, No. 1, January 197U, pp 1(6-53.
Six whole coal-tar creosotes, two of which represent contemporary commercial
production, were analyzed by GLC on an EE-30 packing. Retention data for Ik standard
compounds were determined for the four liquid phases: SE-30, ApL, CV-17, DECS. The
linear relationship observed between log relative retention in SE-30 and atmospheric
boiling point permitted the quantitative Interpretation of isothermal chromatograms in
terms of a simulated distillation analysis. The latter results agreed very well with
precision fractional distillation data, but much less so with the American
Wood-Preservers' Association Standard Method. The boiling ranges selected for
comparison of the three sets of data were those established for the AWPA Standard
Method. (Reprintedfrom Analytical Chemistry, Vol. U6, No. 1, January 1971*, pp U6-53-
Copyright 197^ by the American Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the
copyright owner.)
IHDEX TERMS: Creosote, Wood preservatives (pesticides). Coal tar coating, Physical
properties, Characterisation, Oas liquid chromatography, Retention time, Aromatic
hydrocarbons, Precision.
AMIC-9960
"ANODIC STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY OF ZINC IN SEAWATER WITH A TUBULAR MERCURY -fiRAPHITE
ELECTRODE", Lieberraan, E. H., Zirlno, A., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. W>, No. 1,
January 197**, pp 20-23-
A tubular mercury-graphite electrode (TMBE) has been used to measure zinc In
flowing solutions by anodic stripping voltammetry. Fabrication of the electrode and a
new method of applying and maintaining a consistently active mercury thin film on a
graphite electrode are described. Application of the TM3E to anodic stripping
voltammetry of Zn in seawater yields peak currents that are linear with concentration.
Measurements are reproducible with a relative standard develation of plus over minus
9.5 percent at the 0.3 nM level. The system is more sensitive than a comparable static
system. Five-minute analysis times permit detection of zinc in seawater at
concentrations of 1 nM. The Zn peak current and trace metal peak potentials are
described as a function of plating time, rate of solution flow, and other variables.
(Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry. Vol. l>6, No. 1, January 1971*, PP 20-23.
Copyright 197!* by the American Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the
copyright owner.)
1MDEX TERMS: Zinc, Sea water, Pollutant Identification, Water analysis, Trace elements,
Anodic stripping voltammetry, Tubular mercury-graphite electrodes. Detection
limits, Precision, Accuracy.
AMIC-996U
"USF OF MJLTIrLE R SUB F VALUES FOh IDENTIFIC.' Tj.ON BY PAPER AND THIM-LAYER
CHROMATOGRABIY ", Connors, K. A., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. '16, Ko. 1, January
197U, pp 53-58.
This paper attempts to define how man,,' chromatographic solvent systems should be
used in Identifying unknowns and hov these systems should be selected. Maximum
information from chromatography for qualitative analysis is obtained when the R sub
fx value for a compound in system X IE independent of its value R sub fy in another
system Y. It is found, for such systems, that tne distribution of points in the
H sub fx, R sub fy plane is closed to a Poisson distribution. The number of
independent R sub f values required to Identify b compound at e specified level of
uncertainty can be calculated. Independence of R sub f values Is enhanced by using
chromatographic systems that are qualitatively different from each other. In many
analytical situations, the analyst might make planned use of the considerations
presented in this paper. A rough estimate of the size of the population can usually
be made. The nature of the distribution of points In the B sub fx, R sub fy plane can
be established experimentally, and application of the above guideline experimentally,
and application of the above guideline may lead to efficient selection of vincorrelated
systems.
INDEX TERMS: Chromatography, Solvents, Statistical methodr-, Pollutant identification,
R sub f values, Paper chromatogrnphy, Thin layer chromatography.
11
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AKtc-9965
"NEW ULTRAVIOLET RATIO 3PECTROPHOTGMETRIC SYSTEM FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TRACE
AMOUNTS OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS", Fountaine, J. E., Joshipure, P. B., Keliher, P. N.,
et al., Analytical Chemistjy, Vol. U6, No. 1, January 1971*, pp 62-66.
A nove] type of Instrumental system, which uses two conventional sealed hollow
cathode Inmps to monitor the ultraviolet bathocnromic shift which occurs when
phenolic compounds ere made basic, is described. The ultraviolet ratio
spectrophotometric system has been used for the determination of several phenols at
the low ppb range including phenol, o-cresol, p-cresol, resorcinol, thymol, p-methoxy
phenol, and tyrosine. Comparison is made with the standard ASTM Method D-1783-70
(colorimetric reaction with k-aminoantipyrine}, and results for both the ASTM method
and the ultraviolet ratio spectrometrlc method are presented. In general, results
with the ultraviolet ratio spectrometric method are higher, due to the presence of
para-blocked phenols which do not react with k-aminoantipyrine. Samples from several
rivers were analyzed using the procedure.
INDEX TERMS: Instrumentation, Phenols, Water analysis, Aqueous solutions, Rivers,
Industrial wastes, Potable water, Pollutants, Pollutant identification,
o-Cresol, p-Cresol, Resorcinol, Thymol, p-Methoxy phenol, Tyrosine, Ultraviolet
ratio spectrophotometry, Schuylkill River, Trace levels,
Feldman, C., Analytical Chemistry,
AMIC-9970
"PRESERVATION OF DILUTE MERCURY SOLUTIONS'
Vol. U6, No. 1, January 1971*, pp 99-102.
Distilled water solutions containing 0.1-10.0 ng Kg/ml were stored for 10 days
in glass and polyethylene containers. Those which were untreated, or treated with
nitric acid, sulfuric acid plus potassium permanganate, or potassium chromate, lost
substantial fractions of their mercury in this period. Solutions stored in
polyethylene and treated with 5 percent (v/v) nitric acid plus 0.05 percent chromate
ion stayed at full strength for at least ten days. Solutions stored in glass and
'treated with 5 percent (v/v) nitric acid plus 0.01 percent chromate ion stayed at full
i strength for as long as five months. The causes of losses in distilled and natural
water Samples are discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Water, Storage, Mercury, Sample preservation. Stability, Chemical
loss, Reference samples.
AMIC-9968
"INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA-OPTICAL EMISSION ANALYTICAL SPECTROMETRY. A COMPACT
FACILITY FOR TRACE ANALYSIS OF SOLUTIONS", Scott, R. H., Fassel, V. A., Kniseley,
R. N., et al., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. k6, No. 1, January 1971*, pp 75-80.
This paper describes a compact inductively coupled plasma-optical emission
system for the trace determination of metallic elements in solution. Theoretical
considerations are presented to deteimine operating parameters which agree well with
the empirically determined values. The aerosol desolvation system commonly used with
this type of source has been eliminated, and pneumatic nebulization is employed in
place of the more elaborate ultrasonic method. Some characteristics of the plasma
are reported. Detection limits are in the range of 0.1-10 mg/ml for Al, Ba, Ca, Co,
Cr, Ni, Pb, Se, Tl, V, Y, and Zn. The facility is readily adaptable to simultaneous
multielement trace analysis.
INDEX TERMS; Heavy metals, Aqueous solutions, Laboratory equipment, Trace elements,
Plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. Detection limits.
AMIC-9971
"SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF METAL CHELATES INTO WATSR-IMMIECIELE ACKTOIK", Matkovich, C.
E., Christian, G. D., Analytical Chemistry, Voi. U6, No. 1, January 1971*,
pp 102-106.
Acetone is separated from aqueous solutions via salting-out with either
saturated calcium chloride or 65 vt percent sucrose. Several metal ammonium
1-pyrrolidinecarbodithioate and dithizone chelates were successfully extracted from
calcium chloride solutions into the acetone pnase while metal oxine chelates were
.extracted from sucrose solutions. Solvent extraction curves are reported. The metals
considered include Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ti. Hid Zn.
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Solvent
Metal chelates.
ixtractions, Aqueous solution:;, Heavy metals,
12
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9972
"ESTERIFICATION OF (2,fc-DICHLOROPHENOXY)ACETIC ACID . A QUANTITATIVE COMPARISON OF
ESTERIKICATION TECHNIQUES", Homer, J., Que Hee, S. S., Sutherland, R. G., Analytical
Chemistry. Vol. U6, Ho. 1, January 1974, pp 110-112.
Ecterlflcation of 2,!*-C with BF3/alcohol mixtures for gas chromatography
produces esters in greater than 90 percent yield in 20 minutes with few byproducts.
Dlazoalkylation is also efficient but produces many impurities. In addition, the
reagent is more difficult to make and is more labile than the EF3/alcohol mixtures.
Mineral acid catalysis of 2,t-B/alcohol mixtures is time consuming and inefficient.
The esters produced by silylatlon are unstable. The purity of the ester was
determined by GLC analysis with thermal conductivity, flame ionization, and electron
capture detectors. Mass, infrared, and HMR spectra of the pure compounds were used
to confirm the presence of the prepared esters, and the Identity of collected
compounds separated by thermal conductivity GLC. Retention times of the prepared
esters were compared with those of authentic esters.
INDKX TERMS: 2 U-lj, Sample preparation, Esterification, Purity, Gas liquid
chromatography.
AffiC-9978
"DETERMUlATIOJi OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF C2-C5 ACIDS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY GAS
CHROM&TOGHAPHY", Di Corcla, A., Samper!, R., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. W>,
January 19?U, pp 1UO-1U3.
Ho. 1,
An improved chromatographic method is reported for the rapid determination of
aqueous solutions of the seven acids at concentrations down to 0.3 ppm, using
Graphitized Carbon Black (GCB) modified with appropriate amounts of H3P014 and
polyethylene glycol 20 M. Column packings were prepared by dissolving appropriate
amounts of the two phases, H3K& and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 20 K (Carlo Erba), in
methanol and coating on the GCB by a slurry technique. Methanol was removed with use
of a heat lamp. While drying, stirring of these materials must be avoided, as it may
cause in some measure crushing of the graphltized carbon particles. Dried materials
were resieved to maintain the proper mesh range. Columns made from glass tubings
whose dimensions are specified in the captions of the figures were packed by moderately
vibrating with the aid of a vibrator. The first four centimeters of the inlet side of
each column were left empty to use them as an expansion chamber for injected liquid
samples. Columns were then conditioned for 2lt hours at 2kd C. Using a suitably
modified GCB surface allows quantitative determinations of C2-C5 acids to be made quite
easily even at sub-ppm concentrations. The effect of adding PEG-20 M is twofold:
first, it neutralizes residual 'hot sites' and, second, it reduces the surface area
available for adsorption of eluate molecules, thus decreasing retention times.
INDEX TERMS: Aqueous solutions, Gas chroma tography, Separation techniques, Fatty acids,
Acetic acid, Propionic acid, Isobutyric acid, Butyric acid, 2-Methylbutyric acid,
3-Methylbutyric acid, Valeric acid, Flame ionization detector, Graphitized
carbon black, Polyethylene glycol, Phosphoric acid. _
AMEC-9976
"EFFECTS OF SURFACTANTS ON ATOMIC ABSORPTION ANALYSIS OF DILUTE AQUEOUS COPPER AND
NICKEL SOLUTIONS", Venable R. L., Ballad, R. V., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. *t6,
No. 1, January 197!*, pp 131-133-
Dilute (approximately 3 micrograms/ml) Cu and Hi solutions were analyzed by
atomic absorption spectrophotometry upon the addition of the anionic surfactant,
sodium dodeeyl sulfate (SDE). One effect was the enhancement of absorption in
acidic copper and nickel solutions containing SDS above the critical micelle
concentration (CMC) over the same acidic copper and nickel concentrations without
surfactant present. The second effect seemed to be either prevention of precipitate
formation or stabilization of a colloidal dispersion in basic solutions at surfactant
concentrations approaching and above the CMC. It was concluded that certain anionic
surfactants can cause erroneus results in the AAS analysis of dilute aqueous metal ion
solution. However, SDE and maybe other such surfactants can potentially be used to
keep metals in solution where acidic pH values are not tolerable.
INDEX TERMS: Aqueous solutions, Copper, Nickel, Stabilization, Anionic surfactants,
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Absorbance.
AMIC-9982
"ANALYSIS OF PRIMARY AROMATIC AMINES AND NITRITE BY DIAZOTIZATION AND FYROLYSIS
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY", Savltsky, A., Siggia, G., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. h6, No.
January 197^, pp 153-155.
1,
A pyrolysis gas chromatographic method for analysis of dlazonlum salts has
recently been developed. Since only primary aromatic amines produce stable diazonium
salts upon diazotizatlon and only diazonium salts should liberate nitrogen upon mild
pyrolysis, adaptation of the pyrolysis gas chromatographic method has been Investigated
as a specific method for measuring primary aromatic ajnine content of mixtur-s. The
feasibility of the pyrolysis gas chromatographic technique was demonstrated by analysis
of primary aromatic amines of known purity. The percent recoveries by pyrolysis
indicate that diazotizatlon proceeds quantitatively and that the manipulation of the
diazonlun salts preserves them for analysis. Low, though reproducible, results were
obtained for benzidlne. Generally the precision and accuracy of the analysis was on
the order of 1-2 percent. The analysis of mixtures for primary aromatic amine content
was carried out by diazotlzing in platinum boats. This was necessary because of
insolubility of the products of some secondary and tertiary aromatic amines. The
ability of pyrolysis gas chromatography to selectively determine the diazonium salts
produced upon reaction with nitrous acid was demonstrated. Analysis of nitrite in
nitrate required special modification of the diazotizatlon conditions. AntJiranilic
acid was chosen for diazotizatlon because its diazoniiim salt has good water
solubility.
INDEX TERM5: Gas chromatography, Nitrites, Aromatic compounds, Aromatic amines,
Diazotization, Pyrolysls gas chromatography.
13
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL MBTHODS
AMIC-10001
"A SAMPLER FOR THE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF FKESHWATERS USIHG EVACUATED TUBES", Jones, R.,
Stuart, C. J. S,, Limnology and Oceanography. Vol. 16, Ho. 5, Septeiiber 1970, pp
805-809.
A freshwater sampler is described having three evacuated glass tubes which
fill simultaneously at the selected depth when each rubber sealing stopper la pierced
by a hypodermic needle. Each tube actss the sample collector and container.
(Reprinted from Limnology and Oceanography. Vol. 18, Ho. 5, September 1973, pp 805-809.
Copyright 1973 by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc. Reprinted
by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Freshwater, Chemical analysis. Water sampling, Water analysis,
Sampling equipment, Water sampler.
AMIC-10011
"EFFECT OF FEEDLOT MAHURE ON SOIL AND WATER QUALITY", Somnerfeldt, T. G., Plttman,
U. J., Milne, R. A., Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 2, No. k, October-December
1973, PP 1*23-^27.
Research was conducted (1) to determine the contribution of representative
feedlots in semiarid southern Alberta to soil and water pollution, and (2) to
determine the effect of long-term applications of manure on the N, P, and soluble salt
content of cultivated soil under irrigation. The N03-K and available P content of
the surface soil adjacent to the feedlots was generally greater than that of the soil
away from the feedlots, but at depths greater than 150 cm the differences were usually
small. Similarly, the concentration of N03-N and P in the ground water at 1- to 5-m
depths was usually increased only adjacent to the feedlot and, with minor exceptions,
remained within 'safe1 limits most of the time. There was no evidence that a small
lake or three permanent streams near feedlots were polluted by effluents from the
feedlots. Manure applied annually for Uo years at H rate of 70 metric tons/ha did not
cause an undesirable buildup of N, P, or soluble salts in the soil.
INDEX TERMS: Feed lots, Farm wastes, Water quality, Soil contamination, Water pollution
sources, Effects, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Base flow, Groundwater.
AMIC -10010
"PARAFFIN HYDROCARBON PATTERNS IN PETROLEUM-POLLUTED MUSSELS", Clark, R. C., Jr.,
Finley, J. S., Marine Pollution Bulletin. Vol. U, No. 11, November 1973, pp 172-176.
This paper describes how an analysis of the n-paraffin content and pattern
can be used to delineate the accumulation of petroleum hydrocarbons In nature below
levels of detectable odour or taste. It is possible to detect very low levels (less
than 5 ppb individual n-paraffins n-lUC30H to n-37C76H) of paraffin hydrocarbons in
intertidal marine organisms and to use these compounds with suitable baseline Information
for estimating the quantity of petroleum pollution uptake in the organisms. Under
conditions of moderate to aajor oil pollution, this technique provides a calculation of
residual paraffin hydrocarbon pattern in closed organisms which can be compared to the
pollutant hydrocarbon pattern. For low-level persistent pollution, the use of paraffin
hydrocarbon patterns and content can often provide an Indication of petroleum uptake but,
in cases where the pollutant is low in paraffin hydrocarbons (lubricating oils, some
crude oils, etc.) or where the rate of bacterial degradation is equivalent to the
pollutant input different techniques of analysis are required. Exposed mussels (Mytllus
spp.) collected under three differing degrees of suspected petroleum pollution are
compared with unexpoaed control mussels: (1) 'high-level1 pollution where a known
pollutant was released in a single large discharge; (2) 'moderate-level' pollution where
observable quantities of a known pollutant leaked over a long period} and (3) 'low-level
persistent1 pollution having multiple sources but no continuously visible oil slick on
the water surface.
INDEX TERMS: Marine animals, Pollutant Identification, Oil pollution, Chemical analysis,
Mussels, Trace levels,. n-Paraffins, Petroleum hydrocarbons, Ssmple preparation,
Data interpretation, Background levels.
, _J
AMIC-10013
"SIGNIFICANCE OF pH AND CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION ON BEHAVIOR OF HFAVY METAL
POLLUTANTS: MERCURY (II), CADMIUM (II), ZINC (II), AND LEAD (II)", Hahne, H. C. H.,
Kroontje, W., Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 2, No. >*, October-December 1973,
pp WAJ»50.
Calculations were performed (1) to assess the degree to which Hg(II), Cd(II),
and Pb(ll) complex with hydroxyl and chloride ions and (2) to evaluate the significance
of such complexatlon in natural systems. Results indicate that both the hydroxy and
chloride complexes may contribute to the mobilization of these heavy metal Ions in the
environment. Hydrolysis of Hg(ll) becomes important at pH values above 1 whereas
Pb(ll), Zn(ll), and Cd(ll) hydrolyze above pH 5, 7, and 8, respectively. Chlorides
complex with Hg(ll) at chloride concentrations above 1 nM (0.000035 ppm). HgC12 forms
above 10 to the minus 7.5 power M Cl(mlnus)(0.0011 ppm), and HgC13 and
HgClU (2 minus) formation occurs above 0.01 M Cl(mlnus) (350 ppm). The (Cl (plus)
species of Zn(ll), Cd(Il), and Pb(ll) appear at chloride concentrations above 0.001 M
(35 PPm), and MC12 complexes occur above 0.01 M (3^0 ppm Cl (minus)). The respective
1C13 (mlnue) and MClk (S minus) species become important above 0.1 M Cl (minus)
(3,500 ppm). Hydrolysis and chloride complexation of these heavy metal ions are
important factors affecting the solubility of the sparingly soluble salto of these
metal ions. This is most pronounced for mercuric salts. Intrinsic solubilities of the
metal-ion hydroxides allow for 160 ppm Zn(II) and 107 PP& Hg(Il) to be soluble as
complexed Zn(OH)2 and Kg(OH)2, respectively. These values are higher than calculated
solubilities based on solubility products. An example of the competition between
hydroxy and chloride complexes shows that at pH 8.5 and n chloride concentretion range
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-10013 (Continued)
Cord 2/2
of 350-60,000 ppm, Hg(ll) and Cd(ll) are mainly conplexed by chlorides. Zn(ll) and
Pb(II), under these conditions, are predominantly In the form of hydroxy complexes.
INDEX TEJ»e: Heavy metale, Path of pollutants, Environment, Hydrogen ion concentration,
Chlorides, Ecosystems, Mobilization, Conplexatlon, Hydroxides.
A MIC-10015
"A STUDY OF FACTORS INFLUENCING THE NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS CONTENTS OF NEBRASKA
WATERS", Muir, J., Selm, E. C., Olson, R. A., journal of Environmental Quality,
Vol. 2, No. k, October-December 1973, pp hf>6.^JO~.
The purpose of this investigation was to determine magnitude and sources of
nutrient N and P in Nebraska waters. Water samples were taken from irrigation wells at
the midsummer peak of the 1971 and 1972 irrigation seasons and from 32 sites on major
streams of the state at quarterly Intervals during 1970-72. The samples were analyzed
for pH, NH^-N, N03-N, and P. Surface water samples were analyzed for sediment
concentration; rainwater collected at protected meterological recording sites
throughout the year was analyzed for N and P. Correlation studies reveal little
relation between N and P concentrations of the water and agricultural use of fertilizers.
Nutrient levels in the water are governed more by human and livestock densities and
Intensity of irrigation development than by agronomic production factors. Only at
sites of intensive Irrigation development on very sandy soils and with irrigation of
valley positions of shallow water table has fertilizer N contributed substantially to
a reduction in ground-water quality. Nutrient concentrations in streams fluctuate
widely with (1) varied time and rate of organic waste intrusions and subsequent
biological assimilation and (2) major runoff events. Reservoirs on streams also have
a major modifying action In reducing sediment and fertility load. The observed higher
N content of streams during periods of peak flow can be attributed partially to the
high N content of precipitation and Its direct runoff into streams during periods of
high rainfall intensity.
INDEX TERMS: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Water pollution sources, Precipitation (atmosphericJ,
Storm runoff. Sediment load, Fertilizers, Nutrient sources, Natural waters.
15
A MIC-10016
"INOSITOL PODfPHOSPHATEE IN ACTIVATED SLUDOE", Cosgrove, D. J., Journal of
Environmental Quality. Vol. 2, So. U, October-December 1973, pp U&3-H85.
Although It Is known that some of the soluble Inorganic phosphate present in
waste water can be fixed as organic forms in the activated sludge process, there ia
little knowledge of the chemical nature of these products. Recently, the extraction of
'inosltol phosphate' from activated sludge was described, but whether the product
consisted only of myo-lnositol phosphates or was a mixture was not determined. In the
present investigation, inosltol polyphosphates were extracted from activated sludge
using methods previously developed in investigations of soil organic phosphates. Ion
exchange chronatography of the purified extract showed it to be a mixture of penta-
and neo-lnositol and thus to resemble the inosltol polyphosphate component of soil
organic matter. As the same polyphosphate mixture does not apparently occur in raw
sewage (hydrolysateG of dried raw sewage were found to contain no other inosltol but
the myo-Isomer), it would appear that it is formed ar a result of biological action
during the aeration process,
INDEX TERtC: Activated Kludge, Chemical analysis, Pollutant identification, Methodology,
Organophosphorus compounds, Phosphorus, Sample preparation, Inosltol
polyphoaphatefc, Ion exchange chroraatography, Paper- chromatography,
AMIC-10026
"THE DETERMINATION OF BORON IN SOLUTION TO SUb-p.p.b. CONCENTRATION:; BY
HOLLOW-CATHODE EMISSION", Daughtrey, E. H., Harrison, W. W., Analytlca Chimica Aeta,
Vol. 67, No. 2, December 1973, PP 253-250.
Sub-ppb concentrations of boron In solution were determined by the use of a
hollow-cathode emission source? for the analysis of cathode surface film deposited from
the solution. Solutions were prepared by dissolvlnr boric a^id or sodium tetraborate
in distilled, deionized water. A Glomax demountuble hollow-cathode lamp operating in
the flow mode, was used with two modificntions. A gas port modification and a
replacement of the constricted flow concentric tubinp (serving at both cooling water
source and drain to the heat exchange block) with a. -wagelok Tee-Joint, fitting and a
short length of thin wall stainless steel tubing Joined to the hest exch'jipe block by a
machine fitting. Copper proved to be an excellent cathode material, owing to low
background and ease of boron sputtering from the r.url'ace. Clean-up of the cathode was
a critical factor in reproduclblllty of hollow-cathode emlnsion. The best
signal-to-background Intensity wns at 0.7 torr pressure of argon, measured on the exit
side of the tube. The lower limit of atomic emistlor. detection !:•• about 10 pa,,
although the sensitivity could be improved by multiple sample applications. The boron
atomic line emission Is 200 times as Intense as boron oxide bund emission.
INDEX TSRMSl Boron, Aqueous solutions, Detection limit,;,, Hollow cathode emission.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
A MIC-10027
"DKTEHMI NATION OF CHROMIUM IN' SEt WATCH BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTRCMETHY", Gilbert,
T. K., Clny, A. M., AnalytlcB Chlmlca Acta. Vol. 67, No. S, December 1973, PP S99-295.
t- method for thf determination of chromium in seavrater Is described which
recuIres minimal sample preparation. The chromium from filtered samples is oxidized
with peruiangRnflte, extracted with iniiiionium jyrrolidlne dithiocarbanst" into MTBK, and
analyzed by atomic absorption Kpectroraetry in a IXiel-rich air-acetylene flame.
Hon-filteraU." solids are extracted with 12 M hydrochloric add and analyzed. Detection
limit- for th» methods -ire 0.0> raicrogram/1 in the soluble phase and 0.06 microgram/1
in th" prirtlculate pfi'ii-f.
INDEX r-IUMj: Lin w-.ter, Chromium, Storage, Ato.nlc abcorptlon spectrophotometry, Sample
preparation, Copivcl;. Ititlon, Detection limits.
AMJ -rxC.".1
"TK~ EXm^TM-SP^TnGPHOUM-rrRIC UF.TKRMINATION OF CHROMIUM (III) WITH
M?-F/RIOTLAiO)-RESORCINOL", Yotsuyruiiigi, T., Tnkedn, Y., Yamashita, K., Aomura, K.,
Analytic;! Chlmice Acta. Vol. 67, Ho. 'd, December 1973, PP 297-306.
Th» extractior.-spectrophotometric determination of chromlum(III) with
^-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol (PAR) IF described. PAR(H2R) forms a 1:3 complex with
chromlum(lli) in n boiling acetate buffer solution at pH 5. The complex forms an
Ion-association compound with tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonlum ion
(TDBA):Cr(R)(HR)2 (minusj-TDBA which can be extracted Into chloroform, the molar
absorptivity being U7,OOG at rM~ nm. If EDTA is added as a masking agent after the
Or(HR)3 has been formed, only iron, cobalt and nickel interfere seriously, and the
method can b= made specific for chromium by a preliminary extraction of these metals
vith cupferron. The sensitivity of the method is seven times higher than that of the
dlphenylcarbazide method.
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Chromium, Aqueous solutions, Spectrophotometry,
Chemical interference, Sensitivity.
AMIC-10029
"THE SFECTROPHOTOMETW ADD SOLVEBT-EXTRACTION BSHAVIOUP OF IBON(III), VAMADIUM(IV
AHD V) AHD TITW»IUM(rV) CHE1ATES OF l-(o-CARBOXXPHE«YL)-3-HYDEOXX-3-MRmYI.TRIAZEIIE",
Majumlar, A. K., Bhattacharyya, E. C., Roy, B. C., Analytlca Chimlca Aeta. Vol. 67,
No. 2, December 1973, pp 307-315.
l-(o-Carboxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-3-raethyltriazene Is proposed as an excellent
reagent for the spectrophotometrlc determination of Iron(lII) and tltanium(lV), and
also for the separation of titanium from a large quantity of iron as well ac otter
cations and anlons. Iron(lII) forms an anlonic violet 1:2 complex at pH U.0-9-'', *n|3
cationlc green 1:1 complex at pH 1.^-2.0, with absorption maxima at 570 nm and 66O ran,
respectively. The violet complex is quantitatively extracted in chloroform containing
n-octylamlne at pH 3.0-9-0. The green and the violet iron(lll) complexes obey Beer's
law, the respective optimal ranges between 8.9-35.8 and 3.9-11.2 ppm. The yellow
titanium chelate extracted into chlorcform (absorption maximum at Uio nm) between pH
1.0 and 3.5. ran be reextracted into concentrated sulphuric acid and a violet color being
produced with absorption maximum at 53" nm. Beer's law is obeyed in the ranges 0.8-5.7
ppffl for the titanium complex in chloroform and 3.1+-19.2 ppm when extracted in
concentrated sulphuric acid. Interferences from diverse ions are not severe.
Procedures for the separation and dpterminnUon of titanium in the presence of a lar^e
quantity of iron are given. The Isolation of th? iron(lll) and vanadium(TV and V)
complexes, and their properties, are described.
INDEX TERMS: Spectrophotometry, Solvent extractLont, Iron, Titanium, Separation
techniques, Cations, Anions, Mota.1 .helate..,, Vrmadium, Chloroform, Sulfuric
acid, Tartaric acid.
AMIC-10030
"SYNERGIC SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF DIVALENT CATIONS WITH DKCAFLUOROHF.i'Tf.NEDIONE AND
DI-n^inYLSULFOXIDE", Burgett, C. A., Analytics Chimlca Acta, Vol. 67, No. 2,
December 1973, PP 325-330.
The synergic [solvent extraction of iron'II;, cobalt(ll;, nickel(ll) and
lead(II) with 1,1,1,2,2,6,6,7,7,7-dpcai'iuoro-3,r-heptanedione IH(FHD)) and
dl-n-butylsulfoxide (CBSO) into cyclohexane ir, described. The optimal pH,
equilibration tine, stoichiometry and stability of the extracted species w°r.0. No detriments 1 effect from
the presence of chloride, acetate, sodi'jm or no"tic aclrt was obser'/ed. The extraction
was found to be quantitative after equilibrntion tlmr.s of I'j min or more. All of the
extracted species, except the iron(ll) complex., were jstnble for n period of two w»eks
and could be dried at 100 C. The iron(II) comp.L-x wa;> stable afV?r one day at low pH,
but at pH 6.0 the complex was stable for one w->=k.
16
-------
1ICAL METHODS
AMIC-10030 (Continued)
Card S/S
XMDRX TERMi: Solvent extraction*, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, lead. Copper, Hydrogen Ion
concentration, Stability, Equilibration time, Stoichlcmetry.
-10033
"THE APPLICATION Or PHOTO-OXIDATION TO THE DETERMINATION OF STABLE COBALT IN SEA
WATER", Harvey, H. R., Imtton, j. W. R., Analytiea Chlmlea Acta. Vol. 67, Bo. 2,
December 1973, PP 377-38%
A method is described for the determination of nanograra quantities of cobalt
in a 1-1 sample of seawater after preconcentration with sub^nilligram quantities of
manganese dioxide formed by the oxidation of manganese!II) in a photochemical reactor.
The cobalt is measured by pulse polarography ae the diraethylglyoximate after dissolving
the manganese dioxide deposit adhering to th» quartz jacket surrounding the ultraviolet
lamp. The detection limit of the method is ca. 0.6 ng Co/1.
INDEX TERMS: Cobalt, Sea water, Water analysis, Methodology, Photoxldation, Pulse
polarography.
AMC-10036
TKUTHOH IRRADIATION OF MERCURY IN POLYETHYLENE COSTAIHSRS", WelBB, H. V., Chew, K.,
Analytical Chlnica Acta. Vol. 67, No. 2, December 1973, PP UW»-W»7.
When mercury Is neutron-Irradiated In polyethylene containers, its
behavior is dependent on acidity of the solution. Mercury was Irradiated for 10 and
60 mln in solutions of different nitric acid concentration. For each of the time
periods, the unacldifled solutions contained less Hg-197 than their acidified
counterparts} this difference was more pronounced for the 6o-min Irradiated samples.
Ccnrparlaon of activity levels for solutions Irradiated for the two time Intervals
Indicate the counting rates scale by a factor of six for the acidified solutions but
not for water. Counting data are given for irradiation vials directly counted several
days after neutron activation of cadmium and mercury solutions of varying acidity.
With cadmium the counting rate decreased regularly as a function of nitric acid
concentration, while with mercury the activity level in the unacldlfied sample was
substantially less than for the samples in nitric acid solution. The relationship
between the comparable nitric acid solutions of mercury parallels that of cadmium.
From these re suite the conclusion is drawn tfiat, mercury In acidified solution is not
lost during Irradiation, at least not over the Interval 10-^0 mln. But in the
absence of acid, substantial lose is encountered. The loss appears to occur by two
routes: adsorption and volatilization.
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, Irradiation, Acidity, Plar.ticc, Absorption, Chemical loss.
Volatilization.
A MIC-10037
"A SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF ZINC AND CADMIUM", Jensen, R. E., Kaehler, M.,
Analytiea Chlmlea Acta, Vol. 67, No. 2, December 1973, pp U65-U68.
This particular method for the simultaneous determination of zinc and
cadmium involves using picollnealdehyde-S-quinolylhydrazone (PAQH) as the complpxing
agent, extracting from aqueous solution into chloroform, nnd completing the
measurement by atomic absorption speetrophotoraetry. The most efficient complexation
and extraction were obtained at pK 8.5. A study of excess of reagent on the
zlnc( II)-PAQH system showed that a fifteen-fold ex?<*E£, of llgand vis sufficient for
maximal complex formation. A twenty-fold °xcess of PAQH was necessary for maximal
cadmiuni(lI)-PAQH complex formation. Wire'- 5-ml nllquots provided the greatest
extraction efficiency. Solutions of both complexes were stable for at leant one week.
The Zn(II)-PACB complex was found to obey Beer's law over a concentration range of
0.065-1.30 ppm. The sensitivity of measurement was calculated as 17.7 ppb, and the
detection limit 3.13 PP*>. A similar study of the Zn(ll) complex abeorbance over the
same concentration range In aqueous solution gave th» comparable sensitivity and
detection limit as 27.9 ppb and 9.314 ppb, respectively. The Cd(l.T)-FAQH complex obeyed
Beer's law over the same concentration range 0.113-2.26 ppm Cd(ll). The sensitivity
level was determined as 22.6 ppb, and the detection limit was 1.7 ppb. In comparable
aqueous solutions, the sensitivity was 60.3 ppb, and the detection limit 10.^ ppb.
Although it has been shown that there is no mutual interference between the zinc and
cadmium complex systems, there are Interferences from other cations. These
Interfering ions consume the reagent and must b° removpd before the analysis for zinc
and cadmium.
17
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AKTC-10037 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Zinc, Cadmium, Aqueous solutions, Methodology, Chemical analysis.
Pollutant Identification, Stability, Trace elements, Cations, Plcollnealdehyde-2-
qulnolylhydrazone, Atomic absorption apectrophotooetxy, Metal complexes,
Extraction efficiency. Sensitivity, Detection limits, Ionic Interference.
A MIC -10038
"PHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF DIPHENYLAMIME WITH CEHIUM(IV) SULPHATE", Gandlkota, M.,
Rao, G. G,, Analytlca Chlmlea Acta, Vol. 67, Ho. 2, December 1973, pp
The conditions are established for the quantitative oxidation of diphenylamine
with cerium(lV) sulfate to diphenylaiuine blue and its photometric determination. The
results obtained from studying the effect of Cs(lV) concentration showed that with
molar ratios of diphenylamlne to Ce(IV) varying from 1:2.5 to 1:8 the diphenylamine blue
IB not destroyed even by a large excess of the Oxidant over and above that required for
the formation of the blue color. The stability of the blue color increases with
increasing concentration of sulphuric acid, being about 5-6 mln in k M sulphuric acid,
about 6-7 min in 5 M sulphuric acid and about 9-10 mln In 6 M sulphuric acid. Compared
with the available procedures this has the advantages of speed, fewer reagents and
freedom from interference from aniline (0.08 nmoles), methanol (59 moles), and ethanol
(17 nmoles).
INDEX TERMS: Pollutant identification, Chemical analysis, Spectrophotometry,
Cerium sulfate, Diphenylamine, Accuracy, Chemical interference.
AMIC-10039
"AmCWIC ELECTRCFKOHBTIC PATTERN OF FIVE RUTHENIUM SALTS IB FRESH AMD SEA WATEBJ
EFFECTS OF AOEIHQ AMD DILUTION", Vos, J., Van Puymbroeclc, S., Van Der Borght, O.,
Analytlea Chlalca Acta. Vol. 67, So. 2, December 1973, PP U80-U85.
The presence of ruthenium species in the wastes of nuclear fuel reprocessing
plants has led to considerable interest in the very complex behavior of ruthenium. In
this study, five ruthenium salts (nltrosylhydroxynltrlte, nitrosylchloride, chloride,
nltrosylnltrate complexes, and nitrosylhydroxlde) were studied for Influence of
dilution and ageing, by means of high-voltage electrophoresls: (l) in concentrated
aqueous solutions; (2) after further dilution with freshwater; and (3) after further
dilution with seawater. This study provides further evidence of the complexity of
ruthenium in aqueous neutral solutions and emphasizes the following points, which are
important for waste release management. (1) The behavior of the ruthenium salts is, In
general, similar in filtered seawater and freshwater, except for fresh nitrosylnltrate
solutions. (2) Ageing is still incomplete after one week except for the
rutheniun-nltrosylchlorld<: complexes where there are no such effects. (3) Ageing of
the ruthenium solutions results generally in a decrease of the number of complexes, a
decrease of their mobility and a severe decrease or total disappearance of the
resolution of the separation pattern. (It) Ten-fold dilution had no important
Influence except for the fresh ruthenium chloride and the 7-tlny old nltrosylnltrate.
(5) Nltrosylnltrite, and especially the aged solutions, contains an exceptionally lov
amount of Ru-106 adsorbed on the starting line. (6) The characteristics of
nltrosylhydroxide solutions in fresh and seawater, are similar to the other salts.
The freshly prepared solutions contain about 30 percent of negative complexes with
comparatively high mobility in the electric field. (7) The number of species detected
AMIC-10039 (Continued)
Card 2/8
by high-voltage electrophoresls in phosphate buffer ranges up to 13 clearly defined
bands and 2 vaguer tailings for freshly prepared concentrated neutral ruthenium-chloride
complexes. Each salt gives a different electrophoretio separation picture, although
complexes at 20-20.5 cm from the starting lino appear in most solutions.
INDEX TERMS: Freshwater, Sea water, Aging (physical), Aqueous solutions. Chemical
analysis, Salts, Nuclear wastes, Anionlc electrophoresis, Kuthenium, Dilution.
ItT
-------
PHYSICAL AND CHgMICAI, MgTHOPS
AMIC-IOOW.
TOAS CHH3MATOORAPHY OF SUB6TTIUTKD PHEHYLUKEAS BY FLASH ABATER METHlfLATIOIl WITH
TRIMEOTyUUm.IllIUM HYBHOXIDEr, Tinaka, 7. S., Wlen, H. 0., Journal of Chromatosraphy.
Vol. 87, »o. 1, DecwKber 5, 1973, PP 85-93.
A simple method for the nethylatlon of substituted phenylureas vith
trlraethylanllinium hydroxide (me the lute) is described. The netnylstlon reaction
product was the 3-«-methyl analog of the substituted phenylurea. Seven phenylureas
(fluometuron, fenuron, oonuron, netobrcnuron, linuron, diuron, and neburon) vith a
variety of structures were analyzed using six different chromatographic columns. The
gas chroma tO(5p-aphle response wae linear with increased concentration of the
3-I.'-erature, Uo.O C; flow-rate, 0.7 ml/min; determination, two-phase titration method
with bromophenol blue as indicator. Not only could a homologous series of cationic
surface-active agents be separated quantitatively, but the separation and determination
of the constituents of their mixtures also became feasible. It is presumed that cationic
surfactants molecules are present in an Ionic state and probably pass through the
column accompanied by exchange of their counter ions for anions in the eluent. The
solubility of a surfactant in an eluent decreases as the chain-length of the alkyl
groups in the surfactant increases. Surfactant molecules with long alkyl groups can be
easily salted out and adsorbed on the resin, and they therefore have larg? elution
volumes. For this reason, dialkyldiniethylaninonlum salts that have large hydrophobic
_.
AMCC-lOObe (Continued) Card 2/8
grow* were not eluted under the conditions mentioned above. The adoption of the
gradient elution method, however, may not only enable these surfactants to be eluted
successfully but also extend further the applicable range.
INDEX TErae: Separation techniques, Volumetric analysis. Salts, Anion exchange, Resins,
Salting-out chromatography, Cationlc surfactants, Alkyltrlmethylamnonlua chloride,
Dlalkyldlmettiylammonlum chloride, Alkylpyridinium chloride, Aliylpyrldinium Iodide,
Alkyldlraethylbenzylamnonium chloride, Hyamlne 16?2.
AMIC-IIXM
"PERHALOBENZENKSULFINATSE AS REAGENTS IN TH^ DETERMINATION OF INOHSANIC MERCURY IN
VARIOUS fEDIA BY GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY", Mushak, P., Tibbetts, F. E., Zamegar,
P., et al., Journal of Chroniatography. Vol. 87, No. 1, December 5, 1973, pp 215-226.
Inorganic mercury and organomercurials present in water, urine and serum are
evaluated by gas-liquid chromatography and the use of nerhalobenzenesulfinates which
react with inorganic mercury to yielrJ a perhalophenyl mercury. Best results are
obtained with lithiutr, pentafluorobenzenfsulfinate as arylatlng agent for inorganic
mercury. Recovery and precision data include: vmter, 70.^ percent (6.8); urine,
81.U (10.5); serum, 51.0 (9.^). Lower detection limit, of inorganic mercury, as the
pentafluorophenyl analyte, is 20 ng of mercury per- milliliter of sample. Optimal
chromatographlc results were obtained with 10 percent lJ»xsil-300 on Anakrom SD, 70-80
mesh, «md Durapak Carbowax kQO on Porasil F.
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, Aqueous solutions, Urine, C«t liquid chromntography, Biological
samples, Serum, Perhalophenyl mercury, Arylnting agents, Aryl mercurials.
-------
1* PHYSICAL AMP CHB1ICAL METHODS
AMIC-lOOl»9
"NITROGEH TRABSTORNftTIOlIS IN SEDIMENTS AS AFFECTED BY CHEMICAL AMEHDMEHTS ", Chan,
R. L., Keeney, D. R., Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 9, Mo. 6, December 1973»
pp 1136-11 l*lt.
A study was conducted to elucidate BOOK of the chemical factors affecting the
rate and pathways of N transformations In lake sediments. The main emphasis was
placed on modifying a noncaleareous sediment with C«C03 to approximate the composition
of a calcareous sediment. Additionally, the effects of Ca (2 plus), C03 (2 minus),
Mg (2 plus) and OH (minus) were evaluated by using appropriate chemicals. Further,
the effect of aluminum sulfate was evaluated with both sediment types. Sediment pH
at 7 days was not affected by CaCO3, but was decreased by aluminum sulfate. The
CaC03 treatment increased the rate of ammonification, nitrification, reduction of
acetylene to ethylene and methane formation, while with few exceptions the other
treatments decreased the rate of the transformations studied. Aluminum sulfate, which
hr\s been proposed as -i lake restoration treatment, increased ammonification but
decreased most of the other transformations.
INDEX TERME: Nitrogen, oediraents, Lakes, Hydrogen ion concentration, Water quality,
Nitrii'ication, Denitrification, Nitrogen fixation, Calcium carbonate, Ammonlfica-
tion, Aluminum sulfatc, Mineralization.
AMIC-10051
"METHANE FORMATION BY LAKE STOIMENT:; DURING IN VITRO INCUBATION", tocgregor, A. N.,
Keeney, D. R., Water R»sources Bulletin, Vol. 9, No. 6, December 1973, PP 1153-1158.
The ability of lake sediment samples to store and synthesize methane was
tested using samples from Wisconsin lakes. Both hardwater and softvrater lakes were
Investigated. The effects of nitrate, sulfate, and acetylene amendments, as well as
temperature, were also investigated. Using a seoiment-coated glass bead system as
described, sediments showed linear Increases in methane synthesis from the moment
helium purging ceased for periods up to three weeks. The results Indicate that the
sediment samples examined have roughly the same capacity to store methane generated in
vivo, but depending upon their origin (e.g. softwater or hardwater lakes) differ
significantly in their capacity to synthesize methane from sediment precursors.
Sediment samples from hardwater lakes produced 10 to 20 times as much methane as
sediment from softwater lakes. This difference in methane generating capacity appears
to be due to CaC03. It is apparent that measurement of standing crop of 'native
methane1 in sediments may net be a useful indication of the actual rate of methane
synthesis. Both nitrate and sulphate were apparently able to Inhibit methane synthesis
by raising the Eh of the sediment to more positive values. Inhibition, at least by
nitrate, may be temporary.
INDEX TERMS: Lake sediments, Methane, Synthesis, Incubation, Nitrates, Eulfates, Water
temperature, Sampling, Gas chromatography, Hardness (water), Acetylene, Carbon
reduction.
See also: Category 2, AMIC-9718, 10008, 10050
Category 5, AMXC-99UO.
AMIC-1O130
"THE CHEMICAL FORM AMD BODILY DISTRIBUTION OF MERCURY IN MARINE FISH", Suzuki, T.,
Mlyama, T., Toyaoa, C., Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Vol. 10,
Ho. 6, December 1973, PP 3*7-355- -
One grain of muscle, liver, brain, kidney, and gastric content of fish, or
about half of the organ weighing less than £ g was homogenized in a phosphate-buffer
solution (pH 8.6, 1/16 M), and analyzed for inorganic mercury by cold vapor atonic
absorption photometry. Weight of fish and the level of total mercury are independent
of the inorganic mercury percentage. Comparing the values in the muscle, both
inorganic mercury percentages and levels of total mercury are elevated in the liver
and kidney. The total mercury content In the liver, excluding the data on fish from
the Japan Sea, is also significantly correlated with body weight but this is not seen
in the case of the kidney. The data on the brain are difficult to Interpret both
regarding the level of total mercury and the inorganic mercury percentage. The level
of total mercury of the gastric content is markedly higher in greenlings from the
Japan Sea than in other fishes from th/- South China iIMETHYLAMINO-3,5-XYLYL-N-METKYL CARBAMATF", Silk, P. J., Unger, I.,
International Journal of Environmental AnsJytical Chemistry, Vol. 2, No. r.,, February
1973, pp 213-220,
The photodecomposltion of 4-dimeth.vlBjnino-3,5-xylyl-M-nethyl carhamate
(Zectran) in aerated and degassed solution has been carried out. Three major
photoproducts were detected and characterized to be: U-dim»thylamino-3,5-diniethyl
phenol, U.hydroxy-2,6-diraethyl-J!-instnya benzan.iae prri fi_monomrthy]amino-3,5-xylyl-N-
methyl carbamate. The phenol and benzwnid•_• product.- suggest, that one of thr pathways
of photodecoruposition of Xectrari Is via a photo-Fries rearrangement. The
ortho-benzamide (S-dimethylajninoJi^-dirEethyl-^-hydroxy-H-mf-thyl benzanrtde) which could
also be expected to occur in a photo-Frier, reaction, w.is not observed. The excitation
wavelength was greater than 296.7 nm, i.e. radiation available in the solar ;>pectrum.
Thus the products observed in this .itudy may be expected to occur in the environment
as a result of the action of sunlight or. Zectran.
INDEX TERMS: Carbamate pesticides, PollutRjit identification, Methodology, Laboratory
tests, Zectran, Photodecomposltion, Photoproductr,, Pttte or pollutants,
Photochemistry, Infrared spectra, N'MR spectra, Mass spectra.
-------
AM1C-9017
"BTOLAMDSFJORDEN. PRIMARY PRODUCTION AND OTHER LMTOLOOICAt FEATURES IN AN
OLIGOTROFHIC NORWEGIAN LAKE", Lands, A., Hydroblologla, Vol. kZ, Nos, 8-3,
August 15, 1973, PP 335-3«t.
Byglsndsf jorden Is a lake situated in southern Norway, about &0 km north of
Kristianaand. The catchment area consists of archean rook*. The river Otra flows
through the lake. Water samples "Mere taken from the lake U tines during the summer of
1971, and analyzed for DO, pH, specific conductivity, Ca, Mg, Ma, K, alkalinity,
chloride, and sulfate. Hrlmary productivity was measured three tines by the C-lU
method. The results show that the lake Is acid and poor In electrolytes. pH-values
vary between 5.3 and 6.0, and the specific conductivity lies at about 10. Primary
>roduction is rather high, and per sq m lake surface the values axe found to be about
the same as In ovinsjoen, s rather eutrophlc lake near Oslo. However, an index used by
todhe (196^) shows tnat the lake is of a more oligotrophic type.
INDEX TERM..: Irimary productivity, Trophic level, Water quality, Oligotrophy,
Dissolved oxygen, Hydrogen ion concentration, Specific conductivity, Calcium,
Magnesium, 3odium, Potassium, Chlorides, Alkalinity, Sulfates, BygladsfJorden.
.'iMIC-9193
"HABITAT DJ3TKTBOT10N OF THE .JHOKc. FIIE" OF NORTHEASTERN OHIO (DIPTERA: EPHYDRIDAE)",
3cheiring, J. ¥., Foote, E. A., The Ohio Journal of Science, Vol. 73. No. ?. Mav
1973, PP 152-166. ' ^
A study of the habitat distribution of 68 species of shore flies
(Ephydridae) way carried out In northern Ohio between April of 1968 and November of
1969. Ten ephydrld habitats were recognised: mud-shore, sand-shore, grass-shore,
llranlc-wrack, marsh-reed, sedge-meadow, floating-vegetation, floating-algal-mat,
rain-pool, and salt-pool habitats. The mud shore contained the greatest diversity of
Ephydrldae, wnereas the salt-pool habitat produced the largest populations. The
floating algal mat possessed the fewest number of species, as well as the least number
of individuals. Three species were recorded from Ohio for the first time: Atiasia
Utoralis (Cole), Ephydra cinerea Jones, and E. nlveiceps Cresson. A listing of all
species collected, together with Information on habitat from which taken, abundance,
and relation of data to other published material, is also included.
INDEX TERMS: Ohio, Aquatic habitats, Ecological distribution, Aquatic insects,
Dlptera, Shore flies, Species diversity, Llmnic wrack. Sedge meadow, Marsh reed,
Mud shore, Sand shore, Grass shore, Floating algal, Rain pool, Salt pool.
AMIC-93B1
"EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON ACTIVITY AND MORTALITY OF THE SCYPHOZOAN MEDUSA, CHHifSAORA
QUIHQUBCIHRHA, Gatz, A. J., Jr., Kennedy, V. S., Mihursky, J. A., Chesapeake Science,
Vol. H*, Ho. 3, September 1973, PP 171-160.
Pulsation rate of Chrysaora quinquecirrha medusae was Inversely and linearly
related to bell diameter oveF the natural temperature range (15-32 C) of this life
history stage of the sea nettle in the upper Cheasapeake Bay. At unnatural, elevated
temperatures this relationship was disrupted. Pulsation rates generally increased with
temperature Increase from 15 C to 30 C and then decreased at higher temperatures. The
rate-temperature curve for acclimated medusae was similar in shape (increase and
decrease in pulsation rate with temperature cnange) to rate-temperature curves
reported for warm water medusae; Its shape wu; different from those reported for cold
water medusae. Acclimation of pulsation rate to change temperature was faster than
acclimation of upper lethal temperature, although both were measured in hours. Upper
lethal temperatures measured over 20-30 C were directly related to acclimation
temperature and were similar to those reported for Eea nettle polyps (3'*-35 C).
Medusae were more sensitive than polyps to cold, with death occurring at 10 C. Thermal
discharges into the upper Chesapeake Bay which raise water temperature above 30 C
are probably stressful to sea net'.le medusae.
in a few minutes.
Temperatures abovf 38 C could be lethal
INDEX TERM::: Water temperature, Mortality, Sea nettles. Laboratory ter.tr,, On-slte
tests, Activity.
AMIC-9393
"PSYCR-ROPHILJC YEASTS ISOLATED FROM MARINE FISH", Bruce, J., Morri:;, n. 0.,
Antonle van Leeuwenioek, Vol. 39, No. 2, 1973, pp 331-339.
Yeasts were isolated from marine fish using low Incubation temperatures.
The isolates were screened for their ability to grow at U C and 30 C. Isolates
growing at U C but not at 30 C were considered to be psycnrophllie and were selected
for further study. Approximately 25 percent of the Isolate:, were in this category.
The Isolates comprised the following ^enena: Candida, CryptfX'Occus, Debaryomyces,
Rhodotorula, Torulopsis and Trichosporon. Rhodotorula Tnfl'•mo-mi niata accounted for
50 percent of the Isolates and Trichosporon pullulan.? 10 percent. OtTier species were
present in numbers below th» 10 percent leveTIThe distribution of the species between
the two sample areas 13 discussed. The vitamin requirements and optimum growth
temperatures of the Isolates were assessed.
INDEX TERMS: Yeasts, Marine fish. Pathogenic fungi, Tisolation. Nutrient requiren
Psychrophllic fungi, Culture media, Deuteromycetes.
•nts
-------
2.
METROES.
AMIC-9521
"EFFECT OF RESTRICTED USE OF PHOSPHATE-BASED DBTBHOEMTS OB ONOHDAQA LAKE". Murphy
C. 8., Jr., Science, Vol. 182, Ho. MlO, October 26, 1973, pp 379-381.
A narked decrease In the concentration of total Inorganic phosphate In the
epilimnion and hypolimnion of Onondaga Lake, New York State, has been observed during
the 1 1/2 years between July 1971 and January 1973. A monitoring program for
Onondaga Lake has been carried out since 1966. Grab samples, collected every S v«eks
at 3-m Intervals from the surface to the bottom at a station located in the southern
basin, have shown decreases of 85 and 76 percent in the average condensed Inorganic
phosphate concentrations In the epilimnion and hypolinmlon, respectively. The
orthophosphate concentrations were found to decline by U7 and 15 percent, respectively,
over the &arae period of time. Standard analytical procedures were used to determine
the concentrations of total orthophosphate, total Inorganic phosphate, and the derived
value for total condensed inorganic phosphate. In the past 5 years, a characteristic
seasonal succession of phytoplankton has been observed within the lake. There is
littje growth of plankton In the winter, when the lake is covered by Ice; a diatom
population develops In the spring; and the green algae Chlorella, Scenedesmua
pbliquus, Seenedesmus quadrlcauda, and Oocystis parva dominate the "summer period.
Blue-green algae of the genu-.~ Aphanizoroenon follow the die-off of the greens, and
dominate the late summe>- and early fall. Tn 1972, Aphanizomenon was absent in the
succession. Instead, tne green algae blooms continued through" the aiamer and fall with
cell counts comparable to those measured in previous years. It appears that the
alteration of the pbytoplankton seasonal succession is the result of reducing the
phosphorus concentrations In the photic zone.
AKIC-9521 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Phosphates, Lakes, Detergents, Legislation, Diatoms, Chlorella.,
Scenedesmus, Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Hydrogen ion concentration, Mitrogen,
Biochemical oxygen demand, Dissolved oxygen, Onondaga Lake, Oocycystis,
Orthophosphates, Aphaniz-omenon.
22
AHK-9586
"TAXDHOMIC POSITIOB OP TW3 LUMBRIBERIS SPP.", Knox, G. A., Green, K. M. , Mev Zealand
Journal of Marine and Freshwater Heaearch. vol. 7, Ho. 3, September 1973, pp SB7-S55.
Two species with unusual features not typically seen in the Lumbrineridae
have recently been found: one, Identified as Lumbrlneris mucronata, Is from the
north-east coast of Australia, and the other. Identified as L. aulcatlcepa, is from
the south-east coast of New Zealand. Both species are unusual in that maxilla IV is
multidentate. In addition, the entire surface of the plate is covered by small, hard
projections, thus forming what appears to be a rasping plate; these projections give
the pale-colored palte a speckled appearance. The posterior hooks of both species
are simple, and basically bidentate. The hoods of these hooks are almost circular.
IKDEX TERMS: Worms, Systeinatlcs, Annelids, Speclatlon, Lumbrlnerla, polychaetes.
Animal morphology.
AMIC-9567
"M3INA SP. (CLADOCSRA: MOINIDAE) IK n oKWAGE PLANT, W1LL1NCTON, REFERRED TO MOINA
TffiUICORKIS SAR3, 1696 (NOTE)", Vidal, I. L., New Zealand Journal of Marine and
Freshwate'r~Research, Vol. 7, No. 3, September 1971, pp 253.259. "
A species of Moina from sewage ponds at Glenside, Hellion, New Zealand, Is
identifiable with Molna tenuicornls jars, 1896, ajiri distinguishable from .Mclna
australiensls Sars, 1BJ6 sensu strlcto, in having rectangular sculpturing on the
ephlpplum, ungrouped setae on the hind margin of the carapace, and in lacking a
permanent supra-ocular depression. Because of wide variation in some diagnostic
characters, possibly both taxa. are con specific. 3orae physical and cremlcaJ
characteristics of the habitat are tabulated, since little Is known of the ecological
requirements of these morphologically similar species. Using nean values as a guide,
the Glenside population of Molna tenuicornls favors a temperature in the vicinity of
20 C, a very slightly alkaline'pH, a dissolved oxygen conteirt. In excess of 6 rag/litre,
a dissolved solid content of about 270 rag/litre, of which about half is organic and
exerts a BOD sub 5 of about 60 mg/litre, and suspended organic solids of about
150 ing/litre.
INDEX TERMS: Systematics, Water quality, Ecology, Waterfleas, Water temperature,
Alkalinity, Hydrogen ion concentration, Dissolved solids, Biochemical oxygpn
demand, Organic matter, Sewage lagoons, Nitrates, Phosphorus, 3peciation,
Physiological ecology, Moina.
-------
METHODS
AMIC-ojafl
"PRSUJMIlMRTt DXAOHOSIS OF A SEW SPECIBS OF MARHE I30POD FROM STEWART ISUHD",
Jaaaon, K. P., jjey Zealand Journal of Marine ana Freah«fcter Research, Vol. 7,
No. 3, September 1973, pp 2ol-2o3. ~ ———— '
Four Isopod specimens were collected from bottom mid in shallow water in
Pateraor, Inlet, Stewart Island, by Dr A. A. Flnchara, Zoology Department, Victoria
University of Wellington, in June 1972. The isopods belong to the genus Paravireia
Chllton, but morphological differences exclude then from Paravirela typlcus'Chilion
19^ S, from the Chatham Inlands the only previously described""species"in the genus
The present paper is to establish a valid specific name for a forthcoming ecological
paper by Dr Finchaai without the precipitate erection of a new major taxon. This
species ia distinguished from Paravirela typicus by the smoothly rounded profile of the
pleotelson and by the produced~a.pices and setaT~tufts of the eplmers of pereonites 3
and k. No other records of the species are known.
imMX TKRMJ: Isopods, Systematlcs, Marine animals, Delation, Paravireia, New Zealand
Animal morphology.
AXIO-9659 (Continued)
Card 2/2
amounts to make the plants Independent of atmospheric N. Less than lo percent of the
kelp production normally enters grazing food chains; the remainder enters detritus food
chains, having been released as particulate or dissolved organic natter. It is
postulated that human predation on lobsters has allowed sea urchin populations to
increase which in turn destroy portions of kelp forests.
INDEX TERMS: Primary productivity, Blomass, Kelps
Growth strategy.
Water temperature, Predation,
AMIC-9659
"SLAWEEDy: THEIfl PRODUCTIVITY AND STRATEGY FOR GROWTH", Mann, K. H., Science,
Vol. 182, No. U116, December 7, 1973, Pp 975-981.
As part of a raultidlsclplinary study at St. Margaret's Bay, Nova Scotia, a
systematic study of the seaweed zone along approximately 50 km of the shoreline was
carried out with the aid of a research, submarine and scuba gear. It was found that
algal zones dominated by Laminarla and Agarum accounted for over 80 percent of the total
blomass of seaweeds in the bay.To investigate the rate of biomass turnover, 180
plants (L. longlcuris, L. digitata, A. cribrosum) at five sites with different water
depths and wave actions were tagged For identification, and holes punched In the blades.
The movement of these holes showed that all growth in length occurred at the Junction
of the stipe and the blade. Over a 2-yr period, all three species completely renewed
the tissue between one and five times a year. The blomass of the new tissue was up to
20 times the initial blomass of the blade. Furthermore, peak growth occurred in late
winter or ftarly spring when the water •temperature was close to OC. Primary
productivity was estimated to be 1750 g C/sq m/yr, and in the Bay, seaweed production
was about 3 times that of phytoplankton. Comparison of results from other areas shows
that the productivity of seaweeds is as high or higher than that of the moat productive
terrestrial systems. Study of the growth strategy of seaweeds, especially at low light
and temperature levels seems to indicate that kelps are capable of storage,
translocation, and mobilization of carbon reserves. However, the theory of energy
translocatlon from an old frond to a new one does not describe the growth of species in
eastern Canada since these plants replace old fronds at least once in the winter. It
is suggested that the anaerobic mud surrounding the roots provides nitrogen In sufficient
___ ~ . . , , . __-
AMIC-9660
"PROMT TRANSFOHMATIOK: IMPROVED METHOD TO.:' DiTrwJNC .'"/NCJIiiOCT Of CJitL CULTURE::",
Hagar, W. G., Punnett, T. R.. Science, Vol. 18?, No. Ull6, December 7, 197j,
pp 1028-1030.
Cell numbers can he converted to probit:; that are used to compare tne degree
and timing of synchronized cell cultures. Trie solution follows from the fact that, the
change In the rate of cell division follows a normal distribution function, with the
maximum rate of cell division at tae midpoint of' the curve. T ,e tirar curve for the
total cell number Is the Integral of the cell division rates up tc that time and,
therefore, has the same shape as the integral cf a normal probability curve. For this
reason, the sigmoidal growth curves from various experiments can be easily compared by
converting the cell numbers to probits. In the case of cell division, the plot of
probit against time produces a straight line having a midpoint correrponding to the
peak of the cell division rate with the reciprocal of the slope equaling the standard
deviation of the cell release rate. These two parameters are all tnat are needed to
define degree of synchrony. Data from synchronous cultures of Chlorella pyrenoidosa
have been analyzed by this method by menus of a readily available computer program.
The method can be used with any biological system that generate:; normal signoidai
data.
INDEX TERMS: Cultures, Cytologies! studies, Statistical methods, 3yn--,rony, Chlorella
pyrenoidosa.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AHIC-9669
"MQDELLIHG PRIMARY PRODUCTION IH WATER BODIES: A NUMERICAL APPROACH THAT ALLOWS
VERTICAL IMHOMOGEHEITIES", Fee, B. J., Journal of the Flaherles Research Board al
Canada, Vol. 30, Mo. 10, October 1973, pp~ lktyQ-U7$. ——
A new model for computing integral daily photoplankton primary production
Is described. The model incorporates vertical variations of algal biomass, complex
photosynthesis vs light responses, nonexponentlal extinction of light vs depth, and
any distribution of surface light over a day. The basic approach Is to combine
measured relations for photosynthetic rate vs light, light vs depth, and light vs time
in an interpolative scheme rather than attesting to fit equations to the data and
using the resulting equations to obtain a mathematical solution. The model is general
and should have wide applicability. Model predictions agreed well with in situ
measurements of production.
INDEX TERMS: Algae, Primary productivity, Mathematical models, Photosynthesis, Light.
AMXC-9687
"TBrfPERATURES SELECTED SEASONALLY BY POUR PISHES FROM WESTERN LAKE BRIE", B*mw,
C. A., Tubb, R. A., Journal at the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30,
No. 11, November 1973» PP 1C97-17O3.
When four species of fish Mere taken from western Lake Erie in each of four
seasons and held usually for less than 7 days at ambient lake temperatures, the
temperatures they selected during 2-3 days in a horizontal temperature gradient
differed seasonally. The differences were largely attributable to the conditions at
vhlch the fish had been acclimatized in the lake, and were modified by acclimation
during 2-3 days in the gradient. The selected temperatures provided insights into the
temperatures that might be selected by these species each season if the lake basin
or other waters with similar seasonal ambient temperatures were subjected to thermal
discharges. Temperatures selected 'were above ambient lake temperatures except for
emerald shiners (Sotropls atherinoldes) In sunnier and fall. In general, white bass
(Morone ehrysops) and saallmduth Bass (Mleropterus dolomleul) selected a high range In
temperatures throughout the year (16-30 C and 10-31 C, respectively), yellow perch
(Perea flavescens) an Intermediate range {10-29 C) and emerald shiners the lowest
range (b-23 C).Three of the species were distributed within a relatively precise
temperature range in the summer and within a larger range during other seasons; emerald
shiners selected a narrow range during all seasons, A fairly stable temperature
preference was usually reached within several hours in summer, but the temperatures
selected by three species generally increased with time in the gradient during the
other seasons; emerald shiners selected constant temperatures in all seasons.
Temperatures selected by young and adults differed mainly in yellow perch and emerald
shiners In summer and winter, when the lake temperatures fluctuated least.
AMIC-9681*
"REDESCRIPTION OF OACTAHUS INTERMEDIUS CAMPBELL (CALAN01DA: COPEPODA) FROM THE TYPE
LOCALITY", Park, T.7 Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30,
No. 10, October 1973, pp 1597-IbOO.
Gaetanus Intermedius Campbell 1930, is redescrlbed from specimens taken in
the type locality, the Vancouver Island region in the northeastern Pacific. Gaetanus
simplex Brodsky 1950, is found to be a Junior synonym of G. IntermediuB.
INDEX TERMS: Systematlcs, Copepods, Gaetanus intermedius.
AMIC-9687 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Water temperature, Thermal pollution, Yellow perch, White bass,
Temperature selection, Acclimatization, Smallmouth bass, Emerald shiner.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL MSTHOPB
AMIC-9695
"COMPARATIVE PRODUCTIVITY Of FOUR CAROLINA LAKES", Tilly, L. 3., The American
Midland naturalist. Vol. 90, No. 2, October 1973, HP 356-365.
Field data for C-lU uptake In two reservoirs, a Carolina bay and an oxbow in
South Carolina Indicate that lakes of this region are low In primary productivity
compared to I'ijres elsewhere for which published values are available. Par Pond, a
reactor-cooling reservoir, Is the only lake studied which shows even moderate
productivity. Factors which may be related to productivity In these lakes include
nutrient Level, water temperature, light penetration as influenced by turbidity and
water color, and stratification as influenced by local topography and lake norphometry.
Llmnologi raj character! sticp ol the four South Carolina lakes are summarized.
IIJDSX TrJRM.j: Primary productivity, Limnology, wxbow lakes, Photosynthesis, Reservoirs,
Water quality, ,'jouth Carolina.
AM1C-9697
"TAXONOMY, DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY OF THE GENUS 3E3ARMA (CRUSTACEA, DECAPODA,
GRAPSIDAE) IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO FLORIDA", Abele, L. G.,
The American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 90, No. 2, October 1973, pp 375-3&6.
Six species of the grapsld crab genus Sesarma are reported from eastern North
America. A key for tneir identification is presented and their diagnostic characters
are Illustrated. Their distributions in the western Atlantic are reviewed and a map is
given of their distributions in Florida, an area where all six species occur. Field
observations on the biology and ecology of four specias are presented. Character
divergence occurs between two closely related, partially sympatric species. Several
factors are suggested to account for the observed patterns of distribution.
INDEX TERMS: Systematics, Ecology, Ecological distribution, Habitats, Crustaceans,
Gpeciation, .'Jhore crabs, Sesarma, Animal morphology, Macroinvertebrates.
25
AMIC-9699
"THE CKARACEAE OF SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES", Choudhary, M. C., Wood, B, D., The
American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 90, Ko. 2, Octolier 1973, pp Ul3-Wi6.
A study was made of Characeae of the 10 southeastern state- based upon
preserved and herbarium specimens assembled by R. D. Wood. The findings are compiled
in a floristic report containing a key to species, notes on each species and variety -
a brief synonymy, list, of published records,1 sources of Illustrations and exslccatae
and remarks on the taxa. The Characeae of the Southeast comprise two genera. Char a
and Hitella, and IT species w'-.ich represent a large proportion of the three genera and
22 species treated for North America. 1'he frequency of occurrence of Characeae was
5 percent, far lower than the 19 percent in Fiji and 28 percent in Australia. A new
taxon, N. flexilis var. americana, from Florida, resembles N. flexilis but has distinct
mueus. "Taxa newly reported"Tor" the region are C. globulariiT var. virgata, var.
leptosperma, N. clavata var. dllatata, and N. graeilis var. leptosoma and var.
Particular attention ~
is paid to the infraspec". flc variation of C. zeylunica,
asagrayana.
and a number of varieties and forms previously recorded from other areas were found to
be represented in the ooutheast. Mohr's (188U) unusual collections from Mobile were
re-examined, and for the most part the original identifications were confirmed.
INDEX TERMS: Cfiara, Chlorophyta, 3outhea.it U.
Aquatic algae, Marine algae, N.'teUa.
3., .ipeciation, Varieties, 3ystematics,
AMIC-9706
"TIDAL STREAM DEVELOPMENT AND ITS
Keck, R., Maurer, D., Watling. L.
PP 369-379.
EFFECT ON THE DI LTrlj liu'PION OF TH?: AMERICAN OYSTER",
, Hydroblologia, Vol. US, No. U, Oeptember 28, 1973,
Thio research was undertaken to determine trie effect of tidal stream
development on the distribution of the A-iierican oyster Crasnostrea vlrginieg. Data are
presented on the effect of tidal stream formation on larval setting spat development,
and maintenance of a heelthy adult population. Th» four major oyster producing rivers
In the state of Delaware are: the Leipsic, Murderkill, Ml spill! on, «uid Broadkill. In
the majority of rivers the oyster producing sections extend 3'jCO-UoOO yards (3150-3600
m) from the river mouths. These sections were stake] off in 100 yard (90 ra) intervals.
An oyster dredge with an approximate one meter mouth was towed over the right, middle,
and left portions of each 100 yard (90 m) section. All live oyster.', (larger than 2 cm
in height) were counted and measured to the nearest tenth of a centimeter. The total
number of oysters per haul was used to plot the density of the oytter beds, and
eventually to estimate the total number of bushels for each river. Dense populations
are most often found associated with large meanders, '('he differential current
velocities associated with meander formation result in area:, of scour, which are
beneficial to development of oyster beds; and areas of deposition, which are
detrimental to survival of oysters.
INDEX TERMS: Oysters, Tidal streams, Distribution patterns, Environmental effects,
Meanders, Currents (water), 3cour, Deposition (sediments), Dredging, irosion,
American oyster, Crassostrea virglnlca. Current velocity, Delaware Bay,
Macroinvertebrates.
-------
2. »TOLOCTC*L MBTHODja
AMIC-9709
"HEDESCRIPTIOH OP MAPPATES PLATAXUS RAMOHEKAR (COPEPODA: CALIGIDAE)", Hameea, M. S.
Filial, N. K., Hyoroblologla. Vol. kZ, No. U, Septentoer 28, 1973, pp U03-U11.
A detailed description of Mappatea plalaxus is presented. In the light of
the present :itudy it is suggested that the~close" "
.fj — — --— ^, allied genera Anuretes,
1'seudanurete.-;, Heniochophilur, Mippates, and EirgO!. do not show any valid generic
different. Th» nuggeatlon '.hat, they may be considered at> subgenera under the
An aretes 1- put, forvn.
INDr.'X TKRM..;: Copcpod; , Systematic:,, Mnppates platexas, Anurit^s, Pseudanuretes,
"enlocopM'hj ,, ;•: i rgoo, Anim?..: morphology.
AMIC-Q711
"PHIMARi1 PRODUCT! CM OF TJk PrliUJ-'IYTOK IN TKL LITTORAL OF THE DANUBE", Ertl, K.,
Toma,1ka, J. , Hydrob1oloe1a, Vol. U?, Ho. k, ,,eptember 28, 1973, pp U29-l4tU.
Trie groaa primary production of perlphyton, grown on artificial substrata
in the littoral of the Danube, was measured by the light and dark bottle method from
April, 1970 to March, 1971. Tne periphyton used for the measurements was sampled from
various depths, In order to cover the production of the whole littoral. The highest
primary production was always found in the zone Just below the water level. Exceptions
occurred only when this zone was inundated for a short time an a result of a temporary
rise of the water level and the periphyton vas insufficiently developed. In order to
compare the values of primary production of periphyton obtained from shallower rivers,
where the whole bottom Is well Illuminated, or from rivers that do not exhibit such
frequent and extensive level oscillations as the Danube, average value calculated from
results obtained from the zone closest to the water level at the time of measurements,
were always used. Primary periphytic production In the surface zone was U3.8 mg
OS/sq dm/day. Efficiency of gross photosynthesis in this zone was on the average
1.72 percent. The height of the water level and the water temperature were highly
correlated with gross periphytic production. Close relationships between chlorophyll a
content, bloroasE and gross primary production of periphyton vere found. ~
INDEX TERMS: Periphyton, Primary productivity, Littoral, Rivers, Blomass, Growth rates,
Cultures, Photosynthesis, Water levels, Danube River, Chlorophyll a., Light and
dark bottle method.
26
AMIC-97I6
"BIOLOGICAL METHODS TOR THE ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY] A SYMPOSIUM PRESENTED AT
THE SEVENTY-FIFTH ANHUAL MEETIBGt JUNE 26-39, 1972". Cairns, J., Jr., Dickson, K. L.
(Editors), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia,
ASTM Special Technical Publication 523, 1972, pp 1_3, 6, 31, k6, 6l, 76. 96, 117, 127,
11*8, 164, 176, igU, 209, 221, 227, and 2Ua.
This volume is intended to be a management tool to apprise the reader of the
types of considerations Involved in making biological assessments of water quality,
developing water pollution monitoring program;-,, and assessing the effects of potentially
deleterious waste discharges in the aquatic environment. Also, it provides Information
which would enable a nonblojogist to get a state-of-the-art viev of the existing
techniques available, a? well ai- some historic perspective. Paper:; by world
authorities on the ur^e of fish, algae, aquatic invertebrates, and bacteria In the
assessment of pollution, in addition to bioasGayn for evaluating the toxlcity of
products or waste effluents, are included. Futuristic method., for continuous biological
monitoring of industrial effluents are presented, an well as a possible alternative to
the much belabored Biochemical Oxygen Demand. Tne specific topics are: 'Interaction
of Engineers and Biologists In Water Quality Management1, W. W. ickenfelder, Jr.;
'The ABC's of Pollutant Bloasoay Using Fish', J. B. :'prague; 'Mixinp /.one Concepts',
C. M. Fetterolf, Jr.; 'Biological Monitoring of the Aquatic Knvironrent', C. I. 'Weber;
'Bacteria and the Assescraent of Water Quality', T. 1.. Bott; 'Use of Algae,
Especially Diatoms, in the Asser;sraent of Water Quality', R, Patrick; 'Use of Aquatic
Invertebrates in the Assessment of Water Quality', A. H. Gaufin; 'Continuous-Flow
Bloassays With Aquatic Organisms: ,:>rocedures and Applications', W. ,\, Brungs; 'A
Tentative Proposal for a Rapid In-Plant Biological Monitoring system', J. Cairns, Jr.,
AMIC-9718 (Continued)
Card 2/2
K. E. jparks, and W. T. Waller; 'Hapid Biological Monitorlr.g .Systems for Determining
Aquatic Coramunity Structure in Receiving uysLems1, J. Cairn.-,, Jr., K. L. Dickson, and
G. Lanza; 'Use of Toxlcity Tests With Fish in Water pollution Control', C. S. stephan,
and D. I. Mount; 'Assessment of Fish Flesh Tainting Substances', N. A. Thomas; 'Use of
Histologlc and Hlstochemical Assessments in the Prognosis of the Effects of Aquatic
Pollutants', D. E. Hinton, W. M. Kendall, and E. B. Jilver; 'Stabilization Oxygen
Demand', V. T. .Otack, Jr.; 'Microbiological Inhibition Testing Procedure', P. J. Marks;
'Use of Artificial Substrate .
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
.
"RK3PIRATIOK OF A JUBLITTOrtAJ. COMMUN.7Y", Smith, K. L., Jr., Ecology, Vol. 5k, No. 5,
Late Jammer 1973, pp 106^-1075. '
Respiration of a subHttoral community was examined off Sapelo Island, Georgia,
from July, 1969 through July, 1970. Total community respiration ranged from 53.7 ml
02/sq m/tir in January to 92.7 ml 02/aq m/hr in July. A positive correlation was found
between connranity respiration and water temperature. Annual community respiration was
estimated to be 676.6 Uteri 02/sq m/yr. The macrofauna consisted of 103 species
representing ten phyla, dpecies abundance ranged from 7UU individuala/sq n In
July to 1U,213 indlviduals/sq m in March. Blonwss (ash free dry wt) increased from 7,3
g/sq m in October to 20.?. g/sq m in March. Macrofaunal respiration comprised from 5 to
26 percent of community respiration. Bacteria were the major functional component
of the conmunlty accounting for 30 percent to 50 percent of the total respiration.
Melofaunal-microfaunal-oicrofloral respiration contributed from 25 percent to 58 percent
of total community respiration. Sediment chemical oxidation was responsible for 2.8 ml
02/sq m/hr in January to 8.5 ml 02 aq ia/hr in July of the total oxygen uptake.
INDEX T3RM5: Hespiratlon, Biological conmunities, Marine animals, Marine bacteria,
Seasonal, Blomass, Benthic fauna, Sediments, Crustaceans, Molluaks, Dominant
organisms, Annelids, Oxidation, Sublittoral, Oxygen consumption, Species
diversity Index, Sapelo Island, Species abundance, Reinerteans, Coelenterates,
Slpunculids, Echinodenns, Hemlchordates, Pogonophorans, Species density.
AMIC-9739
"PRIMARY PRODUCTION AND LIMITING NUTRIENTS IN A SMAIX SUBALPINE WYOMING LAKE",
Wagner, J. F., Parker, M., Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, Vol.
102, No. U, October 1973, pp" o98-?0b. ' ~
Primary production and limiting nutrients were studied by C-lU techniques In
a snail, shallow, subalplne lake. There vas no relationship between productivity at
any depth and light Intensity at that depth. Sauries taken near the lake bottom
always had higher productivity than samples taken near the surface, probably due to
more optimal nutrient conditions. Nutrient enrichment experiments support this
hypothesis, since sediment extract and ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid were always
effective in enhancing productivity. The effects of other nutrients and nutrient
combinations were less consistent and tended to change through the summer. A large
number of significant three, four and five factor Interactions in midsummer indicated
that the nutrient requirements of the algal community were most complex at this tine.
Although retention time increased through the sumoer from 10 to 71 hours, productivity
tended to more closely parallel water temperature. Studies of currents showed that
the western end of the lake had relatively little horizontal water movement compared to
that of the eastern end, and that the latter portion had retention times even less than
average. Significantly lower productivity In the faster flushing portion of the lake
suggests that algal populations In this area were unable to accumulate before being
flushed downstream. Because of the lake's low average retention time, It would not be
practical to artificially increase the primary productivity of the studied, or similar
lakes; the rapid flushing would not allow added nutrients or increased algal populations
to accumulate In the lake. ^^
AMIC-9730
"THE EFFECTS OF HUBRICANB CAMILLfi ON THE MARSHES OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER DELTA",
Chabreck, R. H., Palmisano, A. W., geology, Vol. 51*, No. 5, Late Sumoer 1973,
pp 1118-1123. ~
The active delta of the Mississippi River was sampled in August 1968 to
determine plant species composition, plant coverage, and soil and water chemistry.
Hurricane Camllle struck this area In August 1969, with winds In excess of 200 km/h
and tides ranging upward to 5.3 m above MSL. The delta was resampled 2 weeks following
the hurricane to evaluate the Inmediate effects on vegetation, soil, and water, and
again 1 year after the hurricane to determine the recovery rate of vegetation. The
hurricane resulted In a drastic reduction of vegetation. Regrovth was rapid In the
delta awshes and after 1 year plant coverage approached pre-hurrlcane levels of
abundance; however, recovery was slower in ponds and lakes. The loss of vegetation was
mainly a result of the sweeping action of wind and water, and plants were either
uprooted or ripped apart and carried away by the current. Water salinity increased
with the hurricane but declined by the following year and appeared to have only slight
effect on marsh vegetation. Plant species varied in their response to the hurricane.
Bacopa Bonnleri showed practically no effect, and Phragmites eonmunis and Spartlaa
altemlfIpra were reduced only slightly. Myrlophyilum spfcTtum, Panieum repeps, and
Alternanthera philoxeroldes were greatly reduced by the storm; and. after 1 year, only
Alternanthera philoxeroldes showed significant recovery.
AMIC-9739 (Continued)
Card 2/2
IHDEX TERMS: Limiting factors, Primary productivity, Essential nutrients, Water
quality, Water temperature, Deficient elements, Biological communities, Standing
crops, Subalplne lake.
INDEX TERMS: Hurricanes, Freshwater marches, Aquatic plants, Salt marshes, Marine
plants, Environmental.effects, Soil chemistry, Water chemistry, Mississippi River
Delta, Recovery, Macrophytes.
27
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
"3JflVIV.il. OF BROOK TflUlff IN „ BOG-DERIVED ACIDITY GRADIENT", Dunson, VI. A.,
Martin, R. h., Ecology, Vol. JU. Me. 6, Autuam 1973, pp 1370-1376.
Bear Meadows Bog water waa analyzed to determine (1) if volatile acids
were present, (2) the species of fish present at various pH's in the stream, and (3)
the pH tolerance of h&tchery brook trout placed in the stream at points where native
fish were present or absent. Tne acidity of the bog water (pH 3.7-U.7) Is not due to
carbonic acid or to any other volatile acid. Tne approximate pK of the unknown bog
water acld(c) js 6.0-6.5. Fish do not occur in Bear Meadows Bog or in Sinking Creek
(the bog s only outlet) over a 4.8-tan section below the bog where water pH Is too low
for their survival. The lowest pH in which brook trout and white suckers were caught
in Sinking Creek was k.s^ at area 5 (5.25 km below the bog) after a period of unusually
heavy rainfall. At a different tine brook trout alone were caught at area k, 5.2 ton
below the bog, when the pH was it. 75. The lowest recorded pH at this site was k.Q.
Survival times of hatcnery brook trout placed in boxes in Sinking Creek were directly
related to pH. Individual differences In tolerance to low pH were quite marked,
especially at pH's rot rapidly lethal. Whether these Individual differences are of
environmental or genetic origin is not known.
INCSX TEKMJ: Brook trout, Resistance, Hydrogen ion concentration, Bioassay, On-site
testa, Acid streams, Water analysis, Survival, Acidity gradient, Bear Meadows
Eog.
AMIC-9822
"IMPROVED pH CONTROL OF FUKJAL CULTURE MEDIA", Child, J. J., Knapp, C., Eveleich,
D. E., Mycologia, Vol. 65, No, 5, September/October 1973, pp 1078-1086.
A number of fungi grew «ell in tht presence of relatively high concentrations
(UO mlllimoles) of phosphate and ME3 {2-(H-morpholino) ethane sulfontc acid) buffers at
either pH 5.5 or 7.0. In certain Instances better growth and sporulation were observed
than that found using more conventional growth media (malt, Czapek-Dox) that lack any
marked buffering capacity. EMTA (3,6-endoroethylene.l,2,3,6-tetrahydro-cIsphthalie
acid) could be used as a buffer for fungal culture media with certain species only. As
good growth and no major change Ln chemical composition occurred, these buffers are
recommended for use in high concentration to eliminate pH variation in comparative
physiological studies. Fungal strains used were: Allonyees arbusculus, Aspergillus
fonaeeaeus, Chaetomiua funicola, Claylceps sp., Copr'inus cdmatus, aeotriehum eandidum.
gythlum acanthleum, Khlzopus aexualts, Saeeharomyees cerevislae',' Sordarla.'funieoTa"—
Uatllago maydis/and Zygorhynehus sp. "
IKDEX TERMS: Fungi, Hydrogen ion concentration, Growth rates, Culture media.
AM1C-97&8
"ULTIMATE UPPER LETHAL TSMPSRATURE OF ATLANTIC SALMON SALMO SALAR L.", Garside,
E. T., Canadian Journal of Zoology, Vol. 51, No. 8, August 1973, pp 898-900.
Thermal bloassays were conducted on parr of Atlantic salmon ranging from
70 to 1^7 am total length (Z.1-29.U g) collected from a segment of UOO m Immediately
above high-tide elevation in Bio Brook, Terra Nova national Park, Newfoundland, during
early July, 1969. Ten^ierature of the brook varied froa 16 to 20C during the 3-day
collecting period. Parr were maintained and acclimated in 75-liter glass aquaria
containing water drawn from Big Brook. Acclimation IAS accomplished through the
elevation of water temperature 0.5 degrees (deg) every 10 h from the tensperature of
collection with sensitive heater-thernoatata until the desired level (27.5 C) was
achieved. Upper lethal teqperature for the highest level of acclimation (27.5C) was
calculated from percentage mortality, as a function of test teno»rature, ustng problt
analysis in the blonedical program *(BMD035) apted fox CDC &«QO computer. The upper
lethal temperature for acclimation 27.5 C was determined to lie 27.80 C plus or minus
O.Ul for 10,OOO mln exposure. There was no significant correlation (P much greater
than 0.05) between size and order of death,
INDEX TERMS: Atlantic salmon, Lethal limit, Hater temperature, Bioassay, Thermal
stress, Statistical methods, Freshwater, Mortality, Parr, Acclimatization,
Big Etook, Probit analysis, Salno salar, Data Interpretation.
AMIC-982U
"AN APPRAISAL OF IDEOTIFICATIOH METHODS FOB PSHICILLIW SPECIES: NOVEL
TAXOBOMIC CHITBRIA BASED ON TQ«PESATORE AHD WATER RELATIONS", Pitt, J. 1.,
Myeologia, Vol. 65, No. 5, September/October 1973, pp 1135-11S7.
Examination of media and methods currently ut-ed in Penlcillium taxonomy led
to the conclusion that by using only two media, Czapek yeast autolysate agar and malt
extract agar, and by Incubating cultures at 25 C for 7 days, one could obtain
classical taxonomic data with optimal efficiency. The effect of reduced water activity
and reduced and elevated temperatures on the growth of Penlcillium spp. accepted In the
Raper and Thorn A Manual of the Penleillia was studied. On a glynerol-nitrate salts
agar of 0-93 water activity, and on Czapek yeast autolysate agar at 5 C and 37 C, extent
of growth after 7 days provided taxonomically valuable data; wlthin-speciea variation
was low, while between-species variation was sufficiently marked to assist in
determinative classification. Moreover, water relations, as aseeosea by the above
technique, showed a very high correlation with penlcillua type In some Sections of the
genus.
HffiEX TE3MS: Cultures, Speciation, Fungi, Culture media. Water activity, Penicillium,
Eupenicilllum, Paecilomyees, Talaromyces.
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-98!*2
"STEREO-SCANNING ELECTRON MICR03CUPY OF DS3MID5", Pickett-Heaps, J. D., Journal of
Microscopy, Vol. 99, No. 1, September 1973, pp 109-li6.
Stereo-pairs uf scanning electron micrographs are presented of two species of
Staurastrum, one species of Cosmarlum and two species of Mieasterlas, Including the
trlradlate, diploid variant of M. thomaslana. Some specimens were treated with a
relatively broad range polysaccTTaridase preparation called 'Glusulase', washed, and
allowed to stanci a-- room temperature for 1-1/2 h In culture medium before fixation.
Cells vere normally fixed in 1 percent glutaraldehyde made up In culture medium, for
about 1 h at room temperature; after washing, they were post-fixed for up to 1 h In
1 percent osmium tetroxide, also made up In the culture medium. After post-fixation,
the cells were suspended in water and collected on a snail 'Mlllipore' filter. A
suitable choice is the 'Solvinert' series of filter pads vlth pore sizes around 1.5
micrometers. The filter pad served as a mount for the cells. The material and mount
were slowly dehydrated in acetone and then passed through the critical point drying
(CPD) procedure. The dried specimens were mounted on specimen stubs using transfer or
double-sided sticky tape. They were then coated quite heavily and omnidirectionally
with 5-0 nm carbon antl then 15.0 nm gold. Specimens were examined at 20 kV. For
taking stereo-pairs, a difference in tilt of 12 degrees between successive micrographs
was found empirically to give good results. Some typical morphological variations
encountered in cultures are illustrated; the methods are reasonably quick and reliable
and may prove useful In taxonomlc studies of desmids.
INDEX TERMS: Gystematlcs, Chlorophyta., Scanning electron microscopy, Sample preparation
Staurastrum nanfeldtll, Staurastrura gracile, Staurastrum plngue, Cosnariun
botrytis, Mlcrasterlas thomaalana. MicraBterlas sol.
AMIC-96U6
"NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF HARSEHULft, PICHIA AND RELATED YEAST GENERA", Campbell, I.,
Journal of General Mieroi&ioj.ogy,' Vol. "ft, No. 2, August 1973, pp U27-UU1.
Numerical analysis of published standard descriptions of the eight species of
Debaryomyees, U6 species of Pichla, and the single species of Wlngea failed to
distinguish separate genera.It is proposed that they be combined as a single genus
Plehla of Ul species, three of whicn were formerly allocated to the genus Endonycopals.
The genuo Hanaenula, of SO species including Pachysolen tannophllus and three firmer
species of Endomyeopsis, Is closely related to the genus Plrhia and is distinguished
only by the ability of Hansenula species to assimilate nitrate. In the genus
Sehvanniomyees the number of species Is reduced from four to two, and in Llpoayees,
from three to one.
INDEX TERMS: Systematics, Speciatlon, Numerical analysis, Yeasts.
AMIC-98U7
"DETERMINATION OF MEAN CELL SIZE OF TETRAHYMENA IN GROWING CULTURES", Morrison,
G. A., Torakins, A. L., Journal of General Microbiology, Vol. 77, No. 2, August 1973,
PP 383-392.
In the study of the actions of certain Inhibitors on the growth of
Tetrahymena pyrIforals in deep culture it was necessary to make concomitant
measurements of the number and mean cell size of the living organisms in a culture at
intervals. To accomplish this, a Coulter model A we fitted with e. S80 micrometer
orifice tube to detect decreases in the conductance of a small volume of an aqueous
electrolyte. When the setting corresponded to detection of awry particle, the total
count was obtained. The counts at a number of different threshold settings was used to
obtain a distribution of particle volume curve and hence to calculate the mean
particle volume (electronic volume). The results show that the diluting solution can
have an optimal colligatlve concentration In which there Is initially no change of the
measurement; in auboptiaal concentrations there is Initial Increase followed by a
decrease to a value somewhat less than that prevailing at the moment, of dilution (95
percent), whereas in superoptfcnal concentrations there Is initial decrease followed My
an increase. If.the initial decrease Is severe the subsequent increase reatores the
value to only 80 percent of the original. The measurements of electronic volume,
reflect the corresponding mean cell volume, and changss of It, estimated by
photographic methods. The changes can be accounted for by ehangaa of balance between
the elasticity of the cell nails and the oanotlc pressure across the walls.
INDEX TERMS: Cultures, Population, Particle size. Volume, Coulter counter, Counting.
AMIC-9852
"THE Semm OF LACK OF A CARBOK SOURCE OK HITRATE-RiDUCTASS ACTIVITY IB ASPER01LLUS
WIPULANS", Hynes, M. J., Journal of General Microbiology, Vol. 79, Ho. 1, November ,
1573""w 155-157.
Mycella of Asperglllue nldulana were grown under inducing conditions and then
transferred to various media and Incubated further. Samples were harvested at various
intervals and assayed to study the effect of carbon starvation on nltrate-reductase
activity. Hitrate-reductase activity rapidly disappeared in medium In which further
synthesis of the enzyme was not possible or In medium lacking a carbon source. Absence
of inducer and repression by wanonlun caused rapid loss of activity. Cyclohexlmide,
at 10 mlcrograus/ml, only slightly reduced the rate of enzyme loss and, in fact,
cyclohexlmlde Itself caused loss of nitrate-reductase activity. A lower concentration
Of Cyclohexlmide (1 microgram/ml) had a similar effect, tfethylanaonlum chloride caused
rapid loss of activity in this strain. An even greater rate of enzyme disappearance
•Has found when mycelium IMS' starved for carbon. An attempt to demonstrate In vitro
Inactlvatlon of nitrate reduetase and glutamte dehydrogenase by mixing crude mycelial
extracts and Incubating was not successful. However, this experiment did show that it
was unlikely that accumulation of an inhibitor of the enzymes during carbon starvation
could account for the results. Pre-lnduced beta-galactosldase activity is not rapidly
lost fro» carbon-starved mycelium, nor does the activity of this enzyme Increase in
•sdlun lacking a carbon soure* in the absence of an Inducer. Therefore it seems that
various enzymes show different responses to carbon starvation and different absolute
requirements for the presence of Inducer. In the ease of nitrate reduetase there le an
absolute requirement for inducer and for the presence of a carbon source.
89
-------
B! OL'K.ICAL
INDtX 7^i*!.>: C'.nturt^
Nitrate reduct«:ie, 'lulture media
nMbitcr^, Carbon, Limiting factor:;, /.spergillus nidulano,
'lulture media.
AMIC-99W
"TH£ UUKAJPrtUCTURE OF AN ;1.
P., West, J. A., Phycologia,
'jpA;',,:; i'pjc RED AICA CHOgEocgLAX POLYSIPHOHIAE",
Vol. 1?, Nos. 3/U, DeceSber"I973, pp 175-186.
AMTCJ-9950
"RiSEHRCH OK KSD dtiijj. PIGMENTJ. % TM:J :ifT!iCT OK T'li INTKNJITY OF WHITE Mil) GREEK
LIGHT OK THE KATii OF PHOTOJYOTEmS AND I?", aSLATlON'i'UP TO PIGMENT COMPONENTS IN
aaAciLARiA CQMPREgjA (c. AC.) GREV. (RHODOPHYCEAK, GIGARTTNALBJ)", caiabrese, G.,
Pelicini, 0. >.. Phycologia, Vol. 12, Nos. 3/.'<, December 1973, PP 195-199-
The effect:; of green and white light at different Intensities upon
photosynthetic rates of Gracllarie compresaa and their relationships to different
plgnent contents are reported. TCis Is a typical r-.odophyeean alga, with adaptation
to light intensity in the frond.; of individual plants, in f-ict, the green distaJ
portion which Is exposed to direct sunlight (within a depth of a few meters), lacks
phycoeryt.'irin and shovs a great proportion cf carotenolds. The red proximal portion,
which receives less light as a result of &elf.shading, synthesizes phycoerythrtn and
more chlorophyll. The photosyntftetlc activity In the two portions, a^nayed under
different light conditions, Indicates that the abundant oxygen output in the basal red
pert of the thallus, also at low light intensity, may be due to a high content of
photosynthetlc pigments, conversely, the absence of phycoerythrin and lower chlorophyll
content in t*ie distal yellow-green part permits s. reasonable photo3yntbetlc rate only
at higher light intensity. This Is especially apparent in green light: at 250 lux no
photosynthetie activity la to be seen In the ye} low-gr«cn thallu:;, wnlle the red
portion reaches the compensation point.
INDEX TERMS: Khodophyta., Plant pigments, ?hotosyn*.he.jjj, .' a
Respiration, Graciluria compresasi, Green llgr:t, White light.
i.tensity, Chlorophyll,
An alloparasite, Choreocolax polystphoniae, apparently represents one of the
most evolved parasitic red algae.CKloropiasts are highly reduced and consist of double
menbrane limited organelle;; lacking any internal thylakold development. 1'he unlmicleate
cells have thick walls, an absence of starch in cortical cells and large quantities of
starch In medullary cells. Host-parasite concentrations are made by typical red al^l
pit connections. General effects of the infection on the host Include cell hypertrophy,
decrease in floridean starch granules, dispersed cytoplasraic natrices, and contoralon
of chloroplasta.
INDEX TERM3: Rhodophyta, Parasitism, Ultrastructure, Choreocolax polyslphoniae.
AMIC-9992
"SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF THE PRODUCTIVITY: BIOMA.i.; i'.ATiO FOR PiWroPLANKTON IN A
MARINE BASIN", Platt, T., Plllon, C., Limnology and Oceanography, tfoi. 18, No. 5,
3epteinber 1973, pp 7'*3-7l*9.
The product!vltyibiomasa (P:B) ratio for phytopHmfcton was studied using a
replicated Handling design at six stations In a small marine basin. On six out of ten
sampling days, statistically significant, differences were revealed In the P:B ratios
between stations. This result is consistent with the concept of contemporaneous
disequilibrium which emphasizes the spatial component of t>* heterogeneity of the
phytoplankton habitat. The measurements were made In tht Bedford Basin, Nova Jeotla.
Six aanpllng stations were used. On each or in larrpling day., eacs, station was visited
and 15 llteru of seawater collected from "y-tu depth. The w&tei from each station was
stored in a separate carboy. When water had twos, guttered from all six stations, each
carboy was shaken thoroughly and the following siample^; drnvn olf; six replicate 1-llter
aaa5>l«9 for chlorophyll analysis; six replicate light bottles an-i fo-ir replicate dark
bottles for C-H*-uptate measurement. All of the replicates for '-;l».upt«k'! neasureoent
a total of 60, were Incubated at station 1 at 5-» depf.. The in situ Incubation of the
C-ll*-uptake experiments lasted 14 hr. Chlorophyll wa^ used as an Index of phytoplankton
blames. An analysis of variance design permitted calculation of tne standard errors
of chlorophyll and C-lU uptake in the light and dark. Using V.ese, the standard errors
of the P:B ratios were calculated and compared between stations on the same day.
IHDKX TERMS: Phytoplanltton, Primary productivity, Bloma*s, On-,-lte tests.
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2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
"Bfciv^INu m'JD G/ McLaren's curve for this species In the eastern Canadian Arctic. Net carbon
production rate, calculated from the spring generation, was highest in mid-September
when the majority of the population approached maturity.
IND^x TKKM.:: Breeding, Growtn raU--a, Worms, Sea water, Water sampling, Water
temperature, oagltta elegans, Chaetognaths, Sample preservation.
AMIC-9996
"DAPHNIA DISTRIBUTION WITHIN LAHGMUIR CIRCULATIONS", George, D. G., Edwards, R W,,
Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 10, No. 5, September 1973, pp 798-600.
Crustacean KooplanKton distribution was studied in Eglwys Nynydd, a eutrophic
reservoir near Port Talbot, :;. Wales. The reservoir is exposed to the prevailing
winds blowing in from the sea and never stratifies thermally, Daphnia hyalina var.
lacustrla (.Sara) dominates tne looplankton, both numerically and* In terns of blonass,
throughout the year. Studies of the vertical distribution of tne species collected
over 2 years have siown that the animals tend to avoid the surface waters In daylight.
Continuous horizontal samples of zooplankton wre taken with a self.priming pump (30
llters/miii capacity) connected to a sectional Intake boom installed on a small boat.
When used to examine distributions within Langmuir spirals the Intake boom was
positioned Just below the surface (10-30 cm) and run first along, and then midway
between, well-defined foamlines. Water was pimped directly Into 2-liter containers In
the boat for subsequent filtration on shore and all the Daghnla in each sample were
counted. Daphnla hyalina was concentrated neap the surface'iTSway between the foamllnes
of Langmuir circulations that developed In a shallow reservoir at wind speeds above
«OO en/sec. Such concentration was probably caused by the antagonistic factors of
upward water transport carrying D. hyalina to the surface zone and oriented movements
away from this region of nigh light" firCeriiflty.
IHDEX TERMS; Dapnnia, Distribution patterns, Light Intensity, Winds, Reservoirs,
Sampling, Langmuir circulations, Daphnla hyalina, Foamllnes.
AMIC-9999
"SETTLING PLATES OF COLD-CURK ACffifUC PLASTIC REPLICATED FROM NATURAL SURFACES",
Risk, M. J., Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. IB, No. 5, .Jeptemter 1973, PP 801-d02.
Many different substances have been used In the field and in the laboratory
as substrates for colonizing conmunltlea of plants and animals. 'Fornatray', a strong
inert, cold-cure dental acrylic, seenu to satisfy most of the requirensnts of an ideal
settling plate material. Settling plates were made by pouring mixed Fonaatray Into
latex rubber impression:; of various surfaces. Latex Impressions can successfully be
made of almost any natural surface. Formati-ty -iu:. noou.t UO ;x-rcent calcium carbonate
filler material and chemically approximates a calcareous sandstone or slltstone. A
virtually unlimited number of plates can be poured up from one latex ImpresEion, thus
allowing the operator to place Identical plater. l,i different locations or a series of
plates, chemically Identical and texturally different, in one location, in the field,
plates are colonized rapidly and support heavy growth;; of algae and invertebrates. In
preliminary study in Big Fisherman's; Cove, 3anta Catallna Island, California, plates
set out in shallow viater picked up the most common algae settling on rocks In the area.
So far, 1*1 species of algae and at least 11 species of invertebrates have been
Identified growing on these plates; there seem:; to be no selective exclusion of groups.
IHDEX TERMS: Plastics, Sampling, Algae, Invertebrates, Biological communities,
.Settling plates, Artiflcal substrates, Kornatray, Acrylics, Colonizing.
AMIC-1OOOO
"PKEPARATIOK OF FILTERED PLANKTON AND DETRITUS FOR 3TUDY "TTH SCANNING ELECTRON
MICHOSCOPY", Paerl, H. W., Shimp, 3. L., Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. IS, No. 5,
September 1973, pp 802-80;;.
A simple, rapid method of fixing plankton and detritus for the scanning
electron microscope is described, which can be u-ed In the laboratory or In the field.
The sample Is fixed with 2 percent glutaraldehyde followed by stepwlse dehydration In
Increasing concentrations of etrtyi alcohol. Fixed samples can be- rtored for up to S
weeks. Critical point drying of the fixed samples is done !n the laboratory.
Nuclepore filters proved superior to other filters lor most sample preparations.
INDEX TERMS: Detritus, Diatoms, Electron microscopy, Dehydration, Filters, Lakes,
Sea water, 3e
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2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
"fitTiiNT DiVr.iDPMfcN?.; 1'H TfCJ MEAJUHiMENT OF THE SSoPORSL OF PLANKTON AND PERIPHYTON TO
CHAWCKJ Iff THc,TH r.'WjHOKMiiNT", Weber, C. I., In: Bioassay Teejgilqueg and Envlronacntal
Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 19'H, pp 115-138'.—
Ghent!
The abundance, species composition and condition Of aquatic organisms in
natural communities are directly related to vater quality. Field studies of vater
quality conducted by state and federal environmental protection agencies generally
involved the assessment of the species composition and diversity, numerical density
and bjomass of four coatanilies of aquatic organisms, namely: planfcton, periphyton,
macroinvertebrates, and fish. T->e biom&ss and condition of the plankton and
periphyton may be defined in terms of cell or organism counts, cell volumes, dry and
ash-free i*ight, chioropnyll and aiienoalne trlphosphate content, primary productivity,
and rates of respiration and nitrogen fixation. This report discusses sou* of the
more recently developed methods of assessing plankton and periphyton blonass and
condition which use cnlorophyll and ATP content, and nitrogen fixation rates.
INDEX TERMS: Biomas:;, Plankton, Periphyton, Chlorophyll, Nitrogen fixation,
opectrophotometry, Fluorometry, Sanpling, Pigments, Bioindicators, AdenOsine
triphosphate, Autotrophle Index, Luciferin-luclferase enzyme, Acetylene
reduction, ithylene production.
AKIC-10009
"EFFECTS OF RED MUD ON MARINE ANIMALS", Blactanan, R. A. A., Wilson. K. W., Marine
Pollution Bulletin. Vol. I*, No. 11, November 1973, pp 169-171. "
Red mud, which Is a waste product from the reduction of bauxite in the
production of aluminum, has been disposed of In Bristol Channel by the UK with no
apparent harmful effects. However, In considering the Nort.-, Jea as a potential dump
for red mud, Germany concluded that such disposal would be inadvisable because of
detrimental effects on fauna. To determine whether the difference In results occurred
from differences in chemical or physical characteristics of the red muda, bloassays
were conducted with red muds from the UK and Germany. Red muds contain various
quantities of Fe203, A1203, S102, Ha20, CaO, T102, and ash. The experimental solutions
were prepared from settled solids; the UK material had about 26 percent solids and the
German 55 percent. The experiments were of two types: exposure to red mud settled on
a substrate or red mud maintained In suspension, Scroblcularla plana, a deposit-feeding
bivalve, Cardlum edule, a suspension-feeding bivalve; and Bolea solea, a bottom-living
flatfish, were exposed to the deposits (5.0-50 mg/sq cm). Kyjilu5"ed\a.ls, Crangon
eraagen (brown shrimp), and Agomis eataphrsetus (armed bull^afitf were exposed" to the
suspension (up to 33 g/1). All organisms seemed to be unaffected by red mud except the
armed bullhead. At 33 g/1, all bullheads died within 72 hr. Mo mortality occurred in
78 hr with 3.3 g/1 red mud. On the evidence of the comparative studies it is concluded
that the differences in origin and treatment of bauxite result in red muds of only
slightly different toxlcities. The physical and chemical characteristics of the waste
and its observed effects on plants BJK$ anlnala in ^he laboratory are Important
consIderations, but they must be related to the bydrographic and blotlc features of
AMIC-10003
"IMPACT OF A POWER PLANT OH A SUBTROPICAL E3TUARINE ENVIRONMENT", Thorhaug A.
3egar, D., Roessler, M. A., Marlnfc Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 1*, No. 11, Bovember 1973,
pp 166-109. .-..I
The development of electricity generating stations around Blscayne B»y,
Florida, has resulted in a considerable discharge of cooling water Into thia
subtropical sea. The impact or this on the vegetation and animals of the area has been
studied for the last four years. Preliminary data show that the fossil fuel burning
Turkey Point plant apparently caused increases In concentrations of Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn,
V, Hi, and Pe in the sediments of the entire study area. Water temperature increases
of 3-5 C caused the Thalaasla, Haliiaeda, and Penlctllus conaunltles to decline or
disappear. Denuded areas became covered with blue-green algae. Areas where
temperature was Increased by 2 C were aor* productive than unaffected areas. Multiple
regression analyses of dominant species of molluscs, echlnoderms, and sponges InUeated
that the principle variables related to catch were vegetation and salinity. Animl
populations In areas heated 3-5 C above normal also were reduced. Ho effects were
noted at temperature increases of 2 C. At stations elevated less than 2 C, no
statistical differences between controls and affected stations could be detected.
Preliminary results from studies of the Card Sound effluent canal, opened In February,
1972, Indicated the effluent over S C above bay ambient and carried a considerable load
of suspended matter. In the area where the water contained noticeably more suspended
matter, the aeagrasses decreased in production of dry weight blade material.
UIDEX TERMS: Cooling water, Water pollution effects, Thermal pollution, Heavy metals,
Marine algae, Marine plants, Primary productivity, Electric powerplants.
AMIC-10009 (Continued) Card 2/2
the proposed disposal site, to the quantities involved and to the method of disposal.
INDEX TERMS: Toxlclty, Waste disposal, Marine fish, Clams, Jhrimp, Oysters, Red mud,
Scrobleularia plana, Cardlum edule, oolett sclea, Hytilus edulls, Crangon crangon,
Agonus cataphractus.
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMTC-1001'-.
"ACLTYLLH£-INDUCTION ASr.AI OF ANAEROBIC NITROGEN FIXATION BY SEDIMENTS OF SEL3CTED
WIJC'ON.'.IN LAKES", Macgregor, A. N., Keeney, U. R., Journal of Environmental Quality,
Vol. 2, No. k, October-December 1973, pp UjB-kkQ.
Pediment srjnples were collected by Etanan dredge from 2 hardwater and six
softwater lakes in Wisconsin for use in acetylene reduction tests to obtain a first
approximation of the amounts of combined N added to lake sediments by anaerobic H
fixation. To conduct the assay, sediment was transferred by syringe to l60-ml serum
bottles containing l*-mm glass beads. The bottles were sealed vlth neoprene septa held
firmly in place with aluminum seals. With the aid of hypodermic needles, each bottle
was simultaneously flushed with a continuous flow of pure He and shaken so as to
completely mix the beads and sediment. Ethylene, acetylene, and methane In the
atmosphere above the sediment were determined after 1 and 2 days of Incubation by gas
chromatography. Rate of acetylene reduction Indicated that, on the average, sediments
from hardwater and softwater lakes may fix 37 and 7.7 ng of N, respectively, per gram
(dry weight) per day. The rate of acetylene reduction diminished In the presence of
nitrogenase inhibitors.
INDEX TERM.5: Hardness (water), Nitrogen fixation, Lake sediments, Assay, Acetylene
reduction.
AMIC-lOO1*?
"ALGAE IN THE SPOON RIVER, ILLINOIS 1971-1972", Lin, S., Evans, R. L., Beuscher,
D. B., Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. y, no. 6, December 1973, PP 1112-112U.
As a part of a water quality survey of the Spoon River, Illinois, algal
genera were identified and their densities were enumerated. Meekly samples were
collected at five stations starting on June 1, 1971. This report presents the first
year's results. Algal densities for each station were found to be distributed
geometrically normal. Total algal densities increased as water progressed downstream.
Although water temperature has been observed to be an Important factor affecting the
density and the composition of algae In streams, attempts to correlate algal densities
with temperatures for the Spoon River were not fruitful. Correlations of algal
densities with dissolved oxygen, flow, and collform densities also could not be made.
The dominant genera observed were Cydote 11 a, Havleula, Seenedesmus, and Euglena. On
the average diatoms accounted for 07 percent of all algae counts. The average diversity
Indices varied about 1.0 to 1.5 for five stations. There did not appear to be any
advantage In the use of diversity index over that of algal density and genera richness
in characterizing algae In the Spoon River.
IBDEX TERMS: Chrysophyta, Chlcrophyta, Euglenophyta, Aquatic algae, Cyanophyta,
Temporal distribution, Ecological distribution, Dominant organisms, Water quality.
Species density, Species diversity index, Spoon River, Flagellates.
AMIC-10016
"ACETYLCHOLINE3TERASE TOXICIW OF MALATHION AND ITS METABOLITES", Walker, W. W.,
litojanovic, B. J., Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. S, No. U, October-December
1973, PP W-kl5. '
Malathlon, under in vitro laboratory conditions, is readily degraded by an
Arthrobacter species to four metabolites - malathion half-ester, malathlon dlcarboxylic
acid, potassium dimethyl phosphorothioate, and potassium dimethyl phosphorodlthloate.
However, It Is not clear whether or not this degradation represents a simultaneous
detoxicatlon of the malathion molecule. With this In mind, the relative toxlcity of
each of the four metabollties to bovine acetylcholinesterase was determined
manometrlcally with the Warburg apparatus. Malathlon half-ester retained roughly
one-third the enzyme toxlcity of unaltered malathlon, while the other metabolites
shoved essentially no enzyme inhibition. It was concluded that vhlle mleroblal
conversion of malathion to malathlon half-ester may well represent complete malathlon
degradation. It does not constitute complete insecticide detoxicatlon.
IHDEX TERMS: Pesticide toxlcity, Microblal degradation, Malathlon, Acetylchollnesterase,
Malathion half ester, Malathlon dlearboxyllc acid, Potassium dimethyl
phosphorothioate, Potassium dimethyl phosphorodlthloate, Arthrobacter.
AMTC-100U8
"THE EFFECTS OF SELECTED HERBICIDES ON BACTERIAL POPULATIONS IN AN AQUATIC
EUVIRONMEHT", Ferebee, R. N., Outhrle, R. K., Water Resources Bulletin, Vol.
No. 6, December 1973, PP 1125-1135-
9,
Heterotrophlc, mesophilic bacteria derived from, and maintained in, a
freshwater environment where subjected to three classes of herbicides. Dluron,
2,l*,5-trlchlorophenoxyacetic acid, and paraquat, used as water soluble solutions, were
added (0.7 and l.k mg/1) to a laboratory culture of bacteria. Total numbers of the
bacteria, representing several genera, were monitored for alteration of numbers and
types. Temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen were monitored and the culture medium was
tested for residual herbicide. Trlchlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,U,5-T, did not affect
that portion of the bacterial population tested. Increase of bacterial counts as the
result of paraquat addition was real, with both direct and indirect effects. Diuron
caused a reduction In the total bacterial counts and selective enrichment. The reasons
for the observed differences are discussed. The herbicides remained qualitatively
measurable for periods up to 3 weeks.
IHDEX TERMS: Paraquat, 2 k 5-T, Aquatic bacteria. Population, Bioassay, Water pollution
effects, Herbicides, Pesticide residues, Degradation (decomposition), Diuron,
Heterotrophlc bacteria, Bacterial physiology, Bacterial growth, Mesophlllc
bacteria.
33
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BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMiC- 10050
"EFFECTS OF .SEDIMENTATION OF THE ALGAL FLORA OF A SMALL RECREATIONAL IMPOUNDMENT" ,
Samsel, G. L. , Jr., Water -Resources Bulletin, Vol. 9, No, 6, December 1973, pp
Investigations were initiated to evaluate tfie effects of sedimentation on the
algal conqposition, primary productivity rates and chemical nutrient concentrations of
a 17-a.cre recreational impoundment in central Virginia. Comparisons during the winter
seasons of 1979-1973 indicated that as a result of sedimentation, from lake front home
construction, the total numbers of algal genera in the lake decreased from 2k to 16,
productivity as measured 6y C-lkO?. and total extractable chlorophyll decreased two-fold,
and several important nutrients, I.e. NH4-N, S102 and POlv-P increased significantly.
IMWX TERMC: Sedimentation, Environmental effects, Nutrients, Aquatic algae. Standing
crops, Primary productivity, Winter, Chemical properties, Physical properties,
Phytoplankton, Chiorophyta, Chrysophyta, Cyanophyta, Photosynthetlc rates,
Chemical concentration.
AMIC-10053
"TRESD 5ULFACE ANALYSIS AND SEASOHAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF PRIMARY HUTRIEHTS
ADD CHLOROPHYLL IS UNSTRATIFIED OULF COAST ESTUARIES", Cechova, I., Davis, E. M.,
Water Re source a Research, Vol. 9, Mo. 6, December 1973, pp
The technique of data display, the synographic napping system (Syjnap), was
applied In ecological studies of unstratlfied Oulf Coast estuaries. Thirty-four
computer maps of spatial distribution of primary nutrients and chlorophyll concentrations
in San Antonio and Matagorda (Texas) estuaries were prepared from survey data covering
the period 1970-1971. The naps provided a convenient means for detecting the sources
of estuarlne enrichment by primary nutrients and of seasonal changes In dispersion
patterns. Weighted average concentrations of each compound la the entire sstuarine
water mass were determined from such displays and used In comparison of concentration*
for different months of the survey period. The data presented on Symap displays were
used In the determination of mixing and exchange efficiency In the estuaries. The
results indicated that Incoming nutrients often have very short residence tints. The
efficiency of exchange and residence tine of each compound vary significantly within a
year, conditioned by variable compound loading, quantity of tributary runoff, range of
tidal activity, and variable biological food demand. An attempt was made to relate the
chlorophyll a concentrations obtained as weighted averages from Symap displays to
concentrations .of phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon, to the amount of tributary runoff,
and to yearly seasons by means of coaxial graphical correlation.
INDEX TERMS: Distribution patterns, Nutrients, Estuaries, Water pollution sources,
Seasonal, Dispersion, Symap, Chlorophyll a, Data interpretation.
AMIC-10076
"ESTIMATING THE DENSITY OF INDIVIDUAL BACTERIAL POPULATIONS IOTRQDI.CED IHTO NATURAL
ECOSYSTEMS", Danso, S. K. A., Habte, M., Alexander, M., Canadian Journal of
Microbiology, Vol. 19, No. 11, November 197'i, pp lU50-lU5"T;
The abundance of indivudual strains of Xanthomonas, Erwinia, and Rhlaobium
added to soil was determined by a method that allows for the enumeration of surviving
cells on the introduced population in the presence of many other soil microorganisms.
The method should be useful for measuring numbers of other bacteria in heterogeneous
communities. The method involves using mutants of the species of interest which are
resistant to antibacterial agents that prevent thR growth of nearly all other
populations in the environment. The bacteria u^ed were Xanthomonas campestrls,
Erwinia carobovora, Rhizobium trlfolii, and Hhizoblum meilloti.Streptomycin was
selected as the chemical of choice since Hhlzobium mutants could be obtained easily by
growing the cultures in yeast extract - mannTEoTToroth containing about 50 mlcrograms
streptomycin sulfate/ml and transferring the survivors to the same medium containing
higher antibiotic concentrations. By these means, isolates resistant to 1000 mJerograms
streptomycin sulfata/ml were obtained. Spontaneous mutants of X. campestrls and E.
carotovora were obtained by Inoculating large numbers of the cells into trypticase soy
broth containing 800 mlcrograms streptcanydn sulfate/nU, incubating the broth until
growth was observed, and plating the suspension on a solid medium of the sane
composition. It should not be too difficult to obtain mutants of other species which
grow In media containing antibacterial compounds in concentrations sufficiently high to
prevent the replication of large percentages of the residents of natural ecosystems.
INDEX TERMS: Bacteria, Soil, Cultures, ecosystems, Growth rates, Xanthoraonas campestrls,
AMIC 1008U
"ISOLATION ADD CHARACTERIZATION OF THEKMCTOLERAHT MBPHANOL-UTILIZING YEAST",
Levlne, D. W., Cooney, C. L., Applied Microbiology, Vol. 26, So. 6, December 1973, .
pp 982-990.
A yeast capable of growth on methanol as its sole carbon-energy source was
isolated from soil samples and identified as a strain of Hansenula polyiBorpha. A
continuous enrichment culture at 37 C with a simple miner.-,] salts medium vai used to
select this organism. The isolate, designated DL-1, has a maximal specific growth rate
of 0 2S per h, at pH U.5 to 5.5 and temperatures of 37 to 1*2 C, in simple mineral salts
medium with methanol (0.5 percent), biotin, and thlamine. Growth occurred in a
ehemostat at temperatures up to 50 C, with strong growth at l>5 C. The maximal growth
yield of the yeast on methanol was 0.36 g of dry cell weight per g of methanol, and the
yield on oxygen was 0.37 g of dry cell weight per S of O2. Protein content of the
isolate is IvTpercent, and total nucleic acid content varies from 5.0 to 7.0 percent
with Increasing growth rate from 0.06 to O.SO per h. The amlno acid profile of this
yeast protein Indicated that It could serve as a good source of food protein. Feeding
studies with rats show the yeast to have no toxic effectn. (Reprinted from Applied
Microbiology, Vol. 26, So. 6, December 1973, PP 932-990- Copyright 1973 by ttie
American Society for Microbiology. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
IHDEX TERMS: Isolation, Pollutant identification, Cytologlcal studies, Biological
properties, Yeasts, Soil fungi, Orowth rates, Toxlcity, Heat resistance, Methanol,
Characterization, Hansenula polymcrpha, Ascoaycetes, Substrate utilisation, Orowth
media, Chemical composition, Continuous cultures.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL MgTHODS
AMIC-10091
"CHARACTERISTIC.; OF PH03PHORU" DSFICISNCY IN ANABAEWA" . Healey, F. P., Journal of
Phycology, Vol. 9, No. U, December 1973, pp 38V59I!.
Several aspects of the metabolism and composition of a strain of Anabaena
have been studied during phosphorus deficiency. The effects of medium conposl'tloh,
substrate concentration, temperature, pH, and illumination on alkaline phosphatase
activity and phosphate uptake have been examined. Of particular interest among these
results was the dependence of maximum alkaline phospha.ta.se activity on Ca and ot
phosphate uptake on Mg. Depletion of dissolved phosphate from the culture medium vas
accompanied by a marked increase in alkaline phosphataae activity, initial rate of
phosphate uptake; and total amount of phosphate taken up to satisfaction of the
phosphorus debt. Readdltion of phosphate to a phosphorus-deficient culture resulted in
a rapid decline in the ability to take up phosphate but no loss of alkaline phoaphatase
beyond dilution of activity already present. Entry into phosphorus deficiency was
accompanied by a loss of het,erocygts, a decline in chlorophyll a, protein, RNA, and
cellular phosphorus, and an increase in carbohydrate per unit dry weight. The possible
use of these changes as physiological Indicators of phosphorus limitation in natural
situations Js discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Anabaena, Deficient elements, Phosphorus, Cytological studies, Plant
physiology, Assay, Cyanophyta, Plant grovth, Bioindicators, Enzyme activity,
Heterocysts, Alkaline phosphatase.
AMIC.10092 (Continued)
Card 2/2
culture grovth show that senescence effects may not be, as assumed, restricted to the
stationary phase of growth.
INDEX TERMS: Aging (biological), Chlorophyll, Nitrogen. Photosynthesis, Plant growth,
Plant pigments, Anacystis nidulans, Phormldium nolle var. tenuior, Growth
kinetics.
AM1C-1009?
"CHLOROPHYLL, NITROGEN, AND PHOTOSYMTHCTIC PATTERNS DURING OHOWTH AHD SEBESCESCE
OF TVO BLUE-GREEN ALGAE", Daley, R. J., Brown, S. R., Journal of Phycology, Vol.
9, No. U, December 1973, PP 395->*01.
A standardized, raultiflask, batch culture system was developed to study the
processes of algal senescence in Anacyatis nidulans and Phormidlum molle Gam, var.
tenuior W. et 0. West. Grovth data over "a 3-year period gave reproducible and
comparable time-course curves. Although A. nidulans is unicellular and P. nolle
filamentous, the patterns of change with age were similar. Mean logarltbjnlc""S53bllng
times and carbon yields were, respectively, 6.9 hr and 390 mg C/liter for A. nidulans
and 7.2 hr and 710 mg C/liter for P. molle. Chlorophyll concentration and"
photosynthetic capacity per unit carbon rose rapidly during the logarithmic phase to
maximum levels In either late log phase (p. molle) or early linear phase (A. nidulans),
then fell throughout the declining grovtlTphase to low levels In the stationary phase.
Nitrate was rapidly exhausted from the medium during the period of logarithmic growth
and stolchlometrlcally converted to partlculate organic form; very little subsequent
fixation of molecular nitrogen occurred. The phycoeyanlns were rapidly destroyed
during the logarithmic phase while the carotenoids remained relatively constant
throughout the whole growth period and then slowly declined. Preliminary electron
micrographs showed a progressive deterioration in cellular ultrastrueture, especially
a reduction in the number of photosynthetlc thylakolds, comnenclng In the linear growth
phase. Analysis of the results suggests that occurrence of linear growth kinetics and
termination of culture growth were caused by exhaustion of nitrate. The observed
decreases in chlorophylls, phyooeyanins, and photosynthetle capacity during active
AMIC-10093
"SPECIES OF OCEANIC DI1TOFLAGELLATES IN THE GENERA MS30DINIUM AND PYROCYSTTS:
INTEHCLOWAL AND INTERSPECIFIC COMPARISONS OF THE COLOR AMD PHOTON YIELD OF "
BIOIUMIKE9CEW3E" , Swift, t. , Biggley, W. H. , Seliger, H. H. , Journal of Phyeology,
Vol. 9, No. I*, December 1973, pp Uso-ltSo. -
The authors have examined aspects of the bloluminescence of 5 clones of
Plssodlnlum, 1 clone of Pyroeystls aeuta, I* clones of Pyrocyatla fusiformia. and 5
clones of Pyroeystls noctlluca. All clones produced the same color biolumlne.8C.ence
with an Intensity peak near i»74 ran. The In vivo emission spectra of these clones
agreed with those previously determined for I* other species of marine dinoflagellates,
The amount of light emitted by the dlnoflagellates tn scotophase when mechanically
stimulated to exhaustion was determined for most of the clones. The largest species,
P. noctlluca. and P. fuslf orals, emitted 37-99 billion photons/cell and 23-62 billion
photons/cell/ respectively, about a thousand times as much light as Gonyaulax species.
Pyyoeystls aeuta emitted 3-6 billion photons/cell. Three of the 5 clones of Dlsaodlnlum
were MolumTnescent. The range for 3 clones was 5-13 billion photons/cell. All 5 '"
clones of Dlssodlnlum are morphologically distinct. Both the clones of Dissodlnlun and
Pyroeystls produced much' higher numbers of photons per cell nitrogen (ca'.' 7-56 times)
than Qonyaulax polyedra or Pyrodlnlum bahamense. The data suggested that enzyme
turnover occurred to the reaction* producing light during mechanical stimulation of
Dlssodlnlum and Pyrocystls species.
IBDEX TEBKSs Marine algae, Dinoflagellates, Bioluminescence, Protozoa, Biological
properties, Color, Speclatlon, Clones, Bloenergetics, Photon yield.
35
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2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-10091* ~ "
"THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE BY BLUE-GREEN ALGAE: A SURVEY", Stevens, S. E.,
Jr., Patterson, C. 0. P., Myers, J., Journal of Phyeology, Vol. 9, No. U, December 1973,
pp kSJ-k-30.
Thirty-eight axenlc isolates of blue-green algae (Cyanophyta) were surveyed
for hydrogen peroxide production. In order to avoid complications due to poor growth,
three different culture media were used. Cells were grown in liquid culture on the
chosen medium at 35 C, with continuous agitation and 1 percent CO2 in air (v/v)
bubbling through the culture. 5-25 w tungsten lamps were positioned 8 cm from the
growth tubes in order to enhance peroxide production. Sixteen of the isolates (type I)
showed no production of H202 within the sensitivity of the assay. Type II Isolates,
showed no H202 production while in darkness, but at onset of illumination, H202
production was observed. After e short initial induction period, the rate of peroxide
production remained steady until assay ingredients were exhausted or until light was
extinguished. Type III isolator, produced no H202 while in darkness, but at onset of
illumination, displayed peroxide production with complex kinetics. Salient features
included an Initial lag, followed by a burst or period of rapid production of H202;
the burst graded into a lower rate which then held steady. Type IV isolates differed
markedly from all others assayed in that type IV algae produced H202 In darkness.
Illumination of type IV cells caused an immediate increase In rate of H202 production.
This increased rate continued without variation until light off. At light off,
peroxide production dropped back to a rate equal to or sometimes slightly greater than
the Initial rate observed prior to illumination. The three kinetic profiles observed
for peroxide formation are described. The possible site or sites of hydrogen peroxide
formation remain unknown.
Aquatic algae, Cyanophyta, Kinetics, Axenic cultures, Hydrogen peroxide.
JHDEX TERMS!
AMIC-10095
"ULTRASTRUCTORE OF THE GHSEN ALGA DICHOTOMOSIPHOH TUBEROSUS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE
TO THE OCCURRENCE OF STRIATED TUBULSS IS THE CHLBftOPLAST", Moestrup, 0.,
Hoffman, L. R., Journal of Phycology, vol. 9, No. k, December 1973, PP U30-U37.
The ultrastructure of the slphonous green alga Dlehotomosiphon tuberosus
(A. Br.) Ernst is compared with that of other slphonous plants. There ls~a
characteristic association between the Golgi bodies and endoplaanlc reticulum, tout the
mitochondria are not involved in the association as they are in Vaueheria and the
phycomycete Saprolegnia. An unusual structure and arrangement of the chloroplasts is
described as well as a previously unreported type of "striated tubule1 vhlch occurs In
most if not all chloroplasts and amylpplasts. The structure of these .tubules is
compared with that of other tubules recently found In green algae and higher plants.
In addition, cytoplasmic mlcrotubules arranged in the longitudinal direction of the
siphon suggest a function In cytoplasmic streaming.
INDEX TERMS: Aquatic algae, Chlorophyta, Cytological studies. Electron microscopy,
Plant morphology, Dichotomoslphon tuberosus, Ultrastructure, Chloroplasts.
AMIC-10096
"HrDROOEK SULFIDE PRODUCTION BY SYNECHOCCCCUS LIVTDUS Y52-sl", Sheridan, R. P.,
Journal of Phyeology, Vol. 9, No. U, December 1973, pp U37-I+U5.
Under anaerobic conditions and In the absence of C02, the thermophilic
blue-green alga Synechococcus livldus Y52-s evolved hydrogen sulfide in both darkness
and light. The mechanism of this process was investigated and compared with photo- and
dark reductions in organisms representing several phyla. The photqproduction of H2S
from either sulfate or thlosulfate was inhibited by 3-(3,U-dlchlorophenyl)-l,
1-dlmethyl urea (DCMU) and carbonyl m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone (m-Cl-CCP). The inhibitory
effect of DCMU showed the requirement for photosystem II as electron donor.
Inhibition by m-Cl-CCP also implicated ATP as an energy source. Monofluoroacetate
partially inhibited photoproduction of H2S. This indicated that oxidative metabolism
may act as a source of electrons to reduce the photooxldant under certain conditions.
Thiosulfate acts only as electron acceptor and Is reductively cleaved to sulfide and
sulflte Ions. Thiosulfate and sulfate appeared to replace COS In the light and 02 in
darkness as electron acceptors. The phosphorylatlon uncouplers dlnitrophenol and
m-Cl-CCP stimulated dark H2S production.
INDEX TERMS: Anaerobic conditions, Cyanophyta, Hydrogen sulfide, Water pollution sources,;
Plant growth, Aquatic algae, Algal physiology, Synechococcus llvidus,
Photoproduction, Thermophilic algae, Photochemistry, Substrate utilization,
Biosynthesis,
AKEC-10097
"THE MARINE DIATOM ETHMODI3CUS REX: ITS MORPHOLOGY AND OCCURRENCE IN THE
PLABKPON OF THE 5AROASSO SEA", Swift, E., Journal of Phycology, Vol. 9, No. It,
December 1973, PP U56-U60. sfc
Living cells of the diatom Ethmodlscus rex (Rattray) Wiseman and Hendey 1953
were found in the plankton of the southern Sargasso Sea. Apparently, this is the first
report of E. rex from the plankton of the Atlantic Ocean. Scanning electron
microscopy of peroxide-cleaned frustules revealed some new morphological features for
this species. When viewed from inside the frustule, the puncta appear as rimned pita.
From outside the frustule, they appear to be shallow depressions with a small opening
at the bottom. The so-called mucous tubules in the center of the valve were seen from
the outside to be elongate slits and from the inside as obliquely directed flattened
cylinders which cap the tubes.
DffiBX TERMS: Diatoms, Marine algae. Plant morphology, Cytological studies, Chrysophyta,
Phytoplankton, Ethmodiscus rex, Scanning electron microscopy, Sargasso Sea,
Sample preparation.
-------
BiOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-10100
"EFFECT OF LIGHT IUTENSITY AND GLYCKROL ON THE GROWTH, PIGMENT COMP03ITION, AMD
ULTRASTRJCTURE OF CHROOMONAC 3F.", Faust, M. A., Gantt, E., Journal of Phycology,
Vol. 9, Mo. k, DecembeFTgTi, pp 1*89-1*95.
Growth of Chroomonas sp. Increased with light intensity (100, iBOO, and 2700
microwatts/aq cm) with a five-fold increase from the lowest to the highest Intensity.
Chlorophyll and phycocyanin content per cell were greater in cells grown at low light
intensity, but the ratio of chloropnyll a and £ did not vary appreciably. Cells grown
at low light intensity hod 30 percent more phycocyanin than cells grown at high
intensities of light. The chloroplast of cells with the higher phycocyanin content
had average intrathylakoidal widths of 300 A, whereas those cells with the lower
phycocyenin content had average intrEthylakoldal widths of 200 A. This result Is
compatible with the hypothesis that phycocyanin is located in the intrathylakoidal
space in the cryptophvxe algae. Of the various energy sources tested, only glycerol
was able to support limited growth under nonphotosynthetic conditions. Under no
condition was the chloroplast reduced to an etioplast or proplastid state. Starch
accumulation was greatest in cells grown in continuous white light In glycerol.
Eyespot5 were commonest in cells grown in darkness and interrupted every 2U hr by a
few seconds of white light. It was concluded that this organism is an obligate
phototroph.
INDEX TERM3: Plant growth, Plant pigments, Light intensity, Environmental effects,
Solvent extractions, Aquatic algae, Chroomonas, Glycerol, Ultrastructure, Algal
physiology, Sample preparation, Heterotrophic nutrition, Cryptomonads.
AMIC-10102
"BACTERIA-ASSIMILABLE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, PHOSPHATE, AMD ENHANCED GROWTH OF
BACTERIA-ASSOCIATED BLUE-GREEN ALGAE", Lange, W., Journal of Phycology, Vol. 9,
No. k, December 1973, pp 507-509.
The complexities of algal physiology and nutrition make It likely that
diverse and often substantial nutrient limitations will be required to control
eutrophlcatlon In different situations. In defense of a policy exemplified by the
generalisation 'phosphorus is the primary limiting nutrient in most lakes,1
Schindler of the Canadian Freshwater Institute has misquoted the work of Lange. Key
points of Lange'8 conclusions are properly quoted, and the reader is cautioned
against an oversimplification of a single approach to algal control.
INDEX TERMS: Aquatic bacteria, Aquatic algae, Eutrophication, Nutrients, Algal control,
Water pollution control. Organic compounds, Limiting factors, Plant growth, Algal
physiology.
AMIC-10101
"A CONTINUOUS CULTURE STUDY OF PHOSPHATE UPTAKE, GROWTH RATE AND POLYPHOSPHATE
IN aCEMEPESMUS SP.", Knee, G-Y., Journal of Phyeology, Vol. 9, No. U, December
1973, PP i»95-5o6.
The kinetics of phosphate uptake and growth In Seenedesmug sp. have been
studied in continuous culture with particular reference to the shifts In the cellular
P compounds as a function of growth rate. Uptake velocity is a function of both
Internal and external substrate concentrations and can be described by the kinetics of
noncompetltive enzyme inhibition. The concentrations of polyphoaphates
(aUcali-extractable Or 7-min) can be substituted as Inhibitors In the kinetic equation.
The apparent half-saturation constant of uptake, K sub m, Is 0.6 mlcroM growth Is less
than K sub m by 1 order of magnitude. Growth is a function of cellular P
concentrations, and the polyphosphates (aUcali-extractable or 7-»ln) appear to regulate
growth rate directly or Indirectly. To understand P limitation, therefore, It is
necessary to measure both external P and Internal polyphosphate levels. Evidence
indicates that alkali-extractable polyphoaphates, which can be quantitatively
determined by a simple method of measuring surplus P, are involved In cell division
process and that a maintenance concentration of functional phosphate exists In the
form of polyphosphates. Alkaline phosphatase activity has an inversely linear
relationship to grow rate and to the reciprocals of both polyphosphates and surplus
P. Changes in lipid p, RNA P, and presumably all other forma except DBA are related
to changes In growth rate.
INDEX TERMS: Phosphates, Growth rates, Scenedeanus, Absorption, Path of pollutant*,
Kinetics, Polyphosphates, Continuous cultures, Algal physiology, Enzyme activity.
AMIC-10103
"THE EFFECT OF SELENITE ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL «ND MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE
BLUE-ORBEN ALOA PHORMIDIUM LURIDUM VAR. OLIVACEA", Slelickl, M., Burnham, J. C.,
Journal of Phyeology, Vol. 9, No. 4, December 1973, pp 509-514,
Phormldlum lurldum cultures were treated with sodium selenite in
concentrations ranging from 1 mlcroM to 0.01 M. In contrast to the increasing
culture turbidity of control and 1 microM selenite cultures, the turbidity of the
other selenite cultures declined in proportion to time and selenite concentration.
Chlorophyll extraction revealed similar results. Photosynthetie activity was
Inhibited within 6 hr In all cultures except control and 1 microM selenite.
Phormidlum at concentrations greater than 1 mlcroM selenite showed a gradual loss of
the bright green color and turned semitransparent. Cell-associated granules of
reduced selenium were observed at higher selenite concentrations. Other structural
change* observed ware the presence of intracellular and intercellular spaces,
spheroplaet formation,•and gradual cell lysis. Protein analyses of total cell
samples and supernatant fractions confirmed cellular breakdown of selenite-treated
algal cells.
ODBC TERMS: Plant morphology, Cyanophyta, Bloassay, Photosynthesis, Inhibition,
Plant growth, Phormldlum lurldum var. ollvacea, Selenite, Algal physiology.
Pollutant effects. ••—*•« ««w.
See alsoi
Category 1, AMIC-100^9
Category 3, AMXC-9618, 9861.
"ST
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3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9392
"INCIDENCE OF RESISTANCE TO TETRACYCLINE, CHLORAMPHENICOL AND AMPICILLIK AMONG
SALMONELLA SPECIES ISOLATED m THE NETHERLANDS IN 1969, 1970 AND 1971", Voogd, C. E.,
Guinee, p. A. M., Manten, A., Valkenburg, J. J., Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Vol. 39,
No. 2, 1973, pp 3S1-329.
In 1969, 1970 and 1971 respectively, 1176l, 138W» and 20053 Salmonella
strains were screened for resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and tetracycllne,
Each Salmonella strain was transferred to agar slants containing 25 micrograns of
tetracycllne, 50 mierograrns of chloramphenicol, 25 ralcrograms of ampicillin or 25
micrograms of kanamycin per milllliter at pH 7.4. If growth occurred, the bacteria were
identified again in order to exclude any possibility of contamination with
drug-reelstant bacteria of other species. If the same serotype was found, the degree
of resistance was determined by tube-dilution assay on 5 percent sheep-blood agar
slants made of nutrient agar pH 7.1* to which citrated sheep blood was added. The tubes
were inoculated with one drop of a dilute suspension containing 1 million bacteria
per ml in 0.85 percent NaCl solution. After incubation at 37 C for 20 hours any
strain growing in tubes containing one of the above antibiotics at a concentration of
50 microgramE/ml was considered to be resistant. This drug level roughly corresponds
to 10 times the normal minimal inhibitory concentration. It was found that In these
years respectively 23.U percent, 19.3 percent and 15.1 percent of the Isolated strains
were resistant to one or more of these antibiotics. Most strains appeared'to be only
tetracycllne-resistant. Resistance to chloramphenicol remained low (0.56 percent and
less). During 1971 6U kanamycin-resistant strains (0.32 percent) were Isolated.
Resistance was largely confined to S. typhlmurlum and S. panama.
AMIC-9575
"THE BACTERIAL FLORA OF THE ATLANTIC SALMON (SALMO SALAR L.) IN RELATION TO ITS
ENVIRONMENT", Horsley, R. W., Journal of ApplIedTacteriblogy, Vol. 36, Bo. 3,
September 1973, pp 377-386.
The aerobic flora of the skin of 56 Atlantic salmon from coastal, estuarine
and river waters was analyzed quantitatively; 50 skin and 33 gill samples were
analyzed qualitatively. The water at each sampling station was also analyzed. The
principal genera on the skin and gills were Moraxella, Flavobacterium, Cytophaga and
Pseudomonas; members of Aelnetobaeter, Bacillus, Aeremomas, vibrio, the
Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae and some coryneforms were^lso present. The gill
flora was similar to that of the skin, which reflected that of the environment.
INDEX TERMS: Aerobic bacteria, Pollutant identification, Methodology,
Bloindicators, Vater quality, Estuarine environment, Fungi, Aquatic
environment, Skin, Heterotrophlc bacteria, Gills, Marine environment,
Viable count, Swab technique, Sampling technique.
AMIC-9392 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TETOC: Antibiotics (pesticides), Salmonella, Domestic animals, Enteric bacteria,
Aerobic bacteria, Water pollution sources, Tetracycllne, Ampilllcln,
Chloramphenical, Kanamycin, Drug resistance, Serotypes.
AMIC-9616
"ACETYLENE REDUCTION BY BEIJERINCKIA UNDER VARIOUS PARTIAL PRESSURES OF OXYGEN
AND ACETYLENE"
Spiff, E. D., Odu, C. T. I.,
Vol. 78, No. 2, October 1973, pp 207-209.
Journal of general Microbiology,
Different partial pressures of acetylene and oxygen greatly affect the level
of acetylene reduction by Beijerinckla, a nitrogen-fixing bacterium found in some
acidic tropical soils. Nltrogenase activity was measured by the acetylene reduction
technique using three replicate vials for each treatment. A millillter-sample of
Beijerinckla culture was usually Injected to initiate the reaction and the reaction was
usually terminated by Injecting 5 K H2S01* into the reaction mixture. The vials were
Incubated in a 30 C water bath with reciprocal shaking (152 strokes/rain). The ethylene
produced was measured by flame ionization gas chromatography. Acetylene-reduction
increased with an increase of pCSK? up to 0.71* atm. Acetylene reduction was linear for
at least 1*0 mln. The oxygen partial pressure also affected activity with most acetylene
reduction at a p02 of 0.15 s,tm for liquid cultures grown in air.
IMMX TERMS: Oxygen, Nitrogen fixing bacteria, Nitrogen fiaxtlon, Bel.lerlnckla indicw.
Acetylene reduction, Acetylene, Partial pressures, Enzyme activity, Substrate
utilisation, Fate of pollutants, Bacterial physiology.
38
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3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9881
"IK VITRO FORMATION OF NITRATE REDUCTASE USJUG EXTRACTS OF THE NITRATE REDUCTASE
MUTANT OF NEUROEPORA CRASSA, NIT-1. AKD RHOPOSPIBII1UM RUBRUM", Ketchum, P. A.,
Seviila, C. L., Jourha.1 of Bacteriology, vol. lift, Ho. 2, November 1973, pp 600-609.
In vitro formation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotlde phosphate
(NADPH)-nitrate reductase (NADPH: nitrate oxido-reduetase, EC 1.6.6.2) has been
attained by using extracts of the nitrate reductase mutant of Neurospora erassa, nlt-1,
and extracts of either photosynthetically or heterotrophieally" grown Rhodospirillum'
rubrim, which contribute the constitutive component. The In vitro formatlono?
KADPH-nitrate reductase is characterized by the conversion of the flavin adenine
dinucleotide (FAD) stimulated NADPH-cytochrome c reductaBC, contributed by the
N. crassa r.lt-1 extract from a slower sedlmenting form (U.5S) to a faster sedlmenting
form (7.IS). The 7.^S NADPH-cytochrome c reductase peak coincides In sucrose density
gradient profiles with the KADPH-nitrate reductase, FADHS-nitrate reductase and reduced
methyl viologen (MVH)-nitrate reductase activities which are also formed in vitro. The
constitutive component from R. rubrum Is soluble (both In heterotrophieally and
photoBjmthetlcally grown cells), is stimulated by the addition of 0.0001 M KaZMcO^
and 0.01 M NaN03 to cell-free preparations, and has variable activity over.the pH
range from 3.0 to 9.;>. The activity of the constitutive component in some extracts
showed a threefold stimulation when the pH was lowered from 6.5 to k.O. The
constitutive activity appears to be associated with a large molecular weight
component which sediments as a single peak in sucrose density gradients. However, the
constitutive component from R. rubrum is dialyzable and Is insensitive to trypsln and
protease. These results demonstrate that P.. rubrum contains the constitutive
AMIC-9981 (Continued)
Card 2/2
component and suggests that it is a low molecular weight, trypsin- and
protcase-lnsensltive factor which participates In the In vitro formation of NADPH
nitrate reductase.
INDEX TERMS: Laboratory tests, Biochemistry, Nitrate reductase, Biosynthesis, Cell
extracts, In vitro synthesis, Neurospora crassa, Rhodosplrlllum rubrum,
Subeellular components.
AMIC-9926
"EFFECTS OF THICKNESS OF BACTERIAL FIIH", Hoehn, R. C., Ray, A. D.( Journal Water
Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 1*5, Ho. 11, November 1973, pp 2302-5320.
An Investigation was Initiated to determine the effects of thickness on the
nutrient utilization capacity of bacterial films, that is, whether that rate remains
constant or decreases as the film depth Increases. Bacterial films were developed in
laboratory-scale rotating cylinders. Lyopnilized seed and cultures maintained on agar
were used to Inoculate a drum at the beginning of any particular culturlng operation.
The Isolates were Identified as belonging to the genera Bacillus, Microcoecus,
Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, and Mlcrobacterluo. Ten sections of each cylinder could
be removed BO tnat rilra thickness could be measured periodically. A shallow stream of
synthetic media flowed continuously through the cylinders during the culturlng
operations, and the differences In influent and effluent concentrations of organic
matter were used to calculate nutrient uptake rates. These rates were examined as
functions of thickness. In one series of studies, film solids were measured and
examined as functions of thickness. Nutrient uptake rates attained a maxima at
thickness between 100 and 150 microns and, If all date, were composited, appeared to
stabilize. When data from individual experiments were examined separately, however,
nutrient utilization began decreasing between 100 and 150 microns, continuing until
the films were approximately kOO microns thick. Beyond that thickness, the rates
Increased again to their former levels.
INDEX TERMS: Nutrients, Absorption, Cultures, Organic matter, Metabolism, Chemical
oxygen demand, Pseudomanas, Bacterial films, Substrate utilization, Thickness,
Oxygen diffusion, Film density, Flavobacterlum, Bacillus, Microcoecus.
AMIC-9927
"MODEL FOR COLIFORM BACTERIA IN GRAND TRAVERSE BAY", Canale, R. P., Journal Water
Pollution Control Federation, Vol. Uj, So. 11, November. 1973, pp 235B-S371.
A predictive model for total colifonn bacteria in Grand Traverse Bay,
Michigan, has been developed using continuity equations with a simple fluid transport
model and temperature-dependent first order kinetics. The model has been verified over
a vide range of loadings during a period of several years with data obtained during
moerous field surveys. The model has been applied to a number of water quality
control problems of Interest to local planners and others, such ac defining the role
of storm sewer discharges to the bay, the effects of additional areas for development,
and the discharge of wastes from private watercraft.
ISDEX TERMS: Coltforms, Mathematical models, Michigan, Distribution patterns, Water
temperature, Industrial wastes, Sewage, Flow, Water quality, Bays, Grand
Traverse Bay, Boerdman River.
-------
3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-lOOOd
"FISH VIRUSES: ISOLATION AKD IDENTIFICATION OF INFECTIOUS HEMATOPOIETIC HECROBI6 IJI
EASTERN NORTH AMERICA", Wolf, K., Quinby, M. C., Pettijohn, L. L., et al., Journal of
the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, Mo. 11, November 1973, pp 1625-lb27.
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHKV) vas Isolated from diseased
fingerling rainbow trout (Salno gairdnerl) fron a hatchery In West Virginia. Clinical
signs, hiEtop&thologlc findings, and origin of eggs provided a basis for diagnosis,
and virus was isolated and presumptively identified by plaque characteristics. Serum
neutralization tests provided positive identification of the agent as IBHV, and
electron microscopy showed its rhabdovlrus morphology. Experimental infections
resulted in signs of IHNV and death; test fish had characteristic hlstopathologlc
alterations andd appropriate virus tlters. This Is the first completely documented
occurrence of IHNV beyond the Pacific northwest.
INDEX TERMS: Isolation, Pollutant Identification, Fish diseases, Methodology, Testing
procedures, Rainbow trout. Viruses, Electron microscopy, Fish eggs, Fry, IHN
virus, Infectious hematopoietic necrosis, Hlstopathology, Salmo gairdnerl,
Plaque counts, Rhabdoviruses, Sample preparation.
AMIC-10055
"DYHAMIC BEHAVIOR OF A COMPLETE-MIXIHG ACTIVATED SLUDOE SYSTEM", Chu, O. C. Y.,
Erlckson, L. E., Fan, L. T., Biotechnology and Bioengineerlng, Vol. 15, November
1973, PP 1101-1121.
The dynamic behavior of a laboratory-scale activated sludge biological waste
treatment process with recycle and wasting of sludge was investigated by subjecting
the system to step changes in the influent waste concentration, the recycle flow rate,
or the sludge wasting rate. The dynamic behavior of the system was examined by
measuring adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in addition to dissolved chemical oxygen demand
(COD) and cell dry weight In the aeration tank. Cell dry weight of the recycle flow
and effluent COD were also measured. System performance changed appreciably when the
system was subjected to step changes In the Influent waste concentration, the recycle
flow rate, or the sludge wasting rate. Generally, the responses to a step increase
and a step decrease of the same input variable were not symmetrical, especially in
the response of the ATP concentration. The ATP/MLSS ratio was found to depend on the
food-to-organlsn ratio in the aeration tank. When this ratio was small, the
ATP/MLSS was large. The time constant analysis showed that the dry weight tine
constants were directly related to the sludge mean residence time; as the sludge
wasting rate increased, the value of the time constant decreased. The time constants
of the dissolved COD variation in the aeration tank were much smaller than those of
the sludge dynamics. The dissolved COD time constants were found to be closely related
to the fluid mean residence time in the aeration tank.
INDEX TERMS: Activated sludge, Biological treatment, Flow rates, Wasting rates.
Continuous cultures, Chemical oxygen demand, Aeroation, Organic matter, Cultures,
AMIC.10005
"MICROCULTURES OF BROWN BULLHEAD (ICTALURUS KEBULOEUS) CELLS: THEIR USE IB
QUANTITATION OF CHANNEL CATFISH (iCTALURllS PUKCTATlIB) VIRUS AMD ARTIBODY", Orattek,
J B., McGlsmery, M. H., Dawe, D. L., et al., Journal of the Fisheries Research
Board of Canada, Vol. 30, No. 11, November 19'fS, PP
A microculture system was applied to the culture of brown bullhead (letalurus
nebulosus) cells and used for the tltratlon of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)
virus and corresponding antibody. As few as 17,000 cells/well could be used ror
routine tltrations. Simultaneous inoculation of virus with cells at the tine of
planting resulted in clearer endpoints as opposed to Inoculation of performed
monolayers. When channel catfish virus antibodies were measured using plaque
reduction and microculture tltratlon assays as Indicator systems, no significant
differences In antibody titers were noted.
INDEX TERMS: Cytological studies, Assay, Pollutant identification, Microculture
methods, Channel catfish virus, Quantitative analysis, Brown bullhead, Cell
cultures.
AMIC-10060
"EFFECT OF HELIUM OAS AT ELEVATED PRESSURE ON IROS TRANSPORT AMD GROWTH OF
EBCHEBICHIA COLI", Sehlanm, K. A., Perry, J. E., Wild, J. R., Journal of Bacteriology,
Vol. 117, SoTT7 January 1973, pp 170-17U.
Helium at an ambient pressure of 68 atm with 0.£ atm of 02 shortened by 1 to
1.5 h the lag phase for growth of Escherlchla eoli In minimal medium supplemented with
2 microllters of cell-free culture filtrate (CFF) per ml or with 1 micrcM
2,3-dlhydraxybenzoylserlne (DKBS), an Iron chelator. The lag phase of cultures not
exposed to helium could be shortened by use of supplements, but higher concentrations
were required - 10 to.30 microllters of CFF per ml or 10 to 50 microM PHBS, Strain
AH 193 of E. eoli, which requires the DHBS precursor 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA),
grew well In media with 10 micron DHBA when exposed to helium at 68 atn, whereas
100 microM DHBA was required for growth in unexposed cultures. In the presence of
100 microM DHBA plus 1.0 microM ethylenedlanlnetetraacetlc acid, growth was Inhibited
at 1 and 68 atn. Growth was restored, however, by the addition of 0.1 microM FeSOb
at 68 ata and 1.0 nicroM FeSOU at 1 atm, but lag tines were invariably shorter In the
pressurised cultures. Hydrostatic pressures of 68 atn did not reduce the lag phase
in the presence of CFF, DHBS, or DHBA. Our results suggest that 68 atm of helium
pressure, but not hydrostatic pressure, elicited a more rapid transport of iron into
the cells.
INDEX TERMS: E. coll, Helium, Environmental effects, High pressure, Iron, Growth rates.
Bacterial physiology. Transport.
To
-------
3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-10063
"LIPOPOLYSACCHAHIDE FROM A GRAM-NEGATIVE MARINE BACTERIUM", Monglllo, A., DelOge, K.,
Pereira, D., et al., Journal of Bacteriology. Vol. 117, Bo. 1, January 1971*.
pp 327-320.
To Investigate the occurrence of marine lipopolysaccharldes, a number of
marine microorganisms were isolated from sand and sesvater collected from Narragansett
Bay, Rhode Island. Upon initial screening, one organism was ehoaen for analysis.
Cultural and biochemical characteristics indicated that the organism was a nonmotile
pseudomonad. The organism vas routinely cultivated at roan temperature with constant
shaking in a medium containing 5.0 g of nutrient broth, 8.0 g of yeast extract, and
the complete salts solution per liter of distilled water. The organism was grown for
2U hr, harvested by centrifugatlon, washed In complete salt solution, and extracted
by the phenol-salts method. The material Isolated from this marine pseudomonad as
lipid A showed mar.y of the characteristics of other llpid A molecules: it contained
glucosamlne, and phosphate; its solubility in lipid solvents such as chloroform
indicated the presence of fatty acids; and the two hexoses present, glucose and
galactose, are alao commonly found In the polysaccharide portion of the LP6 molecule.
Absent from the preparation was the heptose monosaccharide. The absence of the core
could indicate that this pseudomonad may only produce an incomplete US. Another
possibility is that the proper concentration of cations were not present during the
extraction to hold the core portion intact. The organism does, however, possess a
type of llpopolysaccharide molecule.
INDEX TERMS: Marine bacteria, Lipids, Sands, Lipopolysaccharldes, Upld A,
Pseudomonads.
AMIC-10075
"THE EFFECT OF THKROXINE AOT) TRIIODOTHYROMINE ON BACTERIAL GROWTH", Garber, K.,
Lupovitz-Donenfeld, B,, Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 19, Ho. 11, November
1973, PP 11*01-11*05.
The effects of L-thyroxine, D-thyroxine, and 3,5,3'-trliodothyronine on the
growth of several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was examined. The first
two compounds, at a concentration of 0.000077 M, were found to have a considerable
inhibitory effect while 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine had a very weak effect on the growth
of the Gram-positive bacteria examined. The growth of the Gram-negative bacteria was
not Inhibited under the same conditions. Potassium Iodide, at the sane concentration,
was not inhibitory. Release of free iodine from the thyroxlne preparation was also
excluded as contributing to the thyroxlne effect because it was shown to be less
toxic than thyroxlne for Bacillus cereus 569 and to exhibit a similar Inhibitory
effect on Oram-posltlve and Gram~negative bacteria. The inhibition of Gram-positive
bacteria by L-thyroxlne was reduced by cations such as Mn(2 plus), Fe(2 plus), and
Ca(2 plus). However, the hormones were more potent In their effect compared to EDTA
in the same molar concentration and the Inhibition exerted by them was not so easily
abolished by the divalent cations as It was In the case of EDTA. Although chelatlon
could contribute to the inhibition of the bacteria by the iodinated hormones, it seems
that It IB not the only factor involved.
INDEX TERMS: E. coll, Growth rates, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Streptococcus, Cultures,
Blolndieators, Iron, Calcium, Chelation, Thyroxlne, Triiodothyronine, EDTA,
Hormones, Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, Bacterial physiology.
AMIC-10063
"METHOD FOR ROUTINE CULTURING OF STRICT ANAEROBIC BACTERIA", van Wyk, L., Laboratory
Practice, Vol. 22, No. 11, November 1973, P 68 J.
Routine culturlng of marine anaerobes is accomplished by adding b ml
anaerobic medium to McCartney bottles previously gassed with a C02, R2, and H2
mixture. The tightly stoppered bottles are sterilized at 121 C for 15 minutes and
cooled in a slanted position. The bottles are then filled with a sterile semisolid
agar containing 0.15 g washed agar, 0.0001 g reazurin, 2.5 ml reducing solution, and
100 ml distilled water. This agar together with rubber-lined metal caps, protects the
slant culture from air, and the indicator shows if the medium becomes too oxidised to
permit growth of the anaerobes. Inoculation of the slants can be carried out with a
platinum loop In a stream of sterile COS without air ever coming Into direct contact
with the grown medium. By this method cultures of anaerobic bacteria from eheep
nmen were effortlessly maintained. After Initial Incubation at 38 C for 1*8 hr,
cultures were stored at 4 C for 60 d, whereupon transfers were successfully made to
fresh anaerobic slants. Slides for gran stains were easily prepared frcm these slant
cultures. Since the preparation of media ig time consuming, a large number of McCartney
bottle* may be simultaneously prepared as described and stored at I* C until required
without marked changes In the medium taking place.
IKDEX TERMS: Anaerobic bacteria. Cultures, Incubation, Agars, Reazurin, Inoculation,
Slant cultures, Sample preservation, Culture media, Sample preparation,
AMIC-10077
"DEGRADATION OF PARATHION BY BACTERIA ISOLATED FRCM FLOODED SOIL", Slddaramappa, R.,
Rajaram, K. P., Sethunathan, N., Applied Microbiology, Vol. 26, No. 6, December 1973,
pp 846-81*9.
Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas ep. were Isolated from parathlon-amended
flooded alluvial soil which had demonstrated parBthion-hydrolyzlng ability. When
Pseudomonas was Incubated with 50 micrograms of parathion, 19 raicrograms of
p-nitropnenol was recovered within U h of incubation as the hydrolysis product. After
20 h parathion was completely destroyed and no p-nitrophenol could be detected. When
Pseudomonas was grown in a N2-free medium with p-nitrophenol ae the sole carbon source,
nitrite-nitrogen was released in proportion to the amount of p-nitrophenol degraded.
Bacillus sp. wa* incubated as above with 166 micrograms of p-nitrophenol being
metabolized, releasing U3 micrograms of nitrite. The bacterium failed to metabolize
intact parathion to yield either nitrite or p-nitrophenol.
IKDEX TERMS: Alluvium, Microblal degradation, Pbeudomonas, Soil bacteria, Metabolism,
Phosphothioate pesticides, Hitrltes, Isolation, Parathion, Bacillus, Fate of
pollutants, Chemical recovery, p-Nitrophenol, Metabolites, Degradation products.
-------
3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-10078
"UREAEE ACTIVITY OF EKTCTOBACTERIACEAE: WHICH MEDIUM TO CH006B", Vuye, A.,
Pi.lck, J., Applied Microbiology, Vol. 26, Ho. 6, December 1973, pp 850-85!*.
Detection and intensity of ureaue activity In enterobaeteriaceae greatly
varies as a function of the media or techniques used, or both. A comparative
investigation on several solid and liquid media led to the following conclusion*. (1)
Detection of Proteus spp. can be adequately performed with the highly selective solid
medium described by Cook (191*8), as veil as with the different liquid media described
(Stuart standard and rapid media; Elek medium). (2) Detection of Klebslella Should be
based upon urease production on solid media with low buffer capacity (Christensen,
196k), (3) For the identification of Yersioig, either the solid Christensen ure* agar
or the rapid Elek technique gives optimal results. (Reprinted from Applied
Microbiology, Vol. 26, Ko. 6, December 1973, pp 850-85!*. Copyright 1973 by the
American Society for Microbiology. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TEEMS: Pollutant Identification, Enteric bacteria. Culture media, Urease,
Biosynthesis, selective media. Biochemical characteristics. Enzyme activity,
Solid media, Liquid media.
AMIC-lOOSl
"RECOVERY AHD IDENTIFICATION OF ANAEROBES: A SYSTEM SUITABLE FOR 1BE ROUTINE
CLINICAL LABORATORY", EUner, P. D., Oranato, P. A., May, C. B., Applied
Microbiology, Vol. 26, Ko. 6, December 1973, pp 90U-913.
A system is described in which clinical specimens to be cultured for
anaerobes are plated on reducible media and incubated in Gas Pak Jars for 2** h.
Clinical specimens were carefully selected for culture using this system. Generally
those specimens originating from body sites harboring normal commensal flora were not
cultured. Several experimental formulations of the prereduced anaeroblcally sterilized
(PRAS) transport media were compared with Amies transport medium without charcoal.
Using Clostridiaa novyi B, no significant advantage was observed with the experimental
media over Amies medium. Selective and nonselectlve formulations of reducible media
were used for primary Isolation. The isolates were identified according to the Oran
stain of the pure chopped meat glucose (CM3) culture In combination with gas-llquld
chromatography. Pure, undiluted 2**-h CM} culture was used to inoculate anaerobic blood
agar (anBAP) for antibiotic susceptibility testing. Antibiotic disks of penicillin,
ampleillin, carbenlcillln, chloramphenlcol, tetracycline, erythromycln and cllndaamycln
were used. The methods have been tested In a high-volume routine microbiology
laboratory (more than 700 specimens per day), but are also suitable for smaller
laboratories. The system permits improved recovery and Identification of the majority
of anaerobes within a time period commensurate with clinical practice. Preliminary
reports with presumptive identification are often available within l»8 h, and the final
report with complete identification and antiblogran is usually available within 1* days.
AMIC-10079
"METHOD FOR RADIORBSPIROMETRIC DETECTION OF BACTERIA IN PURE CULTURE AND IK BLOOD",
Schrot, J. R., Hess, W. C., Levin, G. V., Applied Microbiology, Vol. 86, »o. 6,
December 1973, pp 867-873.
Methods are described for the detection of low nuribers of bacteria by
monitoring C-lUo2 evolved from C-lU-labeled substrates. Cell suspensions are filtered
with membrane filters, and the filter is then moistened with 0.1 ml of labeled medium
in a small, closed apparatus. Evolved C-lUo2 is collected with Ba(OH)2-molstened
filter pads and assayed with conventional radioactivity counting equipment. The
kinetics of C-11*02 evolution are shown for several species of bacteria. Fewer than 100
colony-forming unite of most species tested were detected In 2 h or less. Bacteria
were inoculated Into blood and the mixture was treated to lyse the blood cells. The
suspension was filtered and the filter was placed In a small volume of labeled medium.
The evolved C-1UO2 was trapped and counted. A key development In the methodology was
finding that an aqueous solution of Rhozyme and Triton X-100 produced lysis of blood
but was not detrimental to bacteria. (Reprinted from Applied Microbiology, Vol. 26,
So. 6, December 1973, pp 867-873. Copyrlgnt 1973 by the American Bocleiy for
Microbiology. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Methodology, Bacteria, Pollutant Identification, Radioactivity techniques,
Testing procedures, Laboratory tests. Laboratory equipment, Carbon radioisotopes.
Pure cultures, Blood, Radiorespirometry, Trace levels, Carton dioxide evolution,
Culture media.
1*2
AMIC-lOOBl (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Anaerobic bacteria, Pathogenic bacteria, Pollutant identification,
Isolation, Methodology, Laboratory tests, Antibiotics (pesticides), Culture media,
Culturlng techniques, Recovery, Selective media. Gas liquid chromatography,
Gram-negative bacteria.
-------
3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-10082
"SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF BACTERIAL COLONIES", Afrikian, E.. 0., St.
G., Bulla, L. A., Jr., Applied Microbiology, Vol. 26, No. 6, December 1973,
93^-937.
Julian,
pp
A technique is described for observing bacterial colony growth. Bacillus
cereus, B. subtllis, and B. cereus var. mycoldes were grown on stripe of dialysis '
membrane layered on nutrient agar. Mlcrocolonles of the organisms on strip* were
fixed In Formalin vapor In situ; the strips then were removed from the agar and secured
to scanning microscope specimen stubs without markedly disturbing the cellular
arrangement . Scanning electron micrographs clearly depict morphology of individual
cells, as well as the spatial orientation of cells within the colony. This technique
Is reproducible, adaptable, and simple. (Reprinted from Applied Microbiology, Vol. 26,
Mo. 6, December 1973, PF 93^-937. Copyright 1973 by the American Socieiy for
Microbiology. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Pollutant identification, Cytologlcal studies, Methodology, Scanning
electron microscopy. Bacterial colonies, Reproduclbility, Sample preparation,
Cul taring techniques,
AMIC.10083 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Enteric bacteria, Farm wastes. Hogs, Aerobic conditions, Temperature,
hydrogen ion concentration. Oxidation-reduction potential, Environmental effects.
Survival, Windrow composting, Bacterial populations, Thermophillc condition*.
Fecal streptococci, Cellulolytlc microorganisms, Fecal conforms, Mesophlllc
mocroorgani sms, Enterococ c1.
AMIC -10083
"POPULATION CHANGES IK ENTERIC BACTERIA AHD OTHER MICROORGANISMS DURING AEROBIC
THERMOPHILIC WINDROW COMPOSTING", Savage, J., Chase, T., Jr., Maemillan, J. D.,
Applied Microbiology, Vol. 26, Mo. 6, December 1973, PP 969-97U.
Composting of wastes from swine feeding operations was studied. The effects
of the frequency of turning the wastes and addition of strav to improve the physical
structure was studied to determine the most effective technique to rapidly increase
the temperature and, consequently, destroy conforms and Salmonella. Four different
treatments were studied; the results showed that, with addition of 5 percent (wt-wt)
straw and mechanical turning of the compost 20 times per week, the temperature reached
60 C within 3 days and enteric bacteria were destroyed within lU days. The possibility
of survival of pathogens at the cool surface of a windrow operation, however, has not
been dlsproven. The results obtained Indicate clearly a marked decrease in conforms,
•almonellae, and enterococci during the thermophilic stage of composting. For •«H«MT
sanitary safety, the thermophilic stage of composting should be reached as soon as
possible. A succession of mlcroblal populations was observed during the composting
process. The bacteria Increased in number before the temperature of the windrows rose
and then declined, whereas cellulolytic organisms and actlncaycetes in general
increased in the thermophilic stage. Presumably, the mesophlllc bacteria rapidly
attack the more readily available organic constituents, resulting in a temperature
increase. The Increased temperature favors toe cellulolytic organisms, and the
mesophlllc bacteria largely disappear. The aetinomycetes appeared in the final stage
to such an extent that the surfaces of the compost piles were white or gray. These
organisms are known to play a role In the hutlflcation of organic natter, which result*
In m stabilised product.
AMIC-10085
"MULTIPURPOSE MEDIUM FOR USE WITH PSEDDOMOKAE SK£IES", Rosentnal, S. L.,
Applied Microbiology, Vol. 26, No. b, December 1973, pp 1013-lOlU.
A medium consisting of the following can be used to detect starch hydrolysis,
gelatlnase production, and denitrlfication by pseudomonads: yeast extract (Dlfco) 5 g;
KK03, 5 «; K2HPOU, 1 g; gelatin, U g; soluble starch, 2 g; agar (Difco), 15 g water,
1,000 ml. Fifty-eight Pseudomonas strains were grown on the mediun. The identity of
P. aeruglnosa was confirmed by the presence of the characteristic odor and pigments
and by the possession of acetamlde deaminase. The requirement for methlonlne as a
growth factor served as a confirmatory test for P. aaltophllia. The remaining species
were identified by a battery of Ik single carbon~source assimilation tests. All
strains grew rapidly and well on the medium. Forty-nine Aclnetobacter strains were
also tried. All grew well aerobically and had either positive or negative tests for
gelatinase. None grew anaerobically.
INDEX TERMS: Pseudomonas, Pollutant identification, Testing procedures, Denltrlflcatlon
Hydrolysis, Culture media, Biochemical characteristics. Chemical composition,
Substrate utilization, Gelatinase, Starch.
See ilsot Category S, AMIC-9718, 9882, 9fl2"».
-------
4. METHODS AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
AMIC-100^6
'"HIE ESTIMATION OF RELATIVE POTENCY FROM TWO PARABOLAS IK SYMMETRIC BICASSAYE",
Williams, D. A., Biometrics. Vol. 29, No. 1*, December 1973, PP 695-700.
Three estimators of relative potency from two parabolas in symmetric
bioassays, the estimator proposed by Elston (1965), the maximum likelihood (ML)
estimator, and the usual estimator assuming linearity, are compared. The results
of a simulation study indicate that in well designed assays Elston's estimator performs
at least as well as the other two estimators, whether or not the log-dose response
regression is linear.
INDKX TERMS,: Estimating, Statistical methods, Equations, Symmetric bloassay,
Relative potency, Mean square error, Parabolas.
AMTC-10071
"BAYKSIAN ANALYSIS OF A BIVARIATE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION WI3H INCOMPLETE OBSEWATICM6",
Mehta, J. S., Swamy, P. A. V. B., Journal of the American Statistical Association.
Vol. 68, Mo. 3^, December 1973, pp 982-927.
A specific problem of making inferences about the difference of the means In
a bivarlate normal population i» considered when the sample has some missing values
corresponding to one or both variables. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the
effects of extra observations from the populations ofxsublandxsubSontfae overall
inferences about the difference of the means. A Eayesian solution to the problem is
offered. One advantage of the Bayeelan approach is that the nuisance parameters can
be eliminated by straightforward integration. The effects of extra observations from
the populations of x sub 1 and x sub 2 on the overall inferences about the difference of
the means can be evaluated by analysing the marginal posterior distribution of the
difference of the means vhlch incorporates a proper allowance for the roles of the
nuisance parameters in the model.
INDEX TERMS: Statistical methods, Average, Distribution, Bayesian analysis,
Bivariate normal population, Inferences.
AMIC-10058
"MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION FOR MIXTURES OF TWO NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS",
Dick, H. F., Bowden, D. C., Biometrics, Vol. 28, No. V, December 1973, PP 781-790.
This paper is primarily concerned with estimation of the parameters mu 1,
rho 1 squared, mu 2, rho 2 squared, and p in the mixture of two normal distributions
when independent sample information is available from one of the populations. Die
solution to the maximum likelihood (ML) equations was obtained using Newton's
iterative method. Some Interesting results for the moment estimates were obtained for
the case when independent sample observations are available from one population.
Extensive Monte Carlo simulation was employed to obtain the sample variances of the
estimates as well as the estimated asymptotic variances. The variances of the
estimates are Influenced by the separation of the two means with respect to the
variances, the mixture proportion (p), and, of course, the size of the sample. When
the number of observations is small and the means are not well separated, the sample
variance of the estimates can be as much as three tines greater than the estimated
asymptotic variances, The problem motivating this research originated in fisheries
where it was necessary to estimate the average lengths of the two separate plants of
fish after one year, the population variances of the lengths, and the mixture
proportion using the entire sample.
INDEX TERMBi Distribution, Probability, Monte Carlo method, Average, Fisheries,
Variance, Hessian matrix, Normal distribution.
AMIC-10073
"APPROXIMATING DISCRETE DISTRIBUTIOHS, WITH APPLICATIONS", Ookhale, D. V.,
Journal of the American Statistical Association. Vol. 68, No. 3^k, December 1973,
pp 1009-1012.
This article presents a generalized procedure of finding the discrete
distribution which minimizes, subject to a set of linear constraints on the
probabilities, the 'discrimination information1 with respect to a given probability
distribution. A convergent iterative algorithm is modified to serve this purpose.
Many applications are discussed including analyses of contingency tables and some
discrete analogues of the one-sample and several-samples problem. A test for the
validity of the imposed constraints le provided by a test-statistic distributed
asymptotically like a chi square.
INDEX TERMS: Statistical methods, Probability, Analog models, Algorithms,
Discrimination information, Probability distribution, Contingency tables.
See also! Category 1, AMIC-9970.
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5. INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT
AMIC-8667
"SPECIAL REPORT: SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORIES ARE TAKING OVER DATA-STORAGE APPLICATIONS",
Riley, W. B., Electronics, Vol. 1*6, No. 16, August 2, 1973, pp 75-90.
Semiconductor memories are finding wide application in computer, controller,
and calculator design. This paper provides a general review of the current status of
semiconductors discussing what is available, who is using the equipment, sow criteria
for selecting equipment, some problems that have been encountered, and sons of the
benefits from the new semiconductor technology. There are 06 different tares of
semiconductors, divided into two classes in any of four different and Independent
ways. The divisions are dynamic and static cirucits, bipolar and MOS technology,
read-write and read-only memories and random-access and serial-access memories. Not
all 16 types are, however, purchasable or even practical.
INDEX TERMS: Data storage and retrieval, Computers, Semiconductors, Controllers,
Calculators, Memory (computers).
AMIC-92l*5
"MASS AMD CHAR3E TRANSFER KINETICS AND COULOMETRIC CURRENT EFFICIENCIES. PART VII.
CONDITIONAL POTENTIALS, AND SIGNLE-SCAN VOLTAMMETRY OP PURE VANADIUM(V) - VANADIUM(IV)
SYSTEMS IN VARIOUS MEDIA AT PLATINUM ELECTRODES PRE-TREATED BY FIVE METHODS", Bishop,
E., Hitchcock, P. H., Analyst, Vol. 98, No. 1169, August 1973, PP 553-562.
The limited previous work on vanadium is reviewed. Five methods of
electrode pre-treatment have been selected and are described. The variation of the
conditional potential of the vanadlum(V) - vanadiura(VI) system with hydrogen-ion
concentration is reported. The experimental work is complicated by isopolymerlzatlon
reactions, of which, at least one Is klnetically slow. The voltammetrlc reduction of
vanadium(V) In saturated potassium sulphate - acetate buffer at pH U.O Is examined:
the benefit of shifting solvent reaction potentials to more negative potentials is
nullified by the direct reduction of un-ionized acetic acid. A similar examination is
made in a medium of 0.00001 M sulphuric acid and in one of 2.0 M sulphuric acid.
Possible adsorption effects are canvassed. The complex behaviour at Intermediate
hydrogen-ion concentrations is discussed, with Illustrations drawn from a sulphuric
acid medium of pH 2.0. The anodic oxidation of vanadiura(IV) is briefly examined. It
le concluded that the electrochemical behaviour of the vanadium system is strongly
dependent on hydrogen-ion concentration and on the electrode pre-treatment. The
electrode can be chemically oxidized In va.nadium(v) solutions. The mechanism Is a
one-step one-electron process, jjo evidence could be found for reduction below the
plus U oxidation state at platinum. Vanadlum(IV) cannot be oxidized without sever*
loss of current efficiency, nor reduced to vanadlum(lll) at platinum electrodes.
AMIC-9072
"ROTATING RING-DISK ELECTRODE STUDY OF THE ADSORPTION OF LEAD OH GOLD IN 0.5M POTASSIUM
CHLORIDE", Vicente, V. A., Bruckenstein, S., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 12,
October 1973, pp 2036-20^3.
The underpotential deposition of Fb(0) on gold occurred at 0 V greater than
E sub D greater than minus 0.6 V (aCE) using cyclic voltanmetry at a rotating gold
ring-disk electrode. A complete monolayer of Pb atoms on gold Is equivalent at U20
microC/geometric sq cm or about SkJ microC/real sq cm. Bulk Pb(0) deposition does
not occur until this amount of charge has been consumed. The monolayer of
underpotential Pb(0) yields three peaks upon anodic stripping. Further, adsorption of
Pb(II) on gold occurs during the catholic disk potential scan and begins at about
plus 0.6 V. From ring collection data, about 20 percent of a monolayer equivalent
remains absorbed at the disk as a lead(Il) species during the anodic disk potential
scan. Complete desorptlon occurs just before the potential for the dissolution of gold
(£ sub D equivalent or equal to plus 0.7 V) in the chloride medium. (Reprinted from
Analytical Chemistry. Vol. 1*5, No. 12, October 1973, pp 2036-201*3. Copyright 1971* by
the American Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Adsorption, Lead, Electrochemistry, Zeta potential, Rotating ring-disk
electrodes, Gold electrodes, Cyclic voltammetry, Anodic stripping voltoaMtry,
Chemical concentration, Chemical Interference.
AMIC-92U5 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Kinetics, Chemical reactions, Hydrogen ion concentration, Electrochemistry
Electrolytes, Vanadium, Mass transfer, Charge transfer, Single scan voltamnetry,
Platinum electrodes, Coulonetric currents, Pretreatmsnt methods, Electrochemical
reactions.
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5. INSTRUMENT DBVBLOPMENT
AMIC-92U6
"MASS AND CHARGE TRANSFER KINETICS AND COULOMETRIC CURRENT EFFICIENCIES. PART VIII.
SINGLE-SCAN VOLTAMMSTRY OF VANADIUM(V) - VANADIUM(IV) IN THE PRESENCE Of CHROMIUM,
MANGANESE AND IRON, AND THE KINETIC PARAMETERS OF THE VANADIUM SYSTEM, AT PLATIHUM
ELECTRODEJ PRE-TREATED BY FIVE METHODS", Bishop, E., Hitchcock, P. H., Analyst,
Vol. 90, No. 1169, August 1973, PP 563-571.
Continuing the earlier examination of the vanadium system alone, under
various conditions and with various electrode pre-treatments, the effect of
neighbouring steel-forming d-block elements has been Investigated. ChromiumfVI) at
pH k.O suppresses the vanadium(V) reduction wave, and the degree of suppression Is
quantitatively proportional to the chromium(VI) concentration. Activated electrodes
are deactivated by dipping them In a chromium(VI) solution, and remain so even when
well washed thereafter, so that chromium(VI) as well as chromium(HI) Is absorbed
strongly on platinum. In 2.0 M sulphuric acid, chromiura(VI) and vanadium(V) are
reduced at the same rate. Manganese(VII) in acetate buffer gives a fast, well
separated wave, but the separation Is not as good In 2.0 M sulphuric acid; slowing the
vanadlum(V) reduction by using an oxidized electrode effects no Improvement; the
manganese wave Is similarly affected. Addition of chromlum(VI) to the manganese -
vanadium mixture at pH 4 suppresses the manganese wave only slightly, even when the
vanadium wave Is completely suppressed. In 2.0 M sulphuric acid, the manganese wave is
undlstorted and chromium and vanadium are simultaneously reduced. Iron(III) In 2.0 M
sulphuric acid does not Interfere, but the separation of the vanadium and iron waves
is not good. Iron(II) can, however, act as a potentlostatlc Intermediate. The
kinetic parameters of the vanadium system are reproducible In acetate buffer, but only
when the electrode is fouled in 2.0 M sulphuric acid. Pattern theory and
AHlC-96o6
"UTILIZATION OF REMOTE SENSING IN RIVER BASIN STUDIES", Link, L. E., Shindala, A.,
Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 9, Ho. 5, October 1973, PP 901-907.
Remote sensing techniques have the potential for significantly reducing the
level of effort in a river basin water quality study. An immediate requirement exists,
however, for the formulation of the proper methodology for the application of remote
sensing to this problem area. A general methodology Is proposed for conduct of river
basin water quality studies. The primary advantage offered by the proposed methodology
is a technique for rapid evaluation of the water quality conditions of a river basin.
Remote sensing techniques are a fundamental part of the methodology. The proposed
methodology consists of two phases. Phase I deals with the study of the water
resource characteristics of the basin as a sytem and Identification of 'critical areas.'
Phase II of the methodology Involves the detailed study of the critical areas by means
of computerized water quality simulation models.
INDEX TERMS: Remote sensing, Water quality, Methodology, Model studies, River basins,
Telemetry, Hydrologic data, Properties, Aerial photography, On-site data
collections. Stream channels, Site selection.
AMIC-92U6 (Continued)
Card 2/2
diffusion-corrected Lewaxtovd.cz methods give results that agree. The charge-transfer
kinetic parameters are shown to be potential dependent in acidic media. The results a
compared with those in earlier reports. The generation current efficiency for
vanadlum(IV) in acetate buffer was computed.
INDEX TERMS: Kinetics, Heavy metals, Cations, Electrolytes, Platinum electrodes,
Single scan voltanmetry, Charge transfer, Mass transfer, Vanadium, Ionic ..
interference, Pretreatment methods, Coulometrlc currents.
AKEC-9890
"A DIRECT COMPARISON OF SATELLITE AND AIRCRAFT INFRARED (ID MICROMETERS-12 MICROMETERS)
REMOTE MEASURaEHTS OF SURFACE TEMPERATURE", Platt, C. M. R., Troup, A. J., Remote
Sensing of environment. Vol. 2, No. U, 1973, pp 21+3-21*7.
Nimbus IV Satellite THIR (10 micrometers.12 micrometers) sea surface
temperature data for a, region off the NE coast of Australia were compared with data
taken over the sane region and period with a radiometer detecting in the same special
interval flown aboard a DC 3 aircraft at altitudes ranging from the surface to 3 to.
When the aircraft ascended from the surface to above the tradewlnd Inversion, the
apparent sea surface temperature decreased by 2.6 C, on average. An empirical formula
for the water vapour absorption coefficient, which Included a component proportional
to the water vapour pressure, was used successfully to account for the apparent
temperature decrease. From above the inversion, the aircraft radiometer sea surface
temperatures were slightly greater than the Nimbus IV Thlr sea surface temperatures.
This discrepancy was accounted for by residual water vapour between the inversion and
the the tropopause, nadir angles of viewing from Nimbus IV, and the slight mismatch
between the spectral filters of the two instruments.
IHDEX TERMS: Remote sensing, Measurement, Hater temperature, Sea water, Satellites
(artificial), Aircraft, Surface waters, Comparative data.
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5. INSTROMBNT DEVELOPMENT
"MINICOMPUTERS' rtOLE IN MONITORING", Epler, R. J., Environmental Science and
Technology, Vol. 8, No. 1, January 197U, pp 28-30. ~
Many analytical techniques suitable for use In pollutant monitoring lend
themselves to use with computers: X-ray fluorescence, microwave spectroacopy., and
nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr). Other instrumentation, too, can be used effectively
in conjunction with computers. Much of the instrumentation used to monitor pollution
can be tied to a computer through appropriate Interfacing. Suppose a system is needed
to monitor the following parameters In surface water, temperature, pH, electrical
conductivity, dissolved oxygen, oxidation-reduction potential, and chloride content. To
analyze these parameters in detail, and particularly to interrelate them, would be a
difficult task liable to human error. A computer system could be developed that would
perform all of these operations easily, and at the sane time, present a total picture.
The minicomputer Is a key to such a system because It is small, inexpensive, and
tolerant of a wide variety of environmental conditions. As an example, the PDP-8/F
minicomputer is used aj the central element of the system. Each instrument used in the
system, such as a pH meter or a conductivity meter, produces an electrical signal that
Is proportional to the parameter being measured. For the computer to use these signals,
two things are necessary: First, the hardware must convert the signals into a form that
the computer con use, and second, correct programing must be used. To convert analog
signals into digital form, a converter (ADC) is used, aided by instrumentation-grade
analog amplifiers, If necessary. Such a system In a laboratory lends Itself to other
types of instrumentation, such as gas chromatography, spectrophotmetry, and infrared and
ultraviolet spectrometry.
AKZC-9942
"POTEBTIOMETER RECORDERS'
1973, PP 62-71.
» Measurements and Data, Vol. 7, Ho. 6, November/December
Null-balance recorders are servo-operated devices generally refereed to as
•potentiometers.' The advantages of the null-balance potentiometer are (1) high
sensitivity, down to microvolt signals, and (2) independence of lead length. Nearly
all process and test variables can be measured In terms of microvolt or millivolt
electric signals, and ofter must be measured at large distance from the point of
recording. The potentiometer recorder meets these needs. Further, the potentiometer
can be used with minor modifications as a null-balancing bridge-input recorder, which
is basically a resistance (or Inductance or capacitance) measuring device. A
departure from standard servo recorder design is the 'Speed Servo' with a response
speed faster than potentiometer recorders which use servomotors, geartrains and cable
or cord pen drive. In the 'Speed Servo' strings, pulleys, belts, gears and rotary
servomotor are replaced by a servomotor whose armature operates back and forth like
a shuttle. This armature features drive coil allowed to slide freely along the pole
piece in a magnetic field (produced by the permanent magnet). Current In the drive
coll horizontally. Specifications (channels, FS response, conments, and prices) are
given for potentiometers from 69 different suppliers.
INDEX TERMS: Potentiometers, Resistivity, Specifications, Electronic equipment.
Recorders, Servomotors. * *^ '
AMIC-99UO (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Digital computers, Data processing, Monitoring, Water pollution. Water
quality, Pollutant identification, Automation, X-ray fluorescence, Nuclear
magnetic resonance, Instrumentation, Thermal pollution. Radioactive wastes,
Minicomputers.
AMIC-9958
"INVESTIGATION OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE RESPONSE TIME OF A CALCIUM SELECTIVE
LIQUID MEMBRANE ELECTRODE", Fleet, B., Ryan, T. H., Brand, M. J. D., Analytical
Chemistry, Vol. U6, No. 1, January 197U, pp 12-15.
Measurements on the response time of a Calcium Selective Liquid Membrane
Electrode are reported and a new parameter t sub 95 is proposed as being a more
representative measure of electrode performance than the more widely used t sub 1/2.
The former value is of more importance in assessing the performance of an electrode
in real analytical situations. The effect of various interfering ionic species on the
response time of the electrode is Investigated and ions tested have been divided into
three groups according to their effect on the response time. An interpretation of
this division is proposed on the basis of the kinetics of the reaction of the
interferent ion with the membrane site species and conventional selectivity ratios.
It has been shown that a calcium liquid membrane electrode responds rapidly and
reproduclbly to step changes In calcium Ion activity, with response time of the order
of a few seconds. Also interfering Ions can have a marked effect on the electrode
response time and this cannot ej.ways be predicted from a knowledge of the selectivity
constant. Where the selectivity constant Is very small, It may be assumed that no
effect on response time will be observed. For interfering Ions with moderate to large
selectivity constsjits, an Increase In electrode response time will be observed when the
kinetics of the Interferent ion reactions become rate limiting.
TERMS: Effects, Calcium, Cations, .Selectivity, Liquid membrane electrodes,
Calcium electrodes, Ionic interference. Response time. Data interpretation.
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5. INSTRUMSKT DEVELOPMBBT
AMIC-100JU
"JUHFACTAtrr-JELECTIVE ELECTRODK3. P/iRT I. AN IMPROVED LIQUID ION-EXCHANGER",
Birch, B. J., Clarke, D. B., Analytlea Chlmica Acta, Vol. 67, No 2, December 1973,
PP 387-393.
An Improved electrode selective to the dodecylsulphate anion is described,
which has no apparent effect on micellar properties. Electrodes selective to a
variety of surfactant types have been prepared and the manufacture of electrodes
specific to single alkyl chain length surfactants is discussed. An example is given
of their use in the study of the precipitation of commercial surfactants.
INDEX TEiWS: Fabrication, Solubility, Dodecylsulfate electrodes, Anionlc surfactants,
Jurfactant selective electrodes, Liquid ion exchanger, Ionic Interference,
sulfatea.
AKtC-10065
"DIGITAL CONTROL ALGORITHMS. PART III. TORINO PI AHD PID COHTHOLLERS" , Chill, K.-C.,
Corripto, A. B., Smith, C. L., Instruments and Control Systems, Vol. 1*6. No. 12,
December 1973, pp ~~~" -
Cannon practive in the process industries is to use th» discrete equivalent
of the three-mode proportlonal-plus-lntegral-plua-derivative (PID) controller for
digital feedback loops. A number of uni
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