United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Solid Waste And
Emergency Response
(OS-240)
21S-1001
May 1991
Design And
Construction Issues
At Hazardous Waste Sites
Conference Program
Hyatt Regency
Dallas, Texas
May 1-3,1991
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DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
ISSUES AT HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
Nay 1-3, 1991 • Hyatt Regency at Reunion • Dallas, TX
Welcome. This is the first EPA-sponsored hazardous waste
conference oriented toward design and construction issues. The
conference is providing a forum for 95 technical presentations and 3 panel
sessions on relevant and timely topics. As you can see in the conference
agenda, the topics encompass the remedial design and remedial action
processes; planning, investigation, and post construction activities; along
with design and construction policy. A luncheon has been scheduled for
Thursday, May 2,1991, with a guest speaker. Dr. Donald Brown. Quality
Director of Stubbs, Overbeck, and Associates. You may sign up for the
luncheon at the registration desk. At the completion of the conference,
please fill out the enclosed review form (also available at the registration
desk) so that we get your impressions. Once again, welcome and enjoy
the conference.
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2
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8:00-- 10:00
100 0 - 12:00
12:00 -- 1:00
Ceenc. PULLMAN A
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ISSUES AT HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
CONFERENCE AGENDA
POLICY/MANAGEMENT
ISSUES
Moderator: Paul Nadeau
USEPA
1:00 - - 1:30 EPA. New T 4 if ea
Guidelines: Thelr Effect on
RD/BA .
Kenneth Ayers
USEPA
1:30 -- 2:00 surety Bonde -- Superfmsd
August Spallo
USACE
DESIGN MANAGEMENT
Moderator: Tracy Loy
USEPA
Accelerating the ROD to
Bruce Henna
USEPA
C uctability Input to the
UTEW Proc
James Moore
USACE
CASE STUDIES
Moderator: Paul Lancer
USACE
Sod Resnediaiion in the New
—
Edward Hagarty
CC. Johnson & Malhotra
Acce leme. During RD/BA at
the Helen Kraz Landfill Site
R.omona Pesaella
USEPA
GROUNDWATER
REMEDL&TION
Moderator:
A Comprehensive Approach to
Groundwater Quality
As.e.ament and Corrective
Action for Multiple Facilities in
One Hydrologic Province
CM. Lewis, USDOE
Advances in Hasardous Waste
Alluvial Sampling
Lowell Leach
USEPA
2:00 -- 2:30 L oa. Learned During
Remedial Deelga and Remedial
Action ActivitIes at Superfund
Sites
Dcv Sachdev
EBASCO
Applications of a Design/Build
Advleor Expect/System to
Recosdiation Pro cta
Thomas Napier
USACE
Value &igineering Studies of
the Helen Kramer Landfill
Superfund Sit.
Amy Monti
URS Consultants
Wiser. Groundwater Pump and
Treat Can Work and Where It
Can’t Work: APL Sites and
NAPL Sites
Mark Mercer
USEPA
2:30 -- 3:00 Superfund -- Program
Standardiaation to Accelerate
Remedial Designs and Remedial
Action at NPL Sites
Shaheer Alvi
USEPA
Ransedial Design of Superfund
Project. -- What Can Be Done
Better?
John HoIm
USACE
Leons Learned From Remedial
Design of Helen Kramer Landfill
Superfund Sit.
Vern Singis
URS Consultants
Verifying Design Assumptions
During Groundwater
Reinedistions
Michael Cram
USACE
WEDNESDAY MAY 1, 1991
REGISTRATION
PLENARY SES8ION/OPENING SPEAKERS
Opening Rem. JIIi , Hasasions Sits Control ...iv on, USEPA
sviroc Divieloe, USAGE
— ir. , O Remedial Respo a, USEPA
uooure & Layton, Jr., 6 U A R. gtn...I * nistr stor
Keynote Speaker: J. W. Puirol. Chairmen c i the Board, CH2M Hill, Inc.
LUNCH
PULLMAN B STATIONMASTER DEALEY ROOM
Jennifer Haley
USEPA
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3:00 -- 3:30
BREAK
Conference
Room PULLMAN A
POLICY/MANAGEMENT
ISSUES
Moderator: Thomas Whalen
USEPA
3:30 - - 4:00 itreaufisi Design Schedule
Charles F. Wall
EBASCO
GOVERNMENT OVERSIGHT
Moderator: Stan Hitt
USEPA
Stale Ovsight at Two
Uranium Mill Supesfund Sites
in Colorado
Donald Simpson
Colorado Department of Health
CASE STUDIES
Moderator: Steven Gilrein
USEPA
The Bikes Di osel Pits
Supesfund Bile --A Study i.
Bid SoScitatios
James St..d
Texas Water Commission
GROUNDWATER
REMEDIATION
Moderator: Richard Willey
USEPA
Succ ul Program
Managesnrnt for Remedial
Design/Remedial Action
James Kilby
Monsanto
4:00 -- 4:30 Innovative Design Revise and
Scheduling Toolo Polealial
BenoSts to HTW V teI
Projects
Gregg Bridgestock, USACERL
Practical Apçro.ch to Project
Manag t For ; —t
Ovessight
Patti Collins
USEPA
Bayou Bouifouca Supesfund Site
c... stua 1
Robert Griswold
USEPA
Optiniising and Executing a
Multi-Faceted Remedial Action
Pian
Dennis Peek
Geraghty & Miller
4:30 - - 5:00 Acquisition for
Hasardous Waste
William Zobel
USEPA
Coeupsritive Roles nf the EPA
sad the Bureau nf
During the Udgurwood, North
Dakota Bupfund Project
Laura Williams, USEPA
R1te1 Design Approach and
Dedge Investigations at the
B*you Boufouca Site
Kevin fflink
CH2M Hill
Hydrologic Risk Aspects of
Hsaardou, Waste Site
William Doan
USACE
6:00 - 8:00 SOCIAL RECEPflON
p THURSDAY - - - MAY 2, 1991
POLICY/MANAGEMENT
ISSUES
Moderator William Zobel
USEPA
8.00 -- 8:30 Rnsiedial ManagnumI Strat
Thomas Whalen
USEPA
8:30 - -9:00 5e -s1.- - for BTW Dndgea
Gregory Melleena
TJSACE
9:00-- 9:30 7 — Stn ng
Requiresnents Hasardoau
West. esnup
Robert Saitbouss
Logistics Management Institute
9:30-- 10:00
CONSTRUCTION
ADMINISTRATION
Moderator: Larry Wright
USEPA
Mo ’Sisi g for Runedial
Constiactios Pro te
Gary Stillman
Weston
P tt Sup.,fs...d n u.1
Actic or Ifight on NW
27th P
Lynn. Phillips
BCE
______ uf Pndts and
Pesedt Equlvaineties the
uf Supfund
u....n I Actions
Mark Wheeler, USAGE
CASE STUDIES
Moderator: Carolyn Offutt
USEPA
lest Tracking Remedial Design
at the Cape 7w Wood
P’—.— gSite
Thomas Clark CDM
- ‘ Dndgn and
Cos uctio. at the (marks
George Len ’ Supufund Sit.
Robert K. Zaruba
USAGE
A & ir Quality
Manageinaut at Preach Ltd.
Bruce Dumdei
ARGO
PI lE-DESIGN
ACTIVITIES
Moderator: Kenneth Skahn
USEPA
Writing an ROD to Expedite
Resosdial Actions: Lanoni
fovea the Delaware PVC Site
Stephen Johnson, DE DNR
Ovorview c i the RI/PS Process
and its I .ct on the RD/HA
at the New Bedford Harbor
Supeifund Sit.
Mark Otis, USACE
RI/YB and ERA Impacts on
RD/HA at Superfuud Sites
William Bolen
USEPA
1000-- 1030
HEALTH & SAFETY
Moderator: Rodney Turpin
USEPA
Aihoene at en Acid
Sledge R Bile
Stephen Davis
1? Corporation
CLAIMS MANAGEMENT
Moderator: Thomas Whalen
USEPA
sad M the
ci Constinctics Qa
Norman Lovejoy
Kellogg Corporation
PIlE-DESIGN ISSUES
Moderator: Donald Williams
USEPA
The I cr$aace ci Pr.-Design
in
Jegrey Bennett
Malcolm Pirni., Inc.
CONSTRUCTION
CASE STUDIES
Moderator: James Moore
USACE
R. I Construction at the
Ind ial W . Control Site,
Fort Snith, Arkansas
Santanu Chose
USEPA
PULLMAN B STATIONMASTER DEALEY ROOM
BREAK
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Conference
Room PULLMAN A
PULLMAN B
STATIONMASTER
DEALEY ROOM
10:30—— 11:00
11:00-- 11:30
11:30-— 12:00
12:00 —- 1:30
— 9 _ -
Lee Murphy
l I L lY
Safety & Health Training
Denny Dobbin, NIEHS
Washer Pralsctias Standard
Vicki Santoro
USEPA
USEPA Health & SaMy
Vicki Santoro, USEPA
EPA/Labor Health sad Safety
Task Force
Joseph Cocalis
USEPA
Managmeent ci Change Order
Conditicea A Supesfuad Ca ..
Myron Temchin
Weet HAZMAT
C ctios Dispute. as
Haeasdaq Waste Projsctu
Theodore Trauner
TCS
HTW Ca trumica
Do tatics Repast: A
Necenary Eneasat in a
Successful R wItski
Heidi Facklaxn, USACE
c i thu
Ha.sii as the Two NPL Ca ..
John Gorgol
EBASCO
Sits ractisiastios Data
Ns.da for .ctive RD sad RA
John Moylso
USACE
Pr.-D..ign T.chnicsi Summary
K.nn.th Skahn
USEPA
Land.downe Radiation
Victor .lanoeik
USEPA
Whea — a Supsefund Remedial
Adios Coniplst&’? A Ca
Study ci the Crystal City
Atspcrt BA
Bryon Heinernan
U.S. EPA
WEDZEB Enterprise. Remedial
Actics Planning for an
rto.t Remedial Action
C-
Tinka Hyde, USEPA
HEALTH AND SAFETY
Moderator: Joseph Coral.
USEPA
1:30 --2:00 Overview c(Rasard Wa.t.
Health sad Safety Raquiresnmaits
Rodney Turpin, USEPA
Ha srdou. Waste Site Washer
P
John Moran, LHSFNA
COMMUNITY RELATIONS
Moderator: Melissa Shapiro
USEPA
ct. ci Public Input and thu
Sss.çling Protocol as thu
wstsi De.ige Procen at
__Masntam Supesfund
Raymond Plien...
Bureau of Reclamation
POLICY/MANAGEMENT
ISSUES
Moderator: Garrett Bondy
USEPA
Thu .ct. ci thu Davis Bacon
Act as the LeSailc Sisctrical
Utilities R. ,t.J
David Seely
USEPA
CONSTRUCTION COST
ESTIMATING
Moderator: John 3. Smith
USEPA
Cast Estimating Systenu for
Remedial Action Projects
Gordon M. Evans
USEPA
Balk and Whistles: Comeemity
-‘-i Desing RD/BA
Karen Martin
USEPA
QA/QC, Pres t and Future
Requirements for Remedial
Action Pro scts
David H. Foxx
Fox & Associates
Remedial Action Bids and Cost
Estimate.
Amy Hslloran
CH2M Hill
3:00 - - 5:00 HesIth and Safely Pan.l Sedan
Joseph Cocalis (Chair)
Office of Emergency and
Remedial Response
USEPA
John Moran
Health and Safety Director
LHSFNA
Sella Burchette
USEPA
Lee Murphy
International Association of
Fire Fighters
Denny Bobbin, NIZUS
Thomas Donaldson
Omaha Diviaion, USACE
Ira Nadelinan
USACE
Mary Ann Garrahan
OSHA
Diane Morrell
EBASCO
Dadgu and Conatructios Policy
Pusal
Ken Ayere (Co-Chair)
Hasardous Sit. Control Division
Office of Emergency and
Remedial Response
USEPA
Charles Schro.r (Co-Chair)
Acting Chief, Construction
Division
USACE
James F.eley
Chief, Superfund md
Emergency Response Section
Texas Water Commission
Doug Smith
U.S. Department of Energy
John J. Smith,
Acting Branch Chief
Remedial Operations and
Guidance Branch
USEPA
Jams. Moore
Baltimore District, USACE
______ Pi1 Penal
Melissa Shapiro (Chair)
Office of Emergency and
Rem.dial Response
USEPA
Michael McOeugh
USEPA Region I
Betty Winter
USEPA Region IV
Karen Martin
Suparfund Community
Relations Coordinator
USEPA Region V
Louis Barinka
Remedial Project Manager
USEPA Region VI
Betty Williamson
Community Relations
Coordinator
USEPA Region VI
George Henley, USACE
Pat Ferrebee
U.S. Navy
LUNCH/PRESENTATION
Gu ! p e ske . Donald I. Esoem. Ed.D.
Quality Dl..J.. .
St abke, Ovesfieck & Aemdaiee
2:00 -- 2:30 USEPA Gmedc HASP
Vicki Santoro
USEPA
2:30 -- 3:00
BREAK
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FRIDAY --- MAY 3, 1991
8:30 --9-00 Trini B n at MOTCO
LeMasqus, Tea..
M.ryAnn LaBarre
USEPA
900 9-30 Tower ‘- ‘
for $ E But Cn i1
NPL Sit.
Victor Owen.
EBASCO
The ci Treating
— 5
Carolyn Offutt
USEPA
T ortatia. d D us.l ci
Deaver d Sit.
W s
Richard Ebat
U.S. Bureau ci Reclamation
Tra.apc.tatio. aed D osal of
Ha..rdo es Part
ci the ( I 4
Proc
Philip Kessack
ACRC
DEALEY ROOM
RADIATION CASE STUDIES
Moderator: Randall Kaltreider
USDOE
R.1i.I Design
Adiviti. at the DOE.
MIII Tailing. NPL
Sit.
D.borah Richardeon
Ch.m Nuclear
—‘ 1 Adicu In and Around
Light 1ndi ial Activity at the
Deaver la&u Superfund Site
Timothy R.hd.r
USEPA
C- _ _ t , Conaut. un.ra r
Low Less! Sites
Thom.. Ambalajn
Kaiser Engineers
9 -.30 -- 10:00
BREAK
10:00-- 10:30
10:30-- 1100
1100-- 11:30
11:30-- 12:00
GROUNDWATER
TREATMENT
Moderator: Robert Zaruba
USACE
The Coustructia. d
ci the N.. Lysse
Grcdwater Tr. _ _ &
, Iy
Donna Hrko
USACE
Ds!ga d Cc uctic. ci the
G.......Jwl,t.r Tr-’ P%
at the Com. .wation ( .i..I
C _ my Site
Peter Harrod
ABB Enviroomsot Services
Ara c l .l at the
LJ .od Water Tr _ &
--
Betsy long
Bureau of Rsclamatioo
Areewid. l-i ’--- ci
Grcdwat ‘ —
Co ufo for dusd 51$.
David Byro
U.S. EPA
CONSTRUCTION ISSUES
Mod.rator: John Moylan
USACE
G ’—- j... . . A
Moonja Park Kim
USACERL
( . Ordus Ca. 1 Ye..
Mark Fit.
USEPA
Gm
IMe--Ho- T
Paul Craven.
Texas Water Commission
.
C e’esti Adivilim at the
Site
Roger Brown
Weston
INNOVATIVE TREATMENT
Moderator: Unda FiodIer
USEPA
Biare etia. ci Tease
Budges with
t /9o5d. 5In
Dona ld Sherman
RTI
U -$ 1 fl for Seiveat
Bufr.dic. of
Boa. at p t..
Selv., Yard
Steven J. Graham
EBASCO
U ed .es
L ifi..4 StIe A C . .. Study
Deborah Griswold
USEPA
Fd - Lead Pro..........t ci
,ativs T- —’-g1- - at
Edward Hanlon
USEPA
GEOTECRNICAL ISSUES
Moderator: Heidi Facklam
USACE
So Beatowit. BeckSU Mix
Dadgu/Cosapatability Testing:
A 0... Bistosy
Jan. Bolton
USACE
C zuctios ci Groundwater
Gary Lang
USACE
Th. I o,taucs of Test Fill.
for the Caustruetion of RTW
Cups a.d Ltaora
David Ray
USACE
Design Procedures for
a IGRA Cap
Donald Mo...
USACE
Conf.rencs PULLMAN A PULLMAN B STATIONMASTER
OFF-SITE
INCINERATION SOILS TREATMENT TRANSPORTATION ISSUES
Moderator: Carl Edlund Moderator: Michael Cram Moderator: Greg Jordan
USEPA USACE USACE
800 -- 8:30 RPM/CEO S.=. , u __ n -&
UnI/R.eseva l Indusratlo. C—i- ‘l S A C . .. C .dic. at the PidSo
Project. Study cia Focused Ri/FE ..d F Site
Laurel St . !. 7 V. adioss TrsetabiBty Mark Allen
USEPA Study Bechtel
Winslow Westervelt
Gannett.Flonm i..g Inc.
Wa for U.S.
Geraghty & Miller
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ABSTRACTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
BY FIRST AUTHOR’S LAST NAME
Allen .
Alvi .
Ambalam
Ayers .
Bennett
Bolen .
Bolton
Bridgestock
Brown .
Byro .
Clark .
Cocalis
Collins
Cram .
Cravens
Davis .
Doan .
Dobbin
Dumdei
Ehat .
Evans .
Facklam
Fite .
Foxx .
Ghose .
Gorgol
Graham
Griswold, D
Griswold, R
Hagarty
Halloran
Hanlon
Harrod
Heineman
Holm .
Hrko .
Hyde .
Janosik
Johnson
Jong .
Kessack
Kilby .
Kim
Klink .
LaBarre
Lang
9
• . . . 11
• . . . 13
• . • • 15
• . . . 17
• . . . 19
• . . . 21
• . . . 23
• . . . 25
• . . . 27
• . . . 29
• . . . 31
• . . . 33
• . • . 35
• • . . 37
• . . . 39
• . • . 41
• . • . 43
• . . . 45
• . . • 47
• . . . 49
• . . . 51
• . . . 53
• • . • 55
• . . . 57
• . • . 59
• . . • 61
• . . • 63
• . . . 65
• • • . 67
• . . . 69
• . . • 71
• . . . 73
• • . . 75
• . . . 77
• • • . 79
• . . . 81
• . . . 83
• • • . 85
• . • . 87
• . . • 89
• . . . 91
• . . • 93
• . . • 95
• • . . 97
• . • . 99
Leach
Lewis
Lovejoy
Mann
Martin
Mellema
Mercer
Monti
Moore
Moran
Moses
Moylan
Murphy
Napier
Of futt
Otis
Owens
Peek
Pezzella
Phillips
Pinkowski
Plieness
Ray .
Rehder
Richardson
Sachdev
Saithouse
Santoro
Seely
Sherman
Simpson
Singh •
Skahn..
Spallo
Staley
Steed •
Stillman
Temchin
Trauner
Turpin
Wall .
Westervelt
Whalen
Wheeler
Williams
Zaruba
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
129
131
133
135
137
139
141
143
145
147
149
151
153
155, 157, 159
161
163
165
167
169
171
173
175
177
179
181
183
185
187
189
191
193
195
7
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8
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Title: REMEDIAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION AT THE PICILLO FARM SITE
Authors: Mark L. Allen
Stephen J. Buckley
The Picillo Farm Site is located in rural Kent County, Rhode Island, approximately 20 miles south
of Providence. Consisting of about eight acres of cleared property, the site is surrounded by
woodlands and was listed on the first National Priorities list.
In 1977, bulk waste and drums containing hazardous materials were disposed in a series of trenches
on the site. Following an explosion and fire in September of that year, a series of investigations were
conducted. These led to removal and off-site disposal of the drummed waste and other remedial
measures conducted from 1980 to 1982. The final public hearing on the RI/FS was held in May,
1985.
In 1987, four private parties entered into a Consent Order requiring the removal and off-site disposal
of soil piles and debris remaining from the previous work. Bechtel, representing the private parties,
developed and received approval of the Remedial Action Work Plan in March, 1988. Final design
documents were approved in May, 1988, and site work began later that same month.
Approximately 8,100 cubic yards of soil contaminated with PCBs and phenol were removed and
disposed off-site during the field effort. In addition, 5,111 sample jars were opened, tested,
combined and transported for off-site disposal. PCB-contaminated liquids were isolated and
incinerated at an approved facility.
Following removal of the specified waste materials, areas of the site were backfilled, graded and
seeded to minimize erosion and stabilize the soil. These activities were completed in October, 1988.
A required one-year operations and maintenance (O&M) period began with the completion of field
work. During the O&M period, periodic inspections were conducted, and necessary maintenance
performed. EPA and the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management concluded that
the O&M period had been successfully completed in January, 1990. Later that month, all parties
agreed that the terms of the Consent Order had been satisfied.
In the course of completing this very successful project, the following are among the conclusions
developed:
o Where possible, define operable units such that fixed price contracts can be used (limit
contamination chasing), enabling improved cost/schedule performance.
o Involve the EPA Off-Site Policy coordinator in disposal site selection from an early
date to avoid last minute changes in site status.
o Coordinate site activities with local emergency services and local governments and
enlist their help in community relations.
9
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Mark L. Allen
Project Manager
Bechtel Environmental, Inc.
800 Oak Ridge Turnpike
Post Office Box #350
Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0350
(615) 482-0382
Mark Allen is a Project Manager in the Oak Ridge, Tennessee office of Bechtel Environmental, Inc.
As a Project Manager, Mr. Allen is responsible for the successful execution of assigned projects and
monitoring cost and schedule performance. He has conducted several remedial design projects for
both the EPA and private parties. During the Picillo Farm work, Mr. Allen was Project Engineer and
responsible for planning and executing required technical tasks and ensuring field operations were
carried out according to plan.
Mr. Allen has a B.S. in Biology from Tennessee Technological University and a B.S. in Civil
Engineering from the University of Tennessee, and is registered as a Professional Engineer in five
states.
Stephen J. Buckley
Manager, Environmental Programs
Bechtel Environmental, Inc.
800 Oak Ridge Turnpike
Post Office Box #350
Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0350
(615) 482-0479
10
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Title: SUPERFUND — PROGRAM STANDARDIZATION TO ACCELERATE
REMEDIAL DESIGN AND REMEDIAL ACTION AT NPL SITES
Authors: M. Shaheer Alvi, P.E.
Ming Kuo, Ph.D., P.E.
The Alternative Remedial Contracting Strategy Contracts (ARCS) were designed to provide
flexibility, accountability and rapid response capability for hazardous waste site clean-up. It is also
the intention of these ARCS Contracts to be able to quickly put together and assemble bid
specifications and other materials to initiate the Remedial Design and Remedial Action at hazardous
waste sites. The concept of “Superfund Program Standardization” is to support the attainment of the
above-mentioned ARCS goals.
USEPA Region II under the ARCS Program has developed various Generic Technical Documents and
Drawings to facilitate the preparation of documents and reports efficiently and cost effectively.
These standardized documents and drawings were intended to provide consistency and uniformity of
technical requirements, and eliminate duplication and uncertainty, thereby resulting in a significant
savings of time and cost in the preparation of site-specific documents. The generic technical
documents developed include a Generic Work Plan, a Generic Field Sampling and Analysis Plan, a
Generic Health & Safety Plan and a Generic Quality Assurance Plan for project planning. A generic
Subcontract Bid Package for survey and Drilling Services and a Cost Screening Database were repaired
for Remedial Investigations and Feasibility Study activities, respectively. In addition, Generic
Remedial Design Specifications and Drawings were developed for a variety of treatment technologies
and equipment including pumps, air stripping, carbon adsorption, extraction and injection wells,
capping and fence details.
The generic technical documents were designed in a template format so that the standard sections with
generic description can be easily used in site-specific documents with minor changes. In addition,
the boilerplate sections can be incorporated by filling the site-specific information in the blanks. All
generic documents are available in PC diskettes in order to minimize typing requirements. The
generic remedial design specifications were prepared in accordance with the Construction
Specification Institute (CSI) format. The generic Remedial Design (RD) drawings were developed
with the aid of an Automatic Computer Aided Design (Auto CAD) System, incorporating the standard
details (database) common to most major treatment systems. The Auto CAD standard detail
drawings/files can be retrieved for ease of reference and/or modified for new drawings in various
scales. The utilizations of the standardized documents and drawings for project planning, remedial
investigation, feasibility study and remedial design should result in reasonable savings in budget and
time.
11
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M. Shaheer Alvi, P.E., Chief
Contract Management Section
Emergency and Remedial Response Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Region II
New York, NY 10278
(212) 264-2221
Shaheer Alvi possesses over twenty-five years of experience in the environmental and civil
engineering fields. He has been responsible to manage and direct the Superfund remedial and
enforcement support contracts ins Region II for the past six years. Shaheer Alvi has extensive
involvement in planning, design and remediation at NPL sites. Prior to his involvement in Superfund
program, Shaheer Alvi managed the design and construction of wastewater conveyance and treatment
facilities under the construction grants program of the Clean Water Act.
Earlier in his career, for several years he worked as a consulting engineer on numerous environmental
and civil engineering projects. Shaheer Alvi is a licensed professional engineer in the State of New
York and has authored/co-authored several technical papers.
Ming Kuo, Ph.D., P.E.
ARCS 11 Program Technical Support Manager
Lyndhurst, NJ
Dr. Ming Kuo has over 25 years experience in environmental engineering field and has handled many
hazardous waste remedial design and construction projects. During the past 10 years, Ming Kuo has
been a feasibility study leader, site manager and technical consultant for the Superfund Programs.
As ARCS II Technical Support Manager, he has over-all technical support, quality assurance and
quality control responsibilities for the program. Ming Kuo is a registered professional engineer in
the States of New York and New Jersey and has authored/co-authored numerous technical papers.
12
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Title: COMPOSITE CONCRETE LINERS FOR LOW LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTES
Authors: Tom Ambalam, P.E.
Gary Koci
BACKGROUND : Solidification offers a means of permanent disposal for the disposal of low-level
radioactive wastes. Cement grout mixed with liquid radioactive wastes for solidification requires a
containment vessel. Concrete vaults designed for containment with composite liners meet the
requirements of Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and Department of Energy (DOE) waste
disposal criteria. This paper reports the design approach and construction techniques employed in
meeting the Minimum Technology Guidance requirements of USEPA, for the Grout Waste Disposal
Facility, under construction, at a DOE site in Hanford, Washington.
ANALYSTS : Concrete vaults are designed with structural integrity and environmental safeguards.
The design is unique in that the vault serves as a containment vessel until the solidification is
complete and as a component of the composite liner system throughout its life in compliance with
RCRA rules. The protective coating of the interior of the vault and concrete serves as a primary
leachate collection system. The vault is supported by a concrete catch basin which serves as a
secondary leachate collection system. The basin is overlaid with a high density polyethylene liner to
serve as secondary composite liner. A leachate sump pit, diffusion barriers and drainage path are
some special design features of this facility.
FTN1MNGS : Once solidification is complete, no leachate generation is possible. However, during the
mixing process the concrete, liners and barriers should be protected against thermal gradients to
prevent migration of leachate. The vault needs to be protected against infiltration/exfiltration of
water and vapor to prevent leachage generation. In addition to a closure cover at the top of the vault,
diffusion barriers around the vault were to be designed with a hydraulic asphalt mix.
CONCLUSION : Concrete is an effective alternative for liquid radioactive wastes when solidification
is a means of disposal. The new developments in thermoplastic membranes and geotextiles enhance
the potential of concrete liners to meet the minimum technology guidance criteria. Barriers using
asphalt mix can be used as supplemental liners where clay may not be effective.
13
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Tom Ambalam, P.E., MSIN E6-66
Environmental Engineer
Kaiser Engineers Hanford, Inc.
Post Office Box #888
Richiand, WA 99352
(509) 376-4813
Tom Ambalam is employed as an environmental engineer with Kaiser Engineers Hanford Inc. He has
a B.S. in Civil Engineering from Annamalai University, India and a M.S. in Environmental
Engineering from University of Roorkee, India. He is registered as a Professional Engineer in the
State of Colorado. He has served as a Chief Utilities Engineer and Director of Natural Resources for
the City of Northglenn, Colorado for more than ten years. He has worked in several public sector
projects for water, waste water, solid waste and reuse projects in the U.S. for more than twenty years.
He has published several papers in waste treatment processes and water reclamation management.
Gary Koci, MSIN E6-31
Kaiser Engineers Hanford Inc.
Post Office Box #888
Richland, WA 99352
(509) 376-6049
Gary Koci is a civil/structural engineer with over twenty years of design and construction experience.
He has a B.S. in Civil Engineering from the University of Nebraska. In the last fifteen years, he has
been involved with the construction of nuclear process and power plants. He is also experienced in
mining and industrial design work.
14
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Title: EPA’S NEW INDEMNIFICATION GUIDELINE& THEIR EFFECT ON REMEDIAL
DESIGNS AND REMEDIAL ACTIONS
Authors: Kenneth W. Ayers, P.E.
After operating for more than three years under Rinterimw guidelines, the Office of Waste Program
Enforcement will issue in March 1990 final guidelines for granting indemnification for pollution
liability by EPA to response action contractors. These new guidelines will drastically alter both the
amount of indemnification available from EPA and the time period covered when indemnification
is provided.
This paper will detail the changes from the interim guidance and the potential impacts, both cost and
time, on remedial action contractors providing remedial design and action services to EPA. It will
also explore the impact the guidelines will have on EPA’s current operating protocols for the program.
15
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Kenneth W. Ayers, P.E.
Chief, Design and Construction Management Branch
Hazardous Site Control Division
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street S.W. (OS-220W)
Washington, DC 20460
(703) 308-8393
Mr. Ayers received a B.S. degree in Civil Engineering from the University of Texas at Austin in 1974,
an M.P.A. at the University of Oklahoma in 1978, and a M.S. degree in Civil Engineering from the
University of Minnesota in 1980. Mr. Ayers worked as an Environmental Engineer in the U.S. Army
from 1974 to 1978, and was a Graduate Assistant at the University of Minnesota from 1978 to 1979.
He also served as an Environmental Engineer in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers from 1979 to 1980,
and for the U.S. Public Health Service (Indian Health Service) from 1980 to 1987. At present, Mr.
Ayers is the Chief of the Design and Construction Management Branch at the USEPA.
16
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Title: THE IMPORTANCE OF PRE-DESIGN STUDIES IN SUPERFUND
REMEDIATION
Authors: Jeffrey Bennett, P.E.
Richard McCollum, P.E.
William McCabe, P.E.
The Marathon Battery Superfund Site involves heavy metal contamination along the Hudson River
in Cold Spring, NY. The remediation overview is being handled by the U.S. EPA with project
management by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Malcolm Pirnie is the design engineer.
The contamination was created by an old battery manufacturing operation which discharged nickel,
cadmium, and cobalt wastes. Cleanup is complicated by the variety of environments involved, the
proximity of a 200 plus acre wildlife refuge, the historical significance of the site and associated
archeological investigations, and a high level of concern from the abutting community.
This project involves a number of interesting design and construction issues including:
o development of a dredging program for an environmentally sensitive wetland,
o bench and pilot scale treatability testing to develop an effective fixation procedure,
and
o extensive evaluation of transport options for movement of construction materials and
stabilized waste.
This paper will focus on the importance of studies performed after the RI/FS and ROD were
finalized. These include efforts to better define areas of contamination using geostatistical analysis;
evaluation of alternative dredging procedures based on cost effectiveness and environmental impacts;
and material transport analysis of rail, road and water-based options.
The results of these pre-design efforts substantially affected design and construction by reducing the
proposed remediation zones, providing for isolation and safeguarding of a sensitive waterfowl
sanctuary and developing a balanced transportation plan which will reduce both project costs and
local impacts of construction.
17
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Jeffrey R.. Bennett, P.E.
Vice President
Malcolm Pirnie, Inc.
2 Corporate Park Drive
White Plains, NY 10602
(914) 641-2649
A licensed engineer, Mr. Bennett has a BSCE degree from Tufts University and an MBA from the
University of New Hampshire. He is a Diplomate of the American Academy of Environmental
Engineers and is active in a number of professional societies.
As a Vice President of Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., Mr. Bennett is responsible for directing a variety of
hazardous waste projects for industrial and military clients. He is also the firm’s overall coordinator
of DoD projects.
Richard McCollum, P.E.
Chief, Superfund Section
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
Kansas City District
William McCabe, P.E.
Chief, NY/Caribbean Remedial Action Branch
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region II
18
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Title: RI/FS AND ERA IMPACTS ON RD/RA AT SUPERFUND SITES
Authors: William J. Bolen
Earl H. Brown
James A. Werling
BACKGROUND : An initial Remedial Investigation was started at a former metal plating facility
located in Indiana. This NPL site is located approximately 800 feet away from a city weilfield
utilizing the same aquifer that was subsequently found to be contaminated via leaching from the site.
During RI scoping, a preliminary public health evaluation identified excess health risks associated
with chromium, and a fast-track approach for site remediation was taken. In order to remove the
source of the contamination, the former metal plating building and soils were removed during the
conductance of an Expedited Response Action (ERA).
ANALYSIS : ERAs were created in response to the February 1986, update to the National
Contingency Plan (NCP) which redefined the response categories of removal actions and remedial
actions. The primary purpose of ERAs is to enable fast-track cleanups of site contamination by
streamlining the Remedial Feasibility Study (RI/FS) process. The ERA also accomplishes partial or
potentially complete site remediation consistent with a permanent remedy. The implementation of
the ERA allows ongoing or future RI/FS activities to progress more easily by removing or controlling
on-site wastes. In this case the ERA process was further streamlined by applying USEPA expert
technical system analysis and cost system model, enabling the USEPA to produce a decision document
on the preferred method of remediation in 2 weeks.
FINDINGS : After completion of the ERA, the FS was greatly simplified in that the only remaining
media of concern was groundwater. The selected remedial action to remediate the threat, pump and
treat, was further simplified by the conductance of an aquifer test during the ERA. This resulted in
a complete system design for technical pump and treat system prior to initiation of the Remedial
Design. The only remaining significant task is the completion of a piping system before remediation
activities can begin.
19
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William J. Bolen
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
230 South Dearborn, 5HS1 1
Chicago, IL 60604
(312) 353-6316
Bill Bolen is a project manager with the USEPA in Chicago, Illinois, where he oversees the
investigation and remediation of five Superfund Sites in Illinois and Indiana. Prior to that, he was
employed by Woodward-Clyde Consultants as a geologist based in their Chicago office. He holds a
B.S. in Geology from Illinois State University. Mr. Bolen has been actively engaged throughout his
career in seeking innovative approaches to the investigation and remediation of hazardous waste sites.
Earl H. Brown
Project Manager
ICF Kaiser Engineers
Robinson Plaza II, Suite #200
Pittsburgh, PA 15205
(412) 788-9200
Earl Brown is a project manager with ICF Kaiser Engineers, located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He
has been involved in the environmental engineering field for 13 years investigating contaminant
migration and remediation for coal, municipal and hazardous waste facilities. Mr. Brown has a
Bachelor of Science degree in Environmental Science and an MSCE in Environmental Engineering.
He has managed RI/FS projects and design activities in the states of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Ohio,
Louisiana, New Jersey and Kansas.
James A. Werling, Jr.
Project Manager
ICF Kaiser Engineers
Robinson Plaza II, Suite #200
Pittsburgh, PA 15205
(412) 788-9200
James Werling is a project manager with ICF Kaiser Engineers in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He has
been involved in hazardous site assessment for 8 years. Mr. Werling has a Bachelors degree in wildlife
biology and a master degree in hydrology from West Virginia University.
20
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Title: SOIL-BENTONITE BACKFILL COMPATIBILITY TESTING
Authors: Jane M. Bolton
David Jaros
James M. Zeltinger
During the 1940’s and 1950’s wastewater from the production of Army agents was discharged into the
Lime Settling Basins at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Commerce City, Colorado, causing extensive
groundwater and soil contamination. A containment system consisting of a 360-degree soil-bentonite
slurry trench cutoff, vegetative cover, and groundwater extraction trench will be built at the site. The
presence of chemical contaminants in soil and/or groundwater may significantly alter the rate of
water movement through a soil medium. The purpose of this testing program is to find the mixture
of backfill material; coarse and fine-grained soil, bentonite, and water to produce an in-place
hydraulic conductivity of 1 x i0 ’ cm/sec or less and shows the least variation in hydraulic
conductivity between tap water and contaminated groundwater.
Four suppliers provided bentonite samples for this project. A bentonite source will be chosen based
on results of free swell and filter cake compatibility tests. Optimization testing (2 to 3 day fixed wall
permeability tests) determines the most economical combination of bentonite, fines, coarse grained
soil and water with a laboratory hydraulic conductivity of I x 10-8 cm/sec or less. The amounts of
bentonite (up to 4% dry) and fines (up to 30% greater than the natural borrow soil) are varied during
these tests. Long-term (approximately 2 months) flexible wall permeability tests are conducted
utilizing the optimization testing results. Three permeameter tests will be run; a control test with tap
water as the permeant using the optimum mix, a test using the same mix with contaminated
groundwater as the permeant after the first pore volume of effluent, and a test using a mix with 2%
greater than optimum bentonite and the contaminated groundwater permeant after the first pre
volume of effluent. The mix which exhibits the lowest hydraulic contaminated groundwater, and
visual alteration during testing will be chosen for construction.
21
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Jane M. Bolton
Civil Engineer
Hazardous and Toxic Waste Geotechnical Section
Geotechnical Branch
Omaha District
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (CEMRO-ED-GF)
215 North 17th Street
Omaha, NE 68102-4978
(402) 221-4169
Jane M. Bolton holds a B.S. degree in Geology from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and
an M.S. in Civil Engineering from Colorado State University, Fort Collins. Between degrees she
worked for Texaco Inc. in Houston, Texas and Denver, Colorado as a Geophysicist doing seismic data
processing, and as a Geologist for the U.S. Bureau of Mines in Lakewood, Colorado. Ms. Bolton
presently works for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in Omaha, Nebraska in the HTW Geotechnical
Section. While at the Corps she has participated in the design of remedial actions at Superfund and
DERP sites, review of Architect/Engineer remedial designs, and the development of scopes of work
for remedial design efforts.
David Jaros
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
James M. Zeltinger
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
22
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Title: INNOVATIVE DESIGN REVIEW AND SCHEDULING TOOLS: POTENTIAL
BENEFITS TO HTW REMEDIAL PROJECTS
Authors: Gregg Bridgestock
Diego Echeverry
Simon Kim
The Nation faces a task of great magnitude to restore its contaminated sites. Conservative estimates
indicate a cost of hundreds of billions of dollars of remedial work. In addition to the magnitude,
other issues add to the challenge: (1) hazardous nature of handled materials; (2) need to utilize cutting
edge restoring technologies; and (3) uncertainty on degree of contamination or amount of
contaminated material.
Because of these demanding characteristics, the performance of remedial projects is far from optimal.
Substantial time delays and cost overruns are too common. Errors, omissions and inconsistencies in
design documents may account for a large percent of all change orders encountered during
construction. Even though these documents pass through multiple reviews by various design
disciplines during the stages of design creation, major deficiencies still manage to be overlooked.
The utilization of innovative project management techniques could make the management of remedial
projects more effective. USACERL has developed a number of tools to enhance the management of
traditional construction projects, which could also benefit Hazardous Toxic Waste (HTW) remedial
projects if properly adapted.
One current research project being conducted at USACERL has concentrated on developing a system
that will assist project design reviewers in performing their task more accurately and efficiently. This
paper will describe an easy-to-use personal computer (PC)-based system, which incorporates expert-
system technology (knowledge-based system), being designed to act as a desk-top consultant that can
effectively assist and interact with reviewers. The system currently focuses on the Biddability,
Constructability and Operability (BCO) areas of review by providing specialized checklists of
information to aid the reviewer in conducting a thorough review. USACERL is considering
developing a fourth review category to add to this existing system which will cover issues pertaining
to Construction Claims Prevention. This paper will also discuss the approach and potential benefits
of this expanded system and its application to HTW remedial projects.
Another USACERL project is developing innovative techniques that facilitate the estimation of
construction project durations and the generation of construction schedules, at early design stages.
A pilot knowledge-based system has been developed that, based on basic building information (size,
main system alternatives, etc.), is able to produce a construction schedule template. It is believed that
the application of the same concepts to HTW remedial projects could result in improved time
estimation and time control tools. A proposed approach for applying these concepts and their
potential benefits will also be examined in the paper.
23
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Gregory Bridgestock
Construction Management Team
Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (USACERL)
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Post Office Box #4005
Champaign, IL 61820
(217) 373-6744
Mr. Gregory Bridgestock is a Principal Investigator in the Construction Management Team of the
Facilities System Division of the Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (USACERL). He
is currently a Principal Investigator researching the development of automation support for
design/constructability reviews as well as assisting with the development of a knowledge base for
alternative construction methods. Prior to his position at USACERL, Mr. Bridgestock was involved
in design and project management at the US. Army Corps of Engineers, Sacramento District in
Sacramento, CA. As a designer he was accountable for the coordination and integration of various
design disciplines and directly responsible for the design of $8,500,000 worth of military Construction
projects. As a project manager he accounted for the construction contract award of $126,000,000
worth of Army Family Housing and $40,000,000 worth of various military facilities. Mr. Bridgestock
was selected to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Headquarters’ National Evaluation Team for Family
Housing in 1989. Mr. Bridgestock received his Bachelor of Science in Architectural Studies in 1979
and Master of Architecture/Master of Science in Civil Engineering in 1983 from the University of
Illinois.
Diego Echeverry
Construction Management Team
Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (USACERL)
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Mr. Diego Echeverry earned his Civil Engineering degree at the Universidad de los Andes, Bogota,
Colombia, in 1980, and his MS in Civil Engineering at the University of illinois, Urbana, in 1984.
He has work experience in structural design, construction planning and control and computer
programming. He has been involved in construction research for the last five years as a Ph.D.
candidate at the University of Illinois and as a researcher at the U.S. Army Construction Engineering
Research Laboratory (USACERL), where he is currently a Principal Investigator. Present research
interests include innovative computer technologies applied to Construction planning and control.
Simon Kim
Construction Management Team
Facility Systems Division
Construction Engineering Research Laboratory
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Champaign, IL
Dr. Simon Kim currently serves as Team Leader, Construction Management Team of the Facility
Systems Division at the U. S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (USACERL),
Champaign, Illinois. He conducts and directs a variety of basic and developmental research activities
in support of the U.S. Army Military Construction Programs. Dr. Kim received a BS in Civil
Engineering from the Seoul National University, Korea, and an MS and a PhD in Civil Engineering
from the University of illinois, Urbana. He also received an MBA from the University of Illinois in
1988.
24
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Title: REMEDIAL AND POST-CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES AT THE TRIANGLE
CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE
Authors: Roger C. Brown, P.E.
Triangle Chemical Company is a bankrupt, abandoned chemical blending and packaging company
located on a tributary of Cow Bayou in Bridge City, Texas. This NPL Site is a state-lead Superfund
Site administered by TWC. EPA took control of the site in 1982 and conducted an immediate
response action, removing 1000 drums containing 21,000 gallons of liquid waste stored in the open
with no containment. Contamination at the site was generally volatile organic compounds in the soil
and upper aquifer. There were several large tanks with another 50,000 gallons of various chemicals,
which were emptied and cleaned during the Remedial Action. Following a detailed remedial
investigation and feasibility study, mechanical aeration of the soil and natural attenuation of
groundwater were chosen as the selected treatment methods. Mechanical aeration was tested, utilizing
a full-scale pilot study during the pre-design phase. The results of this pilot study were used to form
the basis for development of field controls for the remediation. The remediation was conducted on
a compressed schedule, and was completed in February, 1987. Data from quarterly groundwater
samples collected since 1987 has produced a data bank to realistically project the natural attenuation
rates expected. The Project Close Out Report produced by EPA is now available for review by the
public.
25
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Roger C. Brown, P.E.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
5599 San Felipe, Suite #700
Houston, TX 77056
(713) 621-1620
Roger Brown was educated as a Civil/Structural Engineer and has done the Remedial Design and
Construction Management assistance on the Triangle Chemical Company Superfund Site and the
Highlands Acid Pit Superfund Site. Mr. Brown has been the Lead Construction Inspector on the
Texas Highway Department SPUR 548 project which involved the demolition of a creosote plant and
the permanent on-site encapsulation of the waste under the Hardy Toll Road. He has been the On-
Site Construction Manager for the construction of a groundwater recovery system and treatment plant
for Fisher Scientific, and provided Construction Oversight for a groundwater recovery, treatment and
re-injection project for Occidental Petroleum at the Zoecon Facility in Dallas. Mr. Brown has also
worked in numerous functions in Design and Construction on water and wastewater projects.
26
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Title: AREAWIDE IMPLEMENTATION OF GROUNDWATER INSTITUTIONAL
CONTROLS FOR SUPERFUND SITES
Authors: David G. Byro
BACKGROUND : A large percentage of residents in Chester County, PA, rely on individual private
wells for their water supply. Within Chester County there are nine NPL sites, eight of which have
contaminated groundwater. A number of RODS for those sites have or will require institutional
controls on the installation of new wells within the plume. These controls have been difficult if not
impossible to implement in the past.
ANALYSIS : Concerned for the health of residents who may unknowingly develop new wells within
contaminated groundwater from the NPL sites, Chester County Health Department (CCHD) requested
assistance from EPA. Seeing an opportunity to meet the institutional control requirements of a
number of RODS, EPA developed and assisted CCHD in implementing a well permitting procedure
that effectively controls this health threat.
FINDINGS : This simple interagency coordination has provided a significant environmental benefit
for little resources, while providing support to CCHD in enforcing their well permit review program
and enabling EPA to implement the institutional control requirements of its RODS.
CONCLUSIONS : Institutional controls have often had a negative impact on RD/RA5 by consuming
the manager’s time trying to implement them. The well permit review procedures implemented in
Chester County, PA, resolved this problem. There is the potential to gain further environmental
benefits nationwide by implementing similar procedures wherever a local government agency has a
well permitting program.
27
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David G. Byro, RPM
U.S. EPA, Region ifi (3HW21)
841 Chestnut Building
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215) 597-8250
(FTS-597-8250)
Mr. Byro graduated from Florida Institute of Technology in 1979, earning a B.S. in Biological
Oceanography. Upon graduation he served for two years in the Peace Corps, where he applied some
of his educational knowledge working as a fisheries volunteer in the Philippines.
Mr. Byro began his career at EPA (Region Ill) in 1984, managing wastewater design and construction
projects in the Municipal Facilities Branch. After a short detail as an enforcement officer in the Air
Management Division, he began his current position in January, 1989 as a Remedial Project Manager
in the Superfund Branch.
He currently manages three Superfund projects in S.E. Pennsylvania Ambler, Kimberton and
Recticon/Allied Steel. Two of those projects are currently in the design phase, and the RA for
Kimberton is projected for initiation during 1991.
28
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Title: FAST-TRACKING REMEDIAL DESIGN AT THE CAPE FEAR WOOD
PRESERVING SITE
Authors: R. Tom Clark, P.E.
Diane A. Gow
Jon K. Bornholm
Fast-tracking, a method to accelerate RD and RA projects by eliminating and/or rearranging various
tasks, can be successfully applied to the Remedial Design (RD) and Remedial Action (RA) work
elements in the cleanup of hazardous waste sites. Traditional fast-tracking techniques are applied
most often to projects which exhibit the following characteristics:
o The applied technology remedy utilizes a proven technology.
o Treatability studies are not required, or have already been completed during the
Remedial Investigation or Feasibility Study, and only minimal additional field data
is required.
o A value engineering study is usually not necessary.
o Intermediate design tasks are not required, and third party design reviews can be
accomplished concurrently.
o The site and conditions present no unusual property access problems or permitting
requirements.
This paper presents a case history in which innovative fast-tracking techniques were applied to
remedial design. Although this project did not exhibit all the characteristics usually conducive to
fast-tracking, it was completed in an expeditious manner by omitting tangential design tasks,
carefully scheduling select tasks, and combining intermediate and prefinal design. Most importantly,
a preliminary design meeting was held between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and
its consultants during a critical phase of the project to resolve key design issues and facilitate design
completion.
In August 1989, EPA retained Camp Dresser & McKee Inc. (CDM), through its CDM Federal
Programs Corporation subsidiary, to complete a remedial design of the Cape Fear Wood Preserving
Site, an abandoned wood treating facility located in Fayetteville, North Carolina. EPA’s original
Statement of Work included eleven major design tasks, each typical of an RD work assignment for
a Superfund site. After the Final Work Plan and Field Operations Plan were approved, EPA, in an
effort to obligate funds for the Remedial Action phase, directed CDM to finish the design by the end
of EPA’s fiscal year 1990. As a result, five major changes were made to the original scope of work,
three tasks were eliminated, and the design schedule was ultimately shortened by approximately five
months.
This paper presents a history and description of the Cape Fear Site and elements most suited to fast-
tracking, compares the original and final scope of work for the site, and presents specific techniques
used for fast-tracking the remedial design for this project.
29
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R. Tom Clark, P.E.
Senior Environmental Engineer
Camp Dresser & McKee Inc.
2100 RiverEdge Parkway, Suite #400
Atlanta, GA 30328
(404) 952-8643
Mr. Clark is a senior environmental engineer with the consulting firm Camp Dresser & McKee Inc.
in Atlanta, Georgia. A project manager in CDM’s Hazardous Waste/Industrial Services Group, Mr.
Clark leads a multidisciplinary team of engineers and scientists in the planning, investigation, and
remedial design of Superfund and non-Superfund hazardous waste sites. Most recently, he served as
project manager for the fast-track remedial design of the Cape Fear Wood Preserving Site, as well
as lead designer and remedial action project manager for a Florida Superfund site currently in the
cleanup phase. Mr. Clark holds BS degrees in chemistry and chemical engineering from Baylor
University and Texas Tech University.
Diane A. Gow
Environmental Engineer
Camp Dresser & McKee Inc.
2100 RiverEdge Parkway, Suite #400
Atlanta, GA 30328
(404) 952-8643
Ms. Gow is an environmental engineer with the consulting firm Camp Dresser & McKee Inc. in
Atlanta, Georgia. A member of CDM’s Hazardous Waste/Industrial Services Group, Ms. Gow
participates in a variety of hazardous waste investigation and remediation projects at sites throughout
the Southeastern United States, with an emphasis on remedial design. She holds BS and ME degrees
from the University of South Florida and University of Florida, where she was awarded the
government Refuse Collection and Disposal Association Scholarship and the Florida Institute of
Consulting Eng neers Scholarship.
Jon K. Bornholm
Environmental Engineer
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
345 Courtland Street N.E.
Atlanta, GA 30365
(404) 347-7791
Mr. Bornholm is an environmental engineer with the U.S. EPA in Region IV, Atlanta, Georgia. As
a Remedial Project Manager (RPM) in the North Remedial Superfund Branch, Mr. Bornholm manages
the multi-faceted enforcement and remedial activities of the Superfund program at five Superfund
sites. He coordinated and directed the Agency’s effort in fast-tracking the remedial design at the
Cape Fear Wood Preserving Site. Mr. Bornholm holds BS degrees in Biology and Secondary Education
from Grove City College and an MS in Civil Engineering from the University of Pittsburgh.
30
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Title: EPA/LABOR HEALTH AND SAFETY TASK FORCE
Authors: Joe Cocalis
Rod Turpin
John Moran
Donald Elisburg
In response to worker protection issues arising from activities on two NPL sites in 1989, Mr. Donald
Clay established a Special Health and Safety Task Force. The Task Force, focusing only upon worker
safety and health issues pertaining to hazardous waste sites, is composed of key EPA personnel from
headquarters and Edison, N.J., and personnel representing the three principal construction trade
unions involved in hazardous waste site clean-up. OSHA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers are
technical advisors to the Task Force.
The Task Force has dedicated substantial effort to reviewing site safety and health issues and all
OSWER Superfund safety and health directives and guidelines. Revisions to some of these and the
issuance of guideline documents resulting from the Task Force efforts will be reviewed.
31
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Joe Cocalis
DCMB, NSCD, OERR
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region II
401 M Street S.W. (OS-220W)
Washington, DC 20460
(703) 308-8356
Joe Cocalis is a career Public Health Service Officer assigned to EPA HQ’s Design and Construction
Management Branch within Superfund. Mr. Cocalis currently serves as the RD/RA Regional
Coordinator for Region II, and as the Co-Chair of Don Clay’s Special EPA-Labor Health and Safety
Task Force. He is registered as a Professional Engineer with the State of Colorado (P.E.), a Diplomate
of the American Academy of Environmental Engineers (DEE), a Certified Industrial Hygienist (CIH),
and a Certified Safety Professional (CSP). Mr. Cocalis has a Bachelors Degree in Civil Engineering
from the University of Texas, and Masters Degrees in Occupational Health and Safety Engineering
and Engineering of Mines from West Virginia University. His prior job experience includes
assignments to NIOSH, the U.S. Coast Guard, and the U.S. Army.
Rod D. Turpin
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ERT
101 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
(201) 321—6741
Rod Turpin holds a B.S. in Food Industry, and a M.S. in Environmental Science from Rutgers
University. His current position is Chief of USEPA’s Safety and Air Surveillance Section on the
Environmental Response Team. He also serves as the Occupational Health and Safety Manager for
USEPA’s Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.
John Moran
Labor’s National Health and Safety Fund
905 - 16th Street N.W.
Washington, DC 20006- 1765
(202) 628-5465
Donald Elisburg
Occupational Health Foundation
32
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Title: A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR EFFICIENT
LONG-TERM OVERSIGHT
Authors: Patti Collins
A practical project management system has been developed to facilitate the long-term oversight of
the remediation at the MEW (Middlefield, Ellis, and Whisman streets) Superfund site in Mountain
View, CA. The MEW study area encompasses the contamination from the facilities of 17 potentially
responsible parties (PRPs) including private semiconductor industries and 2 Federal Facilities (U.S.
Navy and NASA). Cleanup of the contaminated soils and groundwater is proceeding under a
combination of EPA enforcement orders, and negotiated settlements, and is estimated to continue for
over 100 years.
By early 1990, the process of project management and PRP oversight was becoming increasingly
complicated because each PRP’s contractor had a different report format using only small facility
maps. No current area-wide maps existed. In addition, the work being conducted by the various
PRPs was proceeding on different schedules with volumes of design deliverables and field reports to
be reviewed. And after the 1989 earthquake, the historical data was inaccessible in storage.
Efficient, comprehensive oversight and long-term continuity from one project manager to the next
was impossible without a radical change in the project’s management. Otherwise, the need for ready
access to the engineering, geological, and regulatory data could not be met.
The solution was to automate the site data with the objective of efficient long-term management.
Automation would allow a quick overview of any aspect of the cleanup process. For example, the
progress of soil remediation at each of the facilities could be quickly shown on one computer
generated map; a map that would take weeks to create by hand. A series of maps showing changes
in chemical concentrations would show any movement of the plume, allow a faster evaluation of the
effectiveness of the remediation system, and be quickly generated by computer since the chemical
data from the monitoring wells would be in the computer database.
The project management plan included: 1. design the database such that any engineering, geological,
and/or regulatory information could be plotted on a map using the geographical information system
(GIS) called ARCINFO, 2. index all the documents in the site file using a computer indexed document
retrieval system, 3. track the complicated schedules of deliverables and activities using software like
Viewpoint, and 4. create a uniform report format for all text, drawings, and maps, including
submission of well monitoring data on disc.
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Patti Collins
Superfund Project Manager
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Revion IX
75 Hawthorne Street, H-6-3
San Francisco, CA 94105-3901
(415) 744-2229
Patti Collins manages 5 Superfund sites in the South Bay Section of the Hazardous Waste Management
Division in Region IX in San Francisco. These sites range in size from small sites to large complex
sites such as discussed at this conference. She graduated from the University of California at
Berkeley with a degree in geophysics. She has traveled extensively throughout the world. She brings
to her work at EPA, over 10 years of technical and project management experience in petroleum
exploration. She also directs the Multi-Source Groundwater Contamination Workgroup of EPA
Remedial Project Managers. The workgroup provides a forum for the exchange of ideas and is
currently aprticipating in the development of project management guidance for complex sites.
34
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Title: VERIFYING DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS DURING CONSTRUCTION OF
GROUNDWATER REMEDIATIONS
Authors: Michael E. Cram
David J. Becker
BACKGROUNTh The goal of the construction of a groundwater remediation system is to achieve and
maintain a system which accomplishes remedial objectives. Design of such systems often involves
many unknowns, even with good predesign investigations. Data which become available during
construction can be used to improve the latter stages of construction and/or the operation and
maintenance of the system. We emphasize the need to properly gather and assess this data.
Parameters such as stratigraphy, well/trench yield, aquifer properties, well efficiencies, chemical
concentrations (contaminant and natural ion), and water levels are assumed or estimated to some
extent in design. Often, however, data from construction are not gathered or utilized to confirm or
refine these estimates. Often, specifications do not require accurate logs, as-built drawings of the
wells or trenches, or other construction records. There is also often poor communication of such data
collection needs between the designers and the field inspectors. As examples, two case histories are
referenced: the Phoenix-Goodyear (AZ) and Milicreek (PA) Superfund sites.
CONSTRUCTION GENERATED DATA AND ANALYSIS : We recommend that the following data
be gathered during construction, either by the contractors, trained field inspectors, or even the
designers: 1) accurate logs of borings and trench excavations, 2) accurate records of pumping rates
and associated water levels during dewatering and/or test pumping, 3) good as-built drawings of
wells, trenches, and collectors, 4) initial well-specific chemical sampling for contaminants and natural
ions, 5) well development records, 6) water levels from edge of well pack during test pumping (for
well efficiency), and 7) seasonal water levels from production wells before pump placement (if
schedule permits). These data should be analyzed by the designers during construction for comparison
with assumed values. Potential changes in design of other project components, such as the treatment
plant, should be considered, if warranted. The information should also be analyzed for any effects
on start-up and operation procedures.
RECOMMENDATIONS : Specifications must require good data collection during construction. This
information needs to get back to designers during construction. The designers must prepare good
instructions to the field defining their needs. Well/trench construction should be done before
treatment plant Construction, if possible, to allow time for any changes in plant design. Finally,
construction generated data must be considered in preparing the operations and maintenance plan.
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Michael E. Cram
Design and Review Unit
Geology Section
Omaha District
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
CEMRO-ED-GC
215 North 17th Street
Omaha, NE 68 102-4978
(402) 221-4494
Michael E. Cram is currently leader of the Geological Engineering Studies, Design and Review Unit
in the Geology Section, Omaha District, Corps of Engineers. He has a B.S. in Geological Engineering
from the University of Missouri at Rolla. He has been with the Corps for approximately seven years
and has over five years of experience in hazardous waste site investigations and remediation.
David J. Becker
Chief, Geology Section
Omaha District
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
CEMRO-ED-GC
215 North 17th Street
Omaha, NE 68 102-4978
(402) 221-4494
David J. Becker is currently Chief, Geology Section of the Omaha District, corps of engineers and
has been with the Corps for approximately seven years. He has a M.S. in geophysics from Southern
Methodist University and a B.S. in geology from the University of Nebraska at Omaha. He has had
over 6 years of experience in hazardous waste site investigations and remedial design.
36
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Title: CASE STUDY: GENEVA INDUSTRIES SUPERFUND SITE — HOUSTON, TEXAS
Authors: Paul B. Cravens, P.E.
BACKGROUNft The Geneva Industries is an abandoned chemical manufacturing plant and oil
refinery. Soil and shallow groundwater on the site had been contaminated with PCBs and related by-
products from the plant operations. Geneva was placed on the NPL in 1983, and the EPA performed
emergency cleanup operations soon thereafter. Following an investigation of the site conditions and
a feasibility study for remediation, a Record of Decision was issued providing for the removal of the
grossly contaminated soils and the construction of a permanent cap and slurry wall. The groundwater
remediation phase is to follow the completion of the source control. Work on the source control phase
of the project began in May 1988 and was completed in June 1990. The project was delayed for
about ten months due to outside factors, including a lawsuit by the State of Alabama.
ANALYSIS : The contract between the contractor and the Texas Water Commission for the source
remediation allowed for the negotiation of changes in contract time or cost when changes in the scope
of work were necessary. A total of 39 formal claims were made by the contractor within the period
of the contract, and a total of 29 change orders have been issued to date based upon these claims,
including five credit change orders for changes in the scope that were beneficial to the contractor.
The change orders increased the project cost by about 30 percent of the original contract price.
FINDINGS : A great number of man-hours were expended by all parties in the management of
change order claims. Each claim required detailed negotiations, dispute resolution, and contract
interpretation. The contract wording became critical in these negotiations and the presence of unclear
or contradictory language greatly affected the ease of negotiations.
CONCLUSIONS : Clear contract language is necessary for effective good-faith negotiations. Field
orders should be the basis of all change orders. Early negotiations of cost and time are essential to
avoid conflicting views of claims for work performed, since determination of compensation after the
work is done will more often than not draw out the claim processing procedure.
37
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Paul B. Cravens, P.E.
Texas Water Commission
Hazardous and Solid Waste Division
Superfund and Emergency Response Section
Post Office Box #13087, Capitol Station
Austin, TX 78711-3087
(512) 463-7760
Paul Cravens has been a Project Manager with the Superfund Section of the Texas Water Commission
since October 1989. Previously, he practiced Geotechnical and Construction Materials Engineering
in the private sector, most recently as a Regional Division Manager for an ENR Top 500 firm. He
earned his Bachelors Degree in Civil Engineering and his Naval Officer’s commission at the
University of Texas at Austin in 1977. He has been active in the local chapters of the Texas Society
of Professional Engineers and the American Society of Civil Engineers, as well as several public
service organizations.
38
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Title: AIRBORNE EXPOSURE CONTROL AT AN ACID SLUDGE REMEDIAL SITE
Authors: Stephen L. Davis
Bhupi Khona
BACKGROUND : The project involved a lagoon that was used to dispose of various acidic wastes
from the petroleum refining industry during the period from approximately 1935 to approximately
1975. In the late 1970’s, a part of the lagoon wall failed, allowing sludge to enter a nearby creek.
This initiated a series of responses culminating in the neutralization and stabilization of the site during
1989 and 1990. During the early stages of this effort (1983), a significant release of acidic aerosols
and/or vapors occurred, requiring temporary cessation of activities and a complete redesign of the
project.
ANALYSIS : Examination of the site’s history made it clear that a significant potential existed for
hazardous exposures to on-site personnel as well as to residents of the adjacent town. A program of
air monitoring and sampling was instituted to assess airborne contaminants and hopefully aid in their
control. This included real time monitoring from an all terrain vehicle as well as from perimeter
sensors. The perimeter sensors were connected to a datalogger and computer located in the Corps of
Engineers office. The datalogger/computer combination provided a real-time alarm and the
accumulation of data from six sensors.
FINDINGS : During the period covered by this report, 1989 and 1990, a number of offgassing events
occurred, which if allowed to continue, would have presented serious risk to unprotected workers and
possibly to nearby residents.
CONCLUSIONS : The use of on-site monitoring coupled with a real-time alarm system connected
to perimeter monitors provided the opportunity to address offgassing events in a proactive fashion.
When the detection system indicated that a particular activity was generating unacceptable airborne
concentrations, suppression activities were initiated which returned airborne concentrations to
previously established acceptable levels.
39
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Stephen L. Davis
Manager, Southeastern Region
Health Safety and Training Services
MSPH, Industrial Hygiene
IT Corporation
312 Directors Drive
Knoxville, TN 37923
(615) 690-3211
Mr. Davis manages the southeastern region of Health, Safety, and Training Services of IT
Corporation. This position includes managing and/or performing a variety of activities such as health
and safety audits, air sampling, training, and exposure control planning. Mr. Davis received his
MSPH in Industrial Hygiene from the University of South Carolina in 1983.
Speaking experience includes presentations to the: American Board of Industrial Hygiene, American
Society for Testing and Materials, Tennessee Safety Congress, Tennessee Valley Section of the
American Industrial Hygiene Association, and the Carolinas Section of the American Industrial
Hygiene Association.
Bhupi Khona
Remedial Project Manager
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Region III
841 Chestnut Street
Philadelphia, PA 19107
Mr. Bhupi Khona is a Remedial Project Manager for the USEPA Region III. This position includes
managing an NPL site from start to finish. Mr. Khona was responsible for all site remedial activities
including Health and Safety. Before joining USEPA, Mr. Bhupi Khona was the Regional Health and
Safety Officer for USEPA Region III Technical Assistance Team. As the Regional Health and Safety
Officer, Mr. Khona approved health and safety plans, conducted safety audits, designed air sampling
plans for on-site and off-site monitoring, trained USEPA personnel and the Technical Assistance
Team members on health and safety.
Mr. Khona is a member of Delaware Valley Chapter of the American Industrial Hygiene Association,
American Institute of Chemical Engineers and has 15 years of industrial hygiene experience.
40
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Title: HYDROLOGIC RISK ASPECTS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE REMEDIATIONS
Authors: William Doan, P.E.
Tom Scott, P.E.
Robert Buchholz, P.E.
BACKGROUND : Many hazardous waste sites developed from light industrial processes which were
frequently located in flood plains near creeks or rivers where the real estate was relatively inexpensive
and a steady water source and discharge point were available. Federal guidelines state that before any
federal agency takes any action in a potential floodplain, the agency must first identify if the area
is indeed a floodplain. If the action involves a hazardous waste treatment, storage, or disposal facility,
the facility must be constructed, operated, and maintained to prevent washout of any hazardous waste
by a 100-year flood.
ANALYSIS : A detailed hydrologic study of the hazardous waste site should be an integral part of all
remedial investigations when the site is located near a creek or river.
FINDINGS : Hydrologic studies would greatly aid in the final design of the cleanup by identifying
the frequency and magnitude of flooding, existing and future erosion problems, and to quantify the
depth and extent of flooding. When these processes are analyzed, the final design can be
accomplished with a firm understanding of the hydrologic risks associated with the various design
alternatives. If the hydrologic risks are not identified, there exists a potential for having a project
that could continue to transport contaminants downstream, enlarge the contamination area, and induce
health risks to a much larger population.
CONCLUSIONS : The cleanup design of a hazardous waste site in a floodplain should be based on
a detailed analysis of the flooding potential of the site in order to develop the optimum engineering
design and to prevent further contaminant transportation during and after construction.
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William Doan, P.E.
Hydraulic Engineer
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Omaha District
215 North l7thStreet
Omaha, NE 68102
(402) 221-4583
Mr. Doan has a Bachelor of Science Degree in Civil Engineering from the University of Nebraska at
Omaha. He has performed hydrologic investigations and designs for the cleanup of several hazardous
waste sites. The investigations/designs involved rainfall-runoff simulation, discharge and stage
frequency analyses, dynamic river modelling, reservoir routings, wind/wave analysis, etc.
Hazardous waste sites at which Mr. Doan has performed hydrologic analysis include: EPA Superfund
sites at Charles George Landfill, Baird and McGuire, Rhinehart Tire Fire, Brown’s Battery Breaking,
Douglasville Disposal and Millcreek DoD sites at Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Hamilton AFB and West
Virginia Ordnance; and DOE sites at Rocky Flats.
Tom Scott, P.E.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Omaha District
Robert Buchholz, P.E.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Omaha District
42
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Title: SAFETY AND HEALTH TRAINING PROGRAM
Authors: D. Dobbin
J. Reimherr
The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 established a training grants program
to provide for a national cadre of workers and supervisors trained in the varied aspects of hazardous
waste operations and emergency response as categorized in the OSHA hazardous waste operations
regulations under 29 CFR 1910.120. NIEHS awarded grants for the first year of the five-year
program in September 1987.
NIEHS sponsored a National technical workshop in April 1990 which focused on “Minimum Criteria
for Worker Health and Safety Training for Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response”
and has established a National Clearinghouse to provide training information and materials developed
under the grants program.
The grant’s program, minimum training criteria, and the National Clearinghouse will be reviewed and
discussed.
43
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D. Dobbin
NIEHS Grants Administration
Post Office Box #12233
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
J. Reimherr
NIEHS Clearinghouse
44
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Title: AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AT FRENCH, LTD.
Authors: Bruce E. Dumdei
Nancy Bryant
Ted Davis
Judith Black
It was recognized, early in the RI phase of the French project, that the volatile organic compounds
present in the sludges, subsoils, and groundwater could create ambient air issues during remediation.
Our Ambient Air Quality Management program was developed by the EPA, TWC, and the responsible
parties in conjunction with the RI, the FS, and the RD phases of the project.
The ambient air quality, upwind and downwind, of the site, was carefully defined during all on-site
activities; meteorological data has been collected continuously on a 24-hour per day basis for over
three years; ambient air quality was measured hourly during remedy demonstration tests at the site;
continuous 24-hours per day, upwind and downwind, ambient air samples were collected and
analyzed for over 19 months. All of the ambient air quality data has been correlated with actual on-
site activities.
The ambient air data and the known health effects data were used to model the short-term and the
long-term health risk to the nearest receptors. A management system was developed to continuously
measure ambient air quality upwind and downwind of the site and at the nearest receptors during
remedial activities and to control the activities on the site so as to protect the nearest receptors from
any adverse health effects.
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Bruce E. Dumdei
ENSR Consulting and Engineering
740 Pasquinelli Drive
Westmat, IL 60559
(708) 887-1700
Theodore R. Davis
Project Manager
FLTG Inc.
Mr. Davis is a chemical engineering graduate of Iowa State University and is a professional engineer
registered in the state of Texas. His background includes over 20 years experience in engineering,
design, and supervision of projects while working for Bechtel and Foster Wheeler. Additionally Mr.
Davis has 10 years consulting experience for the petroleum and chemical industries concentrating on
engineering design/project supervision with a particular emphasis on environmental considerations.
Currently Mr. Davis is the Project Manager for FLTG inc. with responsibilities for the engineering,
construction, and operation for the remediation of the French Ltd. Superfund site.
Nancy Bryant
ENSR Consulting and Engineering
740 Pasquinelli Drive
Westmont, IL 60559
Judith Black
Project Manager
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region VI
Dallas, TX
Judith Black is an environmental geologist working for the U.S. EPA, Region 6 in Dallas, Texas. She
is a Superfund Remedial Project Manager in the Texas Enforcement section. Ms. Black received her
Bachelors Degree in Geology from Centenary College, Shreveport, LA in 1981. Past-times include
boxing and eating Chinese foods.
46
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Title: TRANSPORTATION AND DISPOSAL OF DENVER RADIUM SUPERFUND SITE
WASTE
Authors: Rick Ehat
Elmer Haight
The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) and Department of Energy (DOE), both under contract to
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), have embarked on a monumental task involving the
excavation and disposal of an estimated 385,000 tons of low level radium-contaminated soil and debris
in the metropolitan Denver, Colorado, area. The efforts are divided into two separate contract areas
and are expected to continue well into 1992. DOE is handling excavation and site restoration and
Reclamation is providing the transportation and disposal of the waste.
The area of contamination has been designated as the Denver Radium Superfund Site (DRSS) and
consists of over 44 properties that have low levels of radioactive contamination that could potentially
endanger public health or the environment. The contamination is believed to have come from the
residues of radium processing in Denver in the early 1990’s, at which time carnotite, a radium-
bearing material, was identified in Colorado. The National Radium Institute (NRI) was established
in Denver in 1912 to develop and refine the process for extracting radium from carnotite. Other
radium processors were also active during the same period. In the 1920’s, the United States radium
industry was unable to compete with foreign sources, and the Denver radium industry closed almost
overnight.
Although much of the radium was recovered, process residues containing radioactive materials were
discarded. Because the hazards were not known, this material was used indiscriminately as fill under
and around buildings, for parking lots, road base material, and other uses within the City. In 1979,
EPA rediscovered the past existence of the NRI, and studies were conducted to identify associated
hazards. As a result, the DRSS was placed on the National Priorities List. The material is classified
as Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) waste.
As a means of completing the requirements for transportation and disposal of the waste, Reclamation
contracted for these services. The Reclamation contract was awarded in May of 1989 to Chem-
Nuclear Systems, Inc. (CNSI) and will continue well into 1992. The contract was a competitively
negotiated procurement. The chosen contract type is a fixed-price requirements type contract using
unit prices.
The construction management personnel provided by Reclamation for the transportation and disposal
contract are few in number, but sufficient to have daily control over the operations. The contracting
challenges have included getting the job done within schedule when the type of material to be
disposed of changes.
In one instance, a value engineering study was performed in order to try to solve a difficult schedule
and engineering problem at a logistically complex site. This process was extraordinarily challenging
because it included active participation with five divergent groups consisting of two contractors and
three Government agencies.
The challenges of transporting and disposing of the NORM waste material have been considerable in
light of conducting operations over a 2-1/2-year period and receiving material from several different
remedial action contractors with substantial short term schedule fluctuations. The logistics of
coordinating the efforts of all parties involved has presented a significant challenge for the EPA,
DOE, and Reclamation.
47
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Rick Ehat
Construction Liaison Engineer
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
Construction Division
Post Office Box #25007
Denver, CO 80225
(303) 236-3089
Mr. Ehat holds B.S. and M.S. degrees in Civil Engineering from the San Jose State University. He
began working for a structural testing firm in 1975 and continued working as a civil engineer with
that firm until he began working for the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) in 1979.
Between 1979 and 1988, Mr. Ehat worked on the San Felipe Project, a $330 million water resources
construction job as part of Reclamation’s Central Valley Project in California. His responsibilities
included all aspects of the work from office engineering to field engineering.
In 1988, Mr. Ehat began work on the Central Arizona Project. His primary responsibility was the
construction of the $100 million Waddell Pump-Generating facility northwest of Phoenix, Arizona.
In the spring of 1990, Mr. Ehat joined the Reclamation’s Denver Office staff as a Construction
Liaison Engineer. His primary responsibility is to assure that the Reclamation construction projects
meet the design intent and are constructed to appropriate standards. Also, Mr. Ehat has served as the
Contracting Officer’s Technical Representative for the Denver Radium Site Transportation and
Disposal contract administered by Reclamation for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Elmer Haight
Construction Liaison Engineer
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
Construction Division
Post Office Box #25007
Denver, CO 80225
(303) 236-6918
Mr. Haight holds an A.A. in Engineering from Norfolk Jr. College in Norfolk, Nebraska, and a B.S.
in Civil Engineering from the University of Nebraska. Mr. Haight is an Army veteran and a member
of various Professional Engineering societies. Mr. Haight began his career with Reclamation in 1956
and worked on the construction of major water projects throughout Nebraska and Colorado. Mr.
Haight’s experience is varied through all aspects of construction management.
In 1976 Mr. Haight became the Chief of the Construction Coordination and Estimates Branch in the
Lower Missouri Regional Office in Denver, Colorado.
In addition to the above, Mr. Haight worked at various times as the Regional Engineer for
Reclamation’s Lower Missouri Regional Office. In this position, he was responsible for a design and
construction staff on many multi-discipline jobs.
Mr. Haight moved to the position of Construction Liaison Engineer at Reclamation’s Denver Office
in 1985. This position has included construction oversight for many Reclamation construction jobs.
Mr. Haight was instrumental in developing Reclamation’s role for the Denver Radium Site
Transportation and Disposal contract for EPA. He served as the Contracting Officer’s Technical
Representative until receiving a temporary overseas assignment with Reclamation.
48
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Title: COST ESTIMATING SYSTEMS FOR REMEDIAL ACTION PROJECTS
Authors: Gordon M. Evans
Jim Peterson
Given the great uncertainties surrounding cost estimating at hazardous and toxic waste sites (HTW)
and the strong need to have tools to provide rapid and flexible cost estimation and uncertainty
evaluation, the US EPA and the USACE are developing complementary cost estimating computer
programs to be used at several stages in the remedial action process.
The EPA system, RACES (Remedial Action Cost Estimating System) is a technology based program
that allows the user to input known and assumed site characteristics along with selected clean-up and
treatment technologies to provide comprehensive and easily modified estimates of capital and
operating costs, both on a life cycle and present value basis. This system is designed primarily for
preliminary and intermediate design cost estimating, but can also be used for budget estimating.
The USACE cost estimating program, M-CACES (Micro Computer Aided Cost Estimating System)
is being developed for detailed design estimation and for bid estimates. It is based on the USACE
detailed Construction cost data base.
These two systems are being integrated to provide cost estimators with a comprehensive estimation
system which can provide various levels of detail in the programs’ outputs. These will form the core
of a larger coordinated effort across several agencies for remedial action cost estimating.
These programs will be of use to Superfund contractors, PRP’s and enforcement officials.
49
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Gordon M. Evans
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
U.S. EPA
26 West Martin Luther King
Cincinnati, OH 45268
(513) 569-7685
(513) 569-7684
Mr. Evans has been an Economist with the U.S. EPA’s Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory in
Cincinnati since 1983. Today, Mr. Evans is responsible for all economic and cost engineering
evaluations conducted for the Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program. The
SITE Program works with private sector hazardous waste technology vendors to test and evaluate their
equpment. Mr. Evans serves as an in-house consultant on all cost engineering efforts undertaken by
the Laboratory and has authored several papers in this area. He has a B.S. from Miami University,
Ohio, and is a doctoral candidate in Economics at the University of Cincinnati. In addition to his
work for the U.S. EPA, Mr. Evans is also a part-time faculty member in Economics at the University
of Cincinnati.
Jim Peterson
Missouri River Division
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Omaha, NE
(402) 221-7443
50
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Title: HTW CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION REPORT: A NECESSARY
ELEMENT IN A SUCCESSFUL REMEDIATION
Authors: Heidi L. Facklam, P.E.
BACKGROUND : To most people a remedial action consists of two elements, the design phase that
culminates in plans and specifications, and the construction phase that implements the plans and
specifications. The design phase is based on the data gathered during previous investigations and
studies. Many times the construction phase reveals some inaccuracies in design assumptions.
Unanticipated site conditions are often uncovered during site excavation.
ANALYSIS : Changes are made to the original design during construction to incorporate actual
subsurface conditions. Construction procedures, equipment and materials are site-specific and
Contractor-dependent. Information gathered during one operable Unit, such as subsurface conditions,
quantities excavated, clean-up levels and dewatering quantities, is valuable to subsequent operable
units.
FINDINGS : A third element, a documentation and evaluation phase, is needed to record and preserve
construction records, conditions and activities in a readily accessible form. Prepared jointly by the
construction and design staff, it would provide a record of construction activities including
modifications and changed conditions; contain information required for long-term performance
monitoring and site maintenance; and provide baseline information for design of repair/modifications
in case of failure. Lessons learned would provide valuable insight for future projects. Similar reports
have historically been required for engineering structures constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers.
CONCLUSIONS : A HTW Construction Documentation Report should be required for each remedial
action accomplished. They are equally important for PRP-Iead projects as well as Federal- or state-
lead projects. The knowledge gained during the construction process is lost if not accurately
documented and evaluated.
51
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Heidi L. Facklam, P.E.
CEMRD-EP-TG
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Missouri River Division
Post Office Box #103, DTS
Omaha, NE 68101-0103
(402) 697-9134 or 221-7340
Heidi Facklam is a senior geotechnical engineer specializing in hazardous and toxic waste remediation
for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Missouri River Division. Ms. Facklam received her Bachelor
of Science in Civil Engineering from the University of Kansas in 1981. She has been a Geotechnical
Engineer with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers since 1981. Her involvement with the Hazardous
and Toxic Waste program began in 1985. Ms. Facklam worked in the Kansas City District until 1988,
at which time she joined the Hazardous and Toxic Waste Geotechnical Branch at Missouri River
Division. Her main interests include guidance/policy development, quality assurance reviews of
remedial designs, and inspection of construction activities.
52
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Title: CHANGE ORDERS CAN RUIN YOUR DAY
Authors: Mark J. Fite
BACKGROUNft Change orders are a reality in any construction project. The Superfund program
in Region 6 is no exception, and as the program matures, more and more sites are moving into the
Remedial Action phase. As site remedies grow in size and complexity, the management of change
orders will become a critical element in meeting the mandate of Congress to achieve cost-effective
site cleanups.
ANALYSIS : An analysis of the nature and cost of change orders on completed Region 6 construction
projects will show trends in the types of changed conditions found at Superfund sites and will analyze
change order costs with respect to cost of the remedy and type of construction (i.e., earthwork,
incineration, etc.).
FINDINGS : Many change orders result from changing site conditions found once the contractor
mobilizes to the site and begins construction activities. This phenomenon frequently results from poor
or inadequate site characterization. In the past, EPA and the states have been reluctant to do
additional site characterization during the Remedial Design, and much of the design is developed
based on old site data.
CONCLUSIONS : While some change orders are inevitable, they can be minimized with thorough site
characterization during the Remedial Investigation and design studies. Remedial Project Managers
can plan for change orders by setting aside contingency funds to address change orders resulting from
unforeseen site conditions and establishing a change order management mechanism in which the roles
and responsibilities of the RPM, State Project Officer, and Oversight engineer are well defined.
53
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Mark J. Fite, R.P.M.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region VI
1445 Ross Avenue
Dallas, TX 75202-2733
(214) 255-6715
Mr. Fite has been a Remedial Project Manager in Region 6 since May 1987. During this time, he has
overseen the successful completion of three Superfund Remedial Actions with a combined value of
over $21 million. He currently manages one enforcement and two State-lead projects in the Remedial
Design phase. Mark graduated from Rice University with a B.S. in Civil Engineering, and he is
currently pursuing his M.E. in Civil Engineering at the University of Texas at Arlington. Mark serves
as the Region 6 Superfund Value Engineering coordinator, and he is a member of the RD/RA
Planning Peer Review Committee.
54
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Title: QA/QC — PRESENT STATE AND FUTURE REQUIREMENTS
Authors: David E. Foxx
BACKGROUND : We are currently conducting a study of QA/QC practices for Remedial Action
projects. The purpose of our study is to determine current practices and to identify the opportunities
for methodology improvements. The scope of our study will cover both private and public sector
practices. This paper will present our findings.
ANALYSIS : The process of data gathering will be conducted using a factually oriented measurement
system, devoid of judgment. Sample measurements will be taken at each stage of QA execution for
various RA activities. With the resultant measures, we will determine:
o Which QA processes achieved documented requirements and how?
o Which QA processes did not achieve documented requirements and why?
o What TQM principles are presently being utilized for QA?
FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS : We expect to present our findings and conclusions on the
following:
o What are the key elements of a successful QA/QC program?
o What are the typical causes of quality breeches (not achieving documented
requirements) and methods of prevention?
o What are the key opportunities for improving QA/QC and the optional strategies to
accomplish these improvements.
o Which TQM strategies should be incorporated for continuous QA improvement?:
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David E. Foxx
Chief Executive Officer
d. e. Foxx & Associates, Inc.
324 West Ninth Street
500 Goodall Complex
Cincinnati, OH 45202
(513) 621-5522
David E. Foxx received his Bachelor of Science Degree in Construction Management at the University
of Florida. He is CEO of d.e. Foxx & Associates, Inc., a construction management and engineering
firm. In addition to his duties as CEO, he also leads the firm’s TQM consulting effort. During his
twenty years of professional services, he has developed and implemented QA/QC programs from an
owner’s, a general contractor’s, and recently, a construction manager’s point of view. Mr. Foxx’s
publication credits include the private manual “Basic Construction Quality Control” for the Procter
& Gamble company.
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Title: REMEDIAL CONSTRUCTION AT THE INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONTROL SITE
FORT SMITH, ARKANSAS
Authors: Santanu Ghose
Garret Bondy, P.E.
The Industrial Waste Control site is a closed and covered industrial landfill. The landfill was built
in an abandoned surface coal mine and it accepted a wide variety of solid and liquid wastes. These
included solvents, industrial process wastes and metals.
The site was added to the National Priorities List in 1982. The RI/FS was completed early in 1986.
A ROD was issued in 1988. The remedy selected includes excavation and off-site disposal of liquid
filled drums, stabilization and on-site solidification of contaminated soils, installation of a French
drain and slurry wall, and a multilayer cap and diversions to control surface water.
In mid-1988 a PRP Steering Committee agreed under a Consent Decree to finance and perform the
Remedial Design (RD) and Remedial Action (RA). The RD was approved by EPA in August 1989
and the RA began in October 1989.
Drum excavation has been completed and approximately 600 drums have been excavated. Of these,
250 were liquid filled, and the rest were either solid filled or empty. The liquid filled drums are to
be thermally destroyed off-site while the solid filled drums are to be stabilized and solidified in the
excavation. The slurry wall and the French drain have been completed. Approximately 12,800 yd 3
of soil have been excavated. Approximately 1800 yd 3 were found to be contaminated and were
stabilized and solidified in situ. A multilayer capping operation is about 80% complete.
This paper will detail the methods adopted to excavate the buried drums, and to construct the slurry
wall and French drain system. The pilot project, which delineated parameters for on-site
stabilization, will also be described.
The paper will also detail the problems and issues encountered during construction and the methods
used to address these. The paper will discuss an incident when, during drum excavation, water was
inadvertently mixed with a drum’s contents. A violent chemical reaction occurred and the drum was
hurled 250 ft into the air. The paper will discuss the methods adopted to prevent further such
incidents. The paper will discuss methods used to expedite stabilization of contaminated soil to
conform to the TCLP requirements.
The presentation will include photographs of the drum excavation, the exploding drum and the
construction of the French drain and the slurry wall.
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Santanu Gbose
Remedial Project Manager
Industrial Waste Control
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region VI
1445 Ross Avenue
Dallas, TX 75202-2733
(214) 655-6735
Santanu Ghose is the Remedial Project Manager for the Industrial Waste Control site at EPA Region
VI. Prior to working at EPA, Mr. Ghose was associated with Triton Energy and was responsible for
the development of Triton’s oilfields in France. Before Triton, Mr. Ghose was associated with Sohio
Petroleum Co., conducting computer simulation and development planning for the North Slope
oilfields in Alaska. He has also been active in application of Enhanced Recovery methods for
offshore and onshore fields in Southern California for Aminoil USA and Thums Long Beach Co.
Santanu holds a Masters of Science degree in Petroleum Engineering from University of Southern
California.
Garret Bondy, Chief
Superfund Enforcement Section
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region VI
Garret Bondy is Chief of the EPA Region 6 Superfund Enforcement Section that is responsible for
all activities performed by Potentially Responsible Parties at sites in Arkansas and Louisiana. Prior
to this position, Mr. Bondy was a Remedial Project Manager and, previous to that, was the Region
6 water quality modelling expert. Mr. Bondy has worked as a consultant in hydraulic and water
quality modelling, is a graduate of the University of Michigan and is a registered professional
engineer.
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Title: EXCAVATION/OFF-SITE INCINERATION RD/RA — OPTIMIZATION OF THE
PLANNING/INVESTIGATION PROCESS BASED ON TWO SITE NPL CASE
STUDIES
Authors: John F. Gorgol, P.E.
William Pencola
Current trends in the RI/FS—RD—RA process are towards the reduction of field investigation
activities during the RI phase with the intent to perform more extensive site sampling and analyses
during the RD phase. The degree of delineation of the horizontal and vertical extent of wastes often
becomes a site-specific judgment decision. This paper addresses the remediation situation of
excavation of solid waste materials followed by off-site treatment (incineration) and disposal. Case
studies for two different NPL sites for which RAs were recently completed in the $2-4 million range
are analyzed. Costs and savings are estimated for hypothetical situations in which higher and lower
amounts of site characterization were completeth i.e., better and worst quantity estimates were
available during the design phase. The total costs for these hypothetical situations are compared to
the actual study and remediation costs.
Remediation of NPL Site A, located near a large National Forest, addressed waste wood tar from
surface and shallow subsurface areas. Actual waste quantities at this site were almost an order of
magnitude higher than the RI/FS estimate. This was due primarily to the subterranean movement of
the wood tar over time.
Remediation of an Operable Unit at NPL Site B, located in Pennsylvania, addressed a carbon waste
pile generated from a hot oil wire stripping process. Actual waste quantities at this site were almost
double the design estimate.
Both of these remediation subcontracts were procured as fixed unit-price. For Site A, a volume
discount was successfully negotiated during implementation of the RA. It was not possible to
negotiate a volume discount for the Site B RA.
Project Managers should realize the importance of the decisions regarding the extent of site
characterization which is justified during, or prior to, the RD phase. The cost figures provided in
this paper should assist Project Managers in achievement of a more optimal decision for
excavation/off-site treatment and disposal actions. The administrative implications regarding
appropriate funding contingency factors and alternate bidding strategies for actions of this type are
also discussed.
Interestingly enough, NUS did RI/FS work and design as well as construction at each site (sub-
contracted to Ebasco).
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John F. Gorgol, P.E.
Supervising Engineer
Ebasco Environmental,
A Division of Ebasco Services Incorporated
One Oxford Valley, Suite #414
Langhorne, PA 19047-1829
(215) 752-0212
Mr. John F. Gorgol, P.E., holds the position of Supervising Engineer at Ebasco Services Incorporated.
In this position he serves as Project Manager and Manager of Hazardous Waste Programs for the
Ebasco office in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He holds Masters and Bachelors (Valedictorian) degrees
in Chemical/Environmental Engineering from Rutgers as well as a degree in Business Administration
from Rutgers. Mr. Gorgol is a Registered Professional Engineer in Pennsylvania and New Jersey.
Mr. Gorgol possesses over ten years of experience in hazardous waste program and site management,
RCRA/CERCLA planning studies/response actions, environmental assessments, environmental
process engineering and feasibility studies. He served as the Regional Manager for the REM-ill
contract for all work performed in EPA Region 3 and he currently serves as the Program Manager
for the General Technical Assistance Contract for the Pennsylvania State Superfund Program.
William Pencola
Senior Cost and Schedule Engineer
Ebasco Services Incorporated
60
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Title: REMEDIAL DESIGN FOR SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF PCB-CONTAMINATED
SOILS AT PINETTE’S SALVAGE YARD, WASHBURN, MAINE
Authors: S. J. Graham
J. M. Inglis
A. J. Fowler
R. L. Gilleland
K. M. Fitzgerald
Pinette’s Salvage Yard in Washburn, Maine was the location of a release of approximately 1000 gallons
of dielectric fluid in 1979, allegedly during accidental rupturing of industrial-grade transformers at
the site. The U.S. EPA and Maine DEP conducted a Removal Action in 1983 to clean up the most
highly contaminated soils, followed by RI/FS activities which documented residual PCB- and VOC-
contaminated soil and groundwater and evaluated remedial alternatives for the site. A May 1989
Record of Decision specified Source Control by a combination of off-site incineration and on-site
solvent extraction treatment; and Management of Migration by groundwater extraction and treatment.
In September 1989, EPA contracted Ebasco Services Incorporated to perform the Remedial Design,
the first under the EPA Region I ARCS program.
The Remedial Design faced several challenges, including EPA’s intent to accelerate remediation to
the maximum extent practicable; extreme northern New England weather conditions limiting the
length of the construction season; and difficult site conditions including a high water table, abundant
wetlands, and limited working area hindered by ongoing salvage operations by the property owner.
In addition, the ROD required the use of an innovative technology, solvent extraction, and dictated
separate cleanup goals for soils above and below the water table.
These challenges were met by separating the SC and MOM components of the RD and pursuing a
fast-track approach to Source Control RD. The RD further separated excavation/incineration and
excavation/treatment into discrete phases and specified attainment of cleanup goals through a
combination of off-site incineration and on-site soil treatment and replacement. The RD
incorporated a strategy which utilized a single RA subcontractor and specified performance-based
criteria tied to the ROD cleanup levels. Accelerated design completion was facilitated by constant
dialogue between EPA and Ebasco and formal submittals limited to 60, 95, and 100 percent
completion stages, with continued design concurrent with Agency review. In addition, RA
procurement was incorporated as the final activity of the RD assignment to expedite initiation of
remediation. Source Control RD was completed in July 1990 with receipt of vendor proposals.
In addition to technical challenges, State participation and funding were critical in this Superfund-
lead project. Statutory and NCP requirements regarding property access, Capacity Assurance Plan,
and a Superfund State Contract were successfully met on this fast-tracked project.
The completion of Source Control RD for Pinette’s Salvage Yard demonstrated effective methods to
address multi-component, multi-cleanup goal remedies incorporating innovative technologies. The
approach utilized at Pinette’s can serve as a model for Remedial Design at similar sites requiring use
of innovative technologies. The EPA-State-Contractor interactive approach utilized on the Pinette’s
RD may also be of use on other projects.
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Stephen J. Graham (617-451-1201)
Environmental Division
Ebasco Services Incorporated
211 Congress Street, 6th Floor
Boston, MA 02110
Stephen J. Graham is a principal environmental engineer for Ebasco Services Incorporated. He
received a Bachelor’s Degree in Biological Science (summa cum laude) from the University of
Northern Colorado, Greeley (1977), and a Master’s Degree in Civil/Environmental Engineering from
Tufts University, Medford, MA (1984). Mr. Graham has twelve years experience in the
environmental field and has served as project manager for the design and construction of the cleanup
and/or closure of three large hazardous waste facilities in the past five years.
John M. Inglis (617-451-1201)
Environmental Division
Ebasco Services Incorporated
Boston, MA 02110
Mr. Inglis is an environmental engineer in the Boston, MA office of the Environmental Division of
Ebasco Services Incorporated. He received a Bachelor’s Degree in Civil and Environmental
Engineering from Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY in 1984. He has six years experience in
planning, design, and construction management of hazardous waste cleanups. Representative projects
have included: preparation of designs (engineering drawings and specifications) for several Superfund
sites and four contaminated utility sites, involving soil excavation, capping and closure, on-site
incineration and installation of injection/extraction wells; and resident engineer for construction
management of remedial actions at two contaminated utility sites.
Alan S. Fowler (617-451-1201)
Environmental Division
Ebasco Services Incorporated
Boston, MA 02110
Mr. Fowler is an environmental engineer in the Boston, MA office of the Environmental Division of
Ebasco Services Incorporated. He received a Bachelor’s Degree in Civil Engineering from the
University of Maine, Orono, in 1984 and is currently completing requirements for a Master’s Degree
in Environmental Engineering from the University of Lowell, MA. He has six years experience in
remedial investigation and cleanup design. Mr. Fowler recently served as Site Manager for the New
Bedford Harbor superfund site RI/FS, a $6,000,000 effort involving 1000 acres of PCB contaminated
marine sediments; and has served as project engineer or manager of six other RI or FS projects at
Superfund sites.
Ross L. Gilleland (617-573-5766)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region I
Boston, MA 02203
Mr. Gilleland is an Environmental Engineer for the Waste Management Division at the U.S. EPA,
Region I in Boston, MA. He received a Bachelor’s Degree in Civil Engineering from Northeastern
University, Boston, MA in 1988 and is currently fulfilling requirements for a Master’s Degree in
Hazardous Materials Management from Tufts University, Medford, MA. Before joining EPA as a
Remedial Project Manager in 1989, Mr. Gilleland acquired two years of Superfund experience with
a Boston consulting firm assisting in Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Studies for several New
England NPL sites.
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Title: THE UNITED CREOSOTING COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE, A CASE STUDY
Authors: Deborah D. Griswold
Paul B. Cravens, P.E.
BACKGROUND : The United Creosoting Superfund Company site is an abandoned wood preserving
facility over which two businesses and a residential subdivision have been built. The United
Creosoting Company operated from 1946 to 1972, producing formed lumber by the pressurized
addition of creosote and pentachiorophenol.
RECORDS OF DECISION (RODs) : Two RODS have been written for the site. The first one, for an
interim remedy, was signed in September of 1986. it specified the purchase and demolition of six
houses, consolidating surface soils with greater than 100 ppm of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons,
constructing a temporary cap over the soils, and periodically evaluating the availability of permanent
remedies. In September of 1989 a second ROD was signed selecting critical fluid extraction as the
remediation technology and significantly reducing the target action levels. This led to a need for
more information on the vertical and lateral extent of contamination in the residential area.
FOCUSED INVESTIGATION (F ! ) : The F! was conducted as technical assistance by an ARCS
contractor. The sampling was extensive, entailing 241 samples taken on 59 residential properties.
Sampling was also conducted on the two commercial properties. Access agreements were acquired
for all of these properties. Evaluation of the data included determining the excavation limits for each
property. An air pathway analysis was also conducted.
REMEDIAL DESIGN ( RD ) : The RD. being produced by the State’s contractor, will entail innovative
contracting as it will involve the sole-source procurement of the vendor whose technology was
selected as the remedy for the site. In addition, over 30 residential properties will be eligible for
varying depths of excavation, requiring complicated access negotiations and yard replacement
specifications.
COMMUNITY RELATIONS : Community relations for this site have been extensive and thorough.
The community is active, politically aware, and vocal in their disagreements with how the project has
been handled.
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Deborah D. Griswold (6H-SC)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region VI
1445 Ross Avenue
Dallas, TX 75202-2733
Deborah Griswold has been a Remedial Project Manager in Region VI since April 1986. She is Co-
Chair of the Engineering Forum, a group of EPA professionals committed to the identification and
resolution of engineering issues impacting the remediation of Superfund sites. Prior to working for
EPA she was employed as a project engineer in the technical services group of a Fort Worth
petroleum services company. She received her bachelors degree in Chemical Engineering in 1984
from the new Mexico State University. Active in the American Institute of Chemical Engineers since
college, she is a director of the Dallas section and a past Chairman of the section.
Paul B. Cravens, P.E.
Texas Water Commission
Post Office Box #13087, Capitol Station
Austin, TX 78711-3087
Paul Cravens has been a Project Manager with the Superfund Section of the Texas Water Commission
since October 1989. Previously, he practiced Geotechnical and Construction Materials Engineering
in the private sector, most recently as a Regional Division Manager for Raba-Kistner Consultants Inc.
He earned his Bachelors Degree in Civil Engineering and Naval Officer’s Commission at the
University of Texas at Austin in 1977. Following a four year tour with the Navy, he returned to
Austin to practice engineering. He has been active in the local chapters of the Texas Society of
Professional Engineers and the American Society of Civil Engineers, as well as several public service
organizations.
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Title: BAYOU BONFOUCA SUPERFUND SITE CASE STUDY
Authors: Robert M. Griswold, P.E.
Stephen A. Gilrein, P.E.
I) Record of Decision Overview
1) Site History
2) Geology
3) Alternatives
4) Remedy Selection
II) Design Investigations
1) Variations from that presented in the ROD
III) Explanation of Significant Differences
I) V-EStudy
2) Operable Units
IV) Groundwater Operable Unit
I) Overview of Extraction/Treatment
2) Current Status
V) Source Control Operable Unit
1) Remedial Design - Request for Proposal
2) RA Advertisement
a) Phase Funding
b) Reduced Bonding
3) Closing Remarks
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Robert N. Griswold, P.E.
ALNM Remedial Section (6H-SA)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region VI
1445 Ross Avenue
Dallas, TX 75202
(214) 665-2198
Robert has been the Remedial Project Manager for the Bayou Bonfouca Superfund Site since the start
of design investigations. He has Bachelor of Science Degrees in Civil and Geological Engineering
from new Mexico State University and a Master of Engineering in Civil Engineering from the
University of Texas at Arlington. He is also a Registered Professional Engineer in both New Mexico
and Texas. Prior to employment at the EPA, Robert spent four and one-half years working for the
U.S. Army Corps of engineers as a Design Engineer in their Geotechnical Branch. He is a member
of the American Society of Civil Engineering and the Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration.
Stephen A. Gilrein, Chief, P.E.
ALNM Remedial Section (6H-SA)
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
1445 Ross Avenue
Dallas, TX 75202
Steve is the Chief of the Arkansas, Louisiana and New Mexico Remedial Section for Region 6 of the
Environmental Protection Agency. He has a Bachelor of Science Degree in Civil Engineering from
Worcestor Polytechnic Institute and Master of Science in Civil Engineering from the University of
Texas at Arlington. He is also a registered Professional Engineer in Texas. Steve has been with the
Agency for over eight years and has had significant input to the newly issued National Contingency
Plan. He is also a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers.
66
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Title: SOIL REMEDIATION IN THE NEW JERSEY PINELANDS
Authors: Edward P. Hagarty
Dev R. Sachdev
Lorraine Frigerio
The Lang Property Superfund Site located in the environmentally sensitive New Jersey Pinelands was
a former cranberry and blueberry farm where 1200 to 1500 drums of hazardous waste were
indiscriminently stored. The hazardous waste in the drums included a variety of volatile organic as
well as some inorganic contaminants. In December 1978 the State of New Jersey ordered that these
drums be removed. The drums were removed, but not before their contents were emptied on-site,
resulting in the contamination of the sandy surface soil and underlying Cohansey Aquifer. The site
was listed on the National Priority List in December 1982, and a remedial investigation/feasibility
study (RI/FS) was initiated in May 1985. A record of decision was issued in September 1986 and by
November 28, 1988, the remedial design (RD) was complete and the soil was remediated. Completion
of the RI/FS, ROD, RD and the remedial action was ahead of schedule and within budget.
Several items contributed to the successful completion of this remediation in a relatively short time
frame. These included: I) the use of the results of the RI/FS to separate the soil and groundwater
contamination into two separate operable units; 2) the use of the geophysical investigation and
subsequent test pits to identify potential excavation problems; 3) the cooperation among USEPA,
NJDEP and the consultants; and 4) the dedication of the team to completing the remediation prior to
enactment of the Land Ban provisions which restrict disposal of the soil in a landfill without
additional treatment. One of the highlights of the remedial design was a three-day meeting with the
representatives from various divisions within the Corps of Engineers, EPA and the consultants who
had conducted both the RI/FS and the RD for soil remediation. Questions that were raised by the
approving and implementing agencies were satisfactorily and quickly answered by the RD consultant.
Additionally, consultation was available from the RI/FS team regarding details of the site conditions.
Another time saving item was omitting the 60% design submittal from the usual submittals of 30%,
60%, 90% and 100% complete.
This paper will compare the information gathered during the RI/FS to that needed during the RD.
It will also compare the FS level cost estimate to the RD cost estimate to the actual bids received.
This paper will also address the benefits of contractor continuity, a key element of EPA’s 10-year
Alternative Remedial Contracting Strategy.
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Edward Patrick Hagarty, Vice President
Environmental Studies Group
C. C. Johnson & Maihotra, P.C.
601 Wheaton Plaza South
Silver Spring, MD
(301) 942-5600
Mr. Hagarty is currently a Vice President in charge of the Environmental Studies Group of C. C.
Johnson & Malhotra, P.C. He received his B.S. degree in Civil Engineering in 1977 at North Carolina
State University. In 1980, he received a Masters degree in Civil Engineering, also from North
Carolina State University. He is also a registered Professional Engineer. Mr. Hagarty has worked as
a consultant since 1980, having previously worked for North Carolina’s Division of Environmental
Management and North Carolina State University. Mr. Hagarty graduated cum laude in the
Engineering Honors Program as a co-operative Education student. He is a member of Tau Beta Pi
and Chi Epsilon engineering honor societies as well as the Hazardous Materials Control Research
Institute and the Water Pollution Control Federation. His expertise includes management of multi-
disciplined teams to conduct environmental engineering studies.
Dev. R. Sachdev, P.E., Ph.D.
ARCS II Program Manager
EBASCO Services, Inc.
160 Chubb Avenue
Lyndhurst, NJ 07071
(201) 460-1900
Dr. Dev R. Sachdev has over 30 years experience in environmental fields and has managed many large
and complex hazardous waste, environmental engineering design and construction projects. During
the past 14 years, Dev Sachdev has assumed greater responsibilities and is currently the General
Manager, New York Metro Operations in Lyndhurst, New Jersey, and provides management and
technical direction to approximately 200 professionals involved in environmental related areas. As
ARCS II Program Manager, he has over-all technical, financial and operational responsibilities for
this program. Dev Sachdev has managed projects/programs ranging in size from several thousand to
over 200 million dollars. Dev Sachdev is a registered professional engineer in the States of New York
and New Jersey and has authored/co-authored numerous technical papers.
Lorraine Frigerio
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region II
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Title: REMEDIAL ACTION BIDS AND COST ESTIMATES
Authors: Amy R. Halloran
Dikran Kashkashian
Ken Ayers, P.E.
Chris Watling
Cost estimates for Superfund Remedial Actions (RA) are made during the Feasibility Study (FS) for
the ROD and after the Remedial Design (RD) by the design engineer. According to EPA’s RI/FS
Guidance, these two cost estimates are targeted to fall within +501-30 percent and +15/-S percent,
respectively, of the actual cost of the RA. The Hazardous Site Control Division of the EPA, in
conjunction with CH2M HILL, has developed a data base of the bids that were received for RAs at
federal-lead Superfund sites. The information in this data base was analyzed to see if the RA
estimates are within the target limits and to determine any trends in the data.
For this study, the differences between the ROD estimate, the engineer’s estimate, the contractor’s
bids, and the final cost of the RA, including change orders, were calculated for each of the 45 sites
currently in the data base. These differences were then compared to the desired cost ranges to
determine if they were within the target ranges. The data were also analyzed for any trends in the
cost estimates.
As expected, the ROD estimates were further from the actual RA costs than the engineer’s estimates
were. In most cases, the ROD estimates were much less than the actual cost. However, the engineer’s
estimates were greater than the actual cost for most of the sites in the data base. Approximately two-
thirds of the ROD estimates were within the prescribed +501-30 percent of the actual cost. However,
less than half of the engineer’s estimates were within +15/-5 percent of the actual costs.
There was a large spread in the contractor’s bids received for each RA. In general, the most
expensive bid received was much greater than the next most expensive bid, while the low bid was
closer to the second and third lowest bids. For most of the sites in the data base, the contractor’s
award bid was closer to the actual RA cost than the engineer’s estimate was. According to the RPMs
for the RA sites, many of change orders were issues because more contamination was found during
the RA than was anticipated from the FS. It should be noted that the results of this study are
preliminary and that the data trends may change as more RA sites go to completion.
69
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Amy R. Halloran
CH2M HILL
Post Office Box #4400
Reston, VA 22090
(703) 471—1441
Ms. Halloran has a B.S. in chemical engineering form Virginia Tech and an M.S. in environmental
engineering from the University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana. She is a hazardous waste engineer
in CH2M HILL’s Reston, Virginia office.
Ms. Halloran has been lead engineer and project manager for a variety of hazardous and industrial
waste projects for government and private clients. Currently, she is managing the RA Bid Tabulation
Data Base for EPA, the Oversight of the Craig Farms Superfund Site, and a wastewater evaluation
for a large chemical company.
Dikran Kashkashian
CH2M HILL
Post Office Box #4400
Reston, VA 22090
(703) 471-1441
Dr. Kashkashian has a bachelor’s degree in zoology and a master’s degree in biology from the
University of Michigan and a doctorate in resource economics from Michigan State University. He
is the manager of the Planning and Economics Department at CH2M HILL’s Reston, Virginia office.
Dr. Kashkashian has successfully applied his background in economics and science to solve
environmental and economic development problems for government and private clients. Recently,
he has assisted EPA with the revisions to the Hazard Ranking System, evaluated the Defense
Environmental Restoration Program for the Department of Defense, and developed a data base to
determine the financial burden to states completing O&M at Superfund sites.
70
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Title: FUND-LEAD PROCUREMENT OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AT
SUPERFUND SITES
Authors: Edward J. Hanlon
CERCLA, as amended by SARA, requires that EPA give strong preference towards achieving
protective remedies through the use of treatment technologies that significantly reduce the toxicity,
mobility, and/or volume of hazardous waste. The recently updated National Contingency Plan (NCP)
identifies EPA’s expectation that innovative technologies be utilized where feasible. The USEPA
Administrators’ “Management Review of the Superfund Program” (i.e., 90 Day Study), as well as
Congress’ Office of Technology Assessment, also stressed that EPA improve the promotion and use
of innovative technologies in the Superfund Program. While EPA has selected innovative technologies
more frequently in recent years (52% of the FY-89 RODS involving source control treatment were
innovative technologies), specific guidance on how to overcome certain barriers for the Fund-lead
government procurement of innovative and patented technologies is needed.
This paper will present options to procure a responsive and responsible remedial action contractor in
order to construct and operate an innovative technology under a Federal or State Fund-lead scenario.
Applicable requirements of Superfund-specific regulations, including the NCP and 40 CFR Part 35,
subpart 0, will be identified and discussed. Any specific restrictive provisions of federal
procurement regulations, including the Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR) and the Environmental
Protection Agency Acquisition Regulation (EPAAR), and 40 CFR Parts 31 and 33, as well as certain
State-specific procurement regulations, will also be explored. Requirements for competition and sole-
source procurement will be provided. Pre- and post-ROD solutions to innovative technology
procurement barriers, including use of non-inhibiting Record of Decision wording and consideration
of early design prequa1ification’ of potential vendors, will be included. The pros and cons of fixed
price, cost reimbursement, time and materials, and ‘two-step’ contract types, as well as whether
sealed bid or negotiated procurement is preferred, will be discussed. A brief discussion on
procurement barriers under the PRP-lead scenario will also be provided. Where possible, site-specific
examples will be referenced and analyzed.
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Edward J. Hanlon
Hazardous Site Control Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street S.W. (OS-220W)
Washington, DC 20460
(703) 308—8352
Edward J. Hanlon received a B.S. in Natural Resource Management from Cook College, Rutgers
University in 1980, and an M.S. in Environmental Engineering from New Jersey Institute of
Technology in 1983, with post-graduate coursework at Stevens Institute of Technology, NJIT, and
Rutgers. For the last two years he has served as an Environmental Engineer in the USEPA Superfund
Program’s Design and Construction Management Branch, with duties including serving as a design
and construction coordinator for EPA Regions VI, D C, and X, preparing EPA guidance, and assisting
in updating the NCP. Prior to his Headquarters’ assignment, Mr. Hanlon was a Remedial Project
Manager in Region II EPA for four years, with design experience on several Southern New Jersey
sites including the Helen Kramer and GEMS Landfills. He also has more than two years combined
experience with the States of New Jersey (soil erosion control at construction sites) and Vermont
(water permits), and with two consulting engineering firms.
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Title: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE GROUNDWATER TREATMENT
PLANT AT THE CONSERVATION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE IN KANSAS
CITY, MISSOURI
Authors: Peter E. Harrod, P.E.
BACKGROUND : ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (ABB Environmental) designed, constructed, and
started up the Front Street (former Conservation Chemical Company Site) Groundwater Treatment
Plant in Kansas City, Missouri for the Front Street Remedial Action Corporation (FSRAC). The
Treatment Plant operates 24 hours a day pumping groundwater at an average rate of 164 gallons per
minute to the 5-step treatment train, which removes organic chemicals, such as TCE and PCE, as well
as heavy metals, such as cyanide and lead.
For about 20 years, beginning in the early 1960’s, the Conservation Chemical Company in Kansas
City, Missouri, processed chemicals at its plant situated on the floodplain near the confluence of the
Missouri and Blue Rivers. As part of the company’s operations, treated materials were deposited in
a 6-acre landfill at the site located at 8900 Front Street. The materials included organic chemicals,
such as TCE and PCE, and heavy metals, such as cyanide and lead.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN : There were two major issues to be faced for this remedial design and
Construction project. The first, and most difficult, was managing the project through a multitude of
reviews and reviewing parties while still meeting the mandated contract deadlines. The second issue
was the technical complexity and construction limitations of the site.
o Management Issues The contract time periods for the project were tight considering the
number of parties requiring review and approval of work products. The contract stipulated
that design of the Groundwater Treatment Plant be complete within 5 months, that
construction be substantially complete within 15 months of contract signing and that the entire
work be completed within 16 months of contract signing. During this time period, a
treatability study was also required to be conducted to verify the anticipated effectiveness of
the various treatment unit processes.
The reviewing parties were many and varied. They included the following:
o U.S. EPA Region VII
o U.S. EPA’s independent review engineer
o Four PRP clients who had formed the Front Street Remedial Action Corporation
o The PRP review engineer
o Missouri DNR
o U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
o City of Kansas City, Missouri
The project requirements involved gaining appropriate approvals from the above parties,
contained liquidated damage penalties for delays beyond specified contract times, and
required design verification through treatability tests. All this was to be performed for a
lump sum contract price.
o Technical Complexity and Construction Limitations : Though site-specific problems dictate
the type and extent of any hazardous waste treatment, effective remediation relies not only
on the appropriate use of current technology and engineering principles, but on effective
communications, scheduling and project management.
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Peter E. Harrod, P.E.
Manager, Engineering Services
ABB Environmental Services, Inc.
261 Commercial Street
Portland, ME 04112
(207) 775-5400
Mr. Harrod is Manager of Engineering Services at ABB Environmental Services, Inc., a consulting
engineering firm with over 100 years of history. Formerly C-E Environmental and originally E. C.
Jordan Co., ABB-ES serves government and private sector clients in all aspects of environmental
design, analysis and remedial construction. Mr. Harrod’s duties include management of the following
areas Hazardous Waste Engineering, Remedial Design, Solid Waste and Civil Engineering, Air
Quality Engineering, Wastewater Design, Underground Storage Tank Design, Remedial Construction,
Geotechnical Engineering, and Design Services including: Structural, Mechanical, Electrical,
Instrumentation and CAD Production.
Mr. Harrod holds a B.S. and M.S. in Civil Engineering from the University of Vermont and is a
registered Professional Engineer in Vermont, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Missouri.
He has more than nineteen years of experience in Design Engineering and Project Management. His
experience has included management of design and construction of contaminated groundwater sites,
management of multi-million dollar industrial design projects, environmental design projects, permit
application preparation services, master plan studies and construction management.
Mr. Harrod is a member of the National Society of Professional Engineers, American Society of Civil
Engineers, American Concrete Institutes and the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
74
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Title: WHEN IS A SUPERFUND REMEDIAL ACTION “COMPLETE?’ A CASE STUDY
OF THE CRYSTAL CITY AIRPORT RA IMPLEMENTATION AND TRANSITION
TO O&M
Authors: Bryon Heineman
BACKGROUND : The Crystal City Airport, Crystal City, Texas, located 120 miles south of San
Antonio was listed in 1986. The ROD, signed in September of 1987, selected on-site consolidation
under a RCRA cap as the Agency’s remedy. Primary contaminants included toxaphene, arsenic and
DDT. Construction activities began on 2-5-90 and were completed on 9-25-90. Since ongoing PRP
searches have not uncovered any viable, responsible parties, this project has been a Fund-lead, State-
lead site under the Superfund Grants Program. Community and congressional interest has been high
throughout the remediative process.
ANALYSIS : Management of a state-lead site, an unsupportive local community, and continually
evolving remedial phase definitions combined to make a quality RA implementation at this site
particularly challenging. A brief overview of Crystal City Airport RA highlights and the lessons
learned during this RA will be presented. In addition, this paper will describe the sometimes
conflicting terminology encountered between HQ Guidance, SCAP definitions, the NCP, the Region
6/Texas SMOA, and the state’s RA contract and how 1991 STARS/SCAP definitions are being applied
in “real life” to the RA and O&M phases in Region 6.
FINDINGS : Various roadblocks posed by local officials resulted in approximately seven to eight
months in RA delays despite extensive community relations efforts by both the state agency and the
EPA. Once construction activities began, substantial completion was achieved within the allowable
contract framework. The O&F period has now started, and definitive transition milestones from RA
to O&M are now being developed with the state.
CONCLUSIONS : There are varying degrees of RA “completion” that will differ on a site-specific
basis. The current agency trend is toward defining these degrees in an increasingly rigorous manner
with such revised SCAP items such as “RA Award” and “O&F” now being tracked. As more sites
move toward Remedial Action, uniform Agency-wide interpretation of these definitions will be
necessary. In addition, project management lessons learned from the Crystal City RA implementation
may be of value at other Superfund sites.
75
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Bryon Heineman
Remedial Project Manager
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region VI
Superfund Programs Branch
1445 Ross Avenue
Dallas, TX 75202-2733
(214) 655-6710
Bryon Hememan is an RPM in the Texas Construction Section of the Region 6 Superfund Programs
Branch where he has managed Fund-lead RD/RA work since March, 1990. Since that time he has
been responsible for the Crystal City Airport site in Crystal City, Texas and the Odessa Chromium
I and II sites in Odessa, Texas. Prior to his employment with the EPA, Mr. Heineman worked as a
production/process engineer at the Rhone-Poulenc RCRA part B incineration facility in Houston,
Texas where he managed numerous large scale capital projects. Mr. Heineman has a BS in Chemical
Engineering from the University of Texas at Austin and has performed graduate studies in
environmental engineering at the University of Texas at Arlington. Mr. Heineman is a member of
AIChE and NSPE and is an Err in the state of Texas.
76
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Title: REMEDIAL DESIGN OF SUPERFUND PROJECT& WHAT CAN WE DO
BETTER?
Authors: John D. Hoim, P.E.
BACKGROUNTh The design phase of a Superfund project is a critical time where the success of a
remedial action may be determined. The design must turn the remedial alternative described by a
ROD into a detailed set of plans and specifications that will effectively implement the remedial
alternative.
ANALYSIS : During the investigative and administrative activities leading up to selection of a
remedial action a general knowledge of the site and the selected technology is developed. During
design a detailed knowledge of the site and the application of technology to implement the remedial
action is required. Problems have developed on several projects because the designers have not made
the transformation from a general knowledge level to a detailed design level. This is due to a variety
of reasons, such as lack of experience, schedule requirements, or funding restraints. The end result
often becomes evident during construction when problems arise. Several case studies will be used to
illustrate the need for detailed design and the effects of limited design.
CONCLUSIONS It is important that adequate design be provided on a Superfund project to ensure
that an acceptable cleanup is accomplished. The design process must be understood by all project
personnel, and the process must be more than a minor intermediatory step between the ROD and
construction.
77
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John D. Hoim, P.E.
Chief, Geoenvironmental Engineering Section
Kansas City District
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Federal Office Building, Room #801
601 East 12th Street
Kansas City, MO 64106-2896
(8 16) 426-5655
John D. Hoim is chief of the Geoenvironmental Engineering Section for the Kansas City District, U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers. He has been in this position since 1989 and has been involved in the
District’s hazardous and toxic waste (HTW) program since 1987. Mr. Hoim has been involved with
a number of Superfund designs both as a designer and a technical reviewer. He is a graduate of Iowa
State University, Ames, Iowa, with a Bachelor’s and Master of Science degree in Agricultural
Engineering and Geotechnical Engineering, respectively. Mr. Holm is a registered professional
engineer.
78
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Title: THE CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF ThE NEW LYME LANDFILL
SUPERFUND SITE GROUNDWATER TREATMENT FACILITY
Authors: Donna P. Hrko, M.E.
The New Lyme Landfill Superfund Site is located in Ashtabula County, Ohio approximately 70 miles
from Cleveland. Construction activities consist of capping the existing 43 acre landfill and
construction of a 100 GPM treatment facility to treat the leachate generated in the landfill. The water
treatment plant flow is created by thirteen extraction wells located on the perimeter of the landfill
cap. The treatment facility consists of the following unit processes: Equalization tank, pH
Adjustment tank, Chemical Clarifiers, Neutralization tank, Rotating Biological Contactors, Biological
Clarifier, Dual Media Sand/Anthracite filters, Granular Activated Carbon Units, Effluent Storage
tank, Gravity Thickener for chemical and biological sludges, and Sludge Filter Press. The treatment
facility is also equipped with a laboratory and computer equipment for analytical testing and a
complete maintenance program.
The paper will provide an in depth look at this multi-faceted treatment facility from a constructibility
and operability standpoint. It will include specific problems encountered during the Construction of
the facility and offer suggestions for their elimination at future site remediations that are equipped
with a similar facility. Discussion will also include how the treatment facility is currently operating
and outline problems that existed during start-up.
The tasks of constructing and operating this sophisticated facility are secondary to the overall benefits
gained. Treatment facilities of this caliber could make a monumental difference in site remediation
where a diversity of contaminated leachate is present and the possibilities for site-adaption on other
projects are endless.
79
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Donna P. Hrko
Mechanical Engineer
Supervision Inspection/Quality Assurance Branch
Construction Division
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Huntington District
502 - 8th Street
Huntington, WV 25701-2070
(304) 529-5522
Ms. Hrko was awarded a BSME degree from West Virginia Institute of Technology in 1986. Since
February 1988, Ms. Hrko has served as Mechanical Engineer in Supervision Inspection/Quality
Assurance Branch, Construction Division, for Huntington District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
She is pursuing professional registration in the State of West Virginia.
Ms. Hrko began her career with the Construction Division in May 1986, working on the rehabilitation
of Montgomery Lock and Dam in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania. She entered into the HTW program in
august 1988 as Mechanical Engineer on the Old Mill Superfund Site in Rock Creek, Ohio. Currently,
Ms. Hrko is serving as Mechanical Engineer on the New Lyme Landfill Superfund Site, Ashtabula
County, Ohio.
She is a member of The Society of American Military Engineers, Huntington Post, and American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, West Virginia Section.
80
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Title: WEDZEB ENTERPRISES REMEDIAL ACTION: PLANNING FOR AN
EFFICIENT REMEDIAL ACTION COMPLETION
Authors: Tinka G. Hyde
William T. Dudley
The Wedzeb Enterprises site, located in Lebanon, Indiana, was the result of a fire which completely
destroyed a warehouse containing numerous capacitors and transformers containing PCBs. Although
a removal action was completed to remove the debris generated by the fire, the analytical results
indicated that additional surface soil and sediment remediation was necessary. The Record of
Decision (ROD) specified that the remedial action (RA) involve cleaning and testing approximately
600 feet of sewer line, excavating approximately fifteen cubic yards of low-level PCB-contaminated
surface soil and off-site disposal of sewer sediment, excavated soil and RI-derived waste. The cost
of this remedial action was estimated to be $75,000.
Based on the relatively low cost of the remediation and the fact that the remedial action would need
to be performed by two different contractors, the following phased approach was taken toward
implementation of the remedial action:
I. Requested that the contractor utilize the small purchase procedures established in Part
13 of the Federal Acquisition Regulations.
2. Conduct the RA in two states: 1) sewer cleaning and 2) soil excavation and disposal.
3. Structure the Remedial Action Report similar to the Close Out Report.
The implementation of this plan allowed the RA to be completed under budget and only 15 months
after signature of the ROD. If the contracts would have been obtained through the bidding process,
it is very unlikely that the project would have been completed within 15 months. In addition, the
phased approach provided for proper scheduling of activities for the RA to be efficiently completed.
Finally, the similarity between the Remedial Action Report and the Close Out Report allowed both
reports to be completed simultaneously. The result was RA completion and initiation of the deletion
process in a short period of time.
81
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Tinka U. Hyde
Remedial Project Manager
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region V (5HS- 11)
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, IL 60660
(312) 886-9296
Tinka Hyde has been a Remedial Project Manager in Region V for three years and is currently
managing projects in the remedial investigation, remedial design, remedial action, and deletion phases
of the Superfund process. Prior to her experience in the Superfund program, she worked as a permit
writer in the Underground Injection Control Program at U.S. EPA. She has a BS in Geology from
Lake Superior State College and an MS in Geology from New Mexico State University.
William T. Dudley
Project Engineer
Black & Veatch Waste Science and Technology Corporation
4717 Grand Avenue, Suite #500
Post Office Box #30240
Kansas City, MO 64112
(913) 338-6665
William T. Dudley has been a Project Engineer for Black & Veatch Waste Science and Technology
Corporation for six years and has participated in environmental audits, field investigations, remedial
investigations, feasibility studies, remedial designs, and construction management activities. He has
a BS in Chemical Engineering from the University of Missouri - Columbia.
82
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Title: THE LANSDOWNE RADIATION SITE
Authors: Victor J. Janosik
The Lansdowne Radiation Site consisted of a large twin house and the surrounding grounds located
on a residential street in the Borough of Lansdowne, Pennsylvania, approximately two miles west of
Philadelphia. The dwellings were contaminated with radium and other radionuclides as the result of
work done in the basement of one of the houses to refine radium and produce medical devices from
1924 through 1944.
Analyses conducted by the Argonne National Laboratory showed elevated levels of radon and radon
progeny in the dwellings, and that the surrounding soils were contaminated to a depth of several feet.
The structural materials of the houses, particularly in the basement, were contaminated with radium.
This contamination prompted the Centers for Disease Control to issue a Public Health Advisory
stating that occupancy of the dwellings would constitute a significant health risk.
The selected remedial action consisted of the dismantlement of the buildings, excavation of
contaminated soils and sewer lines, and off-site disposal of the wastes.
83
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Victor J. Janosik
Remedial Project Manager
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region III
841 Chestnut Building
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215) 597-8996
Victor J. Janosik has worked in waste management for the past eleven years, first with the
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, and currently with The United States
Environmental Protection Agency, Region 3, where he is a Remedial Project Manager (RPM).
84
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Title: WRITING A ROD TO EXPEDITE REMEDIAL ACTION: LESSONS FROM THE
DELAWARE CITY PVC SITE
Authors: Stephen F. Johnson
The author works with Randy Sturgeon of the EPA as Support Agency Coordinator implementing a
1985 ROD for upgrading the waste water treatment system at a PVC plastic manufacturer. In
retrospect, the ROD contained deficiencies and inconsistencies which were not identified until the
RA contracts were awarded. Experience on the site underscores the need for a strong, conclusive RI,
a comprehensive FS, and a flexible, performance-oriented ROD. The paper specifically addresses
the decision process for remediating unlined surface impoundments at the site. Early in RD,
problems with the selected remedy, lining with plastic, became apparent. Better alternatives, such
as the use of above ground tanks which became corporate policy at other facilities, were not explored
in the FS or mentioned in the ROD. To keep to schedule, however, the ROD was not reopened and
the project went ahead with plastic liners. In RA, the original construction schedule has tripled, and
the cost has risen to above that of tank installation. To avoid such inefficiency in future projects
especially those at operating facilities, the author proposes emphasizing clear performance goals in
the ROD. Numerous alternatives meeting performance criteria should be discussed. Designers should
have the flexibility to adapt to changing cost structure and engineering practices. In short the ROD
should be a beacon, not a blinder.
85
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Stephen F. Johnson
Environmental Engineer
Superfund Branch
Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control
715 Grantham Lane
New Castle, DE 19720
(302) 323-4548
Stephen F. Johnson has worked for the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and
Environmental Control as an Environmental Engineer in the Superfund Branch since June, 1989. His
prior work experience was in the design and analysis of marine structures in Houston, Texas. His
academic training was in Civil Engineering at Texas A&M University and he is presently a Masters
Degree candidate in Environmental Policy and Administration at the University of Delaware. He is
currently serving as project manager for two listed Superfund sites and for numerous other small scale
removal/remediation projects.
86
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Title: ARSENIC REMOVAL AT THE LIDGERWOOD WATER TREATMENT PLANT —
DESIGN
Authors: Harry T. Jong
BACKGROUND : The North Dakota Arsenic Trioxide Site is an Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) Superfund site placed on the National Priorities List. Routine sampling in 1979 found the
water supply to the town of Lidgerwood exceeded the Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for
arsenic. In addition, iron and manganese were found to exceed the allowable Secondary Drinking
Water Regulation limits. Arsenic contamination of the groundwater supply was caused, at least in
part, by widespread use of arsenic-based pesticides for grasshopper infestations in the 1930’s.
The Lidgerwood Water Treatment package plant was installed in 1985 to provide a population of
about 970 with potable water. The plant was designed to air and chemically oxidize (using potassium
permanganate) ferrous iron and manganese ions, co-precipitate arsenic, clarify by activated sand
filtration, and disinfect with chlorine, at a flowrate of 252 gal/mm. In 1988 the plant had
experienced frequent shutdowns and breakthroughs of arsenic and permanganate in the effluent. A
plan of action was devised in October, 1988, between the city of Lidgerwood, the state of North
Dakota, EPA, the city’s consulting engineers, and Reclamation personnel.
ANALYSIS : The plan of action was later modified after further review of operational records,
consultants’ reports, on-site inspections, manufacturer’s review, and laboratory analyses of raw water
samples. This paper discusses the design modifications in operational procedures and in equipment
retrofit, including a detention tank, a clearwell, a set of backwash pumps, an automatic backwash
controller, and a color monitor with alarm.
FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS : Because of the imminent health threat and the limited
construction season, an accelerated design and construction schedule was established. A laboratory
verification was initiated concurrent to the development of design/specifications to confirm the
effectiveness of the suggested remedies. Through team efforts, Reclamation awarded the contract
in July, 1989. Construction was essentially completed by December, 1989. The modified plant has
been operational and has consistently produced potable water with acceptable MCLs since January,
1990.
87
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Harry T. Jong
Environmental Engineer
Water Treatment Unit, D-3 130
Plant Structures Branch
Division of Civil Engineering
U. S. Bureau of Reclamation
Post Office Box #25007
Denver, CO 80225
(303) 236-90%
Mr. Jong has a Bachelor of Science degree in Civil Engineering (Structural) from the University of
Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, graduating in 1966. He has a Master of Science degree in Civil
Engineering (Water Resources) from the University of Colorado in 1967.
Mr. Jong has 20 years experience as an Environmental/Sanitary Engineer. He has been responsible
for determining, selecting, and designing physical and chemical treatment processes relative to water
and wastewater, including pretreatment processes for membrane desalting systems.
Mr. Jong is a Registered Professional Engineer in the State of Colorado. He is a member of the
American Society of Civil Engineers and the Colorado Section A.S.C.E.
88
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Title: TRANSPORTATION AND DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
Authors: Philip D. Kessack, Esq.
The focus of our proposed paper relates to the problems encountered by EPA and its Response Action
Contractors (NRACsN) relating to the transportation and disposal of hazardous substances as a part of
the remediation process under CERCLA § 107(aX3). Specifically, the paper will make
recommendations on steps that EPA could take to enable the RACs to significantly increase their role
in the coordination and administration of the transportation and disposal of hazardous substances once
a transporter and/or TSDF have been selected.
At the present time, most of the experienced and larger RACs are hesitant to assume responsibility
for the detailed coordination of the transportation and disposal of hazardous substances because of
potential liability under CERCLA § lO7(aX3). Lack of clear guidance on such issues such as whether
contractor/subcontractor status between the RAC and the transporter after the transporter has been
selected by the Owner/EPA will qualify as arianging for the transportation under CERCLA §
lO7(1X3) has led to a general reluctance on the part of the better qualified and knowledgeable RACs
to assume this role. As a result, EPA may be faced with a diminishing pool of qualified RACs who
possess both the experience and the resources to ensure that the hazardous material is disposed of in
the most efficient and competent manner. This may also result in increased costs to EPA due to the
reduction in meaningful competition and may impose a significant administrative burden on limited
EPA field staff. Lack of clarification on this and similar issues also appears to have had a negative
impact on the private sector and has apparently led to a substantial increase in cost relating to this
activity.
The paper will provide an analysis of the applicable sections of CERCLA and will provide
recommendations on steps that EPA can take to ensure that a sufficient pool of qualified RACs is
available to meet EPA’s future needs.
89
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Philip D. Kessack, Esq.
Deputy Director for Contract Legal Services
Environmental Counsel
American Capital & Research Corporation
9300 Lee Highway
Fairfax, VA 22031
(703) 934-3000
Mr. Kessack currenfly serves as the Deputy Director for Contract Legal Services and as
Environmental Counsel for the American Capital & Research Corporation based in Fairfax, Virginia.
He graduated from the University of Louisville in 1971 and served over six years as a Captain in the
United States Marine Corps. He graduated from the University of Kentucky, College of Law, in 1980
with a focus on Mineral and Environmental Law. He has prior experience with the Kentucky
Department for Natural Resources and Environmental Protection and has served as General Counsel
for several private corporations. Mr. Kessack joined ACR in February of 1988 and serves as its
primary environmental legal counsel.
go
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Title: SUCCESSFUL PROGRAM MANAGEMENT FOR REMEDIAL
DESIGN/REMEDIAL ACTION
Authors: James L. Kilby
BACKGROUND : The Seymour Recycling Center Site is located 2 miles southwest of the City of
Seymour, Indiana. The site is the number one NPL site in the State of Indiana. The 14-acre site
operated as a processing center for waste chemicals in the 1970’s. As of 1980, in excess of 50,000
drums, 100 bulk storage tanks and numerous tank trucks were located at the site. Hazardous
substances had leaked onto the ground, resulting in soil contamination, groundwater contamination,
aquifer contamination, vapor emissions, fires and odor problems.
In 1982, USEPA conducted an emergency response action clearing the site of drums, tanks and some
contaminated surface soil. The Ri was completed in 1985, the FS was published in 1986. The 109
PRPs were party to a consent decree entered in the Indianapolis Federal District Court in December
of 1988. The RD/RA is being conducted by the PRPs.
ANALYSIS : The consent decree for the remedial work allowed 58 months to complete the installation
of the facilities. Strategies were developed with primary objectives of: (a) solve the environmental
problems, (b) early completion, (c) avoid stipulated penalties, (d) operate and construct the site
without excess exposure of the public to hazardous materials, (e) no lost work-day injuries to site
personnel, (f) positive community relations, and (g) operate within budgeted funds.
The execution strategy developed for the project focused on (a) develop aggressive schedule, (b)
avoid interruption of engineering, (c) develop large bid packages, (d) utilization of experienced
contractors/personnel, (e) shorten communication lines, (f) team approach between PRPs, contractors,
USEPA, IDEM, City of Seymour, (g) cost sensitivity, (h) community relations, and (i) flexibility.
The PRP lead work utilized several techniques to expedite the work and to avoid work interruptions.
The techniques included phasing of the project work, proceeding at risk to avoid engineering
interruptions, informal technical reviews with agency personnel during the engineering process, and
proceeding based on verbal approval from agency personnel.
CONCLUSION : The facilities at the Seymour Site will be completed two years ahead of schedule.
The over-all strategy has facilitated early completion of the work. The team approach between all
parties has had a positive impact. The program has operated without excess exposure of the public
or workers to hazardous materials. As of the end of November, 1990, the project has operated
without a lost work-day injury. Progress is being made on correction of the environmental problem.
Cost will exceed the budget.
91
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James L. Kilby
M2n 8er, Remedial Projects
Monsanto Agricuftural Company
800 No. Lindbergh Blvd. - N3F
St. Louis, MO 63167
Phone: 3l4- 94-6443
James L. Kilby is Manager, Remedial Projects for Monsanto’s Agricultural Company. He currently
is the Trustee’s representative and Project Coordinator for the Seymour Site Trust. Mr. Kilby has
been with Monsanto for 31 years, with half of his career spent in various manufacturing roles and
half in engineering. Prior to his current role, he was responsible for project management of capital
projects for Monsanto’s Agricultural Company Engineering Department on a worldwide basis. Mr.
Kilby’s areas of expertise include a broad manufacturing background with experience in staff and
line capacities, project management, contract administration, construction, and plant start-up. He
is graduate of the University of Arkansas with a degree in Chemical Engineering and has done
graduate work in the area of international business.
92
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Title: CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT CLAIMS GUIDANCE SYSTEM: A
KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEM
Authors: Moonja Park Kim
James Diekmann
Today, Change Orders and Claims are the final challenge to every Construction project. Litigation
has become a sporting event in our society. Our country is overrun by seminars giving chapter and
verse geared toward contractors, engineers and owners, concerning how to prepare a claim, and how
to defend against a claim. Clearly the subject has everyone’s attention. We are being taught to
prepare for confrontation whether it materializes or not. In the process, we are driving a stake
through the heart of the cooperative spirit of problem solving among the people involved.
The resident engineer must be allowed to exercise a far more decisive role in change orders and
claims. He is on the firing line; he knows best. He should be a top-flight professional whose
judgement and conclusions are respected and trusted. However, resident engineers are not always
supported by those engineers who are well informed of the laws related to contracting and potential
litigation, especially the new problems concerning hazardous waste sites.
Taking advantage of the computer technology advances in the artificial intelligence area, it seems that
a computerized change order/claims analysis system would be beneficial to assist the resident engineer
and his jobsite engineers in analyzing change orders and potential claims. Thus a resident engineer
can make a better and more appropriate decision concerning timely change orders. This paper will
describe an expert system (knowledge-based system) being, developed to help inexperienced jobsite
engineers to make correct decisions, thus avoiding unnecessary litigations. It will also consider the
possible use of the developed expert system as a tool to create cooperative spirit among people
involved. With the use of this system the parties involved may improve negotiation, as the system will
provide the same ground with all the facts exposed to all of the parties.
93
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Moonja P. Kim, Ph.D., CPA
Construction Management Team
U.S. Army - Construction Engineering Research Laboratory
Post Office Box #4005
Champaign, IL 61820
(217) 373-6713
Moonja P. Kim is a principal investigator of the Construction Management Team at the U.S. Army -
Construction Engineering Research Laboratory. Her area of emphasis is the application of expert
system and database management technology to practical areas of construction management. She has
published several articles regarding expert System development of construction contract claims. Dr.
Kim received her Ph.D. in Social Psychology from Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ and her
M.A. in Accountancy from University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. She is a member of the
American Association of Artificial Intelligence, the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and
the Society of American Military Engineers (SAME). She is also a member of two technical
committees: NMicrocomputers in Constructioif of the Construction Division of ASCE, and the
Database Committee of Technical Council on Computer Practice of ASCE.
James Diekmann, Ph.D.
Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering
University of Colorado
James Diekmann, Ph.D., is a professor of Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural
Engineering at the University of Colorado. His research area covers construction contracts and
claims, project control systems, artificial intelligence, and construction labor trends and policy. He
has published numerous papers in these areas. Professor Diekmann received his Ph.D. in Civil
Engineering from University of Washington, Seattle, and M.S. in Engineering Management from the
University of Missouri. He is a member of American Society of Civil Engineers.
94
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Title: REMEDIAL DESIGN APPROACH AND DESIGN INVESTIGATIONS AT THE
BAYOU BONFOUCA SITE
Authors: Kevin L. Klink, P.E.
Jerry L. Aycock, P.E.
The EPA selected remedy for the Bayou Bonfouca Source Control Operable Unit includes removal
of creosote contaminated materials from the abandoned site property and adjacent bayou, incineration
of some contaminated materials, construction of an on-site landfill with a RCRA cap, and placement
of consolidated site soils and incinerator ash in the on-site landfill. During the development of the
design approach, design investigations (DI) were recommended and performed for the site to reduce
design uncertainties. Key areas of focus were: extent of contamination, bayou bank slope stability,
solids handling, air emissions testing, and solids dewatering. The design investigation activities
included bank drilling and core samples, vibracore sediment sampling, full scale sediment dredging
and screening, bench and pilot scale sediment dewatering tests, material size and density distribution
characterization, field air emissions flux testing, and computer simulated air dispersion modeling.
The design investigation results provided essential information that was used in the development and
refinement of the design approach and in the completion of the design. Key issues addressed for the
design investigation included: information needs specific to the design approach, regulatory
implications for various design investigation activities, applicability of data to full scale remediation,
and costs of design investigation activities.
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Kevin L. Klink, P.E.
CH2M Hill
2300 N.W. Walnut Boulevard
Corvallis, OR 97330
(503) 758-0235, Ext. 3503
Kevin L. Klink is a senior engineer in CH2M Hill’s Waste Management and Industrial Process
Division. Mr. Klink earned a B.S. in chemical engineering from Oregon State University in 1980.
He served as the 1988-89 chairman of the Oregon Section of AIChE. He is a registered professional
engineer in Oregon.
Mr. Klink, in over 10 years at CH2M Hill, has broad experience in scoping, evaluating, testing,
design, and implementation of waste management systems for industrial clients and government
agencies. Mr. Klink has published papers/given presentations at environmental conferences on the
following topics: hazardous waste cost estimating, hazardous waste incineration, and treatment of
waste streams containing heavy metals.
Jerry L. Aycock, P.E.
CH2M Hill
6060 South Willow Drive
Englewood, CO 80111-51 12
(303) 771—0900
96
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Title: TRIAL BURN AT MOTCO SITE, LaMARQUE, TEXAS
Authors: Mary Ann LaBarre
Phil Schwindt
Alex Lemmon
At the MOTCO Superfund Site, the MOTCO Trust Group and the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), have begun incinerating 11 to 15 million gallons of waste, consisting of waste oils, and
industrial process wastes including styrene tars, vinyl chloride, and small concentrations of PCI3s,
mercury and lead.
In May 1990, EPA approved a plan for conducting trial burns of hazardous waste in two incinerators,
constructed on-site, called Hybrid Thermal Treatment System (HTTS) units. One unit, HTTS-2, will
be used to process solid material, sludges, aqueous waste, and organic liquids. The second unit,
HTTS-3, is processing aqueous waste and organic liquids.
In early operations, the incinerators were tested using uncontaminated dirt, water, and oil. On May
23, 1990, waste was introduced into the HTTS-3 unit to begin to bring the incinerator up to full
operation. IT Corporation conducted three pretests on July 4-5, July 25-26 and September 6. The
trial burn for the HTTS-3 unit started October 9 and was completed on October 12. The HTTS-3 unit
is continuing to burn waste at conditions based on the operating parameters demonstrated as safe
during the pretests. Waste is expected to be fed into the HTTS-2 unit in late November and the trial
burn is expected to begin some time in late 1990.
The results of the initial pretest conducted by the MOTCO Trust Group on July 4 and 5 met the
performance standards for the Destruction Removal Efficiencies (DRE) of 99.9999% for carbon
tetrachloride and 1,1 ,2-trichloroethane, and 99.9% for naphthalene. The emissions of particulates or
solid particles did, however, exceed the performance standard of an allowable concentration of 0.08
grains per dry standard cubic foot during the first two pretests. Therefore, in August, IT installed
a Hydro-Sonic Super-Sub steam assembly to increase the particulate removal. Results from the
pretest conducted on September 6 show the particulate level met the performance standard.
Trial Burn results are to be received by EPA within 90 days from completion of the Trial Burn.
Incineration of all on—site waste material is expected to take at least 14 months after the Trial Burn
of HTTS-2. Decontaminated ash from the incineration process will be disposed of on-site, and, after
the project is completed, the process equipment will be dismantled and removed from the site. An
impervious clay cap will be constructed on-site over the decontaminated ash and covered with a layer
of topsoil. The area will then be graded and seeded, and a security fence will be installed. The
MOTCO Trust Group, with EPA oversight, will monitor the property for at least 30 years to ensure
site safety and protection of human health and the environment.
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Mary Ann LaBarre
Hazardous Waste Management Division
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
1445 Ross Avenue
Dallas, TX 75202
(214) 255-6735
Mary Ann LaBarre holds a B.S. in Chemical Engineering, 1987, from Clarkson University in New
York State. Ms. LaBarre has almost three years experience in the Superfund Program in Region VI
EPA, with more than one year in the Cost Recovery Branch and almost two years as a Remedial
Project Manager in the Texas Section of the Superfund Enforcement Branch. Primary responsibilities
include PRP-oversight management of design and construction activities associated with the MOTCO
site, where EPA’s first mixed-funding settlement occurred.
98
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Title: CONSTRUCTION OF GROUNDWATER EXTRACTION TRENCHES
Authors: Gary Lang
BACKGROUND : At the Milicreek Superfund Site, located in Erie County, Pennsylvania, the
remedial activity was divided into three (3) phases: 1) groundwater extraction trenches and collection
sumps, 2) treatment plant, and 3) closure cap. Each phase was to be performed via separate contract.
The contract mechanism for phase 1 of the activity, the groundwater extraction trenches and
collection sumps, was a negotiated delivery order under a pre-placed remedial action contract with
I T Corporation. During negotiations, a continuous trenching machine was chosen as the means for
installing the extraction trenches in view of the potential cost savings and the attractive safety aspects
from limited confined space entry. The trenching machine used was capable of excavating the trench,
installing piping to a depth of 20 feet, and backfilling with granular fill all in one operation. Five
(5) extraction trenches were installed. Each trench was 200 feet in length, exclusive of the flushing
riser.
ANALYSIS : At this particular site, obstacles were encountered such as extremely wet subsurface
conditions and clayey, sandy soils which, when trenched, resulted in a consistency that prohibited the
trencher from providing a clean open trench for the granular fill hopper and pipe placement to
follow. This soil/water condition apparently created such a hydrostatic pressure that, in some
instances, the soil/water displaced the granular fill during trenching and also prevented free feeding
of the 6” slotted polyethylene drainage piping, causing pipe breakage during installation. The
contractor determined that substantial dewatering would be required under these soil conditions in
order to properly install the groundwater extraction trenches. The extensive dewatering required to
install the trench by means of the trencher was not anticipated by the contractor. Also encountered
during excavation was glacial till that was untrenchable by means of the trencher, which necessitated
revising the bottom elevations of three of the five trenches.
FINDiNGS : The five groundwater extraction trenches appear to be functioning quite well at this
point, as can be evidenced by the quantity of water flowing to the collection sump for each trench.
For future design considerations, extensive exploratory drilling, i.e., soil borings, should be performed
along the proposed trench alignment to assure that the sub-surface conditions are conducive to using
a Continuous trenching machine.
CONCLUSION : Under compatible subsurface conditions, groundwater extraction trenches can be
installed more safely and cost-effectively by using a continuous trenching machine in lieu of a
conventional trenching method.
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Gary J. Lang
Commander, 911 Tactical Airlift Group
Box 193, Greater Pittsburgh International Airport
Building 210, Room 108
Pittsburgh, PA 15231
(412) 269-8134
Mr. Lang has M.S. and B.S. degrees in Civil Engineering, with a secondary speciality in environmental
engineering. Mr. Lang, a Supervisory Civil Engineer, has 11 years of construction experience, with
the last 4 years directly related with hazardous waste work.
Mr. Lang has been the Chief of the Western Project Office of the Baltimore District’s Harrisburg
Area Office since 1985, and is responsible for all Military and hazardous waste construction activities
administered by the Baltimore District in western Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Prior to this, Mr.
Lang worked in KKMC District in Saudi Arabia in the Contract Administration Branch negotiating
$100,000 plus contract modifications. Mr. Lang has extensive construction related experience in
project management/contract administration/quality assurance for a wide variety of projects,
including a 300-bed hospital, chilled water plant, sewage treatment plant, warehouse buildings,
office/administrative buildings, aircraft hangars, training facilities, numerous reserve centers,
machine gun ranges and various rehabilitation projects.
100
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Title: ADVANCES IN HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE ALLUVIAL SAMPLING
Authors: Lowell E. Leach
Donald C. Draper
Groundwater remediation at hazardous waste sites often fails to meet established clean-up goals
because restoration systems are traditionally designed based on the quality of water from monitoring
wells alone. Such information is fundamentally inadequate for describing mass transport of
contaminants, the indigenous microbial ecology and the subsurface plume geometry as well as the
partitioned distribution of contaminants. To obtain the information required for more accurate design
of most aquifer remediation projects, it is necessary to collect and characterize the gradation of
contaminant concentrations in subsurface formation material. This characterization is necessary both
above and below the water table, and often in cohesionless flowing sands. The paper describes
advances in hollow-stem auger coring equipment which significantly increases core recovery by use
of an internal vacuum piston. Core preservation procedures were developed which allow very precise
stratigraphic location of plume interfaces and concentration gradient geometry. Identification of very
low concentrations of volatile organics on the fringes of the plume can be detected within 5 cms
elevation providing a three-dimensional description of contaminant isotherms.
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Lowell E. Leach, P.E.
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
Post Office Box #1198
Ada, OK 74820
(405) 332-8800
Lowell E. Leach received his B.S. in Geological Engineering at the University of Oklahoma in 1959
and has been a Registered Professional Engineer in Oklahoma since 1966. With 31 years of experience
in field applications of geological engineering, he is responsible for developing methodology for
sampling groundwater and subsurface materials for Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research
Laboratory in Ada, Oklahoma.
Donald C. Draper
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
Post Office Box #1 198
Ada, OK 74820
(405) 332-8800
Donald C. Draper received his B.S. in Geology at the University of Texas in 1958 and an M.S. in
Environmental Science at the University of Kansas in 1970. He was employed by the Texas State
Water Commission 1959-1964 and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and predecessor
agencies since 1964 except for the period 1982-86 when he served as a Professional Independent
Geologist in Oklahoma. He is a Hydrogeologist at the Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research
Laboratory involved in technical support on Superfund sites and the Underground Injection Control
Program.
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Title: A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO GROUNDWATER QUALITY
ASSESSMENT AND CORRECTWE ACTION FOR MULTIPLE FACILITIES IN
ONE HYDROGEOLOGLC PROVINCE
Authors: C. M. Lewis
M. A. Ebra
0. B. Wheat
BACKGROUNft SRS has recently begun to prepare hydrogeologic assessments and corrective action
plans simultaneously for adjacent facilities in the General Separations Areas (GSA). The GSA is a
fifteen square mile area near the geographic center of the SRS which forms a single hydrologic
province. Five RCRA sites and fourteen RFI/RI sites have been identified in the GSA. Various
other spill and waste sites are potential sources of groundwater contamination. There is evidence of
intermingling plumes of contamination.
ANALYSIS : An exhaustive hydrogeologic characterization has been completed for the F and H Area
Seepage Basins (FHSB), which are waste sites in the GSA. An implementable groundwater
remediation plan has also been prepared for the FHSB in accordance with RCRA and South Carolina
Hazardous Waste Management regulations. Hydrogeologic investigations and preparation of corrective
action plans at the other facilities are in various later stages of preparation. Schedules for
environmental restoration work have been driven largely by regulatory deadlines.
FINDINGS : There are two primary findings of the hydrogeologic assessment and modeling studies
of corrective action options. First, the plumes at FHSB should not be treated as isolated zones of
groundwater. The FHSB areas exist as part of the larger hydrogeologic regime of the GSA. Any
groundwater corrective action plan at the FHSB should take into account effects at adjacent facilities
and effects on nearby streams and wetlands. Second, the most important corrective action is source
control. Preliminary estimates indicate that groundwater remediation schemes will provide only
minimal additional benefit to groundwater and stream water quality as compared to the effects of
discontinuing discharge of waste to the basins and to basin closure.
CONCLUSIONS : A plan for comprehensive groundwater quality assessment and corrective action
for the General Separations Areas of SRS has been developed and proposed as an alternative to
groundwater remediation at individual facilities. The plan proposes to treat the entire area as a whole
and is based on technical, logistical and cost/benefit considerations. The main obstacle to
implementation of this environmental restoration program may be regulatory rigidity.
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C. M. Lewis
Westinghouse Savannah River Company
Post Office Box #616
Building 703-H
Aiken, SC 29802
(803) 557—1760
C. W. Lewis has a Ph.D. in Geology from the University of South Carolina and is currently working
for Westinghouse Savannah River Company, P.O. Box 616, Building 703-H, Aiken, S.C. 29802(803)
557—1760.
M. A. Ebra
0. B. Wheat
Environmental Restoration Division
U.S. DOE
Westinghouse Savannah River Company
104
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Title: IDENTIFYING AND MANAGING THE RISKS OF CONSTRUCTION CLAIMS
Authors: Norman B. Lovejoy
James E. Freeman
BACKGROUNft Hazardous waste cleanup is the public works program of the ‘90s. The public
works program of the ‘lOs and ‘80s was TM CIean Water” and drew literally thousands of construction
claims. Can lessons learned during and since the great “Clean Water” days be applied to hazardous
cleanup?
ANALYSIS : Cleanup is accomplished through contracts. Contracts are never perfect and breed
disputes. There is a misconception that the design professional is perfect and can be held to strict
liability. That misconception coupled with a lack of understanding of the basic entitlements that offer
an avenue for cost recovery through disputes is not well understood. Design professionals like to
think they are a member of the “team”, but liability issues are forcing parties further apart.
Contractors must make a profit in face of the risk of differing site conditions, imperfect contract
documents and poor contract administration. Contractors understand entitlement issues and subtleties
of remedies under the contract and case law. Owners and design professionals are not as well versed
in this area. How can they become a member of the team identifying and controlling risks while at
the same time preserving the shield of protection needed against third party suits.
FINDINGS : Without knowledge and education as to the needs and goals of all parties in the design
and construction team, contractors will continue to take advantage of available entitlements to create
disputes and recover costs. Corrective action starts with the owner and the design professional, who
often are more concerned about controlling the risk of liability and controlling the cost, than getting
the job done in a risk-shared manner.
CONCLUSIONS : An insular view of the Construction world creates the problems. The answer is in
education, education, education and understanding of the needs and objectives of all parties. This
starts with the basic understanding of the entitlement issues that create claims.
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Norman B. Lovejoy
Kellogg Corporation
26 West Dry Creek Circle
Littleton, CO 80120
(303) 794-1818
Mr. Lovejoy is a construction specialist with over 40 years of experience in the construction industry.
His specific areas of expertise include contract document preparation, contract administration, project
management and construction claims. Specific projects have included: analysis of contract
administration performance involving a $90 million sludge incineration wastewater facility, project
m n gement procedures and organizational development for an $877 million light rail transit project,
and development of design and construction procedures for cleanup of a private company’s hazardous
waste sites. Mr. Lovejoy holds a ES. from the US. Military Academy and an M.S. in Geotechnical
Engineering from Harvard University. He is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers
Committee on Contract Administration, a construction arbitrator panelist and a seminar instructor on
construction management and contract administration.
James E. Freeman
Kellogg Corporation
26 West Dry Creek Circle
Littleton, CO 80120
(303) 794-1818
106
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Title: INTRODUCING AN INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY INTO THE REMEDIAL
MARKET — EUROPEAN SOIL WASHING FOR U.S. APPLICATIONS
Authors: Michael J. Mann, P.E.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the need for innovative technologies for the remedial action
market and the barriers and possible solutions to successful implementation. The paper discusses the
development of a Joint Venture with a Dutch company and the specifications taken to utilize this
technology.
The NCP, the HSWA Amendments, and program economics continually drive remediation activities
to on-site applications. A review of RODS issued during the period 1987-1989 indicates that 371
source control RODS were issued, only 82 of which utilized a so-called innovativeN technology. The
trend, however, is significantly improving in later years. Innovative technologies today are generally
defined as on-site incineration, thermal desorbtion, stabilization, bioremediation, YES, chemical
extraction and destruction, and soil washing. All single technologies have matrix/contaminant
limitations, and only one, soil washing, can handle a wide range of organic and inorganic
contaminants.
In early 1990, Geraghty & Miller conducted a review of the European remedial market and found
significant success in the use of soil washing in Holland. The system Consists of screening, separation,
froth flotation, sludge treatment, and residuals management. The process strength and limitations will
be discussed in the paper.
No full-size soil washing plants for hazardous wastes have yet been constructed in the U.S. With the
process flexibility, mobility, on-site capability, and cost-effectiveness, why is this so? The paper will
focus on the issues of regulator acceptance, treatment standards, client perceptions, risk avoidance,
and ideas to help introduce new technologies into the market.
107
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Michael J. Mann, P.E.
Vice President of Engineering
Geraghty & Miller, Inc.
3820 Northdale Boulevard, Suite #200
Tampa, FL 33624
(813) 961—1921
Mr. Mann has more than 20 years experience in the environmental field, with the primary focus on
waste management. He has been directly involved with the investigation, remedial design,
construction, and operations of several hundred projects for industrial and governmental clients. Mr.
Mann began his hazardous waste involvement at Malcolm Pirnie, Inc.; managed the ENRAC Division
and later the On-Site Services Group at Chemical Waste Management is currently the Vice President
of Engineering for Geraghty & Miller, Inc., and heads up the Joint Venture with Heidemij
Reststoffendiensten of The Netherlands.
Mr. Mann received a B.S. (Civil) from West Point and an M.S. (Environmental Engineering) from RPI.
He is a Professional Engineer and a Diplomate, American Academy of Environmental Engineers.
108
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Title: BELLS AND WHISTLES: COMMUNITY RELATIONS DURING RD/RA
Authors: Karen M. Martin
John P. Perrecone
The purpose of this paper will be to outline RD/RA community relations (CR) at three PRP-lead sites
in Indiana (Marion/Bragg Dump, Marion; Westinghouse, Bloomington; Seymour Recycling, Seymour).
In each case, public reaction to remedial action started out negative, but stayed negative at
Marion/Bragg, has improved at Westinghouse, and is now positive at Seymour. This paper will
explore factors at each site which contributed to public acceptance of the ROD, and discuss the CR
programs for each site.
NCP requirements for community relations were followed for each of the three sites. Because of
various factors, however, the respective communities have either continued in their negative
perception of EPA’s actions, or come to accept the decision as outlined in the ROD. Factors include:
the presence of environmental activists; PRP openness to the community; citizens involved in
communicating with the public; and others.
At Marion/Bragg, public acceptance continues to be negative in part because local environmentalists
were not actively involved in the Superfund process until after the ROD was signed. A small and
influential group continues to vocally and actively fight the decision, even though RA is almost
complete. They have taken the fight to Washington, D.C.
At Westinghouse, public acceptance has improved somewhat, in large part because a citizens’ group
was established to help communicate information about EPA’s actions throughout the community.
The public has a better understanding of EPA’s actions, but some protesters continue to demonstrate
against the ROD.
At Seymour, negative public comments led to revisions to the ROD. The PRP has been very
cooperative and open with the public, and has built an observation tower and established a public
information center at the site. The public is calm and accepts RA at this site.
Public acceptance is greatly enhanced when the community has been actively involved with the RI/FS
through the ROD, and has had an impact on the ROD. PRP cooperation and openness adds to this.
When the public gets involved late in the process, especially if there are angry activists who feel they
were not listened to and can have no impact on what is happening now, acceptance suffers.
Community relations can be improved with targeted and increased communication, and public
involvement in helping communicate site work.
The goal of community relations is not to necessarily develop public acceptance of RA at a site.
Sometimes the public may never accept what is being done. Rather, it is EPA’s responsibility to be
open and communicate as much information as possible, and be available for questions and concerns.
But, when time and resources allow, efforts to bring the public into the “loop”, even late in the
process, can improve public perception, and ROD acceptance.
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Karen M. Martin
Office of Public Affairs
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region V (5PA)
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, 1L 60604
(FTS) 886-6128
Karen Martin has been U.S. EPA’s Community Relations Coordinator for Superfund sites in Indiana
since February 1990.
Prior to working with EPA, she served as Executive Director of Metro Chicago Habitat for Humanity,
and Executive Director of South Suburban Housing Center, Homewood, IL. She has extensive public
speaking experience, having been a guest speaker for forums and public gatherings, a radio guest, and
has testified for the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. She has written frequently for various
publications.
Ms. Martin has MDiv. and MBA degrees.
John P. Perrecone
Office of Public Affairs
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region V (SPA)
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, IL 60604
(FTS) 353-1149
John Perrecone is the regional expert on risk communication for U.S. EPA, Region Five in Chicago.
He has trained over 500 regional EPA employees, other Agency employees, elected officials and
private contractors on risk perception, community relations and the principles of effective risk
communication. He is a Community Relations Coordinator in the Superfund program, is Title III
Outreach Coordinator in Region Five and speaks for the Agency at numerous conferences and
seminars.
He spoke at the National Safety Council’s 1989 conference on the “Right to Know Revolution: Boom
or Bust”, organized a session at the 1989 Society of Risk Analysis convention on “Risk Communication
as a Means of Community Empowerment”, and spoke at HazMat ‘90 in Chicago on the “Warring
Factions at Superfund Sites: EPA’s Perspective.”
Mr. Perrecone has been with EPA for eleven years. In 1979, he received his Masters Degree in Urban
and Regional Planning from the University of Houston.
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Title: SPECIFICATIONS FOR HTW DESIGNS
Authors: Gregory J. Mellema, P.E.
An essential component of any remedial design is the contract specifications. As the technology for
Hazardous and Toxic Waste (HTW) remedial actions is rapidly advancing, it is imperative that
specifications be prepared to accurately reflect the current technology.
Many HTW specifications are currently prepared from “scratch” as there are no “Guide Specifications”
available for reference. Other specifications are modifications of existing general construction guide
specifications which do not adequately address HTW concerns. Specifications which are poorly
written or do not reflect the current technology become readily apparent when the project is under
construction.
The Omaha District and Missouri River Division is currently reevaluating and preparing “Guide
Specifications” specifically geared toward HTW remedial actions. Some of the specifications are: 1.
Geomembranes; 2. Geonets; 3. Low Permeability Clay Liners; 4. Underground Storage Tank
Removals; and 5. Slurry Walls. Other specifications such as Grading, Excavations, and Demolition,
are being revised to incorporate HTW design considerations.
There is a need in the HTW field for specification uniformity and additional HTW guide
specifications. Possible new guide specifications are Gas Venting Systems, Solidification, Hazardous
Materials Handling, and other new technologies as they arise.
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Gregory J. Mellema, P.E.
Civil Engineer
Hazardous and Toxic Waste Section
Geotechnical Branch
Omaha District
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
CEMRO-ED-GF
215 North 17th Street
Omaha, NE 68 102-4978
(402) 221-4707
Greg Mellema is a project engineer for the HTW Section in Geotechnical Branch, Engineering
Division, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District. He earned a Bachelor of Science in Civil
Engineering from the University of Nebraska in 1984. Mr. Mellema is a registered professional
engineer in Nebraska. His experience includes construction quality assurance, dam safety inspections,
and preparing HTW design plans and specifications.
112
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Title: WHERE GROUNDWATER PUMP AND TREAT CAN WORK AND WHERE IT
CAN’T WORK
Authors: Mark Mercer
Paper compares contaminant mass release rates to the subsurface at Class One and Class Two sites
with contaminant mass removal rates possible with groundwater pump and treat. Mass removal rates
possible with NAPL plume investigation and remediation are presented. Containment and clean-up
approaches for Class Two sites (NAPL) are discussed. Some reasons for current groundwater pump
and treat failures are discussed. Changes in groundwater site investigation procedures are presented.
113
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Mark Mercer
Hazardous Site Control Division (0S-220W)
(SUPERFUND)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response
401 M Street S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
(703) 308-8322
Mark Mercer, P.E., has B.S. and M.S. Degrees, majoring in Environmental Engineering and minoring
in Hydrology.
Mr. Mercer currently works for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in the Hazardous Site Control
Division (SUPERFUND). He participated in the promulgation of the U.S. Hazardous Waste
Regulation (1976-1980). He has been working on the SUPERFUND Program as a contractor and
government employee since 1980. Mr. Mercer is specializing in Contaminant Migration and Risk
Assessment with focus on groundwater contaminant migration. His work has involved suiting up to
perform actual site investigations as well as computer modeling of contaminant migration and risk
assessment. He has worked for Versar, Inc., Ecology and Environment Inc., and Engineering Science.
114
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Title: VALUE ENGINEERING STUDIES FOR THE HELEN KRAMER LANDFILL
SUPERFUND SITE
Authors: A. Monti
Construction of the selected remedial alternative at the Helen Kramer Landfill Superfund site in
Mantua, New Jersey is currently underway. URS Consultants, Inc., as prime contractor to the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers, performed the detailed design of remedial alternatives at the site. In
response to several outstanding technical issues that arose during this assignment, URS proposed and
carried out a series of Value Engineering Studies. These studies identified a potential savings of $3
million by optimizing the design of remedial alternatives which had been proposed in previous
designs. The proposed remedial plan consisted of a combination of slurry walls, subsurface drains,
and a pretreatment facility. The design of each alternative needed to be cost-effective, having a
minimal impact on the surrounding area.
Changes were recommended in the design of subsurface drains and slurry wall. This was done on the
basis of a three-dimensional groundwater flow model, developed and calibrated to site conditions.
Selected remedial alternatives were imposed upon the model, alone and in various combinations, and
their impact on the hydrogeologic system was evaluated. A new combination of subsurface drains
and slurry walls was chosen on the basis of both the modeling and benefit-cost analyses. Substantial
savings were realized due to the fact that 1) a proposed upgradient drain was determined to be
unnecessary, 2) the slurry wall could be keyed at a shallower depth than previously proposed, and 3)
the leachage collection drain was located at an elevation which controlled inflow yet prevented off-
site migration of leachate into the underlying aquifer. A sensitivity analysis was included to
incorporate uncertainties associated with geologic and hydrologic conditions at the site; results were
simulated for a 30-year period.
Following this, a series of two-dimensional flow simulations was conducted on the selected remedial
alternative in order to more accurately model site conditions. It was the results of this analysis that
led to a recommendation to downsize the pretreatment facility. This modification was responsible
for substantial savings in the capital and particularly in the projected operation and maintenance costs
of the project.
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Amy Monti
URS Consultants
570 Delaware Avenue
Buffalo, NY 14202
(716) 883-5525
Ms. Monti is a Civil Engineer with URS Consultants. She has seven years of experience as a Project
Engineer and as the Task Manager for groundwater flow and solute transport modeling. Her
experience includes the development of numerous remedial investigation and feasibility study reports
for Superfund, municipal, and industrial waste sites. She has developed and analyzed two- and three-
dimensional groundwater flow and solute transport models for the Department of Energy’s potential
nuclear waste salt repositories, as well as hazardous waste sites. The models are calibrated to existing
site conditions, and are used to assess the effectiveness and feasibility of remedial alternatives during
both the RI/FS and detailed design phases.
116
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Title: CONSTRUCTABILITY INPUT TO THE HTRW PROCESS
Authors: James P. Moore, P.E.
This paper will define the role(s) of constructability input (based on Corps of Engineers experience)
to the traditional design/construction process and compare/contrast those with the HTRW process.
It will emphasize the expanded role and importance of constructability input in all phases of HTRW,
including the RI/FS, ROD, and RD/RA phases.
Examples of such input, and of the results when such input is lacking, will be presented, via case
studies of several projects.
Outline:
1. Definition of Constructability
a. Biddability
b. Constructability
c. Operability
d. Feedback
e. Lessons learned
2. Benefits and Costs of Constructability Review
3. Areas of Emphasis for Constructability Input
4. Policies and Procedures — Reporting Requirements
5. Case Studies
117
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James P. Moore, P.E.
Northeastern Resident Office
Baltimore District
US. Army Corps of Engineers
Post Office Box #48
Tobyh nn Army Depot
Tobyhanna, PA 18466-5048
(717) 894—7052
Mr. Moore has been with the Baltimore District since 1978. Since 1985, he has served in his present
capacity as a Resident Engineer. His Resident Office administers military, civil, and Superfund,
DERP contracts in Eastern Pennsylvania and the Southern Tier of New York. He has been involved
with the Superfund Program since 1986; his first contract was the RA at the Lackawanna Refuse Site.
Since that time, his office has or is currently administering RA work at 8 NPL sites, with a current
NTW workload at 570M. Mr. Moore received his B.S. degree in Civil Engineering in 1976 at the
Pennsylvania State University.
118
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Title: HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE& WORKER PROTECTION PERSPECTIVES
Authors: John B. Moran
Donald Elisburg
The Laborer’s Health and Safety Fund, a jointly trusted labor-management group, has been intimately
involved in hazardous waste activities with specific regard to worker safety and health issues for over
two years. This involvement has been on a national scale involving NPL sties and state designated
uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. Extensive interactions have occurred with local, state, federal
agencies including EPA, OSHA, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, contractors; construction
management firms; LEPCs; and several construction labor unions.
What has emerged in the analysis of several case histories is a rather comprehensive view of the
complexities of the implementation of the OSHA Hazardous Waste Operations regulations in a
complex arena involving several federal, state, and local regulatory agencies and the contractors,
training providers, LEPCs, community representatives, construction managers, and workers who are
directly involved in remediation or removal activities. These relationships and their impact of worker
protection issues will be reviewed and discussed.
119
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John B. Moran
Laborers Health and Safety Fund of North America
905 - 16th Street N.W.
Washington, DC 20006-1765
(202) 628-5465
John Moran is Director of Occupational Safety and Health for the Laborer’s National Health and
Safety Fund, a joint union-management program. The Fund develops and implements programs to
improve the health of the 500,000 members of the Laborers’ International Union of North America
(LIUNA) and their families, and to assist participating contractors with safety issues.
Moran pioneered research on respirators and other personal protective gear. For six years until
February 1988, he was Director of the Division of Safety Research of the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health, the federal agency responsible for researching workplace safety.
After that, he was Associate Director, Health and Safety, of the Laborers-AGC Education and
Tralning Fund, in that post, he helped develop training programs for workers in such fields as
h rdous-waste cleanup and hazard communication (the right-to-know law as it applies to workers).
He also has been a corporate research director and vice president, and a consultant to industry and
government agencies.
Moran served two terms each on the Mine Health Research Advisory Committee, appointed by the
Secretary of Health and Human Services, and on the Advisory Committee on Construction Safety and
Health, appointed by the Secretary of Labor.
He was president of the International Society for Respiratory Protection from 1985 to 19876.
From 1984 to 1988, he was an adjunct associated professor of Mechanical Engineering at West
Virginia University. He holds a B.S. degree in metallurgical engineering from illinois Institute of
Technology.
Donald Elisburg
Occupational Health Foundation
120
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Title: REMEDIAL DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR A RCRA CAP
Authors Donald D. Moses, P.E.
RCRA caps are a common component of the selected alternative for remediating landfills containing
toxic and hazardous waste. As with most types of remedial action, the technology of capping landfills
has been rapidly advancing. The Omaha District has developed detailed, step-by-step procedures for
designing a RCRA cap. The design procedures have continuously evolved based upon the experience
gained by reviewing AE designs, conducting in-house designs, attending many EPA and privately
sponsored short courses, and from lessons learned from actual construction activities. This paper is
targeted for the practitioner who is responsible for actually preparing the plans and specifications for
remedial action for caps and/or the person who must prepare the corresponding scopes-of-services
and oversee contractor (AE) performance.
The paper first identifies the need for predesign considerations. Field investigations such as
topographic surveys, horizontal and vertical control, boundary surveys, and property searches are
explained. The purposes of geological subsurface investigations for a cap are varied and include the
need to define the groundwater conditions, the limits of the landfill, the soil characteristics of the site
and borrow area, the excavatability of material, and to determine if methane gas is present or if slurry
walls can be used. Exploration techniques are included. The laboratory geotechnical testing
requirements and the chemical data quality management issues are identified and explained.
The paper presents the various cover types and their effectiveness. Cap types include RCRA caps,
synthetic caps, clay caps, soil covers, capillary barriers and other options such as composite
synthetic/bentonite materials.
The design requirements are outlined and explained. The design includes such things as settlement
analysis, a stability analysis, HELP modeling, identification and evaluation of borrow sources, grading
criteria, groundwater control and monitoring, leachate collection systems, frost depth considerations,
clay barrier design, geosynthetic design, landfill gas control systems, instrumentation, internal and
surface drainage requirements, erosion control, test fill requirements and cap penetrations. Special
features are also identified and explained. Nearly all construction activities include the need for
decontamination facilities, access routes, staging areas, security fencing, utilities, easements and
rights-of-way requirements, phasing requirements, operation and maintenance, demolition, material
handling, health and safety, seeding requirements and disposal options. A generic list of drawings
and specification sections are included. Average design times and design costs are included along
with typical construction costs.
121
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Donald D. Moses, P.E.
US. Army Corps of Engineers
USAED-Omaha
Attn CEMRO-ED-GF
215 North 17th Street
Omaha, NE 68102-4978
(402) 221-3077
Donald Moses received a Bachelor of Science degree in Civil Engineering from Iowa State University
in 1976. Mr. Moses has continued graduate level studies in geotechnical engineering at the University
of California — Berkeley and in structural engineering at the University of Nebraska. Mr. Moses is
a registered professional engineer in the States of Nebraska and Iowa. Mr. Moses has worked for the
last 13 years in the Geotechnical Branch of the Engineering Division of the Omaha District Corps of
Engineers. Mr. Moses’ expertise is in embankment design and construction. Mr. Moses is currently
the chief of the Hazardous and Toxic Waste Geotechnical Section and is responsible for the
geotechnical engineering aspects of all projects of the Omaha District.
122
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Title: SiTE CHARACTERIZATION DATA NEEDS FOR EFFECTiVE RD AND RA
Authors: John E. Moylan
In many instances, incomplete site characterization has been an impediment to the selection, design,
and implementation of effective remediation of hazardous waste sites. The lack of adequate site data
is probably the cause of more design delays and construction problems than problems associated with
the more high-tech remediation processes. Too often, our concept of site characterization is confined
to definition of the nature and extent of chemical contamination and the basic characteristics of the
groundwater flow system. Many other important site characteristics are ignored or are not defined
soon enough to be of maximum benefit.
This paper will discuss the need for integrated site characterization investigations, types of data
required, when data should be acquired, why specific types of data are needed, and how we can better
characterize a site for RD and RA. Large amounts of money and technical resources are being
committed to site characterization. Those of us in the environmental professions must work together
to optimize site characterization in a cost-effective manner.
123
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John E. Moylan
Chief, (3eotechnical Branch
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Kansas City District
700 Federal Building
601 East 12th Street
Kansas City, MO 64106
(8 16) 426-3455
Mr. Moylan has been employed by the Kansas City District since 1958. He holds a B.S. in Geology
from the University of Kansas and completed graduate study in Geological Engineering at the
University of Minnesota. He has conducted or directed numerous geologic, groundwater, and seismic
studies for both civil and military projects. Since 1982, he has been involved with site investigations
and remedial designs for both U.S. EPA Superfund and Department of Defense hazardous waste sites.
He currently directs the work of geologists, geotechnical and process engineers, chemists, and
industrial hygienists. From 1979 through 1985, he was Adjunct Instructor in geology at the
University of Missouri at Kansas City.
124
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Title: EMERGENCY RESPONSE ISSUES AT HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
Authors: Les Murphy
The OSHA Hazardous Waste Operations regulations under 29 CFR 1910.120 represent the only OSHA
regulations specifically requiring contractor coordination with the local emergency response
community. This required coordination activity has frequently been difficult, complex, and
confusing and has, in some specific instances, resulted in temporary suspension of remediation work
at hazardous waste sites.
The role of the local emergency response provider, coordination of services, training, risk
communication, and protective equipment issues have frequently arisen in local communities where
hazardous waste site clean-up activities are undertaken. These issues will be reviewed and
recommendations provided to enhance this important area of worker protection and community
coordination.
125
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Les Murphy
NIEHS Grant Manager
International Association of Fire Fighters
1750 New York Avenue N.W.
Washington, DC 20006
(202) 737-8484
126
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Title: APPLICATIONS OF A DESIGN/BUILD ADVISOR EXPERT SYSTEM TO
ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION PROJECTS
Authors: Thomas R. Napier
Simon Kim
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (USACERL) is
currently developing a knowledge-based expert system for Design/Build construction — a non-
traditional approach to the design, contracting, and construction of facilities. A ‘DESIGN/BUILD
ADVISOR’ will provide expert-based guidance to support projeét planning and execution by those
who may not have a great deal of first-hand personal experience. The DESIGN BIJILI) ADVISOR
provides step-by-step procedure guidance, general advice, and project-specific advice in an
interactive menu-driven environment.
The relative newness of environmental remediation construction and the limited expertise in this field
strongly suggest that a similar type of advisory system would be applicable to environmental projects.
Planning and execution will involve similar decisions such as selection of a contract type, development
of technical requirements and specifications, use of in-house or contracted professional services, or
evaluation of contractor capabilities. These decisions will be based on similar factors such as project
objectives, the knowns and unknowns, project-specific conditions, expertise and capabilities
available, applicable guidance, previous experiences, and the impacts on other project activities.
Parallels between the DESIGN/BUILD ADVISOR and environmental remedial projects will be
described in this paper.
The overall system architecture of USACERL’s DESIGN/BUILD ADVISOR would be compatible
with environmental remediation projects. Project phases and steps would be formalized in a process
model. Expert-based rules would be synthesized into both general and project-specific advice. An
interactive menu-driven environment would generate advice based on input from the system’s user.
Domain-specific expert input and knowledge base development would be necessary.
Significant benefits can be achieved with the application of a DESIGN/BUILD ADVISOR-type of
expert system to environmental remediation projects. Individuals’ capabilities will be enhanced
through access to a knowledge base based on expert input, which would also broaden with additional
project experience. The primary benefit would be in the improvement of the quality of decision
making and, therefore, the probability of successful project execution.
127
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Thomas R. Napier
Construction Management Team
Construction Engineering Laboratory (USACERL)
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Champaign, IL
(2 17) 373-7263
Mr. Napier is a Research Architect and Principal Investigator at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (USACERL) in Champaign, IL. Mr. Napier received
his Bachelor of Science in Architectural Studies in 1973 and Masters in Architecture in 1975 from
University of illinois. He is presently active in the National Institute of Building Sciences and
Construction Industry Institute.
In his present position, Mr. Napier is responsible for conceiving, planning, and conducting research
in the areas of Alternative Construction Methods and Construction Management. He works closely
with USACE field offices in applying research to military construction in the US and abroad. Mr.
Napier was invited to be a member of the USACE Hanford Support Team in 1990 and contributed
to recommendations for improving construction management and control measures for radioactive
waste disposal projects at Department of Energy sites.
Before coming to USACERL in 1978, Mr. Napier headed the Midwest office of Steven Winter
Associates, NYC, where he conducted Value Engineering and Cost Engineering work primarily in the
residential construction and building systems manufacturing fields.
Simon Kim
Construction Management Team
Construction Engineering Laboratory (USACERL)
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
128
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Title: THE CHALLENGE OF TREATING SUPERFUND SOILS: RECENT
EXPERIENCES
Authors: Carolyn K. Offutt
Joan O’Neill Knapp
BACKGROUND : The treatment of Superfund soils is a challenging technical issue that is currently
being addressed by a variety of different groups and programs within EPA. The Superfund
Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986 specifies a preference for permanent
treatment of waste sources such as soil and there is a further preference for the selection and use of
innovative technologies to accomplish permanent reduction in toxicity, mobility, or volume.
ANALYSIS : This paper covers five related areas presenting a total picture of this challenging issue
including:
- Why is treating soils a Superfund priority?
- What unique considerations of these soils make their treatment challenging?
— What technologies will be effective at treating Superfund soils?
- What are the considerations for selecting treatment technologies for Superfund site?
- What technology transfer mechanisms exist regarding soil treatment technologies?
FINDINGS : Superfund soils have unique physical characteristics compared to the characteristics and
requirements for the treatment/disposal of other industrial process wastes. The need to treat these
contaminated soils has lead to interesting research and demonstrations of treatment technologies.
CONCLUSIONS : This paper discusses currently available and innovative treatment technologies
including low temperature thermal desorption, chemical extraction, bioremediation, soil washing,
stabilization, and high temperature thermal treatment. In addition to a summary of how each
technology is employed, both the applicability as well as the problems experienced with each
technology are summarized and supplemented with examples from recent and ongoing Superfund
treatment experiences.
129
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Carolyn K. Offutt
Chief, Special Projects and Support Staff
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, OERR, HSCD, OS-220
401 M Street S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
(703) 308-8330
Carolyn Offutt is Chief of the Special Projects and Support Staff in the Hazardous Site Control
Division in EPA’s Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. As Staff Chief for the Superfund
Remedial Program, Ms. Offutt manages projects to evaluate the quality of remedial decisions and to
develop standards for contaminated soil and debris, as well as managing remedial program support.
She has worked at EPA since 1973 in the Office of Water, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances,
and now in the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.
Ms. Offutt received a B.S. in chemistry from the College of William and Mary and a MSCE in
environmental engineering form George Washington University. She is a member of the American
Chemical Society, the Water Pollution Control Federation, and the Society of Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry.
Joan O’Neill Knapp
CDM Federal Programs Corporation
13135 Lee Jackson Memorial Highway, Suite #200
Fairfax, VA 22033
(703) 968-0900
Joan Knapp is a senior engineer and principal with CDM Federal Programs Corporation. She received
a BS in chemical engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1979.
She had worked in the chemical manufacturing industry and also has 10 years of experience
consulting to EPA for a variety of programs for hazardous waste site investigation and remediation,
and effluent guidelines development. For the last 8 years, she has focused her efforts on hazardous
and toxic waste characterization and treatment in the Superfund and UST programs.
For the last four years, Ms. Knapp has been the program manager at CDM Federal Programs
Corporation for activities related to the investigation and evaluation of soil treatment technologies in
support of land disposal restriction regulatory development.
130
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Title: OVERVIEW OF THE REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION/FEASIBILITY STUDY
PROCESS AND ITS IMPACT ON REMEDIAL DESIGN/REMEDIAL ACTION AT
THE NEW BEDFORD HARBOR, MA, SUPERFUND SITE
Authors: Mark J. Otis
Mary C. Sanderson
The New Bedford Harbor site consists of over 17,000 acres of estuary, harbor and bay located in
southeastern Massachusetts. Bottom sediments are contaminated with PCBs and heavy metals with
PCB levels exceeding 100,000 ppm in some hot spots. The site was placed on the National Priority
List in 1982 and numerous investigations and studies have been carried out since that time. A Record
of Decision (ROD) was signed for the hot spot area in April 1990 which calls for dredging and
incinerating contaminated sediments. Remedial design for the Hot Spot is underway. The ROD for
the remainder of the site is scheduled to be signed by the date of this conference.
The Army Corps of Engineers is responsible for remedial design and remedial actions at this site and
was also extensively involved in the RI/FS process through the performance of an Engineering
Feasibility Study and Pilot Study to evaluate dredging and dredged material disposal methods. The
Pilot Study, which involved on-site dredging and disposal of contaminated sediments, introduced the
local community, state and other groups to the technical concerns of the project at an early stage.
This paper reviews the extensive evaluations performed during the Remedial Investigation/Feasibility
Study (RI/FS) phase and discusses their impact on the ongoing remedial design work and on the
state/community role in the project. The authors believe that the extent of the evaluations, the
participation of the Corps of Engineers in the RI/FS process, and the extensive state/community
involvement should result in a smoother transition from RI/FS to remedial design/remedial action.
Numerous technical, political and policy issues that impact activities have surfaced and have been
addressed because of the extent of the preliminary work, which has also allowed the Corps of
Engineers to utilize a two-phased construction approach so that preliminary site upgrade activities
can be initiated prior to the completion of the entire design.
131
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Mark J. Otis, P.E.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
New England Division
424 Trapelo Road
Waltham, MA 02254
(617) 647-8895
Mr. Otis graduated from the University of New Hampshire in 1977 with a degree in Civil Engineering
and has been with the New England Division of the Corps of Engineers since November 1977. His
professional experience has focused on dredging projects and their related issues. From 1977 to 1987
Mr. Otis was a project manager on numerous projects involving maintenance dredging within Federal
navigation projects. Since 1987 he has managed the New England Division’s efforts at the New
Bedford Harbor Superfund site. These efforts have included an Engineering Feasibility Study and
a Pilot Study carried out to evaluate dredging and dredged material disposal techniques for use at this
site. Mr. Otis is a registered professional engineer in the State of New Hampshire.
Mary C. Sanderson
Remedial Project Manager
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
JFK Federal Building (HAN-CAN1)
Boston, MA 02203
(617) 573—5711
Mary Sanderson is the EPA Remedial Project Manager for the New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site.
She has worked in the Superfund Program in the Region I office for approximately 5 years. She has
been the project manager for a wide variety of Fund-lead and PRP-lead sites, from the investigatory
stages through remedy selection and remedial design and construction. She also is the Section Chief
for the Federal Facilities Superfund Section in the Region I Waste Management Division.
Prior to working in Superfund, Mary worked in the RCRA program as an inspector and permit
writer. She holds a B.S. in Civil Engineering and a M.S. in Applied Management.
132
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Title: TOWER CHEMICAL: REMEDIAL DESIGN FOR A SMALL BUT COMPLEX NPL
SITE
Authors: Victor H. Owens, P.E.
Natalie A. Ellington
Beverly Houston
The Tower Chemical Company NPL site near Orlando, Florida is a rural abandoned pesticide
manufacturing facility that operated from 1957 to 1981. The site boundary encompasses
approximately 14 acres with private residences in close proximity, in one case within 50 feet. The
remedial investigation conducted in 1985 and subsequent site investigations revealed the presence of
various pesticide manufacturing waste residues in the soil including DDT, dicofol, copper and xylene.
Groundwater concentrations of dicofol, chromium, nickel and xylene were found to exceed cleanup
criteria over an area of approximately 10 acres. Pond sediments covered with off-site backfill soil
during a 1983 immediate removal measure were also found to contain manufacturing residue
exceeding established cleanup criteria. The Record of Decision was signed in 1987 and selected
excavation and on-site thermal treatment of contaminated soil, and groundwater extraction with on-
site treatment and disposal of treated water. Design of site remediation started in 1989 and was
completed in 1990 under the REM III Program. The completed Remedial Design was structured into
two contracts, one for thermal treatment (TTS) and one for water treatment (WTS). These contracts
were to be administered and managed by an existing ARCS IV contractor to Region IV EPA.
Several key issues arose during the Remedial Design. It was not possible to quantify the volume of
soil requiring thermal treatment with any reasonable degree of accuracy before RD completion. This
was anticipated to ultimately result in excessively high contingency during bidding for the TTS
contract. Another key issue was the approach for contaminated pond sediment remediation. The
pond was actually a 200 foot diameter relict sinkhole breaching the Hawthorn formation which would
normally separate the surface aquifer from the underlying Floridan Aquifer. Excavation in the dry
within the sinkhole could result in dewatering rates of several hundred gallons per minute of
contaminated groundwater due to the direct hydraulic connection to the Floridan Aquifer. Treatment
of this groundwater to meet the surface water discharge criteria would be prohibitively expensive.
Finally, the division of the remediation into two contracts and the subsequent division of site work
(roads, drainage, contaminated storm water retention pond and excavation of soil) was a major
concern during design. Resolution of these issues, including the decision process and anticipated
benefits from the remedial design approach are the focus of this paper.
133
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Victor H. Owens
Remedial Design Manager
Ebasco Environmental
145 Technology Park
Norcross, GA 30092
(404) 662-2316
Victor H. Owens is Remedial Design Manager in the Atlanta, Georgia office of Ebasco
Environmental. He received a B.Sc. in Chemistry and M.Sc. in Chemical Engineering from the
University of Oklahoma. Over the last nine years he has worked on numerous groundwater
remediation and treatment projects, site investigations, treatability/ feasibility studies and fate-and-
transport modeling. Currently, he is manager of the Tower Chemical Remedial Action project under
the ARCS W program. Previously he was a project manager at the US. DOE’s Morgantown Energy
Technology Center in West Virginia and a consulting engineer with Research Planning Institute in
Columbia, South Carolina.
Natalie A. Ellington
Environmental Engineer
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV
345 Courtland Street N.E.
Atlanta, GA
(404) 347-2643
Natalie A. Ellington is an Environmental Engineer with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Region W. She received her B.S. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Detroit in Detroit,
Michigan. Presently, she is the project manager for site remedies involving bioremediation,
incineration, and cap closure. Over the three-year tenure with EPA, she has worked on air planning
and standards for automobiles, innovative and alternatives technologies for wastewater treatment
facilities, and site assessment and investigation projects. She is a member of the EPA Engineering
Association and Women in Science and Engineering (WISE).
Beverly Houston
North Florida Section Chief
South Superfund Remedial Branch
US. Environmental Protection Agency, Region W
345 courtland Street N.E.
Atlanta, GA
(404) 347-2643
Beverly Houston is employed with the U.S. EPA, Region IV. Her position is North Florida Section
Chief in the South Superfund Remedial Branch. She has worked in the Superfund Program for seven
years. Ms. Houston has extensive knowledge of CERCLA, RCRA Hazardous Waste Regulations, NCP
and other environmental statutes. She has served on numerous work groups which impacted many
EPA guidances and policies. She graduated from Auburn University with a B.S. in Chemical
Engineering. She is an active member of the EPA Engineers Association.
134
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Title: OPTIMIZING AND EXECUTING A MULTI-FACETED REMEDIAL ACTION
PLAN
Authors: C. Dennis Peek, P.E.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the successful implementation of a multi-faceted, multi-PRP
remedial action at the Seymour Recycling Corp in Seymour, Indiana. The Seymour Site was one of
the first negotiated responses, and is now nearing completion after more than 10 years of work.
The Seymour Project began as an Emergency response by EPA Region V. The early work consisted
of a very extensive surface clean-up. Eventually, more than 50,000 drums were removed and
disposed at hazardous waste landfills and incinerators. In 1982, Geraghty & Miller began an
investigation of the groundwater and surface soil contamination that resulted from the operations
conducted at the site.
To respond to the findings of the investigation, a negotiation among the PRPs, EPA Region V. and
the Indiana Department of Environmental Management ensued. In 1988, a Consent Order was signed
that specifically defined the nature of the remedial response. The multi-faceted program included
groundwater recovery, pretreatment on-site using air stripping, filtration, and carbon adsorption,
discharge to the City of Seymour POTW, asbestos removal and building demolition, installation of a
YES, bioremediation, and final capping.
Although the Consent Order attempted to anticipate every eventuality, the details of program design
and implementation required nearly continuous coordination and adjustment. The paper will
specifically discuss techniques used to accomplish this program in approximately 1/4 of the time
initially projected. Particular focus will be on the impact on the design and construction process.
135
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C. Dennis Peek, P.E.
Geraghty & Miller, Inc.
14497 North Dale Mabry Highway, Suite #200
Tampa, FL 33618
(813) 968-2248
Mr. Peek is a Principal Engineer and an Associate at Geraghty & Miller, Inc. and has extensive
experience in the areas of major project management, electrical and mechanical system and equipment
design, construction, operations, and maintenance. During his 20 years experience with industrial
manufacturing firms, and as a private consultant, he has performed and directed engineering activities
in the automotive, textile, chemical, mining, shipbuilding, wire and cable, and electronics industries.
Mr. Peek received a B.S. from General Motors Institute. He is a Professional Engineer and a member
of the National Society of Professional Engineers.
136
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Title: ACCESS ISSUES DURING RD/RA AT THE HELEN KRAMER LANDFILL SITE
Authoc Romona Pezzella
The design of the remedial action for the Helen Kramer Landfill was completed in September 1988.
Due to problems obtaining access, award of the construction contract was delayed until October 6,
1989. Access was needed to properties adjacent to the landfill owned by parties other than the
landfill owner. There were three separate properties owners, two of which owned land
uncontaminated by the landfill. This resulted in the first acquisition of property through the
Superfund program in order to conduct a remedial action. Six different types of access procedures
were utilized including purchase, leasing, relocation, condemnation, access agreement and an
administrative order. Due to the lessons learned on this site, real estate has become a focal point
during remedial design.
137
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Romona Pezzella
US. EPA, Region II
26 Federal Plaza
New York, NY 10278
(212) 264-8216
Ms. Pezzella received a B.S., M.S. in Chemical Engineering at Manhattan College in 1986. She has
been an RPM since August, 1986, with the U.S. EPA, Region II, Southern New Jersey NPL sites; and
was chosen Region II RPM of the year in 1989. Ms. Pezzella presented this paper at the EPA/COE
Line Item Review November, 1989.
138
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Title: PERMITFING SUPERFUND REMEDIAL ACTIONS OR NIGHTMARE ON NW
57Th PLACE
Authors: Lynna R. Phillips, P.E.
Jim Orban
Gail E. Scogin
Local governments have a legitimate need to assure that activities conducted within their borders do
not jeopardize the public health or welfare. Uncontrolled construction activities can damage or
disrupt utilities, hinder traffic, impede fire or police services and generally restrict the local
government’s delivery of essential services. Construction activities may also create threatening or
dangerous situations. Most local governments utilize a system of permits to protect their
infrastructure from damage or undue disruption.
Many view the permit process as unnecessarily burdensome and time-consuming. While the National
Contingency Plan (NCP) may convey the authority to conduct Superfund remedies without obtaining
permits, in many cases it may be prudent to do so. In this manner, the EPA can be assured that its
activities will cause a minimum of adverse effects and that the system of needed coordination created
by the permit process is not bypassed. However, significant advance planning and substantial
resources may be required to avoid project delays.
Extraordinary effort was required to permit the relatively simple remedial action at the Hollingsworth
Solderless Terminal Company site where, from 1968 to 1982, electrical terminals were manufactured.
The site consists of two buildings surrounded by paved parking lots, alleyways and streets in a light
industrial park at 700 N.W. 57th Place, Fort Lauderdale, Broward County, Florida. The company’s
waste disposal practices resulted in volatile organic compound contamination of soil and groundwater.
The site was included on the first official National Priorities List in December, 1982. The remedial
design, which prescribes removal, off-site treatment, and disposal of soil and extraction, On-Site
treatment, and re-injection of groundwater, was finalized in early 1988. The permitting nightmare
began in January, 1990, when the remedial action subcontractor applied to state and local
governments and agencies for facility construction and well installation permits. This paper discusses
the permitting aspect of the Hollingsworth remedial action and provides insights into permitting
processes that may be applicable to other sites.
139
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Lynna R. Phillips, P.E.
Senior Design Engineer, BCE
Ebasco Services Incorporated
145 Technology Park
Norcross, GA 30092
(404) 662-2314
Lynna R. Phillips, P.E., is in the Remedial Design Group in the Atlanta, Georgia office of Ebasco
Environmental, a division of Ebasco Services, Inc., where she is responsible for management and
design on hazardous waste remediation projects. Her background includes structural and civil design
of heavy industrial facilities for the pulp and paper and electric power generation industries. Phillips
has a Bachelor of Civil Engineering degree from the Georgia Institute of Technology. She is Site
Manager on the Hollingsworth Solderless Terminal Company Remedial Action and the Geiger
Remedial Design projects under the ARCS IV program.
Jim Orban
Senior Remedial Project Manager
U.S. EPA, Region IV
345 Courtland Street N.E.
Atlanta, GA 30365
(404) 347-2643
Jim Orban has, for the past 10 years, managed the cleanup of Superfund hazardous waste sites for
EPA’s regional office in Atlanta. As a Senior Remedial Project Manager, several of his projects have
set the tone for developing national policy. He currently serves on a number of national policy
workgroups and technology transfer forums. Prior to Superfund, he was in charge of the Region’s
Noise Control Program. Mr. Orban received his degree in mechanical engineering from the
University of Detroit in 1970 and worked in private industry — primarily transportation related jobs
— until coming to EPA in 1976.
Gail E. Scogin
Remedial Project Manager
U.S. EPA, Region W
345 Courtland Street N.E.
Atlanta, GA 30365
(404) 347-2643
Gail E. Scogin has, during the past four years, worked in the Region IV Superfund program. Since
1989 she has been a Remedial Project Manager for hazardous waste cleanup projects in Florida,
primarily involving groundwater restoration. Previously, she successfully managed the regional
development and implementation of a pilot information management system utilizing local area
networks. This system, now used nation-wide, is designed to manage scheduling, reporting, and
budget information for Superfund sites. Prior to working for EPA, Ms. Scogin was an industrial
engineer for a major aerospace firm. In 1984, she graduated from the Georgia Institute of
Technology with degrees in industrial engineering and applied biology.
140
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Title: ACCELERATING THE ROD TO REMEDIAL ACTION PROCESS: SAND CREEK
INDUSTRIAL SUPERFUND SITE (OIl), COMMERCE CITY, CO
Authors: Brian Pinkowski
Mikk Anderson
Bruce Hanna
BACKGROUND : A national agency goal has been to reduce the length of the average remedial design
(RD) to 18 months. The paper compares the cost and duration of RD efforts from other Superfund
sites and contrasts that information with projected remedial action (RA) costs. This national picture
of historical performance is then compared to the case study location, the Sand Creek Industrial
Superfund Site near Denver, Colorado.
ANALYSIS : This case study will discuss the compression of the steps involved in the production
schedule of a $1 million RD completed within a six month period. The project, a $5 million RA at
a former pesticide manufacturing facility is a fund-lead clean-up being performed by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency and its contractors (URS Consultants, Inc.).
The remedial design involved preparation of plans and specifications for.
o Excavation and incineration of highly contaminated surface soils and debris (> 1000
ppm Halogenated Organic Compounds (HOC)).
o Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) by vapor extraction.
o Demolition and off-site disposal of contaminated structures and vessels.
o Air Monitoring before and during remediation.
An overview of the site conditions and regulatory constraints is provided to set the stage for the
project planning.
FINDINGS : Attention to schedule led to a tightly focused, intensive sampling program to provide
data for remediation design. Careful attention to supportive functions such as field subcontractor
procurement and optimized laboratory turn-around avoided delays. Typical of most sites, the field
sampling produced some surprises which resulted in mid-project corrections. These were
accomplished without significant schedule disruptions.
CONCLUSIONS : The authors will present a critique of those project management techniques used
by agency and site contractor personnel to keep the project on track. An analysis of what worked (or
did not work) and why, should help identify the applicability of these methods to decision-making
and management of clean-ups at other sites.
141
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Brian Pinkowski
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 6
1445 Ross Avenue
Dallas, TX 75202-2733
(303) 293-1520
Brian Pinkowski has been with the EPA for 5 years and has worked as a Superfund project manager
for sites in Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Colorado. His experience is with sites contaminated with
wood-processing, organics, and pesticide wastes through all phases of the Superfund remedial process.
He holds an MSCE from Texas A & M University.
Mikk Anderson
URS Consultants, Inc.
Mikk Anderson is a civil engineer with 18 years experience in planning, design and Construction
management of pollution control facilities. He is URS’ Director of Hazardous/Toxic Waste programs,
Southern California. He served as Technical Manager for the Sand Creek OUI RD assignment, as
well as supporting or managing four other Superfund locations in Regions VIII and IX. He received
his BSCE and MSCE from the University of Washington and is a registered Professional Engineer in
several states.
Bruce Hanna
URS Consultants, Inc.
Bruce Hanna is a civil engineer with twenty-eight years of varied experience in all areas of design
and construction. He manages the Denver Office of URS Consultants and was the site manager of
the Sand Creek RD assignment. He holds a BSCE from the University of Colorado and is a registered
Professional Engineer in several states.
142
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Title: EFFECTS OF PUBLIC INPUT AND THE SAMPLING PROTOCOL ON THE
REMEDIAL DESIGN PROCESS, SMUGGLER MOUNTAIN SUPERFUND SITE
Authors: Raymond M. Plieness, P.E.
BACKGROUNft The 110-acre site, located in a residential section of Aspen, Colorado, was proposed
for the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1984 and listed in 1986. Waste rock from the Smuggler Mine
covers much of the site. Other mine wastes are either exposed, covered, or in many cases, mixed with
native or imported soil. These soils contain high levels of cadmium and up to 65,000 ppm of lead.
As changes in the Explanation of Significant Difference (ESD) remedial action plan became necessary,
numerous meetings were held among representatives of the EPA, Pitkin County, and residents of the
site. As a result of these meetings, a second ESD was completed in May 1990 providing for sampling
and capping the contaminated soil on a property-by-property basis.
ANALYSIS : A soil sampling team consisting of private (Camp, Dresser, and McKee) and government
(Bureau of Reclamation) forces was formed to develop and execute strategy and protocol for sampling
each yard in the site area. Initial discussions centered on a statistical approach to establish a level of
required remediation (entire yard or not at all). Concerns about this approach led to a plan that split
properties into sampling blocks with individual block results being the basis for remedial action
requirements.
The early development of design criteria was critical in assuring the community that the plan would
work (including remediation around trees) and to ensure that the EPA and the State of Colorado
would be able to approve all the criteria prior to field implementation.
FINDINGS : An integrated effort combining site investigations, public input and Superfund
legislation can produce a successful remedial action program by utilizing a defined remedial design
process that allows for individual owner needs and assures completion of specified remedial action.
CONCLUSION : A design process formed to ensure that remedial goals are met, yet flexible enough
to meet individual owner requirements, can provide a successful project. This was demonstrated with
the October 1990 completion of a demonstration project on two properties at the Smuggler Mountain
Superfund site.
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Raymond M. Plieness, P.E.
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
Grand Junction Projects Office
Post Office Box *60340
Grand Junction, CO 81506
(303) 248-0688
Ray Plieness graduated from Montana State University in 1980 with a Bachelors Degree in Civil
Engineering. After graduation, he worked for the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) planning
future water development projects in Montana and South Dakota. He later worked as a field
representative on the raising of Tiber Dam in Montana.
In 1984 he worked in West Germany for the Department of the Army overseeing planning, design,
and construction of the Vilseck Force Modernization Program.
In 1987 he became project engineer for construction of the Army Corps of Engineer’s Malmstrom
Comprehensive Care Facility in Great Falls, Montana.
He became Reclamation’s Team Leader of the Smuggler Mountain Superfund Site in July 1989. The
team completed designs on two repositories, finished a yard-by-yard sampling program, developed
final criteria for the project, and completed remedial action on two properties as a demonstration
project.
144
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Title: THE IMPORTANCE OF TEST FILLS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF HTW CAPS
AND LINERS
Authors: David P. Ray, P.E.
Construction problems related to site and material unknowns encountered while placing stabilized
waste in lined impoundments, or cap components over existing landfills, can potentially be very costly
in terms of schedule delays and project modifications.
One alternative to risking these delays is to plan a test fill operation in the contract specifications.
The test fill is designed to simulate actual construction conditions in the field. Representative
materials are placed on the prepared surfaces with the specified construction equipment. Stabilized
waste and fill material can be placed and quality control testing methods used to evaluate the materials
and placement methods. Adjustments in the condition of the fill material or the placement methods
can be implemented to insure the most efficient methods and materials employed prior to full scale
construction.
Test fill sections have been developed for some specific projects that the Corps of Engineers have
designed and constructed and have been very useful during subsequent field activities. The relatively
small cost of the test fill section has proved to be cheap insurance and an effective design tool
especially when dealing with large liner or cap construction projects.
145
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David P. Ray, P.E.
Supervisory Civil Engineer
Foundations and Materials Section
Geotechnical Branch
Omaha District
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (CEMRO-ED-GA)
215 North 17th Street
Omaha, NE 68 102-4978
(402) 221-4493
Mr. Ray holds B.S. and M.S. degrees in Civil Engineering from the University of Nebraska. He is
currently the chief of the Foundations and Materials Section of the Omaha District Corps of
Engineers. Mr. Ray worked as a design engineer in the F&M Section and as a Project - Program
Manager in the Rapid Response Section. His work experience includes design of remedial actions as
well as project management of several remedial actions for Superfund and DERP sites and design
oversight for Corps military and civil construction projects. Mr. Ray is a registered professional
engineer in the State of Nebraska.
146
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Title: REMEDIAL ACTION IN AND AROUND LIGHT INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY AT
THE DENVER RADIUM SUPERFUND SITE
Authors: Timothy R. Rehder
Erna P. Acheson
The Denver Radium Superfund Site consists of 16 separate sites located along the South Platte River
Valley in Denver. Contamination at the sites is the result of widespread radium processing which
occurred between 1914 and 1927. Operable Unit I of the Denver Radium Site makes up one city
block and is the former location of a radium-processing facility. Currently, the site is zoned for light
industry and is occupied by five local businesses: (1) a large warehouse/wholesale operation; (2) a
metal fabrication business; (3) a small appliance repair business; (4) a hardware fabrication business;
and (5) a tombstone manufacturer.
The primary challenge presented by the site is that of removing 40,000 tons of radiologically
contaminated soils and debris and, at the same time, allowing the businesses on-site (none of which
are responsible parties) to maintain a semblance of normal operations. This required multiple phasing
of the decontamination and reconstruction work in order to maintain access to the site for routine
business operations. Three of the structures on-site were underlain by contamination, which required
relocating the businesses on-site to allow for demolition of the floors and excavation of the subgrade.
This was accomplished by bringing mobile office space onto the properties and by temporarily
relocating business operations into previously vacant space.
In order to transport waste from the site in the most expeditious and cost-effective manner, EPA
renovated a rail spur that had been abandoned for more than 50 years. This allowed bulk
transportation of contaminated material in railroad gondola cars. To maximize the efficiency of the
loadout operations, an in-rail scale was installed at the Operable Unit along with a gantry to facilitate
the placing of hard lids on the railcars. Prior to and during the rail renovation work, loadout of
contaminated material was performed using 20-ton truck-mounted containers.
147
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Timothy R. Rehder
Remedial Project Manager
U.S. EPA, Region 8
999 - 18th Street
Denver, CO 80202-2413
(303) 293—1529
Mr. Rehder is the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) project manager on the Denver
Radium Superfund Site. Tim heads an EPA team that consists of two other project managers and a
health physicist, a project attorney, and a community relations coordinator. Tim earned his Master
of Science degree in Geology from Southern Methodist University. Currently, Tim is pursuing his
Masters in Environmental Science at the University of Colorado.
Erna P. Acheson
Remedial Project Manager
U.S. EPA, Region 8
999 - 18th Street
Denver, CO 80202-2413
(303) 293—1651
Ms. Acheson is a project manager for two different operable units of the Denver Radium Superfund
Site. Erna earned a Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Civil Engineering from the University of Colorado
and she earned an earlier B.S. in Geology. Before working for the EPA, Erna worked for both
geotechnical and water resource engineering firms as well as in petroleum exploration.
148
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Title: STREAMLINING REMEDIAL DESIGN ACTIVITIES AT THE DEPARTMENT OF
ENERGY’S MONTICELLO MILL TAILINGS NPL SITE 1
Authors: D. Richardson
H. Perry
J. Virgona
BACKGROUND/ANALYSIS : In September, 1990, the Record of Decision for the Department of
Energy’s (DOE) Monticello Mill Tailings Site (the milisite) was signed, initiating the CERCLA Section
120 requirement for Federal facilities to initiate substantial continuous physical on-site remedial
action within 15 months. A four-day planning session with representatives from DOE, EPA, and the
State of Utah was conducted to ensure compliance with this requirement in the most cost-effective
manner and to identify and resolve remedial design/environmental compliance issues. Two
approaches aimed at streamlining the remedial design effort were formulated at the session: the
concept of regulatory agency reviews of working-level discussion documents, and the phasing of
remedial design/remedial action (RD/RA) activities. This paper presents the two approaches as they
are being incorporated into the planned RD phase of milisite regulations
CONCLUSIONS : The concept of allowing regulatory agency review of working-level discussion
documents prior to the required agency reviews of major draft documents allows informal review and
comment at the early stages of formal deliverable development. The working-level discussion
documents, usually several pages in length, present technical issues and proposed solutions pertinent
to the design of the remedial action. In addition to being submitted for regulatory agency review,
the documents form the basis for technical discussions at periodic meetings required by the Federal
Facilities Agreement between DOE, EPA, and the State, which governs site clean-up.
The phased approach to designing and performing remediation activities is based on the “bias for
action” strategy advocated in draft EPA guidance for expediting RD/RA. In addition to ensuring that
the 15-month requirement for initiation of RA activities will be met, phasing of RD/RA activities
will facilitate the review process by allowing reviews of more focused design documents.
The draft remedial design work plan for the Monticello millsite currently breaks RD/RA activities
into three phases. Phase I includes design and performance of several site preparation activities at
the millsite and the repository location. Phase II is design and construction of the repository, and
Phase III involves reclamation of the milisite and borrow areas, and final decontamination. The RD
aspects of the three phases will occur in sequence over the next four years, and the phased RA
activities will be initiated upon design approvals.
Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Environmental Restoration, under DOE
Contract No. DE-ACO7-861D12584.
NOTE: EPA’s OIG does not accept construction contracts for “site prep” as “real construction”
or continuous physical on-site activities.
1 Work perforued ti der the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy. DOE Contract No. DE-ACO7-861D12584.
149
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Deborah L. Richardson
Senior Staff Scientist
Chem-Nuclear Goetech, Inc.
Post Office Box #14000
Grand Junction, CO 81502
(303) 248-6065
Ms. Richardson has a B.S. in Geology and a M.S. in Mining Engineering from Pennsylvania State
University. Ms. Richardson has 12 years of experience in the environmental consulting business. She
has evaluated environmental compliance requirements for hazardous waste disposal and cleanup
activities, leaky underground storage tanks, and metal and coal mining operations. She has prepared
and implemented plans for site investigations to assess the nature and extent of hazardous waste
contamination and then developed plans for the remediation of these sites. Two of these plans were
for EPA Superfund sites. For over 40 mining operations in both the eastern and western U.S., Ms.
Richardson has evaluated impacts associated with these operations and developed appropriate
mitigating measures.
Harry A. Perry
Program Manager
Chem-Nuclear Geotech
(303) 248-6018
Mr. Perry has twenty years of program planning and management experience in exploration,
development, and production of various mineral commodities; in geotechnical and hydrogeological
site investigations; in environmental monitoring; and in hazardous waste management. He is currently
the program manager for Chem-Nuclear Geotech, Inc. on two CERCLA/NPL projects in Monticello,
Utah which are being managed through a Federal Facilities Agreement between the U.S. Department
of Energy (DOE), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the State of Utah. He is also
the program manager for a Defense Decontamination and Decommissioning project at Grand
Junction, Colorado. These are the first three DOE projects which have approved CERCLA Records
of Decision. He managed the geotechnical and hydrology branch of the technical evaluation division
for Science Applications International Corporation on the Yucca Mountain high level nuclear waste
project.
Joseph E. Virgona
Supervisory General Engineer
U.S. Department of Energy
Grand Junction Projects Office
Post Office Box #14000
Grand Junction, CO 81502-5504
(303) 248-6006
Mr. Virgona holds B.S. and M.S. degrees in Chemical Engineering from the new Jersey Institute of
Technology. During his past fourteen years with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), he has held
various process and environmental, project management, and R&D synthetic fuels positions. Prior
to working for DOE, he was an Industrial Waste Consultant with the Colorado Department of Health’s
Water Quality Control Division. Currently, Mr. Virgona is a Project Manager and Project Engineer
with DOE’s Grand Junction Projects Office for the Grand Junction, Colorado, Uranium Mill Tailings
Remedial Action Project; the Denver Radium Remedial Action Project; and DOE’s Long-Term
Surveillance & Maintenance Program. Mr. Virgona is also responsible for the Water-Jet-Assisted
Mechanized Oil Shale Mining Technology Development Project. Most recently, Mr. Virgona became
the project manager for the Monticello Remedial Action Project, the Monticello Vicinity Properties
project, and the Grand Junction Projects Office Remedial Action Project.
150
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Title: LESSONS LEARNED DURING REMEDIAL DESIGN AND REMEDIAL ACTION
ACTIVITIES AT SUPERFUND SITES
Authors: Dev R. Sachdev, Ph.D., P.E.
This paper relates our experiences at various Remedial Design (RD) and Remedial Action (RA)
Projects in U.S. EPA Region II on the Rem III and ARCS II Programs and focuses on the problem
areas encountered at various sites and corrective actions taken jointly by USEPA and Ebasco. The
corrective actions taken were to minimize claims and change orders. Innovative strategies such as
standardizing, as far as possible, the specifications and drawings were implemented to reduce costs.
Experienced and motivated employees were assigned to supervise design and remedial action projects
to minimize schedule slippage.
Further, the paper discusses performance vs. detailed engineering specifications for various treatment
processes. Also its effect in introducing and encouraging innovative technologies, especially when
variability and non-predictability of the types and concentration of contamination during the
operation of the treatment processes exist.
This paper also expounds on the importance of proper and adequate QA/QC, health and safety plans,
and working cooperatively as well as motivating the new, small business entrepreneur contractor to
successfully complete a project on time and under budget. Similarly, properly conducted community
relations can be a great asset in satisfying the community concerns and minimizing adverse publicity.
Three projects have been selected to illustrate our experiences: (1) Bog Creek Farm, Monmouth
County, NJ (RD); (2) Brewster Weilfield, Putnam County, NY (RD and RA); and (3) Vestal Well I -1,
Broome County, NY.
The Bog Creek Farm Site (RD) entailed an on-site incineration of organic and semi-organic
contaminated material. In addition, due to the nature and amount of surface and subsurface water
on-site, a sophisticated aqueous waste treatment system was designed and installed to treat all
contaminated liquids generated during site activities. Later, this system was evaluated and upgraded
to remain on-site for the second operable unit, the Groundwater Management System. Ebasco was
also responsible for the engineering support to IJSACE/EPA during construction activities.
The Brewster Weilfield Site (RD/RA) consisted of the engineering, design and installation of a
groundwater treatment system to control the migration of contaminant plume and restore the
groundwater quality in the area. The second Operable Unit addressed removal of the source and off-
site incineration and disposal of the source’s contaminated materials. Both operable units are located
within a busy business district of the Brewster Village and required constant public relations
activities.
The Vestal Well 1-1 remediation involved the engineering and construction of a volatile organic
compound (VOC) treatment system to remove contaminants from the groundwater. The treated
groundwater will augment the existing municipal water supply system.
151
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Dev R. Sachdev, Ph.D., P.E.
ARCS II Program Manager
EBASCO Services, Inc.
160 Chubb Avenue
Lyndhurst, NJ 07071
(201) 460—1900
Dr. Dcv R. Sachdev has over 30 years experience in environmental fields and has managed many large
and complex hazardous waste, environmental engineering design and construction projects. During
the past 14 years, Dcv Sachdev has assumed greater responsibilities and is currently the General
Manager, New York Metro Operations in Lyndhurst, New Jersey, and provides management and
technical direction to approximately 200 professionals involved in environmental related areas. As
ARCS II Program Manager, he has over-all technical, financial and operational responsibilities for
this program. Dcv Sachdev has managed projects/programs ranging in size from several thousand to
over 200 million dollars. Dcv Sachdev is a registered professional engineer in the States of New York
and New Jersey and has authored/co-authored numerous technical papers.
152
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Title: FORECASTING STAFFING REQUIREMENTS FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE
CLEANUP
Authors: Robert W. Saithouse
The effort to clean up past hazardous waste sites faces a problem of constrained resources. One of
the most important of those constraints is the relatively short supply of suitably trained workers. The
first step in addressing that constraint is to find a reliable means for estimating the staffing required
to carry out various phases of restoration work.
This paper discusses the methods we have developed to enable the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to
forecast the staffing that they will need to help restore both military and civilian hazardous waste
sites. Those forecasting methods are incorporated in two computer staffing models: the Defense
Environmental Restoration Program (DERP) staffing model, and the Superfund staffing model. The
first model estimates requirements for military restoration work, while the second estimates the
staffing needed to support Superfund work by the Civil Works side of the Corps.
Those two models are direct descendants of the Corps’ standard military staffing model: the Corps
of Engineers Resource and Military Manpower System (CERAMMS), which was also developed by
the Logistics Management Institute. CERAMMS is now the established method for forecasting and
allocating annual Corps staffing requirements for military design and construction.
CERAMMS and the environmental restoration staffing models are all based on statistical analysis of
historic workload data. The models assume that the size and complexity of future programs will be
related to the size and complexity of past programs. While a wide variety of factors affect staffing
levels, we have found that the two most important factors are total dollars and project type or
complexity. By dividing the Corps’ programs into different types of work, dollars spent can be
reliably related to hours worked. For estimating purposes, the Corps’ restoration programs are divided
into planning, technical assistance, remedial design, and remedial construction activities.
We use historical data to determine the relationship between dollars expended and hours worked for
various types of work, the distribution of project sizes, durations, and start dates, and the functional
relationship between time spent and work accomplished. Those functional relationships and
distributions are embodied in a computer program that takes multiyear program dollars as its primary
input, and produces multiyear forecasts of staffing levels and costs as its primary output.
153
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Robert W. Saithouse
Logistics Management Institute
6400 Goldsboro Road
Bethesda, MD 20817-5886
(301) 320-2000
Robert Salthouse is currently a project leader with the energy and environmental group at the
Logistics Management Institute, where he has worked since 1985. He has led a variety of energy and
environmental projects for the Department of Defense, and has also been involved in developing a
manpower forecasting model for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
Previously, Mr. Salthouse worked for Exxon International Company, where he helped forecast
worldwide raw material requirements and movements. Mr. Salthouse earned a bachelor’s degree in
chemistry and a master’s in mideast studies from the University of Pennsylvania. In addition, he
holds a master’s degree in Industrial Administration, with honors, from Carnegie Mellon University.
154
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Title: SUMMARY OF U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY/OFFICE OF
SOLID WASTE AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE/ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE
TEAM’S HEALTH AND SAFETY CERTIFICATION SYSTEM
Authors: V. L. Santoro
R. D. Turpin
S. M. Burchette
M. J. O’Neill
The Environmental Response Team (ERT) is the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s focal point
for technical assistance to the Regions and program offices during single or multimedia emergency
episodes involving toxic and hazardous materials. When activated by EPA Headquarters, regional
offices, or Federal/State departments outside EPA, the ERT will provide assistance concerning
prevention, safety, assessment, containment, control cleanup, restoration, removal, and disposal of
oil and hazardous substances spills. Response activities include providing advice and consultation,
as well as conceiving, implementing, and coordinating novel and advanced technical approaches for
solving problems associated with multimedia environmental emergencies such as chemical spills.
On December 19, 1986, the Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) published an interim standard for the health and safety of workers on hazardous waste sites
and emergency response activities in the Federal Register. The standard specifies different training
requirements and medical monitoring requirements for the various workers at hazardous waste
cleanup sites. These requirements are on-going, that is, each worker must maintain a specified level
of training and follow the medical monitoring requirements set forth in the standard. ERT has
developed an automated tracking system whereby we can monitor each individual’s training and
medical monitoring status in accordance with the OSHA standard. This paper summarizes the system,
and explains its use for workers involved in hazardous waste site work and therefore subject to the
requirements set forth in 29 CFR 1910.120.
155
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V. L. Santoro
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, MS
101 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
(201) 321-6740
Vickie Santoro holds a B.S. in Chemical Engineering. She has been a member of ERT for 4 years in
the Safety and Air Surveillance Section. She served as On-Scene Coordinator for USEPA Region 3.
Her expertise is in health and safety, especially the HAZWOPER Standards.
R. D. Turpin
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, MS
101 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
(201) 321-6741
Rod Turpin holds a B.S. in Food Industry, and an M.S. in Environmental Science from Rutgers
University. His current position is Chief of USEPA’s Safety and Air Surveillance Section on the
Environmental Response Team. He also serves as the Occupational Health and Safety Manager for
USEPA’s Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.
S. M. Burchette
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, MS
101 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
(201) 321-6726
Sella Burchette holds a BS. in Biology, and has been a member of ERT for three years in the Safety
and Air Surveillance Section. She is experienced in air monitoring and health and safety.
M. J. O’Neill
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
ERT REAL
Edison, NJ 08837
156
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Title: SUMMARY OF U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY/OFFICE OF
SOLID WASTE AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE
TEAM’S GENERIC SITE HEALTH AND SAFETY PLAN
Authors: V. L. Santoro
R. D. Turpin
S. M. Burchette
M. J. O’Neill
The Environmental Response Team (ERT) is the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s
focal point for technical assistance to the Regions and program offices during single or multimedia
emergency episodes involving toxic and hazardous materials. When activated by EPA Headquarters,
Regional offices, or Federal/State departments outside EPA, the ERT will provide assistance
concerning prevention, safety, assessment, containment, control cleanup, restoration, removal, and
disposal of oil and hazardous substances spills. Response activities include providing advice and
consultation as well as conceiving, implementing, and coordinating novel and advanced environmental
emergencies such as chemical spills.
On December 19, 1986 the Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) published an interim standard for the health and safety of workers on hazardous waste sites
and emergency response activities in the Federal Register . One of the requirements of this standard
is for the generation of a site safety plan prior to the commencement of site activities. The
requirements for the site safety plan are extensive. ERT has developed a generic plan for site safety
at hazardous waste sites that we believe will help hazardous waste workers in the preparation of their
site-specific plans in accordance with the OSHA standard. This paper will present the generic plan,
an automated system for its preparation, and the use of the plan.
157
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V. L. Santoro
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, MS
101 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
(201) 321-6740
Vickie Santoro holds a B.S. in Chemical Engineering. She has been a member of ERT for 4 years in
the Safety and Air Surveillance Section. She served as On-Scene Coordinator for USEPA Region 3.
Her expertise is in health and safety, especially the HAZWOPER Standards.
R. D. Turpin
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, MS
101 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
(201) 321-6741
Rod Turpin holds a B.S. in Food Industry, and an M.S. in Environmental Science from Rutgers
University. His current position is Chief of USEPA’s Safety and Air Surveillance Section on the
Environmental Response Team. He also serves as the Occupational Health and Safety Manager for
USEPA’s Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.
S. M. Burchette
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, MS
101 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
(201) 321-6726
Sella Burchette holds a B.S. in Biology, and has been a member of ERT for three years in the Safety
and Air Surveillance Section. She is experienced in air monitoring and health and safety.
M. J. O’Neill
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
ERT REAL
Edison, NJ 08837
158
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Title: WORKER PROTECTION STANDARD (29 CFR 1910.120) VS. OTHER
REQUIREMENTS
Authors: V. L. Santoro
R. D. Turpin
E. Warhit
W. Blake
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Environmental Response Team (ERT), was established
in October 1978 to provide technical assistance to Federal On Scene Coordinators (OSCs), Regional
Response Teams (RRTs), National Response Team (NRT), EPA Headquarters/Regional Offices, and
other Federal/State government agencies, as well as foreign governments, in the area of environmental
emergency issues, such as chemical spills and hazardous waste spills, and hazardous waste sites.
There are many different standards with overlapping requirements; some are mandatory, while others
are not. This paper briefly describes other related requirements, such as 40 CFR 311, SARA TITLE
III, HAZARDOUS COMMUNICATION, 29 CFR 1910/1926, NFPA 471/472, and identifies their
relationship to Hazardous Waste Worker Protection Standard.
In addition, this paper addresses the nine emergency response planning elements of Section 303,
SARA Title III and relates this to paragraph (q) - Emergency Response to Hazardous Substance
Releases of 29 CFR 1910.120. Last, but not least, the paper addresses the legal federal requirements
of NFPA 471/472 and discusses specific elements which are more restrictive than 29 CFR 1910.120.
159
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V. L. Santoro
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Response Team
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
(201) 321-6740
Vickie Santoro holds a B.S. in Chemical Engineering, and has been a member of ERT for four years
in the Safety and Air Surveillance Section. She served as On-Scene Coordinator for USEPA Region
3. Her expertise is in health and safety, especially the HAZWOPER Standards.
Rod D. Turpin
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Response Team
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
(201) 321-6741
Mr. Turpin holds a B.S. in Food Industry, and an M.S. in Environmental Science from Rutgers
University. His current position is Chief of USEPA’s Safety and Air Surveillance Section on the
Environmental Response Team. Mr. Turpin also serves as the Occupational Health and Safety
Manager for USEPA’s Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.
E. Warhit
ICF, Inc.
9300 Lee Highway
Fairfax, VA 22031-1207
W. Blake
ICF, Inc.
9300 Lee Highway
Fairfax, VA 22031-1207
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Title: POLICY FOR RD/RA ACTIVITIES: THE EFFECTS OF THE DAVIS-BACON ACT
ON THE LaSALLE ELECTRICAL UTILITIES PHASE I REMEDIAL ACTION
Author David P. Seely
Karen Yeates
THE SITE : LaSalle Electrical Utilities (LEU) Superfund Site is a former manufacturer of electrical
equipment which utilized polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the production of capacitors. The
Remedial Investigation (RI) documented PCB-contaniinated soil above the 5 ppm cleanup level in the
yards of 27 residences. A Record of Decision (ROD) was issued in August, 1986 which included the
following basic components: (1) Excavation of the contaminated off-site soils, (2) incineration of
contaminated soils with an on-site thermal destruction unit, and (3) Industrial cleaning of all
structures where excavation occurs. The subsequent remedial action was initiated by the State of
Illinois under a cooperative agreement in January, 1988.
THE ACT : The Davis-Bacon Act is a federal labor regulation which establishes minimum wage rates
and fringe benefits for workers on federally assisted construction projects in excess of $2,000. These
minimum rates and benefits are established on a regional basis by the U.S. Department of Labor (U.S.
DOL).
THE PROBLEM : Upon reviewing the cost for the first change in scope of the remedial action, there
was a question regarding the appropriate wage rates for the contractor’s workers. The bid
specifications clearly stated that the contractor was responsible to comply with all federal and state
wage regulations. The specifications also continually referenced “construction” activities, and
included established Davis-Bacon wage rates, yet no Davis-Bacon wages were being paid. A dispute
developed between the contractor and the State over the applicability of the Davis-Bacon Act. The
main issue was that the contractor considered the contract to be covered under the Service Contract
Act since 75% of the total contract was incineration related cost. The contractor considered
incineration a service and not a construction activity. However, the Service Contract Act was never
considered by the State since it relates solely to direct Federal procurement. This resulted in many
discussions between the U.S. EPA, the State, and U.S. DOL. During the two years since the issue was
first brought to light, the three main points heavily argued by all parties were: I) Did Davis-Bacon
apply? 2) Does Davis-Bacon apply to incineration related cost? If so, what wages were to be paid
when no wage classifications have been established? and 3) If Davis-Bacon applied, who is responsible
for the financial liability for compliance?
During this process, it became clear that the applicability of Davis-Bacon to federally assisted
Remedial Actions is not well defined. A settlement on all issues was finally reached for this site,
however, the applicability to all remedial actions remains in question. At the present time, U.S. EPA
defers to U.S. DOL on site-specific determinations. However, new Superfund procurement
regulations have only added to the confusion. Clear guidelines need to be established for how and
when the Davis-Bacon Act applies to federally assisted Superfund Remedial Actions so that it will
not be a continuing problem for other Superfund sites.
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David P. Seely
Remedial Project Manager
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 5HS- 11
230 South Dearborn
Chicago, IL 60604
(3 12) 886-7058
Mr. Scely’s college education included one year of experience in industry as a co-op for Olin
Chemicals. During this time, he worked in research and development and operated bench scale pilot
plants to simulate plant processes. After graduation he worked as an operator for eight months for
PPG Industries. During his time with U.S. EPA, Mr. Seely has been a RPM for Superfund sites which
include: 1) Federal Lead Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study (RI/FS), 2) State Lead RI/FS, 3)
Federal Facility RI/FS, and 4) State Lead Remedial Design/Remedial Action (RD/RA). Mr. Seely
has been involved with the LaSalle Site for approximately 2-1/2 years overseeing two RD/RA
operable units involving on-site incineration.
Karen Yeates
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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Title: BIOREMEDIATION OF TOXIC CHARACTERISTIC SLUDGES WITH
BIOLOGICAL LIQUID/SOLIDS SLURRY TREATMENT
Authors: Donald F. Sherman
The remediation of over 50,000 cubic yards of toxic characteristic (TC) sludges was completed with
the implementation of liquid/solids slurry treatment (LST) and land treatment at a petrochemical
plant. The primary targeted compound was benzene, which was treated in-place in the liquid phase
with Strict control of volatile emissions during operations. This full-scale remediation action was
implemented as a result of the newly promulgated toxicity characteristic regulations.
The LST technology is an adaptation of conventional activated sludge treatment, conducted at
significantly higher solids loading, thus impacting the mixing and aeration horsepower requirements
and materials handling processes. The slurry environment is capable of enhancing the biodegradation
of organic contaminants as a result of improved nutrient, oxygen and substrate mass transfer rates.
The 50,000 cubic yards of sludge were remediated in a three-month period. To control volatile
emissions, specifically benzene, treatment was conducted in a phased approach. Initially denitrifying
conditions were enhanced, followed by a period of high oxygenation with minimal surface disruption.
The final stage of aerobic treatment included maximum aeration and solids suspension to achieve final
reduction of residual volatile organics, and solids reduction. Residual solids and soils were remediated
via in-place land treatment.
Benzene levels were reduced to below TC regulatory levels in all impoundments within 3 months.
Greater than 25% volume reduction of sludges was observed during this period. All impoundments
were verified to e non-hazardous based on TCLP analysis, following the SW-846 sampling protocol.
The project success represented significant savings relative to the cost of operating or closing a
potential RCRA facility.
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Donald F. Sherman
Technical Director
Field Services Division
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
1301 West 25th Street, Suite *406
Austin, TX 78705
Don Sherman is the Technical Director of the Field Services Division of Remediation Technologies,
Inc. Don has his Bachelors and Masters degrees from Cornell University and has been involved in
the design and implementation of remedial systems for 15 years.
164
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Title: STATE OVERSIGHT AT TWO URANIUM MILL SUPERFUND SITES IN
COLORADO
Authors: Don Simpson
Phil Stoffey
The State of Colorado has had the unique opportunity to act as lead oversight of cleanup actions at
two uranium mill tailings sites which are also designated Superfund sites. The two sites are the
Uravan Project located in southwestern Colorado near the Colorado-Utah border and the Lincoln
Park Project located near Canon City, Colorado, approximately 96 miles south of Denver.
Both sites have a long and complex history of industrial development. Groundwater, including
bedrock aquifers, have been affected at both sites. Extensive information existed at both sites prior
to the development of Remedial Action Plans (RAPs). However, even with a large amount of existing
information and site evaluation, changes have been required in the RAPs based on field experience
at each site during implementation of the remedial action plan.
The State of Colorado’s strategy on these two sites has been to assign On-Site Coordinators (OSCs)
who spend significant time at each site. By spending much of their time on site, the OSCs are aware
of current progress, are better able to understand the site conditions and are available to help analyze
and solve problems that develop in the field. Experience in colorado has shown that no matter how
comprehensive the preliminary investigations and studies are, unanticipated conditions are
encountered once implementation of the remedial action plan begins. Examples are given of field
changes that were made based upon unanticipated conditions such as geohydrology and
constructability. The OSCs are empowered to authorize changes in the field to accomplish the
objectives of the RAPs. This has enabled both projects to proceed in a timely manner but has also
required that OSCs fully understand the purpose and intent of each project component. The time
spent on-site observing the construction activities provides three important benefits:
1. The site conditions and situation are well understood;
2. Additional quality assurance is provided; and
3. Project delays and costs are minimized.
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Donald H. Simpson
Senior Geologist
Colorado Department of Health
Radiation Control Division
(303) 331-8480
Mr. Simpson received his B.S. degree in Geology at the University of Massachusetts, and his M.S.
degree at Colorado State University.
His experience includes 13 years working for government agencies and consulting firms as a
hydrologist and geologist.
Mr. Simpson’s experience includes work on Environmental Impact Statements, environmental
characterizations for coal mines, writing of water quality permits for mining sites, technical
coordination to support CERCLA lawsuit, evaluation of final reclamation plans for uranium mill
tailings sites and oversight of the final reclamation plan at Uravan Uranium Mill.
His last six years were primarily spent on planning, design, review and implementation of reclamation
plans for CERCLA sites and for uranium mill tailings sites.
Philip S. Stoffey
Senior Geologist
Radiation Control Division
Colorado Department of Health
(303) 331-8480
Mr. Stoffey received his B.S. in Geology at Eastern Kentucky University; his M.S. in Groundwater
Geology at the University of Nebraska; he is a Registered engineering Geologist in the State of
Oregon.
Mr. Stoffey has had 15 years experience working for consulting engineering firms as an engineering
geologist, soils specialist and concrete and materials engineer. Field work included minor and major
construction sites throughout the world including soil and rock investigations, dam rehabilitation,
foundation construction through completion of concrete dams and skyscrapers.
Mr. Stoffey worked three years on Superfund sites in Colorado, including oversight of field
investigations for RI/FS and CERCLA litigation. He worked the past three years as on-site
coordinator overseeing clean-up of Cotter Uranium Mill and Lincoln Park, a community
contaminated by the mill.
166
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Title: LESSONS LEARNED FROM REMEDIAL DESIGN OF HELEN KRAMER
LANDFILL SUPERFUND SITE
Authors: V. Singh
J. Lanzo
The Helen Kramer Landfill Superfund Site is currently undergoing remedial action. The remedial
design was developed by URS Consultants, Inc., under a contract to the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers. The construction is being carried out by IT/Davy, a joint venture of International
Technical Corporation (IT) and Davy McKee Corporation (Davy). As part of Title II services, URS
is providing engineering services during construction.
The site was ranked fourth on the USEPA’s National Priorities List. It includes a 66-acre refuse area
and an 11-acre stressed area adjacent to a perennial stream, tributary to the Delaware River. The
remedial action contract, in the amount of $55.7 million, represents the second largest single contract
awarded to date under the Superfund program.
Initially a sand and gravel quarry, the site became an operating landfill and received municipal,
chemical, and hospital wastes from 1963 to 1981. The waste was dumped indiscriminately and
resulted in contamination of surface water and shallow groundwater. The remedial action includes
an active gas collection and treatment system, a multilayer clay cap, a soil-bentonite slurry wall
around the entire site, a leachate/groundwater collection system, and an on-site, l20-gpm
pretreatment facility. The remedial action is expected to provide effective mitigation of any potential
dangers posed by the site.
The design of the Helen Kramer Landfill Superfund Site remedial action can be instructive for future
remedial designs on complex sites. It comprises almost all those elements of remedial action that
apply to containment and isolation of uncontrolled site. It includes elements that are normally used
to protect important potable water aquifers and surface water streams. The design was benefitted by
a comprehensive value engineering study, the first Superfund remedial design to use that approach.
In all aspects, it was a very thorough and complete design and resulted in complete and clear
construction bid documents. The process, however, was not totally free of difficulties. It is those
difficult aspects of the design process which, when combined with the success story, can be
instructive and beneficial on future projects. This paper presents an overview of the remedial design
process on this large Superfund project.
167
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Vern Singh, P.E.
Vice President and Director of Operations
URS Consultants
570 Delaware Avenue
Buffalo, NY 14202
(716) 883-5525
Mr. Vern Singh is a Vice President and Senior Project Manager with URS Consultants. He has over
21 years of management and technical experience in the fields of hazardous waste management,
geotechnical engineering, water resources, and groundwater studies. He has completed numerous
remedial investigations, feasibility studies, remedial design, and Construction projects for a variety
of private, municipal, state and federal clients. He has been the Project Director for the Helen
Kramer Landfill Project (the subject of this paper) since URS was awarded the pre-design contract
in 1986. Since that time he has directed the pre-design and design phases of the project, value
engineering studies, and the ongoing design modifications during construction.
Mr. Singh has both his BS and MS degrees in Civil Engineering, and is a Professional Engineer in New
York, New Jersey, Illinois, and California.
James Lanzo, P.E.
Senior Project Manager
URS Consultants
570 Delaware Avenue
Buffalo, NY 14202
(716) 883-5525
Mr. Lanzo is a Senior Project Manager with IJRS Consultants. He has over 15 years of management
and technical experience in the fields of hazardous and industrial waste management, and chemical
engineering design. He has completed engineering design and specifications for wastewater treatment
storage and disposal facilities, as well as designs for full and partial treatment systems for hazardous
waste sites for a variety of private, municipal, state, and federal clients. He had been the Task
M n ger for all water treatment issues for the Helen Kramer Landfill Project since 1986. Since that
time he has provided designs and specifications pertaining to the treatment of groundwater and
leachage, and provided support to the client in negotiating with the local POTW.
168
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Title: THE PRE-DESIGN TECHNICAL SUMMARY
Authors: Kenneth R. Skahn
The Pre-Design Technical Summary (PDTS) is a compilation of available site information prepared
by the remedial project manager (RPM) to provide the designer with a clear understanding of the
technical objectives of the remedial action. Guidance is being developed by the Design and
Construction Branch on preparation of the PDTS. This paper will provide a summary of that
guidance.
The objective of developing a PDTS is to provide a smooth transition from the Record of Decision
(ROD) into the design process. The preparation and use of the PDTS should ensure that the designer
will understand the technical objectives of the design as well as provide the designer with an up-to-
date inventory of all available information that may be pertinent to the design. The PDTS will serve
the RPM as the initial building block for developing a comprehensive statement of work for the
remedial design.
At a minimum the PDTS should accomplish the following:
- define initial site conditions;
- describe the selected remedy;
- identify applicable regulatory requirements;
- summarize available data and identify possible additional data needs; and
- state all known unresolved issues.
The Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study (RI/FS) and ROD will be the sources for most of the
information to be summarized or referenced in the PDTS. However, the guidance will identify a
great deal of additional site-specific information that may be known to the RPM and is not included
in the RI/FS or ROD.
169
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Kenneth R. Skahn
Environmental Engineer
Design and Construction Management Branch
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (OS-220W)
401 M Street S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
(703) 308-8355
Mr. Skaim received his Bachelor of Science Degree in Civil Engineering from the University of
illinois. He performed structural design and project management for Westenhoff and Novick, Inc.
for a 5-year period after graduation.
Mr. Skahn has worked for EPA since November, 1970. He has five years of experience in the
construction grants program and ten years in the hazardous waste program. He has worked for the
Corps of Engineers European Division for five years.
Mr. Skahn is a licensed Professional Engineer and Structural Engineer in the State of Illinois. He has
received two of EPA’s bronze medals for his work in the hazardous waste program.
170
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Title: SURETY BONDS — SUPERFUND PROJECTS
Authors: August V. Spallo
BACKGROUNft Surety performance bonds are required by Federal law for any Federal Government
construction contract over $25,000. A surety bond may also be required for services contracts if
necessary to project the Government’s interest. Surety bonds are designed to guarantee that the
Government will receive a completed project. Contractors performing work under the Superfund law
have complained that they are finding it increasingly difficult to obtain surety bonds. Contractors
report that surety firms are reluctant to provide such bonds due to their concern that their liability
will be extended beyond that traditionally covered by performance bonds to tort claims as well.
ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS : The bids for Superfund projects were reviewed to determine whether
there has been a reduction in competition among contractors for Superfund work. The number of
bids has decreased. In addition, the number of bids tend to decrease as the size of the project
increases. However, the decrease in the number of bids received was not significant. There are no
instances in which there has been a lack of competition for Superfund contracts.
CONCLUSIONS : If contractors are having a problem obtaining surety bonds, the problem has not
had a significant impact on bidding for Superfund projects. Bidders have been able to obtain surety
bonds for Superfund contracts. It may be that part of the problem that contractors may experience
in obtaining surety bonds is due to their inability to meet criteria for financial capability and
experience which surety firms require for issuance of a surety bond.
171
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August V. Spallo
District Counsel
Kansas City District
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Federal Office Building, Room #601
601 East 12th Street
Kansas City, MO 64106
(816) 426-3943
Mr. Spallo received a Bachelor of Science degree in economics from Rockhurst College, Kansas City,
Missouri, and a law degree from the University of Missouri-Kansas City in 1960. He is a member
of the Missouri Bar. He is District Counsel for the Kansas City District, U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers. He has been in this position since 1985. Mr. Spallo is currently devoting a substantial
portion of his time to HTW matters. He has been employed as an attorney in the Kansas City District
since 1972.
172
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Title: RPM/OSC SUMMARY GUIDE — REMEDIAL/REMOVAL INCINERATION
PROJECTS
Authors: Laurel J. Staley
The Superfund On Scene Coordinator (OSC) and/or Remedial Project Manager (RPM) must access
a wide variety of information when supervising removal/remedial activity at a Superfund site where
incineration is to be used. In order to make that information more readily available to the OSC/RPM,
the OSC/RPM Summary Guide for Remedial Removal Incineration Projects was prepared. The
Guide was not intended to be an all-inclusive reference on incineration. The body of hazardous waste
incineration knowledge changes too rapidly for such a guide to be useful for very long. Rather, it
was intended to guide the OSC/RPM to experts within and outside of the EPA who have the most
current knowledge of incineration. Background information on Incinerator Design and Operation,
Incinerator Manufacturers and Operators, Incineration Regulations, and Cost is presented concisely
and largely in tabular form. Extensive references are provided for more detailed information on the
topics discussed in the Guide. Together with the lists of incineration experts, the Guide should
provide the OSC/RPM with enough information to more effectively monitor and direct incineration
related activities at Superfund sites. This presentation discusses the contents of the Summary Guide
and some of the issues raised during its review.
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Laurel Staley
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, OH 45268
(513) 569-7863
Laurel Staley is a Chemical Engineer who has worked with the U.S. EPA in the Office of Research
and Development for the past 10 years. During that time she has worked in hazardous waste
incineration research in the Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory in Cincinnati, Ohio. Most
recently she has served as a project manager in the Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
(SITE) program where she has field demonstrated innovative thermal treatment technologies. Mrs.
Staley also serves as a Team Leader for the Superfund Technical Assistance Response (START) Team
where she provides multi-disciplinary technical assistance to regional personnel.
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Title: THE SIKES DISPOSAL PITS SUPERFUND SITE — A STUDY IN BID
SOLICITATION —
Authors: James R. Steed
Earl G. Hendrick
o Site Background
o 1st Solicitation of Bids
o Recognize Bidder Difficulties with Bonding
o Resolution of Difficulties:
1) Allow other Security Instruments
2) Reduce Security Amount
3) Phase Work So That the Handling of Hazardous Material is in Separate Agreement
4) Define/Limit Purpose of Bond
5) Cap Retainage
6) Define Surety Company Options
7) Make Indemnification Available to Sureties
o Rebid and Results
o Update and Status of Project
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James R. Steed
Supervisor
I T Corporation
2499-B Capital of Texas Highway
Austin, TX 78746
(312) 328-0081
James R. Steed is a graduate of southern Methodist University and a former contractor. He is the
Supervisor of the Remedial Design & Remedial Action Section of the Superfund Program at the Texas
Water commission. He has been with the Water Commission for 15 years in administration of both
the EPA Construction Grants and CERCLA Superfund Programs and has been Project Manager on
several Texas Superfund sites.
Earl G. Hendrick
Senior Remedial Project Manager
U.S. EPA, Region VI
1445 Ross Avenue
Dallas, TX 75202-2733
(214) 655-6710
Earl G. Hendrick is a graduate of the University of Virginia. He spent over 30 years as a Process
Engineer with a major Constructor and as a Project Engineer with a major oil company. He served
as a consultant with a commuter railroad before joining the EPA two years ago as a Senior Remedial
Project Manager.
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Title: MOBILIZING FOR REMEDIAL CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
Authors: R. Gary Stillman, P.E., C.C.E.
If a remedial construction project does not mobilize correctly with all required activities completed,
both time and monies can be lost trying to correct the situation. This period is key for an on-time
project. The successful start is dependent on completion of activities prior to and during the
mobilization period. Some of these activities are similar to that of general construction, yet others
are unique to this field. Knowledge of construction and the requirements of remediation is required
for meeting the start date of work. The paper will examine the items and activities that must be
completed in order to successfully mobilize.
The procurement of equipment and materials that are required for the project have to be
accomplished. The levels of safety have to be set for the correct health and safety equipment.
Construction equipment requirements have to be determined for the actual work.
The establishment of the contamination and clean zones for the work areas must be based on
experience and the site layout. The types of facilities and locations are dependent on the safety
requirements.
Permits must be obtained from a number of local and national agencies. Receipt of some permits may
take extended periods with reviews from several agencies. Time and budget has to be allocated for
this work.
Reports and procedures have to be written and established for the project. The site health and safety
plan is one example of the procedures.
This paper will serve as a checklist for mobilizing a remedial construction project. A particular
project may have some different requirements, but most will incorporate the items presented.
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R. Gary Stiliman, P.E, C.C.E.
Manager, Construction Services
Weston Services, Inc.
I Weston Way
West Chester, PA 19380
(215) 430-7437
Mr. Stiliman is a graduate of Cornell University with a Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering and
of Northeastern University with a Master’s Degree in Engineering Management. He is a registered
professional engineer and a certified cost engineer.
He has over seventeen years of experience in both general and remedial construction. His recent
projects include site remediation, tank management, incineration, and environmental construction.
Past projects consist of power generation facilities, industrial and pharmaceutical plants construction
and retrofits.
His current position of Manager of Construction Services at Weston Services, Inc. includes estimating,
project controls and procurement management. Prior to this position, he was the Manager of
Estimating and Cost Engineering at United Engineers & Constructors.
178
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Title: MANAGEMENT OF CHANGE ORDER CONDITIONS: A SUPERFUND CASE
HISTORY
Authors: Myron S. Temchin
Although much literature has been written about change order controls during superfund remediation,
few articles if any have dealt with the two-way street that must exist between the EPA, the USACOE
and the contractor.
This article presents an actual case history of the impact of changes on a major superfund clean-up
and attempts to define this unwritten cooperative relationship that must exist in order to successfully
complete the project in the face of significant changed conditions.
The article will present a short history of the interim action of Basin F hazardous waste clean-up at
the Rocky Mountain Arsenal. It will establish the basis for technical concerns during remediation and
the contract environment which existed to deal with these concerns. The paper will then discuss the
USACE change control process as it existed and will focus on the logistics of the cooperative
relationship between the USACOE and the contractor which allowed the project to proceed to a
successful completion. Finally the paper presents lessons learned on change order control and presents
some food for thought for the EPA, the USACOE and remedial action contractors involved on
Federally-funded Superfund projects.
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Myron S. Temchin
Executive Vice President & Chief Operating Officer
Rooney Operating Company
7670 South Vaughn Court, #200
Englewood, CO 80112
(303) 792-2535
Mr. Temchin is Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of the company. He has over
22 years of professional management and engineering experience. He is Chairman of the Hazardous
Waste Action Coalition’s Construction Management Sub-committee. For the past seven years Mr.
Temchin has been directly involved in the environmental arena and has directed the design and
management of major complex projects including site investigations, engineering alternative analyses,
engineering designs, construction management and construction for remediation of hazardous and
radioactive waste sites. In his past position with Ebasco Constructors, he served as Director of their
Waste Remediation Division. He also served as Project Manager of the $35 million Basin F Clean-up
at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal (RMA) in Colorado. In this capacity, he was directly responsible for
all project activities, including planning, budgeting, manpower and resource allocation, supervising
and directing multi-disciplinary teams of technical specialists, and monitoring and controlling project
construction and remediation performance. He directed and managed a project staff numbering in
excess of two hundred (200) individuals, including professionals, subcontractors, craft, specialty
contractors, and consultants.
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Title: CONSTRUCTION DISPUTES ON HAZARDOUS WASTE PROJECTS
Authors: Theodore J. Trauner, Jr., P.E., P.P.
This paper will address the problem of Construction disputes and claims as related to hazardous waste
sites. Common causes specific to these projects will be addresses such as: differing site conditions,
design changes, impossibility of performance, etc. Once causes have been explained, ideas and
suggestions on preventing these problems will be discussed. These would include items such as “if
and where directed” clauses, independent design reviews, phased construction, etc.
Incorporated in the body of the paper will be a discussion of constructive changes. Since these occur
frequently on hazardous waste projects and often result in claims, an understanding of constructive
changes is essential.
The paper will also address construction delays and inefficiencies since these comprise the largest
dollar value type of claims asserted on hazardous waste projects.
In summary, the paper will address causes of claims, contractual considerations, changes (directed and
constructive), and consideration for reducing the incidence of changes and claims.
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Theodore J. Trauner, Jr., P.E., P.P.
President and Chief Executive Officer
Trauner Consulting Services, Inc.
1334 Walnut Street
The Hamilton Building, Suite #200
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215) 546-0288
Theodore J. Trauner is presently President and CEO of Trauner Consulting Services, Inc. His work
is in the areas of contract disputes and construction claims, CPM scheduling, construction
management/project management, and training/seminars. Projects involve the following: dams,
highways, bridges, transportation systems, sewage-collection systems, wastewater treatment plants,
food and chemical process plants, electronics/computer facilities, hospitals, pharmacological and
pharmaceutical facilities, prisons, and hi-rise and low-rise structures.
Mr. Trauner previously was a Senior Consultant of Hill International, Inc., Chief Engineer at Fogel
and Associates, Inc. and a Military Assistant to Construction Operation at the U.S. Army Engineer
District in Philadelphia.
Mr. Trauner received a Bachelor of Science degree in General Engineering at the U.S. Military
Academy a Master of Engineering degree in Structural Engineering and Structural Mechanics at the
University of California-Berkeley, and an M.B.A. degree in Advanced Business Policy from Long
Island University Roth Graduate School of Business Administration.
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Title: THE EVOLUTION AND OVERVIEW OF HAZARDOUS WASTE HEALTH AND
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
Authors: Rodney D. Turpin
Vickie L. Santoro
SellaM. Burchette
This paper will construct the evolution of current health and safety requirements beginning with the
1970 Occupational Safety and Health Act progressing to the current 29 CFR 1910.120 Hazardous
Waste Worker Protection standard. Areas of reference which will be highlighted will include key
elements of the EPA Order 1440 Occupational Health and Safety Manual such as requirements for
health and safety plans, training and medical monitoring as well as the requirements for providing
written plans focused on certain issues such as respiratory protection. Specifics of the Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response Integrated Health and Safety Policy governing field personnel who
are either actively or potentially involved in various hazardous substance field activity will be cited.
An overview of the sections of the 29 CFR 1910.120 and EPA 40 CFR 311 equivalent standard
applicable to hazardous waste, RCRA, emergency response and oil spill activities will be explored.
The paper will conclude with brief highlights of reoccurring current health and safety issues.
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Rodney D. Turpin
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Response Team
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
(201) 321-6741
Rod Turpin holds a B.S. in Food Industry, and an M.S. in Environmental Science from Rutgers
University. His current position is Chief of LJSEPA’s Safety and Air Surveillance Section on the
Environmental Response Team. He also serves as the Occupational Health and Safety Manager for
USEPA’s Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.
Vickie L. Santoro
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Response Team
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
(201) 321-6740
Vickie Santoro holds a B.S. in Chemical Engineering. She has been a member of ERT for 4 years in
the Safety and Air Surveillance Section. She served as On-Scene Coordinator for USEPA Region 3.
Her expertise is in health and safety, especially the HAZWOPER Standards.
Sella M. Burchette
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Response Team
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
(201) 321-6726
Sella Burchette holds a B.S. in Biology, and has been a member of ERT for three years in the Safety
and Air Surveillance Section. She is experienced in air monitoring and health and safety.
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Tifle: REMEDIAL DESIGN SCHEDULE MANAGEMENT
Authors: C. F. Wall, P.E.
T. A. Whalen, P.E.
Successful management of a remedial design depends on the performance of responsible and qualified
architectural or engineering (A/E) firms, the maintenance of schedules and budgets, and the rapid
resolution of problems. Techniques for establishing good design management include requirements
that a schedule be agreed to between the contracting party and the designer, that the schedule be
reviewed and up-dated monthly, and that enforcement of the schedule by the contracting party be
maintained. Of course, the schedule must be reasonable, must establish obtainable goals, must contain
sufficient detail to permit task control, and must be based upon a complete scope of work.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the development of generic Remedial Design Schedules. The
schedules are to be used as tools to assist all parties involved in the development of Remedial Design
(RD) Schedules.
Initially, a schedule methodology and computer software packages were selected that were appropriate
to Remedial Design scheduling. The critical-path--method (CPM) of scheduling was selected because
of the ability to track and display the numerous interrelated activities which comprise the Remedial
Design.
Using the draft Standard Remedial Design tasks, an activity list was developed in sufficient detail to
estimate activity durations and define activity interrelationships. Then, using the computer software,
a single, time-phased logic was produced which served as a template for the development of the
remedy-specific generic RD schedules.
In parallel with the development of the template, data and other information were reviewed to
determine the universe of technologies being considered for remediation of NPL (National Priority
List) sites. Further brainstorming resulted in the selection of nine remediation categories which
encompass the universe of technologies and which were used to develop the remedy-specific RD
schedules.
A remedy-specific generic RD schedule was developed for each of the nine categories by using a
team of experts to estimate the individual activity durations and their interrelationships.
The remedy-specific schedules are generic in nature and have been developed with the objective of
demonstrating management approaches to reducing the over-all remedial design duration. They
present reasonable approximations of the interrelationships of those activities required to successfully
complete a remedial design. The schedules and level of effort (LOE) estimates are intended for
training purposes only and should not be used to develop site-specific schedules. The schedules and
LOE estimates used by the party contracting for design must reflect their own experience with similar
projects.
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Charles F. Wall. P.E.
Manager of Hazardous Waste Services
Ebasco Services Incorporated
2111 Wilson Boulevard, #1000
Arlington, VA 22201
(703) 358—8911
Mr. Wall has 21 years of experience managing and supervising site characterizations and facility
assessments for hazardous waste sites and waste repositories; engineering geologic and hydrogeologic
studies and analysis including remedial site selection, design, and Construction. He is currently
managing a $125 million Contract to support the Bureau of Reclamation, performing remedial
planning, design, and Construction support activities. Mr. Wall also managed a project for the USEPA
to develop generic remedial design schedules. He is a registered professional engineer in Pennsylvania
and Virginia and a certified professional geologist in Virginia.
Thomas A. Whalen, P.E.
Construction Management Consultant
Design and Construction Management Branch
USEPA, OERR, HSCD
Washington, DC 20460
(703) 308-8345
Mr. Whalen is a charter employee who joined the EPA on December 2, 1970. He served seven years
in the Solid Waste Program, eight years in the Construction Grants Program, and six years in the
Superfund Program.
He received his Masters Degree in Public Administration from the University of Virginia and his
Bachelor of Science Degree in Civil Engineering from Notre Dame University.
Mr. Whalen is a Registered Professional Engineer in the states of New York, Indiana, Ohio, and
Maryland.
He received two Bronze medals from EPA, and the Mid-Career Federal Executive Program Award,
1979-1980.
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Title: REMEDIATING TCE-CONTAMINATED SOILS: A CASE STUDY OF A
FOCUSED R1/FS AND VACUUM EXTRACTION TREATABILITY STUDY
Authors: W. Winslow Westervelt
Michael C. Marley
A focused remedial investigation/feasibility study (RI/FS) was conducted for EPA Region III to
determine the extent of trichioroethene (TCE) contamination in soils at a former sanitary landfill site
and to evaluate alternatives for soil remediation. The investigation revealed high concentrations of
TCE (up to 330,000 pg/kg) trapped in a 50-foot-deep vadose zone, and high concentrations of TCE
and acetone (up to 840,000 pg/kg) in the saturated soils above bedrock. The overburden soils in the
vicinity of the spill areas are between 40 to more than 100 feet deep and were classified as
predominately silt. Due to the depth of contamination and potential problems of controlling volatile
organic compound (VOC) emissions, treatment alternatives that required excavation of the soil were
ruled out. A combination of capping and in situ vacuum extraction was considered to be the most
promising alternative for this site.
To evaluate the effectiveness, implementability, and cost of vacuum extraction, a pilot-scale
treatability study was performed at the site. Physical and chemical data were collected over a two-
week period that allowed for a determination of the radius of influence of vacuum pressure in various
soil units, an evaluation of the effects of key operating parameters and system designs on
performance, and an estimation of the time required to remediate the contaminated soils. Subsurface
air flow and contaminant removal models were calibrated to the pilot-scale data and used to predict
the performance of various full-scale system configurations that included nested vacuum extraction
wells, surface capping, and air injection wells. Preliminary costs and designs for full-scale
remediation systems were developed.
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W. Winslow Westervelt
Gannett fleming, Inc.
Suite 200 East Quadrangle
Village of Cross Keys
Baltimore, MD 21210
(301) 433-8832
Mr. Westervelt is a project manager with Gannett Fleming, Inc. for the Alternative Remedial
Contracting Strategy (ARCS) program, and has considerable experience in environmental site
assessment, hazardous waste site remediation, and wastewater facility planning. For this case study,
Mr. Westervelt also served as the Field Operations Leader and supervised Level B Drilling and
sampling during the RI/FS field investigation. Mr. Westervelt received a Bachelors degree in Civil
Engineering and Public Policy from Carnegie-Mellon University in 1982, and a Masters degree in
Environmental Engineering in 1988 from The Pennsylvania State University.
Michael C. Marley
VAPEX Environmental Technologies, Inc.
480 Neponset Street
Canton, MA 02021
(617) 821-5560
Michael Marley is Technical Director with VAPEX and has an extensive background in
environmental engineering, including significant work on the remediation of contaminated soils. His
work on fluid and vapor transport in unsaturated soil zones resulted in the development of VAPEX’s
unique analytical and design protocols. Mr. Marley is completing his Ph.D. in Environmental
Engineering at the University of Connecticut, expected completion date is the spring of 1990. He
earned a Bachelors degree in Civil Engineering from Queens University of Belfast, Northern Ireland
in 1978 and a Masters degree in Civil/Environmental Engineering from the University of Connecticut
n 1985.
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Title: THE REMEDIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Authors: Thomas A. Whalen, P.E.
The Remedial Management Strategy (RMS) is a transitional tool between the Record of Decision
(ROD) and the Remedial Design (RD) for expediting the project. It contains an analysis of the major
management considerations required to achieve the goals of the ROD in a timely manner. Preparation
of the RMS is essential for the smooth progression of a project through RD and Remedial Action
(RA).
The RMS is prepared by the Remedial Project Manager (RPM) in the predesign phase of a project,
when the ROD and supporting documents are to be converted to a scope of work for RD and RA by
expressing EPA’s technical and managerial requirements. When linked with the Preliminary Design
Technical Summary (PDTS), complete project definition is formulated, including realistic objectives
in a clearly stated format.
Certain managerial requirements should be addressed in the RMS, and will be discussed in additional
detail in the paper, including: I) a plan for communications and coordination of all parties involved
in RD/RA; 2) a program for meeting the regulatory and environmental requirements; 3) contracting
strategy(ies) to be pursued for the RD and RA; 4) a reasonable estimate of the resources needed for,
and duration of, the project, with schedule and budget projections; 5) assurances for project quality,
including plans for reviews of documents and oversight needs; 6) discussion of risk and labor
management, including bonding, insurance, labor rates, etc.; 7) providing for a detailed statement of
work for the RD. including discussion of the type of plans required; 8) use of value engineering
during RD; and 9) type of engineering support anticipated during the RA.
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Thomas A. Whalen, P.E.
Construction Management Consultant
Design and Construction Management Branch
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, OERR, HSCD
Washington, DC 20460
(703) 308-8345
Mr. Whalen is a charter employee who joined the EPA on December 2, 1970. He served seven years
in the Solid Waste Program, eight years in the Construction Grants Program, and six years in the
Superfund Program.
He received his Masters Degree in Public Administration from the University of Virginia and his
Bachelor of Science Degree in Civil Engineering from Notre Dame University.
Mr. Whalen is a Registered Professional Engineer in the states of New York, Indiana, Ohio, and
Maryland.
He received two Bronze medals from EPA, and the Mid-Career Federal Executive Program Award,
1979-1980.
190
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Title: ACQUISITION OF PERMITS AND “PERMIT EQUIVALENCIES” FOR THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF SUPERFUND REMEDIAL ACTIONS
Authors: Mark S. Wheeler, B.S.
Larry Fugerio, B.S.
BACKGROUND : The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
(CERCLA) leaves open the question of permit requirements for Superfund remedial actions. Being
a Federally run environmental program, remedial actions were frequently executed with little or no
regard to permit requirements. The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA)
specifically exempted remedial activities within a Superfund site from Federal, State, and Local
permits yet required that these remedial actions comply with the Applicable, Relevant, and
Appropriate Requirements (ARARs). Since the passage of SARA, State environmental agencies have
gained strength and authority and the provisions of SARA have provided these agencies with a
mechanism to enforce the requirements of permits, although without actually issuing such permits.
What has resulted from this new involvement of the State agencies is termed “permit equivalency.”
ANALYSIS : Current Superfund remedial construction contracts notify the contractor that Federal,
State, and Local permits are not required for work within the project site, but require that
documentation which would normally be required to support applications for such permits be
provided to the Contracting Officer for approval. The documentation provided by the Contractor is
generally forwarded to the regulatory bodies which normally issue the permits involved for
determination as to whether or not the ARARs are being complied with and issuance of a “permit
equivalency.” Frequently, as a result of Pre-SARA practices, the design process has failed to properly
address the technical requirements of those permit equivalencies. In addition, much of the
information required for submission is comprised of field investigation data and design calculations
with which the construction contractor generally is unfamiliar or which has not been made available
to him.
FINDINGS : The current system of obtaining permit equivalencies is resulting in expensive delays and
changes to remedial construction contracts. Inattentiveness to local regulations and inadequate
participation by local regulatory agencies during the design process has resulted in contract
requirements which are inadequate or actually conflict with the requirements of the ARARs.
Unfamiliarity of the remedial construction contractor with the details of the design and lack of easy
access to relevant information further complicate the acquisition of permit equivalencies for the
remedial action. A change in the approach to these issues during design could avoid increased costs
and delays and may actually reduce remedial costs by providing more definitive requirements to the
construction contractors.
CONCLUSION& In the incipient stages of the design process, the designer must identify and contact
those regulatory agencies responsible for permitting activities under the ARARs and, through them,
determine the technical requirements of the ARARs for incorporation into the physical design and
the submission requirements for obtaining permit equivalencies. The designer should then prepare
supporting documentation for such permit equivalencies to the extent he is capable and identify, in
the contract specifications, the additional specific information which will be required of the
construction contractor. In addition, the designer should obtain those permit equivalencies for which
all supporting documentation is available prior to contract award. By following such a procedure,
obtaining permit equivalency can be expedited and considerable delays and costs associated with later
changes can be avoided.
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Mark S. Wheeler, B.S.
Project Engineer
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Philadelphia District
Civil/Superfund Resident Office
Post Office Box #27
Bridgeport, NJ 08014
(809) 467—3836
Larry Fugerio, B.S.
U.S. EPA, Region II
Mr. Wheeler received a Bachelor of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering at Lehigh University.
He has been a Resident Engineer with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for 6 years.
Mr. Fugerlo received a Bachelor of Science degree in Chemical Engineering. He has been a RPM
with the U.S. EPA Region I! office for 3 years.
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Title: COMPARATIVE ROLES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
AND THE BUREAU OF RECLAMATION DURING CONSTRUCTION AND
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE LIDGERWOOD, NORTH DAKOTA SUPERFUND
PROJECT
Authors: L. 0. Williams
Jeffrey M. Lucero
The Lidgerwood Project is one of three components of the Arsenic Trioxide Superfund Site which
is located in North Dakota. The Arsenic Site is just south of Fargo and encompasses approximately
500 square miles of the southeastern corner of the state. Groundwater beneath the Site contains
arsenic contamination resulting from widespread distribution of arsenic-laced grasshopper bait during
the 1930’s and 1940’s. In February, 1988, the Lidgerwood Project was included as part of the selected
remedy for the Site consisting of expansion of the existing systems, continued monitoring, and
institutional controls. The Remedial Design (RD) for the Lidgerwood Project was approved in March,
1989 and the final construction conference is scheduled for January, 1991.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been the lead agency throughout the RD and
Remedial Action (RA) process. During this time the EPA Project Manager was responsible for
coordination of all activities for the Lidgerwood Project. These included direct conduct of
Community Relation activities; development and oversight of various interagency documents with the
State of North Dakota, the City of Lidgerwood, and the Bureau of Reclamation; and related
responsibilities concerning funding for the Project.
Through an Interagency Agreement, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) was contracted” to
perform direct procurement and construction oversight of RA activities on behalf of EPA. Due to
the serious nature of the situation, an accelerated design and construction schedule was established.
Through a cooperative team effort with EPA, Reclamation issued the specifications, awarded the
contract, and completed the construction as scheduled.
While the opportunities for conflicts and problems were myriad, only those which were of major
impact to the Lidgerwood community, construction completion, or funding are presented for
discussion. Some of these include notification issues, reimbursement of EPA funds, cost overruns,
and recycling concerns. Suggestions based on the practical “hands-on” knowledge gained from the
Lidgerwood Project are offered for consideration by those initiating or conducting RA at other
Superfund sites.
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Laura 0. Williams
Remedial Project Manager, Superfund Program
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region Wil (8HWM-SR)
999 - 18th Street
Denver, CO 80202-2405
(303) 293—1531
Ms. Laura Williams is an Environmental Engineer with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
and has been a Remedial Project Manager (RPM) in the Superfund Remediation Program during the
past two and a half years. She is a 1985 graduate of the Colorado School of Mines and will complete
her Master’s degree in May, 1991. Recently, Ms. Williams was selected as the 1990 EPA, Region VIII
“RPM of the Year.”
Ms. Williams is responsible for the North Dakota Arsenic Trioxide and the Woodbury Chemical
Company Superfund sites.
Jeffrey M. Lucero
Hydrologist
Division of Environmental Affairs, GP- 156
Bureau of Reclamation
Great Plains Regional Office
Post Office Box #36900
Billings, MT 59107
(406) 657-6590
Mr. Lucero has a Bachelor of Science degree in Watershed Science (Hydrology) from Utah State
University, Logan, Utah, graduating in 1978. Mr. Lucero has six years experience with Reclamation
responsible for Regional water quality activities. During this time he conducts and directs
determinations of the availability and quality of water supplies, both surface and groundwater and
the suitability of water necessary for irrigation, environmental, industrial, and municipal uses. Before
joining Reclamation, Mr. Lucero worked for the U.S. Forest Service for five years, and two years for
the Utah State Engineer’s Office.
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Title: REMEDIAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION AT THE CHARLES GEORGE
LANDFILL SUPERFUND SITE
Authors: R. K. Zaruba
D. J. Dickerson
The Charles George landfill is a 55 acre, mixed-waste landfill located north of Boston in Tyngsboro,
MA. The landfill operated under a state hazardous waste license during the mid 1970’s, and received
hazardous wastes during this period and probably others. In 1983 the state ordered the landfill closed
after local deep bedrock water well contamination was attributed to the site. The landfill was placed
on the NPL in 1983. EPA performed emergency actions in 1983-1984 to cover exposed refuse, fence
the site and upgrade a temporary waterline to nearby condominiums. Permanent water supply line
installation was completed in 1988.
Fund financed construction of a high density polyethylene cap (HDPE) with systems for perimeter
leachate collection, gas venting and surface water diversion was completed in 1990. Issues that arose
during cap construction included, design specification interpretation, constructability, leachate
management, value engineering, community concerns, site access for PRPs and coordination between
three bureaucracies.
Because of the complexities and uncertainties at this site, remedial components selected in both the
Record of Decision and Remedial Design stages continued to be changed and in some cases deleted
during construction. In addition, ongoing cost recovery litigation has impacted the implementation
of both remedial design and construction. Close coordination between the governments, the general
contractor, the PRP contractors, and the local communities helped solve, but did not totally resolve,
the many construction issues that arose.
Both fund-lead and PRP-lead design activities for the remaining leachate, groundwater and landfill
gas treatment systems are currently underway. Issues that remain for remedial design include waste
stream quantity and quality, pilot treatment plant studies and design details for lowering the water
table within the refuse.
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Robert K. Zaruba, B.S.
Design Project Manager
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Omaha District
215 North 17th Street
Omaha, NE 68 102-4978
(402) 221-7665
Robert Zaruba earned his Bachelor and master degrees in Civil Engineering from the University of
Nebraska at Omaha and is a registered Professional Engineer. His professional experience includes
ten years at the Corps’ Material Laboratory, including four years as Chief of the Soil Mechanics
Section. Most recently he has been Project Manager for remedial investigations and designs for the
Omaha District of the Corps of Engineers.
David J. Dickerson, B.S.
Remedial Project Manager
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region I
Mass. Superfund Section (HRS-CAN3)
Waste Management Division
JFK Federal Building
Boston, MA 02203
(617) 573-5735
David Dickerson received his Bachelors degree in Environmental Engineering from Syracuse
University. He has over seven years of environmental engineering experience in both the private and
regulatory areas. For the past three years, Mr. Dickerson has been a Remedial Project Manager in
EPA Region rs Superfund program with prime responsibility for the Charles George Landfill site.
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