EPA-650/2-75-038
April 1975
Environmental Protection Technology Series
II
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EPA-650/2-75-038
POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS EMISSIONS
FROM THE EXTRACTION AND PROCESSING
OF COAL AND OIL
by
G. Cavanaugh, C. E. Burklm. and J. C. Dickerson
Radian Corporation
and
H. E. Lebowitz. S S. Tarn,
G. R. Smithson, Jr., H. Nack , and J. H Oxley
Battelle, Columbus Laboratories
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201
Contract No. 68-02-1323. Task 30
ROAP No. 21AFH-025
Program Element No. 1AB015
EPA Project Officer: Irvin A. Jefcoat
Control Systems Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
April 1975
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EPA REVIEW NOTICE
This report has been reviewed by the National Environmental Research
Center - Research Triangle Park, Office of Research and Development,
EPA, and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the
contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental
Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial
products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, have'been grouped into series. These broad
categories were established to facilitate further development and applica-
tion of environmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was
consciously planned to foster technology transfer and maximum interface
in related fields. These series are:
1. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH
2. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY
3. ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH
4. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
5. SOCIOECONOM1C ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
6. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT REPORTS
9. MISCELLANEOUS
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
TECHNOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to
develop and demonstrate instrumentation, equipment and methodology
to repair or prevent environmental degradation from point and non-
point sources of pollution. This work provides the new or improved
technology required for the control and treatment of pollution sources
to meet environmental quality standards.
This document is available to the public for sale through the National
Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
Publication No. EPA-650/2-75-038
11
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ABSTRACT
In this task, a list of specifically identified, poten-
tially hazardous materials which may be associated with the air,
water, and solid waste from a refinery, a coke plant, a Lurgi-high-
Btu gas process, and the solvent refined coal process was compiled.
This task was completed essentially in one month in order to provide
information to EPA for future program planning. Thus, the list of the
potentially hazardous emission sources and their components were
developed with the best engineering judgment and from the readily
available published documents.
Fugitive losses were identified as the major source of
emissions in the refinery. The compositions of the fugitive emissions
are difficult to quantify. Among the four assessed coal and oil
processes, coking is the most offensive one. Coal gasification is
likely to produce equally dangerous materials as the coke plant, but
they will probably be somewhat more contained than coke oven emis-
sion. The environmental impact of coal liquefaction is not well
defined. However, the liquefaction products will probably be more
hazardous than crude oil products, and their refining and utilization
will be worse offenders than the corresponding petroleum operations.
This study indicated that available documents were not
adequate to develop accurately a list of potentially hazardous
emissions from these processes. A detailed assessment of the pro-
cesses, field sampling, and analysis are needed to identify the
potentially hazardous emissions.
iii
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CONTENTS
Page
Abstract ........................
List of Figures ....................... v
List of Tables ...................... vi
Acknowledgments ....................... vii
Sections
I Executive Summary .................. 1
Introduction ................ 1
Objective ................. 1
Approach .................. 2
Conclusions and Recommendations ...... A
II Methodology ..................... 5
III Discussion of Results ................ 10
Petroleum Process Module .......... 10
Conclusions .............. 11
Conventional Coal Process Module ...... 62
Conclusions .............. 62
Advanced Coal Process Module ........ 84
Conclusions .............. 87
Recommendations .............. 109
IV Summary of Results .................. Ill
V Appendixes ...................... 120
iv
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FIGURES
No. Page
3-1 Field Separation 13
3-2 Natural Gas Processing 14
3-3 Refinery-Crude Separation 15
3-4 Refinery-Light Hydrocarbon Processing 16
3-5 Refinery-Intermediate Hydrocarbon Processing 1?
3-6 Refinery-Heavy Hydrocarbons Processing 18
3-7 Coal Preparation 64
3-8 Conventional Coal Process Module 65
3-9 Liquefaction Process Module 85
3-10 Gasification Process Module 86
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TABLES
No._ lage
2-1 The Modular Classification for Potentially
Hazardous Materials Proposed by EPA 7
2-2 Summary of the Toxicity Scales for Air and Water
Pollutants 9
3-1 List of Process Modules in the Petroleum Process
Flow sheets 19
3-2 Process Stream Classification 21
3-3 Potentially Hazardous Emissions from the Identified
Streams and Processes (Petroleum) 25
3-4 Potential for Fugitive Emissions from Petroleum
Process Submodules
3-5 Process Modules of Coal Usage (Conventional) 66
3-6 Process Stream Classification (Conventional Coal) ... 67
3-7 Potentially Hazardous Emissions from Classified Streams
and Processes (Conventional Coal) 68
3-8 Potential for Fugitive Emissions from Conventional
Coal Process Module 83
3-9 Process Modules of Coal Usage (Advanced) ....... 88
3-10 Process Stream Classification (Advanced Coal) ..... 89
3-11 Potentially Hazardous Emissions from Classified
Streams and Processes (Advanced Coal) ........ 91
3-12 Potential for Fugitive Emissions from Advanced
Coal Process Module ................. 107
4-1 Potentially Hazardous Chemical Classes in Classified
Streams of Petroleum Process Module ......... 112
4-2 Potentially Hazardous Chemical Classes in the
Classified Streams of Conventional Coal
Process Modules ...................
4-3 Potentially Hazardous Chemical Classes in the
Classified Streams of Advanced Coal Process Modules . 115
4-4 List of Potentially Hazardous Chemicals ........ 116
vi
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of
Dr. Irvin A. Jefcoat, Task Officer, under whose guidance this
program was carried out. We also wish to thank Mr. Paul Spaite who
is the coordinator of this joint project of Battelle's Columbus
Laboratories and Radian Corporation.
We are also indebted to Dr. G. A. Lutz of Battelle's
Columbus Laboratories and Professor L. R. Babcock, Jr. of
University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60680 for their comments
on this report.
vii
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SECTION I
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
The U.S. is in the process of making substantial increases
in its domestic capability for extraction and processing of crude oil
and coal to produce useful fuel products. Quantities to be dealt
with at specific sites will greatly exceed those now handled; in
addition, new potentially "dirty" processes are to be employed,
especially in the case of coal. The products and emissions from
present day systems involving thermal and catalytic processing of
fossil fuels are known to contain potentially harmful substances. The
potential harmful impact from certain processes which may be employed
in the immediate future is well established in that the streams con-
tain known carcinogenic materials. On the other hand, little is known
about whether the emissions, which can be anticipated, are in fact
economically controllable to levels which will permit elimination of
all potential environmental threat. This study is a first step in
development of specific information on potentially harmful emissions
from fossil fuel processes. It was designed to provide information
needed to plan programs necessary for full definition of problems
which we need to anticipate in future energy programs.
OBJECTIVE
It was intended that the study should develop a list of
specifically identified, potentially hazardous materials which might
be associated with the air, water, and solid waste from processes used
to separate coal or crude oil into useful products. It was agreed that
the list should be developed in the shortest possible time and that
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materials readily available to EPA and the contractors would serve as
a data base. Best engineering judgment was to be applied in develop-
ment of the first specific recommendations for materials to be con-
sidered in future environmental assessment programs concerned with
advanced processing of fossil fuels.
APPROACH
Because the project was to be essentially complete in 2-3
weeks, a two-pronged approach was developed. Battelie-Columbus was
commissioned to collect information on materials known to be poten-
tially hazardous to human health and identify those which might be
associated with emissions from processes extracting useful fuels from
crude oil and coal. Radian Corporation was commissioned to identify
present-day processes which might be expected to produce potentially
hazardous materials and develop an approach to identify specific
emissions which should be anticipated. After an initial phase in
which the two organizations completed preliminary studies a meeting to
develop a detailed plan for completion of the project was held. The
overall program decided upon involved the following basic steps:
(1) The present-day processes utilizing crude oil and coal
were identified and classified. A modular approach was used to
divide the technologies concerned with extraction, processing, or
consumption of crude oil or coal into modular segments for purposes of
analyses of environmental impacts.
(2) After definition of process modules for analysis of
present-day emissions, all points of emission for air, water, and
solid waste (including fugitive emissions) were identified and
individual streams were assessed from the standpoint of specific
potentially hazardous emissions believed to be present. Where it
appeared that emission streams from various processes could, because
of their similar character, be combined for purposes of analysis, this
was done.
(3) A list of twenty-five classes of chemical species which
might be potentially toxic, carcinogenic, or otherwise potentially
hazardous was developed to provide a system for cataloging materials
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identified as potentially hazardous emissions. This list was provided
by EPA.
(4) A system for classification of pollutants according to
what is known about their potential for harmful impact was defined.
Three classes of pollutants were defined; Status 1 included all
materials which were known to be present, and known to be potentially
hazardous. This class included carcinogenic compounds present in any
amount and toxic substances present in concentrations exceeding the
TLV. The TLV is the list of threshold limit values of airborne con-
taminants published by the American Conference of Governmental and
Industrial Hygienists (A-10). Status 2 pollutants were those known to
be present and suspected to be potentially hazardous. This status
was mainly comprised of toxic materials known to be present in
emission streams but in undefined concentration. Status 3 pollutants
were those potentially harmful materials which from indirect analysis
of process conditions were suspected to be present in emission streams
in concentrations exceeding the TLV. Suspected emission of carcino-
genic material was placed in this class.
(5) A data sheet was developed for each process emission
stream and, after assessment of all available information on poten-
tially hazardous emissions, all were classified as Status 1, 2, or 3
and identified both by class of compound and specific compounds.
(6) After identification of all compounds and chemical
classes of compounds present, or suspected present in potentially
hazardous emissions from present-day processes, an assessment was made
of the degree to which the emissions would be representative of those
which could be anticipated from future fossil fuel technologies.
(7) Recommendations for future action were developed.
These recommendations and conclusions on which they are based are
discussed briefly in the following section. Additional background is
incorporated in Section IIIDiscussion of Results.
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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
(1) Over 200 compounds (or classes of compounds) have been
tentatively identified as potentially hazardous emissions from
processes which presently extract commercial fuels from coal and oil.
There is evidence to suggest that these and similar materials may be
emitted by processes which will be employed to meet future energy
needs.
(2) These potentially hazardous emissions have been associ-
ated with about 50 present-day processes which should be considered as
candidates for comprehensive testing to confirm and quantify levels of
emissions for potentially hazardous materials. The first requirement
for a test program will be development of a sampling and analytical
strategy which can be integrated with the methodology that has been
developed for the assessment of emissions expected to be present.
(3) The present exercise to tentatively assess potentially
hazardous emissions from processing of oil and gas has developed a data
base for planning near-term activities. Also it has resulted in
demonstration of a methodology which can and should be utilized to
further refine the list of materials which will be used for general
assessment of energy processes.
(4) The linking of emissions associated with present-day
processes with potential impacts from advanced energy systems was made
by making time-limited comparisons of present and projected energy
technologies. There is little question that potential for hazardous
emissions will be similar for present and projected processes in a
qualitative sense, e.g., coke ovens are known to be serious sources of
carcinogenic materials. The planned processes involving liquefaction
employ similar technology, and could have similar impacts if proper
precautions are not taken. The difficulty of control for massive
plants of the future, and the likelihood of serious environmental impact,
should be the subject of further assessment. Proposed processes would
be better evaluated in light of what we know or can determine now about
the toxic nature of materials such as residual oils, coal tars,
asphalt, which now are being handled in refineries, coke plants, and
the like.
4
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SECTION II
METHODOLOGY
A modular approach was employed to identify the potentially
hazardous emissions. The extraction and processing of crude oil and
coal were put into three classes of process flow sheets, namely,
petroleum, conventional coal, and advanced coal process flow sheets.
A complete description of each type of process flow sheet and the
identification of the potentially hazardous emission sources will be
presented in the next sectionDiscussion of Results. The basic
approach and the definitions of toxicity will be outlined in this
section.
A list of 25 potentially hazardous chemical emission classes
was provided by EPA as characteristic of the materials processed in
the modules being investigated. This list is shown in Table 2-1.
Under many of these classes are listed examples of specific potentially
hazardous components. There are also some potentially hazardous
chemicals involved which can be classified into more than one of the
25 classes. It is felt that the classes suggested generally include
most of the components currently considered hazardous and provide a
consistent pattern to categorize the components.
Every potentially hazardous chemical was assessed for its
importance, its physical state, and its concentration in the specific
process stream. Some of this information was obtained from the
published literature, by material balances on the process module, and
by engineering estimate. Three classes of status were set up and they
were intended to demonstrate the relative standings of the potentially
hazardous materials.
Status 1Known to be present, known to be
hazardous
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Status 2Known to be present, suspected of being
hazardous
Status 3Suspected of being present, known to be
hazardous.
For known carcinogens, presence alone qualified them in a Status 1
category. For toxic chemicals, presence in concentrations that appear
to be potentially hazardous at the point of contact was required before
a Status 1 was assigned. When toxic chemicals fell into Status 2,
their emissions were usually determined by material balance on the
module or from published literature. However, in most instances, the
quantities of these chemicals which can cause harmful effects are not
well defined. The toxic chemicals in Status 2 may also indicate that
their toxic properties are uncertain. Status 3 was assigned to the
toxic chemicals whose emission levels in the process stream was
possible but uncertain either because of their physical properties,
such as solubility, vapor pressure, etc., or because of the lack of in-
formation on existing commercial processes. However, the toxic effects
of these chemicals have been studied or reported in published literature.
An attempt has been made to compare the toxicities of the
potentially hazardous chemicals. There are two scales (T and C) for
the potentially hazardous air pollutants and one for hazardous water
pollutants (W). The first scale for air (T) is based on the allowable
emission limits from the TLV list. The second scale (C) is basically
for carcinogenic materials in air. This scale is only applied to the
materials whose carcinogenic effects have been tested in animals. In
many cases, the chemicals are put into this category because of the
similarities of their chemical structures with those of the known
carcinogens. There is only one collective scale (W) for the water
pollutants. The units on this scale are the Lethal Dose Fifty, LD5Q»
and the threshold limit of the corresponding pollutant. The Lethal
Dose Fifty is defined as the calculated dose of a chemical substance
which is expected to cause the death of 50 percent of the entire
population of an experimental animal species, as determined from the
exposure to the substance, by any route other than inhalation, of a
significant number from the population. The designation numbers of
these three scales are summarized in Table 2-2.
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Table 2-1. THE MODULAR CLASSIFICATION FOR POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS PROPOSED BY EPA
1. Acids and Anhydrides
Aliphatic (maleic anhydride)
Aromatic (benzoic acid)
Inorganic (sulfuric acid)
2. Alcohols
3. Amines
Ammonia
Aliphatic
Aromatic (anilines,
naphthylamines)
4. Inorganic Salts
5. Carbonyl Compounds
Aldehydes
Ketones (phenylvinyl
ketone)
6. Combustion Gases
(SOX, NOX> CO, etc.)
7. Epoxides
(styrene oxide, 1,2-
epoxyhexadecane)
8. Ethers
(o>Chloroalkyl ethers)
9. Halocarbons
(Freons, CC1,, CHC1 , etc.)
10. Heterocyclic (monocyclic)
Imino Heterocyclic
(aziridines, ethyleneimine)
Oxa (furan)
Pyridines
Pyrroles
Thiophene
11. Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic (saturated)
Olefins
Aromatics (monocyclic-
benzene, toluene, xylene)
12. Hydroperoxides
Cyclohexene Hydroperoxide
13. Lactones
(3-propiolactone,
butyrolactone, para-
sorb ic acid, vinylene
carbonate)
14. Nitre Compounds
(PAN, methylethyl
nitrites)
15. Nitrosamines
(dimethyInitrosamine)
16. Ozonides
17. Peroxides
(Lauroyl peroxide)
18. Phenols
19. Polychlorinated Polynuclear
(polychlorobiphenyl,
polychlorotripheny1,
polychlorodibenzylfuran,
polychlorodibenzo-p-
dioxin)
20. Polynuclear
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
(pyrenes, anthracene,
chrysene)
Aza arenes (acradene)
Imino Arenes (carbazole)
Oxa Arenes (dibenzofuran)
Ring-carbonyl Arenes
(anthraquinone)
Thio Arenes (dibenzo-
thiophene)
21. Sulfur Compounds
H_S, Mercaptans
Sulfates (diethyl sulfate,
ethylene sulfate)
Sulfides
Sulfites
Sulfonates (ethyImethane
sulfonate)
Sultones (propane sultone)
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TABLE 2-1 (continued). PROPOSED CLASSIFICATIONS FOR POTENTIALLY
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS FROM FUELS
22. Trace Elements
Metals
Nonmetals
23. Organometallics
24. Fine Participates
25. Cyanides
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Table 2-2. SUMMARY OF THE TOXICITY SCALES FOR AIR AND WATER POLLUTANTS
Designation _ Description --
T-0 Emission limit in TLV < 1
T-l 1 mg/M3 ^ Emission limit in TLV < 10 rag/M^
T-2 Emission limit in TLV > 10 ing AT
C-l Identified primary procarcinogen (in humans)
C-2 Definite high tumor -promo ting effect in animal tests
C-3 Evidence of tumor -promoting effect in animal tests
C-4 Suspected procarcinogen by structure
W-0 LD < 50 mg/Kg, Threshold limit < 1 ppm
W-l 50 < LD5Q ^ 5000 mg/Kg, 1 < Threshold limit < 1000 ppm
W-2 LD >5000 mg/Kg, Threshold limit >1000 ppm
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SECTION III
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
PETROLEUM PROCESS MODULES
The first step of the approach to analyze the potentially
hazardous emission from the extraction and processing of crude oil was
to identify the representative major operations. All operations were
described in terms of process "modules". These identified operations
were grouped into six process flow sheets. These process flow sheets
and the flow of materials through them are shown in Figures 3-1 to 3-6.
A list of 42 modules is shown in Table 3-1.
The second step of the approach was to identify and to assess
all potentially hazardous emission streams by one or a combination of
the following steps:
(1) Information from published literature
(2) Material balance on the process module
(3) Experience in similar existing commercial operations
(4) Prediction through group discussion.
Emissions streams which were essentially the same were classified for
further detailed analysis. The 25 classes of emission streams which
cover all the potentially hazardous emission from petroleum operations
are shown in Table 3-2.
For the detailed assessment, all published information on
emission stream composition was sought and the emissions which might be
expected on the basis of process conditions were estimated. The
potentially hazardous chemicals were identified and assigned status
numbers as described in the previous section. Some identified
chemicals were assigned toxicity numbers whenever sufficient
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information was available. The definitions of these toxicity numbers
have been discussed in the previous section. In this detailed assess-
ment, each of the 25 compound classes (Table 2-1) was considered for
each stream. A data sheet was made up for the results of the detailed
assessment of every identified emission stream from the modules. The
data sheets of all the emission streams as described in Table 3-2 are
shown in Table 3-3. Table 3-4 summarizes the assessment of the fugitive
emission streams. Fugitive losses are by far the largest source of
emissions from petroleum processing. They are also difficult to quantify.
Each process module was assessed on the basis of the operating
pressure and temperature, concentration of potentially hazardous
volatiles, corrosiveness, and general housekeeping. The extent of fugitive
losses will vary with respect to these factors. However, it is difficult
to quantify the degree of dependence. The classification and rating were
made essentially by engineering judgment.
A fact sheet was made for each module from which potentially
hazardous emissions would be expected. These fact sheets are included
in Appendix A.
Conclusions
On the basis of a 3-week assessment of process flowsheets and
modules, streams, and chemicals encountered in the petroleum industry, the
classifications of process streams and modules concerning their
potential for emitting hazardous chemicals were made.
(1) Among the process streams known to contain known hazard-
ous components are Glaus plant tailgas, catalyst regeneration off gas from
catalytic reformers, catalytic hydrocrackers, HDS units, and moving bed
catalytic crackers. Off gases from fluid cokers, asphalt air blowing,
decoking, and oil-fired process heaters are also in the known/known
category.
(2) Literature information on specific carcinogens in
refinery process streams was sparse, although specific published data
on polynuclears [benzo(a)pyrene and others] indicate these to be known
hazards in catalytic cracker regeneration off gas and asphalt blowing
streams.
11
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(3) The process streams with the greatest number of
compounds in the known/known, known/suspected, and suspected/known
categories were moving bed catalyst regeneration, fluid coker off
gas, asphalt air blowing, spent acid sludge, and brine water streams.
Sour aqueous condensates, cooling water systems, and fugitive
emissions come from all parts of the refinery and thus contain many of
the suspected categories.
(4) Potentially hazardous fugitive emissions were judged
to be the most likely from gas and oil wells and field separation
units, visbreakers, cokers, and lube oil processing units. Waste-
water systems (open sewers) and oil-fired heaters were also considered
high potential emitters. Process modules judged to have medium to
high hazardous fugitive losses are acid gas removal, sulfur recovery,
atmospheric distillation, catalytic crackers, lube oil HDS, and asphalt
blowing.
(5) It is generally difficult to characterize fugitive
losses as to chemical class or specific component. These should be
similar in nature to the fluids being processed in the module rather
than that of a specific stream leaving the module. The matrix entries
therefore indicate that all potentially hazardous emissions are only
suspected of being present in the fugitive losses, but that all such
hazardous chemicals previously mentioned in connection with stream
classes could be present.
(6) There was no evidence that epoxides, hydroperoxides,
nitro compounds, ozonides, peroxides, ana polychlorinated polynuclears
are among the components to be classified on any level.
(7) The 25 chemical classes suggested by EPA appear to be
representative of the hazardous chemicals that might be found in petroleum
streams.
12
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U>
CRUDE SEPARATION!
- *|
FIGURE 3-1. FIELD SEPARATION
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c
FROM FIELD
SEPARATION
C
FROM FIELD
SEPARATION
UTILITY STEM
TO SALES
DISPOSAL
TO SALES
HTO SALES "I -,
OR REFINERY J "
FIGURE 3-2. NATURAL GAS PROCESSING
TO SALES
OR REFIHERY.
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_T TO MOOLC
"LplSTILUTI mOSSIK
h-o
FIGURE 3-3. REFINERY - CRUDE SEPARATION
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ON
FIGURE 3-4. REFINERY-LIGHT HYDROCARBON
PROCESSING
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FIGURE 3-5. REFINERY-INTERMEDIATE
HYDROCARBON PROCESSING
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oo
FIGURE 3-6. REFINERY - HEAVY HYDROCARBONS PROCESSING
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Table 3-1. LIST OF PROCESS MODULES IN THE PETROLEUM PROCESS FLOW SHEETS
Module Name
1 Gas Well
2 Oil Well
3 Field Separations (a, b, and c)
4 Condensate Storage and Loading
5 Crude Storage (field)
6 Acid Gas Removal (field)
7 Sulfur Recovery (field)
8 Dehydration
9 Gas Separation
10 Low Pressure Gas (LPG) Storage and Loading
11 Gasoline Storage and Loading
12 Crude Storage (refinery)
13 Desalting
14 Atmospheric Distillation
15 Acid Gas Removal (refinery)
16 Sulfur Recovery (refinery)
17 Gas Processing
18 Vacuum Distillation
19 Hydrogen Production
20 Polymerization
21 Alkylation
22 Isomerization
23 Naphtha Hydrodesulfurization (HDS)
24 Catalytic Reforming
25 Light Hydrocarbon Storage and Blending
26 Chemical Sweetening
27 Kerosene HDS
28 Gas Oil HDS
29 Fluid Bed Catalytic Cracker
30 Moving Bed Catalytic Cracker
31 Catalytic Hydrocracker
32 Intermediate Hydrocarbon Storage and
Blending
19
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Table 3-1 (continued). LIST OF PROCESS MODULES IN THE
PETROLEUM PROCESS FLOW SHEETS
Module Name
33 Lube Oil HDS
34 Deasphalting
35 Residual Oil HDS
36 Visbreaking
37 Coking
38 Steam Boiler
39 Lube Oil Processing
40 Asphalt Blowing
41 Heavy Hydrocarbon Storage and Blending
42 Oil/Gas Well
20
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Table 3-2. PROCESS STREAM CIASSIFICATION
A. Brine Water Systems
Module
Number Unit Name
3 Field Separations
4 Condensate Storage and Loading
5 Crude Storage (Field)
12 Crude Storage (Refinery)
13 Desalting
B. Sour Aqueous Condensates
14 Atmospheric Distillation
18 Vacuum Distillation
27 Kerosene HDS
28 Gas Oil HDS
29 Fluid Bed Catalytic Cracker
30 Moving Bed Catalytic Cracker
31 Catalytic Hydrocracking
33 Lube Oil HDS
34 Deasphalting
35 Residual Oil HDS
36 Visbreaking
37 Coking
39 Lube Oil Processing
C. Acid Gas Solvent Regeneration
6 Acid Gas Removal (Field)
15 Acid Gas Removal (Refinery)
D. Glaus Plant Tail Gas
7 Sulfur Recovery (Field)
16 Sulfur Recovery (Refinery)
E. Fixed-Bed Catalyst Regeneration (Group I)
20 Polymerization
22 Isomerization
21
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Table 3-2 (continued). PROCESS STREAM CIASSIFICATION
F. Fixed-Bed Catalyst Regeneration (Group II)
Module
Number Unit Name
24 Catalytic Reforming
G Fixed-Bed Catalyst Regeneration (Group III)
23 Naphtha HDS
27 Kerosene HDS
28 Gas Oil HDS
31 Catalytic Hydrocracking
33 Lube Oil HDS
35 Residual Oil HDS
39 Lube Oil Processing (Clay)
H. Fixed-Bed Catalyst Regeneration (Group IV)
26 Chemical Sweetening
I. Moving-Bed Catalyst Regeneration
29 Fluidized-Bed Catalytic Cracker
30 Moving-Bed Catalytic Cracker
J. Barometric Condenser Off Gas
18 Vacuum Distillation
36 Visbreaking
K. Fluid Coker Off Gas
37 Coking
L. Asphalt Air Blowing
40 Asphalt Blowing
M. Spent Acid Sludge
39 Lube Oil Processing
N. Decoking
36 Visbreaking
0. Oil-Fired Process Heaters
3b^and pield Separation
14 Atmospheric Distillation
18 Vacuum Distillation
19 Hydrogen Production
-_
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Table 3-2 (continued). PROCESS STREAM CLASSIFICATION
0. Oil-Fired Process Heaters (continued)
Module
Number Unit Name
20 Polymerization
21 Alkylation
22 Isomerization
23 Naphtha HDS
24 Catalytic Reforming
27 Kerosene HDS
28 Gas Oil HDS
29 Fluid Bed Catalytic Cracker
30 Moving Bed Catalytic Cracker
31 Catalytic Hydrocracking
33 Lube Oil HDS
34 Deasphalting
35 Residual Oil HDS
36 Visbreaking
37 Coking
39 Lube Oil Processing
40 Asphalt Blowing
P. Cooling Water Systems
Cooling Towers
Q. Storage and Blending (Group I)
4 Condensate Storage and Loading
5 Crude Storage (Field)
6 Crude Storage (Refinery)
R. Storage and Blending (Group II)
25 Light Hydrocarbons Storage and Blending
32 Intermediate Hydrocarbon Storage and
Blending
S. Storage and Blending (Group III)
41 Heavy Hydrocarbon Storage and Blending
T. Fugitive Sources
Total Petroleum Industry
23
-------
Table 3-2 (continued). PROCESS STREAM CIASSIFICATION
U. Flares
V. API Grit Chambers
W. Biological Sludges
X. Spent Catalysts
24
-------
Table 3-3. POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS EMISSIONS FROM THE IDENTIFIED STREAMS AND PROCESSES
(A) Brine Water Systems
ro
Chemical Potentially Present
Emission
Status Class
Known Present/ 13. Lactones
Known Hazardous
Known Present/ 1. Acids and
Suspected Hazardous Anhydrides
4. Inorganic Salts
5. Carbonyl Compounds
10. Heterocyclic
11. Hydrocarbons
18. Phenols
21. Sulfur Compounds
Specific
Components
Maleic Anhydride
Benzole Acid
Chlorides
Ketones
Aldehydes
Pyridines
Pyrroles
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
Phenol
Dimethyl Phenol
Cresol
Sulfides
Sulfites
Sulfonates
Su If ones
Mercaptans
Phase Toxicity Reference
Aqueous C-l, 2, 3
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous W-2 A-8
Aqueous
Aqueous W-l A-8
Aqueous W-l A-8
Aqueous W-l A-8
Aqueous W-l A-5, 7
Aqueous W-l A-5, 7
Aqueous W-l/C-3 A-5
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
-------
Table 3-3 (Continued). (A) Brine Water Systems
ISJ
Chemical Potentially Present
Status
Suspected Present/
Known Hazardous
Emission
Class
10. Heterocyclic
20. Polynuclear
21. Sulfur Compounds
22. Trace Elements
Specific
Components
Dibenzofuran
Qu inclines
Carbazoles
Anthracenes
Thiophenes
Vanadium
Nickel
Zinc
Lead
Phase
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Toxicity Reference
W-2 A-7, 8, 9
W-l A-8
23. Organometallics
Metalloporphyr ins
Aqueous
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (B) Sour Aqueous Condensates
ISJ
Chemical Potentially Present
Emission
Status Class
Known Present/ 1. Acid and Anhydride
Suspected Hazardous
2. Alcohols
3. Amines
5. Carbonyls
10. Heterocyclic
11. Hydrocarbons
18. Phenols
21. Sulfur Compounds
Specific
Components
Cresylic Acid
Maleic Acid
Alkyl Alcohols
Aromatic Alcohols
Ammonia
Aldehydes
Ke tones
Pyridines
Pyrroles
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
Cresols
Xylenols
Phenol s
Hydrogen Sulfide
Methyl Mercaptan
Sulfides
Sulfonates
Thiophenes
Phase
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Toxic ity
W-l
W-l
W-2
W-l
W-l
W-l
W-l
W-l
W-0
Reference
A-5
A-8
A-8
A-8
A-8
A-8
A-5
A-5, 7
A-5, 6, 7
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (B) Sour Aqueous Condensates
Status
Known Present/
Known Hazardous
Suspected Present/
Known Hazardous
Chemical Potentially Present
Emission Specific
Class Components
25. Cyanides*
20. Polynuclear**
22. Trace Elements
23. Or ganome tallies**
Phase Toxic ity Reference
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
* Predominate in effluent from catalytic cracking units.
** Predominate in deasphalting and lube oil processing unit effluents.
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (C) Acid Gas Solvent Regeneration
N)
\O
Chemical Potentially Present
Emission
Status Class
Known Present/ 1. Acids and
Suspected Hazardous Anhydrides
3. Amines
21. Sulfur Compounds
25. Cyanides
Specific
Components
Acetic
Formic
Maleic
Methylethylamine
Diethylamine
Carbon disulfide
Carbonyl sulfide
Methyl Mercaptan
Thiosulfide
Phase Toxicity Reference
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
* From refinery off gas treatment only.
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (D) Claus Plant Tail Gas
Chemical Potentially Present
Status
Known Present/
Known Hazardous
Known Present/
Suspected Hazardous
Suspected Present/
Emission
Class
21. Sulfur Compounds
3. Amines
6. Combustion Gases
24. Fine Particulates
25 . Cyanide
Specific
Components
Hydrogen Sulfide
Carbonyl Sulfide
Carbon Disulfide
Diethylamine
Methyl ethylamine
Ammonia
Carbon Monoxide
Sulfur Dioxide
Sulfur Particulates
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxicity
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-l
Reference
C-4
C-4
C-4
Known Hazardous
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (E) Fixed Bed Catalyst Regeneration (Group I)
Chemical Potentially Present
Status
Known Present/
Suspected Hazardous
Emission
Class
6. Combustion Gases
24. Fine Particulates
Specific
Components
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Compounds
Catalyst Fines
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxic ity
T-2
T-0
Reference
u>
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (F) Fixed Bed Catalyst Regeneration (Group II)
Chemical Potentially Present
Status
Known Present/
Known Hazardous
Known Present/
Suspected Hazardous
Suspected Present/
Emission
Class
21. Sulfur Compounds
6. Combustion Gases
11. Hydrocarbons
24. Fine Particulates
20. Polynuclear
Specific
Components
Hydrogen Sulfide
Carbonyl Sulfide
Carbon Monoxide
Sulfur Dioxide
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxic it y
T-2
T-l
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-2
Reference
C-4
C-4
A-2
Known Hazardous
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (G) Fixed Bed Catalyst Regeneration (Group III)
u>
UJ
Chemical Potentially Present
Status
Known Present/
Known Hazardous
Known Present/
Suspected Hazardous
Suspected Present/
Known Hazardous
Emission
Class
21. Sulfur Compounds
6. Combustion Gases
11. Hydrocarbons
22. Trace Elements
24. Fine Particulates
10. Heterocyclic
20. Polynuclear
23. Organometallics
Specific
Components
Hydrogen Sulfide
Carbonyl Sulfide
Carbon Bisulfide
Mercaptans
Carbon Monoxide
Sulfur Dioxide
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
Vanad ium
Nickel
Cobalt
Molybdenum
Catalyst
Coke
Nickel Carbonyl
Cobalt Carbonyl
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxic ity
T-2
T-0
T-l
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-0
T-0
T-l
T-0
Reference
C-4
C-4
C-4
A-2
A-4
C-l
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (H) Fixed Bed Catalyst Regeneration (Group IV)
Chemical Potentially Present
Emission
Status Class
Known Present/ 21. Sulfur Compounds
Suspected Hazardous
Specific
Components
Hydrogen Sulfide
Sulfides
Mercaptans
Phase
Gas and
Aqueous
Gas and
Aqueous
Gas and
Aqueous
Toxicity Reference
T-2/W-0 A-5, 6, 7
T-0
LO
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (I) Moving Bed Catalyst Regeneration
Chemical Potentially Present
Emission
Status Class
Known Present/ 20. Polynuclear
Known Hazardous
21. Sulfur Compounds
22. Trace Elements
24. Fine Particulates
Known Present/ 3. Amines
Suspected Hazardous
6. Combustion Gases
Specific
Components
Benzo(a)pyrene
Pyrene
Benzo(e)pyrene
Perylene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Coronene
Anthracene
Phenanthrene
Fluoranthene
Hydrogen Sulfide
Carbonyl Sulfide
Carbon Disulfide
Vanad ium
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Ammonia
Aromatic Amines
Sulfur Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxicity
T-l/C-1
T-O/C-3
T-l/C-2
T-l/C-4
C-4
T-l
T-O/C-4
T-O/C-4
T-2
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-l
T-0
T-2
T-2
T-l
Reference
A-l, D-4
A-l, D-4
A-l, D-4
A-l, D-4
A-l, D-4
A-l, D-4
A-l
C-4
C-4
C-4
C-l
C-l
C-l
C-l
C-6.D-4
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (I) Moving Bed Catalyst Regeneration
Chemical
Emission
Status Class
11. Hydrocarbons
18. Phenols
25. Cyanides
Suspected Present/ 5. Carbonyl Compounds
Known Hazardous
10. Heterocyclic
15. Nitrosamines
21. Sulfur Compounds
Potentially Present
Specific
Components
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
Phenol
Cresol
Aldehydes
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Pyridines
Pyrroles
Indoles
Thiophenes
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxicity
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-l
T-l
T-l
T-l
T-2
T-l
C-3
Reference
A-2
A-l
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (J) Barometric Condenser Off Gas
u>
Chemical Potentially Present
Emission
Status Class
Known Present/ 5. Carbonyl Compounds
Suspected Hazardous
10. Heterocyclic
1 1 . Hyd roca rbons
18. Phenols
21. Sulfur Compounds
Specific
Components
Aldehydes
Ketones
Pyrroles
Pyridines
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
Cresols
Xylenols
Phenol s
Hydrogen Sulfide
Methyl Mercaptan
Thiophenes
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxic ity Reference
T-l
T-l
T-2 A-2
T-2
T-2
T-l
T-l
T-l
T-2
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (K) Fluid Coker Off Gas
oo
Chemical Potentially Present
Status
Known Present/
Known Hazardous
Known Present/
Suspected Hazardous
Emission
Class
21. Sulfur Compounds
22. Trace Elements
24. Fine Particulates
3. Amines
6. Combustion Gases
11. Hydrocarbons
18. Phenols
23. Organometallics
25. Cyanides
Specific
Components
Hydrogen Sulfide
Mercaptans
Carbonyl Sulfide
Carbon Disulfide
Vanadium
Copper
Nickel
Zinc
Ammonia
Aromatic Amines
Sulfur Oxides
Carbon Monoxide
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
Phenol
Xylenol
Thiophenols
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxic ity
T-2
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-2
T-2
T-l
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-l
T-l
T-l
Reference
C-l
C-l
C-l
C-l
C-6.U-4
A-2
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (K) Fluid Coker Off Gas
UJ
Chemical Potentially Present
Emission
Status Class
Suspected Present/ 5. Carbonyl Compounds
Known Hazardous
10. Heterocyclic
13. Lactones
15. Nitrosamines
20. Polynuclear
Specific
Components
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Pyridines
Pyrroles
Indoles
Benzo(a)pyrene
Pyrene
Benzo(e)pyrene
Perylene
Coronene
Anthracene
Phenanthrene
Fluoranthene
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxic ity
T-l
T-2
T-l
T-l/C-1
T-O/C-3
T-l/C-2
T-l/C-4
T-l
T-O/C-4
T-O/C-4
C-4
Reference
A-l
A-l
A-l
A-l
A-l
A-l
A-l
A-l
21. Sulfur Compounds
Thiophenes
Gas
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (L) Asphalt Air Blowing
e-
o
Chemical Potentially Present
Emission Specific
Status Class Components
Known Present/ 10. Heterocyclic Pyrroles
Known Hazardous
Pyridines
Dibenzofuran
Furans
Quinolines
20. Polynuclear Carbazoles
Anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
21. Sulfur Compounds Dibenzo Thiophene
Thiophenes
Phase Toxicity
Aqueous T-l
and Gas
Aqueous T-l
and Gas
Aqueous T-l
and Gas
Aqueous
and Gas
Aqueous T-0
and Gas
Aqueous C-3
and Gas
Aqueous T-O/C-4
and Gas
Aqueous T-l/C-1
and Gas
Aqueous
and Gas
Aqueous T-2
and Gas
Reference
C-l, 5
C-l, 5
D-4
C-l, 5
C-l, 5
A-2, D-4
A-l, D-4
A-l, D-4
D-4
C-l, 5
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (L) Asphalt Air Blowing
Chemical Potentially Present
Emission Specific
Status Class Components
Known Present/ 1. Acids and Cresylic
Suspected Hazardous Anhydrides
Maleic
5. Carbonyl Compounds Aldehydes
Ketones
11. Hydrocarbons Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
18. Phenols Cresols
Xylenols
Phenol s
Phase Toxicity Reference
Aqueous
and Gas
Aqueous
and Gas
Aqueous
and Gas
Aqueous
and Gas
Aqueous W-l/T-2 A-2, 8
and Gas
Aqueous W-l/T-2 A-8
and Gas
Aqueous W-l/T-2 A-8
and Gas
Aqueous W-l/C-3/ A-5
and Gas T-l
Aqueous
and Gas
Aqueous W-l/T-1 A-5, 7
and Gas
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (L) Asphalt Air Blowing
Chemical Potentially Present
Emission Specific
Status Class Components
21. Sulfur Compounds Alkyl Sulfides
Sulfonates
22. Trace Elements Vanadium
Nickel
Zinc
Copper
Strontium
Barium
24. Fine Particulates
Suspected Present/ 13. Lac tones
Known Hazardous
23. Organometallics
Phase Toxicity Reference
Aqueous
and Gas
Aqueous
and Gas
Aqueous W-2/T-0
and Gas
Aqueous /T-0
and Gas
Aqueous /T-l
and Gas
Aqueous --/T-0
and Gas
Aqueous W-2/--
and Gas
Aqueous W-2/T-0
and Gas
Gas
Aqueous
and Gas
Aqueous
and Gas
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (M) Spent Acid Sludge
10
Chemical Potentially Present
Emission
Status Class
Known Present/ 1. Acids and
Suspected Hazardous Anhydrides
2. Alcohols
4. Inorganic Salts
5. Carbonyl Compounds
10. Heterocyclic
11 . Hydrocarbons
18. Phenols
21. Sulfur Compounds
Specific
Components
Sulfuric Acid
Sulfates
Aldehydes
Ketones
Pyridines
Pyrroles
Furan
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
Cresols
Xylenols
D imethy Iphenol
Sulfides
Sulfonates
Phase
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Toxic ity Reference
W-l A-8
W-l A-8
W-2 A-8
W-l A-8
W-l A-8
W-l A-8
W-l/C-3 A-5
23. Organometallics
Aqueous
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (M) Spent Acid Sludge
Status
Suspected Present/
Known Hazardous
Chemical
Emission
Class
13. Lactones
10. Heterocyclic
22. Trace Elements
Potentially Present
Specific
Components
Quinolines
Phase Toxic ity Reference
Aqueous
Aqueous W-l
Aqueous
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (N) Decoking
Ln
Chemical Potentially Present
Status
Known Present/
Known Hazardous
Known Present/
Suspected Hazardous
Suspected Present/
Emission
Class
21. Sulfur Compounds
6. Combustion Gases
11. Hydrocarbons
22. Trace Elements
24. Fine Particulates
20. Polynuclears
Specific
Components
Hydrogen Sulfide
Carbonyl Sulfide
Carbon Bisulfide
Methyl Mercaptans
Carbon Monoxide
Sulfur Dioxide
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
Vanadium
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Coke
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxic ity Reference
T-2
T-0
T-l
T-2
T-2 A-2
T-2
T-2
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-l
Known Hazardous
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (0) Oil Fired Process Heaters
Chemical Potentially Present
Status
Known Present/
Known Hazardous
Known Present/
Suspected Hazardous
Emission
Class
20. Polynuclear
24. Fine Particulates
5. Carbonyl Compounds
6. Combustion Gases
20. Polynuclear
22. Trace Elements
Specific
Components
Benzo (a) pyrene
Aldehydes
Sulfur Oxides
Nitrogen Oxides
Carbon Monoxide
Benzoperylene
Coronene
Anthracene
Phenanthene
Fluoranthene
Benzopyrenes
Vanadium
Nickel
Lead
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxic ity
T-l/C-1
T-0
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-l
T-l/C-4
T-l
T-O/C-4
T-O/C-4
C-4
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-0
Reference
A-l, D-4
D-4
A-l
A-l
A-l
A-l
A-4
Suspected Present/
Known Hazardous
10. Heterocyclic
Gas
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (P) Cooling Water System
Chemical
Emission
Status Class
Known Present/ 1. Acids and
Suspected Hazardous Anhydrides
4. Inorganic Salts
11. Hydrocarbons
18. Phenols
21. Sulfur Compounds
Potentially Present
Specific
Components
Sulfuric Acid
Chlorides
Chromates
Alkyl
Aromatic
Phenol
Sulfides
Sulfates
Phase Toxicity Reference
Aqueous W-l A-8
Aqueous
Aqueous
Gas and
Aqueous
Gas and
Aqueous
Aqueous W-l A-5, 7
Aqueous
Aqueous
Suspected Present/
Known Hazardous
1.
Acids and
Anhydrides
Sulfuric Acid
2. Alcohols
3. Amines
5. Carbonyl Compounds Aldehydes and
Ketones
Gas
Gas and
Aqueous
Gas and
Aqueous
Gas and
Aqueous
T-0
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (P) Cooling Water Systems
Status
Emission
Class
Chemical Potentially Present
Specific
Components
Phase
Toxicity
Reference
oo
Suspected Present/
Known Hazardous
8. Ethers
10. Heterocyclic
13. Lactones
15. Nitrosoamines
18. Phenols
20. Polynuclear
21. Sulfur Compounds
22. Trace Elements
23. Organometallics
25. Cyanides
Gas and
Aqueous
Gas and
Aqueous
Gas and
Aqueous
Gas and
Aqueous
Gas
Gas and
Aqueous
Gas
Gas and
Aqueous
Gas and
Aqueous
Gas and
Aqueous
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (Q) Storage and Blending (Group I)1
Chemical Potentially Present
Status
Known Present/
Suspected Hazardous
Emission
Class
5. Carbonyl Compounds
11. Hydrocarbons
21. Sulfur Compounds
Specific
Components
Aldehydes
Ketones
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
Hydrogen Sulfide
Mercaptans
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxic ity
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-0
Reference
A-2
* Aqueous streams covered on sheet A, brine water systems.
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (R) Storage and Blending (Group II)
Ul
o
Status
Known Present/
Suspected Hazardous
Suspected Present/
Chemical
Emission
Class
3. Amines
11. Hydrocarbons
18. Phenols
23. Or ganome tallies
Potentially Present
Specific
Components
Ammon ia
Aliphatic Amines
Aromatic Amines
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
Tetraethyl lead
Phase Toxicity Reference
Aqueous W-l A-5
Aqueous
Aqueous
Gas and T-2/W-1 A-2, 8
Aqueous
Gas and T-2/W-1 A-8
Aqueous
Gas and T-2/W-1 A-8
Aqueous
Aqueous W-l A-5, 7
Aqueous
Known Hazardous
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (S) Storage and Blending (Group III)
Chemical Potentially Present
Status
Known Present/
Suspected Hazardous
Suspected Present/
Known Hazardous
Emission
Class
1. Acids and Anhydrides
5. Carbonyl Compounds
11. Hydrocarbons
18. Phenols
21. Sulfur Compounds
22. Trace Elements
10. Heterocyclic
20. Polynuclear
Specific
Components
Aldehydes
Ketones
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
Sulfides
Sulfonates
Phase Toxicity Reference
Aqueous
Gas and
Aqueous
Gas and
Aqueous
Gas and T-2/W-1 A-2, 8
Aqueous
Gas and T-2/W-1 A-8
Aqueous
Gas and T-2/W-1 A-8
Aqueous
Aqueous W-l A-5, 7
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Gas and
Aqueous
Gas and
Aqueous
23. Organometallics
Aqueous
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (U) Flares
Chemical Potentially Present
Emission
Status Class
Known Present/ 3. Amines
Suspected Hazardous
5 . Carbonyl Compounds
6. Combustion Gases
11. Hydrocarbon
21. Sulfur Compounds
Specific
Components
Ammonia
Aldehydes
Carbon Monoxide
Sulfur Oxides
Nitrogen Oxides
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
Carbonyl Sulfide
Carbon Bisulfide
Mercaptans
Hydrogen Sulfide
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxic ity Reference
T-l
T-2
T-l
T-2 A-2
T-2
T-2
T-l
T-l
T-l
T-2
Suspected Present/
Known Hazardous
24. Fine Particulates
25. Cyanides
10. Heterocyclics
Carboniferous
Compounds
Pyridines
Pyrroles
Indoles
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
T-l
A-l
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (U) Flares
Chemical
Emission
Status Class
20. Polynuclear
Potentially Present
Specific
Components
Pyrenes
Perylenes
Anthracenes
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxic ity
T-O/C-3
T-l/C-4
T-O/C-4
Reference
A-l, 2,
A-l
A-l
3
21. Sulfur Compounds
Thiophenes
Gas
UJ
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (V) API Grit Chambers
Ln
Chemical Potentially Present
Emission
Status Class
Suspected Present/ 1. Acids and
Known Hazardous Anhydrides
2. Alcohols
3. Amines
4. Inorganic Salts
5. Carbonyl Compounds
10. Heterocyclics
11. Hydrocarbons
13. Lactones
15. Nitrosamines
Specific
Components
Cresylic
Maleic
Diethylamine
Methylethylamine
Aromatic Amines
Ketones
Aldehydes
Pyridines
Pyrroles
Indoles
Furans
Quinolines
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
Phase Toxic ity Reference
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (V) API Grit Chambers
in
Chemical Potentially Present
Emission Specific
Status Class Components
18. Phenols Cresols
Xylenols
Phenols
Thiophenols
20. Polynuclear Pyrenes
Perylenes
Anthracenes
Carbazoles
21. Sulfur Compounds Sulfides
Sulfites
Sulfonates
Sulfones
Mercaptans
Thiophenes
22. Trace Elements Vanadium
Nickel
Zinc
Copper
23. Organometallics Metalloporphyrins
25. Cyanides
Phase Toxic ity Reference
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (W) Biological Sludge
Chemical Potentially Present
Status
Suspected Present/
Known Hazardous
Emission
Class
22. Trace Elements
Specific
Components
Vanadium
Nickel
Zinc
Copper
Phase
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Toxicity Reference
23. Organometallics Solid
Ln
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (X) Spent Catalysts
t-n
Chemical Potentially Present
Status
Known Present/
Suspected Hazardous
Suspected Present/
Known Hazardous
Emission
Class
3. Amines
4. Inorganic Salts
5. Carbonyl Compounds
11 . Hydrocarbons
21. Sulfur Compounds
22. Trace Elements
10. Heterocyclic
Specific
Components
Aldehydes
Aromatic
Sulfides
Sulfites
Sulfonates
Sulfones
Mercaptans
Vanadium
Nickel
Zinc
Copper
Pyridines
Pyrroles
Indoles
Furans
Qu inclines
Phase Toxicity Reference
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
15. Nitrosatnines
Solid
-------
Table 3-3 (continued). (X) Spent Catalysts
Chemical
Emission
Status Class
20. Polynuclear
21. Sulfur Compounds
23. Organometallics
Potentially Present
Specific
Components
Pyrenes
Perylenes
Anthracenes
Carbazoles
Thiophenes
Metalloporphyrins
Phase Toxicity Reference
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Ln
00
-------
Table 3-4. POTENTIAL FOR FUGITIVE EMISSIONS FROM
PETROLEUM PROCESS SUBMODULES
Ln
SO
Module
No.
Process Name
Pressure
Temp.(b)
Potentially
Hazardous
Vo la tiles
Corrosive-
ness
General
House-
keeping
Potential For
Hazard ous
Fugitive
Emissions
I. PROCESSING EQUIPMENT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Gas Well
Oil Well
Field Separations
Condensate Storage & Loading
Crude Storage (field)
Acid Gas Removal (field)
Sulfur Recovery (field)
Dehydration
Gas Separation
LPG Storage & Loading
Gasoline Storage & Loading
Crude Storage (refinery)
Desalting
Atmospheric Distillation
Acid Gas Removal (refinery)
Sulfur Recovery (refinery)
Gas Processing
Vacuum Distillation
Hydrogen Production
Polymerization
A Iky la t ion
High
High
High
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Med.
Med.
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Med.
Low
High
High
Med.
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
High
Low-Med .
Low
Low
Low
Low
Med.
Med.
Low
High
Low
High
High
High
Low
High
High
High
Low
Med.
High
High
Low
Low
Low
Low
Med.
Low-Med .
High
High
High
Low
High
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Med.
Med.
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Med.
Med.
Med.
Los
Med.
Low
Med.
High
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Med.
Med.
Med.
Med.
Med.
Med.
Poor
Med.
Med.
Med.
Med:
Med.
Low-Med.
Good
Good
Good
High
High
High
Med.
Med.
Med. -High
Med . -High
Low
Low
Low
Med.
Med.
Low
High
Med . -High
Med . -High
Low
Med.
Low
Low
Low
-------
Table 3-4. (continued)
Module
No.
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
Isomerization
Naptha HDS
Catalytic Reforming
Light Hydrocarbon Storage
and Blending
Chemical Sweetening
Kerosene HDS
Gas Oil HDS
Fluid Bed Cat. Cracker
Moving Bed Cat. Cracker
Catalytic Hydrocracking
Int. HC Storage & Blending
Lube Oil HDS
Deasphalting
Resid. Oil HDS
Visbreaking
Coking
Steam Boiler
Lube Oil Processing
Asphalt Blowing
Heavy HC Storage & Blending
Gas/Oil Well
Pressure
High
High
Med.
Low
Low
High
High
Low
Low
High
Low
High
Low
High
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
High
Temp.
-------
Table 3-4. (continued)
Module
No. Process Name
II.
(a)
(b)
AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT
Wastewater Systems
Oil Fired Heaters
Sour Water Stripper
Low Med .
(PSIG) > 50 50-150
(°F) >150 150-300
Potentially
, . ... Hazardous
Pressure ^ ' Temp. l ' Volatiles
Low Low High
Low/High High High
Low Med. High
High
<150
<300
Corroslve-
ness
High
Low
High
General
House-
keeping
Poor
Poor
Med.
Potential For
Hazardous
Fugitive
Emissions
High
High
High
-------
CONVENTIONAL COAL PROCESS MODULE
The same approach to analyze the potentially hazardous
emission from the extraction and processing of crude oil was used to
analyze the potentially hazardous emission from coal mining and
processing. The identified operations were grouped into three process
flow sheets. These process flow sheets and the flow of materials
through them are shown in Figures 3-7 and 3-8. A list of 16 process
modules is also shown in Table 3-5.
The identification and the assessment of all the potentially
hazardous emission streams were conducted in a fashion similar to that
employed for the petroleum process modules. Seven classes of
emission streams were defined. They are listed in Table 3-6.
The data sheets of the emission streams were made with a
similar approach. The assessment of the emission streams was made
with the published information on emission stream compositions and
with the consideration of the process conditions. The data sheets
showing the results of the analysis of the emission streams, as
described in Table 3-6, are shown in Table 3-7.
The assessment of fugitive losses from each coal conventional
process module is summarized in Table 3-8. The fact sheets of some of
the modules from which potentially hazardous emissions are expected
are included in Appendix B.
Conclusions
(1) Among the conventional coal processes, coking is the
most offensive technology because of the high toxic materials emitted,
such as known carcinogens. Although the combustion of coal is the
cleanest process per unit of coal processed, it is probably the most
significant due to the massive tonnages involved.
(2) The coke oven and the coal tar storage areas have been
identified as the major sources of potentially hazardous emissions in
a coke plant. The potentially hazardous materials are emitted from the
62
-------
coke oven primarily during the charging, pushing, and coking
operations.
(3) Coke quenching and cooling is the major source of
fugitive loss in the coke plant.
(4) Some known carcinogens, such as benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene,
Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene and Dibenzo(a,g)fluorene have been identified
in the coal tar volatiles and in the atmosphere surrounding the coke
oven.
(5) The emission streams with the greatest numbers of
compounds in the known/known status are coke oven off gas and coke
quenching and cooling.
63
-------
Coal
extraction
Coal
Crushing and
Grinding
Froth
flotation
Thermal
drying
Coarse
coal
Gravity
separation
FIGURE 3-7. COAL PREPARATION
-------
Volatile collection
and cooling
\^
industrial
boilers
16
FIGURE 3-8. CONVENTIONAL COAL PROCESS MODULE
-------
Table 3-5. PROCESS MODULES OF COAL USAGE (CONVENTIONAL)
Module
Name
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Coal Extraction
Crushing and Grinding
Gravity Separation
Froth Flotation
Thermal Drying
Slot Type Coke Oven
Volatile Collection and Cooling
Tar Liquor Decantation
Ammonia Recovery
Pyridine Recovery
Phenol Recovery
Coke Quenching
Light Oil Recovery
Storage
Utility Boilers (Coal)
Industrial Boilers (Coal)
66
-------
Table 3-6. PROCESS STREAM CIASSIFICATION (CONVENTIONAL COAL)
(A) Coal Preparation
1. Coal Extraction
2. Crushing and Grinding
3. Gravity Separation
4. Froth Flotation
5. Thermal Drying
(B) Coke Oven Off Gas
6. Slot Type Coke Oven (including charging and
pushing)
(C) Quenching and Direct Cooling Operations
7. Volatile Collection and Cooling
8. Tar Liquor Decantation
12. Coke Quenching
(D) Boiler Off Gas
15. Utility Boiler (Coal)
16. Industrial Boiler (Coal)
(E) Storage and Blending (Group II)
14. Storage (Light Oil, Coal Tars)
(F) Ash
15. Utility Boiler (Coal)
16. Industrial Boiler (Coal)
(G) Fugitive Sources
Total Conventional Coal and Residual Oil Usage Module
67
-------
TABLE 3-7. POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS EMISSIONS FROM CLASSIFIED STREAMS AND PROCESSES
(CONVENTIONAL COAL)
(A) Coal Preparation
00
Status
Known Present/ 24.
Known Hazardous
Suspected Present/ 1.
Known Hazardous
22.
Chemicals
Emission
Class
Fine Particulates
Acid and
Anhydrides
Trace Elements
Potentially Present
Specific
Components
Respirable Coal Dust
Sulfuric Acid
Beryllium
Selenium
Arsenic
Lead
Cadmium
Phase
Gas
Aqueous
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Toxicity Reference
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-0
-------
Table 3-7 (continued). (B) Coke Oven Off-Gas
Status
Known Present/
Known Hazardous
Known Present/
Suspected Hazar-
dous
Chemica Is
Emission
Class
3. Amines
6. Combustion Gases
20. Polynuclear
23. Organome tallies
24. Fine Particulates
25. Cyanides
1. Acid & Anhydrides
3. Amines
Potentially Present
Specific
Components
01 + 3 Naphthyl amine
4-aminobiphenyl
Carbon monoxide
Pyrene
Chrysene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo (e ) pyrene
Dibenzo(a,h)-
anthracene
Dibenzo (a , g) f luorene
Nickel carbonyl
Tar
Soot
Hydrogen cyanide
Benzoic acid
Hydroxybenzoic acid
Hydrochloric acid
Ammonia
Aniline
Methylaniline
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxicity
C-l
C-l
T-l
T-O/C-3
T-O/C-3
T-l/C-1
T-l/C-2
T-l/C-1
T-l/C-1
T-O/C-1
C-l
C-2
T-l
T-l
T-l
T-l
T-2
C-3
T-l
Reference
A-2;B-1
B-l
A-1;B-1,3,4
A-1,2,3; B-l, 3
A-1;B-1,2,3,4
A-l; B-l, 3
A-l; B-l
A-l; B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
A-2; B-l
B-l
-------
Table 3-7 (continued). (B) Coke Oven Off-Gas
vj
o
Chemicals Potentially Present
Emission Specific
Status Class Components
5. Carbonyl Compounds Formaldehyde
Ace t aldehyde
Par aldehyde
20. Polynuclear Methylchrysene
Benzo(a)anthracene
Dime thy Ibenzanthracenes
21. Sulfur Compounds Methyl mercaptan
Ethyl mercaptan
22. Trace Elements Beryllium
Silver metals and
soluble compounds
Mercury
Vanadium
Lead
Cadmium
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Suspected Present/ 10. Heterocyclics Pyridine
Known Hazardous Alkyl pyridine
Phenyl pyridine
(Mono) Benzofurans
Quinoline
Alkyl quinoline
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxicity
T-l
T-2
T-2
T-l/C-3
T-l/C-3
T-l/C-2
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-2
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-l
T-l
T-l
T-2
T-0
T-0
Reference
B-l
B-l
B-l
A-1,2; B-l
A-1,2; B-l, 3
A-l; B-l
A-4; E-4
A-4; E-4
E-4, 5
A-4; E-4
A-4; E-4
E-4
A-4; E-4, 5
E-5
A-l; B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
-------
Table 3-7 (continued). (B) Coke Oven Off-Gas
Chemicals Potentially Present
Emission Specific
Status Class Components
Suspected Present/ 11. Hydrocarbons Aliphatics
Known Hazardous Olefins
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
Alkylbenzenes
18. Phenols Phenol
o,m,p-cresols
Phenyl phenol
Xylenols
Alkyl phenols
Alkyl cresols
20. Polynuclear Biphenyl
Naphthalene
Alkyl naphthalene
Phenyl naphthalene
Tetralin
Methyl tetralin
A ce na ph thy le ne
Acenaphthene
Fluorene
Anthracene
Alkyl anthracenes
Phenanthrenes
Alkyl phenanthrenes
Cor one ne
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxic ity
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-l
T-l
T-l
T-l
T-l
T-l
T-l/C-4
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-l/C-4
T-O/C-4
T-l/C-4
T-O/C-4
T-l/C-4
T-l
Reference
B-l
B-l
A-2; B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
A-l; B-l
A-l; B-l, 4
A-l; B-l
A-l; B-l
A-l
B-l, 3,4
-------
Table 3-7 (continued). (B) Coke Oven Off-Gas
Chemicals Potentially Present
Emission Specific
Status Class Components
Carbazole
Acrid ine
Benzocarbazoles
Aklylacridines
Benzo (a) anthrone
Perylene
21. Sulfur Compounds Hydrogen sulfide
Thiophenes
Methyl thiophene
Carbon disulfide
Carbonyl sulfide
22. Trace Elements Selenium
24. Fine Particulates Coke
Coal
25. Cyanides Ammonium cyanide
Naphthyl cyanide
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxicity
C-3
T-0
C-3
T-0
C-2
T-l/C-4
T-2
T-l
T-l
Reference
A-2;
A-l;
A-l;
A-2;
A-l;
E-5
B-l;
B-l;
A-4;
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-3
B-l, 3
E-5
E-5
E-4
-------
Table 3-7 (continued). (C) Quenching and Direct Cooling Operation
OJ
Chemicals Potentially Present
Status
Known Present/
Known Hazardous
Known Present/
Suspected Hazar-
dous
Emission
Class
3. Amines
6. Combustion Gases
18. Phenols
20. Polynuclear
23. Organomfe tallies
24. Fine Particulates
25. Cyanides
1. Acid and
Anhydrides
Specific
Components
a + p Nap thy 1 amine
4-aminobiphenyl
Carbon monoxide
Phenol
Pyrene
Chrysene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(e)pyrene
Dibenzo (a ,h) anthracene
Dibenzo (a , g ) t luor ene
Nickel carbonyl
Tar
Soot
Hydrogen cyanide
Benzoic acid
Hydroxybenzoic acid
Hydrochloric acid
Sulfuric acid
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Aqueous
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Aqueous
Toxic ity
C-l
C-l
T-l
W-l
T-O/C-3
T-O/C-3
T-l/C-1
T-l/C-2
T-l/C-1
T-l/C-1
T-O/C-1
C-l
C-2
T-l
T-l
T-l
T-l
W-l
Reference
A-2; B-l
B-l
A-5,7
A-1;B-1,3,4
A-1,2,3;B-1,3
A-1;B-1,2,3,4
A-l; B-l, 3
A-l; B-l
A-l; B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
A-8
-------
Table 3-7 (continued). (C) Quenching and Direct Cooling Operation
Chemicals
Emission
Status Class
3. Amines
Known Present/ 4. Inorganic Salts
Suspected Hazard-
ous 5. Carbonyl Compounds
10. Heterocyclics
11. Hydrocarbon
18. Phenols
20. Polynuclear
21. Sulfur Compounds
Potentially Present
Specific
Components
Ammonia
Aniline
Methylanilines
Ammonia
Ammonium sulfate
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Paraldehyde
Pyridine
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
o,m,p-Cresol
Methylchrysenes
Benzo(a)anthracene
Dime thy Ibenzanthracene
Methyl mercaptan
Ethyl mercaptan
Thiophenes
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Aqueous
Aqueous
Gas /Aqueous
Gas /Aqueous
Gas
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Aqueous
Toxic ity
T-2
C-3
T-l
W-l
W-2
T-l/W-1
T-2/W-1
T-2
W-2
W-l
W-l
W-l
W-l/C-3
T-l/C-3
T-l/C-3
T-l/C-2
T-0
T-0
W-l
Reference
B-l
A-2; B-l
B-l
A-5
A-2
A-8; B-l
A-8; B-l
B-l
A-8
A-8
A-8
A-8
A-5
A-1,2; B-l
A-1,2; B-l,:
A-l; B-l
A-8
-------
Table 3-7 (continued). (C) Quenching and Direct Cooling Operation
Chemicals Potentially Present
Emission Specific
Status Class Components
22. Trace Elements Beryllium
Silver metals and
soluble compounds
Mercury
Vanad ium
Lead
Cadmium
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Selenium
23. Organometallics Nickel carbonyl
25. Cyanides Hydrogen Cyanide
Ammonium Cyanide
Ammonium Thiocyanate
Suspected Present/ 10. Heterocyclics Pyridine
Known Hazardous Alkyl pyridines
Phenyl pyridine
(Mono) Benzofurans
Qunioline
Alkyl qu inclines
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas/Aqueous
Gas
Gas /Aqueous
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxicity
T-0
T-2
T-O/W-1
T-0
T-O/W-1
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-0
W-l
W-l/C-1
W-l
W-l
W-l
T-l
T-l
T-l
T-2
T-0
T-0
Reference
A-4; E-4
A-8; E-4
E-4, 5
A-8; E-4
A-4; E-4
E-4
A-4; E-4, 5
E-4
A-8
A-6
A-5
A-8
A-8
A-l; B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
-------
Table 3-7 (continued). (C) Quenching and Direct Cooling Operation
Chemicals Potentially Present
Emission Specific
Status Class Components
Dibenzofuran
Alkyldibenzofurans
Suspected Present/ 11. Hydrocarbons Aliphatics
Known Hazardous Olefins
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
Alkylbenzenes
18. Phenols Phenol
o,m,p-Cresols
Phenyl phenol
Xylenols
Alkyl phenols
Alkyl cresols
20. Polynuclear Biphenyl
Naphthalene
Alkyl naphthalenes
Phenyl naphthalenes
Tetralin
Methyl tetralins
Acenaphthylene
Acenaphthene
Fluorene
Anthracene
Alkyl anthracenes
Phenanthrenes
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxic ity
T-l
T-l
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-l
T-l
T-l
T-l
T-l
T-l
T-l/C-4
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-l/C-4
T-O/C-4
T-l/C-4
T-O/C-4
Reference
B-l
B-l
A-2; B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
B-l
A-l; B-l
A-l; B-l, 4
A-l; B-l
A-l; B-l
-------
Table 3-7 (continued). (C) Quenching and Direct Cooling Operation
Chemicals Potentially Present
Emission Specific
Status Class Components
Alkyl phenanthrenes
Coronene
Carbazole
Acridine
Benzocarbazoles
Alkylacridines
Benzo (a)anthrone
Perylene
21. Sulfur Compounds Hydrogen sulfide
Thiophenes
Methyl thiophenes
Carbon disulfide
Carbonyl sulfide
22. Trace Elements Selenium
Arsenic (arsenic tri-
oxide, sodium arsenate,
sodium arsenite)
Barium (acetate,
chloride, nitrate)
Cadmium (chloride,
nitrate, sulfate)
24. Fine Particulates Coke
Coal
25. Cyanides Ammonium cyanide
Naphthyl cyanide
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxic ity
T-l/C-4
T-l
C-3
T-0
C-3
T-0
C-2
T-l/C-4
T-2
W-l/C-4
W-2
W-l
T-l
T-l
Reference
A-l
B-1,3,4
A-2; B-l
A-l; B-l
A-l; B-l
A-2; B-3
A-l; B-1,3
E-5
B-l; E-5
B-l; E-5
A-4; E-4
A-8
A-8
A-8
B-l
-------
Table 3-7 (continued). (D) Boiler Off-Gas
00
Status
Known Present/
Known Hazardous
Known Present/
Suspected Hazard-
ous
Chemicals
Emission
Class
4. Inorganic Salts
6. Combustion Gases
10. Heterocyclics
20. Polynuclears
24. Fine Particulates
1. Acid and
Anhydrides
3. Amines
5. Carbonyl
Compounds
Potentially Present
Specific
Components
Chromium CrCl_, CrS
Sulfur oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Benzo(f )qu incline
Benzo(h) quinoline
Benzo (a)pyrene
Benzo(e)pyrene
Pyrene
Chrysene
Benzo (a)anthracene
Phenanthrene
Soot
Ash
Sulfuric acid
Nitric acid
Hydrogen chloride
Of + p Naphthylamines
4 -Aminob iphe ny 1
Benzidine
Formaldehyde
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxic ity
T-0
T-2
T-2
T-0
T-0
C-l
C-l
C-3/T-0
C-2/T-0
C-3/T-1
T-O/C-4
C-2
T-l
T-l
T-l
T-l
C-l/T-0
C-l/T-0
C-l/T-0
T-2
Reference
D-5
D-6
D-6
A-l;D-2,3,4
A-l
A-l; D-4
A-l, 2, 3
A-l, 2, 3
A-l; D-4
D-l
-------
Table 3-7 (continued). (D) Boiler Off-Gas
Chemicals
Emission
Status Class
6. Combustion Gases
10. Heterocyclic
20. Polynuclear
22. Trace Elements
Potentially Present
Specific
Components
Carbon monoxide
Indeno (1,2,3-ij)
isoquinoline
Perylene
Coronene
Anthracene
Acridine
Benzo(a)acridine
Benzo(c)acridine
Fluoranthene
Dibenzo(a,h)acridine
Phenanthridine
Mercury
Beryllium
Se lenium/Se lenium
oxides (Se02,SeO,)
Ar-senic/As_6_, As~S.,
Lead
Barium
Fluorine
Uranium
Vanadium
Copper
Cadmium/Cadmium oxide
(CdO)
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxicity
T-2
C-4/T-1
T-l
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-l
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-0
Reference
D-6
A-l; D-4
D-4
D-4
D-4
D-6
D-6
D-4
D-6
D-3
A-4
A-4
A-4; D-5
A-4; D-5
A-4
D-5
D-5
-------
Table 3-7 (continued). (D) Boiler Off-Gas
oo
o
Chemicals Potentially Present
Emission
Status Class
Suspected Present/ 3. Amines
Known Hazardous
5. Carbonyl
Compounds
10. Heterocyclic
18. Phenols
20. Poly nuclear
21. Sulfur
Compounds
Specific
Components
Thallium/Thallium Oxide
Antimony/Sb?0«
Zinc
Aniline
Cr(CO)6
Pyridine
Phenol
Dibenzo (a , g) f luorene
Thiophene
Benzothiophenes
Dibenzothiophenes
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxicity
T-0
T-0
T-l
C-3/T-2
T-0
T-l
T-l
C-l/T-1
T-2
Reference
D-5
D-5
D-5
A-l
-------
Table 3-7 (continued). (E) Storage and Blending
00
Chemicals Potentially Present
Status
Known Present/
Suspected Hazardous
Suspected Present/
Emission
Class
3. Amines
11. Hydrocarbons
18. Phenols
23. Organometallics
Specific
Components
Ammonia
Aliphatic amines
Aromatic amines
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
Tetraethyl lead
Phase Toxicity
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Gas & Aqueous T-2/W-1
Gas & Aqueous T-2/W-1
Gas & Aqueous T-2/W-1
Aqueous
Aqueous
Reference
A-2,8
A- 8
A-8
Known Hazardous
-------
Table 3-7 (continued). (F) Ash
oo
NJ
Chemical Potentially Present
Emission Specific
Status Class Components
Suspected Emission/ 22. Trace Elements Mercury
Known Hazardous Beryllium
Selenium
Arsenic
Lead
Barium
Fluorine
Uranium
Vanad ium
Copper
Cadmium
Thallium
Antimony
Zinc
Phase
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Toxicity Reference
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-l
24. Fine Particulates Respirable dust
Solid
T-0
-------
Table 3-8. POTENTIAL FOR FUGITIVE EMISSIONS FROM CONVENTIONAL COAL PROCESS MODULE
00
00
Module
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
(a)
(b)
Process Name
Coal Extraction
Crushing and Grinding
Gravity Separation
Froth Floatation
Thermal Drying
Slot Type Coke Oven
Volatiles Collection and Cooling
Tar Liquor Decantation
Ammonia Recovery
Pyridine Recovery
Phenol Recovery
Coke Quenching
Light Oil Recovery
Storage
Utility Boilers (Coal)
Industrial Boilers (Coal)
Low Med High
PSIG <50 50-150 >150
°F <150 150-300 >300
Pres-
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
Tempera-
ture
-------
ADVANCED COAL PROCESS MODULE
A gasification process and a liquefaction process were
selected for the advanced coal process flow sheets. A high-Btu gas
Lurgi-type process and the solvent refined coal process were chosen
for the gasification process flow sheet and the liquefaction process
flow sheet, respectively. The major operations and the flow of
materials through them are identified and shown in Figures 3-9 and 3-10
by similar procedures described in the petroleum and conventional coal
process flow sheets. A list of 25 modules is shown in Table 3-9.
Each module was assessed and the potentially hazardous
emission streams were identified. The emission streams from the water-
oil separation, fractionation, hydrotreating, and hydrocracking
modules are similar to those in the refinery process flow sheet. Thus,
the discussion and the detailed assessment of the potentially hazardous
emission streams were not repeated in this section. Ten classes of
emission streams were defined and listed in Table 3-10.
A data sheet was prepared for each class of emission stream.
However, the assessment was heavily dependent on the experience from
the similar operations of other conventional processes. There is very
little published information about the composition of the process
streams in the gasification and liquefaction plants. The data sheets
of these classes of emission streams are shown in Table 3-11. The
"ash" emission stream is similar to the one in the conventional coal
process flow sheet and its data sheet is not included in this section.
The assessment of the fugitive losses from these advanced
coal processes are difficult because there is no commercial scale
operating experience of these plants. There are some Lurgi gasifica-
tion plants outside the United States. However, these plants are
old. They were initially designed to produce low-Btu gas. Through
experience from other similar operations of the conventional
processes, an assessment was made in a similar fashion as in the
refinery and the conventional coal process flow sheets. Table 3-12
84
-------
H* Separation
Z 1?
1
To Plant Fuel
ro Vent
FIGURE 3-9. LIQUEFACTION PROCESS MODULE
-------
00
_J tlr-bliwi
S-*. \ blirictlloo
0 1 . "
FIGURE 3-10. GASIFICATION PROCESS MODULE
-------
summarizes the results of the analysis. The fact sheets of the
process modules as listed in Table 3-9 are included in Appendix A.
Conclusions
The published information of the composition of the emis-
sion streams are sparse because there is no existing commercial
Lurgi nor solvent refined coal plant in the United States. On the
basis of the information from some European operations and the
similarities with the other conventional processes, the following
conclusions are made.
(1) Coal gasification is likely to produce equally
dangerous substances as the coke plant, but they will probably be
somewhat more contained than coke oven emission.
(2) The quenching and cooling of gasifier off gas and
the tar separation unit are the most important potential sources of
toxic materials emissions in a gasification plant.
(3) Coal liquefaction will probably also produce
extremely dangerous products but they may be more contained than
those from a gasification operation.
(4) The primary potentially hazardous emission sources
in a liquefaction plant are the slurry preparation and fugitive
losses from leaks and equipment failures.
(5) Liquefaction products will probably be more hazard-
ous than crude oil products, and their refining and utilization
will be worse offenders than the corresponding petroleum operations.
87
-------
Table 3-9. PROCESS MODULES OF COAL USAGE (ADVANCED)
Module Name
1 Slurry Preparation
2 Reac tor
3 Reactor Separator
4 Condenser
5 Filtration
6 Water-oil Separation
7 Fractionation
g Hydrotreating
9 Hydrocracking
10 Storage
11 Acid Gas Treatment
12' Hydrogen Separation
13 Sulfur Plant
14 Coal Preparation
15 Oxygen Blown Gasification
16 Quenching and Cooling
17 Tar Separation
1£ Shift Conversion
ig Phenol Recovery (Phenosolvan
Process
20 Acid Gas Removal (Rectisol Wash)
21 Methanation
22 Further Gas Purification
(Rectisol Wash)
23 Sulfur Recovery (Stretford
Process)
24 Air Blown Gasification
25 Storage
88
-------
Table 3-10. PROCESS STREAM CLASSIFICATION (ADVANCED COAL)
(A) Coal Preparation
1. Slurry Preparation
14. Coal Preparation
(B) Quenching and Direct Cooling Operations
3. Reactor Separator
16. Quenching and Cooling
(C) Sour Aqueous Condensate
4. Fractionation
5. Hydrocracking
9. Condenser
19. Phenol Recovery
(D) Fixed-Bed Catalyst Regeneration
8. Hydrotreating
9. Hydrocracking
(E) Barometric Condenser Off Gas
7. Fractionation
(F) Storage and Blending
10. Storage (Fuel Oil, Naphthas)
25. Storage (Tar, Oil, Naphthas, Phenol)
(G) Sulfur Plant
13. Sulfur Recovery (Claus Plant)
23. Sulfur Recovery (Stretford Process)
(H) Reactor Off Gas
2. Reactor^*)
15. Oxygen Blower Gasifier
21. Methanation
24. Air-Blown Gasifier
(I) Tar Separation
17. Tar Separation
89
-------
Table 3-10 (continued). PROCESS STREAM CLASSIFICATION
(ADVANCED COAL)
(J) Ash
15 Oxygen-Blown Gasifier
24 . Air-Blown Gasifier
(K) Fugitive Sources
Liquefaction Processing Module
Gasification Processing Module
(a) The gas emission of the coal liquefaction reactor
occurs most often during reactor accident or
reactor clean-up.
90
-------
Table 3-11. POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS EMISSIONS FROM CLASSIFIED STREAMS AND PROCESSES
(ADVANCED COAL)
(A) Coal Preparation
Chemicals Potentially Present
Status
Known Present/
Known Hazardous
Suspected Present/
Known Hazardous
Emission Class
24. Particulates
1. Acid & Anhydride
11. Hydrocarbons*
18. Phenols*
21. Sulfur Compounds
24. Particulates
Specific Components
Respirable Coal Dust
Sulfuric Acid
Beryllium
Selenium
Arsenic
Lead
Cadmium
Phase Toxicity Reference
Gas
Aqueous
Gas/Aqueous
Gas /Aqueous
Gas
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
T-0
W-l A-8
T-0.
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-0
*The presence of these conpounds depends on the type of solvent used in coal slurry preparation.
-------
vo
ro
Table 3-11. POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS EMISSIONS FROM CLASSIFIED STREAMS AND PROCESSES
(ADVANCED COAL)
(B) Quenching and Direct-Cooling Operations
Chemicals Potentially Present
Status Emission Class Specific Components
Known Present/ 18. Phenols
Known Hazardous
2.
3,
2,
2
, 5-Dimethylphenol
, 4-Dimethylphenol
, 4-Dimethylphenol
, 6-Dimethylphenol
Phase
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Toxicity
W-l
W-l
W-l
W-l
Reference
A-5,
A-5,
A-5,
A-5,
7,
7,
7,
7,
E-7
E-7
E-7
E-7
Known Present/ 3. Amines
Suspected Hazardous
21. Sulfur Compounds Hydrogen sulfide
Ammonia
Gas and Aqueous T-2/W-0
Gas and Aqueous T-2/W-1
A-5, 6, 7, E-5
A-l
11. Hydrocarbons
18. Phenols
21. Trace Elements
25. Cyanides
Suspected Present/ 10. Heterocyclic
Known Hazardous
Benzene
Toluene
Aliphatic
Olefins
o-Cresol
m-Cresol
Selenium
Hydrogen Cyanide
Dibenzofurans
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Gas
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-2
W-l/C-3
W-l/C-3
W-l
W-l
T-2
A-2
A-5, E-7
A-5, E-7
A-8, E-7
A-5
E-5
-------
Table 3-11 (continued). (B) Quenching and Direct-Cooling Operations
u>
Chemicals Potentially Present
Status Emission Class Specific Components
18. Phenols Phenol
o,m,p-Cresols
Phenyl Phenol
Alkyl Phenol
Alkyl Cresols
19. Polynuclear Benzo(a) pyrene
Dibenzo (a , 1) pyrene
Dibenzo (a ,h) pyrene
Dibenzo (a , i) pyrene
Methylpyrenes
Indeno (l,2,3-c,d)
Pyrene
Benzo(e) pyrene
Benzo(a) anthracene
Dibenzoanthracene
Anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo(g,h, i)perylene
Fluoranthene
Perylene
Coronene
Benzoacridine
Benzoanthrone
Acridine
Phenanthrene
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxicity
T-l
T-l
T-l
T-l
T-l
T-0
C-3
C-2
C-2
C-3
T-l/C-2
C-3
C-2
T-0
T-O/C-3
C-4
C-4
T-l/C-4
T-l
C-2
C-2
T-0
T-O/C-4
Reference
A-l
A-l
A-l
A-l
A-l
A-l
A-2
A-l
A-l
-------
Table 3-11 (continued). (B) Quenching and Direct-Cooling Operations
VO
Chemicals Potentially Present
Status Emission Class Specific Components
21. Sulfur Compounds Thiophene
Methyl Thiophene
Dimethyl Thiophene
Methyl Mercaptan
22. Trace Elements Mercury
Selenium
Arsenic
Lead
Cadmium
Antimony
Vanadium
Nickel
Beryllium
Cobalt
Phosphorus
Manganese
Arsenic (arsenic
trioxides, sodium
arsenate, sodium
arsenite)
Chromium (hexavalent,
trivalent)
Phosphorus (phosphate)
Strontium (nitrate)
Vanadium (pentoxide,
vanadyl sulfate)
25. Cyanides Thiocyanate (ammonium,
potassium, sodium)
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Toxicity
T-l
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-l
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-l
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-l
W-l/C-4
W-l
W-2
W-2
W-2
W-l
Reference
E-5
E-5
E-5
E-5
E-3, 4
E-3, 4, 5
E-3, 4, 5
E-3, 4
E-3, 4
E-3, 4
E-4, 5
E-3, 4, 5
E-4
E-5
E-5
E-7
A-8, E-7
A-8, E-7
A-8, E-7
A-7, 8, 9, E-7
A-8
-------
Table 3-11 (continued). (C) Sour Aqueous Condensate
Chemicals Potentially Present
Status
Known Present/
Suspected Hazardous
Suspected Present/
Known Hazardous
Emission Class
1. Acid and
Anhydrides
2. Alcohols
3 . Amines
5. Carbonyls
10. Heterocyclics
11. Hydrocarbons
18. Phenols
21. Sulfur Compounds
22. Trace Elements
Specific Components
Cresylic Acid
Maleic Acid
Aliphatic Alcohols
Aromatic Alcohols
Ammonia
Aldehydes
Ketone
Pyridines
Pyrroles
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
Cresols
Xylenols
Phenol
Hydrogen sulfide
Methyl Mercaptan
Sulfides
Sulfonates
Thiophenes
Phase Toxicity Reference
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous W-l A-5
Aqueous W-l A-8
Aqueous
Aqueous W-2 A-8
Aqueous
Aqueous W-l A-8
Aqueous W-l A-8
Aqueous W-l A-8
Aqueous W-l A-5
Aqueous
Aqueous W-l A-5, 7
Aqueous W-0 A-5, 6, 7
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
-------
Table 3-11 (continued). (D) Fixed Bed Catalyst Regeneration
SC
Status
Known Present/
Known Hazardous
Known Present/
Suspected Hazardous
Chemicals Potentially Present
Emission Class Specific Components
21. Sulfur Compounds Hydrogen Sulfide
Carbonyl Sulfide
Carbon Disulfide
Mercaptans
6. Combustion Gases Carbon Monoxide
Sulfur Oxide
11. Hydrocarbons Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
22. Trace Elements Vanadium
Nickel
Cobalt
Molybdenum
24. Fine Particulates Catalyst
Coke
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxicity
T-2
T-0
T-l
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-0
T-0
T-l
Reference
C-4
C-4
C-4
A-2
A-4
C-l
Suspected Present/
Known Hazardous
10. Heterocyclics
20. Polynuclear
23. Organometallics
Nickel Carbonyl
Cobalt Carbonyl
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
T-0
-------
Table 3-11 (continued). (E) Barometric Condenser Off Gas
VO
Chemicals Potentially Present
Status Emission Class
Known Present/ 5. Carbonyl
Suspected Hazardous Compounds
10. Heterocyclic
11. Hydrocarbons
18. Phenols
21. Sulfur
Compounds
Specific Components
Aldehydes
Ketones
Pyrroles
Pyridines
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
Cresols
Xylenols
Phenol
Hydrogen Sulfide
Methyl Mercaptans
Thiophenes
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxicity Reference
T-l
T-l
T-2 A-2
T-2
T-2
T-l
T-l
T-l
T-2
-------
Table 3-11 (continued). (F) Storage and Blending
>o
oo
Chemicals Potentially Present
Status Emission Class
Known Present/ 3. Amines
Suspected Hazardous
11. Hydrocarbons
18. Phenols
Suspected Present/ 18. Phenols
Known Hazardous
20. Polynuclear
Specific Components
Ammonia
Benzene
Toluene
Aliphatic
Olefins
o,m-Cresols
Phenol
o,m,p-Cresols
Phenyl Phenol
Alkyl Phenol
Alkyl Cresols
Benzo (a) pyrene
Dibenzo (a , 1) pyrene
Dibenzo (a ,h) pyrene
Dibenzo (a , i) pyrene
Methyl Pyrene
Phase
Gas /Aqueous
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Aqueous
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Indeno (l,2,3-c,d) Pyrene Gas
Benzo(e) pyrene
Benzo (a) anthracene
Dibenzoanthracene
Anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo (g , h , i) pery lene
Fluoranthene
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxicity
T-2/W-1
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-2
W-l/C-3
T-l
T-l
T-l
T-l
T-l
T-0
C-3
C-2
C-2
C-3
T-l/C-2
C-3
C-2
T-0
T-O/C-3
C-4
C-4
Reference
A-5
A-2
A-5, E-7
A-l
A-l
A-l
A-l
-------
Table 3-11 (continued). (F) Storage and Blending
\o
VO
Chemicals Potentially Present
Status Emission Class Specific Components
Perylene"
Coronene
Benzoacridine
Benzoanthrone
Acrid ine
Phenanthrene
22. Trace Elements Arsenic (arsenic
trioxides, sodium
arsenate, sodium
arsenite)
Chromium (hexavalent,
trivalent)
Phosphorus (phosphate)
Strontium (nitrate)
Vanadium (pentoxide,
vanadyl sulfate)
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Toxicity
T-l/C-4
T-l
C-2
C-2
T-0
T-O/C-4
W-l/C-4
W-l
W-2
W-2
W-2
Reference
A-l
A-l
A-2
A-l
A-l
E-7
A-8, E-7
A-8, E-7
A-8, E-7
A-7, 8, 9, E-7
25. Cyanides
Thiocyanate (ammonium, Aqueous
potassium, sodium)
W-l
A-8
-------
Table 3-11 (continued).
-------
Table 3-11 (continued). (G) Sulfur Plant
Chemicals Potentially Present
Status Emission Class Specific Components
Benzo (g , h , i) pery lene
Fluoranthene
Perylene
Coronene
Benzoacridine
Benzoanthrone
Acridine
Phenanthrene
22. Trace Elements Mercury
Selenium
Arsenic
Lead
Cadmium
Antimony
Vanadium
Nickel
Beryllium
Cobalt
Phosphorus
Manganese
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxicity
C-4
C-4
T-l/C-4
T-l
C-2
C-2
T-0
T-O/C-4
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-l
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-l
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-l
Reference
A-l
A-l
A-l
A-l
A-2
A-l
A-l
E-3, 4
E-3, 4, 5
E-3, 4, 5
E-3, 4
E-3, 4
E-3, 4
E-4, 5
E-3, 4, 5
E-4
E-5
E-5
-------
Table 3-11 (continued). (H) Reactor Off Gas
o
NS
Chemicals Potentially Present
Status
Known Present/
Known Hazardous
Known Present/
Suspected Hazardous
Suspected Present/
Known Hazardous
Emission Class
5. Carbonyl
Compounds
21. Sulfur
Compounds
3 . Amines
6. Combustion Gases
11. Hydrocarbon
10. Heterocyclic
18. Phenols
20. Polynuclear
Specific Components
Nickel Carbonyl*
Carbonyl Sulfide
Carbon Disulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide
Ammonia
Carbon Monoxide
Nitrogen Oxides
Benzene
Toluene
Dibenzofurans
Phenol
o,m,p-Cresols
Phenyl Phenol
Alkyl Phenol
Alkyl Cresols
Benzo(a)pyrene
Dibenzo (a , 1) pyrene
Dibenzo(a ,h) pyrene
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxicity
T-0
T-l
T-l
T-2
T-2
T-3
T-l
T-2
T-2
T-2
T-l
T-l
T-l
T-l
T-l
T-0
C-3
C-2
Reference
E-l
E-5
A-2
E-5
A-l
-------
Table 3-11 (continued). (H) Reactor Off Gas
o
u>
Chemicals Potentially Present
Status Emission Class Specific Components
Dibenzo (a , i) pyrene
Methyl Pyrene
Indeno (l,2,3-c,d) Pyrene
Benzo(e) pyrene
Benzo (a) anthracene
Dibenzoanthracene
Anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo (g ,h , i) perylene
Fluoranthene
Perylene
Coronene
Benzoacridine
Benzoanthrone
Acridine
Phenanthrene
Suspected Present/ 21. Sulfur Thiophene
Known Hazardous Compounds Methyl Thiophene
Dimethyl Thiophene
Methyl Mercaptan
22. Trace Elements Mercury
Selenium
Arsenic
Lead
Cadmium
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxicity
C-2
C-3
T-l/C-2
C-3
C-2
T-0
T-O/C-3
C-4
C-4
T-l/C-4
T-l
C-2
C-2
T-0
T-O/C-4
T-l
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-l
T-0
Reference
A-l
A-l
A-l
A-l
A-l
A-2
A-l
A-l
E-5
E-5
E-5
E-5
E-3, 4
E-3, 4, 5
E-3, 4, 5
E-3, 4
E-3, 4
-------
Table 3-11 (continued). (H) Reactor Off Gas
Chemicals Potentially Present
Status Emission Class Specific Components
Ant imony
Vanadium
Nickel
Beryllium
Cobalt
Phosphorus
Manganese
Phase
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Toxicity
T-0
T-0
T-l
T-0
T-0
T-0
T-l
Reference
E-3, 4
E-4, 5
E-3, 4,
E-4
E-5
E-5
5
*
o
This is found only in the methanation unit,
-------
Table 3-11 (continued). (I) Tar Separation
Chemicals Potentially Present
Status
Known Present/
Known Hazardous
Known Present/
Suspected Hazardous
18
1.
3.
4.
5.
10
11
18
21
22
Emission Class
. Phenols
Acids and
Anhydrides
Amines
Inorganic Salts
Carbonyl
Compounds
. Heterocyclics
. Hydrocarbons
. Phenols
. Sulfur
Compounds
. Trace Elements
Specific Components
Phenol
Sulfuric Acid
Ammonia
Ammonium Sulfate
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Pyridines
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
o,m,p-Cresol
Thiophenes
Lead
Mercury
Selenium
Phase
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Toxicity
W-l
W-l
W-l
W-2
W-l
W-l
W-2
W-l
W-l
W-l
W-l/C-3
W-l
W-l
W-l
W-l
Reference
A-5, 7
A-8
A-5
A-8
A-8
A-8
A-8
A-8
A-8
A-8
A-5
A-8
A-8
A-8
A-8
-------
Table 3-11 (continued). (I) Tar Separation
Chemicals Potentially Present
Status Emission Class Specific Components
23. Organometallics Nickel Carbonyl
25. Cyanides Hydrogen Cyanide
Ammonium Cyanide
Ammonium Thiocyanate
Suspected Present/ 22. Trace Elements Arsenic (arsenic
Known Hazardous tr iodide, sodium
arsenate, sodium
arsenite)
Barium (acetate,
chloride, nitrate)
Cadmium (chloride,
nitrate, sulfate)
Vanadium (pentoxide,
vanadyl sulfate)
Phase
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Toxicity
W-l/C-1
W-l
W-l
W-l
W-l/C-4
W-2
W-l
W-2
Reference
A-6
A-5
A-8
A-8
A-8
A-8
A-8
A-7, 8,
9
-------
Table 3-12. POTENTIAL FOR FUGITIVE EMISSIONS FROM ADVANCED COAL PROCESS MODULE
Module
No. Process Name
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Slurry Preparation
Reactor
Reactor Separator
Condenser
Filtration
Water-Oil Separation
Fractionation
Hydrotreating
Hydrocracking
Storage
Acid Gas Treatment
Hydrogen Separation
Sulfur Plant
Coal Preparation
Oxygen Blown Gasification
Quenching and Cooling
Tar Separation
Pres-
sure
low
high
med-high
low
low
med
low
high
high
low
low
high
low
low
high
low
low
Potentially
Tempera- Hazardous Corrosive-
ture Volatiles ness
low
high
high
med
med
low
med
high
high
low
low
high
high
low
high
med-high
low
med
high
high
med
high
high
high
high
high
med
high
low
high
med
high
high
high
low
med
med
high
med
low
med
med
med
low
med
med
med
low
med-high
high
med
General
House-
keeping
med
med
med
med
med
poor
med
med
med
med
med
med
med
poor
med
med
poor
Potential
for Hazardous
Fugitive
Emissions
med
high
high
high
med
high
high
high
med-high
med
med-high
low
med-high
med
med-high
med-high
high
-------
Table 3-12 (continued). POTENTIAL FOR FUGITIVE EMISSIONS FROM ADVANCED
COAL PROCESS MODULE
o
oo
Module
No. Process
18
19
20
21
; 22
1
23
24
25
Shift Conversion
Phenol Recovery
Acid Gas Removal
Methanation
Pres-
Name sure
(Phenosolvan Process)
(Rectisol Wash)
Further Gas Purification (Rectisol
Wash)
Sulfur Recovery
(Stretford Process)
Air Blown Gasification
Storage
high
low
low
high
low
low
high
low
Tempera-
ture
high
med
low
high
low
low
high
low
Potentially
Hazardous Corrosive-
Volatiles ness
low
high
high
low
med
med
high
med
low
med
low
low
low
low
med-high
low
General
House-
keeping
good
med
med
good
med
med
med
med
Potential
for Hazardous
Fugitive
Emissions
low-med
med
med
low
med
low-med
med-high
med
-------
RECOMMENDATIONS
Because of the short-term nature of this study, it was
necessary to accumulate process and chemical data from known and
readily available sources. There was little time for follow-up
and confirmation work on the data sources. The final assessments
concerning the degree of potential hazards involved with the emis-
sions was not sharp. Most of the classifications were in the
suspected range. The following recommendations are aimed at
confirming, expanding, and sharpening the data base in anticipation
of subsequent test programs.
(1) Confirmation and expansion of the data base,
especially as it relates to Class 1 emissions, should be performed
in the following manner:
Additional literature searches should be made to
increase the data base on compositions of all process
flow streams in the three primary process modules.
This would include accumulating examples of all
stream components, both hazardous and nonhazardous,
contained in flow streams, plus operating tempera-
tures, pressures, and material balances.
Additional literature searches and investigation of
industrial experience regarding analyses performed
on operating plant streams should be made. In the
case of advanced coal processes, these studies can
be initiated in the existing pilot plants located
in the United States. In addition to specific
chemical analysis (mostly by GC), boiling point
curves, carbon residues, tests for aromaticity,
nitrogen and sulfur analyses could be helpful in
better r.har.icterizing the streams.
The disposition of all components within each process
module should be assessed. For separations, the
distribution of primary, trace, and hazardous
components should be predicted. For reactions,
molecular rearrangements should be estimated.
109
-------
The assessment as performed in this report should
be repeated but with improved input on process
modules and chemicals.
(2) The compatibility of the classes used for process
assessment with classes that would be best from the standpoint of
a long-range analytical strategy should be evaluated.
The suitability and completeness of the chemical
classifications suggested by EPA in light of more
detailed analyses of plant streams should be assessed.
Classes for hazardous components not presently
detected should be added. Regrouping or expansion of
classes may also be indicated.
(3) A better grading of the toxic and the carcinogenic
compounds should be made through a more organized and thorough
study of the health effects of the concerned compounds.
(A) A methodology for selecting the best sampling
points for hazardous emissions should be developed, including a
Compilation of a list of locations within petroleum
process modules, conventional coal process modules,
and advanced coal process modules where future sam-
pling should be performed, and an
Outline of a program for determining the level of
hazardous emissions from fugitive sources. This could
include tests at specific points within the process
(such as pump seals and valves).
110
-------
SECTION IV
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
A summary of all emission classes from the stream classes
specified are included in Table 4-1 and Table 4-2. These tables
indicate the status of the potentially hazardous chemical classes
from the specific emission sources. The 25 chemical classes are
described in Table 2-1, and the specific emission sources or streams
are described in Tables 3-2, 3-5, and 3-10 for the petroleum, conven-
tional coal, and advanced coal process modules, respectively. The
gaseous, aqueous, and solid phases of the chemical classes are
designated by "a", V, and "s", respectively. The status numbers,
as described in Section II are also incorporated into these matrices.
Table 4-3 lists the potentially hazardous chemicals which have been
included in this study.
-------
Table U-l. POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL GLASSES IN CLASSIFIED STREAMS OF PETROLEUM PROCESS MODULE
*. Erne Varer Systt'.s
B. SCUT .">qi.eous Cor.dersates
C. ^Cid Gas Solvent Regeneration
D. Claris Plant Tail Cas
l-i E. Fved Bad Catsl/st Regeneration
f° Croi.p I
F. r i>.ad Bed Catalyst Regeneration
Croup TI
C. :"ixcJ Bed Cardlyst Rcgereration
Cr.iup III
H. Fixer Bed Catalyst Pejjeneral ion
Cro ip IV
I. Movirg Bed Catalyst Rcgcreration
J. Burorcrnc Condenser Off Cas
K. Fluid Coker Off Gas
L. Abplialt Air Blowing
M. Spert Acid Sludge
X. Dccoking
srmixcAii.w + saiov
2v
2w
2w
2a
w
2w
ALCOHOLS
1
2w
2w
AMINES
« 1
2w
2w
2a
2a
2a
INORGANIC SAL'J'S
c> 1
2w
2w
CO
a
S
V
8
0 >
2w
2u
3a
2a
3a
2a
w
2u
CO.-IBUSTION GASES
ON
2s
2a
2a
2&
2a
2a
2a
EPOXIDES
-
i
ETHERS
00
HALOCARBONS
* 1
^HETEROCYCLIC
o \
2w
2w
3a
3a
2a
3a
la
w
2u
^HYDROCARBONS
!- 1
2w
2w
2a
2a
2a
2a
23
2a
w
2w
2a
_HYDROPEROXIDH:S
M J
^LACTONES
u.
Iw
3a
3a
w
3u
^NITRO COMPOUNDS
* 1
^NITROSAMINES
1
3a
C/l
Ed
a
§
^PliROXIDES
>j 1
CO
J
1
L
18
2w
2u
2a
2a
2a
2a
w
2u
_POLYatLORINATED
^POLYNUCLEAR |
^POLYNUCLEAR
P 1
3w
3w
3a
3a
la
3a
la
3w
3a
MSULFUR COMPOUNDS
1""* 1
2w
2u
2w
la
la
la
w
la
la
2a
V
2w
la
^TRACE ELLMLNTS
1
3w
3w
2a
la
2a
la
2w
3w
2a
WORCANOMI:TALLICS
|w |
3u
3w
3a
2^
w
2v,
L/INi: PARI'ICULAILS
r
2a
2a
2a
2a
la
la
2a
2a
en
j
i
2'.7
2w
3a
2a
2a
-------
Table 4-1. (Continued) POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL GLASSES IN CLASSIFIED STREAMS OF PETROLEUM PROCESS MODULE
0. Oil Fired Process Haaters
P. Cooling Water Systc-s
Q. Storaije & Bii-rdin^;
Crcup I
R. Storage & Blend Lng
C.roup 11
S. Storage Ci olcnding
Grji? Ill
T. I'ucjiclve Fnissions
U. Flares
V. API Crit Cha-.bers
W. Biolobical Sludges
X. Spont Catalysts
V.
r^
a
l-l
u
1
2w
3a
2w
?w
a
3s
ALCOHOLS
2
,a
w
?w
a
3s
AMINES
3
w
2w
1W
a
2a
3s
2s
fi~~I
a.
r_i 1 0
INORGANIC SAL
4
2w
3w
3s
2s
CARBONYL COJ1P
j
2a
3a
w
2a
?w
a
V.
u
COMBUSTION CA
6
2a
3W
a
2a
3s
2s
2a
E VOX IDES
7
ETIICRS
8
3a
w
w
a
HALOCARBONS
9
HliTEROCYCLIC
10
3a
3a
w
V
a
1W
a
3a
3s
3s
HYDROCARBONS
11
w
2a
?w
a
?w
a
?"
a
2a
3s
2s
tfl
HYDROPCROXIDE
12
I.ACTONES
13
3a
w
1W
a
3s
Q
NITRO COMPOUN
14
NITROS AMINES
15
3a
w
a
3s
3s
OZONIDES
16
PEROXIDES
17
PHENOLS
18
2w
3a
2w
2w
?w
a
3s
9
U
POLYCHLORINAT
POLYNUCLEAR
19
POLYNUCLCAR
20
la
3a
w
i"
a
1U
a
3a
3s
3s
y>
z
1
S
21
2w
3a
2u
1"
a
2a
3s
2s
!A
z
LJ
U
S
H
22
2a
3iv
2a
2w
1"
a
3s
3s
2s
u
ORGANOMCTALLI
23
3a
w
3w
3w
3W
a
3s
3s
3s
CO
UJ
FINI: PARTICUF
24
la
3a
2a
CYANIDES
25
3a
w
,«
ai
2a
3s
-------
Table 4-2. POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL CLASSES IN THE CLASSIFIED STREAMS OF
CONVENTIONAL COAL PROCESS MODULES
A. Coal Preparation
B. Coke Oven Off Gas
C. Quenching & Direct
Cooling Operation
D. Boiler Off Gas
E. Storage & Blending
Group II
F. Ash
w
ACID AND
ANHYDRIDE
1
3w
2a
2a
AMINES
3
l,2a*
l,2a*
2w
2,3a*
Iw
CO
H
5
CO
INORGANIC
4
2w
la
CO
5
2a
2a
2,3a*
z
COMBUSTIO
GASES
6
la
la
l,2a*
CO
u
M
l-l
U
10
3a
2w
3a
l,2,3a*
VJ
fe^
Q
1
11
3a
2w
3a
la
w
PHENOLS
18
3a
l,2w
3a
3a
Iw
et
a
POLYNUCLE
20
l,2,3a*
l,2,3a*
l,2,3a*
SULFUR
COMPOUNDS
21
2,3a*
2,3a*
2w
3a
CO
55
W
JQ
|
22
3s
2,3a*
2,3a*
2,3w*
2a
3s
ORGANO
METALLICS
23
la
la
2w
3w
CO
w
PARTICULA
24
la
l,3a*
l,3a*
la
3s
CYANIDES
25
l,3a*
l,3a*
2w
*Potentially hazardous chemicals in this chemical class were found in more than one status.
-------
Table 4-3. POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL CLASSES IN THE CLASSIFIED STREAMS
OF ADVANCED COAL PROCESS MODULES
A. Coal Preparation
B. Quenching Direct
Cooling Operations
C. Sour Aqueous Condensate
D. Fixed-Bed Catalyst
Regeneration
E Barometric Condenser
Off Gas
F. Storage and Blending
G. Sulfur Plant
H. Reactor Off Gas
I. Tar Separation
i
ACIDS AND
ANHYDRIDES
1
3w
2w
2w
2w
ALCOHOLS
2
2w
w
AMINES
3
Oa
w
2w
2a
2a
2w
CO
H
3
INORGANIC S
4
2w
CARBONYLS
5
2w
3a
La
2w
COMBUSTION
GASES
6
2a
2a
2a
CO
u
HETEROCYCLI
10
3a
2w
3a
3a
3a
2w
CO
HYDROCARBON
11
3*
2a
2w
2a
3a
2a
2a
2w
PHENOLS
18
<
l,2w*
2w
2w
3a
3a
2w j
3a
l,2w*
POLYNUCLEAE
20
3a
3a
3a
3a
3a
SULFUR
COMPOUNDS
21
3a
l,3a*
l,2w*
2w
la
3a
la
l,3a*
2w
CO
a
w
H
22
3a
w
3w
2a
3w
3a
3a
2w
ORGANO
METALLICS
23
3a
2w
CO
r*l
PARTICULATI
24
l,3a*
2a
2a
3w
CYANIDES
25
2,3w*
3w
2w
*Potentially hazardous chemicals in this chemical class were found in more than one status.
-------
Table 4-4. LIST OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
Chemical
Classification
(1) Acid and
Anhydrides
(2) Alcohols
(3) Amines
Compounds
Maleic Anhydride
Benzoic Acid
Carboxylic Acids
Cresylic Acid
Acetic Acids
Formic Acids
Su If uric Acid
Hydroxybenzoic Acid
Hydrochloric Acid
Nitric Acid
Anthraquinone Disulfonic
Acid
Aliphatic alcohols
Aromatic alcohols
Diethylamines
Methylethylamines
Aromatic Amines
Ammonia
Aliphatic Amines
Aromatic Amines
crf$ Naphthyl Amine
4-aminobiphenyl
Aniline
Methyaniline
Benzidine
Petro-
leum
w
w
w
w
w
w
w/a
w
w
w/a/s
w/a/s
s
w/a
w
w/a
Phases
Conven-
tional
Coal
w
a
w
w
a
a
a
w/a
w
w
a
a
a
a
a
Advanced
Coal
w
w
w
w
w
w
a
a
w/a
(4) Inorganic
salts
(5) Carbonyl
Compounds
(6)
Combustion
Gases
Ammonium sulfate
Chromium/CrCl-.CrS
Chlorides
Sulfates
Chromates
Ketones
Aldehydes
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Paraldehyde
Carbon Monoxide
Sulfur Oxides
Nitrogen Oxides
w
w
w
w
w/a/s
w/a/s
a
a
a
a
a
w/a
w/a
w/a
w/a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
116
-------
Table 4-4'(continued). LIST OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
Phases
Chemical
Classification
(10) Hetero-
cyclics
(11) Hydrocar-
bons
(13) Lactones
(18) Phenols
(20) Polynu-
clears
Compounds
Pyridines
Pyrroles
Qu inclines
Indoles
Furans
Alkyl Pyridine
Phenyl Pyridine
(Mono) Benzofurans
Alkyl Quinolines
Benzo(f )quinoline
Benao(h)qu incline
Indeno( 1 , 2 ,3- i j) isoquinoline
11 H-Indeno(l,2-b)quinoline
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
Aliphatics
Olefins
Alkylbenzene
Phenol
Dimethyl Phenol
Cresols
Xylanols
Thiophenols
Phenyl Phenols
Alkyl Phenols
Alkyl Cresols
Carbazoles
Anthracenes
Benzo(a)pyrene
Pyrene
Benzo(e)pyrene
Perylene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Coronene
Anthracene
Phenanthrene
Fluoranthene
Chrysene
Dibenzo (a ,h) anthracene
Dibenzo(a,g)f luorene
Petro-
leum
w/a/s
w/a/s
w/a/s
a/s
w/a/s
w/a
w/a/s
w/a/s
w/a/s
w
w/a/s
w
w/a/s
w/a/s
a/s
w/a/s
w/a/s
w/a
a/s
a
a/s
a
a
a
a
a
Conven-
tional
Coal
w/a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
w/a
w/a
w/a
a
a
a
w/a
w/a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
Advanced
Coal
vila
w/a
a
w/a
w/a
w/a
a
a
w/a
w
w/a
w/a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
117
-------
Table 4-4 (continued). LIST OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
Chemical
Classification
(20) Polynu-
clears
(Continued)
(21) Sulfur
Compounds
(22) Trace
\ *
Elements
Compounds
Methylchrysene
Benzo(a) anthracene
Dimethylbenzoanthracene
Biphenyl
Naphthalene
Alkyl Naphthalene
Phenyl Naphthalene
Tetralin
Methyltetralin
Acenaphthylene
Acenaphthene
Fluorene
Alkyl Anthracenes
Alkyl Phenanthrene
Acr id ine
Benzocarbazoles
Alkyl Acridines
Benzo(a) anthrone
Dibenzo(a, l)pyrene
Dibenzo(a.n) pyrene
Dibenzo (a , i) pyrene
Methyl Pyrene
Indeno( 1 , 2 , 3-c ,d) Pyrene
Benzoacridine
Sulfides
Sulfites
Sulfonates
Sulfones
Mercaptans
Thiophenes
Hydrogen sulfides
Methyl Mercaptans
Carbon Disulfides
Carbonyl Sulfide
Thiosulfide
Dibenzo Thiophene
Alkyl Sulfide
Ethyl Mercaptans
Methyl Thiophene
Vanad ium
Nickel
Zinc
Lead
Phases
Conven-
Petro- tional Advanced
leum Coal Coal
w/a/s
w/ /s
w/a/s
w/ /s
w/a/s
w/a/s
w/a
w
w/a
w/a
w
w/a
w/a
w/a/s
w/a/s
w/a/s
w
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
w/a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a/s
s
a/s
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
w
w
a
w/a
a
a
a
a
a
w/a
a
a
118
-------
Table 4-4 (continued). LIST OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
Phases
Chemical
Classification
(22) Trace
Elements
(Continued)
(23) Organo-
metallics
(24) Fine
particu-
lates
(25) Cyanides
Compounds
Cobalt
Molybdenum
Copper
Strontium
Barium
Beryllium
Selenium
Arsenic
Cadmium
Silver metals & soluble
compounds
Mercury
Ant imony
Arsenic (arsenic trioxide,
sodium arsenate, sodium
arsenite)
Fluorine
Uranium
Thallium /Thallium Oxide
Phosphorous
Manganese
Metal loporphyr ins
Nickel Carbonyl
Cobalt Carbonyl
Tetraethyl lead
Sulfur Particulates
Carbon Compounds
Catalyst Fines
Coke
Carboniferous Compounds
Respirable Coal Dusts
Tar
Soot
__
Hydrogen Cyanide
Ammonium Cyanide
Naphthyl Cyanide
Ammonium Thiocyanate
Conven-
Petro- tional
leum Coal
a
a
a/s s
w/a
w/a w/a/s
a/s
a/s
a/s
w/a/s
a
a/s
a/s
w
a/s
a/s
a/s
w /s
a a
a
w w
a
a
a
a a
a
a/s
a
a
w/a
a
a
a
a
Advanced
Coal
a
a
w
a
w/a
a
a
a
w
w/a
a
a
a
a
a
a
w
w
119
-------
SECTION V
APPENDIXES
Page
A. Fact Sheets of Petroleum Process Modules ........
B. Fact Sheets of Conventional and Advanced Coal
Process Modules ................... 135
C. Bibliography ...................... 148
-------
APPENDIX A
FACT SHEETS OF PETROLEUM PROCESS MODULES
Production
1. Gas Wells
2. Oil Wells
42. Gas/Oil Wells
Wells generally produce a wide variety of hydrocarbon compounds
ranging from methane through very heavy oils.
Crude and natural gas is often produced under high pressures and
temperatures.
Remoteness of wells results in poor housekeeping and maintenance.
Acidic crudes and brines are corrosive.
Fugitive emissions and spills, attributable to poor housekeeping,
high pressures and corrosive environment, contain small quantities
of the hazardous components found in crude and gas.
Effluent waste streams are limited to fugitive emissions and spills.
H_S found in many natural gases and crudes is very toxic.
-------
Field Separations
3a. Gas-Condensate Separation
3b. Gas-Oil Separation
3c. Crude Separation
Primary function is to physically separate the gas, crude oil, and
aqueous brine phases.
Emulsion breaking operations are included if necessary.
Intermediate temperatures are encountered if thermal emulsion
breaking is employed.
High pressures are involved if the well pressures are high.
Primary effluent waste stream is oily brine which has been in
contact with crude and possibly will leach out some toxic compounds.
Remoteness of some field separation units lead to poor house-
keeping and maintenance which result in fugitive emissions and
leaks.
Acidic crudes and brines are corrosive, and contribute to leaks
and fugitive emissions.
122
-------
Raw Products Storage Facilities
4. Condensate storage and loading
5. Crude storage (field)
11. Gasoline storage and loading (field)
12. Crude storage (refinery)
Field storage facilities are used to store raw petroleum products
prior to shipment.
Most raw products are shipped by pipeline.
Field storage facilities often include loading facilities for
transporting low volume products by rail or truck.
Major emission streams are aqueous wastes decanted from storage
tanks, and volatile products evaporating from vented tanks and
loading facilities.
Hazardous compounds present in the product may leach into the
decanted aqueous wastes.
Volatile hazardous compounds are suspected present in vented
vapors.
123
-------
Acid Gas Removal
6. Acid Gas Removal (field units)
15. Acid Gas Removal (refinery units)
Employed for the removal of acid gas species from gaseous hydrocarbon
streams.
Commonly absorbs the acid gas species in an amine solution.
Operating pressures and temperatures are low.
The corrosive environment is conducive to leaks and spills.
Effluent acid gas stream contains hazardous compounds including
H2S, COS, CS2, CH3SH, CO, and HCN.
Regeneration of spent amine solution is expected to release amines,
acid gas species and any other hazardous compounds existing in
gaseous hydrocarbon streams.
Sulfur Recovery Units
7. Sulfur Recovery (field)
16. Sulfur Recovery (refinery)
Purpose is conversion of acid gases to salable elemental sulfur.
Commonly employ the Claus process which involves high reaction
temperatures in a relatively corrosive environment.
The major effluent stream is the tailgas which may contain
unreacted sulfur compounds and other hazardous compounds which
enter with the acid gases.
The corrosive environment is conducive to leaks and spills, and
consequently fugitive emissions.
124
-------
8. Dehydration
Employed for the dehydration of gaseous hydrocarbon streams.
Most common processes involve glycol absorption, silica gel
adsorption, or molecular sieve adsorption of the water vapor.
Pressures are low and temperatures are moderate.
Primary effluent stream is the recovered water which may contain
glycols and traces of sulfur compounds not removed by the acid
gas removal system.
Light Ends Separation
9. Gas Separation
17. Gas Processing
Separates desulfurized light hydrocarbon streams into their primary
compounds (predominantly C,, C^, C^, C^, and C^+).
Separation processes include compression, refrigeration, absorption,
adsorption, or a combination of these.
Temperatures are low and pressures are intermediate.
Hazardous compounds are rarely present in these units in significant
quantities.
Generally considered one of the cleaner petroleum processes.
125
-------
10. LPG Storage and Loading
LPG is stored and loaded under moderate and high pressures.
Temperatures involved are low.
Although the elevated pressures are conducive to fugitive
emissions, hazardous compounds are generally not found in LPG
streams.
13. Desalting
For the removal of inorganic salts and brines from incoming crude.
These salts lead to fouling, corrosion, and catalyst poisoning.
Crude is heated to lower its viscosity and contacted with process
water to absorb impurities from the crude.
Electrostatic charges are commonly employed to deemulsify the
organic and aqueous phases.
Chemical deemulsifying is a little used alternative.
Primary effluent stream is a gritty brine containing small
quantities of hazardous compounds in the crude, especially trace
metal salts.
Housekeeping is fair and fugitive emissions are not expected to be
a problem.
126
-------
Crude Separation
14. Atmospheric Distillation
18. Vacuum Distillation
Atmospheric and vacuum distillation are used to separate the
components of crude into various boiling point fractions.
Stripping steam and vacuums are used to depress the boiling points
of heavier fractions.
High temperatures are involved in the process.
Sour condensates are the primary effluent stream and due to their
intimate contact with the crude, contain small quantities of the
hazardous compounds found in crude oil.
High temperatures, corrosive environments, poor maintenance, and
the presence of hazardous compounds combine to make these units
prime sources of potentially hazardous fugitive emissions.
19. Hydrogen Production
Commonly employ steam reforming of a clean hydrocarbon feedstock.
Hydrocarbons and steam are reduced to CO- and E^.
Processing temperatures and pressures are both high.
No direct effluent waste streams.
Fugitive emissions can be high because of high operating
temperatures and pressures; however, the presence of hazardous
compounds is dependent on the hydrocarbon source selected.
127
-------
20. Catalytic Polymerization
Feed is light olefins.
Produces a gasoline blending stock.
High temperature.
High pressure.
Being phased out as feedstocks are in demand for petrochemical
production.
Main emissions from heaters and regeneration of fixed bed
catalyst.
21. Alkylation
Feed is light isoparaffins and olefins.
Produces high octane, branched paraffin gasoline blending stock.
Low temperature.
Intermediate pressure.
Catalysts are highly concentrated sulfuric and hydrofluric acids,
Main emissions are from the process heater.
128
-------
22. Isomerization
Rearranges straight chain paraffins to branched chain for octane
improvement.
Catalyzed by platinum-aluminum oxide catalyst.
High temperature.
High pressure.
Main emissions from heaters and catalyst regenerations.
24. Catalytic Reforming
Produces a high octane aromatic blending stock.
High temperature.
Intermediate-to-high pressure.
High interest in recent years caused by no-lead gasoline
requirements.
Main emissions result from process heaters and regeneration of
fixed bed catalyst.
129
-------
26. Chemical Sweetening
Converts mercaptans to sulfides in liquid petroleum streams.
Low temperature.
Low pressure.
In limited use with advent of chemical inhibitors for product
sweetening.
Main emissions from the regeneration of the fixed bed catalyst,
Hvdrodesulfurization
23. Naphtha HDS
27. Kerosene HDS
28. Gas Oil HDS
33. Lube Oil HDS
35. Residual Oil HDS
Removes sulfur and nitrogen from liquid feeds.
Produces tUS and NH« which are steam stripped and sent to Acid
Gas Removal.
High temperature.
High pressure.
Emission streams:
(1) Aqueous condensate
(2) Catalyst regeneration flue gas
(3) Process heater flue gas.
130
-------
Catalytic Cracking
29. Fluid Bed
30. Moving Bed
Converts heavy distillates into lighter components.
High temperature.
Low pressure.
Emission streams:
(1) Aqueous condensate
(2) Regenerator flue gas
(3) Process heater flue gas.
Benzo(a)pyrene measured on catalyst emitted from regenerator.
31. Hydrocracking
Converts heavy gas oils into desulfurized gasolines and light
hydrocarbon fractions.
High temperatures.
High pressures.
Produces H-S and NH, which are steam stripped and sent to Acid
Gas Removal.
9 Emission Streams:
(1) Aqueous condensate
(2) Catalyst regeneration flue gas
(3) Process heater flue gas.
Generally not among the processes being included in new refineries.
131
-------
34. Deasphalting
Separates asphalts from vacuum resids by extraction vith propane
or light hydrocarbon solvent.
High temperature.
Low pressure.
Emissions result from an aqueous condensate stream and process
heater flue gases.
36. Visbreaking
Produces a maximum amount of fuel oil (minimizes gasoline) from
topped crude.
Thermalcracking.
High temperature.
Low pressure.
Emission Sources:
(1) Process Heater Flue Gas
(2) Aqueous Condensate
(3) Barometric Off Gas
(4) Decoking.
Sulfur compounds (H»S, COS) are emitted during decoking operations,
Not being considered in current refinery design plans.
132
-------
37. Coking
Converts residual oil to coke and to wide range of gaseous and
liquid fuel products.
High temperature.
Low pressure.
Emission sources:
(1) Aqueous Condensate
(2) Process Heater
(3) Coking Off Gas.
Fine coke particles emitted in the off gas will contain trace
elements and possibly some polynuclear components.
39. Lube Oil Processing
Converts desulfurized lube oils into marketable lube stocks,
Medium temperatures.
Low pressure.
Main Emission Streams:
(1) Aqueous Condensate
(2) Process Heater Flue Gas
(3) Catalyst Regeneration Gases
(4) Spent Acid Sludge.
13J
-------
40. Asphalt Air Blowing
Polymerizes raw asphalts to a more viscous product asphalt.
High temperature.
Low pressure.
Emissions are found in the process heater flue gases and the
off gases from air blowing.
Polynuclear and heterocyclic compounds have been found in the
off gas from this unit.
134
-------
APPENDIX B
FACT SHEETS OF CONVENTIONAL
AND ADVANCED COAL PROCESS MODULES
1. Coal Extraction
Two major types of coal extraction:
(1) Underground mining
(2) Surface mining.
In underground mining, the mining machines (giant saws and
mechanical "moles") are used. In surface mining, giant
mechanical shovels are used to remove the overburden and to
dig up the coal.
Major hazardous emission is the respirable coal dust. The modern
mechanized mining methods have increased the emission.
135
-------
Coal Preparation
2. Crushing and Grinding
3. Gravity Separation
4. Froth Flotation
5. Thermal Drying
19. Slurry Preparation
The purposes of the gravity separation and froth flotation are
to remove partially the ash and some pyritic sulfur of coal.
Grind coal to various sizes according to its application. Ball
mills are commonly employed to prepare coal for the utility
furnaces.
Two major emission sources:
(1) Respirable coal dust in handling and transporting coal
(2) Tailings from the physical separation of coal.
136
-------
6. Slot Type Coke Oven
The slot type coke oven consists essentially of three main parts:
coking chamber, heating chamber, and the regenerative chamber.
The coal is charged through openings in the top of the oven. The
coke is pushed out from one end by a power-driven ram or pusher,
acting through the other end.
The coking time depends on the depth of coal and usually ranges
from 16 to 20 hours.
The coking temperature is from 1700 to 2700 F.
In the coking period, the volatile materials of coal are released.
Some known carcinogens have been identified in this gas stream.
The potentially hazardous materials are emitted during the charging,
coking, and pushing operations.
137
-------
7. Volatile Collection and Cooling
The volatile products are carried through the ducts in each oven
top and are collected in the main.
A liquid spray is installed in the main to cool the gas.
This flushing liquid which contains the condensate from the volatile
products is collected for further chemical recovery processes.
The gas stream passes through an electrostatic precipitator to
further remove the tar from raw coke-oven gases before it enters
the ammonia recovery unit.
The gas stream contains many potentially hazardous materials and
fugitive emission is high.
138
-------
Tar Treatment
8. Tar Liquor Decantation
35. Tar Separation
The primary objective is to separate the condensed tar from
the liquor.
The tar settles in the flush-liquor decanter tank because of its
high density.
The overflow is recycled back to the volatile collection and
cooling unit.
Operating temperature and pressure are low.
9. Ammo.nia Recovery
Three different methods are currently used to recover ammonia from
the coke-oven gases as ammonium sulfate:
(1) Direct process the tar-free coke-oven gases are passed
through a saturator containing a solution of sulfuric acid
(2) Indirect process ammonia is scrubbed off the coke-oven
gases by water and is recovered from water by distillation
and alkaline treatment. Then, the ammonia is passed through
a sulfuric acid saturator
(3) Semi-direct process -- ammonia is removed from the flush
liquor by distillation and alkaline treatment and then is
passed through the sulfuric acid saturator.
The operating temperature is medium.
139
-------
10. Pyridine Recovery
The primary function is to recover the pyridine bases from the
coke-oven gases. These bases include pyridine, picolines (methyl
pyridines), lutidines (dimethyl pyridines), etc.
There are two types of recovery processes:
(1) Continuous -- the saturator liquor from the ammonia recovery
unit is passed to a neutralizing still where the pyridine
bases, ammonia, carbon dioxide and water, are given out as
overhead gases. These gases are condensed and the pyridine
bases are separated from this ammonium carbonate solution
as a top liquid layer
(2) Batch-type -- the pyridine bases are recovered by distillation
of the saturator liquor and are purified by a series of
cooling and fractionation operations.
Operation temperature is medium.
140
-------
11. Phenol Recovery
Phenol is recovered from the liquor in the ammonia recovery unit.
Two methods are available to recover phenol from the ammonium
liquor:
(1) Vapor-Recirculation Process Phenol is steam-stripped off
the liquor which contains phenol, ammonia and other soluble
carbonization products. The phenol is extracted from the
water-phenol mixture by caustic soda to form sodium phenolate.
(2) Solvent Extraction Process -- The phenol is extracted out
from the liquor by benzene or light oil in which phenol
is more soluble than water. The extraction is a counter-
current flow process. The phenol is then removed from the
solvent by reacting with caustic soda to form sodium
phenolate.
Operating temperature is medium and the pressure is low.
The degree of corrosiveness depends on the concentration of
sodium hydroxide.
141
-------
12. Coke Quenching
The purpose of coke quenching is to stop the further combustion.
There are two methods of quenching:
(1) Wet Quenching the coke is loaded in the quenching cars
which are carried to the quenching station by an electric
locomotive, where the coke is quenched with water
(2) Dry Quenching -- the coke is put in a closed system in
which air is circulated to pick up the sensible heat from
the coke. The hot air is used to generate low pressure
steam.
Overall operating temperature is medium to high.
High fugitive emission of volatile matters from coke is expected.
13. Light Oil Recovery
To recover the light hydrocarbons from the coke-oven gases.
Three major constituents to be recovered are benzene, toluene
and xylene.
Three methods are available for light oil recovery:
(1) A series of refrigeration (-70 C) and compression (10 atm)
(2) Adsorption by activated carbon which is regenerated by
direct or indirect heating of steam
(3) Absorption by a liquor solvent which is recovered by
steam distillation.
Temperature ranges from low to medium and pressure from low to high.
No corrosive environment exists in this section. Oil spill and
housekeeping will be major factor in fugitive emission.
142
-------
Storage
14. Storage (Coking)
28. Storage (Liquefaction)
43. Storage (Gasification)
A large variety of hydrocarbons are stored as end-products or
intermediate products.
The coal tar is usually piled up on the open ground. Hazardous
volatile materials are involved in this storage area of coal tar,
Temperatures involved are low.
The hydrocarbons are stored under moderate and high pressure.
20. Reactor (SRC Process)
Dissolve the coal in a solvent with hydrogen.
Temperature and pressure involved are high (825 F and 1000 psi).
No continuous emission from the pressurized vessel. Fugitive
emission from the high pressure pump and valves is expected.
Reactor accident such as rupture of safety head will emit the
potentially hazardous materials.
21. Reactor Separator
Separate the gases from the reaction products.
Separation is done by flashing the reaction products.
Temperature is high and pressure is moderate.
143
-------
Gas Treatment
22. Condenser
24. Water Oil Separator
Cool the gases from the flash tank and separate the oil from the
condensate.
Temperature and pressure involved ranges from low to moderate.
Gasifier (Lurgi Process)
33. Oxygen Blown Gasification
42. Air Blown Gasification
Combustion of coal to produce methane.
Methane is produced from coal in the gasifier through a 3-stage
process, namely, devolatilization and drying, gasification, and
partial combustion.
Temperature and pressure are high (1400 F and 400 psig).
Most of the potentially hazardous materials are produced in the
gasifiers, but there is no direct continuous atmospheric emission
of these materials from the gasifier.
Coal ash is the only direct waste discharge from the gasifiers
to the atmosphere.
144
-------
34. Quenching and Cooling
Cool the product gases and separate the coal tar and other
condensates from the product gases.
A scrubbing and cooling tower is used to remove the tar from the
gas stream.
Temperature is high and pressure is low.
Potentially hazardous materials present in the system and
housekeeping is a key factor to reduce the fugitive emission of
these materials.
High-BTU Gas Production
36. Shift Conversion
39. Methanation
Produce hydrogen in the shift converter from the reaction of
carbon monoxide and water.
Produce more methane in the methanator from the catalytic reaction
of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
Temperature in shift converter is very high (700 to 1000 F).
Temperature and pressure in methanator are high (800 F and 225 psi)
Nickel carbonyl, a carcinogen, is emitted from the methanator
in which nickel is used as a catalyst.
Fugitive emission from leaks of pump seals and valves is likely
in these systems.
145
-------
Gas Cleaning
38. Acid Gas Removal (Rectisol Wash)
40. Further Gas Purification (Reactisol
Wash)
Remove acid gases such as hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfur and
carbon dioxide down to a level of about 0.1 ppmv.
The acid gases are washed out by methanol at low temperature.
Methanol is recovered in a flash tank and a methanol-water
separator. The acid gases are regenerated in a multi-stage
operation.
Temperature and pressure are low (-50 F and 1 psi).
146
-------
Sulfur Removal
31. Sulfur Recovery (Glaus Process)
41. Sulfur Recovery (Stretford Process)
Glaus process removes sulfur from gas stream in a catalytic
reaction of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide.
Stretford process removes hydrogen sulfide from the gas stream
by a counter-current liquid-gas absorption column.
The end product is the salable elemental sulfur.
Both processes involve corrosive and hazardous materials.
Major effluent stream of the Glaus process is the tail gas
which contains sulfur compounds and may also contain other
hazardous compounds.
There are two major effluent streams for the Stretford process:
(1) Tail gas which contains unreacted sulfur
(2) Purge stream from the absorption column.
37. Phenol Recovery (Phenosolvan Process)
Recover phenol from the water-effluent stream.
Phenol is extracted by isopropyl ether which is regenerated
in a distillation column.
Temperature involved is moderate.
Only major effluent stream is the slightly phenolic water to
bio-water treatment.
147
-------
APPENDIX C
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Reference A. Toxicity
A-l. Particulate polycyclic Organic Matter, Committee on Biologic
Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants, Division of Medical
Sciences, National Research Council, 1972.
A-2. Hartwell, J. L., ed., "Survey of Compounds Which Have Been
Tested for Carcinogenic Activity", Public Health Service
Publication No. 149, Second Edition, 1951.
A-3. Hartwell, J. L. and Shubik, P., "Survey of Compounds Which
Have Been Tested for Carcinogenic Activity", Public Health
Service Publication No. 149, Supplemental, 1957.
A-4. Magee, E. M., Hall, H. J. and Varga, Jr., G. M., "Potential
Pollutants in Fossil Fuel", Environmental Protection Technology
Series, EPA-R2-73-249 (June 1973).
A-5. "Evaluation of the Hazard of Bulk Water Transportation of
Industrial Chemicals", 1970 Edition with additions to July 30,
1973, Report prepared by the Evaluation Panel of the Committee
on Hazardous Materials, Div. of Chemistry & Chemical Technology,
National Research Council, under Contract No. CG-11,775-A,
DOT-OS-00035, Task Order 13, for the U.S. Coast Guard
(January 1974).
A-6. Baskin, David A., Editor, "Handling Guide for Potentially
Hazardous Commodities, Railway Systems and Management Assn.,
Chicago, Copyright 1972.
A-7. Stechey, Paul G., Editor, "Merck Index", 8th Edition, Merck
& Co., Inc., 1968.
A-8. McKee, J. E. and Wolf, H. W., "Water Quality Criteria", Second
Edition, Publication 3-A, California State Water Resources
Control Board, Revised 1963.
A-9. "Water Quality Criteria Data Book", Volume 3, "Effects of
Chemical on Aquatic Life", Water Pollution Control Research
Series 180506WV05/71, U.S. EPA Office of Research and Monitoring
(May 1971).
148
-------
A-10. "Threshold Limit Values of Airborne Contaminants and Intended
Changes Adapted by ACGIH for 1970", American Conference of
Governmental and Industrial Hygienists, 1970.
149
-------
Reference B, Coking
B-l. Anderson, H. C. and Wu, W.R.K., "Properties of Compounds in Coal-
Carbonization Products", U.S. Dept. of Interior, Bureau of Mines,
Bulletin 606.
B-2. Jackson, J. 0., Warner, P. 0., and Mooney, Jr., T. F., "Profiles
of Benzo(a)pyrene and Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles at and in the
Immediate Vicinity of a Coke Oven Battery", American Industrial
Hygiene Assoc. Journal, 35 (5), 276-81 (May 1974).
B-3. Smith, W. M., "Evaluation of Coke Oven Emission", J. Occupational
Medicine, 13 (2), 69-74 (February 1971).
B-4. Von Lehmden, D. J., Hangebrauck, R. P., and Meeker, J. E.,
"Polynuclear Hydrocarbon Emission from Selected Industrial
Processes", J. Air Pollution Control Association, JL5 (7),
306-12 (July 1965).
B-5. Dancy, T. E., "Control of Coke-Oven Emission", Iron and Steel
Engineer, 65-75 (July 1970).
B-6. Gunter, B. J. and Rune, R. L., "Health Hazard Evaluation/Toxicity
Determination: Empire Detroit Steel Company, New Boston, Ohio",
NTIS Report PB229 083/1W3 (August 1972).
B-7. Flesch, J. P., Ramos, H. and Ruhe, R. L., "Health Hazard
Evaluation/Toxicity Determination: Ford Motor Company, Rouge
Plant, Dearborn, Michigan", NTIS Report PB 229 073/2WP.
150
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Reference C. PETROLEUM
C-l. Gruse, W. A., and Stevens, D. R., Chemical Technology of
Petroleum, 3rd ed., N.Y., McGraw-Hill (1960).
C-2. Kim, B. C., Murthy, K. and Jenkins, D. M., "Pollutants from
Residual Oil Combustion", Preliminary Report to EPA Contract
No. 68-02-1323 (Task 4), Battelle-Columbus Laboratories
(December 1973).
C-3. Handbook of Chemistry & Physics. 55th ed., Chemical Rubber Co.,
Cleveland, Ohio, CRC (1973).
C-4. "A Program to Investigate Various Factors in Refinery Siting",
Final Report with map inserts, Radian Corporation, Austin,
Texas (1974).
C-5. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 2nd ed., Kirk-Othmer,
Vol. 1-22, N.Y. Wiley (1963-70).
C-6. Environmental Protection Agency, "Compilation of Air Pollutants
Emission Factors", 2nd ed., AP42, Research Triangle Park, N.C.
(1973).
151
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Reference D. Combustion
D-l. Geostle, R. W., et al. , "Chrome and Hydrogen Chloride Emission
and Their Control", APCA 64th Annual Meeting, Paper 71-25
(June 27, 1971).
D-2. Sawicki, E., "Airborne Carcinogens and Allied Compounds", Arch
Envision Health, 14, 46-63 (January 1967).
D-3. Sawicki, E., Meeker, J. E., and Morgan, M. J., "The Quantitative
Composition of Air Pollution Source Effluents in Terms of Aza
Heterocyc'lic Compounds and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons",
Intern. J. Air Water Pollution, 9, 291-98 (1965).
D-4. Hangebrauck, R. P., Von Lehmden, D. J., and Meeker, J. E.,
"Source of Polynuclear Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere", U.S.
Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service
Publication No. 999-AP-33 (1967).
D-5. Davison, R. L., Natusch, F. S., Wallace, J. R. and Evans, Jr.,
C. A., "Trace Elements in Fly Ash Dependence of Concentration
on Particle Size", Environmental Science and Technology, 8 (13),
1107-13 (December 1974).
D-6. Air Pollution. Edited by A. C. Stern, Academic Press, N.Y.
(1968), "Chemical Analysis and Carcinogenic Bioassays of
Organic Particulate Pollutants", (Hoffmann, D. and Wynder,
E. L.), 2 (20), 187-247.
152
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Reference E, Gasification
E-l. Ricketts, T. S., "The Operation of the Westfield Lurgi Plant and
the High Pressure Grid System", IGE J., 563-83 (October 1963).
E-2. Kalfadelis, C. D., Magee, E. M., "Evaluation of Pollution
Control in Fossil Fuel Conversion Process. Gasification
Section 1: Synthane Process", Office of Research and Development,
U.S. EPA-650/2-74-009-6 (June 1974).
E-3. Shaw, H. and Magee, E. M., "Evaluation of Pollution Control in
Fossil Fuel Conversion Process Gasification; Section 1: Lurgi
Process", Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA-
650/2-74-009-C (June 1974).
E-4. Attan, A., "Fate of Trace Constituents of Coal During Gasifi-
cation", Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA-650-2-
73-0004, PB-223 001 (August 1973).
E-5. Forney, A. J., et al., "Analysis of Tars, Chars, Gases, and
Water Found in Effluents from Synthane Process", U.S. Bureau of
Mines Technical Progress Report 75 (January 1974).
E-6. Moe, J. M., "SNG from Coal Via the Lurgi Gasification Process".
E-7. "Environmental Applications of Advanced Instrumental Analyses:
Assistance Projects, FY '73", Environmental Protection
Technology Series, U.S. EPA-660/2-74-078 (August 1974).
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-650/2-75-038
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE ANOSUBTITLE
Potentially Hazardous Emissions from the Extraction
and Processing of Coal and Oil
S. REPORT DATE
April 1975
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7.AUTHOR
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