FIELD DETECTION
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT
MANUAL
OIL AND HAZARDOUS
MATERIAL SPILLS
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
DIVISION OF OIL AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
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FIELD DETECTION
AND
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT
MANUAL
FOR
OIL AND HAZARDOUS
MATERIAL SPILLS
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
DIVISION OF OIL AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
KENNETH E. BIGLANE, DIRECTOR
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FIELD DETECTION
AND
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT MANUAL
Contract No. 68-01-0113
Submitted to: Environmental Protection /
Contracts Management Divit
Washington, O, C. 2024;
June 1972
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tOREWORD
The Field Detection and oamaqe Aaseasaent Manual was prepared by the
Division of Oil and Kazardous Materials, Environmental Protection Agency,
after nmths of planning and writing With the exception of fish kills, the
subject of damage assessment has not previo zsly received s jttematic treatn*nt.
>ir objective was to prepare a guide for the preparation of dasage assessment
r eports which will be complete in all respects and will fully east scientific
and legal requirements. The Dictionary of lazardous Substances lists 329
materials anti describes pertinent data under the headings of general properUes ,
toxicity and detection. The initial phase of the Manual was developed using
funds provided by the Office of Research and Develcpeent (152041 1. This is
the first of a series of erergency response ‘sanuata. I also envis ion an opera-
tion manuai to retrieve computerized emergency technical information by means
of an on—scene 1 portable terninai , safety nanuals , and emergancy sçiU response
handbook as a reference for instant legal and technical seals tance.
Sincere gratStude is expressed to Dr. Allen L. Jennings for thia thorough
review and rewriting of the sect ions dealing with the biological aspects of
sampling and damage assessment. I also express appreciation to Hans 3. Crump-
Wiesner for his review and editing and to Bonni.e C. Bethel (or typing the najc.r
portions of the camera- ready copy.
As additional data and coflnte are received, appropriate corrections and
additions wilt be made to this publication. Please address your written co nta
to Dr. C. Hugh Thompson, Chief, Kasardous Materials Eranch, Of fice of water
Frogran Operations. tnvironnetttat Protection hg.ncy, Washington. I ). C. 20460.
Dr. C Itugh Thompaon
Chief
Hazardous Materials Branch
‘ Iii
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M$tARY
The Manual is a field handbook for officials who are responsible
for damage assessment after a spill of oil or hazardous polluting substances.
It gives procedures and checklists for on-site use, with a dictionary of
data about hazardous substances. Its objective Is the production of damage
assessment reports which are cotlete in all respects and fully meet legal
and scientific requirements.
The dictionary can also be used by officials responsible for counter-
measures 1 health and safety, clean-up, and restoration. In addition, the
Manual provides guidelines for Federal and State officials Involved iy
drawing up plans for damage assessment, instructions 1 standard procedures,
and reporting forms.
The Manual is to be used before a field Investigation, as a re-
minder of what will have to be done; during the investigation, as a guide
to techniques and step-by-step procedures; and when reporting, as a check-
list on caleteness.
The Introduction describes hai to use the Manual. Flow charts dis—
play steps In planning and investigation, and in identification of an unknown
spill.
The chapters that follow begin with the initial site survey and planning
of the Investigation. The Manual refers to standard methods for detection and
identification of a spill and for measur nt of damage and gives rates for
selection of sa ling stations and schedules. A systematic method Is reccaended
for applying the field data to quantitative damage assessment. To guide the
investigation and reporting, sections of the Manual deal with statistical
requirements, layman’s rules for meeting legal requirements, and a check-
list of details that should be in a full damage assessment report.
The Appendix is divided into three parts. Appendix A is a Dictionary
of Hazardous Substances. The data are those useful In the field, such as general
properties, toxicity in broad categories , and si le detection and ident ificati on
tests. Appendix B is a cross index of well over a thousand synonyms and trade
n s. Appendix C is for use if the spilled substance has not been identified.
It lists each hazardous substance against properties which should be readily
observable on the initial survey 1 such as smell and color, so that the possi-
bilities can be reduced to a small ni er.
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INT OUCTLON
! ! !PP c of Manual
This manual is primarily for use by Federal and State officials
with on-site responsibility for field investigation of damage after a
spill. It is directed to all manbers of the damage assessment team, and
especially to the team leader.
The manual recosiends procedures for applying established tech-
niques to the specific task of damage assessment. These techniques are
dealt with in detail in other publications. The user of the manual should
be familiar with, and have the following available:
Methods for Chanical Analysis of Water and
ililtes : FA ’l971.
Siolocical Field anØJ $ratory Methods for Measur1 g the
Quality of Surface bitten and EffluentsEVFA , 1973.
Standard Methods for the Examination of
WifeiiWciVüiè aiW: 13th edifi oic AVRA , 1971.
A Practical Guide to Water Quality Studies
ifliãihiiT F. W.TlffriTl; n&PtA . 1969.
The Practice of Water Pollution Biolpqy :
fl ie5Tt i i j inflWCAfl969.
investigating Fish Mortalities: K. W.
ckenthuWFMtE fl7o.
Damage assessmei t, with the notable exception of fish kills, has
not previously been treated as a systematic subject. Federal and other
standard reference works, such as those quoted here, Drovide for the
training and guidance of field investigators of water pollution, but there
Is nothing about sudden unpredictable spills, except In detailed reports
of Individual incidents.
1 — I
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Scope of Manua ]
The aenual consists of seven chapters which deal with methods and
procedures, and an appendix which is a cor endi4s of data on hazardous materials.
• Chapter I: SURVEY. Step-by-step instructions on what
to do, from tine of arrival until a full
dage assessment plan Is in operation.
• Chwter 2: CHEMICAL AM) PHYSICAL EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES
FOR DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION. *iat to use
in locating a spiil and making prest tive
identification. The eMhasis is on portability
and si l1city. for qualitative and semi-
quantitative analysts. Posftive identification
and quantitative analyses are not made in the
field.
• Chapter 3: SAPCLING. General principles on what and where
to satle, for use during planning and through-
out the investigation.
• Chapter 4; BIOIOSICAL DA$AGt ASSES94ENT; EQUIPMENT AM)
TECHNIQUES. Similar to Chapter 2, but dealing
with methods for biological investigation.
• Chapter 5: OMAGE ASSES9(CNT PROCEWRtS. A systematic
approach to the application of field investigations
to damage assessient.
• Chapter 6: STATISTICS. Cant and guidelines on the use
of statistics In the fteld, and the requirements
for a damage assessment report.
Chapter 7: REP(*T ING AM) LEGAL REQUIREMENTS. A checklist
of rules for meeting legal requirements, and of
details to be included In a damage report.
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- APPENDIX A; DICTIONARY OF HAZARDOUS PDLLUTING SUBSTANCES.
Each page deals with a designated substance
or closely related group of substances, in
alphabetical order. Data are: chemical for-
mula; synonyms; description; toxicity; pre-
cautions; and detection methods. The data are
those useful in the field: for example, the
description emphasizes readily observed proper-
ties and toxicity is in qualitative terns.
- APPENDIX B: CROSS INDEX. This is for use when the spill
is known by name or by a group title. The in-
dex shows whether there is an entry under that
name or whether reference should be made to
another entry.
APPENDIX C: CATEGORIZATIOtl ( IF HAZARDOUS POLLUTING SUSSTANCES ,
This Is for use when the sDIll is not known by
name. The substances in the Dictionary, Appendix
A, are categorized here by readily observed
properties, such as smell and color. The in-
vestigator matches his observations with these
categories, and finds which substances fit the
observations best. The spill may be one of these.
1—3
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a to LIs _ the Manual
The manual has been organized to correlate as closely as possible
with the sequence of work, fr a n the first quick appraisal of the situation,
through the development of a plan of action and conduct of the investiga-
tion, to writing of the deage report. Each section is suitable for
scanning before taking action, and as a checklist when planning, investi-
gating , and reporting.
Planning Must be developed in stages. The sequence is:
• Quick appraisal of the situation, to find what Must be done
at once or very soon.
• Preliminary plan of urgent action.
• Further, re detailed survey, to decide on the full scope
of Investi gati o n.
• Final plan of full investigation.
The planning phase is detailed in Chapter 1 and shown in Flow Chart 1 ,
If the spilled substance is known by name, use the Dictionary,
Appendix A . for data about it.
M en the nature of the spilled sttstance is not known, identifi-
cation is urgently needed, to guide your plans and actions. Use the Dictionary,
Appendix A, and Categorization. Appendix C, as Indicated in flow Chart I II.
The investigation Is then conducted as for a known spill.
Use the guidelines in Chapters 2, 3 and 4 for selection of methods
and sa linq schedules while developing the plan. Refer to Chapter 7,
Reporting and Legal Requirements, before finalizing the plan, to ensure
that the Investigation covers .1) possible requirements
Investigation
This Is shown In Flow Chart II, and guidelines are given in Chapter 5,
Dqe Assessment Procedures. Make further reference to Chapters 2, 3 and 4
for methods and sa ,ling, and to Chapter 7 for legal requirements. Refer
also to Chapter 6, Statistics, as soon as data begin to accrulate; use the
reco nded procedures to optimize sa llng schedules, and make frequent
preliminary evaluations of results.
Reporting
Make final judg nt on causes of d age. and assess damage in as
quantitative terma as possible (Chapter 5). Prepare the report, referring
again to Chapter 7.
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PRELIMINARY PLAN
IN OPERATION
PRELIMINARY PLAN
REVISED
FINAL PLAN IN
OPERATION
See Flow Chart I i
Reference Chapter or section of M u&1
MtRI%ThL
8
PRELIMINARY PLAN
Further Survey
Water: look Bjota: look; Waterlii
and test note behavior fouling
FLOW CHART I: PLANNING
1—5
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Frcifn ‘RevEss plan’
. ri Chart I
PLOW CELAPT I I ; INVESTtATIQN AND ThEP )RT
S
Referer e to Chapter or sectioi-i of Manual
0
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[ ö arrival, spiflis unknownj
Seek eye-witness
of spill
Using the categorization by readily observablel
properties in Appendix C, list the substances
that have all - or most - of the properties
observed.
!Th
__i
Check each it. Appendix A: which de scriptions
match best? is visible damage consistent with
any? Use the recommended field detection
tests to narrow range of possibilities .
I
possibilities eliminated
1
Apply nore rigorous tests
samples to permanent labs
on
by
site.
fastest
s a 1
means. J
i i
SELECTION
THROUGH
CATEGORI ZATION
LIST OF
P05 BIBLES
ELIMINATION
OF SOME
FURTHER
ELIMINATION
SP ILL
IDENTI F tED
FLOW CHART III ;
IDENTIFICATION OF UNfl4OWN SPILL
survey]
sitej
I -
Note observable properties of
spill: smell , color, scum... .
UNKNOWN
SUBSTANCE
SPILLED
READILY
OBSERVABLE
PROPERTIES
Some
F
Spill
identifie j
1—7
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CHA TER I
SURVEY
1.1 introduction
The most urgent action on arriwai at a site is to find whether
there are any samples and observations that must be taken at once to
avoid loss of valuable evidence. make a quick survey of what has
to oe done, so tnat tne necessary resources Cai be assembled.
The following actions cover the period from arrival to startinr 1
work on a damage assessment plan:
+ Contact the On-Scene Coordinator (DSC).
• View the site.
• Assume that tne damage assessment will be used in
legal proceedings. (Review Chapter 7)
• Make a sunrary of available infonsatirn about the
spill; what was spilled, when, where, and how much.
If the nature of the spilled material is not known,
fi est yate it once. Use the categorization of
hazardous pollutinc suostances in Appendix C as a guide.
Make sure there has been a spill.
• ake a sucnary of known and suspected damage.
Detennine if there is a threat of future damage:
e.g., downstream.
• Decide what samples and observations must be taken
as soon as possible.
• Begin this urgent sameling.
• Decide what samples and observations must be taken
in the near future.
• Prepare for this sampling.
- Make a preliminary plan for fufl damage assessment.
Things to consider are:
Water uses damayed or tnreateneO: r unicipal, industrial,
agricultural; fish, wildlife; vessels, structures, fore—
shore; recreational uses and habitabflity for man.
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Samples to take: water; fish, shrimp, etc.; benthos;
periphyton; plankton; plants; snoreline and inshore.
Records and witnesses needed: soul and its moyenent;
damage and other effects; weather.
Discuss preliminary damage assessment plan with OSC.
Find whether countermeasures will affect damage
assess nt, or damage assessment interferes with
countermeasures.
N lsCuSs soecial hazards: toxicity, flamabilitv, explo-
sion ootential, etc. (Consult the Dictionary, Appendix A.)
Modify the preliminary plan accordingly.
Set the plan in operation.
Cafl for men and equipment as required.
Alert central laboratories to wbi- h you expect to
send samples.
Report status, accoroing U’. standing Instructions.
1.2 First Observations
The first observations macic at the site influence the whole
Investigation. They can also be the most Important part of the recorded
evidence. Observe as much as you can personally.
Draw on local knowledge; a game warden r fisherman may best be
able to see changes in a familiar environment. However, use this local
help critically and under qualified supervision.
The following actions are usually the most important to take after
the first quick survey. Think, however, about further special needs for
each case.
Consult the OSC and local a.zthorities for sources
of local knowledge.
Survey the site. This is an extension of the quick
viowing on arrival.
Note the appearance of the water.
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• Observe fish behavior: gasping, crowding, moribund,
dead, absent.
• Observe behavior and appearance of other vertebrates
and of invertebrates.
• Observe appearance of plants: fouled, patches f damage,
dead. Severely damaged vegetation may n t be s b1
dead for some time.
• Record fouling of banks and structures.
Be continually alert for abnorma l odor.
Look inshore for abnormal appearance of animals and plants.
- Record the weather at the time of spill and survey: air
and water temperature; precipitation; wind; sunshine.
1.3 Weather Observations
A record Is needed from before the soill to the end of the
investigation. The important factors are:
Air temperature; not less than 4 readings oer 24 hours,
oreferably more.
Water temperature: not less than 4 readings per 24 hours,
including early afternoon; oreferably more. Take surface
temperature, and subsurface temperature at one depth or
more.
• Precipitation: descriotion , daily total, and note of
abnormal intensity.
• Wind: speed and direction, not less than 4 readings per
24 hours; more if moveqient of surface pollutant is
important.
Sunshine: daily, in general terms (sunny, sunny intervals,
etc.)
In tidal waters, schedule observations by tidal cycle and not the
clock. Take readings at high and low tide (most imoortant) and mid-flood
and mid-ebb (less important). This applies particularly to water tempera-
ture and wind.
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Take the following actions to get these records:
• Set up observations at the site if possible.
• Look for nearby official weather station:
.ationai Weather Service, military installation,
Ccast Guard, air pal Ration authority 1 etc. Ask for
an expert tx ir c’n or the applicability of their
recDrcs to the SP ii site.
• if there j5 ftjiy operational weather station
nearby, seek a Coc.per:itive Observer (nar e from National
Weather Service), forest fire watcher, etc.
• In unsettled weather, always seek on-the-snot evidence.
Locally heavy rain or high wind often miss all reg lar
observing stations.
1.4 Planning iolpjfca2 Sarnp j j
Pay special attention to requ reinents for biological sampling,
which is the major problen in damage assessment. Every site and
incident is different.
Make decisions on:
• Live conrunities to sample: benthos, plankton, fish, etc.
• Moribund or dead sarerles to take: fisn, crustacea, etc.
Types of habitat to sample: riffle, pool, mud, various
depths, etc. Since each r,as a different bicta, sample all
major types as a general rule.
Size and disposition of sampling stations, and rntlbers
of grab samples , These will probably have to be revised
when some sampling results are available. As a generai
rule, take at least three samr’les eac! time at each station.
• Control samples: wt at aM where.
• Water aM sediment sa ’pies to oe taken.
Sequence for nini jisturbance o later s xnples: e.g.,
take water and plankton sanples t:fore disturbing the
environment by use a -f dredges or grabs.
Urgent sampling, such as dead fisn which nay be lest through
water movemnnt,
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Give full weight to the wide seasonal variation in stssceptability
to damage of various parts of the ecosystem. This variation includes three
componeats.
Environment — Variation in quality of envrionment alters
the importance of added pollution.
Exatles: a spill of high—BOO material is more serious if
DO Is seasonally (or diurnally) low; zinc Is more toxic In
the presence of copper. Increased temperature Increases
susceptibility of fish to degraded water quality; low DO
similarly Increases susceptibility.
• Cotnnun lty - Life cycles of residents and movener ts of
migratory species modify the composition of the comunity
at risk.
Examples: ininature organisms may be more sensitive than
- adults; specific populations may be present or absent
depending on the season.
Individual organisms - Some species are more susceptable
than others.
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CHAPTER 2
CHEMICAL MID PHYSICAL EQUIPttNT
MO TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTION
AND IDENTIFICATION
2.1 Introduction
This chapter deals with methods for use on site, in support of
a damage investigation. There are two apolicatlons:
Detection , for locating a spill and tracking its
spread.
Identification , for what dnage to expect and
interpretation of observed damage.
These require only qualitative and semi—quantitative tests.
A fully equipped permanent laboratory must make all oositlve Identifica-
tions and quantitative analyses quoted In the damage renort.
The methods are convenient for use at the spill zone or in mobile
or Improvised facilities nearby. They are mainly for water samnling and
also include samol lng of ground 1 vegetation, etc. for spilled material.
Detailed orocedures are not given. For these, the user must refer
to standard works such as Methods for Chemical Anaj js of iater and Wastes:
EPA, 1971, and Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste -
water: APHA, l97T whfch should always be on hand.
2.2 Sampling Procedures
Consider conditions before selecting procedures: what is
to be tested for, how soon, by w%at method, etc.
Refer to the standard texts above and to 45Th Snec. Tech.
Publ. No. 148-1 and USGS Water Supply Paper No. 1454.
Select samplers to suit proposed analysis: e.g., avoid
metallic construction for metal analyses, avoid unapproved
plastic for PCB analyses.
Rinse samplers and sample bottles with the water to be
testecL
Refer to Chapter 3 for guidance on sampling locations and
schedul es.
Sample surface filr by partly submerged wide mouth bottle
or the ‘ dustpan technique”.
2- 1
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• Take sediment satples even if there is no irrediate evidence
of bottwi contamination.
• Look for spill meterial at waterline and inshore. Scrace
structures, take vegetation samples, mud sanDles , etc.
2.3 Sample Preparation
- Clear turtid samoles by filter or centrifuge before tests
for precinitation or color change.
• Do not, however, orit to test the renoved solids, on which
the spill may be bound physically or c!!eceically.
• Treat susoended organic matter by ado oxidation i’ ’ low
concentrattons of metals are souaht-
2.4 S&npje Preser,at ion
• Always test srrles as soon as oossible. Some tests must
be done at once temr’erature. pH ; others may be delayed.
• Use oreservative measures whenever aot’ropriate.
• Record preservative !neaSurr , and elapsed time from s utnling
to test.
• Test preservative before use, if It could unset resu!ts
e.g., test acids for trace metals.
• Dark and cool storage Is usually beneficial.
• Acidify samples for metal analysis at once with nitric or
hydrochloric acid, S r I ner liter.
• Int’nt it nicroflora in biodeoradE- le sa rles: refriperate,
and use an sprro rtate nreservat lye.
Ensure t iat sanole containers an closures will not alter
the samole by addin trace retal, absorbing pollutant, etc.
2.S Selection of Test Me T hod
• Simplicity, convenience and speed of results are usually
jch more iwrertant than refinement of technique.
Use a c nercial detector or kit whenever possible - Examp les
include test paper or oortable meter for p4, portable Dfl
meter, end kits for specific metallic ions and families of
organic compounds.
2-2
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• Vapor detectors may be unsuccessfUl because of low vapor
concentration and Interference by water vapor and other
volatile matter.
• Do not expect manufacturer’s claimed sensitivities in the
field. They apply to samoles of “purer material or water,
not to samples of mixtures in a polluted environment.
• Wet-ch iical tests are recownded for many substances in
Appendix A. They are generally more prone to background
interference than the kits.
Cross-check identifications made by kit or wet-ch jical
test whenever possible.
Use more complex instrtsnents if necessary, in a mobile or
improvised facility. Three are of wide usefulness: gas
chromatograph (GC), visible— I S V spectroscope (uV), atomic
absorption spectroscope (AA), and Infrared spectroscope (IR).
Select GC coltnn (support and liquid phase) with due considera-
tion to substance looked for and to presence of water.
Select CC detector for the intended purpose. Thermal con-
ductivity Is widely aoplicable but less sensitive (lo to
io- gramsj. (fydrogen flame and electron canture are more
sensitive ( lCr° to lo- gram) and fairly specific to hydro-
carbons and oolar compounds respectively.
A heated colni is desirable.
Check CC identification with a similar reference sample
if possible.
ISV absorption spectra give some separation or simple alt-
phatics (200 to 250 m lllimicrons) from higher arcinatics
(300 to 400 in lllimicrons), and may give specific identification
(e.g., acridine).
PA is good for most metallic ions, at sensitivities of lO
to 10-b grams or better.
Be alert for background interference at these high sensttivities.
2-3
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• IR is the most versatile for identification of organic
materials. Sample extraction may be required to reduce
interference by Water.
2.6 Checklist of Equij ent
The following is a checklist of equinnent that is generally useful
in the field. It should be modified by local circumstances and individual
preference. Use it as a guide to what should be drawn from a wider range
at the base stockroom to investigate an unknown spill: a known spill
requires less. Use it as a basic list for equipping a stand-by vehicle.
eneral equ ent
Water sampler, sediment sa v1er, scraoer, trowel.
Sample containers 1 labels.
Ice chest, chemical preservatives.
Reference texts: Appendix A, references in 2.1 above, etc.
Glassware.
Butane burner or similar.
Filtering apparatus and papers, and/or hand centrifuge.
Thermometers and portable temperature probe.
p H test papers and portable meter.
Portable 90 meter.
Distills water.
Kits
About half of the designated hazardous polluting substances can
be adequately detected by one or more of the full range of camnercial kits,
such as those supplied by Hach, Kitagawa, ‘5A, and Scott-bavls.
Keep a ci rehensive stock at home base.
Draw appropriate kit for a known spill.
Draw a few widely non-specific kits for
an unknown spill: the choice depends
on stocks and other circirstances.
Renents
The following list coven more than 801 of the detection and
identification tests given in Appendix A.
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Acetic Acid M&gnesi w lt
Acetone Malonic a cid
Alizarin Mercnric Acetate
Ammonia Methanol
Ajiurtonium molybdAte Methyl iodide
Anmonium sulfide Methylene blue
Annonium thiocyanate NeSSIerTS solution
Aniline Nickel chloride
Benzenesulf onyX chloride Nitric acid
Benz idine acetate p—Nitrobenzaldehyde
Bromine in carbon tetrachloride p—Nitrobenzoyl chloride
Carbon disulfide l—Nitroso-2—naphthol
Ceric annonium nitrate Oxalic acid
Chromotropic acid Periodic acid
Copper acetate Phosphoric acid
2—2’ Dipyridyl Potassium chromate
EDTA Potassium cyanide
Ethanol Potassium hydroxide
Ether Potassium ferricyanide
Ferric chloride Potassium ferrocyanide
Ferrous sulfate Potassium permanganate
Fluorescein in alcohol Rubeanic acid
Hydrochloric acid Silver nitrate
Hydrogen peroxide Sodium carbonate
Hydrogen sulfide (sat.soln.) Sodium hydroxide
Hydroxylasnine hydrochloride Sodium iodide
Iodine Sodium sulfate
Lanthanum nitrate Sodium sulfite
Lead dioxide Sulfuric acid
Lead nitrate o-Toluidene 2-5
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NOTE; Some reagents are conveniently carried in more than one form:
e.g., concentrated and dilute mineral acids, aqueous and
alcoholic potassla hydroxide.
bIle or improvised laboratory
If a mobile laboratory is to be equipped, or a room with basic
utilities Is available, some useful itens of equipment become practical
wtiich would otherwise be marginal or impractical:
Bench centrifuge, electric powered.
Distillation appartus.
Ion exchange coins with resins.
Thin layer chromatography apparatus
Potentlometric titrator.
Light—scattering photometer for detecti nq preci p1 tate ’s.
Balance (coarse).
Gas chrtsatograph (at least 10-15 coltrns and 2 types of detectors).
Ylslble-UV spectrophotometer.
Atomic absorption spectrometer.
Infrared spectrometer.
2-6
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CHAPTER 3
5& fLI HG
3.1 Introduction
Sampling for damage assessment includes the water, organisms,
and sediment in the spill zone, and control samples taken outside the
spill zone.
Test water quality in situ (e.g., by pH probe),
or take samples and usilfeld detection kit, to
find the extent and movenent of the spill.
• Look at organisms in situ, or take samoles for
local examination, to determine the nature and
extent of damage. Send samples to a permanent
laboratory for further examination if necessary.
• Take samples of sedl.ent, for comparison between
sai ling stations (see EPA Biological Methods Manual).
Take samples of water (and sediment where appropriate)
with all biological samoles.
All samples for positive identification of pollutant,
quantitative chemical analysis, or pathological di-
agnosis must be sent to a permanent laboratory.
Plan to sample organisms In these five groups:
• Were exposed to spill - found at site of spill or
in path of contaminated water.
Now exposed to spill - found in present zone of
contami nation.
• May become exposed — found in predicted zone of
contamination.
• Harmed or dead - found anywhere that has been at
risk. If biological damaqe is seen outside the
risk area, take samples for comparison with samples
from the spill zone.
Control samples - from any location not exposed to
spill, but otherwise similar to the exposed locations
for which they will provide controls.
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The ability of organisms to move or be carried by water currents
affects their value as evidence, but is not the only consideration:
Although freely motile organisms (fish, birth) qive the
least definite evidence of spill effects or as controls,
because of the doubt whether they were exposed or not,
they must be examined and sampled if they show damage,
especially if they are economically Itortant or legally
protected.
Innobile organisms (benthos, periphyton) give better
evidence of spill effects because there is less doubt
whether they were exposed or not.
• Plankton tend to remain either in or out of the zone
of contaminated water.
3.2 What Biological Samples ?
• Give priority to species of economic value (conercial
or sport). They may be damaged in value without being
killS or even reduced In vigor, If tainted or toxic
to hans .
Do not forget delayed damage: future crops may be
damaged by injury to eggs, Irature organisms, or
breeding adults.
Give special attention to benthic Invertebrates, which
link producers and secondary const rs and generally
retain a print’ of damage for some time, being rela-
tively isobile.
• Look for daage to other links In the food web: for
example, plants that support aquatic and littoral life
through links such as detritus—mlcroorganlsm—mollusc,
or plant-snail-bird. Marsh plants are particularly
Iizportant in estuaries.
Take samples f periphyton and plankton for their
qualitative and quantitative value, especially pert-
phyton in streams and plankton in estuaries.
Look for species width might be expected to be pre-
sent. Their absence may be evidence of damage.
Look for records of recent and long-term presence at
the site.
3-2
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• If there Is persistent degradation of water quality
after a spill (e.g.. slightly soluble material re-
maining on the bottoms or a spill into a lake or
reservoir), consider bioassays t , In situ or in the
laboratory. Choose fish, Invertebrates, or enbryos
as test organisms, according to economic importance
or technical suitability. Consider also artificial
substrates for natural colonization. Always conduct
control tests outside the soul zone.
3.3 What Water Samples ?
P’an your water sampflig, within and outside of the spill zone,
to answer questions such as:
What was soilled, and how much?
• Where is the spilled material, and in what concentration?
Where will the spill go?
What water uses are threatened?
What was/is/will be the exposure of the biological
connuni ties sampled?
What was the ore-spill water qua’ity? This may be
inferred from reference samples.
Was there other pollution which could have caused or
augmented the damage?
• Is “normal” water quality being restored, or has it
been restored?
Sampling must be scheduled to look for large diurnal or other fluc-
.. cions in water quality: e.g., in dissolved oxygen, pollutant burden.
turbidity, or temperature. These could strongly influence the effects of
the spill and subsequent events.
See 8Tologflcai F ie ld and laboratomy Methods , EPA, 1973; Standard Methods
for the Examinatf&s iTwater and Wastewater , 13th edItion, AF} ,1971.
3-3
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3.4 Where to Sa le: Diffusion and
A spill in water is diffused (soread) by stirring rovenents within
the water. At the ste time it may be transported bodily - e.g., by river
flow. Surface material is affected by wind. Knowledge of diffusion and
transport helps answer questions such as:
• What area has been exposed to the spill?
What area wi l l be exposed?
• Where to sample water and organisms?
Direct knowledge of the specific site Is the best guide, but not often
available. No two bodies of water are identical, and none Is the same
year round. Take the following action:
In conjunction with the USC, seek data which may have
been collected by the Geological Survey, Corns of En-
gineers, State water authority, Storet, or The National
Field Investigative Center, or nearby universities.
If available data are inadequate, make estimates with
the help of the guidelines in 3.5 below.
• Progressively build up a picture of local water movements
as detection of the spill and observations of damage add data.
Consider whether experiments with dye tracer or floats will
be useful (e.g.. to measure time of travel downstream).
Rater that the value of such evidence depends on identity
of conditions: flow, tide, weather.
3.5 Spread of Spill in Typ cal Waters
River
Characterized by unidirectional flow.
Stratification not c on.
• Vertical mixing: usually rapid; soluble spill will difuse
from sw-face to bottom in a few tenths of a wile, and much
sooner in shallow, turbulent flow. However, thenaal
stratification may markedly suppress vertical mixing.
* A leading reference is A Practical Guide to Water Quality Studies of
Streams , F. 1. Kittrell, flIPCA, 1969.
3 -4
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* Lateral mixing: sl er than vertical mixing, and much
more variable; in an DaverageN river, it may be complete
within a few mIles. However, lateral mixing takes much
longer In a wide, shallow, turbulent river or a wide,
smooth, straight river; it is faster in a narrow, winding
or stratified river.
• Longitudinal mixing: the first detection of a spill down-
stream may be earlier than expected on the basis of flow
data; the last trace may be much later, because of hold-
up in shallows, eddies, or dense vegetation. As a general
rule, use measured surface speed plus 25% to calculate time
of first arrival.
Lake
Characterized by no set flay; marked effect of wind. Thermal
stratification Is comon. It is difficult to predict the
spread of a spill even if data are available from earlier
observations.
Use evidence of visible damage, fouling, or discoloration
as indicator of where the spill is or has been. Also use
qualitative and quantitative biological satrçles such as benthos
or plankton.
Use water quality or wet chemical (Appendix A) tests to
detect and track the spill.
• Make full allowance for wind: floating spill moves on
average at 2% to 3% of the wind speed, perhaps as much as
St. Use wind measurements taken at the site if possible.
If wind records from some distance away must be used, seek
meteorological advice on their applicability to the site.
Make allowance for thermocllne (known or detected) in
limiting downard diffusion or preventing upward diffusion
from below. Sançle at various depths, guided by the
therniocline or other evidence.
Estuary
Characterized by net surface outflow, bottom inflow; retention
at the salt/fresh water interface (halocline); affected by tide.
Determine the present fresh water input: is it normal,
more, or less?
• Take note of wind, present and since spill.
• Seek data which are often available for surface currents
and effects of wind in major estuaries.
3—5
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- Iook for damage, and make qualitative biological and chemical
tests to deteraine the present and previous location of
the spill.
Take account of the v nent of the “salt wedge”; use avail-
able data or make observations.
Expect the soill to recycle with the tide, unless there is
strong f lushinq by heavy fresh water runoff or high wind.
Coastal
Characterized by tidal currents, and there may be a large net
flow. l arked wind effect.
Look for effects of local configuration on mixing and flow.
Look for retention of spill in pools and lagoons.
• Expect recycling with tide.
• Loot for Intermittent expOsure to so ul of different parts
of the coastline, under the changing influences of tide
and wind.
3.6 Effect of Water on Spilled Material
In addition to transporting and diffusing the spill, the water
may change it physically or ch ically. Examples are:
- Hydration of anhydride to acid.
Hydrolysis of metal salt to hydroxide and acid.
• Eimalsiftcation. so that insoluble material behaves in many
respects as though dissolved.
The soul may also be affected by substances dissolved or susoended in
the water. Ex ples are:
Neutralization of acid by alkali.
Adsorption on susoended particles and deposition as sediment.
Reduction of oxidant by organic material.
3 -6
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3.7 S 1lng Fish ( 111*
A fish kill requires special attention because it is the form
of damage that most often arouses ptthlic concern and Is the damage to
which a dollar value is most readily assigned; most States have establi shed
dollar values for fish killed.
Use fish kill procedure as a model for other investigations: it
is the most highly developed form of damage assessment.
Counting
• Count all (or most) of the fish kill if possible: i.e.,
if smell m ister, or within small area.
• If the fish kill is too large to count all fish, select
representative sampling stations, report h ut they were
selected, and sithstantlate the selection with evidence
such as photography.
• Count fish In situ or collected by net, etc.
Take account of movement of dead fish by current or tide.
In tidal waters it Is advantageous to have several crews
counting at once.
• Look for evidence of loss to scavenging animals.
• Calculate total kill from sample counts and multiplication
factor (total are a/sampl e area).
Don’t overtount. At Intervals, make a quick estimate of
the total kill. Stop counting when It is evident that fur-
ther counting will not significantly alter the estimate.
Taking Specimens
- Collect specimens of all species of affected fish. Collect
similar m ers of control (unexposed) fish. (See instructions
below on nfler of fish to collect).
4s a rule, take affected fish at more than one station,
and especially If the area is large or there is evidence
of locally different conditions.
Preferably, take control fish at more than one station, and
especially if the first control samples fail to match alt
samples of affected fish.
* See Investlg4tinqjjsh Mortalities , kit. Mackenthun, FWPCA, 1970;
Biologicatfield and LaboratorsiPwthods, EPA.
3-7
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• If the fish ki?? continues for more than one day, take
further samples.
Take further samples of affected fish if the first specimens
were of doubtful value through being dead for an uncertain
period.
• Check your sampling plan by reviewing use that will be made
of the evidence.
• Look for factors other than the spill that might have
caused or augmented the kill: e.g.. “red tide”, severe weather.
• Consider whether there might be different successive causes
of fish kill, or different causes in different parts of
the area.
If the spill is seen to affect fish in a new area (or Is
expected to), give top priority to watching and recording
behaviors and to taking soecinens of fish and water before
and durino the event. Observation and sampling of an on-
going fish 1111 gives the most favorable opnortunity for
successful diagnosis.
Number of Diagnostic Specimens
Preferably, sample all species affected; at the very least,
sample representative species of imnortance either economic-
ally (e.g., sport fish) or ecologically (e.g., herbivore,
niscivore).
Take the following se ples of each s ’ecies at each station:
• For laboratory observation of gross signs, and chenical
analysis of selected tissues (preserved by freezing) -
10 fish, or not less than 10 lb. (if practical).
For histooathology (preserved in 10% formalin) -
S small fish.
- For infectious disease diagnosis (nreserved on ice) -
5 specimens of dyine fisn.
For irnediate exarinatipn on site, samnie until a consistent
picture has develooed.
Packir.g and Shippj g S ecFnens
Alert the receiving laboratory as soon as possible.
3-8
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• For laboratory examination and chemical analysis:
Pack in individual plastic bag 0 seal and label. Quick
freeze In freezer or with dry ice; shin with dry Ice.
Controls should be frozen at the same time.
• For histology:
Pack with tenfold excess of 10% formalin or fix in excess
and ship with small amount of fresh fixative. Fixative must
have access to organs. For smaller fish (less than 6 in.),
make abdominal incision, clip opercultn, cut above and
behind eyes Into brain cavity; for larger fish, remove and
fix organs separately, or at least remove membranes.
For infectious disease diagnosis:
Pack In Individual plastic bag, seal and label. Ship in
insulated container, preferably leakproof, with ice.
Deliver to diagnostic laboratory withIn 24 hours, preferably
much sooner.
Plastic bags are best enclosed in a second bag. Allow for
expansion if air freighted.
Glass jars (with glass closure; home cannIng type) are
acceptable. Surround with adequate padding, and absorbent
for small leakage.
In emergency, replicate histological saiiples ( jx ) may be
packed in one container. Wrap each specimen In a piece of
paper towel of good wet streagth.
For taste-testing (if there is a question of damage through
tainted flavor):
Fish should be dressed and frozen quickly; ship with dry
ice, and protect carefully from becoming tainted In transit.
Freeze blood samples and ship in dry Ice. Label to correspond
with fish fnn which taken.
Send with the samples any details which may help diagnosis,
such as observed signs and suspected cause. Do this even
If a reoort is being sent by other means.
3-9
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3.5 Senthos
3.8.1 Sa ling Stations
• Always sample for comparison .f like with like
(e.g.. riffle with riffle), in any assessment that
depends on comparison of test samples with one another
or with reference saiples.
• Ithen sampling for exposed organisms within the spill
zone, try to avoid habitats which cannot be matched
by contrvi habitats outside the zone.
Prefer habitats that favor a large and dfvene cosrsainfty;
e.g., shallow riffle.
• Take at least three replicate samples at each station.
This is n’y important for statistical purposes. The
n er should be decided on the basis •f what is found
when s ies are examined; see Chapter 6.
As a general principle 0 eliminate a station rather than
take less than three samples.
In a lake or reservoir, take samples at Increasing depths
on transects perpendicular to the shore.
In an estuary, gtve due weight to surface and subsurface
net fl 0 tidal excursion 1 and wind effects in selecting
s lin stations.
3.&2 Examination
The st important data are the kinds of organisms and their
numters,, in each separate sample. These data are used to
cakulate:
Composition of each cmmmanity, in terms of a diversity
Index or other asure.
Population density (niSer per unit area).
• Variability between sales at one station, dilch Is related
to adequacy of sampling.
• Variability between stations, within the spill zone and
outside, which is related to damage.
3-IC
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Initial evaluation may not require ccrplete species
identification. Consider carefully thether the labor of
goinq beyond broad taxa (order of family) W ill add sig-
nificantly to damage assessment .
The decision is not irrevocable, because specimens e r nst be
kept until •the case is aver,
• If results are not urgently required, send samples to
a permanent laboratoQ for examination.
• If preliminary results are urgently required, examination
with adequate identification can be made on site, in a
mobile laboratory or improvised facilities.
A semi-quantitative examination by sorting Into groups of
like organisms without identification may be made If
qualified staff are more urgently engaged elssiere. This
Is not an acceptable substitute for regular examination.
Other data that may be taken are mortality and aboornal
appearance.
As a general rule, and especially If damage is seen or
suspected, retain samples for chemical or radiological
analysis. Refrigerate or freeze: do not use chemical
preservatives. For other than chemical or radiological
examinations nserve samples In 10% formalln.
? tr1W y n and lankton
The examination of periphyton and plankton follows
the sama general principles, aimad at sptcies diversity,
population density and sample variability; but results
may only be semi-quantitative.
Measure of Uaniaq
+ Use bionass within a trophic level (or comnunity) and species
composition as a measure of damage tp the food chain.
• Use the yola occupied by preserved specimens (in standard
sarple bottles, frun comparable samples) as a simple indicator
of decrease in bf amass caused by a spill. It provides good
material for a photograph that may be Included in a report;
e.g., a series of upstream, spill zone, and downstream samples.
• Take tare that preserved specinens d c net Include maiy
organisms that were killed by the spill but not deccrposed
or dispersed.
3-Il
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3.11 lonq-Term Surveillance
• Decide, early in the Investigation, whether to reconrend
long-ten surveillance. This decision may be provisiona l ,
• Long-ter, surveillance is required if damage is likely to
be protracted or delayed by;
wcontinuousa spill, for ezancle by slow seepage.
Persistent toxic spill of material with low solubility and
density 9reater than water.
Lag in natural recovery.
Future catch of fish damaged by harm to l,mnature or breeding
fish, or to food web.
Surveillance may involve:
Physical and ch a mical monitoring of water quality.
Observation of bthloqtcal effects In situ.
Observation of recovery.
Taking bfologfca) specimens for histology, chenlca l analysis.
etc
Exposure of artificial substrates for benthos and/or periphyton.
Bioassay in situ.
Cloassay hf Viflaboretory.
Records of caw*rcial catches.
TM duration of damage Is l’w’ortant If damage is to be assessed
in terms of, e.g., man-days of Oeneficta) use denied.
Consider use of bioassay In situ for circumstances such as
long-term exposure of oysir s to pen Istent cont3mlna-
Lion. wire use of sown oyster trays should give strong
confirmatory evidence.
3 -12
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CHAPTER 4
BIOLOGICAL DAMAGE ASSES SMENI:
EQUIPIENT AND TECHNIQUES
4.1 IntroductIon
Chapter 2 deals with m thods for detecting the spill. The present
chapter gives guidelines on equi xaent and techniques for observing the
effects of the spill. This is only an outline of what is most useful
for the specific task of damage assessment. It is not a comprehensive
guide to field methods In aquatic biology, for which reference should be
made to publications such as Methods for the Collection and Anal is of
8iolqj cal SaJ ples, EPA, 1973; Standard Methods for the Examinatl&nof
iiiiir and Vastewater (13th Editfon), APHA . 1971; The Practice of Water
PiflutTóWTioloM, K. N. Mackenthun. FWPCA, 1969; Tnvesti fling Fish
MortalitTes , K. H. Mackenthun, FI1IPCA, 1970; and EPUTra n ng Manuals.
Sampling must be supervised by a qualified individual, who Is
responsible for selecting the best equipment and techniques for each Incident
and for data evaluation. Qualification is determined primarily by credi-
bility as a witness in court: training, experience, and ability to present
evidence convincingly.
4.2 Selection of Methods
Ask yourself whether your proposed methods are:
Technically defensible, and/or generally accepted,
and quoted In standard texts such as those referenced abovel
• Suitable for collecting statistically sound samples?
• Suitable for gathering c ,arable test and control sanoles?
Able to collect adequate samples within the manpower and
time available?
Able to give quick preliminary results?
Fully adequate for economically inportant species?
• The best overall for evidence about this spill?
The ones you are accustomed to, and prefer to use?
4-1
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High standards of perfonnance, care, and documentation are as
important as standardized methods. However, consistently uniform
procedure is most important when the damage report hinges on comparison
of test and control or reference samples. This is especially true in
the statistical evaluation of the data.
Select methods to look for effects that show damage to man’s
beneficial uses of the spill area, or that help the thvestiqation of
damage. Prepare to report fully on:
- Nature of damage: what organisms and water uses were
harmed? in what way?
- Extent of damage; how many fish killed? how much shoreline
fouled 1 how severe was the damage? how long did it last?
• Cause of damage: what was the substance that did the damage?
(The question of where it came fr a n is not a part of damage
assessment).
4.3 Blolo ilca l: General
Decide which of the following groups of organisms are to be
sampled:
• Organisms always within the water (benthos, periphyton ,
plankton. ne kton) . These usuafly provide the most useful
evidence. Sampling Is mainly by dredge, trawl, net, etc.
SCUBA visual survey and sampling may be a great help.
intertidal organisms. These are exposed to the spill only
if the tide Is In while spilled material Is present.
Thorough sa ltng of quadrant or transects t s practical,
under visual control.
Inshore, labile organisms. Exposure is limited to
abnormal conditions of heavy vapor concentration or airborne
spray. Sample only if there Is observed damage or report
of high wind and storm tide.
• Water surface and inshore, mobile organisms (Insects, birds,
littoral manaals). These are the least likely to give
useful evidence. Prepare to sample only “damaged” specimens,
and r er that it may be uncertain where and when they
were exposed, unharmed specimens are of little value
(especially as controls): were they ever at risk?
4-2
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4.4 Benthos
The choice of sampler is determined by the character of
the substrate and other circumstances.. Use a grab
(gravity-closed or spring-closed) for sa mples including sub-
strate and organisms within it. The Ponar is preferred
(less liable to displace epibentriic organisms), Van Veen
(for its strong ‘bite”) Ekzan, etc.
Keep a sample of substrate from each station, for:
Comparison between stations.
Chemical analysis, to correlate with heavy metal, pesti-
cides, etc., found in organisms.
If conditions permit, wash samples on site through a U.S.
standard 130 sieve. .1ashing is better done before pre-
servative embrittles organisms, and you will have less
material to transport.
• Check samples washed on site for their imediately visib’e
qualitative ev idence of the adequacy & sampling. Are the
numbers of organisms enough for statistical purposes?
Are samples from any one station abnormally variable?
Use the washed samples also as a preliminary guide to
extent of damage.
Decide whether the sampling plan should be revised. (This
point is made here, rather than in Chapter 3, to snow the
value of seeing innediately what you have collected .
• Use the Surber sampler in shallow riffles. Take care to
be uniform in the selection of riffles, thoroughness in
working substrate, and deptt worked. Keep a sample of
substrate.
Use trawis, where needed, to collect bottom-associated
molluscs.
Collect crustaceans, live and dead, with a grab sampler in
winter; they are likely to be in the substrate. In sunner,
use a bottom trawl. Do not use baited traps, which ‘may
be too selective.
Use SCUBA where possible, to check trawling operation for
consistency of sanoling.
4-3
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4.5 Periphyton
The periphyton may supplement evidence from the benthos as to
linear extent and severity of dage. Quantitative results are difficult
to obtain except with artificial substrates, which are useful for damage
assessment only If long-term surveillance is planned.
S ,le periphyton (whenever practical) by r movlng portions
of substrate, scraping, and washing off Into a container.
- To sample in situ, scrape substrate and hold a fine-mesh
net close mM5tre .
- Uniformity of procedure is essential if samples are to be
ciwared.
If samples of periphyton or benthos are taken for chemical
analysis, preserve by refrigeration or freezing, not with
chemicals.
4.6 Plankton
In general, use a water bottle sampler for phytoplankton
and a net for xooplankton.
• Use a non-metallic water seler (e.g., plastic Van born),
especially If samples are to be analyzed for trace metals
or used for primary productivity or other metabolic rate
measurements.
Prefer a metered net if quantitative zooplankton samples
are desired - but uniform tmvs with an urretered net are
acceptable.
Select net mesh with the intended samples in mind. DO not
use unnecessarily fine mesh, which may clog.
A water , dip tube, and filter may be used for plankton,
but is not recoamended for delicate algae or larger zooolankton.
4.7 Fish
• Collect floating dead fish by hand net fras shore or boat.
• Collect dead fish from the bottom by hand net, if In shallow
water, or SCtEA if deeper; alternatively, search with any
available bottom trawl.
4—4
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• Always attanpt bottom inspection or sampling if there is
any indication or suspicion of fish kill.
• Select collection aetI ds for live control fish according
to the species and sizes found dead. E.g., use bottom trawl
or mid-water trawl for active collection in a species’ known
habitat; use gill net for highly selective collection of
a particular species and size. Refer to the EPA Bioloqical
Field and laboratory Methods .
• Use the haul seine for general collection in shallow water,
unless bottom snags interfere.
Consider advantages of electrofishing (in fresh water).
4.8
Vascular plants may show visible damage (often after delay) or
may act as collectors for contaminant.
Recoamier4ed equipment Includes map or chart; Polaroid
camera; grappling tool (rake) aw knife; SCUBA; frames,
and cord and stakes; sample containers.
• Before sampling, survey the area on foot , by boat, or
by air.
• Select plants for sampling by:
Visible or expected damage.
Adherent containi nation.
Fcologlcal importance (as food directly, as detritus, or
as habitat).
• Give careful consideration to the value of aerial photography
(visible or hR.), probably at several time intervals, in
a large-area incident, or if quantitative sampling of macro-
phyton is hard to achieve because of difficult access or
irregular distribution of species and density.
4.9 Intertidal and Inshore Zone
• Sample small and numerous organisms within a frame of I
or less.
4-5
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• Separate from substrate according to its nature: e.g.,
wash clay sa les through a screen; hand pick and brush or
scrape pieces of rubble, and wash into a container.
Count and sample large and scattered organisms (e.g., dead
birds) within transects of suitab’e extent.
Randomize quadrant and transects with due regard to circum-.
stances: e.g., if organisms are grouped In narrow zones
parallel to the shoreline, they are best sampled by transects
perpendicular to the shoreline.
• Select methods with extra care if there is damage to animals
or plants that attract unusual public attention.
For macroo!iyton, see 4.8.
4.10 Other Da!
Damage to man’s beneflcial uses of a body of water and its irr-ediate
vic nlty may also affect:
Pecreational use, habitability for man, and aesthetic values.
Property - structures, vessels, beaches.
Withdrawal uses - Industrial, municipal, agricultural.
Your lnvestigatthn of these will be mainly by visual observation.
Interrogation, inspection of records, and samplinc for extent and nature
of contamination.
Basic equipment is:
Notebook, suitable for permanent record.
Tape recorder (especially helpful when time presses)
- Camera; Polaroid for preference, and color may be very useful.
• Maps and Charts; one i roortant use is for narkinp as ? nart
of the recora.
Ch ical detection kits, sample jars.
Procedures must be developed to suit each unique occasion. L se
C hacters and 7 for ui ance on wrat is to be acconnljshed and wnat is to
ne reportec.
- 0
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4.11 ChecklIst of Equi nt
This is a checklist of equipment that is coinrnly needed for
field assessment of biological damage. Use It when preparing for an in-
vestigation. The specifically naned Iten5 are typical ones, pot Intended
to exclude others that may be available or preferred. Accessory items
(such as string, tape, tools, tow lines) are not covered. The list is
arranged by funct ion as a Teerinder of what should be available for each
field task that is anticipated.
ene Notebook
Tape Recorder
Labels, waterproof
Soft pencils (or other waterproof,
non-sntidglng markers)
DO meter and kit
pH meter or paper
Chemical test kits
sample bottles, various
Specimen containers (Including plastic
bags)
Sealing tape
Preservatives (ronnalin, alcohol,
acid)
ice chest
Linear measure (tape, ruler)
Maps charts
Camera (Polaroid)
Scalpels, scissors
SCUBA
Waders and rubber g’oves
Plantton Water bottle for phytopiankton:
Van Doni,
Net and tow for zooplankton:
CThrke-8* us
Pimp, filter, and tubing
Productivi çy f
Pb pplAh [ ton Light and dark bottles
Line or rack for bottles
Water satler (non-metalllc opaque)
Pyrhelt ter
Labeled carbonate for radio-
carbon method
Periphyton Scraper
Artificial substrates
4- 7
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Macrophnon Crib: ChINA. etc.
Fran , or Mits SM I 1M S
am
SCUM
Mr$al photo, iuicludtn X,R.
Srab: Peter, than, Smith-
N ec lntyre, ShipS
Surbar
Con salat: Phiagar (Dandy)
Nets: tn, trawl, dip
Hand screen
Artificial substrates
hasten md knife
Grab
Core easier
Fish (live) Saint
Gill ntt, traal ntt
Trap: slat, hoop, tyke
Trawl
Ei.ctrefts)sfng .quipwit
Fish (Sad) Dry ice (as well as chesical
preservatives and ice)
Hand nat
4-i
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CHAPTER 5
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT P CEDURCS
5.1 lntrWuction
This cha p t er gives guidelines for applying the field investigation
to damage asesement, In quantitative teras whenever possible. Damage
%ssessmsnt is the miesipement of ha n dons to m n ’s btnefiçIsl usts of a
body of water ad its jisediate envlvoment Examples of beneficial use
are coaaerciat and sport fishing, recreational boating and swinming, and
wlthdra g of water for municipal 0 industrial, or agricultural use.
5.2 Qkj_ectiyu
Your objectives are to:
• Identify all beneficial isis damaged.
Assess the damage to each, in quantitative terms whenever
peas ibit.
• Identify the damages that are attributable to the spill.
• Eliminate other possible causes, or assess their
contribution.
• Prepare a fully documented report.
5.3 ur
Using the information gained during your survey:
• Review all mate? uses (see 5.4) which aoply to the spill area,
end determine which uare at risk or still are.
Determine the types of damage (5.5) to which each water use
is liable.
• Select the nest quantitative measur nt (5.6) applIcable
to each type of djmage.
• Continue the field InveatigetiOn accordingly, concentrating
en the observations which you have new identified as being
inportant.
• Review causeS of damage (5.7).
Report your assessment of damage (5.8) and its causes.
Distinguish clearly between damage (a) directly observed.
(b) inferred 1 but not directly observed, and (cJ oredlz-’rj,
c-I
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5.4 Water Uses
NON-WIThDRAWAL USES Fish - connercial, sport
#quacu lture - anheals, plants
Recreational - boating, swinning
SnTHDIthWP& USES k uv i lc inl - d stic, cerciel
Industria l - threugh ewnicipal,
or fllf-;upplied
Agricultura l - irrigation, waterinq
stock
MISCELLANEOUS USES OF
ADJACENT ENVIRONMENT Prooerty in contact with water -
structures, beaches
Hab itat - man, other organisms
Aesthetics
Review all uses at risk because of thi spill. DO not let
conspicuous damage obscure less obvious but significant harm.
Establish a sound reason for each use that Is not to be
investiqated. 11 the reason fs not so! V-evident, document It.
5.5 Ijpes off Ji iQ
ECONOMIC SPECIES rifled
Qua lIty degraded - tainted, toxic
Supporting fGgd chain damaged
ere 11ng generation damaged
I r ma ture organisms damaged
RECREATION “an-days of use lost
WITHDRAWAL USES ‘ijniclpal and industr ial -
supply interrupted,
eatri water treatment
needed, pr o ce ss or
equiMent dimaged
Agriculture? - crops or stock damaqed
3eech fouled
Structures corroded
s - i
-------
Examples
HABITAT Economic species damaged or driven
away
Appearance degraded
Decide which types of damage require a renorted assessment.
If in doubt. include rather than exclude.
5.6 ___
The enphasls is on quantitative measurement.
Examples
ECONOMIC SPECIES Number killed of each kind
Number of degraded quality 1 and
severity of degradation
Area of damage
Duration of delayed da mage through
loss of irrnature or
breeding organisms
Duration of penlstent pollution
Number or mass of lost harvest
(measured or predicted)
RECREATION Mon-days of use restricted or totally
den led
WITHDRAWAL USES Duration of restricted use or denial
Number of items damaged
Cost of special water treatment
Number or mass of lost harvest
PROPERTY Area damaged 1 or number of items
Mon-days of use restricted or denied
Severity of damage
Duration of damage
Cost of restoration
HABITAT Damage to economic species. etc..
through degradation of
habitat rather than direct
effect; units of nwasur-
ment as above
5.) Causes of Damog4
Establish clearly how tech tyae of observed damage is related
to the spilled material.
5—3
-------
• Be specific and quantitathne not 1 Cbanical analyses showed
X concentratlorr bfl Samples I through 20 contained S in
excess of S mqIl (range 10 to 50 mgI1 .
• Review possible causes of daxuage other than the Identified spill.
Exam es ire :
Han-made causes: thterference with voliase of flow, Inter-
ference with stratification. clearing of aquatic weeds,
agricultural rurp.off, sediment nm—off, industrial pollution,
unrelated spill.
Natural cojsesl extnme teiaperettrre or drastic change 4 stolib.
ice and snow, decnnpositlon of plant growth 1 altrity charge,
spuming ccrtallty, in fectious disease, parasitism.
• Be specific in rejecting otter cauSes e.g. If natur a I
oxygen deficiency is mi S qtzt 1 use DO analyses from control
sonpling stations.
• Do not Investigate h ow the spill was caused. unless this is
relevant to daftago assessment,
5.8 Essential Contents of OSq nessant
—
Your damage assessment report may be used as the leading source
of lnfonnation for preparinq a court action. it must meet these requirenents:
• It mast O3ntaifl all the facu On which the d uage assessment
is based 4 gr tall the reader where to find th .
tt roust be stiltabTe for rae years after the spill by scoecne
cOming to it coid ’, who will need all possible assistance
in tracing docunents and witnesses.
• It mist be a cleat h istory of wftat happened, bEat was done,
decisions and conclizsions reached, and the reasons for all
actions.
• It tuft cover the followitg areas:
Incident - what happened, requiring investigation.
Investigat ton - what the damage assessment teat did.
Ot lerinforention — who else investigated, where is other information
Damage - what kind, how r u t h, what Cause.
Damage assessment reports are discussed t iara fully in Chapter 7.
Study these closely. Your report is the product that comes from all the
ef fort expended in the field.
5-4
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a nn 6
BTAT ICTICS
6.3 Introduct i on
mi. chapter gives guidelines an the application ci statistics daring the
LieU inesttgaUac. It as i a n 4 kacw.Ledga at elatentary stattflics as presented,
tar n i* , t t Tninlfl tmak Chemical Anal eee i !2t ! 2t 2!!Aj Section U.
t mister of a basic potato is desirable. Nmt statistical methods
that flu bs need ate based or the sst tlcn of normal (Gai sian1 distribution
cf terrain, with th& f lin bell-taped ctgye of width 68% to within
stamtatd din4atio s f the sSsn, g5 neaSard deflrtloes • and 99.St
witIUnthrqs. • w r nfl&l-tiatrtbwtis is a2noat eqver a arecis. deacrip-
ticer of t d I batEau ,.aY II 4 and ot I s aztnd iâithaitit direct tt%drical
proof of it s awIicsbiiity. sc°—r also the distinction between prods ion and
acctracyi Prad o -lan Ia the clasenas fltA iditab replicate maaut te ape..
and acc a y 1* the çiosepas at the an aeastirao value t the true flue
Caflbrflicb of- iswtn ants, reagente and tadini vea & ld be me.de beftre
end after esth Znastigstics as tr as IwactJcal. This Is Ispofloat shene vex data
era to be etatiatitel tp enaifled. an wall as for support of a le gally so’.md danaçe
top at.
take into -the field IxclMea Stuknt s t tables and cSi-equsre
tablett and a puekat calculator, lfl tables ar4 aUd puts according to personal
preference.
6.2 $e]ettanaM ! nlustion of Plaid tecluitques
cu.aat and I$rlyihg any queflitative e Ung or assessment t.otaiqu.
requirea kaofla4qe of Its inh e re nt ptecie ion j ncaej use. Pot ezaqile , replicate
dreSie sa Lc s of benthie lnvenabnt*s flea dii forest cowttg even fror a uniforaly
distributea aaatiao. and raplicame titrations of a single ws sample give
ditfttet niw. eeflqzeäd with ameericel stiastas of aorancy. base d on your
in expestecs and that at othns gsinst which cbçzarvaticna a be tea ted • Sake
nla-of—th exits is tee ecti field theertatioaii For . Wup l4 experience
might he that three replicate sample b7 a erticulaz tocteique often give values
with a toofold nng..
‘to detnnine saacy and precision of a measiar nt or evaluation
ttdqtM frp tcli $ E p4 fla * (rich as a uolatrio titzaticn)s
• Pre era a standard solution Cf the substance to be analysed.
- Nate several tmpiicat* dutsreinaUona (Ph
• caltrulata the n and standard 4efl tioa (8).
* 9fl; 5tggp 4 atA_ reference. sranpiss of many pollutants are available through the
Rethoda and Performance rvaluation Activity • Analytical Quality Control Laboratory,
flA Cincinnati.
6— I
-------
The estimated accuracy at the techhique is the difterenc, t .twaen the
maa i uneaaund end the f lue value.
Pot N determination with atendard deviation S 1 ttia true acc itrap of
the datarininatlon i i equal to/or lees theor
tit
the estimate d IQCUEeCY plus v1Q1
?or a confidence level of 90* use a t diettibutiun table or rtq. 6 -I,
for H— k degrees of freedom to find t at the 10 1 or 0 ,1 proLabs itty
level.
For N deterniriation with & standard dev atkon B , the ito. yrectsion of
the deter m ination is qusl to/or lass than.
Vt
the eatinet d standard d.vietia (B) ti..e %
For a confidence level of 90%, use a chi-squara taste for Il-i degrees
of freedom to find the cM-square va lue at the 10% or 0.1 probabIl ity
level. Datsr*ine the chi-value before u.s in the fore -na above.
ha a genera l rule, and espec ially if theta ii eny posaibility of
interference, also thick precision end accuracy wIth a •ts4ard
vtepstsd with water (roe the body of water under i .vsstiqati ir.
By use of the aSove guidelines, you can determine If y a s i r technique or
mothod I . accurate or precise enc.uqh to warrant further field work. Por eneple,
era the accuracy and precision at your technique sufficient us ’
Look for la n ge. lirectty attributable to the concentration of eateriel
you are meesutlngt
Track %he orivenent of the material at thOse C r,ctltratlona?
6.1 f tng?Isri
Chapter gives gu Idelines f ar saaptlnq. such at takfnq at least three
replica smmplm. each tins ’ et uach station. Using v ita guidance sod your own
exjjsriente, a scnjnd uMic iing plan may be sad., but it L i nrceesaflIy tentative
until sole, data era avatlebte. tie enry effort to qet quick results; prefer-
e L y toll snaiyeua end cuwite, hut preuininety eutteatee will awrw as e n
Immediate check on the nlequory of the cieta. Th u is particularly ieçcrtant
‘shenever the reculte are to he statistically analysed later.
6 - 2
-------
6.4 11 0w Many Samples ?
The number of samples required at any station to give a sound average
or mean will depend c the elnienesi of agreement b.tween samples. In other
words, the degree of •csttsr or the etandar4 deflation. The confidence interval
illuitretee the confidence one stay have n the sampling. Por example, aeuume 3
benthic grabs which yield the following macroinvertabrats Diversity Index (D.I.)
Values 3.6, 4.2, 3.9. The sample mean is. therefore, equal to 4.0.
calculate the sample etsnderd deviation, 5, by
j;i::r
where N e number of samples or grabs, - the 0.1. of each sample,
and X — the sample mean.
ln this case, 82 a 0.0434 and S • 0.208
S
calculate the sample standard error, 5 j. by 9 e y r— 0.12
From a t distribution table, or Fig. 4—I, find t cc L O S or 0.1
probability level (t 0 • 1 ) with *F’l degrees of freedom Cr— 2.92).
Ca lculate (t 0 (Sj) — 12 ,92) (0.12) a 0.4
The confidence interval is theretont 4,0 0.4
It can he said with confidence, that the calculated interval includes the
true mean unless a 1 ip 10 chance hoe occurred in the sampling.
Next, conaidar the following eat of late for s similar station ’
3.2, 4.6, and 34 represent the D Iversity I S a values for each of 3
Celoulete the pesple average, a
Calculate the •erple etsndsrd deviation, g , as above s 2 — a.sio,
S — 0.781
Calculate th e templ. standard error, S , so abovet s - - o.n
rind t for sf-l i t • LU
0 ,1. 0.1
Calculate Ct 0 1 ) (Si) a(2.*2) (0.45) • 1.3
In this ee ls, the confidanOe interval is 3.7 1.3
A large confidence interve]. •ey Indicate that adlitionel seatpise are
roqu±red. As a general ruiti-of—thuab. the following may be helpful to reduce
the weight of a “wild” point’
1-3
-------
• Tare 5 saaplee it eseh station.
• AnaIyn 3 temples and calculat. the confidence inten d.
• It the interval La unacceptable, analyse the other 3.
• Is the new confidence interval acceptable?
Are additional a ee r.quir.d
When collecting data •uch as counts of a flub k Ill, test the ad nacy of
sampling by making a quick cqlculatioo c 1 the ots4attvs estimate sitar each ss.pLa
ares Lu counted. Inspect the rnccneive ustisetes or plot settaflad tota.1 we
number countsA . it will be apparent when the eatiaste is at the desired level of
precision (e.q•, LOt) end tunhsr counts ire unlikely to shift the total outside
this renge.
6.5 Is An C*eervnd Difference dljniftcent ?
Assuming a sinimum gf 3 r.plicetiate, test for sign ificant 4Sf fsrence between
control and seaple values by the followiag methods
Compute t e ( t2 41$E1
where x - simple sveraqe, d s the control or set .stia. N • niflar of
samples end
- 11 L (X J) 2 where represents the indivtdal sepia tendinga.
Find your computed t value for N-i ibgrefl of fra&e at Tlq. 6- i.
Xe there a significant difference ta en the atrol end s.eple value?
- the 10% probab iLity Leve l IS icetea that the t nlae wi ll be COeeded by
chance on ly once every 10 trials, the St level 1 Ia 2Q, etc.
• IC the celcutsted t Yalta awc the 10% tate ), tie control and eaepls
are oselbjy i 4 i Ulc t!j different. * t value ssceedinq the 5 % level
indicates prob4 y ei$nlficsht 4tfferencea, S eacesdtisg the 1% lsvel
indicates sly fltent difference s t aaosedlni the 0. 1% level indicates
highly signiticant difference tames tie wet ’s ..
This method assumes thet the oontml value is ad i tt etibject to
statistical variation, suppose that past records on * ivme a i re S ebne I 04
value of 7.40 true literally hundreds of rssdlrqa. Pnlloeirq en ac Id spill, I pit
readlnqa were taken near the monitoring station and their values were. 5.15. 5.2Q.
and 5.10.
4.-a
-------
( i-d) v51
CtaQuta t • I
Where; n aa 3 mean (5.25), *1 • the
control or set value (1.40) $ • the
number of ia lea (3), cr4
— 1r — (0.102 + + .15 ) 0.0175
Where X represent, the indivtdual pH reading..
• The calculated value of a • Vo.oiis — 0.132
3.15 s’r
• t • 0. 312 — 23
• Zn the •xaflle, the t value of 21 St N—I degrees of froedos (3) felt.
wel l above the i i probability level end th obuerved dl fference. are
stat f Scent.
P. variation of th. above ethcd that say be uaed to tan for significant
•am. ‘iu ee ot •win ax. tahin at both Stations, conaidire
the •tasdard 4.viaUon of such set of data. lies the Diversity Inder data given
in the e ,sai le. on page 6—1, end test for significant differences between the two
Sample aeena,
Pox one sat of data, a .Ø434. Th other sit of data, * 4 S 0. 5 10.
Calculate the average saufle etandard deviation, by
2 2
1 +8
4 a 0.327
2
• Calculat e the average le w iS standard error equated,
a 9. 2 ? • 0.309
N
(N • fb i number of sawlee taken a each itati n s)
Calculate the ee la standard error for the difference,
a • 2 (0 . 109 ) a 0.419
X
6 — 3
-------
• then S— — 0 ,467
2
• Compute t byt t — X 1 X 2 — 4.0-3 ,7 — 0. 4
8— — 0.467
xi—x 2
• VInd your confidence level from Yiq. 6-i uair.q 2CN -L • 4 daqreee of
treadoa anti the computed t value.
• The t velue tills below the lOt level indicatinq that the difference
between the two eemple mean. is probably not signif icant.
t. 6 ! l iteq uirementn
Rst’er to Chapter 7 which givee general quideitnak. typical qucetiuni which
may cone up i ii the etatititical area Cret
+ Were ooncerttrattons actually above a certain level, much as e published
-rr or local wetn qua lity etusderd? The variability here is in sa pling
and snelysla , Date aunt be adequate to show statistically siqnificent
exaefl abous the given limit.
• fete concentrations in enisal and plant tissue due to the spill and
above toaLc threshoLd? The addition al (actor here is the wide natural
variation in uptaKe between apçatently si’tlu tndlvjduaiet Renqe. of
:l or 5 Tl flU not unconarin in half e dozen epecisne. The lepottanca
Qf adequate Cc rt I eperinne is very clear.
Were eem)?le area teupreeentetivo? kaMnalse areas to avoid uncos.scinus
hiee Wherever poceibie. do not let convenience of access influence
eclection of etetione.
Was en adequate total nuP4iet cOuntade More zLqorous treatsent of the
cumulstive-eetlmate criterion, reuc ended above, viii give a ntseii&a1
value for the confidence limits.
6.7 Pr.j fllfl atie4{cal tvSOez}ce
vinal statistical analyeie and presentation of etetl.atlcel evidence is hen
dun Ly a ntatietieian. There era two pitfefle wtttch may L a tie taase cn winch
evidence is questiunsti, end which tile field thvntiqitor should bear in mind
The Italidard St ItLtiOal tests of hypothesis drtlôeate t 1 chi-eqare,
F, and ana lysis of variancel are el i based on the e*sua ’tion that the
underlying meaeure*ente follow the nornel dlstfshutir?n An el esdy
indicated, the applicability of these to r t7. l f t...’atanA say have n
be demonetrat.el Ly statistical ergts.’u ‘..
-------
• A ksy vulnerability of t •ts La that thsy at. qu4te sensitive to
individual image deviations rOIE the seer’ (e.g., “wilds rea4ifl9a, locally
severe fluctuation., stc.} at other deviatio n in tha tails frost hi
as susts normal distribution. Zn order to preclude the ponib iltty of
statistical evidartge ba L t i c invalidated in noun on this basis, it is
wall WurthwhL].e pereoraing dif ferent . r n. ot statistical
uiqnitjcance, Measly, d iatributionireQ tins. These tests are ossad
on no t priori assumptions of widsrlyirig dlstribut-ionsj they era typically
concerned with medians in place of Sesni (as a measure of central tendency)
en ’! inter—p.rcentilu ranges in piaos of standard deviation (a. a Sa e sure
of variabi lity). Thea. measures s i c more Stabl, or 5 robust” in thu presence
of data anossliss. Ftjrthsrmoce, they are ociq.utationally .i io and ebis
to d1sc jmjnats alqnlticar,t differences almost as well a norma l t i ltS .
particularly for the nail sample sites typical in damage asj 5 asaant.
lioweve;, because thus, test. are, not as widely taught and standardized
a the typical normal. tens, it is important to have thas applied by 4
thoroughly qualified statistiulen.
$upposs one has a set of data that are suepactad of varying frost nor m a l die-
t.rIhut4o,j. What can otis do? rout atternativss appear opern
1.. taste bassd upon thu assumption of normality, svsn though thu aususip-
tion is suspecit. Ottsii this epprosiimation I a eduquste. For tsst.inq
htea s, thu Central Limit Theorem assures una that the distribution
approaches normality as sample size increases.
Tranafote the date to a form that more nearly approximates normalitY.
Ue. Logari has of th, data, for example.
• Analyze the theoretical situation to decide whether some specific d l a-
tribution applies. ma exponential distribution, for example.
• list nonpsremetric tests, slier. no assumptions are made about the distribu-
tion, other thin it be continuous.
6.S Nonj fl ic8tatiattcal Tests
All of the tests discusaed thus tar -—with the szcsption of the chi-squart
teNt-assuetsd that the underlying distribution was normally distributed, they
W I(O j5 cc I w nly k nown 45 l iaramatric teats; e.g.. the normal distribution has
tW O peramutsia, the mean an’! standard deviation. in order that confidence can be
1-laco d in any jrnbah)iity atetement obtained by the ttest or the P-teat, the
tJLi;)wi 1 ji4 conditions must ha satisfied’
• Thu obssrvations must be independent, as defined previously for random
s apl ing.
• sanwie ubsarvatiofti must La drawn true a r)rmally—distrthutea population.
6-7
-------
• The populations under investigation must have the came vsriencse.
• The variable. involved moat have bean meoured on, at lent, an interval
scale, so that it is possible to use arithmetic operations on the values
obtained.
• For the F-test the meant from the normal ‘and hoa qeneoue) populations
must be linear combinations of the effects being studied-—a c that the
effects under evaluation are additive.
Biological and microbiological data normally do not have data measured on
interval scald. Water quality data usually does not have the equal-variances nor
the hosugeneou. populations required above.
Zn previous teat ., the population was aasueed normal. Population parameters
were compared to determine whether two or more populattone are idantloel. In non-
parametric tests, the entire distributione are ix mptrsd , rather tham say character-
istic parameters. Because these tests require no knowledge about the distribution
of the underlying population, they are also referred to as diatribqttoa-free tests
Probability charts, or graphs, are a highly efficieat method Of testing
distribution assumptions. This results primarily because moe ía plotting the
cumulative distribution function which swear. as s straight line on the probability
graph. Failure to obtain a straight line can result from ,
• An incorrect choice of the expected distribution form.
• t4on—linearitie. caused by non-random sampling.
Non-linearities caused by truncation resulting from Inap.cttom, selection,
or other kinds of screening of data.
“Wild” points, usually indicating errors hi obtaining or recording of
darn.
Each of the above categories results in rather consistent pattern. on
probability plots. Visual examination of a probability plot, therefore is an easy
teat for cons istency of sampla data and of the underly ing etatletics l antwt Sob.
about sampling and the validity of observed date.
6.9 ! Qa!!4 _ P Procedwes
bince all measuring equipment list limited accuracy, the metsstasente are alec
of limited accuracy and thus consist of numbers which have been roirded off , e.g.,
if an instrument is accurate to tenths of minutes and a time maaauremeat ia 12.2
minute., the time may actually lava been eny valu, between 12.15 and 12.43 minutes.
When test date are used to cOmputa test item charecteristice, such aa the
mssn and standard deviation, the results •ust be consistent with the original
dstai i.e., the mean bivereity Index values cannot be re eccurete than the indi-
vidual values used to compute the mean. The following are e bade n4ee concerning
significant figures and the rounding of date ’
‘-a
-------
• Significant figures (significant digits) are the digits of a ni.sbfl
that begins with the tint digit on the extreme lift that is not a 5eVO
and that end with the list digit on the right that is not a Is le or that
is a sero which is considered accurate. For ekifl$ej
12304 h as five significant digits.
1.0200 has five significant digits.
.0003 has one significant digit.
5200 has t , thrse. or four significant digits depending on
Whether UI. instrument said to obtain this masaurement is
accurate to hundreds, tans, or units, respectively.
100.0 has four iignificant figur.u.
(When a number ends with a mere which ii on the right of the decimal
pOLnt the sero it significant.)
n . result i t series at aritk*mstic operations siet be rounded off tO
en accuracy aeneistent with the least accurata asureaent in the original
data. The generally reoaaended procedure is to taS TY et seat two
extra lignif Leant digits throughout the oo utations before rcundisw
off the fInal result. (If a calculator is uaed to t the Q0t4)utetkOfla , the
significa figures will depend on the capacity of the calcu lator .)
Seam numbers are considered totally accurate due to the feat that they are
not the rseult of a measurement, and thus they do not limit the number of
aiqnitica t digits in the final result: e.g. degrees of freedom (d. C . ) .
required or desired significance levels. Values taken from tables are
eccurata only to the number of digits given in the table.
I n re aoting superftuo’ne and inaccurate tigursi, intresee by I the last
figure if the following rejected figure is 5 or over.
6-9
-------
Figure 6-1 Graphic Display of Studenis Table
I
10
9
8
4
3
15
‘4
3
1
2
N
6-10
-------
CUAPflR
ICPOWVING AND LEGAL REQUIREMENTS
7.1 Introduction
This Chapter Se for use durinq a field assignment, to rewind you
the apeci requsre nts for a damage saeeaiment report that may be
Used in legat PZOcesdinge. tt is only for thisi it is not a textbook of
Scientific and legal requirements, not is it a tuids o tha preparation
of a
Your inve .tjg jon and npoxt may be discredited even though you
do CO1npetq job by ordinary staj dards. Question . like these ny be
°fledi ta i possible we e accidentally interchanged?
CQu 15 tiave Scc4dental ly conteminated* Sa mp le with the chemical
that w .a found later by analysis? what proof is there ttl4t th i a photograph
Was tAken Wh et 5 and when you say? Why ti this vbser tton in the typed
tep bu not in the otiginai fleW n ote s? wbst if fort was tsede to check
this eyen,5j 5 sg story) The preservative added to the tamplest was it
checked for a senc of the pollutant fcmun4 by analysi s ) Why 414 you not
Use Of the PtOC&durss in an EPA manual or the latest edition of
Standna f%thode?
Failure to have an a4equats viewer for Just one Such question e y
we afl the v& ,ue of your report, or destroy it entirely.
BCiUfltjfjq
The emmiphnis is On nformity with standard practice, consistency
of method SM solidity of supporting facts for every statement and con -
Ask than key questionus
Are Your methods and equipment approved in every d.tiil by
EPA er another recoqnia.4 authority? It not, ar. they tech-
nically defensible?
• WOuld they be Acceptable tO the majority of independent experts?
• If there is another schoo l ef thought, would iti experts never-
thetess &flfl that yo methods have wids acceptance?
Is there scUd support fog every reported Observation and
C oflOlusion? ..g., written evidence, preserved •asnples,
authenticated photo5raphe)
1 — 1
-------
• Does the etatieticel validity of observation. meet
generally acceptable standards?
• Are there expressions of opinion which could have been
supported by evidence but are not? (Omit them, or stats
clearly that they are unsupported opinione 4
7.3 legaL R quLremente
The emphasis is on ability to eupport every statement in the noet
direct end unequivocal way that is reasonably practical, by such mean as
first—hind witness original recorde made at the time of observation and
labeling of samples that cannot be accidentally interchanged.
Aak these key questions:
* Are samples rigorously id.ntif Led as to origin?
Have samples been rigorously protected from substitution,
alteration, or tampering throughout your custody ot them?
Were they adequately seated?
• Are notebooks of original and iaediat.e records ava41ab e (as far U
practical)?
Have reoords been protected from confusion and loss?
• Have other items of evidence been similarly id.ntifie4 end
protected?
• Is there docaentary evidence of every transfer of samp lea
etc., from you to another custodian?
7.4 Jhü s
titee for meeting the sciantific end legal requirements are given
together her., bgcauae they overlap.
4sntifica tApn
Attach identification to objects at the earliest opçaortunity.
For exaple, lebel samples isediately as they are taken; title,
sign and date Polaroid photographs at aces include date/place
card in other photographs if possible.
Always include nasa and addresses of i#tnsesee who can teetify
to origin and authenticity.
7-2
-------
mnsure that identification cannot become blurred, lost, or
interchanged,
Plan methods and details of identification as pert of the
plan or investigation.
Make certain that every piece of evidence can be identS f ted
with the incident from which it on.
Make certain that there is no possibility of confusion. e.g.,
it there is i cr. than one “Sample lice. I” . each must cagry a
difletent date, station nuSnr, etc., on the tate 111341 se the
staple number.
• Ensure that eeaplse are always under observation or locked up.
• teep wrtttsn records of who has custody at alt t i res, and
Of all transfers of custody.
Minimise thu ntmtbet of custodiane I every one say be celled
on as a witness.
• Attach a trensfer tag to •e ’Qlue when practical, and fill in
the tag with the required information, includingi (1) Crigina-
tore name. Østs of origin, name of next custodian, date of
transfer: (2) Name of custodian, date C l ! receipt, how received
(by hand, mail. etc.). name of next custodian, data of transfer.
There mould be several ethtLa c spaces (or further oustodiane.
• Control keys carefully. Unless there is good reason othsrwiae,
have one set only, held by the aneeument team leader.
Sasg,lee
tact i medistely, in accordance with the instructione under
[ dsntificatiofl . for exaaple, U e S Waterproof adhesive lsbelp
cia not ii grease pencil on outside: do r iot label l.nterchangeeble
screw cape.
• Seal to protect from tna4vertent contamination : e.g. • with
tape over cap.
• Label should carry Cs) Identification ntxter, tying that sample
in with the relevant notebook entry, (b) Incident identification
e.g., name of water body), Cc) Printed n of sampler end
1A signature and date. These must be on every sample.
‘—. 3
-------
• Indicate preservative d4od or storage conditions required;
5.9., TMj Ø% t tmalin , keep refrignsts4’ This informa-
tion may be Qfl the outer coptainfl for a nuitar of samples
if they wili raraa l]y I a stand 15% tide OO***LSt.
• Retain samples after snalysis (or diçUests samples) whenever
they would be sabie later as supporting vidtncsr sq., prs-
served organisms wstsx aa4lsi with stable chemical pClI.utant.
• U e a bound notebook (not spiral lcwid vith nqmsutsally
numbered pages. Go not use Locerisaf, ate,
• Never take notes on taratdb pS or o*1 sor m of paper.
* Make notes at the tin or earliest cçpottunlty thareMtar.
Keep ad q1na flItGk eflfl 1 * alflAet4) teanoript. g typed
copies have b en aad.
• Make motes cbtanetoqtoalIy os t U as possible. Close Gut
each day with a Line 1 data, an d imit ish Croa any gaps
with two diagonal. ithes.
• Do not disnapt the sequentJai aabnthq by 10a5vtn9 fles
from the notebook.
Field obnrwati.na and snpitn rsaogda sat be siqned on
the Npota end oountaraiqad U there is a n *d witness.
• Laboratory raciords most be .Içst b the a wøs dAd the
worK 4cr by %3t l a t i n of a
• Laboratory records shuul4 cbe d (pcetenbty by the
assessment team jeiderl fo .rittmetical accuracy, cvrrect
transfer of dot. to y%d*. nqpA.taosn, Legib4Llty aid
fleetness.
The record must clear i i ) S4entfl all evidence which is
physically separatej sal.si. annotated saps, phategraphe,
eta. Ewdi. *t these J daa of SUsan. sat carry its own
identi tio.Uo* aiW autbariticatsa.
7.5 Essential C2onta fl p J gpe Msenae ertJ etM
k decays report I t t
7-4
-------
1. tltitory of the investigation, and guide to what •vid.nce
exists m M wber.i
• What was don. sad why.
• What ware the r.suitj,
• Who n ra the investigators.
• What ev Idence exists.
• w ow to track down all witnesses,
records and physical evidence.
2. HisS. for afls.ing Costs Cf damage.
3. vast . for pupating court action.
4 • Quldance for improved damage assessment protSurn.
A damage report IS !C1’P
I. Intended for COuntoXflasUrSe, ret teratton, Or enforcement +
2. A oozrpitation of all available information about an inciderttr
it may eusarin, end titer to other s oro detailed source..
3. An aiees nt of daM n in doflar va lues.
An outline of what should be in a damage assessment report is givan
below. mere are four main headings i
INC I IaT - What happ. d
1WVUTI T1(Ai - flat the tea did
DAMA C - what damage Was found
CAUSE - flat was tin mediate ca u se
Is, this outline i i a checklist for pinning and conducting a field
Anvntz,ation, arid a tnt So : the ccsp ietsn.fl of ynur repart It may
also be used as a guide fox drawing tç prooeduras, snsttuetiane, and report-
thy forms.
INC IDENT
Spill reported Date
tie.
Plaoe
Material
Quantity
7— 5
-------
Damage reported Date
Time
P la ce
Nature . (in brief)
INVESTIGATION
Aseeseor we informed Date
Time
of . (affiliation)
f l ow
Investigation began Date
Time
ended Date
Dime
Report written Date
Assessment team leader Name of
Address
Phone
Field location (if still there)
Assessment ten Nate of
Addre.e.e etc. if different from
teas lead.r
On-Scant coordinator Neat of
Address
Phone
Field location
Other of ficiale at sits Names of
Addreeeee
Phonee
rield locations
Witnesses Ne s s
Address
phone ) for each one
Witness
7-6
-------
First obaervationa4 results of the survey (Chapter l}, and basis
for plan of investigation.
pats
Di et.
Water appearance: body
surface
bottoa
Spot tests of water quality
Water state (flow, tide)
Damago: living things
extent
Damage: other ext ent
Weather (during survey)
O’-’erall plan (briufly)
Weather report : froa before spi ll to end of investigation; at arias
essential features and note where detailed records
are.
At tint Between spill and
54 _ s !rveY _ iI& IY I UUWSEY
Air temperature Max Bin
Water temperature Max Bin
Precipitation (Total)
Wind speed .
Wind dir.ction
Sun
Sourcu and location of weather recordui
(SWWU }
P sram ete afl v tion of original
Wind 140M/NWS Weather StaUon at XYt
tAtA _ Ons a table of numerical identi fication, location description,
and typee of iapl. taken.
(EXASLE)
Station ntwftieri Types of
corresponds with sample
map or skei thno. flJiOP De!c !J p%ign tkn
13 50 ft tçstrea Shallow Blnthoa
of WMG BRXDCE* riffle (Surb.r)
6 ft trots SE bank Water
TranSect Mo. 2 Sand Oiled birds
(*nt 3(Y)J Oil
high tide mark
7—7
-------
Asisyant maps aret (a .ttsch.d
CS) avaiiabl. at
Ui.tor of inv.sttgattont a narrative Mint be cceptt.d whit. the
work is 9oinq oni a suitable format ta
£ brief diary, attached U Annas A to tha
nport. It is essential to sake each
day’s entries againet a standard sot of
headingut sq., s tesj tssrvettons
laboratory workj activit ies, reasons
(what. not ctvioua)
P± i J q ton
Nay 6 Staples bentho. No. 37-fl. Water No. 10-2 5
Observations Photos No. 15-25
Lab. work Qualitativ, analysts of benthos
stapLe. No. 1-36 , Sh ippId
water s 3.s No. 1- 15 to
X II Lab.
Activities Weather records studied at kit
AS rport
Reasons
Nay 9 Staples Won.
Observations Photos No. 26-3%. Aer iaL £.t.
photos No. i-tO
Lab work *uotitatSve ana lysis of benthot
staples No. 37—7*, Sh ipped
beathos esapiss Ito. 1—34 to
sac .
Activities Conferenc, with USC on scope end
duration of dasjs tnnatn, as.
.sa, Anon to St Al. dated Nay 9
Reasons Saaplinq suspended to avoid snter-
(stance with cleagnj restart Nay 10.
Aerial l. a. for dosaqe to sar ah qrses,
repast on or abo ut stats 9.
ma following categories are those eon likely to appear in dasaga
reportsi
Aquatic orqantsn - bsnthoe, p.riphyton p isnktce , sacraphyton ’
fish and other nekt t
IntarUdal organis
Inshore organine
Pftnn recreation and tivtnq uses - water co ntact, na sa La,
structures, beaches
Withdrawal us•s - eunicipel. industrial, aqrirultural
toes ssaapies follow.
7- s
-------
I EflMPLI)
Damag, to fish.
Extent (area) of Ji nX
Nm, measured
Ssvsrity . (Light, d., heavy, total)
Duration of kiL l.
I*s4 fishi species ..... s in ..... ntflar
appearance (skin, fins, jillu ,
internaJj
14.vSng affected fish; bahavoic species
size ntfl r
TotaL dnd by category game . . . .. oomeercitl
other
a c • °• Sttion No. rtptjon !S
1 1 Kind ..... To
Near By
Presirvn ... On
(Ewerz)
Daznags to banthos. Report, for each sa Ling ststionc
Station No
fl . aa Le6
P later of sa’wi.s
Bus of uaai 1ss
total organisnm .....
total tans
Bach tactic name ..... nzsflr
Unusual distribution • population, antajity, stc.....
IJUJOLI)
Osasags to Pusan recreation and Uving uses i less standardised
format than previous ex ies, be as quantitative a. possibtes
us. ph.otoqrapha, fletches signed statements stc. whenever
practical. Things to report include;
What ttructurfl, etc.
Location ..... Severity
txtsnt ..... Duration
Type of damaqe
Aotivs restoration
Natural restoration
Occupancy affected
Offense to ssnsn (eels, smell)
sacreation effected swising • . boating .
fishing
7-,
-------
(EXN4PLE)
Dantaqe to withdrawal uses.
Uses aftectedt identify within each grouçn
munIcipa 1 industrial
agricultural other
unw atfectbdl damage dani 1 of use
duration of denial .,... treatment
needed •.... cost
CAUSE oP DAMAGE
Report on the iuwtadiate cause of each major category of damage.
Present the specific evidence, and show where it i . to be found.
Damage to was caused by substance
(!KA*LE)
Evidence ationo f evidence
Water sample No. 123r Fit. No. 01,. flZ lab.
x mg/i of Z
Patttol. report No. 4% fl It No. AbC tab.
Positive identificatiun of substance st ported
by
OR rreswnptive identification of substance supported
by
OR No identification of elatancei .*ptain
Alternative causes of daaage specificaUy
excluded
1 i evidence
2 evidence
-------
APPENDIX A
DICTZONARY OP HAZARDOUS
POLWT INC SUBSTANCES
Each substance is entered under one generally used
name. The entries are in alphabetical order. The names,
and a large number of synonym. for then, are included in
the Cross Index, Appendix B.
To find data for sept11
[ f the spilled substance is known by name,
start at the Cross Index, if it is not
found, it may be becaus, the name is an
unusual synonym or trade name. Proceed a.
for en unknown spilt.
If the spilled substance is not known, use
the Categorisation, Appendix C, to find
which entries most likely include the spill.
Using the data
These ire some ways in which the Dictionary can
be used:
Chemical formula — A chemist can use this to
aià tIly till description and detection data.
y onyms - Use these if there is a cosnunication
problem and someone does not recognise a
a particular name for the spill.
Des cr&ptiofl - Use to predict damages e.g., if
the spill is htavier than water and not
highly soluble, bottom life is especially
at risk.
Use tO help identificstion of an unknown
spills check the description against observa-
tions made at the site.
Toxio 4y - the toxicity ratings aret
High; toxic threshold below 10 ppm
Medium: texic threshold between Lb and 500 ppm
Lows toxic threshold above 500 ppm
Use the human effects to estimate safety hasards.
Th. local toxicity La innediate effect on flit ,,
eyes, mucous membranes, or reipirating tract.
The systemic toxicity is poisoning by inhalation 1
s wa t I B lng ior skin absorption.
Use the human effects in damage assessment.
Use the aquatto toxicity as a guide to biological
damag. that may be expect.dy as a check that tb -
served effect. agree with the identification of
A- 1
-------
the spill; ond in deterinininq cause of
damage.
Preeautionn - Jnrjtruct your team, and advise
others as rece#sarv. Make certtjr the kFtI- 1ItAp L
fur the naterlni. I’roteeti,e elc tiitng inclale ye prcte’ t Li.
Detection - Read Chapter 2 of the Manual for
a5vTce on selection And U S C of detection
methods.
Use the ratings (below) to decide wheth..tr
detection and identification are ratisfactory
for your field operation.
The detection methods are rated by number In
parentheses. The ratings are:
1. For gross detection or presumptive
Identi ficetion.
2. For fairly specific identification.
3. Versatility hiqh; detects a broad
cla ss of hazardous substances.
4. Versatility medium; detects several
hazardous substancen
5. VersatIlity tow; detects few
hazardous substances.
6. senuitive test; detects at thri: Fin1d
toxic CflnCeritratLOfl.
Cautions and Guidelines
General — The Dictinnary Is Intended for a trained
sctentist, who understands that data are not
always complete and consistent. Description,
toxicity, and detection may all be different
from the data qiven here, which apply only to
the more uinial conditions.
Synonyrns - There are many other tens familiar
trade names, etc., for some of the substaneta.
Descr4ption - t utu In for the more conion forms of
eac h substance, The spill may contaIn unusual
impurittes, or be a eonaerctal mixture with
other chemica ls.
- These are the least precise data, be-
cause the experimental conditions may have
differed widely from the circumstances of the
spill and the llvinq things at risk. A ratlnq
of “Los” tox icity Is good for the general run
of incidents,, but does not exclude a hitjhly
toxic effect in epectal cIrcumstances.
-------
Precautions - This is not an authoritative
s i lty manual; the recommendations are
advisory guidelines.
Detection — The recommended tests are good for
tingle substances in generally clean condi-
tions, and common interfering reactions are
noted; U the spill is a mixture, or the
receiving water is highly polluted, false
readings are possible.
A-)
-------
ABIETIC ACID C 19 H 29 C00H (phenanthrene
ring stncture
Synonyms: Sylvic Acid
Description: Derived from pin. rosin , of which it is the principal
active ingredient. YeUowish, resinous powder. (Sink.);
Insoluble.
Toxicity :
Local - Moderately Irritant.
Systemic - Moderate.
MuaUc - Moderate
Other - Promotes growth of several types of lactic acid
and butyric acid bacteria.
Detections Prepar, a solution (approximately 1%) of bromine in
carbon tetrachioride; add a few drops to 2 nil of oemple.
Positive resu1t the color of bromine disappears. Un-
saturated organic compounds interfere, The powder of
abietic acid may be diesolved In an organic solvent
alcohol, bensene, etc.), then tested with bromine; figs
is a uceful test for •edivnent samples. (1, 4). instrumental
analysis: Uv, (1,4 .6).
-------
ACETALDEHYDE H 3 UCHO
Synonyms: Acetic aldehyde. aldehyde, ethanal , ethylaldehyde,
paraldehyde.
Description : Very flammable, clear, colorless, liquid.
Characteristic pun aent odor that bmells like (tuft
In extreme dilution (Zppmj. Explosive vapor. CompletelY
miscible.
Toxicity:
Local - Both liquid and vapor irritate eyes, mucous
membranes 1 and skin.
Systemic - Slight to moderate; large doses of vapor
can cause respiratory coUapse.
Aquatic - Moderately toxic to fish, invertebrates, flora.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND RESPIRATOR ADVISABLE.
Detection: Commercial detectors are available; sensitivity range
is 25 - lOGO ppm. Supplier. inclt de MSA (1 or 2 - -
depending on kit - - and 5).
-------
ACETAM WE CFI 3 C.O(Nh i 2
Synonynkst Acetic acid amine, ethanamicte.
Description; Colorless del4uesceflt soUd . Slight odor. Sinks
and dissolves.
Toxicity:
Local - MUd irritant.
Systemi c - Low.
Aquatic - Low.
Other - Increases SOD.
Detection:
(1). Mix sample with 16. 4% hydroxylarrtine sulfate
in 14% sodium hydroxide solution.
(2). Acidify with HCI.
(3). Add everSl drops of 20% ferr lc ch1or de solution.
Positive result: solution (3) turns green in a few
minutes. (1,5,6).
-------
ACETANILIDE C 6 H 5 NR(C:OCH 3 )
Synonyms: N- Phenylacetamide.
Descriptton Shiny white solid (leaflets or powder). Odorless.
Stable in air. Slightly burning taste. Sinks slowly
dissolves.
Toxlcity
Local. - May be mild irritant.
Systemic - Low to moderate.
Aquatic - Low to mode rate.
DetecUon: See ACETAMIDE (l 5,6).
-------
ACETIC ACID 11 3 CCOOH
Synonyms: Ethanoic acid, glacial acetic acid, vinegar.
Description: Clear, colorless liquid. Freezes at 62°F (concen-
trated solution). Odor of vinegar. Acid to litmus.
Reacts with many minerals to produce metal acetatse and
mineral acid.. Look for corrosion 1 SOD, and pH effects.
Completely miscible.
Toxicity;
Local - Irritant vapors; concentrated solutions can burn
eyes, mucous membranes, skin.
Systemic - Dilute solutions are nontoxic: concentrated
solutions can burn and corrod.e tissues.
Aquatic - Dilute solution. are practically harmless;
concentrated solutions are corrosive and can
severely damage aquatic life. Damage varies
with pH .
Other - Dilute solutions can create a SOD problem.
Detection:
(I). High concentrations of any acid or base may be
detected with a pH meter or pH indicator paper
(e.g. litmus). (1,3).
(Ii ). Test sample with solution of 5% lanthanum
nitrate and 0. O1N iodine. Positive result, dark
blue precipitate or solution. (1, 5,6).
-------
ACETIC ANHYDRIDE (H 3 CC:O) 4 O
Synonyms: Acetic oxide, acetyl oxide.
Descrlptton: Very refractive liquid. Strong odor of vinegar.
Fire hazard Burns readily. Sinks in water, slowly
forming ACETIC ACID. Look for corrosion,
pH, and BOD effect..
Toxicity:
Local Both liquid and vapor are violently irritating
and corrosive to eyes, mucous membranes,
and skin.
Systemic - Burn, and corrodes tissues. See ACITIC
ACID for other effects.
Aquatic - Corrosive and toxic to aU aquatic life; for
toxicity of dilute solutions, see ACETIC ACIP’
Detection: See ACETIC ACID.
-------
ACETONE CYANOHYDRIN (CH 3 ) 2 C(OH)CN
Synonyms: M ethylac etonitrile , hydroxytsobutyronitrile.
Description; Colorless liquid. Floats and readily dissolve..
Decomposes readily to yield HYDROCYAN1C ACID
(liquid and vapor , depending on temperature) which
is one of the moat toxic substances known.
Toxicity:
Local - May slightly irritate eyes, akin, mucous
membranes.
Systemic - See HYDROCYANIC ACID; extremely toxic.
Aquatic - See HYDROCYANZC ACID; extremely toxic.
WEAR RESPIRATOR; PROTECTIVE CLOTHING ADVISABLE.
Detection:
( I). Use only in a well-circulated hood - - extremely
toxic hydrogen cyanide gas is evolved. Mix
small volume of sample with 3M NC !; test with
commercial cyanide kit (see BARIUM CYANIDE).
If test is unclear, repeat, using a larger volume
of sample.
(II). Place 2 drops of sample in a micro test tube with
2 drops of dilute H 2 504. Immediately cover the
mouth of the test tube with a disk of filter paper
moistened with a drop of the reagent, which is
made by mixing equal volumes of solution A and
solution B j before use . Solution A ii 2. 86 g
copper acetate in 1 liter of water. Solution B
contains 675 ml of saturated benzldine acetate
solution plus 525 ml of water. Positive result:
the reagent paper turns blue. (1, 5).
-------
ACETONITPJLE H 3 CCN
Synonyms: Cyanomethane ethanenitrile, methyl cyanide.
Description: Colorless liquid. Sweet odor, much like ether.
Floats and dissolves. Flammable; explosive vapors ,
to xicity:
Local - May irritate skin.
Systemic - Low to moderate; avoid breathing the
vapors.
Aquatic - kow.
RESPIRATOR ADVISABLE.
Detection: Commercial liquid and vapor detector kits are
available; sensitivity range is 10 - 200 ppm.
Suppliers include MSA. Warm samples before using
vapor detectors. (1 5, 6).
-------
ACETOP}IENONE C 6 H 5 COC H 3
Synonyms: Acetylbenzene, hypnone, phenyl methyl ketone.
Description: Colorless liquid that freezes at 68°F. Odor of
orange blossoms. Sinks; slightly soluble.
Toxicity:
Human and Aquatic - Practically none. Hypnotic
in high concentrations.
Detection: Mix sample with a saturated solution of 1, 4-dinitro-
phenylhydrazine in ZN HC1. Positive result: precipitate.
(1, 5, 6).
-------
ACETYL BROMIDE H 3 CCOSr
Synonyms; none common.
Description: Colorless, Luming Uquid. Sinks, but is violently
decomposed by water to yield ACETIC ACID and
hydrobromic acid. Clouds of acrid fumes may develop.
Toxicity;
Local - Intensely Irritating to eyes, mucous membranes,
and skin.
Systemic - See ACETIC ACID; hydrobromic acid is
very corrosive in concentrated solution; dilute
solutions (10% or less) are sedatives.
Aquatic - See ACETIC ACID; the bromide ion is very
toxic to many microflora, invertebrates, and
fish.
Other - Look for corrosion and pH effects.
WEAR RESP ULATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING IN REACTION
ZONE AND WHERE pH IS LOW.
Detection: Analyze separately for th. hydrolysis product., viz.
ACETIC ACID and hydrobromic acid. See ACETIC
ACID for detection method. Use pH indicator paper
or meter to test for acid. (1 . 3). Then test for bromide
ion as foUows. In a test tube 1 mix 1 ml of sample with
0. 2 g PbO 2 and I ml of ZN acetic acid. Cover mouth of
test tube with filter paper that ha. been impregnated
with a saturated solution of fluorescein i,i 1:1 ethanol.
Positive result: filter paper turns red. lodides inter-
fere. (1 .4).
-------
ACETYLENE HCCH
Synonyms: Etbine ethyne.
Deucriptiont Colorless gas; ethereal odor when pure, but
disagreeable odor when impure. Very flammable;
the compressed gas is explosive. Slightly soluble.
Toxicity:
Local - None.
Systemic - A simple asphyxiant; high concentrations
of inhaled gas are narcotic.
Aquatic - None to low.
Detection: Commercial liquid and vapor detector kits are
available; sensitivity range is 3 - 3000 ppm.
Suppliers include MSA, Scottlflavis 1 and Kitagawa.
(2 ,5 ,6).
-------
ACRIDINE C 13 H 9 N (tricyclic)
Synonyms: Azaanthracene, dibensopyridine.
Description: Caloriess crystalline solid. Sinks; nearly
Insoluble. Weakly basic; colors litmus blue.
Toxicity:
Local - Strong irritant to skin and mucous membraneS ’
Systemic - Low.
Aquatic - Reports vary from very low to very high.
Highly toxic to some fish.
Detection: Acidify sample With 3M 1-ICI. Positive result:
yellow precipitate. (14).
-------
ACRYLIC ACID H 2 C:CHCQOH
Synonyms: Propenoic acid, vinylformic acid.
Description: Corrosive, fuming liquid. Acrid odor. Just sinks;
miscible with water. Polymerizes readily In the
presence of oxygen, but polymerization inhibitors
(such as FLYDROQUINONE) are often added; the polymer
is a clear plastic.
Toxicity:
Local - Strongly irritating.
Systemic - Low.
Aquatic - Moderate to low.
Detection: Mix sample with 5 ml of 4. 4% mercuric acetate
and 0. 5% acetic acid in 6:4 water-dioxane solution.
Positive result: precipitate, which redis solves when
mixed with 30 ml of 0. OZM EDTA solution. (1, 5).
-------
ACRYLONITRILE H 2 C:CHCN
S ynoriymn; C yanoethylene, Funiigr sin, propertenit rile, V entox,
vinyl cyanide.
Description: Explosive, flarnniable, volatile liquid. Colorless
when fresh; may slowly turn yellow in Light. Slight
biting odor. May polymerize spontaneously in light.
Floats. Evaporates quickly, dissolves slowly.
Toxicity:
Local - Extremely irritating vapor.
Systemic - Moderate to high; similar to HYDROCYAN I 0
ACID.
Aquatic - Moderate to high.
WEAR RESPJItATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
Detection: Commercial liquid and vapor detector kits are
available; sensitivity range is 5 - 500 ppm.
Suppliers include MSA, Scott/Davis, and iCitagawa.
-------
ADIPiC ACID HOOC(CH 2 ) 4 COOH
Synonyms Butanedi car boxylic acid, hexanedioic acid.
flescriptiom Colorless 3o1 d that sinks and slowly diuiolves in
water 1 Acid to litmus.
Toxicity:
Human - Slight, ii any.
kqtaatic - Moderate.
Othcr - Look for 30D effect in still water.
Detection: No satisfactory method for detection at water’s edge.
(1). For improvised field laboratory (e. g. in. motel
rcom, with equipment available), esterify
sample, then add p-nltrobenzyl chloride to
ester. Heat sample. Positiv, result: an in-
soluble derivative will slowly form and p m-
cipitate from solution. (1, 5).
( Ii). For instrumental analysis in improvised lab,
use OC with hydrophobic column packing. (2, 3 6).
(111). In arSas of high concentration, test water for
acidity with pH indicator paper or pH meter. [ 1, 3).
(1V). In very pare water 1 where no other acids or bases
of low molecular weight are present in significant
quantity, consider using pot.ntiornetric titration
with 0. SN MaOH, using thymol blue a. indicator.
2, 3).
-------
AD IPONITRILE CN (CH 2 ) 4 CN
Synonyms: Adipyl dinitrile, di cyanobutane • t etramethylene
cyanide, tetramethylene dicyanide.
Description: Colorless liquid; almost no odor. Floats on water,
dissolving slowly.
Toxicity:
Local - Vapor and liquid are mild irritants.
Systemic - Moderately toxic by all routes; absorbed
through intact skin.
Aquatic - Moderate to low.
PROTECTiVE CLOTHiNG AND RESPIRATOR ADVISABLE.
Detection: No satisfactory method for detection at water’s edge.
An improvised motel-room laboratory is the beat on
can hope for. The following methods assume at least
an improvised laboratory.
(I ). Use CC with hydrophobic column. (2, 3,6).
(11). (1) Subject sample to vigorous hydrolysis.
(2) Render solution basic with NaOH, then
heat to liberate AMMONLAIP which may be
detected by any of several commercial
kits, simple wet-chemical methods, or
This method only detects the ammonium
salt produced by hydrolysis. (1, S, 6). TO
detect the adipic acid moiety, see method
I and U under ADIPIC ACID. (Rating will
depend on method chosen).
-------
ALLYL ALCOHOL H 2 C:CHCH 2 OH
Synonym.: Propenol, propenyl alcohol, vinyl carbinol.
Description: Colorless flammable liquid. Sharp, biting odor
similar to mustard. Floats; completely miscible
with water.
Toxicity:
Local - Very Irritating vapor and liquid. Severe burns.
Syste mic - Moderate; burns respiratory tract.
Aquatic - Moderate to high.
WEAR RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
Detection: Mix sample with small amount of silver nitrate.
Positive result is a precipitate that redissolves when
an excess of concentrated silver nitrate solution is
added. (1, 5).
-------
ALi 4 YL CHLORIDE H 7 C:CHCH C I
Synonyms: AC; ch lorallylene, chioropropene, chioropropylene.
De scription: Ciear to strawberry- red liquid. Unpleasant,
sweetish odor. Floats on water; s l ight ly soluble.
A toxic and explosive layer of vapor farms at tht
water’s surface. Very flammable.
Toxic.t ty:
Loc!tl Strongly irritant vapor and liquid.
Systemic - Moderatc’ .
Aquatic - Reports vary from very tow to very Ugh.
Highly toxic w orne fish.
WEAR RESPIRATO? &NJ) P’OTECt\ IC CLCT lUN G,
Dt L cHof ,c i’Ld& t.t a.sJ r4 1. Q f/oiai li. ps s,xturattd solutinn
U( ii ogiticitx. i r: ciincusjtra rcn H” 1. Pcn#itive res tt
kJitl!. tc rnct —vi ;iur., fl, iy.
-------
ALUMiNUM FLUORIDE Al F)
Synonym: Aluminum trUl’iorIde.
Di cription; White solid tinka in water slightly soluble.
L sa Lo Uc than othe; fluoridnu becauae of l iw
S OL%Sbiltty.
To xici ty:
J4 CaI - Probably little t<’ nonc.
Syitemic ProUably low to moderaL ,
Aquatic - Moderate to high. F’exit: to 1 4:uit:: and
nbnala.
l)etrctj n; The aiundnLtm and fluoride components must be
detected separately. To detect aluminum, see
ALUMINUM SULFATt. Ther. are several commercial
kit. for detecting fluoride in concentrations below 10 ppm.
Commercial sources at these kit. include Hach Cheznic&.
MSA. Scott/D&YiE Lamotte, and lIuflige. (2,5, 6). A eimp e quelitat2ve
tnt for fluoride involves a re geat composod 01 0. 5 v
alizarin, 200 ml of ethanol 1 and L 5 at zirconyl chloride
in one liter of water. ‘flds reagent I reddish purple.
Add sample to reagent. Posidve result: mixture ii bleached
to a pale straw color, (1, 5).
-------
ALUMINUM SULFATE A 1 2 ( 50 4 ) 3
Synonyms: Alumogenite, cake alum, patent alum.
Description: Shiny white solid. Sinks and dissolves readily,
forming an acid solution. Mildly antiseptic and
detergent.
Toñclty:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Low to moderate.
Detection: The aluminum and sulfate components must be
separately detected 1 To detect aluminum, add
dilute NH 4 CH to sample. Positive result: a
gelatinous white precipitate that is insoluble In
an excess of NH 4 OH. (l 4,6). Commercial kits
are available for detecting sulfate in the range
0 -300 ppm. Mach Chemical is one supplier. (1,4,6)
Commercial kits are also available for detecting
aluminum; sensitivity range is 0. 02 to 1 ppm.
Supplier, include Refuge. (2, 5, 6). There are
several commercial kits for detecting sulfate
from A to 500 ppm. Suppliers include Mach, He1l,ig ’
and Lamotte. (1,4,6).
-------
AMINO ETHYL ETHANOL AMINE H 2 NCH 1 CHzNHCH 2 CH 2 OH
Synonym: flydroxyethylethylenediszthns.
Description: Clear, colorless hygroscopic liquid with mild
ammoniscal odor. Just sinks; dissolves readily,
giving a basic solution.
Tox icity :
Local - Very irritating; may burn skin.
Systemic - Low.
Aquatic -(Low.)
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING ADVISABLE.
Detection: there is no specific and sensitive method for use
at water’s edge. Test pH in area of concentrated
spill, using pH indicator paper or pH m eter {t, 3). Test
for alcohol as follows. Combine 2 nil of sample with
5 ml of reagent (a 10% solution of cent emmoniuni
nitrate in ZN nitric acid). Positive result: yellow to
red solution. (1, 3). Test for secondary amine as
follows. Prepare reagent by dissolving 0. 5 g NiCI 2
hexabydrate in 100 ml of water While shaking . add
carbon disulfide to slight excess. Just before testing
sample, add 2 ml concentrated N$ OH to S nil of re-
agent. Then add 2 ml of sample. Positive result: a
weu-defined precipitate. (1, 3).
-------
AMMONIA NH 3
y4Or1ytfl5 ; ArniflUnia gas, anhydrous ammonia, liquefied
ammonia.
flencrintion: Color]esi ga. or colorleeN compressed, liquefied
gas that dissolves readily i.n water, giving a
basic Aolution. The gas, the compressed gas, and
the water twlutlon have a characteristic sharp, biting
‘,dor that is noticeable in great dilution.
Toxicity:
Local - All forms are very irritating to the eyes and
mucous membranes: somewhat irritating to
s idn .
Systemic - Slight.
Aquatic - k-itch to moderate.
RESPIRATOR MID PROTECTIVE CLOTHINO A L) VISAHLE.
Detection: There are several commercial kite for detecting
ammonia or the anvnonluxn Ion. Commercial sources
include MSA, Scott/Davis, Kitagawa. Lainotte. Flellige, and HaCb
sensitivity range is 0. 02-1500 ppm. {Z, 4, 6j. A simple. 1i’ sa
senaitive method is to make the sample basic by adding
NaCH, than heat to steaming, then test the vapor with
wetted pH paper, which should register pH 11, approxI-
mately. (1, 4). A more specific method is to mix the
sample with Nestler’s reagent (dissolve ZO g of K! and
32 g of Hg! 2 In 200 n i l of water, then add 6O nil of 50%
1 (01 -ft. Positive result: brown precipitate.
-------
AMMOrqJu ACETATE H 3 CC0074}1 4
Synonyms: Acedc acid ammon,Ium salt. spirit of Mindererus.
Description: White deliquescent solid. Slight odor of vinegar.
Sinks; very soluble, giving a colorless solution that
is acid to litmus when very concentrated.
Tot city:
Human - Slight.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detection: The arnrnoniurn and acetate components must be
separately analyzed. To detect arnmoniuni, see
methods under AMMONIA. To detect acetate, test
as follows. (1) Check acidity of sample if acid,
neutralize with ZnCO 3 . (2) Then add stnreral drops
of 0. SM ferric chloride. Positive result: sample
solution turns brown when the ferric chloride i
added, and a precipitate forms upon beating. Thi p-
cyanates , tartrates, and iodide, interfere. (1, 5) .
A quick presumptive test is to acidiCy a large
quantity of the sample with sulfuric acid, then heat
to bciling; positive result lb the odor of vInegar. (I, 5)
Alternatively, acidify the sample, then use the lanthanum
test for ACETEC ACID. See ACETIC ACID.
-------
AMMONIUM CARBQNATZ )thcture of NH 4 HCO 3 and N}{ 4 COONH 2
Synonyms: Crystal ammonia, anunoni urn sesquicarbonate,
hartshorn.
Description: A mixture of atrirno alum sc14 carbonate (ernrnonium
bicarbonate) and arnxnonium carbasnate. White solid
that is unstable in air: The carbaniate is converted to the
acid carbonate. Strong odor of axnnionia; sharp axnmon.iacal
taste. Sinks and dIssolves slowly.
Toxicity:.
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Low to moderate.
fletection. The amrnonium and carbonate components must be
separately analyzed. See AMMONIA for methods
appfl cable to animonluni.
To detect carbonate, add dilute HC1 to a large volimie
of sample; bubbles of carbon dioxide will form, and
heating will increase the rate of its evolution. (1. 5).
Several comrnercia) kits are available for detecting
CO 2 . Sources include Kitagawa. MSAI and Scott !
Davis. (2,5,6}.
-------
AMMONUTh4 CHLORIDE NH 4 C I
Synonyms: Amchlor, amnonium muriate, Dararnrnon, sal
ammoniac, a airniac.
Description: White solid, somewhat bygroscopic. Odorless.
Cooling, saline taste. Very soluble in water 1 cooling
the water as it dissolves. Slightly acid in solution.
Reacts with the alJcaJ.is and their carbonates.
Toxicity:
Human - Practically none.
Muatic - Reports vary from high to moderate.
Detection: The ammoniurn and chloride components must be
separately analyzed. See AMMONIA for methods
applicable to anunonium.
Commercial kits are available for chloride detection;
sensitivity range is 17 - 1.000 ppm. Suppliers include
Rellige. (2.3,6).
Alternatively 1 test for chloride as follows. (1) I l
ferric yan.ides • ferrocyanides, thiocyanates, bromides 1
or iodidea are significant in the sample, they will inter-
fere with the test; remove this interference by boiling
the sample with a mixture of ÔM RN0 3 and C. 5M
K 2 CrO 4 . (2) Mix sample with 0. SM AgNO 3 ; a white
precipitate is positive. (3) Collect precipitate and
mix with 6M NH 4 OH; redis solution of precipitate is
further positive proof. (4) Acidify solution (3) with
6M HNO 3 ; reprecipitation is further proof. (2,4,6).
-------
AMMONIUM C}IROMATE (NH 4 ) 7 CrO 4
Synonym: Neutral ammoniuzn chrornate.
De2criptiQn: Yellow crystalline solid. Sinks and dissolves,
giving an aLkaLine yellow iolution.
Taxi city:
Local - Strongly irritating.
Systemic - (Low to moderate).
Aquatic - Low to moderate.
Detection: The ammoniurn and chromate components must be
separately analyzed. See AMMONIA for methods
applicable to arnmonium. There are several
commercial chrontate detectors; sensitivity is 0. 1
600 ppm. Suppliers include Mach, Hellige, Lamotte
and Taylor. 12, 4, 6), Alternatively, detect chromsite
by either of the following methods.
U ) . Neutralize sample. Then add a small quantity
of concentrated lead nitrate solution. Posith’S
result: bright yellow or orange precipitate.
z, s,6 .
(U). Acidify sample with 6M HNO- . drop by drop.
Then add oquentisily 4 ml of ether and 2 ml of
3% H 2 O 2 Positiv, result: ether layer turns
deep blue. Dichromttea also give positive
result. (1,5,6).
-------
AMMONIUM DICHROMATE
Synonym: Ainmonium bichromate
Description: Bright scarlet crystalline solid, flammable.
Odorlesa. Sinks; very soluble In water, giving a
bright orange acidic solution,
Toxicity:
Local - Strong irritant may ulcerate skin wounds.
System ic - Low to moderate.
Aquatic - Mod!n ste.
Detection: The axnmonium and dichromate components must
be separately analyzed.
See AMMONIA for methods applicable to ainmonjum.
See AMMONIUM CHROMATE for methods applicable
to dichromate.
-------
AMMONIUM FERRICYANIDE (NH 4 ) 3 Fe(CN) 6
Synonym: Amrnonium hexacyanoferrate (III).
Description: Red crystalline solid. Sinks and dissolves
freely in water. Tends to decompose in strong
light, losing ammonia.
Toxicity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Low to moderate.
Detection: The amrnonlum and ferricyanide components
must be separately analyzed.
See AMMONIA for methods applicable to ammoniuni.
Test for ferricyanide as follows. Acidify sample
with 6M 1 - IC L . Then add 1M ferrous sulfate solution.
Positive result: deep blue precipitate. (2, 5, 6).
-------
AMMONIUM FERROCYANIDE (NH 4 ) 4 Fe(CN) 6
Synonym: Ammon.tum hexacyanoferrate (II ).
Description: Yellow to greenish-yellow crystalline solid.
Turns blue in air. Sinks and dissolves freely
in water 1 Loses ammonia on exposure to air
and light.
Toxicity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Low to moderate.
Detection: The anunonium and ferrocyanide components must
be separately analyzed.
See AMMONIA for methods applicable to animonium.
Test for ferrocyanide as follows. Acidify sample
with 6M HCJ. Then add 0. 5M ferric chloride solution.
Positive result: deep blue precipitate. (2, 5,6).
-------
AMMONZtJM NITRATE NH 4 NO 3
Synonyms: Nitrate of ammonia, Norway saltpeter.
Description White, hygroscopic, deliquescent solid. OdorlesS
Sinks and dissolves easily.
Toxicity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Moderate to low.
Other - Promotes growth of algae and plants.
Detection: The amrnonlum and nitrate components must be
separately analyzed.
See AMMONIA for methods applicable to ammonium .
Commercial nitrate kits are availabte; sensitivity
range i i 0. 3 - 100 ppm. Suppliers include Rich
Heflige. Lanttotte, and Taylor. (2,5,6).
-------
AMMcflflUM PERCRLORATE NH 4 C1 0 4
Synonyms: AP, APC.
Description: White, crystalline solid. Sinks and dissolves
freely. A strong oxidizing agent that reacts
easily with organic material.
Toxicity:
Local - Skin irritant.
Systemic - (Low.)
Aquatic - (Low. } Damaging to plants.
Detection; The anunonium and perchiorate components must be
separately analyzed.
See AMMONIA for methods applicable to ammoniurn.
Detect perchiorate as follows. Mix sample with 0. 3%
of aqueous methylene blue. Positive result: a violet
precipitate that is soluble in hot water. lodides inter-
fere 1 but they can be removed beforehand by adding
sufficient quantitites of freshly precipitated silver
oxide, followed by’ filtering; the filtrate will be free
of lodides. (2, 5, 6).
-------
AMMONIUM PEROXYDZSULFATE (N 1 1 4 ) 2 S 2 0 8
Synonym: Amrnonium pen ulfate.
Description: White, crystalline solid. Sinks and dissolves 1
gradually losing oxygen. Bleaches.
Toxicity:
Local - (Mild, irritant).
Systemic - (Low).
Aquatic - (Moderate).
Detection: The ammonium and peroxydisulfate components
must be separately analyzed.
See AMMONIA for methods applicable to ammoniurn.
Detect peroxydisulfate as follows. Acid sample to
a solution of 2% benzidjne in dilute acetic acid.
Positive result: mixture turns blue. Chroniates,
perinanganates, and. hypohalites interfere. (1, 5, 6).
-------
AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE NH H P0 and (NH) apo
42 4 42 4
Synonyms: Monobasic and dibasic arnn’ionlurn phosphate, primary
and secondary ammoniuzn phosphate, Fyrex.
Description: Both the mono- and dibasic salts are odorless, white
crystalline solids. Both sink and dissolve readily in
water, The dibasic salt Is weakly alkaline; the monobasic
salt I. weakly acid. In water solution they hydrolyze
to ysild aznnionium hydroxide. See AMMONIA.
Toxicity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Moderate to low.
Other - Promoted growth of algae and plants.
Detection; Tb. anunoniurn and phosphate components must be
separately analysed.
See AMMONIA for methods applicable to ammonlurn.
Commercial kits are available for detecting phosphates; sent-
tivity range Is 0. 05 - 120 ppm. Suppliers include Hach, Hellige,
L.s.motte, and Taylor. (2 5,6). A. good qualitative
test for phosphates is to boil a mixture of 2 ml of sample,
2 ml of concentrated ff740 3 , I ml of 7411174031 and 2 ml of
ainmonlum molybdate. Positive resulfls a yellow pre-
cipitate. For further confirmation, add 1 ml of 0. 5%
aqueous hydroqulnone and I ml of 20% sodium sulfite; the
mixture wili turn blue if the test Is positIve. (2, 5,6).
-------
AMMONTIUM PICRATE CoHz(NOz) 3 0NH 4
Synonyms: Ainmoni urn carhazotate, arninonium plc ronitrate.
Description Yellow crystals with sharp, objectionable taste.
Sinks and di i solves in water. Very reacüve with
inetals Erolosion hazard when dr ,.
Toncny:
Local - Very irritating; a strong allergen.
Systemic - tModerate).
Aquade - Moáerate l.
Detectior.: The a.mmonittrn and picrate compo nents ntsst be separately
analyzed
See AMMONIA for methods applicable t arnrnoxuizt.
Test for pcrate D v shaking sample with a 1Q ethanol.ic
solation of triethvlaxnSne. Positive rescñt picra’ec
precipitate. fl, 4’ 1.
-------
AMMONIUM SULFATE (NH) SO
4 4
Synonyms: None common.
Descriptiont White, crystalline solid. Technical grades
are off-white to brownish gray. Sinks and dissolves
in water. Water solution is very weakly acid.
Toxicity:
Human - (Low to none: has been used in medicine and
as food additive).
Aquatic - Reports vary widely. Probably low to
moderate.
Detection: The anunonium and sulfate components must be
teparately analyzed.
See AMMONIA for methods applicable to ammonium.
See ALUMINUM SULFATE for detection of sulfate.
-------
AMMONIUM SULFIDE NH ITS
4
N. B. True arnmothum su lfide, (NH) 5, is stable only in the
absence of moisture and tc&ow 0°C. The arnmonium
sulfide of commerce is largely the hydrosulfide (also
called the bisulfide).
Description: Yellow crystalline solid. Sinks and dis solves
readily in water, making a yellow solution whose color
grows more intense with aging. The water solution is
strongly alkaline. Both the crystals and the solution
have the mixed odor of anirnonia (sharp and biting) and
hydrogen sulfide (like rotten eggs).
Toxicity:
Local - Strong irritant.
Systemic -(Low). Toxic by skin penetration.
A quatic - Moderate.
Detection: The amsnoniurn and sulfide components must be
separately analysed.
See AMMONiA for methods applicable to arnmonium.
Detect sulfide by any of the following methods.
(I). There are commercially available kit.. for
detecting sulfide in water (0. 2 - 20 ppm).
Suppliers include HeUige and Larnotte.
(2 .5,6) .
(U). Acidify the sample with 3M ITC Z to form 14 2 S
gas, which may be detected by several cornmer-
daily available kits. Suppliers include MSA
Scott/Draeger, and Kitagawa.
(U I). There is a simple qualitative test for sulfide.
Mix sample with GM NH 014 then add 0. SM
tetraminezinc nitrate solution. Positive result:
white precipitate. (1, 5 .4).
-------
AMMONWM THIOCYANATE NH SCN
Synonyms: Ammothum rhodanide, ammoni am s ulIocyanide,
ainmoniurn sulfocyanate,.
Description: Colorless, deiques cent, crystalline solid.
Sinks and dissolves freely in water.
Toxicity:
Human - Slightly toxic by ingestion; may have
damaging side effects.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detectiom The arnrnoniuxn and thiocyanate components must
be separately analyzed.
See AMMONIA for methods applicable to ammoniurn.
Test for thiocyanate as fo llows. Acidify sample with
LM R d 1 then add 0. SM FeCI solution. Positive
result: solution turns blood rtd. (Z, 5,6).
-------
AMYL ACETATE H 3 CCOOC H 11
N. B. both the n-amyl and isoamyl eaten are corantercially knowu.
Synonyms: Amyl acetic ester, banana oil, pear oil, pentacetate,
penthanol acetate.
Description: Colorless neutral liquid. Pleasant odor rather
like bananas or pears. floats on water; very slightly
soluble. A layer of vapor wIU tend to accumulate at
the water’s surface. Risk of tire or explosion on
warm days.
ToxicitE
Local - Mildly irritating to mucous membranes on
exposure to the vapor.
System ic - (Low).
Muatic - Moderate.
Detection: There is no satisfactory method for detecting this
substance at water’s edge.
Either of the foUowing methods may be used in an
improvised laboratory (e. g. a motel roan’ with
equipment available). Instrumenta l method of choice:
CC with hydrophobic column. The ester can be
saponified in about one hour to give ACETIC ACID
and PENTANOL.
A qualitative test for pentanol
is to combine 5 ml of saponification product with S ml
of reagent (a 10% solution of ceric axnmonium nitrate ía
ZN HNO J. Positive result: solution turns yeflow to
red.. 0t12er alcohols interfere. (1,4).
-------
ANILINE C 6 H 5 NH
Synonyms: A.minobenzene, anriinophen, phenylamine, red oil
(a nilxture of aniline and toluidine).
Description: Oily liquid; colorless when fresh. Darkens on
exposure to air and light. Sinks in water, gradually
dissolving. Characteristic sharp odor and burning
taste. Can be smelled in concentrations below 1 ppm.
Very slightly alkaline.
Toxicity:
Local - Slight irritant; DANCER: Toxic by skin
absorption.
Systemic - Highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation,
or absorption through intact skin.
Aquatic - Moderate.
N. B. Soluble aniline derivatives, such as the
hydrochloride, have higher aquatic toxicity
than aniline.
WEAR RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTWE CLOTHING.
Detection: Coniniercial liquid and vapor kits for detecting
aniline are sensitive to 2 - 10 ppm. Scott/Davis
is one supplier. (2,5,6).
-------
ANIONIC SURFACTANTS RArSC) 3 Na
Includes: A large family of anionic detergents and wetting agents,
including the alkyl bensene sulfonate (ABS) detergents 1
many of which are nonbiodegradable. Dozens of brand
names, and the principal ingredient of many commercial
cleaning agents: ThIs is the largest family of synthetic
detergents.
Description.: White to pale yellow solid, available as crystals,
flakes, powders, and solutions. They sink and dissolve
readily, giving a characteristic opalescent soapy solution.
Torici ty:
Local - May dry and irritate skin; some can cause burns.
Systemic - Low..
Aquabc - Reports vary: sometimes High. usually Low.
Other- Can cause extensive foaming and sudsing. Bio-
degradaMlity varies; Some are very persistent.
betection. Shake S ml of sample with 10 inS of chloroform arid 25 ml
of methylene blue reagent 150 g Na 2 SO 4 , 6. 8 ml concentrated
l4 SO4. and 30 ml of 0. 2% methylene blue solution in I liter
of water). Positive result: blue chloroform layer. (1, 4).
Commercial test kits are available; liach Chemical Cornpa
is one supplier.
-------
ANTIMONY POTASSIUM TARTRAT E C 4 H 4 KO 7 Sb
Synonyms: Potassium antirnonyl tartrate, tartar emti,
tartrated antimony, tartarized antimony.
Description: Transparent, whitish, crystalline solid. Sweetish,
metallic taste. Sinks and dissolves in water, giving
a slightly acid solution.
Toxicity:
Human - Low to moderate by ingestion.
Aquatic - Moderate.
N. B. AU soluble antimony compounds are moderately
toxic to aquatic life.
Detection: The Sb, K, and tartrate components must be separately
analyzed.
Detect Sb by either of the following methods.
(1). Mix sample with 0.02% rhodamine B in 1:10
HC1. Positive result: violet solution or
precipitate. (2, 5,6).
(II). Acidify sample with 3M HC1, then add a 5%
solution of arnmonium sulfide. Positive result:
orange precipitate. Z, 5,6).
See POTASSIUM CHROMATE for methods applicable to
K. To test for tartrates, add add potassium permanganate
(IN KMIIO 1 in 5% B,SOL) to sample; carbon dioxide and
FORMIC ACID wilIte formed from tartrates. See
AMMONIUM CARBONATE for methods applicable to C0 2 ;
see FORMIC ACID for its detection method.
Many common natural conditions lead to precipitation of
antimony compounds from solution. Surface samples of
sediment may supply important evidence. Boil these
samples in aqua regia. filter, then test the filtrate by
either of the methods above.
-------
AI4TIMONY TRIC}U 4 ORIDE SbCl 3
Synonyms: An.tirnonous chloride, antimony chloride, butter of
antimony, caustic antimony.
Descrion Colorless transparent, crystalline solid. Fumes
slightly i -n air, Sinks; gradually hydrolyzes to form
antimony ozychioride fSbOCl), which settles as a
powdery white precipitate. (In salt water, where the
chloride ion is prevalent, the oxychioride may not
form.) HYDROCHLORIC ACID is formed by hydrolysis
of the trichioride.
Toxicity:
Local - Strongly irritant; corrodes skin.
Systemic - Low to moderate by ingestion.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Other - In addition to the toxic effects Gf the
antimony ion. look Sr pH effects due to
HYDROCHLORIC ACID.
Detection: The Sb and Cl components must be separately analyzed.
See ANTIMONY POTASSIUM TARTR.ATE for Sb methods,
See AJAMONIUM CHLORIDE for Cl methods.
-------
ANTIMONY TRIFLUC)RIDE SbF 3
Synonyms: Antimony fluoride, antirnono us Quo ride.
Description: White to gray d.eliquescent crystalline solid.
Sinks and dissolves easily in water, readily forming
slightly soluble compounds.
Toxicity:
Local - Very irritating.
Systemic - High.
Aquatic - Moderate. Look for damage to plants.
Detection: The Sb and F components must be separately analyzed.
See ANTIMONY POTASSIUM TARTR.ATE for Sb methods.
See ALUMINUM FLUORIDE for F methods.
-------
ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE Sb 2 03
Synonyms: Antimony white 1 antizmny o xide 1 diantinony
trioride, flowers of antimony, Senarinontite
Yalentinite, Exitelite, Weisspiessglanz.
Description: Odorless, white, crystalline solid. Sinks,
dissolving slowly.
Toxicity:
l iun ian - Low.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detectia Only the Sb component need be detected. To
detect Sb in solution, see ANTIMONY POTASSIUM
TaTRATE. To test sediments and solid. for Sb ,
flnt di. solve them with 6M HCI, then follow the
procedures given (or Sb under ANTIMONY POTASSIUM
TART RATE.
-------
BAEJUM C I4LOLUDE Ba d 2
Synonyms: None common.
Description: White crystalline solid. Very bitter salty taste.
Sinks and dissolves readily in water. Water that is
rich in COB, sulfate, phosphate, or several other
common anions will gradually precipitate barium from
solution as a white powder, or make a cloudy white
suspension of the precipitate.
Toxicity:
Human - Moderate by ingestion.
Aquatic - Moderate. Toxic to plants and animals.
N. B. Soluble barium compounds gradually precipitate
from water that is rich in dO 2 , sulfate, phosphate,
etc. The white, powdery precipitate may become
a milky suspension in turbulent water. Reports on
the aquatic toxicity of Ba compounds vary widely:
Most are moderately toxic, but reports of very
high and rather low toxicity are not unknown.
Detection: The Ba and Cl components must be separately analyzed.
See AMMONItJM CHLORIDE for methods applicable to Cl.
There are several qualitatve methods for detecting Ba;
the third method is the most specific, and method (IV) is
essential for methodological validity.
(I ). lax the sample with a solution of sodium sulfate
or sodium carbonate. Positive result: white
precipitate. Several metallic ions interfere. (1, 5).
(II). Mix the sample with a solution of potassium
chrornate. Positive result: heavy yellow precipi-
tate. Several metallic ions interfere. (1, 5).
(m). Mix 0. 5 ml of sample with 1 ml of cold saturated
potassium permanganate and I nil of IN IIZSOa.
Immed iately begin adding saturated aqueous
solution drop by drop until the purple solution is
decolorized. Let stand. Positive result purple
precipitate. Only lead interferes. (2, 5).
( IV). To test solid materials for Ba, dissolve the
solids in 3M HC1; filter the solution, and discard
the undissolved residue. Test the filtrate for Ba
by any of the methods above. Because many
conditions lead to the precipitation of Ba from solu-
tion 1 it is important to assay solids taken from
bottom surfaces and suspended solids from suspected
waters.
-------
BARIUM CYANIDE Ba(CN ) 2
Synonyms: None.
Description: White crystalline solid. Decays slowly in air,
liberating fumes and vapors of HYDROCYANIC
AC , one of the deadliest poisons. Sinks and
dissolves freely.
Toxicity:
Human - Highly toxic by ingestion. DANGER: Vapors
of hydrogen cyanide are released from Ba(GN) 2
solutions.
Aquatic - Highly toxic; see HYDROCYANIC ACID.
WEAR RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
Detection: the Ba and CN components must be separately
analysed.
See BARIUM CHLORIDE for methods applicable to Ba.
Two methods are given for detecting Cr4. Method (I)
is very dangerous, because gaseous hydrogen cyanide
may be evolved; this gas s a VIOLENT POISON. Use
method (i) only if a wdl-circuIated hood is available.
Method (II ) is more cumbersome, but it is safe, and
does t require elaborate safety precautions.
(I). Acidify a very email quantity of sample with
HG! to form HYDROCYANEC ACID. Several
coinmerciai kits (sensitivity is 0. 05 - 300 pprn
are available for detecting FLCN. Suppliers include
Hach. Kitagawa, Lamotte, and Scott/Davis. (2, 3, 6).
(U). MixO.Smlofsamplewithlmlof2MNaO}i
ted I ml of FeSO 4 , then heat to boiling. Let
this solution cool. Then acidify with 6M HCJ.
Finally, add 0. 5 mi of 0. SM feCl 3 solution.
Positive result: deep blue precipitate. (2, 5).
-------
BARIUM HYDROXIDE Ba(OH ) 2
Synonyms: Barium hydrate, caustic baryta.
Description: Transparent white crystalline solid. Water
solubility varies with the degree of hydration in
the crystal. Hydrated forms readily absorb
carbon dioxide from the air, and are rapidly
converted to barium carbonate, which is practically
insoluble. The water solution is very alkaline. The
hydroxide sinks before dissolving.
Toxicity:
Human - Varies with the solubility of the hydroxide:
insoluble forms are slightly toxic; soluble
forms are very toxic.
Aquatic - Low to high, depending on solubility.
Acidic water leads to increased solubility
except where soluble sulfates are present.
Detection: Only the Ba component need be analyzed. See
BARIUM CHLORIDE for suggested methods.
-------
BARIUM NITRATE
Synonyms: Hone conm u.
Description: Shiny white crystalline solid. Sinks and
dissolves freely. Strong oa thzing agent; reacts
Md i organic matter.
Toxicity:
Wbn an - I gb
Aqnaflc - Moderate to high. More toxic to plants
than to animals.
Detection: The Ba and NO 3 components must be analyzed
sepa rateLy.
Sea BARIUM CHLORIDE for methods applicable to Ba.
See AMMONWM NITRATE for methods applicable to NO 3
-------
BENZENE C 6 H 6
Synonyms: Benzol, coal naphtha, coaltar distillate (or light
oil or oil), light oil, phene, phenyl hydride,
cyclohexatriene.
Description: Clear, colorless, refractive, flammable liquid
that freezes at 42°F. Industrial grades may be
yellowish. Characteristic aromatic odor. Floats
on water; very slightly soluble.
Toxicity:
Local - Mild liquid and vapor irritant.
Systemic - PracticaUy nontoxic, but large doses
(by ingestion or inhalation) can be fatal.
Aquatic - Reports vary widely. High.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND RESPIRATOR ADVISABLE.
Detection: There are several commercially available kits for
detecting benzene as a liquid or a gas. Suppliers
include Davis, Kitagawa, MSA, and Scott/Draeger.
Sensitivity range is 5-400 ppm. (2, 5,6).
Alternatively test for unsaturation by either of the
following methods.
(I). Test water samples y adding several drops
of 1% potassium permanganate. Positive
result: the purple permanganate solution is
decolorized; bleaching agents and readily
oxidizable substances interfere. (1, 3).
(II). Where there is a distinct organic phase in the
sample, separate this phase and add to it
several drops of bromine in carbon tetrachloride
(approximately 1%). Positive result: the reddish
brown bromine solution is decolorized; readily
oxidizable substances interfere. (1, 3).
-------
BENZOLC ACID C 6 H 5 COOH
Synonyms: Benzenecarbozyb c acid, carboxybenzene, phenyliorxnit
acid.
Description White crystalline solid. Odor of almond oil. Sinks
in water; slightly soluble. Water solutions are acithc.
toxicity:
Local - Mildly irritating to eyes, mucous membtanes,
skin.
Systemic - Low.
Aquatic - Reports vary widely, from low to high.
Other - Look Lot tonc effects in phytoplan]cton.
N. B. Metallic salts of beasoic acid (bensoates) are
common articles of commerce. Sodium benzoats
(bensoate of soda) is one of the most common
preservatives used in the food industry; it is
more soluble and more toxic than bensoic acid.
Detection: Because this acid is not very soluble, pH is of limited
utility in presumptive detection. Suspect solid. may be.
dissolved in hot alcohol, then tested as follows: this prs
sinnptive test may be used for all soluble bensoates.
Neutralize the sample with SN NaOR, then mix with
0. SM FeQ 3 solution. Positive result: salmon color.
(1 .4,6) ,
-------
BENZONITRILE C 6 H 5 CN
Synonyms: Phenyl cyanide, cyanobenzene.
Description: Colorless flammable oil. Odor of almonds;
sharp taste. Usually sinks; may float. Slightly
soluble.
Totcity:
Local - Mildly irritating.
Systemic - Low to moderate.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detection: There is no satisfactory method for detection
at watert s edge. in an improvised laboratory
(e. g. a motel room, with equipment available),
the nitrile could be subjected to vigorous hydrolysis
to yield BENZOIC ACT]) and an axnmonium salt. See
BENZOIC ACID for suitable detection methods; GC
and TJV could also be used in an improvised labora-
tory. To detect the amxnoniuxn salt mix with NaOH to
render the solution basic, then heat to liberate gaseous
AMMONIA. See AMMONIA for suitable detection
methods.
-------
BENZOYL CHLORIDE C 6 H 5 COC I
Synonynt Bezizene carbonyl chloride.
Description Transparent, colorless, fuming, pungent liquid.
Vapor causes tears. Heavier than water, but de-
composes on contacting water into BENZOIC AC ]])
and HYDROCHLORIC ACiD.
Tot city:
Local - Very irritating to eyes, skin, and mucous
membranes. The vapor is a lacrimator;
the liquid is corrosive and can cause skin
barns.
Systemic - Low to moderate: See BENZOIC ACID and
HYDROCHLORIC ACID.
Aquat ic - Moderate: See BENZOIC ACID and
HYDROCHLORIC ACID.
Other - Look for corrosion and pH effects.
Detection; See BENZOIC ACiD and HYDROCHLORIC ACID for
suitable detection methods.
-------
BENZYLAM INE C 6 H 5 CH 2 NH 2
Synonyms: Arninotoluene • ma ringine, phenylmethylamine.
Description: Colorless to light amber liqtdd. floats; mixes
easily with water. Combustible. Strongly alkaline.
Toxicity:
Local - Very straig irritant.
Systemic - (Moderate).
Aquatic - Moderate.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND RLSPIR&TOR ADVISABLE.
Detection: Extract 15 ml of sample with 5 nil of ether. Decant
the ether supernatant and add to it 10 ml of 1%
ethanolic p-nitrobenzaldehyde solution;(CAUFION: EThER EXTRE*LY
FIJ24IABLE.) warmin boiling water for 3 minutes. Then add 2 ml of 2%
ajcolwlic KOH. Positive result: solution turns
pink or red. (l•5,6).
-------
BERYLLiUM SALTS BeCl 2 , Be(N0 3 ) 2 . BeSO 4 etc.
Description: Most berylliu m salts are white to faintly yellow,
deiques cent, crystalline solids. They sink and
dissolve readily, often givin strongly acidic solutions
(especially the chloride).
Toxicity :
Local - Extremely irritating to skin, eyes, and air
passage.; often cause contact ulcers, der-
inatitis, eye buns.
Systemic - High, especiaUy by inhalation.
Aquatic - High.
Detection: Mix 1 ml of sample with 1 ml of 1 ST. KCN solution
and 2 ml of 0. 025% of rnitxwhenyIaaoresorcinol i”
0. IN NaOH. This solution must not be more than
3 days old. Positive result: solution turns pink
or red. (1, 5).
-------
BORANES BH 3 , (BH 3 )& B H 1
Includes: D*borane decaborane.
Descriptioru A series of boron hydrides, ranging from gases
to crystals. This series is known up through B 20 H .
Several (especially the lower members of the series,
such as gaseous diborane) are unstable and react
violently with water to form hydrogen and BORIC ACID.
Others, such as decaborane , are very slightly soluble
crystals that float on water.
Toxicity:
Local - The lower boranes are irritant.
Systemic - See BORIC ACID.
Aquatic - See BORIC ACID
Detection: The unstable lower boranes react with water to form
BORIC ACID. See BORIC ACID for suitable detection
methods. The more stable boranes can be hydrolyzed
in acid to form BORIC ACID.
-------
BORIC ACID H 3 B0 3
Includes the common borates. such as sodium borate (borax),
potas S1 urn borotartrats (cream of tartar), aiinmoni am
borate 1 calcium boratt, and aluminum borate.
Synonyms: Boracic acid.
Des cription: Boric acid and the common borates are white
crystalline solids. AU but the calcium and a.lurninurn
salts are very soluble in water; the calcium and
aluminum salts are practically insoluble. The
soluble berates may give a fine white precipitate or
suspension of calcium borate in hard water, and the
precipitate may cause a persistent hazard , particu—
larly to plants.
Tox icity:
Human. Slight.
Aquatic - Very slightly toxic to fish; highly toxic to
plants. In hard water, soluble berates may
give a cloudly suspension or a fine white
precipitate which will foul the gills of fish
and create a persistent boron hazard to plants.
Detection: AU borate. may be tested as follows. (1) Evaporate
to dryness 100 ml of sample. (2) To the residue,
add methanol in the presence of concentrated sulfuric
acid. Positive result: an inflarrirnable vapor that
burns with a green flame. (2,4,6).
-------
BROM UcE Bra
Synonyms: None cornn lon.
Description Heavy, dark reddish-brown, fuming, volatile
liquid that freezes at 20°F. Vaporizes readily at
room temperature. Sinks in water, gradually
clis solving. Harsh, penetrating, suffocating odor.
Below freezing (31°F), it combines with water to
form reddish-brown crystals of hydrated bromine.
Powerful oxidizing agent that reacts with organic
materials, metals, and other oxidizable substances.
Toxicity:
Local - Vapor is highly irritating liquid causes
severe burns.
Systemic - Highly corrosive and toxic by inhalation
and ingestion.
Aquatic - Highly toxic to all forms of aquatic life.
WEAR RESPIRATOR AND PROTECT1VE CLOTHING.
Detection: There are several commercially available kits
for detecting bromine as a liquid or a gas ; sensitivity
range is 0. 01 — 300 ppm. Suppliers include HeUige,
Kitagawa, Lamotte, MSA, Scott/Davis, and Taylor.
(2,5,6).
-------
BUTYLACETATE HCCOOC
3 4
Includes: All forms of butyb n, see, tert , and iso.
Synonyms: Acetic acid butyl ester; butyl ethanoate.
Descñption Clear, colorless, flammable, liquid. Pleasant,
fruity odor. floats; very slightly soluble. Vapor
accumulates at the waterts surface.
Toxicity:
Local - Vapor irritating, especially to eyes.
Systemic - Low, but high concentrations are narcotic,
Aquatic - Low to moderate.
Detection: There is no satisfactory method for detecting at
water’s edge. In art improvised laboratory use UC
‘with hydrophobic column or proceed as follows.
Saponify ester (about one hour) to yield ACETIC ACID
and BUTYL ALCOHOL; see these entries for suitable
detection methods.
-------
BUTYL ACRYLATE H 2 C:GHCOQC 4 H 9
Synonym: Acrylic acid a- butyl ester.
Description: Colorless liquid. Sharp, fragrant odor.
Floats on water, and is nearly insoluble.
Combustible. Polymerizes readily upon heating
unless stabilized (often with bydroquinone
monomethyl).
Tot city:
Acute - Vapor and liquid are mildly irritating.
Systemic - Low.
Aquatic - (Low).
Detection: There is no satisfactory method for detection
at waterts edge. As a gross presumptive test,
the following method for identifying unsaturation
is recommended. Separate the supernatant
organic phase if possible. Add to it several drops
of bromine in carbon tetrachjoride (about 1% solu-
tion). Positive result: the bromine color disappears.
(1, 3, 6). In an improvised laboratory, hydrolyze the
ester to free the ACRYLIC ACID, then detect
ACRYLIC ACID by GC or wet-chemical means.
-------
BUTYL ALCOHOL C 4 H 9 OH
Includes: All conxrnon butyl alcohols: n, sec tert, and iso.
Synonyirn ButanoL
Description: AU but the tert form are colorless liquids with a
pleasant fruity odor (reminiscent of grapes); they
float on water, dissolving gradually. The tat alcohol
is a crystalline solid that smells like camphor; it
floats on water, and dissolves.
Toxicity:
Local - Irritant vapor that can cause eye burns.
Systemic - Low.
A quat - Low to moderate.
Detection: Test for aliphatic alcohol as follows. Combine Z ml
of sample with 5 ml of reagent (a 10% solution of ceric
ammonium nitrate in ZN nitric acid). Positive result:
solution turns yellow to red. A U aliphatic alcohols
(prim-, sec-. and tort-) give positive result. (1 .4,6).
-------
BUTYLAMINE C 4 H 9 NH 2
Includes: n, see, tert , and iso isomers.
Synonym: Aminobutane.
Description; All are colorless, volatile liquids that smell
of ammonia. All but the sec isomer are readily
miscible with water; the sec form dissolves
gradually. All are flammable.
Toxicity:
Local - All but the iso form are slightly irritating;
the iso form can cause blistering of the skin.
Systemic - Low.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detection: There are commercial kits for detecting butylansine
as a liquid or gas. One supplier is MSA; sensitivity
range of MSA kit is 2-100 ppm. (1 or 2; 4 or 5; 6).
-------
BUTYLENE GLYCOL C 4 11 10 0 2
Synonyms: Butanediol, dihydroxybutane.
Includes: The three common structural isomers: 1,3; 1,4; and 2,3,
Description. All isomers are practically colorless and odorless,
and nearLy the same weight as water (they may sink or
float, depending on dissolved solids in the water). The
1,3 and 1,4 isomers are viscous hygroecopic liquids;
the 2, 3 isomer is also a heavy liquid in sumnmer heat,
but at room temperature it is crystalline: it usually
floats, and readily dissolves.
Toxicity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Low.
Other - A major SOD problem. Look for SOD effects.
Detection: There is no suitable method for detection at waters
edge. In an improvised laboratory, use GC with
hydrophobic column for detection.
-------
BTJTYL MERCAPTAN C 4 H 9 SR
Includes the four con-smon structural isomers: n, sec, text, and iso .
Synonyrn Butanethiol.
Description: All are colorless, mobile liquids with an over-
powering, obnoxious odor like that of skunks. All
float on water, and are slightly soluble. Very flammable.
Toxicity:
Human - Revolting odor may cause nausea. Narcotic
in high concentrations.
Aquatic - (Low).
Other - Butyl mercaptan is one of the foulest-smelling
substances known; taste and odor problems
will affect the water as long as it is present.
RESPiRATOR ADVISABLE.
Detection: The offensive odor of this compound can be sensed by
the unaided nose of the investigator in subtotc con-
centrations. (1, 5, 6).
If desired, test for SR group as follows; all primary
and secondary thiols give a ?ositive response, and
water that is rich in dissolved sumdes may also give
a positive response. in a test tube, mix I ml of
sample with Z nil concentrated NH 4 OH. Immediately
cover with lead acetate paper and place the tube in a
boiling-water bath. Positive result: black stain on
the lead acetate paper. (1,4, 6).
-------
CADMIUM CHLORIDE CdC1 2
Synonyms: None common-
Descnpbon Hygroscopic. white crysta lline solid. Odorless.
Sinks and dissolves freely.
Toxicity :
Rtnrian - High.
Aquatic - High to moderate (threshold varies from
0.1W 72).
N. 8. All soluble cadmium compounds are highly
toxic to most forms of life.
Detection: The Cd and Cl components must be separately
analyzed.
See AMMONiIJM CHLORIDE for methods applicable to CL .
(I). To detect Cd. mix I ml of sample with 1 ml of 10%
NaOH and I ml of KCN solution. Then add 1 ml of
0.1% alcoholic d.i p-nitropheny1carbazide solution
and 2 in] of 40% formaldehyde. Positive result:
blue-green solution or precipitate. (2,6).
(II). A less specific test has the advantage of simplicity.
Mix sample with a concentrated solution of H 2 S.
Positive result: bright yellow or orange precipi-
tate. Unclear result: precipitate of any color.
Negative result: no precipitate. (1. 4).
(ill). Cd compounds may precipitate from solution
under the action of dissolved CO 2 . soluble sulfides,
etc. Collect surface sediment samples, boil th
in aqua regia. then test the solution by method (I).
-------
CADMIUM NITRATE Cd(NO 3 )z
Synonyms: None common.
Description: White solid, amorphous or crystalline.
liygroscopic. Sinks and dissolves freely. Danger
of fire and explosion in contact with organic material.
Toxicity:
Human - High.
Aquatic - High.
Detection: The Cd and NO 3 components must be separately
analyzed.
See CADMIUM CHLORIDE for Cd methods.
See AMMONIUM NITRATE for NO 3 methods.
-------
CADMIUM SULFATE CdSO 4
Synonyms: None common.
Descriptiorn Odorless, white, crystnlHne solid. Sinks
and dissolves freely in water 0
Toxicity:
Human - High.
Aquatic - High.
Detection: The Cd and SO 4 components mast be separately
analyzed.
See CADMIUM CHLORIDE for Cd methods.
See ALUMINUM SULFATE for SO 4 thethods.
-------
CALCIUM CARBIDE CaC 2
Synonyms: Acetylenogen, carbide.
Description: Grayish-black solid (lumps or crystals). Sinks
in water, but is rapidly decomposed to ACETYLENE
gas and lime (calcium hydroxide).
Toxicity: Low. See ACETYLENE.
Detection: ACETYLENE and lime, the reaction products of
CaC 2 and water, must be separately analyzed. See
ACETYLENE for suitable detection methods. Lime
precipitates from solution. Coflect surface sediment
samples and mix them with 3M HC1 to redlissolve the
Ca. Check water samples for high Ca values too.
Ca is so prevalent and so widely distributed, Ca
detection is of limited value. A gross qualitative
test for Ca is given for completeness’ sake; Ba and
Sr interfere. Mix 1 nil of sample with 4 ml of 1%
ethanolic bis(Z-hydroxyanil)glyoxal. Add I ml of 10%
NaCN and 10% NaOH solution; mix well. Add 2 nil of
chloroform. Positive retult: chloroform layer turns
red. (1,5,6).
-------
AL IUM CYANIDE Ca{CN) 1
Synonyms: None comn n.
Description: White. crystalline solid. Decomposes in moist
air and in water to HYDROCYANIC ACID, one of
the most poisonous substances known. Sinks and
dissolves readily in water, but is decomposed to
HYDROCYANIC ACiD; acidic water liberates
HYDROCYANIC ACID more rapidly than neutral or
basic water.
Toricity: thgbly toxic to man and aquatic life: See HYDRO-
CYANIC ACID.
WL&R RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
Detection: It is the CN component that is important. See BARIUM
CYANIDE for CN detection methods. See CALCIUM
CARBIDE for Ca detection method and comment.
-------
CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE Ca(OCl) 2
Synonyms: Calcium oxychioride, Losanfin; ingredient of
Caporit, HTH, and Perchloron.
Des cription: White, crystaUlne solid. Smells like chlorine
bleach. Sinks; slightly soluble in water. A strong
bleaching and otdizing agent. Hydrolyzes in water
to liberate free chlorine.
Tot city:
Local - Low; irritating and corrosive in high
concentrations,
Systemic -(Low).
Aquatic - Extremely toxic to phytoplankton, especially
blue-green algae. Toxicity to higher forms of
aquatic life probably slight.
Other - Look for bleaching and for corrosion effects.
Detection: This hypochiorite bydrclyzes to liberate free
chlorine in water; see CkILORINE for detection
methods. The hypochiorite ion may also be used
for detection; see HYPOCHLOROUS ACID for method.
-------
CALCIUM P}K PWDE Ca 3 P 2
Synonyaxc P ophor.
Descriplion Red-brown crystals or gray granular masses.
Heater than water, but decomposed by it to
liberate pàosphine a spontaneously flammable
and extremely toxic gas that smells of decaying
flab and is slightly soluble in water.
Toxicity:
Local - Irritates the lungs and air passages.
Systemic - High, especially by inhalation.
Aqua t ic - Probably highly toxic to any animal in
contact with the phosphine. Damage is
likely to be tocalised since phosphine is
* slightly soluble g a
WEAR RESPIRATOL
Detection: Based on detection of phosphine; several commercial
kits are available (reading range is 0.. 1 - SQ pprn .
Suppliers include Ritagara MSA and Scott/Davis
(2, 5, 6).
-------
CARBON DJSTJLFIDE cs 2
Synonym: Carbon his ulfide.
Descripfion Clear, colorless or faintly yellow, extr ely fisable
liquicL Reagent grades are almost odorless,
but commercial grades have a strong, disagreeable
smell that is detectable in great dilution. Sinks in
water; very slightly soluble. The vapors are ex-
plosive.
Toxicitr
Acute - Low.
Systemic - Moderate by inha lation; low by ingestion
or skin absorption.
Aquatic - Moderate, (especially tone to bottom life).
Detectioxu Commercial kits for detecting the liquid or the vapor
of CS ; snsitivity range is 5-500 pjxn. Suppliers
incluje Kitagawa, MSA. aM Scott/Davis. (2, 5 ,6).
-------
CARBON MONOXIDE Co
Synonyms 2 None common.
Description: Colorless, practically tasteless and odorless
gas or liquefied gas. The liquefied gas floats on
water, but rapidly evaporates. Very slightly soluble
in water (Z4 mg/liter). flammable: Barns with
violet or bright blue flame.
Toxicity:
Local . None.
Systemic - Highly toxic by inhalation.
Aquatic - High.
WEAR RE PlRATOR WHEREVER CONCENTRAT IO 7C ABOVE A
FEW p t ARE EXPECTED.
D.tection There are servera.1 commercial kits; sensitivity
range is 10-3000 pç*n. Suppliers include Kitagawa,
IIIISA, and Scott/Davis. (2,5 .6).
-------
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE C d 4
Synonyms: Bensinoform, carbon chloride 1 perchioromethane,
tetrachlorornethane.
Descrion Colorless volatile liquid that smells like
cleaning fluid.. It yields vapors that are much
heater than air, and tend. to collect at the water’s
surface. Sinks; practically insoluble. Does not
burn.
Toxicity:
Local - May dry, crack, and irritate skin.
System ic - Very slightly tonc by all routes. 1000 to
2000 ppm in air ii lethal for man.
Aquatic - Probably low; especially toxic to bottom life.
Detection: There are commercial kits for both the liquid and
the gas; sensitivity range is 10- 300 ppm. Suppliers
include Kitagawa, MSA, and Scott/Davis. (2, SF6).
-------
CIfiAMUC ACID HC IO 3
Synonyms: None common.
Descriptionz Colorless soiction; completely miscible with
water. Very powerful oxidizing agent. Decomposes
at 40°C.
Toxicity:
Local - Very irritating and corrosive.
Systemic - {Probably low). Inha lation hazard.
Muatic - Very corrosive in high concentrations to
all organic matter. Chioric acid and chiorates
are widely used as herbicides and defoliants.
Look for damage to plant life. Highly toxic
to phytoplankton.
RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTiVE CLOTHING ADVISABLE.
Detec t ion
(I). Use pH indicator paper or p11 meter to check
for strong acid. (1,3).
(11). Test for C1O,% ion as follows. Add 10 m l of
ice- cold 9M 112504 to S rail of sample. Add
0.5 ml of 5% brucine in glacial acetic acid.
Positive result: solution turn blue. Periodates
and nitrate. interfere. (l 5).
(Ill). Alternatively, test for C10 3 by adding 0. 5 ml of
saturated aqueous MnS0 4 aM 0. 5 ml of syrupy
ff90 3 to 1 ml of sample. Heat and cooL
Positive result: solution turns violet. Bromates
iodates pe.rfodatea, and nitrates interfere. (1, 5).
-------
CHLORINE ci
Synonyms: None common.
Description2 Gas or compressed, liquefied gas. Gas is
greenish- yellow and much heavier than air. The
liquid is clear amber. Sharp, biting odor, detect-
able in great dilution. Sinks in water; slightly
soluble (about 1%). The water solution is acidic.
Toxicity:
Local - Powerful blistering agent and respiratory
irritant; irritates skin.
Systemic - Corrodes organic matter; very harmful
to lungs and respiratory passages.
Aquatic - Very corrosive in high concentrations.
Highly toxic to phytoplankton, especially
algae, and to fish.
Damage is likely to be especially severe
to bottom life. Dilute solutions may be very
toxic to plants.
RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING ADVISABLE.
Detection: There are commercial kits for detecting chlorine;
sensitivity range is 0. 02 - 30 ppm. Suppliers include
Hach, HeUige, Kitagawa, Lamotte, Scott/Davis, and
Taylor. (2,4,6).
-------
CHLOROACETIC ACID H 2 CC1COOH
Synonyms: Monochioroac etic acid; MCA.
Descriptiont Deliquescent colorless to pale brown
crystalline solid Sinks and dissolves readily.
Totcity
Local - Irritating and corrosive.
Systemic - Moderate.
Aquatic - (Moderate). Look for corrosio n effects.
This acid is a known herbicide; look for
damage to plant life.
PROTECTWE CLOTHING ADVISABLE.
Detection: Acidify samples with MC i, then follow presumptive
detection method given for ACETIC ACID.
-------
CRWROAMINES NH 2 C1, NIiCI 2 , Nd 3 , and
AkArSO 2 NNaCl
pcIudes both inorganic and organic chloraniines.
Sywnyms: Chlorantines; Z of the most common organic
chloramines are chioranilnes B and T.
Description: The inorganic cblora.rnine.s arc colorless 1 unstable,
pungent liquids that are very soluble in water, where
they slowly decompose form nitrogen gas, HYDRO-
CHLORIC ACID, and AMMONIUM CHLORIDE.
The organic chlorarnines are white to off-whit,
crystalline solids that smell of chlorine and die solve
fairly well in water. Cbloraxnine-3 tuna litmus blue,
then bleaches it. The organic chlorarnines are used
as topical antiseptics.
Tc icity :
Local - The inorganic a are much more irritating than
the organic..
Systemic - (Moderate).
Aquatic - The inorganic. are probably highly toxic;
the organic. are probably moderately totc.
Detection: There are separate detection methods for the organic
and inorganic chloroaxnine..
Inorganic chloroantines are detected through their
hydrolytic products. See H? DROCHLORIC ACID and
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE for methods.
For organic chloroatnines, mix the sample with
concentrated H 2 SO 4 , dilute with water, then test
for A.MMON1UM CHLORIDE.
-------
CHLOROBENZENE C 6 1 1 5 C1
Synonyms: Chlorobenzol, phenyl chloride.
Des c riptiorn Clear, co mobile, volatile, flammable
liquid that smells like almonds. Sinks in water;
practically insoluble.
T otcity:
Local - Liquid is slightly irritating.
Systemic - Low; high concentrations are narcotic.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detection: There are commercial kits for detecting
chiorobensene; sensitivity range is JO-ZOO ppm.
One supplier is MSA. Kits are available for both
the Liquid and the gas. (Z 5 6).
-------
tULOROBUTADIENE }i 2 C:CHCCI:CH 2
Sysonyrn: Chloroprene.
Description: Colorless, flammable, and explosive liquid.
Floats on water; slightly soluble.
Taicity:
Local - lrritant to eyes, akin, mucous membranes.
Systemic - Moderate to high, especially by inhalation.
Aquatic - (Low to moderate).
USPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CWTHIM3 ADVISABLE.
t*Iection: Test as butadiene. Mix 2 ml of sample with.
2 m l of methanol and 2 ml of 1% mercuric acetate
solution. Positive result: highly colored addition
compound. Butadiene interferes. (1, 4.6).
Test for halogeuation as follows. To I ml of sample
add S ml of freshly prepared 15% Na! in acetone (DO
NOT USE IF THE IODIDE SOLUTION HAS TURNED
REDDISH BROWN). Positive result: a reddish-brown
precipitate. If the result is unclear, put test solution
in hot water (about 120°F) for 5-10 minutes; if no
precipitate forms, the test is negative. All halogenated
organacs interfere. (1, 3, 6).
-------
CRC 1 3
Synonyms: Methyl trichic ride, trichloromethane; improperly ,
Iorrnyl chloride or tricbloride.
Descriptiore Clear, colorless, highly refractive, volatile
liquid. Characteristic sweetish odor. Burning,
sweet taste. Sinks in water; slightly soluble.
Decomposed by beat and light.
Toxicity:
Local - Irritating vapor aM liquid.
Systemic - Low to moderate; narcotic in high
concentra t ion.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detection: There are commercial kits for chk,roform;
sensitivity range is Z5-600 p n. Both liquid
and vapor may be detected. Suppliers include
Kitagawa. MSA. and Scott/Davis. (Z 5,6).
-------
CELOROPLATINIC ACm H 2 PtCI 6
Synony!n Platinic chloride.
oescriptionz Red-brown crystals that sink and dissolve in
water.
Ttcity:
Human — Moderate.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Dd.ction Check areas of suspected high concentration with
pH indicator or meter for acidity. (1. 3).
For more specific test, mix 5 ml of sample with
10 nil of 5% aniline in 10% HCL A precipitate
forms if chioroplatinic acid is present. Collect
the precipitate and add it to ethanol containing a
small amount of HC 1; then heat in boiling water.
Positive result: the precipitate redissolves. (l 4,6).
-------
CHLOROSULFON IC Acm CLSO 2 OH
Synonym: Sulfuric cbiorohydrin.
Description: Clear to cloudy, colorless to pale yeflow,
fuming very corrosive liquid. Decomposed
by water to HYDROCHLORIC ACID and SULFURIC
ACID.
To xicity:
Local - Very corrosive and irritating.
Systemic and Aquatic - See HYDROCHLORIC ACID
and SUI 4 FURZC ACID. Toxicity varies with
p 1 1 .
Other - Look for corrosion damage.
Detection: Detect as HYDROCHLORIC ACID and SULFURIC
ACID See these entries for suggested methods.
-------
CBWROTR IAZIDE C 7 H 6 C1I’J 30452 (two condensed
rings)
Synonyms: There are many pharmaceutical synonyms for
this compound, its hydrated form, and its sodium
salt.
Description White crystalline solid. The sodium salt is
presumably soluble in water: the other forms are
practically insoluble. These compounds are
widely used as diuretics and antihypertensives.
Toxicity:
Local - Probably none.
Systemic - Low.
Aquatic - (Low)..
Ddection: Detection may be based in any of several
presumptive tests: pnmary amine (see PROPYLAMINE),
secondary amine (see BENZYLAMINE and AM1NC)ETHYL
ETHANOL AMINE I. *nd nnsathrabon (see I1ENZENE and
AB IETIC ACID). Specific identification may be accomplished
in an improvised laboratory equipped with a 1W spectro-
photometer.
-------
CHLOROUS ACID 1 1C102
Synonyms: None common.
Descriptiorn Clear, colorless, liquid, completely miscible
with water. Strong oxidizing agent. Concentrated
solutions are unstable, and release C10 2 .
Toxicity :
Local - High concentrations are corrosive and
irritating.
Systemic - (Low).
Aquatic - Very toxic to plants aM phytoplankton;
low toxicity for animals.
Other - Look for corrosion damage.
Detection: Commercial detectors are available; sensitivity
range is 0. 1-500 ppm. Suppliers include Kitagawa ,
MSA, and Scott/Data. (1 or 2,5,6).
-------
CITRIC ACID CH 2 COOHC(OH)COCJHCH 2 COOH
Synonyms: Hydroxypropanetricarboxylic acid, hydroxycarballylic
acid.
Description: White, crystalline solid. Odorless. Strong sour
taste. Sinks in water; very soluble. The common
citrates (sodium, magnesium, potassium) are soluble
white crystals or powders.
Toxicity:
Local - Mild irritant
Systemic - Low.
Aquatic - Low.
Other - Increases nOD.
Detection: Mix 1 ml of sample with 1 ml of 0. O IM KMnO 4 and 1 ml
of saturated bromine water; warm slightly. Then add
solid sulfosalicylic acid until the color of bromine
disappears. Positive result: white precipitate. (1, 56).
-------
COBALT CHLORIDE CoC1 2
Synonym: Cobaltous chloride.
Description Pale blue hygroscopic leaflets or pink to red
slightly deliquescent crystals. Sinks and dissolves
in water, giving a pink solution that turns blue in
response to acids or heating. Aqueous solutions
are acidic.
Toxicity:
Local - Low. (Used to treat anemias).
Aquatic - High.
N. B. All soluble cobalt compounds are highly or
moderately toxic to a wide variety of aquatic
life, including eaprophytic bacteria and fish.
Detection? Cobalt can be precipitated from solution by aeveral
common natural processes; he certain to analyite
surface samples of sediment Boil the solids in aqua
regia to redissolve the Co. then proceed (as below)
for soluble Co.
The Co and Cl components must be analyzed separately.
See AMMONIUM CHLORIDE for methods suitable for C l.
To detect Co mix I ml of sample with 1 ml of reagent
(made from 1 g of 1-nitroso- Z-naphthol and SO ml of
glacial acetic acid in 1 liter of water). Positive result:
brown stain. Ferric ion interferes. (l 4).
-------
COBALT NITRATE CO(NO 3 )z
Synonynt Cobaltous nitrate.
Descriptiorn Deliquescent, red, crystafline solid. Sinks
and dissolves readily in water. Good oxidizing
agent; fire risk in contact with organic material.
Toxicity:
Human - Low to moderate.
Aquatic - Moderate to high.
Detection: The Co and NO 3 components must be separately
analyzed.
See COBALT CHLORIDE for Co methods.
See AMMONIUM NITRATE for NO 3 methods.
-------
COBALT SULFATE Co50 4
Synonym: Cobaitous sulfate.
Description Red to lavender crystalline solid; deliquescent
in moist air. Sinks and dissolves freely in water.
Toxicity:
Human - (Low).
Aquatic - Moderate to high.
Detection: The Co and SO 4 components must be separately
analysed.
See COBALT CHLORIDE for Co methods.
See AMMONIUM SULFATE for SO 4 methods.
-------
COPPER CHLORIDE CuC I 2
Synonyrm Cupric chloride.
Descriptioxu Blue- green crystalline solid. Deliquescent
in moist air; efflorescent in dry air. Sinks in
water; dissolves readily. The aqueous solution
is acidic.
Toxicity:
Local - Irritant.
Systemic - (Low).
Aquatic - High.
H. B. AU soluble copper compounds are highly
toxic to a wide variety of aquatic life;
even in subtoxic concentrations, it can
turn shellfish green, thereby destroying
their commercial value. Copper com-
pounds characteristically give intense
blue or blue-green solutions.
Detection: The Cu and Cl components must be analyzed
separately.
See AMMONIUM CHLORIDE for Cl methods.
Co mmercial kits are available for testing Cu in
solution; sensitivity range is 0-3 pjn Suppliers
include Lamotte, Taylor, Hel.lige, and Hatth. (2, 5,6).
There are several simple qualitative tests.
(I). Addition of HH 4 OH to dissolved copper
gives a dark blue solution (Z, 5).
(U). Mix 1 ml of sample with I nil of 20%
rnalonic acid and I ml of saturated
rubeanic acid in methanoL Positive
result: solution turns greenish black.
Silver interferes. (1, 5,6).
-------
COPPER NITRATE Cu(N0 3 ) 2
Synonym: Cupric nitrate.
Description: Deliquescent, blue, crystalline solid. Sinks
and dissolves freely in water. A good oxidizing
material that may combust or explode violently
in contact with organic materials. Used as an
insecticide in agriculture. The aqueous solution
is acidic.
Toxicity:
Local - Irritant; stains skin.
Systemic - (Low).
Aquatic - High. Look for damage to fish and
insect populations.
Other - May promote the growth of algae and
plants.
Detectiorn The Cu and NO 3 components must be separately
analyzed.
See COPPER CHLORIDE for Cu methods.
See AMMONTTJM NITRATE for NO 3 methods.
-------
COPPER SULFATE CuSO 4
Synonyms: Blue copperas, blue stone, blue vitriol,
cupric sulfate.
Description: Blue crystalline solid that effloreces in dry
air. Sinks and dis solves readily in water.
Nauseous metallic taste.
Toxicity:
Local - Irritant.
Systemic - Moderate by ingestion; low by skin
absorption.
Aquatic - High to moderate.
Detection: The Cu and SO 4 components must be separately
analyzed.
See COPPER CHLORiDE for Cu methods.
See ALUMINUM SULFATE for SO 4 methods.
-------
CRESOL UOC 6 R 4 CH 3
Includes: the ineta, ortho , and para isomers.
Synonyms: Cresylic acid, rnethylphenol, hydroxytoluene.
Description; Clear liquid or crystalline solid that turns
brown with age and exposure- Sinks; slightly
soluble. May not sink all the way to bottom in
salt water. Smells and tastes like Lysol and
similar disinfectants.
Toxicity:
Local - Strongly irritant; may burn skin.
Systemic - Low to ntderate; rasdly absorbed
through the skin.
Aquatic - High to moderate.
WEAR PROTECTIVE CLOTIUNG.
Detection :
(1). A simple qualitative tnt for aromatic
alcohols is as follows. Mix 2 ml of sample
with S ml of reagent (a 10% solution of
cenc anirnonium nitrate in ZN )V40 3 ).
Positive result: brawn to greenish-brown
precipitate. Jill low-molecular-weight
aromatic alcohols test positive. 0,4).
(U). A simple qualitative test for p-cresol
is as follows. Mix 2 ml of sample with
2 ml of ethanol aM 2 ml of concentrated
10103. Add I ml of 0.1% alpba-nitroso-
beta..napIttbol in ethanink Positive result:
solution turns red. Some other phenols inter-
fere. (1, 5,6).
(U I). The ortho and mets isomers can be detected
by mIxIng the sample with 2, 6-dibromoquinone
in buffered solution. Positive result: solution
turns red.. Other phenolic compounds inter-
fere. fl,4,6).
-------
GROTONALDEHYDE H 3 CCItCHCHO
Sponyms: Butenal, crotonic aidebyde; znethylacrolein.
Description: Clear, colorless, mobile, flaxnniable liquid.
Turns pale yellow on contact ‘ w ith air and light.
S harp, suffocating odor, floats on water; slightly
soluble.
TScltr
Local - Strong lacriniatar; highly irritating to eyes.
mucous membranes, and skin; both vapor
and liquid are extremely irritating. Liquid
can cause severe burns
Systemic - Moderate to high by all routes, including
absorption through intact skin.
Aquatic - (Moderate).
WEAR RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
Ditection Mix S ml of sample with 2 ml of 1% zn-phenylencdiamine
hydrochloride and 1% oxalic acid in ethanol. Warm in a
hot -water bath for 5 minutes. Positive result: solution
turns purple. (1, 5, 6).
-------
CYANAMIDE HN:C:NH or N:. CNH 2
Synonyms: Hydrogen cyanarnide, carbamic nitrile,
cyanogenarnide, carbodiimide.
Description: White, crystalline, deliquescent solid. Sinks
and dis solves freely in water. Combustible.
Neutral aqueous solutions are not stable, particularly
if the solution comes into contact with metals.
Totcity:
Local - Very irritating and caustic, particularly
to moist skin.
Systemic - Moderate by ingestion or inhalation.
Aquatic - (Moderate).
N. B. Cyanarnide totcity does not involve the
cyanide effect.
WEAR PROTECTIVE CLOTHiNG: RESPIRATOR ADVISABLE
IN VICINITY OF RAPIDS AND FALLS.
Detection: This detection requires 2 separate steps.
(1) Test sample for HYDROCYANIC ACID (use any
of the methods given at that entry). Ft the test
for HCI4 is negative, proceed to step 2.
(2) Place 1 ml of sample in a test tube; add 0. 1 g of
zinc (preferably strips) and a few drops of 20%
HCI. Test again for HCN. If step 1 is negative
and step 2 is positive for HCN, the sample is
presumptively positive for CYANAMIDE. Other
nitriles may interfere. (1 5,6).
-------
CYANOACETIC AC iD CNCH 2 COOH
Sponyrn: Malonic nitrile.
Description: Hygroscopic, white crystalline solid that sinks
and dissolves in water.
Tstcity:
Human - High.
Aquatic - (High).
PROTZCTWE CLOTHING ADVISABLE.
Detection: There is no suitable method for use at water’s
edge. in an improvised laboratory, esterify the
sample, extract it, then use GC for detection. (2, 3.6).
-------
CYANOBTJTADIENE N:. CCthCHCThCHZ
Synonyms: Pentanedieneonitrile • cyanoprene, vinylac rylonitrile.
Description (Colorless) liquid that floats (very slightly soluble).
Polymerises into synthetic rubber.
Toxicity:
Human and aquatic - Moderate.
Detection There is no simple specific test for this substance.
As a gross presumptive test, use the method given
for CHLOROB UTADIENE.
-------
CTM4OGEN BROMIDE BrCN
Sy nym: Bromine cyanide.
Description: Colorless crystalline solid; volatile
at ordinary temperatures. Sinks and dissolves
in water. Aqueous solutions, especially if
alkaline, are unstable.
tazicity:
Local - Llighly irritant and toxic vapors.
Systemic - Same as HYDROCYANIC ACID: High.
Aquatic - Sante as HYDROCYANIC ACiD: High.
TEAR RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHiNG.
DdectIon: Mix sample with a 10% solution of o-toluidine in
pyridine. Positive result: solution turns violet
or red. (1, 4). Since cyanogen bromide is unstable
in water, also test for the hydrolysis products; see
detection methods for HYDROCYANIC ACID and
bromide (see entry at ACETYL BROMIDE).
-------
CYANOGEN CHLORIDE CNC1
Synonym: Chlorine cyanide.
Description: Colorless liquid or gas (b . p. is 57°F) which
sinks and die solves in water.
Toxicity:
Local - Highly toxic and irritant vapors.
Systemic - High. See HYDROCYANIC ACID.
Aquatic - High. See HYDROCYANIC ACID.
WEAR RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
Detection: See CYANOGEN BROMIDE and A.MMONIUM
CHLORIDE.
-------
CYCLOHEXANE
Synonyms: Hexahydrobenz ene, hexamethylene, he.xanaphthene.
Description: Colorless, mobile, extremely flammable
liquid. Mild, sweet odor. Floats on water
practically insoluble.
to city:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Reports vary from moderate to low.
petection: Commercial kits are available: sensitivity
range is 10 -600 ppm. One supplier is Ritagawa.
(1,4, 6j.
-------
DIAMINOETHANE 8 2 N(Cfl 2 ) 1 NH 2
Synonyms: Ethyl enedianiine, ethanodiamine.
Descriptiont Volatile, colorless liquid that readily absorbs
CO 1 from the air, flammable. Mild anrnoniacal
odor. Sinks and dissolves readily. Strongly basic.
Toxicity
Local - Very irritating as liquid and vapor. May
burn tissues.
Systemic - Moderately toxic by all routes.
Aquatic. Moderate to bigL
WEAR RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
Detection: Use gross presumptive test for primary amirtes.
See PROPYLAMINE for recommended methods.
-------
DIAMY LAMINE (C 5 H 11 ) 1 N}{
Synonym: Dipentylarnine.
Description: Clear, colorless liquid. Floats; very slightly
soluble.
Toxicity;
Human - (Unknown; may be moderate).
Aquatic - High to moderate.
Detection: Use either presumptive test for secondary
arnines, as follows.
( I ). Mix 2 ml of sample with S ml of 0. 1M
beuzenesulfonyl chloride in 10% aqueous
NaOH. Positive result: immediate for-
mation of a crystalline precipitate. (1, 3).
(11). Prepare reagent by dissolving 0. 5 g NiCl 2
hexahydrate in 100 ml of water. While
shaking, add CS 1 to slight excess. Just
before testing sample, add 2 ml of con-
centrated NH 4 0H to S ml of reagent. Then
add 2 nil of sample. Positive result: a
well-defined precipitate. (1, 3).
-------
DIBUTYL Pl’ITI-IALATE
C 4 H 9 00C},C 6 H 4
Synonyms: Butyl phthalate, DBP, phthalic acid dibutyl ester.
Description: Colorless tdories s, nonvola le , stable, oily
liquid. Sinks in fresh water (but may float on salt
water i; very slightly soluble.
Toxicity:
Local - Somewhat irritating.
Systemic - Low
Lq uati - High; tish are especially sensitive .
Detection: The only wet-chemical test that can be easily
used 3t water s edge is a gross presumptive
test for unsaturation. Use either of the following
methods.
iP . Test water samples by adding several
drops of ITo potassium permanganate.
Pcsitive result: the purple perrnanganate
solution is decolorized. (1, 3).
ll). Where there is a distinct organic phase
in the sample, separate this phase and
add to it several drops cf bromine in
carbon tetrachioride (approximately 1%).
Positive result: the reddish-brown bromine
solution is decolorized. (1, 3).
-------
DICHLORCBENZENE C 1 H 4 Cl 2
Includes all three structural isomers: meta, ortho , and para .
Description: All three isomers are heavier than water and
practically insoluble. Meta is a colorless liquid.
Ortho is a clear 1 volatile, stabler heavy liquid
with a pleasant, aromatic odor similar to some
dry—cleaning fluids. The para isomer is best
known for its frequent use in mothballs and moth-
flakes. It is a volatile 1 whit& crystalline solid
that sublimes without leaving a residue. Character-
istic mothball odor.
Toxicity:
Local - The ortho isomer is highly irritating;
otherwise, slight.
Systemic - Low.
Aquatic - Moderate; probably especially harmful
to insects.
Detection: There are commercial kits for detection; sensitivity
range is 10-200 ppm. Suppliers include MSA and
Scott/Davis. (1 or 2,5,6).
-------
DICHLOROETHANE (1) C1 2 HCCH 3 and (2) CLH 2 CCH 2 C1
Synonyms: Formula (1) is ethylidene chloride; formula (2) is
ethylene thchloflde, ethylene chloride, and Dutch oil.
Descripbon Both forms are flanunable, colorless, neutral,
mobile liquids, with a characteristic sweet odor Like
that of ether or chloroform, and a sweet taste. Both
forms sink in water, and are very slightly soluble.
Toricity:
Local . Irritant; formula (2) i i strongly irritant.
Systemic - Moderate.
Aquatic - Moderate to low.
RESPIRATOk AND PROTECTW E CLOTHING ADVISABLE.
Detection: Commercial detection kits are available;
sensitivity range is 25 -500 ppm. Suppliers include
MSA and Scott/Dtvis. (l,5,6 .
-------
DICHLOROMETHANE H 2 CC1 2
Synonyms: Methylene chloride, methylene dichioride.
Des criptiorn Colorless, volatile liquid that boils at 104°F.
Penetrating, ethereal odor. Sinks in water;
slightly soluble. Nonflammable.
Twd city:
Local - Irritant, especially to eyes.
Systemic - Moderate to severe by all routes;
ingestion most toxic route.
Aquatic - Moderate to low.
WEAR RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTI{ING.
Detection: Commercial detection kits are available;
sensitivity range is 25-1000 ppm. Suppliers include
MSA and Scott/Davis. Ii, 516).
-------
DICHLOROPHENOL 0C 6 H 3 C1 2
N. B. There are six structural isomers, but the
2,4-isomer is apparently the most important.
Description: Combustible. white, crystalline solid. Sinks in
water; slightly soluble. Acid to litmus.
Toxicity:
Local - Strong irritant.
systemic - Moderate.
Aquatic - (Moderate to high).
WEAR PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
Detection: Mix 2 nil of sample with 2 ml of 0. 5% 4 arninoantipyrine
solution and 2 n-il of 0. 1% sodium carbonate solution.
Then add 0. 5 ml of 2% potassium ferricyanide solution
and stir well. Positive resuit: solution turns red. This
test is widely used for the 2 1 4-dichloro isomer, but may
not be valid for all other dichioropheflols. l, 5).
-------
DICHLOROPROPANE CIH 2 CC H 2 C Hz Cl
Synonyms: Propane dichioride.
Description: Colorless, stable, mobile, flammable liquid.
Odor similar to chloroform. Sinks; very slightly
soluble.
Toxicity:
Local - Irritant to eyes, skin mucous membranes.
Systemic - Low.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detection: Commercial detection kits are available; sensitivity
is 25 -500 ppm. Suppliers include MSA and Scott/Davis.
(1, 5,6 ).
-------
DIETHA.NCLAMINE (HOCR 2 CH 2 ) 211(8
Synonyms: His (hydrory ethyl) antine, flEA, diethylolamine,
thhydroxythethylaznine, itninodiethanol.
Description. Desliquescent white solid which melts at 82°F;
usual connnercial form is viscous liquid. Siaks
but very soluble. Mild arnxnoniacal fishy odor.
Strongly alkaline.
Toxicity:
Local - Slightly to moderately irritating to skin.
Systemic - Low,
Aquatic - Reports vary widely, from low to moderate.
Other - Raises HOD.
Detection: First follow method for detecting MONOETHANCLAMINE.
If test is positive and (urther resolution is required, teat
for secondary amine (see DIAMYLAMINE) to distinguish
from MCNOETHfiSNCLAMINE.
-------
DIETHYLAMINE (C 2 H 5 ) 2 Nu
Synonyms: None COmmon.
Description: flammable, strongly alkaline, colorless liquid.
Amniothacaj odor. Floats; very miscible with water.
The hydrochloride is also known; it is a hygroscopic
liquid, slightly heavier than pare water and soluble
in it; its reaction is presumably neutral to slightly
acid.
Toxicity:
Local - Irritating to eyes, mucous membranes, and
skin; especiafly irritating by inhalation.
Systemic - (Low to moderate).
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detection: Commercial detection kits are available; sensitivity
is 5-ZOO ppm. Suppliers include MSA. (1,5,6 ).
-------
DIETHYLENE GLYCOL (HOCH 2 CHz)zO
Synonyms: DEG, dihydroxydiethyt ether, oxydiethanol.
Description: Clear, colorless, practically odorless, syrupy
liquid; non-corrosive and very bygroscopic.
Toxicity:
Human and aquatic - Practically nontaxic.
Other Raises BOO.
Detection: There is no simple detection method that can be
used at water ’s edge. Instrumental techniques of
analysis (such as CC and IRJ are required.
-------
DIETHYL PHTHALATE (C 1 H 5 00C) 2 C 6 H 4
Synonyms: DEP, ethyl phthalate.
Description: Clear, stable, odorless liquid; bitter taste.
Sinks; insolub le. Combustible.
Toxicity:
Local - Strong irritant to eyes and mucous membranes.
Systemic - Moderate by ingestion and inhalation;
narcotic in high concentrations.
Aquatic - Higb; fish are especially sensitive.
WEAR PROTECTIVE CLOTHING; PROTECT EYES.
Detection: Use the same methods given for DIBUTYL PHTHALATE.
If more specific identification is required and an improvised
laboratory is available, use UV spectrometry.
-------
DLtSOPROPANOLAMINE (CH 3 CHOHCHz)zNhi
Synonym: DIPA.
Description: White crystalline solid; ammoniacial fishy odor.
Floats and dissolves. The article of commerce is
usually a clear, colorless liquid.
Toxicity:
Local - Irritant; may cause skin burns.
Systemic - Moderate to low.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detection: Use presumptive test given for MONOETHANOLAMINE
(see that entry). If further resolution is required, test
for a secondary amine (see the methods given in the
DIAMYLAMINE entry to distinguish this compound from
MONOETHANOLAM INE.
-------
DIISOPROPYLAM INE ((CB 3 )zCH) 2 NH
Description: Colorless, volatile, flammable liquid; amine
odor. Floats; slightly soThble.
Toxicity:
Local - Strong irritant.
Systemic - Moderate.
Aquatic - Moderate.
YEAR aESprRATCP ;PROTECTIVE CLOTHING ADVISABLE.
Detection: Test for a secondary am ine (see DIAMYLAMINE
for methods).
-------
DIMETHYLAMJ1 ’ E (C H 3 ) 2 NH
Synonym: DMA.
Description: Colorless gas at ordinary temperatures;
liquefies at 45°F. Very flammable. Strong
az-nxncnnacal odor, detectable at a few ppm.
Rather soluble in water, giving a strongly
alkaline solution. DMA is commercially available as a
compressed gas and an aqueous solution (about 40%).
Liquid is clear and colorless; gas is heavier than air.
Toxicity:
Local - Both gas and liquid forms are irritant;
can burn skin.
Systemic - Low.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detection; Commercial kits are available; sensitivity is
5-ZOO ppm. Suppliers include MSA. (1, 5,6).
-------
DIMETHYL SULFATE (CH 3 ) 2 50 4
Synonyms: None.
Description: Colorless, corrosive liquid which has been used
as a war gas. Sinks and dissolves.
Toxicity:
Local - Highly irritating and corrosive to tissues.
Systemic - High; absorbed through the intact skin.
Aquatic - (High).
Other - Look for corrosion damage.
WEAR RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
Detection: Commercial kits are available; sensitivity is 1-50
ppm. One supplier is MSA. (1 ,5 ,6).
-------
DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE (CH 3 ) 2 S0
Synonyms: DM50, methyl sulioxide.
Description: Colorless, nearly odorless, hygroscopic liquid.
Slightly bitter taste. Combustible, A powerful
solvent that penetrates the skin and other tissues,
often causing burns.
Toxicity:
Local - irritates skin; may cause redness and wheals.
Systemic - Low.
Aquatic - (Low to moderate). High concentrations
may be very damaging to plants as well as
animals.
Detection: Commercial kits are available; sensitivity is
10-250 ppm. Suppliers include MSA. (1 ,5 .6).
-------
D]NLTROBENZENE C 6 H 4 (N0 2 ) 1
Synonynt Dinitrob enzol.
Description: White or yellowish crystals that sink in water;
very slightly soluble.
Toxicity:
Local - Strong irritant.
Systemic - Moderate to high by inhalation and
ingestion; rapidly absorbed through the skin.
Aquatic - High.
WEAR PROTECTIVE CLOTHING; ERSPIRATOR ADVISABLE.
Detection: Extract 10 ml of sample with 5 nil of ether. Let
the ether evaporate (WITHOUT HEATING) in open
sir, until almost dry. Add 3 ml of acetone and
2 ml of dilute alcoholic NaOH. Positive result:
solution turns greenish yellow. Dinitrochlorobenzene,
dithtronaphthalene, dinitrotoluene, and dinitroxylene
interfere. (1. 5).
-------
DINITROPHENOL
Synonyms: Aldifen, hydroxydinitrobenzene.
Description: Yellowish to yellow crystals, which sublime.
Sinks; slightly soluble in cold water, soluble in
hot water. Soluble in alkaline solutions. The
sodium salt of dinitrophenol is readily soluble in
water. Frequently used as a colorimetric pH
indicator; it is colorless in strong acid solution,
but turns brilliant yellow in dilute acid solutions.
Toxicity:
Human - rnghJy toxic by all routes, including
absorption through the intact skin.
Aquatic - High.
WEAR PROTECT iVE CLOTRING;RESPIRATOR ADVISABLE.
Detection: Mix 2 ml of sample with I ml of 0. ZN stannous
chloride in iN NaOH solution. Positive result:
crimson for the 2, 5 isomer, violet-blue for the
2, 3 and 3,4 isomers. (1, 5,6).
-------
EPJC}{LORO}{YDRIN CH 2 00HCH 2 CI
Synonym: Chioroepoxypropane.
Descriptiorn Colorless, very volatile, unstable liquid.
Sharp odor of garlic. Sinks; practically insoluble.
Toxicity:
Local - Very irritating; cannot be tolerated in high
concentration.
Systemic - Moderate to high; narcotic.
Aquatic - Moderate to high, especially to bottom life.
WEAR RESPIRATOR AND PROTECT iVE CLOTHING.
Detection: Mix 5 ml of sample with 10 ml of 22% NaCl solution
containing a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator.
Heat in a steam bath for 1 minute. Positive result:
solution turns pink to red. Neutralize sample before
beginning test. (1, 5, 6).
-------
ETHYL ACRYLATE CH 2 CHC00CzH 5
Synonyms: None.
Description: Clear, colorless, very flammable liquid. Floats;
nearly insoluble. Sharp, fragrant odor. Readily
polymerized; HYDROQUINONE is frequently added
to inhibit polymerization. The polymer is a clear
plastic, the common polyacrylate and polyacrylic
resin of commerce.
Toxicity:
Local - A potent jacrimator, very irritating to eyes and
skin.
Systemic - Moderate.
Aquatic - Moderate to low.
WEAR RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
Detection: There is no adequately specific test for use at
water’s edge. In an improvised laboratory, hydrolyze
the ester, then follow detection methods for ACRYLIC
ACID (see that entry). As a gross presumptive test,
test for unsaturation as follows.
(I ). When the acrylate forms a distinct organic
phase, separate that phase and add to it a
few drops of bromine in carbon tetrachloride
(approximately 1%). Positive result: the
reddish-brown bromine color disappears. (1,3).
(U). When there is no distinct organic phase, add
a few drops of aqueous potassium permanganate
solution (about 1%). Positive result: the purple
permanganate color disappears. (1, 3).
-------
ETHYL ALCOHOL C 2 H 5 OH
Synonyms: Cologne spirits, ethanol, ethyl hydroxide, ethylic
alcohol, fermentation alcohol, grain alcohol, Lavacol,
methyl carbinol, neutral spirits, proof spirits, spirit
of wine.
Description Clear, colorless liquid. Completely miscible
with water, flammable even when mixed with some
water. The pure substance has well-known taste and
odor, but industrial and antiseptic grades are denatured
with a variety of unpleasant substances which greatly
alter the taste, odor, and toxicity.
Toxicity:
Local - None.
Systemic - Drunkenness by ingestion; denatured grades
are toxic by ingestion.
Aquatic - Low to moderate, depending on the denaturants
and their concentration. Various salts of MERCURY
are frequently used as denaturants; they are bio-
accumulative poisons.
Detection: Several commercial kits are available for detection;
sensitivity is 200-5000 ppm. Suppliers include
Kitagawa, MSA, and Scott/ Davis. (1, 516).
-------
ETHY LAMINE CH 3 CH 2 NH 2
Synonyms: Amino ethan e, mono ethylarnine.
Description: Colorless flammable, volatile liquid which
vaporizes at 63°F. Ammoniacal odor. Floats, but
dissolves quickly, forming a strongly alkaline solution.
Toxicity:
Local - Very irritating to eyes, mucous membranes,
and skin.
Systemic Moderate by ingestion.
Aquatic - Moderate.
PROTECT EYES FROM VAPOR AND LiQUiD; RESPIRATOR
ADVISABLE.
Detection: Commercial kits are available for detection;
sensitivity range is 10- 500 ppm. Suppliers include MSA.
(1, 5 ,6).
-------
ETHYL BENZENE
$ynonyins Ethyl benzol phenylethane.
Description: Colorless flammable liquid that smells like
benzene. Flash point at 85°F. Floats; slightly
soluble.
Toxicity:
Local - Vapor and liquid are slightly irritating.
Systemic - Low .
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detection: If an improvised laboratory is available, use
IJV spectrometry for the identification. Ethyl benzene
has distinctive absorption between 290 and 247 miii-
microns. As a gross presumptive test, test for an-
saturation (see ETHYL ACRYLATE for recommended
methods).
-------
ETHYLENE CH 2 :CH 2
Synonyms: Bicarburetted hydrogen, elayl . ethene, etherin,
heavy carburetted hydrogen, olefiant gas.
Description: Colorless gas or liquefied gas under pressure.
Very weak, sweetish odor. Vaporizes very quickly.
Very flammable, Floats; slightly soluble.
Toxicity:
Human - Virtually nontoric.
Aquatic - Moderate to high; some fish are very sensitive.
Detection: Cornniercial detection kits are available; sensitivity
range is 0. 5-100 ppm. Suppliers include Kitagawa,
MSAJ, and Scott/Davis. (1,4,6).
-------
ETHYLENE CYANOHYDRIN }JOC 2 H 4 CN
Synonyms: Cilycol cyanohydrin, hydrac rylonitrile,
hydroxypropionitrile.
Description; Colorless to straw- colored liquid. Sinks, but
completely mis cible.
Tot city:
L .oca i. — None.
Systemic — Low.
Aquatic - Low.
Detection: See ACETONE CYANOHYDRIN for recommended
method. The method given there applies without
change to this compound.
-------
ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETIC ACID (HOOCCHz) 4 NC 2 H 4 N
Synonyms: 1 DTA, ethylenebisiminodiacetic acid, ethyleneth-
nitrilotetraacetic acid.
Description: Cojorless crystals; sink and slowly dissolve iz water.
A powerful chelating agent. Several common rnetaflic salts
are called Tedetatestt; they are very soluble in water. EDTA
and the edetates are widely used in detergents, agriculture,
industry, and medicine.
Toxicity
Human - LOW.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detection: Commercial detection kits are available;
suppUers include 1-Itch and Larnotte. (2, 5 ,6 ). There is
also a simple and sensitive wet-chemical test. Add 5 nil of
0. 05M cobaltous nitrate solution to S ml of sample. Mix
and then add a few drops of 0. 05 ) 4 ferric chloride solution.
Positive result: solution turns red. (2 .4,6).
-------
ETHYLENE GLYCOL HO{CH 2 ) 2 0H
Synonyms: Ethanediol, ethylene alcohol, dihydroxyethane.
Description: Clear, colorless, hygroscopic, flammable liquid.
Sweet taste and weak, sweet odor (like antifreeze).
Sinks and dissolves readily. A common antifreeze.
Toxicity:
Local - None
Systemic - Low.
Aquatic - Low.
Other - Raises SOD; this is the major problem.
Detection: The recommended detection method requires an ice
bucket for cooling. Mix S ml of sample with 2. S ml
of 6. 6% sodium periodate solution. Cool to 32°F,
then add 1 ml of saturated potassium nitrate solution.
Add 2 nil of 1% aqueous phenyihydrazine hydrochloride
and 1 ml of 2% potassium ferricyanide. Cool again
to 32°F , then add S nil of chilled concentrated HC1.
Positive result: solution turns red. Sorbitol inter-
feres. (1,5.6).
-------
ETHYLENE CiLYCOL DIACETATE CH 3 GOOCHzCHzO 3
Synonym: Glycol diacetate.
Des cription: Colorless liquid. Faint odor. Burns. Widely
used solvent. Sinks and dissolves.
Toxicity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Low.
Other - Raises SOD.
Detectiorn There is no suitable method for detection at
water’s edge. In an improvised laboratorY use CC.
-------
flHYLENE GLYCOL MONOBUTYL ETHER OH(CH 2 ) 2 0C 4 H 9
Synonyms: B utoxy ethanol, biatyl cello solve.
Description: Colorless liquid with a mild odor, floats and
dissolves. In general, an inert solvent for both
water and organics.
Toxicity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Low.
Detection: there is no suitable method for detection at
water’s edge. In an improvised laboratory, use CC.
-------
ETHYLENEIMINE H 1 CNI ICH 2
Synonyms: AZ ac yclopropane, aziridine, thmethyleneimine.
Description: Clear, colorless liquid. Strong, fishy amine
odor. Floats and dissolves readily. Very strongly
alkaiine and corrosive. Caution extremely flarrunable,
and polymerizes with explosive effect. An inhibitor
(presumably HYDROQUINONE ) is often added to control
spontaneous polymerization.
Toxicity:
Local - Vapor extremely irritating; liquid causes
severe burns.
Systemic - 1-Ugh by all routes, including skin
absorption.
Aquatic - Moderate.
WEAR RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
Detectioa; Commercial ldts are available; sensitivity range
is a—mo ppm. One supplier is MSA. (1, 5 ,6).
-------
FERRIC CHLORIDE FeC I 3
Synonyms: Ferric terchioride, ferric trichloride 1 fibres
rnartis, iron chloride ron perchioride, iron
trichioride.
Descriptiont The anhydrous solid is blackish brown; the
crystalline form is orange-yellow and very
deliquescent. Sinks and dissolves , but decomposes
spontaneously to yie ld HYDROCHLORiC ACID and
FERRIC HYDROXIDE when exposed to moist air and
light.
Tothcity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Highly variable, from High to Low.
Detection: The Fe and Cl components must be separately
analyzed.
See FERRIC HYDROXIDE for Fe methods.
See AMMONIUM CHLORIDE for C l methods.
-------
FERRIC HYDROXIDE
Synonyms: Ferric hydrate, iron hydroxide, iron hydrate,
iron oxide (hydrated), ferric oxide (hydrated).
Description: Brown to reddish brown solid, often as a
flocculant precipitate. Sinks; aimost insoluble.
Toxicity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Moderate to high.
Detection: Prepare suspect solids for testing by dissolving
in 3M HCI. then proceed as follows.
( I). Mix the sample with 1% arnmoniurn
thiocyanate solution. Positive r e suit:
solution turns intensely red.
(U). Mix the sample with 1% potassium
ferrocyanide solution. Positive result:
deep blue solution or precipitate. Since
many waters and bottom solids are high
in iron, background may be very high.
(2, 5,6).
Several commercial kits are available for
detecting dissolved iron; suppliers include Lamotte,
Taylor, Refuge, and Hach. (2,5,6).
-------
FERRIC SULFATE Fe 2 (504)3
Synonyms: Ferric sesquisulfate, ferric trisulfate, iron
persulfate, iron sulfate, iron tersulfate.
Description: The anhydrous form is a grayish white powder;
the crystalline form Is yellow. Both forms sink
but the crystals are very soluble, while the anhydrous
form is slightly soluble.
Totcity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Moderate to high.
Detection: The Fe and SO 4 components must be separately
analyzed.
See FERRIC HYDROXIDE for Fe methods.
See ALUMINUM SULFATE for SO 4 methods.
-------
FERROUS HYDROXIDE Fe(OH)- ,
Synonym: Iron hydroxide.
Description: White crystals, which may have a tinge of green.
Sinks; almost insoluble. Spontaneously converted to
FERRIC HYDROXIDE on exposure to air , but the
conversion is slow unless the material is very finely
thvided.
Toxicity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Highly variable, from High to Low.
De t ection: Since this compound spontaneously becomes FERR IC
HYDROX iDE on exposure to air, lest for ferric iron
by the methods given in the FERRIC HYDROXIDE
entry. Ferric iron is reconverted to ferrous iror
when it is mixed with 3M H,5O 4 . Test for ferrous
iron by either of the following methods.
c i i. MS the sample with 0. 5% pOtassium
ferricvanide. Positive result: deep blue
solution or precipitate. (2, 5. 6’ .
ill)- Mix the sample with a 2t ! Ø alcoholic
2. 2 ’ -dipyridyl (or 1,1- ..phenanthrolinei
solution. Positive result: solution
turns red or pink. (2, 5, 6).
-------
FERROUS SULFATE FeSO 4
Synonyms: Copperas, green vitriol, iron sulfate, iron
vitriol, sa l chalybdis.
Description: Industrial grades are greenish or yellow-brown
hygroscopic crystals or granules. Pure grades are
white, yellow, or blue-green, depending on hydration.
Odorless. Sinks; slightly soluble. Salty taste. Slowly
oxidized to FERRIEC SULFATE in air.
Totcity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Highly variable, from High to Low.
Detection: Ferrous iron is converted to ferric iron in air.
Test for both ferrous arid ferric forms. The
iron and sulfate components must be analyzed
separately.
See FERROUS HYDROXIDE for ferrous methods.
See FERRIC HYDROXIDE for ferric methods.
See ALUMINUM SULFATE for SO 4 methods.
-------
FERROUS SULFITE FeSO 3
Synonyms: None common.
Description: White or greenish crystals. Sinks and dissolves.
Slowly oxidized to the corresponding ferric salt
Toxicity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detection: The ferrous and sulfite components must be
separately analyzed.
See FERROUS HYDROXIDE for ferrous methods.
Detect sulfite a , follows. Mis 1 ml saturated Zn(N0 3 ) 2
with 1 ml of iN K 4 Fe(CN) 6 solution. Add to this 1 ml
of 1% sodium nitroprusside solution; a white precipitate
MU form. Then add 1 ml of the sample. Positive
result; the white precipitate turns red. (l 5,6).
There are several commercial detection kits for
sulfltes; suppliers include Larnotte, Taylor, Hei.lige,
and HaS (1 4,6). Sensitivity range is 2-300 ppm.
-------
FLUORINE Fz
Synonyms: None common.
Description: Pale, greenish-yellow gas, usually sold
commercially as an extremely cold (- 306°F)
liquefied gas, which is clear to yellow. Strongly
acid to litmus. Highly reactive at room tempera-
ture. Reacts with water to form HYDROFLUORIC
ACID, HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, ozone, oxygen,
and oxides of fluorine.
Toxicity:
Local - Extremely irritating to eyes, lungs, and
skin. Liquid causes severe skin and eye
burns.
Systemic - High.
Aquatic - High.
YEAR RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
Ddection: See HYDROFLUORIC ACID and HYDROGEN
PEROXIDE for the detection methods applicable
to FLUORINE’S reaction products with water.
-------
FORMALDEHYDE HCHO
Synonyms: Formalin, formic aldehyde, Lormol, methanal,
oxyrn ethylene.
Description: ColorIess very flammable gas, with a suffocating,
biting odor. The gas is readily water soluble, and is
usually sold as a 37-50% solution. The aqueous solution
is not flammable, but it releases flammable gas. Be-
cause formaldehyde polymerizes, it is often mixed ‘with
METHANOL (about 15%) to inhibit polymerization.
Toxicity:
Local - Gas very irritating. L iquid causes burns.
Systemic - Moderate.
Aquatic - Moderate.
WEAR RESPiRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
Detection: Commercial kits are available; sensitivity range
is 1-100 ppm. Suppliers include MSA and Scott/Davis.
(1 5, 6).
-------
FORMIC ACID HCOOH
Synonyms: Hydrogen carboxylic acids niethanoic acid.
Description: Colorless, fuming acid. Sharp, biting odor.
A strong acid, dangerously caustic. Acid to
litmus. Sinks; completely miscible. Combustible.
Toxicity:
Local - Irritant vapor; liquid causes burns.
Systemic - Moderate.
Aquatic - Moderate; not toxic to fish except
insofar as it affects pH and osmotic
pressure.
Other - Look for corrosion effects.
WEAR RESPUtATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
Detection The recommended method requires an ice bucket
(or equivalent) for cooling. Mix I ml of sample
with 0. 1 g of magnesium ribbon. Immerse in an
ice bath, then add dropwise, at one-minute intervals,
10 drops of concentrated HCI. Finally, add I ml of
0. 3% chromotropic acid in 1 IM sulfuric acid. Positive
result: a white precipitate forms, and the solution
turns green or yellow. (1,5,6).
-------
FRUCTOSE
Synonyms: Fruit sugar, levulose.
Description: White crystals or powder. Sinks and dissolves.
The sweetest of the common sugars. Combustible.
Tox icity:
Human and aquatic -. Practicafly nontoxic.
Other - Raises BOD.
Detection: Test the sample by the following methods. Each
method is presumptive 1 but taken together they
build up a fairly conclusive case for the presence
of fructose.
(1). Mix zm lofsamplewith2nilof0.l%
ethanolic resorcinol and 6 ml of con-
centrated HC1 containing 0. 75 mg of
ferric chloride per 100 ml. Heat in a
water bath. Positive result: solution
turns cherry red. (1, 5, 6).
(U). Mix 1 nil of sample with 10 ml of 4% ammoniurn
molybdate. Add 0. 25 ml of 1:3 nitric acid and
heat at 150°F for 3 minutes. Positive result:
solution turns blue. (1, 5,6).
(II I ). Mix 1 ml of sample with 0.4 ml of 0. 2%
aqueous orcein solution and I ml of 85%
phosphoric acid. Heat in boiling water
for 10 minutes. Positive result: solution
turns yellow and/or a yellow precipitate
forms. (1,5,6).
-------
E LIMARIC Ac m HOOCCH CHCOoH
Synonyms: AUomaleic acid, boleic acid, trans-butenedioic
acid, trans-ethylenedicarboxylic acid, lichethc acid.
Description: Colorless, odorless crystals or leaflets. Sinks;
practically insoluble in cold water, but moderately
soluble in hot water. Tastes like fruit acid.
Toxicity:
Local - Irritates eyes and skin.
Systemic - Low.
Aquatic - Low.
Other - May increase BOD.
Detection: There is no adequately specific test for use at
water t a edge. Use the following gross pres umptive
test for unsaturation. To Z ml of sample add several
drops of 1% aqueous KMnO 4 . Positive result: the
purple permanganate solution is deco iorized. (1, 3,6).
-------
FtJRFTJRAL OCThCHCThCCHO
Synonyms: Artificial oil of ante furaldehyde, pyromucic
aldehyde.
Description: Colorless, mobile, oily liquid when pare; turns
yellow to reddish brown on exposure to ligbt and air.
Penetrating odor like almond oil. Slowly resinifies
on exposure to the elements. Combustible.
Toxicity:
Local - Irritant vapor.
Systemic - Moderate.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detection: Mix 2 ml of sample with 2 ml of 0. 5% oxalic acid
containing 1% of disodiuni phosphate. Then add 3 ml
of 10% aniline in glacial acetic acid. Positive result:
solution turns red. (I, 5 6)
-------
FURFURYL ALCOHOL OCH:CHCH:CCH 2 QH
Synonyms: Furanecarbinol, furfuralcohol, 5u ryl carbinol,
hydroxyni ethylfu.r an.
Description: Colorless, mobile liquid; becomes dark red or
brown on exposure to light and air. Sinks; very
soluble in water, but decomposes. Solutions of
furfuryl alcohol that have been exposed to air and
light, or those that have been standing (or some
time, are almost insoluble in water.
Toxicity:
Local - Slightly irritating liquid and vapor.
Systemic - Moderate to low.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detection.; Commercial kits are available for detection;
sensitivity range is Z5-500 ppm. MSA is one
supplier. (2, 5,6).
-------
GALLIC ACID (OH ) 3 C 5 H 2 C00H
Synonym: Tnliydrozybenzoic acid.
Description: Colorless or slightly yellow crystals.
Sinks; sparingly soluble.
Toxicity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detection: Add dilute £erric chloride to the sample.
Positive result: dark blue solution and
precipitate. (l 5, possibly 6).
-------
GLUCONIC ACID CHzOH(CHOH) 4 COOH
Synonyms: Glycogenic acid, glyconic acid.
Description: Light brown syrup with niildly acid taste.
Faint odor of vinegar. Sinks and dis solves.
Toxicity:
Human and Aquatic - Practically nontoxic.
Other — Raises BOD.
Detection: There is no suitable method for detection at
water’ s edge. In an improvised laboratory the
acid may be esterified and the ester identified
by CC.
-------
GLUCOSE C 6 H 12 0 6
Synonyms: Corn sugar, corn syrup, dextrose, grape sugar,
starch syrup.
Description: The pure substance is a white crystal, but
commercial forms include syrups that vary from
clear and colorless to dark brown and opaque.
Sinks and dissolves.
Toxicity:
Human and Aquatic - Practically nontoxic.
Other - Raises BOIl.
Detection: Use any of the following presumptive tests. Many
other sugars will test positive 1 but these tests are
sufficient for damage assessment.
(1 ). Mix 1 ml of sample with a ml of 0. 18
potassium ferricyanide and 2% sodium
carbonate. Positive result; solution
turns blue. (1,SI6).
(U). Mix 1 ml of sample with Z ml of 0. 27%
KH,P0 4 and 4 ml of 7.. 5% ammonium
motybdate. Positive result: solution
turns blue. (1, 5,6).
(U I ). Mix 5 ml of sample with 5 ml of 5% KOH
and 2 ml of 1% sodium biselenite. Positive
result: a colloidal precipitate. (1, 5,6).
-------
GLYCEROL H 2 COHCHOHCH 2 OH
Synonyms: Glycerine, glycyl alcohol, propanetriol.
Description: Clear, colorless to pale yellow, odorless syrup.
Sweet, warm taste. I4vgrosconic. Sinks: rniscthle.
Toxicity:
Human and Aquatic - Practically :mtoxic,
Other - Raises B aD.
Detection: Each of the following methods is a presumptive
test for glycerol. Taken together, they build up
a fairly conclusive case for the presence of glycerol.
U). Mix 1 ml of sample with .1 ml of 1:1
Add a few drops of 7. 5% potassium bichromate
solution. Positive result: decolorization of
the orange bichromate solution. ti , 4 , 6).
UI). Mix 4 ml of sample with 1 ml of 5% codeine
in ethanol. Add S ml of 1:3 1-12504. Heat
for minutes in boiling water. Positive
result: 5olutiOn turns blue. fl,4, b).
Mix 1 ml of sample with 1 ml of freshly
prepared 10% catechol solution and 4 ml of
3:1 H 2 S0 4 . 1-feat in boiling water for 15 minutes.
Positive result: solution turns red , U, 4, 6).
-------
HEPTANOIJ C 7 H 15 0H
Synonyms: Heptyl alcohol, hydroxybeptane, enanthyl alcohol,
methyl arnyl carbinol.
Descriptionz There are 3 important isomers. All are colorless .
fragrant liquids that float and are slightly soluble.
May cause flowing water to froth. All are flammable.
Totcit
Htunan - low to moderate, depending on isomer.
Aquatic - (Moderate).
Detection: Use grass presumptive test for aliphatic alcohols.
See BtJTYL ALCOHOL for recoznmexxied methods.
-------
HEXAMETI- IYLENE DIAMINE H 2 N(C H 2 ) 6 NH 2
Synonyms: Diaminohnane hexane diamine.
Description: Colorless leaflets that are very soluble in water.
Toxicity:
Local - Strong irritant.
Systemic - Moderate by ingestion.
Aquatic - Moderate.
PROTECTWE CLOTHING ADVISABLE.
Detection: Use gross presumptive test for primary arnines.
See PROPYLAMINE for recommended methods.
-------
HEXANOL C 6 H 13 0H
Synonyms: Amyl carbinol, hexyl alcohol.
Description: Only then isomer is common. Colorless liquid.
Floats; slightly soluble. Combustible.
Toxicity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detection: Use gross presumptive test for aliphatic alcohols.
See BTJTYL ALCOHOL for recommended methods.
-------
IIYDRAZII4E H 2 NNH 2
Synonym; Diaxnine.
Description: Colorless, fuming, hygroscopic, extremely
flammable liquid. Strong odor. Miscible with
water; may sink or float depending on water;
sinks in clean fresh water. Weakly basic.
Toxicity:
Local - Vapor and liquid are strong irritants that
may cause burns.
Systemic - Moderate. May be absorbed through
intact skin.
Aquatic - High.
WEAR RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHiNG.
Detection: Commercial test kits are available; sensitivity
range is 0. 0-0. 5 ppm. Suppliers include Hach,
HeUige , and Lamotte. (2, 5,6).
lf test kit is not available, mix I ml of sample
successively with: (1) 1 ml of 1% aqueous pyridylpyridinium
chloride, (2) 1 ml of IN NaOH, and (3) 1 ml of concentrated
HC1. Positive result: solution turns red. (1, 5).
-------
HYDROCHLORIC ACID HC1
Synonyms: Hydrogen chloride, muriatic acid.
Description: Clear, colorless to slightly yellow, fuming,
acrid liqiAd. Cannot catch fire. Strongly corrosive:
a powerful acid that is easily detected by litmus and
other indicators. Miscible with water.
Toxicity:
Local - Kwtremely irritating vapor, liquid causes
burn s.
Systemic - Moderate.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Other - Look for corrosion effects.
Detection: Commercial kits are available; sensitivity range
is 2-1.000 ppm. Suppliers include Hach,, Hellige,
Lamotte, MSA, sod Scott/Davis. (1, 5,6).
Because this is one of the strongest acids known, pJ-t
papers and pH meters ‘nay be used to monitor the
spill. In strongly alkaline waters, use the test for
the chloride ion to detect dilute solutions; see
AMMONIUM C ORIDE for recommended method.
-------
HTDROCYAMC ACID HCN
Synonyms: Formothtrile, hydrogen cyanide, prus sic acid.
Description: Colorless liquid that vaporizes at 79°F. Very
soluble. The gas is lighter than air and the liquid
is lighter than water, but is miscible. Very weakly
acid; doesn’t redden litmus. The rising vapor is
very toxic and explosive. Widely used in rodenticides
and insecticides. Characteristic odor of bitter almonds,
which is detectable at a few parts per miflion. Intensely
Poiso us .
Totcity:
Human - High.
Aquatic - High. Toxic to Esh and plankton.
YEAR RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
Detection: Commercial kits are available for detection; sensitivity
range is 2-3000 ppm. Suppliers include Kitagawa. MSA, Mach ,
and Scott/Davis. (1, 5, 6).
-------
HYDROFLUORIC ACID HF
Synonyms: None common.
Description: Clear, co]orless to slightly tinted, fuming,
mobile liquid. Sharp odor. Will attack glass,
rock, sand, or any other material that contains
silica. Completely miscible with water. Cannot
catch fire.
Toxicity:
Local - tremely irritant to eyes, skin, lungs.
Systemic - High. Toxic by skin penetration.
Aquatic - High to moderate.
Other - Look for corrosion effects in rocks, sand, and
other silica-bearing materials.
WEAR R PIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
Detection: For gross detection of acidity, use pH papers or
pH mder. For more specific detection, use any
of the conimerciaily available kits; sensitivity range
is 0. Z-7. 5 ppm. Suppliers include HeRige, Larnotte,
MSA, and Scott/Davis. (1, 5,6).
-------
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE HOOH
Synonyms: Albone, Hydrogen dioxide, peroxide, superoxol.
Description: Colorless, heavy liquid, usually sold in aqueous
solution (various strengths). Very unstable; breaks
down readily into water and oxygen. Commercial solu-
tions often contain a decomposition inhibitor, e. g.
acetophenidin or acetanilide. Bitter taste. A strong
oxidizing agent.
Toxicity:
Local - Strong solutions (35% and higher) are irritant.
Systemic - Moderate.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Other - Look for bleaching and strong evidence of
oxidation.
Detection: Mix sample with 1N HC1, then add several drops of
1% KMnO 4 . Positive resuit: the purple permanganate
solution is bleached. (1, 3,6).
-------
HYDROQU WONE C 6 H 4 (OH)z
Synonyms: Bensenedjol, hydroquinol, paradihydroxybensene,
quinol, Tecquinol.
Description: Conthustible white crystals that sink and dissolve.
Unstable in the presence of air and light. Aqueous
solutions turn brown in air.
Totcitr
Local - Irritant; can sensitize skin.
Systemic - Moderate.
Aquatic - Moderate to high.
Detection Extract 10 ml of sample with 5 ml of ether, then
separate the ether layer. Mix the ether layer with
5 ml of 1:1 XM l ) 3 . Let it stand for 5 minutes, then
dilute with 10 ml of water. Carefully sake basic (alkalify) with
10% NaOH. Positive result solution turns violet. (1. 5).
-------
HYDROXYLA.Mfl s IE NHzOH
Synonyms: Oxanunoniurn.
Description: Unstable white flakes or crystals that sink and
dissolve. Very hygroscopic. Rapidly decomposes
at room temperature, especiaUy in the presence of
oxygen and carbon dioxide. Alkaline reaction. The
acid sulfate, hydrochloride, and sulfate are common
derivatives.
Toxicity:
Local - Irritant.
Systemic - Moderate. A KNOWN CARCINOGEN.
Aquatic - Moderate .
Detection: Mix Z ml of sample with 2 ml of IN HC1. Add to it
0 ,1 g of afloxan and 0.1 g of sodium carbonate. Positive
result: solution turns violet. (1, 5. possibly 6).
-------
HYPOCHLOROUS ACID HOC1
Synonyms: None common.
Description: Greenish-yellow aqueous solution. Highly
unstable, weak acid; pH not a reliable indicator.
Decomposes to HYDROCHLORIC ACID and oxygen.
Can exist only in dilute solution. Very corrosive.
Toxicity:
Local - Irritant.
Systemic - Moderate.
Aquatic - Moderate for fish and animal life; highly
toxic to plants and algae.
Other - Look for corrosion and bleaching effects.
Detection: Test for the hypochiorite ion as foUows Prepare
2 samples in separate teat tubes. To 1 tube add a
0. 1% solution of indigo, drop by drop. To the other
tube add 0. O1N KMnO 4 solution, drop by drop.
Positive result: the indigo solution is decolorized,
but the permanganate soluUon is not. (1 , 5,6 - - animals
only).
Also refer to tests for HYDROCHLORIC AC ! !) and the
chloride ion (see AMMONIUM CHLORIDE).
-------
INDOLE (CH) 4 CC(CH) 2 NH
Synonyms: Benzopyrrole.
)escription: White to yellowish scales which turn red on
exposure to air and light. In high concentration,
the odor is unpleasant and fecal; in dilution, the
odor is pleasant. Sinks; slightly soluble.
Toxicity:
Hu man - Carcinogenic. Other effects probably low.
Aquatic - High.
)etection: Mix I nil of sample with 1 ml of 5% xanthydrol
in ethanol and 4 ml of glacial acetic acid. Heat
in boiling water for 5 minutes. Positive result:
solution turns reddish violet. (2, 5).
-------
ISOPRENE H 2 C:C(CH 3 )GH:CH 2
Synonym: Methyl butadiene.
Description Glen, colorless, volatile liqui& Mild,
aromatic odor. floats; insoluble. Highly
flanunable.
To.tcity:
Local - Liquid and vapor are irritant.
Systemic - Moderate. Harmful vapor.
Muatic - Moderate.
WEAR RESPIRATOR.
Detectiorn Test for butadiene moiety. See CHLOROBUTADIENE
for method.
-------
LACTIC ACID H 3 CCHOHCOOH
Synonyms: Hydroxypropanoic acid, milk acid.
Description: Colorless to yeUowish, odorless, hygroscopic
synp. Sinks; miscible with water. Acid to litmus.
Toxicity:
Local - Mildly irritant.
Systemic - Low to moderate.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Other - May raise BOD.
Detection: 3 steps are required for detection.
(1). Test the sample for FORMALDEHYDE (see
that entry for detection kits). This test must
be negative, or there is no point to proceethng
FORMALDEHYDE is a hazardous material too.
(2). Evaporate almost to dryness 5 ml of sample.
Let cool and add 1 nil of concentrated 112504.
Dilute with 10 tnt of water.
(3). Test for FORMALDEHYDE again. Positive
result: step (3) is positive for FORMALDEHYDE,
but step (1) is negative. (1,5,6).
-------
LACTOSE C 1 2 Hz 2 O 1 1
Synonyms: Milk sugar, saccharum lactis ,.
Descriptiorn Hard white crystalline mass or white powder.
Faintly sweet taste; odorless, but readily absorbs
odors. Sinks and dissolves.
Toxicity:
Human and aquatic - Practically norttoxic.
Other - Raises BOX),
Detection: Heat Z ml of sample for one minute with 2 m i of
5% KOH in boiling water bath. Positive result:
solution turns red-brown. Many other substances
interfere. 1, 4, 6).
-------
LANTHANUM ACETATE La(C 2 1i 3 0 2 )
Synonyms: None.
Description: Water-soluble white powder.
Toxicity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - High.
Detection: Add 2 ml of sample to 3 ml of dilute acetic acid
and 1. ml of 0. OW iodine solution. Positive result:
dark blue precipitate. (1, 5). This test for
lanthanum is the complement of the lanthanum
test for acetate. See AMMONIUM ACETATE for
details of method. (1, 5).
-------
LEAD ACETATE Pb(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2
Synonyrm Sugar of lead.
Description: White crystals or flakes, when pure;
commercial grades are frequently brown or
grayish lumps. Sinks and dissolves, but
absorbs CO 2 from air, becoming insoluble.
Combustible.
Toxicity:
Local - Irritsflt.
Systemic - Lead is a cumulative poison. Moderate.
Aquatic - ifigh.
Detectiorn The lead and acSate components must be separately
analyzed.
See AMMONIUM ACETATE for acetate methods.
To detect lead, mix 1 ml of sample with 2 ml of 5N
KCN and 1 ml of concentrated NR 4 OH. Add 4 nil of
saturated dithisone in CC1 4 solution. Positive
result tetrachioride layer turns red. Ferric ion
and phosphate interfere. (1, 5).
N. B. Many natural conditions will bring about the precipitation
of lead from s&ution. Be certain to examine surface
bottom deposits. To redissolve metals in bottom
solids, boil in aqua regia, mter discard precipitate,
and test filtrate as above.
-------
LAD ARSENATE Pb 3 (As0 4 ) 2
pionym: Lead orthoarsenate.
escripdon: White crystals or heavy white powder. Sinks;
almost insoluble. A constituent of several types
of pesticides.
:ari city:
Local - May irritate eyes and skin.
Systemic - Cumulative poison. Moderate.
Aquatic - High.
dection: The Pb and As0 4 components must be analyzed
separately.
See LEAD ACETATE for Pb methods.
To detect As0 4 , place in a test tube 1 ml of sample,
a few grains of metallic zinc, and 5 drops of 6M
H 2 5O 4 . Loosely plug the tube with cotton that has
been soaked in 1ON 1-IC1. Then cover the tube with
filter paper that has been impregnated with 20%
AgNO 3 . Positive result: the filter paper turns
brown-black. (1, 5, 6).
-------
LEAD CHLORIDE PbCI 2
Synonyms: None common.
Description: White crystals. Sink; slightly soluble.
Toxicity:
Human - A cumulative poison. Moderate.
Aquatic - High.
Detection: See LEAD ACETATE for Pb methods. See
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE for Cl nxethods Since
the Pb is much more important than the Cl ,
consider dissolving suspect bottom solids in
boiling aqua regia to dissolve any lead present.
-------
LAD NITRATE Ib(N0 3 )z
synonyms : None common.
)escription: White crystals that sink and dissolve. The
aqueous solution is slightly acid.
roxicity:
Local - Astringent; irritant in high concentration.
Systemic - Cumulative poison. Moderate.
Aquatic - High.
Detection: The Pb and NO 3 components must be analyzed
separately, but the Pb is much more important.
See LEAD ACETATE for Pb methods. See
AMMONIUM NITRATE for NC 3 methods.
-------
LEAD SULFATE PbSO 4
Synonyms: Anglesite, lanarkite.
Description: Heavy, white crystals. Sink; almost
insoluble in cold water.
Toxicity: Same as LEAD CHLORIDE.
Detection: See LEAD ACETATE for Pb methods. Treat
solid samples with concentrated NaOH, which
will dissolve any PbSO 4 present as undissolved
solid. See ALUMINUM SULFATE for 504
methods.
-------
LEAD T ETRAETHYL PbR 4
Synonyrn Tetraethyl lead.
Includes: Mixed lead alkyls . e. g. • various methyl and
ethyl derivatives.
Description: Heavy colorless liquid, frequently tinted with
a dye. Sweet odor. Sinks; almost insoluble.
Decomposes slowly at room temperature. A
principal ingredient of motor fuel antiknock
compounds.
Toxicity;
Human - Moderate to high by all routes,
including inhalation and skin absorption.
Aquatic - High ,
WEAR RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
Detection This substance is just soluble enough to yield
a positive response to the Pb method recommended
at the LEAD ACETATE entry. For higher concen-
trations of Pb ion, reflux 2 ml of sample with 5 ml
of 6N HNO 3 . After a clear solution is obtained,
let cool and dilute with 50 ml of water. Then test
for Pb as above.
-------
LINOLEIC ACID C 18 diunsaturated monocarboxylic acid
Synonyms: Linolic acid, octadecandienoic acid, a major
ingredient of linseed oil, safflower oil, and taU oil.
Description: Colorless to straw-colored oil, easily oxidized
by air. Floats; practically insoluble. The sodium
salt is a common soap, very soluble, and a good
sudsing agent.
Toxicity:
Human - Practically nontotc: an edible oil.
Aquatic - Variable, from very low to very high.
Detection: Use unsaturated sites as presumptive test. For a
distinct organic phase of supernatant oil, add a
few drops of bromine in carbon tetrachloride (about
1%). Positive result: bromine is decolorized. For
the dispersed aqueous phase (especially for the
sodium salt), add a few drops of 1% aqueous KMnO 4 .
Positive result: the permanganate color disappears.
Other unsaturated organics and strong redoxing
agents interfere. (1, 3).
-------
LITHIUM CHLORIDE L1C 1
Synonyms: None.
Description: White deliquescent crystals, very soluble
in water. Sharp salty taste.
Toxicity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Low.
Detection: Detect Li ion as follows. Mix 2 ml of sample
with 10 ml of amyl alcohol. Evaporate the mixture
on a hot plate (ABSOLUTELY NO FLAME) until
all the water has been expelled. Filter arid add.
the filtrate to 2% ammonium stearate in amyl
alcohol. Positive result: precipitate forms.
(1, 5,6).
-------
MALEIC AC m HOOCCIbCHCOOH
Synonyms: Cisbutenedioic acid, maleinic acid toxilic
acid, ethylene dicarboxylic acid.
Descriptiorn Colorless crystals. Very soluble Lu water.
Faint odor; repulsive astringent taste. Combustible.
Acid to litmus.
Toxicity:
Local - Very irritant; sensitizes skin and
respiratory tract.
Systemic - Low.
Aquatic - Moderate.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING ADVISABLE.
Detectiorn Only conctrated solutions can be reliably
detected by pH. For dilute solutions, use test
for unsaturation as follows. Add to 5 ml of
sample a few drops of 1% KMnO 4 (aqueous).
Positive result the perrnanganate is decolorized.
Other unsaturated organics and strong redoring
agents interfere. (1, 3).
-------
MLEIC ANTHYDRIDE HC:CHC(O)OC(O)
Synonyms: Cisbutenedioic anhydride, furanectione , toxilic
anbyctride.
)ncription: Colorless needles that sublime readily. Floats,
hydrolyzing slowly to form MALEIC ACID.
Toxicity: See MALEIC ACID.
)etection: See MALEIC ACID.
-------
MALTOSE
Synonyms: Maltobios e, malt sugar.
Description: Colorless crystalline solid. Sweet taste;
odorless. Sinks and dissolves. Combustible.
Toxicity:
Human and Aquatic - Practically norttoxic.
Other - Raises 801).
Detection: Detect as a sugar. See GLUCOSE for method?
-------
IETHANETHIOL H 3 CSH
‘nonyms: Methyl mercaptan, merc aptomethane, thiomethyl
alcohol, methyl sulfhydrate.
)escription: Colorless, flammable gas with very powerful
unpleasant odor (like rotten cabbage) at room
temperature. Colorless liquid below 43°F. Floats;
slightly soluble. The sodium salt is water soluble;
the copper salt is practically insoluble.
tcity:
Local - Strong irritant.
Systemic - Low, but high concentrations are
narcotic, and the odor is often nauseating.
Aquatic - High.
Other - Damages plants and phytoplankton as well
as fauna.
P1RATOR ADVISABLE.
tction: The unpleasant odor is detectable by the unaided
nose down to a few ppm. Simply heating a few ml
of sample should be sufficient to produce enough
odor for detection. Also see BUTYL MERCAPTAN.
(1,4, 63. Commercial kits are available for detection;
sensitivity range is 5-120 ppm. One supplier is
Kitagawa. (1,4 or 5,6).
-------
MflRA.NOL 14 3 C0H
Synonyms: Carbisiol, methyl alcohol, wood alcohol,
wood spirit.
Des cri$iom Clear, colorless, mobile highly polar
liquid. Miscible with water. flammable
(flash point is 54°F). Technical grades may
have a repulsive odor.
Toxicity :
Local - May Irritate. Dries skin.
Systemic - Low, but high concentration.. may
cause bJftudne.s. Toxic effects by aU
routei.
Aquatic - Low.
Detecfion Commercial kits are available; sensitivity range
is 100-10,000 ppm Suppliers include
Kitagawa, M M , and Scott/Davis. (I or 2,5,6).
As presunqtve test, use method for aliphatic
alcohols (see BUTYL ALCOHOL). U 3,6).
-------
METHYL ACETATE l-L 3 CCOOCH 3
Syncrnyms: None common.
Description.: Colorless, flarmnable, volatile liquid;
fragrant odor. Floats; miscible with water.
Toricity
Local - May irritate respiratory tract.
Systemic - Low; may be narcotic in high
concentrations.
Aquatic - (Low).
Detection: Commercial kits are available; sensitivity
range is 100- 3000 ppm. Suppliers include Scott/
Davis and Ritagawa. (1 5,6).
-------
METHYL ACRYLATE H 2 C:CHCOOCH 3
Synonyms: Acrylic acid methyl ester, methyl propenoate.
Description: Colorless, volatile liquid. Acrid odor. Floats,
partially soluble. Polymerizes easily on standing:
polymerization is accelerated by beat, light, and
peroxides. The monomer is often inhibited by such
substances as HYDROQUINONE. The polymer is a
transparent, elastic, odorless, insoluble solid; it
floats. The polymer is not toxic.
Toxicity: (Monomer only)
Local - Strong irritant and lacrimator.
Systemic - Low; central nervous system effects from
inhaling high concentrations of vapor.
Aquatic - (Low).
Other - As the monomer polymerizes, it may coat
floating plants, shore structures, and
exposed beach areas.
RESPIRATOR AND PROTECT IVE CLOTHING ADVISABLE.
Detection: Use gross presumptive test for unsaturation;
see BENZENE for method. (1, 3). Specific
identification requires hydrolysis and GC.
-------
METHYLAMINE H 3 C NH 2
Synonyms: Arninomethane, monomethylainine.
Description: Colorless flammable gas that may liquefy on
very cold days (20°F). Marketed in liquid form
or as a 33% aqueous solution. Strong odor of
ammonia. Floats; very soluble. A strong base.
The hydrochloride and picrate derivatives are
soluble solids.
toxicity:
Lccal - Strong irritant.
Systemic - Moderate by inhalation; low by
other routes.
Aquatic - High.
Detection: Commercial kits are available; sensitivity range
is 10-500 ppm. One supplier is MSA. (1,5,6).
May also be detected by test for primary amine;
see PROPYLAMINE for method.
-------
METHYL SlIDE H 3 CN 3
Synonyms: None.
Descripfiorn Colorless liquid that gasifies at room temperature.
Reacts with water to form METHYL AMINE and
nitrogen. Explosive.
Totcity See METHYL AMINE.
Detection See METHYL AMiNE.
-------
METNYLETHYL PYRIDINE (H 3 C)C 5 H 3 N(C 2 0 5 )
Synonyms: Aidehyde coUidine, aldehycbne, ethyl picoline, MEP.
Description: Colorless liquid with sharp, biting odor. Floats;
slightly soluble. Combustible. The hydrochloride
and picrate derivatives are soluble solids; the
hydrochloride is colorless, the picrate orange.
Toxicity: See PYRIDINE.
Detection: Test for secondary amine as follows. Prepare reagent
by dissolving 0. 5 g NiC1 1 he.xahydrate in 100 ml water.
While shaking, add CS to slight excess. Just before
testing sample, add 2 ml concentrated N}1 4 0H to 5 ml
of reagent. Then add sample. Positive result; well-
defined precipitate. (1,3).
Specific identification may be accomplished in an
improvised laboratory equipped with a UV spectrophotometer.
-------
METHYLISOBUTYL KETONE (CH 3 )zCHCH 2 COC H 3
Synonyms: Hexone, i sopropylac etone, rnethylpentanone, MIB1c.
Description: Co]nrless, stable, flammable liquid. Pleasant
odor similar to camphor. Floats; slightly soluble.
Toxicitr
Local - Irritant.
Systemic - Moderate to high. Some States restrict
the use of MIEX because of its toxicity.
Aquatic - (Moderate).
N. B. Many authorities give this compound much
lower ratings; the ratings given here are
pessimistic and conservative.
Detection: Commercial kits are available; sensitivity range
is 5-1000 ppm. Suppliers include Scott/Davis and Ritagawa.
l, 5,6).
-------
METHYLMETHACRyLATE
Synonym: Acrylic resin monomer.
Description: Colorless, clear, volatile, flammable liquid.
Sharp, fragrant odor. Floats; slightly soluble.
Readily polymerized by light, heat, ionizing
radiation, and catalysts. The monomer is
usually shipped with a polymerization inhibitor
(such as HYDROQUrNONE ).
Toxicity;
Local - Very irritant.
Systemic - Moderate.
Aquatic - Moderate.
RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING ADVISABLE.
Detection: Specific identification requires hydrolysis and
GC. As presumptive test, use method for detecting
unsaturation (see BENZENE for details).
-------
MOLASSES Mixed sugars
Synonyms: Blackstrap.
Description: The dark, syrup liquid residue after sucrose
has been removed from the juice of sugar beet
or cane. Composition varies with the extent of
sugar removal. Blacketrap molasses (from which
no more sugar can be economically removed) contains
about S0% sugars, 20% other organics, 10% ash 1 and
20% water. Sinks and dissolves. Viscosity depends
on temperature.
Toxicity:
Human and Aquatic - Practically nontoxic.
Other - Raises BOO; may smother bottom life;
may taint the flavor of fish and foul
surfaces.
Detection: Treat as mixed sugars. For recommended methods,
see GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE.
-------
MOLYBDIG ANHYDRIDE MoO 3
Synonyms: Molybdenum trioxide, molybdic oxide or
acid anbydricle.
Description: White powder or granules which may be tinged
with yellow. Siüks; very sparingly soluble.
Toxicity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Moderate. More toxic in hard than in
soft water.
Detection: Dissolve suspect solids in 3M HCL Test filtrate
and suspect liquids as follows. Dissolve 0. 5 g
NZH4:Hz50 4 in 2 ml of sample in a test tube. Add
4 ml aqueous methylene blue. Place the test tube
in boiling wat er. Positive result: the methylene
blue is decolorized. lttrates and thiosulfates
interfere. (1 .4,6).
-------
MONOETI4ANOLALMINE HO(CH 2 ) 2 NH 2
Synonyms Ethanojarn.ine . MEA, calamine, aminoethanol,
hydroryethylarnine.
Descriplioxu Colorless, rather viscous, hygroscopic liquid.
Amrnoniacal odor. A strong base. Miscible with
water. Sinks in clean fresh water; may float on
heavily polluted or salt or brackish water. Corn-
bustible. Absorbs CO 2 and 142$.
Toxicity:
Local - Irritant, especially to the eyes.
Systemic - Low.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detection: Mix 3 ml of sample with 3 ml of 15% sulfuric acid.
Acid to it 2 ml of 3% periodic acid. After 2 minutes,
dilute with 5 ml of water. Then test for FOItMALDE-
HYDE and AMMONIIJM (see FORMALDEHYDE and
AMMONiA for details of methods). (1, 5).
Alternatively, test for primary amine; see PRC)PYLAMINE
for details of method. (I, 3J.
The odor of ammonia and the pH may be sufficient for
detecting significant concentrations. (1, 3).
-------
MONOLSOPROPANQLAJ4j q H 3 CCH (OH)CHzNH 2
Synonyms: Anñnopropanol, hydroxypropylarnirte, MIPA.
Description: Clear, colorless liquid. Slight ammoniacal
odor. Floats and dissolves. Combustible.
Toxicity: See MONOETHANOLAMINE.
Detection: See MONOETHANOLAMINfl
-------
MUSTARD GAS (C1CH 2 CH 2 ) 2 S
Synonyms: Bis(cIdoroethyl)suI flde dichioroethyl sulfide.
dicblorodiethyl sulfide, Hi). sulfur mustard.
Descri0fl Oily liquid. A strong blistering agent, used
as a war gas. Weak, sweet odor. Forms prisms at
55°F. Sinks; sparingly soluble. Decomposed by
water.
Toxicity:
Local - Powerful vesicant Burns. blisters and
quickly causes conjunctivitis and blindness.
Violently corrosive to all tissues.
Systemic - Thghly toxic by all routes, incluaAing
skin penetration and inhalation.
Aquatic - gL
WEAR RESPIRATOR AND FULL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
DetecUon Several types of papers, kits. tubes, and crayons
for detection are available from the U. S. Army
Chemical Corps. (2,5,6). Because mustard gas
is decomposed by water, it is possible to test
samples for sulfide, using the metltd given for
AMMONIUM SULFIDE. (1,4).
-------
QIPHTHALENE C 10 H 8 , bicycic
1 mnyms: Naphthene, napthalin, tar camphor.
scription White, crystalline, volatile flakes (a common
variety of moth flakes, moth balls, etc.). Strong odor
of coal tar. Sinks; practically insoluble. Combustible.
nicity:
Local - May irritate skin.
Systemic - Low.
Aquatic - High.
)decion: Use presumptive test for unsaturation; see BENZENE
for details. For speciüc identification, extract the sample
with ether, then use liv.
-------
NAPHTHALIC ACID C 10 H 6 (COOH) 2 , bicyclic
Synonym: Naphthalene thcarborylic acid.
Description: White crystals that sink in water; practically
insoluble.
Toxicity:
Human - (Low).
Aquatic - Moderate to high.
Detection2 See NAPHTHALENE and BENZ ENE.
-------
MP}ITHENIC ACID C 6 H 10 COOH arid similar structures.
Istlodes: A group of saturated cycloalkyl fatty acids, especially
cyclohenneca rboxylic acid (hexahydrobensoic acid .
Description; The commercial grade is usually a mixture of
acids; dark, foul-smeUing, corrosive (to metals)
solids and sludges. Usually sink (depends on
commercial grade and density of the water); slightly
soluble. Pure cyclohexanecarboxylic acid is a
colorless solid, which may be odorless or slightly
smelling of valerian (very unpleasant): it may sink
or float, and is slightly soluble.
tancity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Moderate to high.
)mection: There is no suitable method for detection at
water’s edge. In an improvised laboratory,
potentiometric titration and CC may help idenlifica-
tion.
-------
NAPHTW)L C 10 H 7 0H. bicycic
Synonym: liydroxnapl’ &ene.
Descriptiorn Shiny wbite pouder or bulky leaflets which
darken on exposure to sunligM and with age.
Faint odor of phmxL Con*uslible. Sinks;
slightly sol.hle.
Toxicity:
Local - May produce pe l 4 ng and discoloration of skin..
Systemic - Low.
Aquatic - ltgh.
Other - Small emounts taint the flavor of fish.
Detection; Can tnt for unsaturatlon (see BENZENE) or for
aromatic alcohol, as follows. Combine 2 ml of
sample with 5 nil of reagent (a 10% solution of ceric
ammoni nitrate in ZN uitric sad). Positive
result greenish bnwn to precipitate. (1 . 3).
To detect the beta isomer, mix 1 nil of the sample with
S ml of 0.1% malic acid in concentrated sulfuric acid.
Positive result the beta isomer gives a yellow solution
that fluoresces blue. (1, 5). To detect the alpha isomer 1
mix 2 nig of acsinilide with 1 nil of 10% sodium nitrite
and I ml of concentrated HCL After letting stand for
1 minute, add 1 ml of 1014 NaCH and 10 mg of urea.
Thai add Z ml of eth,vwiil and I ml of sample. Positive
result the alpha isomer turns the solution red or
orange. (1 5).
-------
*APHTHYLAMINE C 10 H 7 NH 2 , bicyclic
Synonyms: Aminonaphthalene, naphthalidine.
liclodes: Both the alpha and beta isomers and their common
derivatives.
Description: White to reddish crystalline solid which reddens
on exposure to air and light. Sinks, but may float in
polluted, salt, or brackish water. Slightly soluble.
The HCl derivative is quite soluble, and the acetate
derivative is very soluble. AU the derivatives are
sensitive to light and expOsure.
Tox icity :
Human - A KNOWN CARCINOGEN, outlawed in at least
one State. Acute toxicity is moderate.
Aquatic - (Moderate).
YEAR FULL PROTECTWE CLOTHING; RESPIRATOR ADVISABLE.
Ddection: Several methods are available.
(I). Naplithylamine reduces warm axnrnoniacal
silver nitrate solution. Positive result:
precipitate. (1, 5).
(U). Extract samples with chloroform and
separate. Irradiate the chloroform
extract under a UV lamp for 10 minutes.
Positive result: the extract turns red
or orange. (1,5).
(UI). Test for primary amine; see PROPYLAMINE
for details of method. (1,3).
-------
NEUTRAL SURFACTAI4TS RSO Na
Includes: A wide variety of neutral detergents, all the sodium
salts of sulfated fatty alcohols derived from various
plant and animal sources. Two of the most important
are sodium lauryl sulfate (although the article of
conirnerce is a mixture of alkyi sulfates, with the laur ate
predominating) and u-octyi sodium sulfate (the so- cafled
Gardinol family of detergents). Some of the most im-
portant brand names are Gardinol. Duponol, Modinal,
Aurofix, Moprofix, Tergavon, Sandopan, Cyclopan,
Cyclanon, Sapidan, Lissapol, Teepol, and Irium.
Description; White or cream colored crystals, flakes, and powders.
Faint fatty odor. Smooth feel. Neutral to litmus. Sink
and dissolve readily, giving an opalescent soapy solution.
These common wetting agents and detergents are widely
used as ingredients of tootlipastes, cosmetics, etc.
Toxicity:
Human- Low.
Aquatic - Reports vary; sometimes High, usnafly Low.
Other - Can cause extensive foaming and sudsing.
Detection: Mix sample with 10 ml of chloroform and 20 ml of
axnmonium hezathiocobaltate reagent (200 mg ammoniumn
thiocyanate and 30 g Co(N0 3 ) 3 in one liter of water).
Positive result: blue chloroform layer. (1, 4).
-------
NICKEL AMMONIUM SULFATE NiSO 4 - (NH 4 ) 2 50 4
Synonyms: Ammo nium ü ckel sulfate, ammo ni urn dis ulfatonickelate.
Description: Bluish -green crystalline solid that sinks and dissolves.
Concentrated solutions are slightly acidic.
tori city:
Local . Irritant to skin.
Systemic - Low but may be carcinogenic.
Aquatic - High.
N. B. Nickel compounds are highly toxic to fish and
zooplankton. Soluble nickel compounds spilled
in water may be precipitated by such natural
phenomena as absorption of CO 2 . hydroxylation,
and reactions with sulfides. Collect suspect
solids and bottom samples and boil them with
HNO 3 to redissolve the nickel, which may then
be detected by the methods given below.
Detection: Test for the Ni, NH 4 , and SO 4 components separately.
Test for nickel as follows. Drop concentrated NH 4 OH
into 2 nil of sample until the solution is basic. Filter
if a precipitate forms. Add 1 ml alcoholic saturated
dimethylglyoxime to the filtrate. Positive result:
a pink or red precipitate. Ferrous, cupric, and
cobaltous ions interfere. (1, 4).
See AMMONIUM ACETATE for tests.
See ALUMINUM SULFATE for 504 tests.
-------
NICKEL CHLORIDE NiC 1 2
Synonym: Nick elous chloride.
Description: Golden powder, brown scales, or green
crystals, depending on degree of hydration
and technical purity. All forms are deliquescent.
Sinks and dissolves. The aqueous solution is
mildly acidic (pH of 4).
Toxicity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - High.
Detection: See NICKEL AMMONIUM SULFATE for Ni methods.
See AMMONIUM CHLORIDE for Cl methods.
-------
NICKEL NITRATE Ni(N0 3 ) 2
Synonym: Nickelous nitrate.
Description: Green, deliquescent crystals that sink and.
dissolve, giving a mildly acidic solution (pH of 4).
A strong oxidizing agent..
Toxicity:
Local - Irritant.
Systemic - Low.
Aquatic - High.
Other - Even if the Ni should be precipitated from
solution, the NO 3 may stimulate plant
growth.
Detection: See NICKEL AMMONIUM SULFATE for Ni methods.
See AMMONIUM NITRATE for NO 3 methods.
-------
NICKEL SULFATE N ISO 4
Synonym: Nickelous sulfate.
Description: Crystalline solid, which may be yellowish
bluish, or clear green, depending on degree of
hydration. Sinks and dissolves. The solution
has a sweet, astringent taste. The solution is
mildly acidic (pH of 4. 5).
Toxicity:
Local - Irritant.
Systemic - Low.
Aquatic - High.
Detection: See NICKEL AMMONIUM NITRATE for Ni methods.
See ALUMINUM SULFATE for 504 methods.
-------
NITRIC ACID I- 1N0 3
Synonyms: Aqua fortis, azotic acid, engraver’s acid;
ingredient of mixed acid, nitrating acid, aqua
r egia, niitrohydro chioric acid, nitrornuriatic
acid, chloronitrous acid, chioroazotic acid.
Description: CLear to light-brown liquid; may he yellowish
and fuming. Suffocating odor; caustic and corrosive.
Decomposes in strong light and heat, turning reddish.
A very strong oxidizing agent, and one of the strongest
acids. Extremely reactive.
toxicity:
Local -. The liquid causes severe burns. The vapor
is strongly irritant, and may cause fatal lung
injury.
Systemic - Moderate to high.
Aquatic - Moderate to high.
Other - Corrosive to nearly everything it touches;
look for extensive corrosion damage. Nitrates
are plant nutrients; look for growth stimulation
of plants downstream.
WEPSR RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
Detection: Test first with pH indicator or meter for an acid
(1, 3, possibly 6). Then test for NO 3 ion; see
AMMONIUM NITRATE for method.
-------
NITRIC OXIDE MO
Synonyms: Mononitrogen monoxide, nitrogen monoxide.
Description: Colortese gas or liquefied gas. Immediately
on contact with air, NO It converted into the highly
toxic brown NITROGEN DIOXIDE, NITROGEN
TETRO]CIDE, or both. Turns brown in air. The
gas and its oxidation products are soluble in water,
giving NITRIC ACiD and related acids.
Toxicity: See NITROGEN DIOXIDE and NITRIC ACID. Look
for corrosion effects.
WEAR RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
Detectiorn Commercial kits are available for detecting NO;
sensitivity range is 0. 5-1000 ppm. Z, 5,6). Also
see NITRIC ACID. pit is a good indicator of aquatic
hazard.
-------
NITR.OAN ILINE H 2 NC 6 H 4 NO 2
Synonym: Nitrani.line.
Descriptiorn Yellow to orange crystalline solid. Discolor.
in strong light. Sinks; slightly soluble.
Toxicity:
Local - lrrttant.
Systemic - Moderate to high by all routes, including
inhalation and absorption through intact skin.
Aquatic - Moderate.
EAR RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTWE CLOTHING.
Detection: Speci c identification of the isomers can be
accomplished by UV spectros copy. (1, 516). Gross
presumptive tests include unsaturation (see BENZ ENE
for method) and primary amine (see PROPYLAMINE
for method).
-------
NITROBENZENE C 6 11 5 NO 2
Synonyms: Nitrobenzol, oil of mirbane.
Description: Colorless to pale yellow oily liquid; freezes at
43°F to give yellow crystals. Odor of almonds.
Sinks; slightly soluble. Forms an explosive vapor
layer above the water surface.
Toxicity:
Local - Irritant, especially to the eyes.
Systemic - Moderate by a U routes, including
inhalation and absorption through intact
skin.
Aquatic - High.
WEAR RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
Detection: Extract 10 ml of sample with 5 ml of ether and
evaporate the ether on a steam bath. Carefully
add 3 ml of concentrated to the residue.
Positive result: solution turns yellow. Nitrotoluene
(which is also a toxic industrial material) interferes.
(1, 5).
-------
XITROCHLOROBENZENE CIC 6 H 4 NO 2
Synonym: Chlorothtrobenzene.
Description: Combustible yellow crystalline solid. Sinks;
Virtually insoluble.
To xicity:
Local - Irritant.
Systemic - Moderate.
Aquatic - High to moderate.
PROTECTIVE C LC) THING ADVISABLE.
Detection: The only suitable test for use at water’s edge
is the presumptive test for unsaturation (see
BENZENE for method). In an improvised labora-
tory, use GC for identification.
-------
NITROCRESOL
Synonym: MethylthtrOpheflOL
Description: Yellow, combustible, crystal l ine solid. Sinks;
slightly soluble.
Toxicity:
Human - Moderate to high by all routes.
AqusUc - (Moderatal.
flOflCTWE CLOTHING ADViSABLE.
Daect in For gross pr.s qtn mdbod. test for unsaturation
(see 5F31Z721E for method . In an improvised laboratory,
U n UT .pectrvscOpy.
-------
MTROGEN DIOXIDE
wnyms: None common.
Dsscription Reddish brown gas, liquid below 7 2°F.
Suffocating sharp odor. The commercial brown
liquid under pressure is often called “nitrogen
tetroride” or “N-two-O-four” although in
actuality it is an equilibrium mixture of NO and
the colorless P1204. The liquid sinks and dissolves .
forming NITRIC ACID and NITRIC OXIDE. The gas
dissolves, forming the same products. The gas is
an insidious deadly poison.
Inicity: See NITRIC ACID.
YEAR RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
Ddecfion Commercial kits are available; sensitivity range
is 0.1-1000 ppm. Suppliers include Davis, Kitagawa,
MSA, and Scott/ flats. (2, 5,6).
-------
NITROGEN TETROXIDE N 2 0 4
Synonyms: None common.
Descriptiorn This colorless gas is very unstable, and
spontaneously decomposes into NITROGEN DIOXIDE.
Totcity See NITROGEN DIOXIDE and NITRIC ACiD.
DetectiOn2 See NITROGEN DIOXIDE and NITRIC ACID.
-------
JITROPHENOL } 5OC 6 H 4 N0 1
Spsnyrns: None common.
De.cription: Yellow crystals that sink in water; slightly
soluble. A widely used p1-i indicator for acids.
Depending on the isomer, the indicator solution
turns from colorless in strong acids to bright
yellow in weak acids.
T thcity:
1 -lurnan - Moderate to high.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Mection: Only the grossest presumptive test is suitable
for use at water’s edge; perform test for unsatura-
tion (see BENZENE for method), in an improvised
laboratory, use UV spectroscopy. For another
presumptive test, see comments above under
“Description”; this test is based on n.itropbenol as
a pH indicator, but the color change is not sharp
and CO 2 interferes.
-------
NITROPROPANE C 3
Synonymst None commOn.
Descriptiorn Colorless, flanwnsble liquid. May float or
sink depending on the dissolved solids in water.
Slightly soluble.
Toxicity:
Hnnian - I 4 ow .
Mualic - (law).
Detection Commercial kits are available; sensitivity range
is 5-150 ppnz. One supplier is MSA. (1, 5,6).
-------
ifROUS ACID
uonyms: None common.
scriptioni A weak acid, known only in solution, which is
pale blue. Changes rapidly in water to NITRIC OXIDE
and NITRIC ACID. Forms stable, soluble nitrites with
several common cations, including Na, K, and Ca.
lthcity: Similar to NITRIC ACID, but lower. Nitrous acid
is a known mutagen, and may produce genetic effects.
Mection: See NITRIC OXIDE and NITRIC ACID.
Commercial kits for nitrite or nitrate/nitrite
detection are available from Lamotte, Taylor,
HeUige , and Hach. Sensitivity range is 0.1 - 1200
ppm. (2,5,6).
-------
NITROUS OXIDE N 2 0
Synonyms: Dinitrogen monoxide, factitious a, hyponitro us
anhydride, laughing gas.
Description: Colorless asphyxiant gas. Slightly sweet taste
and odor. Soluble. Supports combustion, but stable
and inert at room temperature. Commercial form is
liquefied gas.
toxicity:
Human. Low.
Aquatic - (Law).
Other - The water solution of nitrous oxide is a
mildly corrosive acid.
Detection: Commercial kits are available; sensitivity
range is 0. 5-1000 ppm. One supplier is Scott/Dav is.
(2,5,6).
-------
ROXYLOL (CH 3 ) 2 C 6 H 3 N0 2
5monyxn: Nitroxylene.
)scription: Yellow liquid or yeUowish crystalline solid,
depending on the isomeric form. SinXs; practically
insoluble.
Taxicity:
Local - I rritant.
Systemic - Moderate to high.
Aquatic - (Moderate to high).
section: At water’s edge, even the gross presumptive test
for unsaturation (8ee BENZENE for method) may fail.
In an improvised laboratory, use GG.
-------
OCTYL ALCOIKIL C 8 H 15 0H
Synonyms: Octanol, heptyl carbinol . capryl alcohol,
methylberyl carbinoL.
Descripticxn There are 2 common isomers, which have somewhat
different properties. The x i isomer is a coiorless com-
bustible liquid with a penetrating aromatic odor. Floats:
very insoluble. The sec isomer is a colorless, refractive,
combustible, oily liquid which floats and is slightly soluble.
Its odor is much less pronounced. Both isomers are used
as antlfoaming agents.
Ton cit y :
Human - Low.
Mnfic - Moderate.
Detecfion Test for sliphatic alcohol (see BUTYL ALCOHOL for
method). In an improvised laboratory. use OC for
identificabon.
-------
CLEIC A c m H 3 C(C 1 1 2 ) 7 C 1 1:CH(CH 3 ) 7 COOH
Synonyms: Octadecenoic acid, Turkey red oil.
]Description This acid is a component of all natural fats and
some oils. Commercial grades are yellow to red
oily liquids that darken on exposure to air and solidify
at about 40°F. SmeU like lard. Combustible. Floats;
practically insoluble. Purified grades are nearly color-
less and odorless; they are used in making soft soaps
and oil solvents.
Toxicity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - (Low; but there have been reports of high
fish toxicity from sodium oleate.)
Detection: Use presumptive teat for unsaturation (see BENZENE
for method). For more precise identification, extract
the sample with ether, evaporate the ether, then deter-
mine the iodine value of the residue or use GC; these
methods are more suitable to an improvised laboratory
than to a test at water’s edge.
-------
OXALIC AC m HOOCCOOB
Synonyrn Etbanedioic acid.
Description: Transparent, colorless crystals. Sinks and
dissolves. Acid to litmus. Corrosive.
Toxicity:
Local - Strongly irritant.
Systemic - Moderate.
Aquatic - Moderate.
WEAR PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
Detection: Use pH indicator for strong acid (1, 3). Then
mix 1 ml of sample with I ml of 1:9 sulfuric acid.
Add slowly and carefully S mg of metallic zinc.
Let stand for 30 minutes. Add slowly 2 r i -il of
0.01% 2, 7-dibydroxynapbthalene in 1:1 sulfuric
acid. Heat in boiling water for 5 minutes. Posi-
tive result: solution turns red. (1, 5, 6).
-------
OXYPROP IONIflLLE O(CH 2 CH 2 CN) 2
Synonym: ODPN.
Description: Colorless, coinbustile liquid that sinks and
dissolves.
Toxicity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Low.
Detection: There is no suitable method for detection at
water’s edge. In an improvised laboratory, use GC.
-------
PARAFO IU&&LDZHYDE ROICHaO)nM
Synonynt Paraform..
Includes: 3 y -frionne. PABAFORMALDEHYDE is a polymer
of VORMALDEHYDE in which n is 8-100: in this listing
we Include all polymeric forms of PORI4ALDEHYDE.
D..criptiorn PARAFORMALDEHYDE is a white solid with a
slight odor of Formaldehyde. Cornmercisfly available
as flakes or powders, used in germicides. SUik., but
soinbility depends on the else of the polymer: lower
polymers are much more soluble than higher polymers.
Cmnbostible. !x!! .trtonne is awbite crystatlint soli d
with a pronounced foewnaldehyde odor; it sink. and
dissolves.
Toxicity:
Systemic - Moderate.
Aquatic - Moderat, to low, depentlifl on actability.
D dot
(I). [ )dMct as FORMALDEHYDE (see that entry for method).
(U . Alternatively apply a g eral teat for aliieh rdes, as
follows. Add 2 ml of Baudict’s solution to S ml of
sample. Betedicts solution is made as follows.
Combine 17.3 g of h rdnted cupric sulfate, 173.0 g
of sodium citrate, and 100 g of anhydroos sothum
carbonate: add distilled water to r ake I liter.
Positive result el i aldehydes give a yellow to green
precipitate. (1. 4).
(1113. Alternatively, apply the following test for aldehydee.
Mix 2 ml of sample with 2 ml of dilute sulfurous
acid and I ml of 0.1% fuchein in sulfurous acid.
Positive result solution turns violet or blue.
(14).
-------
PENTANAL H 3 C(CH 2 ) 3 CHO or (H 3 C)ZCHCHZCHO
Synonyms: A my! aldehyde. isovaleral, isovaleraldebyde
isovaleric aldehyde methylbutyraldehyde valeral
valeraldehyde nleric aldehyde.
Description: Clear colorless flammable liquid. floats;
slightly soluble. Isovaleral.dehyde has & strong
smell similar to apples..
Toxicity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Low.
Detection: Detect as aldehyde; see PARAFORMALDEHYDE for
Tfl etbods.
-------
PENTANE C 5 H
Synonyin Amyl hydride.
Description: Colorless, flammable liquid. Pleasant odor.
floats; soluble. Used in pesticides.
Toxicitr
Human - Slight.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detectiorn Commercial kits are available for detecting
hydrocarbons. Scott/Davis is one supplier.
(1 ,4,6).
-------
PENTANOL C 5 H , OH
Synonyms: Antyl alcohol, methyl propyl carbinol, methylbutyl
alcohol, ethyipropanol, di ethyl carbinol, methylbutanol,
dimethyl ethyl carbinol, amylene hydrate.
Includes: 1usd, which is a mixture of alcohols, largely pentanols.
Description: The various isomers of pentanol have somewhat
different properties. All are colorless, flammable.
volatile liquids that float on water. All are flotation
agents. The tert isomer smells like camphor; other
iscmeru nave a mild udor. Depending on the isomer,
pentanol is slightly to very soluble. Fusel oil is an
oily, volatile liquid that floats and is slightly soluble.
Toxicity:
Human - Low to moderate, depending on isomer.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detection: Detect as aliphatic alcohol; see B1JTYL ALCOHOL
for method.
-------
PENTENE
Sywnyxns: Amylene, propylettylene, niethylahylethylene.
Descriptiorn There are several isomers. Flammable, clear
liquids. float; practically insoluble. trans - Z- peatene
is a polymerisatlon inhibitor, aS may be mixed with
active mo mers (e.g. ,. acrylates).
Tori citr
_- Pa ).
_ _ _ _ - Moderate to high.
Daectloa Test br unsaturation; see BENZENE for method.
-------
PHENOL C 6 H 5 OH
Synonyms: Carbolic acid, cresylic acid, hydroxybenzene,
phethc or phenylic acid.
scripfion: Colorless to pink crystalline solid or fluid.
Reddens on expos are to air. Characteristic
odor and taste of disinfectants. Sinks and dissolves
readily.
aricity:
Local - Irritant, caustic to skin.
Systemic - Moderate to high by ingestion.
Aquatic - High for almost all forms of aquatic life.
Other - Subtoxic amounts may taint the flavor of fish.
TEAR PROTECTWE CLOTHING.
)etection: Commercial kits are available; sensitivity range
is 0. 5-10 ppm. One supplier is Scott/ Davis.
(2, 5,6).
-------
PHENYLCARBYLAMD E CHLORIDE C 6 H 5 NC C l 2
Synonyms: None common.
Descriptioir A chemical warfare agent. Pale yellow oil v
liquid. Mildly volatile; odor like onions. Sinks;
practically insoluble.
Toxicity:
Local - Extremely irritating to skin and mucous
membranes.
Systemic - High.
Aquatic - (High).
WtAR IU PIBATOR AND PROTECTLVE CLOTI-ILNO.
Detection: Kits are available from the U. S. Army Chemical
Corps.
-------
PHOSGENE 0CC ! 2
Synonyms: Carbon oxychloride, carbonyl chloride,
chloroformyt chloride.
Description: Colorless gas that condenses at about 32°F
to a clear, colorless, fuming liquid. Suffocating
odor; in great dilution with air, smells like moldy
hay. Sinks; slightly soluble in water 1 and slowly
hydrolyzed to yield, CO and HYDROCHLORIC
ACID. Used in chemical synthesis and in chemical
warfare.
Toxicity:
Local — Insidious irritant, especially to respiratory
tract.
Systemic - 111gb, especially by inha 1 ation.
Aquatic - (High).
WEAR RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHiNG.
Ddection: Several commercial kits are available; sensitivity
range is 0.1-15 p n. Suppliers include M M,
Kitagawa, and Scott/ Davfs (Z, 5,6). Alternatively,
the following method may be used. Paper soaked in
an alcoholic or carbon tetracbloric solution containing
101?. of a tniture of equal parts of p-dirnethylaznino-
benzaiAehyde and colorless diphenylamine. then dried,
will turn from yellow to deep orange in the presence
of the maximum allowable concentration of phosgene.
(2,5 ,6 ).
-------
PHOSPHORIC ACID HPO and (HPC
3 4 3x
Synonyms: None corrirnon.
Includes: The meta and ortho isomers.
Description: Theo isomer is a clear, colorless, sparkling,
syrupy liquid or transparent crystalline solid,
depending on concentration and temperature.
Pleasing acid taste in dilution (111cc soda water).
Sinks; miscible with water. The rn isomer is a
glassy, transparent, detiquescent mass. It sinks
and dissolves easily. The rn isomer slowly con-
verts to theo form. Both isomers are cQrrosivc
to ferrous metals and alloys; both are acid to
litmus.
Toxicity;
Local - Concentrated solutions (75%) are irritant.
Systemic - Low.
Aquatic - High.
Detectiorn Test first with pH indicator for acid. Then test
for phosphate ion; see AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE
for method.
-------
PHOSPHORUS p
Synonyms: None common.
Includes: White, black, and red forms.
Description: White (or yellow) phosphorus is a crystalline,
waxy, volatile, transparent solid. Darkens on
exposure to light. It glows in the dark. Risk of
fire and explosion. Sinks; insoluble. Red
phosphorus is a red to violet powder. Much less
reactive than the white form. Sinks; insoluble.
toxicity:
N. 13. The following ratings are for white phosphorus;
the red and black forms are practically non-
toxic except when they contain the white form
as an imparity.
Local - Severe burns and irritation.
Systemic - Moderate to high: corrosive and toxic.
Aquatic - High.
Detection:
1.. White phosphorus. Keep under water and
handle only with forceps. Add iN nitric acid
to the sample, which converts it to PHOSPHORIC
ACID. See PHOSPHORIC ACID and AMMONIUM
PHOSPHATE.
2. Red or black phosphorus. Add 3N nitric acid
to the sample; which converts it to PHOSPHORIC
ACID. See PHOSPHOR iC ACID and AMMON1UM
PHOSPHATE.
-------
PHOSPHORUS OXYGHLORIDZ PO d 3 and P 1 0 3 C 1 4
Synonyin Phosphoryl chloride.
Dacriptiorn Colorless, (mT.ng liquid; biting odor. Sinks;
decompose. on contact with water to HYDROCHLORIC
Acm . d niospwonc ACID.
Totcity:
Local - remely irritatng and caculic. Severe
respiratory damage.
Systenic and Muatic - See HYDROCHLORIC ACID
and PHOSPHORIC ACID.
WEAR RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
Detectiorn See HYDROCHLORIC ACID and PHOSPHORIC ACID
and AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE.
-------
PHOSPHORUS PENTASULFIDE p 2 S 5
Sponyms: Phosphoric sulfide, phosphorus persulfide ,
thiophosphoric anhydride.
Dscriplion Light yellow or greenish crystalline masses.
Very hygroscopic. Peculiar odor similar to HzS.
tgnites and burns by friction. Decomposed by moist
air and water to form H 2 S and PHOSPHORIC ACID.
Used in manufacture of matches and ignitIon compounds.
Toxicity:
Local - Strong irritant.
Systemic - (Moderate).
Aquatic - High.
Detection: Detect as PHOSPHORIC ACID and sulfide (see
AMMONIUM SULFIDE).
-------
PHOSPHORUS TRICHLORIDE PC i 3
Synonym: Phosphorus chloride.
Description: Clear, colorless, fuming liquid. Decomposes
rapidly in moist air and water to form HYDROCHLORIC
AC m and phosphorous acid. Sinks and decomposes.
Toxicity:
Local - Intensely irritant and corrosive.
Systemic and Aquatic - See PHOSPHORIC ACID and
HYDROCHLORIC ACID.
RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOT RING ADVISABLE
Detection: See PHOSPHORIC ACID and HYDROCHLORIC ACID.
Although the ultimate hydrolytic and oxidation products
of PC1 3 are HYDROCHLORIC and PHOSPHORIC ACIDS,
phosphorous acid is formed first, then slowly oxidized
to H 3 P0 4 . To detect phosphorous acid, add to the
sample 0. IN iodine a little at a time. Positive result:
the iodine solution is decolorized. (1, 4). Many sub—
stances interfere.
-------
ICLYGLYCOL ETHER
Synonynt Polyether glycol.
Description: A large family of polyalkyl glycols, including
mono- and dialkyl ethers of all types. They are
largely clear colorless liquids, often hygroscopic,
and dissolve reathly in water. They are common
solvents and antifeezes of low toxicity. They often
have a pleasant aromatic or fruity odor and a
slightly sweet taste. They are important in water
polluthon primarily because of the large oxygen
demand they make: a major BOO problem would
result from any sizable spill.
Yazicity:
Human and Aquatic - Low.
Other - Raises BOD.
Ddection: Mix 10 nil of sample with 2 ml of h4 HCI and 2 ml
of 10% Bad 2 solution. Add 2 ml of 10% phospbomolybciic
acid. Let stand for 30 minutes. Positive result: green
precipitate. (1,4,6). To be more specific, collect this
precipitate, filter it, and wash it first with 3 ml of 1:100
UC1. then with 7 nil of water. Dissolve the precipitate
in a mixture of 3 nil concentrated H 2 S0 4 , I ml concentrated
HN0 3 , and I nil of 70% percliloric acid. Add 20 ml of water
and 2 tnt of 40% NaCH solution.. Finally, add 5 nil of 5%
phenyihydrazine in 1:20 H 2 S0 4 . Positive result: solution
turns blue. (2,4,6).
-------
POTASSIUM CHROM&TE K 2 CrO 4
Synonynu Neutral potassium chrornate.
Description: Lemon yellow crystals. Sink and dissolve.
Alkaline to litmus. Corrosive.
Toxicity:
Local - Strongly irritant.
Systemic - High by ingestion.
Muatic - High to moderate.
Detection: See AMMONIUM CHROMATE for detecting Cr0 4 .
The K ion is so comnn, background may be a severe
detection problem. A simple method for detecting K
is as follows. Mix 1 ml of sample with I nil of ethanol
and 1 ml of reagent (0. 5 g of sodium cobaltinitrite in
3 ml of water). Positive result; yellow crystals form.
-------
POTASSIUM CYANIDE KCN
$ynonytns: Cyanide of potassium, cyanide of potash.
Description: White, deliquescent, crystalline so lid wbich is
gradually decomposed by moisture and CO 2 . Readily
soluble, but decomposes in water and light to yield
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE and HYDROCYANIC ACID.
Violently poisonous, and forms poisonous vapors from
solution. Concentrated solutions are strongly alkaline.
toricity:
Local - Strong solutions are caustic to skin.
System -ic - High. Can be absorbed through injured skin.
Aquatic - High.
YEAR RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHiNG.
Detection! See POTASSiUM CHROMATE for detecting K.
See BARIUM CYANIDE and HYDROCYANIC ACID
for detecting CN.
-------
POTASSIUM DICHEOMATE
Synonyms: Potassium hicbroxnate, red potas slum chrotnate.
Description: Bright scarlet crystals. Bitter metallic taste.
Sinks and dissolves freely. Strong oxidizing agent:
reacts strongly with organic materials. Corrosive.
Concentrated solutions are acid to litmus.
Toxicity:
Local - Strong irritant and caustic.
Systemic - Moderate; a corrosive poison.
Aquatic - Variable; usually moderate, but may
be very high or rather low.
Detectiort See POTASSIUM CHROMATE for detecting K.
See AMMONRIM CHROMATE for detecting chromate
and dicbrornate ions.
-------
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE KOff
Synonyms: Caustic potash, potash hydrate 1 lye.
Description: Deliquescent, white solid. Absorbs water
and COz from air. Sinks and dissolves easily.
A very corrosive alkali. Strongly alkaline to
litmus.
totcity:
Local - Very corroskve and irritating. Burns tissues.
Systemic - A corrosive poison.
Aquatic -. Moderate to high.
TEAR PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
)etectIon: Test with pH indicator for strong base. fl, 5, possibly 6).
Then test for K ion (see POTASSIUM CHROMATE for
method).
-------
POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE KMnO 4
Synonynt Chameleon mineral.
Descripfion Dark purple crystals with metallic sheen.
SweS, with astringent aftertaste. Sinks and
dissolves, giving an intense, dark violet
solution. A powerful oxiditing agent which
reacts with organic materials. Widely used
as a disinfectant and bleach.
Totcitr
Local - Irritant. Caustic in high concentrations.
Systemic - Low.
Muatic - High for fish and algae.
Detectiow If sample is cloudy or muddy 1 filter it. If the
filtrate is not pink or violet, pennanganate is
not present in detectable quantity. If the solution
is pink or purple, add several drops of sample to
3% solution of hydrogen peroxide in 1:10 I-ICl.
Positive result: the purple color is bleached.
-------
PROPANAL C 2 H 5 CHO
Synonyms: Propionaldehyde, propyl aldeiiyde, propionic
aldehyde.
Description: Clear, colorless, very ftarnn-iable liquid.
Suffocating odor, floats and dissolves.
Totcitr
Local - Irritant.
Systemic - Moderate by inhalation, low by ingestion.
Aquatic - (Moderate or low).
Other - Raiees DOD.
TEA.R RESPIRATOR.
DSection: Detect as an aldehyde; see PARAFORMALDEHYDE
for methods.
-------
PROPANOIC ACID H 3 CCH 2 COOH
Synonyms: Methylacetic acid, propionic acid.
Descriptiorn Combustible, colorless, oily liquid. Sharp
rancid odor. floats and dissolves. The calcium
salt is a common food preservative.
Toxicity:
Local - Skin irritant.
Systemic - Low.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detection: There is no suitable method for detection at
water’s edge. In an improvised laboratory use GC
with hydrophobic column (e. g. 1 Teflon).
-------
PROPANOIC ANHYDRIDE (CH 3 CHzCO)zO
Synonyms ; M ethylac etic anhyd ride, propionic anhydride.
Description: Combustible, colorless liquid. Sharp rancid
odor. Floats or sinks depending on temperature and
solids content of water. Dissolves, and is converted
to PROPANOIC ACID.
Tothcity:
See PROPANOIC ACID.
Detection:
See PROPANOIC ACID.
-------
PROPYL ALCO}KTh C 3 H 7 OH
Synonyms: Propanat, isopropanol. isopropyl alcohol,
diniethyl carbinol.
Description: Colorless, flammable liquid, completely
miscible with water. The it isomer smells like
ETHYL ALCOHOL; the iso form has the character-
istic smell of rubbing alcohol, of which it is the
principal ingrediait.
Toriaty:
Local - Practically none; may be slightly irritating.
Systemic - Low for the n isomer; moderate for the
iso trin,
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detectioni Commercial Icits are available; sensitivity range
is 100-1000 pp4ki . Suppliers include MSA and Scott/
Date. U,5.6).
Aheniabvely. detect as an aliphatic alcohol; see
BUTYL ALCOHOL for Tfletbod.
-------
1%OPYLAMINE C 3 EL 7 NH 2
Synonym: Aniinopropane.
Descrijtion: Colorless 1 volatile, flammable, liquid. Amine
odor. Floats and dissolves.
Toxicity
Local - Strongly irritant as liquid and vapor.
Burns skin.
Systemic - Moderate by all routes, especially
inhalation.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detection: Test as a primary amine, as follows. Mix 2 ml of
sample with 5 ml of 0. IM benzenesulfonyl chloride
in 10% aqueous NaOH. There should be no precipita-
tion at this point; if a precipitate forms, filter it out.
Acidify the filtrate with dilute MCI. Positive result:
precipitate forms. (1 ,3).
For specific identification (which cannot be
accomplished at water’s edge), use GC with a
hydrophobic column.
-------
PROPYLENE GLYCOL H 3 CCH(OH )CH 2 OH
Synonyms: Dihydroxypropane , propanediol , methylethylen e
glycol, methyl glycol, trimethylene glycol.
Description: Colorless viscous, stable, combustible,
hygroscopic liquid. No taste or odor. Slowly
sinks; may float on salt or brackish water. Very
miscible.
Toxicity:
Human and Aquatic - Low.
Other - Raises BOD.
Detectiorn Mix S ml of sample with 2. 5 ml of 6. 6% sodium
periodate in a test tube. Let stand for 20 minutes.
Cool to 32°F, then add 1 ml of saturated KNO 3
solution. Then add 1 ml of saturated piperazine
hydrate solution and 0. 5 ml of 4% sodium nitro-
prusside. Positive result: solution turns blue.
(1, 5, 6).
-------
PROPYLENE OXIDE H 3 CCHCH 2 O
Synonyms: Propene oxide, epoxypropane.
Description: Clear, colorless flammable liquid. Smells
like ether. Floats; fairly soluble.
Toxicity:
Local - May irritate.
Systemic - Moderate to low.
Aquatic - (Low ).
Other - Raises BOD.
Detection: Commercial kits are available; sensitivity range
is 100-4000 ppm. Kitagawa is one supplier. (1, 5,6).
-------
PYRm INE N(CH ) 4 CH
Synonyms; None comnn.
Descript on: Colorless to slightly yellow liquid. Sharp,
disagreeable odor, burning taste. A weak base.
floats; completely miscible.
Toxicity:
Local - Irritant.
Systamc - Low.
A quatic - Moderate.
Detection: Commercial kits are available; sensitivity
range is 2.-SO pgnn. One supplier is MSA. (1 or Z• 5,6).
Alternatively 1 test for secondary amine as follows.
Prepare reagent by dissolving 0. 5 g NiCl bexahydrate
in 100 ml of water. While shaking, add cZ to slight
excess. Just before testing sample, add 2 ml of con-
centrated NH 4 OR to S ml of reagent. then 2 ml of
sample. Positive result a well-defined precipitate.
(1,3).
-------
PYROCATECHOL C 6 H 4 (OH) 2
Sy nyrns: B enzenediol, c atechol, dihydroxybenz ene,
py roc atechin.
Description: Colorless crystals that turn brown in light and
air, particularly when moist. Sinks and dissolves.
Aqueous solutions quickly turn brown. Reduces
arnmoniacal silver nitrate and Fehling’s solution;
forms a definite compound with boric acid.
Toxicity:
Local - Irritant and caustic.
Systemic - Moderate.
Aquatic - High.
DMecfion Simple tests include unsaturation (see BENZENE
for method), and addition of dilute ferric chloride,
which turns pyrocatechol solutions green. (1, 4).
A more specific test: Mix 2 ml of sample with 2 ml
of 1% osmium tetroxide and 2 ml of 0.4% sodium
carbonate solution. Positive result: solution turns
reddish violet. (1, 5). Gallic acid and pyrogallol
interfere.
-------
PYROGALLOL C 6 H 3 H) 3
Synonyms: Bensenetriol, pyrogallic trihydroxyb ens ene.
DescHption Shiny white crystals that turn gray on exposure
to air and light. Sinks and dissolves. The water
solution darkens on exposure to air, quite rapidly
If the solution is alkaline.
Toxicity:
Local - Irritant.
Systemic - Moderate.
Aquatic - High.
Detection: Detect as GALLIC ACID (see that entry for method)
or as PYROCATECHOL (osmium tetroxide rnethod .
-------
flTERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS (R 1 )(R 2 }N(R 3 )(R 4 )
ibides: Cationic surfactants and detergents, beazalkonium
detergents, quaternary amines, and a l lcyl aryl
animonium halides. There are dozens of brand names.
)rscription: A large family of commercially important detergents,
surfactants, antiseptics, and fungicides. They include
such typical substances as benza.lkonium chloride. Gen—
era.fly colorless to yellowish amorphous solids; frequently
commercially available in aqueous solution. Aromatic
odor, very bitter taste. They sink and dissolve readily,
and will probably make flowing water foam and suds.
Alkaline to litmus.
utcity:
Local - Slightly irritating; can crack and dry skin.
Avoid spattering into eyes.
Systemic - Moderate by ingestion.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Other - Can cause extensive foaming and sudsing.
)etectiorz: Mix 1 ml of sample with 10 ml of bromophenol blue
reagent. This reagent consists of 7% of 0. ZN sodium
acetate, 91% acetic acid, and 2% of 0. 1% ethanolic
bromophenol blue solution. Positive result: mixture
turns sky blue. (1, 4).
-------
QUDI&CRINE MynRocHl.ORIDE C 23 H 30 C1N 3 0 - 2 MCI tricycic
Synonyms: The most comn n trade name for this antimalarial
compound is Atabrine; there are at least a dozen
other trade names.
Descriptiorn Bright yellow crystals that sink and dissolve
in water, giving an atrernely fluorescent solution
that is blUer to the taste and acid to litmus.
Toxidtr
Human - Low.
A quatic - Ill g b .
Detection: The brilliant fluoresca Ce of this compound is
detectable under UY light in dilutions of several
parts per million (1,4). May also be detected by
tests for unsaturatlon (lee BENZENE), and tests
for secondary ani4nss (see PYR1DINE).
-------
QU 1NHYDRONE C 6 H 4 (OH) 2 C 6 H 4 O 2
Synonym: Green quirthydrone.
Description: The addition product of HYDROQTJINONE and
QUINONE. Green crystals with metallic sheen;
reddish brown by transmitted light. Sinks; slightly
soluble.
Toxicity:
Human - Moderate to high.
Aquatic - High.
Detection: Detect as QUINONE and HYDROQUINONE.
-------
QUININE C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 , tetracycic.
includes: Quinithne and the common derivatives.
Synonyms: Trade names of this compound and its common
derivatives run to several dozen.
Descriptioru The pure substance is a bulky white amorphous
powder or crystalline alkaloid. Odorless, very
bitter. Sinks; slightly soluble. The more soluble
derivatives include: the acid sulfate, bydrohalides,
methiodide, tartrate, gluconate, sulfate, acetyl-
salicylate, arsenate, ascorbate, benzoate, bisulfate,
dihydrohalide., lactate, ethyl sulfate, and hypo-
phosphite. Quinine and its derivatives have a
characteristic blue fluorescence in dilute sulfuric
acid.
Toxicity:
i fuman - Low, except by ingestion (moderate).
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detection: The very bitter taste of quinine (familiar as
quinine bitters and quinine tonic water) can be
detected at a few ppm. (1, 5, 6).
Alternatively, mix Z ml of sample with 1 ml of
2% eosin solution and 2 ml of 5:1 0. 2M disodiurn
phosphate and 0. 1M citric acid. Positive result:
solution turns red. (2, 5,6).
-------
QUINOL iTNE C 9 H 7 N, bicyclic
Synonyms: Benzazine, bentopyridine, chinoleine, leucoline.
Description: Refractive, colorless, hygroscopic liquid
that darkens with age, light, and moisture. Sharp
odor. Like pyridine. Just sinks; may float on
salt or brackish water. Slowly dissolves.
toxicity:
Human - Moderate.
Aquatic - Moderate to high.
Detection: Detect as secondary amine (see PYRIDINE) or as
unsaturated organic (see B,ENZENE). In an
improvised lakx,ratory, UV spectrophotometry is
the preferred method of identification.
-------
QUINONE C 6 1 1 4 0 2
Synonyms: Benzoquinone, chinone, cyclohexadienedione.
Description: Yellow crystals. Penetrating odor like
chlorine. Irritating vapors. Sinks; slightly
soluble. Combustible.
Toxicity:
Local - Vapors and solutions are very irritating
and can cause severe skin and eye damage.
Systemic - Moderate.
Aquatic - High.
RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING ADVISABLE.
Detection: ktx 2 ml of sample with 2 ml of aqueous
saturated rhodarnine solution and 2 ml of con-
centrated ?411 1 0H. Gently shake the mixture.
Positive result; the para isomer turns the
mixture greci or blue, the ortho isomer turns
itredtoviolet. (14).
-------
R!SORCINOL
Synonyms: B enzenediol, dihydrosybeazene, bydroxyphenol,
resorcin.
Descriptiorn White crystals that turn pink on esposare to
light. Sweet taste. Sinks and dissolves. A
common topical antiseptic.
TDxicity:
Local - Irritates skin in concentrations above 10%.
Systemic - Moderate by ingestion.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detection: Add dilute £erric chloride to sample. Positive
result: solution turns violet. GALUC ACID,
PYROCALLOL. PYROCATECROL. and related
compounds also give a color reaction with ferric
chloride. (1,4,6).
-------
SAL ICYLALDEHYDE (OH)C 6 H 4 (CHO)
Synonyms: Hydroxybeuzaldehyde salicylal, salicylic
aldehyde.
Descriptiorn Colorless oily liquid or dark red oil (depending
on purity and exposure). Rifler almond odor,
burning taste. Sinks; slightly soluble. Combustible.
Toxicity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - High for algae, low for fauna.
Detection:
(I). Detect as an aldehyde (see PEWFMLAL for
methods).
( ii ). Mix 2 ml of sample with 2 ml of ethanol
and I ml of 0. SM Co(NO 3 )z. Add 1 nil of
0. 1% o-phenylenediamine in dilute acetic
acid. Positive result: mixture turns orange-
red. (1,4).
-------
5&LIGYLIC ACiD (HO)C 6 H 4 (COOH)
Synonym: Hydroxybentoic acid.
Description: White crystalline solid; gradually discolors
in sunlight. Sinks; slightly soluble. Any trace
of iron turns the acid and its salts red. The
common alkali salts are soluble. A common
Iceratolytic. antimicrobiaL and fungicide.
totcity:
Local - May irritate skin of some people.
Systemic - Low.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detection: Acidify the sample with HC1 until just acid to
litmus. Mix 2 ml of sample with 2 nil of 0. 9%
ferric chloride solution and 2 ml of 1:10 acetic
acid. Positive result: mixture turns violet.
(1, 4, 6). Note that many other hydroxybenzene
structures give a color reaction with FeCl 3
(see GALLIC ACID, PYROCATECHOL, PYROGALLOL,
RLSORCJI4OL).
-------
SELENIUM Se
Includes: Selenium compounds.
Descriptiorn fl nental selenium exists in several forms!
amorphous (dark red to black powder), crystalline
(dark red), end metallic (gray to black crystals).
Sinks; insoluble, but there are several colloidal
forms. Many Se compounds are commercially
important. They include .elenic acid (very solubleL
selenous acid (very soluble), sodium seleni te (very
soluble), the oxide (very soluble), the halides and
oxyhalides (soluble or decomposed by water to
soluble products); a few compounds are not solubie
or only very slightly soluble (hexafluoride, talkyl-
dithiocarbamate, and sulfide.).
Toxicity:
Local - Low, except for the finning oxyhalides,
which are corrosive poisons.
Systemic - lEgh by inhalation otherwise low.
Aquatic - Uncertain; there is some evidence that Se
is a cumulative poison. Because Se attacks
suiThydryl enzymes, it is probably more
toxic to animals than to plants.
Detection: Add 2 nil of concentrated sulfuric acid to 1 ml
of sample; then add 0.5 g of NaIGO 3 . Heat to
boiling Sr 1 minute. Positive result: mixture
turn red or a red precipitate form. Starinous
ion iiterferes. (25).
-------
ilLYER Ag
hclMes: Silver compounds.
Description: Silver and its compounds denature proteins,
and are often used as antiseptics. Many are
sensitive to light, and are widely used in photography
and printing. Toxicity varies with solubility. Of
the common compounds, the following are soluble:
chlorate and perchiorate, fluoride, hyponitrite,
lactate, nitrate (lunar ti, permanganate,
picrate, and selenate. The following have limited
solubility: acetate, brornate, chlorite, chromate
and dichromate, iodate, nitrite, and sulfate. The
foUowing are practically insoluble: arsenate . bromide,
carbonate, chloride , cyanide, iodide, oxalate, oxide,
phosphate , and sulfide . Many common natural con-
ditions will lead to the precipitation of silver from
solution, since the carbonate, chloride, phosphate,
oxide, and suJ.Sde are practically insoluble. The
insoluble forms are mostly off-white, gray, or
black. At suspected spill sites, it is important to
collect samples of bottom sediments and milky or
grayish suspensoids, which may be dissolved in nitric
acid and then tested for the silver ion by the methods
given below.
Tesicity (N. B. Varies with solubility).
Local - Caustic if very soluble; irritant otherwise.
Systemic - The nitrate is a corrosive poison; other-
wise, low to moderate.
Aquatic - High.
Dtdiorn Use Z test tubes. To each add 3 nil of O.ZS ,
(NH 4 ) 2 Ce(NO 3 ) in 1% RHO 3 and 2 ml of dilute RCL
To one tube, acid I ml of reagent: to the other, add
I ml of water. Positive result: sample decolorises
the yellow ceric aznrnonium nitrate solution more
rapidly than the water. Mn, ferrous, and sta.nnous
ions interfere. (1, 4).
-------
SLUDGE, CEEMICAL (from water supply treatment)
Descriptioxu There are two types of ‘ CJLenuCa1” sludge
from treatment of water supplies. One is
largely organic, and results from the coagu-
lation and precipitation of suspended matter with
the aid of aluminum or iron compounds which
enhance i2occuiat.io t. The other is largely in-
organic. and results from water softening pro-
cesses; it is principally calcium and magnesium
compound..
A. third type of sludge from water treatment is
organic. It result . from the backwashing of
filters, and is essentially similar to the sus-
pended microbiota in the water body from which
the supply was drawn. I t is at organic sli me
Toñcity: Aquatic only - The aluminum or iron from coa u-
lants may be mobilized by chemical or biological
action and develop a moderate ton city to the
aquatic biota. The calcium and magnesium from
softening arc not a toxic hazard but rnrp amage
bottom life by sedimentation, or gill aac ñher
membrane by blanketing. Organic sludges also
threaten oxygen depleton through increased BOI l
Detection: For alutninwn and iron, see ALUMINUM EU LFATE
and FER.RJC HYDROXIDE.
For softening products, test for calcium: see
CALCIUM CARBIDE.
For organic material, depleted oxygen or in-
creased ROD.
-------
SLUDGE, DIGESTED SEWAGE
Description: Hearj, brown, often malodorous, fairly
homogeneous slurry that is rich in organic
matter and microbial netabolites.
toxicity: See SLUDGE, RAW UNDIGESTED SEWAGE.
Comments are generally applicable here.
The hazard of human infection is diminished.
Detection: As for raw sludge, high BOD is the main
indicator. If the waters are naturally clear,
turbidity will be seen if there has been a
heavy discharge.
-------
SLUDGE, RAW UNDIG TED SEWAGE
Descriptkni Heavy brown slurry, carrying garbage. at rats
• other “sanitary” wastes. There are two
Pfl iPaI hasards: the Immediate threat from
microbal pathogen., and a longer-term effect of
increased BOD. Spills may occur from land or
water barns veMdn or fro m pipelines and
Tonicity: The infective h 5 sae4 is likely to be more than
from whole snag. because bacteria and virus a
are effectively precipitated with th. sediment and
rema in table.
Chanical contaminants are similarly concentrated.
Adsorbed pesticide. may b.cane desorb.d. Boron
has been shown to adsorb on sludge.. Ammonia and
other natricts may be high, and also soluble sulfides.
Detactiost Organic components by POD. Chezmcal components
by apprupriate test based on other evidence as to
probable presence. Bacteria and viruses cannot be
detected rap i dly in the field.
-------
DTUM Na
Spaonym: Natriuni.
Description: Soft, silvery metal that reacts violently with
water to form SODIUM HYDROXIDE and hydrogen.
Metallic sodium is stored and shipped in air-tight
containers or immersed in naphtha. Severe fire
risk in contact with water.
Toilcity:
Local - The metal causes severe skin burns.
Systemic and Aquatic - See SODIUM HYDROXIDE.
*ection: Use pH indicator or meter to test for strong base.
Tests for the sodium ion are of limited value because
sodium is normal constituent of most water, usually
the most prevalent metallic one. A simple test is
as foUows. Neutralize the samples with 3N HC1. To
2 ml of the neutralized sample, add 8 ml of zinc
uranyl acetate reagent. Positive result: yellow
precipitate. (2, S,6).
-------
SODIUM ARSENATE Na 3 AsO 4 and Na 2 HAsO 4
Synonyms: Trisodium arsaiatt, dibasic sodium arsenate,
diso&um arsenate.
Descriptiorn Clear, colorless crystals. Mild alkaiine taste.
Very soluble. The water solution is alkaline to
litmus.
Toricitr
Human - Iügh.
Aquatic - High. ft has been reported that some fish
can tolerate concentrations of 2000 ppm for
3 hours.
Detectiorn Tests for Na are of limited utility; see SODIUM.
The £504 is the toxic component see LEAD ARSENATE
for methods.
-------
K)DIVIM AZ IDE ItN 3
Synonyms: None common.
Description: Colorless crystals that sink and dissolve.
On heating, it decomposes into sodium and
nitrogen.
ro city:
Human - High by ingestion, otherwise low.
Aquatic - High.
D ection: Mix 2 ml of sample with 2 ml of arninonium
sulfide solution and 2 ml of 0. IN iodine solution.
Pos itive result: immediate evolution of bubbles
of nitrogen. (1, 5). This test cannot begin to
detect sodium azide in toxic concentrations; it
is only useful where the concentration is well
above the ppm range.
-------
SODIUM BISULFITE NaHSO 3 and Na 2 S 2 O 5
N. B. The sodium bisul.fite of commerce is chiefly the
metahis ulflte, Na 2 5 2 0 5 .
SyN)flytnS Sodium add sulfite, sodium metabisulfite, sodJ urn
hydrogen sulfite.
Descri0n White, crystalline solid. Sulfurous odor and
taste. Unstable in air, gradually oxidized to the
sulfate. Sinks and dissolves. The solution is
add.
toxicity:
Local - concentrated solutions may irritate skin.
Systemic - Low.
Mualic - Moderate to low.
Other - Look for bleaching effects.
Detection: tests for Na are of limited utility; see SODIUM.
Test for bisulfite as follows. Use Z test tubes.
To each add I ml of sample. To tube A 1 add 1 ml
of 5% formaldehyde. Then add I ml of 0. 1N iodine
solution to both. Positive result: iodine is de-
colorized in tube B, but is not decolorized in tube A.
(1 ,4 ,6).
Commercial kits are available for detecting sulfites
(including bisulfites); suppliers include Larnotte
Taylor Hellige, and Mach. Sensitivity range is Z-300
ppm. (14,6).
-------
SODIUM CHR.OMATE Na 2 CrO 4
Synonym: Neutral sodium chromate.
Description: Yellow, somewhat deliquescent crystals that
sink and dissolve, giving an alkaline solution.
Toxicity:
Local - Irritant; corrosive in high concentration.
Systemic - Moderate by ingestion; low by skin
absorption.
Aquatic - High to moderate.
Detection: Tests for Na are of limited utility; see SOD iUM.
See AMMONIUM CHROMATE for chrornate tests.
-------
SODIUM CYANATE NaOCN
Synonyms: None common.
Descriptzion White crystalline solid that sinks and dissolves.
The cyanate ion is slowly convefled to cyanide;
see BARIUM CYAMDE, POTASSIUM CYANIDE,
and HYDROCYANIC ACID.
toxicity:
Human - Low, except by ingestion.
Aquatic - Moderate and persistent.
Detection: Sodium tests are of limited utility; see SODIUM.
Test for cyanate as follows. Mix 2 nil of sample
with I rut of cupric nitrate soludon and I mA of
0. 8% aqueous pyridine solution. Positive result:
mixture turns red. (1,5,6).
-------
SOD iUM CYANIDE NaGN
Synonym: C yanog ran.
Descriptiont White crystaUine solid. Odorless when dry;
when damp, emits alight odor of HYDRCCYANIC
ACID. Freely soluble. The aqueous solution
is strongly alkaline and rapidly decomposes, form-
ing a toxic layer of hydrogen cyanide at the water
surface. Once widely used in pesticides, but now
widely replaced by POTASSIUM CYANIDE.
To x icityt
Human - High and fast-acting by ingestion and
inhalation of hydrogen cyanide vapors.
Risk of absorption through injured skin.
Aquatic - High.
WEAR RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
Detection: Na tests are of limited utility; see SODIUM.
See BARIUM CYANIDE and HYDROCYANIC
ACID for CN tests.
-------
SODIUM DICHROMATE Na 2 CrzOi
Synonyms: Sodium bichromate, bichromate of soda.
Descriptiorn Bright scarlet crystalline solid. Very soluble.
The solution is acidic.
toxicity:
Local - Irritant and caustic.
Systemic - Moderate by ingestion, low otlierwis a.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detection2 Na tests are of limited utilitr see SODIUM.
See AMMONIUM DICHROMATE for dichrornate
tests.
-------
SODiUM FEBRICYANIDE Na 3 Fe(CN) 6
Synonyms: Red pruniate of soda, sodium hexacyaixeferrate (UI).
Description: Ruby red deliquescent crystals that sink and dissolve.
Exposure slowly liberates hydrogen cyanide.
To.tcitr
Human - Low.
Mi lafic - Reports vary widely; sometimes High.
Detecion: Na tests are of limited utility; see SODIUM.
See AMMONIUM PERRICYANIDE for ferricyanide
tests.
-------
SODiUM FERROC’YANIDE Na 4 Fe(CN) 6
Synonyms: Sodium hexacyanoferrate (U) sodium prus slate
yellow, yellow prussiate of soda.
Descriptioxu Pale yellow , s ernitransparent, cr ystailine soli&
Exposure to sunlight and strong acids over time
liberates hydrogen cyanide.
Toxicity: See SODIUM FERIUCYANIDE.
Detection: Na tests are of Utnited utility; see SODIUM.
See AMMONIUM FERROCYANIDE for ferrocyanide
tests.
-------
SODIUM FLUORIDE NaF
Synonyms: Via rocid, flura- Drops, Karidiurn, Villiaumite,
Z yniafluo r -
Description: Clear, shiny, crystalline powder, Insecticide
grades are often tinted blue. Household insecticide
grades must be tinted Nile blue. Sinks and dissolves.
The water solution is mildly alkaline, and react8 with
silicates.
toxicity:
Local - Concentrated solutions are irritant.
Systemic - Moderate to high.
Aquatic - Moderate to high.
Detection: Na tests are of limited utility; see SODIUM.
See ALUMINUM FLUORIDE for F tests.
-------
SODIUM FLUOSILICATE Na 2 SIF 6
Synonyms: Sodium flnorosilicate sodium silicofluc ride.
Description: Tasteless, odorless, white crystalline solid.
Sink, and dissolves.
Toxicity:
Local - Irritant ,
Systemic - Moderate by ingestion and inhalation ,
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detection: Na test. are of limited ufility see SODIUM. Test
for fluosilicate as follows. Mix the sample with
3M NeON. A gelatinous precipitate occurs if
fluosilicMe is present.
-------
SODIUM HYDROSULFIDE Na *
Synonyms: Sodium bisulfide, sodium sulThydrate, sodium
hydrogen sulfide.
Description2 Colorless to lemon- colored crystaffine solid.
Very hygroscopic. Readily hydrolyzed in moist
air to SODIUM HYDROXIDE and SODIUM SULFIDE.
Sinks and dissolves. Weakly alkaline. Hydrogen
sulfide slowly liberated in the presence of water and
carbon dioxide, giving the characteristic odor of
rotten eggs.
Toricitr
Local - Irritant.
Systemic - Low.
Aquatic - High to moderate.
Other - Very oxygen- dernarding; may drastically
reduce DO. Look for discoloration on rocks
and structure.. May taint the flavor of fish.
Detection: Na tests are of limited utility; see SODIUM. To
test for hydrosulfide, mix the sample with 3M NaOH.
Then test for suilide ion (see AMMONIUM SULFIDE
for method).
-------
SODIUM HYDROXIDE NaOH
Synonyms: Caustic soda, lye, sodium hydrate 1 white cau3tic.
Description: DeJ.iquescent. white, very corrosive solid.
Absorbs water and CO 2 from cdr. Sinko; vety olable.
A. powerful alkali base. Aqueous sci.utione fGel aiJy
Toxicity:
Local - Powerfully caustic: b urns and trntates
tin sues.
Systemic A corrosive P 0 lCO 1 r moderately toxic
by ingestion.
Aquatic - High to moderate.
Other - Look for corrosion effects.
WEAR PROTECTWE CLOTHING.
Detection: Use pH indicator to test for strong base. (1 . 3}.
Na tests are of limited utility; see SODIUM.
-------
SODIUM METHYLATE I-5CONa
Synonym: Sodium methoxide.
Description: FIow5.tg white powder. Sensitive to oxygen.
Decomposed by water to METHANOL and SODIUM
WY DROXIDE.
Toxicity: See METHANOL and SODIUM HYDROXIDE.
Detection: See METHANOL and SODIUM HYDROXIDE.
-------
SODflTh& NITRITE Na140 2
Synonyms: DtawtIsi salts exinitrit.
flescriptiorn WMte to ye l lowish hygroscopic solid. Very
slowly oxidiaes in air to sodium nitrate. Sinks
arid dissolves easily. Decomposed by even weak
acids to evolve fuming nitrous enhydride. The
aqueous solution is weakly a lkaline.
Toxicity:
Human - )hederate.
Aquatic - Moderate to high.
Dt.cliou Its tests are of limited utiuity see SODIUM. To
detect nitrite, mix 2 ml of sample with 2 ml of
06% snjfap ilic acid in 20% HCJ.. Let st -s M S minutes.
then add 2 ml of 0. 4% alphs-napbthylaatine MCi in
1% MCi. Putative result solution turns reddish purple.
(2 ,54).
-------
SODIUM OLEATE C 17 H 33 COONa
Synonyms: Oleic acid sodium salt, Eunatrol.
Des criptiorn White powder; slight odor of tallow. Dissolves
in water, giving a mildly alkaline solution. A
component of many kinds of soap. Combustible.
Toxicity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Moderate to high.
Other - Foams and suds; may cause a “bathtub ring”
precipitate in hard water.
Detection: Add a few drops of methyl orange indicator to 10 ml
of sample; then acidify with 1:1 sulfuric acid. Extract
this solution with 1:1 petroleum ether and ethyl ether.
Evaporate the solvent on a steam bath, then test the
residue for OLEIC ACID (see that entry for method).
(1,4).
Alternatively, high concentrations of any fatty acid
or soap may be detected as follows. (1) Acidify
5-jo ml of sample with 1:1 sulfuric acid. Fatty acids
will rise to the surface as an oily slick. (2) Prepare
reagent as followet Add a few drops of Nile blue
sulfate to 5 ml of dilute sulfuric acid and boil for
5 minutes. (3) Add a few drops of the reagent to the
oil-slick mixture; stir well and let stand a few minutes.
Positive result: fats and fatty acids will preferentially
absorb the dye; fats wiU be stained red, and fatty acids
will be stained blue. (1,4).
-------
SODIUM PALMJTATE H 3 C(CH 2 ) 14 COONa
Synonyms: Sodium cetylate. sodium hexadecanoate, sodA urn
hexa* lety late.
Description: A characteristic household soap (bath, toilet,
and laundry). A white solid available in many
commercial forms (cakes, flakes, powders, etc.).
Toxicity:
Human - Low .
Aquatic - Moderate to high.
Other - Foams and suds; may cause ‘bathtub ring’
precipitate in hard water.
Detection. There Is no suitable method for detection of low
concentrations at water’s edge. in an improvised
laboratory, identification may be performed as
follows. Add a few drop. of methyl orange indicator
to 10 ml of sample and acidify with 1:1 sulfuric acid.
Extract the solution with 10 ml of 1:1 petroleu m ether
and ethyl ether. Evaporate the solvent on a steam
bath Then transfer the residue to a round- bottom S
flask. Add to the flask 5 ml of UT. B1 3 in methanol
and reflux on a steam bath (or 2 minutes. Let co d.
Then extract with 10 ml of n-pentane. Analyze the
methyl pa l mnitate formed by CC. (14,6).
High concentrations may be detected using the alter-
native method given for SOD iUM OLEATZ.
-------
SODIUM ?HOSPHA.T E Na 3 PO 4 , Na 2 HPO 4 , NaHzPO 4 t
Na 4 ? 2 0 7 , Na 2 H 2 P 2 O 7
Synonyms: AU the common forms are included: tribasic (teft),
dibasic (sec), monobasic (prim) sodium phosphate,
as weU as normal (tetra) sodium pyrophosphate (TSSP)
and acid (disodium) sodium phosphate (TASP).
Description: All are white crystalline solids that dissolve readily.
Na 3 PO 4 is very alkaline, NaHzPO 4 is acid; the others
are slightly alkaline.
Totcity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Moderate to low, depending on the form.
Na 3 PO 4 is the most toxic, Na 4 P 2 O 7 the least
tori c.
Other - Phosphate is a plant nutrient that may stimulate
plant and algal growth.
Detection: Na tests are of limited utility; see SODIUM -
See AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE for phosphate tests.
-------
SODIUM SILICATE Vanes from Na 2 0 • 3.75 SiO
to 1 Na 2 0 S b 2
Synonyzn Water glass.
Description: Depenhling on the composition, lumps of greenish
glan or white powders (soluhility varies) or liquids
nrying from clear and flawing to cloudy and viscous.
Forms gels with acids over a wide pH range (3-9).
It is coagulated by brine and precipitated by alkaline
earth and heavy metal ions. Many forms are strongly
alkaline in solution.
Hwnan - Low.
Aquatic - Low.
Other - Fouling of shores and surfaces with lumps and
gels.
Detection: Na tests are of limited utility; see SODiUM. Detect
silicate as kllows. Acidify the sample with 3M HCI;
a gelatinous precipitate mdicates that the silicate ion
may be in the sample. (1, 5,6).
-------
SODIUM STEARATE C 17 H 35 COONa
Synonyms: Sodium octadecanoate, stearic acid sodium salt.
Description: White powder; fatty odor; soapy feel. Sinks
and slowly dis solves 1 forming an aikaline solution.
A soap often used in toothpastes and cosmetic
preparations.
Toxicity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Moderate to high.
Other - Foams and suds; may cause a ‘bathtub ring”
precipitate in hard water.
Detection: Na tests are of limited utility; see SODIUM.
Detect paimitate as a soap; see SODIUM OLEATE
and SODIUM PALMITATE for methods.
-------
SODIUM SULFWE Na 2 S
Synonyms: S odium monosulfide , sodium sulfuret.
Description: Yellowish crystalline solid that discolors
on exposure to air, turning brick red and finally
black. Commercially available as crystals,
lumps, and flakes. Rotten-egg odor of hydrogen
sulfide. Sinks and dissolves freely, giving a
strongly alkaline solution that liberates hydrogen
sulfide as it is exposed to carbon dioxide and acids.
Toxicity:
Local - Irritant; do not handle with bare hands.
Systemic - Low; vapor hazard from hydrogen sulfide.
Aquatic - Varies from high to low.
Other - Very oxygen-demand; may drastically reduce
DO. Look for discoloration on rocks and
structures. May taint the flavor of fish.
Detection: Na tests are of limited utility; see SODIUM.
See AMMONIUM SULFIflE for sulfide methods.
-------
SODIUM SULFITE Na 2 50 3
Synonyms: None common.
Descriptiorn White crystals or powder. Saline, sulfurous
taste. Sinks and dissolves, forming a slightly
alkaline solution. A widely used bleaching agent
and preservative, a reducing agent and a sub-
stitute for “Hypo” in plitography.
toxicity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Moderate to low.
Other - Look for bleaching effect, especially on
plants.
Detection: Na tests are of limited utility; see SODIUM.
See FERROUS SULFITE for sulfite methods.
-------
SODIUM THIOCYANATE NaSCN
Synonyms S odium sullocsranate, sodium rhodanide, sodium
rhodanate. sodium sulfocyanide.
Descrijtoin Colorless or white deliquescezat crystals. Sink
awl dissolve, lowering water temperature considerably.
Toilc ity:
Human - Low (the cyanide effect is t involved).
MnUc - Moderate.
Detection: Na tests are of limited utility; see SODIUM.
See AMMONIUM THIOGYANATE for thiocyanate
methods.
-------
SODIUM TUIiGSTATE Na WO 4
Synonym: Sodium woLframate.
Description: Colorless crystals or white crystalline powder
that sinks and dissolves The solution is slightly
alkaline.
Toxicity:
Htnnan - Low.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detection: Na tests are of limited utility; see SODIUM.
Test for tuztgstate as follows. Mix 2 nil of samples
with I nil of concentrated HC1 and 1 nil of 10% KSCN
solution. Add to it 2 ml of Iresbly prepared 20%
SnCl 2 in concentrated HCI. Positive result: solution
turns bluish-green. fluoride and selenium interfere.
p5 .6).
-------
SORBJTOL CH 2 OH(HCOH) 4 CH 2 OH
Synonyms: Glucitol, gulitol , henhydric alcolxil, sorbit,
and a variety of proprietary trade names.
Description: Colorless crystalline solid. Hygroscopic and
combustible. Odorless; sweet taste. Sinks and
dissolves freely; concentrated solutions are syrupy.
Widely used as sweetening agent, burn ectant, phar-
maceutical vehicle, and antifreeze.
Totcity
Human and Aquatic - Practically none.
Other - Raises SOD..
Detection! Detect as a glycol; tee ETHYLENE GLYCOL for
method.
-------
STANW)US CHLORIDE SnCI,
Synonyms: Tin dichloride, tin protochloride. tin crystals,
tin salt.
Description White crystalliae mass or üakes; fatty
appearance. A powerful reducing agent. It
absorbs oxygen (ron-i the air to form an in-
soluble oxychioride. It dissolves in water,
but in great dilution it forms an insoLuble
basic salt.
Toxicity:
Local - !rritsnt to skin and. mucous mnernhr.via:
Syc’t-ennc - Low.
Aquatic - 1-Egh .
Detection: It i G important to collect bottom samples and
filter samples Iro n- i cloudy waters because SiC ! 2
is convened by natural processes ir to inso luble
products when exposed to water and air. 8oil
suspect samples in aqua regia to redissolve the
tIn, then proceed as follows.
(I ). Mix the sample with O.1N ammonium
sui!Wc. Positive result brown prc-
cipitate. çl,4L
(U). Mix the sample with 0. 114 mercuric
chloride. Positive result: white to gray
precipitate. (1.4)..
See AMMONItTM CHLORIDE for Cl tests; they an of
limited utility compared to Sn tests for this compound.
-------
STRONTIUM CLUOR WE SrCI 2
Synonyms: None.
Descri$iot Odorless, white, crystalline solid, deliquescent
in i st air. Sharp, bitter taste. Sinirs and di.-
solves resdily. itriurover, wha erposal to COB,
the nearly insoluble white carbonate is formed.
Toric itp
fiman - Ln.
Muatic - Moderate.
Detectosv ft Is lznportam to calect bat’o- 0 samples and filter
samples from cloudy waters because the Sr ion is
precipitated as the insoluble white carbonate in the
presence of carbon dioxide. Boil suspect samples
in aqua regis. to ndinoln the Sr, then proceed
as b3IiSws. AM several drop. of saturated K 2 CrO 4
to Z ml of sample. Ld stand kr one minute. Then
add! ml of 0. Z% rhediseast. solution (which must be
fresh). Positive rest solution turns reddish brown.
(1, 5).
Set AWCNIW CIOCRIDE ior C! tests; they are of
united tlity cr ared to the Sr tests for this
-------
STRONTIUM NITRATE Sr(N0 3 ) 2
Synonyms: None.
Description: White crystalline solid. Sinks and dissolves
readily. Strong oxidizing agent. When the water
solution is exposed to GO 2 , the nearly insoluble
white carbonate is formed.
Toxicity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Moderate to low.
Detection: See STRONTIUM CHLORIDE for Sr methods.
See AMMONIUM NiTRATE for nitrate tests; they are
of limited value compared to the Sr tests for this
compound.
-------
STYR.ENE C 6 H 5 (CthCH 2 )
Symrnyms: Cinnamene, cinnaniol, phenyl ethy lent,
styrol, styrolene.
Description: Clear, colorless, very refractive, combustible
oily liquid. Sharp aromatic odor. floats; sparingly
soluble. On exposure to heat and light, it slowly
polymerizes and is oxidized. Polystyrene is a clear
solid plastic, slightly heavier than pure water and in-
soluble in it.
Toricityt
Local - Liquid and vapor irritant.
Systemic - Low.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Other - Fouling of surfaces by polystyrene.
Detection: Detect as an unsaturated compound: see BENZENE
for methods.
-------
SULFUR CHLORIDE S 2 C 1 2
Synonyms: Dis ulfur dichlo ride, sulfur monochlo ride,
sulfur subchloride.
Description: Amber to yellowish-red, oily, turning liquid.
Sharp, penetrating odor. Decomposes on contact
with water to give HYDROCHLORIC ACID, SULFUR
DIOXIDE, SULFUROUS ACID, hydrogen sulfide,
thiosulfate, and other acid products.
Toxicity:
Local - Extremely corrosive and irritating.
Systemic - A corrosive poicoi-t. Moderate.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Other - Lock tot corrosion effects.
WEAR RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTiVE CLOTHING.
Detection: Detect as sulfide 1 sulfite, chloride, etc. For
methods, ace AMMO ?4IUM SULFIDE, FERROUS SULFITE
AMMONLUM CHLORI DE, HYDROCHLORIC ACID, SULFUR
DIOXIDE, SULFUROUS ACID. In addition, test for thio-
sultate as follows. Miii rn! ot a ample with 1 ml of 3%
Na N 3 a: d. 2 nil of U . iN iodine solution. Positive result:
iinzned&ate evolution of gas bubbles (nitrogen). (1, 4).
-------
SULFUR DIOXIDE 502
Synonyms: Sulfurous anhydride . sulfurous oxide.
Description2 Colorless, nonflammable gas. Strong
suffocating odor. Commercial form is liquefied
gas. In water, the gas is in equilibrium with its
formed acid (SULFUROUS ACm), which is a
corrosive add and a strong bleaching agent.
Under the action of sunlight, it is gradually oxidized
to SULFURIC ACID.
Toxicity:
Local - Very irritant liquid and vapor.
Systemic - High by inhalation; otherwise moderate.
Aquatic - (Moderate); a corrosive poison.
Other - Look for corrosion damage to plants, shore-
line, and structures.
WEAR RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOT HINt).
Detectiorn The strong odor and the acid pH can be used to
foflow the spi 1 i in moderate concentration. For
detecting the dilute acid and gas, commercial kits
are available; sensitivity range is 1-400 ppm.
Suppliers include Kitagawa. MSA. and
Scott/Davis. for 2,5,6).
-------
SULFURIC AC H 2 S0 4
Synonyms: Hydrogen sulfate, oleuni, spent sulfuric acid,
oil of vitriol, buttery acid.
Description: Strongly corrosive, dense, oily liquid. Colorless
to dark brown, depending on purity. Miscible with
water in all proportions. The concentrated acid
reacts violently with water. Reacts strongly with
metals and many organic compounds. Some grades
are fuming and hygroscopic. The fuming, concen-
trated grade is commonly called “oleum” on shipping
labels.
Toxicity:
Local - Extremely irritating vapor; liquid causes
severe burns.
Systemic - A corrosive poison; moderate.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Other - Look for corrosion effects on shorelines
and structures.
Detection: Use pH indicator to detect acidity. Then test
for sulfate ion (see ALIJMXN1JM SULFATE for
methods).
-------
SULFUROUS ACID 112803
Synonym: Sulfur dioxide solution.
Descriptiorn A solution of about 6% SULFUR DIOXIDE in
water. Clear, colorless liquid that gives off
the sharp, saUocating odor of SULFUR DIOXIDE.
Corrosive and bleaching agent. Gradually oxidizes
to SULFURIC ACID.
toxicity; See SULFUR DIOXIDE.
Detection: See SULFUR DIOXIDE.
-------
SUPERPHOSPHATE A mixture of calcium
phosphates, calcium
sulfate, iron oxide,
silica, etc.
Includes: Triple superphosphate.
Description: The most important phosphorus fertilizer.
White to grayish powders or granules. Sinks;
solubility varies with the composition of the
mixture, but usually slightly soluble.
Toxicity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Varies with solubility; usually low.
Other - Superphosphate is a fertilizer, and may
stimulate the growth of algae and noxious
plants.
Detection: See AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE for phosphate tests.
Ca tests are of limited utility.
-------
TANN1C ACiD Variable structure, depending
on origin; one important variety
is empirically C 27 HSaO 4 6
Synonyms: Tannin. gallotannin. gallotannic acid 1 corilagin ,
nutgall extract.
Deacriptiorn Yellowish to light brown amorphous,. bulky powder
or flakes or spongy manes. Faint characteristic
odor like tanned leather. Gradually darkens on e r-
posure to air and light. Sinks; very soluble.
Totcity:
Local - May dry and discolor skin.
Systemic - Low.
Aquatic - High.
Other - Discoloration of structures.
Detection: Boil a mixture of 0. 05% g of sodium tungatate.
0. OZ g arsenious oxide, and 2 ml of ZN MC i. Add
to this mixture 2 ml of sample and 2 ml of 20%
sodium carbonate solution. Positive result: solution
turns blue. U.5).
-------
TETRAETHYLENE PENTAMfl % E HZN(C 2 HNH)CHNHz
Synonym: TEPA.
Description: Viscous, hygroscopic liquid. Amine odor.
Floats and dissolves. Combustible.
Toxicity;
Local - irritant.
Systemic - Moderate.
Aquatic - (Moderate) .
Detectiorn Detect as a primary amine and a secondary amine
(see DIAMYLAMINE, PROPYLAMINE, and PYR1DINE
for methods).
-------
THALLIUM 11
Includes: Common thallium compounds.
Description: Thallium is a bluish white, soft metal that
forms a skin of oxide in air. The metal and all
of its most important compounds are poisonous,
and are widely used in pesticides, as well as in
many industries (metallurgy, electronics, optics.
pyrotechnics). The soluble compounds are white
to yellow crystals. The relatively insoluble forms
include the halides (white to yellowish crystals) ,
the sesquioxide, the sulfide, and the selenide (all
dark crystals or powders). In contrast to many
heavy metals, both the hydroxide and the carbonate
are quite soluble, and except for the sulfide and the
high-valence oxide, all the usual derivatives that
might be formed after a spill in water are at least
slightly soluble.
Toxicity:
Human - High.
Aquatic - (High).
Detection: Treat suspect solids with IM sulfuric acid to
dissolve the TI. Use the following test for the
Thou. Mix2rnlofsaznplewith 2 ml of 10% KL
After a white precipitate forms, add 3 nil of 2%
Na 2 S 2 O 3 . Positive result: the white precipitate
turns yellow. Pb and Ag interfere. (1, 5).
-------
THIOGLYCOLIC ACID HSCH 2 COOH
Synonyms: Mercaptoacetic acid, thioglycollic acid.
Description: Colorless liquid. Strong, unpleasant odor.
Miscible with water. Readily oxidized by air
to hydrogen sulfide and ACETIC ACID.
Toxicity:
Local - Irritant; can severely burn and blister skin.
Systemic . Moderate.
Aquatic - (Moderate ).
Detection: The odors of hydrogen sulfide and acetic acid,
and a somewhat acid pH can be used to detect
fairly high concentrations. Also see ACETIC
ACID; to detect sulfide, see AMMONIUM SULFIDE.
Test for the thioglycolate moiety as follows. Mix
2 ml of sample with 2 ml ol 8% sodium acetate
sclution aad 1 ml of 5% acfli acid. Add .i ml of
37% formaldehyde solution, and set aside for
2 minutes. Then add 2 ml of phosphotungstic acid
reagent (10 g of sodium t rngstate in 80 nil ‘of 10%
phosphoric acid). Positive result: solution turns
blue. Mercaptans interfere. (1. 5).
-------
THOIULJM CHLORIDE ThCl 4
Synonyrrn Thorium tetrachioride.
Description: Colorless to light yellow crystalline solid.
Hygroscopic; partially volatile. Sinks and dis solves.
toxicity:
Local - irritates mucous membranes.
Systemic - Moderate.
Aquatic - High.
Detection: Detect thorium in solution by mixing samples with
a buffer solution (4. 1% sodium acetate and 2. 9% glacial
acetic acid) that contains 0.02% carmiriic acid. Posi-
tive result: the solution tun is yellow. Ft aria A.! inter-
fere. (1,5 1.
-------
THORIUM NITRATE Th(NO 3 ) 4
Synonyms: None.
Descriptiorn White crystalline mass that sinks and dissolves
freely , giving an acidic solution. A strong oxidizing
agent.
Toxicity: See THORIUM CHLORIDE .
Detection: See THORIUM CHLORIDE for Th method.
See KMMONBJM NITRATE for NO 3 methods.
-------
TITANIUM COMPOUNDS Ti and its compounds
Includest The elemental metal and its common compounds .. -
halides, hydride isopropylate , oxalate, oxide, sulfate,
and complex salts with axmnothwn and potassium;
includes titanate, titanous, and titanyl compounds.
Description: titanium metal ‘s shiny, gray, and insoluble in
water; it is widely used in metallurgy. Its halides
oxysulfate (titanyl sulfate, TiOSO 4 and isopropylate
are unstable, and are decomposed on contact with
moist air or nter, often yielding highly irrita t ing
decomposition product.. The alkali complexes are all
water soluble. The sesquisulfate (titanous sulfate)
and the coznxnsrcially very important dioxide (Unitane,
titania) are insoluble; the powdered dioxide is widely
used as a pigment for white paint 1 and the crystalline
dioxide is used to make imitation thamonds. The
oxide ozysulfate and tetrafluondc are white powders;
the isopropylate and tetrachioride are unstable fuming
liquids. Several of the salts give highly colored solu-
tions tusually reddish purple), but these solutions are
generally unstable , particularly when organic matter,
oxygen and other metals axe present
Toxicity:
Local - Dust, and decomposition products are irritants.
Systemic. Low, except the hydride. which is highly toxic.
A Quatic - High. Toxicity it lower an hard than in soft
Water.
Other - Unstable titanium compounds may cause corrosion
damage.
Detection: Ti compounds often react with water to form insoluble
precipitates: be certain to collect samples of suspect
bottom solids and suspended solids. Both solids and
liquids may be analysed as follows. Evaporate the sample
to dryness. Fuse the abed solid with potassium pyrosuif ate
until effervescence ceases. Then dissolve the cooled juts &
in 10% H S0 4 by boiling. Positive reactions are? (1) hydra-
gen peroxide turns the solution yellow or orange; 2) rnor-
phine turns it red. (1, 4).
-------
TOLUENE (H 3 C )C 6 H 5
Synonyms: Methylb enzene, phenylrnethane, toluol.
Description: Colorless, refractive, flammable liquid.
Odor like benzene. floats; very slightly soluble.
Toxicity :
Local - Liquid and vapor irritant.
Systemic - Moderate to low.
Aquatic - Moderate to high.
RESPIRATOR AN]) PROTECT IVE CLOTHING ADVISABLE.
Detection: Commercial kits are available; sensitivity range
is 1-1000 ppm. Suppliers include Kitagawa,
MSAS and Scott/Davis. (l 4,6).
Alternatively, test for unsaturation (see BENZENE
for method).
-------
TOLUENE DIISOCYANATZ H 3 CC 6 H 3 (NCO)Z
Synonyms: Diisocyanatotolueue tolylene diisocyanat e. TDI,
Nac conate.
Description: Colorless liquid at room temperature; freezes at
about 70°F. Sharp, biting odor. Darkens on eicposure
to sunlight. Reacts with water to produce 002 and
diarninotoluene (toluene diarnine) , which is a colorless
liquid, miscible with water,
Totcity:
Local - Very irritating vapor and liquid.
Systemic - Moderate by ingestion.
Aquatic - (Moderate to high).
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING ADVISABLE.
Detection: Analyze for primary amine; see PROPYLAMJNE for
method.
-------
TOLUIDINE H 3 CC 6 H 4 NHz
Synonyms: Axninotoluene, methylaniline.
Description: There are 3 isomers, all combustible and all
slightly soluble. The rn isomer is a colorless
liquid that floats on water; o is a pale yellow
liquid that turns red then brown in air arid light,
and may float or sink depending on temperature
and dissolved solids; is a shiny white solid
(plates or leaflets) that sinks.
Toxicity:
Local - Irritant to skin and eyes.
Systemic - Moderate by ingestion, low by skin
penetration.
Aquatic - Moderate.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHiNG ADVISABLE.
Detection: Analyze for primary amines; see PROPYLAMINE
for method.
-------
TRICHLOROP$LENOL HOC 6 H 2 Cl 3
Synonyms: ColJ.unosol. Dowicide I and IS, Dotcide B ,
Trichiorer -.
Description: Colorless to yellowish or gray solid (depending
on technical grade 1 isomer, or derivative). Strong
phenolic odor. Sinks; al most insoluble. The sodium
salt sinks and dissolves, giving a markedly alkaline
solution. Used as bactericide, !ungicide and defoliant.
Taricitr
Local - Strong irritant.
Systemic - Moderate to high by all routes.
Aquatic - 1*gh to fauna and flora.
WEAR RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
Detection: Test for unnturafton (see BENZENE for method),
for aromatic alcohol (see below), or for organic
halide (see below). To test for aromatic alcohol,
combine I ml of sample with S i n .! of reagent (a 10%
solution of ceric axnmoniuni nitrate in ZN HNO 3 ).
Positive resuTh brown to greenish brown precipitate
(1, 3). To test for organic halide, to 2 ml of sample
add S ml of freshly prepared 15% NaI in acetone (Do
Not Use U the Iodide Baa Turned Reddish or Brown;
it should be colorless). Positive result: reddish-
brown precipitate. If test is not clear, put teat
solution in hot water (alxnat 120°F) for 5 -10 minutes;
if no precipitate forms test is negative. (1, 3).
-------
TRIETHANOLAMINE (HOC}4 2 CH 2 ) 3 N
Synonyms: TEA, trihydroxyethylamine.
Description: Colorless, viscous, hygroscopic liquid that
jells at about 70°F. Turns brown on exposure to
air and light. Slight arnrnoniacal odor. Sinks and
dissolves, giving a strongly basic solution 4 Corn-
bustible. The article of corninerce contains a
large quantity of di - and monoethanolamine.
Toxicity:
Local - Irritant, especially to eyes.
Systemic - Low.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detection: If the smell of ammonia is strong, test with pH
indicator for a base. (1 3). In any case, test for
tertiary amine by mixing 2 ml of sample with 2 ml
of 1% methyl iodide. Positive result: precipitate
forms. (1, 4).
-------
TRiETHYLAM [ NE (C 2 H 5 ) 3 N
Synonyms: None.
Descriptiorn Colorless liquid; strong amnioniaca). odor.
Floats; slightly soluble in warm water (above
66°F ); miscible with cold water. Very flammable.
Toxicity:
Local - Strong irritant , especially to the eyes and
lungs.
Systemic - Low 4
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detection: Methods identical to TIUETHANOLAMINE.
Commercial kits are also available; sensitivity
range is 2 -ZOO ppm. MSA is one supplier (I or 2, 5,6).
-------
T IUETHYLENETETRA.M INE H 2 N(CZH 4 NHZ)ZCZH 4 NHZ
Synonym: TETA.
Descriptiorn Clear, yellowish, viscous, volatile liquid.
Slight arnmoniacai odor, floats; miscible.
Toxicity:
Local — Irritant liquid and vapor.
Systemic - Low.
Aquatic - Moderate to low.
Detection: Analyze for primary and secondary amine; see
DIAMYLAMINE and PROPYLAMINE for methods.
-------
TR IMETHYLA}41NE (Gil 3 ) 3 N
Synonym: TMA.
Description: The article of commerce may be either a
compressed liquefied gas or an aqueous solution.
Both forms are highly flammable, and both have
a sharp, fishy. ammoniacal odor and a salty taste.
Readily miscible with waters giving a strongly
basic solution. The hydrochloride and the oxide
are also soluble.
Toxicity:
Local .- Very irritant vapor; liquid causes burns.
Systemic - Moderate by ingestion and inhalation.
Aquatic - High.
Detectiorn Analyze for tertiary amine (see TRIETHANOLAMINE
for method). Commercial kits are available: sensitivity
range is 2-250 ppm. MSA is one supplier. (1, 5,6).
-------
VANADYL SULFATE \0S 04
Synonyms: Vanath c sulfate, vanadium sulfate vanadium
oxys ulfate.
Description: Blue crystalline powder or crystals. Sinks
and dissolves.
Toxicity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Moderate to high.
Detection: Add SN sulfuric acid to S ml of sample to acidify.
Then add 1 ml of 10% phosphoric acid to S ml of
acidified sample; this rcnoves interference from
iron. Finally, add a few ml of 3% hydrogen peroxide
solution. Positive result: solution turns reddish-
brown. (1, 5, possibly 6).
-------
VINYL ACETATE H 3 CCOOC}LC13 2
Synonyms: Ac eto ethylene. ethylene ac elate.
Description A raw material for polyvinyl resins. Colorless,
clear, liquid; sweet, pleasant odor. Very flammable.
Polymerizes in light to a clear, colorless mass
(polyvinyl plastic); inhibitors (such as I-{YDROQUINONE
and diphenylarnine) are usually added to prevent spon-
taneous polymerization. Both the liquid monomer and
the solid polymer float, but the liquid is rather soluble,
while the solid is insoluble.
Toxicity:
Local - Irritant; vapor harmful.
Systen-uc - Moderate; most toxic by inhalation.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Other - Look for fouling by the polymer.
RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING ADVISABLE.
Detection: Test for unsaturation; see BENZENE for method.
-------
VINYL BROMIDE H 2 C:CHJ3r
Synonyms: B romo ethylene, ethylene bromide.
Description: Very flammable colorless gas that Iiquefies
at 60°F. Sinks; insoluble. The gas is heavier
than air. Polymerizes to form a clear plastic
solid.
Toxicity:
Local - Irritant liquid and vapor.
Systemic - Low.
Aquatic - (Low ).
Other - Look for fouling by the polymer.
RESPIRATOR AND PROTECTWE CLOTHING ADVISABLE.
Detection: Use two presumptive tests. Test for unsaturation
(see BENZENE for method). Also test for organic
halide (see TRICHLOROPH-ENOL for method).
-------
VINYL CHLORIDE H 2 C:CHC1
Synonyms: Chioroethene, chioro ethylene, ethylene chloride,
vc.
Description: the most important vinyl monomer. Colorless
gas with sweet odor; usual commercial form is
compressed, liquefied gas; the liquid is clear and
colorless. Spontaneously polymerizes in the light;
phenol often added to inhibit polymerization.
Floats; slightly soluble; very fla.rnrnable. The
polyvinyl plastic is clear and insoluble; it floats.
Totcity:
Local - Irritant Iiquid and vapor; the liquefied form
is very cold, and may cause severe frostbite.
Systemic Low.
Aquatic - Low.
Other - Fouling of shorelines and structures by
polyvinyl.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND RESPIRATOR ADViSABLE.
Detection: Commercial kits are available; sensitivity range
is 100-2000 ppm 4 Suppliers include
MSA., and Scott/flats. (1, 5,6).
-------
XYLENE C 6 H 4 (CH 3 ) 1
Synonyms: Dimethylbenz ene, methyltoluene, zylenol.
Description: There are three pure isomers (rn, o, and
but the xylene of commerce is an isomeric mixture,
with the n-i isomer predominating. Clear, colorless,
mobile, flammable liquid. Aromatic odor, similar
to bensene. Floats; practically insoluble.
Toxicity:
Human - Low to moderate; most toxic by inhalation.
Aquatic - Moderate.
RESPLRATOR ADVISABLE.
Detection: Commercial detectors are available: sensitivity
range 18 10-5000 ppm. Suppliers include
Kitagawa, MSA, and Scott/flats. (1,5,6).
Alternatively, test for unsaturation; see BENZENE
for method.
-------
XYLENOL H0C 6 } 1 5 (CH 3 ) 2
Synonyms: Dixnethylphenol, hydroxydimethylbenzene; a
constituent of ttcresylic acid”, a commercial
mixture of CRkSOLS.
Description: There are several pure isomers, but the
article of commerce is a mixture of isomers.
White crystals. Coal tar odor. Sinks; slightly
soluble. Combustible.
Toxicity:
Local - Irritant to skin.
Systemic - Moderate by ingestion, low by skin
absorption.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detectiou: Test for aromatic alcohol as fol lows. Combine
2 ml of sample with 5 ml of reagent (10% solution
of ceric ammonium nitrate in ZN HNO 3 ). Positive
result: brown to greenish-brown precipitate.
-------
ZINC COMPOUNDS Zn and its compounds
Includes: Elemental metallic zinc and all important zinc- containing
compounds.
Description: Metallic zinc is a shiny, bluish metal that quickly
forms a dull white skin of carbonate in air. With few
exceptions, zinc compounds are white, sometimes
tinged with yellow or gray. Yellow or orange zinc
compounds include the chromate hydroxide, dichromate,
selenide, and tannate; dark gray or purplish or brownish
Zn compounds include the perrnanganate, phosphide, and
telluride. Most of the common salts are soluble: halides
and oxyhalides, nitrate, sulfate, acetate. fonnate, etc.
Several others are slightly soluble: bensoate. caprylate,
chrotnate hydroxide, citrate, fluoride, lactate, oxalate,
and nitrate. Several of the most important Zn com-
pounds. however, are practically insoluble: carbonate and
carbonate hydroxide cyanide, ferrocyanide, oxide, phos-
phate, pyrophosphate, silicate, stearate. sulfide, and
undecylenate. Zinc compounds are widely used in industry
(refining, metallurgy, chemistry, textiles, electronics,
wood products) and in medicine (deodorant, astringent,
antiseptic, fungicide, and protective . in skin disease).
Several organic Zn products are widely used in cosmetics,
soaps, shampoos, toiletries 1 and patent medicines as
bactericides and fungicides. Several important Zn com-
pounds decompose under the action of water and air; these
include the nitrite, permanganate. peroxide, phosphide,
selenite, sulfide, sulfite, and telluride. It is of the utmost
importance to remember that soluble Zn compounds may be
convened to the insoluble carbonate, carbonate hydroxide,
hydroxide, phosphate, pyrophosphate, silicate, or sulfide
(which slowly oxidizes to the soluble sulfate) once they have
been spilled in water.
Toxicity:
Local - Nonirritating except as follows: acetate, chloride,
ethyls ulfate, forrnate. permanganate, and sulfate.
Systemic - Low, except when the Zn is combined with such
toxic components as arsenate, cyanide, phosphide,
selenide, etc.
Aquatic - High, regardless of the presence of other toxic
components. Much n re toxic to fauna than to flora.
-------
ZINC COMItUNt)S (continued)
Detection: Commercial kits an available for detection;
sensitivity range is 01 - 10 ppn (1,4,6). Suppliers
include Larnotte and Rack. there is also a presumptive
test teb is interfered wilt by Cd, S n (fl), Pb, and
As (UI). )&t 1 ml of sample with Z ml of 10% NaZSZO3
and I ml of ZM NH 4 CN and 5 nil of 04 002% dithitone
in CC1 Positive result the C d 4 layer turns red.
(1,4, possibly 6)
-------
ZIRCON1UM SULFATS Zr(S0 4 )z or H 2 ZrO(S0 4 ) 2
Synonym: Disulfatozirconic acid.
Description: White, crystalline solid that sinks and dissolves.
Water solutions are acid to litmus. At ordinary
temperatures, dilute solutions deposit a solid on
standing; this solid, known as Hauserrs salt, is a
rearrangement of the molecule with the addition
of water. The more dilute the solution, the more
rapid the deposition.
Toxicity:
Human - Low.
Aquatic - Moderate.
Detection: Treat suspect solids with boiling aqua regia to
redissolve the Zr. Test for Zr ion as follows.
Mix 2 ml of sample with 2 ml of concentrated HC1
and 2 ml of aqueous 1% Alir.arin solution. Positive
result: red precipitate. (2, 5,6).
-------
APPENDIX B
CROSS INDEX
TO
APPENDIX A: DICTIONARY
There are two kinds of entry in this Cross Iiviex:
1. A single name in capital letters.
Example: “ACETIC ACID.”
This means that there is a page in the
Dictionary titled “ACETIC ACIZY’. The pages
are arranged alphabetically: the Introduction
to the Dictionary explains the system.
2. Two names, separated by a colon; the second
is in capital letters.
Example: Acetic acid amine: ACETAMIDE. ”
This means that information about acetic acid
amine is on the page titled TM ACETAMIDE.”
This Cross Index includes all the page titles of the
Dictionary and all the synonyms.
S-i
-------
ABIETIC ACID
ADS Detergents:
ABI IC SURFACTAWfl
AC: ALLY!. CELC*IDE
AanwayDt
aaniuns
A TAMILIDE
ACETIC ACID
Acetic acid nine:
ACETANIDZ
Acetic acid a aiia salt:
NaNiltal ACETATE
Acetic acid butyl ester:
BUrfl . ACETATE
Acetic aldebyd.: ACETALDEHYDE
ric pjnrrnnog
Acetic oxide: ACETIC ANHYDRIDE
Acetoethy lene: VINYL ACET&TE
MflONE CYAJ4OSYDRIN
AC ETOWZ T H ILZ
Ac.tylb.rttene: ACfltPflflhE
Mst BRONIOt
Afl
At.tyl.noq.n: CALCIWI CARBIDE
Acetyl oxIde: ACETIC
ANHYOPIPE
Acid aodi s phosphate: SOCImI
PW*PWtTt
L a ID Xfl
ACDYUC ACID
Acrylic acid n—butyl ester:
BUflL ACATIATE
Acrylic_acid ethyl ester:
JCTNYL ACHYLATE
Acrylic resin nonr:
NEnrtnCRnan
acnzwxnns
ADDIC ACID
ADIP IflILE
Adipyl. dinitrile:
ADIP fl*ILS
AIb : HYfS PEROXIDE
Aldehyde: ACtThLD YDE
Aldehyde ccli idene:
rurz.n’sn PYRIDI IIE
Aldebydine: nzxaThtL
PYRIDINE
Aldifen: DINIflCPR L
Alkaryl sulfocates: ANIOUC
stwncnwn
Aflyl a z -fl a nium halides:
QUATERNARY AIQCNI UN SALTS
Alkyl benzene sulfonates:
A NIOHIC SU*FACTANTS
Allcaaleic acid: FUP%RIC ACID
ALLYL ALCOHOL
ALLYL CHLORIDE
Altnini.a borate BORIC ACID
ALZflIINIW FLUORiDE
ALWUNUI4 SULFATE
Aliairna trifluoride:
ALImINUN FLUORIDE
A1u qenste: ALUKINUN SULFATE
A*Chlor: AJ10N1tTh4 CHLORIDE
Azinoben ten.: MU Li NE
At nctut.sn*: DUTYLAMI NE
Aainoethane: ETHYLAMINE
Asirsosthsn*1: NONOEttMANOLAMINE
AMINO ETHYL ETHANOL AMINE
LaS r ou,ethane: KETHY LAN! NE
Arinonaphtbslene:
*APHTHY LAN! NE
Annophen: ANILINE
Asinopropane: PROPYLAM! NE
Minopropanol:
10001 SOflOPAMOLANI NE
Aninotoluebe: S 4IY1AMINE and
tOI.U IDENE
AIS4(WIA
A aAa crystal: A IV4ONIUN
CARBONATE
Lania gas: AItIOtIIA
Asonia household: AlaON1A
Awnia liquefied: AflCNIA
ASfl AcETATE
Aaniia bichroaate:
£15011 1 DICHRC TE
Amonjia bisulfide: A154ONIUM
SULFIDE
Lania borate: BORIC ACID
Anita carbazotate:
AIIOIUN PICEATE
APII ItDI ARflJATE
AsOInPc CHLORIDE
AISSfl flfl
Aaoni a cbnaste, neutral:
ns nm CHStOnMt
naitm DI cERONATE
Amonia disulfatonicke late:
flan NIOLI Lfl4 SULFATE
ASt*It.P1 FEPaICYANIDE
AD-AN
B— 2
-------
AMMONIUM FERROCYAN IDE
A nium hexacyanoferrate (III):
AJ t NflN FERRICYANIDE
Ammonitn hydrosuluide:
AI4MONIUM SULFIDE
A ni n hydroxide: AIOCNIA
? wnium uriate: AMMONIUM
CHLOR IDE
A niuru nickel sulfate:
NICKEL APO IONIUM SULFATE
AMPCNIUM NITRATE
A?QVNIUM PICRATE
Antoni4nu picronitrate:
A IYSONILIM PICRATE
MQON ION PEW HLORATE
A1*ONIUN PEROXYDISULFATE
Az wni.a persulfate:
APGEWI IUM PEROXYDISULFATE
APS ONIUM PHOSPHATE
A oniwm phosphate, monobasic:
APQIONILRI PHOSPHATE
Ansonirin phosphate. primary:
AIBIONIUM PHOSPHATE
Awniwt phosphate, secondary:
AW$ON ION PHOSPHATE
A ni rhodanide: AMW)NIUM
THIOCYANATE
A nitw sesquicarbonate:
AISION ION CARBONATE
A1 NIWI SULFATE
AIt ONItflI SULFIDE
Anwrnita sulfocyanate:
A*4ON ION THUCYANATE
Aronitsi sulfocyanide
APWONIW4 THIOCThNATE
APION JUN THIOCYANATE
AMYL ACETATE
AMyl. acetic ester: ANYL
ACETATE
Awl alcohol: PENTANOL
A l aldehyde: PENTANAL
Awl carbinol: HEXANOL
Asylene: PENTENE
Amylene hydrate: PENTANOL
A I hydride: PENTANE
Anglesita: LEAD SULFATE
Anhydrous an n is: AMMONIA
ANILINE
Anionic detergents: ANIONIC
SURFACTANTS
Antifreeze: ETHYLENE GLYCOL
Antiscnous chloride: ANTIMONY
TRICHLORIDE
Antiaonous fluoride: ANTIMONY
TRIFLX)RI bE
Antimony chloride: ANTIMONY
TRICHLORIDE
Antimony compounds, soluble:
ANTIMONY POTASSIUM TARTRATE
Antimony fluoride: ANTIMONY
TRIFLUORIDE
Antimony oxide: ANTIMONY
TRIOXIDE
ANTIMONY POTASSIUM TARTRATE
ANTIMONY TRICHLOR IDE
ANTIMONY TRIFLUORIDE
ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE
Antimony white: ANTIMONY
TRIOXIDE
AP: A1S$ONIUN PERCHLORATE
APC AI4ONIUM PERCHLORATE
Aqua fortis: N iTRIC ACID
Aqua regis: NITRIC ACID
Artificial oil of ants:
FURFURA.L
Asphalt: PETROLEUM PRODUCTS,
HEAVY
Atabrine: QUINACRINE
HYDROCHLORIDE
Auro: NEUTRAL SURFACTANTS
Azaanthracene: ACRIDINE
Azacyclopropane: ETHYLENEIMINE
Atiridine: ETHYLENEIMINE
Azotic acid: NITRIC ACID
AM -At
8-3
-------
Banana oil; AMYL ACETATE
BARIUM CHLORIDE
Baritw coapounds, soluble:
BARIUM CHLORIDE
BARIUM CYARIDE
Bariun hydrate: BARIUM
HYDROXIDE
BARIUM HYDROXIDE
BARIUM NITRATE
Battery acid: SULFURIC ACID
Bensalkcnita chloride:
QUATER IIART A}CN 1DM SALTS
Betas lkonia detergents;
(JUATERNART AJQION 1DM SALTS
Benaz ins: QUINOLINE
8 m m
Benzene carbony]. chloride:
BDJZOYL CHLORIDE
BenzefleCarbOXYIiC acid: B SIZOIC
ACID
Benzst*diOl RYDROQUINtSJE,
pnoCATUOL & RESORCINOL
MnaenetriO l PY IWGALLOL
$sninofonn: CARBON
TETRACIELC*IDE
Bsnoate of soda: BEflOIC ACID
Bensoates: BENSOIC ACID
BEN ZOIC ACID
Benrol: BESZENE
BEN ION IflILE
aensopyridine: QUINOLINE
Bensopyrrole 1 10012
Benoqui none: QUINONE
B IXOYL CHLORIDE
BEUTIaMIWE
BERYLLIUM SALTS
Bic&rburetted hydrogen:
Bichtoeate of soda: Sa )ItJM
D 1C BROSU iTE
Bis (chioroethyl) sulfide;
CARD as
Blackstxap: MOLASSES
Blue copperas; COPPER SULFATE
Blue stone: COPPER SULFATE
Blue vitriol: COPPER SULFATE
Boletic acid: FtR9RIC ACID
Boracic acid! BORIC ACID
BORANES
Berates, soluble: BORIC ACID
Borax; BORIC ACID
BORIC ACID
Boron hydrides: BORANES
Broucethylefle: VINYL BROMIDE
BROMINE
Bro mine cyanide; CYANOCEN
BROMIDE
Butane: PETROLEUX PRODUCTS,
LIGHT
Butanedicarboxylic acid:
ADIPIC ACID
Butanediol BUTYLENE GLYCOL.
Butanethiol: BUTYL MERCAPTAN
Butanol: BUTYL ALCOHOL
Butenal: CROTON ALDEH Y DE
Trans buteflediOiC acid:
FUMARIC ACID
Butcxyethanol ETHYLENE
GLYCOL MONOBUTYL ETHER
Butter of antimon y! ANTIMONY
TRICHLORIDE
Bunt AcET*TE
WJTYL ACRYLATE
W’TYL ALCOHOL
BUTYLAM IKE
Butyl cellesolve: ETHYLENE
caa ICHOBUm ETHER
BUTYLO IE GLYCOL
Buty]. ethanoate: BUTYL ACETATE
wm NERCAPTAN
Butyl phthalate DIBUTYL
P BTHALATE
BA-SD
B- 4
-------
CM.3MIUM CHLORIDE
Cadmium compounds, soluble:
CADMIUM CHLORIDE
CADMIUM NITRATE
CADMIUM SULFATE
Cake alum: ALUMINUM SULFATE
Calcium borate: BORIC ACID
CALCIUM CARBIDE
CALCIUM CYANIDE
CALCIUM BTPOCHLORITE
Calcium orychioride:
CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE
CALCIUM PHOSPHIDE
Caporit: CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE
Capryl alcohol: OCTYL ALCOHOL
Carbamic nit.rile: CYANMIIDE
Carbide: CALCIUM CARBIDE
Carbinol: METHANOL
Carbodiimide: CYANAMIDE
Carbolic acid; PHENOL
Carbon bisulfide: CARBON
DISULFIDE
Carbon chloride: CARBON
TETHACKLOR I DE
CARBON DISULFIDE
CARBON MONOXIDE
Carbon oxychloride: PHOSGENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
Carbonyl chloride: PHOSCENE
Carboxybenzene: BENZOIC ACID
Catechol: PYROCATECHOL
Cationic detergents:
QUATERNARY A)QVJWIWI SALTS
Cationic surfactants:
QUATERNARY AIOCNIUM SALTS
Caustic ant Sony: ANTIMONY
TRICELORIDE
Caustic baryta: BARIUM
HYDROXIDE
Caustic potash: POTASSIUM
HYDROXIDE
Caustic soda: SODIUM
HYDROXIDE
CetaUconiun halides:
QUATERNARY AMPmNIUM SALTS
Chameleon mineral:
POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE
Chinoleine: QUINOLINE
Chinone: QUINONE
Chloramine B: CBLOROAAINES
Chiorsaine T: CHLOROAMINES
Chioramines: CH&OROA ICNES
CHLORIC ACID
CHIfl
Chlorine cyanide: CYANOGEN
CHLORIDE
CELOROACETIC ACID
CELOROAMINES
Chioroazotic acid: NITRIC ACID
CIthOHOBEN Z EKE
Chlorobenzol: CHLOROBENZENE
CmnROBUTADI EKE
Chloroepoxypropane:
EPICHLOW)HYDRI$
Chioroethene; VINYL CHLORIDE
Chloroethylene: VINYL CHLORIDE
CHLOROFORM
Chloroformyl chloride: PHOSGENE
Chloronitrobenzene:
NITROCHLOROBENZ ENS
Chioronitrous acid: NITRIC ACID
CULOROPLATINIC ACID
Ch loroprene: CHLOROBUTADIENE
Chloropropene: ALLYL CHLORIDE
Ch loropropylene: ALLYL CHLORIDE
CULOROSULFONIC ACID
CHLOROTRIAZIDE
C BLOROUS ACID
Cinnasene: STYRENE
Cinna 1: STYRENE
Cisbutenedioic acid:
MALEIC ACID
Ciabutenedicic anbydride:
MALE IC ANHYDRIDE
Citrates: CITRIC ACID
CITRIC ACID
Coal naphtha BEN Z EN!
Coaltar distillate: BENZfl4E
Coaltar light oil: BENZENE
Coaltar oil: BENZENE
COBALT CHLORIDE
Cobalt compounds soluble:
COBALT CHLORIDE
COBALT NITRATE
COBALT SULFATE
Cobaltous chloride;
COBALT CHLORIDE
CA—CO
B-S
-------
Cobaltous nitrate:
COBALT NITRATE
Cobaltous sulfate:
COB LT sULFATE
Colaaane: IIOImETRANOLAIIINE
Coflunosol TRICRLOTCPHENOL
Cologne Spirits:
EThYL ALCOBOL
Copper as: FERROUS SULFATE
COPPER CW 4 tRIDS
Copper coapounds. soluble
COPPU. CELORIbE
COPPER NITRATE
COPPER SULFATE
Corilagin: TANWIC ACID
Corn sugar: GLUCOSE
co n yr p
Cre sa of tartar: BORIC ACID
crasilic acid: PH OL
CRE SDj.
Crasylic acidt Cs.ESOL and
nL
CROT ALDEHYDE
crotonjo aidehyda:
Crystal awnia:
A1004IUN cnnAn
Cupfle chloride: COPPER
CHLORIDE
Cupric nitrate: COPPER
* 17 5kfl
Cupric sulfate: COPPER
SUl FATE
cwwa
Cyanide of potash:
POTASSIUM CYANIDE
Cyanide of potsasis:
POTASSiUM CYANIDE
Cyancn’ic ACID
Cyanoben tene t ZONITRILE
CYANOWTADI E
Cyanoetbylene:
AcRYI 1TRLLLE
Cyano enaj4e: CYAWI1IUE
CflWOGEM BRIMIDE
CYAW*ER CflORIDE
Cyanogran: SODIUM CYANIOZ
Cyanonethane: ACETONITRILE
Cyanoprene: CYA ICBUThD tENt
Cyclanon: NEUTRAL SURFACTANTS
Cyc lo!iexañiened lone: QOINONE
CYCWBmNE
Cyclobexanecarboxylie acid:
NAPnmnIIC ACID
Cyclohexatriene: BENEENE
Cyclopan: NEUTRAL SURYACTAN!PS
CO-CY
a-’
-------
Daran on : A)Q4ONIUM CHI RIDE
DBP: DIBtITYL PHTRPL&TE
DEA; DIETRANOLAMINE
Decaborane: BORANES
DEG: DIETHYIENE GLYCOL
DEP: DIETHYL PHTRALATE
Detergents; ANIONIC SURFACTANTS,
NEUTRAL SURPACTANTS and
QUATERNAJrf A14MONt 4 SALTS
, anionic:
-
STJLFONATE
Detergents, cationic:
QUATERNALRY AMMON ION SALTS
Dextrose GWCOSE
Diamine: HYDRAZINE
D IANINO E THaNE
Diaminohexane -
HEXAMETHYLENE DIAMINE
D TAMYLA IUNE
Diantimony trioxide:
ANTIMONY TRIOXI bE
Diazotizing salts;
SODIUM NITRITh
Dibasic sodium arsenate:
SODIUM ARSENATE
Dibasic sodium phosphate;
SODIUM PHCSP RATE
Dibenzopyridine: ACRIDINE
Diborane: BORANES
DIBUTYL PHTHALAtE
DICHLOROBE U ZENP
Dichioroethyl sulfide:
MUSTARD GAS
Dichlorodiethyl sulfide:
MUSTARD GAS
DXC ELOROE THANE
D XC WIOROICTRANE
DICELOROPHENOL
DICELOROPROPANE
Dicyanohutane; ADIPONITRILE
Diesel fuel oil: PETROLEUM
PRODUCTS, MEDIUM
D IETHANOLAItINE
DIETHYLAMINE
Diethyl carbiriol: PENTANOL
DISTHYLENE GLIYCOL
Diethylolaaine:
DIETHANOLAMINE
DIETHYL PETRALATE
Dihydroxybenrene: PYROCATECHOL
and RESORCINOL
Dihydroxybutane: BUTYLENE
GLYCOL
Dihydroxyd iethylanthe:
DItF}ffiNOLAJ4XNL
Dihydroxydietbyl ether;
DIETHYLENE GLYCOL
Dihydroxyethane: EThYLENE
GLYCOL
Dihydroxypropane: PROPYLENE
GLYCOL
Diisocyanatotoluene:
TOWENE DI ISOCThNATE
0 IISOPROPANOLAMINS
DIIS0PROPYt . I 1 .
D IMETHYT.AMXNE
Dimethylbenzene: Xut.ENE
Dimethyl carhinol: PROPYL
ALCOHOL
Dimetbyleneimine:
ETHYLENEIMINE
Dimethyl ethyl carbinol:
PENTANOL
Dimethylpheno3: XYLENOL
DIMETHYL SULFATE
DIMETHYL SULFOXIC
DINITROBENZENE
Dinitrobenzol: DINITROBENZENE
Dinitrogen monoxide
NITROUS OXIDE
DIN XTROPRENOL
DIPA: D1ISOPRDPAflOLNIINE
Dipentylain.ine: DIAMYLM4INE
Disodium arsenate:
SODIUM ARSENATE
Disodialibutylphenylpheno idi—
sulfonate: ANIONIC SURPACTANTS
Disodium phosphate; SODIUM
PHOSPHATE
Disulfatozirconic acid:
ZIRCONIUM SULFATE
Disulfur dichloride:
SULFUR CHLORIDE
DMA: DIMETHYLAMINE
DM50: DIXETHYL SULFOXIDE
Dowicide b: TRICHLOROPHENOL
DA-DO
B— i
-------
Dowicids 2 aM 2a:
fljCWh PE
DupOr iol :
wThNfl
Dutch oil:
DICW 1 ORO€T SAIE
DO-DU
B-S
-------
Edetates: Ethylene broaide:
ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRa- VINYL BRCMIDE
ACETIC ACID Ethylene chloride:
EDTA: ETHYLENEDIA JINE- DIC1fl OROETNM(E and VINYL
TETRAACETIC ACID CHLORIDE
Elayl: ETHYLENE ETHYLENE CYANOHYDRIN
Enanthyl alcohol: Ethylene&ianine:
HEPTANOL DIA I4INOETHANE
Engraver’ s acid: ETHYLENEDIAJ IINETETRAACETIC
NITRiC ACID ACID
EPICHLOROHTDRIN Ethylene dicarboxylic acid:
Epoxypropane: MALEIC ACID
PROPYLENE OXIDE Trans-ethylenedicarboxylic
flinitrit: SODIUM acid: FUMARIC ACID
NITRITE Ethy lenedinitrilotetraacetic
Ethanal: ACETALDEBYDE acid: ETHYLEVVPIANINE-
Ethananide: ACETAMIDE TETRAACET1C ACID
Ethanedioic acid: ETHYLENE GLYCOL
OXAL1C ACID ETHYLENE GLYCOL DIACETATE
Ethanediol: ETHYLENE ETHYLENE GLYCOL NDNONJTYL
CLYCOL ETHER
Ethanenitr i le: ETHYLENEIMINE
ACr ION XTRILE Ethyl hydroxide: ETHYL ALCOHOL
Ethanodiaaine: Ethylic alcohol: ETHYL ALCOHOL
DIAMINOETBANE Ethylidene chloride:
Ethanoic acid: DICHLOROETHANE
ACETIC ACID Ethyl phtha late: DISTHYL
Ethanol: ETHYL ALCOHOL PHTBALATE
Ethanolanine: Ethyl picoline: METBYLETHYL
MCNIOETHANOLANINE PYRIDINE
Ithene: ETHYLENE Ethylpropanol: PENTANOL
Ether in: ETHYLENE Ethyne: ACETYLENE
Ethine: ACETYLENE Eunatrol: SODIUM OLEATE
ETHYL ACRYLATE Exiteli te: ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE
ETHYL ALCOHOL
Ethylaldebyde:
ACETAIIDEHYDE
rHYIfl
ITHYLBEN IENE
Ethyl benzol: ETHYL
BEN SENt
ETHYS
Ethylene acetate:
VINYL ACETATE
Ethylene alcohol
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
Ethylenebisiminodiacetic acid:
s Tx Yi. K P U K DIAMINE TETRAACETIC
ACID
B— 9
-------
Factitious air:
NITROCS OXiDE
Persentation alcohol:
ETHYL ALCOHOL
PERRIC CHLORIDE
Peale hydrate: PERRIC
HYDROXIDE
PERRIC HYDROX IDE
Perrie okide (hydrated):
FERRIC HYDROXfl
Ferric perch Joride:
FERRIC CHLORIDE
Lerric tesquisulfate:
FERRIC SULFATE
PERRIC SULFATE
tactic tricMoride:
FERRIC CHLORIDE
Perrit trisultate:
FERRIC SULFATE
FERROUS HYDROXIDE
FERROUS SULFATE
FERROUS SULFITE
Plores aartis EERRIC
CHLORIDE
Fluorocid: SODIUM
FLUORIDE
F1c tars of antinvny:
ANTIMONY T HIOXIDE
Flura-Orops SODIUM
FLUORIDE
FLUORINE
FORMALDEHYDE
Porn un: PORWLDEHYDE
FORMIC ACID
Forsic aldebyde:
FORMALDEHYDE
Porwl: FORMALDEHYDE
Foraonitrile: HYDROCYANIC
ACID
Forayl chloride:
CHLOROFORM
Porayl trithloride
C HLOROFORM
FRUCTOSE
Fruit sugar: FRUCTOSE
FUMARIC ACID
Fuaigrain: A YLONITRILE
Fur aldehyde: FURFURA L
Furane carbinol:
PURPIJBYL ALCOHOL
Furanedione; MALEIC ANBYDRIDE
FURY URAL
Purfuralcohol: FURFURYL
ALCOHOL
FURFITRYL ALCOHOL
Furyl carbinol: FURFURYL
ALCOHOL
Pyrex: N4J4ON IUM PHOSPHATE
PA- f l
B-ID
-------
GALLIC ACID
Gailotannic acid:
TANNIC ACID
Gallotannin: TANWIC
ACID
Gardenal: PRENOBARBITAL
Gardinol detergents:
NEUTRAL SUflACTANTS
Gaseous hydrocarbons:
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, LIGHT
Gasoline: PE T RQLEtW
PRODUCTS, LIGHT
Glacial acetic dcidt
ACETIC ACID
Glucitol: SORBITOL
GLUCONIC ACID
GLUCOSE
Glycerine: GLYCEROL
GLYCEROL
G 1vcocenit a:id
(ç, (
Glycol cyar: :v. :
ETHYLENE CYANOHYDR!W
Glycol diacetate:
ETHYLENE GLYCOL DIACETATE
Glyconic acid: GLUCOI4IC ACID
Glycy3. alcohol: GLYCEROL
Grain alcohol: flHTh AlCOHOL
Grape sugar: CLUCOSbI
Green quinhydror -:
($JINHYDRONE
Green vitriol: FERROUS
SULFATE
Gulitol: SORBITOL
GA—GD
B- il
-------
Rartaborn: fl
CARB TE
t : PWSTAS) ( S
Heavy carburetted hydrogen:
Heavy greases: PETROLEUM
Pfl?UCTS,EEAVT
Septyl alcohol ‘ThNOL
Hepty]. carbino]: OCTYL
Denhydric alcohol:
SORRITOL
Denhydrobensene
CYcLO N EXA N E
Berahydrobentoic acid:
RAPETBENIC C
Pa ,tethy1en .: CYcIA I WZANE
HEnnrRtIaIE DIA*Da
aranaphthen.: CYCWHEflNE
He nna PITROLEtS PRODUCTS,
UGH?
Deane diaaine: H E U IIETRYLD IE
DIANINE
flennedioic acid: ADIPIC ACID
Rezone: NETDYLISOWTYL ZET(SE
Rezyl alcohol: HEXANOL
Nfl: CALCIUM HYPOCHWRXTT and
BYPOCHWROUS ACID
Rydracrylonitrile: ETHYLENE
HYDRAZINE
nowrmaxc acm
HYDROCflRIC ACID
HYDROFLUORIC ACID
Hydrogen_carboxylic acid:
Pcs)aC ACID
Hydrogen chloride:
HYDROenORIC ACID
Hydrogen cyanaalde:
CYWNIDE
Hydrogen cyanide:
HYDROCTANIC ACID
Hydrogen dioxide: HTDRO N
PENOXIDE
HYDROGEN PEROXIUf
Hydrogen sulfate:
SULFURIC ACID
Rydroqui.nol: HYDROcA J INONE
HYDROQUINONE
Bydrozybenxaldehyde:
SALIC Y LALDEHYDE
flydrorybensene: PHENOL
HydroxybenzOic acid:
SALICYLIC ACiD
Hydrozycarballylic acid:
crrRzC ac m
Hydroxydimethylbenrene:
XTLEROL
Hydroxydinitrobenflne:
DINI 1 PU E 3L
Hydroxyethylasine:
NONOETHANOLAJ4INE
his (Rydroxyethyl) swine:
DIETHANOLAMI N E
Rydroxyethylethylenedia*int:
AMINO ETHYL ETHANOl. AMINE
Hydroxyheptane: HEPTA*)L
Hydr oxyi sobatyroni t n 1 .:
kczlva CYMIOHYDRIN
uYDRomPaINE
nydroxyaethylfuran: F’URFURYL
ALCOHOL
RydroxynaPbthaltfle NMRTHOL
Hydroxyphenol: RESO INOL
Hydroxypropanetricarboxylic
acid: CITRIC ACID
ffintrarvtrooanoic acid t
- -
LACTIC ACID
Hydroxypropionitrile:
ETHYLENE CYMIOHYDRIN
Hydroxypropylaaine:
psoHots R oPANOIAPCNE
Bydroxytoluene: CRESOL
ifypaone : ACE IOPHENONE
HyPOtRI.OWXIS ACID
Hyponitrous anhydride:
NITROUS OXIDE
HA - WY
8-12
-------
Iminodiethanol:
DIETHANOLAMINE
INDOLE
Iron chloride: FERRIC
CHLORIDE
Iron hydrate: FERRIC
HYDROXIDE
Iron hydroxide: FERRIC
HYDROXIDE and FERROUS
HYDROXIDE
Iron oxide (hydrated);
FERRIC HYDROXIDE
Iron perchloride: FERRIC
CHLORIDE
Iron persuifate: FERRIC
SULFATE
Iron sulfate: YER.RIC
SULFATE and FERROUS
SULFATE
Iron tersulfate: FERRIC
SULFATE
Iron trichioride:
FERRIC CHLORIDE
Iron vitriol: FERROUS
SULFATE
Isoantyl acetate: AMYL
ACETATE
ZSOPRENE
Isopropanol: PROPYL
ALCOHOL
Isopropylacetone:
METHYLISOBUTYL KETONE
Isopropyl alcohol: PW)PYTL
ALCOHOL
Isovaleral; PENTANAt
Isovaleraldehyde: PENTANAL
Isovaleric aldehyde;
PENTANAL
Iriur: NEUTRAL SURFACTANTS
IM-IR
8-i 3
-------
Jet fuels; PETROLEtM
panTS ,
33 -n
8- 14
-------
Raridir; SODIUM
FLUORIDE
Kerosine: PETROLEUM
PRODUCTS, MSDI1 4
n-XE
s-15
-------
LACTIC ACID
LACTOSE
Lanarkite: LEAD
SULFA T E
IANTEAfl ACETATE
laughing gas: NIYI )US
OXIDE ____
LavaCOl ETHYL ALCO8OL
LEAD ACETATE
LEAD ARS A7X
LEAD CHLORiDE
LEAD NITRATE
Lead orthoar senate:
LEAD MSE TZ
LEAD SULFATE
LEAD TETRASTRYL
LmiioOl in.: QUI IIOLINE
LavulOast FRtCTOSE
Lichenic acid: Ftlu.RIC
ACID
Light solvents: pETROLEUM
pwiNCfl. LIcr
Ligroint PETW)LflI PROOtETS
LIGHT
LINOLSIC ACID
Linolic acid: LINOLEIC ACID
Linseed oil; LINOLEIC ACID
Liquefied gases: PETROLEUM
PIt000CTS • LiGHT
Lissapol; NEUTRAL SDRPACTMTS
LITHItM CHLORIDE
Losa ntin; CAWIWI
HypOC HLORITE
Lu icants: PETROLflM
p )OUCtS • HEAVY
Lubricating oils: PETROLfl
PRODUCTS • Nfl)IiP
Lisinal: PHUIOBAR3I T AL
Lye: POTASSItM HYDROXIDE and
soo ItRI HYDROXIDE
Lysol: OtESOL
la-LY
B- 36
-------
MALEIC ACID
MALE IC ANHYDRIDE
Maleinic acid:
MA.LEIC ACID
Platonic nitrite:
CYANOACETIC ACID
Maltobiose: MALTOSE
MALTOSE
Malt sugar: MALTOSE
MCA: CHLORACETIC ACID
PlEA: MONOETHANOL.A IIINE
MEP: METHYLETHYL PYRIDINE
Mercaptoacetic acid:
THIOGI.YCOLIC ACID
Mercaptomethane:
METMANETH IOL
Me thana 1: FORMALDEHYDE
METHANETHIOL
Methanoic acid: FORMIC ACID
METHANOL
METHYL ACETATE
Methylacetic acid:
PROPANOIC ACID
Methylacetic anhydride:
PROPANOIC ANHYDR1DE
Methylacrolein:
CROTONALDEHYDE
METHYL ACRYLATE
Methyl alcohol: METHANOL
METHYLAMI NE
Methyl aniyl carbinol:
HEPThNOL
Methylaniline: TOLUIDINE
METHYL AZIDE
Methylbentefle: TOLUENE
Methyl butadiene: ISOPRENE
Methylbutanol: PrANOL
Methylbutyl alcohol: PENTANOL
Methylbutyraldehyde: PENTANAL
Methyl carbinol: ETHYL ALCOHOL
Methyl cyanide: ACETONITRILE
Methylene chloride:
D1CHLOROKETHANE
Methylene dichloride:
DICKLORW IET H ANE
Methylethylene glycol:
PROPYLENE GLYCOL
Methylethylethylene PENTENE
METHYLETHYL PYRI DINE
Methyl glycol:
PROPYLENE GLYCOL
Methythexyl carbinol:
OCT11 ALCOHOL
METHYL ISOBUTYL XE1VNE
Met y ljactonitrile: ACETONE
CYANOHYDR I N
Methyl mercaptan: METHANETHIOL
METHYLJ4ETHACRYLATE
Methylnitrophenol: NITROCRESOL
Methylpentanone: METHYLISOBUTIL
KETONE
Methylphenol: CRESOL
Methyl propenoate: METHYL
ACRYLATE
Methyl propyl carbinol:
?flCANOL
Methyl sulfhydratc: METHANETHIOL
Methyl sulfoxide: DIMETRYL
SULFOXIDE
Mcthyltoluene: XYLENE
Methyl trichloride: CHLOROFORM
MIBK: METHYLISOBOTYL KETONE
Milk acid: LACTIC ACID
Milk sugar: LACTOSE
M I PA: MONOI$OPROPANOL MIINE
Mixed acid: NITRIC ACID
Modinal: NEUTRAL SURFACTANTS
MOLASSES
Molybdenum trioxide:
MOLYBDIC ANHYDR IDE
Molybdic acid anhydride:
MOLYBDIC AXHYDRIDE
MOLYBDIC ANBYDRIDE
Molybdic oxide: MOLYBDIC
ANEYDRIDE
Monobasic sodium phosphate:
SODIUM PHOSPHATE
.Monochloroacetic acid:
CELORCACETIC ACID
MOIOETHAJJOI.AMINE
Monoethylaai-ne: ETHYLAMINE
MONO ISOPROPANOLAMI NE
Monoaethylanine: MtTHYLAMINE
Mononitrogen nonoxide:
NITRIC OXIDE
Moprof ix: NEUTRAL SURFACTANTS
Moringine: BENZYLAMIN!
P4uriatic acid: HYDROCHLORIC ACID
MUSTARD GAS
MA-MU
S-li
-------
Nacconate: TC)LUXNE NITROPEENOL
DIISOCYANATE NITROPROPANE
PHTEALD IE NITRWS ACID
NaphtMlene dicarboxylic acid NITROUS OXIDE
NAnT H ALm Nitroxylefle: NITROXYLOL
)ThPHTHALIC ACID NITROXYIJOL
Mapbthalidine NAPUTH ILA I IINE n-tctyl sodiua sulfate:
NapthaIin NnHTHAI.ENE NEUTRAL SURPACTANTS
Kaphthene: HAPHTHALflIE Normal sodium pyrophosphate
NAPHTH IIC ACID SOD 113)3 PHOSPHATE
NAPHTW)L Norway saltpeter:
,aPHTHYIANINE AMNONIW4 NITRATE
Natri ls: SODIUM Nutgall extract: TANNIC ACID
Neutral potassium chromate;
POTASSiUM CURCIaTE
Neutral sodium chromate:
SODIUM CHROIthTE
Neutral spirits: ETHYL
M 08OL
NEUTRAL SURFACTANTS
NICKEL AJISONI IBI SULFATE
NICKEL CHLORIDE
NICKEL NITRATE
Nickelous chloride:
NICKEL CHLORIDE
Nickelous nitrate:
NICW. NITRATE
Nicks bus sulfate:
NICKEL SULFATE
NICKEL SULFATE
Witran hline: NITROANILINE
Nitrate of annia:
ASONI IPI NITRATE
Nitrating acid: NITRIC ACID
NITRIC ACID
NITRIC OXIDE
NITROANILINE
NITROBENEKIE
Nitrobentol: NITROBENE ENE
mR0CHLOROBEflENE
NITRCXRESOL
NITRCGEN DIOXIDE
Nitrogen monoxide:
NITRIC OXIDE
NITROGEN TETROXIDE
Nitrohydrochioric acid:
NITRIC ACID
Nhtrcauriatic acid: NITRIC ACID
NA-NU
B- 18
-------
Octadecandienoic acid:
LINOLEIC ACID
Octadecenoic acid:
OLEIC ACID
Octanol: OCTYL ALCOHOL
OCTYL ALCOHOL
n-Octyl sodium sulfate:
NEUTRAL SURPACTANTS
Odpn: OXYPROPIONITRILE
Oil of mirbane:
NITROSENZnm
Oil of vitriol:
SULFURIC ACID
Olefiant gas: ETHYLENE
OLIEIC ACID
Oleic acid sodium salt:
SODIUM OLEATE
Ole u m: SULFURIC ACID
OXALIC ACID
Oxannonitus: HYDROXYLANINE
Oxydiethanol:
DIETHYIflE GLYCOL
Oxyme thy lene: FORMALDEHYDE
OXYPROPIONITRIIS
OC-OX
5-19
-------
Pandthydroxyben zone:
HYDROQutNO ,
Paraforv:
PARAPOR1 LDEHYDE
PAnFORIaIaEHYDE
Pars ldebyde: ACEThLDEHYDE
Paste waxes: PETROLEtM
PROO(CTS, E VY
Patent aji : ALWUNUM
SULFATE
Pear oil: AMYL ACETATE
Pentacetate: MIYL ACETATE
PMUTAfl
PentaedieneonS t n It:
PUftA$OL
Pentanol •cttate AMYL
ACETATE
fl it ” ’
PERCELORIC ACID
Perctloro.ethanst
c*now TRTPAcRLORIDE
Perch loron: CAiCI Oil HYPO—
CHL Ifl sad HYPOcKLOROUS
ACID
Peroxide: HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
nna au z
PEflOLE 1JI PROCUCTS,
PSTHQLEIII PRODUCTS
m n n icn ,
Phase: BflIfllE
Pliezic iot a: PHENOL
PHENOBARBITAL
Phenctaxti tone: P O5ARBITAt
PRNmL
S-Pbenplac.taaide:
flNtLIDE
flseayl saint: PJ(ILIJZ
PbenyTharbitunic acid:
PHfl SARBITAL
nmz.aar.axxwz CEI IDE
Ptteayl chloride: CUW&
Pttenyl cyanide:_BflZONI’TRILE
Pbeaylethaae: nun BENSENE
Theny lethy lent: STYREfl
itenylforaic acid; BZOIC ACID
Theny l hydride: Bfl
Itenylic acid: PHflW.
Pttenyinethane: DOLUEPJE
Ptkenyinetby larine
B ZYLAM I KE
Phenyl ethy1 ketone:
ACETOPW JOWE
PEOSGE JJ I
PHOSPHOR iC ACID
Phosphoric sulfide:
PHOSPHORUS PENTASULE IDE
PHOSP HORUS
Phosphorus chloride:
PHOSPHORUS TRICKLORIDE
PHOSPHORUS OXYCELORI DE
PHOSPHORUS PENTASULF IDE
Phosphorus persulfide:
PHOSPHORUS PENTASULF IDE
PHOSPHORUS TRICKLORI DE
Phosphoryl chloride:
PHOSPHORUS OXYCKLORI DE
Photcphor: CALCI%N4 PHOSPHIDE
Fhtha llc acid dibutyl ester:
DIBUtYL PUTHALATE
Platinic chloride:
CHWROPLATINIC ACID
Polyether glycol: POLYGLYCOL
EtHER
POLYGLYIDL ETHER
Potash hydrate: POTASSIUM
HYDROXIDE
?ot.eaPiua antiaonyi tartrate:
ANT 110 ( 7 POTASS I !S4 ¶ARTRME
Potassits bidtroaate:
POTASSIUM DIO IROMATE
Potassius borotartrate
BORIC ACID
POTASSItHi CHRC*IA’tE
POTASSIUM CYANIDE
POTASSIa . DIC IIROMATE
PC’TASSItIl HYDROXIDE
POTASS lull PERMANGANATE
Proof spirits: E YL ALCOHOL
PHOPANAL
Propane: PZT )LE&PI PRODUCTS 1
LIGHT
Propanediol: PROPYLENE GLYCOL
Propanetziol; GLYCEROL
PROPANOIC ACID
PROPANOIC ANHYDRIDE
HEAVY
L iGHT
leblifli
PA -PR
B -20
-------
Propanol: PROPYL MCOHOL
Propenenitrile:
ACRYLONITRILE
Propenoic acid: ACRYLIC ACID
Propenol: ALLYL ALCOHOL
Propane oxide: PW)PYLENE
OXIDE
Propenyl alcohol: ALLYL
ALCOHOL
Propionaldehyde: PROPANAL
Propionic acid: P R OPANOIC
ACID
Prop ionic a idettyde:
PROPMUIL
Propionic arthydride :
PROPANOIC ARHYDRI bE
PROPYL ALCOHOl t
Propyl aldehyde: PROPANAL
PROPYLAMINE
Propylene dichioride:
DICHLOROPROPANE
PROP YLmm GLYCOL
PROPYLfl(E OXIDE
Propylethylent: PENTDIE
Prussic acid: HYDROCYANIC
ACID
PYRIDINE
Pyrocatechin: PYROCATECHOL
PYROCATEC HO t
Pyrogallic acid:
PYROGALLGL
PTROG&LLOL
Pyronucic aldehyde:
PURPURAL
PR - f l
B -2 1
-------
Quaternary aaines:
QOATERNARY AJO4Ct4IUM SALTS
QUAT NARY A1QI)NIUM SALTS
p cRJflE HYDROCHLO I DE
QU IN ar URO NE
Qoinidine: QUININE
QUIND
Qoino]: HYDROQUINONE
QUE IOLDIB
cPINOKE
QUA -QU I
B- 22
-------
Red oil: ANILINE and
TOLUENE
Red potassiun chronate:
POT?. SSIUY ‘ ICHROMWFE
Red prussia socf :
SODIUM FERRICYANIDE
Residual fuel oil:
PETROLEU]4 PRODUCTS, HEAVY
Resorcin: rZSflhCI Ot
RESORCINOL
Road oil: PETROLEUM
PRODUCTS, HEAVY
Roccal: DIKET I4YLRENZYLAM1IONIUM
CHLORIDE arsc )UtTERNARY
P_’!11flNT .Th c r ’iq
RE-RU
8-23
-------
Safflower oil: Sodina bisuifide:
LIW IEIC ACID SObl1* HYDROsULYIt
Sacchara lactis: 500 1W! MSULYITE
LACTOSE Sodlia borate: SOflC ACID
Sa l. oniac: MM0WTW so fiia broaobenzene su lfonate:
cUWR.WE ANIOWIC SURFACTANfl
Sal eMlybdis: FERROUS Sodit aetylate: SODIW!
WI2ATE PA IXITATE
5A1 4 1CY1,IC ACID Sodia chlorotbiazide;
Salicylic aldebyde CHLo BTIA1IDE
sALICrzawflYDE 500111! cHRoIan
Sal icy ].al: sootti! CYMMtE
SALICYLALDEHYDE 50o111! CYANIDE
SIC. DEflDE sod4u* dscylbenene sul fonate:
Salaiac: AIIIWILP I ANIONIC SURYACTANTS
SodMa dichlorobenzefle sulfonatet
San&pan: 1 ’XRAL ANIONIC SURYACTANTS
WflAC?AW?S 5001W! DICBRC 4ATt
Ssntasrse: ANItI IIC Sodits dinitrophenol:
JRFACTANTS DINITROPHEROL
Sardipan: rML Sodita dodecylbensene sulfonate:
SDRYAC?A2ITS AN IONIC SUBPACTAWXS
Saturated cyc oslkyl swnw 7 P1CflSU)Z
fatty acids: HAPHT IC 500111! FSRROCYANIDE
S W 1W ! PLUOPIDE
Sodits fluorosilicate:
Stlenii.a oo ounds: SODItI ! PWOSILICATE
snaxw 50onm auoszwCAfl
5enart ntlte: sodiwu hnacyanoferrate (I ll):
kjflxNray flIO*IDR 50011$! FflRlCflMlDt
SThVfl Sodits hezacyanoferrate (II):
Silver salt: ANIONIC nj njq pn jp
WRYACTANTS Sod I a hexadecanoate:
nan, c ncn soottis i’aucnn
sumGE, DIGISTE ) SEWAGE Sodiis hexadecylate: SCZIIW(
cAv a RAN VWIGEStV PAL N X T ATE
UIMGE Sodits hydrate; )fl hI
5 0 0 1 W ! HYDROXIDE
Sodia acid sulfite: Sodjus hydrogen sulfide:
5001 11K EISUIPITE SOOflJl WYD $UIZ1DE
Sodsa anthraqinnone Sodia hydrogen sulfite:
sulfonate: ANIONIC 500W4 SISULflTE
WRFACThNTS $OtjIl$! ffYDROSULFIDE
stflzm ARSmafl 50011$! HYDROXIDE
50011$! ASIDE Sodiia lauryl sulfate:
Sodiia benzoate: c’rnz.
t0IC ACID Sodiun aetabjstjlf its:
Sits bicbrcsate: S fl1S BISCX.PIfl
sanwi DIC flTE
5k-SO
3—24
-------
Sodium methoxide:
SODIUM METHYLATE
SODIUM METHYLATE
Sodium monobutyldiphenyl
sulfonate: ANIONIC
SURFACTANTS
Sodium nonobuty lphenyiphenol
monosulfonate: AN IONIC
SURFACTANTS
Sodium znonosulfide:
SODIUM SULFItE
Sodium naphthalene sulfate:
ANIONIC SURFACTAN?S
SODIUM NITRITE
5 (4 nitroctUorobentene
sulfonate: A Ii IONIC
SURYACTANIS
Sodium octadec noate:
SODIUM STEARATE
SODIUM OLEATE
SODIUM PALMITATE
SODIUM PHOSPHATE
adiun prussiate yellow:
SODIUM FERROCYANIDE
Sodium rhodanate: SODIUM
TM IOCThPATE
Sodium rhodanide: SODIUM
THIOCYANATE
Sodium salts of sulfated
fatty alcohols: NEUTRAL
Sti RYACTANTS
SCOItYM SILICATE
Sodiwt silicoflunride:
SODIUM FLUOSIL ICATE
SODIUM STEARATE
Sodium sulfhydrate:
SODIUM HYDROSULFIDE
SODIUM SULFIDE
SODIUM SULFITE
Sodiun sulfoanthroquinone;
ANIONIC SURFACTANTS
Sodium sul focyanate:
SODIUM THIOCYANATE
Sodium sulfocyanide:
SODIUM THIOCYANATE
Sodium sulfuret:
SODIUM SULFIDE
SODIUM THIOCYANATE
SODIUM TUNGSTATE
Sodium wolf ranate:
SODIUM TUNGSTATE
Sorbit: SORBITOL
SORBITOL
Spent sulfuric acid:
SULFURIC ACID
Spirit of Mindererus:
A IOSMi IUM ACETATE
Spirit of wine: CrISIL ALCOHOL
S’rANNOUS CHLORIDE
Starch syrup: GLUCOSE
Stearic acid sodium salt:
SODIUM STEARATE
STRONTIUM CHLORIDE
STRONTIUM NITRATE
STYRflIE
Styrol: STYRENE
Styrolene: STYRENE
Sugar of lead: LEAD ACETATE
SULFUR CHLORIDE
SULFUR DIOXIDE
Sulfuric chiorohydrin:
CHLOROSULFONIC ACID
Su.fur monochioride;
SULFUR CHLORIDE
Sulfur mustard: MUSTARD GAS
Sulfur subcbloride: SULFUR
CHLORIDE
SULFURIC ACID
SULFUROUS ACID
Sulfurous anhydride: SULFUR
DIOXIDE
Sulfur dioxide solution:
SULFUROUS ACID
Sulfurous oxide: SULFUR DIOXIDE
Superoxol: HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
SUPERPHOSPHATE
Surf actants, anionic:
DISODflMDIBUTYLPHENYLPHENOZr
DISULFONATE
Surfactants, cationic:
QUATERNABY AWCNIW SALTS
Sylvic acid: ABIETIC ACID
SO —ST
5-25
-------
Tall oil:
LINOLEIC ACID
TA 1C ACID
tannin: TANWIC AC 1!)
Tar camphor:
Tartar attic:
PStDIO4T POTASSIIJ4
T&R IRA T E
‘?artaflzed Wtis ;.v
AflZNo? / Pflt P?!$!
TARTRAT3
Tartr*ted ant t ny:
ANTDCWT POTASS Ia I
TARTRATE
TASP: SODIWI PHOSPHATE
! fl: TOLU DITScCYANATE
TEA: TRIfl NQLAflIfl
Taoqutnol: BYDR000].flE
Taepo2: NtngAL S MYACTAn
1 A: TETRAZTUYIflE
Pflrn’nw
Tax-qavt?n ø?tt v;ac
IRFACt1 VtS
TETA: flL21WT2 1Wt1JJE
Tttrachloroaetbane:
CA n O N ?ETkACHLORIDE
TSTRARflTLENE P TAMIfl
Tetraethyl lead:
LKAD TETRAPTEYL
?etrImc ’’v1a . . c 2. !e;
ø’v
Tetraaet_tiysene dicyanide:
AD IPONITRILE
t tra sodiun pyrophosflate:
SCt3TUN PHOSPHATE
Tta ll&ii O pounds:
THALLIUM
?HiOG yeQIj ACID
Thioq lycalflc acid:
?HTOGLYCOLIr ACIJ
Thi ,methy1 alcr!,el:
Thiophosphoric anhydride:
PHOSPBOW3S P TASULflDE
THQRfl q CRLOflDE
Ta3Rns4 NITRATE
rium tetrach lorjde
THORIUM CHLOitIDE
Tin crystals: STAN! QUs
CfflAtrog
Tin dichioride: STAMNOUS
CHLORIDE
Tin protochioriac: STANNOUS
Ca ORIDE
Tin salt: SThNWXJS CHLORIDE
T I tcr’- ‘ flc’ounds?
fltaNLtjP COlO ft)KD&
TITANIUM C pc)tm,rE
Ti tanous OO )ounds
TITAN lU l l C WOUNDS
Titanyl OOmpOUadS:
TITAN IW I COMPOUNDS
ThA : TRlMflRYzJs4Jja
ycwm
TOWENE D l ISOCYAXAt ?
flUID I KE
Toli l: TO1A ’ 131R
Tiolylene £
tOU EN Lu 3 s:v
Tbxiljc set - I: *A221C ACID
Toxille sabydride: MALEXC
ANHYDRIDE
Tribasic sodiua phosphs
SO(’7UM PHOSPhATE
ir C &juzex: Tik ICaO?c.PHENOL
Trtchloroaethane: CEIMROFORI4
7 ICjmca p xpj oy.
TRIETHANOIAI I IW
tRIEyHyIaniwj
TRIETHYLENET TRAj4 pi
Trihydroxybentene: PYRCXZXLLOL
Tzibydrobenrosc acid:
GALL 1C ACIL
tlhydroryethylan4ne:
TRIETWJIOLAMIIJE
T RIMETHflaK IKE
Thiaethyler 1 t. 1 r :
PROPYLfla GLYCOL
Triple tuperphosphate:
SUPERPHOSPHATE
Trisodiur arsenate: SODJIPI
ARS TE
TA-TR
3-26
-------
TSP?: SODIUM PHOSPHATE
Turbine fuels: PrrRo flq
PRODUCTS, MEDI1 I
Turkey red oil: OLEIC ACID
fl-TU
2—27
-------
Unrefined petroleta;
PKTROL&JP(, cRUDE
UN -UN
-------
Valentinite:
fl TIMONY TRIOXIDE
Valeral: PENTANAL
Valeraldehyde: PENTANAL
Va]eric aldehyde:
PE?CANAL
Vanadic sulfate:
)‘MADYL SUI3ATE
Vanadium oxysulfate:
VMaDYL SULFATE
Vanadium sulfate:
VANADYL SULFATE
VANADYL SULFATE
VC: VINYL CHLORIDE
Ventox: ACRYLON 1TRILE
Villiaumite: SODIUM
FLUORIDE
Vinegar: ACETIC ACID
VINYL ACETATE
Vinylacrylonitri Xe:
CYANOBUTADIENE
VINYL BROMIDE
Vinyl carbinol:
ALLYL ALCOHOL
VINYL CHLORIDE
Vinyl cyanide:
ACRYLONITRILE
Viny].formic acid:
ACRYLIC ACiD
VA-V I
2-29
-------
1 ter glass:
SODItPI SILICATE
weisspiessglanr:
ANTTht*JY mIOXIDE
White caustic:
SODIUM HYDROXIDE
Wood alcohol:
METHANOL
Wood spirit: METHANOL
8-30
-------
XYLflth
XYLENOL
Zylols XYIENE
n- f l
B— 31
-------
Yellow prassiate of scda:
SODIUM FERROCThNIDE
YE—YE
B- 32
-------
ZIN C CQM?oij!cs
ZIRCONI SULFATE
Zynafluor: SODIUM FLUORIDE
fl —zr
B-33
-------
APPENDIX C
CATEGORIZATION OF HAZARDOUS
POLLUTING SUBSTANCES
The Categories
There are seventeen categories:
1. Solid—soluble
2. Solid—insoluble—floats
3. Solid-insoluble-sinks
4. Liquid-miscible
5. Liquid—itriscible—floats
6. Liquid—imzniscible—sirtks
7. Gas
These categories indicate
whether the spill dissolves,
or is visible on the sur-
face or bottom. A fine
powder may float or remain
susp nded even if it is
heavier than water.
Applies if there was spill
on the ground but no visible
trace reftiains.
The color of the bulk
substance or a strong
solution.
9. Fumes
Observed only at time of
spill or soon after.
10. Vigorous reaction
11. Odor—unpleasant
12. Odor-not unpleasant
13. Lacrimatory
14. Flammable
On contact with water,
rapid generation of gas,
heat, noise, flami,
explosion.
Unpleasant odors are
disagreeable even at
low concentration. The
others may be disagreeable
at high concentration.
Induce eye watering even
at low concentration;
many others do at high
concentration.
CAUTTONt test a small
sample, well away from
the spill.
NOTES
B. Color:
red, yellow, green,
blue, misc.
c- i
-------
15.. Acid Giie a clear reaction
16. Alkaline (e.g., litwas red/blue)
at low concentration.
17. troth Readily torn persistent
froth.
Using the Categorisation: (a) Observations
APPLICABLE CATEGORIES
Be alert for odor and
lacrlt.ion when first
a roaching the spill
and throughout rsnfl 11 ,12,13
• Icok for solid or liquid
in the water, and on the
ground if spilled inshore. 1,2 ,3 , 4, 5 ,6 ,7
• Scot for abnormal color
in the water, and on the
ground if spilled inshore. S
• Ask witnesses of the spill
about fises and vigorous
reaction. 9,10
- If a sasple of the spill
can be collected from the
watr surf or inshore,
teat for fl 1Uity. If
negative, try an i rovised
wick, extra shelter from
wind, etc. Test a a ma
s 1a, Ct. AWAY f-rca the
spill. 14
- test the water with 1i s
paper - Check a reference
sa l. of water from outside
the spill zoom. 15,16
• If there is natural turbulence
(rapids, falls), look for per—
sistent froth; -if not, shake
a s le in a glass container.
Osct a refere s le of
water from outside the spill
room. 17
C—2
-------
Using the Ca gorization: (b)Eliaination
• Note which categories apply to the observed
properties of the spill.
• Note Stitch substances appear in all or most
of these categories.
• Check the data for each of these substances
in the Dictionary.
• Determine which is the sst likely candidate.
Apply confirmatory tests. If the identification
is uncertain, test other candidates.
flNIPLE; The spill is observed as a surface file of
colorless liquid with an araatic hydrocarbon
(benzene-like odor. Category S (Liquid-
insoluble—floats) reduce the possibilities to
32. Category 1.2 (Odor-not unpleasant: bensenel
reduces the possibilities to 5; bensene, ethyl
benrene, styrene, toluene zylene. A cross-
check with Category $ (Color) verifies that none
of these S is colored. Category 14 (Flasasbility)
shows bensene as highly flaahle the others
less so; but this would not be decisive. The
individual Dictionary entries show no definitive
field test, but indicate that the properties of all
five are sufficiently similar for damage investi-
gation to proceed while positive identification is
made at a permanent laboratory.
Limitations
• The substances are categorized according to
their usual properties, but the spill may have
an unusual color, smell, etc., due to i urities.
A few substances are not listed at all, because
their obvious characteristics are too variable
or ill—defined.
The physical state of the spill (solid/liquid/gas)
say be different in cold or hot weather.
Odor is difficult to describe and identify, and
individual reactions vary widely.
C-3
-------
Category 1: Solid- soluble
Acetaznide
AIkyl aryi ammanium ha l ide
Mundaum sulfate
Azntntnium compounds
Antimony trifluoride
Barium chloride
Barium cyanide
Berythwn chloride
Beryllium nitrate
Beryllium sulfate (hydrated)
Borate. ftnost)
tort- butyl alcohol
Cadmt*mi chloride
Cadndum MUst.
Cadmium sulfate
Calcium cyanide
Chloroacetic acid
Cbloroplatfnic acid
Citric acid
Cobalt chloride
Cobalt nitrate
Cobalt sulfate
Copper chloride
Copper nitrate
Copper sulfate
Cyanarnite
Cyrnaretic acid
Cyanogen bromide
Diisopropanolaznine
Perric chloride
Ferric sulfa te (hydrated)
Ferrous sulfate
Fructose
Gluten
Hesam yleae diamine
Lactose
Lanthanum acetate
Lead acetate
Lead nitrate
Lithium chloride
tdaleic acid
Maltose
C — 4
-------
Nickel ammonium sulfate
Nickel chloride
Nickel nitrate
Nickel sulfate
Phenobarbital (sodium salt)
Phosphoric acid
Phosphorus pentasulfide (decomp.)
Potassium hydroxide
Pyrocatechol
Pyrogallol
Quinacrine hydrochloride
Re sorcinol
silver nitrate
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium salts (most)
Sorbitol
Stannous chloride (white sediments
Stronttnn chloride
Strontium nitrate
Tanaic acid
Thallium acetate
Thorium chloride
Thorium nitrate
Vauady) sulfate
Zinc chloride
Zinc nitrate
Zinc sulfate
Zirconium sulfate
c—s
-------
Category 2: Solid-insoluble-floats (See note to Category 3..)
Maleic anhydride
Sodium (reacts violentlr products dissolve)
C- 6
-------
Category 3: Solid-insoluble-sinks
NOTE that sinking is the expected behavior of compact masses of
the substance. Fine crystals or fluffy aggregates may float,
or fine powders remain in suspension for a long time.
Acetaaflide
Ac r Hine
Adipic acid
Aluminum fluoride
Anti mony trioxide
Bensoic acid
Beryllium sulfate (anhydrous)
Calcium carbide (reacts)
Calcium pbosphide (react.)
Dichlorobensene (para-)
Dicblo rophenol
Ferric hydroxide
Ferrous hydroxide
Ferrous sulfite
Fumaric acid
Gallic acid
Lead arsenate
Lead chloride
Lead sulfate
Molybdic anhyd.ride
Naphthalene
Naphthaiic acid
Naphthol
Napbthylaxnine
Nitroaniline
Nit rocblorobenz ens
Nitrocresol
Nit rophenol
Quinhydrone
Quinine
Quinone
Salicy]ic acid
Sodium fluosilicate
Superphosphate
Toluene diisocyaaate (reacts)
Trichiorophenol
c-7
-------
Category 4: Li uid.-miscible
Acetaldebyde
Acetic acid
Acetic anhydride
Acetone cyanohydrin
Acetonitrile
Acetyl bromide (decornp.)
Acrylic acid
Acrylonitrile
Allyl alcohol
Amino ethyl ethanol amine
Benzylaznine
Butylanilne
I 3 -Butylene glycol
Chloric acid
Chlorosulfonic acid (reacts violently)
Chlorous acid
Cyanogen chloride
D iantinoetha ne
Diethanola ifline
Diethylaxnine
Diethylene glycol
Dintethylamine (water solution)
Dintethyl sultride
Ethyl alcohol
Ethylan i l ne
Ethylene cyanohydrin
Ethylene glycol
Ethylene glycol diacetate
Ethylene glycol nionobutyl ether
Ethyleneimine
FormaHehyde (water solution)
Formic acid
Furfuryl alcohol
Glycerol
Hydrasine
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluorit acid
Hydrogen peroxide
HypochlorouS acid
Lactic acid
Methanol
Methyl acetate
C-S
-------
Mono ethanolarnine
Monoisopropanolantne
Nitric acid
Nitrogen tetroxide (decomp.)
Nitrous acid
Oxydiproprionitrile
Perchioric acid
Phosphorous trichioride (decomp.)
Polyglycol ether
Propanal
Propanoic acid
Propyl alcohol
Propylamine
Propylene glycol
Propylene oxide
Pyridine
Sulfur tblioride (reacts)
Sulfuric acid
Sulfurous acid
Tetraetbyltne pentarnine
Thioglycolic acid
titanium tetrachia ride (reacts violently: sediment)
Triethanolaminc
triethylene tetrante
tritnethylamine
C —,
-------
Category 5: Ligtñd-inuniaciMe-floats
Ad iponitrile
Ally! chloride
n -Amy! acetate
Beasene
n-Duty! acetate
fla Duty! acrylate
Butyl alctls (eac. tefl-)
Butyl mercaptan
Crotonaldehyde
Cycishnane
D iamylarnine
Dilsopropyismine (volatile)
Ethyl acrylate
Ethyl beasene
Hna ol
Isoprene
Linoleic acid
Methai dhiol (very volatile)
Methyl acrylate
Methylisobotyl ketone
Methyl methacrylate
Octyl a.tcoMl
Oleic acid
Pentanal
Pentane (volat ile)
Pentene (volatile)
Petroleum crude and products
Styrene
Telnene
Viny! acetate
Zylene
c -to
-------
Category 6: Liq 44 -ixnndscib1e- sinks
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetracklo ride
Chlorobenzene
Ch loro for m
Dichioroetha i ne
Dichiorometbane
Dichioropropane
Diethyl phthlate
Epichiorobydrin
Lead tetraethyl
Mustard gas
Hitrobenzene
Nitroxylol
Phenylcarbylamine chloride
Phosphorus oxychioride (reacts)
Salicylaldehyde
Toluene diiuocyante (reacts)
Vinyl bromide
c-Il
-------
Category 7: Gas
No persistent visible trace of substance spilt on land
or other surface outside the water.
Acatylase
Antmonta
Carbon monoxide
chlorine
Dimethylainine
Ethyla .
Fluorine
MethsflthiOl (if warm)
Mmhylan ’ 1 ne
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen dioxid./tetroxide
Nitrous oxide
Phosga.
Sulfur diozids
Vinyl bromide
Vinyl cbloride
0 - 12
-------
Category 8: Color
Ainmothuin dichromate (red- orange)
Arnmonitun ferricyanide
Cobalt nitrate
Potassium dichrornate
Sodium for ricyanid.
Sodium dichromate
Yellow
Anunoniuni chromate
Amrnoaiuzn trate
Arninonium sulfide
Ferric sulfate
Nitric acid (undiluted.)
Nitroaniline
Nitrochiorobens one
Nitroc resol
Nitroxylol
Phenylcarbylanline chloride
Potassium chrornate
Sodium (errocyanide
Sodium chroxnate
Quinacnne hydrochloride
Quiz ne
Titanium tetrachloride
Green
Nickel anunonium sulfate
Nickel nitrate
Quinhydrone
Copper nitrate
Copper sulfate
Sodium fluoride (color added)
Vanadyl sulfate
c-I 3
-------
Miscellaneous
Bromine (dark reddish-brown)
Cb.IoroplatiniC acid (red-brown)
Naphthylaznine (reddish)
Nitrogen dioxide/tetroxide (red-brown)
Sulfur chloride (amber-red)
Cobalt chloride (pink-red if hydrated or dissolved)
Cobalt sulfate (pink-red if hydrated or dii solved)
Olsic acid (Commercial product yellow-red)
Sodium sulfide (yellow-red)
Ferric chloride (yellow-brown)
Tannic acid (yellow-brown)
Phosphorus pentasulfide (yellowish)
Chlorine (greenish- yellow gas; amber liquid)
Amnioniurn ferrocy 1 d . (yellow- green-blue)
Ferrous sulfate (yellow- green)
Nickel sulfate (yellow-green)
Ferric hydroxide (brown)
Glyconic acid (brown)
Molasses (dark brown-black)
Nickel chloride (brown-green)
Nitric oxide (turns brown In air)
Copper chloride (blue-green)
Phosphorus (yellow or violet-red)
Potassium permanganate (purple)
Naphthenic acid (conunercial product dark)
c—14
-------
Category 9: Fumes
Acetyl bromide
Acrylic acid
Benzoy l chloride
Boranes
Chlorosulfonic acid
Formic acid
Hydrazine
Hydrofluoric acid
Nitric acid (fuming grade)
Phosgene (liquid)
Phosphorus oxychioride
Phosphorus trichioride
Sulfur chloride
Sulfuric acid (fuming grade)
Titanium tetrachioride
C - I -S
-------
Category 10: Vigorou . reaction
Acetyl bromide
Antimony trichioride (white sediment)
Bensoyl cidoride
Boranes
Calcium carbide
Calcium wsphide
Chiorosuitnic acid
fluorine
Sodium (violent)
Sulfur chloride
titanium tetrachioride (violent)
C— 16
-------
Category li: Odor- unpleasant
Irritant (slinging, choking sensation, rather than “smell”)
Acetyl bromide
Acrylic acid (acrid)
Ammonia (not unpleasant when dilute)
Axnrnonium carbonate (not unpleasant when dilute)
Bensoyl chloride
Bromine
Chlorine (not unpleasant when dilute)
Chlorosulfonic acid
C rotonaldehyde (acrid)
Cyanogen bromide
Cyanogen chloride
fluorine
Formaldehyde (biting, characteristic)
Formic acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Methyl acrylate (acrid)
Methylethyl pyridine
Nitric acid
Nitrogen toidde!tetroxide
Parafurmaldehyde (biting, formaldehyde)
Phosphorus oxychloride
Phosphorus trichioride
Propazid (suffocating)
Quinone
Quinoline (sharp, unpleasant)
Sulfur chloride
Sulfur thor ide (characteristic)
Sulfurous acid (sulfur dioxide)
Toiuate dilsocyanate
Sulfurous (roft egg)
Aminoni*mi sulfide
pitaanharne pentasulfide
Foul (other than sulfurous)
Carbon disulfide (commercial grade.)
Methanethiol
Thioglycolic acid
c-17
-------
M i -s c” 1 laneous
AU 1 L cbloride (sweetish)
Butyl inercaptan (skunk)
Calcium carbide (impure acetylene)
Calcium phosphide (decaying fish)
Naphthylnnine
Phenylcarbylainine chloride (onion)
Pyricline (nauseating)
C- 18
-------
Category 12: Odor- not unpleasant
Almond (both sweet and bitter)
Benzoic acid
B ensonitrile
Cb lorobenzene
Furfural
Hydrocyanic acid
Mtrobenzene
Potassium cyanide
Salicylaldehyde
A.rnmoniacal (ammonia and amines)
Amino ethyl ethanol amine
Ammonia
Arnmoniuzn carbonate
Butylainthe
Diaminoethane
Diethanolamine
Diethylamine
Diisopropano lamine
Diisopropy- Iaxnine
Dimethylamine
Ethylamine
Ethyleneitnine
Methylamine
Monoe 1 ’ olarnine
Monoisopropanolarni ne
Propylarnine
Triethanotamine
Triethylanñne
Trimcthytarn’ne
Bensene (aromatic hydrocarbon)
Bensene
Ethyl benrene
Styrene
Toluene
Xylene
C- I S
-------
fls ? ! (fruity, flowery)
Acetaldehycle
Ac etophenon.
n-Aznyl alcohol
a- Sutyl acetate
Butyl alcohol
Methyl acetate
Polyglycol ether
4 sol (ph.nolic)
Cresol
Phenol
Trichiorophenol
Misc.’! * *OU$
Acetic acid (vinegar)
Acetit anhydride (vinegar)
Ammonium acetate (vinegar)
Ace nitrlle (ether)
Dichlormnetbane (ether)
Propylene glycol (ether)
Acryksnftrlle (biting)
Calcium bypochlorite (biting - chlorine)
Chlorine (clean biting odor when dilute)
Hypochiorous acid (chlorine)
Propanoic acid (sharp)
Propanoic anhydride (sharp)
Ally! chloride (mustard)
Mustard gas (mustard/onion)
Chloroform (neetish)
Cyclohenne (sweetish)
Thcbloroethane (sweetish)
Dichiorupropane (sweetish)
Ep&cblorohydrin (swectlsIfl
Ethylene glycol (swetesh)
Lead tetraethyl (sweetish)
Ethyl alcohol (alcoholic, but often denatured)
Methyl alcohol (alcoholic, but often denatured)
Propyl alcohol (alcoholic)
c - f l
-------
Misceflaneous (continued)
Dichlorobenzene (xnotbball)
Naphthalene (mothball)
Methylisobutyl ketone (carnphor}
Octyl alcohol (penetrating, pleasant)
Pentane (pleasant)
Acetan dde (mousy)
Aniline (characteristic)
Carbon tetrachloride (cleaning fluid)
Phoagene (CAUTION: toxic concentration NOT strongly irritant)
Sodium sulfite (sulfurous)
Naphthethc acid (commercial grades may be offensive)
C- 21
-------
Category 13: Lacrimatory
NOTE that many other substances induce eye watering in high
concentration.
Acetyl bromide
Aflyl alcohol
Allyl chloride
Ammonia
Bensoyl chloride
Crotonaldehyde
flhyl acrylate
C-22
-------
Category 14: Flammable
Highly flammable
Acetaldehyde
Acetic anhydride
Acetonitrile
Acetylene
Ac rylo nitrite
Allyl chloride
Benz one
Butyl mercaptan
Carbon die ulfide
Carbon monoxide
Chiorobutadiene
Crotonaldehyde
Cyclohexane
Diethylandne
Dimethylandne
Ethyl acrylate
Ethyl alcohol
Ethylunine
Ethylene
Ethyleneirnine
Isoprene
Methaneth iol
Methanol
Methylarnine
Methyl methacrylate
Pentane
Pentene
Petroleum products, light
Phosphorus (yeflow)
Propanat
triethylainine
Vinyl acetate
Vinyl bromide
Vinyl chloride
C- 23
-------
Less flanrntahle
n-Amyl acetate
Bensonitrile
Benzylaniine
n- Butyl acetate
Duty! alcohol
Butyla inine
Chiorobensene
Eliaminoethane
Dichioroethane
Dichloropropafle
Dii.opropyla ltüne
Dirnethyl suibride
Ethyl bensene
Ethylene glycol
Ethylene glycol diacetate
Heptanol
fls anpl
Methyl acetate
Methyl acrylate
Methylethyl pyridine
Methylisobutyl ketone
Mono et hanolamine
Monoisopr op*ThOlaIfl ine
Nitrobensene
Nitropropane
Octyl alcohol
Orydiproprionitrile
Pentanal
Pentanol
Petroleum, crude; and heavy and medium products
Propanoic acid
Propanoic anhydñde
Propyl alcohol
Propylarnine
Propylene glycol
Propylene oxide
Styrene
Tetraethylene pentaniine
Toluene
Triethanola lnine
)Cylene
C- 24
-------
Category 15: Add
Dilute solution (or hydrolysis products) acid to litmus.
Acetic acid
Acetic anhydride
Acetyl bromide
Aluminum sulfate
Ainnoniurn acetate
Beazoyl chloride
Chiorosulfonic acid
Chiorous acid
fluorine
Formic acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Lactic acid
Nitrous acid
Oxalic acid
Phosphoric acid
Phosphorus orychioride
Phosphorus pentasulfide
Phosphorus trichloride
Sodium bit ulfite
Salicylic acid
Sulfur chloride
Sulfur diotde
Sulfuric add
Sulfurous acid
Thioglycolic acid
Zinc chloride
Zinc nitrate
Zinc sulfate
Zirconium sulfate
c-as
-------
Category 16: Alkaline
ThiMe solution (or products of reaction) alkaline to litmus.
Alkyl aryl anunaniuni halides
Ammonia
Barium bydroride
Bensylamine
Dia Tni no etha n e
fliethan niarnine
Di.thy lam ine
Dimethy lamine
flhy lam in.
Ethy len. indne
H ne
Pota.ssium hydrozide
Propylan ’ 4 ne
Sodium sulfide
Sodium steante
Sodium silicate
Sodium oleate
Sodium methylate
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydrosulfide
Sodium cyanide
Sodium
—I
p — a
Tr ietha nn larn ine
TriSby la ndne
Trimethy la dne
C- f l
-------
Aikyl aryl ammonium halides
Anionic surfactants
Linoleic acid
Neutral a urfactants
Quaternary ararnothiun salts
Sodium oleate
Sodium pabnitate
Sodium stearate
e-27
* U, S. GOVERNMENT PRINTiNG OFFICE: 1974 0 - 532 -559
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