EPA-670/4-74-oo2b Environmental Monitoring Series
February 1974
REVIEWS OF CURRENT LITERATURE
ON ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY
AND QUALITY CONTROL
No 25
Office of Resesearch and Devetopment
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington. D.C. 20460
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NOTICE
This bulletin, which is a continuation of Report Series
EPA-R4-73-023, is prepared monthly by the staff of the Analytical Methodology
Information Center (AMIC), Information and Communications Systems Research
Department, Battelle, Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, under EPA
Contract No. 68-01-1832, to inform personnel of the Methods Development and
Quality Assurance Research Laboratory and other segments of the National
Analytical Methods Development Research Program of recent publications on
methodology.^ Personnel associated with the center are Mr. Ralph Darby,
Project Director, Mr. Robert Little, Project Leader, and Miss Verna Holoman,
Abstractor. ,,
The 3" x 5" format of the citations and use of card stock is
intended to facilitate removal and filing of items of interest. Because of
space limitations, the index terms accompanying the citations are selected
from a complete list as representative of the important concepts represented
in each article.
Comments and suggestions regarding the content of the "Reviews" or
requests from EPA personnel to be placed on the mailing list should be
directed to the Project Officer:
Mr. Luther E. Garrett
Data and Information Research Division
Office of Research and Development
Environmental Protection Agency
404 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20024
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REVIEWS OF CURRENT LITERATURE ON
ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL
No. 25
By
Analytical Methodology Information Center (AMIC)
Information Systems Department
Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201
Contract No. 68-01-1832
Prepared for
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
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ro
NATIONAL ANALYTICAL METHODS DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM
ANALYTICAL QUALITY CONTROL LABORATORY
REVIEWS OF CURRENT LITERATURE ON
ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL
No. 25 February 1974
Arrangement of the citations following the major research areas of the Analytical
Quality Control Laboratory and other segments of the National Analytical Methods
Development Research Program. Items which apply to more than one area are cross-
referenced.
CONTENTS
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS Pa§e l~2^
Scope: Wet chemical methods; Nutrients; NTA; Trace metals; Helium glow;
Chromatography (thin layer, gas, liquid); Spectroscopy (atomic absorption;
flame emission, arc-spark, visible, UV, IR, fluorescent); Radiochemistry;
Automation of methods; Ion-specific and other probes; Mass spectrometry;
Mass spectra; NMR; Instrument-computer interface; Chlorinated hydrocarbons
(pesticides, PCB's, other); Trace organics; Petroleum processes (reforming,
hydroforming, platforming, catalysts); Petroleum additives; Reduced crudes;
Sulfur isotopes; Boiling range determination; Asphatenes and carboids;
Weathering; Organometallics; Elemental analysis; Paraffinic distribution;
Petroleum wastes; Water quality standards; Effluent monitoring.
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS pa§e 21-38
Scope; Plankton; Periphyton; Macrophyton; Macroinvertebrates; Fish;
Sample collection (grab samplers, artificial substrates); Sample
processing (preservation, staining, automatic and manual sorting and
counting); Organisms identification (taxonomic keys, optical and electron
microscopy, gas Chromatography, electrophoresis, karyosystematics); Biomass
measurements (drying, freeze-drying, ashing, ATP, DNA, chlorophyll measure-
ment, calorimetry); Metabolic rates (primary productivity, respiration,
electron transport, nitrogen fixation); Culturing; Biomonitoring; Bioassay;
Bioaccumulation of hazardous materials; Community structure (indicator
organisms, species diversity, community stability); Mathematical models;
Statistical analysis.
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3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS Page 39-44
Scope: Pollution indicators; Waterborne pathogens; Sampling; Detection;
Identification; Enumeration; Monitoring; Survival; Automation; Instrumenta-
tion; Cell counting; Selective and differential media; Growth factors;
Metabolic products; Membrane filter procedures; Microbiological standards;
Specific bacteriophage; Fluorescent antibody techniques; Radioactive
tracers; Antigen identification; Photomicroscopy; Optical measurements;
Data handling, presentation, and interpretation.
4. METHODS AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION No Entries
Scope: Collaborative testing; Laboratory and analyst performance evaluation;
Inter- and intralaboratory quality control; Evaluation of laboratory equip-
ment; Statistical treatment of analytical data; Experimental design.
5. INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT Page 45-47
Scope: Intake systems (methods of sampling, connecting lines, wells, motors,
pumps, mode of operation); Sensors (electro-chemical, electro-biological,
thermodynamic, mechanical, optical, nuclear); Analyzers (analog and digital
amplifiers, output displays); Recording systems (telemetry, data logging,
digital data processors).
ii
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1.
Awn fUPVTrAT
AMIC-9297
"METAL COORDINATION COMPOUNDS OF THIABENDAZOLE", Miller, V. L., Gould, C. J.,
Csonka, E., Jensen, R. L., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 21,
No. 5, September/October 1973, pp 931-932.
Several aetal coordination compounds of the fungicide thiabendazole,
2-{U'-thiazoly])benzlmidazole (TBZ), were prepared and the solubilities In water and
the pH of the solutions were determined. Pungicidal activity of the compounds was
equal to that of TBZ, against an isolate of Penlcillium and of Fusarlum. For analysis
the compounds were hydrolyzed in 6 N HC1 at steam bath temperature for 1-2 hr. TBZ
was determined by absorbance of an aliquot of the digest in 0.1 N HC1 measured at
302 nm. For chloride analysis, the sample was dissolved in dilute nitric acid and
titrated. The approximate water solubility of the compounds was determined by
machine shaking of excess compound with water at room temperature for at least 1* hr.
The water solubility of TBZ. was determined to be 1-2 micrograms/ml. The Zn (TBZ)SClU
and CcTBZ(GLU)2 were the most soluble. The solubility of TBZHC1 as TBZ was 18.2 mg/ml,
and the pH was 3,3. The materials to be bloassayed were dissolved in water and the
concentration was determined by spectroscopy at 302 nm in 0.1 N HOI. The control
level of active ingredient of connerdally formulated TBZ determined by this bioassay
was 11 mlcrograms/ml for Penlcillium and 92 mlcrograms/ml for Fuaarium. The activity
of the synthetic materials may reflect water solubility rather than greater potency.
INDEX TERMS: Fungicides, Aqueous solutions, Copper, Zinc, Cobalt, Nickel, Solubility,
Synthesis, Biological properties, Bioassay, Fungi, Thiabendazole, Fusarlum,
Penicillium.
AMIC-9507
"ADSORPTION OF Hg(ll) BY HTDROUS MANGANESE OXIDES", Lockwood, R. A., Chen, K. Y.,
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 11, November 1973, PP 1028-1031*.
The adsorption of Hg(Il) by hydrous manganese oxides suspended In solutions
with vide ranges of pH, chloride concentration, and Ionic strength was studied to
evaluate the possible importance of manganese Oxides In mercury scavenging In natural
waters. Manganese dioxide and possibly other oxides were precipitated with the
addition of MnSOU solution to KMnOU solution. Hg(Il) was adsorbed rapidly when added to
aged suspensions of Mn02 with low ionic strength. 0.6 M Nad repressed adsorption below
pH 9, but not above pH 10. Apparently 0.6 M NaClOU changed equilibrium values only
slightly, but adsorption rates were many orders of magnitude lower, particularly above
pH 8. It is concluded that Mn02 nay be Important as a mercury scavenger in fresh or
brackish vater, either in the natural environment or in the treatment of water and
wastevater. Conclusions about Hg in manganese nodules in the ocean are not Justified
because of the large extrapolation required between the data presented and the actual
ocean concentrations of Hg(ll). On the other hand, in freshwater lakes and streams,
and possibly in soils, amorphous manganese oxides would be active scavengers of mercury.
The actual presence of mercury In manganese nodules from deep ocean deposits may be
accounted for by other mechanisms not studied in this work.
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, Adsorption, Manganese, Aqueous solutions, Water pollution control.
Sodium chloride, Hydrogen ion concentration, Vfaste water treatment, Freshwater,
Brackish water, Manganese oxide, Scavenging, Transport, Ionic strength.
AMIC-9630
"CHEMICAL CONFIRMATION OF BHC ISOMERS: COMPARISON OF ALKALINE REACTIONS IN
SOLUTION AND BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC PRE-COLUMN", Cochrane, W. P., Maybury, R. B.,
Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 56, No. 6,
November 1973, PP 132^-1329.
A rapid procedure that involves treatment with sodium methoxide (NaCMe)
solution is described for the qualitative confirmation of lindane (end other BHC
isomers) residues in cereal, animal feed, meat, and fat samples. Losses encountered
In the evaporation and partition steps are discussed. Optimum electron capture OLC
conditions, both programmed and isothermal, for the separation of the 1,3,5-, 1,2,U-,
and 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene products are given. Comparison of the NaCMe solution
reaction with an alkaline pre-column technique revealed that the latter saved time in
the analysis of cereal, animal feed, and cheese extracts. The alkaline pre-column
method did not eliminate Interferences in some meat and fat samples; the NaCMe solution
reaction does eliminate these interferences. A lower level of 0.01 ppm lindane in a
10-g sample can be confirmed by the procedures described.
INDEX TERMS: Gas chromatography, Pollutant identification, BHC, Lindane, Sodium
methoxide, Trichlorobenzene, Biological samples, Cleanup, Isomers, Electron
capture detector, Alkaline precolumn method.
AMIC-9631*
"GAS-LIQUID CHRCMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF ROTENONE AND DEGUELIN IN PLANT
EXTRACTS AND COMMERCIAL INSECTICIDES", Delfel, N. E. , Journal of the Association of
Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 56, No. 6, November 1973, PP Wi-13^9-
Retention times on 3 percent methyl sillcone in glass columns at 160 C were
0.85 and 1.39, respectively, for deguelin and stigmasterol acetate, the internal
standard; and flame ionization detector responses were 1.00 and 1.U7, respectively,
compared to rotenone as 1.00 in both cases. Hotenolone, when present, interfered with
the determination of deguelin. Rotenoid extracts from Derris elllptlca and Lonchocarpus
nlcou roots lacked other interfering materials. Tephrosia vogelij leaflets contained
fat-soluble contaminants that were minimized by using acetonttsFlle for extraction and
by subsequent partitioning with hexane. When the GLC assay was applied to commercial
samples, rotenone results were comparable to label values in 2 samples and rotenoid
oxidation products were detected in 2 others. The precision of GLC was plus or minus
14..1 percent and the results agreed with those by thin layer densitonetry (TLD) within
2.1 percent for rotenone and 2.9 percent for deguelin. A minor improvement of TLD for
analysis of T. vogelii extracts is also described. In conclusion, GLC is quicker than
TLD and yield's more reproducible results (k percent vs. 8 percent, respectively). The
2 methods gave comparable results on D. elllptica and L. nicou, and GLC avoided most of
the bias for the TLD deguelin value in T. vogellT. The GLC method has many positive
attributes which favor its being considered as an alternative to the slower, more
expensive gravimetric method for rotenone in Industrial quality control.
INDEX TERMS: Insecticides, Vegetation, Leaves, Separation techniques, Gravimetric
analysis, Gas liquid chromatography, Rotenone, Deguelin, Derris elliptica.
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-96U3
"SEMI AUTOMATED METHOD TOR MORK PRECISE AND 3ENSITIVE DETERMINATION OF NONFOLAR
AMTICHOLINKLTKRAJE INSECTICIDES WITH TECHWTCOM MODULES", Voss, G., Journal of the
Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 56, No. 6, November 1975,
pp T506-1S07.~~
Problems of adsorption of relatively nonpolar antlcholinesterase insecticides
to the pump tubing of automated flow systems have been noted and described by several
authors. Tne problem has now been eliminated by not pumping the sample solutions
directly; instead they are more concentrated and are manually injected into a special
flowccll-type injection chamber Just downstream from the proportioning pump. In the
original procedure the insecticide solution (0.8 ml/min) was pumped from the sampler
(20 samples/hr, 1 min sample aspiration followed by a wash period of 2 min) and mixed
with an equal volume of buffered chollnesterase solution. The altered portion of the
manifold, however, in addition to the usual air pump tubing, requires only one pump
tube (1.6 ml/min) through which the enzyme working solution (2-fold dilution) flows
into an all-flaw:; and one-piece injection cell with a volume of ca 0.8-1.0 ml. The
solution pass.Ing through the cell is continuously atirred by means of a magnetic flea.
Methanollc insecticide solutions are then injected into the cell through a silicons
rubber septum, using a ml crosyringe. Original AutoAnalyzer recordings obtained with
the organophosphate chlorfenvinphos and peacock plasma cholinesterase are presented
for both systems. The results demonstrate the advantages of injecting nonpolar
compounds Into an aqueous flow system. While the :.ujections are performed manually in
the present system, the potential for full automation awaits the Inclusion of an
automated injection sampler, for example, the Hewlett-Packard Model 76?OA automatic
sampler.
AM1C-96U3 (Continued)
Card 2/2
IHDKX TERM.,: Insecticides, Automation, Gas chromatography, Methodology, Adsorption,
Flow, Pollutant Identification, Antlcholinesterases, AutoAnalyzer, Chlorfenvinphos
Cholinesterase.
AM1C-96UU
"ULTRASONIC 30LUBIL1ZJVTION TECHNIQUE FOR USE IN COULOM3TRY", Ferren, W. P.,
Fortinash, W. M., Journal of the Association of official Analytical Chemists,
Vol. 56, No. 6, November ~19?3, pp 151^-1515.
An ultrasonic solubilizatlon technique hac been developed which is useful
as a first step in the coulometrlc determination of the chjorlde content of crystalline
organic compounds such as p-chlorobenzoic acid. p-Chlorobenzolc acid was used as the
test compound because It represents a crystalline powder substance requiring very
efficient agitation to achieve the necessary Intimate contact with the sodium blphenyl
reagent. Using p-chlorobenzolc acid as the standard, it was found that adding
hydrogen peroxide and evaporating by heat yielded errors a.; much as -10 percent. The
use of eerie Ion to destroy hydrogen peroxide prior to coulometrjc measurements reduced
these errors to about -3 percent. Subsequently, the elimination or hydrogen peroxide
in favor of a stream of oxygen gas improved the aceura"y of the method to the point
where the average value of 10 determinations wa;: PZ.'jK percent chloride compared to
the theoretical value of 22.65 percent chloride. Tt was possible to determine
't tulcrogramr, chloride (as present in p-chlorobenzol^ acid) with FI Linear relationship
between read-out ana chloride content, for p-rhloroberizoic acid in the sample rar.ge
0.0 to 2.0 mg. The percentage of chloride In p-chlorobenzoic acid war. determined with
an absolute error of -0.07 percent or ^ relative error of -0.^ percent. The standard
deviation was 0.06, which yields a 95 percent confidence interval of plus or minus 0-OU
percent. This confidence Interval applies within tt.e limits of detection.
INDEX TE3M5: Chlorides, Analytical technique.--,, pesticides, Organic compounds,
Coulometry, Ultrasonic solubiiization, Precision, p-Chlorobenzoic acid.
"CONVERSION OF 3CME ORGAKO-PHG5PHOHIK: IN iCTICIDii." ON ADSORBING SURFACES A.3 AFFiOT.-.D
BY FORMULATION", Mingelgrin, U. , Yaron, B. , Bulletin o^ Environmental Contamination
and Toxicology, Vol. 10, No. 5, November 1973, PP ?0j-290.
This work WES designed to investigate the effect of the manufacturers'
formulations upon the behavior of Pirimiphos-t thyl and methyl and Menazon in the
presence of natural adsorbents. Sixteen ppm active ingredient solutions of
Plrlmiphos-ethyl; Pirimiphos-methyl; JF2765 (Pirlmlphos-ethyl emulsifiatle concentrate);
JF276U (Pirimiphos-methyl eraulsiflable concentrate); Menazon; and Saphizon D.P.
(formulated Menazon) In O.I* percent W.W. acetone in .T.ter were prepared. The above
solutions were shaken with Ca-bentonite, Ca-kao:ir.Ite and u,a-pe&t (j'H 5-5) with the r=tio
of 100:1 solution:solid, for 72 hours. Samples of the suspensions thus formed werp
taken at 0.5, 2, 5, 2k and 72 hours. The suspensions were centrifuged at 5000 rpm for
20 min and the supernatant was separated from the precipitate. After 5 hour.- and 72
hours, in the case of Plrimlphos-ethyl, Pirimiphos-methyl and their formulations, the
precipitate was dried at room temperature overnight, and then extracted with hex^ne.
UV spectra and GLC were taken from both the supernatant and the hexane extracts. Two
Interesting facts stand out from the results. Firstly, the unusual relatively high
adsorption of Pirimiphos-ethyl upon Ca-kaolinite. Secondly, It seems that the
adsorptior of all pesticides is only slightly Influenced by the presence of the
forraulants. Even this preliminary data using arbitrary formulations, indicate the
potential stored in the use of formulants 1'or the purpose of affecting l.he chemical and
biological behavior of pesticide:., after application.
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-97>»9 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Organophosphorus pesticides, Adsorption, Formulation, Pesticide kinetics,
Triazine pesticides, Aqueous solutions, Degradation (decomposition), Calcium,
Bentonite, Kaollnite, Peat, Ultraviolet radiation, Flame tonlzatlon g&a
chromatography, Adsorbents, Plrimiphos-ethyl, Piriralphos-raethyl, Menazon,
Saphizon D.P.
AMIC-9755
"A HEW BEIKENE-BTHANOL-WATEK SOLVENT SYSTEM FOR TLC SEPARATION OF AFLATOXINS",
Waltking, A. E., Bleffert, G, W., Chick, M., Fogerty, R,, Journal of the American
Oil Chemists' Society, Vol. 50, NO. 10, October 1973, pp U5CTf55T
Gas liquid chromatography was used to determine the composition of the
benzene-ethanol-water (BEW) solvent system frequently used in the separation of
aflatoxlns by thin layer chromatography. Investigation of a rapid procedure for
preparing and using this solvent system led to the discovery of a new BEW solvent
system with advantages for the routine determination of aflatoxins in roasted nut
products, which consists of benzene-ethanol-water ^0:6:3 for the trough solution and
h:27:20 for the bottom solution. Because ethanol is the moct costly reagent in this
solvent system and the bottom layer contains four times as much ethanol as the top
layer. It Is worthwhile to use the bottom layer repeatedly. The Instantly prepared BEW
system containing benzene-ethanol-water 1*1:7:1 in the top layer and 5-28:18 in the
bottom layer was used In our laboratory almost exclusively for over a year with
repeatedly excellent resolution. The bottom layer (50 ml) was not replaced or
supplemented during an entire week's operation, which ranged between 5 and 20 plates,
while 25 ml of the top layer was pipetted into a clean trough for each run. Evaluation
of this system by six laboratories over the past year has shown It to be consistently
superior to the previous BEW solvent system and less affected by climatic conditions.
Optimum results are obtained by placement of the developing chamber in a constant
temperature cabinet at 68-70 F.
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Aqueous solutions, Aflatoxlns, Thin layer
chromatography, Gas liquid chromatography, Golvent systems, Chemical composition.
AWC-97&1
"STUDIES WITH DITHiaONE. PART XXX. COMPLEXES OF METALS WITH 3-METHYLDITHIZONE AND THE
METHTLATION OF METAL DITHIZONATES", Irving, H. M. N. H., Nftbilsi, A. H., Sahota,
S. S., Analytlea Chlmlca Acta, Vol. 67, No. 1, November 1973, PP 135-11*-1*-
S-Methyldithizone (5-methylmercapto-l,5-diphenylformazan) reacts with the
chlorides of copper(ll), mercury(ll) and phenylmereury( II) to give the 1:1 chelates
(CuCl(MeDz), HgCl(MeDz) and C6H5Hg(MeDz)) and with niekel(ll) and palladlura( II) to give
the 1:2 chelates, M(MeDz)2. All these complexes are intensely coloured in chloroform
solution. No complexes are formed from cobalt(ll), manganese(II) or zinc(Il) or from
the nitrates or acetates of copper and mercury. Coordination increases the reactivity
of the sulphur atom in dithizone. Wnereas dithizone is unaffected by methyl Iodide,
nickel dithizonate, Nl(HDz)2, gives Nl(MeDz)2 when heated with methyl iodide in ethanol
in the presence cf sodium acetate; palladium dithizonate behaves similarly. Tne 1:1
adduct of nickel dithizonate with 2,2'-bipyridyl gave only Ki(MeDz)? on treatment with
methyl iodide, and this complex would not form an adduot with blpyrldyl. On standing
in the light, Ni(MeDz)2 reacted photocnemlcally to give the yellow Isomer of
S-methyl-dlthizone. j
INDEX TERMS: Chlorides, Ions, Nitrates, Heavy metals. Copper, Mercury, Nickel, Cobalt,
Manganese, Zinc, .Sulfur, S-Methyldithizone, Methylation, Acetates, Metal chelates,
Palladium.
AMIC-9811)
"A STUDY OF THE .STABILITY OF A NITRCGEN-SaECTr;!' THERMIONIC DiLTECTOP" , Gough, T. A.,
Sugden, K., Journal of Chromatography, Vol. 86, No. 1, November 1973, pp 65-71.
The stability of a thermionic detector fitted with a rubidium chloride tip
has been studied by comparison with the perfornance of a conventional flame lonisatJon
detector. The variations of response of the detectors to a given set, of conditions
over an extended period of time have been measured. A Pye 10U Chromatograph fitted
with thermionic (TD) and flame ionisation detectors (FID) was used. A primary standard
solution containing 100 nucroliters/1 of dimethyl-, diethyl-, and dipropylnitrosaminer
(DMH, DEN and DPN) in water was used throughout the study. 3-microliter aliquotE of
this and other standards, prepared by dilution, were injected dally over a period
of several weeks in order t,o follow the variations of responre of the two detectors.
Variations of response of the TD are significantly higher than those of q convent.lonal
flame detector. The sensitivity of the TD falls with age, taut can he restored by
cleaning the probe. For some simple nitrosamines response in a function of nitrogen
content. Analysis of dirty extracts does not :;ub.-;equently affect the sensitivity of
the TD. The noise level and detection limltn for the nltrosamlner: are at, least an
order of magnitude higher on the TD than un the FID.
INDSX TERMS: Stability, Gas chromatography, Pollutant identification, Thermioni"
detector, Flame ionization detecotr, Comparative studies, nitrogen detector,
Nitrosamines, Performance evaluation, Dimethylnitronamines, Diethvlnltrosamines,
Dipropylnitrosamines.
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9616
"AH AUTOMATIC SAMPLE LOADER FOR COUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY" , Llndley, H., Cranston, R. W.,
Sutherland, W. J. A., Ritchie, C. L., Journal of Chromatography, Vol. 86, No. 1,
November 1973, PP 178-183. 5L~i—
An automatic sample loader Is described that has been uaed continuously for
3 years with an amlno acid analyzer. An electronic programmer controls loading, all
timed sequences, a six-position, 10-channel buffer flow valve, and the pumps. Samples
are loaded through two discs with four pairs of holes each. These discs are held
together by spring pressure and sealed by neoprene '0' rings recessed into the top
disc. The buffer pumps, lines, and connections are held by the stationary top disc.
Sample coils, with identical volumes, are held by the rotating bottom disc. Sample
overlap is allowed at each end through control of pumping time and use of sample coils
of slightly less volume than the sample used. This prevents the loading of air.
Approximate loading time la three minutes. Desirable features of the system include:
(1) single-dual-column loading, (2) ease of adding or subtracting samples during
operation, (3) automatic introduction of samples into the sample loops, and (U) low
cost. A possible criticism of the apparatus Is the chance evaporation or contamination
of samples because the sample cups are not completely sealed. Several points in
answer to this criticism are discussed.
INDSX TERMS: Automation, Amlno acids, Instrumentation, Column chromatography, Sample
loader, Programmer, Controller.
AMIC-9901
"FLOCCULATIOK OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT IN THE SEA"
»o. 5^32, December 7, 1973, PP 3U8-350.
Kranck, K., Nature, Vol. 2H6,
To determine the nature and mode of formation of inorganic floes, the
concentration, grain size and general nature of the suspended particulate matter In over
500 samples from a variety of coastal environments have been studied. The samples were
stored cold and dark and analyzed as soon as possible but always within a few days of
collection. An Inverted phase contrast microscope was used for qualitative
identification of the particulate matter. The size and concentration of particles
between about 1 and 100 microns were measured with a model T Coulter Counter and the
results plotted as particle spectra showing the equivalent spherical diameter of the
particle volume relative to concentration In parts per million. Floes were observed in
all samples and formed the majority of particles in samples from highly turbulent areas,
and from near the bottom in regions of muddy sediment. The samples from these waters.
high In inorganic sediment when analyzed by Coulter Counter, were characterized by
regular, almost symmetrical, broad distributions with veil developed modes. Total
particle concentrations in the flocculated samples varied from 0.5 to 20 p.p.m. and
modes usually ranged between 6 and 50 microns. There was no relationship between the
mode size and the concentration of particulate matter, nor did any difference In
concentration of particulate matter, nor did any difference in mineralogical composition
between the samples or In the salinity and temperature of the seawater, seem to have
affected the flocculatlon process. A distinct relationship was noted between mode size
and current speed of the water at the place of collection.
INDEX TERMS: Sediments, Sea water, Flocculation, Inorganic compounds, Suspended solids.
AMIC-9820
"METAPERIODATE - A NEW STRUCTURE-SPECIFIC LOCATING REAGENT FOR PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS",
Clifford, M. N., Wight, J., Journal of Chroaatography, Vol. 86, No. 1, November 1973,
pp 222-22U. —
The use of metaperlodate as a reagent In detecting phenolic compounds and
its structure specificity were Investigated. Several compounds listed were dissolved
in propan-2-ol (70 percent w/v) at a concentration of 5 mg/ml. Saturated 5 percent w/v
and 0.5 percent w/v aqueous solutions of analytical grade potassium metaperiodate were
used as spray reagents. A sheet of Whatman No. 1 chromatography paper was sprayed with
one of the metaperlodate solutions and allowed to dry. Each phenolic solution was
applied to the metaperlodate-treated papers at levels of 1, 5 and 10 mlcrograma using
a micro-pipette. Failure to produce a detectable color within 10 mln was taken as a
negative response. Metaperlodate (0,5 percent) detected mlcrogram quantities of o- and
p-dihydroxyphenols and their monomethyl ethers by producing a yellow-orange color. This
response was essentially independent of other substituents (carboxyl, hydroxyl,
methoxyl, propenolc acid), but vanillin, vanillic acid and methyl vanllloyl ketone
responded less readily, a 5-microgram loading being necessary to give a positive
response. In all other cases a 1-microgram loading was detected.
INDEX TERMS: Phenols, Aqueous solutions, Ethers, Metaperiodate, Paper chromatography,
Chromogenic reagents, Dlhydroxyphenols, Monomethyl ethers.
AMIC-99O7
"SPECTROPHOTCMETRIC DETERMINATION OF URANIUM(VI) WITH 7-CHLORO-8-HYDR0XYQU1NOLINE-
5-SULPHDNIC ACID", Avinashi, B. K., Banerji, 5. K. , Mierochemlcal Journal, Vol. 18,
No. 5, October 1973, PP 5l*3-5l>7.
Uranium(Vl) and 7-chloro-8-hydroxyqulnolIne-S-sulfonic acid form a 1:2
orange-red complex with gamma sub max. at 355 nra, in aqueous solution at pH 6.6. An
aliquot of standard uranium solution (38 ppm) is combined with a pH 6.6 buffer,
1 M NaClOl* and 0.002 M reagent. The volume is adjusted to 25 ml with distilled water and
the mixture allowed to stand for 30 minutes to attain equilibrium. Absorbance was
measured against the reagent blank at 355 nm. I'he color of the uranium complex develops
Instaneously and remains constant for at least 21* hours at room temperature. With an
Increase In temperature, a decrease In the value of absorbance of the complex was
observed. A study of the effect of reagent concentration at a pH 6.6 plus or minus 0.1
and 355 nm indicated that there should be at least 6 fold molar excess of the reagent
over U(VI) concentration for maximum color formation of the complex. Varying the order
In which the reagents were added had no significant effect on the results. Range for
adherence to Beer's law, effective photometric range, molar absorptivity, and Sandell
sensitivity are reported as 1-38 ppm, 5-7-28.5 ppm, 6575 and 0.036 micro-gram of
uranium/sq cm, respectively. The method has been compared with some other methods for
determination of uranium spectrophotometrlcally, with regard to their sensitivities.
Interferences of various ions in the measurement of the color have been Investigated,
and the tentative structure of the colored specie.-, In solution has been proposed.
INDEX TERMS: Spectrophotometry, Aqueous solutions, "hemJcal analysis, Methodology,
Chromogenlc reagents, Uranium, Ionic Interference, Metal chelates, Absorbance.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9912
"KtCRODE-EEHMTNATION OF THICCYAlfATES WITH N-BROMOSUCCIHIMIDE US1HO BORDEAUX RED
N-bromo3uccinimlde has been used as a direct tltrant for thlocyanates with
bordeaux red as an indicator . In case of aanonlum thiocyanate, nitrogen Is evolved.
While In case of potassium thlocyanate 0.5- to 2-mg samples were analyzed and
maximum relative standard deviation was 1 percent In case of 0.5-mg sample. In case of
ammonium thiocyanate 0.3- to 2.5-rag samples were analyzed and maximum relative standard
deviation was 0.9 percent in case of 0.7-mg sample . The method Is quick, precise and
accurate .
INDEX TERMS: Volumetric analysis, Aqueous solutions, Methodology, Chemical analysis,
Pollutant identification, Chemical reactions, Thiocyanatea, Bordeaux red,
Chemical indicators, N-bromosuccinimide, Precision, Accuracy, Chromogenic
reagents.
AMIC-9931*
"A PRELIMINARY PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF CADMIUM IN BLOOD", Cernik, A. A.,
Atomic Absorption Newsletter, Vol. 12, No. 6, November/December 1973, pp l63-l6k.
In such a complex medium as blood, the volatility of cadmium gives rise to
difficulties, since this metal has a vapor pressure of 1.0 mm at 39** C which is very
similar to the temperature of the burning organic matrix. In order to separate the
cadmium, It is necessary, therefore, to remove the organic material completely. Using
the Delves cup cadmium vaporizes 2.2 sec after insertion of the crucible into the
flame. The partial oxidation obtained by hydrogen peroxide described by Delves for
blood lead analyses will not suffice for resolution of the matrix from the cadmium.
The method described here shows that dry oxidation can produce a clear unobstructed
cadmium signal. For replicate 20-microliter samples of blood with O.OOOU micrcgram
cadmium added, dried at 100 C, followed by oxidation at U?5 C for 6.0 mln loss of
cadmium varies between 6-10 percent. Replication of signals from SO micro]iters of
blood found to hare ft concentration of 0.000r> microgram cadmium (2.5 microgramr/100 ml)
gave an S.D. equals 0.189 microgram cadmium/IOC ml of blood. Absolute sensitivity of
the method was 23 pg Cd. If the oxidation step is standardized closely with respect
to temperature and time, maximum retention of cadmium can be achieved along with
complete resolution from any molecular absorption.
INDEX TERMS: Cadmium, Methodology, Oxidation, Pollutajit dientification. Blood, Atomic
absorption spectrophotometry, Biological sample.", Delves cup method.
AMIC-9933
"THE DETERMINATION OF BARIUM BY FLAMSLESS ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
U3IM3 A MODIFIED GRAPHITE TUBE ATOMIZER", Renshaw, G. D., Atomic Absorption
Newsletter, Vol. 12, No. 6, November/December 1973, pp 158!160.
This paper compares sensitivities for barium determination by flameless atomic
absorption spectrophotometry employing an HGA-70 Graphite Furnace both with and without
a tantalum cylinder insert. The mode of barium atomization within the furnace is
discussed with reference to carbon-metal atom Interactions in order to explain
sensitivity differences. A solvent extraction method for the preconcentration of
barium, prior to determination in the modified carbon tube furnace, is also mentioned.
Solutions containing 1-10 ng Bs/20 mleroliters were prepared by dilution with distilled
water of a 1000 micrograms/ml (w/v) atock solution of barium In 0.1 If HC10U. The
solutions were stored in polythene bottles previously soaked in 10 percent HN03.
Analytical grade thenoyltrlfluoroacetone (TTA) was dissolved in metyl isobutyl ketone
(MIBK) to make a 0.1 M solution. Thymol blue was used as an Internal indicator. The
tantalum cylinder inserts (liners) were constructed from 0.002-in thick foil (99.9
percent purity). It is estimated that the lifetime of a liner would be equivalent to
at least 8OO determinations and each liner costs only a fraction of the cost of the
replacement carbon tubes. With the tantalum liner Insert, the sensitivity increased
twenty fold. The detection limit (defined as signal:nolse ratio equals 2) with the
modified tube Is 10. In terms of concentration, the detection limit, assuming one uses
the maximum sample volume of 100 mlcroliters is 0.001 ppm). Comparison with the
conventional flame nebulizer shows a hundred-fold Increase in sensitivity.
INDEX TERMS: Pollutant Identification, Barium, Flameless atonic absorption
spectrophotometry, Graphite furnace, Atomization, Tantalum liner.
" " r
AMIC-9975
"SEPARATION OF MONOSUBSTITUTED PHENOL ISOMEP3 USING LIQUID CRYSTALS", Cook, L. E. ,
Spangelo, R. C., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 46, No, 1, January 197^, pp 122-126.
The separation of several isomeric monOEu'bstituted phenols by gas
chromatographic means using liquid crystal stationary phases has been studied. The
method described herein utilizes both a derivatisation technique, to improve peak
symmetry and a liquid crystal stationary phase to increase resolution. The method of
preparation of derivatives is simple, fast, and use:; only reagents commonly found in
the laboratory. The method is amenable to flame ionization and thermal conductivity
detectors. While the separation of the isomeric phenols was partially successful,
complete separation of the isomers was obtained when the phenols were converted to
substituted phenyl n-alkyl ethers. Separation factors for the meta- and
para-substituted ether Isomers ranged from 1.06 to 1.25. The effect of increasing the
length of the n-alkyl chain was studied and found to Increase the reparation factor as
the chain length Increased. The polarity and the molecular shape of the solutes were
major factors In determining the separation of the isoroers. Converting the phenol to
an ether and running the GC analysis required only l-l/? hours.
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Pollutant identification, Gas chromatography,
Methodology, Chemical reactions, Liquid crystals, Konosubstituted phenols,
Isomeric phenols, Derlvatlzation, Phenyl n-alkyl etners, Aromatic hydrocarbons.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMic-9983
"DETERMINATION OF CACOOTLIC ACID ( HTOROXYDIMETHYLARSINE OXIDE) BY GAS
CHRCMATOCRAPHY", Soderqulst, C. J., Cro8by, D. G., Bowers, J. B., Analytical
Chemistry, Vol. U6, No. 1, January 1971*, pp 155.157.
The conversion of eacodyllc acid to iododintsthylarslne with hydriodlc acid, !
followed by a determination with electron-capture gas chromatography constitute the i
method whereby eacodylic acid and its salts can be determined rapidly with detection
limits below 0.05 ppm In water and 0.5 ppm in soil. Those parameters that would
possibly affect the analytical recovery of eacodylic acid were examined. (1) Recoveries
were Independent of sample pH and proved the method to be selective. (2) Reaction with
hydriodlc acid was complete and quantitative within 15 seconds provided that less than
20 microllters of sample water remained per 100 microliter of added hydrlodic acid.
(3) lododlmethylarslne solutions in organic solvent at ng/microllter levels exhibited
decomposition within 30 min. Major advantages include simplicity and rapid analysis;
dried soil samples can be weighed, derlvatized, and analyzed in less than ID minutes,
and water samples, once evaporated, require a similar amount of time. The instability
of iododiroethylargine was circumvented by using a standard curve based on fortification,
and by analyzing each sample in triplicate.
INDEX TERMli: Arsenlcals (pesticides), Pollutant identification, Soil analysis, Water
analysis, Methodology, Electron capture gas chromatography, Cacodylic acid,
Detection limits, Chemical recovery, Derlvatization.
AMIC-9986
"DETERMINATION OF POTASSIIH SI MEANS OF THE COTLOVE CHLORIDOMETER", Ferren, W. P.,
Cucco, J. A., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*6, No. 1, January 197^, PP lT^-176.
A coulometrlc procedure is described for determination of potassium using the
Cotlove chlorldoneter. In the procedure reported here aqueous potassium nitrate
solutions were used, A modified standard chloridometer titratlon solution was used.
1.8 grams of polyvinyl alcohol were dissolved in 100 ml of hot distilled water and
cooled to room temperature. The potassium chloridometer tltration solution was prepared
by adding 6.U ml of concentrated nitric acid to 700 ml of distilled water, with good
agitation, and subsequently adding 100 ml of glacial acetic acid, 100 ml of the
polyvinyl alcohol solution, and finally 100 ml of ethyl alcohol. Acid 'blanks' were
coulometrlcally titrated by the generation of silver Ions at the chloridometer HIGH
setting. The above procedure was repeated except this time 0.1 ml of 0.2 M sodium
tetraphenylboron solution plus 0.1 ml of 0.1 M potassium nitrate solution was added toan
empty chloridometer vial and Z minute reaction time was allowed before adding the k ml
of acid reagent. The difference between the digital readout in the two series represents
the potassium content of the second system.
INDEX TERMS: Potassium, Aqueous solutions, Gravimetric analysis, Pollutant
identification, Chloridometer, Coulometry, Potassium nitrate.
AMIC-9985
"DETERMINATION OF CYANIDE IN ITS PLATINUM AND PALLADIUM COMPLEXES", Gilbert, B. L.,
Olson, B. L., Reuter, W., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. k6, No. 1, January 197U,
pp 170-171.
An analytical procedure is presented for the quantitative determination of
cyanide in the presence of strongly complexlng metal ions and large concentrations of
ammonium Ion. Decomposition of the sample is accomplished in a flow of hydrogen at
an elevated temperature. The accuracy of this method was tested with K2Pt(CN)U.3H20;
Its stoichlometry was verified by Pt and K analyses. Ten CN analyses were made on
samples in the range from 65 to 1200 mlcrograms using the hydrogen reduction technique.
Recoveries of 99 plus or minus k percent (STD) were obtained. NH3 precent In excess
of 50 micrograms/ml in the final test solution decreases the absorbance of the CN
color complex. Nine separate determinations of U3 mlcrograms of CN in the presence of
a 100-fold excess of Pd and NH3 gave an average recovery of 101 plus or minus 5
percent (STD). Similar to NH3, bromide was found to quench the color complex when
present in excess of 2 micrograms/ml in the final test solution.
INDEX TERMS: Methodology, Pollutant identification, Chemical analysis, Cyanides,
Platinum, Palladium, Metal complexes, Chemical recovery, Chemical Interference,
Accuracy.
AMIC-9987
"NOVEL METHOD FOR SAMPLING OIL SPILLS AND FOR MEASURING INFRARED SPiCThA OF OIL
SAMPLES", Brown, C. W., Lynch, P. F., Ahmadjian, M., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. U6,
No. 1, January 1971*, pp 183-iSU.
A method is described for measuring infrared spectra of oil, which also
separates water from the samples. Samples are collected by dipping Al foil Into water
containing the oil or by smearing the oil on A] foil. The oil adheres to the foil,
whereas the water Is repelled and will eventually drain off. In this way, most of the
water is eliminated from the samples. The foil also serves as an excellent 'sample
cell" for oil samples. To eliminate the need for removing the oil from the foil after
the water drains off, the spectrum can be measured by replacing one of the plane (flat)
mirrors in the sample optical path vith the Al foil. All of the spectra were recorded
on a Perkin-Elmer Model 521 infrared spectrometer. To obtain a spectrum of an oil
sample on Al foil, the foil is placed on the backing plate with its shiny surface
toward the light beam - i.e., the foil is used as a reflector surface replacing mirror
M2. All mirrors including the Al plate (at N2) are adjusted In the prescribed manner
to give a maximum transmitted signal at POOO/cm ( a frequency at which the oil does not
absorb), and a spectrum is recorded in the uaual manner.
INDEX TERMS: Oil spills, Sampling, Methodology, Separation techniques, Infrared
spectra, Oil fingerprinting, Oil characterization.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9989
"DISPERSAL PROCESSES OF FRESHWATERS IN THE PO RIVER COASTAL AREA", Grancinl, 0.,
Cescon, B., Limiology and Oceanography, Vol. ifl, Ho. 5, September 1973, pp 705-710.
Tidal effects on the vertical structure and dynamic pattern of the freshwater
plume in the Po River coastal area were evaluated. Vertical distributions of T, S,
02, N03, NH3, reactive POU, and S102 vere determined by classical sampling with & cast
of reversing bottles. Chemical analyses vere performed on board. This preliminary
Investigation Indicates that nitrate was usable as a significant tracer for the river
effluent, since its analysis is the most sensitive and Is correlated with the river
water. The use of a continuous sampling, analysis, and recording technique improves
the detail in the description of the horizontal nitrate structure of the plume and at
the same time allows Immediate evaluation of the distribution of the plume over space.
The effluent from the Po River produces in the coastal area a surface pool of low
salinity water that Is moved by wind, tidal, and hydraulic forces. Variations In
measurements at a fixed point over time have shown periodic tidal changes of the vertical
structure resembling an Internal tidal wave. However these are more likely due to
horizontal displacement of the plume. Chemical data, Indicating a conservative
behavior of nitrate, are in apparent disagreement with the conclusion of Duxbury and
McGary (1968), a. difference that seems to be related to both the presence of sufficient
anjBonium hindering nitrate uptake and to the negligible concentration of nitrate
always found in the receiving waters that mix with the river water.
INDEX TERMS: Tidal effects, Saline water-freshwater interfaces, Density stratification,
Salinity, Distribution patterns, Water temperature, Silicates, Oxygen, Nitrates,
Phosphates, Ammonia, Po River, Vertical structure, Adriatic Sea.
AMIC-9990
"THE PRODUCTION OF PARTICLES IN THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE OCEAN WITH PARTICULAR
HEFERENCE TO THE SARGASSO SEA", Sheldon, H. W., Sutcliffe, W. H., Jr., Prakash, A.,
Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 18, No. 5, September 1973, pp 719-733.
A series of observations and experiments have shown that it is possible to
increase our understanding of marine production simply by looking at particle formation.
Particle size and concentration uere measured with a model T Coulter counter. Many of
the observations standardized on a particle size range from 1 micron to 100 microns.
This Includes most of the particles likely to be Involved in primary production. The
amount of living material was estimated from measurements of the adenoaine triphosphate
(ATP) concentration of the particulate material. Particle growth was measured by
Incubating seawater samples In bottles, the particle concentration (volume and ATP)
being measured before and after incubation. The samples were collected at a depth
of 1 m with a simple float and bottle sampler. In the surface waters of the ocean
particle production and consumption are in balance. The structure of the pelagic food
chain and the morphological limitations dictated by the environment are such that, in
general, large particles have to consume smaller ones. If the large particles are
removed the small particles cannot be consumed and their production rate can be
measured. A state of exponential growth seems to be normal. The rate of production, as
revealed by small particle growth following predatlon release, Is much greater than the
apparent rate of primary production indicated by radiocarbon uptake.
INDEX TERMS: Sea water, Surface waters, Food chains, Primary productivity, Ecosystems,
Radioactivity techniques, Particle size, Growth rates, Water sampling, Diurnal,
Water temperature, Sargasso Sea, ATP, Particle concentration.
AMIC-9991
"OUTPUT OF PHOSPHORUS, DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON, AMD FINE P ARTICULATE CARBON FROM
HUBBARD BROOK WATERSHEDS", Hobble, J. E., Likens, 0. E., Limnology and Oceanography,
Vol. 18, No. 5, September 1973, PP 73'*-7'*2.
The output of phosphorus, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and fine
particulate organic carbon (FPOC) was measured in two watersheds of the Hubbard Brook
Experimental Forest, New Hampshire. One watershed has a cover of birch, beech, and
maple; the other has been denuded of trees and regrowth prevented. Concentrations
of DOC and dissolved plus fine particulate P changed little with changes In flow.
Concentrations of FPOC, however, were strongly dependent on flow and most of the FPCT
was exported during a few periods of high runoff. Deforestation caused higher runnoff
(by 26 percent), but also greatly increased erosion. Thus, DOC and FPOC output was
similar In the two watersheds while the loss of large particulate phosphorus, mostly as
inorganic bedload, increased 13 times in the treated watershed. With a rainwater input i
of 100 g P/ha, there was an annual net gain of 8? g P in the undisturbed watershed and a
net loss of 10U g P in the disturbed watershed. In view of the large amounts of
phosphorus cycling in the natural forest (e.g. some 1,900 g P/ha in annual leaf fall
alone) this ecosystem Is strongly conserving phosphorus. (Reprinted from Limnology and
Oceanography, Vol. 18, No. 5, September 1973, pp 73U-7'i2. Copyright 1973 by the
American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc. Reprinted by permission of the
copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Phosphorus, Demonstration watersheds, Forest watersheds, Organic matter,
New Hampshire, Runoff, Erosion, Ecosystems, Rainfall, Cycling nutrients,
Dissolved organic carbon, Carbon cycle, Phosphorus cycle, Particulate carbon.
AMIC-999U
"THE DETERMINATION OF A STABILITY CONITANT FOR THE ACUKOU" COMPLEX Zn(OH)2 USING
ANODIC STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY", Bradford, W. L., Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 18,
No. 5, September 1973, PP 757-762.
The shift in the potential of the z,iric stripping current maximum observed in
anodic stripping voltammetry is related to thf: free energy of the reaction between
ionic zinc and a complexlng anlon. The model was tested using the zinc hydroxyl
system; the agreement with experimental results was excellent. The findings .suggest
the existence of the aqueous complex, £n(OH)?, which has beer, reported only once
before. The stability constant calculated here is in good agreement with the single
published value. As an experimental technique, this has the advantages of avoiding
dependence on a solid phase and of making measurements at concentrations similar to
those in natural waters. It could be valuable in the study of zinc, cadmium, and lead j
complexes. The technique can thus be applied only to those complexes whose formation j
rates are both very fast and faster than those of different order complexes occurring j
in the test solution. j
INDEX TERMS: Zinc, Mathematical studies, Anlons, Sodium chloride, Aqueous solutions,
Electrodes, Hydrogen ion concentration, Stability constants, jinodlc stripping
voltammetry, Stripping current, Zinc hydroxide.
-------
1 •
AMTC-9995
i, BAKBARA BASIN: FE-5"> AG
PARTICULATL ..JITLING , Xrishnasvaml , 3., Lai, D. , Mn B, s Soutar .
Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 18, No. 5, September 1973, PP 763-770. '
r sr , J^ results are reported of measurements of the depth distribution of
te-55, !'t>--" am/yr and because tne presence of annual varves In them allows the assignment of
dates to the various strata. The average sedimentation rates based on the annual
varve counting method and those deduced from radiometric data, Pb-310 sub exc and
(Th-22e:Th-232) ratios, are mutually consistent. The average sedimentation rate for
the Santa Barbara core s6s~k is 0.37 cm/yr in the samples studied, for sediments
deposited after 1926. The integrated deposition of Fb-210 in the core is at least an
order of magnitude in excess of the expected values from its in situ production and
atmospheric fallout. This excess, if attributed to the renewal of basin vater,
necessitates that the basin is flushed with 20 times Its volume during the mean life
of Pb-210. Analogous to that of Fb-210, the cumulative deposition of Fe-55 on the
basin floor Is 5-6 times more than its precipitation via overhead rains. Based on
the particulate settling model, the residence time of iron in open ocean areas has
been estimated to be of the order of 10 years. Detailed studies of Fe-55 distribution
in these sediments should prove valuable for deducing particle size distributions
and their settling velocities in seawater.
INDEX TERMS: Tracers, Radioactive dating, Sedimentation, Deposition (sediments),
Iron radloisotcpes, Hample preservation, Thorium radioisotopes, Fe-55.
AJCC-9997
"THE IOKIC ACTIVITY FUNCTION OF WATER AND THE ACTIVITY COEFFICIENT OF THE HYDROGEN ION
IN SEAWATER", Leyendekkers, J. V., Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 18, No. 5,
September 1973, PP 78U-787.
The activity coefficient of the hvdrogen ion in seawater is calculated for
the ranges S equals 5-W3 per thousand and 0-UO C, on the basis of a simple ion
interaction theory that accounts for only pairwise interactions. The ionic acitivlty
function of water is estimated and comparison is made vith the values in other salt,
solutions. (Reprinted from Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 18, No. 5, September 1973,
pp 78U-787. Copyright 1973 by the American"Society of Limnology and Oceanography,
Inc. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Sea water, Mathematical studies, Water, Aqueous solutions, Salinity,
Water temperature, Ionic activity, ..ctfvlty coefficients, Hydrogen ion.
AMIC-9996
"TEMPORAL AND DEPTH STUDY OF ALKALINE EARTH CHLORINITY RATIOS IN SEAWATER AT A
SINGLE STATION SOUTH OF PUERTO RICO", Atwood, D. K., Froelich, P. «., Kinard, W. F.,
Limnology and Oceanography. Vol. 16, No. 5, September 1973, pp T71-783.
Results of an il-month study of calcium, magnesium, and strontium chlorinity
ratios at a single station south of Puerto Rico are reported for depths down to 2,500 m.
Samples were filtered through 0.^-micron Millipore filters and stored in high density
polyethylene bottler, at 2 C until analysis. Salinities were determined to plus or minus
0.01 per thousand with an induction salinometer. Strontium was determined by atomic
absorption spectroscopy with a spectrophotometer. Each sample was analyzed twice;
once directly and once with a 10 ppm or spike added as internal standard. Calcium was
determined by first precipitating magnesium as Mg(OH)2 by adjusting the pH to 12 with
NaOH solution, then determining the combined calcium and strontium by titration with
ethylene diamine tetraacetlc acid (EDTA), and subtracting the concentration of strontium.
Magnesium was determined by first determining the total concentration of calcium,
strontium, and magnesium and subtracting the concentration of calcium and strontium.
This was done by titrating with di-Na-EDTA at pH 10 using Eriochrome Blake T as an
indicator. No temporal variations for any of these ratios were apparent within the
precision of the analytical techniques used; however, careful evaluation of the
variation in Sr:Cl per thousand must await more precise analysis. There was some
indication that Ca:Cl per thousand was lower in surface and near surface waters than
below 500 m. Conversely, there was evidence that the Mg:Cl per thousand was higher in
upper waters than below 500 m.
INDEX TURM3: Salinity, Calcium, Magnesium, Strontium, Temporal distribution, Deepth.
AMIC-10017
"NITRATE IN SURFACE AND SUBSUFFACt FLOW FROM A
W. A., Asmussen, L. £., Kauser, E. W., rfnite,
Vol. 2, No. 1*, October-December 1973, pp U30-U
AGRICULTURAL WATERSHED", Jackson,
Jouma 1 of Environmental Quality,
Information regarding the amounts of nitrates being transported from an area
by surface and subsurface water Is necessary before meaningful conclusions can be made
concerning the amount Of K03-N in drainage water resulting from the use of fertilizer.
The purpose of this research was to determine the amount of nitrate-nitrogen that was
transported by surface and subsurface drainage from a small watershed on loamy sand
cropped to continuous corn for 3 years. 3ubsurface water, which flows a]ong the top of
the clay layer, was collected at the lower end of the drainage area by terra cotta tile.
During periods of flow, samples were taken by hand. :;ampllnp frequency was determined
by the stage, with an increasing frequency on the risinr side of the hydrograph and
decreasing frequency on the recession. The samples were refrigerated at, 1.66-h.kli C and
analysis was complete within a week. :.'ltrate-N was determined co]orimetrically with an
Autoanaiyzer using a copper-cadmium reduction column. The initial weighted average
N03-N concentration was 5 ppm in the subsurface runoff lor 3 months before the first
planting. The average was 7 ppre in 1970, and 9 ppm in 1971. The concentration of
N03-N in most of the surface runoff for 3 year- was ler:- than 1 ppm; the maximum war
3 ppm. Subsurface flow accounted for 60 percent of tne total runoff during the study
period. Thus, greater amounts of NC-3-^ were di scharf^ed in subsurface flow than in
surface flow from this watershed.
INDEX TSRMo: Nitrates, Watersheds (basins;, . urface runof, Subsurface runoff,
Augricultural watersheds, RalnfaJl, Sub.t'jrface water-,, .Jurfnee water.-;.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-10019
"THE PERSISTENCE AND MOVEMENT OF PICLORAM AND 2, U
ra ,
extract which was
or 5 c, md IWMtM for
si .a-z
^
^, the solvent was combined with the first
made basic vlth KrtOH. The herbicides were partitioned into
theBaqUe°US c°lu"°» «Mi«ed, and the herbicides partitioneTback into ethVl
" H TS d> the 3°iVent evaP°™ted and the herbicides dissolved in
l, methylated with dlazomethane, arri determined by electron capture gas
a' "Cl°ram ™ more P^sistent than 2,1,,5-T; approximately ^percent of
?H per??BtKof the 2'^5'T ^appeared in 15 days. There was some
^ ' , !f * Vel"y "*" P"6"*^ of the total amount present at
U8 vs nVT1°dM*B ln th£ °- to 7'5-Cm layer- "^bllng the application
I ^'^' re3ulted ln a tvo-fold Increase In the amount of herbicide
occu«d th SM?J "g Perl0d' Very "ttle downsl°P« ^vement of either herbicide
occurred even though the average slope on the plots wa3 approximately 27 percent
AMIC-10021
"NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION DURING SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL OF SEPTIC TANK EFFLUENT IN SANDS:
II* GROUND WATER QUALITY", Walker, W. G., Bourn, J., Keeney, D. R., et al., Journal
of Environmental Quality, Vol. 2, No. U, October-December 1973, pp 521-525.
Ground water observation wells were installed in the itnnediate vicinity of four
septic tank effluent soil disposal systems. Potentlometrie maps were constructed from
measurements of the ground-vater level at each site to establish the direction of
movement. Ground-water samples were pumped from each well to establish patterns of N
enrichment in the ground water around the seepage beds and to evaluate the performance
of these disposal systems in sands in terms of K removal. Goil disposal systems of
septic tank effluent in sands were found to add significant quantities of nitrate
(N03-N), formed by nitrification of NHU-N, the dominant N form in the effluent, to
underlying ground water. The data obtained suggest that in sands, tne only active
mechanism of lowering the N03-N content is by dilution with uncontaminated ground water.
Relatively large areas of 0.2 ha (0.5 acre) down gradient were needed in the studied
systems before concentrations in the top leyer of the ground water were lower trian 10
mg/llter. The average N-input per person was 6 kg (10 lb) per year. Essentially
complete nitrification in the soil results In addition of approximately 33 kg N03-N
(73 lb) to the ground water per year for an average family of four.
INDEX TERMS: Water quality, Groundwater, Septic tanks, Affluents, Nitrification, .'Jewage
disposal, Potentiometric level. Nitrogen, "ands, .Seepage, Nutrients, Volumetric
analysis, Ammonia, Sample preservation.
AMIC-10019 (Continued)
Card 2/2
Practically no herbicide was found more than 0.3 m, and none beyond 1.2 m, downslope.
More plcloram than 2,U,S-T moved.
INDEX TERMS: Persistence, Movement, Path of pollutants, Pesticide kinetics, Watersheds
(basins), 2 k 5-T, Leaching, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Soil physical
properties, Chemical analysis, Sampling, Soil chemical properties. North Carolina,
Methodology, Plcloram, Electron capture gas chronatography, Sample preparation
Chemical recovery.
AMIC-10032
"THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF METAL CHELATEC. PART I]. AN EXTENDED THEORY AND IT3
TESTING ON METAL DITHIZONATES AND METAL DIETHYLDITHIOCASBAKATE3", Galik, A.,
Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 67, No. 2, December 1973, pp 357-376.
The present paper deals with the extension of an earlier mathematical model
which attempted to explain the effect of solvent composition and of air humidity on
the thin-layer chromatographic (tic) behavior of metal pyridylazonaphtholates. The
purpose of the study was to make the model capable of predicting more phenomena and to
provide a basis for further research leading to a better understanding of the
chromatography Of metal chelates. Review and study of the model led to the derivation
of equations from which it was concluded that the position of the spot of the solute
on the chromatogram may be influenced by the choice of the polar component of the
solvent mixture, by the concentration of this component in this mixture, and by air
humidity and temperature. The validity of these conclusions was shown by studying the
tic behavior of metal (Hg, Bi, Cu, Ni, Co, Pb, Cd, Zn, In, Gb, Fe) dithizonates and
diethyldlthiocarbamates on Sllufol. A comparison of the mobilities of these metal
chelates, as well as of thoseof 8-hydroxyquinoline, sallcylaJdoxime and benzoylacetone,
with their extraction constants showed a mutual correlation between these properties.
INDEX TERMS: Aqueous solutions, Heavy metals. Mathematical models, Mercury, Copper,
Hickel, Cobalt, Lead, Cadmium, Zinc, Iron, Humidity, Temperature, Metal chelatcs,
Organic solvents, Thin layer chromatography, Bismuth, Indium, Antimony.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-100U6
"A USEFUL :TPPAY REAGENT TO DIFFERENTIATE COMMON PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS ON THIN-LAYER
PLATEC AND PAPER CHHCMATOGRAMG", BOMB-DC, B. H., Thakur, M. L., Gr^t/W F
Journal of Chiromatograp^, Vol. 8?, No. 1, December 5, 1973, pp 290-293.
?-Aminoethyl diphenylboric acid ester (AEDBE) has been found to be quite
useful In the detection of phenolic compounds being analyzed by thin-layer and paper
chromatography. Both AEDBE and r, percent A1C13, can be used to differentiate certain
phenoiicrj (anthocyanidlnc). Diazotlzed p-nitroanlllne (DPN), which has been largely
uaed to characterize phenolic acids, is also useful apray reagent to separate some of
the common flavoncls. AEDBE Is extremely useful to differentiate sons of the common
phenolic compounds belonging to the anthocyar.ldln, flavonol, flavone and
hydroxyclnnamic acid groups.
INDEX TE'IK.:: Phenols, J'ollutant Identification, Color reactions, Chemical anaXysis,
Thin layer chromatography, Chronogenlc reagents, Paper chromatography,
?-Amlnoethyl diphenylboric acid ester, Aromatic hydrocarbons.
AMIC-10067 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis, oeparatlon techniques, Gas chromatography. Oily vater,
Oil, Organic matter, 3ample preparation, Chemical interference, Fhotooxldatlon.
AMIC-10067
"INTERFaRKNCK ON WON-HYDROCARBONS If! GIL-IN-WATEH DETERMINATION", Bridle,
Bos, J., Herzberg, :;., Journal of tne Institute of Petroleum, Vol. 59, Mo.
November 1973, pp 263-2o"T~~ "
i. L.,
570,
To accurately measure the amount of oil in water, it is necessary to separate
non-nydrocarbons from hydrocarbon material in the samples. Several points were
studied toward the development of a satisfactory separation procedure: the formation
of oxidation prodvi-t.r of minera] oil components in water; the extraction of such
oxidation products along with the hydrocarbons and the effect of the solvent (n-pentane,
benzene, chloroform, or carbon tetrachlortde) on the extraction; and the removal of the
polar or polarizable products from an extract by means of adsorption on Florisil,
Samples were analyzed by KB.S chromatography. The folio-wing was concluded from the
studies: (1) All current solvents extract the same amount of hydrocarbon compounds
from a (waste) water sample. n-Pentane extracts the smallest amount of oxidation
products (non-hydrocarbons). (2) Florisil properly removes the relevant
non-hydrocarbons from an n-pentane extract. A disadvantage of this solvent is that some
10-25 percent of the aromatic hydrocarbons are also removed. (3) Solvents that are
more polar than n-pentane extract more non-hydrocarbon material from a water sample and
are less susceptible to a treatment with Florisil. (k) A suitable procedure is to
shake 10 ml n-pentane extract with 1 g of 30/60 mesh Florisil for two or three minutes.
(5) Apart from biochemical oxidation (photo)-chemical oxidation may produce far more
oxidation products of mineral oil components and within a shorter period of time, than
is sometimes assumed. (6) For the determination of oil dissolved In (waste) water
CONCAWE's method II IB Is recommended.
_
AMIC-10086
"3PECTFOPHOTOMETMO DETERMINATION OF LOW LEY:-,!, OF MONO-, 17- i-.tfu Ti< :'iT!!YLi-"; GJ,Y'"5:.:;
IN SURFACE WATER"", Evans, W. H. , Dennj.% A., 'jialy:;t, Vo.. 90, I.'o. 1'7?, November
1973, PP 782-791.
A method is proposed for the determination of mono , di- and tr I'- thy lent
glycols in surface waters, based on the oxidation nf the fiycoi.?. to >j.ldeh.ydei;. Tries?
are made to react with 3-methylberi2Othiazcl-2-or,'» hyciraaonr hy-irochlorlde to gi v. green
catlonic chromogens, wh'ch are then measured :,pect,rophotomotr ic ally at ^30 ran. ,,ample
blank values, to compensate for natural Interference:;, **.,"•'-- obtained by omitting tr.e
oxidation stage. The method enables glycol levels of upward.-; of O.C mg/1 to he
determined, satisfactory recoveries of each glycol being obtained for concentrations
of 1 to 5 mg/1, with a precision of 7 percent, for n ranRe of water samples, n
sensitive variation of the ra?thod, for the dettrminatioi. nf mono«. ,hiy lene clyol ajone,
is described separately.
INDEX TBRMi.: .lurface waters, Spectrophotometrv, Oxia^tlon, Pollutant M'-nVIf-cation,
Glycols, Aldehydes, Monoethylene glycol, Diethylene (Myt-o!, '; riet -.ylenc flycol ,
MBTH, Detection limits, Precision.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND, CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-10087
"SOLVEHT EXTRACTION OF COPPER(ll) AMD ZIBC(II) WTTH 1,5-DIPHEHYLCARBAZONE", Elnaga, H.,
lahll, H., Analyst. Vol. 98, No. 1172, November 1973, pp 8oa-8lfl.
The exta-actlon characteristics of 1,5-diphenylearbazone and Its conplexes
with the bivalent metal ions copper(Il) and zlnc(ll) In an isobutyl methyl ketone-vater
system have been studied and the extraction curves of these metal complexes have also
been obtained. The copper(IT) complex la extracted from a more acidic solution than
Is the zlnc(H) complex. A mixture of n ml of the 1,5-diphenylcarbazone solution and
(20.0-n) ml of isobutyl methyl ketone was equilibrated at various pH values with
20.0 ml of an aqueous solution that contained a definite amount, of metal ions and was
adjusted to an Ionic strength of 0.10 M with anmonlum chloride. After separation of
the phases, the metal Ions extracted into the organic phase vere determined by
measuring absorbances at a specified vavelength and by making use of the molar
absorptivity of each metal ion. The separation aqueous phase was used for measurement
of hydrogen-Ion concentration. The concentration of metal Ions in the aqueous phase
was obtained as the difference between the Initial, concentration and that in the
organic phase, and the ratio of the concentration of the metal ions in the organic
phase to that in the aqueous phase was calculated from these results. The extraction
equilibria were examined and the extraction constants determined. The spectral
properties of the complexes were also determined and the application of the reagent
to the determination of copper and zinc is suggested.
IHDEX TERMS: Copper, Zinc, Solvent extractions, Ions, Separation techniques, Aqueous
solutions, Spectrjophotometry, Absorption, Hydrogen ion concentration,
Mathematical studies, 1 5-Dlphenylcarbaxone, Isobutyl methyl ketone.
AMIC-10UI*.
"A STUDY TO IMPROVE DISSOLVED OXYGEN ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES TO FACILITATE WATER QUALITY
FIELD SURVEY APPLICATIONS", Ralble, R. W., Testerraan, M. K., University Of Arkansas,
Water Fteaources Research Center, Fayettevills, Arkansas, Publication No. 13, EPA
Contract Ho. lli-31-0001-380U, June 1973, 71 pp. NTIS Report, No. PB-221 019.
Temperature characteristics of dissolved oxygen electrodes having a large
surface area were determined. Large area electrodes proved to have much longer
lifetime between rejuvenations. It is necessary to make many dissolved oxygen
measurements In field situations where recalibratlon techniques are difficult and
where making temperature corrections is time consuming. This study was directed toward
design of a compensation circuit for a dissolved oxygen electrode which will give the
best possible measurement over a large water temperature range of 5-35 C without the
necessity of recalibration. Studies were made of the temperature characteristics of
dissolved oxygen probes and several electronic circuits with different configurations
and components are described. Experimental data using two cf the circuits are reported.
One method involved using an integrated circuit multiplier module. The best
temperature compensation was obtained for a circuit based on a design in which two
thermistors vere incorporated. For low values of dissolved oxygen concentration where
critical situations might be encountered, the readings obtained will be better than
most single Wlnkler readings. This Instrument is quite convenient since It requires
minimum operator attendance and snows no drift problems.
INDEX TERMS: Dissolved oxygen, Water quality, On-site Investigations, Water temperature
Instrumentation, Measurement, Dissolved oxygen electrodes.
AMIC-10088
"A SOLVENT-SAVING EXTRACTION-EVAPORATION APPARATUS DEVELOPED FOR RESIDUE ANALYSIS
OF PESTICIDES", Voss, G., Blass, W., Analyst, Vol. 98, Ho. 1172, November 19T3,
pp 811-812.
An apparatus that simultaneously allows Soxhlet extraction of pesticides and
concentration of the resulting extract has been designed. The evaporated solvent Is
refluxed into the Soxhlet flask where it is utilized again for the extraction. The
major advantages of this cyclic extraction-evaporation system are that redistillation
of. solvents prior to extraction can be omitted, that manual work is reduced, as the
solvent evaporation process occurs simultaneously with the extraction of the sample,
and that excess of solvent Is not wasted but re-utilized for extraction, which Is of
interest from the economic and environmental contamination points of view. The
procedure was tested with loam spiked with atrazlne, apples spiked with chlorobenzilate,
meat spiked with DDT, wheat spiked with dichlorvos, orange peel spiked with
methidathlon, and cotton seeds spiked with monocrotophos. Recoveries ranged from
7**-110 percent.
INDEX TERMS: Pesticide residues, Separation techniques, DDT, Gas chromatography,
Soxhlet extraction, Atrazine, Chlorobenzilate, Dichlorvos, Methidathion, Cleanup,
Monocrotophos.
11
AMIC-10115
"FACTORS CONTROLLING COPPER(II) CONCENTRATIONS IN Tiffi KEWESNAW WATERWAY", Leddy, D. G.,
Michigan Technological University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,
Houghton, Michigan, Project Completion Report, EPA Contract No. DI-114-31-0001-3822,
June 1973, 105 pp. NTIS Report No. PB-222 U63.
The occurrence of copper(U) In the Keweenaw Waterway from past use of the
waterway as a dumping basin for copper-bearing mine tailings is a matter of concern
because of the toxic effects of copper(TT) on aquatic organisms. From 1972 to the
present soluble copper as well as several other cations and anlons were monitored at
varying depths in Hater exposed to mine tailings. According to water chemistry the
Keweenaw Waterway may be divided into two areas: one consists of Torch Lake, and the
other area Is the remainder of the waterway, i.e., Portage Lake and the ship canal.
The soluble copper(ll) in the Portage Lake and ship canal section varies from "j to Uo
ppb and is controlled by the low copper concentration (8 ppb) water of Lake Superior
which flushes this section of the waterway. The soluble copper(ll) in Torch Lake seems
to be controlled by a combination of chemical precipitation, dissolution, complex
formation, and physical adsorption. Soluble copper in Torch Lake varies between 30 and
100 ppb. The copper concentration in the Portage Lake section is controlled by a
dilution effect. The control of dissolved copper in Torch Lake is through a combination
of chemical precipitation, dissolution, complex formation, and physical adsorption.
All of these processes are pff controlled. The principle copper species in solution are
Cu(2 plus), CuC03(soluble), CuOH(1 plus), and Cu(organic); depending upon the amounts
and kinds of organic material present and the pH of tne system, the relative amounts of
these equilibrium species will change. From the calculated equilibrium concentrations
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-10115 (Continued)
Card 2/2
for the various soluble copper species It can be seen that at times Cu(2 plus)
concentrations reach levels extremely toxic to fish and aquatic plants. It must,
however, be remembered that these Cu(2 plus) concentrations are calculated assuming
equilibrium conditions that seldom if ever exist. The model proposed for controlling
copper in Torch Lake predicts the general trend for the soluble copper, and In several
instances predicts concentrations very near those actually observed.
INDEX TERMS: Copper, Mine wastes. Lakes, Water chemistry, Water quality, Water
analysis, Aquatic animals, Cations, Anions, Toxicity, Water sampling, Adsorption,
Chemical precipitation, Keweenaw Waterway, Chemical concentration, Dissolution,
Complexation.
AMIC-10130 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Pollutant identification, Methodology, Physical properties, Chemical
analysis, Water treatment, Water pollution effects, Water pollution, Hydrolysis,
Bioassay, Toxicity, Solubility, Environmental, effects, Nerve gac, Half-life,
Pollutant removal, Hydrolysis products.
AMIC-10120
"PROPERTIES OF CB IN WATER", Lpsteln, J., Journal American Water Works Association,
Vol. 66, No. 1, January 19714, pp 31-37.
The purpose of this article is to determine what practical measures can be
taken to detect and minimize the effects of nerve gas contamination, specifically that
of GB, should there be a need for such measures. GE or Sarin is liquid at room
temperature, very soluble with rapid dissolution in vater, and extremely toxic when
inhaled or absorbed through the skin. Experiments on rats and rabbits have shown that
this agent Is not readily adsorbed through the skin from aqueous solutions. Hydrolysis
of GB in water yields isopropyl raethylphosphonic acid and hydrofluoric acid. The rate
of hydrolysis is accelerated by both acids and bases, with the latter more effective.
At 25 C between pH values of 0 and k, the hydrolysis is speeded by hydronlum-ion
catalysis; between pH 6.5 and lU, the hydrolysis is mediated by hydroxide-ion attack.
In the intermediate pH range of U.6.5, where the hydrolysis rate is at a minimum, the
reaction is between GB and water molecules. The rate of hydrolysis of GB is markedly
affected by the presence of some cations. Even trace amounts, in some cases, are
sufficient to lower the half-life by two orders of magnitude. Since the rate of
decomposition of GB Is equal to the product of the blmolecular rate constant and the
concentration of the hydroxocatlon, Cu and Mn will be more effective catalysts than Mg
for the hydrolysis of GB. Those enzymatic, chemical, and bioassay procedures for the
detection and analysis of GB in water are presented as well as treatment procedures for
removing or destroying GB.
12
AMIC-101E1
"EVALUATION OF EXISTING FIELD TEST KIT" FOE iKTEJMIl.ING FKE;:: CACTUS :^11JUAL3 IN
AftUEOUS SOLUTIONS", Outer, K. J., Copper, V.. j,, Sorber, r.. A., Journal American
Watery Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 1, January 197!;, pp 38-U3.
An evaluation of five conmerciaily available tect-ki'- procedure.- that measure
free available chlorine has been conducted en both synthc-tlc. water and five natural
waters. The five techniques were syringe]dasine (r;:gh range), syringaldazine (liquid),
leuco crystal violet, N,K-dlethyl-p-phenylene diajr.ine (DPD), and SNORT, a neutral
orthotolldine procedure. The following conclusions were drawn from results of the
study. (1) Syringaldazine (liquid) was the most specific for FAS available (free
chlorine) of the five test kits evaluated. (2) DPD was more accurate and precise
over temperature and pH variation than w°re t'-e other test-kits. (3) "yringaldazine
(high range, leuco crystal violet, DPD, and '1TORT all performed with satisfactory
accuracy in the evaluation of natural waters. (It) Through 30 mg/1 FAC, none of the
test kits' colored-Oxldized-indicator compounds was bleached by the hig1 concentrations
of FAC. (5) In evaluations of the natural water samples, only the organically
polluted water resulted in appreciable fe.l~e positive readings for the majority of th"
test kits. (6) Based upon the equilibrium constant, P. negligible wnoun^, of "OC1 will
be present when combined chlorine concentrations In solutions art- aj high nz J5 mg/1
as C12. Therefore, false positive observations are probably due to sone phenomenon
other than reaction with HOC1 present at equilibrium.
INDEX TERMS: Aqueous solutions. Methodology, Gn--ite tests, Evaluation,
residual, Precision, Synthetic water, Natural waters, Accuracy.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHgMICAL METHODS
AMIC-10132
"THE DETERMINATION OF TANNIN AND LIttNIN", Foster, M. B. , Journal taerlcan Water
Works Aasoelation, Vol. 66, Ho. 1, January igjk, pp kk-k6. -
A nev reagent has been developed that is not subject to some of the problems
that arise with the traditional reagent presently recommended by 'Standard Methods'
for determining tannin and lignin. The Folin-Denls, Folin-Ciocalteu reagents in
combination with a carbonate reagent were tested using a 5 mg/1 tannic acid solution
which was prepared fresh daily, A precipitate fonted with the Folin-Denls reagent and
incomplete color development resulted. With the Folin-Clocalteu reagent color
development was very rapid upon the addition the carbonate reagent. At 20 C maximum
intensity was reached in about 60 rain. After 25 min of development, the rate slows
appreciably and the test gives good results if the development time Is held within
plus or minus 2 min. For the most sensitivity without appreciable loss of reaction
rate, a ratio of 5 ml carbonate reagent/25 ml sample is recommended. For the best
accuracy, the test should be run at above 20 C and the temperature should be held
within plus or minus S C. These conditions will result in an error of less than 0.5
percent T. Any phenolic compound will give a positive interference when present in the
sample being tested for tannin or lignin. Other reducing substances, notably sulflte
and ferrous iron, will also give a positive interference. At 700 nm using 10-ran sample
cells in an instrument with a 0.5 nra bandpass Beer's Law was obeyed from 0 to 7 mg/1
tannic acid. At a concentration of 5.00 mg/1 tannic acid, the standard deviation was
plus or minus 0.075. After the addition of tannic acid to cooling tower water, the
recovery was 96.6 percent at a level of 5 mg/1 tannic acid.
AMIC-I0123
"ALUMINUM IN FLUORIDATED DRINKING WATER: ANALYTICAL AM) PHYSIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS",
Russicka, J. A., Mrtclas, L., Journal American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, No. 1,
January 197>t, pp 53-55-
This study attempts to discover the relationship between free fluoride ion
concentration and fluorine utilization by experimental mice administered solutions at
different pH levels. The mice were fed a standard diet containing 2,k mg fluorine per
1 kg dry weight. Five groups of thirteen animals each were formed, all of which were
given distilled water to which was added sodium fluoride and aluminum sulphate,
NaF and A12(SOU)3.l3H2C at different pH levels. On termination of the experiment (the
21st day), the animals were sacrificed and the fluorine content in the ash of the tibias
waa determined spectrophotometrically without separating the fluorine by distillation.
Results have shown a decreased utilization of fluorine in solutions with a lower pH.
At high pH levels the utilization of fluorine gradually increases. The fluorine
interacts with the aluminum flocculant present in the solution. The utilization of
fluorine is more influenced by aluminum cations t.'iar, by alumlnate anlons, even though
the utilization of fluorine is also reduced by aluminate. There was an obvious
dependence of the proportion of free fluoride ion and also of total fluorine used by a
living organism On an increased pH. However, the fluoride ion can by no means always be
considered the main component of usable fluorir.e. Total fluorine determination seems to
be a much better criterion.
INDEX TERMS: Aluminum, Potable water. Fluorides, Water pollution effects, Hydrogen ion
concentration, Water quality, Spectrophotometry, Anlons, Cations, Sodium fluoride,
Aluminum sulfate, Mice, Biological samples.
AMIC-1012? (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Methodology, Pollutant identification, Water pollution, Lignins, Color
reactions, Gpectrophotometry, Organic wastes, Chromogenlc reagents, Tannins,
Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, Chemical interference. Precision, Chemical recovery.
AMIC -10129
"THE FATE OF DIELDRIN IN A MODEL ECOSYSTEM", Sanborn, J. P.., Cning-Chieh, Y. ,
Bulletin of Enlvronmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 10, No. 6, December 1973,
pp 3MO-3U6. ~~
A model ecosystem containing algae, clams, crabs, Daphnia,
mosquitoes, fish, and snails was used to examine the persistence "of dieldrin. Replicate
systems were used with 7-905 mg Olli- labeled dieldrin as en acetone solution (O.S ml)
applied to sorghum leaves in each. Study of accumujation, metabolism, and
degradation of the dieldrin continued for 3U days. The organism:' were extracted with
acetone and solubilized with Protosol for liquid scintillation counting. The
examination of dieldrin In this model ecosystem clearly demonstrates the stability of
this Insecticide towards either biological or chemical modification by the elements of
this system. The demonstration that approx? mate ly 97 percent of the extracted
radioactivity in the organisms was dieldrin emphasizes the tnertne^r. of dieldrin to
metabolism or degradation to polar, nonlipid partitioning materials by the components of
this model ecosystem. If information about the stability and persistence of pesticides
derived from this system can be related to a real environmental situation, and It
definitely seems to be in the case of DDT, then the data of this paper indicate that
dieldrin like DDT, might be considered, because of its extreme stability, an
undesirable pesticide for widespread generalized use in agricultural and public health
entomology .
INDEX TEHMS: Dieldrin, Ecosystems, Persistence, Model studies, Jloaccurau2a'»icn,
Biodegradation, Fate of pollutants, Metabolitles, Biological samples.
13
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-10133
"PHOTOCOMPOSITION OF CHLORINATED BIPHENYLS AMD DIBEJEOFURAMS", Crosby, D. G.,
M « Si \W'' g"x^etin °£ Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 10,
No. 6, December l$7j, PP 372-577. " sst
Chlorlnated biphenyls and dlbenzofuraas vere Irradiated in an aerated,
sunlight-simulating, laboratory photoreactor and examined by gas chromatography and mss
spectrometry to determine the possible degradative effects of the ultraviolet component
of sunlight. Irradiation of chlorinated biphenyls dispersed in vater followed by
GC/M3, revealed identifiable traces of 2-chlorodlbenzofuran as a photolysis product
of 2,5-dichloro- and 2,2',5,5'-tetrachloroblphenyl in roughly a 0.2 percent steady-state
yield. Similar irradiation of 2,8-dichlorodibenzofuran also resulted in slow
dehalogenation, explaining the previous appearance of 2-chlorodibenzofuran. The
photodecomposition of the lower chlorinated PCB isomers in both polar and nonpolar
solvents reveals the operation of environmental nechanlsms which could effectively
degrade these widespread contaminants.
INDEX TERMS: Polycblorlnated biphenyls, Gas chromatography, Photodecompositlon,
Degradation products, Chlorodibenzofurans, GC-Mass apectrometry, Pate of
pollutants.
AMIC.10136
"HERBICIDE ANALYSIS BY PULSE POLAROGRAFHY-PICLORAM", Gilbert, D. D., Mann, J. M.,
International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 2, No. 3,
February l£?3, pp 221-22B.~ " —~—"~
The herbicide picloram, "t-amino-S.^-trichloro-picolinic acid, can be
determined at 0.02 ppai, without concentration, by pulse polarography. The effects of
pH, ionic strength, and buffer constituents on the catalytic hydrogen process have
been studied to optimise conditions for highest sensitivity for picloram. A buffer
solution 0.01 M sodium acetate - 0.026 M acetic acid was used to evaluate the analysis
of a natural water system. Errors range from 3-8 percent (relative) in the 0.05-0.20
ppm picloram range with precisions of plus or minus 5 percent (relative) or better.
Interferences with 0.1 ppm picloram from 100 ppm Cr(Vl) and Zn(ll) are severe;
neither ion Interferes at, 1 ppm. Fe( III) Interference can be eliminated by masking
with EDTA. Mn(ll), Cu(II), and Pb(Il) do not interfere at 10 ppm. The results
describe a method which is U-5 times more sensitive than other reported polarographlc
methods and Is more rapid than the conventional bioassay or gas chromatographlc
techniques. In addition, the pulse method Is about 10 times more sensitive than the
coloflmetrlc analysis and can be conducted in a normally lighted laboratory.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Herbicides, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Heavy
metals, Aqueous solutions, Cations, Electrochemistry, Pollutant identification,
Pulse polarography, Picloram, Ionic interference, Precision, Natural waters.
AMIC-10137
"DETERMINATION OF RESIDUES OF MESUROL AND ITS TOXIC METABOLITES IK PLANT AND
AHIMAL TISSUES", Thornton, J. S., Drager, G., International Journal of Environmental
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 2, Ho. 3, February 1973, pp 229-239.
A specific gas chromatographic preocedure Is described for the determination
of residues of Mesurol (U-(nethylthio)-3,5-xylyl methylcarbamate) and Its sulfoxide
and sulfone metabolites In plant and animal tissues. After Initial extraction and
precipitation cleanup steps, the extract is oxidized with potassium permanganate to
convert Mesurol and its sulfoxide to the sulfone. Final detection of the sulfone is by
the sulfur-specific flame photometric detector., thereby allowing little interference
from tissue co-extractives. Recovery data from experiments run on a large variety of
crops and tissues by adding known amounts of Mesurol and metabolites: at the blending
step were generally in the 70 to 120 percent range. The method is sensitive to the
0.03-ppm level.
INDEX T3RM3: Pesticide residues, Plant tissues, Chemical analysis, Thiocarbamate
pesticides, Pollutant identification, Cattle, Methodology, Crops, Mesurcl,
Metabolities, Animal tissues. Flame photometric gas cironntngraphy, Chemical
recovery, Sample preparation, Mesurol sulfoxfde, Mesurol sulfone.
AMIC-10138
"DETERMINATION OF PUPHALATEC IN BIOLCGIfVJ. JAM!'!:./", XM.kt,, V. , .international
Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Vol. P, No. 3, February 197",,
pp 2U1-252.~~
A. cleanup of biological samples ic described for the determination of
phthalates. It can be incorporated Into a cleanup-ohromatography procedure vised for
the determination of chlorinated hydrocarbon::. Phthalatf.-s, extracted from biological
samples with hexane, are partially separated from lipld" by chromatography on alui:,ina
to yield fractions in which the common plif-alaU; plastlclzerc can b
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMiC-10139
"PESTICIDES IN EFFLUENTS AND POLLUTED RIVER WATER", All, K. H., Wheelonk, J. V.,
""^fr^To"*1 JournBl of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Vol. S, No. k, 1973,
A procedure using gas-liquid chromatography has been devised for the
simultaneous analysis of a range of pesticides in the River Alre. It waa essential
to incorporate a clean-up system because the river is so heavily polluted. In the
cleanup procedure, the extract was partitioned with dimethyl formamlde saturated with
hexane, reduced in volume with clean air, passed through an aluraina column, eluted with
hexane, and spotted on thin layer plates or injected on to a gas chromatograph. The
thin-layer chromatographic identifications were used to confirm the information obtained
by gas-liquid chroraatography. Spiked samples of river water and effluent were
analyzed by GLC and the recoveries were calculated. For most of the pesticides, recovery
was greater than 85 per cent. The unsplked samples showed that alpha-BHC, gamma-EHC
and dieldrin were usually present. Malathion, DOT, and DDE were detected occasionally.
It is suggested that the pesticides originate in wool-scouring mills, the mill effluents
entering the river via the Bradford Corporation Sewage Works.
INDEX TERMS: Water pollution, Effluents, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides,
Phosphothloate pesticides, Chemical analysis, Pollutant identification,
Methodology, Solvent extractions, Sewage effluents, Industrial wastes, Chemical
recovery, Cleanup, Sample preparation, Wool-scouring mills.
AMIC-101U2
"THE DETERMINATION OP TRACE TRANSITION ELEMENTS IN BIOLOGICAL TISSUES USING
FLAMELESS ATOM RESERVOIR ATOMIC ABSORPTION", Segar, D. A., Gillo, J. L., International
Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 2, No. k, 1973, pp 291-301.
The development of an analytical technique generally applicable to the
determination of Ag, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Nl, Pb, V, and Zn In all biological tissues
is described. All of these elements may readily be determined in tissue samples of less
than 0.5 g using flameless atom reservoir atomic absorption with a Perkin-Elmer heated
graphite atomizer. Some of the operational characteristics of this atomizer system are
discussed. The utility of the method is Illustrated by analyses of selected marine
biota and of NBS standard orchard leaves.
INDEX TERMS: Trace elements, Chemical analysis, Pollutant identification, Plant
tissues, Animal tissues, Heated graphite atomizer, Flameless atomic absorption
spectrophotoraetry, Sample preparation, Biological samples.
AMIC-lOlUl
"CHEMILUMINE3CENCE ANALYSIS FOR TRACE POLLUTANTS", Seitz, W. R., Hercules, D. M.,
International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 2, Bo. k, 1973,
pp 273-290.
The sensitivity of luminol chemiluminescence to small catalyst concentrations
can be exploited for environmental analysis in several ways. Selective methods for
Cr(III) and Fe(Il) in complex solutions have been applied to natural samples. The
detection limits are 0.03 mcg/1 and 0.005 mcg/1, respectively. Species that do not
catalyze luminol chemiluminescence can be determined by titration with reagents that
catalyze the reaction. For example, arsenic and aqueous sulfur dioxide can be titrated
with iodine, an efficient catalyst. Mnd4(-), OCl(-), V(II), and Cr(ll) are other
catalysts that can be used as titrants. Preliminary ion exchange separation in
concentrated LiCl solutions extends chemllumlnescence to other catalysts of the luminol
reaction: N1(II), Co( II), Mn(ll), Cu(ll), and V(IV).
INDEX TERMS: Pollutant identification, Methodology, Trace elements, Chemical reactions,
Chemical analysis, Iron, Chromium, Catalysts, Hydrogen ion concentration, Flow
rates, Chelation, Trace levels, Chemllurainescence, Luminol, Sensitivity,
Detection limits.
AMIC-101U3
"AUTOMATION OF DIRECT PCTEHTIOMETOT", Jekerka, I., bechner, J., International Journal
of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 2, No. U, 1973, pp 31J-322.
A singple, versatile, automated direct potentiometry Is described. It offer-
a wide range of possible applications for all types of ion-selective electrodes,
including the glass electrode. The apparatus consists of two Fisher turntable sample
changers connected to an Orion automatic switch, Orion pH/mV meter, and Orion printer
system via a control module. The optimum sampling rate Is 20 samples per hour F(rainus
and NH(plus) in water samples as determined by using commercially available
ion-selective electrodes.
INDEX TERMS: Automation, Methodology,
electrodes.
ilectrocheml-try, Potent iorae try, Ion selective
15
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-lOlW*
"ELECTRON DONOR-ACCEPTOR REAGENTS IN THE ANALYSTS OF PESTICIDES. VII. A SIMPLE
MODEL SYSTEM HYDROLYSIS OF SOME CARBAMATE PESTICIDES", MacNeil, J. D., Frei, R. W.,
Frel-Hausler, M., Hutzlnger, 0., International Journal of Environmental Analytical
Chemistry, Vol. ?, No. U, 1973, PP 323-330.
The decomposition of the carbamate Insecticides carbaryl and Mobam and the
herbicides IPC and CIPC in water at various pH's was investigated. Analyses v«re
preformed in situ on silica-gel thin-layer chromatograms by reflectance spectroscopy
after the developed chromatograms had been sprayed with the regent CNTNF
(9-dlcyanomethylene-2,U,7-trinltrofluorene) to form visible pi-complexes of the
pesticides. The experiments indicate that the N-methyl carbamate insecticides studied
decompose fairly rapidly in water at alkaline pH's and that this process occurs more
rapidly as the water becomes more basic. Reaction occurs more slowly at neutral pH and
the compounds appear quite stable at acid pH. Similar behavior was observed with the
major hydrolyzed products in basic media, but these appear to be more persistent than
the parent pesticides. The N-phenyl carbamates studied appear to persist under both
acidic and alkaline conditions. The results suggest that the persistence in water of
the pesticides studied and also of their major products, as well as the many other
related pesticides In common use, should be the subject of further investigation.
INDEX TESMS: Carbaraate pesticides, Degradation (decomposition), Chemical analysis,
Hydrolysis, Aqueous solutions, Persistence, Hydrogen Ion concentration,
Pesticide kinetics, Stability, Reflectance spectroscopy. Thin layer chromatography,
Complexing reagents, Hydrolysis products.
AKTC-lOlU?
"A SELECTIVE MICROSCALE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYZING METHOD FOB DETERMINATION OF
TRACE ELEMENTS", Puumalalnen, P., Suominen, P., Hattula, J., et al., International
Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Vol. Sh, No. 11, November 1973,
pp (>17-o20.
A new selective X-ray fluorescence analyzing method for trace element
determination has been developed. In this method each trace element Js measured
Independently. The excitation source Is an X-ray tube that has a changeable anode
and a variable high voltage. The exciting radiation is shaped with critical absorbers.
The sample Is viewed at backward angles through an absorber to reduce backscattered
radiation. The estimated accuracy of this method is of the order of 10 percent in the
sub-ppm range of trace element concentration in organic samples. Measurement times
are of the order of a few minutes.
INDEX TERMS: Methodology, X-ray fluorescence, Trace elements,
Organic wastes, Selectivity, Trace levels, Accuracy.
Pollutant identification,
AMIC-101W
"TRACE METALS ANALYSIS ON 3MALL OIL SAMPLES", Woods, H. P., Applied Speetroacopy,
Vol. 27, No. 6, November/December 1973, p UQO.
Quantities of oil as small as 0.5 ml have been analyzed for trace metals by
direct reading emission spectroscopy with satisfactory results. A plastic cup was used
as a sample holder. The capacity of this plastic container Is approximately 3 ml;
however, the container is partially filled with deionized water, and then the oil sample
IB floated on top of the water. Since the disc acts as a rotating skimmer, imnersion of
the disc to less than 1 mm is all that Is needed for adequate sampling. This technique
permits tests to be run routinely without modification to instrument or sample
container. A similar technique could possibly be employed in the analysis of oils
Involving questions of environmental pollution, where after extensive concentration
only a limited amount of sample may be available.
INDEX TERMS: Pollutant identification, Trace elements, Chemical analysis, Oil, Emission
spectroscopy, Trace levels.
AMIC-101U8
"DETECTION OF SALTS OF P,Mj IN AQUEOUS "OLUTJON BY LA::E3 RAMAN :;pRCTRO:iCOPy" ,
Reeves, J. M., Bradley, E. B., Frenzel, C. A., Water Research, Vol. 7, No. 10,
October 1973, pp 1U17-1U29.
Laser Raman spectroscopy Is used to detect a salt of a herbicide,
SjU-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, In water solution at concentrations as low as 500 ppm.
The Raman spectrum of the powder is substantially different from the spectrum of the
pollutant in aqueous solution. The spectrum of t,he potassium and codlum salt.; are the
same for the powder or aqueous solution. Five strong bands exist In aqueous solution,
and four of these bands are detectable at concentrations as low KZ >00 ppm. A
plausible assignment to group frequencies for :;orae of the r-iaman band;; Is given. All
spectra were excited with a 50 mW He-Ne gas laser at 6328 A. Lower concentrations
should be detectable with a more powerful laser at a higher frequency because: (1) the
Intensity of the scattered radiation is proportional to the product of the intensity of
the electric field perturbing the molecule and the fourth power of the scattered
frequency; (2) the attenuation coefficient of water i3 less; (3) the photocathode used
is more efficient at higher frequencies and (k) the monoc'nromator grating used is
blazed at 5000 A. The resonance Karaan effect is discussed a.3 a possible method for
the detection and Identification of small optimal concentrations of pollutant in water.
IHDEX TERMS: Aqueous solutions, Pollutant Identification, ."aits, Chemical analysis,
2 *4-D, Herbicides, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pestlrldes, Methodoloc/', Laser
Saman spectroscopy, Laser Raman spectra, Detection limits, 2 It-DK, P l+-DNa.
16
-------
I. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS.
AMIC-10151
"DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OP ETfflfLEHEDIAMINETETRA-ACOTIC ACID (EOTA)
AMD KtlRIIXJIRIACETIC ACID (OTA) IN FBESHWATER", Kaiser, K. L. E., Water Research,
Vol. 7, No. 10, October 1973, pp 11*65-1^73-
A fast and single spectrophotometric method Is described for the determination
and differentiation of ethylenedlamlnetetra-acetlc acid (EDTA) and nltrllotrlacetic
acid (NTA). Principles, detection limits and interferences of other recent methods for
the analysis of EDTA and OTA are briefly reviewed. The proposed method ia baaed on the
light absorption of oobalt(Iir) complexes of HfA and EDTA at 555 and 535 ran. After the
determination of the sum of EDTA and NTA, the NTA complex is selectively oxidized. The
absorbance then represents EDTA only. The sensitivity of the method is 10 micrograms
with preconcentratlon of the water sample by means of rotary evaporation a detection
limit of 10 micrograms/1 is observed. The accuracy of the method vas tested by
carrying out the analyses on several samples of filtered lake water, spiked with
various amounts of EDTA and OTA. At the Investigated level from 10 to 2000 mlcrograms/1
of each of EDTA and TOA the absorbance Is proportional the amount of complexone. A
precision test of the method was obtained by analyzing 5 replicate samples of 200-ml
allquots of lake water, spiked with 200 micrograms/1 each of EOTA and NTA. The results
indicate a standard deviation of plus or minus k.k percent for the sum of EDTA and NTA
and a deviation of plus or minus 7.2 percent for NTA only.
INDEX TERMS: Nitrllotriacetic acid, Freshwater, Hater analysis, Spectrophotometry,
Cobalt, Methodology, Pollutant Identification, Chelatlng agents,
Ethylenediamlnetetraacetic acid, Preconcentration, Sample preparation, Detection
limits, Chemical interference, Metal chelates, Chemical recovery.
AMIC-1D155
"THE SPREADING ADD TRANSPORT OF OIL SLICKS CM THE OPEH OCEAN IN THE PRESENCE OF WIND,
WAVES, AKD CURRBMTS", Waldman, G. A., Johnson, R. A., Smith, P. L., AVCO Corporation,
Systems Division, Wilmington, Massachusetts, Report Nos. AVSD-0066-73-RR,
USCG-D-17-73, Contract No. DOT-CG-2o6l7-A, July 1973, 70 pp. OTIS Report No.
AD-765-926.
Presently available methods have been used to calculate the spreading and
transport of oil slicks on the open ocean. A new analysis of the spreading of oil from
leaks has been made. Consideration has been given to the relative importance of various
spreading and transport mechanisms, Including surface tension, gravity, winds, waves,
currents, and surface turbulence. A method for the superposition of spreading and
transport mechanisms acting on an oil slick at the same time has been proposed. A
model for coupled spreading and wind transport of a slick in a channel has been
formulated, and an estimate of the time required for a slick to 'weathercock1 in
response to a change in wind direction has been developed. Preliminary comparisonsof
calculations with field data for the San Clemente and Arrow oil spills and the Chevron
and Santa Barbara leaks show reasonable agreement in most cases. Insufficient data,
as well as the limitations of the present analytical models regarding coupled spreading
and transport effects, preclude making definitive calculations and comparisons. It is
concluded that presently available analytical and experimental results can be applied
to predict oil slick spreading and transport under many conditions, but that further
work is needed to more precisely define the limits of validity of these methods.
INDEX TERMS: Oil spills, Winds, Currents (water), Finns, Sea water, Waves (water).
Environmental effects, Transport, Path of pollutants. Model studies.
AMIC-10152
"IDENTIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES IN PETROLEUM CAUSING OBJECTIONABLE ODOUR IN FISH",
Ogata, M., Mlyake, Y., Water Research, Vol. 7, No. 10, October 1973, PP 1493-150U.
In order to Identify substances causing an offensive-odour in fish from the
sea facing petroleum and petrochemical industries, analyses have been make on seawater,
industrial waters, fish and eels kept in the sea or industrial waste for a certain
period, by means of gas chromatography, l.r., u.v. absorption and mass spectrometry.
Observations revealed toluene as a possible main cause of the odour. Finally, by
analysing the meat estract of fish kept In seawater containing toluene which had the
sane smell as that of the offensive-smelling fish from near the oil refineries, it has
been confirmed that toluene Imparts the offensive-odour to fish near Mizushima. By
gas chromatographic analysis of eels kept alive experimentally in seawater containing
oil and their components, it has been proved that aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene and
o-, m- and p-xylene) other than toluene and some aliphatic hydrocarbons are also
probable substances that impart an offensive-odour to fish. Gasoline rich in olefine
Imparts offensive-odour to fish more than gasoline rich in paraffin or naphthene.
INDEX TERMS:. Pollutant identification, Marine fish, Mass spectromstry, Isolation, Oil
pollution, Sea water, Industrial wastes, Chemical analysis, Odor-producting s
substances, Petroleum hydrocarbons, Ultraviolet absorption apectrophotometry,
Infrared absorption spectrophotometry, Flame ionization gas chromatography,
Aromatic hydrocarbons, Aliphatic hydrocarbons, Animal tissues, Sample preparation,
Toluene.
AMIC-10158
"A CLASSIFICATION OF THE LAKES OF OREGON", Larson, D. W., Malick, J. G.,
Kavanagh, R. C., Oregon State University, Air and Water Resources Research Institute, '
Corvallis, Oregon, Completion Report, June 1, 1973, 23 pp. NTIS Report No.
PB-222 913.
Though the specific objectives of this research project varied some from year
to year, the overaJl objectives remained the same. (1) Assemble information presently
available concerning lakes of Oregon. (2) Sample selected lakes In different
geological areas and/or drainage basins in order to accumulate limnologjcal data
essential for a state classification scheme. (3) Develop a system for recording,
storage, and retrieval of lake data that would be available for general use. The first
group of lakes selected for Intensive investigation during 1968 and 1969 were all
supposedly oligotrophic systems that had significant use factors associated with them.
Three Cascade Mountain lakes, Crater, Waldo, and Odell, and Woahink coastal lake were
selected. The second intensive effort involved four coastal lakes of differing trophy,
Devils, Siltcoos, Mercer and Munsel. They also have high use factors. The sampling
involved physical, chemical, and biological limnology. Standard liranological techniques
can be used to classify lakes by trophy on the basis of density-dependent functions.
However, the resulting lake classification scheme is fairly Insensitive to absolute
differences in the productivity of eutrophic lakes. Instead, the theory of
density-dependent functions may have more value when used to analyze the rlynamics of
trophic processes. An over-all conclusion is reached that precise lake classification
by trophy and the estimation of lake productivity are essentially impossible tasks to
perform because there Is no universally acceptable definition of what constitutes a
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMKr-10158 (Continued)
Card 2/2
lake's trophic status or productivity and almost all presently used techniques to
estimate these undefined qualities are complicated, tine-consuming, and Inconclusive.
INDEX TERMS: Lakes, Oregon, Limnology, Classification, Hydrogen ion concentration,
Water chemistry, Dissolved solids, Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Biomass,
Photosynthesis, Computer programs, Data storage and retrieval.
AMIC-10159 (Continued)
Card 2/2
industrial wastes and/or toxic materials, on the other hand, could cause considerable
problems, and treatment for such wastes should be Instituted.
INDEX TERMS: Waste disposal, Water pollution effects, Water quality, Estuarlne
environment, Estuaries, Sewage, Domestic wastes, Water pollution control,
Currents (water), Suspended solids, Dispersion, Tidal effects, Hydrodynamics,
Bacteria, Plankton, Benthos, Cook Inlet.
AMIC-10159
"EFFECT OF WASTE DISCHARGES INTO A SILT-LADEN ESTUARY. A CASE STUDY OF COOK INLET,
ALASKA", Murphy, R. 3., Carlson, R. F., Nyquist, D., et al., University of Alaska,
Institute of Water Resources, College, Alaska, Publication No. IWB 26, November
1972, 26 pp. NTIS Report No. PB-223 009.
A study wat; conducted to determine the pollution potential of Cook Inlet,
which receives all of Anchorage's domestic wastes. Certain areas that have had no
influence from vaste discharge were used as controls In comparison with areas near
existing waste outfalls. The following aspects of the Inlet's waters were investigated;
(1) the currents, in order to calculate the mixing and dispersion patterns of the waste
materials; (2) the chemical quality, In order to determine whether detectable
concentrations of contaminants could be located; (3) the free-swlmning microorganisms
in an effort to delineate the area of influence from the existing waste discharges;
(It) the bacteriology, in order to determine which organisms were of sewage origin; and
(5) the bottom mads near and away from Chester Creek outfall, the major existing outfall.
in an effort to asses, ths effects of the waste discharge on the biological community
In the benthlc layer. The physical, chemical, and biological data indicate that some
pollution of the Inlet waters near the Chester Creek and Cairn Point outfalls has
occurred but that the water mass as a whole is not polluted. It is doubtful that is
could ever become polluted, even with a population of two or three million residing in
the Anchorage area. Because of the high degree of turbulence and heavy sediment loads,
large quantities of domestic waste, probably as much as 200 mgal/day, can be discharged
into the Inlet without causing an undesirable situation to arise. Non-organic
18
AMIC-10163
"COMBINED EFFECT OF THERMAL AND ORGANIC POLLUTION ON OXYGEN SAG CURVE", Keshavan, K.,
Sornberger, G. C., Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, Final
Technical Report, 1973, W> pp. NTI3 Report No. PB-221 533.
This report is written in two parts. The first considers the oxygen sag
curve with thermal overload. A deterministic model was developed for the oxygen sag
curve for a variable temperature condition under thermal overload. With the help of
the above model, optimal locations of thermal and organic outlets with respect to each
other can be determined for a predetermined minimum dissolved oxygen concentration in
the river. In presence of the thermal overload, the critical oxygen concentration
(lowest) is much lover than that under constant temperature conditions of the stream
and it occurs earlier. The second part presents a simulation of the dissolved oxygen
profile. A stochastic mathematical model was developed to describe the probability
distribution of dissolved oxygen in streams which have received an input of both
thermal and organic pollution. The stochastic model is simulated under conditions
of constant and variable temperature, and the results of the simulation are compared
with the mean values predicted by recent deterministic models. The simulation provides
an estimate of the variability of the DO level to be expected at different points as
well as means of generating typical oxygen sag curves for a stream.
INDEX TERMS: Oxygen sag, Dissolved oxygen, Water quality. Thermal pollution,
Dispersion, Model studies, Organic wastes, Water temperature, Variability,
Chemical concentration, Deterministic model, Stochastic model.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-10161*
"BENTHIC OXWSEN DSMAHD OF HOUSTON SHIP CHAHHSL SEDIMENTS", Reynolds, T. D.,
Hann, R. W., Jr., Priebe, W. F., Texas A and M University, Departawnt of Civil
Engineering, College Station, Texas, Report No. TAMU-SG-73-804, June 1973, 58 pp.
WTIS Report »o. CCM-73-11329.
The purpose of this research was to determine the benthic demand of the
deposits in the Houston Ship Channel for use in modeling the channel for dissolved
oxygen. The scope of the study included: (l) collection of bottom samples; (2)
determining characteristics of the sludge such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), heavy
metals, etc.; (3) use of galvanic oxygen cells in determining oxygen uptake rates In
grams of oxygen per hour per square meter, or other units; (U) determination of benthic
demands at different temperatures to obtain a demand versus temperature correlation;
and (5) the determination of mixing effects. The benthic demands were determined using
electrolytic biochemical oxygen demand cells and the sludges were placed in the cells
within 2U hours after collection. Hine sludge samples vere taken from the entire
2U-mlle reach of the channel and benthic demands Mere determined at 32 C. Correlations
were made relating benthic demand to the five-day biochemical oxygen demand of the
sludges. The water In the cells was recirculated to the extent that the sludge surface
was scoured to determine If a scoured condition increased the benthic demand over that
of a quiescent condition. Mass transfer fundamentals were used to determine the benthic
demand as a function of ultimate benthic demand, time, and molecular diffuslvlty.
IHDEX TERMS: Dissolved oxygen, Oxygen demand, Bottom sediments, Sea water, Biochemical
oxygen demand, Water quality, Water temperature, Mixing, Sludge, Mud, Suspended
solids, Houston Ship Channel, Marine environment.
AMIC-10167
"BIODEGRADATIOH OK OIL", Sedlta, S. J., Houston Research, Incorporated, Houston, •
Texas, Final Report, Contract Ho. NOOO1U-72-C-0471, June 30, 1973, W pp. OTIS
Report Ho. AD-763 1*67.
This study was carried out to determine the feasibility of using partially
disrupted microorganisms in conjunction with intact cells to accelerate the oxldative
degradation of hydrocarbons. Initially, Uo plus organisms were isolated which were
capable of degrading some fraction of Bunker 'C' residual fuel oil. These organisms
spanned the spectrum of genera from Mlcrococcl to Streptomyces. Those organisms
capable of degrading various hydrocarbon fractions were isolated not only from the oil
rich sources, but from university culture collections. Various 'recipes' of organisms
were tested under laboratory and large scale conditions to determine their
effectiveness in degrading Bunker 'C' residual fuel oil. Several conclusions were
reached: Isolation of microorganisms capable of degrading hydrocarbons may be
accomplished with relative ease. Many genera are capable of degrading at least one of
the major fractions of Bunker 'C' residual oil. Laboratory evaluation of hydrocarbon
oxidation should be based on more than one parameter, including disappearance or change
of substrate. Although individual organisms were capable of degrading Bunker 'C'
residual, a recipe of organisms had less removal capacity in the laboratory and In
large tanks. Made to order recipes of organisms, based on their Individual
capabilities may not be the best approach to large scale removal of Bunker 'C1.
More work on the generic and specific composition of artificial mixtures of
microorganisms in this context Is required. Mixture formulations should be restricted
AMIC-10165
"BIODEGRADATION OF OIL IN 3EAWATSR FOR NAVAL POLLUTION CONTROL", O'Heill, T. B. ,
Kaval Civil Engineering Laboratory, Port Hueneme, California, Annual Report Ho. 3,
Contract No. NK 306-883, April 1973, IS pp. HTIS Report No. AD-7&3 3U2.
Tils work Is designed to investigate the potential for biodegradation of oil
in the sea environment. Experiments performed in FY-72 considered: optimal methods
for measuring rates of hydrocarbon utilization by certain-select microorganisms; rates
of hydrocarbon utilization by select-microorganisms; effects of aerating cultures on
hydrocarbon utilization; and effects of adding possible enriching substances upon rates
of hydrocarbon utilization. Well over a hundred different hydrocarbonoclastic
organisms have been secured eltner from local marine coasts or from the American Type
Culture Collection. These cultures Include molds and yeasts as well as representatives
of different orders of bacteria. The cultures are readily maintained on conventional
media. The extraction and weighing technique for determining hydrocarbon
biodegradation appears to be extremely accurate. This procedure is faster, more
accurate, and raore meaningful than plate counts of populations. The problem of
greatest magnitude in the current research Is the quantitative aspects of biodegradation
as observed In tne laboratory. To date, the maximum hydrocarbon loss in any single
experiment involving a pure culture of bacteria is eleven percent. This maximum
percent, however, low, is not castastrophic. Prominent workers such as ZoBell
emphasize the lack of activity when pure cultures are utilized as contrasted to mixed
cultures. T';is conclusion is supported by the present work through the later data are
preliminary.
AMIC-10167 (Continued)
Card 2/2
to as fev organisms as possible, and obviously to those W-,Ich exhibit no Inhibitory
effects on other organisms.
INDEX TERMS: Oil, Microbial degradation, Biodegradation, Organic matter, Sea water,
Water pollution control, Oil pollution, Marine bacteria, Laboratory teats,
Bunker C oil, Hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria, Substrate utilization, Fuel oil,
Motor oil, Fate of pollutants.
INDEX TERMS: Oil spills, Sea water, Oily water, Microbial degradation.
19
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-101fi8
"OIL DJ SCOTTISH WATERS", Leonard, J. M., U. S. Office of Naval Research,
Brance Office, London, England, Report Bo. ONRL-C-12-73, June 27, 1973, 6 PD.
HTIS Report No. AD-766 1*32. ' y ' PP
A brief review Is given of the third annual meeting of the Scottish Marine
Biological Association with the general topic being petroleum discoveries In the North
Sea and tneir Indications for the ecology of Scottish waters. Specific presentations
were on the following subjects: 'Exploration and Production of Horth Sea Oil, With
Reference to Ecological Aspects; 'Problems of Oil Pollution and Combating Oil'; 'Oil
Degradation by Bacteria1; ' Iferdrocarbons in the Marine Environment'; and 'Littorina
gaxatiljs «s an Index of Eiapersants'. A film on the use of oil dispersanis was also
presented.
INDEX TERMS: Oil, Water pollution effects, Water pollution control, Microbial
degradation, Bioindicators, Oily water, Oil pollution, Marine bacteria,
Blodegradatlon, Sea water. Marine environment. North Sea, Hydrocarbons,
Littorina saxatilis, Oil dispersants.
AMIC-10170
"MAJOR AND TRACE ELEMENT LOADIBG OF CENTRAL MICHIGAN LAKES", Spooner, c. M.,
Michigan State University, Department of Geology, East Lansing, Michigan, Project
Completion Report, Contract So. DI-lU-31-0001-3822, June 1973, 22 pp. OTIS
Report No. PB-221 536.
This preliminary Investigation in the form of a pilot study, was undertaken to
determine major, minor and trace element levels and their variation with depth in
recent sediment cored from a small nedi-Michlgan lake. Sampling was attempted using
two types of corer: a gravity-stratification core sampler with a barrel length of 2U
In. and a diameter of 1-3/1* in., and a Davis-Doyle stationary piston corer. Neutron
activation analysis was chosen because of (1) the small size of sample required, (2)
the number of both major and minor elements detectable, and (3) the ease of sample
preparation, giving higher accuracy, without prior chemical separations. Zinc and
chromium were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry with a Model303 Perkln-Elner
Instrument. Concentration profiles with depth show increases in the uppermost layer
for sodium, potassium and manganese when compared to concentration means from the 20 to
60 cm depth. The percentage increases for Na, K, and Mn are 56 percent, 6k percent and
1*8 percent, respectively. Thorium shows a 1(7 percent decrease in concentration. This
concentration gradient in the top-most layer is ascribed to chemical influxes resulting
from cultural development in the region. It is not possible to calculate with any
accuracy the total burden of these elements that has been imposed upon the lake. The
rare-earth element results show that Eh-pH conditions which change through time, have
an important effect on those elements capable of existing in more than one oxidation
state.
INDEX TERMS: Water quality, Aquatic soils, Trace elements, Lake sediments.
AMIC-10169
"TRACE METAI. WATER POLLUTANTS DETERMINED BY X-RAY FLUORESCENCE", Burkhalter, P. G.,
Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., Report No. NRL-7637, August 7, 1973,
15 pp. NTI3 Report No. AD-766 1*53.
X-ray fluorescence analysis was evaluated for determining trace metals in
samples of Potomac River water and Blue Plains sewage sludge. A specimen of Potomac
River water was filtered tlirough 0.0-micron Millipore filters to collect the
participates. The vater, now clear, was acidified with HC1 to a pH of about 2, and was
passed seven time;; through a Reeve Angel 3A-2 cation exchange paper to collect the
dissolved ions. Trie ions from an EPA multi-element solution with known amounts of the
elements were collected on Ion-exchange paper in a similar fashion for comparison.
Samples of sewage sludge were filtered onto the millipore paper without difficulty.
X-ray spectra were collected for 100 seconds for each of the samples. XRF analysis was
found useful for multi-element, determinations of trace metals in polluted waters. Both
partlcuiatei and soluble trace metals in river water a«3 sewage sludge can easily be
sampled on filter papers which are convenient for use in x-ray equipment. Thedeductable
limits for many pollutants with atomic numbers ranging from Ca to Pb are in the 1-10 ppb
range for particulates filtered from river water and in the 5-15 ppb range for soluble
trace metals extracted by ion-exchange papers. However more work is necessary to study
the use of ion exchange papers and interferences in actual multi-element samples and to
establish the best condition!, for XRF of water pollution samples.
INDEX TEHM5: X-ray fluorescence, Sewage sludge, Trace elements, Water analyses, •
Pollutant identification, Manganese, Iron, Zinc, Lead, Copper, Cadmium, Potassium,
Titanium, otrontium.
AHIC-10171*
"ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF HYDRAULIC DREDGING HI 2STUARIES", May, E. B., Alabama
Marine Resources Laboratory, Dauphin Island, Alabama, AMR Bulletin No. 9, Report No.
NOAA-73080205, April 1973, 90 pp. WTIS Report No. CCM-73-11271.
Hydraulic channel and shell dredging and open water spoil disposal have little
significant Immediate effect on water quality in Alabama estuaries. Almost all of the
sediment discharged by dredges settles very rapidly and is transported by gravity along
the bottom as a separate flocculated density layer arid potentially harmful components
of the mud are not dissolved Into the water. There is a limited, temporary reduction
In ber.thic organisms in areas affected by dredging. Spoil piles from channel dredges
can indirectly affect the ecology and usefulness of estuaries by interfering with
water circulation and altering salinity. The basic hydrological concepts which
determine the effects of dredging should be applicable in other areas. Extensive
regulations apparently are not necessary to protect water quality in open water
dredging situations but spoil disposal practices from channel dredges must be
reconsidered and appropriate new disposal plans developed.
INDEX TERMS: Dredging, Estuaries, Water quality, Environmental effects, Estuarine
environment, Bottom sediments, Benthos, Sediment transport. Reviews, Analytical
techniques, Bottom sampling, Suspended solids, Chromium, Mercury, DDT, Nutrients,
Distribution patterns, Hydraulic dredging.
Se* also! Category 2, AMIC-lOlofc
Category 3, AM1C-9UU7, 9^82, 10UO.
20
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2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-8781
"HITOOGEH FIXATION IH A SUBARCTIC MIRE", Granhall, U., Selander, H., Oikos. Vol. Sk,
Ho. 1. 19T3, PP 8-15.
An Investigation of biological fixation of atmospheric nitrogen In situ, a*
part of the Swedish IBP Tundra Blome Project, was carried out during the aimer of 1971.
Ihe main site vas a subarctic - continental, ombrotrophlc mire with permafrost,
situated near Abiako in Lappland (northern Sweden). Nitrogen fixation vas Measured by
the method of acetylene reduction. Samples of moss and algae were examined
microscopically for N-fixing blue-green algae. Aerobic N-fixing bacteria were estimated
on a modified BurK'e Azotobacter medium. Methane-producing bacteria were cultivated in
Barker's selective medium.Low nitrogen fixation, mainly by aerobic bacteria,
occurred In elevated (ombrotrophlc) areas of the mire. In large wet depressions and
pools, on the other hand, fixation by blue-green algae was quite appreciable. Die
algae w«re found to be epiphytically or intracellul arly associated with Sphngmm and
Drepanocladus mosses. Lichens with blue-green algal phycobionts or cephalodia were
rare at the investigated site, and the few plants tested showed comparatively small
activity, probably due to poor nutritional status (ombrotrophlc conditions). In other
parts of the Tornetrs.sk area they were, however, considered to be of great importance.
INDEX TEFMSs Nitrogen fixation, Nitrogen fixing bacteria, Cyanophyta, Permafrost,
Marshes, Acetylene reduction, Lappland.
AMC-9W55 (Continued)
Card 2/8
macrolnvertebrates, and benthos led to the following conclusions! (l) There apparently
vas no effect of dredging on standing crops or species composition In areas having
undiked spoil banks. (2) In the one diked area examined, there was some Indication that
numbers of individuals and species were reduced following dredging for a period of
approximately two months. (3) Diversity of fishes and aacrolnvertebrates over the two
years of study was similar at most stations. CO Benthos sampling in the vicinity of
Altamaha Sound during 1972 confirmed the reliability of the sampling method chosen.
(5) Recolonlzatlon appears to occur very rapidly. (6) Data collection at Oasabaw Sound
indicate that the population standing crop in the Hell Gate dredging site was
significantly higher than that at a control site. Sprigging and seed germination
studies of salt marsh grass (Spartina) showed that sprigs transplanted in early spring
have a longer period of vigorous growth initially. Seed gemination was highest under
thermal variations.
INDEX TERMS: Water pollution effects. Water quality, Fish, Dredging, Marsh plants.
Sediments, Heavy metals, Dissolved oxygen, Nitrates, Phosphates, Anmonla, Waste
disposal, Spoil banks, North Carolina, bouth Carolina, Georgia, Marshes, Sampling,
Hydrogen ion concentration. Biochemical oxygen demand, Water temperature. Salinity,
Biomass, Iron, Population, Benthlc fauna, Germination, Seeds, Vegetation
establishment. Cadmium, Macrolnvertebrates, Dredge spoils, Species diversity,
Recovery, Hecolonizatlon, Separation alterniflora, Grease, Chlorophylla a.
AMIC-9U85
"RESEARCH TO DETERMINE THE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TO THE DEPOSITION OF SPOIL ON SALT
MfcRSHES USING DIKED AND UNDIKED TECHNIOJES", Skidaway Institute of Oceanography,
Savannah, Georgia., Annual Progress Report No. 2, Contract No. DACE-21-71-C -O020,
March 3973, 196 PP. NTIS Report No. AD-763 920.
Results ar» presented from research to study the environmental effects of
hydraulic pipeline dredging where the spoil is deposited on diked and undiked marsh
arras. Included were studies of water quality changes In polluted areas during
dredging, effects of spoil Impoundment on water quality, processes responsible for
water quality changes during dredging and after spoil disposal, sediment parameters
which might provide a basis for predicting water quality changes during dredging,
effects of dredging on fish, macroinvertebrates, and benthlc infaunal populations, and
regeneration of marshes. The general characteristics of water quality changes during
dredging operations were identified. Two groups of chemical parameters were defined:
the biologically controlled parameters and the metals. The 'biologically controlled
group includes dissolved oxygen, pH, BOD, nitrate, ammonia and phosphate. Major
conclusions from this phase of the study were: (l) Water quality changes during
dredging operations cannot be predicted on the basis of simple bulk chemical analyses of
the sediments to be dredged. (2) Significant variations in the quality of water leaving
spoil areas can be expected depending on its retention time in the spoil area. (3)
Since ammonia is the constituent released to the greatest extent during the dredging of
sediments in general, one consideration that must be made in determining the optimum
retention time of spoil material is the microphyte succession within spoil areas. (I*)
Dynamic analytical techniques appear to provide a possibility of predicting the water
quality changes that might occur during a dredging operation. Sampling for fish,
AMIC-9523
"SPECIES INTRODUCTION IN A TROPICAL LAKE", Zaret, T. M., Paine, R. T., Science,
Vol. 182, No. 1*111, November 2, 1973, PP Wt9-l»55.
Probably in early 1967, a pisclvore from South America, Clehla ocellaris, was
introduced to Gatun Lake in the Panama Canal Zone. As this predator population spread
through the lake, the initial effect was dramatic reductions in almost all secondary
consumers. These species reductions produced, in turn, second- and third-order changes
at other trophic levels of the ecosystem. The resulting changes in the lake community
can be seen best by examining the general Gatun Lake food wed. The decrease in
numbers of the Important planktivore Melanirls has resulted in changes within the
zooplanktun ccmmmlty, as Illustrated by the cladoceran Cerlodaphnla. The
tertiary-consumer populations, such as tarpon, black terns, kingfishers, and herons,
formerly dependent on small fishes for food, appear less frequently In the Clehla areas
of the lake. There has also been, possibly, a resurgence of the local mosquito
populations (which are malaria vectors), caused by the reduction in the populations of
insect-eating fishes. Even the primary producers may be affected ty this introduction.
Although at present the Gatun Lake ecosystem is undergoing rapid changes, we anticipate
an eventual return to some form of equilibrium. However, it will be some time before
one can evaluate the permanence or transience of the many changes produced in the
trophic levels by the introduction of a single, toplevel predator to this lake system.
INDEX TERMS: Lakes, Predation, Trophic level, Food webs, Food chains. Tropical regions.
Freshwater fish, Aquatic environment. Aquatic populations, Biological communities,
Clchllds, Plsclvores, Clehla ocellaris.
-------
"CAH aUUBMBS DODGE HSTST Ii TK EAYLICWTT", Cheng, L., i ****** •*& and Oceanography.
Voi. 18, Ho. U, July 1973, W> 663-665.
The genus HaJobate« comprises oceanic Insects closely related to the
pond-skaters of freshwater lakes and streams; they are the only insects known to live In
the open ocean. This paper presents evidence for active net avoidance by ocean-strlders
baaed on analyses of catch data. The Halobates samples studied were ell collected by
horizontal surface plankton hauls. A circular net, 1 m In mouth diameter, was toved
half-submerged on one side of the ship, for about 20 mln at a speed of 2.5-3.5 tan/hr,
thus covering an area of about 1,000 sq m during each tow. A total of 1,61*9 surface
samples w»rc examined for Halobates; half (92?) were collected during the day (between
0600 and iflOO hours) p_nd the others at night. A comparison WRE made of the percentages
of positive catches by day and by night. The monthly mean positive percentage was 16.3
among day samples, among night samples It wns Uo.3. The relatively lower numbers of
Halobates collected during daylight hours can be attributed to visual avoidance of the
net.The data suggest that In the daytime Halobates can see and tend to avoid
approaching nets. Consequently, population densities of these insects, based on daytime
samples, may be underestimated by a factor Of 2 or 3.
INDEX TERME: Insects, iooplankton, Surface waters. Light, Environmental effects,
Diurnal, Oceans, Water sampling, Plankton nets, Blorhythms, Halobates spp,
Ocean etrlders.
AMIC-95l*6
"CfJ) HAi-OBATK: DODGK fTET.,? II: BY MOONLIGHT?", Cheng, L., Enright, J. T.,
Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 18, No. k, July 1973, PP 666-669.
Evidence h«6 been presented that ocean-skaters (Halobates) are able to avoid
surface plankton nets towed during daylight hours. Only night samples collected
between l800 Ftnd 0600 hours wer» considered. They comprised 2,712 animals, caught in
827 samples tnken on 333 days durinp, 16 sequential calendar months. A breakdown of
resultant dsta indicates that Halobntes may have been better able to avoid the net
during full moon: the insects were found In 38 percent of all samples taken around new
moon, but In only 2'i percent of samples taken during full-moon nights. A statistical
test of the tot-Hit support.-, the interpretation that this difference Is significant but
such testing is; not entirely appropriate because of the conspicuous heterogeneity In
the dstn. Therefor", further analyses were undertaken, Involving perlodograms. The
three p^rlodogram.' clep.rly indicate the expected lunar and bilunar peaks. None of these
can provide rigorous and irrefutable evidence for a lunar periodicity in the
data. Nevertheless, the internal consistency of the periodognun analyses as
well as the biological plausibility of the apparent phase relationship with the moon
support the Initial hypothesis that Halobntes may, indeed, be able to see an
approaching nrt by thr light of the moon, and on moonlit nightc to dodge it more
successfully than In d-irknesi;. (Cee also: AMIC-9^1*5)
INDEX TCRM3: InBrcts, Zcoplankton, Light, Insect behavior, Environmental effects,
Surface waters, Diurnal, Oceans, llalobates spp, Lunar periodicity, Ocean
Btridert;.
22
AHIC-9613
•THE Kaam.cs or YEAST orarm OH PURE HYDHOCARBOHS", Blanch, H. w., Einseie, A.,
Biotechnology and Bioengineerlng, Vol. 15, Ho. 5, September 1973, PP 861-877.
The kinetics of C. tropical!s growth were investigated with pure n-nexadecane
as dispersed phase substrate. Two distinct growth phases were found: In the first
phase, exponential growth was Independent of stlrrer speed. The onset of the second
phase, one of linear growth, was determined by stirrer speed. By the use of two
different fermenter types, It was shown that the drop size of the dispersed phase was
not primarily responsible for the observed kinetics. It was considered that the
formation of biological floes determined the observed growth pattern. This was
substantiated by the results of continuous cultures in the different fermenter types,
with various substrate concentrations.
INDEX TEJ»6: Yeasts, Growth chambers. Organic compounds. Substrate utilization,
n-Hexadecane, Growth kinetics, Continuous cultures, Candida troplcalis,
Aliphatic hydrocarbons, Deuteromyceten, Biological flocculatlon.
AMIC-9665
"EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES TO LIMNOLOGY - AN OVERVIEW", Schindler, D. W.,
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, No. 10, October 1973,
pp 1UOO-1M3.
After l» years of searching for methods to describe and interpret changes in
lakes of the Experimental Lakes Area and considerable laboratory work related to
critical problems in freshwater nutrient dynamics, several papers describing the work
have been prepared. This paper attempts to summarize these Individual contributions.
One problem encountered was lack of a reliable method for measuring dissolved inorganic
carbon. A modified gas chromatographic technique was devised to overcome this
shortcoming. A simple method for measuring live microplankton blomass was also needed.
This need may be met through ATP measurements, although several possible problem areas
must be thoroughly tested. A serious problem still remaining is the estimation of
true phosphate concentrations. Standard acid molybdate methods give too high results
in most waters and bloassay or Sephadex techniques are time-consuming and require
highly experienced personnel. Several problems with various physical methods (diffusion
gas exchange, dye diffusion, radon techniques) are also discussed as are those with
in situ biological methods. Fallacies in systems modelling approaches to nutrient and
productivity studies are pointed out. It Is concluded that from a purely scientific
point of view, the most important area in limnologlcal research remains the construction
and thorough testing of a sound methodology, designed to illuminate ecosystem problems
rather than Just to describe them.
IHDEX TEraC: Limnology, Lakes, Nutrients, Methodology, Eutrophlcation, Carbon, Gas
chromatography, Diffusion, Radioactivity techniques, Primary productivity.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9713
"EFFECT OT TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS ON GROWTH, REPRODUCTION, AMEND ACID SYNTHESIS,
FAT AND SUGAR CONTENT IH ULVA FASCIATA DELILE PLANTS", Mohsen, A. F., Bur, A. H.,
MetwsUl, A. M., HyaroMoIogTa, Vol. *2, Mo. I*, September 28, 1973, PP ^51-fctO.
This work deals with the effect of temperature variations on growth, repro-
duction, amlno acid synthesis, fat and sugar content In Ulva fasclata inhabiting
the littoral region of the Mediterranean shore bordering Alexandria. Higher
temperatures above 30 C have lethal effects on some parts of the algal fronds while
the other parts are rather resistant. The latter ore scattered groups of cells, which
usually regenerate new plants when carried even to distant parts due to detrimental
action of waves and currents. They serve a good means for vegetative propagation
and spread better than zoolds, which probably perish under such severe and violent
conditions. The rate of growth of Ulva indicated by the increase In dry weight and
total nitrogen, Increases at rising temperature till the latter becomes limiting.
Higher temperatures favour the growth and development of Bporophytic phases, known by
their deep green colouration, while temperatures below 20 C favour the production of
gametophytes, identified by their yellowish green colour. This might explain why
most of the algal crops of Ulva fasciata produced from parental stock (3 crops per
year i.e. annually), are sporophytes. Moderate temperatures were favourable for
growth, reproduction ind the various metabolic processes. Amino acids and sugar
contents increase with the rise of temperature, reaching their maximum around 25 C,
while fat content increases at still lower temperatures.
INDEX TERMS:
Growth
(water
"EXH5KIMEIWAL STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF OIL ON SOME REPRESENTATIVES OF BENTHOS IN THE
CASPIAN SEA", Kasymov, A. 0., Allev, A. D., Water. Air, and Soil Pollution. Vol. 2,
Mo. 2, June 1973, PP 335-21*5.
Experimental studies of the influence of crude oil on bottom fauna in the
Caspian Sea were conducted in crystallizators and aquariums. Oil concentrations
varing from 0.2 to *t.O mg/1 were used, with water temperature of 19-3 to 2U.U C and
dilute 02 varying from U.5 to 7.0 mg/1. Worms, oligochaetes, and molluscs were used
in the experiments. Under high concentrations of oil (higher than 3 to 5 mg/1) the
animals initially did not change weight and then lost weight and perished. In a weak
solution of oil (below 1 mg/1) a speed up in normal evolution, growth, and reproduction
took place in the animals.
INDEX TERME: Benthlc fauna, Water pollution effects, Toxicity, Bioassay, Weight,
Growth rates, Evolution, Worms, Mollusks, Oligochaetes, Crude oil, Caspian Sea.
AMIC-9766
"THE BIOLOGY CF GAMMARUS (CRUSTACEA, AMPHIPODA) IN THE NORTHWESTERN ATLANTIC.
VII. THE DURATION OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT IN FIVE SPECIES AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES",
Steele, D. H., Eteele, V. J., Canadian Journal of Zoology, Vol. 51, No. 9, September
1973, PP 995-999.
The duration of embryonic development in Gammarus duebeni, obtusatus, setoeus,
lavrencianus, and oceanicus at various temperatures was found to be related to the
reproductive cycle, flowest development at any temperature occurs in G. setoaus,
which breede in September and whose young hatch in the next spring; G."duebeni
obtusatus, and oceanicus mate in late autumn and their young are hatched in the next
spring; they have a faster rate of development. G. lawrencianus has the fastest rate
of development at any temperature; it breeds in January and the young hatch in the
spring. The rate of development is correlated with the size of egg.
INDEX TERM:;: Water temperature. Animal growth, Time, Thermal stress, Lire cycles,
Embryonic growth stage, Reproduction, Embryonic development, Gammarus, Beach
fleas.
"A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR THE CALCULATIONS AND COMPARISONS OF DIVERSITY INDICES IN
BIOLOGICAL POPULATION SAMPLES", Redus, K. i,., Edgewood Arsenal, Aberdeen Proving
Ground, Maryland, Technical Report Nos. EB-TR-73030, EATH 1*782, November 1973,
29 pp.
Diversity indices are used by biologists to characterize sample
distribution species in an ecosystem. Applications of information theory, the Simpson
index, and the Mclntosh index of species diversity in biological collections are
reviewed. A computer program is developed to calculate each measure for the relative
abundance of species present in the community.
INDEX TERMS: Computer programs, Biological communities, Measurement, Population,
Ecological distribution, Data processing, Methodology, Programming languages,
Species diversity, Species abundance, Data Interpretation, Species diversity
index, Mclntosh index, Simpson index, Information theory, FORTRAN V.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-10089
"THE HETEROTHOPHIC CAPABILITIES OF CTCLOIELLA MEHEOHIHIAHA". LyliB, J. C.,
Trmlnor, F. R., Journal of Phyeology, Vol. 9, No. H, December 1973» PP 365-369.
Studies were conducted to determine which organic compounds would support
the growth of freshwater diatoms and to determine under what light conditions such
organic compounds would support growth. Twenty-five compounds were tested with
Cyclotella meneghlnlana, Plnnularla ep., Eunotla ep., Qomphonena parvulum, Navleula
motha, and Bltzsehla palea"!Plnnularla grew In the dark when glucose or fructose woe
added. Eunotla, Gompnonema, Navlcula7~and Nltzsehla did not grow heterotrophlcally.
Cyclotella meneghiniana grew heterotrophically In darkness when glucose In
concentrations from 5 rag/liter to 10 g/liter wae provided. The other compounds tested
did not support growth. However, in continuous light (300 ft-c) growth was not
enhanced If glucose was provided. Under diurnal conditions of light (300 ft-c)
approximately 12-lU hr of darkness were required to observe the enhancement effects of
glucose. Uptake studies with labeled glucose Indicated that uptake is not dependent
on glucose, but that it occurs only at low light Intensities. Cells required 12-lU hr
of darkness to develop the uptake system.
INDEX TERMS: Cultures, Diatoms, Light intensity, Nutrient requirements, Absorption,
Heterotrophy, Cyclotella raeneghinlana, Pinnularia, Eunotia, Gorophonema parvulura,
Naviculn motha, Nitzschin palea.
AHZC-1010U
"ECOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF MULTIUSE WATERS KECEIVIMO PRIMARY TREATMENT EFFLUENT
PRIOR TO A MAJOR FLOW INCREASE", Buck, J. D., tttiverslty of Connecticut, Institute
of Water Resources, Etorrs, Connecticut, Completion Report, Contract No.
DI-llt-31-0001-3207, April 23, 1973, 6 pp. NTIS Report No. FB-223 502.
Die purpose of this study was (1) to biologically and chemically evaluate
Mumford Cove on the Connecticut shoreline which presently receives effluent from a
sewage treatment plant, (2) to assess the effects of a 10-20 fold increase in effluent
flow, and (3) to determine the suitability of various micro- and macroorganisms as
indices of the presence of effluent. Measurements were made on the study area and on a
control area (Palmer Cove) which receives no gross input of organic matter. Field
measurements Included salinity, DO, and temperature. Laboratory analyses included Do,
5-day BOD, orthophosphate, and nitrate. Total and fecal conforms, fecal streptococci,
phytoplankton, and benthic raacroinvertebratee were also determined. Samples were
enriched up to 20 fold with nitrate, phosphate, nitrate plus phosphate, and sewage
effluent to assess the biological effects. The results led to the following
conclusions, (l) Few total and fecal coliforms were found in the sewage plant effluent.
(2) Phytoplankton numbers were greatest at the upper stations and decreased seaward. The
outer and mid-cove stations were dominated by diatoms while others exhibited large
numbers of flagellates. These organisms could represent a potential nuisance with
increased enrichment. (3) Enrichment caused dense green algae to develop in test
flasks. (4) Particulate matter and Increased turbidity were noted In polluted areas.
(5) In general, the benthic invertebrates did not suggest the existence of gross
pollution conditions. (6) The greater flow of freshwater from effluent discharge could
AMIC-10099
"TIE POSSIBLE OCCURRENCE OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC MICROOBGANISME IN DEEP-SEA SEDIMENTS OF THE
NORTH ATLANTIC", Malone. T. C., Garslde, C., Anderson, R., Roels, 0. A., Journal of
Phycology, Vol. 9, No. U, December 1973, PP 1*82-U88.
An assemblage of 12 diatom species and other photosynthetlc microorganisms
associated with red clay sediments collected from a depth of 6150 m in the North
Atlantic was obt-erved to bloom in Antarctic bottom water when exposed to sunlight
at bed surface temperature. Although no growth could be detected over the first 3
days of the experiment, nitrate was nearly completely stripped from the water. The
maximum growth rate of k.7 doublings/day was reached between days 1 and 5. Most of the
diatom species have been described as littoral or coastal forms, and it is suggested
thnt these organisms are transported to depth by fecal material, turbidity currents,
or a combination of the two.
INDEX TERMS: Diatoms, Marine microorganisms. Bottom sediments, Atlantic Ocean,
Deep water, Plant pigments. Photosynthesis, Plant growth, Growth kinetics,
Cell density, Amphora, Nitzschia, Navicula, Fragilaria.
AMIC-IOIOU (Continued)
Card 2/2
produce serious ecological consequences. Results indicate that increased flow of
freshwater and nutrients into the saline cove may produce adverse effects.
INDEX TERMS: Phytoplankton, Benthic fauna, Cyanophyta, Diatoms, Chlorophyta, Nutrients,
Water pollution effects, Sewage effluents, Water quality, Enteric bacteria,
Eioassay, Macroinvertebratee, Enrichment.
-------
2.
tttOLOGICAI. METHODS
AMIC-101O5
-MUBKCKPTIOK AHD DEGRADATIOH or PESTICIDES BY AQUATIC AUSAE", worthen, t. R.,
Unlreralty of Rhode Inland, Department of Fharmacognosy, Kingston, Rhode Island,
Final Report, Contract Ho. DI-lfc-31-0001-38l»O, 1973, lv» -green
Syneehococcus elongatua !• capable of accumulating p,p'43DT and can convert at least
a portion of the amount experimentally fed (0.099 PP») to M®. A* this concentration
the halogenated pestlcld" did not appear to be toxic to the organism. Several samples
of blue-green algae from two different rivers In Rhode Island were examined for their
content of p,p'-DDT and the amount found varied from 1.1-Mt ppt>. These values were
consistent with pesticide use on the watersheds of the two streams. A reasonably
rapid and simple GLC method has been proposed for determining the amount of p,p'-DDT
present in a mixture of p,p'-ODT and HCB. The investigation has included the
development of a proposed modification of the currently employed method utilizing
p-values in pesticide analysis. The modification allows for quantitative determination
of the components of a binary mixture which are not resolved on a given, gas
chromatography column. The results obtained using this modification are comparable to
presently used methods with the additional advantages of being reasonably rapid and
simple. This should afford a less tedious and quicker way of determining pesticide
residue content in samples which contain components that are unresolvable by gas
chromatography .
INDF3C TERhE: Pesticide residues, Absorption, Biodegradation, Cyanophyta, DDT, Cultures,
DDE, Metabolism, .pas chromatography, Polychlorinated blphenyls.
this equipnant the authors would never have been able to locate the biological
recovery zone so precisely.
INDEX TETO6: Hater pollution effects, Bloindicators, Acid mine water, Mussels,
Species diversity index.
AMIC-10109
"MUSSELS AND INDICATOR? OF BIOLOGICAL RECOVERY ZONE", Simmons, G. M., Jr.,
Reed, J. «., Jr., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. U5, No 12,
December 1973, PP 2H80-2192.
A 3-month study was made on the lower North Anna and upper Pamunkey River
system in Virginia to locate the biological recovery zone of the North Anna River from
the effects of acid mine drainage on Contrary Creek. The study included the
collection of physical, chemical, and biological information (macrobenthos and fish).
Physical and chemical information did not reveal any differences between water quality
in the liorth Anna and Pamunkey rivers. Aesthetically and chemically speaking, the
rlvor recovers very quickly. The waters of the North Anna River below the entrance of
Contrary Creek were also suitable for agricultural purposes such as irrigation and
livestock watering. The insect portion of the raacrobenthlc community would indicate
that, biologically speaking, the river recovered very quickly. However, if the entire
macrobenthlc community is considered, the rivferch, 1971 to Ifcrch, 1972. At the time of sampling, light, temperature, salinity, ana
DO were measured. Water samples were filtered and frozen until analysis for ammonia,
nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate. The sediment-water column phosphate exchange was
studied by two basic experiments designed to demonstrate the absorption of phosphates on
sediment particles and the phosphate buffering capacity of silt particles. Carbon
fixation was measured by a modification of the C-lU method. Results showed that
Carpenter's Creek was the primary source of all nitrogen forms except nitrite. There
was a significant degree of phosphorus exchange between the water and bayou sediments,
even though the phosphorus content of the bayou was very low. Carbon fixation rates
ranged from lUO mg C/hr/cu m in the early fall to 10 mg C/hr/cu m in the winter.
Finally, the teats indicated that the inorganic nitrates were more Important than the
inorganic phosphates In controlling carbon fixation rates.
INDEX TERMS: Nutrients, Ammonia, Nitrites, Nitrates, Phosphates, Silts, Iron exchange,
Absorption, Primary productivity, Limiting factors, Bayou Texar.
-------
2.
AKCC-10113
'SEimac ECOLOOY OF THE HIGH ARCTIC DEEPJSEA", paui, A. z., Msnziea, R. a.,
Florida State University, Department of Oceanography, Tallahassee, Florida, Final
Report, OUR Contract Bo. UOOOl1*-67-A-0235-0005, September 1973. 337 pp. HTIS Report
No. AD-766 829.
This Investigation Is an analyses of 75 quantitative benthic samples collected
by the Mini-LUBS, 2$ qualitative benthic samples collected with the Small Biological
Trawl, and 52 'bottom camera stations taken from Fletcher's Ice Island, T-3 while it was
drifting over the Alpha Cordillera region of the High Arctic Ocean during October, 1969
through February, 1970 and in March, 1972. The depth range was 1000 to 2500 m. The
quantitative samples were washed through a 0,1^9 eq mm mesh and the benthic organisms
were removed and Identified, in most cases, to species level. The SBT samples were
washed through a 0.505 sq mm mer.h and the benthic organisms were treated as above. The
bottom photographs were printed and the area visible in each frame was calculated in
order to quantify the results, which show the impoverished condition of large epifaunal
benthononts in this area. The average density is 0.02 organisms/sq m, which is the
lowest value reported from a photographic survey. Benthic foraminlferar.s are
responsible for about 53 percent, bivalves for 27 percent, sponges for 7 percent, and
polychaetes for 5 percent of the total biomass. Other groups make up the remaining 8
percent. In numbers, excluding Foramlnifera, polychaetes are 1*2 percent, nematodes
16 percent, sponges 11 percent, and bivalves 8 percent of the total fauna. The
remaining 23 percent Is composed of thirteen other taxa. Biomass In the Amerasian Basin
at depths of 1000-2000 m are extremely low (o.Okg/sq m) and are comparable to depths of
5000-6000 m In the olisptrophlc red clay area of tte mid-Pacific and !*0 times less than
biomass at compamble depths from Antarctica and off of Peru. Diversity as calculated
AMIC-10116
THE EFFECTS OF ESRICHMEOT ON LAKE SUPERIOR PERIPffifTON", Nelson, R. R., Odlaug, T. 0.,
Krogstad, B. L., et al., University of Minnesota, Water Resource* Research Center,
Minneapolis, Minnesota, WRRC-Bulletin So. 59, Contract Ho. DI-lU-31-0001-3095, May
1973* 182 PP. HTIS Report Ho. FB-222 1*98.
The primary objective of this research as carried out In the summer and fall
of 1969 and 1970 was to determine the possible changes which would take place In Lake
Superior perlphyton when polluting or enriching substances were added to the lake water.
Two natural rock basins were constructed at the lakeside for the purpose of exposing
naturally grown and regrowth perlphyton to hlgher-than-normal levels of phosphate and
nitrate. At weekly Intervals, samples were collected and productivity was measured by
enumeration of organisms, chlorophyll analysis, and weight, dry and organic. If the
near-shore area of Lake Superior ever received nutrients, such as those added to the
experimental test pool at Castle Danger, a drastic change in the Lake's biota could
occur. In addition, the very composition of the macrobenthlc forms found in Lake
Superior could be altered as a result of their dependence on the periphyton, which, as
primary producers, form the first link in the food chain. Likewise, certain fish which
depend on benthic organisms for their food may be adversely affected as an Indirect
result of a changing periphyton community.
INDEX TERMS: Periphyton, Water pollution effects, Lake Superior, Nutrients, Primary
productivity, Aquatic productivity, Phosphates, Nitrates, Laboratory tests,
On-site tests, Water chemistry, Aquatic algae. Dominant organisms,
Eutrophication, Enrichment, Data interpretation.
AMIC-1Q113 (Continued)
Card 2/2
by the Shannon-Weaver method is low and suggests that the Arctic ecosystem is young as
reported in earlier studies. In general, the well documented occurrence of a decrease
in blomass with an increase in depth Is upheld in the high Arctic. Variations in the
lo-w blomass are probably due to strong bottom currents, a steep depth gradient and
downslope transport. The High Arctic biocoenoses of the Alpha Cordillera region may be
called a Thenea abyssorum-Spirorbls granulatus community following the conventional
methods of !'et»rsen and Thoraon.
INDEX TBKMB: Benthic fauna, Ecology, Arctic Ocean, Deep-water habitats, Marine animals,
Bottom sampling, Biomass, Protozoa, Annelids, Nematodes, Mollusks, Crustaceans,
Ecological distribution, Invertebrates, Species diversity, Bottom photography,
Coelenteratei,, Kpon^s, Echinoderms, Macroinvertebrates, Tunlcates, Data
interpretation.
AMIC-10117
"AN INVESTIGATION OF THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF EUTROPHICATION ON LONG LAKE,
WASHINGTON", Soltero, R. A., Gasperlno, A. F., Graham, W. G., Eastern
Washington State College, Department of Biology, Cheney, Washington, Project Completion
Report, July 1, 1973, 96 pp. NTIS Report No. PB-222 937.
Surveillance on the Spokane River and its tributaries has shown that a
major source of nutrients influent to Long Lake was the effluent of the Spokane
sewage treatment plant. Existing concentrations of nitrate nitrogen and
orthophosphate increased threefold and ten fold, respectively, below the effluent.
Of the influent phosphate, I1* percent was retained In the reservoir. The major
fractions retained were the soluble organic phosphate and orthophosphate. A density
current system was evident which altered vertical and longitudinal distribution of
physical and chemical parameters. This current isolated a wedge of water on the
reservoir bottom and the water became anaerobic. During the period of anaeroblosis
ortnophoEpnate phosphorus and nitrate nitrogpn maxima are present. Long Lake was
classified as eutrophic on a basis of primary productivity, chlorophyll a
concentrations, hypolimnetic oxygen depletion, and nitrogen and phosphorus
concentrations. Euphotic zone nitrate nitrogsn and orthophosphate concentrations
correlated negatively with chlorophyll a and phytoplankton standing crops, however
the latter correlated positively with temperature. Zooplankton grazing did not
significantly limit phytoplankton production.
INDEX TERMS: Eutrophication, Nutrients, Water pollution effects, Water pollution
sources, Hitrates, Standing crops, Phytoplankton, On-slte data collections,
Zooplankton, Sewage effluents, Water quality, Long Lake, Oxygen depletion,
Orthophosphates. Data Interpretation.
26
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AMIC-10118
"TBS BIOLOGICAL IMPACT OP COMBINED METALLIC AND ORGAHIC POLLUTIOK IN THE
COBUR D'ALBIIE—SPCaCABE RIVER DRAIHAGFE SYSTEM", Funk, W. H,, Rate, F. W., Filby, P.,
Washington State University, Mater Research Center, Pullman, Washington, Project
Completion Report, Contract NOB. DI-1U-31-001-366U, DI-lU-Ol-OOl-3576, June 30, 1973,
202 pp. NTIS Report No. PB-222 91*6.
An Investigation was made Into the biological effects of metallic and
organic pollution in the Coeur a'Alene - Spokane River Lake drainage system. Water
quality data show heavy inflows of nutrients during late spring into Coeur d'Alene Lake
from the St. Joe and Coeur d'Alene Rivers and Plummer Creek. Although no water devoid
of dissolved oxygen have been measured, 2-U mg/1 have been measured in the southern
portion of the lake. Phytoplarikton productivity measurements and bottom organism
identification and enumeration have shown that the lake functions at several trophic
levels, meso-eutrophlc to eutrophic in the southern portion, mesotrophic in the
immediate area of the Coeur d'Alene River and oligotrophic in the northern portions.
High metal concentrations (1000-7000 mg/kg Zn) in the bottom sediments of the middle and
northern portions of the lake did not appear to substantially affect distribution of
benthlc chlronomids or oligochaetes. Algal toxlclty tests showed the amount of Zn
normally present In the Coeur d'Alene Lake and River and the Spokane River to be
Inhibitory to the algal test organism Selenastrum capricornutum. The water quality of
the Bponkane River was shown to be of good to excellent quality in °n parameters
tested except for high metallic content, especially Zn. Activation and atomic
absorption analysis of the metallic content in tissues of the organisms populating the
Spokane River indicated that the algae were the prime concentrators of Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg,
AMIC-1O12U
"RESPONSE OF AHABAEHA TO pH, CARBON, AND PHOSPHORUS", Keenan, J. D., Journal of the
Bnvlronmental~Sngineerlng Division. Proceedings of the American Society of Civil
Engineers, Vol. 99. Ho. EE5. October 1973, PP 607-620.
The objectives were to study roles of carbon and phosphorus in cultural
eutrophlcatlon, and to investigate the observation that blue-green algal blooms are
frequently associated with a pH greater than 8.U. These objectives were met by the
manometrlc determination of rates of photosynthesis and respiration in the blue-green
alga, Anabaena flos-aquae as functions of pH, total inorganic carbon, and
orthophosphate. The photosynthetic rate was independent of carbon concentrations from
30 ppm Na2C03-300 ppm Ha2C03. At pH values of 8.3 or less, photosynthetic rate is
dependent upon pH and independent of P concentration. At higher pH values, the reverse
is true. Respiration was Independent of pH, carbon, and phosphorus. The association of
blue-greens with alkaline pK values is related to a H(plue) effect and is independent
of the ionic forms of carbon and phosphorus.
INDEX TERMS: Carbon, Phosphorus, Eutrophlcatlon, Anabaena, Hydrogen ion concentration,
Water quality, Phosphates, Photosynthesis, Respiration, Cultures, Manometers,
Statistical methods, Bloassay, Orthophosphates, Factorial analysis.
AMIC-10118 (Continued)
Card 2/2
Fe, and Mn. Algae and detritus consumers such ae the larvae of the caddis fly
Hydrppsyche and the nymphs of the may fly Baetis reflected high metallic concentrations.
Most higher aquatic plants showed relatively lower concentrations. Analysis of
fish tissues showed a. considerably lees concentration of metals than the aquatic
plants, insects, or algae. However, Zn was measured at concentrations of 00-200
mg/kg in liver tissues of several spiels of fishes. Fillet tissues generally
contained less thtm one quarter of these amounts.
INDEX TERME: Aquatic life, Heavy metals, Water pollution effects, Organic wastes,
Benthos, Alkali metals, Aquatic environment, Water quality, Phytoplankton,
Bottom Bedlments, Toxlcity, Bioassay, Biological communities, Food chains,
Periphyton, Rare earth elements, Spokane River, Coeur d'Alene Lake, Coeur d'Alene
River, B1oaccumulation.
AMIC-10125
"CARBON AND NITROGEN AS REGULATORS OF ALGAL GROWTH", Foree, E. G., Scroggin, C. R.,
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, Proceedings of the American Society
of Civil Engineers, Vol. 99, No7 EE5, October 1973, PP 639-652.
Continuous flow algal cultures were grown under three different growth
conditions using secondary sewage treatment plant effluent as the growth medium. The
only variable within each run was the hydraulic residence time. The concentrations
of growth regulating nutrients were varied between the runs so that comparisons of the
algal mass, composition, nutrient uptake, and genera could bemade. The importance of
COS availability for algal growth was also studied. The second phase of the study was
a batch culture study in which the same growth medium was used as In Phase 1. The
objective of Phase 2 was to investigate significant similarities and differences
between continuous and batch culture growth under otherwise similar growth conditions.
Carbon dioxide enriched conditions produced as much as 10 times the algal mass as
C02 deficient conditions. Algal blooms dominated by blue-green algae were found to be
the result of a successions! change from green to blue-green algae under C02 enriched,
nitrogen limited conditions. In the batch culture study algae exhibited a luxuriant
nitrogen uptake.
INDEX TERMS: Carbon, Nitrogen, Growth rates, Limiting factors, Plant growth
regulators, Aquatic algae, Algal control, Anabaena., Chlorella, Chlamydomonas,
Cladophora, Nutrients, Phosphorus, Chemical oxygen demand, Ammonia, Nitrogen
fixation, Sewage sludge, Absorption.
27
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2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
TJIOLOGICAI. EFFECTS COf FEHITJWIHION IH THE DIET OF BROOK TROUT", WUdiah, D. J.,
Lister, N. A., Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 10,
Ho. 6, December 1973, PP 333-339.
Three experljn-nts were conducted to assess the possible effects on brook
trout of spraying forests in Dew Brunswick with fenitrothlon to prevent Bpruce
budworm damage. Experiment 1 was to determine the regurgitation threshold of
fenitrothion In the diet. Experiment 2 was to determine spontaneous food partitioning
by individual fish receiving food with and without fenitrothion added. Experiment 3
was to determine dry weight and acetylcholinesterase activity of the fish used in
experiment Z. The threshold for tolerance of fenitrothion in the stomach of brook trout
was 376 mg fenltrothion/kg of wet fish weight. Regurgitation occurred 3-2^ hr after
ingestion. After 1* weeKB of feeding 10 mg fenitrothion/g food, the hierarchical pattern
of the fish had reversed. Total, but not individual, gross conversion efficiency of
food per tank was highest after U weeks feeding with 10 mg fenitrothion/g. In
Experiment 3 the previously most dominant fish in Experiment Z regained dominance in the
new conditions after 3 weeks. AChE activity values demonstrate that enzyme activities
increased to 56 percent from 17 percent that of controls 27 days after exposure to 10
mg fenitrothion/g food. At 1 mg fenitrothion/g food the depression of AChE activity
was not associated with behavioural effects. The possibility that aquatic and
terrestrial insects killed by fenitrothion may cause lethal or sublethal effects
directly in s.-Umonids has been shown to be unlikely. It remains possible that
reductions in insect biomass may be of sufficient magnitude and persistence to
significantly reduce ration and hence reduce salronid production.
AMIC-10131
"INTERACTIONS BETWEEN DOT AND RIVER FUNGI. II. INFLUENCE OF CULTURE CONDITIONS ON IKE
COMPATIBILITY OF FUNGI AND p,p'J3DT", Hodklneon, M., Dalton, E. A., Bulletin of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 10, No. 6, December 1973, PP 356-359.
356-359.
Saprolegnia sp., laoachlya monilifera, Isoachlya sp., Fythium sp.,
Clavariopsis aquatlca, Heliscus eubmrsus, Tetraeladium setlgeruin, Varicosporlum
elodeae, Aureobasidium pullulan's, CephaTosporium acremonlum, Cladosporlum
eladosporioides. and Cylindroearpon orthosporium were cultured in orbital shakers to
study the Interaction of DDT with the fungi and the influence of culture conditions on
their compatibility. Samples were cultured from 2i*-l6oO hre at 5 or 10 C with 2, 10,
20, or 60 micrograms DDT/ml. In general, the growth rates of the twelve fungi were
enhanced when the insecticide was included in the basal medium. However, only 50
percent of the fungi were sensitive to ? micrograms/ml of DDT, and of these, half
responded after prolonged incubation. Normally 10 micrograms/ml and higher insecticide
concentrations Induced marked changes In fungal growth within 2 to U days at 2O C.
Incubation temperature affected the growth rates of the fungi but did not alter their
responses to the insecticide. The growth rate of each fungus increased with increased
DDT concentration but the form of the growth curves remained the same.
INDEX TKRhC: Fungi, Bioassay, Culturee, DDT, Growth rates.
AMIC-1C12B (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERM;: feticides toxicity, Fisr. diets, Brook trout, Bioassay, FiF,n behavior.
Water pollution "ffectc, Fenitrothion,
28
A MIC-10132
"DISTRIBUTION OF DIEIDHIN IN THE TURTLE", Pearson, J. E,, Tinsley, K., Hernandez, T.,
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 10, No. 6, December 1973,
pp 360-36*..
A number of turtles weighing 300 grams to one kilogram were injected with
20 mg/kg of dieldrin in a one-to-one solution of dlethyl ether and corn oil (50 rag/kg).
Groups were sacrificed at intervals for tissue analysis. At timed intervals after the
intraperitoneal injection of dieldrin (20 mg/kg), the turtles were placed on a turtle
board and with a hack-saw the ventral carapace was sawed off. The soft tissues were
carefully dissected from the carapace to minimize bleeding. A blood sample was obtained
from the heart and was kept chilled until centrifuged to separate the plasma. Sections
of liver, kidney, muscle, and brain were obtained and quick frozen until analyzed. A
sample cf brown fat was dissected from the subcutaneous area of the perlneal region.
The concentration of dieldrin in the plasma and tissues WBE estimated by gas
chrometography. The rate of absorption of dieldrin in the turtle after Intraperitoneal
injection was slow and unpredictable. The results st any single time were variable due
to the erratic absorption from the intraperitoneal site. The fat depots gradually
increased until the concentration of dieldrin approached 1000 ppm or 0.1 percent of the
weight of the fat. Next to the fat, the liver has the greatest propensity to
concentrate dieldrin.
INDEX TERMS: Dieldrin, Turtles, Absorption, Chemical analysis, Pollutant identification,
Gas chromatography, Separation techniques, Animal tissues, Btoaccumulation,
Biological samples, Blood, Muscle, Brain, Kidneys, I.lver, Electron capture gas
chromatography, Adipose tissue, Sample preparation.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-10131*
"PHYSIOLOGICAL KESPOSSE OF THE MUD CRAB, EUBYHVMOPBlg PEPRESSUS TO CADMIUM", Collier
H. S., Millar, J. E., Dewson, M. A., Thurberg, F. P.. Bulletin of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology. Vol. 10, No. 6, December l9?3, pp 3?o'-3bl3.
A study was undertaken to determine the toxiclty of acute exposure of
cadmium In the mud crab, Eurypanopeus depregsus, a£ evidenced by mortality and by
differential oxygen consumption occurring at non-lethal levels of this contaminant.
Crabs were exposed to cadmium in one-gallon glass Jars, filled to three liters with a
synthetic medium prepared using technical-grade chemicals dissolved in fresh well-water
and adjusted to 25 ppt salinity. The pH of the seawater remained at 7.0 for the range
of cadmium concentrations tested. Analysis of the synthetic medium by an Independent
testing film Indicated that cadmium wae present at O.OOU5 ppm and that other background
metals were negligible. Oxygen consumption measurements vere made on whole animals
exposed to O.C, 3.0, k.O, 6.0, and 7.0 ppm Cd (10-15 animals per concentration) and on
excised gill tissue of animals exposed to 0.0, 4.0, and 7.0 ppm Cd (12 animals per
concentration). Oxygen consumption was monitored over a luhr period in a Gilson
differential respirometer. The LCD, LC50, and LC100 values were 1.0 ppm, U.9 ppm, and
11.0 ppm, respectively, with 95 percent confidence limits for the LC50 being 3-9-5.U
ppm. The oxygen consumption rates of whole animals showed great Individual variation
ranging from 35 to 75 microllters oxygen/hr/g. Oxygen consumption rates of the gill '
tissue alone, however, decreased as the cadmium concentration increased. Because the
whole animals exhibited great variations in oxygen consumption rates, no cadmium-induced
changes could be detected. These variations were possibly due to differential activity
between individual crabg, because they were held unrestrained and free to move about in
AffiC-10150
"THE TOXICITO OF MIXTUKES OP METALS AKD SURFACTANTS TO RAINBOW TROUT (SALMO OAIHDHBRI
RICH.)", Calamarl, D., Marchetti, R., Water Research, Vol. 7, No. 10, October 1973,
pp 1U53-1<*6U.
The toxlcity to rainbow trout of two metals (copper and mercury) and three
detergents (two anlonlcs and one non-ionic) were determined with an exposure period of
It days. Each compound was tested separately and as a metal-detergent pair. The
apparatus used for determining the toxicity of the mixtures semicontinuously changes
the solution in the tank containing the fish. Ten randomly selected rainbow trout,
12-16 cm in length were used at each concentration. Before the experiments the animals
were maintained for at least 7 days in running water of the same quality as that of
the dilution water used in the test. Mortality was recorded every 3 h for the first
20 h, and then less frequently on successive days. The concentration of the anionlc
surfactants was checked dally by the methylene-blue method. A suitable analytical
method was lacking for non-ionic surfactants (NP), so the volumes of toxic solution
and dilution water dispensed by the dosing apparatus were controlled rigorously. The
concentrations of both copper (cuproethyl method according to Standard Methods, 1960)
and mercury (flameless atomic absorption) were checked daily long with the analyses
of the other experimental conditions. The results show that for the mixtures of
anionlc detergents and metals a "more-than-additive" effect exists, while for the
mixture of non-ionic detergent and metal the toxic effect is probably
"less-than-addltive". These findings are compared with existing data in the literature
and the underlying reasons for these effects are discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Rainbow trout, Toxicity, Copper, Mercury, Detergents, Water polltuion
effects, Animal tissues.
AMIC-10131* (Continued)
Card 2/2
the reaction vessels. Gill tissue oxygen uptake, however, showed a graded decrease with
Increasing cadmium, and may reflect tissue pathology.
INDEX TERMS: Cadmium, Water pollution effects, Toxicity, Lethal limit, Absorption,
Mortality, Bioassay, Animal physiology, Mud crab, Oxygen consumption, Median
tolerance limit.
AMIC-10153
"ENRICHING EFFECTS OF URBAN RUNOFF ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF A MESOTROPHIC LUCE",
Emery, R. M., Moon, C. E., Welch, E. B., Water Research, Vol. 7, No. 10, October 1973,
pp 1505-1516.
Sewage was diverted from Lake Sammamlsh in September, 1968, and since then
there have been no significant responses by trophic indicators which Indicate the lake
is beginning to recover. To explain this delay in response, extensive urban
development in the lake's watershed was considered as a factor which might be acting to
inhibit the lake's recovery. In vitro unl-algal experiments with water from 13 streams
which drain urban and undeveloped areas showed that about half of the streams
stimulated algal growth significantly, but these streams constitute less than lU
percent of the lake's total water income. Of these six streams only two drain urban
areas and account for less than 2 percent of the water Income. In situ experiments
showed that no streams were significantly stimulatory to natural populations of
phytoplankton. Other in situ studies showed that one urban stream and two from
undeveloped areas caused substantial increases in periphyton growth after a 12-day
period, although these increases were not statistically significant. Additional in
situ nutrient limitation experiments in August of 1970-1971 revealed that P and H were
limiting only in combination. Results from these studies do not support the contention
that urban runoff is seriously enriching the limnetic region of Lake Sammamish.
INDEX TERMS: Urban runoff, Primary productivity, Lakes, Mesotrophy, Water pollution
effects, Eutrophicatlon, Aquatic algae, Nutrients, Growth rates, On-site tests,
Laboratory tests, Phytoplankton, Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Periphyton, Biomass,
Radioactivity techniques, Fluorometry.
29
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-10151*
"SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF AM OSCILLATORIA-DOMINATED MEIALIMNETIC PHYTOPLANKTON
COMMUNITY", The Ohio journal of Scieno-7 Vol. 73, No. 5, September 1973, pp 297-307.
Crystal Lake, located in Crawford County, Pennsylvania, is a small
dlmlctic lake whicn during summer stratification contains s large population of
Oscillatorla agardhii var. JBOthrix Skuja In the metalimnetic region. Carbon fixation
measurements indicate that this Oacillatorla-dominated community is capable of
relatively rapid rates of photosynthesis at low levels of illumination. Analyses of
dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, phosphate, calcium, iron, manganese, phosphorus, zinc,
and chlorophyll a were made on water and seston samples from a vertical water column
near the center of the lake. The results of some of these analyses indicate that
Increased availability of trace nutrients may b» involved in the occurrence of the
Oseillatoria-domlnated community.
INDEX TERM.": Cyanophyta, Lakes, Biological communities, Dominant, organisms,
Phytopiankton, Biological properties. Photosynthesis, Light intensity, Water
quality, Discolved oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Phosphates, Chlorophyll, Primary
productivity, Kadloactivlty techniques, Stratification, Distribution patterns,
Aquatic productivity, Oscillatorla agardhii, Sample preservation.
A MIC-10156
"THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METAL£ IN REEF-DWELLING GROUPERS IK THE GULF OF MEXICO
AND BAHAMA ISLANDS", Taylor, D. I)., Bright, T. J., Texas A and M University,
Department of Oceanography, College Station, Texas, Report No. TAMU-SG-73-208,
Contract No. Oli3-150-l8, May 1973, 267 pp. NTIE Report No. COM-73-11311.
Grouper species of the Eplnephelus complex (Family Serranidae) from reefs
or reef banks in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea were analyzed for heavy metals
(Hg, As, Cd, Pb, C-a, Zn). Almost all showed levels below those generally deemed
dangerous
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Amc-10160
"PESTICIDE LEVELS IN WATER ADD WILDLIFE ON KEELFOOT LAKE, TENNESSEE", Henson, J. W.(
University of Tennessee, Water Resources Research Center, Knoxvllle, Tennessee,
Research Report No. Jk, Contract No. DI-llt-31-0001-38U3. August 1973i ZZ pp.
NTIS Report No. PB-223 013.
The major objective of this project was to determine the extent of
chlorinated pesticide contamination In the water and fish of Reelfoot Lake and its
main tributaries and In wnter of shallow wells near the lake. Other objectives were
to determine the possible Influence of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide
residues on the mortality of wildlife during the course of the investigation and to
determine the major source of any pesticide contamination discovered. The results of
this project indicate the presence of low levels (ppt) of pesticide residues of the
DDT group, but only samples collected during the winter months - when total organics
are In relatively low concentrations - could be analyzed. From the results of this
investigation, It can be assumed that p,p'-DDT and Its derlvitivec occur In
practically all fish of Reelfoot Lake. However, current levels in most fish -
especially game fish - are relatively low (lees than 1 ppm) and should present on
particular concern with regard to human consumption, except possibly for people whose
diet night consist largely of lake fish. Some of the fish taken from tributaries may
contain chlorinated pesticide residues at levels far exceeding FDA guidelines,
probably due to higher levels of exposure to agricultural runoff water, Magnification
of chlorinated pesticides in the tissues of birds of prey and other organisms higher
in the food chain couJrt very well be a factor In thoir decline in recent years from the
Reelfood Lake region. ,
AMIC-10160 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: DDT, Pollutant identification, Water pollution sources, Mallard duck,
Freshwater fish, Waterfowl, Mortality, Agricultural runoff, Chemical analysis,
Water analysis, Pesticide residues, Reelfoot L&ko.
AMIC .10161
THE ROLE OF ORGANIC DEBRIS AND ASSOCIATED MICROORGANISMS IN PELAGIC ESTUARINE
FOOD CHAINS", Heinle, D. R., Flemer, D. A., Uatach, J. F., et al., University of
Maryland, Natural Resources Institute, Solomons, Maryland, Coopletion Report,
Contract No. DI-lU-31-0001-3591!-, October 1972, lb PP. NTIS Report No. PB-223 016.
The primary objective of this research was to determine if the copepod
Eurytemora affinis could utilize detritus or associated microorganisms as a food source.
Three concentrations of algae were provided for food for female E. affinis. Initially
a sibling group was fed the high concentration. When a female produced her first egg
she was placed in filtered Bay water with a male and fed either high, medium, or low
concentrations until she either died or failed to produce an egg sac for more than 1
week. Females at lower concentrations produced fewer offspring than those at higher
concentrations. In additional experlmsnts, three unidentified bacteria species
nroduclng orange, yellow, and white colonies were fed to the copepods. The orange
bacterium appeared to kill the copepods. Some copepods that were fed white bacteria
produced three or four egg sacs but the results were much the same as for earlier tests
with starved copepods where six of eight pairs failed to produce second broods. The
copepods fed yellow bacteria were significantly more productive than starved copepods
but eignlficently less productive than those fed algae. In experiments using detritus
synthesized from wild rice plants, feeding of non-autoclaved detritus resulted in
better reproduction than nutoclaved detritus.
INDEX TERMS: Estuaries, Food chains, Copepods, Detritus, Microorganisms, Organic
matter, Epecies interaction, Chlamydomonas, Bacteria, Reproduction, Marsh plants,
Carbon, Primary productivity, Secondary productivity.
AMIC-10162
"SELECTED PESTICIDES IN AQUATIC FUNGI IN THE THREE RIVERS AREA", Beneke, E. S.,
O'Donnell, K. L., Michigan State University, Department of Botany and Plant
Pathology, East Lansing, Michigan, Completion Report, Contract No. DI-lU-31-0001-3522,
August 25, 1973, 33 PP. NTIS Report No. PB-223 372.
This study Involved the collection and Identification of saprolegniaceous
fungi in the Red Cedar and AuSable Rivera. The most common species were studied in
the laboratory and in the Red Cedar River to determine their ability to uptake and
metabolize DDT. The value of these aquatic fungi as pesticide monitors was also
Investigated, In addition, the transfer of DDT from aquatic fungi to a ciliated
protozoan (Tetrahymena pyriformls) was studied. A comparison of two methods for the
Isolation of saprolegniaceous fungi was made. The first used a string of aluminum tea
balls containing split hemp seeds placed at five stations at various distances from
the shore of the Red Cedar River and removed after two days. In the second method,
samples of twigs, leaves, and bottom sediment were collected from the same localities
as the string of aluminum tea balls. DDT and its metabolites were detected and
quantitatively measured by electron capture gas chronatography. No discernible
correlation exists between pollution aspects of the habitat and species occurrence of
the saprolegtiiaceous fungi in the Red Cedar and AuSable Rivers. Dictyuchus monosporus
was the most abundant aaprolegnlaceous species collected during the sampling periods in
the Red Cedar and AuSable Rivers. The use of twigs, leaves', and bottom sediment appear
to be a more effective method for the Isolation of these aquatic fungi than the
aluminum tea ball method. The four species of aquatic fungi (Saprolegnla parasitica,
Dltyuchus monosporus, Aphanpayees sp. and Achyla americana) studied were able to
concentrate DDT at levels much higher (37.5 to 135 fold within the first 2U hours)
31
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2. BIOLOGICAL MK'fHULIS
AMIC-10162 (Continued)
Cam 2/2
than the ambient concentrations In the nutrient media. In addition, Caprolegnia
pargjltlea was able to concentrate DlJT by 6.75 fold In soil amended with this
pesticide. Tutrahymena pyrlformla was able to concentrate thlo pesticide by twelve
fold over the ambient concentration In the nutrient medium. The growth of Snprolegnia
parasltlca with Tetrahymena pyxiforals neither stimulates nor Inhibits the uptake of
DDT. The uptake of pesticide-contaminated BBprolegniaceous fungi by ciliated
protozoans and other Inverteorates may be an important ev-p in the cycling of these
bioactive compounds.
INPKX TERM/: Sampling, DDT, Isolation, Absorption, Protoaoa, Monitoring, Aquatic fungi,
Bloindicntors, Metabolism, Path of pollutants, Metabolites, Red Cedar River,
AuSeble River, Phycomyoetes, Electron rapture pas chromatopraphy, ^peeler.
interaction.
AMIC -10166
"ECOLOGY OF i:W.LL BOAT MAPiNAf.", Nixon, C. W., uviatt, C. A., Northby, E. L.,
University of Rhod'- Lvlann., Graduate School of Oceanography, Kingston, Rhode
Island, Mnrlno Technical Kopcrt Eerl-'S No. •>, 1973, 20 pp. NTIE Report No.
COM-73-U303,
In WIi-kforM Harbor, Rhod" Island, a yacht marina area and a salt marsh cove
were considered RE roologlcal rystems and compared to evaluate biological populations
and magnitudes of production ana respiration. Volume and flushing characteristics of
both areac were similar. Analyses were made in each cove on marsh grass production,
suspended particulntf: matter, phyturlankton, nutrients, bacteria, dissolved organics,
copper levels, fish and redimentf:. BiomaEE and metabolism measurements were made
on the fouling communities present on floats and pllingc In the marinas. Preliminary
bioassay.; were performed with concentrations of outboard motor exhaust water on several
species of estunrlne organisms. Some' additional comparative measurements were taken
lnr,id" and outeide other marinas located In Narragansett Buy. No major differences
were found in nwr'Bh gmsr- production, concentrations of suspended parti culate matter,
nutrients, bacteria, dissolved organics, infauna, or s»diment metabolicm. Copper
levels, wlille lower than toxic concentrations reported in the literature, were higher
In the marinn cove, ranging from 0.009 mlerograrr. in the water to 160 micrograms in the
fouling community. Fish species reached the samp levels of diversity In both the
marina and the marsh cove, but abundance vas greater in the marsh cove due to the
presence of denie Juvenile menhaden schools. The fouling communities of the marinas,
which appeared to be n food source for Juvenile munmichogE (Fundulus heteroelltus),
exerted a eignifleant oxygen demand or the marina cove. DiurnaT^curves of dissolved
oxygpn showed lower concentrations at the end of the night in marina areas than in
AKTC-10166 (Continued)
Card 2/2
adjacent waters. For this reason, and because preliminary bioaBsays Indicated some
toxiclty due to exhaust waters, it is suggested that mnrina sites be well flushed with
oxygenated tidal waters. The luxurious fouling Rrowtha which developed in the marina
cove may serve as additional food sources to complement the detritus input from the
salt marsh. In most respects the marina cove and the marsh cove appeared to be not only
similar, but al^o compatible ecological
INDEX TKRMT.-. Marinas, Salt marshes, Productivity, Respiration, Ecology, Marsh plants,
Nutrients; , Suspended solids, Phy toplankton, Organic matter. Copper, Sediments,
BIoroiKE, Water quality. Metabolism, Fstuari«?s, Dissolved oxygen, Wntor analysis,
Fouling, Marine algruG, Standing crops, Chemical nnniyr.is, Plant tissues,
Biological comnunitips, Species diversity, Cp^clos abundance, Animal tissues.
AKIC-10171
"MCTABCLirM OF 3KLECTEL PESTICIDE;; PY KARiHK MTHROORGAHIGME", Cifcka, H. C.,
Mlyazukl, ."., Rice, C. ! ., Cyracuse University Research Corporation, Life Science:;
Division, Eymcuse, New York, Report No. EUIC-TR 73 520, Annunl Report No. ?,
Contract No. MOOlU-72 C 0010, June 1973, 16 pp. KTI: Report No. AD-763 kit),
A numV;r of marine mlcroorganlBmi. including sign", bncteria, fungi and yeasts
were tested for their ability to metabolize carbaryT. (l-naphthyl-I.'-methyl-Cfirbamr't")
and 1-naphthol. Nonr of the species included in thf> stu^y were able to degrart"
carbaryl to a significant extent. Conversion of 1-naphthol to ether-soluble and
water-soluble metabolites was observed in cultures of Culcitaina achraspora,
Halosphaerln mediosetigera, Humlcola alopallonella, /.spergillus fumlgatus, Serratla
marina, Spirillum sp. and Flavobacterlma sp. The first three organisms were more
Affective in degrading 1-naphthol to wnter-solubl° metabolites than th» remp.ininfj
species. A very small amount of carbaryl was metabolized to water-roluble
metabolites by the algae Cyclotella nana a.nd Dunallellr. tertlolecta. 1-naphthol was
more toxic to the algae Cyclotella pnri Dunalielln than th/" parent compound, carbaryl.
Cyclotella WBF more sensitive to both carbaryl and 1-naphthoi than Dunallella.
Treatment with 0.00002 M carbaryl or 1-naphthol reduced photosynthetlc CO? fixation in
Cyclotelln.
INDEX TERht: Mrtabolism, Microbial degradation, Marine microorganisms, Absorption,
Radioactivity techniques, Biodegradatlon, Photosynthesis, Growth rat»s, Marine
bacteria, Marine algae, Marine fungi, Pesticide toxicity, Mant physiology,
Water pollution effects, Carbaryl, 1-Naphthol, Fate of pollutants, Bacterial
physiology, Metabolites,
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC.10172
"IHE BRACKISH WATER CLAM RANGIA CUNEATA AS INDICATOR OF ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF
SALINITY CHANGES IN COASTAL WATERS", Hopkins, S. H., Anderson, J. W., Horvath, K.,
Texas A and M University, Department of Biology, College Station, Texas, Contract
Report No. H-73-1, Contract No. DACW37-71-C-0007, June 1973, 262 pp. NTIS Beport
No. AD-763 176.
In the search for a laboratory teat that could be used to determine when
salinity changes were favorable or unfavorable, salinities in the range from 0 to 38
were tested on adult Rangla clams for effects on survival; regulation of internal
salinity; Intake, use and release of atnino acids; respiration} glycogen use under
aerobic and anaerobic conditions; feeding rate; ciliary activity; uptake of glucose;
glycogen storage and 'Index of condition' in natural environments through a seasonal
cycle; carbohydrate-digesting enzymes; and reproduction. It was determined that Rangia
cuneata has a system of compensating reactions that allows it to adjust to changes in
salinity over the range from 0 to 38 PP"t and over the temperature range from 10 to 35 C
without harm. It was concluded from these and further studies that the key to the
welfare of a Rangla population IB not the physiology of the adult Individuals, but
reproduction and recruitment. The keys to the use of Rangia cuneata as an Indicator
were found to be two facts: (l) a change on salinity, either up from near 0 or down
from 15 ppt and above, is necessary to Induce spawning; (2) the embryos and early
larvae can survive only in salinities between 2 and 10 (or 15) ppt. On the basic of
laboratory and field studies, the model proposed for Rangia in estuaries has the
population consisting of: (1) a central eubpopulation in the most favorable breeding
zone where the salinities between 2 and 10 ppt and the changes in salinity necessary
for reproduction occur 'in most years; (2) a low-salinity population upstream that is
AMIC-10179
"THE LIMNOLOGY OF WO DISSIMILAR SUBARCTIC STREAMS AMD IMPLICATIONS OF RESOURCE
DEVELOPMENT", LaPerriere, J. D., Nyquist, D., University of Alaska, Institute of Water
Resources, Fairbanks, Alaska, Report No. IWR-33, March 1973, 73 PP. NTIS Report No.
PB-823 353.
The intent of this study was to obtain comprehensive physical and chemical data
to survey the resident invertebrates, and to evaluate the assimilative capabilities of
two Alaskan streams. Specific objectives were: (1) to establish a baseline record of
the current flora and fauna before changes due to the development by man can occur;
(2) to compile a qualitative and quantitative standard against which future populations
can be compared; (3) to assess the sources and the amounts of nutrients being
contributed to the streams; and (U) to investigate the effect the present addition of
nutrients is having on the community productivity. The first objective was fulfilled
with the exception of incomplete recording of the flora of the streams. The
terrestrial flora was not sampled, and the aquatic vascular plants which were assumed
to be absent were also not sampled. The second Objective was for the most part
fulfilled. An attempt was made at population quantification for the invertebrates by
calculating species diversity for those samples retained at the Institute. The
invertebrates were separated to species by a technician without exact taxonomlc
identification. Some error undoubtedly enters concerning the Chironomidae, for
instance. Species identification Is very difficult, If not impossible, to determine
from external characteristics and without expertise. Objective three was very
thoroughly fulfilled over the fifteen months of the chemical study. Objective four was
not fulfilled as community productivity was not measured.
AMIC-10172 (Continued)
Card 2/2
AffiC-10179 (Continued)
Card 2/2
made up of one, two, or three year-classes resulting from larvae that were carried upth°
estuary, set, and survived in Infrequent favorable (high-salinity) years; and (3) a
similar subpopulation of one or a few year-classes downbay that set In years of
freshets. Since a change in salinity, not Just a favorable level, is required for
reproduction, perfect stabilisation of salinity at any level will result in dying out
of the population in IS-20 years when old clams reach the limits of their life span.
To use Rangia as an indicator of salinity climate, a large number of clams of all
sizes are collected at random and measured for construction of a histogram that will
reveal the number of nodal peaks, which represent year-classes. If there are several
such peaks, especially if there is a peak in the lengths below 30 mm, the population is
in good shape and call feed many fishes, crustaceans, wild ducks, and other desirable
clam-eaters. If there IB only one size class, the population is in danger unless there
is a nearby breeding population to replenish It whenever conditions permit. When
Rangia dies out, there will inevitably be a decrease in the number of fish, crustaceans
(crabs and shrimp), and birds that the brackish-water area can support.
INDEX TERMS: Salinity, Physiological ecology, Bioindicators, Animal physiology,
Environmental effects, Variability, Reproduction, Laboratory tests, On-slte tests,
Water temperature, Food habits, Respiration, Rangia cuneata, Coastal waters,
Seasonal variation, Osmoregulation, Enzyme activity, Survival.
33
IHD3X T3RME: Limnology, Streams, Alaska, Subarctic, Biota, nutrients, Water quality.
Benthos, Nematodes, Crustaceans, Aquatic insects, Aquatic algae, Physical
properties, Chemical properties, Aquatic drift, Bottom sampling, Freshwater fish,
Benthos, Benthic fauna, Baseline studies, Chatanika River, Goldstream Creek,
Arachnids, Recolonizatlon, Seasonal variation, Colonization.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-10180
"SULFUR BUDGET OF LAKE SHELBYVILLE, ILLINOIS, AND THE EFFECTS OF SULFIDES UPON
CHAOBORUS". Brigham, W. U., Gnllka, S. R., Report Nos. UILU-WRC-73-0066, WRC-RR-66,
Contract No. DI-ll<-31-oo01-38l3, June 1973, 59 Pp. NTIS Report Bo. PB-222 1*97.
The sources and annual cycle of sulfur were studied In the Lake
Shelbyvllle Basin, Illinois, from 6 April 1972 through 28 March 1973. Three sources of
sulfur were Identified: rainfall, surface runoff, and pollution. Decomposition of
innundated organic matter and solution of inorganic sulfur compounds from the
innundated basin were considered one-time sources. Exchange between groundwater and
the lake was considered to be in long-term equilibrium. Significant relationships
between sulfat* loading and discharge were detected. Regression analysis yielded an
accurate means of calculating sulfate concentration from discharge measurements.
During the Etudy year, 25,100,000 kg of sulfur entered Lake Shelbyville. Of this,
20,100,000 kg flowed out through the dan, 3,350,000 kg remained in the lake due to a net
gain in water storage, and 1,650,000 kg was either assimilated by the biota or, in part,
lost to the groundwater. Green sulfur bacteria were isolated from lake samples during
the study year. During the previous summer stagnation period, purple sulfur bacteria
were detected accompanying noticeable concentrations of hydrogen sulfide. Static
bioassay studies of Chaoborus larvae yielded a minimum effect level for sulfide of
0.6U mg/liter (as £') for a 5^-hour test. Pupae responded more rapidly to sulfide than
did larvae. Relatively brief exposure to a low sulfide concentration (0.8 mg/liter as S]
was often sufficient to kill or immobilize a substantial percentage of the test
organisms.
INDEX TERMS: Sulfur, Sulfides, Diptera, Water pollution effects, Lake Shelbyville.
AMIC-10181
"VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF FISHES RELATIVE TO PHYSICAL CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL
FEATURES IN TWO CENTRAL ARIZONA RESERVOIRS", Bersell, P. 0., Arizona State University,
Arizona Gnrae and Fish Department,, Tempe, Arizona, Report No. NQAA-73073005, September
1973, 73 PP. NTIS Report No. COM-73-11333.
Commencing in suinner 1970, distribution of fishes in two central Arizona
reservoirs war, studied by vertical gill netting, stressing intra- and inter-lake
variability. Transects were established and sampling was performed three times a year
in an attempt to examine conditions during ecological as opposed to calendar seasons.
Data on fish distributions, other biotic factors, and selected physico-chemical
features were obtained. Multiple linear regression analysis was employed to determine
which abiotic and biotic features were most important to vertical dispersion of fishes.
Despite high variability and often small sample size, data suggested disaolved oxygen,
chlorophyll a, net plankton, and to a far lesser extent, temperature, as important
factors in fish dispersion patterns. Vertical light penetration (depth of the euphotic
zone! seemed to act in a more subtle, indirect manner in its influence on fishes.
Species interactions (predator-prey) W3re noted and foodchain relationships seemed
apparent in many instances. The majority of all fishes netted in the study (1970-71)
were within the upper 10 m of the water column in toth reservoirs.
INDEX TERMS: Ecological distribution. Freshwater fish, Physical properties. Chemical
, properties, Biological properties, Reservoirs, Water quality, Bass, Carp,
j Catfishee, SunfisheE, Bullheads, Suckers, Arizona, Vertical distribution, Species
j interaction, Roosevelt Lake, Apache Lake, Multiple linear regression, Data
I interpretation, Shad.
. - _
AMIC-10183
"LIGHT INTENSITY AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC RATES IN PHYTOPLANKTON ", Harris, G. P.,
Lott, J. N. A., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Vol. 30,
Bo. 12, Part 1, December 1973, PP 1771-1778.
The physiological behavior of various phytoplankton species has been
examined under Increasing and decreasing light regimes. A marked asymmetry has been
found, with photosynthesis rates under rising light intensities exceeding those under
dimming lights. Photoinhibition has been observed at moderate light Intensities
(0.1*-1.0 ly/mln). Variations in the asymmetry and in photoinhibition appear to be
correlated with the light regimes experienced by the population. Under constant
illumination by full sunlight a steady decrease in the photosynthesis rate was observed.
As a result of photosynthesis meastirements in fluctuating light regijnes there is not
evidence for photorespiration as the controlling mechanism. Datn are presented which
show that prolonged exposure to high light has an adverse effect on photosynthesis
and Indicate that C-ll* moored bottle experiments may show reduced surface rites
because of this.
INDEX TERMS: Light intensity, Phytoplankton, Physiological ecology, Envirorunsntal
effects. Inhibition, Respiration, Photosynthetic oxygen, Diatoms, Plant physiology,
Photosynthetic rates, Oxygen evaluation, Desmids, Sample preservation.
A MIC-10181*
"DIEL AND ANNUAL CYCLES OF NET PLANKTON PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN LAKE ONTARIO",
Harris, G. P., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Vol. §0, No. 12,
Part 1, December 1973, PP 1779-1787.
Photosynthesis measurements on net plankton have been carried out for the
period April, 1972 to January, 1973 in Lake Ontario. The rising and falling light
regimes used on the net phytoplankton (greater than 6k microns) give marked
photosynthetic hysteresis effects in winter and in spring for diatom-dominated
populations. DIel fluctuations in photosynthesis and 'sun' or 'shade' adaptations
showed a close interaction between the phytoplankton and the surface light intensity.
Systematic seasonal changes have been recorded in the magnitude of the photosynthetic
hysteresis effect, saturation light intensities, compensation points, maximum
photosynthesis, and respiration rates. An inverse correlation has been found between
net plankton mean maximum photosynthesis rates and the rate of change of water
temperature. Also phytoplankton respiration rate is largely i function of temperature.
The data have been unified to give a picture of daily photosynthesis patterns at
different depths in a static water column. The data compare well with C-lU moored
bottle experiments. Predictive equations have been calculated for maximum
photosynthesis rates at different tijnes of the year.
INDEX TERMS: Photosynthesis, Phytoplankton, Measurement, Lake Ontario, Nannoplankton,
Hysteresis, Respiration, Diatoms, Photosynthetic rates, Desmids, Diel
periodicity. Seasonal variation, Respiration rates.
-------
2. BIOLOCICM. METHOD_S
AMIC-10185
"CRAWLING ADD RESPIRATION AS INDICES OF SUBLETHAL EFFECTS OP OIL AND A DISPEHSANT ON All
IBTERTIDAL SNAIL LITTORINA LnTOREA", Hargrave, B. T., Nevcombe, C. P., Journal of the
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, Ho. 12, Part 1, December 1973, PP 17»9-1791.
The present study Indexes sublethal effects of oil and a low toxlcity
dispersant on an Intertidal snail, Llttorlna llttorea, by measuremtnt of changes In
crawling and respiration rates. Certain variables which might affect toxicity are
considered in an attempt, to assess the sensitivity of these measures of sublethal
effects. Crawling and respiration rates were Increased In the presence of Bunker C
oil and decreased with brief exposure to a low toxiclty dispersant (Corexit 8666) in
seawater at SO C. The addition of the dispersant to an oil seawater mixture also
decreases both crawling and respiration. Behavioral traits, such afi crawling, and
physiological indices, such as respiration, may be sensitive measures of sublethal
effects of pollutants on organisms.
INDEX TERMS: Animal physiology, Physiological ecology, Oil, Toxiclty, Snails, Animal
behavior, Respiration, Movement, Intertidal areas, Oil dispersants, Littorlna
littorea, Bunker C oil, Corexit 6666', Oxygen consumption.
AMIC-10186
"CAPTAN TOXIC rnr TO FATHEAD MINNOWS (PIMEPHALES PROMELAS), BLUEGILLS (LEPOMIS
MACROCHIRUS), AND BROOK TROUT (SALVELINUS FONTIHALIS)", Hermanutz, R. 07J
Mueller, 1. H., Kempfert, K. D., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
Vol. 30, No. 12, Part 1, December 1973, PP 1811-1017.
The toxic effect of captan on survival, growth, and reproduction of fathead
minnows (Pimephales promelas) and on survival of bluegllls (Lepomls macrochlrus) and
brook trout {Salvelinus fontlnalle) vere determined in a flow-through system. In a
U5-week exposure of fathead minnows, survival and growth were adversely affected at
39.5 microgrnms/liter. Adverse effects on spawning were suspected but not
statistically demonstrated at 39.5 and 16.5 mlcrograms/llter. The maximum acceptable
toxicant concentration (MftTC), based on survival and growth, lies between 39.5 and.
16.5 mlcrograms/liter, resulting in an application factor (MATC/LTC) between Q.26 and
0.62. LTC values for the blueglll and brook trout were 72 and 27 mlcrograms/llter,
respectively. The estimated MATC is between Wt.6 and 18.7 mlcrogramB/llter for the
bluegill and between 18.0 and 7.5 micrograms/liter for the brook trout. The half-life
cf captan in Lake Superior water with a pH of 7.6 Is about 7 hr at 12 C and about 1 hr
at 25 C. Breakdown products from an initial 550 mlcrograniE/liter of captan were not
lethal to 3-»ontn-old fathead minnows.
INDEX TERMS: Pesticide toxlcity, Brook trout, Sunfishes, Animal growth, Fish
reproduction, Water pollution effects, Fathead minnow, Survival, Gaptan.
35
AHIC-10169
"INFLUENCE OF SALINITY OH PROTEIN REQUCTEMBHTS OF RAINBOW TROUT (SALMD GAIRDNERI)
FINGERLIHGS", Zeltoun, I. H., Halver, J. E., Ullrey, D. E., et al., Journal of
the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, No. 12, Part 1, December 1973,
pp 1867-1H73.
Rainbow trout (Salmo galrdneri) Juveniles maintained at 10 and 20 ppt salinity
were fed seven diet treatments from 30 to 60 percent protein In 5 percent increments
for 10 weeks. The fish were stocked in cones, Initially 50 fish per cone. Biweekly
weights of diets and fish were determined and mortality was recorded daily. Percentage
weight gain, gross diet efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio (P,E.R.) were
computed. The minimum protein levels required for fish to achieve highest
performance using these criteria were Uo and 1*5 percent for those maintained at 10
and 20 ppt, respectively. Mortality was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher for
fish maintained at the higher salinity. Analyses of the fish carcasses were
conducted at the beginning and end of the experiment on representative samples to
estimate the grams protein retained and apparent net protein utilization (N.P.U.)
to verify the above findings. AH the available data showed that dletaiy protein
was of major consequence on all measurements until the minimum required level of
protein in the diet was reached, while salinity was of minor consequence. P.E.R. rand
apparent N.P.U. were 2.10 and si.U, respectively, for casein diets at the 1*0 percent
protein level.
INDEX TERMS: Nurtient requirements, Environmental effects, Salinity, Proteins, Rainbow
trout, Juvenile fish, Fish diets, Fry, Mortality, Stress, Vitamins, Mineralogy,
Saljno gairdneri.
AMIC -10192
"CHANGES IN PERIPHYTIC ALGAE FOLLOWING BICARBONATE ADDITIONS TO A SMALL STREAM",
Dlckman, M. , Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, No, 12,
Pt. 1, December 1973, PP 1882 -I
Because a number of detergent manufacturers are contemplating
substituting carbonate or bicarbonate derivatives for detergent phosphate a study of
the effects of bicarbonate on attached algae in a small stream was undertaken.
Additions of less than 50 mg/liter sodium bicarbonate significantly increased algal
standing crop on glass slides exposed in the treated portion of a small stream during
a 2-ponth period. Filaiwntous green algae dominated the periphyton connminity of both
bicarbonate treated and control slides when the study was terminated after 63 days. A
slight shift in species composition toward the Cyanophycea on the bicarbonate treated
slides was also noted. Periphyton blomass increased continuously for the first 3 weeks
and this increase was slightly more rapid on the treated slides. After the 4th week,
blomass suddenly declined due to a dense 'infestation' of the oligochaete, Stylarla
lacustrls which often contained algal cells, largely diatoms, in its gut. As the
filamentous green algae began to dominate the community on the slides, the number of
Stylarla decreased. By the end of the 2nd month a trichopteran larva, Lepidostoma sp.,
became abundant and algal standing crop again sharply dropped. It dropped more
precipitously on the treated slides during these infestations due to higher Invertebrate
densities there.
INDEX TERMS: Sessile algae, Periphyton, Streams, Growth rates, Water pollution effects,
Standing crops, Plant growth, Detergents, Carbonates, Water quality, Oligochaetes,
Alkalinity, Sodium bicarbonate.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-1019U
"EFFECTS OF EGG CONCKHTRATIOBS OF DDT AMD DIELDRIN ON D«VEI£>PMEIiT IN WINTER
FLOUNDER (PEEUDOPLEUROHECTgS AMERICANOS)", Smith, R. M., Cole, C. F., Journal of
the Fisheries Research Board of CanadaT Vol. 30, No. 12, Part 1, December 1973,
pp 1H9U-1H98.
Abnormal gastrulatlon and a high Incidence (mean equals 39 percent) of
vertebral deformltiee at hatching were encountered in developing eggs from winter
flounder, PaeudopleuronecteB amerlcanus, experimentally exposed as adults to sublethal
concentrations of DDT.Bone erosion and hemorrhaging at the vertebral Junctures were
often observed in conjunction with the vertebral deformities. No abnormal gastrulatlon
and a lower incidence (mean less than 1 percent) of vertebral deformltiee without bone
erosion and hemorrhaging were encountered in controls. DDT concentrations in the eggs
ranged from 0.39 to U.60 (mean equals 2.U2 ppm) compared to 0.11-0.57 ppm (mean equals
0.22 ppm) in the egge from control flounder. No observable effect on development was
noted In'eggs from adults exposed experimentally only to dieldrin except In two lots of
eggs most of which were dead and necrotic at spawning and contained 1.71* and 1.21 pprc
dleldrln. No direct, effect on fertilization mortality was due to gamete concentrations
of DDT and di'ldrlr. and no residues of either insecticide were detected in the milt
from exposed or control male flounder.
INDEX TEWC: Water pollution effects, Fish eggs, DDT, Dieldrin, Bioassay, Mortality,
Pesticide residues, Pesticide toxlcity, Fish reproduction. Winter flounder,
Kmhryonic development, Chemicnl concentration.
ft MIC-10196
"FIRCT HECOFDf- OF THF CHINK:?: MITTEN CRAB, ERIOCHEIR EIHEHSIS, (CRUSTACEA!
BRACHYURA) FROM NORTH AMERICA", Nepszy, S. J.. Leach. J. H.. Journal of the Fisheries
Research board of Canada, Vol. 30, No. 12, Pt. 1, December 1973, PP 1909-1910.
Three specimens of the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis H. Milne
Edwards, were cnptureu commercially by gillnets In Lake Erie In April and May, 1973.
Also, a specimen w^s collected from a water-intake pipe oppoaite Belle Isle in the
Detroit Rlv-r at Windsor, Ontario in October, 1965. The crab, a catadromous species
with a thick mass of hair on each of the chelipeds, is indigenous to the low-lying areas
of northern China and as far south as Shanghai. In Europe, where It was found in 1912
in ti tributary of the Wee~r River In Germany, it has spread to the south of France and
is spreading U low-lying areas of Germany, Ccandinavia, Holland, and Belgium.
Presunnbly the crabt vr<~ carried to lake Erie in ballast tanks of a ship or ships.
The crab is a snrious pest in Europe, where it causes erosion of river banks because of
Its burrowing habit, it damages nets, eats bait and netted fish, and reduces potential
fish food. Though the crib is unlikely to becom? established in Lake Erie or the upper
Great Lakes, accidental introduction to an estuarin- system might permit It to become
established In North America.
INDEX TERMS: Lake Erl", Crustaceans, Aquatic animals, Invertebrates, Spatial distribu-
tion, Gill nets, Chinese mitten crab, Detroit River, Macroinvertebrutes,
Eeiocheir sinerisis.
36
A me-10197
"TEMPERATURE AND THE TOXICITY OF CHROMATE AND ARSENATE TO THE ROTIFER, PHILODINA
ROSEOLA", Schaefer, E. D., Pipes, W. PO., Water Research. Vol. 7, No. 1?^
December 1973, PP 1781-1790.
The rotifer, Phllodina roseola, was exposed to toxic solutions of chromate and
arsenate in a study of the interaction of time, temperature and TL sub m In bloassay
procedures. The objective of the study was to determine the form of the time,
temperature and toxicity relationships in order to provide a better basis for
predicting 'safe1 concentrations from short term bioassay data and to Illustrate the
effect of temperature upon both short term toxicity and 'safe' concentrations. One
hundred twenty rotifers were used at each concentration for the short term bloassays.
The cultures wer° placed in Incubators held at the desired temperature. The life span
bioassays were conducted in the same manner except they were begun with eggs Instead of
adults. In a lettuce infusion medium ill specimens of Phllodina roseola were killed in
less than 2 days at 1»0 C but some specimens lived long enough to reporduce at 38 C.
The rate of increase of Phllodina roseola increased exponentially with temperature in
the range, 15-35 C, but its median life span decreases exponentially with temperature
in the same range. The data presented support the hypothesis that (l) for short
exposure times aquatic organisms can withstand higher concentrations of toxic materials
at lower temperatures than at higher temperatures; (2) the longer the exposure time
the less the effect of temperature upon the concentration of toxic material which will
kill half of the test or^nisms; and (3) life span TL sub m values are independent of
temperature.
INDEX TERMS: Rotifers, Toxicity, Water temperature, Time, Animal physiology, Bloassay,
Water pollution effects, Chromates, Arsenates, Median tolerance limit, Survival.
AMIC-10198
"MOBILIZATION OF SOME MKTALS IN WAT3K AND ANIMAL TISSUE BY MTA, EDTA AND TPP",
Barica, J., Stalnton, M. P., Hamilton, A. L., Water Research, Vol. 7, No. 12,
December 1973, PP 1701-l8oU.
Parallel experiments were conducted under stagnant and flowing conditions to
determine whether sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP), the conventional detergent builder,
or two potential replacements, nltrilotrlacetic acid (NTA) and ethylene-
diamlnetetraacetlc acid (EDTA) significantly Influenced the mobilization of
major cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K) and some heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Z,n, Cu, Pb, Cr). Water,
sediments and tissues of chironomid adults (Chironomus tentans Fabrlcius), crayfish
(Orconectes vlrills Hagen) and rainbow trout'fSaln'O gairdneri Richardson) were examlrttd.
The results showed that the chelating agents applied in concentrations of 0.2-5.0 mg/1
often Increased the concentration of iron, manganese, lead and zinc in water above
contaminated lake sediments. Other heavy metals were not affected significantly.
EDTA was the most active mobilizing agent while NTA and TPP both had a less significant
effect. The chelating agents generally had little effect on the rate of uptake of
most metals by chironomlds in aquaria. The role of chelating agents In flowing systems
was even less pronounced. Zinc concentrations In water were significantly elevated by
the treatment with 1 mg/1 EDTA and manganese concentrations were significantly higher
In trout from the pond treated with an Intermediate level (l mg/l) of NTA. All other
treatments yielded levels of major ions and heavy metals that were not significantly
different from those in the control ponds.
INDEX TERMS: Path of pollutants, Alkaline earth metals, Alkali metals, Water, Heavy
metals, Nitrilotrlacetic acid, Crayfish, Midges, Rainbow trout, Bottom sediments,
Chelating agents, Animal tissues, Mobilization.
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2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-10201
"APPARATUS FOR CONTROL OF POISON CONCENTRATION IN TOXICIT* STUDIES WITH FISH",
Abram, F. S. H., Waterjteseareh. Vol. 7, No. 12, December 1973, pp 1875-1879.
In order to facilitate accurate maintenance of defined experimental conditions
In studying the effects of water pollutants on fish, automatic apparatus is frequently
used. The equipment described here provides an automatic delivery of poison solutions
to lU aquaria; single poisons can be added at constant concentrations or poisons can be
mixed or delivered in fluctuating or alternating concentrations. The system used
involves the filling and emptying of 500-nl measuring cylinders with water,
simultaneously incorporating an appropriate quantity of poison from a concentrated
stock-solution. The apparatus consleta essentially of 1U perspex aquaria; each of ko-l.
capacity, and each equipped with its own dosing unit. Kach dosing unit consists of a
500-ml measuring cylinder with three tabulations near tha base, the largest of which
connects the cylinder to a 10-ora bore kinkingtube valve. The tee-piece of this valve
IB attached by "Terry1 clips to a duralumin bar which is reciprocated through a distance
of one inch by a pneumatic cylinder at timed intervals; hence the measuring cylinder
fills and empties with water In accordance with the movement of the bar and discharges
its contents into one of the aquaria. The apparatus has been found to work reliably for
long periods, with little maintenance apart from routine cleaning, and also with a
satisfactory degree of accuracy.
INDEX TERMS: Fish, Toxicity, Automatic control, Measurement, Water pollution effects,
Instrumentation, Laboratory equipment, Bloassay, Dosing apparatus, Poisons.
AMIC-10202
"A PRELIMINARY NOW ON THE SEQUENTIAL DECOMPOSITION OF PECTIN BY AQUATIC BACTERIA ",
Gude, H., Relchardt, W., Water Research, Vol. 7, No. 12, December 1973, pp 1881-1883.
In the eutrophic Mindel Lake near Constance, W. Germany, the total viable
heterotrophic ind aerobic bacteria on caseine-peptone-starch-agar (Collins and
Willougjiby, 19f>2) BB well B.B their pectolytic portion were counted during the main
periods of plankton vegr-tatlon and decomposition (from August till February). An
inverse relationship was observed between total aerobic heterotrophic bacteria and
their pectolytic thare which consisted mainly of Flavobacterium-Cytophaga species,
When grown Jn a medium containing pectin and yeast extract as organic compounds pure
cultures of the most abundant type of this bacterial group showed a dlauxic
characteristic of growth. A short time before entering the first lag phase of growth,
production of pecto.lytic enzymes increased until the end of the second log phase of
growth. This phenomenon may be due to the mechanism of a catabolic repression and
derepression.
INDEX TERMS: Microbial degradation, Aquatic bacteria, Biodegradatlon, Growth rates,
Pectin, Fate of pollutants, Flavobacterium, Cytophaga, Substrate utilization,
Enzyme production.
AMIC-1020I+
"A SIMPLIFIED FLOW-SPLITTING CHAMBER AND SIPHON FOR PROPORTIONAL DILUTEES",
Benoit, D. A., Pugllsl, F. A., Water Research, Vol. 7, No. 12, December 1973,
1951-1916.
Simplified flow-splitting chambers and siphons were designed and tested for
use with proportional diluters in bloassay systems. The apparatus allows each
concentration frorc the diluter to be thoroughly mixed and divided four ways for
delivery to duplicate fry and adult exposure tanks. Teat water delivered to each
exposure tank varied by only 5-10 percent of the calculated volumes.
INDEX TERMS: Bioassay, Instrumentation, Laboratory equipment. Research equipment, Fry,
Mature growth stage, Juvenile growth stage, Fish, Dosing apparatus, Flow-splitting
chambers, Flow-splitting siphons, Proportional diluter.
AMIC-10208
"NUTRIENT CYCLING AND PRODUCTIVITY OF DYSTROPHIC LAKE-BOG SYSTEMS (PART B)",
Greens, H. W., University of Notre Dame, Department of Biology, Notre Dame, Indiana,
Report No. COO-1770 l», AEC Contract No. AT (ll-lJ-1770, March 1973, 61 pp.
Additional studies of nutrient cycling in boy lakes and its effect on
primary and secondary productivity were concerned with the following areas: (1)
Background ecological information on bog-lakes; (2) Studies on the phosphorus cycle,
with an aim toward development of a total phosphorus budget of a bog-lake system; (3)
Studies of the ecological effects of alkali and alkaline earth cations: (a)
relationship between the metallic ions of the ground water and surface run-off water
to the metallic ions present in the water of the bog-lake; (b) studies on the
hydrometabolism of calcium-1^ in bog-lake systems; and (c) studies on the effect of
addition of lime to the bog lake in the context of its influence on production; (U)
Studies of the iron cycle: (a) quantitative aspects of the cycle; (b) sites of iron
concentration and the extent of their participation in short-term cycles; and (5)
Dynamics of autochthonous and allochthonous organic residues in bog-lake systems. Most
of the ecological information on the bog lakes studied has been previously reported.
Highest P concentrations were found in bottom samples (7 m)j lime treatment increased
the concentration at each depth sampled but Increased the 7-m depth concentration by 373
percent. Following liming there was an enhancement in photosynthesis; an increase In
alkalinity throughout the water column; no increase in the oxygenated layer; a
surface pH change from 't.S to 8.2; and an Increase in P and Fe precipitation. ITiere
was always 50-80 percent less Fe than P. Ca and Fe were found to be bound to the
large-molecule organic fraction, but differed in extent. The Interaction with Ca
37
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2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-10208 (Continued)
Card 2/2
explain* why bogs have little or no buffer capacity. TSie binding Fe by the
BB.croraDlecu3.eB may affect primary production by malting Fe unavailable.
INDEX TERMS: Iron, Calcium, Phosphorus, Cycling nutrients, Aquatic productivity.
Dystrophy, Cbelation, Line, Water pollution effects, Photosynthesis, Path of
pollutants, Lake-bog systems. Fate of pollutants, Iron cycle, Phosphorus cycle.
AMIC-10210
TECOLOOICAL IMPLJCATIOHS OF DIMETHYL MERCURY IN AH AQUATIC FOOD CHAIN", Kolb, L. P.,
Porcella, D. B., Klddlebroofcs, E. J., Utah State University, Utah Water Research
Laboratory, Lo^ui, Utah, Report No. PRWG-105-2, EPA Contract No. lU-31-0001-3659, June
1973, 50 pp. »TIS Report No. PB-222 971.
Laboratory studies Indicate dimethyl mercury may be a major product of
microblal methylation of Inorganic mercury. Although another methylation product,
mononethyl mercury, has been extensively studied, the physical, chemical, and biological
factors affecting the transport and food chain distribution of dimetnyl mercury have
remained unclear. Results are presented of laboratory studies of volatilization rates
from water as a function of temperature and mixing conditions, uptake kinetics and
equilibrium concentrations in algae, Daphnia, and fish, toxicity to fish, and studies
of metabolism of dimethyl mercury by microbes, hfercury-203-labeled dimethyl mercury
was used in the study, and in all tests the organisms used were live counted. A
unique method was developed for measuring dimethyl mercury uptake in algae. In water,
dimethyl mercury was found to behave similarly to nonreactive gases such as oxygen.
Volatilization occurred rapidly.
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, Food chains, Aquatic environment, Bioassay, Freshwater fish,
Daphnia, Path of pollutants, Toxicity, Aquatic algae, Kinetics, Aquatic
microorganisms, Microbial degradation, Absorption, Dimethylmercury, Methylation,
Yolatlllzation, Biotransformation, Biosynthesis, Substrate utilization, Fate of
pollutants.
AMIC-10209
"GUIDE TO IDENTITY OF EGGS AND LARVAE OF COME GULF OF MEXICO CLUPEID FISHES",
Houde, E. D., Fore, P. L., University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and
Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida, Report Nos. Contrlb-1565, NOAA-73 81602,
Contract No. NOAA-2 351>>7, April 1973, I1* PP. NTIS Report No. COM-73 llUlB.
Descriptions of eggs nnd larvae of Harengula pensacolae, Brevoortia spp.,
EtrumeuE teres, OplBthonema oglinuro, and Sardinella spp. are given based on examination
of specimens from the Gulf of Mexico, from laboratory rearing experiments, and from
reports in the literature. A Hey to larvae ie presented, primarily for Identifying
specimens longer than 15 mm standard length, but usually providing identification for
much smaller specimens. A brief review of pertinent literature is included.
INDEX TEKC: (-ferine fish, Fish eggs, Fish taxonomy, Larvae, 9ulf of Mexico, Herrings,
Animal groupings, Fi&h reproduction, Spawning, Life history studies, Gulf
menhaden, Thread herring, Spanish sardine, Round herring, Scaled sardine,
Dwarf herring, Yellowfln menhaden, Finescale menhaden, Orangespot sardine.
AMIC-10211
"PLANKTON PIGMENT HETEROGENEITY IN SEVEN RESERVOIRS OF THE LOWER COLORADO BASIN",
Ports, D. E., Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, Report No. NOAA-73073008,
June 1973, l&l* pp. NTIS Report No. COM-73-U306.
An examination of spatial and temporal heterogeneities of seven plankton
pigments was made in two reservoir systems of the Salt and Colorado rivers in
Southwestern USA. The main approach developed from a micro- to macro-scale of
variation using both profile and surface samples. The analysis commsnced with
inter-sample differences at fixed locations, followed by Intra- and Inter-reservoir
variations based on constant transect locations. Replicate samples from surface waters
exhibited the most fluctuation in pigment concentration. Profiles were most irregular
during periods of lake stratification. Distance between sampling stations and
temporal factors, plus innate characteristics of local water masses contributed to
variations within and among reservoirs. A final comparison of grouped data from the
two reservoir systems yielded considerable homogeneity and interrelationships of
pigments were similar for both profile and surface samples in the two systems.
Temperature, percentage light penetration, and turbidity were determined to be most
important in influencing pigment distribution.
INDEX TERMS: Plankton, Pigments, Reservoirs, Colorado River Basin, Temporal distribu-
tion, Spatial distribution, Colorado River, Salt River.
See also: Category 1, AMIC-9297, 10115, 10123, 10159, 10168, 1017U.
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3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC.9
"HITRATE ANU NITRITE VOLATILIZATION BY MICROORGANISMS IN LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS",
Bollag, J.-M., Pennsylvania State University, Department of Agronomy, University Park,
Pennsylvania, Report Wo. EPA-660/2-73-002, August 1973, 73 pp.
Microbial nitrate and nitrite volatilization was considered as a means to
eliminate nitrogen from soil and water In order to inhibit the accumulation of
nitrogenous substances as pollutants or health hazardous compounds. Therefore It was
attempted to compare nitrate-reducing microorganisms in their reactions to different
environmental conditions in laboratory experiments. Changing oxygen concentration,
pH, temperature, nitrate or nitrite concentration affected differently the
denltrification process of varloue Isolated microorganisms. Unfavorable growth
conditions led to the accumulation of nitrite If nitrate served as substrate. It was
found that certain soil fungi are also capable of volatilizing nitrogen as nitrous
oxide. Biological and chemical factors were evaluated during nitrite transformation
in autoclaved and non-autoclnved soil by determination of the evolvement of
nitrogenous gases. During chemical nitrite volatilization, which occurred
essentially at a low pH, the major gases evolved were nitric oxide arid nitrogen
dioxide, but if biological activity was predominant in a neutral and alkaline
environment, nitrous oxide and molecular nitrogen were formed. The validity of
laboratory observations In relation to field studies in the domain of denitrificatlon
is discussed and evaluated..
INDEX TERMS: Nitrates, Nitrites, Soil microorganisms, Denitrification, Microbial
degradation, Soil fungi, Environmental effects, Nitrogen cycle, Biotransformatlon,
Volatilization, Substrate utilization, Degradation products, Nitrate-reducing
bacteria.
"INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE OCCURRENCE OF COLIFORM ORGANISMS FROM PRISTINE STREAMS",
Mack, W. N., Michigan Etate University, Department of Microbiology and Public
Health, East Lansing, Michigan, Project Completion Report, Contract No. DI-lU-31-0001-
3822. June 1973, 3C) pp. NTIS Report No. PB-2J1 537.
The present study was designed to show thnt the lactosf- fermenting coliform
organisms present In the streams entering Lake Michigan are part of the natural flora
of the stream and that under certain conditions these organisms multiply in the water
thus accounting for their large numbers. Two rivers and a small creek were sampled.
Each water sample contained a few mm of bottom mud and sand. Before the water sample
was heated or filtered to remove the viable bacteria, a 10-ml sample was cultured to
obtain lactose-fermenting conforms. The filtered and heated samples were seeded with
nutrient broth, incubated for 2k hours and checked for the presence of viable bacteria.
Filtered water samples from the collection sites were seeded with the conforms
originally isolated from the site and Incubated at 35 C and in flasks placed in the
water. When water samples were Incubated at 35 C there was rapid multiplication
of the organisms as compared to when the incubation temperature was ambient. Under the
methods of the experiments, bacterial multiplication did not differ a great deal whether
the existing bacteria in the water sample were destroyed by heat or removed by
filtration. The presence or absence of bottom sediments was not necessary for the
multiplication of the organisms already present. To answer the question whether
colifonn organisms do multiply in the streams that empty Into northern Lake Michigan,
the experiments show that depending mostly on temperature, nutrients and dilution,
there is an increase in the.organisms contained in these waters. The original source
_ ~~ 39"
AMIC-9U7U (Continued)
Card 2/2
of the organisms was not determined but after the organisms get Into the water,
a great increase in their numbers.
there Is
INDEX TERMS: Conforms, Isolation, Hrowth rates, Laboratory tests, On-site tests,
Environmental effects, Pristine streams, Lactose-fermenting bacteria, Rock River,
Mlllecoqulns River, Mills Creek.
AMIC-9U82
"KINETICS OF MICROBIALLY MEDIATED METHYLATION OF MERCURY IN AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC
AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTE", Bisogni, J. J., Jr., Lawrence, A. W., Cornell University, Wnter
Resources and »irine Sciences Center, Ith
-------
3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9U82 (Continued)
Card 2/2
given Inorganic mercury concentration for both aerobic and anaerobic systems,
(k) nethylatlon rates could be hindered by the addition of sulflde to BOOK anaerobic
systems, (5) temperature affects mrthylatlon rates only as It affects the mlcroblal
activity of the methylatlng organisms, and (6) lira? amounts of metallic mercury were
stripped from the aqueous phase In all reactors. The kinetic model was extended for
application to natural aquatic benthlc reglone, and biological wastewater treatment
scheme. In addition, the model was ue-d to evaluate the applicability of proposed
decontamination schemeE for mercury polluted aquatic environments.
IHDEX TKRMS: Mercury, Aquatic environment, Kinetics, Aquatic microorganisms, Aerobic
conditions, Anaerobic conditions, Toxiclty, Path of pollutants. Pollutant
identification, Model studies, Methylatlon, Biotransformatlon, Fate of pollutants,
Biosynthesis, Monomethylro-rcury, Dimethylmereury, Chemical recovery.
A MIC-1006?
"EFFECT? OF pH AND TEMPERATURE ON THE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF BACILLUS
ACIDOCALDARIUS", De Boss, M. , Gambncorte, A., Bu'Lock, J. D., Journal of Bacteriology,
Vol. 117, So. 1, January 197>», pp 212-PlU.
'."he fatty acid composition of llpid »xtr«cts from cells Of Bacillus
acldocaldarius grown at temperatures of 50 to TO C and pH values of 2 to 5 was
determined by gas chromatography of the methyl enters. The most abundant fatty acids
are 1}-cyclonexylundecanolc and 13-cyclohexyltridecanoic, followed by antelso- and
iso-heptadecanolc; unsaturated acide are absent. Highly aerated cultures produce more
of the iso and anteiso acids and less of the cyclohexyl acids. The effects of
temperature and pH are interdependent; at lower pH, increasing temperature raises the
proportion of the ieo and anteiso acids, but at higher pH the effect of Increasing
temperature is reversed and the proportion of the cyclohexyl acldB Is Increased.
INDEX TERMS: Hydrogen ion concentration, Cytological studies, Temperature, Llpids, Gas
chromatography, Cultures, Aeration, Growth rates, Metabolism, Fatty acids,
Bacillus acidocaldarluB, Chemical composition.
AMIC-10106
"IHACTIVATIOH OF POLIOVIRUS IB WATER BY OZOKATION", Majumdar, S. B., Ceckler, V. H.,
Sproul, 0. J., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 1»5, No. 12, December
1973, PP SUtt-STXT.
The objective of the present study was to delineate the basic mechanism of
Inactlvation of pollovlrus (Type 1) by ozonatlon. Specific investigations, Including
both batch and continuous flow experiments, were carried out to determine the rate
equations of pollovlrus Inactlvatlon with respect to contact time and ozone
concentration in triple distilled water and primary and secondary wastewaters. The
pollovlrua was grown and harvested in LLC-MK2 (Hull) continuous monkey kidney cells.
The concentration and purification procedure gave a suspension with a titer of about
10 to the 7th power to 10 to the 7.5 power plaque forming units (PFU)/ml with a
chemical oxygen demand (COD) of about 8 mg/ml. Virus survival data In triple distilled
water with ozone concentrations from 0.13 to 1.18 mg/1 Indicate that there was a sudden
decrease In virus survival at about 1 mg/1 of Initial ozone concentration. The data for
the primary and secondary wastewater continuous flow studies show that approximately
the same amount of Inactlvation was obtained In priinary and secondary wastewater under
similar conditions of ozone residual and contact time. The data Indicate that, In
addition to ozone concentration, contact time is an Important consideration for virus
inactlvatlon. A contact time of U mln gave a higher Inactivation compared with 2 min
for the same initial ozone concentration, f-enerally speaking, the rate of disinfection
Is a function of four variables: (l) the contact time, (2) the concentration of
the disinfectant, (c) the number of organisms, and (3) the temperature of the water.
IHDEX TERMS: Ozone, Waste water (pollution), Mathematical studies, Waste water treat-
ment, Inactlvation, Survival, Pollovlruees, Ozonatlon, Batch cultures, Continuous
cultures, Distilled water.
ANCC-10107
"LUXUFK UPTAKE OF PHOSPHATE W ACTIVATED SLUDGE", Carberry, J. B., Tenney, M. w.,
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. U5, No. 12, December 1973,
pp 2HJ
-------
3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
A me ,101 10
"OZONE DISINFECTION OF INTWSTRIA1 MUNICIPAL SECONDARY EFFLUENTS", Nebel, C.,
Oottschllng, R. !>., Hutchison, R. L. , et al., Journal Water Pollution Control
Federation, Vol. 1*5, Ho. 12, December 1973, ~
A pilot t>tudy of ozonation of Industrial-municipal secondary effluent has
demonstrated that ozone can tie used successfully as an alternative to ehlorlnatlon for
rapid disinfection and concurrent tertiary treatrant, Ozone at a dosage of 15 rag/1 was
contacted with the effluent in a chamber baffled to provide an over-and -under flow path.
Fecal conforms were reduced to 103/100 ml, and total conforms and fecal streptococci
to 500 and 9/100 ml, respectively. The viruses not destroyed by secondary treatment
were rapidly eliminated by ozonation. The process improved other effluent quality
parameters (oxygen demand, turbidity, and color) by direct oxidation, and flotation.
The ozonated effluent is nontoxic and high in dissolved oxygen, and resembles potable
water in appearance.
INDEX TE»E: Ozone, Industrial wastes, Municipal wastes, Effects, Effluents, Sewage
bacteria, Disinfection, Waste water treatment, Viruses, Water quality,
Oxidation.
A MIC -10126
"OYSTERS: RETENTION AND EXCRETION OF THREK TYPES OF HUhftN WATERBORNE DISEASE
BACTERIA", Janssen, W. A., Health laboratory Science, Vol. 11, No. 1, January 197U.
pp 20-21*.
Oysters experimentally contaminated with bacteria which cause baclllary
dysentery (ShlgellB flexnerl), tularemia (Francisella tularensis), or gastroenteritis
(Salmonella typhimuT-luin) retained and excreted the organisms for markedly different
time periods in artificial 'brackish water continuously decontaminated by ultraviolet
light. Sh. flexneri appeared to be removed within 3k h; excreted organisms were not
detect^tfTn the aquatic environment, F. tularensla was retained for at least 11 days;
excretion of these organisms was detected for 9 days. S. typhlmurlum persisted In
oysters for the entire 1»9 days of the experiment and were excreted in sufficient
numbers to be detected for lU days. These findings indicate that depuration, or
'self-cleaning1, procedures currently in use for commercial oysters based on removal of
fecal coliform bacteria within kO h may be deceptive and ineffective in removing sons
human vaterborn" disease organisms.
INDSX TERMS: Oysters, L'hlgella, Salmonella, Retention, Brackish water. Ultraviolet
radiation. Human diseases, Water pollution effects. Vectors (biological), Cultures,
Pathogenic bacteria, Self-purification, Enteric bacteria, Francleella, Excretion,
Survival, Fecal coliforms.
Ul
AMIC.10127
"COMPETITIVE GROWTH OF SALMONELLA AND PSEUDOMDNADS IN TETRATHIONATE ENRICHMENT BROTH",
Gundstrup, A. S. P., Health Laboratory Science. Vol. 11, No. 1, January 197^,
pp 25-27.
Isolation of specific bacteria such as pathogens, indicators of pollution,
from mixed flora samples, as sewage and receiving water samples, Implies the risk that
the saprophytic flora will overgrow them during the enrichment procedure due to
antagonism and competition for essential nutrients. As part of a current series of
Investigations on the occurrence of antagonism in enrichment media, this paper deals
with the Importance of the frequent occurrence of Pseudomonas aeruglnosa in
tetrathionate broth used for Sn] none Ha enrichment of sewage and receiving water
samples. It was shown, by means of the Cylinder-Plate-Method, and by means of
simultaneous cultivation of Salmonella and Pseudomonas aeruglnosa together in
tetrathionate broth, followed by differential counts of the two, that the Pseudomonas
did not interfere with Salmonella growtn, or vice versa, although E. coli was inhibited
to a such extent by Pseudomonas that they could not be detected after 21* h incubation.
The fact that Salmonella and Pseudomonas are able to develop simultaneously in
tetrathionate broth opens the possibility of killing two birds, with one stone, namely
to isolate both Salmonella and Pseudomonas from e.g., sewage samples by a tetrathionate
enrichment followed by a separation of the two bacteria on selective Pseudomonas and
Salmonella media respectively. This problem will be dealt with in a future paper,
INDEX TERMS: Salmonella, Pseudomonas, Growth rates, Competition, Sewage, Cultures,
E. coli, Incubation, Isolation, Tetrathionate, Antagonism, Enrichnent media,
Cylinder-Plate method.
AMIC-101U5
"OXIDATION-REDUCTION POTENTIAL AND GROWTH OF SALMONELLA AND PSEUDOM3KAS FLUORESCENS",
Oblinger, J. L., Kraft, A. A., Journal of Food Science, Vol. 38, No. 7,
November/December 1973, pp 1108-1112.
An apparatus developed for measurement of changes in Eh, pH, and cell numbers
was used to study pure and mixed cultures of Salmonella and Pseudomonas. Six serotypes
of Salmonella and three strains of P, fluoreacens were used. In all Instances, cultures
were Incubated at the temperature that was to be employed during the experiments (2U hr
at 30 and 37 C; 96-120 hr at 15 C) in trypticase soy broth. For pure culture studies
at 15, 30 and 37 C, three or more vessels were inoculated with the particular
SalmonelJ-a or Pseudomonas strain to yield approximately 100-1,000 cells per ml. For
mixed cultures studied at 15 and 30 C, four vessels werp inoculated with mixtures of
selected Salmonella and Pseudomonas strains to yield varying initial ratios of
Salmonella to Pseudomona¥IDuring the pure culture investigations, trypticase soy agar
(BBL) was used for enumeration of both Salmonella and Pseudomonas. For mixed culture
enumeration, surface plating was used. Plates were incubated at either 15, 30 or 37 C,
depending on the temperature used for cultivation. There seemed to be definite values of
Eh that determine if a given organism can initiate growth and/or survive. Jfeasuremsnts
of Eh, pH, and growth at 15 C showed that, once the salmonellae investigated had
adapted to the somewhat adverse environment, they possessed the capacity of proliferate
actively and attain large populations. Moreover, the salmonellae and the Pseudomonas
persisted for a longer time at 15 C than at 30 and 37 C. In the mixed culture studied,
fewer cells per ml were produced by both the salmonellae and Pseudomonas strains than
In pure culture.
INDEX TERM3: Oxidation-reduction potential, Salmonella, Pseudotnonas, Growth rates.
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3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AKIC-101U9
" A SIMPLE TECHNIQUE FOR THE DIFERENTIAT10N OF RSCHERICHIA COL1 IN WATER EXAMINATION",
Pugaley, A. P., Evlson, L. M., Jamee, A., Water Research. Vol. 7, No. 10, October 1973,
PP
New media for the demonstration ot gas and indole production In a single tube
vere compared with media recommended by Report 71 for use in the Mt C confirmatory test
for E. coil. The results demonstrate that the use of mannitol can reduce the numbers
of false positive and false negative gws reactions. Indole-productlon tests may be
performed in the sanr^ tube aa the mannitol fermentation test by including tryptone in
the medium. Tryptone mannitol rlclnoleate broth and tryptone mannitol broth were
found to be most suitable for the confirmation of E. coll in coliforra presumptive tubes
and membrane filter colonies respectively. The results of the mannitol fermentation
and indole -production tests are available within 2k h at UU C. The media are
inexpensive and simple to prepare.
INDEX TERM-.: E. coll, Pollutant identification, Water analysis, Isolation, Methodology,
BioindlCRtcrs, Fermentation, Selective media, Biochemical tests, Membrane filters.
"DISINFECTION OF tJEWAOK EFFLUENTS", Polio, F. W., Jr., Mueller, H. F., Lai-son, T. E.,
University of Illinois., Illinois iiVit» W-jter Purvey, Urbana, Illinois, Report No.
EPA-670/2-73-U2-;, July 1973, &9 pp. NTir. Report, No. PB-222 355.
In vl-w of difficulties »ncuuntered witn Chlorine as s disinfectant under
certain condit'.onr,, particularly due to inpfiectiveness of the chloramines at high pH,
broinln^ if b^inf ^valuated as ati alternate or supplement to chlorine for disinfection of
treiteu tanKtPWBtf r. Chlorine and bromine are being compared under varying conditions
of pH and temperature, using an activated sludge effluent as the test substrate. Both
dosage and residuals of chlorine and brornine are being correlated with percent survival
of conforms, f-.-cal conforms, and total bacterial numbers;. Results indicate that in
wnei/"B of thla type, the effectivenesr. of chlorine decreases with increasing pH,
whcrehs the of t- r tiv»n"SE of broniinf increases. Thus it appears possible that bromine
may hjive aewantHpr. In rfastes of hi^h pH. Combinations of chlorine and bromine are
also being .-viilu-it.-,.;, faid It appears that pro treatment with chlorine, followed by
bromine, mny pr<")uc<» rlfective disinfection at lower cost than bromine alone,
INPKX TEWVJ: .r;fwng': effluents, Dislnl'ection, Effects, Chlorine, Bromine, Coliforms,
Measurenrnt, FITiciences, Resistance, Activated sludgp, SurvivaJ-, Fecal conforms,
Plnte courts, L'atn. interpretation.
AKIC-10175
'WDROCARBON^XIDIZINf. BACTERIA AKD THEIR POSSIBLE USE AS CONTROLLING AGENTS OF OIL
POLLUTION IN THE OCKAN", Soli, G,, Naval Weapons Center, Research Department, China
Lake, California, Technical Report No. 3, -July 1973, 11 pp. NTIC Report No.
AD-763 655.
Attempts were made at characterizing marine bacterial isolates on the basis of
their ability to attack hydrocarbons in a complex synthetic mixture. It, was seen that
by balancing properly the various components, it is possible to outline the oil
degradation range of the organisms. By using different nitrogen cources, both organic
and Inorganic, it is also possible to determine indirectly the degree of specialization
and adaptation to hydrocarbon oxidation. A broad classification of hydrocnrbonoclastic
bacteria is discussed, and routes of attack of the various types of hydrocarbons are
examined.
INDEX TERME: Microbial degradation, Oil spills, Marine microorganisms, Control, Water
pollution control, Hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria, Substrate utilization,
Keterotrophic bacteria, Aromatic hydrocarbons, Aliphatic hydrocarbons.
AMIC-10178
"STUDIES ON THE INTERACTION!- OF BACTERIA AND NlMATODES", Wilt, G. R., Joshi, M. M.,
Metcalf, J., Auburn University, Water Resources Research Institute, Auburn, Alabama,
WRRI-Bulletin No. 10, January 1973, f*9 PP. NTi:. Report No. PB-222 tyk.
Interactions of microbes common to water resources were investigated.
Nematodss were able to distinguish between food bacteria and non-food bacteria, and
between bacteria and lake bottom mud. They preferentially migrated to and fed on a
Vibrio species at various distances, temperatures, and pH values. Migration to food
bacteria increased with an increase In bacterial concentration. Resting and dead
bacteria did not attract nematodes. Nematodes migrated to food bacteria even when
they had to move into areas having reduced oxygen tensions or under a barrier to reach
bacteria. Nematodes used in this study were not attracted by carbon dioxide. They did
migrate, however, to a dialyeate from food bacteria. Kematode predation resulted in
greater reductions in viable numbers of bacteria than total numbers of bacteria.
Interactions between bacteria and bacteriophage occurred under a variety of temperature
arid pH values. The bacterium-phage interaction seemed to be more sensitive to
extremes in temperature and pH values than either associate by Itself. P. aeruginosa
in the presence of its phage utilized oxygen at a greater rate than in the absence of
phage, Nematodes were observed to disseminate bacteriophage over a surface seeded with
host bacteria.
INDEX TERMS: Nematodes, Bacteriophage, Aquatic bacteria, Food habits, Path of
pollutants, Environmental effects, Water pollution sources, Species interaction.
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3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-10203
"COLIFOKM COUNTS OF POLLUTED WATERS: A COMPARISON OF MEDIA AMD METHODS", Mara, P. D.,
Water Research, Vol. 7, No. 12, December 1973, PP 1899-1903.
Samples of sewage and polluted river water were used to compare various
media for the enumeration of colifonn organisms, including Escherlchla coll, by the
membrane filtration, pour-plate and MPN techniques. The counts were done using the
standard procedures for each technique. Incubation times and temperatures for the MPN
and membrane filtration media were those recommended (Report, 19&9J A.F.H.A., 1971);
those for the pour-plate medi* were U h at 30 C (or, in the case of chlorinated samples,
6 h at 25 C) followed by 18-20 h at either 35 or UU C. Millipore membrane filters were
used. In the pour-plate experiments surface growth wac prevented by pouring a thin
overlay of medium as soon as the original nedium had set; after incubation only colonies
larger than 2 mm were counted. The results indicated that the pour-plate technique
with LTA (lactose teepol agar) is a reliable alternative to membrane filtration and
the MPN technique. It Is, of course, suitable only for colifonn densities greater than
3000/100 ml, but for such densities It is the method of choice since it is more
economic, both in terms of time and materials than the other two methods. It is,
however, less convenient to use than the agar dip-slide method which gives counts to
the nearest order of magnitude in the range 10,000-1 billion cells/100 ml.
INDEX TERMS: Pollutant identification. Isolation, Coliforms, Methodology, E. coli,
Sewage, Membrane processes, Fermentation, Cultures, Enumeration, Culture media,
Membrane filters, Enterobacter aerogenes, Culturing techniques.
A MIC-10218
"MYCOLOGICAL APPLICATION!; OF X-RAY MICRQANALYSIE", Thibaut, M., Ansel, M.,
Journal of Eneteriology, Vol. 116, No. 3, December 1973, PP 1181-llBU.
In Aspgrgillus fumigatus, X-ray microanalysle applied in wavelength dispersive
spectroecopy enabled thf detection of the presence of Ca, K, S, P, and Mg. In A. niger
the presence of Ca, K, chloride, S, P, Na, and Mg was detected. These various elements
were identified by their K sub alpha lines.
INDEX TERMS: Fungi, Chemical analysis, X-ray analysis, Plant tissues, Calcium,
Potassium, Sulfur, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Chloridea, Sodium, Alkali metals,
Alkaline earth tnetsls, Chemical composition, Microanalysis, Wavelength
dispersive spfctroscopy, Ascomycetes, Aspergillus fumigatus, Asperglllus niger.
AMIC-10219
"OCCURRENCE OF FHOSPHOBOSFHINGOLIPIDS IN BDELLOVIBRIO BACTERIOVORUS STRAIN UK12',
Steiner, S., Conti, S. F., Lester, R. L., Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 116, Bo. 3,
December 1973, pp 1199-1211.
The major phospholiplds of two strains of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus were
characterized. Both strain UK11, which Is obligately saprophytlc, and strain UK12,
which ia facultatively parasitic, contained phosphatidyletnanolamine and
phosphatidylglycerol as their major glycerophosphatides. A branched, 15-carbon fatty
acid Is the major component of these alkali-labile lipids. Absent from UKil but
present In UK12 were three alkali-stable llplds (compounds 8, 9, and 11) which appear
to be phosphosphlngollpidE. After acid hydrolysis, both compound 8 and 9 yield the
identical phosphorus-containing substance that is water soluble, dipolar ionic, and
ninhydrin positive. The substance appears to contain a C-P bond since P sub 1 could not
be released from this substance by treatment with alkaline phosphatase or by very harsh
mineral acid treatment. Based on chromatographic comparisons, this phosphonate appears
to be a novel llpid constituent. Upon degradation, compound 8 yields 1 mol of
dihydroxy long-chain base and compound 9 yields 1 mol of a trihydroxy long-chain base.
These bases appear to have a 17-csjrbon, possibly branched, structure based on gas-liquid
chromatography retention times. Degradation of both sphingoliplds yields a mixture of
hydroxy fatty acids, the major component being a branched, IJ-carbon hydroxy acid.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Separation techniques, Radioactivity techniques,
bfethodology, Chemical composition, Phospholipids, Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus,
Characterization, Phosphonosphlngolipids, Sample preparation, Biosynthesis,
Heterotrophic bacteria.
A MIC-10221
"THERMAL DEATH OF A HYDROCARBON BACTERIUM IN A NONAQUEOUS TIMID", Severance, M. M.,
LaRock, P. A., Journal_o_f Bacteriology, Vol. 116, No. 3, December 1973, PP 1287-1292.
A hydrocarbon-utilizing Brevibacterlum which grew into the oil phase of an
oil-water system was tested for survival at elevated temperature. Cells suspended in
oil and cells that had been resuspended in aqueous solution were tested by placing
1-ml samples of the cell suspension in small test tubes Immersed in a
controlled-temperature water bath. The resultant survival curves in oil consisted of
two parts, a flat shoulder obtained in the first half of the heating period, followed
by a break indicating rapid die-off. The break in the curves occurred after 50
percent of the cells were killed. This occurred at exposures of 25, Ik, and 8 min for
78, 88.6, and 96.2 C, respectively. The survival curve for 63.5 C in the aqueous
solution was a rapid, exponential die-off. The actual increase in survival of the
organism in oil is reflected by the length of the shoulder portion. The shoulder
occurs only in an oil medium said is increased by decreasing tejnperature and increasing
age of the culture.
INDEX TERMS: Thermal stress, Temperature, Age, Oil, Aqueous solutions, Cultures, Aging
(biological), Lipids, Laboratory tests, Testing procedures, Mortality,
Hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria, Survival, Brevibacterium, Enumeration, Hexadecane,
Octanol, Mineral oil, Octane, Dodecane, Kerosene.
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'1. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AffiC-10222
"DEFECTS IN PROMGIOSIH FORMATION Bf L-FORMS OF 5ERRATLA MARCEECENS", Potter, C. S.
Huber, E. C-., Montgomerl*. J. Z,., et al., Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 116, No. 3,
December 1973, PP IS'O-W.
An L-form of Serratla marcescens has previously been shown Incapable of
producing the red pigment, prodigiosin, characteristic of the parent bacteria.
Mutants of £. raarceeens, unable to form one or the other of the two prodigiosln
precursor6,"lt-n»»thoxy-2,2'-bipyrrole-5-carboxaldehyde or 2-methyl-3-n-amylpyrrole,
were used to test the nature of the L-form defect. The L-forms failed to form
sufficient amounts of either precursor to be detected by the appropriate mutant, and,
when furnished the precursors, failed to couple them to form prodlgiosin.
INDEX TF.F9C: PigtnentB, Separation techniques, Aerobic bacteria, Cultures, Methodology,
Chemical analysis, Assay, Mutants, Serratia marcescens, Prodigiosin, Heterotrophic
bacteria, Culture media, U-Methoxy-2 ?'-bipyrrole-5-carboxoldehydP, 2-Methyl-3-
n-anylpyrrole.
AMIC-10230
"A SIMPLE TURBIDIMETEK FOB RAPID DETERMINATION OF LGV BACTERIA CONCENTRATIONS ,
Piceialli, A., PlBcit»lll, C., Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. W», No. 12,
December 1973, PP 1717-1719. ~~
For detecting bacterial concentrations in very dilute media, a turbidimeter
hae been developed which reaches a sensitivity some three orders of magnitude greater
than commercial instruments and without highly sophisticated photometric techniques.
This differential photometric ratio systems consists of two photovoltaic cells which,
operated in the linear section of their curves and connected back-to-back, detect the
Intensity variations of the two optical paths. StaphylococeuB aureua were used to
measure the sensitivity of the instrument. Decreasing bacterial concentrations were
rend in triplicate; under the experirasntal conditions used, it is possible to reach
thi- sensitivity in th- range of 10,000-1,000,000 cells/ml. The advantages of this
method with respect to the conventional ones are that the rapid and direct measurements
of low bacterial densities offer new possibilities for the study of basic
microbiological problems in natural aquatic ecosystems where bacteria are ususally
present in very low densities.
INDFX TERMS: Cultures, Measurement, Water, Bacteria, Aquatic environment, Turbidity,
Density, Instrumentation, Turbidimeters, Bacterial concentration.
AMIC-10236
"EVALUATION OF MALONATE DULCITOL LYEINE IRON AGAP FOR PRESUMPTIVE IDENTIFICATION OF
SALMONELLAE", Stroup, J. R., Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists,
Vol. 57, Me. I, January 1971*, pp 95-100. ~~ "~
Malonate dulcitol lysine iron agar (MDLI) was evaluated, using 173 Salmonella
sabgenus I (19 eerotypos) from 129 samples ana 1^0 Salmonella submenus III (Arizona'
hinshsvU) from 17 samples. Sixty-four stock cultures were tested Including"?
Salmonella subgenus II, 5 Salmonella subgenus IV, and 5 EdwardBlella tarda. Three
hundred thirty-five non-Salmonellae from 81 samples were also studied. Only the
Edvardslella cultures and 1 other non-Ealmonellae gave aberrant results in MDLI. Five
of the known Salmonella serotypes tested and 2 serotypes isolated from samples gave
atypical results. If MDLI IB used to differentiate the subgenera, and lysine Iron agar
is used to confirm lycine decarboxylase for subgenera II, III, and IV, as well as act as
a source of cells for '0' group aerology, then the results of this study Indicate that
305 (97-1* percent) of the 313 Salmonellae isolated from samples gave typical reactions
within 30 hr. Biochemical and Berological tests should be used to confirm cultures
that give positive reactions.
INDEX TERME: Pollutant identification, Salmonella, Enteric bacteria, Pathogenic
bacteria, Aerobic bacteria, Pollutants, E. coll, Thigella, Coliforms, Culture
media, Serotypes, Malonate dulcitol lyslne iron agar, Arizona, Edwardsiella,
Klebslella, Proteus, Citrobacter, Ealmonellae, Method evaluation.
A MIC-10237
"METHODOLOGY FOR RECOVERY AND IDENTIFICATION OF ENTEROPATHOGEHIC E5CHER1CHIA CPU",
Mehlman, I. J., Sanders, A. C., Simon, N. T., et al., Journal of the_Assoclation
of Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 57, No. 1, January 1971*, PP 101-110.
Pathogenic biotypes of E. coll have been Ir.crlniinated In food-borne illness.
Sensitivity to evaluated temperature and atypical behavior precluded assessment of
their Incidence. A tentative recovery procedure involves direct streak, pre-enrichment
In JfacConkey broth at 35 C and transfer to lauryl tryptose broth at 35 C and transfer
to lauryl tryptose broth with Incubation at Wi C. Eerologlcal examination of
enrichment simplifies analysis. Levin's eosin methylene blue agar is recommended for
rapid lactose fermenters; MacConkey's agar should be used for low fernenters. Primary
screening reactions include H2S, arablnose, urease, o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactosidase,
and indole. Secondary reactions comprise lyEine decarboxylase, Voges- Proskauer (at
22 C), and other tests required to differentiate E. colj. from Citrobacter diveraus,
C. freundii, Enterobacter hafnlae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Shigella species. Slide
and tube agglutination reactions are necessary for identification of somatic and
capsular antigens. Enhancement of motility by serial passage In a semlsolid medium Is
essential for recognition of flagellar antigen. Confirmatory reactions Include nitrate
reduction, cytochrome oxldase, and Gram stain. Potentiality for quantitation,
applicability to animal pathogens, and ecological samples are discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Pollutant identification, E. coll, Pathogenic bacteria, Enteric bacteria,
Methodology, Coliforms, Aerobic bacteria, Shigella, Separation techniques,
Culture media, Selective media, Recovery, Biochemical tests, Fecal conforms,
Cltrobacter dlversus, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter hafniae, Klebsiella
pneumoniae, Aeromonas. Yerainla enterocolitica, Proteus, Provldencla,
Enterobacteriaceae, Biochemical reactions.
See also: Category 1, AMIC-iOl6c,>, 10167, 10169
Category ?, AMIC-9613, 10202.
1*1*
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5. INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT
AMic-9959
"RING-DISK ELECTRODE STUDY OF THE ANODIC BEHAVIOR OF GOLD IN 0.2M SULFURIC ACID",
Cadle, S. H., Bruckensteln, 3., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*6, No. 1, January 1971*.
pp 16-20. ~~~"""""^~"~———
The dissolution of gold from a rotating, disk electrode was studied In 0.2 M
H2SOU. Gold dissolution was observed at potentials greater than plus 1,13 V vs SCE.
The rate of dissolution was determined as a function of potential by collecting the
gold on a platinum ring electrode. Gold dissolution was also observed during the
reduction of gold oxide films. The quantity of this cathodloally dissolved gold waa
found to be a function of the electrode rotation speed, and the amount of gold oxide
reduced. The Increase in cathodically produced soluble gold with Increasing rotation
speed was shown to obey first order heterogeneous kinetics. The oxidation state of the
cathodically produced gold was found to depend on the potential at which the gold
oxide waa formed. If the disk electrode was oxidized at E sub D less than plus 1.1*5 V,
Au(lII) was the predominant species collected at the ring electrode. However, if the
oxidlzisig potential was greater than plus 1.1*5 v, a significant quantity of Au(I)
was also collected at the ring electrode. (Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry,
Vol. 1*6, No. 1, January 197U, pp 16-20. Copyright 197U by the Anerican Chemical
Society. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDBC TERM3: Gold, tnode:,, Klectrochemistry, Zeta potential, Ring disk electrodes,
Dissolution, Sulfuric acid, Ton selective electrodes, Platinum ring electrodes,
Gold dick-gold ring electrodes. Gold disk-platinum ring electrodes.
AMIC-10223
"PROCE.W CONTHOLL3R3: A CASE OF PNEUMATIC-ELECTRONIC COEXISTENCE", Bat ley, 3. J. ,
Control Engineering, Vol. 20, No. 12, Dec-ember 1973, pp U6-51*.
The author reviews electronic and pneumatic process controllers by giving
characteristic:; and advantages of various controllers In use in each of the
categories. An argument is also given for the merits of electronic and pneumatic
controllers In terms of their coexistence.
INDEX TEHK3: Reviews, Instrumentation, Control, Kconoralcs, tiqulpment, Pneumatic
controllers, electronic controller.';, Process controllers.
AM1C-10217
"GLASS ELECTKODK SE.'PON.'.iC,; 1STESPR5TED BY THE SOLID STATE HOMOGENEOUS- AND
KETEROGENEOU.i-;;TTf MSMBRAJiE POTKNTl/.L THKORY", Buck, R. P., Boles, J. H.,
Porter, H. l>., ot al., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. U6, No. ?, Fehruary 197'), pp 255-261.
A new theory of class membrane electrode response based on a jolid state model
Is illustrated by application to lithium and sodium responses of five commercially
available low-error pH glass electrodes. Mobility, Ion exchange, and, overall
selectivity parameters have been calculated at several interference activities and
temperatures from 6 to >'i G. Beckman sodium selective electrode responses were
measured for hydrogen, lithium, and potassium Ions and characteristic parameters
calculated. For the latter electrodes, conditions giving slow response, non-Nernstian
slope:-,, and Jong-teHn drift were explored. The pH glass results suggest that the
cation mobilities exceed those of protons while the reverse Is found fbr the
sodium-selective glass. The overriding effect of ion exchange selectivity follows from
the theoretical fit of the experimental data. (Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry,
Vol. 1*6, No. ?, February 1971*, pp 255.261. Copyright 197>* by the American Chemical
Society. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
TND£X TKRM3: Ton exchange, selectivity. Model studies, Hydrogen Ion concentration,
Hydrogen, Sodium, Potassium, Cations, Temperature, Theoretical analysis, Glass
electrodes, Mobility, Solid state models, Electrode responses, Ion selective
electrodes, Lithium, Membrane electrodes, pH electrodes, Sodium electrodes.
AMIC-10226
"RESPONSE TIME OF HIGH-FREQUENCY 03CILU\TOR-TYJ'E PROXIMITY DETECTORS" , Uemura, M. ,
Ueda, K., Control Engineering, Vol. go, No. IP, December 1973, pp 56-r;Q.
The response time of a high frequency oscillator-type proximity detector Is
difficult to define because it depends on physical properties of the object to he
detected, the size of the object, and the distance of the object from the sensing head.
The discussion presented shows how to properly utilize the theory behind the operation
of this particular type of proximity detector.
INDEX TERMS: Physical properties, Instrumentation, Response tine, Proximity detectors,
High frequency oscillators, Response frequency.
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5. INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT
AMIC-10227
"PROGRAMMABLE TEHPERATURE CONTROLLERS", Athanl, V. v., Pha.tak, D. B., Instruments
and Control Systems. Vol. 1*7, No. 1, January 197U, pp U8-50.
Temperature programing and controlling units have been fabricated as two
independent units. All solid state circuitry and printed circuit boards have been used
to assemble the circuits. Ueveral tests have been carried out on the Individual
circuits as well as on the assemblies of the ten?>erature programing and controlling
units. The device was found appropriate for both linear temperature variations using
the Internal program generator and temperature cycling using the external programming
unit.
INDEX TERMS: Instrumentation, Fabrication, Testing procedures, Design, Temperature
control, Regulation, Computer programs, Programmable temperature controllers.
AMIC.10228 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Water supply, Monitoring, Telemetry, Network design, Data transmission,
Radio communication systems, Control systems, Digital computer.,, Networks,
Data processing, Equipment, Water quality, Minicomputers.
AMIC-10228
"A COMPl/TISR-BAriJSD TELECONTROL AND COMMUNICATION:: .'TY.TTEM FOR A WATER JUPPLY NETWORK",
Burch, R. H., Marlov, K. C-, Glbbs, G. Z,, et al., Water and Water Engineering,
Vol. 77, No. 93'j, November 1973, pp k^.k^B.
Presented are aspects of tetiemetrlc operations; utilized by a water supply
network In England. The telemetry and cor.trol system is based on the concept of a
central master station which scans plant data from the remote outstatlons by means of
time division multiplexing (TDM), bach input and output connected to the system Is
given a unique numerical address so that data from any point can be requested by the
transmission of a binary-coded function-address word. All the outstatlono receive the
request, but only the outstatlon that recognizer, the address replies with a word, or
several words of data corresponding to the selected analogue or digital Inputs. The
system operates, therefore, In the half-duplex mode. Remote controls are performed by
interrupting the scanning sequence with coded control messages, and a system ofrevertlve
checking is used to provide maximum security. Communication Is, In moat cases, over UHF
radio links. The master station radio scanner is permanently on, but the outstatlon
radios are only keyed when data is requested. The basic word length for both request
ana reply words Is 1? bits, chosen to provide compatibility with the digital computer,
adequate capacity for addressing and sufficient resolution for digitized analogue
values. The operation of the master station is normally controlled by a minicomputer
having 12,268 words of 12-bit core storage and a 3?,758 word fixed-head disc store. An
operator's control panel and addressable K-cards for local plant inputs and outputs are
connected to the computer via standard interfacing units. The telemetry master unit is
directed by the computer but is able to carry on scanning Inputs set up on a patch
panel In the event of computer failure.
AM1C-10229
"POLLUTION ANALYZERS FOR AIR AND WATER", Liptak, B. G., Instrumentation Technology,
Vol. 21, No, 1, January 1971*, pp l*3-l*5. '
An extensive listing Is given of manufacturers of analyzers for the more
comnon air and water pollutants.
INDEX TERMS: Instrumentation, Pollutant identification, Chemical analysis, Water
analysis, Monitoring, Water quality, Pollution abatement, Equipment, Air pollution
pollution, Water pollution, Measurement, Pollutants, Water quality control.
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DEVELOPMENT,
AMIC-10831
"AUTOMATIC RECORDING DILATCMETER", Bsrnatchez, P., Ooutier, D., Review of
Scientific Inatruaents, Vol. W*, Bo. 12, December 1973, pp 1790-T79TT
A dilatometer and an apparatus are presented which automatically records the
height of the mercury column as a function of time. The precision of changes of 30
tan In height nay attain plus or minus 0.007 cm. The stability of the electrical
circuitry is such that measurements may span over several weeks. The measurement Is
based on electrical conductivity. An application is reported.
INDEX TERMS: Automatic control. Volume, Variability, Measurement, Automation,
Electrical conductance, Instrumentation, Dllatometers, Precision.
AMIC-10233
'"CONTROL BY VARIANCE1 WITH THE PROBABILITY COMPUTER", Green, R. M., Stackhouse,'0. E.,
Control Engineering, Vol. 21, No. 1, January 197U, pp 50-51.
The probability computer predicts the likelihood of a process variable
exceeding Its limit value. The probability computer uses its predictions to move the
setpolnt away from the limit value when the variable 'acts up.' The probability
computer can benefit from observing the departures of the variable from the time
average (mean). Such departures afford the probability computer data with which to
calculate variance which is a measure of how oftern and Viow far the variable strays
beyond its limit value. From the variance, the probability computer computes
P(X greater than or equal to Y) , the probability that the variable X will exceed its
limit value Y. The probability density curve of X Is standard except for concentration
on one side of the mean (time average) for the purpose of computing P(X greater than
or equal to Y). Operation of the probability computer was checked by applying a signal
from a process simulator. A series of sine waves of varying frequency and amplitude
provided the process variable simulation for the computer to monitor.
INDEX TERMS: Control, Instrumentation, Probability, Automatic control, Probability
computers, Process variables, Variance, Probability density, Limits.
AMIC-10232
"STEPPER MOTORS RESPOND TO DIRECT DIGITAL COMMAND", Bailey, S. J., Control Engineering,
Vol. 21, No. 1, January 1971*, pp
AMIC-1023^
"TESTING DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEMS"
January 197^, PP 52-5U.
Andreiev, N., Control Engineering, Vol. 21, No. 1,
A stepper motor is a direct digital motion control device that converts
electrical pulses into proportionate mechanical response. The stepper motor hardware
which is currently available is described (stepper characteristics and manufacturers),
Included also are descriptions of how steppers work and are controlled; stepper
terminology; and performance characteristics and applications of stepper motors.
INDEX TERM3: Properties, Design data, Specifications, Control, Instrumentation,
Mechanical properties, Digital controls, Stepper motors, Performance evaluation.
When the control engineer Is faced with a problem of pilot system checkout,
he should have certain basic tools to start with - a systematic approach and test
instruments. This article presents a description of basic test instrumentation and
an accepted testing procedure that consists of a gradual buildup of an operating
system core by individually testing each subassembly.
INDEX TERMS: Testing procedures, Instrumentation, Equipment, Automatic control,
Automation, Methodology, Pilot systems, Digital control systems.
See also! Category 1, AMIC.10143.
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