EPA 550/9-75-023
FIRST REPORT ON STATUS AND PROGRESS
OF NOISE RESEARCH AND CONTROL PROGRAMS
IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
JUNE 1975
VOLUME 2
RESEARCH PANEL REPORTS
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Washington, D. C. 20460
-------
EPA 550/9-75-023
FIRST REPORT ON STATUS AND PROGRESS
OF NOISE RESEARCH AND CONTROL PROGRAMS
IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
JUNE 1975
VOLUME 2
RESEARCH PANEL REPORTS
THE U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF NOISE ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
This document has been approved for general availability. It does not
constitute a standard, specification, or regulation.
-------
APPENDIX D
Federal Aircraft Noise Research, Development, and Demonstration
Programs: FY73—FY7S, Report EPA-600/2-75-003, Prepared by
Interagency Aircraft Noise Research Panel, March 1975
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Appendix
D Federal Aircraft Noise Research, Development, and Demonstration
Programs: FY73 —FY75, Report EPA-600/2-7 5-003, Prepared by
Interagency Aircraft Noise Research Panel, March 1975
E Federal Surafce Vehicle Noise Research, Development, and
Demonstration Programs: FY73 —FY75, Report EPA-600/2-7 5-002,
Prepared by Interagency Surface Vehicle Noise Research Panel,
March 1975
F Federal Noise Effects Research: FY73—FY75, Report EPA-600/1-
75-001, Prepared by Interagency Noise Effects Research Panel,
March 1975
G Federal Machinery Noise Research, Development, and Demonstration
FY73 —FY75, Report EPA-600/2-75-008, Prepared by Interagency
Machinery Noise Research Panel, May 1975
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EPA-600/2-1 5-003
MARCH 1915
Environmental Protection Technology Series
Federal Aircraft Noise Research,
Development, and Demonstration
Programs: FY 73 - FY 75
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
-------
RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development,
Environmental Protection Agency, have been grouped into five
series. These five broad categories were established to
facilitate further development and application of environmental
technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a ma cimum interface
in related fields. The five series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRON IENTAL PROTECTION
TECHNOLOGY series. This series describes research performed
to develop and demonstrate instrumentation, equipment and
methodology to repair or prevent environmental degradation from
point and non-point sources of pollution. This work provides
the new or improved technology required for the control and
treatment of pollution sources to meet environmental quality
standards.
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Research and
Development. Approval does not signify that the contents
necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental
Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial
products constitute endorsement or reconinendation for use.
-------
Report 600/2—75—003
March 1975
FEDERAL AIRCRAFT NOISE
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION
PROGRAMS: FY73 — FY75
Prepared by
The Interagency Aircraft Noise Research Panel
Task No 21AXV
Program Element No. 1GBO9O
Project Office:
Noise Technology Staff
Office of Research & Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, DC. 20460
Prepared for
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Washington, D.C. 20460
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ABSTRACT
The Interagency Aircraft Noise Research Panel was established by
the Environmental Protection Agency to aid EPA in fulfilling its re-
sponsibility for coordinating the Federal noise research activities.
This report is the first prepared by the Panel and provides an inven-
tory of current and planned Federal aircraft noise J D programs. The
Federal agencies which sponsor aircraft noise RDW are the National
Aeronautic and Space Administration, the Department of Transportation,
the Department of Defense, the National Science Foundation, and the
EPA. The report is organized by technical areas with each agency’s
programs presented under the appropriate technical area. Emphasis is
on fiscal years 1974 and 1975, but su ary information on fiscal years
1973 and 1976 is also included. The Appendix contains detailed pro-
grammatic information as furnished by the Federal agencies on their
aircraft related BD6 activities.
iii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pa&e
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. SUMMARY 3
3. SUBSONIC CONVENTIONAL TAKEOFF AND LANDING AIRCRAFT NOISE
PROGRAMS 9
4. BASIC RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 13
5. POWERED LIFT AIRCRAFT NOISE TECHNOLOGY 1.9
6. ROTORCRAPT/VTOL NOISE TECHNOLOGY 23
7. SUPERSONIC CRUISE AIRCRAFT NOISE TECHNOLOGY 27
8. AIR TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS STUDIES 31
9. GENERAL AVIATION NOISE RELATED TECHNOLOGY 35
10. REFERENCES 37
11. GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND TERMS 39
12. APPENDIX - COMPENDIUM OF AIRCRAFT NOISE RELATED FEDERAL
PROGRAM PLANNING AND PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS 41
V
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LIST OF TABLES
Subsonic CTOL Aircraft Noi8e Prograuis
Basic Research and Technology Programs
Powered Lift Aircraft Noise Technology
Rotorcraft/VTOL Noise Technology
Supersonic Cruise Aircraft Noise
Subsonic CTOL Aircraft Programs Noise
2.1 Summary of Funding by. Technical Area, Agency, and
Fiscal Year
2.2 Funding Summary for
2.3 Funding Summary for
2.4 Funding Summary for
2.5 Funding Summary for
2.6 Funding Summary for
Technology
3.1 NASA Noise Relevant
Relevant Program Costs
3.2 DOT/FAA Aircraft Noise Abatement--Source Noise Reduction
Program Schedule (July 1, 1974)
4.1 NASA Noise Relevant Basic Research and Technology Noise
Relevant Program Costs
4.2 DOT/ONA Jet Noise Research Program
4.3 DOD Aircraft Noise Research Programs
5.1 NASA Noise Relevant Powered Lift Aircraft Technology
Programs Noise Relevant Program Costs
5.2 DOT/FAA Program Schedule Relevant to Powered Lift Air-
craft Noise Technology
6.1 NASA Noise Relevant Rotorcraft/VTOL Technology Programs
Noise Relevant Program Costs
7.1 NASA Noise Relevant Supersonic Cruise Aircraft Technology
Studies Noise Relevant Program Costs
7.2 DOT/FAA Source Sonic Boom Reduction, Operational Sonic
Boom Reduction Program Schedule (July 1, 1974)
Page
4
5
5
6
6
7
11
12
14
15
18
21
22
25
28
30
vii
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LIST OF TABI ES (continued)
Page
84 NASA Noise Relevant Air TransPortation Systems Studies
Noise Relevant Program Costs 33
8.2 EPA Aircraft Noise systems Studies 34
9.1 NASA Noise Relevant ceneral Aviation Aircraft Technology
Studies Noise Relevant program Costs 36
viii
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1. INTRODUCTION
Section 4(C)(1) of the Noise Control Act of 1972 requires that
the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency coordinate
research programs of all Federal agencies. To aid the Administrator
in fulfilling this requirement, each agency must furnish to the Admin-
istrator such information as may be necessary to determine the nature,
scope, and results of the noise research programs of the agency. A
further requirement under Section 4(C)(3) is that the Administrator
publish a report from time to time to describe the status and progress
of Federal noise research programs and assess the contributions of
these programs to the Federal Government’s overall efforts to control
noise.
To fulfill these provisions relating to aircraft noise research,
the EPA Office of Research and Development has organized an interagency
Aircraft Noise Research Panel. The responsibilities of the Panel in-
clude collecting programmatic information to develop an inventory of
Federal aircraft noise research and providing the expertise to make
an assessment of the adequacy of current programs to meet public health
and welfare goals relative to noise as specified by the Environmental
Protection Agency.
This is an interim report prepared under the cognizance of the
Aircraft Noise Research Panel as a first step in carrying out a plan
of action to assess aircraft noise related research, development and
demonstration (RD&D). The purpose of this report is to provide an
inventory of current and planned Federal aircraft noise RD&D programs,
and it represents the initial data base upon which the assessment will
be made.
The report is organized by technical areas with each agency’s
programs presented under the appropriate technical areas. Sections
1 through 9 provide an overview of objectives and funding for the
programs with emphasis on fiscal years (FY) 1974 and 1975. Summary
information on past funding for FY 1973 and planned obligations for
FY 1976 are also included. The Appendix contains detailed program-
matic information as furnished by the Federal agencies on their air-
craft noise related RD&D activities.
In the future, the Aircraft Noise Research Panel will carry out
the assessment phase of its responsibilities. To accomplish this
objective the Panel will:
1. Review the public health and welfare goals and objectives
relating to noise as developed by the Environmental Protec-
tion Agency;
1
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2. Establish appropriate Working Groups for specific technology
areas calling on the expertise available in Federal agencies
engaged in aircraft RD&D;
3. Identify specific requhements and need for detailed review
of Federal programs and analyze industry independent research
and development programs;
4. Coordinate Working Group activity and integrate findings of
the Working Groups relative to the adequacy of ongoing pro-
grams;
5. Prepare a su nary report that specifies the extent to which
current programs can meet the EPA public health and welfare
goals and objectives relative to noise and make recommenda-
tions on what should be done where the assessment indicates
that the schedule for meeting EPA goals and objectives can-
not be accomplished with current programs and plans.
2
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2. SU}* ARY
The overall Federal activity in aircraft noise related research,
development and demonstration is summarized in Table 2.1. Table 2.1
shows the technical areas under investigation, the Federal agencies
with a significant program in each technical area and noise relevant
funding data for fiscal years 1973 through 1976. Funding data for
F? 1975 and FY 1976 are based on planned obligations.
It is noted from Table 2.1, that a significant amount of total
funding in FY 73 and FY 74 is associated with stGdies to reduce noise
of the current conunercial fleet and is shown under subsonic conven-
tional takeoff and landing (CTOL) aircraft. Several study categories
related to noise of existing commercial aircraft are presented in
Table 2.2. The programs included in Table 2.2 involve operational
procedures f or reduced noise exposure, technology development, and
demonstration to support decision making on the question of retrofit
of the existing commercial fleet and demonstration of advanced tech-
nology for nacelle design for application on modern wide—body trans-
ports. The status of some of the NASA and DOT/FAA activities iden-
tified in Table 2.2 were reviewed before the United States House of
Representatives Subcommittee on Aeronautics and Space Technology
in July 1974. The testimonies presented by NASA and DOT/FAA are in-
cluded in the Appendix of this report.
The ongoing programs to provide the research and technology base
necessary to design more quiet future generation aircraft are summa-
rized in Table 2.3, page 5. Major areas of investigation are propul-
sion system noise, materials, and nonpropulsive noise (airframe aero-
dynamic noise). A parallel decrease of propulsion system noise and
airframe noise is required to reduce approach noise of future aircraft
below FAR—36 minus 10 dB (see References 1 and 2, Section 10, for
detailed technical treatment of this point).
Programs to develop acceptably quiet commercial powered lift air-
craft to reduce congestion around major cities are summarized in Table
2.4. The technical objectives of these programs are given in Section
4, and detailed program planning is included in the Appendix. A
technical treatment of progress and prospects for powered lift aircraft
is provided in Reference 1, Section 10.
Table 2.5 summarizes program activity and funding for rotorcraft
and vertical takeoff and landing (vTOL) aircraft. These programs,
conducted by NASA, have civil and military applications. Noise rele-
vant technology development for application to supersonic cruise air-
craft i8 given in Table 2.6. These programs are basic and deal with
propulsion, aerodynamics and sonic boom.
3
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Table 2.1 SUt!ARI OF FUNDING BY TECHNICAL AREA,
AGENCY, AND FISCAL YEAR
Funding in Thousands of Dollars
- - -
1. The NASA funding data included in this table for FY 13 are based on information
supplied to EPA by NASA in December, 1973. The content of the breakoute by research
area is not exactly the same as those for other fiscal years listed.
2. F? 73 funding included in Powered Lift Aircraft Noise Technology.
3. Some program activity ic c. uded here that is listed under Basic Research and Tech-
nology for other fiscal years.
4. EPA FT 74 total includes some funds committed in FY 73.
5. See Section 11 for an explanation of acronyms) abbreviations, and definition of
noise relevant program costs.
6. For PT 73, $1090K of the funds listed were for subsonic engine and nacelle tech—
nology—Quiet Engine I.
Technical Area
Basic Research and
Technology
Powered Lift Aircraft
Noise Technology
Rotorcraft/VTOL
Noise Technology
Air Transportation
Systems Studies
Supersonic Cruise Air-
craft Noise Technology
Subsonic Conventional
Takeoff and Landing
Aircraft Noise Programs
General Aviation Noise
Technology
‘h1A TOTAL
Agency F? 73 F? 76
Fl 75
FT 76
NASA 10,765(1) 14,149
13,840
14,269
DOT 2,830 785
1,282
1,760
DOD i 78 1.752
793
1,112
Total 15,379 16,686
15,915
17,141
NASA 4,406(1k 2,082
2,977
2,952
D0 241
..
Total 4,647 2,082
2,977
2,952
NASA — (2) 1,774
2,284
2.294
DOD 267 534
675
275
Total 267 2,308
2,959
2,569
NASA 255 428
248
227
.-V’J 404
-
-
Total 255 832
248
227
NASA 2,070(1,3) 2,086
1,490
1,730
DOT 316 299
100
—
Total 2,386 2,385
1,590
1,730
NASA 27,704(1,6) 25,204
6,017
2,703
DOT 8,176 1,899
900
—
Total
35,880
27,103
6,917
2,703
NASA
80(1)
355
448
996
4
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Table 2.2. FUNDING SUP*(ARY FOR SUBSONIC CTOL AIRCRAFT NOISE PROGRAMS
A Funding Distribution, Thousand. of Dollars
rea A 5onCy VT 74 FT 75 F l 76
Noise Reduction Flight NASA 3,600 1,380 —
Procedures Experinents
Teruinal Configured Vehicle NASA 271 1,563 1,613
Operating Systems Experients
REFAM Program NASA 20,803 2,514 —
Advanced Acoustic Co.poaite NASA 530 560 1,090
Nacelle Program
Source Noise Reduction DOT/FAA 1,899 900 —
GRAND TOTAL 27,103 6,917 2,703
Table 2.3. FUNDING SU)*IART FOR BASIC RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS
Funding Distribution, Thousands of Dollars
A
rea Agency FT 74 FT 75 F! 76
Propulsion Noise Reduction NASA 13,348 12,194 12,490
DOT/ONA* 750 1,232 1,710
DOD 563 271 400
Total 14,661 13,697 14,600
Propulsion Systew Integration NASA 801 1,646 1,779
Nonpropulsive Noise DOD 272 75 125
Total 1,073 1,721 1,904
Human Response** NASA (1,154) (1,200) (1,458)
Material.. and Sound Propa- DOT/ONA 35 50 50
gation DOD 917 447 587
Total 952 497 637
GRAND TOTAL 16,686 15,915 17,141
*DOT/FAA funding included in Table 2.2
**tJASA allocations for Human Response studies are shoun here for informational purposes
only.
These resources are accounted for in the Federal noise effects research fiscal data.CReferenCe 3)
-------
Table 2.4. FUNDING SUMMARY FOR POWERED LIFT AIRCRAFT NOISE TECHNOLOGY
0 ’
Funding Distribution, Thousands of Dollars
Area Agency F! 74 F! 75 FT 76
Advanced Powered Lift Aircraft NASA 310 1,480 J.,470
Augmentor Wing Flight Experiment NASA 160 — —
Quiet Clean Short Haul NASA 167 840 825
Experimental Engine (QCSEE)
Quiet Propulsive Lift Research NASA 1,310 — —
Aircraft
STOL Operating Systems NASA 135 657 657
Experiments
GRAND TOTAL 2,082 2,977 2,952
Table 2 • 5, FUNDING SUMMARY FOR ROTORCRAJTIVTOL NOISE TECHNOLOGY
Area A enc Funding Distribution, Thousands of Dollars
‘ FY74 FY75 FY76
Advanced Rotorcraft NASA 920 1,045 1,040
Aerodynamic Technology DOD 34 — —
Total 954 1,045 1.040
Advanced VTOL Aircraft Aero- NASA (Total) 80 150 160
dynamic Technology
Tilt Rotor Research Aircraft NASA (Total) 274 — -
Program
Rotor Systems Research Aircraft NASA 500 — —
DOD 500 675 275
Total 1.000 675 275
Rotor Systems for RSRA NASA (Total) — 465 470
VTOL Operating Systems NASA (Total) — 624 624 —
Experiments
GMND TOTAL 2,308 2,959 2,569
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Table 2.6. FUNDING SUNMARY FOR SUPERSONIC CRUISE AIRCRAFT NOISE TECHNOLOGY
-J
Area
Agency
Funding Distri
bution Thousancth of Dollars
— yy 74
Fy75
p 1 y 76
-
Propulsion Technology
NASA
1,422
1,233
1,360
Aerodynamic Performance
NASA
664
257
370
Source and Operational
Sonic
DOT/FAA
299
100
—
Boom Reduction
GRAND TOTAL
2,385
1,590
1,730
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A more -detailed treatmentS of the Federal noise relevant RD&D sum—
inarized in Tables 2.1 to 2.6 is given in subsequent sections of this
report. Program planning and several status reviews (July 1973) on the
potential of reducing noise of the current commercial fleet are includ-
ed in the Appendix.
8
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3. SUBSONIC CONVENTIONAL TAKEOFF AND
LANDING AIRCRAFT NOISE PROGRAMS
Noise relevant programs relating to subsonic conventional take-
off and landing aircraft technology are listed in this section. These
programs have application to the existing commercial fleet and the
newer wide—body aircraft designs.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
The status of NASA programs noted here was reviewed in testimony
before the United States House of Representatives Subcommittee on
Aeronautics and Space Technology in July 1974. The brief technical
descriptions of programs that follow can be understood in proper con-
text by referring directly to that testimony which is included in
the Appendix.
• Noise reduction flight procedures experiments . To reduce
90 EPNdB approach noise footprint by at least 60% through
scheduled air1ines demonstrations of avionic systems for
noise abatement flight procedures.
• Terminal configured vehicles operating systems experiments .
To identify and provide proven technology and operating
techniques for advanced CTOL and RTOL aircraft for reducing
approach and landing accidents, reducing weather minima,
increasing air traffic controller productivity and airport
and airway capacity, saving fuel by more efficient terminal
area operations, and reducing noise by operational proce-
dures during the 1976—2000 time period.
• REPAN Program . To provide the technology to obtain a 75
percent reduction in the noise footprint area of JT8D—
Powered Aircraft (727, 737, and DC—9) which account for
over 60 percent of domestic fleet operations.
• Advanced acoustic composite nacelle flight program . To
demonstrate on a modern wide—body transport in airline
operation the application of advanced interwoven acoustic
absorbent and composite structural materials to an engine
which will:
• Reduce the noise footprint area of future production
wide—body transport aircraft by 30 percent with no
increase itt aircraft weight or fuel consumption or
9
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alternately reduce aircraft weight and fuel, consumption
with no increase in noise.
• Together with advanced technology engines, reduce the 90 EPNdB
noise footprint area of advanced technology transport aircraft
to 5.2 square kilometers (2 square miles) with no increase in
aircraft weight or fuel consumption resulting from the na-
celle or alternately reduce aircraft weight and fuel consump-
tion together with some noise reduction.
Table 3.1 is a s1nm1 ry of noise relevant funding for the subsonic
conventional takeoff and landing aircraft noise program. Listed in
the table are a descriptive title of the program and gross RD&D and
manpower costs for FY’s 1974 through 1976. The Appendix contains more
detailed program descriptions on all programs.
Department of Transportation—Federal Aviation Administration
DOT/FAA has several subsonic conventional takeoff and landing
aircraft noise programs under the overall program of source noise re-
duction. The objective of this program is to develop a noise source
prediction capability for all categories of aircraft. Projects under
the source noise prediction and reduction program and their objectives
are:
• Core engine noise control . To provide theoretical and exper-
imental data to assist the designers in developing future
aircraft capable of conforming to lower noise levels than are
now required by FAR Part 36. This program would more prop-
erly be listed in Section 4 but is presented here since it
cannot be easily separated from the schedule and cost data
of other programs presented in this section.
• Prediction of aircraft confjguration effects . To study the
feasibility of use of aircraft configuration and engine place-
ment to reduce noise propagation to the ground plus develop-
ment of prediction procedures for configurations of practical
interest.
• General aviation aircraft . To survey and define the noise
characteristics of all general aviation aircraft plus develop-
ment of suitable noise prediction capabilities.
• Retrofit feasibiliti . To provide test data to assist in de-
termining whether certain classes of turbofan propelled air—
planes in the current fleet can be modified for meaningful
noise reduction in a feasible manner. The results of this
10
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Table 3.1. MASt NOISE RELEVANT SUBSONIC CTOL AIRCRAFT PROCRANS
NOISE RELEVANT PROGRAI( COSTS
(Thousand. of Dollars)
F! 1974 F! 1975 F! 1976
Cross Manpower “ Cross Manpower Cross Manpower
Descriptive Title R&D Cost. Total R&D Cost. Total R&D Costs Total
Noice Reduction Flight 3140 460 3600 1050 330 1380
Procedure Experi.eat.
Ter.fnal Configured Vebi— 214 57 271 1450 113 1563 1500 113 1613
cle Syst.. Experi.ents
RREAN Progra. 19345 1258 20803 1000 1514 2314 — —
Advanced Acoustic Con— 500 30 530 500 60 560 1000 90 1090
pout. Nacelle Pro$r _____ — — — — — —
TOTALS 23399 1805 25204 4000 2017 6017 2500 203 2703
programmatic activity were reviewed before the United States
House of Representatives Subcommittee on Aeronautics and Space
Technology July 1974. That testimony is included in the Ap-
pendix.
Table 3.2 gives the schedule and funding for source noise reduc-
tion programs. The Appendix contains additional information on the
direction and status of these projects.
11
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Table 3.2. DOT/FAA AIRCRAFT NOISE ABATEMENT--SOURCE NOISE REDUCTION
Prograni Schedule (July L 1974)
Program Element/Subprogram 1 CY
202- 551
FY I 73* I 74 * 75 *1 I
77 1
1977
Source Noise Reduction
CTOL Aircraft
Source Noise Prediction
and Reduction
Prediction of Aircraft
Configuration Effects
General Aviation Aircraft
Retrofit Feasibility
Commercial Jet Aircraft
Executive Jet Aircraft
Continuing Effort
Award Report
V
I I
Award
I I
FY 73-$8,176,000; FY 74-$l,899,000;
FY 75-5900,000; FY 76-No Data.
1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
Core Engine Noise Control
Award Gas Generator Award Report
y RePorty y y
727 707 DC-9
V V
Award
efunding allocations (100% noise relevant) are:
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4. BASIC RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
Strict guidelines have not been employed in listing various agency
programs under the category of Basic Research and Technology. In general,
the results of programs presented in this section have a broader range
of application and are more fundamentally oriented than programs listed
in other sections.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Descriptive titles and specific objectives for each noise relevant
study being conducted by NASA are:
• Propulsion noise reduction . To provide data and a
technology base for reducing aircraft propulsion
noise with minimum weight, performance, and economic
penalties.
• Nonpropulsive noise . To understand and minimize, by
aerodynamic means, the undesirable effects of airframe
noise.
• Human Response . To define and quantify those properties
of aircraft noise exposure that are responsible for
causing negative individual and community response to
air transportation systems.
Funding data for programs included with each study category are
shown in Table 4.1. The Appendix contains objective documentation for
the programs listed in Table 4.1.
Department of Transportation-Office of Noise Abatement
Studies relevant to aircraft noise reduction are sponsored by the
Office of Noise Abatement within the Office for Systems Development and
Technology and by the Federal Aviation Administration within DOT. While
some FAA studies may be appropriately considered here, a consistent
treatment of cost data requires their listing elsewhere. For this reason,
only the DOT/ONA programs are considered under Basic Research and
Technology.
DOT/ONA sponsors one program in aircraft noise reduction. This
program is directed toward understanding, modeling, and suppressing jet
noise. The studies included in the program are conducted under contract
and through interagency agreement. The title, contracting organization,
and funding data for each project are shown in Table 4.2. Detailed
descriptions of each project are included in the Appendix.
13
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Table 4.1 NASA NOISE RELEVANT BASIC RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
NOISE RELEVANT PROGRAM COSTS
(Thousands of Dollars)
FY 1974 FY 1975 FY 1976
Gross Manpower Gross Manpower Gross Manpower
Descriptive Title R&D Costs Total R&D Costs Total R&D Costs Total
Propulsion Noise
Reduction
Basic Noise Research 2108 1886 3994 1300 2161. 3461 1500 2200 3700
Noise Technology
and Prediction 3073 6281 9354 4450 4283 8733 4330 4460 8790
Nonpropulsive Noise
Airframe Aerodynamic
Noise 408 393 801 900 746 1646 1000 779 1779
Hi man Response ’
Acceptance of Aircraft
Operations (796) (358) (1154) (842) (358) (12O0 (1100) (358) (1458)
GRAND TOTALS 5589 8560 14,149 6650 7190 13,840 6830 7439 14,269
1 The fiscal data for NASA’s Human Response studies are accounted for in
the Federal noise effects research resource allocations and shown here
for informational purposes only. (Reference 3)
-------
NOISE RESEARCH PROGRAM
Contract Program
Number Manager
DOT-OS-0000-2 G .Banerian
DOT-OS-20094 G.Banerian
DOT-OS-20197 G.Banerian
DOT-OS-4 1 17 G.Banerian
DOT-OS-40056 G.Banerian
DOT-OS-30034 G.Banerian
C .Banerian
G. Banerian
G. Banerian
Planned Obligations
( Tbou ands of. Dollars )
FY73 FY74 FY75 FY76
75 75 50 50
75 75 75 75
147 50 50 50
O 20 0 0
O 25 30 30
2500 500 1000 1501
0
5
33
35
50
50
0
0
22
0
Table 4.2 DOT/ONA JET
Project Title Contracting
Organization
Modeling Jet Noise USC
Noise Reduction from
Supersonic Jet Flow Syracuse
with Co-Axial Jets
Jet Combustion Noise Cal. Tech.
Effects of Nonlinearity
on Jet Noise Propulsion UT
On the Origin of Combus-
U’
tion Generated Noise NCSU
High Velocity Jet Noise
Source Location and
Reduction Program
Interagency Symposium:
Transportation Noise -
Acoustic Material Research MIT
Suppression of Multiple
Pure ToneS VPI
GRAND TOTALS
DOT-OS-3001 1
DOT-OS- 50047
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Department of Defense
DOD has projects in several, research categories. General areas of
research are suninarized below:
Proputsion Noise Reduction
• Jet Exhaust noise programs . To develop the technology
base necessary to significantly reduce aircraft
propulsion system noise with minimum associated perfor-
mance and weight penalties.
• Rotating machinery noise programs . To define the
fundamental physical mechanisms by which combustion
affects the general sound field surrounding an engine,
to aid in providing design guidelines and techniques
for modifying the combustion process for minimum
noise levels, developing effective combustor noise
suppression devices, and establishing criteria for
engine design, development and control.
• Duct acoustics and suppression programs . To develop
computer routines to predict the effect of duct
linings on noise propagation and to optimize a given
duct configuration for maximum noise reduction.
• Propeller noise programs . To formulate and computer
program a comprehensive unified aerodynamic acoustic
source theory and to reduce propeller noise through
utilizing unique propeller designs based on noise
source theory analysis.
Structural e ponse Programs
Objectives of projects in this area are:
• To investigate the effects of high intensity sound
on aircraft structures.
• To study the effects of high lift device noise on
aircraft structures and the coninunity environment.
• To dampen noise in helicopters.
Sound Propagation Programs
Objectives of projects in this area are:
• To analyze the generation and propagation of multiple turbojet
exhaust noise sources.
16
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• To analyze the aerodynamic generation of noise,
propagation, and detectability of unpowered
aircraft.
Airflow Surface Interaction Programs
Objectives of the projects in this area are:
• To investigate the reduction of noise by liquid
vaporization.
• To investigate the dynamics of vortices and
shock waves in nonuniform media.
• To investigate the areas of boundary layer flows.
Table 4.3 is a compilation of the DOD funding distribution on
Basic Research and Technology Progran . The Appendix contains a
brief description of each project.
17
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Table 4.3 DOD AIRCRAF] NOISE RESEARCFI PROGRAMS’
Funding Level, Thousands of Dollars
Descriptive Title 7 Agency FY 73 FY 74 FY 753 FY 76
Propulsion Noise Reduction
• Jet Exhausts Air Force 447 204 122 250
• Rotating Machinery Air Force 297 288 75 85
Army,
Navy
• Duct Acoustics and Air Force 10 45 65 65
Suppression Army
• Propeller No ise Air Force 26 26 9
Structural Response Programs Air Force 178 335 302 340
Sound Propagation Programs Air Force 580 582 145 247
Airflow Surface Interaction Navy 246 272 - -
0 Air Force - - 75 125
GRAND TOTALS 1,784 1,752 793 1,112
‘All programs are 100% noise relevant.
2 See Appendix for detailed project listing and description of projects
3 Data on FY 75 and FY 76 are incomplete.
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5. PCMERED LIFT AIRCRAFT NOISE TECHNOLOGY
Noise technology activities associated with power-generated lift
aircraft technology programs are considered in this section. Coverage
is restricted to STOL/RTOL aircraft for short-haul applications to meet
civil and military transport needs.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
The major study categories related to powered lift aircraft with
noise relevancy being conducted by NASA are as follows:
• Advanced powered lift aircraft aerodynamic technology .
To develop the aerodynamics and systems technology
needed to attain the integrated aerodynamic perfor-
mance, noise, stability, control, and handling
qualities characteristics required for viable powered
lift in civil and military aircraft designs.
• C-8 augmentor wing flight experiment . To validate in
flight the augmentor wing powered lift concept devel-
oped in laboratory programs as a practical means for
providing STOL capability. To assess in flight the
handling qualities of this type of aircraft. To
provide a versatile representative powered lift air-
craft for assessment of navigation and control systems
requirements for safe terminal area operation.
• Quiet, clean, short-haul experimental engine (QCSEE) .
To design, build, and test experimental engines to
consolidate and demonstrate the technology needed
for very quiet, clean, and efficient propulsion
system for economically viable and environmentally
acceptable powered lift short-haul aircraft.
• Quiet propulsive lift technology (Advanced medium
STOL (AI4ST) prototype aircraft). To obtain, through
participation in the Air Force ANST prototype programs,
propulsive lift flight research data on a straight-
wing externally b own flap configuration at lift
coefficients up to about 3.5.
• STOL operating systems experiments . To establish a
technology base upon which operational STOL short-
haul systems can be based with confidence in the
1978-2000 time period. To demonstrate operating
systems technology, operating procedures, and guidance,
navigation, and control concepts for high-density
terminal area operation.
19
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Funding data for these programs are given in Table 5.1. Specific
technology goals, milestones, and technical and management approach are
given in the Appendix for each NASA study category presented in Table 5.1.
Department of Transportation-Federal Aviation Administration
The FAA participates with NASA in program activity related to powered
lift aircraft technology as noted previously in Table 5.1. Additionally,
the FAA conducts a program on V/STOL aircraft. A descriptive title and
broad statement of objectives for this program follows:
• V/STOL aircraft - noise source reduction.. . To identify,
evaluate, and control component noise sources inherent
in V/STOL systems including studies of jet propulsion
and rotary systems and noise prediction techniques.
Table 5.2 gives the FAA identification number for the V/STOL aircraft
noise program, the major subprogram titles, the program schedule, and funding
data as of July 1., 1974. For FY 1974 and FY 1975 contract funding is included
with other programs and is therefore listed elsewhere in this report. A more
detailed description of this program is given in the Appendix.
20
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Table 5.1 NASA NOISE RELEVANT P(MERED LIFT AIRCRAFT TECHNOLOGY
NOISE RELEVANT PROGRAM COSTS
(Thousands of Dollars)
FY 1974 FY 1975 FY 1976
Gross Manpower Gross Manpower Gross Manpower
Descriptive Title R& Costs Total R Costs Total RW Costs Total
Advanced Powered Lift 140 170 310 900 580 1480 900 570 1470
Aircraft Aerodynamic
Technology
C-8 Augnientor Wing 100 60 160
Flight Experiment
Quiet, Clean Short- 137 30 167 800 40 840 800 25 825
Haul Experimental
Engine (QCsIE)
Quiet Propulsive Lift 1100 210 1310
Technology
STOL Operating Systems 107 28 135 600 57 657 600 57 657
Experiments
TOTALS 1584 498 2082 2300 677 2977 2300 652 2952
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Tabi. 5.2. DOT/FAA PROGRAM SCHEDULE RELEVANT TO POWERED
LIFT AIRCRAFT NOISE TECHNOLOGY
Program Element/Subprogram Program Element
- Number
FY I 73*1 74 i is i lb I ii I
V/STOL Aircraft 202-590
Source Noise Prediction and Reduction
Jet Propulsors
Rotary Propulsors
CYI 1972 I 1973 I 1974 I 1975 I 1976 I 1977
Continuing Effort
V V
V
I I
*Funding for FT 1973: $241,000 l0O noice relevant.
Award Report
V
Award Report
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6. ROTORCRAFT/VTOL NOISE TECHNOLOGY
This section considers noise relevant studies associated with
technology programs for aircraft with rotor induced lift and advanced
VTOL lift concepts. It deals prim trily with VTOL aircraft for civil
and military applications.
National. Aeronautics and Space Administration
The noise relevant rotorcraft technology programs and statements
of objectives are as follows:
• Advanced rotorcraft aero4ynamic technology . To determine and
improve the performance, dynamic loads, noise, control, sta-
bility, vibration, and handling qualities characteristics of
helicopter rotors and rotorcraft configurations in order to
permit the development of rotorcraft having substantially greater
mission and cost effectiveness than current (1973) operational
vehicles in military and civil usage.
• Advanced VTOL aircraft aerodynamic technology . To provide the
technology required to enable the development of viable mili-
tary and civil aircraft having effective VTOL capability to-’
gether with speed, range, operating cost, and mission/operational
capabilities, approaching those of 1973 operational medium range
military and civil CTOL aircraft. This requires the development
of a thorough knowledge and understanding of the aerodynamic
performance, noise, control, stability characteristics, and
piloting qualities peculiar to VIOL system concepts.
• Tilt rotor research aircraft . To demonstrate advanced rotor—
craft technology for military and civil VTOL vehicles having
twice the cruise speed of the helicopter while retaining its
efficient hover capability.
• Rotor systems research aircraft . To provide a unique flight
teat capability in 1976 for advanced rotor research on a wide
variety of promising new rotor concepts. To expedite improved
rotorcraft research through the use of a specially designed
flight test vehicle.
• Rotor systems for rotor systems research aircraft (RSRA) . To
select, acquire, and evaluate on the Rotor Systems Research
Aircraft (RSRA), under joint development by the Army and NASA,
three practical advanced rotor systems concepts. To demonstrate
through tests of these concepts in the real flight environment
23
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the integrated performance, dynamics, and acoustics technology
improvements achievable.
• VTOL bperating systems experiments . To establish a technology
base leading to improved operational capability, improved VTOL
operating efficiency, and decreased environmental impact. To
support military technology requirements for assuring VTOL
operational capability with a wide variety of landing sites
and under reduced visibility conditions.
Table 6.1 provides a funding summary of the Rotorcraft/VTOL air-
craft technology studies with noise relevance being conducted by NASA.
Specific technology goals, milestones, and technical approach are in—
cluded in the Appendix for each of the studies listed in Table 6.1.
Department of Defense
DOD Rotorcraft/VTOL noise technology programs and their objec-
tives are:
• Tip vortex effects on rotary—wing aerodynamics . To signifi-
cantly reduce undesirable rotor blade noise signatures and
alleviate the blade—tip vortex interaction problem.
• Glare and noise reduction of helicopter rotor blades . To
develop various materials and compositions capable of reducing
the glint, glare, and noise from helicopter rotor blades with-
out impairing lift or increasing weight or drag.
• Unsteady aerodynamics of blade—vortex interaction . To study
the unsteady aerodynamic mechanisms responsible for helicopter
noise.
• Investigation of noise generation on a hovering rotor . To
define the noise field generated by a rotor.
• Analytical studies of helicopter rotor broadband noise genera-
tion . To establish a closed form solution for predicting the
broadband noise intensity radiated by helicopter rotors.
• Studies in low speed fli&ht . To investigate problems asso-
ciated with low speed flight of helicopters.
• tems studies of helicopter noise reguire ents . To establish
a new methodology for systems analysis which includes noise
criteria and to develop a new wind tunnel facility for making
24
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Table 6.1 NASA NOISE RELEVA R(YrORCRATrIVTOL TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS
NOISE RELEVANT PROGRAM COSTS
(Thousands of Dollars)
F? 1974 FY 1975 FY1976
GrOss Manpower Gross Manpower Gross Manpower
Descriptive Title R&D Costs Total R&D Costs Total R&D Costs Total
Advanced Rotorcraft
Aerodynamics Technology
Helicopter Aerodynamics 265 180 445 205 95 300 200 100 300
Tilt Rotor Aerodynamics 20 10 30 70 40 110 70 40 110
Civil Helicopter Tech. 220 50 270 280 55 335 280 50 330
Rotor Systems Technology 140 35 175 - - - -
Rotor Acoustics and
Aeroelasticity — 195 105 300 200 100 300
Advanced VTOL Aircraft 50 30 80 100 50 150 100 60 160
Aerodynamic Technology
Tilt Rotor Research 250 24 274
Aircraft Program
Rotor Systems Research 500 — 500
Aircraft
Rotor Systems for RSRA - 400 65 465 400 70 470
VTOL Operation Systems - 400 224 624 400 224 624
Experiments
TOTALS 1445 329 1774 1650 634 2284 1650 644 2294
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useful noise measurements on V/STOL aircraft types.
• Tilt rotor research aircraft . To supplement funding of pro—
gram conducted by NASA in cooperation with the Air Force.
• Rotor systems research aircraft . To supplement funding of
program being conducted by NASA in cooperation with the Air
Force.
Funding levels for DOD Rotorcraft Noise Technology Programs are:
$267,000 for FY 1973, $534,00G for FY 1974, $675,000 for FY 1975, and
$275,000 in FY 1976. The Appendix contains brief descriptions of DOD
programs listed here.
26
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7. SUPERSONIC CRUISE AIRCRAFI NOISE TECHNOLOGY
Programs with noise relevancy chat are directed toward providing
a technology base for future generation aircraft with supersonic cruise
capability are presented in this section. It is noted that many of the
programs listed under Section 4, Basic Research and Technology, have
direct application to supersonic cruise aircraft.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA has two programs dedicated to supersonic cruise aircraft
(SCAR) technology with noise relevancy:
• SCAR propulsion technology . To establish an expAnded super-
sonic propulsion technology base in parallel with the expansion
of other supersonic disciplinary technologies which will permit
the reduction of noise in takeoff and landing to levels less
than the Douglas DC—lU and Lockheed 1011; reduce fuel consump-
tion rates which can make supersonic cruise aircraft signif i—
cantly more efficient; and nitric oxide emissions at high alti-
tudes that are greatly reduced from levels possible with today’s
technology.
• SCAR aerodynamic performance techno1ogy . To establish an ex-
panded supersonic aerodynamics technology base in parallel
with the expansion of other supersonic disciplinary technolo-
gies which will permit improvements in L/D, reductions in sonic
boom, and the translation of technical advances into integrated
aircraft systems.
Table 7.1 is a funding sunmiary for the supersonic cruise aircraft
noise technology programs. Each program and noise related project is
listed. More detailed program descriptions are given in the Appendix.
Department of TransportatioflFederal Aviation Administrat 2P
The FAA is conducting two programs relative to supersonic cruise
aircraft noise technology. They are:
• Source sonic boom reduction . This is an effort to develop a
definition of the air and ground system requirements for suc-
cessful threshold mach number operation.
27
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Table 7.1 NASA NOISE RELEVANT SUPERSONIC CRUISE AIRCRAFT TECHNOLOGY STUDIES
NOISE RELEVAN1 PROGRAM COSTS
(Thousands of Dollars)
F? 1974 Fl 1975 F? 1976
Gross Manpower Gross Manpower Cross Manpower
Descriptive Titles R&D Costs Total R&D Costs Total R&D Coats Total
Propulsion Technology
Propulsion Noise 618 330 948 843 390 1233 1000 360 1360
Reduction Technology
Experimental Engine 410 18 428
Cycle Studies
Low Noise Engine 46 46
Unique Components
Aerodynamic Performance
Technology
Integration Studies 137 90 227
Theory 30 30
Sonic Boom 137 270 407 167 90 257 280 90 370
TOTALS 1348 738 2086 1010 480 1490 1280 450 1730
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• Operational sonic boom reduction . This effort is to provide
prototype, digital, lightweight, inexpensive sonic boom recor-
ders and to obtain real time atmospheric data for use in long—
range threshold mach number operational feasibility studies.
Table 7.2 shows the program schedule for the source sonic boom
reduction and operational sonic boom reduction programs. The schedule
has been updated to indicate milestones and targets as of July 1, 1974.
29
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T.bl. 7.2. DOT/FAA SOURCE SONIC BOOM REDUCTION, OPERATIONAL SONIC BOOM
REDUCTION PROGRAM SCHEDULE (JULY 1, 1974)
ri I 73 * I 74 * I 75 * I 7 * I 77 I
Program Element/Subprogram CY
1972 I 1973 I 1974 1975 I 1976 I 1977
202-554
Source Sonic Boom Reduction
Phase I Phase II Phase III Phase IV
Final Trans. System Final
P ard Rgort F1 ht P A rd Re gort
V V V y
Supersonic boomless flight
research
Ft. Worth F-111/F-8 opera-
tional research boomless
flight; other operational
programs.
Operational Sonic Boom
Reduction
Sonic boom signature proto-
type digital recording sys-
tern. Operation, maintenance
and data collection during
operational programs
Phase I Phase 11 Phase III
Final
Award Report Report Report Re ort
Field 2 Prototypes
Award Delivery Test recorders
C
*Punding allocations (100% noise relevant) are: FY 73 - $316,000; PY 74 - $299,000;
FY 75 - $100,000; FY 76 - no funds scheduled
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8. AIR TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS STUDIES
Studies considered in this section are concerned with the inter-
relation of future air transportation needs, technology requirements,
socioeconomic and environmental factors, and aircraft/airport interface.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Systems studies being conducted by NASA that have significant
noise relevance are:
• Quiet propulsive lift transport technology systems
studies . To identify, through aircraft definition
and transportation systems studies, the problem areas,
configurations and technology for emphasis in future
quiet propulsive lift technology programs, including
flight research.
• Short—haul transportation systems analysis . To devel-
op a sound technological base for future decisions re-
lating to the design, development, and operation of
short—haul transportation systems; to examine the re-
lationships between short—haul technology and short—
haul economics, markets, and implementation; to iden-
tify potential viable short—haul airplane concepts and
their design and performance criteria for practical
short—haul transportation systems including considera-
tion of market, economic, and environmental factors.
• Analysis of future civil air transportation systems
and concepts . To identify promising aeronautical
systems, determine optimum characteristics, and define
technology requirements and costs associated with such
systems. Studies include general aviation aircraft,
CTOL, STOL, and VTOL transports, advanced subsonic
transonic transport aircraft, and advanced supersonic
transports.
• High transonic speed transport (HiTST) system study .
To provide detailed configuration definitions of a high
transonic speed transport concept with design studies
to include fatigue and flutter characteristics of com-
posite structures, low speed stability, and control of
yawed wing for emergency maneuvers, and new engine
technology application for reduced noise.
31
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• Subsonic/Transonic C/RTOL transport technology systems
and design studies . To make technology advances avail-
able for superior subsonic C/RTOL transport aircraft to
satisfy anticipated requirements in the 1980’s; to de-
termine the feasibility of utilizing aircraft fuels
other than JP fuel for subsonic cargo and passenger air-
craft; to investigate new approaches to providing more
economical subsonic transport of liquid and solid cargo
in anticipation of the need for increased air transport
of cargo.
• Subsonic/Sonic CTOL transport technol6 y propulsion
studies . To study the application of advanced tech-
nology to the improvement of future commercial trans-
port aircraft including consideration of economic
factors involving parameters such as aircraft drag,
propulsion efficiency, cost, and propulsion system
noise and exhaust emissions.
Table 8.1 provides a funding suary of the air transportation
systems studies being conducted by NASA and discussed in the preceding
paragraphs. Additional detail on objectives, approach, and milestones
for each program is provided in the Appendix.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA )
EPA sponsors studies to support its activities related to aircraft
regulations. The FY 1973 and FY 1974 projects, which are most relevant,
for inclusion here, are listed in Table 8.2.
32
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Table 8.1 NASA NOISE RELEVANT AIR TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
STUDIES NOISE RELEVANT PROGRAM COSTS
(Thousands of Dollars)
FT 1974 FT 1975 FT 1976
Gross Manpower Gross Manpower Gross Manpower
Descriptive Title R&D Costs Total R&D Costs Total R&D Costs Total
Short—Haul Transporta— 130 30 180
tion Systems Analysis
Analysis of Future Civil 61 27 88 120 48 168 120 27 147
Transportation Systems
and Concepts
High Transonic Speed 15 1 16 80 80 80 80
Transport System Study
Subsonic/Transonic C/RTOL 80 30 110
Transport Tech. Systems
and Design Studies
Subsonic/Sonic Tranapor— 28 6 34 — —
tation Technology
Propulsion Studies
TOTALS 334 94 428 200 48 248 200 27 227
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Table 8.2 EPA AIRCRAFT NOISE SYSTEMS STUDIES
Contracting
Contract
Project
Key Dates
Amount,
Project Title Organization
Number
Manager
Start End
thousands of
dollars
Aircraft/Airport Opera— Bolt, Beranek 68—01—1835 J. Schettlno 4/73 182
tions Noise Study & Newman
Installation, Refinement Bolt, Beranek 68—01—2265 D. Gray 2/74 2/75 79
and Training in Utiliza— & Newman
tion of USAP—NEF
Aircraft/Airport Study: George Washing— 68—01—1834 E. Cuadra 4/73 9/73 110
Legal Analysis ton University
Development of Implemen— E. H. Robbins 68—01—2266 E. Cuadra 2/74 4/75 33
tation Tools for Admin— —
istration of Airport
Noise Regulation
TOTAL for Fl 73 & 74 404
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9. GENERAL AVIATION NOISE RELATED TECHNOLOGY
Many of the noise related pr grains presented in other sections of
this report have application to general aviation aircraft. In particu-
lar, the NASA programs, Basic Noise Research and Noise Technology, in-
volve studies of propeller noise reduction. DOT/FAA also conducts
studies relevant to general aviation aircraft; however, these are in-
cluded in Section 8 since it is difficult to isolate this activity from
cost and program scheduling data.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
The title and statement of objective of the NASA programs dedicated
specifically to general aviation aircraft are:
• General aviation aerodynamic technology . To develop
and demonstrate advanced technology for general avia-
tion use that will permit the design of future U.S.
aircraft that will be safer, more productive, and
clearly superior to foreign competition.
• Quiet, clean general aviation turbofan (QCGAT) . To
identify, extend, and demonstrate the technology
applicable to small general aviation turbofans to
achieve future environmental requirements with
economic viability.
Table 9.1 shows the major study categories and the funding in the
general aviation aerodynamic technology program. The Appendix contains
an expanded discussion of this program.
35
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Table 9.1 NASA NOISE RELEVANT GENERAL AVIATION AIRCRAFT TECHNOLOGY STUDIES
NOISE RELEVANT PROGRAM COSTS
(Thousands of Dollars)
F? 1974 F? 1975 F? 1976
Gross Manpower Gross Manpower Gross Manpower
Descriptive Title R&D Costs Total R&D Costs Total R&D Costs Total
Aerodynamics and Crash— 65 30 95
worthiness
General Aviation 200 60 260 250 198 448 370 90 460
Technology
Quiet, Clean General — 400 136 536
Aviation Turbofan (QCGAT)
)
TOTALS 265 90 355 250 198 448 770 226 996
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10. REFERENCES
1. Civil Aviation Research and Development Policy Study. Report DOT
TST-l0-4, NASA SP-265; Supporting Papers DOT TST-lO-5, NASA
SP-265. March 1971.
2. Aircraft Noise Reduction Technology. A report by the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration to the Environmental Protec-
tion Agency for the Aircraft/Airport Noise Study, March 30, 1973.
This report gives a technical treatment of progress, status, and
planned research by NASA relative to aircraft noise. (Unpublished)
3. Federal Noise Effects Research: FY73-FY75. A report prepared by
the Interagency Noise Effects Research Panel, for the U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency: EPA Report #600/2-75-001.
March 1975. (31 pages.)
37
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11. GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND TERMS
AMST - Advanced Medium STOL Transport.
ARC - Ames Research Center.
CIRTOL - Conventional/Reduced Take Of f and Landing.
CIOL - Conventional Take Of f and Landing.
DOD - Department of Defense.
D 7F - Department of Transportation.
EPNdB - Effective Perceived Noise Level in dB.
FAA - Federal Aviation Administration.
FAR-36 - Federal Aviation Rule, Part 36.
FRC - Flight Research Center.
FY - Fiscal Year.
HiTST - High Transonic Speed Transport.
JP-Fuel - Jet Petroleum Fuel
JPL - Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
L/D - Lift-Drag Ratio.
LaRC - Langley Research Center.
LeRC - Lewis Research Center.
NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
ONA — Office of Noise Abatement.
QCSEE - Quiet Clean Short-Haul Experimental Engine.
QSRA - Quiet Short—Haul Research Aircraft.
RD&D - Research, Development, and Demonstration.
RSRA - Rotor Systems Research Aircraft.
39
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RTOL - Reduced Take Of f and Landing.
RTOP - Research and Technology Operating Plan.
SAM - Sound Absorbing Material.
SCAR — Supersonic Cruise Aircraft.
STOL - Short Take Of f and Landing.
USAF - United States Air Force..
V/STOL - Vertical/Short Take Of f and Landing.
VTOL - Vertical Take Of f and Landing.
40
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12. APPENDIX - COMPENDIUM OF AIRCRAFT NOISE RELATED
FEDERAL PROGRAM PLANNING AND PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS
This document contains detailed program planning information of
the Federal Agencies’ Aircraft noise research, development, and demon-
stration activities. The information and data are presented basically
in the form submitted to EPA through the agencies’ representatives on
the Aircraft Noise Research Panel. This document can be viewed as the
status of programs and plans as of July, 1974.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
NASA PROGRAM DESCRIPTIONS 43
1. NASA Subsonic Conventional Takeoff and Landing 43
Aircraft Noise Programs
a. NASA July 25, 1974 Testimony on Aircraft Noise 59
Programs before the House Subcounittee on
Aeronautics and Space Technology
2. NASA Basic Research and Technology programs 87
3. NASA Powered Lift Aircraft Noise Technology 101
Programs
4. NASA Rotorcraft/VTOL Noise Technology Program 119
5. NASA Supersonic Cruise Aircraft Noise Technology 137
Programs
6. NASA Air Transportation System Studies 145
7. NASA General Aviation Noise Technology Programs 151
jI DOT AIRCRAFT NOISE PROGRAMS 159
1. DOT/FAA Aircraft Noise Programs 159
2. DOT/FAA July 25, 1974 TestimOny on Aircraft Noise 173
Programs before the House Subcon nittee on
Aeronautics and Space Technology
41
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Page
3. DOT/ONA AIRCRAFT NOISE PROGRAMS 185
III DOD AIRCRAFT NOISE PROGRAMS 195
LV NSF PROGRAMS 215
42
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I. NASA PROGRAM DESCRIF IONS
1. NASA SUBSONIC CONVENTIONAL TAKEOFF
AND LANDING AIRCRAFT NOISE PROGRAMS
43
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NOISE REDUCTION FLIG1 T PROCEDURES EXPERIMENTS
(768-80) Ongoing
Program Objective
Reduce 90 EPNdB approach noise footprint by at least 607 through
scheduled airlines’ demonstrations of avionic systems for noise abate-
utent flight procedures.
DOT considers the two—segmettt approach procedure to be the most promis-
ing operational noise abatement technique now under evaluation and an
important part of the overall noise reduction program.
Program Targets
NASA will demonstrate operational avionics and flight procedures that
can be used to reduce airport community noise through the following
steps:
• Complete six month trunk airline demonstration of twos-
segment approach with a B-727 in scheduled air-line
service - November 1973.
• Complete six-month trunk airline demonstration of two-
segment approach with a DC-8 in scheduled air-line
service - October 1974.
• Demonstrate potenti*l of other operating techniques for
reducing aerodynamic and propulsion noise on approach
and landing - January 1976.
Program 4pproach
The NASA program for noise reduction has placed primary emphasis on
the two-segment approach, which offers significant benefits.
• For reduced noise impact
• At a relatively small cost
• With the potential of early implementation
Program activities are closely coordinated with the FAA and the Joint
ODT/NASA Office of Noise Abatement. They are being managed by the
Ames Research Center with participation by the airline industry, airline
45
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pilots, avionic manufacturers, and air traffic controllers at several
airports.
Two avionic system concepts are beiiig evaluated. The main differences
between the concepts are the techniques that will be used to establish
the upper segment glide slope guidance. One concept, for aircraft not
equipped with area navigation, will cost approximately $37,000 installed.
The other concept, based on modification of area navigation equipment
already installed in the aircraft, will cost approximately $9,000.
The program involves analysis, simulation, flight test, and in-service
evaluation in two aircraft types: the B-727, and DC-8. The applica-
bility of the procedures over the remainder of the fleet of current jet
transports will be evaluated by analysis and simulations.
Over 1200 two-segment approaches have been made in the B-727 by over
120 pilots from 13 airlines at five airports. Of these, approximately
600 approaches by 58 line pilots have been made in passenger carrying
ser 4 vice.
Preliminary results:
• Have obtained line pilot acceptance in one airline in
one type aircraft:
- Procedure has been demonstrated to be safe
- Procedure can be interfaced with today’s ATC
environment
- Avionics system provides good navigation accuracy
on upper segment
- No significant increase in pilot workload
- Passenger comfort not affected
• Two-segment approach provides approximately 607. reduction
in the 90 EPNdB approach noise footprint area for the B-727.
Research continuing into FY 75 includes the DC-8 in—service evaluation,
investigations of the effects of operating procedures on aerodynamic
and propulsive noise, and development of procedures that achieve maximum
noise reduction.
46
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Investigations have been conducted on a preliminary evaluation of the
wake vortex behind and below jet aircraft flying a two-segment approach
in order to determine if any additional hazard exists to following
aircraft.
Need and Relevancy
The NASA in cooperation with the FAA and the airlines has been involved
in developing and evaluating the operational procedures for noise re-
duction for a number of years. The landing approach studies indicated
potentially large noise reductions could be achieved by three noise
reduction approach techniques: the two-segment approach, the energy
management of decelerating approach, and the curved ground tracts
approach. Although it was found that these flight procedures are well
within the performance capability of current day jet transports, they
impose new requirements on the pilot duties and workload, on the pilot
displays, oa the guidance and navigation system, on the aircraft con-
trol system, on the ATC flow of aircraft to high density runways, and
possible different wake turbulence effects. NASA decided in 1971 to
embark on a substantial effort to develop suitable avionics for noise
abatement procedures and to obtain sufficient experience so that they
are accepted for routine operations.
In July 1973, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
submitted a “Report to Congress on Aircraft/Airport Noise” in compli-
ance with the Noise Control Act of 1972. The purpose of the report is
to reco mnend ways in which the public health and welfare can be pro-
tected from excessive aircraft noise.
The following excerpts from this report reinforce the soundness of
NASA’s decision relative to the need and relevancy of procedural
methods of aircraft noise reduction.
“Approximately 16 million persons are presently impacted by aviation
noise in the United States, and in spite of the introduction of quieter
new aircraft, the number will continue to be of major proportion until
the mid—l980’s unless aggressive action is taken.”
“Aircraft noise around airports is presently a principal constraint on
the future growth of the air transportation system.”
“It is evident that there is a need to mobilize available resources
and technology, including those of providing newer and quieter air-
craft for the future, to deal with this problem in a coordinated time-
phased fashion.”
47
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“If noise levels protective of the public health and welfare are to be
achieved around the Nation’s airports in the near future, it will be
necessary to establish a Federal regulatory program which effectively
combines Federal controls on aircraft flight procedures, technology,
and noise control options available to airport operations and local
“From the foregoing, it can be seen that a number of noise abatement
flight procedures are available for implementation. Although by them-
selves, they cannot totally resolve the noise problem, they play an
important part in any comprehensive plan for noise abatement.”
“The two-segment approach seems to hold the most promise (of several
different noise abatement approach procedures) for significant approach
relief.”
“The main objections to two-segment approaches come from ALPA pilots
and some segments of the airline industry. They desire more testing
to be certain that safety will not be degraded by the higher descent
rates in the steep segment.”
“EPA also concludes that two—segment approaches in IFR conditions are
technically feasible after installation of equipment currently avail-
able in prototype form. Such approaches are expected to be consistent
with the highest degree of safety upon completion and evaluation of the
current NASA test program and certification of the equipment.”
The Noise Reduction Flight Procedures Experiments program is being
conducted by the NASA Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology to
be responsive to the national need to protect the public health and
welfare from aircraft noise.
TEB fINAL CONFIGURED VEHICLE OPERAT INC
SYSTEMS EXPERIMENTS
(768—81) Ongoing
Program Objective
Identify and provide proven technology and operating techniques for
advanced C OL and RTOL aircraft for reducing approach and landing
accidents, reducing weather minima, increasing air traffic controller
productivity and airport and airway capacity, saving fuel by more
efficient terminal area operations and reducing noise by operational
procedures during the 1976—2000 time period.
48
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An expression by the U.S. scheduled airlines through the Air Transport
Association on the desired direct thrust and content of the government’s
aviation research and development efforts proposes a research, develop-
ment and applications engineering ef ort with three major work areas:
(1) solution of environmental problems; (2) air traffic control
process development and automation; and (3) aircraft and aviation
support systems improvement.
Program Targets
Major targets of this program include technology readiness in the late
1.970’s for:
• Precision 4D flight path control by FY 1976 for
-improved accuracy of time of arrival at runway from
18 sec. to 5 sec.
-decreased spacing between parallel runways from
5000’ to 3000’.
• Steeper, curved, and decelerating landing approach - FY 1976.
• Automatic landings in zero visibility - FY 1977.
• Reduction of the impact of aircraft on the environment in
terms of aircraft noise and air pollutions FY 1976.
• Landing rates in 3YR which approach VRF rates - FY 1977.
• Guidance and control capability for reductionin separation
between aircraft on landing approach from 3’ and 5 miles to
I and 2 miles - FY 1976.
• Reduction in runway occupancy time from 55 sec. to 25 sec. -
FY 1977.
• Avionics which interface with an advanced ATC system - FY 1978.
• Greater safety - FY 1979.
• Improved productivity by minimizing terminal area delays -
FY 1979.
49
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Program Approach
NASA and FAA are working together on this program, under a joint agree-
ment. The program is being managed by the Langley Research Center with
most of the flight experiments being conducted from Wallops Station.
In comparison with existing transport aircraft, a terminal configured
CrOL or RTOL aircraft should possess improvements in the following
areas: greater flight path flexibility; less pollution and noise;
improved acceleration, deceleration and lift capability; slower approach
and departure speeds; closer spacing without wake vortex hazard; more
accurate position, speed, and time control; less time on the runway,
less sensitivity to wind and weather; greater speed flexibility; safer
and better handling qualities; and reduced operating costs. To define
operational systems needed to produce the above improvements and to i-
dentify areas where technology emphasis should be placed, initial
attention in this program will be placed on analytical and experimental
studies. Later, simulation and flight evaluation will be the primary
tools in carrying out this program.
Plans for the program include research in conjunction with the Micro-
wave Landing System (MLS), now under development by the FAA, and
applying the greater accuracy and reliability of digital computer tech-
niques to what are presently analog avionic systems. The MLS opens
up many opportunities for improvement in terminal area operations be-
cause the aircraft is freed from the standard one—course ILS approach.
Present aircraft instrument approach systems are not compatible with
}n s.
Flight experiments using advanced displays and performing precision
4D flight paths in a uniquely equipped B-737 aircraft will co ence
late in FY 74. This research will continue heavily in FY 75 with
particular emphasis on improving adverse weather approach and landing
capability and safety through use of advanced displays and flexible,
automatic digital flight control and guidance systems. Available and
simulated advanced radio navigation aids will be utilized in flight
tests at Wallops Station. Flight simulation and analysis work will
lead and support flight tests. Feasibility demonstrations of advanced
equipment will be conducted at key points during the program.
Additional details are available in the Dec. 1, 1973 Program Plan
entitled, t ’Teruiinal Configured Vehicle Program.”
Need and Relevancy
The following excerpts from The National Aviation System Policy
SI ’mRry, March 1973 , which sini narizes the FAA policies for the
50
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development of National Aviation System over the next ten years, clearly
state the need and relevancy of the objectives of this program:
“Thus, in consonance with National Transportation System
goals, the broad technical goals over the next ten years
can be summarized as follows:
• Increase airport capacity
• Increase airway capacity
• Improve airway and airport safety
• Minimize system operating costs
• Minimize the impact of air transport on the
environment”
“The heart of the present air traffic problem lies at five
high-density terminal locations where congestion and costly
delays occur during adverse weather conditions and regularly
during the peak hours. Without system improvements, the
number of terminals experiencing such congestion is expected
to increase to 21 by 1981.”
“Of all the major issues, this (the impact of environmental
concerns on aviation systems development) is potentially
the most important.”
“Long range impacts of the energy problem on aviation are
still unclear, but it is quite probable it will act as a
constraint on expanded aviation service.”
These positions are supported by many others; for example, the DOT Air
Traffic Control Advisory Coimnittee and the Joint DOT/NASA Civil Avia-
tion Research and Development Policy Study.
Since the problems of safety, adverse weather, noise, congestion, and
fuel wastage manifest themselves most strongly in the high density
terminal area, this program is concentrating on the terminal area per-
formance characteristics of civil transport aircraft. Terminal area
air traffic control is not merely a combination of procedures and
hardware, but is a complex system involving people, aircraft, airporçs,
and airport neighbors. All elements of the system must be studied in
relation to each other and to their environment. The terminal area
performance characteristics of aircraft are vital parameters in air
traffic control.
If the long—term rate of growth of air transportation continues, airplane
characteristic improvements in combination with planned FAA improvement
in the ground system have the potential benefits of:
51
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• Improvement of runway operations by 50 to 150%.
• Saving an average of 750,000 gallons of fuel per
transport aircraft per year.
• Reducing the cost of delays by 4.
• Saving passenger time valued at more than $100M per year.
• Maximizing the effectiveness of the FAA Third and Fourth
Generation ATC Systems.
[ a order to provide the system operating technology in a timely and
effective manner, the TCV program will undertake to identify gaps in
the current technology of operating systems (such as displays and
aircraft performance requirements), and generate solutions which will
permit more efficient terminal area operations. It is important that
the TCV program be conducted in a time frame that is compatible with
planned improvements in the National Aviation System. In order that
the advanced airborne technology and systems required to interface
with the future ATC system being developed under FAA leadership are
available by the mid 1980’s, they must be essentially demonstrated by
the late 1970’s. The planned schedule of TCV activities is designed
to accomplish this purpose.
Safety of aircraft occupants is of fundamental importance in an air
transportation system. Through a 60—plus year history of operations,
accidents have provided clear and sometimes not so clear indications
of hazard areas. With the advent of more reliable jet engines, en
route accidents due to piston engine failure, severe weather encounters,
and in—flight fires as well as takeoff accidents due to engine failure
have declined as major accident prone areas, leaving the approach and
landing phase accounting f or more than half the fatal accidents. Of f-
8etting higher approach and landing impact speeds as a threat is the
improved structural intagrity of modern aircraft and improved passenger
seat retention. Control systems are more sophisticated, and navigation/
co imiunication is exceedingly complex by 1950 star ards, and decision
times for critical events in the landing process are short, all of
which add up to more stress on the pilot’s judgement and decision
process. This makes an error in judgement potentially more dangerous
in terms of an accident. A systems analysis will provide a rational
assessment of potential accident-prone areas in flight operations.
TCV experiments will lead to reduced pilot workload by improved flight
deck design, better understanding of crew inter-personal relationships,
and automation. The aft flight deck of the 737 RSFS will provide a
unique facility for man-vehicle (human factors) technology development.
52
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The potential for significant reduction of approach and landing acci-
dents is considered high.
Not only is the activity conducted under this program relevant to our
efforts to ensure future airplanes capability to meet forecast traffic
demand without adverse effect on safety and airport communities, it is
aimed at putting the U.S. industry on a more competitive basis in world
markets of manufactured aircraft and aeronautical equipment.
REFAN PROGRAM
(739—14)
Program Objectives
Provide the technology to obtain a 75 percent reduction in the noise
footprint area of JT8D-powered aircraft (727, 737 and DC—9) which
account for over 60 percent of domestic fleet operations.
Furnish FAA and EPA with the technological and cost data essential
for consideration of rulemaking on engine retrofits.
Program Targets
Major targets of the Refan Program are the following:
• Complete the design of the refanned JT8D engine and
acoustic nacelles for 727 and DC—9 aircraft by
July 1973.
• Verify the predicted aerodynamic and acoustic per-
formance of the refanned engine with ground engine
tests starting in February 1974.
• Demonstrate the objective of 75 percent noise re-
duction with refanned engines and 727 aircraft
nacelles by ground tests starting in February 1975.
• Demonstrate the objective of 75 percent noise reduction
by actual flight tests of a DC-9 aircraft starting
in February 1975.
• Final economic and performance data to FAA by
June 1975.
53
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Program Approach
The approach to accomplishing this objective is to develop modifications
for the JT8D engine that can be produced as retrofit 1 its, develop
nacelles with acoustic treatment for the modified engines, and demon-
strate the noise levels and performance levels of a DC-9 airplane in
flight and a 727 propulsion system in ground tests.
The JT8D engine will be modified by replacing the existing two-stage
fan with a larger diameter single-stage fan employing wide spacing
between the vanes and rotor. The core engine pressure and flow will
be maintained by two booster stages in front of the compressor. The
fan turbine last stage rotor blade will be recainbered. These changes
will increase the engine thrust and lower the core jet velocity for
the same cycle temperature. The lower jet velocity will result in
decreased jet mixing noise. Acoustic treatment will be added to fan
ducts and other acoustic devices will be considered to select an opti-
im engine nacelle. In the interest of minimizing the cost of the
retrofit kit, no modifications will be made to any engine or airframe
components unless they are necessary for or contribute directly to the
substantial reduction of noise.
The program will be conducted through contracts with engine manufacturers,
aircraft manufacturers and airline operators. NASA inhouse effort will
be used both to manage the contracted efforts and to directly support
the program through studies and tests in NASA facilities. The first
phase of the program, completed in June 1973, established the refanned
engine and nacelle definition through analysis, design and limited
component testing. The second phase of the program, starting in July
1973, will culminate in ground tests of a 727 refanned propulsion
system and flight tests of a refanned DC-9 aircraft both in February
1975.
Need and Relevancy
The environmental impact of aircraft noise has been identified as a
critical factor limiting the growth of civil aviation. Vigorous public
reaction to the annoyance of aircraft operations has stifled civil air
system expansion, produced costly litigations, and resulted in operational
constraints which limit airport capacity and constrain aircraft pro-
curement. Demonstration of the refan feasibility provides a basis for
implementation of a refan retrofit which would reduce the noise foot-
print areas of the aircraft principally responsible for the high
coimnunity noise exposure by 75 percent. Further, these same modifica-
tions can be introduced in the production of new 727, 737, and DC-9
aircraft to result in quieter, new aircraft.
54
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OBJECTIVE NO. 766-78
ADVANCED ACOUSTIC COMPOSITE NACELLE
FLIGIff PROGRAM
Program Objective
Demonstrate on a modern wide-body transport in airline operation the
application of advanced interwoven acoustic absorbent and composite
structural materials to an engine nacelle which will:
• Reduce the noise footprint area of future production
wide-body transport aircraft by 30 percent with no
increase in aircraft weight or fuel consumption or
alternatively reduce aircraft weight and fuel con-
sumption with no increase in noise.
• Together with advanced technology engines, reduce
the 90 EPNdB noise footprint area of advanced
technology transport aircraft to 2 square miles with
no increase in aircraft weight or fuel consumption
resulting from the nacelle or alternatively reduce
aircraft weight and fuel consumption together with
some noise reduction.
Program Targets
Recent materials and structures developments at Langley Research Center
on interwoven acoustic and composite materials offer the promise of
considerable reduction in operating costs. This program will exploit
these materials to:
• Complete nacelle concept definition studies and verify
approach by January 1976.
• Complete ground tests of an advanced technology
nacelle by early 1979 .
• Certify an advanced nacelle for airline service on
a wide-body transport by late 1979 .
• Demonstrate quiet nacelle performance in routine
airline service by 1982 .
55
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Program Approach
Current technology using uniform wall treatment basically attenuates
the noise by the addition of acoustic absorbent materials to the
structural materials. A promising advanced technology noise suppres-
sion technique embodies a reflection principle in addition to atten-
uation to decrease noise transmission. This is accomplished by inter-
weaving acoustic absorbent and structural materials in a composite
material form and thereby forming an acoustic structural material.
By using n iltiple changes in wall acoustic treatment (segmented treat-
ment), lower net transmission is achieved. Tha performance of the
technique is striking — experimental results indicate about 15dB-
reduction in sound intensity compared to the same weight of metalic
material with added acoustic absorbent material. Utilization of the
acoustic composite material can further eliminate the inlet and duct
splitter rings which are currently used for noise suppression together
with their associated drag and fuel penalties.
The project will be based on FY 1974 studies to determine areas where
the application of composites with integrated acoustic material has
the greatest payoff with respect to weight, cost, and noise reduction.
The experimental program will be carried out in two phases. The first
phase consists of preliminary design of the engine nacelle to be tested.
The second phase will include the detail design, fabrication, and
testing of the nacelle. The program, will: (1) evaluate various
design concepts for the integration of composite materials with nacelle
acoustic treatment in terms of initial cost, noise reduction, weight
reduction, maintenance cost, and feasibility of application to existing
propulsion systems as well as to advanced installations; (2) develop
the technology associated with selected design concepts by means of
analyses, ground tests, and limited flight tests and perform all
analyses and tests required for commercial application; and (3) perform
ground tests, and flight tests in commercial service, of production
composite/acoustic nacelles to provide sufficient data on performance,
maintenance requirements, and maintenance costs to establish aircraft
and airline industry confidence in the application of composites to
engine nacelles.
Overall direction and coordination of the Program will be accomplished
by the QL4LST Transport Experimental Programs Office. The Langley Research
Center will be designated the lead Center for the project with support
by Lewis Research Center (propulsion activities). Program coordination
with TXYr/FAA and with the airlines will be maintained and nacelle
certification will be under the direction of the FAA.
56
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Need and Relevancy
The ICAO World Traffic Forecast for air passenger demand indicates a
potential fivefold increase in air passengers by the mid 1980 period.
The number of air passenger seats required is approximately double the
number now available and on order. While the world fuel crisis may in
time result in modification of this projected growth in demand for air
transportation, the demand will certainly increase.
Market studies indicate that the bulk of this aircraft seat need will
be met by new wide-body type aircraft. Current and quieted narrow-
body aircraft will begin to be removed from service and the world air-
craft fLeet will be made up largely of wide-body aircraft certified to
meet current noise regulations. Other types of aircraft such as
advanced technology transports, SSTs, and STOLs will contribute to air
lift capacity but to much less extent than current type wide-body
aircraft.
With such a fleet mix, community noise exposure is expected to again
increase during the 1980 period unless steps are taken now to provide
technology which will permit noise reduction without fuel consumption
penalties. The acoustic composite nacelle flight program is designed
to serve that need.
57
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a. NASA July 25, 1974 Testimony on Aircraft Noise
Programs before the House Subcommittee on
Aeronautics and Space Technology
59
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RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY FOR AIRCHAFf NOISE ABATEMENT
Statement of
3. Lloyd Jones
Deputy Associate Administrator for Aeronautics Technology
Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology
NAT IONkL AERONAUf ICS AND SPACE ADMINIST RAT ION
Before the
Subcommittee on Aeronautics and Space Technology
Committee on Science and Astronautics
House of Representatives
Mr. Chairman and members of the Subcommittee, I am pleased to have
this opportunity to bring the Subcommittee up to date on NASA’s activity
related to the abatement of noise in the present and projected civil
air transportation fleet. As you know, we consider this an important
public matter and have given it considerable attention over an extended
period of time.
Today I will present a brief report on the progress of our work on the
refan retrofit option for civil aircraft certificated before Federal
Air Regulation Part 36 came into effect; and on the result of a meeting
on the Refan Program and related regulatory activity between Dr. Fletcher,
Administrator of NP SA, Mr. Barnum, Under Secretary of DcYr, and Mr.
Meister, Associate Administrator for Plans of FM, attending for Mr.
Butterfield, Administrator of FM, and attended by Mr. Strelow, Acting
Assistant Administrator for Air and Waste Management of EPA, attending
for Mr. Train, Administrator of EPA. I will also report on the progress
made on NASA’s Two-Segment Approach Program, the coordination of air-
craft noise abatement programs, and NASA programs to provide data for
the reduction of noise in the near and long term.
Before discussing our programs, I would like to note that NASA is
concerned primarily with the technological aspects of aircraft noise
abatement. The treatment of all the complex factors (economic, social,
operational, and foreign) associated with regulation are the responsi-
bility f other branches of government, noteably D(Vr, FAA, EPA, and 0MB.
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REFAN PROGRAM SCHEDULE
CV 1972
CV 1973
CV 1974
CV 1915
J {A S 10(NID
IF JM}A M I fr ( jOjNJD
J IFIMIAIMIJ E I”I SJOfN(D
J IFIM! AIMS)
TERMINATE
JT3D
EFFORT
j
CONTRACT I I TERMINATE
AWARD I I WORK ON
\ V
.v__
I
I START 7V
I GROUND TESTS
I
I
I START DC—9
START FLIGHT
ENGINE I TESTS
/ TESTS I
V I___
I FINAL
I DATA
I AVAILABLE
I
I
I
:
I
I
I
NASA RJ75-2326
7-18-74
FIGURE 1
-------
MEASURED
— BASE ENGI
PREDICTED
REFANNED ENGI
I
5000
I
10,000
STATIC THRUST, LBS.
I
15, 000
NASA RJ75-2327
7-18-74
a
a
PEAK NOISE
1200 FT. SIDELINE)
PNL,dB
0 ’
130
120
110
100
MEASURED
REFANNED ENGINE
/
/
/
/
/
/
I
I
FIGURE 2
-------
Thus, the coninents and data we present are not the sole basis for
decisions in the complex arena of noise abatement.
REFAN RETROFIT
As you know, NASA’s part of the retrofit program is to develop and
assess the costs, effectiveness and technical feasibility associated
with refauning the JT8D-powered fleet. This program has been described
in detail to the Subcommittee in previous hearings. Figure 1. presents
the program schedule discussed with the Subcommittee at its hearings
in December of last year. All of the major milestones are being met.
The testing of refanned JT8D engines began in February as planned.
Onr schedule still calls for initiation of detailed ground tests with
the 727 airplane refan hardware in January of 1975, about six months
from now. The DC-9 airplane refan flight tests will start a month
later, in February. An updated assessment of the Phase I acoustic and
performance design estimates for the 737 will be developed after the
727 and DC-9 tests. Final data will be available by June of 1975.
A substantial amount of data on the mechanical, aerodynamic and
acoustic performance of the refanned engines is now in hand. Two
engines have been tested extensively and testing of a third engine
begins this month.
Figure 2 shows a typical result from the refanned engine acoustic
tests, the peak noise level of the engine measured at the 200 foot
sideline. The top curve on the figure shows the data from a standard
JT8D-9 engine plotted against engine thrust. The lower solid and dashed
curves are the measured and predicted noise levels for the refanned
version of the engine. The measured and predicted noise levels are
in good agreement.
On the basis of the engine acoustic results, new baseline aircraft
data, and new analysis procedure, the airframe contractors have revised
their estimates of the noise levels of the DC-9 and 727 aircraft. These
estimates are still under study by the Refan Project Office at the
Lewis Research Center. Although the measured overall noise of the re-
fanned engine was predicted, the distribution of the noise among the
various engine components was not. The distribution of component noise
affects the calculated aircraft noise. Further acoustic tests at Pratt
and Whitney and further analysis of the acoustic data are needed to
establish confidence in the aircraft noise predictions.
Specific fuel consumption (SFC) is also an important factor in assessing
retrofit options. In the March 1974 Authorization Hearings we noted
that preliminary measurements of SFC for retrofitted engines were higher
than estimates and corrective action was being considered. Minor engine
changes have been made and further tests have been conducted.
64
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The basic predicted improvement in SFC for the uninstalled refanned
engine has been achieved over most of the engine thrust range. At
maximum power the increment of improvement was less than predicted
by about two percent. Furthermore, the absolute level of SFC is higher
than predicted. This is thought to have resulted from the fact that
the SFC of the basic engine that was modified to provide the refan
test engine was higher than that of a new engine. Refanning, there-
fore, resulted in largely achieving the predicted incremental reduction
in SFC but not the absolute level expected. We do not know whether the
same improvement in SFC will be realized f or a new engine conversion
to a refanned engine. A new engine, refanned, is being tested this
month and we will soon have the answer to this question.
It should be noted that the tests to date were conducted at sea level
static conditions. The translation of these test data to altitude
cruise conditions is uncertain. The SFC could be high by as much as
the 2 percent experienced at the maximum power conditions. Better
SFC data for altitude cruise will be available some time after August
as a result of wind tunnel flight simulation tests to be conducted at
the Lewis Research Center.
Assuming we achieve our predicted values of SFC at all conditions,
the estimated changes in block fuel due to refanning the 727 and DC-9
aircraft shown in Figure 3 should be realized. For some combinations
of altitude, speed, and distance, fuel is increased as much as 3 per-.
cent and for others it is decreased as much as 1 percent. As you see,
the impact of refanning on fuel usage is estimated to be small and a
function of specific operating conditions. A refined analysis of
specific airline operations would be required to substantiate gain or
loss for a specific operator.
As we have discussed with you before, the refan technology is a higher
cost technology than sound absorption material along. The investment
cost for a retrofit of the JT3D- and JT8D-powered fleets with SAM is
estimated to be $667 million, in the 23 airport study of the Joint
DOr/NASA Office of Noise Abatement, whereas a retrofit of the JT3D-
powered aircraft with SAM and the JT8D-powered aircraft with refan is
estimated to be $2.82 billion, or more than four times as much as a
complete SAM retrofit. These numbers are based on assumptions of in-
flation rate and starting schedule for the SAN and refan retrofits
that are necessarily subject to uncertainty. In 1973 dollars, the
cost of a SAM JT3D and refan JT8D retrofit is $1.95 billion.
In addition to the initial investment cost there are other costs
associated with a fleet retrofit that would increase the cost of the
SAM J’r3D/Refan .TF8D retrofit program. The current estimate in the 23
airport analysis would indicate a total cost of about $5 billion.
These additional costs include consideration of changes in direct
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BLOCK FUEL CHANGES FOR REFANNED AIRCRAFT
(55 - 60 PERCENT LOAD FACTOR)
ALTITUDE, 000 FT.
1000
NASA R.J75-2330
7-18-74
25
14.
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
.. .:‘ie
30
I I I I I
400 600
RANGE, NAUTICAL MILES
FIGURE 3
800
BLOCK
FUEL,
PERCENT
CHANGE
0 ’
0 ’
+3
+2
+1
0
—1
—2
727-100
727-200
DC—9-32
0
200
-------
operating cost (DOC) over the projected life of the aircraft, “lost
productivity” resulting from the retrofitted aircraft being unable to
perform maximum range missions because of increased weight, and the
aircraft being out of service during the retrofit installation.
There are sufficient uncertainties in evaluating these additional
factors, excluding the assumed inflat ion rate and retrofit schedule,
that the $5 billion cost could be over-estimated. These complex
factors are currently being discussed with DOT to develop a realistic
accounting procedure.
We have provided data to DOT, FAA, and EPA on all aspects of the Refan
Program: acoustics, performance, and cost. As the program moves into
the final stages we will continue to provide data needed to these
agencies for their deliberations regarding retrofit.
RE FAN PROGRAM! REGUlATORY ACTIVITY REVIEW
At our March 6, 1974 hearings before this Subcommittee, we advised
you that the Under Secretary of DOT, and the Administrators of FAA and
NASA were planning a series of meetings to review the progress of the
Refan Program and the plans for related regulatory activity. A meeting
of this group was held this past July 22. At this meeting, the Refan
Program progress was reviewed as well as the results of the Joint
DOT/NASA Office of Noise Abatement study of the effects of various
retrofit and operational techniques for noise reduction at 23 airports.
In addition, the position of DOT/FAA on regulatory action for retrofit
was reviewed.
At this July 22 meeting, it was concluded by DOT/FAA that there was
nothing new to warrant a change in the DOT/FAA position on the retro-
fit NPRM. It was concluded by NASA that the Re fan Program should
continue exactly as planned because of the technological advances
provided by the program, the possible use of refanned engines in
derivative aircraft, and the need for keeping the technological option
for lower noise levels in the future.
THE TWO- SEGMENI APPROACH PROGRAM
I will now move on to discuss our two-segment approach activity. We
have described this program, supported by the FAA, in past testimony.
As you know, the objective of the program is to provide a significant
near—term reduction in the aircraft landing approach noise through the
provision of operational avionics and flight procedures that can be
used safely by airlines in both visual and instrument flight.
67
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I will review for you briefly the program approach, the results of
the 727 in-service flight program, and update you on the in-flight
evaluation with the DC-8 aircraft.
The Two-Segment Approach Program, ma’naged by our Ames Research Center,
is closely coordinated with DOT, FAA, and EPA. Program guidance has
been provided by a Research and Technology Advisory Ad Hoc Panel on
Noise Abatement Flight Procedures. Its members came froni DOT, FAA,
aircraft and avionics manufacturers, airlines, and the airline pilots’
association.
Figure 4 shows one version of the two-segment guidance equipment re-
quired in the airplane to permit either manual (flight director) or
automatic (autopilot) two-segment approaches. This airborne equipment
requires ground based distance measuring equipment (DHE), co—located
at the instrument landing system (uS) glide slope transmitter.
Briefly, the two—segment approach technique can be described as follows.
A special airborne computer constructs a preselected upper glide slope
(normally 60) using barometric altitude and distance information from
the DME. Field elevation is set—in by the pilot before the approach
is initiated. On an approach, the upper glide slope is captured by
the aircraft and the descent initiated. At about 1000 feet above ground
level the computer programs a gradual round out. Then, the lower
nominal 30 glide slope is captured and tracked as on a conventional
approach. At an altitude of about 500 feet, the airplane is stabilized
on the 30 glide slope and goes on to a normal landing.
The cost of the two-segment guidance system, illustrated in Figure 4,
is approximately $40,000 per aircraft for a dual installation. To
add wo—segment guidance to an existing three—dimensional area naviga-
tion system, such as shown in Figure 5, would cost approximately $9,000
for a dual installation. For this system the DNE need not be co-located
with the U.S glide slope transmitter. The costs noted include the
basic equipment, aircraft modification and installation, check-out spares
and training, and as noted dual installations. Dual installations,
however, may not be required.
The 727 Two-Segment Approach Program
The 727 Two-Segment Approach Program has been completed. It had two
objectives: to develop operational avionics and two-segment flight
procedures for safe use with 727’s in routine scheduled operations;
and, to conduct a six month evaluation in revenue service. The special
avionic equipment illustrated in Figure 4 was used.
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TWO-SEGMENT APPROACH SYSTEM COMPONENTS FOR
NOISE ABATEMENT FLIGHT PROCEDURES PROGRAM
TWO-SEGMENT APPROACH
COMPUTER
TWO-SEGMENT APPROACH
SWITCHING UNIT
TWO-SEGMENT APPROACH
CONTROLLER
SELECTOR SWITCH
FIGURE ‘4
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AREA NAVIGATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS MODIFIED
FOR TWO-SEGMENT NOISE ABATEMENT APPROACHES
CONTROL DISPLAY UNIT
NASA HO R074 15419
3 1212 73
C
FLIGHT DATA STORAGE UNIT
NAVIGATION COMPUTER UNIT
FIGURE 5
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prior to actual flight tests, extensive flight simulator evaluations
were conducted to assess, evaluate, and assure flight safety. Flight
profile variations, operational abnormalities, and equipment malfunctions
were simulated. Extensive engineering flight tests and guest pilot
evaluations were conducted before initiating the in-service 727 flights
by United Air Lines.
Nore than 600 two-segment approaches were flown, in the pre-service
phase of the program, about 30 percent of them under instrument-flight
weather conditions. Pilots from 12 airlines, NASA, and the FAA were
involved.
The in-service evaluation commenced on the West Coast in April 1973,
with two-segment approaches being made at Los Angeles, San Francisco,
and Portland. The six-month evaluation was successfully completed on
October 28, 1973.
Fifty—five United pilots participated, 555 two—segment approaches were
flown without incident, and over 40,000 passengers were carried. The
approaches were accomplished uneventfully by the flight crews and un-
noticed by the passengers.
Figure 6 illustrates that the 727, using a two-segment approach, exposes
2.0 square miles of land to noise levels greater than 90 equivalent
preceived noise, decibels (EPNdB), compared to 5.5 for a normal approach,
a 64 percent reduction. The reduced power setting of the two-segment
approach also saves a small amount of fuel, about ten gallons for a
727. An annual saving of about 50 million gallons of fuel would accrue
if all U. S. carriers were making two-segment rather than conventional
approaches.
DC-8 Two-Segment Approach Program
United Air Lines is now conducting an investigation of DC-8-61 two-
segment approaches for NASA. It is considered the most challenging
airplane for two-segment approaches because of its low drag in the
landing configuration. Our tests have confirmed that the recommended
upper segment of the DC-8 two-segment approach should be 5.5 rather
than the 6° attainable with the 727. As shown in Figure 7 the DC-8
on a 5 50 two-segment approach exposes about 5.5 square miles to
greater than 90 EPNdB, compared to 116 for a normal approach, a 53
percent reduction.
The modified area navigation system shown in Figure 5 is used to provide
the two-segment approach guidance for the DC-8. This mechanization
provides a low cost option for aircraft already equipped with an area
navigation system.
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NOISE RELIEF FROM TWO-SEGMENT APPROACH
FIGURE 6
B•121 90 EPNdB IMPACTED AREA
STANDARD ILS-5.5 sq mi
TWOSEGMENT-2.O sq mi
si p a, a,
p 1
NOISE IMPACTED AREAS
NASA R074-2482 (3)
2- 1 5— 74
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TWO- LGMENT APPROACH
DC-8 90 EPNdB IMPACTED AREA
STANDARD ILS 11.6 sq ml
TWO-SEGMENT 5.5 sq mi
NOISE IMPACTED AREAS
FIGURE 7
NASA HO RO!4-1 5029 (1) 1/12/13
(Rev. 1) 12-21-13
-------
In August, in-service evaluation of the DC-8 two-segment approach
system will be initiated with line pilots. This will follow a three
month engineering flight evaluation period. To date, nearly 800
DC-8 two-segment operational approaches have been made by United in
the engineering flight evaluation period. Early reports indicate
acceptance by the 45 (including 21 guest) pilots that participated in
the program.
Applicability of the Two—Segment Approach to Other Aircraft
Analytical studies by the manufacturers have established the applica-
bility of the two-segment approach to other aircraft in the civil jet
transport fleet. Figure 8 sununarizes the noise relief that would be
expected. When these benefits are considered in proportion to the
projected operations of the fleet for 1977, the area impacted by an
approach noise level, of 90 EPNdB or greater, is estimated to be
reduced by about 57 percent.
Wake Turbulence
One anticipated problem with the two-segment approach is the airplane’s
wake turbulence, which can cause an upset of a following airplane.
with the two-segment approach, it has been postulated that a closely
following aircraft might not be able to operate clear of the preceding
airplane’s trailing wake vortex as often as behind an airplane making
a conventional straight-in approach.
Results of joint NASA/FAA flight tests have shown that the strength
of the wake vortex generated on a two-segment approach is substantially
the same as that generated from conventional approaches. Vortex settling
cbaracteristics also appeared to be about the same. The significance
of these factors with regard to the spacing and other operating require-
ments for following aircraft are under study with the FAA. The FAA
will use these data to help determine its position of the use of two—
segment approaches for noise abatement.
Suu nAry
In siin ry, as of July 1, 1974, nearly 2000 two-segment approaches have
been conducted with 727 and DC—8 aircraft by about 170 pilots. Guest
pilots have generally started their evaluations with an apprehensive,
skeptical attitude toward the desirability, feasibility and accepta-
bility of two-segment approaches. Typically, a guest pilot appeared
to have the procedure in-hand by the third practice approach. With
very few exceptions, by the end of their evaluation flights there was
74
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APPROACH NOISE AREA REDUCTiON POTENTiAL
WITH THE TWO-SEGMEN V’ APPROACH
REDUC1 ION IN 90 EPNdB ESTIMATED FLEET-WEIGHTED
AIRPLANE IMPACTED AREA WITH OPERATIONS REDUCTION IN 90
TWO-SEGMENT APPROACH IN 1977 -% EPNdB IMPACTED
AREA-%
B-707 57 9
B-727 64 40
B-737 52 10
B-747 39 5 57
DC-8 53 5
DC-9 63 18
DC-10/ L-1011 44 13
FIGURE 8 NASA R074-2498
2-19-74
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a nearly complete reversal of opinion, i.e., from opposed to cautious
optimism and support. Acceptance of the concept by a pilot appeared
to progress in proportion to the number of two-segment approaches flown.
The results of the Two-Segment Approach Program indicate that the
technique is an operationally feasible and safe technique for providing
a significant reduction in aircraft approach noise. A full understand-
ing of the operational implications of wake turbulence for following
aircraft remains to be developed.
AIRCRAFE NOISE PROGRAM COORDINATION
My following comments are directed to the Subcommittee’s interest in
the coordination of the Government’s programs related to aircraft noise
reduction.
NASA is continuing to work closely with DcYr, FAA and EPA, at the staff
level, through working panels, and through the Joint DOT/NASA Office of
Noise Abatement, to help assure that the Government has an integrated
research and technology program directed toward the near and longer term
reduction of aircraft noise.
Through the Joint Office, we have provided EPA with our most recent
internal program planning data and as members of their noise research
and technology program coordination panels, we have met with them as
late as this past month to assist in their coordination effort.
NASA AIRCRAY NOISE REDUCTION ACTIVITY
We believe that NASA has made and is continuing to make progress in the
development of technology for the reduction of aircraft noise. This
progress is being achieved through research on the understanding,
control and reduction of engine, aircraft and operations related noise.
We are also vitally concerned with the reaction of people and communities
to air transportation noise.
The Civil Aircraft Research and Development (CARD) policy study set a
general goal for the reduction of aircraft noise of 10 dB per decade.
Technologically, this goal is achievable in this decade. However, the
prospects of achieving this goal in the next decade are reduced by
the consideration of technical and practical operating costs. This situ-
ation is illustrated in Figure 9. For near term practical air transport
designs, we believe designers will be able to reduce aircraft noise to
conform to FAR—36 with little increase in direct operating costs (DOe).
In the longer term it is not clear that we can achieve an additional
10 dB noise reduction without a significant and possibly unacceptable
increase in DOC.
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AIRCRAFT NOISE REDUCTION
DECREASING
NOISE
DIFFICULTY
RESEARCH REQUIRED
EASY EXPLOITATION
LITTLE BASIC
RESEARCH REQUIRED
- .4
1 CURRENT
viiiiiiiiillll FUTURE
INCREASING
MORE BASIC
NASA RJ75—2331
7-18-74
1980
FIGURE 9
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We feel, however, that it is important for us to continue our efforts
to reduce noise and maintain operating efficiency. Our longer term
programs are directed toward these objectives. To illustrate, I will
review selected efforts to provide for future noise reduction, improved
noise prediction, and an understanding of the impact of noise on people.
These programs include: advanced acoustic composite nacelles, airframe
noise reduction, propeller noise reduction, aircraft noise prediction,
and human response to noise.
Acoustic Composite Nacelles
The acoustic composite nacelle prograxn was developed to design and
demonstrate light-weight nacelles constructed of integrated structural
acoustical material. As shown in Figure 10, current nacelle noise
reduction technology involves lining the nacelle with non-load-carrying
sound absorption material. This reduces engine noise, but weight and
fuel consumption are increased. We are exploring the use of advanced
acoustic composite materials which interweave sound absorbent and
structural materials to form a sound absorption structure. Laboratory
studies indicate that for the same nacelle weight at 15 dB reduction
in sound intensity may be possible through the use of acoustic composite
structural material.
Conceptual design studies of such a nacelle were initiated in FY 1974.
The findings from these studies will be verified through laboratory
investigations during FY 1975, and nacelle designs will be initiated
in FY 1976. We plan to complete ground tests in FY 1979.
The nacelle design will be appropriate for current wide—body transports
so that after completion of ground testing (including flight—qualifica-
tion tests) the nacelle could be demonstrated in flight. The potential
value of this type of nacelle is shown in Figure 11. An acoustic
composite nacelle applied, for example, to a future production DC-1O
offers the performance potential of reducing the 90 EPNdB noise foot-
print area by an estimated 307 without a change in airplane weight or
operating cost or, for the same noise performance (footprint), the
aircraft weight could be reduced by about 2700 lbs., and 1000 lbs. of
fuel could be saved on a transcontinental flight.
This technology, of course, is applicable to future advanced technology
transports.
78
------- An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.
-------
TYPICAL ACOUSTIC COMPOSITE NACELLE BENEFITS
FOR A 3 ENGINE WIDE-BODY TRANSPORT
CURRENT AIRCRAFT
90 EPNdB NOISE FOOTPRINT
100%
C
WITH APPLICATIONS OF ACOUSTIC COMPOSITE NACELLES
NO CHANGE IN WEIGHT AND FUEL 2700# LESS WEIGHT
1000# LESS FUEL, TYPICAL TRANSCONT I NENTAL FLI GHT
70% 100%
OR __________________________
FIGURE 11 NASA HQ RG74-15492 (I)
(Rev. 3) 7-18-74
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Airframe Noise
A relatively new area of concern is airframe noise. Our concern stems
from the fact that noise from landing gears, wings and flaps, body
flow separation and tail surfaces is at levels about 8 to 10dB below
the current FAR-36 requirement as illustrated in Figure 12. Because
future conventional aircraft engine noise at landing may be reduced
some 10 and possibly 15 EPNdB below FAR-36, airframe noise could become
the factor limiting approach noise reduction.
The objectives of our airframe noise reduction program are to identify
and quantify the sources of airframe noise, and to determine the princi-
ples and provide the data for minimizing this noise. A major part of
the work will be accomplished through model studies of components in
quiet wind tunnels and in the new Aircraft Noise Reduction Laboratory
facilities at the Langley Research Center. Flight testing will continue
to support development of data in this critical area. Special studies
will be made to relate airframe noise measurements, made at model
scale in wind tunnels, to full—scale flight test data.
Later phases of the effort will involve studies of noise generation
and its control as related to advanced concepts for high lift devices,
landing gears, other protuberances, and bodies and wings.
Propeller Noise Reduction
During testimony on General Aviation in March 1974, the Subconnnittee
expressed interest in what NASA was doing to improve propeller design
to achieve better performance and reduce noise. We are approaching
propeller noise from several aspects.
Under a grant to the University of Illinois, effort is being directed
toward providing practical free-propeller design criteria to optimize
planform, airfoil section, tvist and camber for minimum noise and maxi-
mum efficiency. The effect of the supercritical airfoil section, on
both noise and efficiency, as applied to propellers, is also under
study. Flight tests of these propellers will be carried out in con-
junction with the Advanced Technology Light Twin (ATLIT) Program during
the second and third quarter of FY 1975.
Noise reduction potential and thrust efficiency of shrouded propellers
are under study. Full scale wind tunnel tests of a modified Cessna 327
incorporating an aft propeller shroud were completed this month. Re-
duction of the data is underway and will provide the basis for decisions
on the feasibility of a subsequent flight demonstration program.
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SIGNIFICANCE OF AIRFRAME NOISE
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
MAXIMUM GROSS TAKEOFF WT. -1000 LB.
NASA RJ75—2332
7-18-74
PART 36
110
106
102
98
94
90
EPNL,
dB
0
0
2 0
NORMAL APPROACH NOISE, MEAS.
AIRFRAME
NOISE, PREDICTED
— — — — — — —
1
FAR —10 EPNdB
FIGURE 12
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The same Cessna 327 will be modified to incorporate a Hamilton Standard
“Quiet-Fan t ’ (Q-fan) turbofan engine. Although the Q-fan is expected
to be an expensive system, the noise reduction potential is great. Full
scale wind tunnel tests of the modified airplane, in mid-1975, will
provide a basis for further studies or flight programs.
Aircraft Noise Prediction
Our concern with the design of aircraft for minimum noise generation
or to specific noise standards led to the establishment of an Aircraft
Noise Prediction Office at our Langley Research Center this past year.
The Office with support from other NASA centers, will develop compu-
tational techniques for accurate prediction of operating aircraft noise
levels as perceived on the ground. This capability is essential for
assessing the noise characteristics of aircraft: new designs, aircraft
modifications, proposed noise abatement operational procedures, as well
as the impact of future air transportation systems on airport communi-
ties.
The prediction capability will also provide a basis for identifying
noise reduction technology goals and research needs related to aircraft
components, aircraft design, and airport operations. It will assist
Federal agencies in future rulemaking and regulatory activities, airport
planners in airport development, and airport communities in land use
planning.
Response to Aircraft Noise
The last subject I will comment upon is human response to aircraft
noise. During the FY 1975 authorization hearings, reference was made
to such a study completed at Columbia University. In this research
program the range of noise reduction proposed for retrofits for the
727 airplane was simulated. Figure 13 stmm rizes the results of the
investigation. An annoyance number of 4 is very annoying. A number
of 0 is not annoying. A reduction of 6 EPNdB represents the level of
noise reduction under the landing approach path expected for the SAN
and anticipated for the refan retrofits for the 727 airplane. From
these test results we conclude that under laboratory conditions signifi-
cant reductions in annoyance can be realized by a 6 EPNdB noise reduction.
In the Columbia study at the 1.1 mile approach point for the untreated
airplane, 72 percent of the subjects were highly annoyed; for the -6
EPNdB case, 34 percent of the subjects were highly annoyed; and for
the -12 EPNdB case, 16 percent were highly annoyed.
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SUBJECTS’ RESPONSE TO SIMULATED AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY STUDY
4.0
0
UJ
>.
z
z
z
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
S
BASE CONFIG.
BASE —6 EPNdB
A BASE —12 EPNdB
1 1.1 MILES
2 2.5 MILES
I MILES
SIMULATED DISTANCE
. FROM RUNWAY
THRESHOLD
‘70 80 90 100
NOISE LEVEL, EPNdB
ICORRECTED FOR INDOOR CONDITIONS1
1
3
1
0
FIGURE 13
NASA HO PB,7315762 1
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We believe that the experimental tools developed in this program pro-
vide a useful technique for the study of the annoyance of aircraft
noise.
The Columbia study initially was limited to one aircraft type and to
the landing condition, but has been extended to consider several air-
craft types for both landing and takeoff. The results of the extended
investigation should be available early this fall. More detailed
experiments are being planned for the Aircraft Noise Reduction Labora-
tory at Langley. These studies will complement those underway at
Columbia and will assess both the effects of different mixes of aircraft
and different rates of noise exposure.
Attention is also to be given to resolving the differences in the
responses to aircraft noise of various population sub-groups. This
information should provide a basis for the definition of more acceptable
noise environments for airport communities.
Cbs in g
We believe that our program will provide the data base needed for near
and longer term action by industry, the public, and responsible govern-
ment groups to evolve toward a more compatible airport community noise
environment. We will continue to work closely with the responsible
government groups, DOT, FAA and EPA to help bring into practical reali-
zation the fruit of our research and technology.
85
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2. NASA
BASIC RESEARCH
AND
T ECI-INOLOGY
PROGRAMS
87
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OBJECTIVE DOCUMENTAT ION
Title : Propulsion Noise Reduction
Type of Specific Objective
X Discipline Study System and Experimental Program
Organizational Element Responsibility :
Noise and Pollution Reduction Branch - Harry W. Johnson (Act.)
Statement of Specific Objective and Targets :
Objective: To provide data and a technology base for reducing aircraft
propulsion generated noise with minimum weight, performance and eco-
noinic penalties. Specific targets are:
• Obtain experimental and analytical data for a more
accurate understanding of noise generating mechanisms
in simple jet flows which can be used to guide the
technology for reducing jet noise generation. FY
1976 for subsonic jets; FY 1978 for supersonic jets.
• Reduce by 607. the currently achievable thrust loss
penalty due to supersonic jet noise suppression
devices to 17. per 5 EPNdB. FY 1977.
• Determine the basic effects of forward velocity on
jet noise generation and propagation. FY 1977.
• Achieve 4 to 6 EPNdB reduction in fan-stage source
noise (relative to Quiet Engine I fan technology
levels) by means of aeroacoustic design. FY 1977.
• Improve the efficiency of acoustic suppression materials
and technology to achieve, for a given dB reduction,
a 507. reduction (relative to 1974 design practice) in
the installation weight attributable to such suppression
treatment. FY 1977.
• Demonstrate practical (high subsonic throat Mach
number inlet design concepts to achieve 20 EPNdB
suppression of forward radiated fan noise without
increasing aft radiated noise nor introducting
89
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undesirable engine performance, stability and operating
condition limitations. FY 1977.
• Determine the noise generation or suppression effects
due to internal and external surfaces which guide or
control jet floc s, including effects of shielding and
surface treatment. F? 1977.
• Determine the mechanisms responsible for noise emanating
from core noise sources (cc!nbustors, struts, turbines)
and establish practical techniques for controlling these
noise sources to optimize acoustic designs of propulsion
systems. FY 1978.
• Establish the effects of the random characteristics of
the atmosphere on the propagation of aircraft noise into
the airport community. F? 1977.
Approach :
Propulsion noise reduction aims at providing a technology base and data
for the understanding and reduction of aircraft propulsion component
and system generated noise with minimum weight, performance and economic
penalties. The program at Lewis Research Center is directed at funda-
mental studies of turbo-machinery, jet and jet interaction. Experimental
studies will continue on sonic inlets, fans, nozzles, core suppression
and wing shielding including tests using Quiet Engines A and C. The
program at Langley Research Center emphasizes fundamental studies of
component and jet noise and the effects of atmospheric co iditions of
sound propagation. The aircraft Noise Reduction Laboratory, completed
in early 1974, is the focal point for Langley in-house research and
complementary university acoustic research activities. The programs
at Ames Research Center will include wind tunnel tests to measure for-
ward velocity effects. Aircraft static and flyover noise measurements
will be made at Flight Research Center. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory
conducts research on high temperature supersonic velocity jet noise
and the correlation of different noise measurement instrumentation
techniques now in use. Major milestones for Propulsion Noise Reduction
are:
• F? 1975 - Demonstrate J-85 noise suppression using a
retractable nozzle in F—106 flight tests.
• Early F? 1975 - Complete exploratory studies of noise
propagation and atmospheric attenuation using an instru-
mental tower.
90
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• Mid F? 1975 - Complete flight test noise measurements
on supercritical propeller design.
• Early FY 1976 - Conduct wind tunnel noise tests on vari-
able pitch Q-Fan for General Aviation Aircraft.
Need and Relevancy :
Aircraft noise is a major constraint to the growth of civil aviation,
and has become a major target for environmental improvement. The
NL SA noise reduction program is intended to provide the technology
for reducing aircraft noise ultimately to levels which communities
will find acceptable, and to do so in a manner that permits aircraft
operations to remain economically viable.
OBJECTIVE DOCUMENTATION
Tttle : Noise Footprint Prediction
Type of Specific Objective
X Discipline _Study _System and Experimental Program
Organizational Element Responaibility :
Noise and Pollution Reduction Branch - Harry W. Johnson (Act.)
Statement of Specific Objective and Targets
Objective: To establish techniques for accurate prediction of ground
noise levels of operating and future aircraft to establish total
acoustic characteristics, identify parameter sensitivities, and guide
research efforts. Specific targets are:
• Select and construct an interim computer program
for noise contour predictions by F? 1975.
• Improve the data base capabilities of the interim
program to predict noise contours (footprint areas)
within + 40 percent accuracy (± 1.5 dE accuracy of
noise cntour). F? 1976.
91
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• Establish a prediction and design capability to compute
noise contours for current and proposed aircraft systems
based on analytical modeling of individual component
noise sources. FY 1978.
Approach
The Noise Footprint Prediction program at Langley Research Center, with
specific support by the other centers, will evolve computational tech-
niques for accurate prediction of ground noise levels from operating
aircraft to establish acoustic characteristics, identify parameter
sensitivities and guide research efforts.
Major milestones of the Noise Footprint prediction research are:
• By FY 1975 — Establish interim aircraft noise prediction
program.
a Mid FY 1975 - Establish basic analytical models for key
technical areas in source noise prediction, noise
transmission, and community impact.
• Late FY 1975 - First results from the integrated noise
prediction program.
Need and Relevancy
Demands imposed on jet aircraft by recent noise regulations have em-
phasized the need for an accurate noise footprint prediction capability.
This capability is essential not only for evaluating the effect of
proposed noise abatement procedures and aircraft modifications, but
also for evaluating the impact of future aircraft systems on airport
c ima”nities. The prediction capability will provide a basis for es-
tablishing noise reduction technology goals and identifying research
needs in the areas of components, aircraft designs, and airport opera-
tions. In addition, the prediction program will assist other federal
agencies in future rulemaking and regulatory activities, and will aid
airport cciiinunities in land use planning.
92
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OBJECT WE DOCUMENTAT ION
Title : Minimization of Undesirable Aerodynamic Phenomena
Type of Specific Objective
XX Discipline ____ Study ____ System and Experimental Program
Organizational Element Responsibility
Aerodynamics & Vehicle Systems Division - Alfred Gessow
Statement of Specific Oblective and Targets
Objective: To understand, and minimize by aerodynamic means, the un-
desirable effects of aerodynamic phenomena such as wake vortex turbulence,
aircraft buffeting and airframe noise. Specific targets are:
• Determine by January 1974 one or more aerodynamic
techniques which show promise of effectively elimi-
nating the wake vortex hazard in order to provide FAA
with information with which to set potential require-
ments for operational vortex detection and tracking
systems at airports for safe spacing of aircraft during
landing and takeoff.
• Demonstrate in flight by FY 1977 aerodynamic design
techniques which would permit a reduction from the
present 3 5 mile landing separation distance imposed
on transport aircraft by the wake vortex problem to
two miles.
• Determine the design principles and provide the
necessary data on airframe (i.e. nonpropulsive)
noise to insure that the CARD policy study goal
of reducing aircraft noise by 10 dB per decade
can be achieved. The technology required for
the first 5 dB reduction to be in hand by FY 1977.
• Using unsteady pressure distributions measured on
wing sections in wind tunnels, provide a means for
predicting the intensity of the buffet phenomenon
of combat aircraft throughout their maneuver range
by mid FY 1975. With such predictive capability,
not currently available, provide the design information
93
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necessary to extend the buffet boundary of combat
aircraft by approximately 1007. by FY 1977 and thus
provide the potential for the development of new
aircraft with greater operational capability in
combat situations.
Approach
Aerodynamic factors that control the generation and magnitude of wake
vortex, aerodynamic noise, and aircraft buffet phenomena will be studied
to determine the means by which the detrimental effects can be reduced
or eliminated.
• The airframe noise (i.e. the noise generated by an
aircraft in flight with its propulsion system noise
subtracted out) program effort will be concentrated
on determining the source, magnitude, and method of
reducing such noise for large transport aircraft in
the clean and approach (i.e., flaps and landing
extended) configurations. The individual noise
contributions of high—lift devices, separated flow
associated with the landing gear, gear-well cavity
flow, and flaps will be investigated. The program
will be conducted with LRC as the lead Center, aided
by flight research at FRC, and supporting wind tunnel
and basic research at ARC and JPL. Basic noise source
measurements will be made in conventional and quiet
wind tunnels and anechoic chambers with simple wings
and configurations to establish the feasibility and
test techniques for these types of measurements in
inherently “noisy” ground facilities. Airframe noise
prediction techniques will be developed using funda-
mental noise source principals and data correlations.
Far field aerodynamic noise measurements from flight
tests of jet transport aircraft will be compared with
predicted noise levels and corresponding measurements
from wind tunnel tests of scaled transport models for
verification of the ground test techniques. Aerody-
namic design concepts for minimizing airframe noise
will then be defined from analytical prediction
techniques, developed in ground facilities and dem-
onstrated in flight tests.
• The wake vortex hazard alleviation program will be
conducted at ARC, LRC, and FRC and will include a
vigorous ground research effort with preliminary
flight tests to develop promising alleviation devices,
94
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and measure detailed vortex structure. The development
of promising vortex alleviation devices or concepts
will require investigations planned to be conducted in
contractor water channels, NASA ground facilities and
in flight. The effectiveness of such aerodynamic devices
or concepts as spoilers, trailing drag devices (splines),
vortex generators steady and pulsed mass injection, and
tailored span load distributions will be investigated.
Ground facility measurements to evaluate the effectiveness
of the alleviation devices include documenting the vortex-
induced rolling moment imposed on trailing aircraft
models, positioned at scaled distances up to about 1½
miles downstream of the generating aircraft models. In
addition, hot-wire probes and LDV instrumentation will
be further developed for obtaining vortex tangential and
axial velocity and core growth measurements. Based on
preliminary results from the on—going ground research
program, aerodynamic devices or techniques which show
promise of significantly reducing the wake vortex strength
include deployment of spoilers and splines, and tailored
span loading to achieve a triangular-like lift distribu-
tion. Plans are to intensify the ground research effort
to further refine and develop those aerodynamic devices,
and to verify and demonstrate the most promising devices
in flight tests using existing NASA aircraft initially
and to later lease a wide body jet transport for final
demonstration.
• The buffet program will be conducted at ARC in the
Ames transonic unitary tunnel complex and will be
supported by contractor flight studies and analyses.
Correlations will be made of measured and calculated
buffet alleviation techniques--supercritical wings,
flaps, etc.--will be studied. Locations of shock
waves and flow separation will be identified, and
studies of unsteady pressures and forces will be
made. Predictions of aircraft structural response
characteristics during buffet will be developed to
assess the effects of buffet on aircraft design loads.
Major Milestones of the Minimization of Undersirable Aerodynamic Phenom-
ena Program are:
Late Fl 1974 - Select candidate vortex minimization devices
or concepts for flight test evaluation.
Nid FY 1975 - Begin flight test evaluation and demonstration
of promising vortex alleviation devices.
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Mid FY 1975 — Identify individual airframe noise source
contributions on jet transport.
Mid FY 1975 - Develop analytical prediction techniques
for radiated aerodynamic noise from discrete
sources.
Mid FY 1975 - Develop capability to predict buffet
intensity of combat aircraft throughout
maneuver envelope.
Mid FY 1976 - Initiate final flight demonstration with
most effective vortex alleviation devices
on wide-body jet transport.
Need and Relevancy
The persistent nature of trailing vortices generated by jet transports
creates a documented safety hazard for closely following aircraft and
severely curtails optimum use of our nations airports. FAA has taken
action to deal with the problem by increasing approach and takeoff
separation distances to 5 miles (from 3 miles) for smaller aircraft
following a wide-body aircraft. This is not a satisfactory long term
solution because of the greatly reduced runway utilization rate, par-
ticularly in view of the heavier jet transports and increased traffic
volume projected for the future. Also, the increased separation
distances cause ground holding delays prior to takeoff and in-flight
holding delays prior to landing during peak traffic periods which waste
precious fuel. Additionally, a major NASA/FAA goal aimed at relieving
air traffic congestion involves as one facet the development and
implementation of a sophisticated, accurate airport-located aircraft
tracking system to allow less separation than presently employed. This
will not be possible as long as the wake vortex hazard continues to
define the min imnn separation. The wake vortex hazard research program
will attempt to reduce the present 3-5 mile separation distance to two
miles.
A major CARD policy study goal concerns the reduction of aircraft noise
by 10 dB per decade. Toward this goal, engine quieting efforts are
achieving significant progress. However, recent measurements of jet
transport aerodynamic noise during approach (engines throttled back)
indicate that the noise level associated with the airframe is signifi-
cant (only 10 dB below the FAR PART 36 guideline). Therefore, to realize
full benefits from engine quieting efforts and to ensure that the CARD
policy study goal can be achieved beyond the first step, airframe noise
must be reduced below its current high level.
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Buffeting and buffet induced roll instability at high angles of attack
seriously restrict transonic maneuverability of military aircraft in
the high subsonic speed range where aerial combat takes place. Conse-
quently, to improve odds for victory, buffeting effects must be reduced
to widen the combat envelope of military fighters.
OBJECTIVE DOCUMENTAT ION
Title : Acceptance of Aircraft Operations
Type of Specific Objective
X Discipline Study System and Experimental Program
Organizational Element Responsibility
Aeronautical Man-Vehicle Technology Division - R. P. Whitten
Statement of Specific Objective and Targets
Objective: To define and quantify those properties of aircraft noise
exposure that are responsible for causing negative individual and com-
munity response to air transportation systems. Specific targets are
below:
• Devise proper methodologies for laboratory and field
studies of human response to aircraft operations.
FY 1975.
• Determine effects of multievent noise exposure character-
istics on human response to aircraft operations. FY 1976.
• Quantify the effects of background environmental noise
exposure on the human response to aircraft-generated
noise. FY 1977.
• Ascertain the effects of aircraft noise on man’s speech
production/perception. FY 1977.
• Evaluate the effects of aircraft operations on sleep,
relaxation and subsequent performance of people. FY 1978.
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• Study the effects of low frequency noise characteristics
generated by present and future aircraft on auditory and
nonauditory responses of people. FY 1979.
• Develop a model for reliable prediction of responses of
people to aircraft operations that will satisfy labora-
tory and field conditions. FY 1980.
Approach
Research on the psychophysiological response of humans to aircraft
operations will be conducted primarily in the new Aircraft Noise Re-
duction Laboratory at the Langley Research Center. Sociopolitical impact
analysis of new aviation technology will be conducted by the Ames Research
Center.
• Develop a model that will scientifically explain the
composite response of man to aircraft noise. As iden-
tified by the mod&1, improve and/or develop those
methods essential to the conduct ot meaningful labora-
tory studies which simulate the impact of aircraft
operations on the community: Verify the model and the
methods developed for simulation studies by several
field studies.
• Obtain data and record it in such a manner that it can
be used for NASA data bank utilization, and for other
federal agencies, i.e., D Y.F/FAA, EPA.
• Design simulation and field studies with a view towards
correlation with specific characteristics of earlier
studies so that proper interpretation and extrapolation
of results can be made.
Need and Relevancy
Information to provide criteria for the prediction of càulmunity acceptance
of aircraft operations by people living in connuunities near airports is
of major importance in the development of noise control technology and
operational procedures for civil aviation. The physical characteristics
of noise and its propagation are fairly well understood; however, scien-
tific data permitting an understanding of the impact of aircraft opera-
tions and noise on the community are sparse. Comprehensive scientific
information on the psychophysiological effects of aircraft operations
and noise is needed to assure the acceptability and effectiveness of
programs designed to alleviate adverse community response to the air
transportation system.
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Because community research is time consuming and expensive, there exists
a need to simulate the real world in a laboratory environment in such a
manner that the laboratory results can be directly related to the opera-
tional world. The benefit of this capability is seen in the savings of
resources and the ability to synthesize operations of future aircraft
systems and then evaluate the degree of acceptance by the airport com-
munities. To achieve this degree of sophistication, further development
is needed in the area of subjective testing methodology to modify existing
or develop new measurement scales. Such scales must be adequate to
properly evaluate responses of people during both awake and sleep and
for indoor and outdoor background noise. There is a special significance
of current research in this area to the programs on advanced aircraft
whose low frequency noise and impulse noise characteristics are not
characterized adequately by existing measures of human response.
Today there exists a climate of general public hostility towards large
visible technologies. A thorough understanding of this social attitude
is needed to allow for accurate economic projections of future aircraft
systems prior to system development. Development of such understanding
would aid in the planning process of integrating a new system into an
existing system.
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3. NASA
P ERED LIVE AIRCBAFr
NOISE TEC} OLOG? PROGRAMS
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OBJECT WE DOCIJNENTAT ION
Title : Advanced Powered-Lift Aircraft Aerodynamic Technology
Type of Specific Objective
XX Discipline Study ____ System and Experimental Program
Organizational Element Responsibility
Aerodynamics & Vehicle Systems Division - John N. Klineberg
Statement of Specific Objective and Targets
Objective: To develop the aerodynamics and vehicle systems technology
needed to attain the integrated aerodynamic performance, noise, stabil-
ity, control, and handling qualities characteristics required for
viable powered-lift civil and military aircraft designs having overall
aircraft performance and flight characteristics compatible with opera-
tional approach CL ’s of about 4.5, 90 EPNdB noise, footprint less than
1 sq. mile, and direct operating costs not more than lO7 above good
CTOL transports. Specific targets are:
• Aero/Acoustic Exploratory Research - Provide, by 1975,
first-order trade-off information on low-speed aerodynamic
performance and noise for augmentor wing (AW) flap systems
(including the use of break-up nozzles and thrust reversers)
and for upper surface blowing (USB) concepts.
• Cruise Drag - Provide, by 1976, first-order trade-off infor-
mation to avoid or reduce by half cruise drag penalties of
upper surface blowing systems, indicated for preliminary
analysis to be as great as lO7 of total drag.
• Large-Scale Aero/Acoustic Verification - Verify the inte-
grated aerodynamic noise, stability and control character-
istics of representative complete powered—lift transport
configurations models incorporating lobe-nozzle AW concepts
by 1975 and USB concepts by 1976. Advanced systems with
improved nozzles and augmented jet flap designs, will be
verified by 1978.
• Handling Qualities and Control Systems - Evaluate the handling
qualities requirements and promising methods of integrating
vehicle aerodynamic and propulsion controls for powered-lift
transports to enable precise flight path and airspeed control
during low—speed terminal—area operation. Result will be the
definition of tentative handling qualities design criteria and
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specific control system concepts by 1975. Also evaluate
by 1976 a hinged plate spoiler system for improving flight
path control and landing dispersion of a low wing loading
nonpowered—lift STOL transport.
• Certification Criteria — Define tentative handling
qualities and performance criteria necessary to serve
as the basis for establishing airworthiness standards
and define procedures for demonstrating compliance
with standards. Targets for initial evaluation of
individual system concepts are:
CY
Deflected slipstream 1973
Auginentor Wing 1974
Externally blown flap 1974
Approach
The p iered-lift STOL/RTOL aerodynamic programs are conducted at the
Ames and Langley Research Centers. Effort at Ames emphasizes large-
scale wing and model performance and noise tests in the 40- x 80-foot
tunnel, primarily on the augrnentor-wing and upper-surface blown flap
concepts; related contracted analytical and experimental studies; and
ground—based motion-simulator flight dynamics investigations. Langley
performance, noise and handling qualities studies are concentrated on
the upper-surface blown flap, involving use of theoretical analyses,
small—scale and large—scale wind tunnel models, static rigs, and ground-
based simulators. The specific approaches for accomplishing each of the
identified targets follow:
• Aero/Acoustic Exploratory Research - Ames, in FY 1975,
will conduct diagnostic experimental small—scale tests
in the 7- x 10-foot tunnel and sponsor contractual
investigations of advanced AW flap concepts to develop
fundamental performance, acoustic, and thrust reversal
technology for first-order design trade-off analyses for
systems having superior terminal area performance and
noise. This will include short-element flap systems.
Langley will conduct small-scale and free-flight model
parametric investigations to improve performance,
stability and control characteristics of USB configurations
which utilize the wing for noise shielding; will investigate
fundamentals of USB noise on a static rig with engine exhaust
directed through USB type nozzles over flaps; and will
conduct some USB performance/noise trade-off design studies.
Langley will also complete a series of experimental
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studies to establish reliable tunnel-wall corrections
for powered-lift systems being experimentally investi-
gated at high-lift conditions, and will continue powered-
lift theoretical studies to devise improved flow and
performance prediction iuethod . Ames will complete an
investigation of turbulent mixing within AW multi-
element nozzles to guide improved nozzle designs.
• Cruise Drag — Langley will perform parametric small-
scale wind tunnel evaluations and analyses to
develop by Fl 1976 an adequate understanding of how
to reduce cruise penalties accruing from USB instal-
lations. Ames will complete by Fl 1975 a contractual
small—scale study to develop cruise augmentor technology.
• Large-Scale Aero/Acoustic Verification - On a new
semispan swept wing powered-lift model, Ames in Fl 1975
on the static test rig and in the 40- x 80-foot
tunnel will (1) complete the initial evaluation of an
Ames-designed AW concept utilizing advanced multi-ele-
ment lobe nozzles, (2) initiate evaluation of a Boeing
cruise auginentor concept, and (3) initiate evaluation
of a hypermixing ejector flap concept. This research
model will be utilized for several large-scale verifi-
cation tests of dirrerent powered—lift systems over a
3-5 year period. Langley will complete the initial
static and low-speed noise and performance evaluations
of a large-scale USB model (modified Aerocounnander) in
Fl 1975, using the full-scale tunnel and the lunar-
landing facility (for some of the noise measurements).
A large-scale swept-wing TJSB model will be investigated
in the Ames 40- x 80-foot tunnel. These large scale
investigations as a whole are required to verify the
integrated aerodynamic, propulsive, acoustic and
structural dynamics characteristics and to provide
valid data for design proposals.
• Handling Qualities and Control Systems - Ames, in
Fl 1975, will conduct handling-qualities investiga-
tions of representative powered-lift STOL/RTOL
transports using ground-based simulators such as
the FSAA, to provide solution to problems related
to flight-path control and of the transition from
cruise to approach. Ames, also in a joint program
with the FAA, will conduct flight evaluations of a
hinged—plate spoiler system integrated into the pilot’s
controls to augment flight path and roll control of a
DHC-6 low-wing-loading nonpowered-lift aircraft. These
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evaluations under STOL operational conditions will
investigate certification implications.
• Certification Criteria - In a joint program with the
FAA, Ames in FY 1975 will perform studies on the
FSAA in—house and under contract to provide additional
criteria for establishing handling-qualities and per-
fortnance certification standards for future STOL/RTOL
powered—lift civil transports. Tentative criteria
will be developed for aircraft using several of the
more promising powered—lift concepts, contributing to
a generalized criteria applicable to all concepts.
Consideration will also be given to the development
of safe flight procedures for demonstrating compliance
with the criteria.
Need and Relevancy
The Joint DOT/NASA Civil Aviation Research and Development (CARD)
Policy Study stressed the urgent requirement to reduce aircraft noise,
to reduce congestion at airport terminals and to evaluate efficient,
quiet short-haul transportation systems as a means towards such ends.
Only 10 percent of the Nation’s airports can accommodate today’s jet
transports requiring runway lengths of 5,000 feet or longer. Aircraft
with operationally usable approach CL’s of about 4.5 capable of opera-
ting from 2,000 foot runways could be accommodated by 75 percent of
the Nation’s airports, and thereby offer tremendous congestion relief
for some currently overcrowded airports. Such aircraft could also help
congestion relief by operating from short new runways within existing
major terminal hubs.
The achievement of this performance in aircraft having acceptable ride
qualities and noise characteristics for the general riding and airport
co mainity public requires the use of efficient, quiet, powered-lift to
provide useable approach lift coefficients up to 5 with noise levels
not exceeding 90 EPNdB over a 1 square mile footprint. The research
and technology efforts in this program are geared toward improving,
evaluating and validating the aerodynamic and noise characteristics
of advanced powered-lift concepts having promise of attaining the
stated overall aircraft performance and noise goals as a part of the
national effort to establish a high-density short-haul air transportation
sys tern.
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C- 8 AUGMENTOR WING FLIGNT EXPERIMENT
(766—71) Ongoing
Program Oblective
Validate in flight the augmentor-wing powered-lift concept developed in
laboratory programs as a practical means for providing short take-off
and landing capability (under 2,000 foot balanced runway length) to al—
leviate terminal area congestion problems. Assess in flight the handling
qualities of this type of aircraft. Provide a versatile representative
powered-lift aircraft for assessment of navigation and control systems
requirements for safe (precise control with low pilot workload) terminal
area operations foreseen for this class of aircraft.
Program Targets
• Documentation by December 1974 of augmentor-wing
proof—of—concept flights to be completed by
May 1974.
• STOL operational assessment by U.S. and Canadian
test pilots to be completed by April 1974.
• Development by February 1975 of definitive criteria
for control of flight path and airspeed, and for roll
and yaw power for powered-lift transports through
flight confirmation and refinement of results of
analytical studies and piloted simulator experiments.
• Development by February 1975 of flight director laws
and integrated controls for transition management
through flight evaluation of a flight director con-
cept system developed by analysis and simulation.
• Confirm and extend by 1977, certification criteria
for powered—lift aircraft developed through piloted
simulation.
• Initiate by November 1974, main body of STOL operating
systems experiments (supported under separate program).
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Program Approach (Abbreviated Version)
A C-8A aircraft was modified in FY 71 and 72 to incorporate a jet aug-
mentor wing and appropriate jet engines in a joint U.S./NASA - Canadian!
Department of Industry, Trade, and Cotmnerce program. Following con-
tractor check-out flights, the aircraft was delivered in August 1972
to the Ames Research Center where airworthiness and proof-of-concept
flights were initiated. During this phase of testing the vehicle was
further modified to include a powered elevator and the STOLAND avionics
systems to permit handling qualities studies at lower speeds and more
realistic long-term flight experiments on STOL operating systems.
Parallel studies were undertaken under contract using a variable-stabil-
ity Navion aircraft to aid in planning the C-8 flight research program.
The C-8 handling-qualities experiments will begin in mid 1974 following
completion of the proof-of-concept tests and of pilot assessment of the
STOL operational characteristics of the aircraft. The main part of the
handling-qualities criteria studies will be completed by February 1975.
The STOL operating systems experiments will begin in November 1974
utilizing the C-8 augmentor-wing aircraft in a program supported under
a separate project. During the course of the latter experiments, the
C—8 research aircraft will be used to evaluate flight director laws
and certification criteria for powered-lift flight.
Additional details are available in the March 23, 1973 Project Plan
entitled “C-8 Augmentor Wing Research Aircraft and Flight Experiment.”
Need and Relevancy
ST has a responsibility to develop short-haul transport technology
for high density civil transportation. The C-8 augmentor-wing research
vehicle is the first jet powered-lift STOL aircraft to operate. It
will therefore enable early examination of low-speed flight and opera-
tional characteristics representative of future STOL/RTOL transports,
which (with rotorcraft and jet VTOL aircraft) are expected to provide
the U.S. with more efficient high—density short—haul systems. Inf or—
mation obtained from STOL handling qualities tests with the aircraft
will aid in verifying the results of ongoing and planned ground-based
simulator studies, and in providing the criteria to establish civil
certification requirements for such aircraft. The vehicle, being
equipped with the STOLAND avionics system, will also provide a unique
facility for scheduled general STOL transport operating-systems experi-
ments, to be carried out jointly with D YI in a separate program.
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QUIET, CLEAN, SHORT-HAUL EXPERIMENTAL ENGINE (QCS
(738-13) Ongoing
Program Objective
Design, build and test experimental engines to consolidate and demon-
strate the technology needed for very quiet, clean and efficient pro-
pulsion systems for economically viable and environmentally acceptable
powered lift short-haul air-craft. Program goals translate as follows:
• 95 EPNdB noise footprint area less than 0.5 sq. mi.
(—lOZ of DC-1O), or 500 ft. sideline = 95 EPNdB.
• Emission levels of Experimental Clean Coinbustor.
• Thrust to weight ratio 6 or better.
• High bypass ratio engine technology for under-the-wing
and over—the—wing systems: composite, variable pitch,
thrust reversing, low pressure ratio fans with gear
reduction drive for low tip speed.
Program Targets
The program objectives will be met through the following steps:
• Source selection and contract award in December, 1973.
• Design layout review - June, 1974.
• Critical Design Review - January, 1975.
• Delivery of first engine to LeRC for in—house testing in
an under-the-wing configuration in August, 1977.
• Delivery of second engine to LeRC for in-house testing
in an over-the-wing configuration in December, 1977.
Program Approach
The approach is a competitive procurement, single-contractor experiment-
al engine program managed by the Lewis Research Center. System defini-
tion/optiniization studies of powered lift propulsion concepts in FY
1973 formed the hardware program basis. Two full scale engines, one
for under-the-wing installation, the second for over-the-wing will be
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designed, fabricated, assembled, tested, and delivered to Lewis. In—
house acoustic and aerodynamic performance testing in wing/flap system
installations will be conducted to verify system characteristics and
achievement of program goals.
OBJECTIVE DOCUMENTAT ION
Title : Quiet Short-Haul Research Aircraft (QSRA)
Type of Specific Objective
X System and Experimental Program
Organizational Element Responsibility
Transport Experimental Programs Office - William Gardner/Jack Levine
Statement of Specific Objective and Targets
Objective: To obtain, by means of a low-cost experimental aircraft,
quiet propulsive-lift flight research data on an advanced propulsive—
lift configuration at lift coefficients greater than 4.5, 90 EPNdB foot-
print areas smaller than one square mile , and roll control power greater
than one radian per second 2 . Specific targets are:
• Provide by the end of FY 1974 a Project Plan and Risk
Assessment which will include the objectives, technical
approach, schedules and cost for the effort and the risk
assessment in achieving the same.
• Determine by the end of FY 1974 the airframe and engine
design requirements, schedule and cost to modify an
existing airplane for use as a low-cost quiet, high
performance propulsive-lift research aircraft.
• Modify the design, fabricate and assemble by the end
of FY 1976 an existing aircraft with an advanced
propulsive-lift system and perform ground checkout and
limited flight tests of the assembled aircraft by the
third quarter of FY 1977.
• Define by the end of FY 1976 and conduct beginning in
the third quarter of FY 1977 appropriate multi-disci-
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pline propulsive-lift flight experiments in areas of
general configuration, handling qualities, noise,
flight dynamics, flight control systems, information
displays, propulsion system, and operating environment.
• Generate and verify by FY 1978 the integrated total
vehicle and operating systems technology base from which
design requirements and certification criteria can be
established for practical and efficient quiet propul-
sive-lift civil and military short—haul transports.
Need and Relevancy
Future powered lift short-haul aircraft need quiet, clean, efficient
and economical propulsion systems whose technology is not yet available.
Demonstrations of component and system interactions in credible, full—
scale engines and propulsion installations are needed to establish the
data base to stimulate industry development with acceptable risk, and
to help government establish environmental and operational requirements.
Approach
The project will include modification of an existing aircraft into an
advanced quiet propulsive-lift configuration with modified existing
engines to power the aircraft and the use of the aircraft in a flight
research program to achieve the previously stated objective and targets.
Two parallel preliminary design study contracts were awarded on January
3, 1974 to the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation and the Boeing Company
for a nine and one-half month period to determine the most effective
configuration of the quiet propulsive—lift research aircraft. Each con-
tractor will conduct preliminary design of (1) a C-8A Buffalo aircraft
configured with an advanced quieted augmented jet flap (AJF) propul-
sive—lift system, and (2) a contractor-selected aircraft and quiet
propulsive—lift concept. In support of these studies, three separate
engine study contracts were awarded on January 31, 1974 to General
Electric, Allison, and AVCO Lycoming for a two-month period. The engine
contractors will define their engine concepts for the AJF aircraft and
for the configuration alternatives being considered by the airframe
study contractors.
Approximately mid-way in the design studies it is planned that a single
design concept for the research aircraft will be selected by NASA. The
selection will be based on results of the contractor efforts as well
as on our own in-house studies and considerations will be given to the
technical, schedule, and cost risks; the estimated project cost; aircraft
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research capability; industry interest in the approach; and other re-
lated factors. After concept selection the two design studies will
complete preliminary design for the aircraft and provide detailed bud-
getary and schedule estimates for detail design, airframe modification,
engine integration, and contractor tests. Results of these studies will
be utilized as a basis for issuing an RFP to industry for the engines
and for the aircraft. The engine RFP is planned for release in mid-
1974 and the aircraft RFP in late 1974. Flight research will be initi-
ated early in 1977.
The flight research program will be developed in a series of steps
including the refinement of the established flight research objectives
into more detailed and specific objectives, the development of detailed
experiments to achieve these objectives, the preparation of a flight
experiments program plan that orders and integrates the experiments,
and finally, the flight research program itself. The experiments
program will be developed in cooperation with other Government agencies
and interested industry groups and carried out by NASA as an in-house
effort.
The Ames QSRA Project Office is responsible for overall management of
the aircraft modification with support by Lewis Research Center to pro-
vide modified engines for the aircraft. The QSRA Project Office is
also responsible for management of the flight research program with
participation by the other OAST Centers.
Najor milestones of the QSRA Project are:
Contract award for aircraft preliminary January 3, 1974
design studies
Contract award for engine support January 31, 1974
studies
Select aircraft design concept 4th Qtr. FY 1974
Contract award for engines for modified 3rd Qtr. FY 1975
research airplane
Contract award for design, fabrication 4th Qtr. FY 1975
of hardware and modifications for
research airplane
Initiate NASA quiet propulsive-lift 3rd Qtr. FY 1977
flight research program
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Initial quiet propulsive—lift flight 4th Qtr. FY 1977
research results available
Technology data base available or use FY 1978
in establishing design criteria and
development of civil commercial air-
craft
Need and Relevancy
The flight research program is necessary in order to reduce the techni-
cal risk associated with the development by industry of both civil and
military propulsive-lift transports and to provide a comprehensive
technical foundation on which Government regulation agencies can estab-
lish realistic criteria for certification of commercial subsonic pro-
pulsive-lift transport aircraft and for enroute and terminal area opera-
tions. A quiet propulsive-lift research airplane must be designed,
built and flown in a research program in order to provide verification
and demonstration of the technical base for the future design, develop-
ment, fabrication and operation of reliable, quiet and economic fan-
jet propulsive—lift transports. Powered lift technology is a key to
community noise reduction, airport congestion relief, and improvement
of civil transport and military tactical airlift.
OBJECTIVE DOCUMENTATION
Title : AMST Prototype Aircraft (769-48)
Type of Specific Objective
X System and Experimental Program
Organizational Element Responsibility
Transport Experimental Programs Office - William Gardner/Jack Levine
Statement of Specific Objective and Targets
Objective: To obtain, through participation in the Air Force ANST
prototype program, propulsive-lift flight research data on straight-
wing externally blown flap configuration at lift coefficients up to
about 3.5, 90 EPNdB footprint areas greater than 11 square miles , and
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roll control power about ½ radian per second 2 . Specific targets are:
• Obtain by FY 1976 flight ve rification of the detailed
performance predicted by NASA ground based research
data for USB and EBF propulsive-lift aircraft.
• Define by the end of FY 1974 and conduct on a non-
interferenCe basis with the Air Force during FY
1976 to the maximum extent possible multi-discipline
flight experiments in areas of general configuration,
handling qualities, flight dynamics, noise, flight
control systems, information displays, propulsion
system, and operating environment.
• NASA completes by FY 1978 documentation of the flight
characteristics and evaluation of handling qualities
and operational technique-s as related to civil short-
haul operations.
Approach
NASA ’s direct involvement in the ANST program includes support of devel-
opment of the aircraft and participation, through membership of the
ANST Joint Test Team, in defining and conducting part of the ANST flight
test program. Support of development of the aircraft includes scale-
model tests in various wind tunnels to fill voids in available wind
tunnel capabilities ontI part of the Air Force contractors. Further
developmental support is provided through use of the unique ARC Flight
Simulator for Advanced Aircraft for assessing adequacy of stability
and control levels inherent in the MIST designs, operational procedures
and emergency conditions that may influence aircraft configuration and!
or control systems characteristics.
The flight program will be conducted in two stages. In the first stage,
NASA will accomplish cooperatively with the Air Force such technology-
oriented flight research as can be undertaken without interference with
the primary Air Force objectives. Recognizing the Air Force objective
of the evaluation of these prototypes for tactical and logistic military
applications, it is expected that during the Air Force-led flight
program, the time devoted to the acquisition of data of interest both
to the Air Force and NASA (i.e. basic aerodynamic performance, handling
qualities and operational techniques) will be limited. In the second
stage, following completion of the one-year prototype evaluation
currently scheduled by the Air Force, NASA will assume the primary role
and will conduct additional flight research. This second stage of the
program will complete the documentation of flight characteristics and
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evaluation of handling qualities and operational techniques as related
to civil short—haul operations. Modifications to the aircraft will be
made depending upon a weighing of feasibility and cost, and benefits to
the QPLT Program. It is anticipated that installation of STOLAND in
one of the AMST aircraft would best facilitate the study of advanced
avionics applied to short-haul operations in the terminal area. In
addition to studying integration of advanced avionics with pilot display
and flight control systems, STOLAND would aid in the evaluation of tech-
niques for defining noise abatement flight patterns in the terminal area.
Additional modifications may be made to the aircraft to reduce noise
generated by aero—propulsion systems to permit development of criteria
for noise certification.
Major milestones of the ANST Prototype Aircraft Program applicable to
NASA are:
Initiate Air Force-led flight evaluation 1st Qtr. FY 1976
of the AMST aircraft
Initial propulsive-lift flight research Mid FY 1976
results available for EBF and USB con-
figurations
Initiate NASA—led flight research using Mid FY 1977
the ANST aircraft
Need and Relevancy
In considering the requirements for technology and operational data to
support development of civil and military transports with the advantages
of improved approach, landing, takeoff, climbout, and airport area low-
speed maneuvering capabilities, the U.S. Air Force and NASA have agreed
that the national needs can best be served through cooperation activity
which assures a close working relationship between the Air Force and
NASA in the Air Force Advanced Medium STOL prototype (AMST) program
and the NASA Quiet Propulsive-Lift Technology programs.
The Air Force/NASA Memorandum of Understanding on the coordination of
the Air Force and NASA propulsive-lift programs provides both for NASA
participation in the Air Force flight testing of the AMST prototypes
and for subsequent use of these aircraft in a NASA-led flight test
program. These aircraft can be used to accomplish a part of the objec-
tives of the flight test program planned for NASA ’s quiet propulsive-
lift research airplane to the extent that their performance capabilities
permit.
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STOL OPERATING SYSTEMS EXPERIMENTS
(768—83) Ot oing
Program Objective
Establish a technology base upon which operational STOL short-haul
systems can be based with confidence in the 1978-2000 time period.
Regarding NASA STOL technology programs, the draft Federal Plan for
Short—Haul Air Transportation Improvement states that “The data from
these programs are considered critical to this plan, for this data
provides the basis for assessing which short-haul options are the most
promising from an operational and technology point of view.”
Program Targets
In this joint DOT/NASA program, operating systems technology, operating
procedures, and guidance, navigation, and control concepts for high-
density terminal area operation will be demonstrated in the following
steps:
• Integrated digital avionics research systems (STOLAND)
available - July 1973.
• Synthesize flight paths for STOL independent of CTOL
operations - September 1974.
• Initiate flight experiments to provide systems
performance data
- DHC-6 June 1974
- Augmentor Wing C-8 - December 1974.
• Initiation of Microwave Landing System (NLS)
validation flight experiments — April 1976.
Benefits which will be demonstrated include:
• Noise - 90 EPNdB footprint within airport boundary.
• Weather - Low visibility automatic landing capability.
• Guidance Accuracy - Maximum touchdown dispersions of
+ 15 ft. laterally and ± 100 ft. longitudinally.
• Pilot Workload - Reduced 307. through automation and
displays.
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Program Approach
This joint DIYI/NASA program is being conducted primarily at Ames Re-
search Center, with supporting simulation studies being conducted at
Langley Research Center and FAA ’s NAFEC.
An integrated digital avionics research system (STOLAND) has been pro-
vided by Ames Research Center. One simulator STOLAND system and two
flight systems have been fabricated. The first flight system has
successfully completed flight acceptance tests in the ARC CV-340 air-
craft and is currently being installed in a DHC-6 Twin Otter. Flight
experiments with this aircraft will begin in June 1974. The second
flight system is being installed in the modified C-8A augmentor wing
STOL research aircraft and flight acceptance tests will be performed
in November 1973. Flight experiments with this aircraft will commence
in December 1974.
Introduction of the Microwave Landing System (NLS), now under develop-
ment by the FAA, will provide better terminal area landing guidance
than is presently available. The MLS will by used by CTOL, STOL and
VTOL aircraft. Consequently, one task to be accomplished in this pro-
gram is to support the FAA in development of the MLS to ensure its suit-
ability for STOL applications. Analysis, field investigations, com-
puter simulations and flight experiments will be conducted to define
realistic criteria for MLS proof-of-concept evaluation and prototype
validations. The field investigations will include ground and flight
tests with the programmable STOLAND avionic system. These investiga-
tions will emphasize MLS performance for terminal area navigation and
approach and landing guidance for low visibility automatic operations.
Flight validation of the K model prototype system will be completed in
1977.
In addition to the MLS validation, operating systems experiments will
be conducted to provide information to aid in the choice of STOL termi-
nal area guidance, navigation and control system concepts and to define
operational procedures. Steep ascents and descents, tight turns and
slow speed approaches and landings will be studied using analysis,
simulation and flight test. The simulation and flight test experi-
ments will be conducted using the STOLAND avionics system, the DHC-6
Twin Otter and the C-8A augmentor wing research aircraft. The naviga-
tion and landing aids to be used in the experiments are VOR, DME, TACAN
and MODILS (Modular Instrument Landing System).
Improved navigation and guidance will be investigated using an innovative
inertial guidance and navigation concept making full use of digital
computer technology and redundancy management. This strapdown inertial
reference unit (SIRTJ), now in the design phase, will be delivered to
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ARC in September 1974 for flight acceptance tests in the CV-340. Flight
experiments using a STOL vehicle equipped with both STOLAND and SIRU
will begin in November 1975.
Additional details will be included in the Program Plan to be available
in early 1974.
Need and Relevancy
The Joint DcIr/NASA Civil Aviation Research and Development Policy Study
report identified the two most important problems plaguing civil avia-
tion as noise and congestion. Development of a National Short-Haul
Air Transportation System utilizing the capabilities of STOL aircraft
has the potential of reducing the projected terminal area congestion
and noise impact.
The ability of STOL aircraft to operate from runways 3000 to 9000 feet
shorter than those required for CTOL aircraft and containment of the
90 EPNdB footprint within the airport boundary will allow modification
or acquisition of STOL landing facilities with reduced real estate
costs. Advanced navigation, guidance, and control systems will provide
zero visibility landing capability and maximum touchdown dispersions
of ± 15 ft. laterally and ± 100 ft. longitudinally. This will allow
STOL aircraft to interface with the ATC system with minimal interference
and will permit STOL vehicle operations independent of CTOL operations
at existing airports. Reducing the pilot workload by 30°!. will increase
the safety of operations.
New operating systems criteria and procedures must be established.
Thus, NASA and DOT, in attempting to solve some of the potential
problems associated with STOL navigation, guidance, and air trafic
control, have joined forces in conducting a STOL Operating Experiments
Program which is discussed in “Final Report of the Flight Experiments
Co inittee of the Joint DOT/NASA Operating Experiments Steering Group,”
dated July 21, 1972.
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4. N&SA
RcYFORCRA?1 /VTOL NOISE TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS
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OBJECT PIE DOCUMENTAT ION
Title : Advanced Rotorcraft Aerodynamic Technology
Type of Specific Objective
Discipline — Study — System and Experimental Program
Organizational Element Responsibility
Aerodynamics & Vehicle Systems Division - John N. Klineberg
Statement of Specific Objective and Targets
Objectives: to determine and improve the performance, dynamic loads,
noise, control, stability, vibration, and handling qualities charac-
teristics of helicopter rotors and rotorcraft configurations in order
to permit the development of rotorcraft having substantially greater
mission and cost effectiveness than current (1973) operational vehicles
in military and civil usage. Specific targets are:
• Rotor Tip Vortices - By FY 1975, verify through full-
scale experimental evaluations the projected ability of
both passive and active devices, such as the ogee tip
shape and mass injection concepts, to reduce blade-vortex
impulsive noise about 5 EPNdB compared to conventional
square tip blades for rotors of equivalent thrust level.
• Variable—Geometry Rotor - Evaluate the performance and
noise characteristics of one of the current RSRA system
candidates, the variable-geometry rotor concept, analyti-
cally in FY 1975 and experimentally in full-scale static
tests in FY 1975—76.
• Controls and Displays for Improved Handling Qualities -
Evaluate in flight the handling qualities improvements
during curved decelerating approaches achievable with
a 3-axis vector velocity command system by FY 1975, and
a non—linear control concept by FY 1976.
• Civil Helicopter Technology Assessment - Apply in FY 1975,
1973 state-of-the-art technology on a large transport
helicopter (CH-53) to provide passenger compartment acoustic!
and motion environment and assess suitability for feeder
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line aircraft use, and to provide civil helicopter noise
certification and community acceptance criteria.
• Advanced Rotorcraft Design Studies - Define in F? 1975, to
the extent possible in modest design studies incorporating
estimated technology advancements, the broad design and
operational characteristics of large advanced compound
helicopter and tilt rotor transports which could realis-
tically be operational by 1985.
• Controllable-Twist Rotor - Verify at full-scale in F?
1975 the ability of a controllable-twist rotor concept
to reduce cyclic vibration 10 percent and improve per-
formance 2 percent, compared to 1973 operational rotor
types.
• Flight Controls and Handling Qualities for Unique Military
Helicopters - Through evaluating a hierarchy of helicopter
control systems by 1976, determine the minimum augmentation
requirements for specific military low-level missions,
and develop methods of implementation to minimize the
number and complexity of hardware components. Using
moving base simulation, establish by 1975 the effect of
gross weight up to 250,000 pounds on handling qualities
and flight-control requirements for crane helicopters.
• Design Prediction Methods - Validate existing design
predictive methods and modify them where deficiencies
exist to provide the required improved understanding
of interrelated basic factors contributing to rotor-
craft performance, noise, dynamics, and control. The
subjects to be examined include: (1) main rotor/fuse-
lage/tail rotor flow interferences and effects by F?
1975, (2) unsteady flow conditions on rotor blades and
in the rotor wake by F? 1976, and (3) rotor blade and
control system dynamics including feedback by F? 1977.
• Tilt-Rotor Control Systems - Develop and demonstrate by
1978 the technology for advanced control systems suit-
able for coinmerical and military operational tilt rotor
vehicles.
Approach
The NASA rotorcraft aerodynamic programs are conducted at the Ames and
Langley Research Centers-- in almost all cases jointly with the Army
Air Mobility R&D Laboratory located at each Center. Effort at Ames
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emphasizes large—scale rotor model tests in the 40— x 80-foot tunnel,
ground-based flight simulation studies, and analytical and desi n
studies conducted primarily under ‘contract. Langley in-house studies
utilize such facilities as the V/STOL and full—scale tunnels for small-
scale rotor model studies, the whirl tower for large- or full-scale
hover performance and noise evaluations, and available rotorcraft or
flight-dynamics investigations; contracted analytical and experimental
studies are also supported. The specific approaches for accomplishing
each of the identified targets follow:
• Rotor Tip Vortices - In the program oriented toward
reductiOn of rotor tip vortex strength (and therefore
reduction of vibration and noise) rotor tip geometric
variations and mass injection will be studied. In one
phase, Langley will evaluate the characteristics of
full-scale ogee-tip blades on the whirl tower and in
flight on the U}I-lH helicopter in FY 1975, and Ames
will carry out coordinated tests of the UH-lH blades
in the 40- x 80-ft. tunnel. Langley will conduct
flight tests to evaluate the mass—injectioü concept in
FY 1975—76.
• Variable-Geometry Rotor - In Langley st:udies of the
variable—geometry rotor (VGR), also designed for tip
vortex strength alleviation, computer programs will
be improved for the calculation of VGR performance
and dynamics by FY 1975; following complete performance
evaluations of a VGR scale model rotor through wind-
tunnel tests in FY 1974, performance and noise tests
will be made of full-scale models in FY 1975-76 on the
whirl tower.
• Controls & Displays for Improved Bandling Qualities -
The CH-46 in-flight simulator helicopter will be
utilized in FY 1975 to develop improved design and
certification criteria for rotorcraft--and other
VTOL aircraft—-primarily in the areas of handling
qualities and overall low—speed flight character-
ist CS, such as during decelerating curved approaches.
Advanced flight control systems including a 3-axis
vector velocity command concept will be examined by
early FY 1975 and a non—linear control concept by
early FY 1976. Preparations will be completed for
phasing in a CH-47 in-flight simulator (made available
through the Army) having an improved research capabil-
ity. The SH-3A helicopter will be used to fly pilot-
controlled, simulated IFR VTOL approaches while varying
the electro-optical pilot display parameters (resolution
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field of view, contrast, magnification factor, etc.)
for reduced pilot workload and improved safety.
• Civil Helicopter Technology Assessment - The ride
quality improvements achievable from current state-of-
the-art design of a quieted vibration-isolated cabin
in a CH—53 helicopter will be demonstrated at Langely
in FY 1975. Design studies will be continued in FY
1975—77 to define and assess other advanced technology
applications for improving performance, safety,
economy and community acceptance of civil helicopter
transports; flight evaluations of the more promising
applications will be conducted in FY 1976-80.
• Advanced Rotorcraft Design Studies - Ames contracted
design studies will be completed in FY 1975 to define
representative tilt—rotor and advanced helicopter
counnericial aircraft design models for future short-
haul air transportation. (The studies will enable a
comparison with the characteristics of other STOL
and jet VTOL concepts provided in other similar
contracted studies.) Information on these design
models, derived from analysis, wind tunnel tests, and
simulation will be used to define their operating
characteristics——e.g., noise, fuel utilization, flight
path, pilot workload, and passenger acceptance--during
approach and landing.
• Controllable—Twist Rotor - Ames, in FY 1975, will evalu-
ate the dynamics and performance of a large-scale con-
trollable-twist rotor on a new rotor test rig (RTR)
to be developed for the 40- x 80-ft. tunnel. The RTR
represents a major improved test capability for Ames,
and will be used for a number of large-scale rotor
investigations in future years.
• Flight Controls and Handling Qualities for Uniq ue Military
Helicopters — Simulation studies will be conducted at Ames
of a number of low-level helicopter missions of interest
to the Army. A hierarchy of control systems will be in-
vestigated during FY 1975 to establish the minimum aug-
mentation requirements and to develop methods of implemen-
tation. Emphasis will be given to minimizing the number
and complexity of the hardware components, minimizing the
effects of upsets and disturbances, and on developing
techniques for decoupling controls. By 1975, simulation
investigations will be completed to determine the effect
of gross weight up to 250,000 pounds on the handling qualities
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and flight control requirements for crane helicopters
up to the very heavy lift class. Simulation results
will be validated through use of flight results on a
C1i-54 helicopter obtained at Langley during FY 1974.
• Design Prediction Nethods - Langley will conduct ana-
lytical and experimental studies to identify factors
contributing to the aerodynamic, dynamics and noise
characteristics of rotors. University grants and con-
tracted studies will be continued through FY 1979 to
define wake geometry and analytical procedures which
include wake characteristics in predicting airloads,
structural response, rotor control feedback, performance
and noise. Langley in—house experimental studies will
be made in FY 1975-77 to better define unsteady local-
flow and aeroe].astic parameters and rotor system
dynamics. Tests will continue in FY 1975 with a highly
instrumented generalized research helicopter model in
the V/STOL tunnel to obtain a better quantitative
understanding of main rotor/fuselage/tail rotor inter-
ference flows and effects. The effectiveness of a
helicopter fan—in-fin in lieu of a tail rotor will be
evaluated in the full-scale tunnel by F? 1976. A
sophisticated rotor noise prediction technique will
also be computerized in FY 1976. Ames will refine
math modeling of tilt rotor dynamics through FY 1975;
will continue contracted generalized studies of tilt
rotor gust response problems and control system suppres-
sion technique through FY 1976; and will develop a
method for computing tilt rotor/wthg/empenage aerodynamic
interference in F! 1975-76.
• Tilt Rotor Control Systems - A simulator model of a
co unercial tilt-rotor transport will be obtained by
1976 for use in simulation studies to define handling
qualities and control system design criteria. Perti-
nent information will be obtained from coordinated
simulation and flight studies supported under the XV-
15 Tilt-Rotor Research Aircraft Program (RTOP 744-28—01).
Need and Relevancl
Rotorcraft have attained wide usage by the military (35 percent of the
DOD aircraft inventory are helicopters and 85 percent of the Army in-
ventory) for application primarily in assault, medical evacuation, air-
crew rescue, aircraft retrieval and ground support missions. There is
likewise a growing use of helicopters in the civil sector for industrial,
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ambulance and police, and short-haul transportation applications.
Despite this wide rotorcraft usage, their full potential is far from
realized in both military and civil sectors due to technology limita-
tions resulting in poor cruise efficiency, inadequate speed and range
capability, poor dynamics and high vibration, bothersome noise, and
inadequate all-weather flight capability. These limitations seriously
impact mission capability, initial and operating (including maintenance)
cost, and passenger and community acceptance. The programs of this
objective are aimed at effective alleviation of the technology limita-
tions to permit the realization of rotorcraft having greater mission
and cost effectiveness for both military and civil needs. An indica-
tion of the relevancy of the programs to military needs is the fact
that about 90 percent of the programs are supported equally in funding
and manpower by NASA and the Army.
OBJECTIVE DOCUMENTAT ION
Title : Advanced VTOL Aircraft Aerodynamic Technology
Type of Specific Objective
XX Discipline Study ____ System and Experimental Program
organizational Element Responsibil Y
Aerodynamics & Vehicle Systems Division - John M. Klineberg
Statement of Specific Objective and Targets
Objective: To provide the technology required to enable the development
of viable military and civil aircraft having effective VTOL capability
together with speed, range, operating cost , and mission/operational
capabilities approaching those of 1973 operational medium range military
and civil CTOL aircraft. This requires the development of a thorough
knowledge and understanding of the aerodynamic performance, noise,
control and stability characteristics, and piloting qualities peculiar
to VTOL system concepts. Specific targets are:
• Ejector Wing VTOL Aerodynamics - In FY 1975, evaluate
the VTOL aerodynamic performance, stability, and control
of’XFV-12A ejector wing configuration. Examine by FY
1976 the performance of advanced high pressure hypermixing
VTOL ejector-concepts in forward flight transition engines.
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Obtain by F! 1976 a preliminary evaluation of the performance
of VTOL ejectors located chordwise at the root of a low
aspect ratio combat aircraft type wing.
• Lift-Fan VTOL Aerodynamics - Verify in FY 1975 through
large and small-scale tunnel tests that a lift-fan VTOL
transport can be configured to achieve satisfactory per-
forinance, control and stability characteristics in termi-
nal area operation.
• Lift/Cruise Thrust Vectoring - Demonstrate by FY 1975
through large-scale static tests the technology for
rapid response ( 2O7 thrust modulation and ± 200 thrust
deflection in 0.2 sec.) lift/cruise propulsion system
thrust vectoring/modulation systems whose thrust vector
can be varied in a practical design from 00 (cruise thrust
mode), to 90° (hover lift mode) with no more than 57 thrust
loss, and to 1300 for thrust reversal/braking.
• Lift/Cruise VTOL Aerodynamics - Demonstrate by FY 1976,
technology for applying basic fluid mechanic phenomena to
improve transition-flight interference effects on per-
formance, stability and control of selected military
VTOL combat type configurations through wind tunnel
evaluations of small—scale models.
• SCS VTOL Aircraft Handling Qualities - Establish by FY
1976 through simulator investigations the envelope of
acceptable approach aspects (relative headings of air-
craft, ship, and wind) for satisfactory handling quali-
ties of VTOL aircraft on Sea Control Ships under various
sea states and weather conditions.
• Land-Based VTOL Aircraft Handling Qualities - Devise and
demonstrate by FY 1977 an integrated control system for
all flight phases of high—performance VTOL transport type
aircraft. Verify through X-l4 flight tests and related
simulation studies, design criteria for vehicle lateral
control power in hovering by FY 1975.
• VTOL Flow Interactions - Provide predictive methods
adequate for design needs by FY 1978 of complex flows
and their interactions (including noise effects) typically
associated with VTOL aircraft having concentrated propul-
sion/lift system inlet and exhaust flows. As one specific
example a satisfactory analytic method for predicting
vehicle induced lift accruing from lift engine propulsion
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installations in wing mounted pods will be sought in
FY 1976.
pproach
The high performance \rIOL aerodynamic programs are conducted at Ames
and Langley. At . mes, the primary emphasis is on large-scale aero-
dynamic performance and acoustic studies, and on handling quality
investigations. Langley concentrates on small-scale model investiga-
tions of aerodynamic performance, stability and control. NASA funding
for the joint USN/USAF, NASA, FAA X-22 handling qualities program has
been directly from Headquarters with technical monitoring by Langley.
The approach toward accomplishing each identified target and the major
milestones is as follows:
• Ejector-Wing VTOL Aerodynamics - Langley in FY 1975
will evaluate the VTOL aerodynamic performance, stabil-
ity and control of small-scale wind-tunnel and free—
flight models of XFV—12A VTOL aircraft configurations,
and Ames will test the actual aircraft in the 40— x 80-ft.
tunnel if provided by the Navy. Ames in FY 1975 will
continue exploratory investigation of hyperxnixing VTOL
ejectors, which will b,e extended in Fl 1976 to advanced
ejectors having pressure ratios perhaps as high as 2 to 3.
Ames in FY 1975 will investigate the feasibility of VTOL
ejectors located axially in the chordwise direction near
the root of low aspect ratio military type aircraft con-
figurations of VTOL performance in FY 1976.
• Lift-Fan VTOL Aerodynamics - The characteristics of a
irrent technology lift—fan civil transport model and
of a military multi—mission lift/cruise fan configura-
tion will be determined in large—scale powered model
tests on the Ames stetic test stand and in the 40- x 80-
ft. tunnel in Fl 1975. Langley in FY 1975 will complete
small—scale model investigations of the performance,
stability, and control of an intercenter VrOL transport
model incorporating a different wing_pod .mOuflted hf t-
fan configuration, and of NcDonnel Douglas VTOL transport
design. On the basis of these results, Ames in Fl 1976
will initiate the design of a more advanced VTOL trans-
port type model for the 40- x 80- ft. tunnel, having
substantially less required thrust/weight than current
designs, to develop the integrated aerodynamic and acoustic
technology.
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• Lift/Cruise Thrust Vectoring - Ames in FY 1975 will complete
a first series of small— and large-scale static tests
of lift/cruise fan nacelles and thrust vectoring vehicle
control systems aimed at developing technology for sitnple
lightweight systems that can meet the stringent requirements
for large vectoring angular ranges, fast angular and thrust
modulation, high temperatures, and acceptable interactions
of the exhaust flow with the aircraft, ground, and airstreain,
• Lift/Cruise VTOL Aerodynamics - Langley in FY 1975 will
continue wind tunnel evaluations of small-scale VTOL combat
type aircraft configurations with wing and lift jet rela-
tive positions varied to optimize jet interference effects
on performance, stability and control during transition
flight.
• SCS VTOL Aircraft Handling Qualities - Ames will con-
tinue in FY 1975 and complete in FY 1976 a first series
of simulator investigations to establish the envelope
of acceptable approach parameters for satisfactory
handling qualities of VTOL aircraft under manual control
during take—off, approach, and landing on Sea Control
Ships under severe weather conditions. Additional in-
vestigations will extend into FY 1977.
• Land—Based VTOL Aircraft Handling Qualities - Research
at Ames toward demonstrating by FY 1977 an integrated
flight control system for high performance VTOL trans-
port type aircraft will include in FY 1975: (1) ana-
lytical and simulation studies of such a control system;
(2) continued X—14 flight investigations to extend and
refine hover control system and handling quality design
criteria determined through sImulation; (3) completion
of simulation math models of advanced V/STOL transports
to support transportation systems terminal area effi-
ciency studies and; (4) initiation of a major simulator
study on the FSAA to examine in considerable detail
how best to detect and handle system failures on repre ..
sentative VTOL aircraft designs during critical conversion
flight regimes (this effort will extend into FY 1977).
Reporting of the X-22 flight evaluation of VTOL curved
decelerating approaches, monitored by Langley, will be
completed.
• VTOL Flow Interactions - Ames by FY 1976 will attempt to
devise satisfactory theoretical methods to predict
induced flows for VTOL podded configurations. Generalized
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studies will continue through FY 1978 at Langley on
VTOL crossflow interferences, and at Ames, on the noise
of VTOL exhaust jets as related tc turbulent mixing.
Need and Relevancy
Efficient high-density ghort-haul civil transportation systems for the
future have a need for quiet efficient vehicles which can operate
over short to modest stage lengths competitively with other forms of
transportation from small inexpensive VTOL ports which can be readily
located to meet transportation demnds with a minimum impact on the
coimnunity environment and with an economic advantage to both the travel-
ing public and the communities being served. Likewise, the DOD has a
requirement for future carrier-on—board delivery (COD) logistic and
surveillance type VTOL aircraft which can be operated from small Sea
Control Ships, as well as for VTOL combat aircraft. There is consider-
able commonality in the vehicle technology requirements for both the
civil and military needs. The programs of this objective are oriented
to provide the vehicle aerodynamic and flight dynamics technology re-
quired to develop viable vehicles for such civil and military needs.
TILT R(Y OR RESEARCH AIRCRAFT
(744—28) Ongoing
Program Objective
Demonstrate advanced rotorcraft technology for military and civil VTOL
vehicles having twice the cruise speed of the helicopter while retain-
its efficient hover capability.
Program Targets
Major targets of this program include the following:
• Initiate detail design - AuZust 1973 .
• Critical design review - August 1974 .
• Fabricate two tilt rotor aircraft - October 1975 .
• Complete ground testing - May 1976 .
• Start flight research - June 1976 .
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• Definitize advanced flight research program -
July 1977.
Program Approach
Under a joint agreement signed November 1, 1971, NASA and the Army are
sharing the funding and management of this program. A jointly staffed
project office is located at the Ames Research Center.
Two contractors participated in a Phase I competitive design and analy-
sis which was the basis for the selection of a Phase II contractor.
The Bell Helicopter Company was awarded a contract on July 31, 1973,
for the design, fabrication, and flight test of two Tilt Rotor Research
Aircraft.
The program will be conducted on an “experimental shop” basis to empha-
size cost and time savings as well as controlling the technical aspects
to insure the aircraft will best meet the research objectives. Prior
to first flight, a comprehensive ground test program will be conducted,
including tie-down and full-scale wind tunnel tests.
Ames’ flight sinulators will be utilized to verify aircraft character-
istics and to familiarize Army/NASA operating personnel with normal and
emergency procedures. The initial flight tests will be conducted at:
the contractor’s facility to verify flight safety and train Army/NASA
flight personnel. NASA facilities will be used for proof-of—concept
flight tests and definition of the advanced flight research program.
Need and Relevancy
Helicopters have been widely accepted for both civil and military mis-
sions where efficient hover and VTOL capability are required. Their
application to a wide range of civil short-haul and military tactical
roles has been restricted, however, because of high dynamic blade loads
and the loss of propulsion efficiency at higher forward flight speeds.
Noise, vibration, high maintenance costs, and poor ride qualities have
also added to the limitation of the helicopter.
For the past twenty years, the Army, Air Force, NASA, and industry have
been pursuing the establishment of a tilt rotor technology base. Based
on in-house studies and analyses by NASA/Army engineers, it was concluded
that the tilt-rotor concept showed the greatest promise for a capability
to meet the military and civil V/STOL needs anticipated in the future.
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ROTOR SYSTEMS RESEARCH AIRCRAY
(745-79) Ongoing
Program Objective
A unique flight test capability in 1976 for advanced rotor research on
a wide variety of promising new rotor concepts .
This program will expedite improved rotorcraft research through the use
of a specially designed flight test vehicle. Extensive on-board instru-
mentation will provide better research data, and repeated use of the
test vehicle will enable timely and economical completion of rotor
research projects.
Program Targets
Major targets of this program include the following:
• Initiate detail design - December 1973 .
• ritica1 design review - December 1974 .
• Fabricate two Rotor Systems Research Aircraft -
September 1975 .
• Initiate contractor flight test — November 1975 .
• Aircraft delivery to Government - December 1976 .
• Initiate NASA/Army rotor research program - January 1977.
Program Approach
NASA and the Army are jointly funding and managing this program under
an agreement signed November 1, 1971. A joint project office is located
at the Langley Research Center where the rotor research program will be
conducted. NASA/Army in-house and two contractor pre-design studies
were used to establish the feasibility of an advanced flight research
vehicle and to define its characteristics, the flight control system,
and the research instrumentation systems.
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An RFP was issued, proposals were evaluated, and Sikorsky Aircraft was
awarded a contract for the design fabrication, and flight test of two
Rotor Systems Research Aircraft.
Supporting research and technology efforts will be conducted, as re-
quired, to support the design effort and reduce the technical risk of
the project. Wind tunnel tests will be conducted and the Flight Simu-
lator at Ames Research Center will be utilized.
The “experimental shop” concept will be used to stress time and cost
savings in addition to controlling the technical aspects to insure the
aircraft will best meet the research objectives.
After a thorough ground test program, the contractor will conduct air-
worthiness flight tests, determine the aircraft characteristics and
handling qualities, and check out the research instrumentation.
The NASA/Army research program will be started shortly after the air-
craft are accepted by the goverument.
Need and Relevancy
The expanding role of the helicopter in both civil and military appli-
cations has generated requirements which exceed the current state-of-
the-art of rotary wing technology. To date, flight tests of promising
advanced concepts have been conducted by modifying an existing aircraft
or by building a new aircraft for each concept. This approach is time
consuming, costly, and often gives less that good results.
NASA and the Army have been looking for a way to conduct adequate and
timely investigations and demonstrations of advanced concepts in flight
without the excessive time, cost, or data limitations of the Itone at a
time” approach. Both agencies have concluded that a specially designed
research aircraft with adequate instrumentation is needed to test ad-
anced rotor concepts and verify rotorcraft supporting technology. The
otor Systems Research Aircraft is planned to fulfull this need.
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ROTOR SYSTEMS FOR RSRA
(766—79) New Start
Program Objective
Select, acquire , and evaluate on the Rotor System Research Aircraft
(RSRA)——now being developed jointly by the Army and NASA--three practi-
cal advanced rotor—system concepts. Demonstrate through tests of these
concepts in the real flight environment the integrated performance,
dynamics and acoustics technology improvements achievable, such as
increased speed (above 300 knots), with attendant lower vibration levels
(by ? ), noise (below 95 PNdB at 500 feet), and extended component life
(by lOO ), leading to community acceptance , improved ride comfort (to
feederline aircraft levels), and reduced direct operating costs (by
2O ). Particular objectives will depend in large part on the three
rotor system concepts selected. Concepts currently considered promis-
ing include the:
• Aero-acoustic rotor for reduced external acoustic noise
and Increased cruise L/D
• Variable-geometry rotor for reduced external acoustic
noise and rotor vibration and increased hover efficiency
• Composite structures rotor for reduced rotor system
weight
• Variable diameter rotor for increased cruise speed
• Controllable twist rotor for increased cruise speed
and L/D, increased hover efficiency and reduced rotor
vibration
Program Targets
The program objectives will be approached through the following steps:
• Initial selection of rotor systems by mid FY 1975.
• Begin design and fabrication of first rotor system
by late FY 1975, ground tests by mid FY 1977, and flight
tests by early FY 1978.
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• Begin design and fabrication of second rotor system
in mid FY 1976, ground tests by late FY 1977, and
flight tests by mid F? 1978.
• Begin design and fabrication of third rotor system
by inide FY 1977, ground tests by early FY 1979 and
flight tests by late FY 1979.
Because the program involves evaluating advanced rotor concepts on a
new flight test facility, strong supporting technology efforts will
be conducted during F? 1975-77 to aid in establishing design criteria
for the rotor systems and guiding their development to assure a suc-
cessful program.
Program Approach
The technical approach will encompass four major related elements con-
ducted cooperatively with the U.S. Army:
1. Direct Supportive Research & Technology Activities - This
includes (a) evaluation of advanced technology airfoils and
components which will likely be incorporated into selected
advanced rotor system concepts as described in item 2; (b)
scale model dynamic investigations of some of the candidate
advanced rotor concepts; and (c) correlation of analytical
prediction and flight data obtained as described in item
4.
2. Advanced Rotor System Concept Definition Studies & Selec-
tion - Concept definition studies will be made under con-
tract to serve as the basis for the eventual selection of
the initial three concepts for investigation on RSRA. The
definition study contracts will document information on
concept potential, preliminary design data, development
support requirements, and cost/schedule relationships
necessary for subsequent preparation of proposal requests
and contract award to procure the rotor systems.
3. Advanced Rotor Systems Design & Procurement for RSRA -
This includes the design, fabrication and ground test of
three advanced research rotor systems in a manner to pro-
vide flight hardware consistent with the RSRA flight
schedule. Priorities and sequencing of the hardware de-
velopment will be based in part on concept potential, on
extent of development and full-scale ground test require-
ments, and on timeliness.
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4. Flight Evaluations Utilizing RSRA - Upon delivery of the
RSRA, documentation flight tests will be made to evaluate
system capabilities and provide baseline data for correla-
tion with future test results. Thereupon, extensive flight
investigations will be made of each of the three research
rotor systems provided by this systems technology program.
During the course of evaluating the three rotor systems
per se as they become available, there will be additional
flight evaluations utilizing the unique versattlity and
capability of the RSRA to study import&nt broad heli-
copter problem areas such as: (a) control system tech-
nology including feed-back systems for gust alleviation
and ride c omfort, (b) rotor/airframe structural dynamic
response, and (c) compound helicopter maneuver character-
istics.
Need and Relevancy
The NASA and Army are jointly developing two RSRA vehicles at a cost
of $33N to provide an efficient, expanded and economic capability (1)
to evaluate potentially superior, advanced technology rotor system
concepts in flight; (2) to investigate rotorcraft systems and charac-
teristics over a much greater envelope of flight conditions than achiev-
able with currently available laboratory facilities or flight vehicles;
and (3) to provide an extensive flight data base to validate many com-
plex rotorcraft design prediction methods. Development of the RSRA
vehicles is being agressively pursued to provide the expanded test
capability for evaluating a number of rotor concepts at a substantial
cost savings compared to the current approach of validating each
advanced concept on separate “one shot” test vehicles. The RSRA pro-
ject is completed upon government acceptance of the aircraft, however,
and this research program is required for utilization of the valuable
national test facilities to achieve the return on their investment in
a cooperative effort with the U.S. Army.
The first RSRA vehicle is scheduled to be delivered to the Langley
Research Center by the mid FY 1977 with its baseline rotor system, and
to be ready for initial evaluation of an advanced research rotor system
by late FY 1977. On the basis of R&T base technology programs to date,
several rotor system concepts appear to warrant the thorough flight
evaluation which RSRA will permit. However, none of the rotor systems
exist in flight hardware suitable for direct use on RSRA. Although
the time requirements for design, fabrication, ground test, and inte-
gration of a complete rotor system on RSRA will vary with different
concepts, a mi nimum of about two years is anticipated. Therefore, it
is imperative that concept definition studies and evaluations be initi-
ated early in FY 1975 to select the most appropriate rotor systems for
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development, to establish a concept priority which will allow the most
effective development of flight test hardware, and to begin the design!
fabrication of the first research rotor system. The provision and
evaluation of the second and third rotor systems of this program are
timed for maximum effective utilizattor of the two RSRA vehicles for
all NASA/Army flight investigations requiring the vehicles.
The development of advanced rotor systems and their evaluation of RSRA
contribute directly to the NASA National Coals of providing efficient
short-haul transport technology and establishing the technology for
superiority in military aeronautics. The program will in addition aid
greatly in focusing technology efforts carried out under the NASA Rotor-
craft Research and Technology Base programs which also support the two
National goals mentioned.
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5. NASA
SUPERSONIC CRUISE AIRCRAFI NOISE
TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS
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OBJECTIVE DOCUMENTATION
Title : SCAR Propulsion Technolog,
Type of Specific Objective
Discipline Study X System and Experimental Program
O ganizational Element Responsibility
Advanced Supersonic Technology/Hypersonic Research Office -
W.S. Aiken, Jr.; L. Sternfield
Statement of Specific Objective and Targets
Objective: To establish an expanded supersonic propulsion technology
base in parallel with the expansion of other supersonic disciplinary
technologies which will permit the reduction of noise in takeoff and
landing to levels less than the Douglas DC-lO and Lockheed 1011; re-
duce fuel consumption rates which can make supersonic cruise aircraft
significantly more efficient; and nitric oxide emissions in high al-
titude cruise that are greatly reduced from levels possible with
today’s technology. Specific targets are:
• By the end of FY 1975, establish noise reduction potential
of suppressors for coannular jets for application to
duct-heating turbofan cycle engines.
• By FY 1977, verify the potential of NO, reductions to 9O
less than current engines at supersonic cruise altitudes.
• By FY 1977, verify inlet shock stabilization valve concept
operational suitability by YF—l2 flight tests.
• By FY 1979, synthesize and apply an integrated propulsion
control system to the YF-l2.
Approach
NASA’s fundamental research on supersonic propulsion system problems
is conducted primarily by LeRC, with contributions from ARC in the
noise area and FRC in the area of inlet control systems. Primary
emphasis is placed on the development of engine components and propulsion
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systems which will provide high levels of propulsive efficiency with
reduced levels of noise and pollutant emissions. The secondary em-
phasis is on the development of integrated control systems which will
stabilize inlet shock waves and thus provide for improved propulsion
system performance and reliability.
• Noise suppressors developed in the FAA SST Phase II
Follow-on program and in-house LeRC programs will be
flight tested using the Lewis F-106 and also tested
in Ames 40’ x 80’ wind tunnel. The sources and treat-
ment of coannular jet noise, important for applications
to duct-heating turbofan engines, will be studied by
Levis leading to later engine tests. Wind tunnel
techniques to be developed by ARC for the prediction
of the effects of forward speed on noise characteris-
tics will lead to testing of powered models of super-
sonic cruise aircraft.
• The LeRC will continue the current in-house/contractor
clean combustor program which is aimed at reducing
the N0 emissions at supersonic cruise speeds to levels
which are only 907 of those of current subsonic air-
craft. Tests of candidate combustors will be tested
at flight conditions representative of those of long-
range supersonic cruise aircraft and these tests will
lead to the development of Low N0 combustors suit-
able for use in low-noise engines.
• Inlet shock stabilization valve concepts and digital
integrated control techniques will be applied by the
Lewis and Flight Research Centers to the ‘11-12 air-
craft. The shock stabilization system will be tested
in the Lewis 10’ x 10’ wind tunnel and subsequent
flight tests will be conducted on a YF-12 which has
been modified to include the new system.
Major milestones of the SCAR Propulsion Technology program are:
Early FY 1975 - Initiate wind-tunnel tests of inlet
shock stabilization valve.
Mid F? 1975 - Initiate studies of augmentor pollution.
Early F? 1976 — Establish noise reduction potential of
suppressors for coannular jets.
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Need and Relevancy
The SCAR Propulsion research is for direct support of the Supersonic
Cruise Aircraft Research program. This work is of primary relevance
to the OAST focus on basic research on supersonic cruise aircraft.
The propulsion system is always a key technology area in the develop-
ment of any advanced aircraft. In the case of supersonic cruise air-
craft, additional constraints imposed by the need to reduce terminal
area noise (less than new widebody civil aircraft) and terminal area
and upper atmosphere pollution (ninety percent less than current
engines at high altitude cruise), while retaining cruise efficiency
for military aircraft and economic viability for civil aircraft,
present a set of interlocking problems which must be addressed through
noise suppression programs, clean combustor programs, and the initia-
tion of research on advanced low-noise engines which permit efficient
operation at both subsonic and supersonic speeds. In addition, since
very precise and complex propulsion controls are required to prevent
major interactions of propulsion system components as well as potential-
ly adverse interactions with airframe control systems, research on the
dynamics and control of supersonic propulsion systems must be conducted
by means of wind tunnel and flight tests.
We expect that the results of this research will provide the background
data which will lead to quieter, cleaner, and more efficient propulsion
systems for both military and commercial supersonic airplanes.
OBJECTIVE DOCUMENTAT ION
Title : Supersonic Cruise Aircraft (SCAR) Aerodynamic Performance
Technology
Type of Specific Objective
Discipline Study X System and Experimental Program
Organizational Element Responsibil y
Advanced Supersonic Technology/HYPerSOniC Research Office -
W.S. Aiken, Jr.; L. Sternfield
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Statement of Specific Objective and Targets
Objective: To establish an expanded supersonic aerodynamics technology
base in parallel with the expansion of other supersonic disciplinary
technologies which will permit improvements in L/D, reductions in sonic
boom, and the translation of technical advances into integrated air-
craft systems. Specific targets are:
• By FY 1977, validation of low-speed high-lift aero-
dynamic performance theories.
• By FY 1978, verification of theoretical methods for
rapid analysis of critical design loads.
• BY FY 1979, 3O? increase in L/D over present state-
of-the-art for aerodynamic configurations meeting
all propulsion system, structure, and control
system restraints.
• By FY 1981, 4O7 reduction in sonic boom during cruise
conditions potentially applicable to far term ad-
vanced supersonic transport designs.
4pp roach
NASA’s fundamental research on supersonic aerodynamic performance is
conducted primarily by the Langley and Ames Research Centers. Primary
emphasis is placed upon evolving supersonic cruise aircraft concepts
which have high levels of supersonic performance, on obtaining suff i-
cient low-speed and supersonic wind tunnel data to permit optimization
of these concepts, and on the development of improved theoretical
methods for use in the design and analysis of both military and com-
mercial supersonic aircraft. The secondary emphasis is on the develop-
ment of a more complete understanding of the sonic boom phenomena which
are so critical to commercial overland supersonic flight.
• Integrated supersonic cruise configuration concepts
which show promise of meeting the demanding require-
ments of future long-range supersonic cruise missions
will be developed by LRC with extensive analyses
and wind tunnel tests. Both “near-term” concepts, which
depend on only small improvements in the related disci-
plines of structures, propulsion, and flight controls
to become viable supersonic cruise aircraft, and “far-
term” concepts which depend on extensive technology
advancements in all areas, will be considered. In
addition, the ARC will give consideration to unconventional
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concepts which might show future promise in an advanced
technology environment.
• The purpose of the theory development program is to
fill the voids apparent in the recent United States
SST program. Needs for improved, and more rapid,
means for supersonic cruise aerodynamic design and
analysis methods; more valid means for predicting
critical wing and fuselage design loads; and methods
for analytically assessing the low—speed, high-lift
aerodynamic performance were indicated during this
program. LaRC will conduct contract studies to meet
the needs for better supersonic and loads methods
while ARC will direct a contract study to fill the
need for improved low-speed methods. The goal is
to combine the improved methods into a unified
design and analysis method which is applicable to
most classes of supersonic aircraft.
• It i8 generally accepted that the future market for
coimnercial supersonic cruise aircraft would be more
than doubled if the sonic boom problem could be
solved of ameliorated. The SCAR sonic boom technology
will be directed towards obtaining a better under-
standing of sonic boom pehnoinena and towards evolving
configuration concepts which have low levels of sonic
boom disturbance.
Major milestones of the SCAR Aerodynamic Performance research are:
Early FY 1975 - Complete Cornell University study of
sonic boom phenomena.
Mid FY 1975 - Extend contracts for improved supersonic
loads, and low-speed theory.
Late FY 1975 — Complete transonic tests of arrow-wing
propulsion and pressure distribution
model.
Need and Releva y
The SCAR Aerodynamic Performance research is for direct support of the
Supersonic Cruise Aircraft Research program. This effort is of pri-
mary relevance to the QA ST focus on basic research on supersonic cruise
aircraft.
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Improved aerodynamic performance in all flight regimes is critical in
the development, of superior military and conm ercial airplanes. A thirty
percent increase in L/D would provide the option for an approximate
thirty percent increase in range or payload capability, In the case
of supersonic coninercial airplanes, the additional constraint of sonic
boom and the need for high levels of low-speed aerodynamic efficiency
to reduce noise, seriously complicate the aerodynamic design and inte-
gration problems. In order to provide the technology for future super-
sonic cruise aircraft with either military or conmercial missions,
advanced configuration concepts must be evolved, advanced theoretical
procedures for use in predicting and optimizing the aerodynamic per-
forinance must be validated, and an extensive data base must be obtained
from wind tunnel tests of representative models. The SCAR Aerodynamic
Performance research is directed toward these needs.
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6. NASA
AIR TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM STUDIES
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SHORT-HAUL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
The objective of this work is to help develop a sound technological
base for future decisions relating to the design, development, and
operation of short—haul transportation systems. This objective will
be achieved through a related group of studies that: examine the re-
lationships between short-haul technology and short-haul economics,
markets, and implementation; identify potential viable short haul
airplane concepts and their design and performance criteria for practi-
cal short-haul transportation systems including consideration of
market, economic, and environmental factors; and, perform sufficient
aircraft design to provide a realistic assessment of technical problems
and questions regarding their design, development and operations, and
their development and operational. costs. These data will be used to
help define the future direction of productive technical (and system
related) activity for short-haul transportation systems. This in-
vestigation will be performed in-house and under contract.
Two contracted studies (Lockheed and Douglas) to determine the opera-
tional and economic viability of turbofan powered propulsive lift
aircraft for short-haul transportation have been completed. Final
reports will be distributed in June. The current contracts have been
extented to (a) allow Lockheed to optimally design and compare the
cYrW/IBF propulsive lift and mechanical flap concepts in terms of noise
impact and operating economics and (b) allow Douglas to determine the
impact on operating economics of the effect of combining terminal
area operations with various engine cycles to minimize community noise
impact for several propulsive lift and mechanical flap concepts.
ANALYSIS OF FUTURE CIVIL AIR TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS AND CONCEPtS
The objective of this study is to provide systems analyses of future
civil air transportation systems and concepts in order to identify
promising aeronautical systems, determine optimum characteristics, and
define technology requirements and costs associated with such systems.
Studies of general aviation aircraft, CtOL, STOL, and VTOL transports,
advanced subsonic/transOfliC transport aircraft, and advanced super-
sonic transports will be conducted. Total system studies will be
carried out considering all of the interactions between aircraft, air-
ports, airways, community impact, and economics (both within the avia-
tion industry and on.a national basis). In addition, studies of a
short term nature will be conducted in support of the aeronautical
program planning activities of ARC and OAST.
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HIGH TRANSONIC SPEED TRANSPORT HiTST) SYSTEM STUDY
The objective of this study is to provide detailed configuration defi-
nition of a high transonic speed transport concept. The contrsct
system study of F? 1973 identified a promising yawed wing aircraft
at the conceptural design level. The study this year will provide
needed definition at a more detailed level, providing in-depth analysis
in several individual new technology areas, and adding credibility to
certain design concepts. Examples of such design. studies would include
fatigue and flutter characteristics of composite structures, low speed
stability and control of yawed wing for emergency maneuvers, and new
engine technology applications for reduced noise.
SUBSONIC/TRANSONIC C/PJOL TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY
SYSTEMS AND DESIGN STUDIES
This work covers systems and design integration studies for subsonic
C/RTOL long and medium-range passenger and cargo transport aircraft.
The objective is three-fold. (1) Make technology advances available
for superior subsonic C/RTOL transport aircraft to satisfy anticipated
requirements in the 1980’s. Anticipated requirements include the
need to improve aircraft cruise efficiency not only for better economics
but also for energy (fuel) savings; to alleviate terminal-area conges-
tion; and to reduce aircraft noise and emissions without suffering
economic penalties. (2) Determine the feasibility of utilizing air-
craft fuels other than JP fuel for subsonic cargo and passenger air-
craft as a potential partial solution to a projected shortage of petrol-
ei in the 1990’s and to identify aircraft—technology requirements
peculiar to alternate fuels. (3) Investigate new approaches to provid-
ing more economical subsonic transport of liquid and solid cargo in
anticipation of the need for a greatly increased air transport of
cargo.
SUBSONIC/SONIC CTOL TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY PROPULSION STUDIES
NASA has initiated an effort to study the application of advanced
technology to the improvement of future coimnercial transport aircraft.
The results were resolved in terms of economic factors involving param-
eters such as aircraft drag, propulsion efficiency, costs, and pro-
pulsion system noise and exhause emissions. Detailed analyses has been
completed through in-house and contract studies and have been documented
in NASA contractor Reports. Results indicated that the environmental
constraints imposed compromises to the the optimum fixed-area turbofan
cycle with resulting economic penalties. The studies also indic ted
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areas where advanced technology would decrease the noise and emissions
and Improve the system economics.
Results of recent studies of unconventional cycles have indicated that
to achieve low noise, variable geometry inlets in conjunction with
variable-area exhaust nozzles will be needed. Also, the use of high
throat Mach number inlets appear to offer significant performance and
economic improvement over inlet splitter rings. Several designs,
including hybrid variable geometry cowls, expanding and translating
centerbody types, and translating ring-type inlets were proposed for
further study.
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7, NASA
GENERAL AVIATION
NOISE TECHNOLOGY
PROGRAMS
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OBJECT WE DOCUMENTAT ION
Title : General Aviation Aerodynamic Technology
Type of Specific Objective
O ( Discipline Study ____ System and Experimental Program
Organizational Element Responsibility
Aerodynamics & Vehicle Systems Division - Roger L. Winblade
Statement of Specific Objective and Targets
Objective: To develop and demonstrate advanced technology for general
aviation use that will permit the design of future U.S. aircraft that
are safer, more productive and clearly superior to foreign competition.
The following targets have been established to provide the advanced
capabilities and design techniques necessary to achieve the stated
objective.
• Flight demonstration in FY 1975 of low speed airfoils
with a 3O increase in CLmgx maintaining the same or
less cruise drag.
• Application of supercritical aerodynamic technology by
all U.S. business jet manufacturers by 1975.
• Flight demonstration by FY 1976 of pilot displays and
control systems to improve flight path control and
landing performance with special application to
- pilot training
- pilots who fly infrequently
- landing at unfamiliar airfield
- night landings
- emergency conditions
• Provide definitive design criteria, test, and evaluation
techniques by FY 1976 for aircraft that will not spin
unintentionally.
• Establish design criteria for airfoil sections and plan-
forms optimized for low noise propellers by FY 1976.
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Approach
Analytical and experimental efforts are directed toc rard the generation
of design data for safer more productive general aviation aircraft.
Simulators, wind tunnels and when appropriate, experimental aircraft
will be utilized in programs addressing the problems and limitations
unique to the general aviation category of aircraft. Improved safety
and utility are predominate factors; however, user requirements, manu-
facturing and cost limitation and certificability are significant
factors in development and conduct of the technology programs.
• Both analytical predictions and wind tunnel testing
have been used to develop a new low speed airfoil
section. The characteristics of the new airfoil show
an increase of 307. , in and a 507 improvement in
L/D when compared to airfoils currently in use.
Experimental flight verification will be accomplished
through the testing of a modified aircraft incorporating
new wings designed with this airfoil section. The
wing design was completed in F? 1973 with fabrication
by a general aviation manufacturer underway in F? 1974.
Detailed flight testing in F? 1975 will provide a
completed data package including analysis, wind
tunnel data, application techniques and flight verifi-
cation.
• Supercritical aerodynamic theory, while developed in
the context of large transports and military aircraft,
will be of significant advantage to business jet air-
craft. Classification of supercritical data requires
implementation of specific agreements under which the
necessary access to data can be authorized. Such
agreements, providing data, technical consultation
and NASA wind tunnel validation of the resulting
designs, are in effect with four U.S. business jet
manufacturers. Discussions are underway with the
remaining two U.S. companies concerning similar
arrangements.
• Direct modulation of the LID ratio has been shown to
provide significant improvements in the precision of
flight path control and reduction in touchdown dis-
persion when properly integrated into the pilot’s
task. The successful completion in FY 1974 of the
direct drag control (plate spoilers) effort to
demonstrate the feasibility of using spoilers on
powered light aircraft is being followed by a similar
effort on direct lift control in F? 1975 and FY 1976.
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An aircraft modified to incorporate the slot spoiler
lift modulation concept will be utilized to obtain
definitive data on effectiveness and operational
characteristics. Simulation and actual flight tests
of an experimental “breadboard” version of a simple
head-up display presenting information on angles of
attack and sideslip as well as airspeed have shown a
beneficial effect on the landing performance of
selected pilots with considerable experience in light
aircraft. Continuing flight verification of this and an
improved prototype version will be performed with pilots
of lesser skills and experience to demonstrate the
effectiveness of the unit and application in the
operational environment.
• The stall/spin problem currently is the largest
single factor in general aviation fatal accidents.
The program initiated at the Langley Research Center
in FY 1973 to define the criteria and design techniques
for spin resistant airplanes is intended to alleviate
that problem. Exploratory investigations will be
conducted at Langley and Ames on both aerodynamic and
avionic methods for preventing stalls and spins.
Wind tunnels, radio controlled models and full scale
aircraft are being used to identify and document
the critical aerodynamic characteristics relative
to spin entry and recovery. Modernization of the
tail damping power factor criteria is a primary
aim of this effort, as is the development and
demonstration of an economically viable radio
controlled model testing technique for preflight
verification of spin characteristics. A compact
and easily-installed spin recovery system employing
monopropellant (hydrogen peroxide) thrusters and
a self contained fuel supply system is to be developed
and flight tested to demonstrate the suitability of
this type of system for basic spin research and possible
use by manufacturers in their spin certification
tests.
• Both in-house and university grant efforts are being
directed toward development of modern design criteria
for propellers. operational and manufacturing compro-
mises have resulted in propellers that currently operate
well below the theoretical maximum efficiencies. During
FY 1975 and 76, concentration will be on application of
advanced aerodynamic theory to optimizing planforms and
airfoil sections for maximum noise. Optimized blade shapes
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will be fabricated from both conventional materials
and composites to investigate potential benefits of the
newer manufacturing techniques.
Need and Relevancy
The impact of general aviation on the air transportation systems in
terms of numbers of operations, flight hours, and people transported
has been well documented. The projected large increases in this ac-
tivity are validated by past history. With 500 million intercity
travelers projected to be using general aviation by 1985, it is impera-
tive that a vigorous technology program be directed at improving the
safety of these operations.
The general aviation industry in the United States currently exports 20
to 307. of its production. This market has been maintained primarily
through the technical superiority of the U.S. manufacturing. Countries
in Europe, South America, and Asia, through government support, are
rapidly developing their general aviation industries. Projections to
the 1985 time period indicate that unless the U.S. industry can gener-
ate aircraft that are technologically superior, the emerging foreign
competition will not only absorb the export market but will make
significant inroads into the domestic market as well.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
Title : Quiet, Clean General Aviation Turbofan
Management Responsibility
David J. Miller/Aeronautical Propulsion Division
Specific Objective
The specific objective of this program is to identify, extend, and
demonstrate the technology applicable to small general aviation turbo-
fans to achieve future environmental requirements with economic
viability.
Targets
• Perform studies to define an experimental technology
demonstration program, January 1976.
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• Contract award February 1976
• Critical design review June 1976
• Delivery of experimental engine for test Nay 1977
Need and Relevancy
The use of small aircraft has the potential to create a more widespread
adverse connnunity reaction to jet noise and pollution than do transport
aircraft. This is so because minor airports used by small aircraft
are apt to be located near suburban residential areas unprotected by
commercial/industrial buffer zones, Jet powered general aviation air-
craft sales are increasing at a faster rate than the rest of general
aviation aircraft.
Existing FAR 36 noise restrictions probably can be met by new production
aircraft. It is probable that these restrictions will be tightened to
require reduced noise levels for the next generation of aircraft.
EPA emissions standards applicable to subsonic gas turbine engines of
less than 8000 lb thrust will enforce a more stringent set of criteria
for all engines manufactured after January 1, 1979. No current small
turbofan or turbojet engine can meet these 1979 emission standards.
Approach
Program definition studies will be accomplished during FY 1975 as part
of the R&T Base Technology program. The studies, to be performed by
general aviation turbofan manufacturers will:
1, Analyze the applicability of large engine technology
(noise/pollution) to general aviation turbofans.
2. Examine other factors significant in improving the
applicability of small turbofans to general aviation.
A program plan will be included as part of the FY 1975 studies.
The Quiet, Clean, General Aviation Turbofan (QCGAT) program will be a
contracted effort. A single contractor will be competitively selected
for the experimental program. This program will include design, fabri-
cation, assembly, and ground tests of the experimental engine. Further
ground testj ng will be performed by NASA. Extensive use will be made
of existing engine component technology and existing engine cores in
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order to hold down costs. Cost sharing will be explored.
There is no intention to proceed into a development program for a
flight demonstrator engine.
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II. DOT AIRCRAFT NOISE PROGRAMS
1. DOT/FAA AIRCRAFT NOISE
PROGRAMS
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SOURCE NOISE REDUCTION PROGRAMS
The objective of this program is to develop a noise source pre-
diction capability for all categories of aircraft. This program in-
volves the investigation and determination of the parameters that
cause or influence the actual generation of noise emanating from
aircraft, definition of noise sources and methods of reduction plus
development of guidelines for changes to the engine and aircraft
configuration required to minimize noise. Aircraft noise source ele-
ments are identified as follows:
• Turbo machinery
• Jet mixing
• Combustion/case
• Propeller and rotor
• Airflow surface interaction
• Lift augmentation
• Reciprocating engine
• Duct acoustic lining
• Aircraft configuration noise shielding
Source noise reduction research and development efforts can conven-
iently be described according to aircraft type: CTOL (transonic, sub-
sonic and supersonic) and V/STOL. The schedule of major activities
is described below and is shown in Table 1. A continuing effort to
update and add to current capabilities is planned for both CTOL and
V/STOL aircraft types through both in-house and contract activities.
It is important that the latest technology in noise prediction and
reduction techniques be readily available so that community exposures
can be accurately estimated and noise control can be implemented by
technologically practicable and economically reasonable regulations.
Core Engine Noise Control
The purpose of this project is to provide theoretical and ex-
permental data to assist the designers in developing future aircraft
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Table 1
AIRCR.AIT NOISE ABATE) NT - - SOUKCE NOISE REDUCI ION
Program Schedule -- 1972-1977
75 76
Progrc E1eeent/Subprogra CY
1972 I_19
I 1976
i977
Source oisc Reduction 202—551
F?
73
74
77
Award
Continuing Effort
n r3 ur
Rcpor t
CTOL. Aircraft
Source Nois Prediction & Reduction
Core Engine Hoia. Control
Prediction of Aircraft Configuration
Effects
General Aviation Aircraft
Retrofit Feasibility
Con arciat Jet Aircraft (SA.M)
Execjtive Jet Aircraft
V/Slot. Aircraft
Source t oise Prediction and R*duction
Jet Propul$ors
A a r d
F =___ I
Award
—s-
Report
Report
727
A ird
707 DC-9
c7 ‘ :7
L ____ I
—I
A .ard
___
Con .inuirz Effort
‘-7
Award Report
1 . J:- T :4 _ TT :
Rotary Propulsorl
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capable of conforming to lower noise levels than are now required by
FAR Part 36. The effort shall be directed to identifying, evaluating,
and controlling the component noise sources inherent in the core en-
gine (the gas generator) which establishes the limit of effectiveness
of the current noise control state-of-the-art.
For the purpose of this project, core engine noise is defined as
the noise produced by the gas generator portion of the gas turbine
engine either solely or as influenced or amplified by the fan dis-
charge, tail pipe, and/or any other portion of the exhaust system.
Core engine noise shall be assumed to radiate only in the aft engine
quadrant and its sources may be generated either upstream or down-
stream of the tail pipe exit plane. Core engine noise shall not be
assumed to contain compressor generated noise radiating from either
the engine inlet or fan exhaust ducting. Core engine noise, however,
may include compressor generated noise transmitted downstream through
the engine flow passages or fan generated noise enhanced by inter-
action with the core engine noise or gas stream.
Prediction of Aircraft Configuration Effects
The purpose of this project is to study the feasibility of use
of aircraft configuration and engine placement to reduce noise propa-
gation to the ground plus development of prediction procedures for
configurations of practical interest.
General Aviation Aircraft
This project covers a survey and definition of the noise charac-
teristic of all general aviation aircraft plus development of suitable
noise prediction capabilities.
Retrofit Feasibility
• Current Comercial Jet Aircraft - The purpose of this project
is to provide test data to assist in determining whether cer-
tain classes of turbofan propelled airplanes in the current
fleet can be modified for meaningful noise reduction in a
feasible manner. Feasibility relates to three key instructions
contained in Public Law 90-411; that is, the noise abatement
methods must be technologically practicable, economically
reasonable, and appropriate for the particular type of air-
craft, aircraft engine appliance, or certificate to which
it will apply. The effort is directed to providing acoustical
treatment, designed to conform to specified noise reduction
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goals. The acoustical treatment may be any hardware or mech-
anical. device, applied either singly or in combination with
the inlet and primary and secondary exhausts that will either
absorb sound or otherwise effect a noise reduction at the
FAR Part 36 measurement p’ositions. Current retrofit programs
for 727 aircraft will be completed in FY 1973; 707, DC-8,
and DC-9 retrofit programs will be completed in FY 1974. The
effort is directed to providing nacelles that are capable of
being certificated. Results to date indicate that the retro-
fitted aircraft can comply with FAR Part 36.
• Executive Jet Aircraft - A retrofit feasibility program cover-
ing business jets is planned to follow the commercial retro-
£ it project. The number of this type of aircraft is more
than one-half that of the commercial fleet considered for
retrofit and is growing rapidly. The purpose of this project
is the same as given above for commercial jets. This program
will draw upon knowledge gained and relate closely to the
commercial jet program covered above. It is scheduled for
completion in FY 1976.
V/STOL
V/STOL aircraft have propulsive lift systems that are distinctly
different from conventional aircraft. Both rotary and jet propulsion
systems are being considered. It is anticipated that V/STOL air-
craft (including helicopters) will supply a major segment of the
short haul transportation requirements in the near future. These
aircraft, which are being considered for city center airports, may
cause substantial increases in noise exposure for adjacent urban
areas and also for suburban areas under the cruise path.
This effort is directed to identification, evaluation and con-
trolling component noise sources inherent in V/STOL systems. Both
jet propulsion and rotary propulsion systems will be studied. Pre-
diction techniques will be developed.
OPERATIONAL NOISE REDUCT ION PROGRAMS
The objective of this program element is the determination, in-
vestigation and measurement of significant factors which affect the
transmission of noise from its source to the airport community. Ele-
ments are identified as follows:
• Aircraft Operational Procedures
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• Atmospheric Parameters
Operational noise reduction is a continuing effort through both in-
house and contract activities. Information developed will be used
to update FAR Part 36, and in future noise rules. Projects apply to
certification measurement and compliance.
The operational noise reduction program plan is presented in
Table 2 and elements of the program are discussed below.
Noise Propagation Measurement and Evaluation
This program element will include studies of ground attenuation
and of the importance of temperature and humidity measurements along
the noise propagation path versus ground measurements only in correct-
ing flyover noise measurements to standard conditions as currently
required by FAR Part 36. This project could provide a refinement to
FAR Part 36 and to improved accuracy in calculation of noise exposure
areas.
Noise Measurement
This program involves development of methc ds and equipment for
noise measurement. The project objectives are to develop noise mea-
surement systems with capabilities suitable for certification research,
studies of noise abatement operating procedures, long-range noise
propagation, and con iiunity noise exposure. Certification measurement
capability objectives include couimercial subsonic and supersonic
aircraft, general aviation including business jets, plus VTOL and
STOL aircraft.
Increasing air traffic brings with it increasing complexity in
airport noise patterns and as a consequence, more complete automatic
and sophisticated measurements will be needed to determine the extent
of the noise exposure. It would therefore be technologically advan-
tageous to develop noise measurement systems capable of handling ex-
tensive measurement tasks, at greater accuracies, then the conven-
tional systems.
NOISE EVALUATION AND RESPONSE
The objective of this program element is to determine the effect8
of noise on individuals and on the coninunity as a whole; to develop
methods required to predict the reaction of coninunities to noise
resulting from varying numbers and types of aircraft; and to develop
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Table 2
AIRCRAIT NOISE ABATEMENT -- OPERATIONAL NOISE REDUCTION, NOISE EVALUATION AND RESPONSE
Program Schedule -- 1972-1977
C’
O erattonaI oLse Reduetton
Research and Technology 8a1e
Notes Propagation Iea5urc ent
and Evaluation
Noiss Msaiurs ,ent Syitsais
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and/or refine acceptable yardsticks for evaluation and rating of var-
ious levels of aircraft noise. The program schedule is included in
Table 2. Elements of noise evaluation and response are identified
as follows:
• Noise exposure evaluation
• Counnunity response surveys
• Subjective noise evaluation
• Psychoacoustic studies
• Noise exposure forecasting
Research to improve the technology base in this area is a continuing
effort through both in-house and contract activities.
Current and planned projects are outlined below:
Noise Exposure
• Noise Evaluation and Community Response - The purpose of this
project is the development of accurate and comprehensive noise
evaluation criteria suitable for application to all CTOL
aircraft including business jets and also suitable for appli-
cation to V/STOL aircraft.
Psychoacoustic laboratory and field tests will be con-
ducted on response of human beings to aircraft sounds and
noise evaluation measures developed for regulatory purposes
by statistical correlation of test results. Investigations
will be made of the significance of various annoyance factors
such as multiple tones, speech interference, amplitude and
duration of tones, doppler shift, low frequency effects,
transient and impulse effects, and the rate of onset and in-
tensity on duration.
• Noise Certification Criteria - Objectives cover development
of techniques for noise measurement and analysis for use in
certification of all aircraft categories, refinements to FAR
Part 36 for CTOL aircraft plus development of criteria for
business jets and V/STOL aircraft. Included are considera-
tions of multi-segment or complex flight paths plus data ac-
quisition and analysis systems. Work will include measurement
and analysis of the aircraft noise and determination of
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procedures and equipment which will promote development of
measurement and analysis standards.
SOURCE SONIC BOOM REDUCTION PROGRAMS
FAR Part 91.55 prohibits civil aircraft operations at true flight
speeds greater than Mach 1 to prevent any sonic booms from reaching
the ground. However, it is known that it is possible to fly up to
speeds of Mach 1.4 without causing a sonic boom to reach the ground
under certain conditions. Therefore, a demonstration was conducted
during 1973 utilizing simulated operational te chniques for long-
range cross-country supersonic flights at Threshold Mach Number (Be-
tween 1.0 and 1.3) which theoretically did not generate sonic booms
on the ground. This is Phase II of a four phase effort to develop
a definition of the air and ground system requirements for successful
supersonic Thresholds Mach Number operation. During 1974, based on
Phase II results, conduct a SR-71 (YF-12) or F-Ill transcontinental
flight at Threshold Mach Number and not produce a sonic boom on the
ground. Define and update the system requirements for boomless super-
sonic transcontinental flight during 1975 through 1977.
OPERATIONAL SONIC BOOM REDUCTION PROGRAMS
This effort will provide, during 1973, two prototype digital
lightweight inexpensive sonic boom recorders for future field use to
provide an improved capability to record signature data during sonic
boom test and monitoring programs. Based on prototype tests results
during 1974, obtain production units for operational test program
during 1975. The FAA will also provide atmospheric sounding aircraft
during joint FAA, NASA, USAP, and NOAA operational programs to obtain
real-time atmospheric data (winds, turbulence, and temperature) for
use in long-range Threshold Mach Number operational feasibility
studies during 1973 through 1975, i.e., boomless transcontinental
supersonic flights. Program schedules are in Tables 3 and 4.
Sonic Boom Atmospheric Effects
Studies are being conducted to identify measureable features of
the atmosphere, both large scale and small scale, which cause statis-
tical variations in sonic boom measurements. Attention will be given
during 1974 through 1977 to establishment of a correlation between
observed overpressure variability and local atmospheric conditions to
provide a basis for prediction of that variability. The program will
include theoretical and experimental work aimed at determining sonic
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Table 3. SONIC BOOM--SOURCE SONIC BOOM REDUCTION, OPERATIONAL SONIC BOOM REDUCTION
WOGRAM SCHEDULE -- 1972— 1977
73 74 75 76 77
Program Eleinent/ Subprogram CY
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
Source Sonic Boom Reduction
Phase I Phase L Phase 11 Phase IV
Final Trans System Final
RFP Award Report Flight RIP Award Report
Supersonic boomless flight _______V V V V V V ________V
research I ____________ ____________ ____________ _________
I-
Phas I Phase II Phase III
Ft. Worth F-1l1/F-8 opera— Award Report Report Report Final ReLort
tional research boomlees flight; V V V V V
other operational program ___________ ___________ _____ I
Operational Sonic Boom Reduction
De- Fiel 2 Prototype
Sonic boom signature prototype Award livery Test Recorder
digital recording system V V V V
Operation, maintenance, and data I
collect ion during operational
programs
-------
Tabi. 4
SONIC BOOM -- SONIC BOOM EVALUATION AND RESPONSE
ProgrAm Schedule -- 1972-1977
FY J 73 I i4 f
-J
C
75 1
76 f
77
Pro;ra Ete ent/Subprograc CY
1972
1173 1974
1975
1976
1971
Sante !ooa Evaluation ard Rosoonse
Award Final Report
Sonic Soon Certification Prograe:
A btent noise effect on bo a loudneis
SubJective evaluation of sonic boos
perceived level; startle and coouunity
response
I
Award Final Repart Award
U
I
i
Final Report
J
Wildlife Anteal Respense (Ft. Worth)
other operational prograas
Award Final Repart Award
Award Final Report
Final
Report
V
Effects on structures
Glass danage preduction wodel, Plaster,
Eric-A-Brac, and other oateriai.
1c7
j
Award Final 1 uport
‘ 3
Award Final
Report
Response of warine life; follow-on study
Award final l eport
-j
Award
Final Report
Applicability of existIng calculation
procedures to sonic 500w noise
1
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boom pressure signatures associated with aircraft operations at or
near Threshold Mach Number.
Sonic Boom Criteria
A sonic boom criteria research program is currently working to
develop better technical and social criteria for sonic boom in accor-
dance with Public Law 90-411 to form definitive guidelines upon which
to base government and industry policies for both the design and regu-
lation of supersonic and transonic commercial aircraft. The objective
is to develop a consistent technical rationale based on the multiple
technical and social criteria found from research that will assist
in revising and updating administrative policies and decisions re-
garding certification limits and provide industry with a design window
for supersonic operations.
Sonic Boom Effects on Structures
Structural damage due to moderate sonic booms has been primarily
centered on damage to glass, plaster and bric-a-brac. Glass breakage
is of primary importance. During 1974 and 1975 this work will de-
velop sonic boom criteria in terms of equivalent response of windows
to such natural forces as wind gusts, thunder and in terms of building
codes applicable to window glass installation. This program will
include flight programs, as well as simulator studies.
Test of Existing Noise Calculation Procedures Applicability to Sonic
Boom
During 1973 and 1974, test the applicability of existing calcu-
lation procedures which scale annoyance and loudness reactions to
steady state, time varying, and impulse noise. The object is to de-
velop a simple method that would apply equally well to a variety of
noises which would then be highly useful for multiple regulatory
missions.
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2. DOT/FAA JULY 25, 1974 TESTINONY ON AIRCRAFT
NOISE PROGRAMS BEFORE THE HOUSE
SUBCOMMITTEE ON AERONAUTICS
AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
-------
STATEMENT OF FREDERICK A. MEISTER, ACTING ASSOCIATE ADMINISTRATOR
FOR POLICY DEVELOPMENT AND REVIEW, FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION,
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, BEFORE THE ROUSE COMMITTEE ON SC IENCE
AND ASTRONAUTICS, SUBCOMMII-rEE ON AERONAUTICS AN)) SPACE TECHNOLOGy,
JULY 25, 1974, REGARDING AIRCRAFT NOISE ABATEMENT EFFORTS.
Thank you for the opportunity to appear before you today, Mr. Chairman.
I am Frederick A. Meister, FAA Acting Associate Administrator for
Policy Development and Review. Appearing with me today are Charles
R. Foster, Director of the Department of Transportation Office of
Noise Abatement, and Richard P. Skully, Director of the FAA Office
of Environmental Quality.
In passing the Noise Control Act of 1972 the Congress declared it to
be the policy of the United States “to promote an environment for
all Americans free from noise that jeopardizes their health or
welfare.” The Congress further authorized and directed Federal agencies
to carry out the programs within their control in such a manner as
to further that declared policy of the United States “to the fullest
extent consistent with their authority under Federal laws administered
by them.” Section 7(b) of the Noise Control Act directs the Adminis-
trator of the Federal Aviation Administration to prescribe such regu-
lations as the FAA may find necessary to provide for the control and
abatement of aircraft noise “in order to afford present and future
relief and protection to the public health and welfare.” (emphasis
added).
3y statute it is the FAA which has the responsibility, after con-
sultation with the Secretary of Transportation and EPA, to prescribe
standards for measuring aircraft noise and for prescribing regulations
for the control and abatement of aircraft noise.
Mr. Chairman, the FAA is taking this Congressional mandate seriously
and is in the process of implementing an aggressive program to control
and abate aircraft noise. As evidence of our resolve to help achieve
a better environment for all Americans, steps have been taken to
double the size of the FAA Office of Environmental Quality. In addi-
tion, the Administrator has recently released a draft FAA Five Year
Environmental Program which defines FAA environmental policy and
delineates a five-year program designated to iniplement;that policy.
Three parts of our overall noise abatement program relate to the
design and operation of aircraft.
First is the imposition of maximum noise limits for all types of air-
craft to insure that individual aircraft noise levels will not increase
as newer, more powerful aircraft types are desi ried, and to insure
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that the best available noise reduction technology is included in the
design of all new aircraft. In 1969, the FAA promulgated Federal Avia-
tion Regulation Part 36 which put a lid on the escalation of aircraft
noise levels of new subsonic turbojet transport aircraft. In 1973,
Part 36 was amended to include ne*ly produced aircraft, including those
of older designs not previously covered. As you know, we have pro-
posed a retrofit regulation to cover all large civil transport air-
craft, requiring that older models not previously covered be modified
to lower their noise levels to at least Part 36 limits. That proposal
will be the subject of detailed discussion in a moment. We will soon
promulgate a regulation limiting the noise levels of propeller-driven
airplanes. The final Environmental Impact Statement for this regu-
latory action is in the process of being forwarded to the Council on
Environmental Quality. We have solicited public reaction to our
proposal to establish noise limits for short haul aircraft, and we
are preparing a proposal for noise limits for civil supersonic air-
craft. In this step-by-step manner, we are setting maximum noise
limits for all categories of civil aircraft.
The second step in our program involves the use of approach and depar-
ture operational procedures which will reduce noise impact around
our airports. The FAA views the control of aircraft noise through
the use of operational procedures to be a promising and practical means
for obtaining early noise relief. We have for many years been experi-
menting with takeoff and approach procedures, passive and dynamic
preferential runway procedures, noise abatement routing, and terminal
area handling of aircraft to achieve noise control.
Noise abatement takeoff operating procedures designed to provide maxi-
mum separation between aircraft and the communities overflown were
developed jointly by FAA and ATA and are now in wide use.
Noise abatement approach operating procedures developed jointly by FAA
and NASA include a two-segment glide slope which provides noise re-
duction by use of lower power settings and higher altitudes during
the initial phase of an approach. A few airlthes have been using two-
segment approaches safely and efficiently for over one year during
VFR weather conditions. The joint NASA/PM research on two-segment
approaches has reached the point where in-service operational imple-
mentation is progressing under instrument flight rule (IFR) conditions
as well. In fact, a major airline has conducted in-service operations
for NASA with a B-727 aircraft under VFR and IFR weather conditions.
NASA is currently working with United Air Lines on two-segment ap-
proaches utilizing Douglas DC-8 aircraft. The FAA has recently issued
an Advance Notice of Proposed Rule Making seeking advice and comments
on this two-segment approach procedure. I will give you a rundown
of the comments received to date later on.
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Another means of maximizing aircraft to ground separation distances
to provide coninunity noise relief is to change allowable minimum alti.
tudes. The utilization of higher minimum altitudes as a means of
achieving noise reduction has been implemented and is providing sig-
nificant noise relief. An Advisory Circular was published in August
1972 to deal directly with VFR flight near noise sensitive areas.
This has resulted in pilots making VFR flights near recreational and
park areas, churches, hospitals, schools, and similar areas at higher
altitudes than previously flown and permitted by regulation in order
to reduce aircraft noise impact on the ground.
The third step in our program, oriented more for the future, is the
progressive reduction of present permissible noise levels. We are not
content with present noise levels - - we are striving constantly to
improve the state-of-the-art to lower these noise levels. Part 36
limits have now been in effect four and one-half years, and we are
giving serious consideration to proposing a lowering of those limits
to increase their stringency. We will of course continue to support
effective research to develop and demonstrate just what future reduc-
tions may be feasible. And so, in brief, this covers that portion of
our aircraft noise abatement program relating to the design and opera-
tion of aircraft.
I would like to turn now to a discussion of the retrofitting of the
current coninercial jet fleet to meet FAR 36 standards.
The technical development of means for quieting the present fleet has
been underway for more than six years. This joint industry-government
effort has resulted in the expenditure of well in excess of $100 mil-
lion. The major steps taken in this program were as follows: first,
an early NASA program provided proof of the technical concept of using
sound-absorbing materials in nacelles, which I shall refer to as SAM,
to control aircraft noise; second, an FAA nacelle jet suppression and
flight test program was conducted; third, feasibility studies and
flight demonstrations were made, followed by actual certification of
the Boeing 727 and 737 and the Douglas DC-9; and, finally, a decision
was made that we were ready to initiate formal regulatory action as
required by law. On March 27, 1974, a Notice of Proposed Rule Making
was published which, if adopted, will provide the means of assuring
that all currently available acoustic technology is applied to in-
service coninercial aircraft. The rule would require that subsonic
turbojet aircraft, having maximum weights of 75,000 pounds or more,
to conform to Part 36 noise leve ls by not later than July 1, 1978.
Behind this proposed rule is our conviction that utilizing the tech-
nology of sound absorbing material in engine nacelles is available now
for providing additional, significant relief from aircraft noise.
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Before we embarked upon this rulemaking procedure, Mr. Chairman, we
had to assure ourselves that the SAM nacelle treatment would provide
meaningful relief, that is, we were looking for a reduction in noise
levels which would be sufficient to significantly reduce annoyance
levels for persons living near airports. I would like to point to
three important items of evidence which in my view go a long way
toward dispelling any doubts that the SAM retrofit program would pro-
vide that meaningful relief.
First, it is a fact that today’s airport neighbors notice and appre-
ciate the reduced noise levels of the new wide bodied aircraft. These
aircraft meet the same Part 36 noise levels as the older aircraft
would meet with the SAN retrofit.
Second, a joint FAA-Boeing Company project, which culminated in May
1973 flyover demonstrations for members of Congress and the public
at Dulles International Airport, demonstrated that takeoff noise re-
ductions of 11 EPNdB and approach noise reductions of 15 EPNdB were
achievable using nacelles quieted with sound absorbing material on
a JT3D-po’wered Boeing 707 aircraft. There was general agreement among
those witnessing the flyovers of a B-707 treated with sound absorbing
material in a configuration capable of being certificated and a B-707
without such material, that the noise reduction was highly significant
and clearly perceivable.
Third, a NASA-sponsored approach noise study conducted by Professor
Paul N. Borsky of the Columbia University Noise Research Unit has
concluded that significant reductions in annoyance resulted from the
use of exposure to synthesized nacelle treatments equivalent to a
JT8D-powered Boeing B-727 with the SAN treatment as compared to a stan-
dard B-727 aircraft. Professor Borsky, of Columbia’s School of Public
Health, College of Physicians and Surgeons, is one of the world’s
leading experts in assessing community response to aircraft noise. He
used test subjects living in the vicinity of Kennedy International
Airport. Significantly, there was a 50 reduction in the number of
test subjects who had expressed highest annoyance to the standard
Boeing 727 aircraft as compared to the acoustically treated B-727.
This 50 reduction was achieved with a difference of 6 EPNdB between
he two aircraft. We would anticipate a very meaningful response for
:he Boeing 707 mentioned a few moments ago relative to the Dulles
flyover demonstrations.
I would also like to point out that in addition to the SAN retrofit
it is possible to tailor approach and departure procedures to achieve
even greater relief than can be achieved by SAN. The two-segment
approach procedure and a power reduction on takeoff are examples of
procedures we are investigating.
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Next I would like to give you a rundown of the couments received on
the fleet retrofit NPRM and the two-segment approach Advance NPRM.
Nearly 600 comments were received on the retrofit NPRM, of which some
500 were from private citizens and citizen groups. The overwhelming
majority of citizens and citizen groups were for immediate proniulga-
tion of the final rule. With regard to the industry, the Air Trans-
port Association and commenting air carriers expressed total opposi-
tion to the proposed rule as written. Particular concern was expressed
over the possibility of performance penalties and ..,the amount of benefit
considering the price tag. Regarding the manufacturers, the Aerospace
Industries Association of America and the Boeing Company, while not
opposing the rule as such, expressed little enthusiasm and support for
an immediate go ahead, while the Douglas Aircraft Company was firm
in its opposition to the rule. The international carrier community,
represented by IATA., and several foreign governments expressed oppo-
sition for several reasons. A further discussion of the international
reaction will be given a little later.
U.S. Airport Operators, whose jurisdictions are facing a total of some
$4 billion in aircraft noise damage claims, strongly endorsed and
urged immediate adoption of the rule. From this group we heard from
some 25 city, county and state airport or transportation authorities
plus the airport operator associations.
Private aircraft owners and operators did not, in general, support
the rule, expressed doubt that SAM would produce appreciable relief
and expressed concern over the program’s expense.
We also heard from the Department of State, which expressed concern
over unilateral U.S. action, and the Environmental Protection Agency,
which concluded that the proposed regulation represents a substantial
step in the right direction.
By the way, with regard to comments received on the two-segment approach
Advance NPRM, the line-up was roughly the same. Private citizens, citi-
zen groups, city governments and airport operators favored adoption of
the two-segment approach. Those opposed included ALPA, AOPA, NBAA
and the International interests. Those expressing strong reservations
were ATh, Boeing and GAMA..
There are two basic problem areas associated with putting the retro-
fit rule into effect, namely, the international implications of the
rule and the problem of how the retrofit program should be financed.
I would now like to discuss these two problem areas.
The retrofit NPR.M applies not only to U.S. registered aircraft, but
also to foreign civil subsonic turbojet powered aircraft of 75,000
pounds or more that land or takeoff in the United States. The inclusion
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of foreign civil aircraft was considered essential because the air-
ports having the most serious noise problems are generally those served
most frequently by foreign operators. The bulk of coni ents received
from the international coumunity took strong exception to the pro-
posed rule on the basis that it amounted to unilateral action in an
area which ICAO should coordinate. The Department of State expressed
concern over possible proliferation of conflicting standards affecting
international civil aviation if the United States took unilateral ac-
tion without either reaching agreement through ICAO, or at least by
coordinating plans with other major civil aviation countries.
The international problems associated with the rule are difficult, but
their impact has not been ignored. In fact, last month Administrator
Butterfield met in Montreal with ICAO President Binaghi, the Secretary
General of ICAO, a number of the members of the Secretariat, Council
members and Air Navigation Coianissioners. The Administrator made it
clear to Dr. Binaghi that it was not the desire of FAA to act uni-
laterally and that we continued to support a multilateral approach.
He did not, however, coninit the United States to multilateral agree-
ment with respect to the retrofit requirement because we are still
considering foreign aircraft operating into the United States for in-
clusion in our aircraft noise reduction actions. We are hopeful that
our actions in this area will stimulate multilateral action similar
to the multilateral action which followed the issuance of Part 36.
The question of financing the retrofit program is central to a deci-
sion to put the proposed rule into effect. We know the program will
be expensive, some $600 to $700 million to retrofit the existing fleet.
I believe this issue, more than any other, accounts for the industry’s
lack of support.
In issuing the NPRM we solicited reconinendations for financing the
cost of the retrofit program. A number of suggestions were made,
including use of the Airport and Airways Trust Fund, long term, low
interest government loans to private operators, surcharges on passen-
ger tickets and cargo way bills and increased air fares to allow the
carriers to recover costs.
We have reviewed the various financing alternatives, and, while we have
reached no conclusions on the shape of a final plan, some tentative
decisions have been made. First we are opposed to direct Federal fund-
ing; we believe, instead, that the users of our air transportation
system, the passengers and shippers, should, as a matter of pri nciple,
pay for the costs of retrofit. At present we believe that the best
means to achieve this goal would be the establishment of a special
fund, supported by nominal enpianement and cargo way bill surcharges
proportionate to the aircraft modification costs for each segment of
the air. carrier industry. Such a plan would cover only domestic
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operations; the international operations of U.S. carriers would have
to be handled separately.
Mr. Chairman, NASA has played a vital role with us in the abatement
of aircraft noise. Through the Joint DOT/NASA Office of Noise Abate-
ment we have an effective vehicle for assuring an integrated research
and technology program. We have both supported and worked with EPA
in its role in coordinating noise research as specified in the Noise
Control Act. The three agencies have worked closely together at the
staff and Administrator levels to marshall the Federal aircraft noise
abatement effort. For example, this Monday I represented Administra-
tor Butterfield, who was appearing before the Senate Appropriations
Subcommittee, in a meeting with Undersecretary Barnum, Administrator
Fletcher and Assistant Administrator Strelow representing Administra-
tor Train, to review our efforts, particularly with respect to the
refan program and FAA’s regulatory actions. The DOT/FAA position
expressed at that meeting was that there is more than an adequate tech-
nical and economic basis for a decisiOn at this time to proceed with
regulatory action. Assuming that all objectives of the refan program
would be achieved, the cost-effectiveness picture, in our view, will
be unchanged.
In considering the relative merits of SAM versus refan in our rule-
making efforts, we have considered the following factors as being of
primary significance.
First, the SAN modification offers the earliest meaningful relief.
With reference to time, we believe that completion of a refan retrofit
program would be at least three years behind completion of the SAN
retrof it program.
Second, the refan program does not apply to the noisiest aircraft in
the fleet, the JT3D-powered Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-B.
Third, refan represents at best a promise of future relief since the
present program is limited to flight testing of the Douglas DC-9 and
ground testing of the Boeing 727. No work is presently being done
with the JT8D-powered Boeing 737. Work on the B-737 terminated with
the Phase I design effort. Additional work and funding would be re-
quired for the refanned B-737 to be a candidate for any future rule-
making.
Fourth, the ref an program is considerably more costly than the SAN
retrofit program. For example, the SAN retrofit of the entire fleet
is estimated to cost approximately $600 to $700 million for investment
with total program cost over the remaining life of the modified air-
craft approaching $1 billion. In comparison, the coithination program
of using refan for JT8D-powered aircraft and the use of SAN for
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JT3D-powered aircraft would cost approximately $2.8 billion for in-
vestment with total. program cost of $5 billion. In terms of one air-
craft, the Boeing 727, the cost of refanning would be roughly eight
to ten times the cost of using the SAN retrofit. The B-727 with the
SAM modification provides the same noise reduction on approach as
the refanned B-727.
The relative cost-effectiveness of the two aircraft modification pro-
grams has, as you know, been a part of our 23 U.s. airport analysis.
This effort, begun some time ago, provides the DOT/FAA with information
needed to evaluate a wide range of aircraft and airport noise abate-
ment alternatives. We have completed the 23-airport study, and the
cost-effectiveness results have not changed substantially from those
reported to you last December on the basis of the first six airports.
These results are presented in terms of (1) airport neighbors subjected
to two levels of noise exposure, (2) land areas around the 23 airports
impacted by airport noise, and (3) effective changes in the noise ex-
posure index. All of these indicators provide the same conclusions:
first, the SAN program is significantly more cost-effective than the
potential SAM/Refan program; and, second, effectiveness will be ob-
tained earlier with the SAN program.
For example, with respect to the people removed from the noise exposure
areas of NEF 30 and NEF 40, and looking forward to 1987, the end period
of the study, we find that for an expenditure of $1 billion for SAM,
we remove 125,000 of the 300,000 people that would be residing in the
NEF 40 area. For an expenditure of $5 billion for refanning the JT8D
and SANming the JT3D, 220,000 people would be removed. An additional
expenditure of $4 billion dollars for the refan/SAN program would
remove 95,000 people from the NEF 40 area. In the NEF 30 contour, the
$1 billion SAM program will remove 600,000 of the 2,700,000 people,
whereas the $5 billion refan/SAN program will remove 1,900,000 people.
In brief, the results of this study are consistent with our earlier
conclusion that the action proposed in our Notice of Proposed Rule
Making on March 27, 1974, will provide the earliest meaningful relief
to airport neighbors through a program which is technologically avail-
able and economically reasonable. I am submitting a detailed Informa-
tion flrief describing the results of this study for the record, Mr.
Chairman. And, Mr. Foster is prepared to provide a brief summary of
this study if you desire.
With regard to the goal of 10 EPNdB reduction per decade identified
in the CARD study, we feel that for this first decade we will be able
to achieve the goal, generally speaking. Looking ahead to the next
and succeeding decades, however, we are reaching the point of diminish-
ing returns with foreseeable technology. We will continue to assess
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developing noise reduction technology ‘with the idea of keeping our
regulatory program apace.
In concluding, I would like to make the following remarks.
Noise is a major problem impeding further growth of the air transpor-
tation industry. Aircraft noise has brought increased pressure to
limit flight operations and restrict flight paths as well as to m i-
pose night curfews. Airport operators are faced with aircraft noise
related suits involving potential muitimillion dollar judgments.
Congress recognized this serious impediment to air transportation in-
dustry growth and the serious implications regarding the health and
welfare of the Nation’s population when it passed the Noise Control
Act of 1972.
We have developed a retrofit program which offers great promise of
the earliest relief which Congress mandated be afforded. There has
been some concern expressed by Congressional Committees about our
moving ahead with the retrofit rule prior to obtaining the final re-
suits of the refan test to be completed next year. We of course fully
appreciate these views, and before publishing a final rule we will
present to those committees our reasons for moving forward. We feel
confident that we will have their support for any action that we take
to advance our noise abatement program in a cost-effective way. Our
present posture is to continue with the regulatory process to work
toward a resolution of the difficult problems associated with the
proposed rule, such as the financing and international aspects. Only
when we are satisfied that we have solved these problems will we be
in a position to make a final decision on the rule.
Thank you for your attention to this rather lengthy testimony, Mr.
Chairman. I and my associates are available to answer any questions
you may have.
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3. DOT/0MA AIRCRAFT NOISE PROGRA
-------
The DOT has university grants for fundamental studies in noise sup-.
pression. These studies are briefly described with funding indicated.
1. University of Southern California Contract
DOT-OS-000-2
Title: Modeling Noise
An exttemely elaborate and quiet facility has been constructed to
isolate the jet noise sources. The elimination of upstream and
outside noise contamination will allow for accurate measure of
the noise from the jet alone by use of a sophisticated noise
collection reflector-microphone combination connected to a tra-
versing device. The sources or distribution contributing to
the overall jet noise is thus determined. The large scale struc-
ture of jet turbulence is being investigated as a possible major
contributor to jet noise.
Funding: (Thousands of Dollars)
FY73 FY74 Fy75 FY76
75 75 50 50
2. University of Syracuse New York Contract
DOT-OS- 20094
Title: Noise Reduction from Supersonic Jet Flow with Co-Axial Jets
The objective of this program is to study the mechanism of jet
noise reduction in co-axial jet8 when the individual jets are op-
erating under unique conditions that lead to a strong shock forma-
tion and hence to subsonic flow conditions a small distance outside
the nozzle exit. Under these conditions the jet noise is signifi-
cantly reduced below that condition of operation that does not form
into a strong coalesced shock. The specific objectives will be to
(1) verify the existence of the minimum noise condition for larger
jets and to study the scaling laws, (2) establish the effects of
temperature on noise reduction for co-axial jets, and (3) study
those phenomena with 2 and 3 co-axial elements.
Funding: (Thousands of Dollars)
FY73 FY74 FY76
75 75 75
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3. California Institute of Technology Contract
DOT-OS-20197
Title: Jet Combustion Noise
The purpose of this study is t investigate experimentally and
theoretically the noise generated by combustion inhomogeneities
as they pass through nozzles or turbine buckets. Theoretically,
it has been shown that a pressure disturbance gets amplified on
passing through a nozzle, likewise a temperature oscillation in
the chamber leads to noise generation and it too gets amplified
on passing through a nozzle or turbine. These factors will be
studied.
Funding: (Thousands of Dollars)
FY73 FY74 FY75
147 50 50
4. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Contract
DOT-OS-300ll
Title: Acoustic Material Research
The purpose of this study is to determine the characteristics of
acoustic liners in ducts that have an added mechanical inertance
that acts to lower the natural frequencies of Helznholtz resonators
with a given backing depth thus allowing for the absorption of low
frequency acoustic energy in the duct. This development is impor-
tant for application to problems involving the reduction of low
frequency noise from fans and combustion.
Funding: (Thousands of Dollars)
FY73 FY74 FY75
33 35 35
5. The University of Texas at Austin Contract
DOT- OS-41 17
Title: Effects of Non-Linearity on Jet Noise Propagation
The purpose of this contract is to study the non-linearity effects
in the propagation of intense noise. Non-linearity causes an in-
creased attenuation of the noise, a spectral redistribution of
the energy, and decreased cross correlation between the source and
receiver waveforms. The question is posed as to whether these
188
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effects are important for jet noise propagation. Specific work
will include conversion of the already existing plane wave analysis
into a spherical spreading one; use of the modified analysis to
predict the propagation distortion for noise from an actual intense
jet noise source.
Funding: (Thousands of Dollars)
FY74 FY75
18 20
6. North Carolina State University Contract
DOT- OS-40 056
Title: On the Origin of Combustion Generated Noise
The objective of the program is to present a theory capable of
explaining the observed characteristics of combustion noise whose
validity does not hinge on the assumptions employed and on the
particular situation considered. Starting from the exact multi-
fluid equations of a reacting gas mixture, the mechanism of com-
bustion generated noise for open and confined flames is identified.
The derivation parallels the procedure employed by Lighthill and
Curie and does not depend on simplifying assumptions. It is shown
that the pressure fluctuation is a sum of two terms. The first is
prepertional to the overall density fluctuation and the second is
a linear coi ination of the density fluctuations of the various
species. At present, a reliable esti ate of combustion noise
cannot be made; a complete understanding of the problem first re-
4 i1res the identification of the sources of the noise due to corn-
büstion and scaling laws and the effects of confinement on the
propagation.
Funding: (Thousands of Dollars)
FY74 FY75 FY76
25 30 25
7. General Electric Company Contract
DOT-OS-3003 4
Title: High Velocity Jet Noise Source Location and Reduction
Program
The overall objective is to investigate the promising suppression
concepts that will result in the greatest noise suppression with
189
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the least degradation of performance over flight speed ranges of
interest for the potential types of engine cycles. The theoretical
understanding of these more complex nozzle concepts presents a
great challenge and is a fundamental part of the objective of this
program.
The detailed investigation of the basic phenomena which affect the
source locations, source strength, and noise reduction potential
of high velocity jet noise is directed towards the following pro-
gram objectives:
• Investigation of the aerodynamic and acoustic mechanisms
of various jet noise suppressors for subsonic and super-
sonic jets, including scaling effects.
• Analytical and experimental studies of the acoustic source
distribution in such suppressors, including identification
of source location, nature and strength, and noise reduc-
tion potential.
• Investigation of in-flight effects on the aerodynamic and
acoustic performance of these suppressors.
The results of these investigations will lead to the preparation
of a prediction guide report for predicting the overall charac-
teristics of suppressor concepts, i.e., for models, full-scale
static, and in-flight conditions, as well as a quantitative and
qualitative analytical prediction of the phenomena involved.
The work effort in this program is organized under the following
major categories:
Task 1 - Activation of Facilities and Validation of Source
Techniques
Task 2 - Theoretical Developments and Basic Experiments
Task 3 - Experimental Investigation of Suppression Principles
Task 4 - Development and Evaluation of Techniques for !IIfl..
Flight” Investigation
Task 5 - Investigation of “In-Flight” Aero-Acoustic Effects
on Suppressed Exhausts
Task 6 - Preparation of Noise Abatement Nozzle Prediction
Guide Report.
See Figures 14 and 15 for funding and schedule.
190
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HIGh VELOCITY JET NOISE SOURCE LOCATION AND REDUCTION
• OVERALL PROGRAM PlAN
}1O? THS
1 - Activation of Faci-
lities and Valida-
tion of Source Loca-
tion Techniques
• Work Plan
2 - Theoretical Develop-
inent and Basic Ex-
periments
• Work Plan
3 - Experimental Inves-
tigation of Suppres-
sion Principles
• Work Plan
4 - Development/Evalua-
tion of Techniques
for ‘In-Flight” In-
vestigation
• Work Plan
5 - Investigation of
“In-Flight” Aero-
Acoustic Effects on
Suppressed Exhausts
• Work Plan
6 - Preparation of
Noise Abatement Noz-
zle Prediction Guide
Progress Reports
Oral Presentations
l 74
J F MA MJ J
1975 ‘ S 1976 4— 1977
ASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJA SOND IFMAMJJA
— —
TASKS
— 1973 —4
J A S 0 N D
:L_
A
I -.
- 4
3-
T
I
DRAFT
- - Alit
L 3AAAAAL A4 AA4
TT I III i i
H i2 l HIt
11111 1 1i1 I ii
FIGURE 14
-------
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROGRAM EXPENDITURE SCHEDULE
• ALL TASKS (1 - 6)
• CUMULATIVE DOLLARS
• CosT INCLUDES IR & D/GA, ETC.
TOTAL PROGRAM —
5,0— —
—
INTERAGENCY TOTAL GE DWA
DOLLARS —
— FUNDING IREQU1RE
1 MENTS
— — —. -.
3.0—
MILLIONS
Cosi IN
DOLLARS
OF$ 2.0
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I II I I
JF MAMJJ ASOND JFM AMJJ AS ONDJ FM AMJJASO ND
—1973 ‘ 19Th 4 1975 1976
FIGURE 15
-------
8. Virginia Polytechnic Institute Contract
DOT-OS- 50047
Title: Suppression of Multiple Pure Tones
This is a program to evaluate an advanced acoustic concept for
the suppression of multiple pure tones from supersonic jet engine
fans. The concept is based on the dispersion of waves by acous-
tically treating the duct walls to inhibit the exchange of energy
among the harmonics and to counteract the steepening of the waves
due to non-linearity. A detailed parametric study will be per-
formed to determine the optimum linear characteri -stics.
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III. DOD AIRCRAFr NOISE PROGRAMS
-------
DOD JET EXHAUST NOISE PROGRAMS
Department of Defense Contract F33615-71-C-1661
Air Force Project 3066, Task 14,
SUPERSONIC JET EXHAUST NOISE- Work Unit 02
PRESSURE MODEL 7/72 to 6/73
Bolt Beranek & Newman Inc. Funds $164,000
The overall objective of this program is to develop the technology base
necessary to significantly reduce aircraft propulsion system noise
with minimum associated performance and weight penalties. The speci-
fic technical objectives of this effort are (a) to assess the advan-
tages and disadvantages of various competing mathematical models used
to explain the supersonic jet noise generation process with particular
emphasis on the Ribner/Meecham fluctuating pressure model; (b) to
determine the relative importance of the various jet noise generation
mechanisms for the range of operating conditions typical of the B-l
system; (c) to experimentally demonstrate the advanced instrumentation
techniques required to verify the accuracy of the Ribner/Meecham fluc-
tuating pressure model.
This program involves a comprehensive investigation of all relevant
mechanisms of noise generation and emphasized the interrelationships
between acoustics and engine cycles and between acoustics and exhaust
jet aerodynamics. The experimental investigation features the use of
unique transducers to relate the exhaust fluctuating aerodynamic pres-
sures to the radiated noise. A large-scale, high temperature (3000° F)
free jet facility will be used to conduct aero/acoustic experiments.
This facility makes it possible to compile a comprehensive and exhaus-
tive catalog showing the inter-relationship between nozzle mean and
fluctuating aerodynamic and acoustic properties of supersonic jet
exhausts.
SUPERSONIC JET NOISE Project 3066, Task 14,
INVESTIGATION - VELOCUY MODEL Work Unit 03
General Electric Funds $164,000
The overall objective of this program is to develop the technology to
significantly reduce supersonic aircraft propulsion system noise with
minimum associated performance and weight penalties. Emphasis is placed
on afterburning and on afterburning supersonic jet exhaust systems
with operating conditions typical of supersonic transport (SST) and
long range strategic (B—l) aircraft propulsion systems. The specific
technical objective of this research program is to develop a coinpre-
hensive mathematical model capable of providing aero/acoustiC design
197
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data to be used in the development of future supersonic jet exhaust
noise suppressors.
SUPERSONIC JEI NOISE Project 3066, Task 14
INVESTIGATION - DENSITY MODEL Work Unit 04
Lockheed, Georgia Funds $199,000
The overall objective of this program is to develop the technology to
significantly reduce supersonic aircraft propulsion system noise with
minimum associated performance and weight penalties. The specific
technical objectives of this program are to numerically solve the
applicable turbulence and acoustic theories which describe jet noise
generation and radiation for the subsonic and fulLy -expanded supersonic
flow regime and to measure the necessary turbulence and acoustic param-
eters in order to verify the numerical predictions or to supply data
to the turbulence/noise theories as necessary.
GENERAL ELECTRIC /LOCKHEED
Contract D(YT-AS20099 / AF Contracts F33615-73-C-203 1/2
Title: Supersonic Jet Noise (Analytical Model)
The overall objective of this program is to develop a fundamental under-
standing of the mechanisms of jet noise generation. This phase of the
work is limited to sound single nozzles in contrast to the complex
nozzle configurations of suppressor types. The specific technical ob-
jectives are to numerically solve the applicable turbulence and acous-
tic theories which describe jet noise generation and radiation for the
subsonic and fully-expanded supersonic flow regime and to measure the
necessary turbulence and acoustic parameters in order to verify the
numerical prediction or to supply data to the turbulence/noise theories,
as necessary. The program comprised of an experimental and theoretical
effort to predict noise from subsonic and supersonic jets with particu-
lar emphasis on the turbulent mixing region. Development of promising
optical techniques to measure necessary turbulence spectra intensity,
and scales is also included. The objectives are intended to lead to
a unified theory of jet noise. The work will be performed in four
phases:
Phase I - Through review of competing mathematical models.
Phase TI - Detailed investigation - relate flow field to acoustic.
Phase III — Investigate effects of upstream perturbations.
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Phase IV - Correlation of all results into unified theory.
Contracts are with Lockheed Georgia and General Electric in Cincinnati.
This work was started in 1971 and will be completed in March 1975.
Total funding by DOT is 1.3 million in the following schedule of ex-
penditure.
_____ FY-74 FY-75
DOD/Air Force $ 125,000 $ 205,000 $ 60,000
JE ’r NOISE REDUCI ION FOR MILITARY
RECONNAISSANCE/SURVEILLANCE AIR-
cRAFI
Bell Aerospace Corporation
The objective of this program is to evaluate and experimentally demon-
strate a unique quiet propulsion concept for advanced quiet aircraft
systems. The performance and acoustic characteristics of the total
propulsion system will, be assessed under this effort.
DOD AIRFL( SURFACE INTERACTION PROGRAMS
DF032080
Contract AF-AFOSR- 2068-71
7/73 to 6/74
Funds $31,220
Strategic bombardment, tactical operations, and logistic support are
AF functions which require the use of high performance flight vehicles.
The operation of such vehicles produces intense noise from sources
associated with propulsion systems. Because of a lack of a basic un-
derstanding of the physical behavior of sound and the interaction of
sound with the fluid medium it is traveling through, rational noise
control and avoidance is difficult. This noise can cause degradation
in human performance, reduced reliability of structural and equipment
subsystems and increased maintenance. The proposed research will in-
vestigate the behavior of high intensity sound as it interacts with
liquid droplets. Specifically, an analysis will be made of nonlinear
acoustic disturbances fr a heterogeneous gas-liquid mixture where transition
D Yr
FY- 73
$ 425,000
$ 625,000
$ 250,000
Project 3066, Task 14,
Work Unit 005
Department of Defense
Air Force
NOISE CONTROL BY LIQUID VAPORIZAT ION
California Institute of Technology
School of Engineering
199
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between the two phases constitutes an important element of the problem.
Particular stress will be given to the wave steepening beyond the plane
of generation, to the attenuation of duct modes and to the effect of
phase change attenuation on acoustic fields resulting from gas-dynamic
interaction with sharp edges.
AERODYNAMICALLY GENERATED SOUND Project 9781, Task 02
University of Toronto Work Unit 001
This research is directed toward developing a comprehensive physical
model of jet noise which covers generation, convection, refraction,
and spectrum properties. Research is being conducted in the areas of
aerodynamically generated sound and subsonic aerodynamics. In the
area of sound the following projects are being conducted:
(a) Correlation of sound with hot wire measurements in
a jet. A direct correlation between the turbulence
(the cause) and the sound (the effect) is being
attempted.
(b) Shielding flap scheme of jet noise suppression. The
effectiveness of a wing as a shield for jet noise is
being examined experimentally.
(c) Wind noise in vehicles. An experiment is being con-
ducted to determine the relation between the jet flow
over a cavity and the noise generated by the flow.
(d) Model of Mach wave noise emanating from the lip of a
supersonic jet. A mathematical analysis is being made
to delineate the mechanisms of noise generation of a
rocket nozzle.
(e) Extended near-field concept for sonic boom alleviation.
The possibility of delaying the transition of the near
field signature to the far field pressure signature is
being examined. In the area of subsonic aerodynamics the
lift distribution and moment of wing cutting obliquely
through a simulated trailing-vortex of another airplane
is being determined.
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Department of Defense DF032500
Air Force Contract AF-AFOSR-2092-71
DYNAMICS OF VORTICES AND SHOCK- Project 9781, Task 02
WAVES IN NONUNIFORM MEDIA 7/73 to 6/74
California Institute of Technology Funds $40,900
School of Engineering
Aircraft operations in all flight regimes involve vortices in flow field
and wakes. The behavior of vortices has profound influence on aerody-
namic forces and the trailing vortices are the crucial phenomenon in
the notorious aircraft wake turbulence hazard. This effort has made
significant progress in theoretical understanding of vortex motion.
The current effort will extend this work to consider the influence of
various nonlinearities in the equations of motion. Also, water tunnel
experiments will be performed in which the detailed structure of trail-
ing vortices behind lifting surfaces will be studied by means of a
laser doppler ‘velocimeter. The shockwave aspects of the past research
will also be continued with an experimental investigation of focussed
shockwave propagation through the focal point. The shockwave effort
is relevant to improved understanding of super booms. It is hoped
that the experiments will suggest possible simplifications to the ana-
lytical models for focussed shockwaves.
Department of Defense DFOO1O6O
Air Force Contract F44620-69-C-0063
THEOR rICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL Code AA
INVESTIGATIONS IN HIGH SPEED 7/73 to 6/74
AERODYNAMICS Funds $165,925
Cornell Univeristy
School of Engineering
Weapons delivery superiority requires continual refinements in aircraft
and missiles. More complete knowledge of aerodynamics is critical to
such refinements. This is a broad program of research in aerodynamics,
with relevance to low speed performance of tactical aircraft, aero-
dynamic noise and sonic boom minimization, aerodynamic optimization
of aircraft, and high altitude hypersonic flight. Problems are being
studied in the areas of boundary layer flows, including unsteady bound-
ary layer separation and flows with variable viscosity - gas dynamics,
including fluid dynamic processes in gas laser, blast wave experiments,
and rarefied hypersonic leading edge flow - aerodynamic noise, includ-
ing non-uniform cascade theory, non-uniform flow over blunt bodies and
propagation of non-linear waves - supersonic drag with emphasis on
analytical techniques for positioning of nacelles and stores for an
overall optimum area-rule shaping.
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Department of Defense DN223260
Navy Contract N00014-72-C-0200
TIP VORTEX EFFECTS IN ROTARY- 7/72 to 6/73
WING AERODYNAMICS Funds $48,116
Sage Action Incorporated
To significantly reduce undesirable rotor blade noise signatures, and
alleviate the blade-tip vortex interaction problem. The role of the
tip vortex in rotary—wing aerodynamics will be investigated and possible
means of control of the tip vortex will be examined. If this explora-
tory effort is successful, an extremely useful technique will be avail-
able for solution of severe rotary-wing aerodynamic, structural, and
noise problems.
The total flowfield including the tip vortex of a model rotor blade
will be investigated by means of an advanced helium bubble flow
visualization technique. Techniques to reduce the blade vortex inter-
ference effects will be evaluated. The new idea in this research of
examining the interference of a tip vortex from a preceeding blade by
means of a second blade positioned upstream in a wind tunnel should
reveal for the first time the violent changes in angle of attack and
stall in the interference region.
DA 0K3 720
Contract DAAKO2-72-C-0623
7/72 to 6/73
Funds $25,000
Task envisions the making of a working model rotor blade upon which an
acoustic surface wave will be generated by means of metal electrode
transducer excited by the acoustic bulk-waves from piezoelectric vibra-
tors (i.e. quartz crystals). The generated acoustic surface wave will
then be propagated along a thin piezoelectric sheet which when lead-
phased should regulate the movement of the bound-vortex layer of air
increasing the rotor blades lift while simultaneously reducing the
glint and glare. In addition, possible method of noise reduction via
bow wave extension and creation of a potential gradient across the
airfoil will be included in the model, but not be capable of demon-
stration.
Department of Defense
Army
GLARE AND NOISE REDUCTION
OF HELICOFrER ROTOR BLADES
McCoy Electronic Corporation
To develop various materials
glint, glare, and noise from
lift or increasing weight or
and compositions capable of reducing the
helicopter rotor blades without impairing
drag.
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Department of Defense DA0B9173
Army Contract DA-31-124-ARC(D)-
UNSTEADY AERODYNAMICS OF BlADE- 471 Code RB
VORT INTERACIION 6495-E 7/73 to 6/74
Massachusetts Institute of Funds Unknown
Technology
School of Engineering
To study the unsteady aerodynamic mechanisms responsible for helicopter
noise. Improved understanding of the aerodynamic noise generation of
a helicopter could lead to new methods of improving the aerodynamic
performance and decreasing the amount of noise generated by helicopters.
Both are of vital importance in improving the usefulness of the heli-
copter for Army missions.
Approach - work will begin with simpler two-dimensional models and will
be extended to an exact treatment of the three-dimensional problem in
both steady and unsteady flow. The treatment will be concerned pri-
marily with inviscid flow; however, an investigation of the effects
of viscosity will be included in determining the vortex curve bounda-
ries. The approach, while numerical in character, may be described as
exact in the sense that true boundary locations will be accounted for
and the exact solution will be obtained as the computational network
is refined.
Department of Defense DAOC9O91
Army Contract DAHCO4-69-0087
INVESTIGATION OF NOISE GENERATION 7/72 to 6/73
ON A HOVERING R(Y] OR 8704-RN-8704 Funds Unknown
Boeing Company
To define the noise field generated by a rotor. Investigation of noise
generation of a helicopter rotor is important for the Army’s effort to
make its helicopters less noisy for more effective field operations.
This research is important to the Army in that it represents a long
range effort to reduce Army aircraft detection time.
Noise level tests and vortex visualization tests will be made with a
set of rotor blades mounted on a whirl tower. Smoke generation in the
blade and high speed motion picture photography will be employed for
vortex visualization tests. Near and far field acoustical data will
be collected. Following data reduction, an analysis will be made of
the relative levels and frequency distributions of retational noise,
vortex noise and of any blade slap noise that might occur during tests.
The relative positions of smoke will be evaluated at the points where
the noise is generated as determined from acoàstical measurements.
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DOD ROTATING MACHINERY NOISE PROGRAMS
Department of Defense DF032400
Air Force Contract F44620-71-C-0104
INSTABILITY AND NOISE GENERATION IN 7/73 to 6/74
AIR-BREATHING PROPULSION SYSTEMS Funds $37,661
Ultrasystems Incorporated
Effective weapon delivery, defense, reconnaissance, and transport
vehicles require propulsion systems with stable operating characteris-
tics and minimal noise levels. Results obtained,from this research
will aid in understanding and controlling combustion instability in
air-breathing main and auxilliary coinbustors, in providing guidelines
and techniques for modifying the combustion processes for minimum noise
levels, and in establishing criteria for engine design, development,
and control. This research encompasses studies of fundamental physi-
cal mechanisms driving combustion instability, of mechanisms by which
combustion affects the general sound field surrounding an engine, and
of coupling between these mechanisms and combustor operating condi-
tions. Included will be studies of the detailed phenomenological pro-
cesses which determine the nature of the interactions of initially
small disturbances and discrete, discernible combustion zones existing
in the combustor. Existing contractor chemical and fluid mechanical
computer programs will be used in conjunction with data and qualita-
tive observations obtained from laboratory experiments. Particular
emphasis will be placed on fundamental fluid mechanics and combustion
of vortex stabilized combustors, e.g., V-gutter and dump combustors.
A computer model of these processes will be formulated, validated by
experiment, and used as the basis for developing a combustor stability
prediction program based on combustor geometry and operating conditions.
Dominant modes of instability will be predicted and recoimnendations
made concerning effectiveness of stabilizing measures. Mechanisms by
which combustion affects the general sound field surrounding an
engine will also be investigated and guidelines provided for modifying
the combustion processes to obtain minimum noise levels.
Department of Defense DF034900
Air Force Contract AF-AFOSR-2365-72
C( 4BUSTION GENERATED IN 7/72 to 6/73
TURBO-PROPULSION SYSTEMS Funds $24,200
Georgia Institute of Technology
School of Aerospace Engineering
For specific missions involving weapon delivery and defense, transport,
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reconnaissance and rescue, advanced efficient air-breathing and hybrid
engines are required with minimal noise emission levels to deter de-
tection and avoid aircraft component damage and reduced efficiency of
and hazard to ground and flight personnel. Also to maintain environ-
mental pollution within tolerable limits it is mandatory that air-
craft noise emissions be minimized. This research on fundamental
physical mechanisms and processes involved in combustion noise pro-
duction and transmission in primary and augmentor air-breathing corn-
bustors will aid in providing guidelines and techniques for modifying
the combustion process for minimal noise output and development of
effective combustor noise suppressing devices for these advanced en-
gines. This program encompasses theoretical and experimental studies
directed toward isolating the origins and transmission of combustion
noise in turbo-propulsion combustors. Included will be studies of
various aspects of free flame, flameholder flame, and primary combustor
can combustion noise. Sound power output, spectral content and direc-
tionality characteristics will be determined. Scaling rules will be
generated and compared with various theoretical approaches to the
problem. Diagnostic emission measurements will be made to isolate
the origin of combustion noise. Theoretical acoustics will be used
to solve the problems of sound radiation from afterburner and primary
combustors to the surrounding atmosphere.
NOISE GENERATION BY A TRANSONIC Project 9781, Task 02,
COMPRESSOR RCM Work Unit 003
Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory Inc.
The Air Force is presently and will continue to be in the foreseeable
future a large user of high subsonic jet aircraft. The principal means
of propulsion of such aircraft is the high bypass-ratio turbofan engine.
An undesirable byproduct of these engines is the generation of noise
which causes such adverse effects as degradation in human performance,
reduced reliability of structural and equipment subsystems, and in-
creased maintenance cost. The design of vehicle parts and sound-
proofing which alleviate these effects requires accurate definition
of the intensity and occurrence of the noise. In order to partially
fulfill this requirement a theoretical study of the problem of fan-
noise generation in a high bypass-ratio turbofan engine is being made.
The main emphasis in this study is the noise aspect of the three-di-
mensional, transonic flow through a single blade row. A linear acous-
tic theory for the case of non-lifting blades is being applied to the
problem of noise generation. An effort is being made to extend the
theory to lifting blades and to examine the effect of more realistic
duct geometries.
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HIGH INTENSITY SOUND Project 9781, Task 02,
University of Texas Work Unit 002
This research is concerned with investigating the behavior of high-
intensity sound and applying the understanding gained to problems of
interest to technology such as sonic boom, propagation of intense
noise from jet engine compressors, underwater propagation, etc. This
is a theoretical and experimental effort on high-intensity sound and
its interaction with a real media. The purpose of the ‘work is to study
the phenomena that distinguish nonlinear acoustics from linear acous-
tics and to apply the knowledge gained to physical problems. Specific
topics being studied are:
(a) Stability of the acoustic boundary layer. The
object is to predict the threshold at which a
transition from laminar to turbulent flow takes
place. The frequency dependence of this threshold
is of particular interest.
(b) Standing waves of finite amplitude. Chester’s
theoretical predictions are being checked by
experiments.
(c) Quasi-plane-wave mode for finite-amplitude waves
in a tube. Experimental tests are being conducted
to check past theoretical solutions.
(d) Finite-amplitude waves in relaxing media.
(e) Electrical transmission-line analogs of acoustical
propagation problems, such as progressive waves in
relaxing media, random in homogeneous, turbulent
media, or nonlinear media.
SMALL TURBINE ENGINE NOISE REDUCTION Project 3066, Task 14,
Garrett Corporation Work Unit 001
The purpose of this program is to develop the technology base necessary
to effectively reduce the noise signature of existing small turboprop
and turbofan engines. Although the program is primarily aimed at light
aircraft propulsion, the technology generated is directly applicable
to auxilliary power unit silencing. The specific technical objectives
of the effort are to accurately predict the radiated acoustic signature
and aural detectability of existing turboprop and turbofan propulsion
systems in the 80 to 1000 shaft horsepower class for turboprops and the
400 to 5000 pound thrust class for turbofans, to develop effective
methods to minimize propulsion system aural detectability, and to
determine the engine performance and weight penalties associated with
the various suppression methods.
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ROTATING MACHINERY NOISE GENERATION Project 3066, Task 03,
Work Unit 34
The overall objective of this program is to develop an improved under-
standing of noise in axial flow compressors so that design rules may
be formulated for reduced noise. The specific technical objectives
of the effort are:
(a) To develop a direct lifting surface theory for
compressible, linearized flow through a rotating
blade row.
(b) To develop approximate models for noise generation
by rotor-stator interaction.
(c) To correlate results of lifting surface theory with
experiment.
(d) To analyze dominant nonlinear effects in the in-
viscid, three-dimensional flow through a rotating
blade row.
Department of Defense DN123475
Navy Contract N00014-67-015 1 OO 29
Office of Naval Research 473 subgroup
AIRCRAFT COMBUSTION GENERATED NOISE 7/73 to Cont
Princeton University Funds $64,022
Aerospace, Hech. Sci. Dept.
Within the Navy aircraft, missile and space power and propulsion pro-
gram, this’ effort offers the possibility of alleviating jet engine
noise by research on nonsteady combustion and gas dynamics phenomena.
This research makes use of past efforts on nonsteady combustion coupled
with nonsteady gas dynamics as applied to aircraft combustor and after-
burner generated noise with emphasis on causes of suppression of such
noise. The study seeks quantitative descriptions of the driving
mechanisms as well as methods of predicting and minimizing such noise.
Special instrumentation will be utilized in conjunction with an ane-
choic chamber and a combustion rig to conduct diagnostic measurements
designed to elucidate sources of sound in a combustor-jet combination,
to measure effects of controlled changes and to observe relationshiPs
between flow pattern and noise characteristics. Concurrent theoretical
report will involve modeling and treat noise generation from turbulent
mixing regions, interactions of such turbulent flow with shock waves
and unsteady rough burning processes. Information will be compared
‘with typical jet engine firing tests involving various operating param-
eters.
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Department of Defense DA0C4046
Army Contract DAAJO2-72-0040
INVESTIGATION OF GEARBOX DESIGN 7/73 to 6/74
MODIFICATION FOR REDUCING NOISE, Funds $26,456
ARMY AIRCRAFT TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Mechanical Technology Inc.
The objective of this program is to identify practical gearbox design
modifications which will help alleviate the gearbox noise problem in
the CH-47 transmission. In addition, analytical methods for predicting
and reducing gearbox noise sidebands will be developed to permit design
analysis of this significant noise source.
Select component modifications, based on Contract DAAJO2-70-C-0035, to
be investigated for noise attenuation in the CH-47 helicopter trans-
mission. Perform vibration calculations so that candidate configura-
tion is optimized from the standpoint of noise and vibration reduction.
identify modifications having greatest noise reduction potential. Uti-
lizing test results obtained under Contract DAAJO2-71-C-0020. Deter-
mine the mechanamisms producing planet-pass sidebands and then modify
existing computer programs accordingly to develop analytical methods
to reduce sideband amplitudes.
C( 4PUTERIZED PROCEDURE TO ASSESS Project 3066, Task 14,
TURBINE ENGINE PERFOR}tALNCE/NOISE Work Unit 06
TRADES
The objective of this program is to develop an effective design pro-
cedure relating aircraft engine performance and noise. The specific
technical objectives of this program are: (a) to develop effective
uninstalled engine noise prediction methods applicable to current and
future gas turbine engines, (b) to develop techniques for the predic-
tion on installed engine noise levels including the effects of special
noise reduction devices, and (c) to develop methods to assess propul-
sion performance and weight penalties as a function of noise level
reduction.
DOD DUCT ACOUSTICS AND SUPRESS ION PROGRAMS
SOUND TRANSMISSION THROUGH DUCTS Project 3066, Task 14,
Work Unit 09 (AF)
The purpose of this effort is to develop a numerical procedure to
208
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predict the effects of engine ducting on sound propagation. The
specific technical objectives of the effort are to review existing
theoretical and empirical methods for the prediction of sound propa-
gation through and radiation from ducts and to develop a unified gen-
eral theory based on this review. This prediction theory will then
be incorporated into a general computerized procedure to assess tur-
bine engine noise/performance trades.
Department of Defense DA0C4924
Army Contract DAADO5-72-C-0175
DEVELOPMENT OF NOISE 7/73 to 6/74
ATTENUATING SUBSTANCE Funds $19,950
Lehigh University
To develop a paint-like substance which will damp thin panel vibration.
A Latex substance consisting of two layers - a viscoelastic latex IPN
undercoating having damping capabilities at the temperature and fre-
quency range of interest and a reinforced plastic constraining layer
which has a high modulus. Steel tests panels will be coated, evalua-
ted, and compared to cosmnercial materials at frequent intervals. The
best paint will be recoiimiended for Army use on material where person-
nel are exposed.
DOD STRUCrURAL RESPONSE AND INTERIOR NOISE PROGRAMS
Department of Defense DA0D4751
Army 7/72 to 6173
STRUCrURAL MATERIALS WITH DAMPING Funds Unknown
CHARAC ER 1ST ICS FOR APPLICATION TO
HELICOPTERS
U.S. Army
The objective is to produce a material that can be used to dampen noise
in helicopters (engine mounts, driveshafts, hóneycoi linings).
Titanium-nickel alloys in the 50-50 range will be fabricated and tested
to determine their yield strength and damping capacity. Acoustical
attenuation as a function áf frequency (0-20 percent) and temperature
(-60 degrees centigrade to 100 degrees centigrade) will be measured
and by alloying or heat treatment the yield strength and damping charac-
teristics will be optimized. X—ray studies will be made to correlate
the lattice arrangement with the damping characteristics and yield
strength.
209
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DOD FLIGHT AND INSTALLATION EFFECTS PROGRAMS
Department of Defense DA0D8982
Army Contract DAHCO4-72-C-0040
ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF HELICOPTER 7/73 to 6/74
R(Y OR BROADBAND NOISE GENERATION Funds $33,861
10299—E
Sikorsky Aircraft
An analytical study will be made to establish a closed form solution
for predicting the broadband noise intensity radiated by helicopter
rotors. This research should develop techniques which will reduce the
aerodynamically generated noise made by helicopters.
Experimental studies will be made of isolated airfoils in an existing
acoustic-wind tunnel. The data obtained and other existing data will
be statistically analyzed to provide an empirical equation which will
then serve as a measure by which the validity of the theoretical equa-
tion will be examined.
Department of Defense DAOD9005
Army Contract flA-ARO(D)-3l-124-
STUDIES IN L( SPEED FLIGHT 71-C- 17
10233—E 7/72 to 6/73
Georgia Institute of Technology Funds $120,000
School of Aerospace Engineering
Investigation of problems associated with low speed flight of heli-
copters, such as the hovering rotors, vortex wake, blade slap noise,
rotor flutter, and the instability of tensioned sheets with cutouts.
The Army helicopter program has a definite need to improve the capa-
bility of its helicopters to hover near the ground so as to take off
and land precisely at a surface location with maximum payload. The
present vortex wake and rotor flutter of the vehicle interferes with
ground personnel as well as reduces the payload capability of the
vehicle. Blade slap noise alerts the enemy to the helicopter’s pres-
ence and must be reduced significantly to improve the element of
tactical suprise.
(a) Develop a method for calculating vortex wakes in the hovering per-
formance of imilti-bladed helicopter rotors, (b) the interaction of the
helicopter blade with the vortex field shed from the preceding blades
as a cause of blade slap, (d) the structural dynamic characteristics
of the rotor-blade system that gives rise to flutter due to the un-
steady air loads on the blade, (C) the instability of thin sheets
with cutouts and cracks.
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Department of Defense Contract DAHCO4-69-C-0086
Army 7/72 to 6/73
SYSTEMS STUDY OF HELICOF ER NOISE Funds $73,864
REQUIREMENTS 8713-E
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
School o Engineering
To establish a new methodology for systems analysis which includes
noise criteria and to develop a new wind tunnel facflity for making
useful noise measurements on VISTOL aircraft types. It is important
for the Army to reduce the noise levels of its helicopters so that the
missions of surveillance, reconnaissance and target acquisition can
be performed better without giving too much warning of approach to the
enemy. The mission accomplishment may still be performed better if
just the right combinatiort of noise reduction and performance of the
helicopter existed. The question that remains unanswered is - What
is the most desirable combination of these parameters so the mission
effectiveness will be maximized. This project is aimed towards answer-
ing this question.
The initial system studies will be performed, assessing the effect of
noise criteria on mission performance. Experimental data on the noise
radiated by helicopter rotors in high forward speed flight will be
obtained. Emphasis will be in determining the effect of helicopter
operating conditions upon the direct ivity, frequency content and time
signature of the noise.
DOD SOUND PROPA CAT ION PROGRAMS
NOISE FROM LINE&R ARRAY Project 1471, Task 02,
OF lARGE TURBOJET ENGINES Work Unit 011
AFPDL (In-House)
The purpose of this program is to determine the interaction effects of
multiple turbojet exhause noise sources in determining the near-field
acoustic environment. Data were obtained in the form of sound pressure
levels and frequency spectra at various microphone locations. Analog
data were recorded on tape for later analysis.
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RADIATED NOISE FRC!4 SAILPLANES Project 1471, Task 02,
AFFDL (In-House) Work Unit 013
The objective of this effort is to identify the noise associated with
a powerless aircraft and to relate this noise to area and velocity
parameters of the aircraft. The flyby noise from three sailpianes,
Schweizer 2-32, Schweizer 2-33, and Libelle, has been recorded on tape
and one-third octave and overall bandwidth analyses obtained. The
noise levels from each of the sailpianes follows a sixth power of the
velocity and appear to be directly proportional, to the turbulent area
on the wing. A test report has been prepared which presents the re-
sults obtained to date.
Department of Defense DA0C9 164
Army Contract DAHCO4- 74-C-0001
RESEARCH ON HELICOPTER 7/73 to 6/74
NOISE 9372-E Funds $30,615
Cornell University
School of Engineering
To discover, refine and exploit techniques for the analysis and
predictions of aerodynamic noise, in particular the noise produced
by helicopters and similar-AIRTRNr, for the purpose of finding tech-
niques for reduction of such noise. The successful field operation
of Army helicopters is jeopardized by the noise environment in three
ways. Helicopter noise increases the vulnerability of both the ma-
chine and crew to ground fire, distracts the crew in the performing
of their duties, and induces sonic fatigue in construction elements.
Thus, this investigation has a high degree of relevance to effective
utilization of rotorcraft since it will identify noise sources and
describe noise propagation relative to helicopters.
DOD PROPELLER NOISE PROGRAMS
PROPELLER TECHNOLOGY Project 3066, Task 12
Significant propeller system technology advancement is an area of
major importance for Vt STOL and light aircraft. The propeller tech-
nology task consists of three areas:
(a) lighweight propeller and propeller/gearbox
development;
212
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(b) improvement of propeller aerodynamic performance
and analytical prediction techniques;
(c) prediction and reduction of propeller and
gearbox system noise.
More specifically, near term areas of concern are: decreasing pro-
peller/gearbox system weight through the use of high strength-to-
weight ratio materials and composites; improving propeller system per-
formance through the application of cyclic pitch and variable geometry;
improving basic airfoil design for optimum performance; determining
accurate static thrust prediction methods; improving noise prediction
techniques through improved basic noise source theory; and improving
propeller noise scaling techniques and noise reduction through utili-
zation of unique propeller designs based on noise source theory
information.
PROPELLER ACOUSTICS RESEARCH Project 3066, Task 12,
Work Unit 07
The overall objective of this program is to experimentally determine
the noise generation mechanisms for low tip speed propeller airfoils.
The specific technical objectives of the effort are: (a) to determine
the relative effects of upstream turbulence, boundary layer fluctua-
tions and vortex shedding on radiated noise, and (b) to experimentally
verify the theoretical prediction models developed under contract
F33615—70—C-1135 and presented in AFAPL-TR-71-55 entitled tt Propeller
Noise at Low Tip Speeds.”
QUIET PROPELLER CONCEPT EVALUATION Project 3066, Task 12,
Work Unit 08
The objective of this program is to evaluate the noise characteristics
of various tail rotor configurations to determine the noise reduction
potential of various new designs. Variables to be investigated include
number of blades, blade to hub phasing angles and blade length.
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L(M NOISE PROPELLER TECHNOLOGY Project 3066, Task 12,
DEMONSTRATION Work Unit 12
The objective of this exploratory research program is to develop a
reliable design procedure for quiet propellers applicable to reconnais-
sancefsurveillance aircraft. The specific technical objectives of this
effort are: (a) to modify existing Air Force propeller noise predic-
tion computer programs to account for forward flight effects, and (b)
to produce a series of design charts that will be useful in design of
future propeller driven quiet aircraft.
214
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IV. NSF PROGRAMS
Note that these are not
discussed in the main text.
-------
National Science Foundation GK-3380 1
Div. of Engineering 4/72 to 4/73
AN INVESTIGATION OF ACOUSTIC Funds $60,000
FEEDBACK FOR TPE REDUCTION OF
JET NOISE
University of 4ichigan
School of Engineering
This project will investigate the part acoustic feedback (resonance)
plays in the generation of noise from supersonic jets with special
consideration given to the possibility of shifting the frequency of
a significant part of the radiated acoustic energy outside the range
of the human ear.
Phase relationships between nioveinents of shock waves and disturbance
created will be determined using ultra-high-speed Schilieren or shadow
photographs. Local flow properties will be measured and the sound re-
flecting and absorbing surfaces in various geometries will be examined.
National Science Foundation GK-37433
Div. of Engineering 3/73 to 8/74
RESEARCH INITIATION-APPLICATION Funds $17,000
OF UNSTEADY AIRFOIL THEORY
Widener College
Graduate School
This research project will investigate the pressure fluctuations on
blade surfaces of a single stage compressor. In particular it will be
clarified whether the chopping effect of blades moving at high speeds
relative to one another without the presence of low momentum flow is
the predominant source of noise or the mere interference of blades
with flow perturbations.
Experimental tests will be aimed to separate the sources of pressure
fluctuations. Using high response pressure transducers a quantitative
answer of the magnitude of these fluctuations is to be obtained. An
integration of these results over the blade surface will give answers
as to the magnitude of the experienced lift fluctuations which will
then be compared with existing theories.
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National Science Foundation GK-5030 A#1
Div. of Engineering 10/71 to 10/72
C *1PRESSOR NOISE REDUCI ION Funds $19,350
WITH A SONIC INLET
South Dakota State University
School of Arts
The purpose of this investigation is to develop some fundamental
understanding of the aerodynamic-problems associated with the sonic
inlet. Specific emphasis will be given the following: (a) A theo-
retical and experimental verification of a method for optimizing the
design of center body. (b) Experimental investigation of the effects
of splitters and vortex generators on secondary air injections. (c)
Verification of the theoretical studies on shock stability.
National Science Foundation GK-32544
Div. of Engineering 2/72 to 2/73
CC!1BUSTION GENERATED NOISE Funds $13,950
Georgia Inst. of Technology
School of Aerospace Engineering
A combined experimental-theoretical program will be undertaken to iso-
late the origin of combustion generated noise and to discover appropri-
ate scaling rules associated with this noise. Primary attention is to
be focused on premixed turbulent flames, although several aspects of
diffusion flame noise will also be investigated.
An extension of the principal investigator’s original theory of com-
bustion generated noise will be attempted to include the effects of
approach flow turbulence level, directional radiation as caused by
refraction and dipole source effects, and the effects of diffusion
flames. Information gained from this analysis will be used to direct
experiments on free flames. An analysis will also be initiated to
determine the effects of reflecting surfaces on the combustion noise
source behavior. Suggestions for appropriate experimental variables
will be made to extract the effects of reflecting surfaces.
The data obtained on free flames will be analyzed and compared with
the theory. Correlations will be obtained for sound power output,
directionality, and spectral content. Furthermore, the relation
between the reaction rate fluctuations and the sound power output will
be determined. An analysis will be completed for the radiation of
noise from a flame-containing enclosure to the surroundings. The modi-
fication to sound power output, spectral content and directionality
will be determined as compared with free flame generated noise.
218
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National Science Foundation GK-34 136X
Division of Engineering 5/72 to 3/fl
RANDOM VIBRATIONS OF ALMOST Funds $44,900
PERIODIC STRUCr(JRES
University of Illinois
School of Engin ering
The first part ‘f this research will consider the random variation of
periodic units roin the designed (or norm) configuration. One objec-
tive will be to determine the probability distribution of each natural
frequency and the corresponding normal mode of the structure from the
probability distribution of the varied geometrical and material param-
eters. The investigation will then be extended to the response of such
a structure to random forcing fields. The convected frozen noise field
and convected btt slowly changing noise field which have been used as
mathematical models for boundary layer turbulence will be included
among several other types of random excitation.
National Science Foundation GK-34126 X l.
Division of Engineering 4/73 to 3/74
RANDOM VIBRATIONS OF ALMOST Funds $44,100
PERIODIC STRUCTURES
University of Illinois
School of. Engineering
The first part of this research will consider the random variation of
periodic units from the designed (or norm) configuration. One objective
will be to determine the probability distribution of each natural fre-
quency and corresponding normal mode of the structure from the proba-
bility distribution of the varied geometrical and material parameters.
The investigation will then be extended to the response of such a
structure to random forcing fields. The convected frozen noise field
and convected but slowly changing noise field which have been used as
mathematical models for boundary layer turbulence will be included
among several other types of random excitation.
This action provides a second year of support for a continuing grant.
219
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National Science Foundation GK-32585
Div. of Engineering 2/72 to 2/73
ENLARGEMENT OF ANECHOIC CHMIBER Funds $24,800
FOR NOISE RESEARCH
Syracuse University
Graduate School
An existing anechoic chamber facility (wedge-tip to wedge-tip size 12’
x 10’ x 9’) will be enlarged to 20 feet by 15 feet by 11 feet wedge-tip
to wedge-tip. The enlarged anechoic chamber facility will serve as a
more reliable tool for the noise research listed below, both because of
its greater capacity and lower effective cut—off frequency characteristics.
(a) Noise experiments in a hard room.
(b) Compressor and turbine noise.
(c) Traffic noise control.
(d) Effect of impulsive noise on the auditory system.
National Science Foundation Proposal P2K0644
Div. of Engineering FY 72 - 12 months
PREDICIT ION AND MEASUREMENT OF Funds $37,800
SOUND PROPAGATION IN LINED FL(M
DUCTS
University of Minnesota
The theoretical portion of this project will include the analysis of
two-dimensional steady flow in a porous wall duct and to initiate a
study of acoustic wave propagation in the same porous duct. The experi-
mental portion will taclude the development of and the measurement of
pressure spectrum in the porous wall ducts.
220
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read IMUJ74C(iofl$ 0 ’$ the relcrse beJbrc completing)
I• REPORT NO. 2.
600/2— 75—00 3
3. RECIPIENTS ACCtSSIO NO.
I• TITLE ANO SUBTITLE
Federal Aircraft Noise Research, Development and
Demonstration Progr?ms: FY’73 — FY’75
5. REPORT DATE
March. 1975
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(SJ
Interagency Aircraft Noise Research Panel
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Interagency Aircraft Noise Research Panel (RD—681)
Office of Research a d Development
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D. C. 20460
. PERFOPMING ORGANIZATION REPOPTNc
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1GBO9O
1I.C0NTRAcVGRAN TN0.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADORESS
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Washington, D.C. 20460
13. TYPE OF REPORT ARC PERIOD COVE nEO
Final, FY’73 thru FY’75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
EPA Con,..act: Eugene E. Berkau, 202—755—0449
PD. I
The Interagency Aircraft Noise Research Panel was established by the
Environmental Protection Agency to aid EPA in fulfilling its responsibility for
coordinating the Federal noise research activities. This report is the first
prepared by the Panel and provides an inventory of current and planned Federal
aircraft noise RD&D programs. The Federal agencies which sponsor aircraft noise
RD&D are the National Aeronautic and Space Administration, the Department of
Transportation, the Department of Defense, the National Science Foundation, and
the EPA. The report is organized by technical areas with each agency’s progranis
presented under the appropriate technical area. Emphasis is on fiscal years 1974
and 1975, but summary information on fiscal years 1973 and 1976 is also included.
The Appendix contains detailed programmatic information as furnished by the Federal
agencies on their aircraft related RD&D activities.
I?. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI I cid/Group
Acoustics Research
Noise (Sound) Research projects
Noise reduction Federal budgets
.Tet aircraft noise
Jet engine noise
Aerodynamic noise
Federal noise RD&D
Federal noise coordinat/
Research program
Aircraft
Transportation
2001
10 1406
1903
t8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
UflhIIIIItt d
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Rrporr)
lJnclassi fied
21.NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (This p gej
Unclassified
22. PRICE
rorm 2220.1 (p.73)
221
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APPENDIX E
Federal Surface Vehicle Noise Research, Development, and
Demonstration Programs: FY73 —FY75, Report EPA-600/2-75-002,
Prepared by Interagency Surface Vehicle Noise Research
Panel, March 1975
-------
EPA•600/2-15-002
MARCH 1915
Environmental Protection Technology Series
Federal Surface Vehicle Noise
Research, Development, and
Demonstration Programs:
FY73-FY75
w
PRO
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
-------
RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development,
Environmental Protection Agency, have been grouped into five
series. These five broad categories were established to
facilitate further development and application of environmental
technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface
in related fields. The five series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental ?9rnitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
TECHNOLOGY series. This series describes research performed
to develop and demonstrate instrumentation, equipment and
methodology to repair or prevent environmental degradation from
point and non-point sources of pollution. This work provides
the new or improved technology required for the control and
treatment of pollution sources to meet environmental quality
standards.
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Research and
Development. Approval does not signify that the contents
necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental
Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or conmercial
products constitute endorsement or reconuendation for use.
-------
Report 600/2—75—002
March 1975
FEDERAL SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE RESEARCH,
DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS
FY73 — FY75
Prepared by
Interagency Surface Vehicle Noise Research Panel
Program Element No.
1GBO9O
Project Office:
Noise Technology Staff
Off ice of Research & Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
Prepared for
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Washington, D.C. 20460
-------
ABSTRACT
The Interagency Surface Vehicle Noise Research Panel was estab-
lished by the Environmental Protection Agency to aid EPA in fulfilling
its responsibility for coordinating the Federal noise research activi-
ties. As its initial task, the Pane]. prepared this report summarizing
the Federal governments’ surface vehicle noise research, development,
and demonstration activities. The Federal agencies which sponsor and/or
conduct the major portion of the surface vehicle noj se RD&D are repre-
sented on the Panel. They are the Department of Transportation, the
Department of Commerce/National Bureau of Standards, the Department of
Defense, and the EPA. Other agencies which sponsor surface vehicle
noise research are the Department of Agriculture and the National Science
Foundation. The report contains brief descriptions and fiscal data
for the agencies’ programs. Emphasis is on fiscal years 1973 through
1975. Also included are references and bibliographies of reports and
publications which have resulted from the Federal surface vehicle RD&D
activities.
iii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE NO .
ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF TABLES vii
Sect ions
1. SU? &ARY 1
2. INTRODUCTION 5
2.1 Background 5
2.2 Purpose 6
2.3 Scope 7
2.4 Surface Vehicle Noise Sources 7
3. FEDERAL SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE RD&D PROG1W S 11
3.1 DOT Surface Transportation Noise Abatement Programs 11
3,1.1 Highway Noise Reduction Program 11
3,1.2 Urban Transportation Systems Noise 27
Reduction Program
3.1.3 Conventional Railroad and High Speed 29
Ground Inter—City Transportation Noise
Related Programs
3.2 DOD Surface Vehicle Noise Control Programs 31
3.2.1 TACOM Surface Vehicle Noise Reduction 35
Program
3.2.2 MERDC Noise Reduction Program for 39
U.S. Army Construction Vehicles
3,3 EPA Surface Vehicle Noise RD&D Programs 42
3.3.1 Support of Regulation’s Development 42
34 U.S.D.A. Surface Vehicle Noise BD&D Programs 46
3.4.1 Forest Service Programs 46
3.4.2 Cooperative State Research Service 48
Program (CSRS)
V
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont’d)
PAGE NO .
3,5 NSF Surface Vehicle Noise Research 48
3.6 NBS Surface Vehicle Noise RD&D 50
4. ANALYSIS OF THE FEDERAL SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE RD&D 53
ACTIVITIES
41 Highway Vehicle Noise Control Technology RD&D 55
4.2 Railway Vehicle Noise Control Technology RD&D 55
4.3 Off—Highway Vehicle Noise Control Technology RD&D 55
4.4 Systems Studies of Surface Vehicle Noise 59
45 Noise Regulation and Enforcement Research Programs 59
4.6 Advanced Surface Vehicle Systems Development Programs 59
5. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 63
6. APPENDICES 73
Appendix A — Surface Vehicle Noise Research Panel Members 75
Appendix B ‘- Information Requested by EPA on the Federal 77
Noise RD&D Programs and Projects
Appendix C — Glossary of Acronyms 87
Appendix D — NBS Research on Surface Vehicle Noise 89
vi
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TABLES
NO. PAGE NO .
1.1 Sumniary of the Federal Surface Vehicle Noise 2
RD&D Programs
2.1 Structure of EPA Research Panels 5
2.2 Comparison of Typical Noise Levels for Surface 8
Vehicles
2.3 Subsources of Noise for Typical Surface Vehicles 10
3.1 Summary of DOT Highway Noise Reduction Program 12
3.2 Summary of DOT Urban Transportation Systems 14
Noise Reduction Program
3.3 Summary of DOT Conventional Railroad and 15
Intercity High Speed Systems Noise Related
Programs
3.4 Quiet Truck Program Noise Control Goals and 16
Accomplishments
3.5 Field Service Evaluation by Line Haul Carriers 17
3.6 Sound Levels of Basic Exhaust Systems 18
3.7 Summary of DOD/TACOM Conformance with Regulatory 32
Requirements Program
3.8 Summary of DOD/TACOM Vehicle Signature Program 33
3.9 Stnmn ry of DOD/MERDC Noise Reduction Program 34
for U.S. Army Construction Vehicles
3.10 Summary of Military and Commercial Noise 35
Standards
3.11 Sinnim ry of EPA Surface Vehicle Noise Research 44
Activities
vii
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TABLES (Cont’d.)
PAGE NO .
3.12 S uiunsry of USDA Surface Vehicle Noise 47
RD&D Programs
3.13 S mary of NSF Surface Vehicle Noise Studies 49
3.14 Simim ry of NBS Surface Vehicle RD&D Sponsored 5].
through Interagency Agreements
4.1 S’mi ary of Federal Surface Vehicle Noise RD&D 54
Activities
4.2 Federal Control Technology RD&D Programs for 56
Highway Noise Sources
4.3 Federal Control Technology RD&D Programs for 57
Railway Noise Sources
4.4 Federal Control Technology RD&D Programs for 58
Off—Highway Vehicle Noise Sources
4.5 Federal Systems Studies of Surface Vehicle 60
Noise
4.6 Federal Research Programs Identified with 61
Noise Standards and Regulations Enforcement
4.7 Federal BD&1) of Advanced Surface Vehicle 62
Systems: Transportation
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1. SUMMARY
In partial fulfillment of its responsibility for coordinating
Federal noise research, the Environmental Protection Agency has
established an interagency Surface Vehicle Noise Research Panel. The
Panel membership includes Federal representatives from the Department
of Transportation, the Department of Commerce (National Bureau of
Standards), the Department of Defense, the Department of Housing and
Urban Development, and the Environmental Protection Agency. With the
exception of HUD these agencies sponsor and conduct the vast majority
of the surface vehicle noise research, development and demonstration
(RD&D) activities in the Federal Government. Other Federal agencies
known to be sponsoring surface vehicle noise research, are the U.S.
Department of Agriculture and the National Science Foundation. In
addition, this Panel has been charged with the responsibility for
addressing the Federal research supporting land use policies.
The initial task of this panel was the preparation of a report on
the Federal Government’s surface vehicle noise RD&D and land use related
research activities. This report, however, will only address the Federal
surface vehicle RD&D activities as no Federal research programs reported
were specifically identified with land use. The report reflects the
views of the panel members as experts in the field and does not neces-
sarily represent the policies or viewpoints of the agencies represented.
Table 1.1 is a suimnary of the major surface vehicle noise research
programs being sponsored by the Federal Government. The total noise
dedicated resources are shown to peak at $3,374,000 in FY 1974. How-
ever, it should be noted that the resource commitments for FY 1975 are
known to be incomplete, and resources allocated to noise for research
programs not dedicated to noise and for DOT in—house research are not
included in any of the fiscal year data.
The DOT is the principal Federal agency sponsoring surface vehicle
noise RD&D. These activities are primarily concerned with transportation
systems and are associated with three major programs. They are Highway
Noise Reduction, Urban Transportation System Noise Reduction, and
Conventional Railroad and Intercity High Speed Systems. With emphasis
being control of highway noise, the major efforts have concentrated on
the control of heavy duty truck and bus noise. Future research efforts
emphasize truck tire and engine mechanical and combustion noise.
Although the DOT resource allocations to reduce noise from urban
transportation and conventional and high speed railway transportation
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Table 1.1 SUMMARY OF THE FEDERAL SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE RD&D PROGRAMS
SPONSORING
AGENCY
DESCRIPTIVE TITLE OF PROGRAM
Highway Noise Reduction
Urban Transportation System Noise
Reduction Program
Conventional Railroad & Intercity
High Speed Systems
TOTAL DOT
Conformance with Regulatory Requirements
Vehicle Signature Reduction
Noise Reduction Program for U.S. Army
Construction Vehicles
TOTAL DOD/ARMY
Interstate Motor Carriers
Interstate Rail Carriers
New Medium & Heavy Duty Trucks
TOTAL EPA
Reduction of Vehicle (snowmobile) and
Equipment Noise Levels
The Use of Trees and Shrubs in Noise
Abatement
Noise & Vibration of Off—Road Equipment
FISCAL
YEAR
FUNDING ($1,000)
PRIOR TO 1973 1973
1974 (est) 1975 12)
DOD/ARMY
EPA
USDA
DOT 2,066 1,798 L,429 935
(1) 356 577 (1)
(1) (1) 150 200
2,066 2,154 2,156 1,135
215 270
100 100 95
369 300 160
100 684 665 160
170
199
178
369 178
25 39
20
4 28
73 39
Effects of Building and Other Boundaries on 30
Motor Vehicle Noise
Noise and Vibration from Transportation 272
Vehicles and Other Machinery
302
$2,166 $3,211 $3,374 $1,334
(1) Resources for inhouse research and noise portions of advanced transportation systems development are not included.
(2) FY 75 estimates are known to be incomplete.
NSF
TOTAL USDA
TOTAL NSF
TOTAL FEDERAL EFFORT
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proposals. Currently, there are two NSF research grants specific to
surface vehicle noise. They are entitled “The Effects of Building and
Other Boundaries on Motor Vehicle Noise” and “Noise and Vibration from
Transportation Vehicles and Other Machinery.” A third grant entitled,
“Basic and Applied Studies of Noise,” has a minor portion of the study
addressing sound generation by automotive tire designs.
The total Federally sponsored surface vehicle noise research
activities can be classified into the following six research categories:
highway vehicle noise control technology, railway vehicle noise control
technology, off—highway vehicle noise control technology, noise system
studies, noise regulations development and enforcement, and advanced
systems development. For noise dedicated activities, the emphasis in
the Federal efforts has been roughly equal between highway vehicle
noise control technology development and noise regulations development
and enforcement. In these areas the principal efforts have been control
of heavy truck and bus noise. However, there is a significant Federal
effort addressing noise generated by off—highway vehicles, principally
those used in construction. Although not dedicated to noise, there
are also major Federal programs (exclusively DOT) to develop advanced,
future mass transportation systems which give significant attention to
noise control and have potential applications to conventional systems.
Total resource distributions for these categories are given in Table 4.1.
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2. INTRODUCTION
2.1 BACKGROUND
Early in 1974 the Office of Research and Development of the
Environmental Protection Agency invited Federal government agencies
concerned with. noise pollution research to designate representatives
of their technical staff to serve as members on tour noise research
panels: aircraft, surface vehicles, machinery, and health effects.
The requested agency representation on the panel is shown in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1 STRUCTURE OF EPA RESEARCH PANELS
Noise Research Panel
Current Agency Membership
Aircraft
NASA, DOT, DOD, HUD, DOC, EPA
Surface Vehicles*
DOT, HUD, DOD, DOC/NBS, EPA
Noise Effects
HEW, (NINDS, NIOSH, NIEHS), DOT
NSF, MUD, NASA, DOD, DOL
DOC/NES, EPA
Machinery HE fNIOSH, DOL, DOI/Bureau of
Mines, NSF, DOD. DOC/NBS,
EPA
*This panel was also charged with the responsibility for the Federal
research supporting land use policies.
These panels were convened to provide the means for interagency
coordination of research in the four technical areas. In addition to
exchange of information the functions of the panels in their respective
areas are:
• Review and assessment of the current state of technology.
• Review and assessment of the status of research and technology
development.
5
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• Preparation of recommendations concerning ongoing research
activities.
• Recommendation of noise research programs and projects, and
methods for their accomplishments.
• Preparation of reports on the status and/or progress of on-
going noise research activities.
• Receipt and review of pertinent scientific and programmatic
advice from communicating with other standing bodies.
The names and addresses of the Surface Vehicle Noise Research Panel
members are listed in Appendix A.
2.2 PURPOSE
Each of these panels of experts has met to charter its course of
action as a consultative body, and it was agreed that each panel would
generate a report on the Federal noise research, development, and demon-
stration (RD&D) activities and the noise research needs in the specific
area of consideration by the panel. To prepare the report, the EPA
requested each of the panel members to provide information on their
agency’s noise RD&D activities. With the request EPA offered an example
of the type of information desired but indicated that the information
could be provided in a form most convenient to the agency (i.e. their
agency’s project and program information forms or over—views). Appendix
B contains a copy of the EPA example and the program and project infor-
mation desired.
This report is the first to be prepared by the Surface Vehicle Noise
Research Panel. Its purpose is to present a description of Federally
supported RD&D which is directed toward control of noise problems attrib-
utable to surface vehicles or support of Federal land use policy develop—
ment. This document will be used by the Environmental Protection Agency
in preparing a report to satisfy Section 4(c)( 3 ) of the Noise Control
Act of 1972. EPA is required to report on the status and progress of
Federal activities relating to noise research and noise control and the
contribution of such activities to the Federal Government’s overall
efforts to control noise. The panel report is a digest and analysis of
information provided by the Federal agencies Involved in surface vehicle
noise RD&D. The report reflects the collective opinions of the panel
members and does not necessarily represent the policy or viewpoints of
the respective agencies.
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2.3 SCOPE
In the current Federal effort most surface vehicle noise RD&D on
surface transportation systems is being sponsored by the Department
of Transportation. Other agencies sponsoring research on surface vehicle
noise are the Department of Defense/Army, the National Science Foundation,
the Environmental Protection Agency, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
There were no Federal research programs identified which were specifically
concerned with land use policy development.
In presenting the current Federal activities, emphasis has been
placed on the RD&D activities in F? 1973 and 1974. Previous efforts and
future projections for major programs are also presented where such
information was provided. Fiscal data reported is accurate as of July,
1974, but may not reflect the complete resources available for each
program or project. This is principally because resources allocated to
salaries, equipment, and other services for in—house studies have not been
reported by all of the agencies. Because of FY 1974 carryover money,
the FY 1974 resource allocations are best estimates in many cases. For
FY 1975, not only are the resources identified estimates in
most cases, but some detailed program and project planning is not
complete. Therefore, the F? 1975 resource estimates are also incomplete.
Although it is probably unavoidable to omit some related Federal activ-
ities, It is the consensus of the panel members that no major Federal
research programs in the area of surface vehicle noise have been over-
looked.
The program and project descriptions of the Federal surface vehicle
noise RD&D are presented in Section 3 by agency. In Section 4 the
current programs are briefly analyzed and grouped into the categories
of specific surface vehicle noise control technology development, noise
systems studies, research directly supporting regulations development
and enforcement and advanced transportation systems development.
2.4 SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE SOURCES
Surface vehicles include mobile systems used in transportation,
construction, defense, recreation, and agriculture. These systems can
generally be classified according to three all inclusive noise source
categories. They are highway vehicle noise, railway vehicle noise,
and off—highway vehicle noise. The relative noise levels associated
with these sources of surface noise are illustrated in Table 2.2.
Noise emitted from these sources, however, is derived from the compo-
nents of the source, the vehicle’s subsources. Table 2.3 illustrates
the contribution of the subsources to the total noise levels emitted
by diesel trucks, motorcycles, and snowmobiles.
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Table 2.2 COMPARISON OF TYPICAL NOISE LEVELS FOR SURFACE VEHICLES (1)
CATEGORY Average
Noise
Levels
(2)
(dB(A)
at
15.24
Meters
(50’))
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Medium and Heavy Duty Trucks 84 (88)
Motorcycles (Highway) 82 (88)
Utility and Maintenance Vehicles 82 (88)
Highway Buses 82 (86)
Sports Cars 75 (86)
City and School Buses 73 (85)
Light Trucks and Pickups 72 (86)
Passengers Cars (Standard) 69 (84)
RAIL VEHICLES
Locomotives 94
Passenger Trains 85
Rapid Transit 87
Trolley Cars (Old) 80
Trolley Cars (New) 66
OFF-HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Recreational
Motorcycles 85
Snowmobiles 85
Inboard Motorboats 80
Outboard Motorboats 80
(Continued)
8
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Table 2.2 (Con’t.)
CATEGORY
Average Noise Levels (2)
(dB(A) at 15.25 Meters (5O’’
Construction
Trucks
88
Scraper
88
Dozer
87
Concrete
Mixer
85
Paver
89
(1) The average noise levels reported in Table 2.2 were obtained from
an unpublished EPA contractor report entitled “Rationale for the
Identification of Major Noise Sources” Table A—i. The values were
originally obtained from EPA document NTID 300.13, December 31,
1971, and HUD Departmental Circular 1390.2, August 1971.
(2) Values in parentheses are typical for maximum acceleration. All
other values are normal cruising speeds. Variations of 5dB can
be expected.
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Table 2.3 SUBSOURCES OF NOISE FOR TYPICAL SURFACE VEHICLES
Typical Noise Levels
(dB A) at 15.24 Meters (50’))
Diesel (1) Motorcycles (2) Snowmobiles (2)
Subsource Trucks
Engine Mechanical &
Combustion 78 78 76
Exhaust 85 86 82
Air Intake 75 82 85
Cooling Fan 82 80
Tires 75 69
(95)
Track 72
Total 88 88 88
(96)
(1) Values in parentheses are for trucks operating above 35 mph, source
of information: Close, W.H., DOT Truck Noise Reduction Program,
Internal DOT Description Document.
(2) The noise levels indicated for these sources were obtained from
EPA document NTID 300.13, December 31, 1971.
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3. FEDERAL SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE RD&D PROGRAMS
3.1 DOT SURFACE TRANSPORTATION NOISE ABATEMENT PROGRAMS
There are three major DOT noise research programs. They are
entitled the Highway Noise Reduction Program, the Urban Transporta-
tion Systems Noise Reduction Program, and the Conventional Railroad
and Intercity High Speed Systems. The sub—program tasks, projects
and fiscal data associated with these programs are listed in Tables
3.1, 3.2, and 3.3 respectively. The tables indicate that the major
noise dedicated efforts are in highway noise reduction. Significant
noise RD&D activities are identified in the other two programs but
generally noise is only one of several considerations. Many of these
latter activities are associated with the development of advanced,
future mass transportation systems. Brief descriptions of these
programs and their component projects are contained in the following
sections.
3.1.1 Highway Noise Reduction Program
Since 1970 the Department of Transportation has been actively
engaged in a multifaceted effort to reduce the impact of noise gen-
erated by heavy duty trucks and buses upon the community adjacent
to the nation’s public highways. The results of this program to
date are numerous and further information is forthcoming. Pertinent
reports developed under this program are available and reflect the
degree of noise reduction achievable through the application of the
best available technology considering cost of compliance.
Summary description documents (references 1,2) have been pre-
pared which set the DOT program of truck noise reduction into per-
spective and delineate the plans for and accomplishments of the program
realized as of late 1972. Since that time the program has developed
according to the plan, but with some expansion of efforts.
Quiet Truck Pro gram — An investment of approximately $1.25 mil-
lion dollars has been made on three DOT contracts with the Freight—
liner Corporation, International Harvester Co., and the White Motor
Co. to develop and demonstrate the lowest practical noise levels
achievable on selected heavy duty diesel powered truck tractors.
11
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Table 3.1 SUMMARY OF DOT HIGHWAY NOISE REDUCTION PROGRAM
Fiscai Year Funding ($1,000)
Prior to
Descriptive Title Investigator (a) 1973 1973 1974 (eat.) 1975 (est.)*
Quiet Truck Program Freight liner 1,046 100 100
International Harvester
Co.
White Motor Co.
Exhaust/Intake Mufflers Donaldson Co. 75 28
Stemco Manufacturing Co.
Truck Noise Handbook Cambridge Collaborative 15 20
Construction Equipment Vehicle Research Institute 50
Mufflers
Engine Noise Support Bureau of Mines/DOl 80 40
Truck/Bus Retrofit General Motors 450 72
PACCAR
International Harvester
Rohr Industries
McDonne1—Dougla i Co.
Basic Engine Noise Not specified 245 245
Reduction
In—Cab Noise Tests In—House &
National Bureau of
Standards
Truck Tire Noise Study National Bureau of 468 100 100 200
Standards
Truck Tire Noise Basic North Carolina Uni— 119 150 250
Research versity
Highway Noise Enforcement California Highway 450 70
Training & Equipment Patrol
Roadside Enforcement Not specified 100 50
Sites
BMCS Training/Equipping Not specified
NCHRP Project III Bolt, Baranek, & 120 120 180
(highway noise models) Newman
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Table 3 l (Cont’d)
Fiscal Year Funding ($].,000)
Prior to
Descriptive Title Investigator (s) 1973 1973 1974 (est.) 1975 (est.)*
Magnitude of Transportation Serendipity ++
Noise Ceneration and
Abatement
Scale Modeling Highway Ling—Tenco—Vought 79
Noise
Scale Modeling Urban Massachusetts institute 112
Traffic Noise of Technology
Development of Highway In—house + + +
Noise Standards PPM—2
PPM 90—2 Training Manual Bolt, Baranek, & Newman 132 + +
Course
FHWA Highway Design Urban Systems 54
Manual
Construction Equipment California Division of 57 90 80 80
Standards Highways
Highway Barrier California Division of 43 7
Effectiveness Highways
Acoustic Material Bolt, Baranek, & Newman 115 110
Applications
Barrier Parametrics In—House + + 50 +
Traffic Noise Study State of Maryland 43 37 37 —
Community Noise Study State of New Jersey 16 20 20 —
Passenger Car Tire Noise In—House and State — 3 +
of Colorado
TOTALS 2,066 1,798 1,429 935
* FY 75 estimates known to be incomplete
+ Primary in—house funds
++ Not dedicated to surface vehicle noise, noise resources not available
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Table 3.2 SU)*tARY OF DOT URBAN TR ANSPORTATION SYSTEMS NOISE REDUCTION PROGRAM
Descriptive Title Investi ator( . )
Transit Bus Noise Reduction Potential WMATA
Purchase Specification. — Transit MITRE
Coach..
TRANSEUS Program Not specified
Personal Rapid Transit Program Not specified
Dual Mode Program Not specified
Rapid Transit Systems Noise In—House
Environment
New York City Transit System Study PIN?
Chicago Transit Authority Study
Other Transit Authority Study
Wheel/Rail Noise & Vibration Study
Elevated Structures Noise & Vibration
In Service Noise Abatement Teat &
Evaluation
New System’s Specifications — Not specitied
Capital Grants
State—of—the—Art—Car Not specified
Screech Loop — Pueblo Facility In—house
TOTALS
* FY 75 estimates known to be incomplete
+ Primary in—house funds
++ Not dedicated to noise, noise resources not available
Fiscal Year
Fundini
($1,000)
PrIor to 1973
1973
26
1974
—
(est.)
—
22
4+
+4
4+
44
+ 4
44
1975*
4+
University of Illinois
Not specified
Bolt, Baranek, & Newman
Cambridge Collaborative
Not specified
4+
125
60
120
250
184
146
4+
4+
4+
4+
4+
44
4+
4+
+
+
4 -4-
44
356
577
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Table 3.3 SU tARY OF DOT CONVENTIONAL RAILROAD AND
INTERCITY HIGH SPEED SYSTEMS NOISE RELATED PROGRAMS
Fiscal Year Funding ($l 000)
Descriptive Title Prior to 1973 1973 1974 (est.) 1975*
Measurement of Railroad + +
Joint DOT/AAR Railroad Noise Research — 150 200
Linear Induction Motor Research Vehicle ++ ++
Magnetical Levitated Research Vehicle + 4-
Tracked Air Cushion Research Vehicle -H- -H- 4-f- +
Prototype Tracked Air Cushion Vehicle ++ 4-f- 4-f- 4-f
U’
TOTALS 150 200
* FT 75 estimates known to be incomplete
+ Primarily in—house funds
+4- Not dedicated to noise, noise resources not available
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In the general work statement (reference 3) for the “Quiet Truck
Program” the contractors were obliged to establish their own contract
target noise level limits for each of the two truck configurations to
be evaluated. Listed below is a table of goals proposed by each of the
contractors (which became part of the contracts) and results of the
contract research to date.
Table 3.4 QUIET TRUCK PROGRAM NOISE CONTROL COALS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Contractor Goals* Accomplishments*
Freightliner (1) 75—78dR(A) 72dB(A)
International (1) 75—78dB(A) 77—78dB(A)
(2) 78—8OdB(A) 79—8OdB(A)
White Motor Co. (1) 75—78dB(A) 77dB(A)
(2) 81—83dB(A) 79dB(A)
*Maximunl sound level per SAE J366a test
(1) Enclosed engine version
(2) Unenclosed engine version
Two reports (references 4,5) of the many to emanate from this pro-
ject have been completed. In anticipation of the demand for public in-
formation on these efforts, technical sessions at two professional society
meetings were arranged in which the si mary findings of the project could
be conveyed to the public prior to completion of the detailed DOT project
reports. Papers were presented at the Society of Automotive Engineers
(SAE) National West Coast Meeting (references 6,7,8) in August of 1973,
at Noise Con 73 (references 9,10,11,12,13) in October 1973, and at Inter—
Noise 74 (reference 14).
16
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A number of detailed reports are presently in preparation to
delineate the specific tests, design considerations, operational
implications, and costs associated with the development of these quieted
trucks. In addition, nine trucks, as hndlcated below, are currently in
field service evaluation with line haul carriers to proof test the
noise reduction concepts and verify the estimates of operational and
cost implications.
Table 3.5 FIELD SERVICE EVALUATION BY LINE HAUL CARRIERS
Contractor Number of Trucks Operator
Freightliner 1 Mid American Lines
International 4 Ryder Truck Lines
White 1 Overnite Transport
White 3 Carolina Lines
Following approximately one year of service evaluation on each
truck, final reports will be prepared and published to document the
experience gained in line haul service of the quieted trucks as compared
to comparable production trucks. Completion of the service evaluation
will occur in July of 1974 for the first trucks and February 1975 for the
last trucks introduced into service.
As a further adjunct to this program, the International Harvester
contract has been expanded to encompass fleet testing of 24 different
installations of “demand t ’ fan drives. This will provide an extensive
evaluation of the duty cycle of such fan—noise obviation and energy sav-
ing installations in service across the country. Reference 15 is a list-
ing of the 23 installations currently under test.
Exhaust/Intake Muffler — Rather than rely solely on long term
future solutions to the problems of truck noise, the DOT also undertook
a series of closely related efforts to produce information upon which
near term decisions could be based: (1) for new product standards;
and (2) for retrofitabilitY of noise reduction components to current
fleets of trucks and transit coaches powered by the popular diesel
engines.
The first contracts in this effort were intake and exhaust muffler
performance evaluation tasks. The Donaldson Co. and the Steinco Manu-
facturing Co. were awarded parallel contracts to acquire and evaluate
available intake air cleaners and mufflers for acoustic performance and
to document cost and ancillary performance effects (pressure restriction,
17
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etc.) The results of these two contracts are contained in final DOT
reports (references 16,17). The results of the Donaldson study are also
reported in a professional society report. (reference 18). These tests
validated the contention that an ample supply of commercial mufflers
exists to significantly reduce Intake and exhaust noise of production
trucks. Table 3.6 illustrates the general capabilities of better mufflers
being used on the most popular diesel engines. The same reports place
intake noise and component cost versus performance into a new, clearer
perspective.
Table 3.6 SOUND LEVELS OF BASIC EXHAUST SYSTEMS
Sound Level dB(A)(1)
Type System NHC—250 NTC—350 6—71 8V—71 ENDT—675
Unmuf fled 95 93 105 104 82
SVVTP 96.0 79.0 78.0 82.0 72.5
SVVTP + Wye (3) 80.0
CVVTP 80.0
SHVTP 75.0 795 78.0 81,0 70.5
DHVTP 81.5
SHHTP 81.0 80.0 81.0 (2)
DH1HTP 74.0
(1) “A” weighted sound level reference 20 micronewtons per square meter.
Measured at 15.24 meters (50’).
(2) All mufflers tested exceeded back pressure limits.
(3) Wye muffler is used to join the two exhaust banks into a single
system.
Exhaust System Code “XY ABC”
XY donoted muffler configuration; S single, D dual, V vertically
mounted, H horizontal.
ABC donotes tail pipe system, V vertical, H horizontal.
Truck Noise Handbook A task order contract with Cambridge
Collaborative is being used to write a popularized version of the
results of the two muffler contracts, the cooling system results from the
“quieted” trucks, and general noise testing procedures into one coniprehen—
sive handbook for field use in Implementing truck noise reduction. This
effort is nearing the publication stage and a final handbook was sched-
uled for completion July 1974.
Construction Equipment Mufflers — A contract is presently being
18
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negotiated with the Vehicle Research Institute (VRI) of the SAE to
study and evaluate the applicability of the muffler and cooling system
technology to construction equipment. Recommendations for dissemination
to that industry will be made by VRI.
Engine Noise Support — An interagency agreement with the Bureau
of Mines, Bartlesville Energy Research Center has produced a variety of
information on the performance and air emissions of similar diesel engines
with specific attention paid to effects of noise reduction components.
Bartlesville personnel also participated in program planning for future
diesel engine noise research.
Truck/Bus Retrofits — Most directly applicable to the regulatory
process for new trucks is the series of five contracts recently awarded
by the DOT to determine the degree of noise reduction possible through
optimum selection of air cleaner/inlet mufflers, exhaust mufflers, and
cooling system components. Contracts have been written with: General
Motors Truck and Coach Division, PACCAR (parent corporation including
Kenworth and Peterbilt), International Harvester, Rohr Industries
(Flexible Coach), and McDonnel—Douglas Co. (with White Motor Co. as
subcontractor). Ten trucks and two transit coaches will be evaluated
and quieted through detailed studies. Ten other trucks will be evaluated
as to the applicability of the hardware developed for the primary study
vehicles. $500,000 of Federal funds are being augmented by $325,000
of industry cost sharing to perform this effort. Final reports are
scheduled to be finished by mid calendar year 1975. On the basis of the
information (reference 19) supplied to prospective bidders regarding
the tasks to be performed in this truck and bus retrofit study, it
is evident that DOT is seeking technology answers to the problems of
typical vehicles but, in addition, is also seeking definitive studies
of vehicles known to possess atypical noise problems. Accordingly,
some of the results expected from this effort will quite possibly
delineate a number of truck models which simply cannot be expected to
be made as quiet as the “typical” truck. From this information, the
impact of regulatory decisions should be much clearer for both the
“typical” heavy duty vehicle, and vehicles which may have to be pre-
maturely retired due to excessive costs to quiet.
To facilitate dissemination of information resulting from these
efforts, the contractors are obligated to prepare service bulletins
pertinent to the test vehicles and to distribute these notifications
to all owneré of record of the affected vehicles. DOT anticipates
that these service bulletins will establish a precedent in the industry
hieh will be followed by broad voluntary dissemination of noise infor—
ination by all manufacturers to their customers.
Basic Engine Noise Reduction — For even longer term considerations,
19
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DOT has initiated procurement activities to study the options available
in reducing inherent diesel engine noise through engine design inodif 1—
catjons. The efforts of the Bureau of Mines and the so called “Quiet
Trucks” have provided the initial information for this effort as well as
options to encapsulate engines for noise reduction purposes. This study
will delve more deeply into the basic mechanisms of noise generation and
radiation by diesel engines and the potential abatement techniques
applicable to present and future engine designs. This will be a three
year laboratory and field test program which is expected to cost a half
million dollars. From this effort, it is anticipated that engine design
parameters will be developed which will provide a full option to the
encapsulation techniques developed in the previous DOT research and/or
provide means to lower engine noise beyond that achieved solely by engine
shields and encapsulation if needed.
In—Cab Noise Tests — The DOT has exercised its safety responsi—
bilities in various areas affecting heavy duty trucks and buses. One of
these areas of responsibility includes regulating the noise exposure of
drivers of commercial vehicles. In keeping with the authorization and
direction of the Congress as expressed in the Noise Control Act of 1972,
DOT has carried out its program of operator noise exposure protection
through research and development to the regulation stage.
In October of 1970 an advanced notice of proposed rule making by
the DOT Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety (BMCS) regarding sound levels in
counnerical vehicle cabs was issued. A field measurement and analysis
effort was undertaken the following summer of 1971 to ascertain interior
sound levels and to develop simplified test procedures. Through the
cooperation of Regular Conmion Carrier Conference and the American Truck—
ing Associations, sixteen trucks were made available for testing. (Due
to Interest in community noise on the part of the truckers and the DOT,
the exterior noise levels were measured as well as the interior noise
levels of the test trucks).
Interior and exterior noise level data were acquired by the National
Bureau of Standards (NBS) for DOT for a variety of truck operating procedures
which included: stationary low idle, stationary engine acceleration, sta-
tionary high idle (governed rpm), SAE J366a acceleration, SAE J366a decelera-
tion, and SAE J366a engine brake deceleration (reference 20).
An analysis of the significance of the various tests and a recom-
mended enforcement procedure for interior noise level has been reported
(reference 21). A methodology to relate the simplified procedure to
driver exposure and the hearing conservation criterion of the Occupational
Safety and Uealth Act was proposed. Sample measurements of typical over—
the—road driver sound level exposure were also reported.
20
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Subsequently a Notice of Proposed Rule Making (reference 22) was
issued by the BMCS on January 4, 1973, based upon the results of the
above research, to limit interior truck noise with specific per-
formance standards and compliance testing specified. In—house studies
documented by BNCS (reference 23) and independent studies by the Motor
Vehicle Manufacturers Association (MVMA,) confirmed the validity of
the compliance testing procedure relative to the desired exposure control.
On November 8, 1973, the Director of the Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety
issued new Part 393.94 establishing maximum interior sound level limits
for newly—manufactured and in—service trucks and buses operated in inter-
state commerce.
The BMCS has also undertaken research to relate noise and other
connnerical vehicle environmental factors (vibration, heat, etc.) to
driver fatigue, etc. The results of this effort have been reported
(reference 24).
Truck Tire Noise Study — The very first item of surface trans-
portation noise research undertaken by the DOT Office of Noise Abatement
was a comprehensive study of tire noise. DOT undertook this program in
1969 as the first phase of its highway vehicle noise research because it
had been determined that: (1) tire noise is speed dependent, thus it
is typically the dominant high speed truck noise source; (2) Interstate
highway construction progress has generated a continuing increase in
average truck speed; (3) tire noise to some-degree is dependent upon
road surface and; (4) the majority of the remaining Interstate system
to be constructed is in urban areas. The course of action taken was
to enter into an interagency agreement with the Office of Vehicle Systems
Research (OVSR) of the National Bureau of Standards to conduct pilot
studies of auto tire noise (due to their heavy involvement with auto tire
safety standards for DOT).
From this pilot effort and information obtained from General
l4otors, it was determined that meaningful data could be acquired using
coast—by test procedures. With this base of understanding and experience,
DOT and NBS prepared a test plan for a parametric examination of truck
tire noise through field testing.
During the performance of this study, the OVSR was transferred
enmasse from NBS to DOT and the tire noise program execution was re-
directed by DOT to the Applied Acoustics Section of NBS. No significant
disruption of the program was experienced by this transition which was
planned in anticipation of the organizational change. An excellent test
site was made available at Wallops Island, Virginia, by the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration. Test tires were provided gratis
by several trucking companies through the American Trucking Associations.
NBS acquired the necessary acoustic equipment, became familiar with its
operation and conducted initial tests at Wallops Island in 1970. Test—
21
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ing during the su iers of 1970 and 1971 resulted in the acquisition of
the largest known data base of truck tire noise. The first (references
25,26) of a series of reports based upon these data document the vari-
ation of truck tire noise with: tire tread type, vehicle speed, vehicle
loading, tire wear, and to a limited degree road surface, number of
tires, and effects of water on the road surface.
Currently in preparation are several additional reports derived
from this data base covering the subjects of: regulatory and use iinpli—
cations, spectral and directional characteristics of truck tire noise,
and implications of the data in regards to the mechanisms of tire noise
generation. In addition, evaluation tests of candidate tires for stan-
dard military procurement were evaluated and were reported (reference
27).
A substantial number of professional society papers have been
written by DOT and NBS on the subject of tire noise. (See references
28,29,30,31,32 for examples). The findings of this program to date
served as input data for the EPA proposed Interstate Motor Carrier Noise
Regulations (reference 33). It is anticipated that the findings will
further serve as the basis for tire noise regulations to be written by
the California Highway Patrol (CHP) in accordance with Sections 27502 and
27503 of the California Motor Vehicle Code (ref erence 34) and possible
future tire noise regulations to be written by EPA.
Truck Tire Noise Basic Research — While the above tire noise efforts
have quantified the important factors pertaining to selective use of
tires, road surface implications and regulatory implications, the matter
of specific tire noise generation mechanism would remain unanswered
unless more specific research Into this point was successfully conducted.
Accordingly DOT has awarded a four year $270,000 grant to the North
Carolina State University (NCSU) to undertake a theoretical and experi-
mental study of tire noise generation. Through the first two years of
this grant, tire vibration (as opposed to air pumping or other turbulent
aerodynamic phenomena) has been Identified as a major noise source
mechanism in many truck tires. Subsequent tasks have been planned which
are necessary for the design of quiet tires. These tasks are: isolation
of tire vibration and sound sources through coherence function analysis
of tire sound, vibration, and road surface roughness signals; road sur-
face roughness measurement and modeling; and tire analytical vibration
and noise models. A status report (reference 35) through August 1973
is available from NCSU.
Highway Noise Enforcement Training and Equipment — In the various
aspects of the DOT program of truck noise reduction, numerous procedures
of sound measurement and data presentation have been employed. The DOT
has elected to use one common base of testing throughout this program
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to ensure complete communications with. the various participants and to
ensure comparability of results. This common base has been the Society
of Automotive Engineers Recommended Practice J366a or the latest version,
J366b (reference 36) revised for editorial reasons. As illustrated in
reference 20, DOT is very much attuned to the need to constantly review
the adequacy of present testing techniques. The sensitivity of J366a
relative to vehicle operation and/or microphone location was investi-
gated and reported, noting that nowhere in the data were levels greater
than J366a plus 3dB recorded at microphone locations other than that
prescribed by J366a. The average difference in levels recorded 4.57
meters (15’) to either side of the SAE microphone location was 0. The
average difference in levels recorded 9.14 meters (30’) to either side
of the SAE microphone location was 0 to 0.5dB lower than at the SAE
microphone location. The ranges of data were also small. A concluding
statement, therefore, was made relative to J366a that: “This data
serves to substantiate the validity of the SAE test procedure as a
measure of maximum vehicle noise”. Subsequent to that study in 1971
no data has been generated which would change the conclusions as to
validity of J366 within a nominal ±2dB tolerance. Higher test speeds
would be detrimental to the process of reliably determining maximum
truck noise (exclusive of tire noise).
As noted above, DOT is presently preparing a report on tire noise
regulatory implications which will endeavor to provide supporting infor-
mation for California standards to be developed on truck and automobile
tire noise. In this effort leading up to the preparation of this report,
DOT has concluded that tires need to be regulated in a totally separate
fashion from trucks. DOT further concludes that with the exception of
substituting “fast meter response” for the “slow meter response”, the
procedures and concepts of SAE J57 (reference 37) testing are adequate
for truck tire noise rating.
In accordance with scientifically sound and practical approaches
which exist for the specification and enforcement of motor vehicle
noise control measures, DOT undertook the sponsorship of a training pro-
gram for state and local officials concerned with this problem. In May
and June of 1973, the California Highway Patrol (CUP) conducted six,
four day courses to convey the background and experience gained by the
CUP in developing and adopting legislation for the control of motor
vehicle noise and in developing and enforcing specific new product
and in—service vehicle noise regulations. The DOT also offered to make
available basic instrumentation for the states to use in such enforce-
ment programs which the states would undertake following completion
of the DOT/CUP courses.
A total of 212 state and local officials attended the training
courses at the Sacramento, California Academy of the CUP. A few repre—
sentatives’of the Environmental Protection Agency also attended, as did
other DOT officials and a few industry officials.
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The course material and the audio/visual training aids provided each
attendee are contained in references 38 through 41. The object of the
program was multifold, however, one primary objective was to determine if
a well structured program, conducted by personnel possessing extensive
background and experience could effectively convey the essence of vehicle
noise enforcement techniques to a generally uninformed group of state
and local officials, upon whom responsibility for such enforcement would
possibly be placed in the near future. As the final report (reference 42)
indicates, the program was an overwhelming success. The examination scores
were raised from an average of 64.5% at entrance to 91.3% upon completion
of the course. This report has been edited to pre rve anonimity of the
attendees thus permitting public disclosure of the program results.
Roadside Enforcement Sites — Further, in regards to measurement
methodology, the DOT is initiating a program of roadside site categori-
zation which will involve the measurement of control vehicles and traffic
at a number of representative roadside enforcement locations to cate-
gorize the acoustic effects of such sites as are typically found adjacent
to the nations highways and streets. Measurements during the summer of
1974 will provide pertinent data for this activity leading to the develop-
ment of initial compliance regulations to be written by the DOT under
authority of Section 18 of the Noise Control Act. This activity will, in
all probability, be an on—going, low level, in—house effort to continually
upgrade enforcement techniques, thus permitting enforcement measurements
in more restricted spaces and accounting for other factors which at pres-
ent would rule out sites for measurement purposes.
BMCS Training/Equippin — In fiscal year 1975, in—house and contrac-
tor efforts will provide expanded training of Bureau of Motor Carrier
Safety (MBCS) inspectors for enforcement of the In—Cab Noise Regulation
and Interstate Motor Carrier ise Regulation. In addition, equipment to
supplement that presently available for BMCS inspectors will be provided.
National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Prolect III —
Dating back to fiscal year 1970 the DOT Federal Highway Administration
(FHWA) has supported the NCHRP Project III for the development of infor-
mation pertaining to highway noise and its associated problems. This is
a jointly funded effort with the Association of State Highway Officials
through the Highway Research Board and has, to date, produced three per-
tinent reports, NCHRP Reports 78, 117, and 144. Each report addresses
the proposition of highway noise generation and provides information for
the transportation and urban planner to perform his function appropriately
in light of these predicted noise levels and community reactions. Other
activities within the DOT have addressed this problem and have resulted
in the development of highway noise prediction models. Under contract
to the Office of the Secretary of Transportation in 1970, Serendipity
Incorporated developed a sophisticated highway noise model which took
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into account many factors as specific inputs which have been averaged
in the succeeding NCHRP models. Reference 43 is the highway noise
volume of the series of reports resulting from this study of the
magnitude of the transportation noise problem. References 44, 45 and
46 document the computer program as refined and used by DOT Trans-
portation Systems Center (TSC) and the short approximate method developed
in—house at DOTfTSC. On—going effort has been directed towards updating
these models and providing programs for different computers to accept
either the NCHRP 117 model (computerization performed by the Michigan
State Highway Department) or the DOT—Transportation System Center
Model.
Scale Modeling H±ghway and Urban Traffic Noise — In many circum-
stances the topography is of such a complex nature as to invalidate
the generalized assumptions used in computer modeling, hence, the use
of small scale physical models has been applied on two DOT contracts.
In 1969 a contract was written with Ling -Temco—Vought (LTV) to study
the scale modeling problem of complex highway interchanges and to
develop the sound source and measurement methodology to permit reliable
small scale modeling. Corporate organizational problems resulted in
the transfer of numerous key personnel away from the project, con-
sequently, adequate final reports have not been prepared documenting
this study. Subsequently, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT) has had a DOT grant to study scale modeling of urban traffic
situations. Final reports are in preparation (should be available be-
fore the end of calendar year 1974) documenting the results of this
study of traffic flow in simulated urban canyons.
Development of Highway Noise Standards PPM 90—2 — Section 136(b)
of the 1970 Federal Aid to Highway Act specified that the DOT/FHWA
promulgate by July 1, 1972, standards for highway noise levels, com-
patible with different land uses. Accordingly on April 26, 1972, the
DOT Federal Highway Administration issued an advanced copy of its
Policy and Procedures Memorandum PPM 90—2 entitled Interim Noise
Standards Procedures for Implementing 109 (i) of Title 23 United States
Code. This was updated in February 8, 1973, by final version PPM 90—2
entitled Noise Standards and Procedures (reference 47). The develop-
ment of these standards was performed primarily in—house with the assis-
tance of consultants in the employ of the DOT and under the auspices
of the Association of State Highway officials.
PPM 90—2 Training Manual and Course — To assist in the understanding
and implementation of PPM 90—2 the FHWA made provisions for preparing
a one—week training course in the fundamentals and abatement of highway
traffic noise. This course was prepared under contract by Bolt, Beranek
and Newman (BBN) and initial courses were given under the leadership of
BBN. Subsequently the same course is being made available through
the Federal Highway Administration Regional Structure and is being con-
ducted in—house by FHWA employees with the assistance of a few consultants.
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A manual (reference 48) has been prepared that serves as a textbook for
training courses.
The Highway Noise Standards and the training course are directed to
those location, site, and design aspects of highway construction which
are pertinent to the control of vehicular noise as it exists on today’s
highways. The computer programs mentioned above are based on empirical
measurements on today s highways of today’s vehicular noise levels, but
adjustments to reflect vehicular noise control can be made in these pro—
grams.
FHWA Highway Design Manual and Construction Equipment Standards —
Other activities include the preparation of design manuals for the
construction of highway roadside barriers, and the exploratory research
by the state of California Division of Highways regarding the establish-
ment of feasible noise levels for construction and maintenance equipment
utilized for highway construction.
Highway Barriers: Effectiveness, Acoustic Materials, Parametrics —
A variety of Federal Highway Contracts and state research projects under
the Highway Trust Fund allocation for Highway Planning and Research are,
and have been, underway relating to design features of highways to abate
existing highway noise. The state of California has completed a project
relating to traffic noise near highways and the effects of design and
environmental variables, including the development and demonstration of
highway barriers near impacted residential areas. A contract has been
let by the DOT/FHWA with BBN to explore the ramifications of using sound
absorbing material on existing highway noise barriers and within tunnels.
In addition, the DOT/TSC under the DOT, Office of the Secretary has con-
ducted in—house theoretical studies and is preparing a field measurement
progr to evaluate the effectiveness of highway barriers relative to
the line source of noise generated by a stream of heavy flowing traffic.
Traffic and Community Noise Studies — The state of Maryland has
undertaken a project relating to highway design and abatement of traffic
noise and the state of New Jersey has undertaken a program of community
noise measurements.
Passenger Car Tire Noise — Other activities involving the Western
Region Federal Highway Administration field force and the state of
Colorado pertain to the noise generated by passenger car tires on various
road surfaces. The design implications of tire/roadway interaction have
been discussed above in the truck noise reduction program. While the
problem is somewhat different, the results of the truck and passenger
car tire research have been carefully coordinated and integrated insofar
as the implications of highway surfacing are concerned from the stand-
point of safety and noise.
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3.1.2 Urban Transportation Systems Noise Reduction Program
Transit Bus Noise Reduction Potential — Within the broad area
of mass transportation vehicles and systems development, numerous
activities are underway relating to advancing the state—of—the—art of
noise control. As mentioned previously, two transit coaches are in-
cluded within the DOT Truck/Bus Retrofits programs and, in addition,
a demonstration project by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit
Authority (WMATA) completed in 1972 demonstrated that significant
noise reduction could be achieved in current “new look” transit coaches
by the application of noise control engineering. The WMATA “quick and
dirty ’ demonstration program illustrated the need to work on engine,
exhaust, intake, and cooling system aspects of coaches to achieve
noise reduction. The demonstration did not include the development
of practical hardware to achieve these reductions as will be the case
in the project presently underway.
Purchase Specifications: Transit Coaches — Currently underway
is a low level effort by MITRE Corporation to more closely examine the
test procedures and specification for community and passenger noise
levels associated with transit coaches. The DOT Urban Mass Transpor-
tation Administration (UNTA) provides capital grants covering some 80%
of all transit coach purchases. This contract with MITRE Corporation
is being conducted in conjunction with the Society of Automotive
Engineers Bus Noise Subcommittee.
TRANSBUS Program — Looking further to the future, the DOT is
presently developing technology for future transit coaches in the forty
foot urban design category. Three parallel contracts have been awarded
for the development and demonstration of such coaches. Included within
the design goals and specifications are very progressive interior and
exterior noise level specifications. This program is presently in the
acceptance test and evaluation phase of the demonstrator transit coaches
produced by three suppliers: Rohr, Inc., General Motors Truck and
Coach, and AN General Corporation. The portion of the twenty—three
million dollar total effort which is devoted to noise control is not
known since noise is but one of many integrated specifications for
the project. However, the attainment of the seventy—five dBA exterior
maximum noise goal will do much to forward the state—of—the—art and is
considered by the DOT as a significant activity in the noise abatement
area.
Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) Program — Other systems development
and exploratory efforts in the area of personal rapid transit systems
(PRT s) also include noise related activities as a part of the advanced
work necessary to determine the applicability of such systems for future
urban transportation needs. Contracts with Uniflow and Pullman Standard,
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for example, include noise oriented activities related to rail personal
rapid transit design concepts. Some of the findings of these systems study
contracts may be pertinent to more conventional tracked rapid transit
vehicles and to future design specifications for systems implementation.
Estimates as to the specific cost of the noise related portions of these
contracts are not provided since the segregation of noise from other de-
sign and evaluation tasks cannot be readily performed.
Dual Mode Program — Another activity is the so called dual mode
technology development within the mass transit area. A variety of
activities exploring the feasibility of integrating various modes of
transportation to relieve the dependence upon automobiles includes,
among other things, environmental compatibility; hence, a low level of
in—house consultation and contractor effort in the noise area is included
to assure noise compatibility of such systems.
Rapid Transit Systems Noise — In the area of rail rapid transit
a concerted effort has been mounted to address the problems of noise in
the community and the noise environment of riders and customers waiting
in stations. In FY 1972 and 1973, measurement methodologies were developed
to characterize the noise environment of rapid rail transit systems. The
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) Lines were used as sub-
jects for measurement and exploratory study. A final report is in prep-
aration describing the noise climate of the MBTA. Subsequently, grants
nave been provided the New York Polytechnic Institute and the University
of Illinois to study the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) and
Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) properties respectively (along the lines
of the study previously conducted by TSC/DOT of the MBTA). Request for
proposals have been issued for similar studies of the Cleveland,
Philadelphia, and San Francisco rapid transit systems.
Wheel/Rail and Elevated Structures Noise and Vibration — Contracts
have been let for studies of (1) the development of wheel/rail noise and
vibration control technology and (2) the development of track and elevated
structure noise and vibration control technology with Bolt, Beranek and
Newman and Cambridge Collaborative, respectively.
In—Service Noise Abatement Test and Evaluation — In 1974, the in—
service test and evaluation of state—of—the—art noise control techniques
will be conducted including: resilient wheels in Chicago, station
acoustical treatment in Philadelphia, resilient fasteners in New York,
and barriers in San Francisco. The in—service test and evaluation pro—
gram has as its overall objectives the definition of cost and performance
data of the various techniques as well as the evaluation of each technique
considering safety, maintainability, etc., for application in future
corrective programs and new systems designs.
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Future plans call for the development and demonstration of appli-
cations of known technology as well as heretofore unproven technology
in one or more transit authorities. The producers of these efforts
will feed back through the cost and abatement documentation similar
to that mentioned previously for the MBTA, NYCTA, and the CTA studies.
Thus an integrated time phased program is well underway for the assess-
ment of noise impact of existing rapid rail transit systems, and the
means are at hand to begin to identify and resolve environmental
incompatibilities.
New Systems Specifications: Capital Grants — In addition to the
research and demonstration program activities, very important improve-
ments and advancements are being made as a result of progressive systems
specifications being drawn for new transit systems which are being
developed with massive federal support. Examples include the Bay Area
Rapid Transit District, the Washington Metro Systems, the Baltimore
Transit System, and Atlanta Rapid Transit System. Such specifications,
developed by the system consultants and approved by the DOT, exhibit
incremental noise improvements with time. Estimates of the costs of
such specifications cannot be provided, however, the noise reduction
contributions of such system specifications will be significant.
Other programs such as the State—of—the—Art Car and the develop-
ment of a screech loop at the Pueblo High Speed Test Center will add to
the body of information permitting continuous improvement in rapid
transit noise control.
3.1.3 Conventional Railroad and High Speed Ground Inter—City Trans-
portation Noise Related Programs
Measurement of Railroad Noise — Prior to the passage of the Noise
Control Act of 1972, conventional railroad noise complaints ranked rela-
tively low on the list of priorities in the DOT (as measured by the
frequency or number of community complaints and/or legal actions taken).
The conventional rail network is contracting rather than expanding, and
much of the land use adjacent to conventional rail lines has long been
established and has acclimated to the noise of conventional railroads.
Due to the desire of railroads to have uniformity of control and in re-
action to a growing body of regulatory attempts by cities and states,
the railroads lobbied for inclusion of Section 17 in the Noise Control
Act of 1972 which requires the EPA to establish standards for noise
emission of railroad equipment and facilities and for the DOT to write
compliance regulations. Accordingly, the DOT undertook an accelerated
program of in—house measurements of railroad noise to explore the
magnitude of the problem and the means by which measurements and/or
enforcement procedures could be developed. A number of measurements
in the field were made of conventional and high speed trains between
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Washington and New York and New York and Boston which encompass conven-
tional freight, conventional passenger, Metroline and Turbo Train. One
report (reference 49) has been published and an artIcle (reference 50)
based upon the data was published in “Sound and Vibration.” In addition,
an exploratory research program utilizing a load cell facility was under-
taken to acquire baseline information on locomotive noise as a function
of throttle position and fan operating cycle. Measurements of property ,
line and specific source noise emissions were made during a one—week
period in the Argentine yards of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe
Railroad in Kansas City. Extensive data were acquired reflecting the
property line noise levels as a function of noise s urce and operating
mode. These data were acquired in a cooperative venture to support the
EPA standards setting responsibility under Section 17 of the Noise Control
Act and will be published shortly (reference 51).
Joint DOT/Association of American Railroads (AAR) Noise Research —
Currently underway is a railroad noise research program in cooperation
with the Association of American Railroads. This program will investigate
locomotive noise characteristics under various operating modes with the
prima objective being the development of simple, but effective, locomotive
noise tests techniques. Also to be studied in this program is the effect
of multiple locomotive units and propagation across adjacent terrain in
order to allow efficient and equitable enforcement of EPA noise standards.
Finally within the program, the demonstration of the effectiveness of
retarder noise barriers is planned.
The above railroad noise research program will be initiated in FY 1974
and will carry through Fl 1975 and portions of FY 1976. From this study it
is expected that simple and reliable test techniques for evaluating rail-
road/locomotive noise, identification of individual sources of locomotive
noise, identification of site variables pertinent to the measurement
of locomotive/rail car noise, and demonstration of railroad retarder
barriers to abate the excessive noise of these facilities will be accom-
plished. Cooperation on the part of the nation’s railroads is anticipated
through the gratis supply of equipment and operating personnel. From this
base of information more specific actions in the future can be taken to
identify the need to reduce railroad noise further and the means by which
such reductions, if required, can be made.
High Speed Inter—City Dedicated Guideway Transportation Systems —
Also within the DOT program of exploratory research and demonstration are
activities associated with high speed intercity dedicated guideway type
of transportation systems. Within these engineering demonstration efforts
are a number of noise specifications and specific noise abatement tasks.
For example, the Linear Induction Motor Research Vehicle, which is a steel
wheel rail/linear induction motor propelled test vehicle operating at the
Pueblo High—Speed Test Site, is being subjected to evaluation of noise
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sources with. emphasis on rail wheel noise and if feasible, exploration
of linear induction motor and reaction rail noise generation. In
conjunction with the ederal Republic of Germany and their high—
speed ground research programs DOT anticipates acquiring data from
tests of German magnetically levitated vehicles centering on the evalu-
ation of aerodynamically generated noise of high speed vehicles.
Engineering development programs of prototype tracked air cushion vehicle
(PTACV) will provide additional information on the noise generation of
air movers for such vehicle, cushions, and orce again linear induction
motor components. Noise specifications previously set for the PTACV
have been factored into the design. Evaluation and, if necessary,
corrective measures in future years will reveal significant findings
regarding the peculiar apparatus of such high—speed ground transpor-
tation vehicles.
3.2 DOD SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE CONTROL PROGRAMS
The surface vehicle noise research programs identified within the
DOD are those sponsored by the U.S. Army Tank Automotive Command (TACOM)
and the U.S. Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Center
fERDC). The TACOM Noise Control Program is divided into two program
areas: Conformance with Regulatory Requirements and Vehicle Signature
Reduction. Both are funded by the Army Materiel Command under the
Tank and Automotive Technology Effort and are classified within the DOD
as Exploratory Development Projects. The MERDC program is entitled
“Noise Reduction Program for U.S. Army Construction Equipment” and
includes mobile and stationary construction equipment. However, this
report will only describe the portion of the program concerned with
construction vehicles. The stationary construction equipment considered
in the MERDC Program is addressed in the Federal Machinery Noise Panel
Report entitled “Federal Machinery Noise Research, Development, and
Demonstration Programs: FY73—FY75.” Copies of this report are available
from EPA. The projects associated with these programs are listed in
Tables 3.7, 3.8, and 3.9. The substance of the programs is also briefly
described in Sections 3.2.1 and 3.2.2.
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Table 3.7 SUMMARY OF DOD/TACOM CONFORMANCE WITH REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS PROGRAM
Fiscal Year Funding ($1,000)
Descriptive Title of Task Investigator 1973 1974 1975
TACOM Noise Measurements, StandardB In—House 50 120
and Coordination
Construction of an Anechoic Test Facility Eckel Corporation 90
For Vehicle and Vehicle Components
Noise Measurement Test of Military In—House 53
Fleet Vehicles
Isolation and Measurement of Component Cummins Engine Company 9
Noise Emissions of a M813 5—ton Cargo
Truck
TACOM/DOT Noise Measurements of Non— National Bureau of Standards 20
Directional Cross Country & New
Military Tires
Purchase of Sound and Vibration In—House 75 13
Measurement and Analysis Equipment
Noise Reduction of an M813 5—ton Cargo H. L. Blachford, Inc. 23
Truck
Modification of a Mobile Laboratory Van PSI, INC. 32
TOTALS 215 270
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Table 3.8 SUMMARY OF DOD/TACOM VEHICLE SIGNATURE PROGRAM
Fiscal Year Funding ($1,000)
Descriptive Title Investigator(s) Prior to 1973 1973 1974(est) 1975
Noise Signature Measurement In—House 100 50
Program
TACOM Analysis of Armored In—House 50
Reconnaissance Scout
Vehicle Contractor Program
to Reduce Exhause System
Noise, Noise Reduction of
the M561 GANA Goat, &
Information Dissemination
Vehicle Noise Specifications In—House 37
and Field Tests of Het—70
and M520 Goer Pilot Vehicles
Military Vehicle Track Bolt, Baranek & 28
Modelling Noise and Newman
Vibration Study
Computer Correlation of Bolt, Baranek & 30
Vehicle Detectability Newman
TOTALS 100 100 95
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Table 3.9 SU)9(AR,Y OF DOD/MER.DC NOISE REDUCTION PROGRAM FOR U.S. ARMY CONSTRUCTION VEHICLES
Fje a1 Year Funding ($l.000)
Descriptive Title Investigator 1973 1974 1975
Of f—Road Vehicle Noise Survey
Operator Noise Expoaure In—House and Dayton T.
Brown, Inc.* 44 +
Exterior Noise In_House** + + +
Noise Specification/Standard In—House + + +
Development
Total (44) (+) (+)
Vehicle Noise Control
D7 Crawler Tractor Cateipillar Tractor Co. 130
and In—House
6K Rough Terrain Forklift Dayton T. Brown, Inc. 75 30
Truck and In—House
10K Rough Terrain Forklift H. L. Blachford, Inc. 75 30
Truck and In—House
830 MB Wheeler Tractor Kamperman Associates, Inc. 60 80
and In—House
6K Warehouse Forklift Allis—Chalmers 140 65
Total (280) (260) (145)
Component Noise Control/Control
Components
Hydraulic Noise Oklahoma State University 20 40 10
Accoustical Materials Dayton T. Brown, ] nc. 25 5
and H. L. Blachford
Total (45) (40) (15 )
GRAND TOTAL 369 300 160
* Subcontract to Kamperman Associates, Inc.
** Also in conjunction with the “Vehicle Noise Control Pr gram’
+ Not dedicated to noise
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3.2.1 TACOM Surface Vehicle Noise Reduction Program
Conformance with Regulatory Requirements The objective of this
effort is to measure and reduce noise levels of all military vehicles
that fall within the jurisdiction of military and commercial noise stan-
dards. Both interior and near field exterior noise emissions are con-
sidered. The following standards are among those that are addressed:
Table 3.10 SUMMARY OF MILITARY AND COMMERCIAL NOISE STANDARDS
Portion of the Vehicle Affected
Title Source mt. Ext. Nondetectability
MIL STD 1474 Army X X X
(MI) Noise
Limits for Army
Material
TB 251 Army X
Public Law Federal X X
92—574 Noise
Control Act
of 1972
MIL H 46855 Army X
Human Engr
Request for
Military Systems
MIL STD 1472 Army X
Human Engr
Design Criteria
EPA Proposed Federal X
Standards
Federal Motor Federal X
Carrier Safety
Regulation
Occupational Federal X
Safety & Health
Act (OSHA)
35
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The Conformance with Regulatory Requirements Program was initiated in FY 73.
The following represents a distribution of the resources by tasks and the
work accomplished:
TACOM Noise Measurements, Standards and Coordination — This in—house
project consisted of a number of tasks. For example an Army Materiel
Command (A}IC) Working Group on noise formulated Military Standard (MIL STD)
1474 (reference 52). Existing military vehicle noise test data were com-
piled and additional “quick” tests were run at the Yuma Proving Ground
(YPG). Two TACOM reports were published (references 53,54). A coordina-
tion effort on interior noise included developmental measurements and noise
reduction cost estimates on M55l, M746, Ml23, M578, and M114 vehicles.
Cooperative efforts were undertaken with other TACOM agencies to establish
the following ranking of vehicles requiring measurement of interior and
exterior noise emission.
(1) M35A2 Cargo Truck (6) M56l Gama Goat
(2) M818 Tractor Truck (7) M746 Heavy Equipment Trans-
porter
(3) M813 Cargo Truck (8) M520 Cargo Goer
(4) M817 Dump Truck (9) M559 Tanker Goer
(5) M151A1 Jeep (10) M553 Wreaker Goer
In addition, TACOM transferred $10,000 to the U.S. Army Test and
Evaluation Command (TECOM) at the Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG) for a
MIL STD 1474 interior and exterior noise measurement of 3 new samples
each of M151A2 and M561 vehicles (this was a “piggy back” measurement
on a vehicle product assurance test). Resources for this effort were
increased to $100,000 in FY 74. Emphasis was in assisting in revisions
to MIL STD 1474, support of measurement and suppression of noise on
several types of high mobility tactical vehicles, and coordination of
contract efforts.
Anechoic Test Facility Construction — This project resulted from
the transfer of $165,000 from another TACOM Division for truck engine
noise reduction work (DA Project 1G563621DG07). The effort was as follows:
A $90,000 contract was awarded Eckel Corporation for the construction of
a semi—aechoic test facility. Noise measurements on vehicles, engines
and transmissions may be accomplished in this facility which will
accomodate vehicle sizes up to and including the 5—ton M809 series
truck. $75,000 was utilized for noise measurement equipment for the
chamber.
Noise Measurement Test of Military Fleet Vehicles — A TECOM noise
36
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measurement test of military fleet vehicles was initiated in F? 74 using
MIL STD 1474 test criteria. The test location was the Aberdeen Proving
Ground. Five vehicles, each of seven types, were tested. The types
were M151A1, 11561, M35A2, M35A2C, 11818, 11813, and 11817. The testing was
completed in July 1974.
Isolation and Measurement of Component Noise Emissions of an
14813 5—ton Cargo Truck — This contract with Cuinmins Engine Company
was initiated in July 1973 and was designed to isolate and measure com-
ponent noise emission on one 14813 5—ton cargo truck. The testing was
completed in August 1973.
TACOM/DOT Noise Measurement of Non—Directional Cross/Country
( NDCC) & New Military Tires — This joint effort was conducted by NBS
at Wallops Island, Virginia. The tests were run from July through
September 1973, and a report (reference 55) was published.
Purchase of Sound and Vibration Measurement and Analysis
Equipment — This equipment was purchased for in—house use in F? 1973 and
F! 1974.
Noise Reduction of an M813 5—ton Cargo Truck — A contract was
let with H. L. Blachford, Inc., for the period of September 1973 to
June 1974 to reduce the interior and exterior noise levels of an M813
5—ton cargo truck to conform with MIL STD 1474 criteria and to provide
data on cost versus noise reduction achieved. A report (reference 57)
has been published on this work.
Modification of a Mobile Laboratory Van — A contract was nego-
tiated with PSI, Inc., to facilitate installation of new noise measurement
equipment in the TACOM mobile laboratory van. The contract duration was
December 1973 to July 1974.
Vehicle Signature Reduction
Noise Signature Measurement Program — This in—house effort by
TACOM directly assisted the project manager of Remote Battlefield Sensor
Systems (RENBASS) by providing data reduction and a report on a classi-
fied signature program. Noise signatures were measured on the following
military vehicles:
Tracked Wheeled Aircraft
1460 M 151A2 UH1H
14551 1435A2 CH46
M.113A1 14813 T33
14114 14561 C130
14578 GAZ59
M109 Z 1L157
PT 76
37
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A TACOM report (reference 56) was published. Previously obtained
data on combat vehicles were analyzed to determine the attenuation of
various frequencies of the noise signatures with distance. Transcription
of vehicle noise data tapes were transmitted to the Naval Air Develop-
ment Center (NADC), the U.S. Air Force Rome Air Development Center (RADC),
the U.S. Army Nobility Equipment Research and Development Center (MERDC),
and the Army Crop of Engineer’s Waterway Experiment Station (WES).
TACOM Analysis of the Armored Reconnaissance Scout Vehicle (ARSV)
Contractor Program to Reduce Exhaust System Noise, Noise Reduction of
the M561 GANA Goat, and Information Dissemination — Th ARSV (XM800)
contractor tests of the plans for reducing exhaust system noise were
reviewed and recommendations transmitted to the project manager. Evalua-
tion and reduction of noise sources on the M561 Gatna Goat was partially
accomplished (continued in FY 74). As the Research and Engineering
Directorate’s prime proponent for noise reduction, information was
disseminated to and technical inquiries answered from other TACOM organi-
zations.
Vehicle Noise Specifications and Field Tests of HET — 70 and M520
Goer Pilot Vehicles — This in—house task involved providing assistance
to project managers on noise inputs to vehicle specifications and per-
forming noise field tests on HET—70 and M520 Goer pilot vehicle.
Military Vehicle Track Modelling Noise and Vibration Study —
This contract is with Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BEN) of Chicago and
involves the reduced scale modelling of a combat vehicle track to
determine the contribution of various track and suspension components
to vehicle noise.
Computer Correlation of Vehicle Detectability — This contract is
also with BBN and has produced a computer program for the prediction
of vehicle detection ranges. A report (reference 58) of this work has
been published.
Future Objectives of the TACOM Program — For the period of FY 75—78,
the DOD/TACOM noise research program objectives can be summarized as
follows:
1. Continue TECOM—APG Vehicle Noise Measurement Program.
2. Isolate and measure component noise on all offending vehicles
measured in the Conformance with Regulatory Requirements Program.
3. Conduct cost effective noise reduction work on offending
components measured in the Vehicle Signature Program.
4. Contiuue liaison with other government and commercial organi-
zations involved in noise standards and noise reduction.
38
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5. Continue work with Army Vehicle Project Managers and engineers
on new vehicles under development and on vehicle product
improvement programs.
6. Investigate computer modeling techniques for prediction of
component noise contribution to the total vehicle noise
output and for prediction of vehicle aural security distances.
3.2.2 MERDC Noise Reduction Program for U.S. Army Construction Vehicles
Off—Road Vehicle Noise Survey
Operator Noise Exposure — To evaluate the average noise reduction
requirements of much of MERDC construction equipment, a noise exposure
monitoring program was initiated. This noise program required evaluation
of several instrumentation systems to measure average noise levels. These
systems included tape recordings analyzed by digital computer, analysis
of noise on site with a statistical distribution analyzer, and analysis
with commercially available noise dosimeters. The first noise exposure
monitoring site was the Army Engineer Training Center at Fort Leonard
Wood, Mo. In general, these techniques showed the average noise level
to be lower than that determined by simple sound level (reference 67) over
a short interval (reference 69,74).
Exterior Noise — Exterior noise measurements were made on U.S. Army
construction vehicles at Ft. Belvoir, Virginia. Measurements were
made at 15.24 meters (50’) in accordance with SAE criteria (reference 70).
In addition similar measurements were made in conjunction with the
“Vehicle Noise Control Program.”
Noise Specification/Standard Development — An informal evaluation
and study of noise standards and criteria was carried out over a period
of time in conjunction with other government agencies and industry
groups. Primary criterion that had to be met was the noise exposure
criterion of the Army Surgeon General (i.e., no soldier should be ex-
posed to more than an average of 85dB(A) over an 8 hour period). This
criterion dictated the need to evaluate the energy average of the
machine noise reaching the operator’s ear. This evaluation was rather
difficult because the average, normal, or typical use of the equipment
was not defined. To overcome this problem, a baseline noise exposure
monitoring program was carried out as described in the “Operator Noise
Exposure” project above. The results of these studies were incorporated
in NIL STD 1474A to be published in March 1975 (reference 71). This
standard will present design guidelines for Implementing usage standards
such as the Army Surgeon General Criterion and the OSHA noise regulations.
39
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Vehicle Noise Control
D7 Crawler Tractor — An initial effort was made to determine the
major problems that would be anticipated in requiring a low noise polluting
vehicle and what were the practical limitations. In 1972, a contract was
awarded to Caterpillar Tractor Co. to study a military version of the D7
crawler tractor with the following goals:
1. Measure the variation of noise on production line vehicles
and develop baseline data.
2. Determine each major source of noise and establish the noise
level of each,
3. Reduce the noise at each source as far as practical and deter-
mine the effects on vehicle performance.
4. By use of external means, reduce the noise level to 9OdB(A).
5. Provide a feasibility study of reducing the noise to 9OdB(A)
in the operator’s compartment while the vehicle is moving.
6. Reduce the noise level to the lowest possible level.
7. Develop practical means of reducing the noise level effect
resulting from the addition of rollover protective structures
(ROPS).
This report provided a voluminous amount of information (reference
72), thus, only a sl ’mRry of the results is provided here.
The major noise sources identified in the study were engine block,
fan, exhaust, hydraulic pump, drive train, power train, and track. In
addition to noise reduction work on the engine, exhaust, fan, and
hydraulic system, work was performed on the overall machine configuration
to block off the noise. Two major areas considered were the engine and
operator compartments. The end result was that the noise level was
reduced substantially from 99 to 91d3(A). This was a relatively simple
package in respect to maintenance and almost met the original objective
of 90d3(A). Reducing the fan speed lOX met the objective but provided
insufficient airflow and cooling. The only other major sources of noise
which could not be adequately addressed were the hydraulics and track.
The overall result (reference 73) was a package for retrofit of
the basic vehicle noise but did little for track noise. The level did
not meet the goal of 9OdB(A), let alone the Surgeon General’s criterion
of 85dB(A), and cost would have been several thousand dollars. As a
40
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result, it was felt that retrofit of these machines in the field would
not be appropriate.
6K Rough Terrain Forklift Truck — The program on the 6000 lb.
capacity (6K) truck was awarded under a time and materials contract to
Dayton T. Brown, Inc. The contractor was to proceed step by step as
directed by the MERDC. The initial noise level of the vehicle was 99dB(A)
at high idle (HI), and after initial noise reduction modifications were
accomplished, the HI noise level was about 88dB(A). From this con-
figuration several additional noise reduction methods were sought, and
the initial modifications were reworked to make them more practical.
The dominant noise source at this point was the I an, since its complete
removal reduced the overall noise level to 86dB(A) and no other source
was as significant. In accordance with previous findings, major emphasis
was placed on a new shroud system. This, in conjunction with additional
absorption material in the engine compartment, reduced the overall noise
level to 87dB(A) at HI (reference 73).
10K Rough Terrain Forklift Truck — The 10,000 lb. capacity
(10K) forklift noise control program was awarded as a fixed
price level—of—effort contract to H. L. Blachford, Inc. Blachford was to
proceed without knowledge of the work of the 6000 lb. capacity forklift
program contractor. The initial HI noise level for this vehicle was
lO2dB(A) but this was reduced to 9ldB(A) using similar treatments as
with the 6K vehicle. In addition, a shield was placed behind and to
the side of the operator, providing an additional 4dB(A) reduction to
87dB(A) (references 68,80) .
The average noise levels of both of the 6K and 10K forklifts in
typical operation were within the 85dB(A) requirement. Since these two
items of equipment are relatively large materials handling vehicles
and are similar to construction vehicles, particularly loaders, it is
felt that almost any item of wheeled equipment can be reduced to a safe
average noise level.
830 MB Wheeler Tractor — The 830 MB noise control program was
initiated in January 1974 to reduce the operator noise of the tractor
to 85dB(A) average. In conjunction with other efforts in the Vehicle
Noise Control Program, a methodology for conducting similar programs is
being developed. The 830 MB Wheeler Tractor study and the status and
results of the Vehicle Noise Control Program are reviewed in reference
75. The 830 MB Wheeler Tractor program is to be completed in FY 1976.
6K Warehouse Forklift — This program was initiated to determine
the average noise level of this commercially available vehicle, to
reduce the average noise levels to 85dB(A), and to evaluate the feasi-
bility of reducing the noise level to 85dB(A) maximum. Engineering is
to be completed by FY 1976.
41
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Component Noise Control/Control Components
Hydraulic Noise — One of the more difficult problems is the reduction
of hydraulic noise. Major efforts were involved in isolating mounts and
covering up components, but it was felt that further basic work was need-
ed. The initial approach was to try to select a “quiet” pump, but it was
determined that there were no satisfactory standards for measuring the
noise of pumps. Work was done in conjunction with Oklahoma State Uni-
versity (OSU) and the National Fluid Power Association (NFPA) to develop
a procedure which has subsequently been submitted to the International
Organization of Standardization (ISO). As the vehicle studies progressed,
it became apparent that although most pumps are rated as to the amount of
noise they emit to the air, the real problem is the amount of “noise”
that is fluidborne and is released downstream at the hoses, valves, and
reservoirs. Levels reached the equivalent of over 200dB(A). It is inter-
esting to note that in either case the noise is more adversely dependent
upon the shaft speed than system pressure, but this is more true for
fluidborne noise. In this study, no attempt was made to develop a “quiet”
pump but rather to give an effective means to tradeoff performance param-
eters in order to reduce noise. Present work has been generally to study
the phenomenon of noise in hydraulic systems. This will continue i the
future along with the development of practical means to reduce noise
(references 76,77).
Acoustical Materials — During the studies on various vehicles, it
was necessary to use a wide range of absorption, damping, and barrier
materials. An attempt was made to select materials that would be compat-
ible with field operations. Construction equipment operates in a severe
environment, and military equipment has special problems of temperature
extremes, long periods of non—usage, and limited cleaning facilities.
Some difficulty was experienced in obtaining data on materials relating
to the effects of solar radiation, impregnation with dust and oil mist,
steam—cleaning battery acid, etc.
A series of tests were developed to simulate field conditions and
these were put in typical sequence. For example, one test related to
placing oil on a material exposed to high temperature and steam—cleaned.
Test procedures are given in reference 78.
3.3 EPA SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE RJ)&D PROGRAMS
3.3.1 Support of Regulations Development
The surface vehicle noise RD&D sponsored by the EPA is principally
associated with the development of surface transportation regulations
specified in the Noise Control Act of 1972. Specifically, the EPA re-
search has supported the development of regulations for control of noise
42
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from interstate motor carriers, interstate rail carriers, and new
medium and heavy duty trucks. A stnnr ary of the EPA research on surface
vehicle noise is presented in Table 3.11. The details of these activities
are described below.
Interstate Motor Carriers — A contract effort with Wyle Laboratories
was undertaken in June 1973 to conduct a cost and technology assessment
of the motor carrier industry with regard to noise abatement applications.
The contractor was to review all major noise emitting operations of
interstate motor carriers and describe them. This description was to
include, but not be limited to, a characterization of the noise profile,
an estimate of the number of people impacted by the noise, and an assess-
ment of how these people are impacted. In describing the technology
available to retrofit interstate motor carriers for compliance with
varying degrees of noise control, cost estimates were made of each level
of noise control achieved. Final reports (references 82,83) on this
contract have been submitted to EPA. The cost of this contract was
$130,000.
The services of Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN) were obtained
through the basic ordering agreement procedure for direct analysis work
on the dockets submitted during the development of the interstate motor
carrier regulation. No specific reports were produced but the output
from this effort was recorded in memorandums on a continuing basis dur-
ing the period of the contract and has been incorporated in the EPA
background document (reference 84) for the interstate motor carrier
noise regulation. Value of the basic ordering agreement for this effort
was $30,000.
Interstate Rail Carriers — Bolt, Beranek & Newman was awarded a
contract to assess the techi ology and cost of retrofit of the interstate
rail carrier fleet for compliance with various noise control levels as
determined by the availability of technology. This contract included
an assessment of available technology and the cost incurred to apply
those specific elements of available technology. Also, this contract
involved an analysis of the impact on the population from railroad
noise and the projected incremental changes in that impact as a result
of technology application to railroad noise sources. A series of
draft reports were prepared by the contractor and submitted to EPA for
review. The result of this study in major part was included in the
background document (reference 85) prepared by EPA and made available
to the public at the time of the publication of the proposed railroad
regulation. This contract effort is now complete and the level of
funding was $134,000.
As a result of additional requirements to refine the data base
in support of the proposed rail carrier regulation, BBN was contracted
through a basic ordering agreement to do additional specific work on the
43
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Table 3.11 SIMIARY OF EPA SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
Total Fiscal Year Funding ($1,000)
Investigatnrs 1973 1974 1975(1 )
Wyle, BBN 170
BEN & NBS 199
Wyle, BEN, A. T. Kearney
& NBS
Descriptive Title
Interstate Motor Carriers
Interstate Rail Carriers
New Medium and Heavy Duty
Trucks
TOTALS 369
178
178
(1) No FY 75 fiscal data available
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application of mufflers to the in—use locomotive fleet and to assist with
the analysis of the railroad docket. This effort is still underway
although several informal memorandums including additional data have
been submitted to EPA. Some of the information generated by this effort
is included in the background document (reference 85) published in
support of proposed rail carrier regulation. The amount of this con-
tract effort was $40,000.
The National Bureau of Standards through an interagency agreement
conducted a series of studies on railroad noise emission levels and
has published a joint EPA/NBS report (reference 86) on the results of
their study. The level of funding for this study was $25,000.
New Medium and Heavy Duty Trucks — Wyle Laboratories was contracted
to conduct an initial assessment of the cost and technology required to
produce new trucks having various levels of noise emissions. This was
an initial state—of—the—art study to assess available noise control
technology and to provide cost estimates representing the application of
this control technology. This study has been completed and a final
report (reference 87) is available. Cost of this study was $17,000.
Bolt, Beranek & Newman was contracted to continue the work in
technology and cost assessment initiated by Wyle Laboratories in re-
fining the data base upon which the medium and heavy duty truck regu-
lation could be developed. This effort involved a more detailed
look at the available technology and specific cost estimates to apply
that technology and was conducted in conjunction with the economic
analysis by A. T Kearney (see below). The overall objectives were
to provide a total assessment of potential regulatory levels of noise
control on the industry and to form a basis for the Federal regulatory
action. This contract was completed in January 1974. The amount
of this contract effort was $110,000.
A. T. Kearney was contracted to do an indepth economic analysis
based on the cost estimates established during the study on the impact
of various strategies of noise control on medium and heavy duty trucks.
This analysis included both domestic and import/export impacts as a
result of various noise control strategies. This contract has been
completed. The resources required for this contract were $41,000. The
results of the BBN and A, T. Kearney studies have been combined and
included in the EPA background document (reference 88) for the proposed
medium and heavy truck noise regulation.
The National Bureau of Standards was asked, through interagency
agreement, to assess measurement methodologies which had highest
potential for use in a noise control regulation for medium and heavy
duty trucks. The final report (reference 89) of this study has been
completed and is available from either NBS or EPA. The amount of
resources for this study was $10,000.
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3.4 USDA SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE RD&D PROGRAKS
Surface vehicle noise RD&D activities are sponsored by the USDA
Forest Service and Cooperative State Research Service. Their programs are
summarized in Table 312 and are briefly described below.
3.4.1 Forest Service Programs
The broad mission and objective of the Forest Service is to manage
and enhance the value of National Forests for the benefit of all U.S.
citizens. Forest Service Research is undertaken to develop the knowledge
and technologies required to accomplish this mission for all of America’s
forests and related lands. The Forest Service noise abatement programs
are directed to improving both our living and working environments (a) by
effectively using trees and shrubs in the reduction of outdoor noises and
(b) by systematic development efforts directed toward reducing vehicle and
equipment noise levels. Accordingly the Forest Service has undertaken the
following two programs.
Use of Trees and Shrubs in Noise Abatement — Currently this program
is being carried out at Lincoln, Nebraska, in cooperation with the Depart-
ment of Engineering Mechanics, University of Nebraska. It is supported
by a cooperative grant of $20,000 (FY 74). It is the purpose of this
study to determine means for controlling intrusive noise by combining
trees and shrubs with land—forms or other solid barriers. The combined
use of solid barriers and plant material provide a usable and practical
approach for reducing noise levels under a number of conditions. This
study will develop guidelines f or intrusive noise control. Additional
studies of this type are not planned following completion of the current
series of investigations. References 90, 91, and 92 are recent publi-
cations.
Reduction of Vehicle and Equipment Noise Levels — This program
is being carried out at the Equipment Development Center, San Dimas,
California, with current expenditures of: FY 74, $25,000, and FY 75,
$39,000. Equipment development efforts are directed toward reducing
the noise level of equipment used in and about forested areas both for
improving the environment and for the improved health and safety of
forest workers. This is an ongoing program of the Forest Service and
funding is expected to remain at about this level in the future.
Special equipment for this program is currently available at the San
Dimas Equipment Development Center. References 93 and 94 are recent
publications.
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Table 3.12 SUHMARY OF USDA SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE RD&D PROGRAMS
Fiscal Year Funding ($1,000)
Descriptive Title Investigator 1973 1974 1975
Use of Trees and Shrubs in Univ. of Nebraska 20
Noise Abatement
Reduction of Vehicle and In—House 25 39
Equipment Noise Levels
Noise and Vibration of Off— Univ. of Illinois 4(29) 28(58)
Road Equipment( 1 )
TOTALS 4 73 39
(1) Values in parentheses are total resources for the project.
Other values are the Federal contribution to the study.
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3.4.2 Cooperative State Research Service Program (CSRS )
Research on noise is supported as individual scientists or engineers
submit projects that are approved by CSRS. The Director of the Agricul-
tural Experiment Station, the Administrative—Technical Representative of
Forestry Schools where the research is located is responsible for allo-
cations of CSRS administered formula funds to approved projects. Grant
funds are allotted to projects generated again by university scientists.
The CSRS program for noise research encourages research activities
that are sound from the standpoint of science and engineering, reviews
projects submitted for funding approval, and coordinates research activ-
ities among the States and with other USDA research programs.
The noise research project pertinent to surface vehicle noise is
entitled, “Noise and Vibration of Off—Road Equipment”. The study is
being conducted at the University of Illinois, Urbana and extends from
1—7—70 to 3—6—73.
3.5 NSF SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE RESEARCH
NSF sponsors research based upon the merits of unsolicited pro-
posals. Of these, there are three NSF noise research studies relating
to surface vehicles. These are identified in Table 3.13 and are briefly
described below.
Basic and Applied Studies of Noise — Specific work supported under
this grant will be basic research on the mechanics of tire noise, sound
generation and propagation in internal flows, and practical applications
of pitch sequencing. In the surface vehicle related portion a study
will be made of the sound generation by tire automotive tread patterns
under controlled laboratory situations. The objective will be to deter-
mine the amplitude and phasing of the directional sound generation from
single tread configurations, with a view towards using this information
in a superposition analysis of more complex patterns eventually leading
to quieter system designs.
Since the emphasis in this work is in noise from internal flows,
the resource allocations have not been included in the Federally sponsored
surface vehicle RD&D.
Effects of Building and other Boundaries on Motor Vehicle Noise —
The goal of the investigation is to find ways and means to reduce the
spread of noise pollution resulting from motor vehicles on highways,
thoroughfares, and urban rapid transit systems. The program will utilize
large models in an anechoic chamber, supplemented by field studies.
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Table 3.13 SUMMARY OF NSF SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE STUDIES
Fiscal Year Funding ($1,000)
Descr ytive Title Investigators 1973 1974 1975
Basic and Applied Studies Stanford Univ. (87)
on NoiseO-)
Effects of Buildings and UCLA 30
Other Boundaries on Motor
Vehicle Noise
Noise and Vibration from Purdue Univ. 272
Transportation Vehicles
and Other Machinery
TOTALS 302
(1) Only minor portions of this study are related to
surface vehicle noise. Therefore, the total resources
in parentheses are not included in the totals.
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Noise and Vibration from Transportation Vehicles and Other Machinery —
To complement the ongoing research at the Ray W. Rerrick Laboratories of
Purdue University, a broad range of research projects in noise control and
accoustics will be undertaken, These include: enclosure design, auto-
mobile engine noise source identification and reduction, noise attenuation
measurements in mufflers, tire noise generation, appliance noise reduction,
machine tool noise reduction, barrier design, community noise from rapid
transit vehicles, and other projects. A new addition, a semi—anechoic
facility will be built to accommodate many of the new projects. It has
been assumed that the principal activities in this effort will relate to
surface vehicle noise and therefore have included all of the identified
resource commitments in the Federal surface vehicle noise RD&D category.
3.6 NBS SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE RD&D
There Is currently no surface vehicle noise RD&D being sponsored
by the NBS. However, NBS does conduct research on surface vehicle
noise through interagency agreements. The description of work is pro—
vided in Appendix 0. Table 3.14 is a listing of these studies. The
resources identified are included In the sponsoring agencies resource
allocations for surface vehicle noise RD&D.
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Table 3.14 SUMMARY OF NBS SURFACE VEHICLE RD&D SPONSORED THROUGH INTERAGENCY AGREEMENTS
Sponsoring Fiscal Year Funding ($1,000)
Agency Descriptive Title Prior ot 1973 1973 1974 1975
DOT Truck Tire Noise Studies (1) 468 100 100 200
DOD Noise Evaluation Tests of 20
Military Truck Tires
EPA Train Noise Study 25
Methodology for the 10
Measurement of Noise
from Trucks
TOTALS 468 125 130 200
(1) Includes interior/exterior truck noise and automobile tire noise.
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4. ANALYSIS OF THE FEDERAL SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE RD&D ACTIVITIES
The Federal research activities to control surface vehicle noise
have been presented in Section 3 as integrated programs and/or projects
as developed and implemented by the agencies. As such, Section 3 provides
the perspective by which each agency views and treats the noise problem
associated with surface vehicles.
It is also useful, however, to examine the Federal programs collec-
tively to identify related and/or complementary activities which are
addressing specific sources or systems of surface vehicle noise. From
such an analysis, the emphasis in the current Federal efforts can be
ascertained. Section 4 provides a brief analysis to identify the surface
vehicle sources or systems which are receiving major emphasis in the
current Federal effort.
Surface vehicle sources of noise include mobile systems used in
transportation, construction, defense, recreation, and agriculture.
The Federal surface vehicle noise control technology RD&D programs can
generally be classified according to three, all inclusive noise source
categories. These are highway vehicle noise, railway vehicle noise,
and off—highway vehicle noise. Highway vehicle noise sources include
trucks, buses, passenger cars, motorcycles. Railway sources encompass
conventional and highspeed or rapid transit railroad systems. Of f—high-
way vehicles include construction and agricultural equipment, snowmobiles,
and motorboats.
In addition to the development of noise control technology for
individual sources, there are other Federal research activities dedicated
to noise. They are those associated with the characterization and/or
control of collective or area noise sources such as highways, construction
sites, and railway yards, and with the development and enforcement of
standards and regulations. Federal research in these areas can be
classified as those concerned with systems studies of noise and with
regulations support and enforcement.
Other Federal RD&D programs which are associated with noise are the
development of future or advanced surface vehicle systems. Although not
dedicated to noise, these programs can have a major impact on the control
of surface vehicle noise. Consequently, these programs have been
separately identified. However, specific noise tasks identified in
these programs will be related to the appropriate noise dedicated activity.
Table 4.1 is a summary of the Federal resource commitments for
RD&D programs addressing highway vehicle, railway vehicles and off—highway
vehicles noise control technology development, surface vehicle noise
systems studies, and regulations and enforcement. Federal allocations
53
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Table 4.1 SU)*(&R’! OF FEDERAL SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE RD&D ACTIVITIES
Noise Fiscal Year Funding ($). . OOD)
Cate gp y Agency Prior to 1913 1973 1974(est) 1975*
Highway Vehicle DOT TOTAL 1,708 802 727 695
Technology
Railway Vehicle DOT TOTAL 330 250
Technology
Off—Highway Vehicle DOT 50
Technology DOD/ARMY 100 459 395 160
USDA — 4 53 39
TOTAL 100 473 498 199
Noise Systems DOT 301 350 857 310
Studies NSF — — 302 —
USDA 20
‘J1
TOTAL 301 350 1 ,179 310
Regulations and DOT 57 672 272 130
Enforcement EPA — 369 178 —
DOD/ARMY — 215 270 —
TOTAL 37 1,256 720 130
Advance Systems DOT Noise resource allocations not available
TOTAL 2,166 3,211 3,374 1,334
*FY 75 estimates known to be incot p1ete
-------
for the noise portions of advanced surface vehicle systems development
are not separable from other development costs and have not been
estimated. A brief discussion of the federal research activities in
these categories is presented in the following sections. There are
programs which have activities which relate to more than one category.
In these cases, the programs have been identified with resources
assigned to the category of greatest emphasis However, the programs
are also listed in the other pertinent categories if appropriate.
4.1 HIGHWAY VEHICLE NOISE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY RD&D
Table 4.2 contains a listing of Federal RD&D activities associated
with the development of control technology for highway noise sources.
The primary emphasis in these efforts is truck noise, although major
efforts are indicated for control of bus noise. The majority of the
Federal efforts are those sponsored by DOT and address all of the
major component sources of truck noise. Future emphasis in control
of truck noise is in truck tires and engine mechanical and combustion
noise.
4.2 RAILWAY VEHICLE NOISE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY RD&D
The Federal RD&D programs directed toward the development of noise
control technology for railway noise sources are listed in Table 4.3.
While only one technology development program has been identified
specifically for conventional rail vehicles, several major programs
have been identified for rapid transit systems. DOT is the only agency
sponsoring noise control RD&D for railway vehicles.
43 OFF—HIGHWAY VEHICLE NOISE CONTROL TECI*TOLOGY RD&D
The Federal RD&D programs directed toward the development of noise
control technology for off—highway vehicle noise sources are listed in
Table 4.4. These efforts address tracked and wheeled military combat
and construction vehicles, snowmobiles, and conventional diesel—engine—
powered construction equipment and are sponsored by DOD/ARMY, USDA, and
DOT. Although not identified specifically, there is evidence that DOD!
1 avy sponsors some noise control technology RD&D in this category,
principally for watercraft. However, much of the DOD sponsored noise
control RD&D is classified and therefore not presently available for
general use. Much of the noise control technology being developed for
off—highway vehicles will have potential applications to the similar
highway vehicles and vice—versa.
55
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Table 4.2 FEDERAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY RD&D PROGRAMS FOR. HIGHWAY NOISE SOURCES
Sponsoring Fiscal Year Funding ($1,000)
Noise Sources Descriptive Title of Program Agency Prior to 1973 1973 1974(est) 1975*
Trucks Quiet Truck Program DOT 1,046 100 100
Truck/Bus Retrofit DOT 450 72
Exhaust/Intake Mufflers DOT 75 28 —
Truck Noise Handbook DOT 15 20 —
Basic Engine Noise Reduction DOT 245 245
Truck Tire Noise Study DOT 468 100 100 200
Truck Tire Noise Basic Research DOT 119 — 150 250
Engine Noise Support DOT 80 40 —
Vehicle Signature Program DOD/ARMY
(See Table 4.4)
U ’
0 ’
Buses Truck/Bus Retrofit (see above) DOT
Transit Bus Noise Reduction DOT 26
Potential
Transbus Program (Advanced DOT ++ ++
Sys tern)
Passenger Cars Passenger Car Tire Noise DOT 3 +
Basic and Applied Studies of NSF
Noise (See Table 3.l )
TOTAL 1,708 802 727 695
* FY 75 estimates known to be incomplete
+ Primarily inhouse effort
++ Program Is not dedicated to noise resource allocations not available,
-------
Table 4,3 FEDERAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY RD&D PROGRAMS FOR RAILWAY NOISE SOURCES
Fiscal Year Funding ($1 OOO )
Sponsoring Prior to
Noise Sources Descriptive Title of Program Agency 1973 1973 1974(est) 1975*
Conventional Joint DOT/AAR Noise Research DOT (Noise Systems Study,Table 4.5)
Railway
Rapid Transit Wheel/Rail Noise & Vibration DOT 184
Study
Elevated Structures Noise and DOT 146
Vibration
In service Noise Abatement DOT — 250
Test and Evaluation
-J
TOTALS 330 250
* FY 75 estimates are known to be incomplete
+ In—House
++ Programs not dedicated to noise; noise resource allocations not available
-------
Table 4.4 PEDER.AL CONTB OL TECIThOLOGY RD&D PROGRAMS FOR 0 T—HIGHWAY VEHICLE NOISE SOURCES
Fiscal Year Funding ($1,000 )
Sponsoring Prior to *
Descriptive Title of Program . gency _ Noise Sources 1973 1973 1974(est) 1975
Vehicle Signature Reduction DOD/ARMY Tracked Combat Vehicle 100 100 95
Wheeled Combat Vehicle
Noise Reduction Program for DOD/ARMY Construction Vehicles 369 300 160
U.S. Army Construction
Vehicles
Reduction of Vehicle & USDA Snowmobile
Equipment Noise Levels Engine Cooling Fans 25 39
Exhaust
Noise and Vibration of Off— USDA Farm Equipment 4 28
Road Equipment (see Table
3.12)
Construction Equipment DOT Construction Vehicles 50
Mufflers
TOTALS 100 473 498 199
*FY 75 estimates are known to be incomplete
-------
44 SYSTEM STUDIES OF SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE
A number of Federal research programs have been identif led which
address noise generated by surface vehicle systems. These studies are
dedicated to noise and are generally multifaceted. They can encompass
development and testing of noise meaaur ment methods, characterization
of noise generated and noise systems, modeling of noise, identification
of noise control methods, and RD&D of noise control technology. Since
these studies are of a broad nature, the results can have many applica-
tions. However, portions of those studies which have specific noise
source control technology development and demonstration objectives are
identified with the appropriate individual noise sources in previous
sections.
Table 4.5 is a listing of the known Federal noise studies of surface
vehicle systems. These relate primarily to highways and rapid transit
systems.
4.5 NOISE REGULATION AND ENFORCEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAMS
These research programs have been identified by the Federal agencies
as direct support to the development of specific standards and regula-
tions and the enforcement of regulations. While each study generally
addresses a specific objective, collectively the projects encompass a
broad range of subjects (i.e., measurements of source and area noise levels.
development of measurement methodologies, training, state—of—the art
technology, capital grants, etc.). However, the programs can be grouped
by their relationship to highway, railway, or off—highway noise control.
The identified Federal research projects relating to the development and
enforcement of surface vehicle regulations are listed in Table 4.6.
The emphasis in the current Federal efforts has been in support of high-
way noise regulations and enforcement.
4.6 ADVANCED SURFACE VEHICLE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS
A number of Federal RD&D programs have been identified which relate
to the development of advanced or future surface vehicle systems. These
programs pertain exclusively to transportation systems and none are
dedicated to noise. Consequently, resource allocations for the noise
portions of the programs could not be readily ascertained. However,
where specific noise related tasks or objectives were identified, they
have been described in the appropriate sections on dedicated noise
RD&D. Generally, however, the programs are of a very comprehensive
nature and noise is considered principally as a design specification.
Table 4.7 is a listing of the advanced surface transportation systems
RD&D programs. The emphasis is on future mass transit systems and all
are sponsored by DOT.
59
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Tab].. 4,5 FEDER)IL SYSTE) STUDIES 07 SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE
Fiscal Year Funding ($1.000)
Area of Studr Deecristive Title of Proarea $ onsorina Agency Prior to 1913 j 9L 1974(est) l975
Surface Tran.— Magnitude of Transportation Noise DOT (1)
portation General & Potential Abatement
Effects of Buildings and Other NSF 30
Boundaries on Motor Vehicle Noise
Noise and Vibration from Trans- NSF 272
portation Vehicles 1 Other Machinery
Highway NCRRP Project III DOT 120 120 180
Scale Modeling Highway Noise DOT 79 — —
Scale Modeling Urban Traffic Noise DOT — 112 —
Barrier Parametric. DOT + + 50 +
FUWA Highway Design Manual DOT — 54 — —
Highway Barrier Effectiveness DOT 43 7 — —
Traffic Noise Study DOT 43 37 37 —
0 ’ Community Noise Study DOT 16 20 20 —
o Acoustic Materials Applications DOT — — 115 110
The Use of Trees and Shrubs in USDA — — 20 —
Noise Abatement
Railway. Joint DOT/A.AR Noise Research DOT — — 130 200
Rapid Transit System Noise Environment DOT +
New York City Transit System Study DOT 125
Chicago Transit Authority Studies DOT 60
Other Transit Authority Studies DOT 120
TOTALS 301 350 1,179 310
+ Primarily in—house
$ F! 75 estimate, known to be incomplete
(1) See Table 3.1
-------
Table 4.6 FEDERAL RESEARCH PROGRAMS IDENTIFIED WITH NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS ENFORCEMENT
Fiscal Year Funding ($1,000 )
Sponsoring Prior to
Program Area Descriptive Title of Program Agency 1973 1973 1974(est) 1975*
Highway In Cab Noise Tests DOT — —
Highway Noise Enforcement Training DOT — 450 70
and Equipment
Roadside Enforcement Sites DOT — 100 50
BMCS Training/Equipping DOT
Development of Highway Noise DOT + + +
Standards PPM 90-2
PPM 90—2 Training Manual & Course DOT — 132 + +
Purchase Specifications — Transit DOT — — 22 —
Coaches
Interstate Motor Carrier Regulation EPA 170 + +
New Medium & Heavy Duty Trucks EPA 178 +
Regulation
Conformance with Regulatory DOD/ARMY — 215 270
Requirements
Railway New System Specifications — DOT -H- -H- ++
Capital Grants
Measurement of Railroad Noise DOT
Interstate Rail Carrier EPA 199
Regulation
Off—Highway Construction Equipment Standards DOT 57 90 80 80
TOTALS 57 1,256 720 130
+ Primarily in—house
-H- Program is not dedicated to noise, noise resource allocations indeterminate
* FY 75 estimates known to be incomplete
-------
Table 4.7 FEDERAL RD&D OF ADVANCED SURFACE VEHICLE SYSTEMS: TRANSPORTATION
Fiscal Year Funding ($l.000 )
Sponsoring Prior to
Type of System Descriptive Title of Program Agency 1973 1973 1974 1975*
Bus Tranabus Program DOT 1*
Rapid Transit Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) DOT -H- -H-
Program
Linear Induction Motor DOT -H-
Research Vehicle
Magnetical Levitated DOT + +
Research Vehicle
Tracked Air Cushion DOT ++ -H- +
Research Vehicle
Prototype Tracked Air DOT ++ ++ ++
Cushion Vehicle
State of Art Car DOT ++ -H- +
Screech Loop—Pueblo DOT + + -H-
Facility
Mass Transit Dual Mode Program DOT ++ ++
(General)
+ Primarily in—house
++ Program is not dedicated to noise, noise resource allocations indeterminant
-------
5. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
5.1 PEPAB MENT OP TRANSPORTATION
References
1. DOT Truck Noise Reduction Program, internal DOT description docu-
ment, 26 pages plus reference page and nineteen figures and tables
describing the planned facets of the DOT Truck Noise Program as
of late 1972..
2. Close, W.R., “DOT’s Four Point Program to Reduce Truck Noise,
Automotive Engineering.” Society of Automotive Engineers, February
1973, New York, New York. Volume 81, Number 2, pages 36—39. (This
is a siiivmi rized version of Reference 1.)
3. Statement of Work DOT Request for Proposal OS—20095 for Diesel
Truck Noise Reduction Project, Department of Transportation.
Washington, D.C., March 1972. (This describes the work to be
performed under the so called Quiet Truck Program.)
4. Kaye, Michael C., et al, Truck Noise l ilA Preliminary Noise Diag-
nosis of Freightliner Datum Truck—Tractor, Report Number DOT-TST-
73—6 May 1973, Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C.
5. Kay, Michael C. and Ungar, Eric E., Truck Noise IIIB Acoustic and
Performance Test Comparison of Initial Quieted Truck with Contem-
porary Production Trucks, Report Number DOT—TST—74—2 September 1973,
U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C.
6. Averill, Dwight and Patterson, W.N., The Design of a Cost Effective
Quiet Diesel Truck, SAB Paper 730714, presented at the West Coast
Meeting, Portland, Oregon, August 20—23, 1973. Available from
Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York, New York.
7. Staadt, Richard L., Less Noise from Diesel Trucks, SAE Paper 730712,
presented at the West Coast Meeting, Portland, Oregon, August 20—23,
1973. Available from Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New
York, New York.
8. Thompson, J.W., An Engineering Approach to Diesel Truck Noise Re-
duction, SAB Paper 730713, presented at the West Coast Meeting,
Portland, Oregon, August 20—23, 1973. Available from Society of
Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York, New York.
9. Averill, Dwight and Patterson, W.N., The Design of a Quiet Diesel
Truck, Noise Con 73 Proceedings, pages 50—55, October 15—17, 1973.
Institute of Noise Control Engineering, Washington, D.C.
63
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10. Landis, E.E., International Harvester’s Approach to Diesel Truck
Noise Reduction, Noise Con 73 Proceedings, pages 56—61, October
15—17, 1973. Institute of Noise Control Engineering, Washington,
D.C.
11. Wheeler, Donald K., White Motor Approach to Diesel Truck Noise
Reduction,Noiae Con 73 Proceedings, pages 62—67, October 15—17,
1973. Institute of Noise Control Engineering, Washington, D.C.
12. Shrader, J.T., Cooling System Noise Reduction ouJ eavy Duty Trucks,
Noise Con 73 Proceedings, pages 68—73, October 15—17, 1973. In-
stitute of Noise Control Engineering, Washington, D.C.
13. Tower., David A., et al, Diesel Truck Engine Enclosure, Noise
Con 73 Proceedings, pages 74—79, October 15—17, 1973. Institute
of Noise Control Engineering, Washington, D.C.
14. Close, W.H., DOT Quiet Truck Program, Proceedings to Inter—Noise
74, WashIngton, D.C., October, 1974, pages 473—478.
15. Installation Statue DOT Pan Clutch Program as of March 25, 1974,
1 page listing fan clutch nufacturer, number installed, truck
type, fleet location and type of operation.
16. Thint, Raymond K.; Kirkland, Kenneth C •; Reyle, Stanley P •, Truck
Noise VIA, Diesel Exhaust and Mx Intake Noise, Report DOT-TSC—
OST—73—12 July 1973, U.S. Depart .nt of Transportation, Washington,
D.C.
17. Donnelly, Thomas; Tokar, Joseph; & Wagner, Wayne, Truck Noise VIB
A Baseline Study of the Parameters Effecting Diesel Engine Intake
and Exhaust Silencer Design, Report Number DOT—TSC—OST—73—38
JanuAry 1974, U.S. Dep.rtae t of Transportation, Washington, D.C.
18. Rowley, D.; Pridka, N., State—of—the—Art of Present Day Intake
and Exhaust Systems, Noise Con 73 Proceedings, pages 80—85, Octo-
ber 15-17, 1973. Institute of Noise Control Engineering, Washing-
ton, D.C.
19. Request for Proposal Number TSC/TMP—0134—WB, U.S. Department of
Transportation, Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, Massa-
chusetts, dated March 23, 1973.
20. Leasure, V.A. Jr., et al, Interior/Exterior Noise Levels of Over-
the—Road Trucks: Report of Teats, NBS Technical Note 737, National
Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., September, 1972.
64
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21 Close, William H.; Clarke, Robert M., Truck Noise II, Interior
and Exterior A—Weighted Sound Levels of Typical Highway Trucks,
Report OST/TST—72—2 July 1972, U.S. Department of Transportation,
Washington, D.C.
22. Motor Carrier Safety Regulations, Part 393, Parts and Accessories
Necessary for Safe Operation Vehicle Interior Noise Levels. Final
rule promulgated by the Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety establish-
ing test procedures and enforcement levels for the safe interior
noise level exposure of drivers relative to established hearing
conservation criteria signed October 31, 1973, U.S. Department
of Transportation, Washington, D.C.
23. Seiff, Henry E., Enforcement of Federal Motor Carrier Noise Regu-
lation, Noise Con 73 Proceedings, pages 72—74, October 15—17,
1973. Institute of Noise Control Engineering, Washington, D.C.
24. Work Statement, Contract DOT—HS—241—420, “Vehicular Stresses
Leading to Degradation of Driver Performance in Trucks, Buses
and Passenger Cars, t ’ being performed by Human Factors Research,
Inc.
25. Anon, Truck Noise I Peak A—weighted Sound Levels Due to Truck
Tires, Report OST—ONA—71—9 September 1970, U.S. Department of
Transportation, Washington, D.C.
26. Leasure, William A. Jr., et al, Truck Noise I Peak A—weighted Sound
Levels Due to Truck Tires——Addendum, Report Number OST/TST—72-1
July 1972, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C.
27. Leasure, W.A. Jr., et al, Truck Noise IA: Noise Evaluation Tests
of Military Truck Tires, Report DOT—TST—74—21, National Bureau of
Standards, Washington, D.C., February 1974.
28. Close, William H., Truck Tire Noise: User ImplicationS Noisexpo
73 Proceedings, pages 67—72, September 11—13, 1973, Chicago,
Illinois. Copies available from Noisexpo, Bay Village, Ohio.
29. Leasure, William A. Jr. and Bender, Eric K., Tire——Road Inter-
action Noise, paper to be published in the Journal of the Acousti-
cal Society of America, prepared under the auspices of the ASA
Coordinating Committee on Environmental Acoustics.
30. Leasure, W.A. Jr., Truck Tire Noise — Preliminary Results of a
Field Measurement Program, Proceedings of the Purdue Noise Control
Conference, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, July 1971,
pages 41—48.
65
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31. Leasure, WA. Jr. and Bender, E.K., Tire Road Interaction Noise,
Proceedings of Inter—Noise 73, Copenhagen, Denmark, August, 1973,
pages 421—425.
32. Leasure, W.A. Jr., Automobile Tire Noise: A Review of the Open
Literature, Proceedings of Noise — Con 73, Washington, D.C.,
October, 1973, pages 187—195.
33. Foster, Charles R., Statement: Before EPA Public Rearing on Inter-
state Motor Carrier Noise Regulations, March 21, 1974, Washing-
ton, D.C.
34. State of California Motor Vehicle Code Sections 27502 and 27503
pertaining to the establishment by California of noise standards
for tire relative to the sale of such tires.
35. Reiter, William F. Jr., Investigation of Vibration in Truck Tire
Noise Generation, August 1973, Publication of the Center for
Acoustical Studies, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engi-
neering, North Carolina State University.
36. Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., Standard J366b entitled
Exterior Sound Level for Heavy Trucks and Buses.
37. Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., Recommended Practice J57,
Sound Level for Highway Truck Tires.
38. Department of Transportation, Vehicle Noise Enforcement, Volume 1
of course curriculum material provided during DOT /CHP Training
Program on Highway Noise Enforcement, May & June 1973, Sacramento,
California.
39. U.S. Department of Transportation Vehicle Noise Enforcement, Vol—
time 2 back—up information provided during training program in
Sacramento including manufacturer muffler catalogs and other
pertinent data.
40. Vehicle Noise Enforcement synchronous tape/slide package for ad-
ministrators (carousel containing 122 slides, cassette tape and
script).
41. Vehicle Noise Enforcement synchronous tape/slide package contain-
ing 140 slides in carousel plus cassette tape and script for
instructors.
42. California Highway Patrol Final Report, Vehicle Noise Enforcement
Training Program, August 15, 1973, prepared for U.S. Department
of Transportation, Washington, D.C.
66
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43. Anon, A Study of the Magnitude of Transportation Noise Generation
and Potential Abatement, Volume IV Motor Vehicle/Highway Systems,
U.S. Department of Transportation Report OST—ONA--71—l, Serendipity,
Inc., November 1970.
44. Kwize, V.J., et al, Users Manual for the Prediction of Road
Traffic Noise — Computer Program, U.S. Department of Transporta-
tion Report DOT—TSC—351—1, Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc., May
1972.
45. Wesler, J.E., Manual for Highway Noise Prediction, U.S. Department
of Transportation Report DOT—TSC—FHWA—72—l, March 1972.
46. Wesler, J.E., Manual for Highway Noise Prediction (Short Version),
U.S. Department of Transportation Report DOT—TSC—FHWA-72-2, March
1972.
47. Federal—Aid Highway Program Manual, Volume 7 Chapter 7 Section 3,
Noise Standards and Procedures, U.S. Department of Transportation,
Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C. (latest revision
February 20, 1974. This section was formerly known as Program
and Procedures Manual 90—2).
48. Anon, Fundamentals and Abatement of Highway Traffic Noise (Text-
book and Training Course), U.S. Department of Transportation —
Federal Highway Administration by Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc.,
1973.
49. Rickley, E.J., et al, Wayside Noise and Vibration of High Speed
Trains in the Northeast Corridor, U.S. Department of Transpor-
tation Report DOT—TSC—OST—73—18, September 1973.
50. Close, W.H. and Athinson, T., “Technical Basis for Motor Carrier
and Railroad Noise Regulations”, Sound and Vibration Magazine,
October 1973, pages 28—33.
51. Rickley, E.J., et al, Noise Level Measurements of Railroads:
Freight Yards and Wayside, U.S. Department of Transportation
Report DOT—TSC—OST—73—46 (to be published).
5.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
5.2.1 DOD/TACOM
References
52. Military Standard 1474, “Noise Limits for Army Material,” March 1,
1973, U.S. Government Printing Office: 1973—714—917/1266.
67
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53. TACOM Report No. 11314, “A Survey of Research in Noise Pollution
Reduction Applicable to Military Vehicles.’ t
54. TACOM Report No. 11710, “Test Results, U.S. Army Ground Vehicle
Noise Studies, Yutna Proving Ground.”
55. DOT Report No. TST 74—21, “Noise Evaluation Tests of Military
Truck Tires.”
56. TACOM Report No. 11761, “Military Vehicle Signature Collection and
Classification Program, Phase II.”
57. TACOM Report No. 11920, “Development of Noise Reduction Kits for
a U.S. Army M813A1 S Ton Truck.”
58. TACOM Report No. l1°49, “Prediction of Acoustic Detectability.”
Bibliography
59. TACON Report No. 10720, “Signature Characteristics of M656 Cargo
Truck.”
60. TACOM Report No.
61. TACOM Report No.
62. TACOM Report No.
XM800.”
63. TACOM Report No. 9907(c), “Noise Reduction in Military Vehicles,
Sound Pressure Levels and Distance to Inaudibility.”
64. TACOM Report No. 9680(c), “Comparison of the Noise Emission of
the M35A1, M543A2, and MAZ—200 Trucks.”
65. TACOM Report No. 9618(c), “Noise tnvestigatiOn of the MAZ—200.”
66. TACOM Report No. 9467, “Noise Reduction in Military Vehicles.”
5.2.2 DODIMEB.DC
Ref erenceS
67. SAE Recommended Practice J919a, “Sound Level Measurements at the
Operator Station for Agricultural and Construction Equipment
(1971) .“
10144(c), “Noise Reduction Test of XN 706.”
10012(c), “Noise Tests of M551.”
10089(c), “Noise Specification for the ARSV—
68
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68. “Final Report of Noise Reduction Stud on Army Forklift,” H.L.
Blachford, Inc. Report No. 0473, AD786595.
69. Kamperman, G.W., “Techniques for Describing Operator Noise Ex—
posure for Army Construction and Materials Handling Equipment.”
70. SAE Recoimnended Practice J88, “Exterior Sound Level Measurement
Procedure for Powered Mobile Construction Equipment.”
71. Military Standard 1474A, “Noise Limits for Army Material,” to be
published March 1975, U.S. Naval Printing Office, Philadelphia,
Pa.
72. Datnotte, E.E., “Final Report Noise Level Study,” Caterpillar
Tractor Co. Report No. E70—220, September 1972.
73. Hopler, P.D. and Wehr, S.E., “Noise Reduction Program for U.S.
Army Construction Equipment,” SAE Paper No. 740714, National
Combined Farm, Construction, Industrial Machinery and Power Plant
Meetings, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, September 9—12, 1974.
74. Wehr, S.E., “Noise Exposure Monitoring on Operators of U.S. Army
Construction and Materials Handling Equipment.” To be presented
at Inter—Noise 74, Washington, D.C., October 1974.
75. Kamperman, G..W., “Noise Control Methodology for Army Construction
and Material Handling Equipment,” to be presented to Commander,
U.S. Army MERDC, STSFB—HM, Ft. Belvoir, Va. 22060, Attn. Samuel
Wehr.
76. “Hydraulic System Noise Study,” Oklahoma State University, Still—
water, December 1973, AD75776 (1972) and AD779466 (1973).
77. Maroney, G.E. and Elliott, L.R., “Hydraulic and Mechanical Factors
Affecting Pump Airborne Noise Measurements,” SAE Transactions,
Vol. 82(1973), paper 730874.
78. “Environmental and Acoustical Test Program on Acoustic Materials,”
Dayton T. Brown, Inc., Report DTBO3R73—0925.
Bibliography
79. Thien, G.E., “The Use of Specially Designed Covers and Shields to
Reduce Diesel Engine Noise,” SAE Transactions, Vol. 82(1973),
paper 730244.
80. Baker, R.N., “Noise Control at the Operator’s Ear of a Large Army
Forklift Truck,” to be presented at Inter—Noise 74, Washington,
D.C., October 1974.
69
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81. U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory, Standard HEL S-l—63C.
5.3 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
References
82. Plotkin, Dr. K.J., “A Model for the Prediction of Highway Noise
and Assessment of Strategies for its Abatement through Vehicle
Noise Control,” Wyle Research Report #WR74—5, EPA Contract #68—
01—1860, to be published by EPA.
83. Sharp, Dr. B.H., “Roadside Measurements of Peak Pass—by Noise from
Medium and Heavy Trucks,” EPA Contract #68—01—1860, to be pub-
lished by EPA.
84. EPA, “Background Document for Interstate Motor Carrier Noise
Emissions Regulation,” October, 1974, EPA—550—9—74—017. Copies
can be obtained from the Office of Public Affairs, EPA, Rm. 329—C,
Waterside Mall, 401 N St., S.W., Washington, D.C.,20460.
85. EPA, “Background Document/Environmental Explanation for the Pro-
posed Interstate Rail Carrier Noise Emission Regulations,” June
1974, EPA—550—9—74—005a. Copies can be obtained from the EPA
Office of Public Affairs, Rm. 329—C, Waterside Mall, 401 M St.,
S.W., Washington, D.C., 20460.
86. Fath, J.M.; Blomquist, D.S.; Heinen, J.M.; and Tarica, M., “Mea-
surements of Railroad Noise — Line Operations, Yard Boundaries,
and Retarders,” December, 1974, Joint EPA/NBS report NBSIR 74—488,
EPA—550—9—74—007.
87. Warnix, James L. and Sharpe, Dr. B.H., “Cost Effectiveness Study
of Major Sources of Noise, Vol. I, Medium and Heavy Trucks,” Wyle
Research Report #WR 74—5, EPA Contract #68—01—1860.
88. EPA, “Background Document for Proposed Medium and Heavy Truck
Noise Regulation,” October, 1974, EPA—550—9—74—018. Copies can
be obtained from the Office of Public Affairs, EPA, 401 N St.,
S.W., Washington, D.C., 20460.
89. Leasure, W.A. Jr. and Quindry, T.L., “Methodology and Supporting
Documentation for the Measurement of Noise from Medium and Heavy
Trucks,” NBSIR 74—517, June, 1974.
70
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5.4 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
5.4.1 Forest Service
References
90. Van Haverbeke, D.F. and Cook, D.I.,1972, “Green Mufflers,” AmerI-
can Forests 78(11):28—31.
91. Van Haverbeke, D.F. and Cook, D.I.,1974, Part I, “Studies in
Noise Pollution Reduction,” American Nurseryman (June 1), 2 p.
92. Van Haverbeke, D.F. and Cook, D.I.,1974, Part II, “Suggested
Plantings for Reducing Noise Pollution,” American Nurseryman
(June 15), 2 p.
93. Harrison, R.T.,, 1974, “Snowmobile Noise,” Equipment Development
and Test Report 7120—5, Forest Service, USDA, 48 p.
94. Harrison, R.T., 1974, “Sound Propagation and Annoyance Under
Forest Conditions,” Equipment Development and Test Report 7120—6,
Forest Service, USDA, 35 p.
Bibliography
95. Cook, D.I. and Van Haverbeke, D.F, 1971, Trees and Shrubs for
Noise Abatement, In: “Tree and Forests in an Urban Environment,”
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts.
96. Ibid, “The Role of Trees and Shrubs in Noise Abatement,” Pro-
ceedings, The Role of Trees in the South’s Urban Environment,
University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
97. Grantham, J.B., 1971, “Airborne—Noise Control in Lightweight
Floor Ceiling Systems,” Sound and Vibration 5(6):12—16.
98. Heebink, T.B. and Grantham, J.B., 1971, “Field Laboratory STC
Ratings of Wood—Framed Partitions,” Sound and Vibration 5(10).
99. Anderson, L.0., et al, 1971, “Construction Guides for Exposed
Wood Decks,” Pacific Northwest, Forest Service, Miscellaneous
Publication.
100. Leonard, RE., 1971, “Effect of Trees and Forests in Noise Abate-
ment,” Trees and Forests in an Urbanizing Environment, University
of Massachusetts Symposium Proceedings, pp. 35—38. (NE).
101. Leonard, RE. and Herrington, L.P., 1971, “Noise Abatement in a
Pine Plantation,” USDA Forest Service Research Note NE—140,6 p.(NE).
71
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5.4.2 Cooperative State Research Service
Bibliography
102. Hanson, J.E.; Sjoflot, L. and Suggs, C.W., 1970, “Matching the
Farm Machine of the Operator’s Capabilities and Limitations,”
Implement and Tractor 85(18):1O—13.
103. Aylor, D.E., 1972, “Noise Reduction by Vegetation and Ground,”
3. Acoust. Soc. Amer., 51:197—205.
104. Ibid, 1972, “Sound Transmission Through Vegetation in Relation to
Leaf Area Density, Leaf Width, and Breadth of Canopy,” J. Acoust.
Soc. Amer., 51:411—414.
105. Ibid, 1972, “Muffling Noise with Soil, Plants,” Grounds Maintenance,
7(8) :20—22.
72
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6. APPENDICES
CONTENTS: PAGE NO.
Appendix A — Surface Vehicle Noise Research Panel Members 75
Appendix B — Information Requested by EPA on the Federal 77
Noise RD&D Programs and Projects
Appendix C — Glossary of Acronyms 87
Appendix D — NBS Research on Surface Vehicle Noise 89
73
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APPENDIX A
SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE RESEARCH PAI’ EL MEMBERS
Osman A. Shinaishin (Chairman) 202—755—0449
Noise Technology Staff, RD—681
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
William H. Close 202—426—4560
Office of Noise Abatemei .
Department of Transportation
Transport Building TST—54
2100 Second St., S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20590
William Leasure 301—921—3381
Applied Acoustics Section
National Bureau of Standards
Room A149 Sound Building
Washington, D.C. 20234
Donald W. Rees (TACOM) 313—573—1653
Department of the Army
U.S. Army Tank-Automotive Command
Warren, Michigan 48090
William Roper 703—557—1180
Office of Noise Abatement and Control (AW—571)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1921 Jefferson Davis Highway
GM—2
Arlington, Va. 20460
George Winzer 202—755—5597
Manager, Environmental Research
Room 4210
Department of Housing and Urban Development
451 Seventh St., S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20410
75
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APPENDIX B
INFOR tATION REQUESTED BY
EPA ON THE FEDERAL NOISE
RD&D PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS
77
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INSTRUCTIONS
The objectives of this information—gathering document is to assemble
the data necessary to describe the over—all efforts within the Federal
Government dealing with noise research, development and demonstration
programs. The results will be used as a portion of the EPA report to the
President and Congress on the status of Federal noise programs and to aid
in coordination of Federal noise research efforts within Government
agencies. The process is dynamic requiring that the data base be updated
periodically to reflect changes in efforts, emphasis, expenditure of
funds or completion of programs or projects.
The information requested on noise related programs and projects
deal with the following areas:
• Program (Project) description.
• Technical goals and achievements.
• Financial and manpower resources devoted and required.
• Facilities used or required, and
• Key personnel.
The enclosed questionnaire is designed to reflect, as clearly as
possible, the type of information required, but is not intended as a
rigid format, hence, any agency forms that will furnish the required
information easier than the questionnaire should be used by all means.
If the questionnaire is used, notice should be made that:
1. Additional sheets may be used, and are encouraged, to furnish
more details if the space provided is not adequate.
2. There Is always a risk of not supplying enough information for the
desired visibility of any program (project), but there is no risk
of giving too lengthy information since this can easily be
adapted to the overall report intensity or detail.
3. If the questionnaire forms miss entire aspects of program
information, it is encouraged, in fact necessary, that you add
these aspects under additional proper titles.
4. If your agency has a documented (or computer—stored) plan—
program—proj ect outlay with the required information it is
strongly urged that it be included in the response.
79
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5. The program (project) information supplied should reflect
actual FY 73 funding, allocated FY 74 and projections for
FY 75 and later years.
6. For programs (projects) in which noise is only a part or
a consideration it is requested that information should
be given on:
A. Program (project) specifics as outlined in the
questionnaire.
B. Additional statement on the relationship of the
noise—related effort to the over—all scope of
the program (project).
7. Finally, for any desired clarification of questions on this
document, please call Dr. Eugene E. Berkau of the EPA at
202—755—0449.
The response to this questionnaire is requested by April 19, 1974.
80
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Definitions in esponding
to the Porm Titled
“ EDER L NOISE RD & D PKOGRAN SUIMARY”
Iteu! Remarks
1. Program Title The formal agency title of record
2. Agency Program Number The formal number of record; if programs
are not numbered, write ‘none’.
3. Agency or Department Parent organization (e.g., DOT, DHEW).
4. Interagency Agreements Identify other agencies or departments
in Effect participating in the program and a
brief description of their tasks.
5. Subdivision Directing Organizational element where program
Work responsibility exists (NIOSH/Physical
Agent Branch) Name of Head.
6. Other Key Personnel Additional leading personnel involved
in administrative or technical manage-
ment of overall program.
7. Principal Contractors Identify contractors doing work for
agency at the program (not the project)
level.
8. Technical Program Those considered environmental goals,
Goals like quieting a specific machine by
10dB, or improving the reliability and
sensitivity of needed instrumentation
systems.
9. Method of Approach Plans or Methodology for achieving
program objectives.
10. Problem Areas Identified technical, funding, and/or
facilities problems.
11. Total Resource
Allo cat ion
• Funding The level of program funding devoted to
noise RD&D distributed with time.
81
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Item Remarks
• Man—Years The le iel of program manpower
resources devoted to noise RD&D
distributed with time.
12. Component Projects A list of descriptive titles of
those noise related projects
within this program.
13. Schedules and Milestones Show the current schedule and mile-
stones; the vtrevised column is for
future use.
14. Principal Accomplishments State achievements accomplished or
within reach.
15. Program Reports, etc. Confine this to those stemming from
the overall program rather than the
individual project. Include pro-
ceedings of symposia and conferences
and papers in the professional
literature as well as project
reports and documents.
Note: A Federal noise RD&D program includes each program in which noise
is a significant (one or more projects), identifiable program
element.
82
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Environmental Protection A cncy
Office of R ’scarch and D .’vclopi nt
FEDEr AL NOiSE flD&D p1 oc •i SU \RY
Agency or Department
Subdivision Directing Program/Hcad t s Name, Title and Address
U
z
Name, Title, Address of Program Manager
Names and Titles of Other Key Program Personnel
—— A————.. — — — -— — —‘--.— - — — ( c .. \
.titIjJc.4. a s&bCs.*_J IJA - ..#S_fJ ss _ u_.s& ‘—— 4S ) /
Program Contractor or Grantee (if any)
Program Title
Agency Program Number
Authority (c.g.,Fublic Laws, Agency/
Department Directives, etc.)
Date This Form is
Filled
Date of Program Start
Scheduled Date of Program
Completion -
83
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ChecI appropriate c Lissification (s) 0 prOgram
0 Research Developmemit Demonstration
1 I Operations Research fJ Other (Describe)
and/or Economic Benefit
Program General Objectives
Program Specific Goals:
Planned Approach: (Attach additional sheets if necessary)
Problem Areas:
84
-------
Man-Years
Program Schedules and Nilestones
(Detailed schedules and milestones
may also be cited and appended to
this response.)
Status
I
Milestone
.
Scheduled I Date
CompLetion CompLeted orRevisea
e______
I
I
I
-
‘
.
—
fl---
---
.A encv/Pro5ect No.
Cornr,onent Projects
Descriptive/Project Title
Project Manac er
U
0 •-4
1,1 4 i
0
‘-4 , - I
c s -.
:io
FY 72
Fiscal
Year
4- )
V
0
—4
FY
‘-4
4- I
U
t’tP 7 ?
£1 /)
74
Projected
FV 75 i’Y 76 FY 77 ftY
Funding
$Tho us and
4 -
——-—————
78
FY 79
85
-------
Principal Accomp lishments to Date (Include accomplisitnents
relative to program goals or attained trota combined project.
achievements)
Program Reports, Docu: ients and Papers Published to Date:
(List items attributed to the program. Complete biliographic
reference is desired/author, title, date, agency, document.)
86
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APPENDIX C
GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS
I. Federal Departments and Agencies
AMC — Army Materiel Command
BMCS — Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety/DOT
BuM — Bureau of Mines/DOl
CSRS — Cooperative State Research Service/USDA
DOC — Department of Commerce
DOD — Department of Defense
DOl — Department of Interior
DOL — Department of Labor
DOT — Department of Transportation
EPA — Environmental Protection Agency
FHWA — Federal Highway Administration/DOT
HEW — Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
MUD — Department of Housing and Urban Development
NERDC — U.S. Army Mobility Equipment Research and
Development Center/DOD
NADC — Naval Air Development Center/DOD
NASA — National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NBS — National Bureau of Standards/DOC
NIEHS — National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences/HEW
NINDS — National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke/HEW
87
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NIOSI3 — National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health/HEW
NSF — National Science Foundation
ONAC — Office of Noise Abatement and Control/EPA
ORD — Office of Research and Development/EPA
OSHA — Occupational Safety and Health Administration/DOL
OVSR — Office of Vehicle Systems ResearchfNBS
RADC — Air Force Rome Air Development Center/DOD
TACOM — U.S. Army Tank Automotive Command/DOD
TECOM — U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command/DOD
TSC — Transportation Systems Center/DOT
UMTA — Urban Mass Transportation Administration/DOT
USDA — U.S. Department of Agriculture
WES — Army Corp of Engineer Waterway Experiment Station/DOD
II. Trade Associations
AAR — Association of American Railroads
ASHO — Association of State Highway Officials
HRB — Highway Research Board/OSHO
MVMA — Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association
NFPA — National Fluid Power Association
SItE — Society of Automotive Engineers
88
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APPENDIX D
NBS RZSEARCH ON SURPACE VERICLE NOISE
89
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Table 1)—i SU)IIARY SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE RESEARCH CONDUCTED BY NBS
Fiscal Year Fundin& ($10001
Prior to
Funding enc y Objectives 1973 1973 1974 19751e&t )
DOT Truck Tire Noise Studies To provide a 468 100 100 200
(includes passenger car scientific basis
tire noise, interior/ for designing
exterior sound levels quieter tires.
from over-the-road
trucks, and feasibility
of an acoustical grading
system for tires).
DOD Noise evaluation tests To develop a data 20
of military truck tires, base on tire noise
levels of selected
military and conner—
cial truck tires.
EPA Train Noise Study To develop a data base 25
on railroad noise
emission.
Methodology for the Develop appropriate 10
measurement of noise measurement methodology
from trucks. for use by EPA in the
regulation of new
trucks.
-------
NBS RESEARCH ON SURFACE TIW SPORTATION NOISE
NBS FUNDING: No current programs.
OTHER AGENCY FUNDING:
la. Sponsoring Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agencyf
Office of Noise Abatement and Control
Objectives: Develop appropriate measurement methodologies
as technical support to the EPA in their implementation of
the Noise Control Act of 1972, and, where necessary, conduct
research to provide EPA with a defensible posture as regards
to measurement methodology.
Approach: Establish and conduct meetings with an ad—hoc
task force of experts (acousticians, manufacturers and users)
in order to develop the rationale and necessary input for the
measurement methodology for medium and heavy trucks. Conduct
field measurements to characterize rail line and yard opera-
tions and retarder noise.
Future Plans: Conduct work where necessary and as requested
by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Accomplishments: Completed the field measurement portion
of the rail yard and line noise characterization study.
Assembled and met with task forces in the area of interior
rapid rail transit noise and construction noise —— especially
crawler and wheeled tractors —— for the purpose of developing
the rationale and inputs for an appropriate measurement
methodology. A preliminary draft measurement methodology
resulted from each of the meetings. Assembled and met with
task force in the area of medium and heavy trucks. Developed
and appropriate measurement methodology and supporting
documentation for medium and heavy trucks.
Publications:
Fath, J. M., Blomquist, D. S., Heinen, J. M., and
Tarica, N., ‘ Measurements of Railroad Noise — Line
Operation, Yard Boundaries, and Retarders’ t , December,
1974, Joint EPA/NBS report NBS 74—488, EPA 550/9—74—007.
91
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NBS RESEARCH ON SURFACE TRANSPORTATION NOISE (Con’t )
Leasure, W. A., Jr., and Quindry, T. L., “Methodology
and Supporting Documentation for Measurement of Noise
from Medium and Heavy Trucks”, NBSIR 74—517, June, 1974.
Allocations: FY—73 FY 74 FY 75(est) FY 76(est )
k$: 23 12
Man—Years: 0.6 0.3
lb. Sponsoring Agency: Office of Noise Control, US. Department
of Transportation
Objectives: Identify and quantify the physical parameters
which affect the noise generated by surface transportation,
especially trucks and truck tires, and develop appropriate
information bases and standardized testing procedures which
may lead to highway noise reduction criteria, standards, and
regulations.
Approach: (1) Expand the existing data base on truck tire
noise to include both passenger car and military truck tires.
(2) Evaluate the spectral and directional characteristics of
truck tires and of their relationship to tire—noise generation
mechanisms. (3) Establish the effect of surface roughness
on generated noise levels by correlation studies of surface
texture (as characterized by profile spectral analysis) with
passby noise levels for tires. (4) Prepare a report on tire
noise measurement methodology which will serve the State of
California as the basis for their regulations on allowable
noise levels permissible for truck and passenger car tires.
Future Plans: Conduct work as necessary and where requested
by the U.S. Department of Transportation.
Accomplishments: (1) Complete (contract) work on the
characterization of pavement macrotexture by profile spectral
analysis, (2) completed preliminary measurements and analysis
of automobile tire noise, (3) complete narrow band analysis
and plot generation needed for the reports on appropriate
measurement methodology for tire certification testing and
the spectral and directionality characteristics of truck
tire noise which will be published, (4) completed the data
acquisition portion of a truck tire noise versus pavement
surface study, (5) developed an empirical model for the
prediction of in—service tire noise levels for over—the—
92
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NBS RESEARCH ON SURFACE TRANSPORTATION NOISE (Con’t )
road vehicles based on A—weighted sound level versus time (or
distance) data for a 50 mph (80 kmh) coastby certification
test utilizing a single chassis vehicle, (6) completed
studies of military truck tire noise and automobile tire
pavement interaction, and (7) initiated reports on expanded
data base for truck tire noise and on measurement methodology
for tire certification.
Publications:
Leasure, W. A. Jr., et. al., Truck Noise I Peak A—
Weighted Sound Levels Due to Truck Tires — Addendum,
Report Number OST/TST—72—l, July 1972, U.S. Department
of Transportation, Washington, D.C.
Corley, D. M., “Test of a Proposed Method for Vehicle
Noise Measurement” Proceedings of Noise—Con 73,
Washington, D.C., 230—235 (Oct. 15—17, 1973).
Leasure, W. A., Jr., “Automobile Tire Noise: A Review
of the Open Literature”, Proceedings of Noise—Con 73,
Washington, D.C., 187—195 (Oct. 15—17, 1973).
Leasure, W. A., Jr., and Mathews, D. E., “Pecos Truck
Tire Noise Study: A Summary of Results”, NBSIR 74—446,
National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.
(January 1974).
Leasure, W. A., Jr., Mathews, D. E., and Rinkinen, W. .3.,
“Noise Evaluation Tests of Military Truck Tires”,
submitted for publication as a Department of Transportation
report.
Allocations: FY 73 FY 74 FY 75(est) FY 76(est )
100 100
Man—Years: 2.0 2.0
93
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TECHN)CAL REPORT DATA
(I’!ecse rcad lsuzn,ciiuns on 1/i: rCicr c b fort’ cvm I1f:ing
1. REPORT NO. 2.
600/2—75—002
Z . RECIPIENTS ACCESSIOPNO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Federal Surface Vehicle Noise Research, Development
and Demonstration Programs
FY73—FY7S
5. REPORT DATE
MARCH, 1975
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTMORIS)
Interagency Surface Vehicle Noise Research Panel
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Interagency Surface Vehicle Noise Research Panel(RD—68
Office of Research and Development
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
) 1GEO9O
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final, FY73 through FY75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
EPA Contact: Eugene E. Berkau, 202—755—0449
The Interagency Surface Vehicle Noise Research Panel was established by the
nvironmental Protection Agency to aid EPA in fulfilling it’s responsibility for
coordinating the Federal noise research activities. As its initial task, the Panel
prepared this report summarizing the Federal governments’ surface vehicle noise
research, development, and demonstration activities. The Federal agencies which spon-
sor and/or conduct the major portion of the surface vehicle noise RD&D are represented
on the Panel. They are the Department of Transportation, the Department of
Commerce/National Bureau of Standards, the Department of Defense, and the EPA. Other
agencies whil-h sponsor curface v cle noise research are the Department of Agricultur
and the National Science Foundation. The report contains brief descriptions and fisca
data for the agencies’ programs. Emphasis is on fiscal years 1973 through 1975.
Also included are references and bibliographies of reports and publications which
have resulted from the Federal surface vehicle RD&D activities.
I?. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS — b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI !icld/Gmup —
Acoustics Research projects
Noise (sound) Ground transportatioi
Noise reduction equipment
Engine noise Ground vehicles
Internal combustion Water vehicles
engine Construction vehicle
Researci Cowbat v h1 c1es
Federal budgets
Federal noise RP&D
Federal noise coordinat
Research coordination
Surface vehicle
Surface transportatIon
2001
on 1406
1306
1303
1903
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMCNT
Release Unlimited
10. SECURITY CLASS (ilIii Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (This p.,gc)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220.1 (p.73)
95
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APPENDIX F
Federal Noise Effects Research: FY73—FY75, Report EPA-600/1-75-OO1
Prepared by Interagency Noise Effects Research Panel, March 1975
-------
EPA-BOO/i -15.001
MARCH 1975
Environmental Health Effects Research Series
Federal Noise Effects Research:
FY73-FY75
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
-------
RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, Environ-
mental Protection Agency, have been grouped into five series. These
five broad categories were established to facilitate further develop-
ment and application of environmental technology. Elimination of
traditional grouping was consciously planned to foster technology
transfer and a maximum interface in related fields. The five series
are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental nitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH EFFECTS
RESEARCH series. This series describes projects and studies relating
to the tolerances of man for unhealthful substances or conditions.
This work is generally assessed from a medical viewpoint, including
physiological and psychological studies. In addition to toxicology
and other medical specialities, study areas include biomedical instru-
mentation and health research techniques utilizing animals-but always
with intended application to human health measures.
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Research and Development.
Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the
views and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names or couinercial products constitute endorsement
or recomendation for use.
-------
Report 600/1-75-001
March 1975
FEDERAL NOISE EFFECTS RESEARCH
FY 73-FY 75
Prepared by
Interagency Noise Effects Research Panel
ROAP 2LAXV
Program Element 1GBO9O
Project Office:
Noise Technology Staff
Office of Research & Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
Prepared for
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Washington, D.C. 20460
-------
ABSTRACT
Potential effects of noise on the public health and welfare are
described, limitations and gaps in necessary knowledge of those effects
are identified as research needs, and eight categories for analyzing
noise effects research are presented. The current Federal research
programs are summarized for each of the eight categories.
The Noise Effects Research Panel through its collective knowledge
of the needs and the current research has identified specific research
areas which need additional emphasis in order to provide accurate and
thorough information on effects of noise. The Panel conclu4ed that
the current programs need continued and in some instances expanded
support in order to provide necessary information on the effects of
noise. Some areas of concern which are not currently being addressed
are also identified.
ii
-------
TABLE OP CONTENTS
FEDERAL NOISE EFFECTS RESEARCH
Sect ion
Page
I. SUMMARY I
II . INTRODUCTION 2
A. Purpose and Scope 3
B. Effects of Noise 5
C. Current Federal Information on Noise Effects 7
D. Research Needs 9
E. Research Categories 14
III. SUMMARY OF CURRENT PROGRAMS 16
A. Noise-Induced Hearing Loss 16
B. Non-Auditory Health Effects 19
C. Individual Behavior Effects 20
D. Noise Effects on Sleep 21
E. Communication Interference 23
F. Community or Collective Response 25
G. Domestic Animals and Wildlife 25
H. Measurement Methodology and Calibration 25
IV. CONCLUSIONS 27
A. Summary of Discussions 27
B. Research Needing Additional Emphasis 27
C. Future Panel Activities 27
(Cont.)
iii
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APPENDICES Page
A. Glossary A-I
B. Federal Agency Acronyms B-i
C. Noise Research Panel Members c-i
D. Description of Programs and Projects fl-i
E. Projects Listing by Agency E-i
F. Projects Listing by Category F-i
G. Addendum G-i
iv
-------
TABLE S
Number Page
Il-i Categories of Noise Effects Research 15
1 11-1 Noise Effects Research Funding by Category 17
111-2 Noise Effects Research Funding by Agency 17
111-3 Current Agency Involvement in Research Categories 18
111-4 Federal Research Funding for Noise-Induced Hearing Loss 20
111-5 Federal Research Funding for Non-Auditory Health Effects
of Noise 20
111-6 Federal Research Funding for Individual Behavior Effects
of Noise 22
111-7 Federal Research Funding for Noise Effects on Sleep 22
111-8 Federal Research Funding f or Communications Interference
of Noise 24
111-9 Federal Research Funding for Community or Collective
Response to Noise 24
111-10 Federal Research Funding for Noise Measurement Method-
ology and Calibration 26
IV-l SutTvnAry of Noise Effects Research Needs by Category 28
V
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I. SUMMARY
Potential effects of noise on the public health and welfare are
described, limitations and gaps in necessary knowledge of those effects
are identified as research needs, and eight categories for analyzing
noise effects research are presented. The current Federal programs
are summarized for each of the eight categories, and research needing
additional emphasis is identified.
Known or suspected effects of noise discussed included effects on
hearing, other effects which may (or may not) lead to permanent health
impairment, effects on behavior such as performance or annoyance,
speech and other communication interference, sleep disturbance, social!
economic/political/legal/behavioral community responses, and effects on
animals. Cause-effect relationships, however, have been identified by
the Federal government only for hearing, annoyance, and speech interfer-
ence. The information identified in these three areas is also discussed.
Limitations in this information and lack of information in other areas
are shown and research needed to provide thorough and accurate informa-
tion on all effects of noise is identified. Such information is
necessary for setting standards for protection of public health and
welfare, assessment of the benefits to be derived from noise reduction
in light of the costs, assurance of safe, productive work environments
and adequate communications, and decisions at all levels affecting the
quality of life. A way of categorizing current and needed noise effects
research is presented. The current Federally-supported noise effects
research is summarized for each of eight categories.
Although an in-depth analysis and assessment of the current Federal
noise effects programs is not made, the Noise Effects Research Panel
through its collective knowledge of the needs and the current research
has identified specific research subjects which need additional emphasis
in order to provide accurate and thorough information on effects of
noise. These include subjects not currently receiving enough attention
and those not currently being addressed. It is further pointed out that
the current programs need continued and in some instances expanded
support in order to provide necessary information on effects of noise.
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II. INTRODUCTION
EPA has established four noise research panels consisting of
representatives from Government departments and agencies to provide
informational exchange, a forum for interagency discussion, and advice
to aid EPA in its role as coordinator of Federal noise research in
accordance with the Noise Control Act of 1972. The panels and panel
membership reflect the major thrusts of the Federal noise research
programs as follows:
Noise Research Panel Current Agency Members hip*
Aircraft NASA, D(Yr, DOD, HUD, DOC, EPA
Surface Vehicles DOT, MUD, DOD, DOC(NBS), EPA
Noise Effects** HEW (NINDS, NIOSH, NIEHS), DOT, NSF,
MUD, NASA, DOD, DOL, DOC(NBS),EPA
Machinery HEW (NIOSH), DOI(Bureau of Mines),
DOD, DOL, DOC(NBS), NSF.
These panels provide the formal mechanisms for interagency consider-
ation, review and assessment of research in the four technical areas.
The primary functions of the panels in their respective areas are:
- Review and assessment of the state of science and technology
relating to noise.
- Review and assessment of the status of noise research and
technology development.
- Identification of technology gaps and research needs.
- Preparation of recoumendations concerning ongoing research
activities.
- Receipt and review of pertinent scientific and progranmatic
advice from comaxinicating with other standing bodies and
experts in the field of noise.
Noise effects includes not only health effects of noise such as
hearing loss, but also many other known or suspected effects of noise
on the well-being of humans and animals such as interference with
* Glossary of Agency Acronyms in Appendix B.
AA List of Noise Effects Panel Members in Appendix C.
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communication, disturbance of sleep, annoyance, and any other results of
noise exposure which can affect the quality of life, For the purposes
of this report and this research panel, the term “noise effects” does
not include effects on structures or other inanimate objects.
A. PURPOSE AND SCOPE
This is the first report prepared by the Noise Effects Research
Panel. It will serve as an information base for developing a coordinated
national plan for research leading to needed information on the effects
of noise, Such information relating the various effects of noise to
the physical characteristics of noise exposure such as level, frequency,
and duration, as well as to the psychological content of the noise is
needed for several reasons, These cause-effect relationships provide
the necessary bases for setting standards to protect the public health
and welfare, the data for assessing the benefits of noise reduction in
light of the costs, and guidelines for personal and Government decisions
affecting the quality of life.
A coordinated national plan with the various involved agencies
working in cooperation can achieve the following objectives:
- research funds targeted on critical problems and issues
- coordinated and complementary efforts
- research accomplished in the most productive and
scientifically viable manner.
To develop such an overall plan, limitations and gaps in the current
understanding of the effects of noise must be identified. The current
programs must be examined to determine which subject areas are not being
adequately addressed. Programs and projects can then be identified for
correcting inadequacies and addressing the gaps. The agencies’ capabili-
ties for and interests in undertaking these programs and projects can
also be determined. Finally, priorities of research needs must be
established. Then a national plan for noise effects research can be
developed in a meaningful manner. To this end, the report specifically
addresses:
- Effects of noise
- Current Federal information on effects of noise
- Limitations in the information and research needs
- A way of classifying noise effects research
- The current Federally SUPPOrted noise effects research
- Research needing additional emphasis.
The report does not consider:
- The adequacy of current research
- Detailed programs and projects for addressing gaps
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- Capabilities of various agencies for addressing research gaps
- Priorities of research needs
- Development of a coordinated nat .onal plan.
This document also will be used by the Environmental Protection
Agency to satisfy Section 4(c)(3) of the Noise Control Act of 1972 ,
EPA is required to report on the status and progress of Federal activities
relating to noise research and control and to assess the contribution
of such activities to the Federal Government’s overall efforts to control
noise.
Activity for fiscal year (FY)l974 is emphasized, program continuation
through fiscal year 1975 is noted where possible, and funding and work
carried out during fiscal year 1973 is reported.
The data on which the report is based came from two sources, agencies’
responses to a 1972 request* from EPA on Federal noise activities, and
information supplied by the panel members in the spring of 1974. The
fiscal data is reported consistent with each agency’s budgetary process.
As there are variations in the way agencies report the costs for their
in-house research, exact comparisons between agencies’ fiscal data cannot
be made. A chart illustrating this problem is contained in Appendix IL.
The data for FY 75 estimated funding is incomplete for two reasons.
First, the DOD computer data base used to generate the agency fiscal data
did not thcl*.id&FY 75 estimates. Therefore, at the DOD panel member’s
suggestion, the FY 75 levels have been estimated the same as FY 74.
Secondly, NSF carries out research only through unsolicited grants. Thus,
is it impossible for NSF to predict what research proposals may be receiv-
ed and funded.
Care n ist also be exercised in examining project and program titles
and funding. Titles often do not convey the extent and kind of research
being funded and convey, no informatiótt of the scope of work . Thus,
similar titles may i ivo1ve very different work scopes and furthermore
may not mean the subject is being adequately addressed.
Conclusions and reconinendations made in this report are the collec-
tive opinions of the panel members and do not necessarily represent their
agencies’ policies.
*In December of 1972, a questionnaire survey of Federal noise research
and noise control activities was initiated by EPA. A contract report
was prepared from this data in October 1973 but was not published.
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B. EFFECTS OF NOISE
Exposure to noise may have various effects on the public health and
welfare. Some of these are well-known but the complexity of both expos-
ure and response has prevented definitive cause-effect relationships in
many areas. Other effects are suspected but not yet well-proven.
1. Hearing Damage
It has been well established that noise exposure of sufficient
intensity and duration can produce hearing damage. Hearing loss result-
ing from intense noise exposure can either be temporary or permanent.
In general, it is believed that noise of brief exposure that can produce
a significant temporary hearing loss or threshold shift is capable of
producing permanent hearing loss if the noise exposure is extended in
duration or recurrence. That is, daily exposure to a noise which
produces a temporary hearing loss presents a risk of permanent hearing
loss because the ear may not be able to fully recover to its original
threshold from recurrent exposures. The exact relationship between
temporary and permanent hearing loss, however, is not yet clearly defined.
Hearing loss which is caused by noise occurs first in the high
frequency ranges. This impacts seriously on speech understanding, and
good hearing in the higher frequencies is necessary for discriminating
the information-carrying, consonant sounds of human speech. Hearing loss
is known to result from exposures to: continuous noise in industrial
settings, impulsive sound, gunfire, and loud music for extended periods,
the last is found especially among young people. The effect from
fluctuating, intermittent or shorter-term exposures is not completely
understood.
2. Other Health Effects
The only permanent adverse effect upon health from noise exposure
that is well-established is noise-induced hearing loss. However, there
is evidence, although incomplete, to indicate other effects can result
from exposure of sufficient intensity and duration. Noise can alter
the function of the endocrine, cardiovascular and neurologic systems.
It may effect equilibrium and may produce changes such as: constriction
of blood vessels in the body and vaso-dilation in the brain, rise in
blood pressure and changes in heart rhythm, and change in rate of stomach
acid secretions. Noise also has been shown to produce the same physio-
logical reactions as other stressors, such as emotional stress and pain.
There is not clear evidence, however, to indicate that continued activa-
tion of any of these responses leads to irreversible changes and permanent
health effects.
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3. Behavior Effects
When a task requires the use of auditory signals, noise that masks
these signals will interfere with the performance of the task. High
level continuous noise exposures appear to have potentially detrimental
effects on human performance, particularly vigilance tasks, information
gathering, and analytical processes. Noise may also increase the
variability of work rate and affect the accuracy of work requiring
mental concentration. Additionally, noise may be disruptive of per-
formance if the noise is high frequency, intermittent, or unexpected.
Noise throughout the audible range can, under various circumstances,
be annoying and disruptive of activity. However, prediction of thdivid-
ual annoyance due to noise is difficult, probably due to the many
psychological and social factors that contribute to individual sensitivity.
4. Sleep Interferenc
Noise can interfere with sleep by oreventing sleep, by causing
awakening,.and by changing the level or pattern of sleep. Any of these
kinds of interference may have effects on behavior and performance during
waking hours as well as long term health effects if repeated. Survey
data indicate that sleep disturbance is often the principal reason given
for annoyance, and some experts believe that sleep disturbance is one of
the most severe effects of noise on health.
5. CommunicatiOn Interference
In addition to the reduced understanding of speech resulting from
noise-induced hearing loss, noise can interfere directly with speech
communications. Verbal communication in terms of noise level and vocal
effort is extremely difficult in backgrounds of high noise level and
can adversely affect the accuracy, frequency, and quality of verbal
exchange. This can be important in formal education in schools, occupa-
tional efficiency, family life patterns, and quality of relaxation.
6. Community Reaction
The preceding effects of noise all deal with various effects on
individuals, although statistical descriptors n ist be used to average
out individual differences in reaction or response. However, ‘when a
community of individuals is exposed, a different kind of reaction may
take place. This reaction may take several forms such as complaints to
authorities, political action against noisy activities, reduction in
land values or socio-eConOmiC level, high property turnover rates, or
changes in family recreational patterns. Thus the consequences of
community response to noise can be social, political, and economic, as
well as the collective individual responses noted above. To date, only
coniatnity annoyance responses to aircraft noise have been studied
extensively and have been shown to correlate ‘well ‘with noise exposure.
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The number of complaints due to noise in a community, however, is small
in comparison to the number of people annoyed.
7. Effects on Animals
In general, noise has the same types of effects on animals as it does
on humans. Hearing loss and physiologic changes have been noted in
laboratory animals. Possible effects on farm animals include changes in
sime, weight, reproductivity, and behavior. Changes in mating behavior,
predator-prey relationships, and territorial behavior have been observed
in some wildlife species exposed to noise.
C. CURRENT FEDERAL INFORMATION ON NOISE EFFECTS
There are at present three informational documents relative to
health effects from noise exposure ‘which have been published by Federal
agencies. The first to be published ‘was “Criteria for a Recoumiended
Standard...Occupational Exposure to Noise” in 1972 by the National Insti-
tute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Department of Health,
Education and Welfare. This was in accordance with Section 20(a)(3) of
the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 656). In 1973,
the Environmental Protection Agency published “Public Health and Welfare
Criteria for Noise” in accordance with Section 5(a)(l) of the Noise Control
Act of 1972 (PL 92-574). In addition, Section 5(a)(2) of the same act
called for a document identifying environmental noise level goals. That
document, “Information on Levels of Environmental Noise Requisite to Pro-
tect the Health and Welfare ‘with an Adequate Margin of Safety” (EPA Levels
Document) which was published in March 1974, along ‘with the EPA Criteria
Document, are to serve as the basis for establishing standards and regula-
tions called for by the Noise Control Act.
The N1OSH document, specifically directed to the occupational environ-
ment, presented information about various effects of noise exposure, but
information for support of their recommended standard was available only in
the area of noise-induced hearing loss. The EPA “Public Health and Welfare
Criteria for Noise” defines criteria as “descriptions of cause and effect
relationships.” The document addressed direct effects of noise on the
physical and mental well-being of human populations, including hearing loss
and other health effects, and indirect effects such as annoyance and commu-
nIcation interference, as well as noise effects on wildlife and other animals.
Nevertheless, EPA identified only three areas for which criteria exists
According to the EPA Levels Document,
“There are a multitude of adverse effects that can be
caused by noise which may, both directly or indirectly,
affect public health and ‘welfare, However, there are
only three categories of adverse relationships in ‘which
the cause/effect relationships are adequately known and
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can be justifiably used to identify levels of
environmental noise for protection of public
health and welfare. These are: (1) the effect
of noise on hearing, (2) the effect of noise
on the general mental state as evidenced by
annoyance, and (3) the interference of noise
with specific activities.”
Although information in these three areas was presented in the EPA
Criteria Document and used in the EPA Levels Document, both documents
indicated limitations in the information. A short description of the
current Federal information in each of the three areas, as contained by
the three documents, is presented below.
1. Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
The Criteria Document produced by NIOSH for employee protection
during the work period addressed reconinendations for a work place standard
to protect against hearing impairment. No attempt is made toward the
protection of the worker from non-auditory effects of noise exposure;
however, the producers of this document have stated that meeting proposed
criteria for the protection of auditory effects will reduce the risk of
non-auditory effects. Thus, the major aim of this document is to reconi-
mend and support a work place noise exposure standard for the protection
of hearing, i.e., that the effective noise level permitted during a
normal eight hour work period should not exceed 90 CiBA for the time being
and should be reduced to 85 when technologically feasible. At this time
the Department of Labor has -proposed a revised standard with the 90 dBA
eight hour exposure level and hearing conservation measures beginning
at 85 dBA. In support of the NIOSH recounnendation, incidence of hearing
impairment was compared between noise exposed and non-noise exposed
employee groups of comparable ages and experience.
The EPA Criteria Document presented information for predicting
permanent hearing loss resulting from exposure to continuous noise of
certain levels for eight hours a day over 10 and 40 years. The infprtnation,
like the NIOSH criteria, also compared noise exposed and non-noise exposed
employee groups. Further, like the NIOSH document, the EPA criteria is
based only on industrial exposures.
The EPA Levels Document used this information to identify noise
levels requisite to protect the human population from significant noise-
induced hearing loss with an adequate margin of safety. The levels
identified do not include consideration of economic and technological
feasibility and thus should not be construed as Federal standards.
In identifying its level for protection against hearing loss,
however, EPA found certain limitations in the available data. Thus, EPA
had to extrapolate from industrial exposure data to counnunity noise as it
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affects hearing, from eight hour exposure to 24 hour environmental expos-
ure, and from exposure data mainly above 80 IBA to levels below 80.
2. Community Annoyance
Although community reaction to noise may be evidenced by social or
economic measures as well as political or legal action, the available
information, as reported in the EPA Criteria Document, deals mainly ‘with
statistical surveys of annoyance. The document concluded, among other
things, that (1) “the degree of annoyance due to noise exposure expressed
by the population average for a community is highly correlated to the
magnitude of noise exposure in the community,” and (2) “the numbers of
complaints about noise registered with the authorities is small compared
to the number of people annoyed, or who wish to complain. However, the
number of actual complaints is highly correlated ‘with the proportion of
people in the community who express high annoyance.” The EPA Levels
Document used this available information about community annoyance to
supplement speech interference data, discussed in the next section.
3. CommunicatiOn Interference
The EPA Criteria Document identified data which predict fairly
accurately how noise will affect the perception of speech in the outdoor
environment. The data represents conditions in which talker and listener
speak the same dialect and presumably hear normally. The document also
indicated that data are available in the literature to suggest a reasonable
background noise level for the design of rooms where oral communication is
important.
The EPA Levels Document used these data to identify levels of noise
requisite to protect public health and welfare against activity interfer-
ence with an adequate margin of safety, since “the primary effect of noise
on human health and welfare due to interference with activity comes from
its effect on speech communication.” The document also identified speech
interference as one of the primary reasons for adverse community reactions
to noise and long-term annoyance. It is again important to note that the
levels thus identified to protect against activity interference do not
include consideration of economic and technological feasibility and thus
should not be construed as Federal standards.
D. RESEARCH NEEDS
Although information has been identified and/or used in three Federal
documents for three of the many known or suspected effects of noise, the
documents plainly pointed out the limitations and deficiencies in the
available information. The lack of necessary information on other effects
of noise was also discussed as well as the lack of methodologies available
to adequately relate the noise exposures to the effects. Even though
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there are many gaps in today’s knowledge on the effects of noise, some
states and many local governments are in the process of setting noise
limits in regulations/ordinances to reduce noise. Accurate and compre-
hens ive information relating noise and other contributing factors to
all its effects is needed to insure that the extent of the reductions
is appropriate, and that the reductions may be accomplished with minimum
expenditures of public and private money. Such information is also
needed to assess the cost of noise reduction in light of benefits and
to provide guidelines for personal decisions affecting the quality of
life or corporate decisions affecting working conditions. Limitations
in or lack of needed information on the various effects of noise are
discussed below.
The research needs discussed are for information on which to base
protection of public health and welfare in the general sense. It is
important to note that in comparing these general needs with the research
conducted by the various agencies, it should be remembered that specific
agency missions dictate the research that agency conducts and supports,
and that specific research projects, while fulfilling an important agency
objective, may not be specifically directed toward fulfilling one or more
of the general needs discussed below.
1. Noise-InduCed Rearing Loss
The current Federal information on noise-induced hearing loss, as
presented in both the NIOS}1 and the EPA Criteria Document and used in
support of the NIOSH recommended standard and the EPA identified levels,
is based on several cross-sectional industrial studies that have been
criticized for various reasons. These criticisms include: insufficient
determination of daily noise exposure, problems in or lack of screenifl
for evidence of ear disease, inconsistent test practices, audiological
testing in noisy areas, and audiological testing without sufficient time
for recovery from temporary hearing loss. The studies also mainly
considered continuous eight hour exposures. Thus, there is limited
information on intermittent or partial daily exposures and practically
no data on exposure to noise beyond an eight hour period. Inconclusive
information exists as to whether older people or younger ones are more
susceptible to noise-induced bearing loss. Little evidence is available
on exposures to various other types of noise, such as impulsive noise,
ultrasound, and Enfrasound. Little is known, also, about the effects on
hearing of the couI,ination of noise and other factors such as heat,
vibration, and ototoxiC (hearing damaging) drugs and chemicals.
2. Health Effects Other Than Hearing Loss
The EPA Criteria Document identified several short-term physiological
effects which may result from noise exposure. It is known that noise can
elicit different physiological responses, but there is not clear evidence
to indicate that continued activation of these responses leads to irrever-
sible changes and permanent health effects. Adequate scientific data are
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not available to confirm or refute speculations that noise may be a
contributor to circulatory difficulties or heart diseases. There are
not any well-established data relating noise exposure to fatigue or
insomnia, even though it is believed that noise exposure can contribute
to these factors. Noise has been considered to be detrimental to the
recovery of hospital patients.
Although noise exposure, either alone or in conjunction ‘with other
stressors, is presumed to cause general stress, neither the threshold
noise level nor duration at ‘which stress may appear has been adequately
determined. Further, the effects of chronic noise-produced stress are
not known.
Thus, some indicators of potential effects of noise on health have
been studied and some have shown definite cause-effect relationships over
the short term. Quantitative relationships need to be determined for
many indicators of noise effects On health, and all potential effects of
noise on health must be studied over the long term. Clear relationships
between noise exposure and its potential effects on health must be proved
or disproved, so that decisions - government, corporate, or private - may
be made on protection of health from noise.
3. Effects on Individual Behavior
Most information available on individual behavior effects of noise
concerns either performance or annoyance. Noise is also considered as
contributing to other behavior effects such as irritability, instability,
argumentativeness, reduction in sex drive, anxiety, and nervousness, but
quantitative evidence is lacking in these areas.
Although effects of noise on performance have been shown in the
laboratory, little work has been done in real-life situations. As per-
formance effects of noise could be significant and costly in today’s
economy, there is a pressing need for field studies under typical condi-
tions. The information derived is needed for determining the extent of
noise reduction that is cost-beneficial in performance situations.
As individual annoyance in response to noise can lead to the economic
or social effects or the political or legal actions discussed under
coninunity reaction, as well as to general effects on mental or physical
health, a better understanding is needed of the factors that control the
degree of annoyance of individuals. Further, as most of the available
information on noise/annoyance relationships deal mainly with conventional
aircraft noise, annoyance in response to other major sources of noise,
as well as new and future aircraft, needs to be determined.
Other behavioral effects of noise mentioned above are less clear-cut
and noise is but one of many factors which could contribute to these
ii -
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effects. These effects, however, are serious indicators of reduction in
quality of life and couldbe significant contributors to deterioration
of mental and physical health. The relationship of noise to these effects
as well as the relative contribution of noise in combination with other
causes needs to be determined in order that government, corporate, or
private decisions may be made concerning health and the quality of life.
4. Effects on Sleep
Disturbance of sleep by noise resulting in changes in level, patterns,
or quality of sleep, or even awakening may affect behavior during waking
hours and cause long-term health effects. Most of the available infor-
mation on effects of sleep interference, according to the EPA Criteria
Document, “conies from laboratory experiments that involve very few
people, and ‘responses’ are evaluated in terms of physiological measure-
ments such as EEC” (electroencephalogram, a measure of electrical voltages
in the brain). As it is difficult to generalize from the laboratory to
real-life conditions, but also very costly to study sleep in everyday
settings, both types of studies are needed to develop definitive relation-
ships between noise from various sources and its effects on sleep, both
in the short-term and long-term.
5. Conimmication Interference
The available informaticin concerning a cause-effect relationship
for noise interference with speech represents conditions for normally
hearing young male adults speaking the same dialect, when they are in
a non-reverberant noise field, whereas the actual cause-effect relation-
ship may change with many variables. The EPA Criteria Document states,
“lower noise levels would be required if the talker has imprecise speech
(poor articulation) or if the talker and the listener speak different
dialects. Children have less precise speech than do adults, and their
relative lack of knowledge of language often makes them less able to
‘hear’ speech when some of the cues in the speech stream are lost. Thus,
adequate speech coninunication with children requires lower noise levels
than are required for adults. One’s ability to understand partially-
masked or distorted speech seems to begin to deteriorate about age 30
and declines steadily thereafter. Generally, the older the listener,
the lower the background must be for nearly normal connnunication...it
is known that persons with hearing losses require more favorable speech-
to-noise ratios than do those with normal hearing.” The data avail8ble
have no information on the reception of female speech or on the effect
of time-varying noise on speech understanding. Quantitative data are
lacking which show how all these variables affect the relationship
between noise and interference with speech.
The available data on speech interference furthermore do not account
for the reverberant buildup of sound by reflections from the walls of a
room, and thus are not valid for design criteria. According to the EPA
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Levels Document, “Recommended values for acceptable sound levels in various
types of spaces have been suggested by a number of authors over the past
two decades. These recommendations generally have taken into consideration
such factors as speech intelligibility and subjective judgments of space
occupants. However, the final values recommended were largely the result
of judgments on the part of the authors...”
Finally, noise can interfere with the reception of auditory warning
signals. However, there are little data to show how loud the signal should
be in various noise fields in order to effectively perform its safety
function.
Research is needed in order to quantify design criteria which can
assure proper reception of speech and warning signals in a variety of
situations, e.g., in offices, schools, workplaces, and recreational areas,
and for a variety of human characteristics, such as poor or dialectic
speech, age, and hearing ability.
6. Co1linunity Response
Although information is available relating noise exposure fairly well
to community annoyance and resulting complaints to authorities, the data
are based mainly on responses to conventional takeoff and landing aircraft
noise. The information needs to be expanded to include response to other
environmental noise sources, such as vertical or short takeoff and landing
aircraft, military aircraft and other vehicles, industrial plants, surface
transportation, construction equipment, home appliances, and more. Since
annoyance has been shown to lead to complaints, not only does its relation
to these other sources of noise need to be studied, but also its relation
and the relation of noise exposure to responses such as legal or political
actions, change in land values, neighborhood stability, feeling of community,
and other social or economic measures. Studies are also needed to determine
effect on overall community health and other possible group responses.
These relationships are needed to provide input for local government decis-
ions on land-use, corporate decisions on plant location, and private
decisions on home and recreational locations, to name a few.
7. Effects on Animals
Although some studies have indicated that noise affects animals in the
laboratory in the same way as humans, and behavior changes resulting from
noise have been observed in some wildlife species, few quantitative cause-
effect relationships have been established. Relationships between noise
and changes in reproduction, weight gain, egg and milk production, for
example, should be determined so that the economic benefits of reducing
the noise exposure of domestic animals may be evaluated. Further, the
effect on wildlife is important for preservation of endangered species and
Conservation and thus should be determined.
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8. Measurement
Determination of definitive, quantitative cause-effect relationships
demands accurate and reproducible measurement of both cause and effect,
Further, the appropriate characteristics of noise must be emphasized in
terms of the various effects, but at the same time, inexpensive instru-
mentation and easily used methods must be available for characterizing
the noise environment and for enforcement.
Thus, instrumentation needs to be developed for monitoring noise
exposures and standard methodologies developed for characterizing
various noise environmeflt8 and sources in terms of their possible
effects. To refine and support hearing loss data, audiometric instru-
mentation, methodologies, and calibration procedures need.to be improved.
Finally, a national baseline of coninunity noise levels is needed in
order to compare various coimnunities in terms of noise Levels and to
determine whether the overall natiónal noise levels are improving or
deteriorating.
E. RESEARCH CATEGORIES
To address, analyze, and make reconDendations effectively on noise
effects research in terms of the needs identified above, a system for
classifying the research had to be devised. Such a system has been
developed by the Noise Effects Research Panel. By consensus, the Panel
identified the eight major categories outlined in Table 11-1.
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Table 11-1
CATEGORIES OF NOISE EFFECTS RESEARCH
I. Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
A. Epidemiologic
B. Human
C. Animal
D. Mechanisms of Hearing Loss
E. Protection
II. Non-Auditory Health Effects
A. Epidemiologic
B. Human
C. Animal
III. Individual Behavior Effects
A. Annoyance
B. Performance
C. Other
IV. Noise Effects on Sleep
V. Counminication Interference
A. Speech Communication
B. Effectiveness of Auditory
Warning Signals in the
Presence of Noise
vi. Community or Collective Response
VII. Domestic Animals and Wildlife
VIII. Measurement Methodology, and Calibration
A. Noise Environment
B. Noise Source Characterization
C. Audiometry
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III. SUMMARY OF CURRENT PROGRAMS
The current Federal research programs and projects on effects of
noise address all but one of the research categories identified in
Table I l-I. At the present time there is no ongoing research reported
on the effects of noise on domestic animals and wildlife. The funding
for research in the other categories, however, is presented in Table 1 11-1.
Table 111-2 shows the overall effort of each agency in effects of noise,
and Table 111-3 relates each agency 1 s involvement in categories of
research. The following discussions summarize the current effort of the
Federal government in addressing the research needs in each category of
noise effects research. Each agency s current program is described in
Appendix D.
A. NOISE-INDUCED HEARING LOSS
Noise has long been known as a contributor to hearing loss, and
many studies in the past few decades have attempted to establish a
definitive cause-effect relationship, particularly in the occupational
environment. However, the effects of different types of noise and
exposure patterns are still not well understood. Variations in suscept-
ibility due to age, drugs, and environmental factors further complicate
the problems.
The need for knowledge about noise-induced hearing loss is reflected
in the current fiscal data. Almost $1.4 million, over one-quarter of the
total Federal expenditures on health effects of noise, was spent on
noise-induced hearing loss research in FY 74. Current research programs
in this area, carried out by five different agencies, are addressing
the following specific problems:
- Cross-sectional studies in various environments
(occupational, military, recreational, etc.).
- Relationships between permanent and temporary
threshold shifts.
- Susceptibility to hearing loss.
- Contination of noise and other stressors
(work, heat, vibration, etc.).
- Corthination with ototoxic drugs, other ototoxic
agents, and abnormal physiology.
- Effects on children.
- Impulse noise, intermittent noise, and high
intensity noise.
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Table 1 1 1-1
NOISE EFFECTS RESEARCH FUNDING BY CATEGORY
(Thousands of Dollars)
Category FY 73 FY 74 FY 75*
Noise Induced Hearing Loss 1,366 1,979
Non-Auditory Health Effects 126 294 61
Individual Behavior Effects 381 361 443
Noise Effects on Sleep 217 254 159
Communication Interference 275 316 296
Community or Collective Response 410 821 1,114
Domestic Animals and Wildlife 0 0 0
Measurement Methodology and
Calibration 1,073 1,344 916
TOTALS 3,566 4,756 4,968*
Table 111-2
NOISE EFFECTS RESEARCH FIJNDIN€} BY AGENCY
(Thousands of Dollars)
Agency FY 73 FY 74 FY 75*
I1EW(NINDS) 526 622 1,157
RE W(NIEHS) 153 258 239
HEW NIOSH) 395 507 481
DOD 984 930 930*
NASA 1,127 1,154 1,200
DOT 50 130 50
NSF 20 0 0
xx .( N s) 98 117 142
HUD 117 638 460
EPA 24 377 309
DOL(BuMines) 72 23 0
TOTALS 3,566 4,756 4,968*
*DOD FY 75 Estimated the same as FY 74
17
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Table 111-3
Research
Category
CURRENT AG NC! INVOLVEMENT IN RESEARCH CATEGORIES
Noise-Induced
HearingLoss
x
x
x
x
-
x
x
Non -auditory
Health Effects
x
x
x
x
Individual Behavior
Effects
x
x
x
x
x
Noise Effects
on Sleep
x
X
Coimnunicat ion
Interference x x x x
Coumninityor
C.llect ive
Essponse x x x x
Domestic Animals ‘ — — — — — — — —
and Wildlife
Measurement
Methodology and
Calibration
x
x
x
x
x
x
18
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- Permanent effects of occupational and longer
environmental exposures.
- Mechanisms of hearing loss (biochemical, physio-
logical, etc.).
- Hearing protection.
Funding levels for noise-induced hearing loss research are shown in
Table 111-4.
B. NON-AUDITORY HEALTH EFFECTS
Many studies have been conducted which tend to indicate noise to be
a cause of numerous non-auditory health effects in humans which might
influence physical or mental health. These include: orientation and
startle reflexes, disturbed sense of balance, pain, and general stress.
One cannot rule out the possibility that noise exposure may pose some
non-auditory health hazard if no attempt is made to reduce individual
exposure to noise. Caution niist be exercised in interpreting the results
of studies in this area, however, for controls are exceptionally difficult
to exercise. It is also extremely difficult to quantify the non-auditory
health effects of noise because of the following complexities and
conditions: the wide variety of conditions and mental states involved
in personal health; the complexity of the human body and the human mental
function; individual and temporal variations in susceptibility to physical
and mental health conditions; and the occurrence of noise in coithination
with other stresses.
Despite many questions that cannot now be answered regarding the
non-auditory health effects of noise, Federal expenditures in this category
have been modest. Current and recent research in this category, conducted
by four different agencies, address the following problems:
- Worker safety and health.
- Susceptibility to mental and physical illness.
- Cardiovascular and other physiological changes.
- Effects on the vestibular (sense of balance), cardiovascular
(heart and circulatory), endocrine (internally-secreting
glands), and neural systems.
- Effects on drug uptake.
Funding levels for non-auditory health effects research are shown in
Table ±11-5.
19
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Table 111-4
FEDERAL RESEARCH FUNDING FOR NOISE-INDUCED HEARING LOSS
(Thousands of Dollars)
Agency FT 74 FT 75
BEW(NINDS) 447 482 1 057
HEW(NIOSR) 224 341 ‘352
HEW(NIEHS) 145 192 199
DOD 248 301 301*
NSF 20 0 0
EPA 0 50 70
TOTALS 1,084 1,366 1,979*
*D(fl) if 75 data estimated the sames as FT 74
Table 111-5
FEDERAL RESEARCH FUNDING FOR NON-AUDITORY HEALTH EFFECTS OF NOISE
(Thousands of Dollars)
Mency if 73 FT 74 FT 75
HEW(NIEHS) 8 66 40
HEW(NIOSH) 42 21
DOD 10 0 0*
EPA 0 186 0
TOTALS 126 294 61*
*DOD if 75 data estimated the same as FT 74
**2 year project
C. INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR EFFECTS
Individual behavior effects are of interest in a variety of environ-
ments where adverse ref? z actions orbebavior mayresult in accidents
or unfavorable performance, e.g., occupational, military and vehicle
handling. Various studies have indicated that noise may have negative,
neutral, or even positive effects on performance.
The effects of noise on performance have been. studied in the labora-
tory and in the actual work situation, with more emphasis on laboratory
research. Generalizing from the laboratory to real life situations is
difficult since, in the laboratory, exposures are short and the novel
tasks employed cause subjects to be fairly well motivated. By contrast,
20
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office and factory workers usually work below their maximum efficiency and
respond to noise in combination with other stimuli. The lack of well-
controlled field studies is still a very real problem in the evaluation of
the effects of noise on human performance.
Current research programs in this category, conducted by five agencies,
are addressing the following specific problems:
- Annoyance factors, e.g., loudness, noisiness, and
avers ivenes s
- Performance capability in:
High levels of noise exposure
Environmental noise (from transportation
systems, etc.)
Occupational noise levels
Combination with other stressors (heat,
vibration, etc.) in various environments
- Startle effects on performance
- Human adaptation to noise
- Measures of aversiveness and annoyance
Funding levels for research on individual behavior effects of noise are
shown in Table 111-6.
D. NOISE EFFECTS ON SLEEP
Survey data indicate that sleep disturbance is often the principal
reason given for noise annoyance.
There are indications that sleeping in noisy surroundings does produce
some effects on sleep, either in the form of awakening, if the noise is loud
enough, or in the form of shifts in the stages of sleep. Usually, however,
much of our data comes from laboratory experiments that involve few people
and ‘ responses” are evaluated in terms of physiological measurements such
as the electroencephalogram, which. measures nervous system electric voltages
in the brain. Caution must therefore be exercised in drawing conclusions
regarding the effect of noise on sleep for the general population. Even
greater caution must be exercised in making references about the long-range
effect of sleep disturbance since there exist very little experimental data
regarding these effects.
Two agencies reported research directed solely or primarily to noise
effects on sleep.
21
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Table 111-6
FEDERAL RESEARCH FUNDING F(R INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR EFFECTS OF NOISE
(Thousands of Dollars)
ency FY 73 FY 74 FY 75
HEW(NIOSH) 0 28 0
DOD 233 166 166*
DOT 50 0 0
EPA 0 50 135
DOC(NBS) 98 117 142
TOTALS 381 361 443*
*DOD Fl 75 data estimated the same as Fl 74
Table 111-7 -
FEDERAL RESEARCH FUNDING FOR NOISE EFFECTS ON SLEEP
(Thousands of Dollars)
FY73 FY74 FY75
NASA 217 254 142
EPA 0 0 17
TOTALS 217 254 159
22
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Current research in this category is being addressed to the following
specific problems:
- Nonawakening effects (change in pattern and
quality of sleep)
- Sleep disturbance by aircraft noise
- Correlational analysis of foreign and domestic
scientific data on the effects of noise on human
sleep.
Funding levels reported for research directed solely or primarily to
noise effects on sleep are shown in Tal le 111-7, Page 22.
E. COMMUNICATION INTERFERENCE
Noise can interfere with speech by changing its perceived quality,
shifting its apparent location or loudness, or by making it partially or
completely inaudible.
Unfortunately, most of the available knowledge is often of limited
assistance in predicting the intelligibility of ordinary speech which
actually consists of a complex sequence of sounds whose overall intensity
and spectral distribution are constantly varying. The intelligibility of
ordinary speech is rather complex and must often be predicted on the basis
of results with isolated words.
Current Federal research in communication interference by noise, con-
ducted by four different agencies, is addressing the following problems:
- Effects of noise on speech production
- Methods for predicting speech intelligibility
in noise
- Speech communication in special environments
- Speech discrimination in normal and pathological
hearing groups
- Hearing aid performance in noisy environments
- Warning signals in coal mines.
Funding levels for research in communication interference by noise
are shown in Table 111-8.
23
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Table 111-8
FEDERAL RESEARCH FUNDING FOR COMMUNICATIONS INTERFERENCE OF NOISE
(Thousands of Dollars)
Agency FY 73 FY 74 FY 75
HEW (NINDS) 79 140 100
DOD 124 109 109*
EPA 0 59 87
DOI(Bul4ines) 72 8 0
TOTALS 275 316 296*
*DOT) FY 75 data estimated the same as FY 54.
Table 111-9
FEDERAL RESEARCH FUNDING FOR COMMUNITY OR
COLLECTIVE RESPONSE TO NOISE
(Thousands of Dollars)
Agency FY 73 F? 74 F? 75
DOD 32 0 0*
NASA 378 491 654
DOT 0 130 50
IIIJD 0 200 410
TOTALS 410 821 1,114*
*DOD FY 75 data estimated the same as FY 74.
-24-
-------
F. COMMUNITY ( COLLECTIVE RESPONSE
Numerous techniques have also been devised to measure annoyance fro
a simple scale of annoyance level to complicated techniques involving
social surveys. Many studies have addressed the relation between noise
and annoyance. Most of this work has been related to conventional air-
craft operations. Other noise sources exist which appear to warrant
additional consideration. Other social and economic responses such as
political actions or change in land values also need to be examined.
Four different agencies were conducting research in comuiunity or
collective response in the FY 73-74 time period, addressing the following
problems:
- National baseline data bank of environmental
noise levels-unified measurement system
- Coirmiunity response studies
- Military operations noise.
Funding levels for research in community or collective response to
noise are shown in Table 111-9, Page 24.
C. DOMESTIC ANIMaLS AND WILDLIFE
Noise produces the same general types of effects on animals as it
does on humans, namely: auditory, masking of communication, behavioral,
and physiological. These effects have not yet been definitely described.
No criteria have been developed for these effects.
Recent research in this category, one project concluded in FY 73,
was addressed to hearing levels of fowls. No funding data are listed
herein for that project.
U. MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGY AND CALIBRATION
Research in measurement methodology and calibration is conducted
by agencies to support noise health effects research programs, to support
implementation of noise control legislation, and to maintain a defensible
posture regarding measurement technology.
This entails a broad range of activities involved in establishing
measurement systems to define the environments and determine the effects
on humans: defining measurement requirements, analysis and evaluation of
alternate methodologies, and the development of hardware, software and
procedures.
25
-------
The significance of this effort is reflected in the current fiscal
data. More than $1.2 million, 28 percent of total Federal funding on
noise effects research, was expended on research in measurement method-
ology and calibration in FY 74. Six agencies conducted research in this
category in FY 74, largely directed to tl e following problems:
- Defining the noise environment through:
Monitoring methodology
Monitoring ins trumentat ion
- Noise source characterization - rating schemes
- Audiometry
- Characterization of vertical/short takeoff and
landing aircraft noise
- Portable calibration of Audiodosimeters.
Funding levels for research in measurement methodology and calibra-
tion are shown in Table 111-10.
Table 111-10
FEDERAL RESEARCH FUNDING FOR NOISE MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGY
AND CALIBRATION
(Thousands of Dollars)
Agency FY 73 FY 74 FY 75
HEW(NIOSH) 63 96 108
DOD 337 354 354*
HUB 117 438 50
EPA 24 32 0
DOI(BuMines) 0 15 0
NASA 532 409 404
TOTAL 1,073 1,344 916*
*DOD FY 75 data estimated the same as FY 74
26
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IV. CONCLUSIONS
A. SUNMARY OF DISCUSSIONS
Known or suspected effects of noise include effects on hearing,
other effects which may (or may not) lead to permanent health impairment,
effects on behavior such as performance or annoyance, speech and other
communication interference, sleep disturbance, social/economic/political/
legal/behavioral community responses, and effects on animals. Quantita-
tive cause-effect relationships, however, have been provisionally defined
by the Federal government only for hearing, annoyance, and speech inter-
ference. The information identified in these three areas is also
discussed. Limitations in this information in other areas are shown
and research needed to provide thorough and accurate information on all
effects of noise is identified. Such information is necessary for setting
standards for protection of public health and welfare, assessment of the
benefits to be derived from noise reduction in light of the costs, assur-
ance of safe, productive work environments and adequate communication,
and decisions at all levels affecting the quality of life. A way of
categorizing current and needed noise effects research is presented.
The current Federally supported noise effects research is summarized for
each of eight categories.
B. RESEARCH SUBJECTS NEEDING ADDITIONAL EMPHASIS
Although an in-depth analysis and assessment of the current Federal
noise effects programs has not been made, the Noise Effects Research
Panel through its collective knowledge of both needs and current research
has identified specific research subjects which need additional emphasis
in order to provide accurate and thorough information on effects of
noise. These include subjects not currently receiving enough attention
and those not currently being addressed. They are compared for each
category with a summary of the current research (as discussed in Chapter 3)
in Table IV-l. Since the adequacy of the current research has not been
addressed, it should not be assumed that the subjects listed under current
research are being thoroughly covered. On the contrary, the current
progran need continued, and in some instances expanded, support in order
to provide necessary information on effects of noise.
C. FUTURE PANEL ACTIVITI
Since the Noise Effects Research Panel has been in existence only a
short time, its work has just begun. In the future, it expects to
address: adequacy of current research, new starts, agency interests and
capabilities, and priorities of research needs. With these activities,
the panel hopes to move toward a coordinated plan for Federal noise
effects research which can direct research toward critical problems and
27
-------
issues, assure coordinated and complementary efforts, and promote
research accomplished in the most productive and scientifically
viable manner.
Prior to establishment of the panel in early 1974, the various
agencies accomplished much in gaining understanding of the effects
of noise. The panel hopes that the overall rate of research progress
will accelerate as these agencies participate mutually in this
planning process.
Table P1-1
SU! ?(ARY OF NOISE EFFECTS RESEARCH NEEDS BY CATEGORY
I. Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
Current Research Research Needing Additional
Emphasis
1. Cross-sectional studies in 1. Longitudinal studies of normal
various environments, (occu- hearing
pational, military, recrea-
tional, etc.) 2. Longitudinal studies of noise
exposed populations
2. Relationships between
permanent and temporary 3. Analysis of cross-sectional and
threshold shifts retrospective audiometric data
from known occupational exposure
3. Susceptibility to hearing
loss 4. Definition and quantification of
presbycus is
4. Cothination of noise and
other stressors (work, heat, 5. Possible high-risk and susceptible
vibration, etc.) populations
5. Conbination with ototoxic 6. Social and economic impact of
drugs, other ototoxic agents, noise-induced hearing loss
and abnormal physiology
6. Effects on children
7. Impulse, intermittent, and
high intensity noise
28
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Table tV-I. (Cont,)
Current Research Research needing Additional.
Emphasis
8. Permanent effects of occupational.
and longer environmental exposures
9. Mechanisms of hearing Loss (bio-
chemical, physiological, etc.)
10. Hearing protection
II. Non-Auditory Health Effects
Current Research Research Needing Additional
— Emphasis -
1. Worker safety and health 1. Non-Auditory long-term health
effects
2. Susceptibility to disease
a. Epidemiologic (physiolog-
3. Cardiovascular and other ical and mental health)
physiologic changes b. Longitudinal studies on
subhuman primates
4. Effects on the vestibular,
cardiovascular, endocrine,
and neural systems 2. Health effects of impulse noise
5. Effects on drug uptake 3. Health effects of infrasound and
ultrasound
III. Individual Behavior Effects
Current Research Research Needing Additional
Emphasis
1. Annoyance — loudness, I. Effects on task performance in
noisiness and aversiveness specific environments
2. Performance capability in: 2. Pure tone and time-varying
corrections for annoyance
a. High level exposure evaluation
b. Environmental noise
c. Occupational noise 3. Effects of noise in learning
d. Combination ‘with other situations
stressors in various
environments
29
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Table iv-i. (Cont.)
[ II. Individual Behavior Effects (Cont.,)
Current Research Research Needing Additional
Emphasis
e. Intermittent and impulse 4. Annoyance in susceptible
noise populations (e.g., hospital
environments)
3. Startle effects on performance
5. Cognitive components of annoy-
ing noise
IV. Noise Effects on Sleep
Current Research Research Needing Additional
Emphasis
I. Non-awakening effects 1. Chronic sleep interruption by
noise
2. Sleep disturbance by aircraft
noise 2. Sleep interruptions on special
populations (ill, aged, etc.)
3. Home environment
V. Couinunication Interference
Current Research Research Needing Additional
Emphasis
1. Effects on speech production 1. Everyday speech coninunication
in real-life noise situations
2. Methods for predicting speech a. Various vocabularies
intelligibility in noise b. Various populations
(children, females,
3. Speech conmiunication in special aged, foreign dialect,
environments hearing impaired, etc.)
4. Speech discrimination in normal 2. Criteria for speech coninunication
and pathological hearing groups in rooms
5. Hearing aid performance in 3. Effects of noise on speech and
noisy environments message production
4. Effectiveness of auditory warning
signals in the presence of noise
30
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Table IV-l (Cont.)
VI. Conixiunity Collective Response
Current Research Research Needing Additional
Emphasis
1. National baseline data bank 1. Community surveys to address
of environmental noise levels- annoyance as a function of
unified measurement system exposure patterns
2. Coxanunity response studies 2. Noise, its sociological effects
in relation to quality of life
3. Military operations noise
3. Criteria for land use
compatibility
VII. Domestic Animals and Wildlife
Current Research Research Needing Additional
Emphasis
1. Rearing levels of fowls 1. Identification and development
of criteria with respect to
behaviorial effects of:
a. Endangered species
b. Other wildlife
c. Domestic animals
viii. Measurement Methodology and
Cal ibrat ion
Current Research Research Needing Additional
Emphasis
I. Development of standard
I. Noise Environment
methodologies
a. Monitoring methodology
b. onitoring instrumefl 2. Characterization of noise
in terms of environmental
tation
impact
2. Source characterization- 3. Characterization of noise
effects of specific sources
noise rating schemes
4. Development of monitoring
3. Audiometry
instrumentation for evaluation
of complex noises
31
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APPENDIX A
GLOSSARY
Term Definition
Audiometry The measurement of hearing.
Auditory Relating to or pertaining to the sense
of hearing
Broad-band Noise Noise whose energy is distributed over
a broad range of frequency.
Cardiovascular Pertaining to the heart and blood
vessels.
Chronic Long term continuous or frequently
repeated.
Cochlea; Cochl ar A spiral shaped cavity in the temporal
bone, resembling a snail shell, which
forms part of the inner ear and contains
the end organ of hearing; pertaining to
the cochlea.
Continuous Noise On-going noise, the intensity of which
remains at a measurable level (which may
vary) without interruption over an
indefinite period or a specified period
of time. Loosely, nonimpulsive noise.
Cross-sectional Pertaining to a sample of a population
at a given time.
Decibel (dB) A measure on a logarithmic scale, of the
magnitude of a particular quantity (such
as sound pressure, sound power, or inten-
sity) with respect to a standard reference
value (20 micropascals for sound pressure).
dBA A unit of sound level with A-weighted
characteristics.
Endocrine Pertaining to the internally-secreting
glands whose products are distributed via
the blood rather than through ducts.
A- 1
-------
Epidemiologic Pertaining to studies of humans in their
natural environment.
Frequency The nwther of times per second that a
periodic sound repeats itself. Now
expressed in Hertz (Hz), formerly in
cycles per second (cps).
Hearing Impairment Hearing loss exceeding a designated
criterion (e.g., 25 dB hearing threshold
level, averaged from the threshold levels
at 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz).
Hearing Loss Impairment of auditory sensitivity; an
elevation of a hearing threshold level.
Hearing Threshold Lovel The amount (in decibels) by which the
threshold of hearing for an ear (or the
average for a group) exceeds the standard
audiometric reference zero (ISO 1964;
ANSI 1969).
Impulse Noise Noise of short duration (typically less
(Impulsive Noise) than one second) especially of high
intensity, abrupt onset and rapid decay,
and often rapidly changing spectral
composition.
NOTE: Impulse noise is characteristically
associated with such sources as explosions,
impacts, the discharge of firearms, the
passage of supersonic aircraft (sonic boom)
and many industrial processes.
Infrasound Sound with frequencies below the audible
range, traditionally below 16 Hz.
Intermittent Noise Fluctuating noise whose level falls one
or more times to very low or unmeasurable
values during an exposure.
A one-nuither scheme for designating the
fl 24-hour equivalent noise exposure adjusted
so that nighttime noise is given more
weight.
A-2
-------
Level
Noise Exposure
Noise- Induced Permanent
Threshold Shift (NIPTS)
of a quantity
ratio of that
quantity of the
the logarithm,
and the kind of
Long-term surveying and monitoring of a
given group of the population.
A combination of effective noise level
and exposure duration.
A permanent threshold shift (PTS)
caused by noise exposure, corrected
for the effect of aging.
Oto toxic
Poisonous or damaging to the auditory
(hearing) organ.
Permanent Threshold Shift
Thys iological
A permanent elevation in the hearing
threshold level.
Pertaining to the functions and activities
of a living cell, tissue or organism.
Sound Level (SL)
Temporary Threshold shift
(TTS)
Threshold of Hearing
Ultrasound
Vestibular
Weighted sound pressure level, obtained
by the use of metering characteristics
and the weightings A, B, or C as specified
in the American National Standard Specifi-
cation for Sound Level Meters, ANSI-Sl.4-
1971. The weighting employed must be
stated.
A short duration elevation in the hearing
threshold level.
The minimum effective sound pressure level
of an acoustic signal capable of exciting
the sensation of hearing in a specified
proporation of trials in prescribed condi-
tions of listening.
Sound ‘with frequencies above the audible
range, i.e., above 16,000-20,000 Hz.
pertaining to the sense of balance organs
in the inner ear.
In acoustics, the level
is the logarithm of the
quantity to a reference
same kind. The base of
the reference quantity,
level must be specified.
Longitudinal Studies
A-3
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APPENDIX B
GLOSSARY OF AGENCY ACRONYMS
Symbols Agencies
DOC Department of Coumerce
DOC(NBS) National Bureau of Standards
DOD Department of Defense
DOl Department of the Interior
DOI(BuMines) Bureau of Nines
DOL Department of Labor
D Department of Transportation
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare
HEW(NIEHS) National Institute of Environ-
mental Health Sciences
HEW(NINDS) National Institute of Neurolog-
ical Diseases and Stroke
HEW(NIOSH) National Institute for Occupa-
tional Safety and Health
Department of Housing and Urban
Development
NASA National Aeronautics and Space
Administration
NSF National Science Foundation
B-i
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APPENDIX C
NOISE EFFECTS RESEARCH PANEL MEMBERS
George R. Simon (Chairman) (RD-683) 202/755-0626
Health Effects Division
Office of Research and Development
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
Jacob Beck* 202/632-4264
Division of Biological and Medical Sciences
National Science Foundation
1800 G Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20550
Reginald 0. Cook 919/549-3247
Bio-Physics Section
National Institute of Environmental Health
Sciences
P. 0. Box 12233
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
Stephen Cordle (RD-681) 202/755-0448
Noise Technology Staff
Office of Research and Development
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
Derek Dunn 513/684-3416
Physical Agents Branch
National Institute f or Occupational Safety
and Health
1014 Broadway
Cleveland, Ohio 45202
Lois Elliott 301/496-5061
Coninunicative Disorders
C&FR, NINDS
National Institutes of Health
Building 36, Room 4A23
Bethesda, Maryland 20014
Daniel Flynn 301/921,3381
Applied Acoustics Section
National Bureau of Standards
Room Al49, Sound Building
Washington, D.C. 20234
*now at University of Oregon
C-i
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Gene Lyman 202/755-2370
Aeronautical Man-Vehicle Technology Division
NASA Headquarters
Washington, D.C. 20546
Alice Suter (AW-571) 513/255-3660
Office of Noise Control Programs
Crystal Mall Building 2
1921 Jefferson Davis Highway
Arlington, Virginia 20460
Floyd Van Atta 202/961-5005
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
U.S. Department of Labor
Washington, D.C. 20210
Henning E. Von Gierke 513/255-3602
6570th Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory
Biodynamics and Bionics Division (AMRL/BB)
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433
John Wesler 202/426-9503
Department of Transportation
Transpoint Building, Room 5222
2100 Second Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20590
Att: TST-53
George Winzer 202/755-0268
Manager, Environmental Research
Room 4210
Department of Housing and Urban Development
451 Seventh Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20410
C-2
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APPENDIX D
DESCRIPTION OF PROGRANS AND PROJECTS
Section Pa e
1. NINDS D—3
1.1 Noise—Induced Hearing Loss 0—4
1.2 Nonauditory Health Effects D—6
1.3 Communication Interference D—7
2. NIEHS D—7
2.1 Noise—InducedHearing Loss 0—9
2.2 Nonauditory Health Effects 0 —il
3. NIOSH D—13
3.1 Noise—Induced Hearing Loss 0-13
3.2 Nonauditory Health Effects 0—17
3.3 Individual Behavior Effects D—17
3.4 Measurement Methodology and
Calibration D-19
4. DOD 0-21
4.1 Noise—Induced Hearing Loss 0—21
4.2 Nonauditory Health Effects D—24
4.3 Individual Behavior Effects 0—24
4.4 Communication Interference 0-27
4.5 Community or Collective Response 0—28
4.6 Measurement Methodology and
Calibration 0—30
5. NASA 0-32
5.1 Noise Effects on Sleep 0—32
5.2 Community or Collective Response 0—34
6. DOT 0—35
6.1 Individual Behavior Effects 0—35
6.2 community or Collective Response 0—37
7. DOC/NBS 0—37
8. HUD 0-38
8.1 CommunitY or Collective Response 0—38
8.2 Measurement Methodology and Calibration 0—40
0 -1
-------
Section
9. EPA D-40
Noise—Induced Hearing Loss
Nonauditory Health Effects
Individual Behavior Effects
Sleep Interference
Communication Interference
Measurement Methodology and Calibration
10. DOl/BuNines D—42
10.1 Communication Interference
10.2 Measurement Methodology and Calibration
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
D—41
D—41
D—41
D—41
D—42
D—42
D—4 2
D—44
TABLES
Page
B-i
In—House Research Cost Items by Agency
D-3
D—2
NINDS Research on Noise—Induced Hearing Loss
D—5
D—3
NINDS Research on Communication Interference
D-8
D-4
NIEHS Research on Noise—Induced Hearing Loss
D-lO
D-5
NIEHS Research in Nonauditory Health Effects
D—l2
D-6
NIOSH Research on Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
B-iS
D—7
NIOSH Research in Nonauditory Health Effects
D-18
D—8
NIOSH Research On Individual Behavior Effects
D—18
D—9
B-b
NIOSH Research in Measurement Methodology and
Calibration
DOD Research in Noise—Induced Hearing Loss
D-20
D-22
B-li
DOD Research on Individual Behavior Effects
D—26
D— 12
DOD Research in Communication Interference
D-29
D-l3
D-14
DOD Research in Measurement Methodology
and Calibration
NASA Research on Noise Effects on Sleep
D—30
D-33
D-15
D-l6
NASA Research in Community or Collective
Response
NASA Research in Measurements
D—33
D-35
D— 17
DOT Research on Individual Behavior Effects
D-36
D—l8
HUB Research in Community or Collective
Response
J)-39
D-l9
D-20
HUB Research in Measurement Methodology and
Calibration
DOI(BuNines) Noise Effects Research
D—39
D-43
B- 2
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DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS
This appendix presents a summary of Federal research programs and
projects in noise effects.
Program and project information is grouped according to agency and,
within each agency, according to research categories.
The fiscal data are reported for each agency consistent with its
own budgetary process. As there is considerable variation among the
various agencies in such processes, comparison of funding levels cannot
be made. Table D—l illustrates this difficulty by showing what is
included in each agency’s funding reporting.
The project and program titles reported convey little information
on scopes of work. Thus similar titles may have widely varying funding
levels and may involve completely different kinds and extent of research
activities.
Table D—l
IN—HOUSE RESEARCH COST ITEMS BY AGENCY
Agency__________________ _________
Cost Items NINDS NIEHS NIOSH DOD NASA NBS EPA HIJD DOT NSF
EQUIPMENT AND
SERVICES X X X X X X X
SALARIES X X X X X X
FRINGE BENEFITS X X X X X X X
ADMINISTRATIVE X X X X X
FACILITIES X X X X
TRAVEL x x x X X x
NO CURRENT IN-
HOUSE RESEARCH
IN NOISE EFFECTS X X X
*Civi]ian salaries included, but not military salaries
1. NINDS
NINDS has major research efforts on—going in two categories, noise
induced hearing loss and communication interference, and plans to initiate
a major effort in a third category, nonauditory health effects.
D-3
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1.1 Noise Induced Hearing Loss
NINDS has three organizational divisions which relate to noise-induced
hearing loss, and ten specific projects (some in the planning phase) dealing
with that research category. The program-project relationship and funding
are shown in Table D-2.
Effects of Noise on People - The NINDS program, Effects of Noise on People,
is part of the directed research program in Communicative Disorders which
has as its overall goal the diagnosis, treatment, amelioration, and pre-
vention of coumiunicative disorders. The thrust of the noise program is
best understood in the context of the other major program areas which
include hearing, sensory aids for the coninunicatively handicapped, and
language and speech problems of children and adults.
Specific noise-related goals include: prevention of handicapping
conditions in young children which are attributable to noise exposure;
improved understanding of the economic and social impacts of noise-induced
hearing loss; improved understanding of the possible interactions between
health, nutrition, and noise exposure in producing noise-induced hearing
loss; improved understanding of the possible effects of noise on suscept-
ibility to disease.
This noise program has recently been initiated. Through interagency
agreement in FY 74, interdisciplinary planning was initiated on the effects
of noise on children. Specifically, the National Research Council/National
Academy of Sciences Committee on Hearing, Bioacoustics, and Bioniechanics
(CRAM) is reviewing existing information. NINDS will make the review
document available to the general public. New research projects expected
to be implemented in FY 75 are: animal studies of the effects of noise on
young ears and a study of auditory responses, in noise and in quiet, of
children ranging from the very young to age six. Planned for initiation in
FY 75 is a detailed study of auditory sensitivity and discrimination among
children (8-12 year age range) who have lived in noisy environments for a
number of years and of children from quiet environments.
Another research project on noise-induced hearing loss will be initiated
in F? 76 (in F’! 75, if additional funds become available). This will involve
a study of the economic and social impacts of noise-induced hearing loss and
will investigate such areas as numbers of persons experiencing noise-induced
hearing loss by type of employment activity, reduction in earning potential,
reduction in retirement benefit potential, and change in patterns of activity
outside the working environment.
Finally, a study of presbycusis and its relationship to noise exposure,
circulatory factors, nutrition, etc., is scheduled to be planned in F’! 77
and initiated in F’! 78.
D—4
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Table D-2
NINDS RESEARCH ON NOISE-INDUCED HEARING LOSS
Noise-Induced Hearing Loss Projects Funding
(Thousands o Dollars)
Program: Communicative
Disorders (Effects of FY 73 FY 74 FY 75
Noise on People)
1. Effects of Noise on Children 0 20 0
2. Experimental Studies of EUects o;E
Noise on Young Ears (Primates) 0 0 340
3. Auditory Responses in Quiet and
Noise Among Very Young Children . . . . 0 0 120
4. Auditory Sensitivity and Discriin-
mat ion Among Children Living in
Noisy Environments 0 0 120
5. Economic Impacts on Noise-Induced
Hearing Los 1 - 0 0 0
6. Presbycusis 0 0 0
Laboratory of Neuro-
Otolaryngology
(Being established) 0 28 15
Grants Program
1. Susceptibility to Hearing Loss . . . . 45 47 49
2. Causes of Deafness 365 387 4 13
3. Auditory Communications
and Its Disorders 4612 5862 5982
4. Noise Effects on Audiografli and
Cochlea 37 0 0
TOTALS 447 482 1057
‘In planning phase
2 Project funding covers work not noise-related
and is not included in totals.
D—5
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Laboratory of Otolaryngology - The objectives of this program include
increased understanding of the auditory system in order to understand
the full significance of noise-induced destruction of cochlear hair cells,
to seek possible prevention of noise-induced hearing loss, and to seek
methods of treating persons who have already experienced noise-induced
hearing loss.
As this program is currently being established, no specific projects
have been identified. However, the funds reported are noise-related only.
Grants Program - NINDS support of research on the effects of noise exposure
has continued for a number of years through the extramural grant program.
These studies, concerning both biologic effects of noise on the auditory
system and human responses to noise, constitute a large portion of present-
ly available data.
Several laboratories are presently conducting research on the basic
mechanisms of destruction of the cochlea (or inner ear) resulting from
exposure to noise. Procedures have been developed for using animals in
this work since recordings are made of the electrical responses of cells
and histological analyses of cellular tissue can be completed. This means
that investigators have also needed to develop procedures for obtaining
“hearing tests” from these animals so that the perceptual effects of noise
damage could be studied together with the physiological effects. One
grantee has demonstrated that levels and durations of noise which do not
produce lasting impairment in behavioral response to pure tone (no lasting
effect on the “hearing test”) are nevertheless sufficient to produce
considerable cellular damage to the cochlea. In addition to research on
the physiological damage incurred to the hair (or receptor) cells of the
cochlea, investigators are attempting to understand the exact process by
which this happens. For example, it is not clear whether exclusively
mechanical factors are involved in destroying the receptor cells or whether
bioche cal or bio-electrical factors must also be considered.
Another area under investigation is the relationship between temporary
shift of the auditory threshold resulting from noise exposure and permanent
noise-induced hearing loss. One investigator has anticipated that measure-
ment of temporary threshold shift in human populations exposed to noise
might warn of impending permanent hearing loss, but the usefulness of that
diagnostic strategy is now being reconsidered.
1.2 Nonauditory Health Effects
NINDS is developing a new program concerned with the effects of noise
on health. Initial emphasis, planned to begin in FY 76, will concern
increased susceptibility to disease as a result of noise exposure. This
new project will utilize all resources of the major NIH facility, located
in Bethesda, Maryland. At the present, responsibility for planning this
research rests with the Counnunicative Disorders program.
D—6
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1.3 Coinnunications Interference
Understanding and defining the impact of noise on human communication,
with particular emphasis on speech colimlunication, is a major NINDS
objective. NINDS is concerned ‘with the intelligibility of everyday
speech for both normal listeners and for listeners with communicative
disorders. For this latter population, NINDS also emphasizes the objec-
tive of ameliorating ability to understand speech in noisy environments.
Through its grants program NINDS has previously funded research on
masking and speech interference. Initiated in FY 74, by contract, is
research directed to the development of a new test for speech discriniina-
tion in noise. This work was undertaken in recognition of the limitations
of pure tone tests of auditory sensitivity (i.e., audiogranis) and of most
existing “speech tests” which do not adequately measure the cognitive
aspects of understanding speech. This project is developing an instrument
for measuring discrimination in noise of connected speech containing key
test words that vary in predictability and familiarity. Speech discrim-
ination will be measured in the presence of a competing speech message
at several signal-to-noise ratios and at least two widely different signal
levels for groups of subjects with normal hearing, conductive hearing
impairment, and acquired sensorineural hearing impairment.
A study of message transmission in noise is planned for initiation in
FY 79.
Project funding levels for this effort are shown in Table D—3.
2. NIE1IS
NIEHS has a major research effort in noise-induced hearing loss and
also pursues work in nonauditory health effects.
The Noise Effects Program of the National Institute of Environmental
Health Sciences is an integral facet of the Institute’s concern with the
effects of adverse environmental agents and energy mechanisms. The Noise
Effects Program is designed to make maximum use of the Institute’s multi-
disciplinary makeup to facilitate the study of the effects of this
ubiquitous environmental insult.
The noise effects laboratory is located in the Environmental Biophysics
Branch where personnel with research backgrounds in auditory and neuro-
physiology, acoustics and medicine form a core from which investigations
have been and are being carried out, not only in traditional his topatho-
logical and electrophysiologiCal effects of noise on the inner ear, but
have extended into teratogenic effects and pharmacologic effects and
into the underlying biochemical dysfurictions which precede hearing loss.
Other nonauditory effects including endocrine and iminuniological disorders
are also being studied.
D— 7
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Table D-3
NINDS RESEARCH ON COMMUNICATION INTERFERENCE
Projects in Communications Interference Funding Levels
(Thousands of Dollars)
Communicative Disorders
Program FY 73 FY 74 FY 75
(Effects of Noise on People)
1. Development of Test Instrument for Assessing
Speech Discrimination in Noise 0 140 100
2. Message Transmission in Noise (in planning
phase) 0 0 0
Grants Program
Noise-Induced Deafness: Masking and Speech
Perception 79 0 0
TOTALS 79 140 100
D— 8
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Nearly all of the NIEHS work is done via research animals. Fortu-
nately, the peripheral auditory systems of most mammals including man
are very similar. Thus research animals can be confidently utilized
for the study of the inner ear-sensorineura]. losses which are the charac-
teristic effect of excessive noise insult.
bst hearing losses from noise are characterized by gradual deterior-
ation from repeated exposures. A major part of the present on-going
program is a continuing study of how these repeated exposures affect
the ear’s ability to recover and what biochemical and physiological
distuptions hold the key to understanding the process.
The Institute’s interdisciplinary capabilities have recently been
focused on the study of synergisms between noise and other ototoxic
agents, both intramurally and extramurally. Noise has been found to
greatly potentiate the effect of the family of aminoglycoside antibiotics
(neomycin, etc.). The mechanisms of this synergism is the subject of an
investigation by one of our contractors. Other ototoxic agen s studi d
include salicylic acid (aspirin) and certain heavy metals including
lead and mercury.
2.1 Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
NIERS has one program of studies, initiated about July 1972, on the
effects of noise and other ototoxic agents on the auditory and nonauditory
systems. Five specific projects in noise-induced hearing loss were in
effect on this program in the FY 73-74 period. One additional project
in noise-induced hearing loss was performed on a grant in FY 74 under
the agency’s extramural program. Program/project relationships and
funding levels for this effort are shown in Table D-4.
Specific projects conducted in the FY 73-74 period on the NIEHS
research program include:
• A comparative investigation of the hearing loss
threshold curve for young and mature animals,
being conducted in response to evidence indicating
greater susceptibility of young cochlea to noise-
induced physiological (tissues, muscles, cells, etc.)
and pathological (disease) alterations. Firm
recounnendat ions regarding criteria for maximum noise
exposures for prevention of noise-induced deafness
in newborns cannot presently be made because of the
paucity of data. It appears medically prudent to
take extreme precaution to avoid exposing newborns
to excessive noise.
• A study of the combined effects of noise and saucy-
lates (such as aspirin) on cochlear morphology and
the auditory threshold. Studies thus far indicate
D—9
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Table D-4
NIERS RESEARCH ON NOISE-INDUCED HEARING LOSS
Noise-Induced Hearing Loss Projects Funding Level
(Thousands of Dollars)
Program: Effects of
Noise and Other Ototoxic FY 73 FY 74 F? 75
Agents on the Auditory
and Nonauditory Systems
1. Investigation of Hearing Loss Threshold
Curve for Young vs. Nature Animals 25 25 0
2. Cothined Effect of Noise and
Salicylates on Cochlear Morphology
and Auditory Threshold . . . . . 20 0 0
3. Identification of Physiological
Dysfunction in Neurosensory Hearing
Loss Induced by Ototoxic Agents . 0 8 29
4. Physiological Study of Auditory
Fatigue (Induced by Noise) . . . . 0 8 26
5. Interaction of Noise and Ototoxic
Drugs on Hearing Loss in Animals 100 100 100
Extramural Program
1. Cothined Impulse-Continuous Noise:
AuditoryEffeCt . 0 51 44
TOTALS 145 192 199
D-lO
-------
that a profound Ototoxic interaction is not taking
place, though a clinically significant interaction
is a distinct possibility.
• A study of the changes in energy utilization and
production under the influence of known ototoxic
agents (e.g., noise, ethacrynic acid, etc.) by
utilizing electrophysiologjcal*, biochemical, and
radioactive tracer techniques and to pinpoint the
specific mechanism by which these actions occur
in the cochlea.
• A study of auditory fatigue in which the loci or
nature of the physiological changes underlying
the temporary or permanent threshold shift are
being investigated, as well as the potential of
auditory fatigue by subtoxic doses of antibiotics.
• A study to determine the nature of the interaction
between noise and ototoxic drugs in experimental
animals, and to investigate the biochemical
mechanisms involved in such losses.
The following project was conducted by a grantee on the NIEHS extra-
mural program:
• A study of the effects of combined impulse and
continuous noise on hearing sensitivity and cochlear
anatomy. The extent of noise-induced trauma from
these coubined sources cannot be explained by
addition of the acoustic power of the sources.
These data are a necessary prerequisite for the
ultimate establishment of damage risk criteria for
impulse-continuous noise combinations.
2.2 Nonauditory Health Effects
NIEHS has one current program with five specific projects on
nonauditory health effects research. Programs, projects, and funding
for this research are shown in Table D—5.
One of the objectives of this NIEHS program is to investigate, through
animal models, specific physiologic niechanisms** which may be effected by
chronic noise exposure.
*Electr ical techniques for measuring responses
**Including endocrine (glandular) ini rnologic, pharmacologic
(drug)’, teratogenic (spontaneous birth malformation)’,
cardiovascular (heart and circulatory), and others.
D—ll
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o 10 8
o 16 0
o 12 8
0 28 24
8 0 0
8 66 40
Table D-
NIEHS RESEARCH IN NON&UDITORY HEALTH EFFECTS
Nonauditory Health Effects Research Pr jects Funding
(Thousands
Level
of Dollars)
FY73 FY74 FY75
Program: Effects of Noise and
Other Ototoxic Agents on the
Auditory and Nonauditory Systems
1. Teratogenic Effects of Noise Exposure and
Deprivation ..
2. Effects of Noise on Corticosterone Secretion
in the Rat
3. Noise Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Function
4. Noise and Celimediated Immunity
5. Noise in the Hospital .
TOTALS
D—12
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Under this program, NIEHS is concerned with the investigation, through
studies on research animals, of effects of noise and noise-drug interaction
on physiological systems and processes other than the auditory systems.
NIEHS pursued work on noise effects on the cardiovascular and neural
functions in animals which is directed toward determining the exact noise
levels at which effects occur, the progress of effects with time, and the
ultimate extent of functional impairment. Other systems and processes of
interest in current research include:
• A study of the effects of continuous and intermittent
noises on adrenal corticoid secretion and of the long-
term effects after cessation of noise. Experimentation
is being conducted with rats.
• Direct study of the effects of noise of differing
duration, both constant and intermittent, on leukocyte
(white blood cell) functions such as locating and
destroying bacteria and viruses.
a An effort to replicate work of foreign scientists which
has shown various immunological deficiencies after
chronic noise exposure in experimental animals and in
human workers.
• Research to determine whether background noise levels
in gestating animal quarters have any role in producing
spontaneous birth malformations and to assess these
teratogenic effects of increased noise stimuli from a
controlled source.
F l 73 NIEHS work on noise in hospitals has been published in the
professional literature. Results included data on noise levels found
in various types of rooms as a function of occupancy and the relationships
between these levels and nonauditory health effects on the hospitalized
patient.
3. NIOSH
NIOSH has a major research effort on noise-induced hearing loss and
also does research in three other categories: nonauditory health effects,
individual behavior effects, and measurements methodology and calibration.
3.1 Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
NIOSH involvement in noise-induced hearing loss stems from the
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (Public Law 91-596) and the
Federal Coal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1969 (Public Law 91-973) which
charge the agency with undertaking research and related activities basic
to assuring safe and healthful workplace conditions. Research directives
D— 13
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under this authority emphasize criteria development efforts for furnishing
new health and safety standards and acknowledge needs for more effective
techniques of hazard control. The NIOSH effort is in accordance with the
goal of identifying and characterizing adverse effects of occupational noise
exposures for purposes of defining health and safety requirements for setting
noise standards at the workplace.
NIOSH has two general research activities in noise-induced hearing loss
under which eleven specific research efforts are currently being pursued.
Projects and funding levels for these are shown in Table D-6. From 50 to
60 ’L of NIOSH noise research manpower is given to these two general activities
with in-house studies being supplemented by grants, contracts and special
foreign currency research agreements (Public Law 480).
Items in parentheses in the following tables reflect best estimates of
NIOSH funding in FY 73, but may have been drawn from projects whose titles
differed slightly from those listed in the tables. Furthermore, there may
be some FY 73 funding which was missed in compiling these data because it
was funded under projects terminating in FY 73.
Occupational Hearing Loss - NIOSH has conducted numerous field surveys to
interrelate noise conditions in various industries, years of exposure to
such noise and the incidence and magnitude of hearing loss in working groups.
These data, together with that gained from controlled laboratory studies of
hearing changes caused by specific exposure variables, became a part of the
basis for a NIOSH criteriadocument and a suggested new occupational noise
standard or safeguarding hearing. This recouinended standard is currently
under review by the Department of Labor.
The applicability of the proposed standard for coal mining is also being
considered in light of the results of a joint NIOSH-Bureau of Mines survey
of noise and hearing loss in coal miners.
Special efforts currently being pursued on this program include the
following:
• Epidemiological studies of hearing loss due to occupational
noise, analysis of existent data on the subject, and field
studies for development of hearing risk criteria. This
emphasizes intermittent, fluctuating, and impact noise and
exposures greater than eight hours per day.
• Development of a coal mine audiogram data bank and analysis
of data from a hearing and noise survey of coal miners.
This work is aimed toward development of coal mine noise
standards.
• Epidemiological study of noise-induced hearing loss and
vibration disease among workers using powered saws, beiqg
pursued on a foreign currency agreement with Poland.
D—14
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Table D-6
NIOS1-! RESEARCH ON NOISE-. INDUCED HEARING loss
Specific Noise—Induced Hearing Loss Efforts 1 Funding
(Thousands of Dollars)
General Research Activities: 1
Epidemiological Studies, Data FY 73 FY 74 FY 75
Evaluation and Development of
Health Criteria
1. Evaluation of Hearing Risk Due to Industrial
Noise (75)5 79 104
2. Short-Term Physical Agents Research: Coal
Mine Noise (35)5 10
3. Effects of Noise and Vibration on Health
of Woodcutters 2
4. Exposure to Noise in the Cotton and Flax or
Textile Industry 3
5. Noise and Hearing in the Paperworking
Industry 0 0 41
General Research Activities: 1 -
Experimental Studies of the Effects
of Occupational Noise on Hearing
1. Laboratory Studies of Noise-Induced Hearing
Loss 0 87 91
2, Combined Effects of Noise, Work, and Heat on
Human Hearing (24) 18 0
3. Aspects of Ear Tolerance to Noise 50 0 0
4. Laboratory and Field Study of Impact Noise . 40 0 To be de-
termined
5. Damage Risk Criteria for Intermittent Noise
Exposure 0 56 47
6. Noise and Heat Effects on Man 4 -- -- --
7. Effects of Impulse Noises on the Auditory System 0 91 69
TOTALS 224 341 352
‘-NIOSH does not use the terms “program” and “project” in the same sense as
this report. Thus the use of those terms has been avoided.
2 Total funding of $212,600 for the period 7/68 to 9/74
3 Total funding of $ 99,400 for the period 7/71 to 7/75
4 Total funding of $167,000 for the period 5/72 to 4/77
5 Project titles were not the same in FY 73.
D-15
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• Epideiniological study of noise levels and hearing
acuity of exposed workers to develop safe-level
criteria for long-term exposure to steady noise.
This project is being conducted on a foreign
currency agreement with Egypt.
Experimental Studies of Occupational Noise Effects on Hearing - Research in
this problem area for FY 73 continuing through FY 74 ,and planned for FY 75
is attempting to supply evidence confirming the need for and nature of differ-
ent exposure limits to take account of certain noise conditions commonly
found in industry, e.g., repeated impact sounds as opposed to steady—state
sounds, intermittent or variable exposures as distinct from continuous or
constant exposures, and work-shift noise exposures lasting longer than eight
hours per day.
Other related work expected to end in FY 74 or early FY 75 involves
identification of (1) added heat and ‘workload effects on noise-induced thresh-
old shifts, (2) factors underlying increased ear resistance to noise-induced
hearing change, and (3) hearing loss and other potential hazards from indus’.
trial equipment emitting ultrasonic energy.
Specific research efforts conducted in FY 73-74 include:
• Laboratory studies of occupational noise effects
including temporary and permanent hearing loss and
anatomical damage to the inner ear. The work
emphasizes impact noise, fluctuating noise and
methods of measuring hearing loss. Both animal
and human subject research are involved. This
project includes both in-house and contract effort.
• Evaluation of physiological, audiological, and
otological data obtained from selected groups of
industrial workers to identify particular factors
which differentiate susceptible from nonsusceptible
workers in terms of their tolerance to noise
exposure.
• Laboratory tests of human subjects and measurement
of industrial noise exposures to obtain data to
aid in developing criteria for a health standard
on impact noise.
• Laboratory studies of temporary hearing threshold
shift from intermittent noise exposures in order
to evaluate and develop damage risk criteria for
occupational exposures.
D-16
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• A study to determine the health consequences to
workers exposed to both heat and noise at the work
site and establish under controlled laboratory
conditions the auditory and circulatory interac-
tions elicited by noise and heat exposure. This
work is being performed on a foreign currency
agreement with Poland.
• Studies of changes in anatomy and physiology of
the inner ear, as well as temporary hearing loss,
due to exposure to impulse or impact noise at
high levels. This work involves animal test
subjects.
3.2 Nonauditory Health Effects
NIOSH has one current general research activity with the three specific
research efforts in nonauditory health effects. The goalà are to determine
whether adherence to occupational noise limits for safeguarding hearing can
also minimize problems of performance errors or accidents, stress-related
ailments, and sick-absenteeism also reputed to be caused by high workplace
noise levels.
Funding levels for the agency’s research in nonauditory health effects
are shown in Table D-7.
The following specific research efforts are being pursued under the
agency’s program on extra-auditory effects of occupational noise:
• A study of worker safety and health in which a
comparison is made of entries in the medical,
attendance, and safety records of workers in
noisy jobs before and after the advent of a
company hearing conservation program.
• Laboratory studies to examine the effects of
noise exposure at maximum permissible occupa-
tional levels upon visual, tactile, thermal,
vestibular, and kinesthetic sensory functions.
3.3 ladividual Behavior Effects
NIOSH is concerned with the behavorial response of workers to noise,
particularly as it may lead to performance error and accidents.
Funding levels for research in individual behavior effects are shown
in Table D-8. These represent NIOSH-sponsored grants.
D-17
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Table B-i
NIOSH RESEARCH IN NONAUDITORy HEALTH EFFECTS
Specific Nonauditory Health Effects Research
Efforts Funding Level
(Thousands of Dollars)
General Activity: Extra-Auditory
Effects of Occupational Noise FY 73 FT 74 FT 75
1. Effects of a Company Hearing Conservation
Program on Noise-Related Extra-Auditory
Disturbances in Workers 0 42 0
2. Effects of Noise on Nonauditory Sensory
Functions and Performance 78 0 21
3. Effects of Noise and Heat and Health of
Workers in ) etal Industry (PL-480 Research
Agreement)
TOT_ALS 108 42 21
‘NIOSE does not use the terme “program” and “project” in the same
sense as this report. Thus their use has been avoided.
Table D-8
NIOSH RESEARCH ON INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR EFFECTS
Specific Individual Behavior Effects
Efforts 1 Funding Level
(Thousands of Dollars)
General Activity: Extra-Auditory
Effects of Occupational Noise 2 F! 73 FT 74 FY 75
1. Effects of Three Sound Environments on
Human Behavior 0 8 0
2. Noise and Human Performance 0 20 0
TOTALS 0 28 0
1 NIOSR does not use the terma “program” and “project” in the
same sense as this report. Thus their use has been avoided.
2 Thjs NIOSK activity also includes research efforts categorized
as nonauditory health effects in this report.
18
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The following grant research projects are just complete or continuing:
• A study of the effects of three sound environments
on human behavior, designed to identify the various
conditions of a noise stimuli on performance in a
realistic work situation. This study was initiated
in recognition of the fact that: noise-induced
performance effects are specific to the tasks used,
and, that work requirements and work schedules of
most noise-related research projects have little
resemblance to actual work conditions.
• A study of noise and human performance, primarily
concerned with the relationship between the meaning
which may be associated with particular sounds or
noise and the effects of these sounds on human
performance. Through various techniques, including
conditioning, meaning will be attached to particular
sounds. The effects of these sounds on various
types of performance tasks, which have a number of
built-in subsidiary tasks, will be determined.
Starting in FY 76, NIOSH is planning a new study of worker accidents and
near-accidents in noisy job settings relative to implicating noise as a
contributing causal factor.
3.4 Measurement Methodology and Calibration
NIOSH conducts research to improve instrumentation, test systems and
survey methodologies to support research in industrial hearing conservation
and occupational noise control and to improve acoustic measurement tech-
niques in general. The agency has two research projects in measurement
methodology and calibration. Funding level for this effort are shown in
Table D-9.
The following specific research efforts are underway:
• Work on the NIOSH audiometric measurement activity
includes the study of alternative methods of
measuring occupational hearing loss, construction
of a prograninable electro-acoustic test system,
and investigation of methods for automatic process-
ing of audiometric data.
• The agency’s current project on improved methods for
occupational noise survey includes: laboratory and
field tests on noise dosimeters, development of im-
proved methods for their usage, and development of
performance tests for use in the NIOSH certification
program.
D-l9
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Table D-9
NIOSH RESEARCH IN !IEASIJRENENT 11ETh( )OLOGY AND CALIBRATION
Specific Measurement Methodology and Calibration
Efforta’ Funding Level
(Thousands of Dollars)
General Activity: Industrial Hearing
Conservation Practices, Acoustic Meas-
urements, and Occupational Noise Control FY 73 FY 74 FY 75
1. Industrial Audiometric, Hearing Conservation
Technology and Noise Control . (31)2 52 80
2. Measurement of Occupational Noise . ( 32)2
TOTALS 63 96 108
1 NIOSH does not use the terms “program” and “project” in the
same sense as this report. Thus their use has been avoided.
2 1 he project titles were not the same in FY 73.
D-20
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4. DOD
DOD pursues current major research efforts in the following categories:
• Noise-induced hearing loss
• Individual behavior effects
• Communicat ion interference
• Measurement methodology and calibration.
DOD also conducts current research efforts in the following categories:
• Nonauditory health effects
• Community or collective response.
4.1 Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
Military agencies of DOD are involved in research on noise-induced
hearing loss by personnel in a wide variety of environments, including:
• Firing of weapons
• Aeronautical operations
• Shipboard compartments.
The overall goal of this research is the conservation of hearing of
personnel by setting and adhering to exposure criteria where possible and
providing protective devices in other cases.
The Army, Navy, and Air Force each have research programs in noise-
induced hearing loss with a total of thirteen specific projects. These
are listed together with project funding levels in Table D-lO.
U.S. Army Program - The goals of the Army program in noise-induced hearing
loss are to identify the causes and relationships between hearing loss and
exposure to noise in the environments of the various army branches and to
determine how to protect the hearing of Army personnel.
The Army prepared three technical reports in FY 73 on its work on the
relationship of hearing change to acoustic inputs which present findings
which seriously question existing theories of auditory damage risk and
could result in significant changes in theory if verified.
The following specific projects are being pursued under the Army
program of research in noise-induced hearing loss:
D-21
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Table 0-10
DOD RESEARCH IN NOISE-INDUCED HEARING LOSS
Noise-Induced Hearing Loss. Projects Fundi Level
(Thousands of Dollars)
U.S. Army Program FY 73 FY 74 FY 75*
1. Military Performance-Traumatic Origins
of Hearing Loss . . . . . 0 0
2. Relationship of Hearing Change to
Acoustic Inputs . . 62 66
3. Prevalence of Hearing Loss Within
Selected U.S. Army Branches 0 20
4. Hearing Conservation: Intense Acoustic
Stiniilation and Noise Susceptibility in
the Military Environment . 46 0
U.S. Navy Program
1. Coimuunications: Hearing of Naval Personnel
as a Function of Noise Exposure 20 0
2. Study of Anatomic changes in the Middle Ear
Associated with Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
and Acoustic Trauma 1.0 19
3. Middle Ear Compliance and Its Relationship
to Military-Related Noise-Induced Hearing
LossandAcousticTrauma 8 13
4. The Incidence of Hearing Loss Among Various
Navy Rated Personnel 0 50
5. Development of Damage Risk Criteria and
Habitability Standards for Exposure to Sonar
Transmissions ....... 20 25
U.S. Air Force Program.
1. Effects of Noise on Air Force Personnel in
Operational Environments . . . . . . 20 49
2. Research on Permanent and Temporary Shifts in
Hearing Thresholds Produced by Exposure to
Air Force Noise . 0 2
3. Auditory Responses to Acoustic Energy Experienced
in Air Force Activities 24 22
4. Human Subjects for Operating Acoustic Research 38 35 —
TOTALS 248 301 301*
*DOD FY 75 data estimated the same as F? 74.
D-22
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• Analysis of causes of hearing loss, beginning with
the cochlea and proceeding to higher levels of the
nervous system. Changes in sensitivity are followed
as animal ears are exposed to high intensity pure
tones and impulses, followed by histology.
• Investigation of the prevalence of hearing loss in
selected Army branches (infantry, artillery, and
armor) and its relationship to the length of time
in the service.
• A study of premature hearing loss by Army troops.
This work includes an evaluation of current noise
sources and the effectiveness of protective devices
and current hearing conservation practices in the
field.
U.S. Navy Program - The U.S. Navy program of research in noise-induced
hearing loss is directed to development of. increased knowledge of the
mechanisms of anatomic change involved, to define the incidence of noise-
induced hearing loss in Navy job specialties, and to develop hearing
tonservation standards. for specific job specialties. The following
specific projects are being pursued under the Navy program:
• A study of anatomic changes in the middle ear
associated with noise-induced hearing loss
and acoustic trauma. H stologic examinations
of temporal bones from autopsies are evaluated
for changes in the auditory nerve and organ of
corti, results of which are then correlated with
the background of noise exposure and acoustic
trauma as well as with clinical findings
including the audiogram.
• A study correlating middle ear compliance audio-
grams and noise exposure histories designed to
provide new and productive data regarding suscep-
tibility to noise-induced hearing loss in military
personnel.
• A study of the incidence of noise-induced hearing
loss among Navy personnel working in various Navy
rated job specialties.
U.S. Air Force Program - The Air Force research program is directed toward
defining risks of noise-induced hearing loss in Air Force environments and
for developing regulations and guidelines for hearing conservation.
The Air Force prepared a comprehensive document for establishment of
criteria for limiting noise levels to protect hearing of personnel and a
review document on infrasound and hearing.
D-23
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Research on effects of noise on Air Force personnel has resulted in
auditory damage risk criteria published in APR 161-35 titled Hazardous Noise
Exposure. It was found that all categories of Air Force aircraft studied
contained definite degrees of auditory risk to unprotected ears according
to the newly adopted auditory risk limits.
Air Force research on temporary threshold shift for 16-hour exposures
has been submitted for publication in the professional literature. Subjects
tested showed varying response including some with an asymptote-type response
after eight hours, some with a continued sharp rise of TTS for the entire 16
hours and a few with asymptotic effects after one-hour exposure. Data have
not been fruitful in predicting noise-induced permanent threshold shift. It
was being considered that the magnitude of asymptotic levels of TTS or the
rate at which the asymptote is approached may be an appropriate predictor for
noise-induced hearing loss.
The following specific projects are being pursued under the Air Force
program:
• A study of the hearing status of Air Force personnel
in the operational environment and development of
special tests for selection and continuance of person-
nel in career fields involving noisy environments.
• Research on permanent and temporary shifts in hearing
threshold produced by exposure to Air Force environments.
• An investigation of hearing loss, personal sound protec-
tive devices, infrasonic and impulsive signals, and
related subjects. The work is directed toward development
of regulations and guidelines for risk to hearing.
4.2 Nonauditory Health Effects
The Air Force had a single research project in FY 73 on the effects of
acoustical energy on vestibular functioning. Goals of this research were to
develop an understanding of the conditions and manner in which high intensity
noise effects the equilibrium and produces disorientation *nd to contribute
to the development of threshold criteria for hazardous exposure to high
intensity sound.
A review paper on Air Force research on the effects of infrasound on the
vestibular system was prepared on this project.
Funding level on this project was $10,000 in FY 73.
4.3 Individual Behavior Effects
This agency’s research efforts are directed toward defining and analyzing
the effects of exposure on personnel, evaluating and optimizing the performance
D -24
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under the exposuires encountered in the military services and evaluating
protective devices for mitigating response to noise. The Army, Navy,
and Air Force each have research programs in this category. The current
Air Force program includes research of a more fundamental nature.
Six specific research projects were underway in the FY 73-74 period,
for which funding levels are shown in Table D-12.
The following specific project activity was pursued:
U.S. Army - The army project is directed toward developing predictive
models of noise effects on soldiers’ performance and improving existing
noise criteria, including effects of long-term exposure. A new Army
Materiel Command noise standard was published and the first Army-wide
military standard on noise limits was fully coordinated and published.
U.S. Navy - Current Navy research on individual behavior effects of
noise is directed toward evaluating and optimizing human performance
under exposure to noise in submarine and aircraft environments.
Laboratory evaluations have been conducted on headsets proposed for
use by acoustic sensor operators in antisubmarine warfare patrol and on
military noise cancelling microphones. Experiments have been conducted
on the effects of high noise levels on sonar doppler and on auditory
tracking of a signal under perceptual arrangements. The following two
specific projects are currently in progress:
• In its work on auditory performance in submarines,
the Navy is studying the physical characteristics
of sound systems and the performance of operators.
This includes work on hearing sensitivity and
auditory vigilance by behavioral and electrophysio-
logical means under various conditions of complex
auditory displays. Parameters in target detection
are to be specified and their quantitative effect
on target detection determined.
• The second project is directed to optimizing auditory
performance in naval acoustical environments and
minimizing problems arising from the many forms of
sound/man interaction, including auditory fatigue
due to prolonged exposure to flight operation
noises. New tests and procedures are being devel-
oped and evaluated to assess man’s ability to
perform auditory tasks and otherwise enable individ-
uals to operate efficiently in naval aviation
acoustical environments.
U.S. Air Force - Air Force concerns regarding individual behavior effects
cover a wide range of intense noise environments affecting motor
D- 2.5
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Table D-ll
DOD RESEARCH ON INDIVIDUAL BE}1 VI(R EFFECTS
Prolects on Individual Behavior Effects Funding Level
(Thousands of Dollars)
U.S. Army Program FY 73 FY 74 FY 75
1. Improved Weapon Noise Exposure Criteria 62 66
U.S. Navy Program
1. Optimization of Performance in Submarine 54 44
2. Optimization of Auditory Performance in
Naval Aviation 40 35
U.S. Air Force Program
1. Simultaneous Exposure to Acoustic Energy and
Other Stressors Found in Air Force Environments 7 3
2. Whole Body Effects of Air Force Noise on People 24 18
3. Research on Intermittent Noise Effects on Air
Force Target Detection Tasks 46 0 —
TOTALS 233 166 166*
*FY 75 data estimated the same as FY 74
D-26
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performance, vestibular functioning, physiological functioning, thought
processes, and the contribution to apprehension and fatigue of personnel.
Eight years of in-house research on whole body effects of Air Force
noise environments on people were published in Air Force reports and
summarized in a paper published in the Proceedings of the International
Congress on Noise as a Public Health Problem sponsored by EPA. A study
of human performance effects of impulsive noise, randomly varied with
respect to intensity, duration and time of occurence, has been prepared.
The following specific projects are currently under underway:
• A research study on sinLiltaneous exposure to acoustic
energy and other stresses found in Air Force environ-
ments which combines controlled acoustic exposures
with mechanical whole body vibration of volunteers to
determine effects of the combined exposures on psycho-
motor task performance, mental or cognitive performance,
temporary threshold shift, and possible subjective judg-
ments of acceptability. Single stress effects are being
compared to the measured multiple stress effects to
determine differential contributions of the respective
stress conditions.
• A study of whole body effects of Air Force noise on
people that involves investigation of numerous types
of noises and exposure conditions in which accomplish-
ment of the Air Force mission may be threatened. The
approach is to measure the effects of the many kinds
of noise (infrasound, audio frequencies, impulses) on
standard and special performance tasks, circulation
in the peripheral members, on physiological processes,
on mental tasks such as memory, and on various measures
of vestibular functioning such as equilibrium, counter-
rolling of the eyes and nystaginus. Findings are used
to establish exposure limits beyond which undesirable
effects may o cur. Much of this work is possible only
because of the unique stimulus generators available at
the Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory.
4.4 Communication Interference
DOD research ‘in communication interference is directed toward enhanc-
ing or optimizing intelligibility of speech and signals in military
acoustical environments. Current interests are in air/ground and ground/
air communications and personnel communications in submarine and shipboard
jobs requiring high levels of auditory acuity. Another goal of DOD
research in communication interference is to reevaluate criteria and
validate audiometric standards for Navy ships.
D-27
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The Navy and Air Force have current program activity related to coninun-
ication interference and the Army has also done prior work in this category.
Funding levels for DOD research in this category are shown in Table D-12.
The following specific projects are being pursued on the current DOD
programs:
• Work on optimization of speech couminication in naval
aviation involves development and evaluation of new
tests and procedures to assessing the ability of air-
crewmen to coxam.rnicate in various naval aviation
acoustical environments and the capability of air-to-
ground and ground-to-air coninunicating systems to
transmit intelligible speech. Investigations to date
indicate that preferred listening levels for speech of
aviators and aircrew personnel probably represent speech
levels where maximum intelligibility can be achieved.
Preferred signal-to-noise ratios have been identified
for certain noise levels.
• A second Navy project is directed toward development
of auditory screening and acoustical tolerance standards
for submarine and shipboard personnel. Experimental
studies are being conducted to assess auditory perception
of a variety of speech materials and signal stimuli,
eithedded in various background sound fields, for personnel
of differing levels of acuity. Longitudinal studies are
conducted to assess changes in hearing abilities among
submarine personnel to identify predictive indices of
hearing loss and the habituation process which enhances
operatorauditory acuity. The latter is of potential
benefit in the design of training programs, auditory
aids, or acoustical characteristics of submarine environ-
ment.
Data were collected to evaluate the proficiency of several different
speech reception tests. Four new tests of speech in noise and in quiet have
been constructed. Results of this work are published in a series of reports.
• The current Air Force project involves investigation
of the response of human subjects to pure tones, speech
and noise. Evaluations are being made of new techniques
and instruments for measuring the auditory function of
flying personnel with, or without hearing impairment.
Simulated inf light hearing tests are involved.
4.5 Coninunity or Collective Response
Within DOD the Air Force had, in the past, a very considerable involve-
ment in research on conmunity or collective response. However, the USAF had
D -28
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Table D-12
DOD RESEARCH IN COMMUNICATION INTERFERENCE
Projects in Coniminication Interference Funding Levels
(Thousands of Dollars)
U.S. Navy Program FY 73 FY 74 F? 75*
1. Optimization of Speech Communication in
Naval Aviation 40 40
2. Development of Auditory Screening and
Acoustical Tolerance Standards for Sub-
marine/Shipboard Personnel 30 33
3. Sound Conduction in the Ear Affecting
Military Coniminications 26 0
U.S. Air Force Program
1. Assessment of Hearing in Flying Personnel 28 36 —
TOTALS 124 109 109*
*fl 75 data estimated the same as FY 74
D-29
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only a single project, Effects of Air Force Noises on Populations Surrounding
Air Bases, active in FY 73 at a funding level of $31,600.
4.6 Measurement Methodology and Calibration
The Army, Navy and Air Force each have research programs in measurement
methodology. Objectives of this work are to provide specialized support of
noise health effects research through development and upgrading of measurement
systems, procedures, equipment, and facilities. Activitiss pursued on these
programs include:
• Development of new measurement methodology and test
procedures and criteria
• Evaluation/validation of measurement procedures
• Instrumentation development
• Development of conceptual computational procedures
and major computer software
• Developing procedures for assessing/predicting
effects
• Establishing and operating environmental noise
data banks
• Developing instrument calibration techniques and
equipment.
• Developing equipment and procedures for evaluating
human response.
Seven current research projects are underway. Program/project relations
and funding levels for this effort are shown in Table D-l3.
The following seven specific projects were underway in the FY 73—74
period:
U.S. Army Program
• The Army’s research on psychoacoustic problems in
aviation included development of a new measurement
methodology and quality control test for real-ear
sound attenuation characteristics of helmets and
a test for an advanced voice conniunication system.
A new helmet for tank crewmen was tested and
accepted as a standard.
D -30
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Table D-13
DOD RESEARCH IN MEASUREMENT METhODOLOGY AND CALIBRATION
Projects in Measurement Methodology
and Calibration Funding Levels
(Thousands of Dollars)
U.S. Army Program F? 73 F? 74 F? 75*
1. Research in Psychoacoustical Problems
Medically Significant to Army Aviation . . 85 195
U.S. Navy Program
1. Airborne Noise Criteria for Ships and
Submarines 69 74
U.S. Air Force Program
1,. Mechanics of Noise Generation, Propagation
and Reception as Related to Air Force
BioacoustiC Problems 3 2
2. Bioacoustic Environments of USAF Aerospace
Systems 92 68
3. Bioenviroflmefltal Noise/Research Program 43 0
4. Development and Updating of Air Force Land
Use Planning procedure with Respect to
Aircraft Noise 32 0
5. Measurement and Analysis of Aircraft Noise
Environments for Developing New Air Force
Procedures to Forecast Noise Exposure . . 13 15
TOTALS 337 354 354*
*yy 75 data estimated the same as FY 74
D-31
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U.S. Navy Program
• The Navy’s research on noise criteria for ships and
submarines emphasizes the establishment of measurement
methods and criteria for limiting airborne noise in
ship spaces and enforceable specifications for acceptable
noise by equipments produced for use on naval vessels.
Work included obtaining and comparing measurements of
airborne noise in various ship compartments with measures
of performance and habitability, and the evaluation/
validation of the adequacy of measurement procedures
ut er actual shipboard conditions, in the laboratory,
in the field, and in equipment contractor plants.
U.S. Air Force Program
• A bioenvironniental noise research project to provide
technical procedures, data and software required to
define the high-level noise environments generated by
Air Force weapons systems, determine the effect on man,
and provide such information to user groups.
This involved establishment and operation of a data
bank for storing and retrieving bioenvironmental noise
data and developing extensive major software to process
and extrapolate measured environmental noise data.
A wide variety of environmental and laboratory test
stimuli were also measured and analyzed, including air
bag transients, aircraft engine noise, and speech
samples. Equipment and procedures were developed for
evaluating effects of noise and performance.
Special techniques and equipment were developed to
calibrate various types of acoustic instrumentation.
• A project on mechanisms of noise generation, propagation
and reception to provide engineering methods necessary
to compute high noise level environments (e.g., ground
runup). This work was undertaken to improve the algorithms
used to predict far-field noise levels for application in
both the Bioenvironmental Data Handbook and the noise
exposure forecast program.
• A study of bioacoustic environments of aerospace systems
in which noise environments are measured, analyzed and
simulated by means of precision analog and digital
instrumentation.
D-32
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A very small noise recording system, called Micropak,
was developed to be worn by pilots for obtaining noise
data where space limitations are severe. A unique
pistonphone was developed for calibrating microphones
at infrasonic frequencies.
• The measurement of noise from numerous types of
military aircraft and analysis and processing for
use in calculating noise exposure forecasts. This
work was undertaken to improve the accuracy and relia-
bility of noise exposure forecast computations based
on data files which had contained only estimated data
on many aircraft systems.
• A project to develop a fully computerized computational
methodology to automatically plot contours of equal
exposure levels about an air base.
5. NASA
NASA conducts current major research efforts in three categories, noise
effects on sleep, community or collective response, and measurement method-
ology.
5.1 Noise Effects on Sleep
The objective of NASA research in this category is to understand the
relationship between aircraft noise exposure and sleep interference.
The agency’s work in this area is part of an ongoing research program on
human response to noise which includes projects devoted largely to aircraft
noise effects on sleep as well as other major projects in community and
collective response and measurement methodology.
NASA’s project on the human response to the aeronautical environment
is directed toward understanding the psychophysiological effects of air-
craft noise on people and to develop a quantitative understanding of
individual response to noise exposure. This includes assessment of
subjective reactions and effects on sleep, effects on hearing, and develop-
ment of research evaluation techniques and measuring scales. Emphasis is
placed on laboratory studies with coinpienientary studies in communities
exposed to noise and with special overflight programs where selected juries
are exposed to noise. Studies are concerned ‘with responses of people
during both awake and sleep periods and under background noise conditions
associated with outdoor, indoor and inflight situations.
Laboratoiy studies to evaluate noise effects on sleep are supplemented
by initial studies of sleep responses of people living in communities
exposed to commercial flight operation noise. Studies are being conducted
in contractors’ laboratories to evaluate both awakening and nona’wakening
effects of noise on sleep.
Funding levels for this effort are shown in Table D-14.
D-33
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Table D-14
NASA RESEARCH ON NOISE EFFECTS ON SLEEP
Project in Noise Effects on Sleep
Program: Human Response* to Noise
Human response to the Aeronautical Environment
TOTALS
*Total program includes work in comn 1nity or collective
response and measurements.
Funding Levels
(Thousands of Dollars)
FY73 FY74 FY75
217 254 142
217 254 142
Table D-15
NASA RE SEARCH IN COItfUNITY OR COLLECTIVE RESPONSE
Program: Human Response to Noise
1. Acceptance of Aircraft Operations - Technology
Assessment
2. Acceptance of Aircraft Operations - Comiainity
Noise
Projects in Conmvnity or Collective Response
Funding Levels
(Thousands of Dollars)
FY73 FY74 FY75
TOTALS
173
172
232
205
319
422
378
491
654
D-34
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5.2 Community or Collective Response and Measurements
NASA research is conducted under its Human Response to Noise program
whose overall goal is to develop an understanding of the relationship
between aircraft noise exposure and annoyance, e.g., to define and
quantify those properties of aircraft noise exposure that cause negative
individual and coninunity response to air transportation systems.
Specific targets set for the NASA program are:
• Devising proper methodologies for laboratory and
field studies of human response to aircraft oper-
ations. FY 1975.
• Determining effects of multievent noise exposure
characteristics on human response to aircraft
operations. FY 1975.
• Quantifying the effects of background environ-
mental noise exposure on the human response to
aircraft-generated noise. FY 1975.
• Studying the effects of low frequency noise
characteristics generated by present and future
aircraft on auditory and nonauditory responses
of people. FY 1979.
• Developing a model for reliable prediction of
responses of people to aircraft operations that
will satisfy laboratory and field conditions.
FY 1980.
The NASA program includes two specific projects in coimsunity-collective
response plus project work in other categories. Program/project relation-
8hips and funding levels for NASA research in this category are shown in
Table D-15 on page 34.
The following specific projects are currently underway:
• NASA has a technology assessment project for develop-
ing an understanding of the social effects of large-
scale air transportation systems and to design
technology leading to improved safety and comfort
of aircraft crew and passengers. This project includes
in-house studies of the human response to aircraft
sound stimuli. Human test subjects will be asked to
give category judgment of aircraft sounds, including
STOL signatures.
D-35
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• NASA also has a current community noise study which
includes evaluation of: noise characteristics of
advanced VTOL and STOL aircraft; acoustic retrofit
systems for CTOL aircraft; and noise alleviation
procedures for aircraft and airport operations.
This work will provide criteria for prediction of
coimminity acceptance of aircraft operations/community
noise; Emphasis will be placed on laboratory studies
and airport-community studies/surveys which may be
supplemented by programed overflight studies. These
studies will be closely interrelated with, or in support
of, NASA project activities (STOL) and with the DOT/FAA
programs to control aircraft and airport noise. The
laboratory techniques employed range from listening
room testing with trained subject, to real-life
situations where test environments represent the
airport-comunity/h me and where the test subjects
may be people plagued by aircraft noise. These efforts
efforts are summarized in Table D-l6
Table D-l6
NASA RESEARCH IN MEASUREMENTS
Pxoject..in Measurement Methodology and calibration Funding Level
(Thousands of Dollars)
Program: Human Response to Noise FY 73 FY 74 FY 75
Acceptance of Aircraft Operations (Characterization
of V/STOL Noise) 532 409 404
6. DOT
DOT has had recent research efforts in two categories, individual behavior
effects and community or collective response.
6.1 Individual Behavior Effects
DOT had no project work under way in this category jn• FY. 74. A program
on startle effects of sonic boom was underway in FAA in.FY 73, consisting
of two specific projects. The U.S. Coast Guard also had foghorn aversive-
ness under investigation at NBS in FY 73. Funding levels for these projects
are shown in Table D-17.
D-36
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Table D-17
DOT RESEARCH ON INDIViDUAL BEHAVIOR EFFECTS
Projects on Individual Behavior Effects
1. Field Study of Sonic Boom Startle
Effects
2. Determinants of Startle Response to
Simulated Sonic Booms
Foghorn Avers iveness Study
TOTALS
Funding Levels
(Thousands of Dollars)
FY73 FY74 FY75
18 0 0
27 0 0
5 0 0
50 0 0
D-37
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6.2 Coninunity or Collective Response
DOT research in this category is concerned with providing a valid
measure of effectiveness for assessing relative benefits of alternative
means for reducing transportation_related noises. DOT is concerned with
all modes of transportation in this regard.
DOT has had a considerable program involvement in this area in the past.
The agency’s program now consists of one current project in the category
which is scheduled for completion in June 1975. This consists of testing
the feasibility of a technique developed on the project to assess the relative
importance of various noises to the public, particularly transportation
noises, and to determine the validity of a “personal noise exposure index”
model for conmiunity noise impact representation. Specific research work
consists of: developing the “personal noise exposure index” model; measuring
the daily noise exposure of 30 to 50 individuals; correlating noise exposure,
noise sources and reported annoyance; evaluating the usefulness of the ana-
lytical model and developing a plan for its refinement if the concept is
judged beneficial.
Two alternative approaches to measuring human response to noise have
been tested, and two separate plans developed for a national noise measure-
ment program. Results of this research are published in a series of four
Government technical reports.
Funding levels for this project are $130,000 for FY 74 and $50,000 for
FY 75; about $295,000 was funded for this program prior to FY 73.
7. DOC(N )
NES has a major research effort in individual behavior effects.
NB ’ objectives in noise health effects are to: establish a more con-
sistent and valid psychophysical foundation for measuring the effects of
sound on people with application to noise abatement and control; develop
new measurement procedures for obtaining psychoacoustic data and elaborate
through empirical experiments an interlocking system of techniques for
assessing human response to sound with built-in opportunities for cross-
validation.
The NBS program in psychoacoustic measurement has one current project,
titled Psychoacoustic Measurement Techniques, and funded as follows:
FY 73: $ 98,000
FY 74: $117,000
FY 75: $142,000.
Specific NBS project activity on loudness measurement includes:
analyzing previous research on loudness, noisiness, and aversiveness of
sounds; evaluating the psychoacoustic measurement techniques as applied
D -38
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to standardizing methods for calculating the loudness, noisiness,
annoyance, etc., of sound; and developing new psychoacoustic measurement
techniques based on operational definitions of behavioral responses
with the biases due to verbal instruction minimized.
Equal aversion levels have been established for pure tones and
1/3-octave measures, the aversiveness of three full-octave bands were
determined and compared with auditory-evoked potential brain wave
recordings from the subjects; the preference relations among various
acoustic stimuli were examined by means of a binary switching response
not involving verbal descriptors. In addition, a variable interval
schedule was used to determine the relative aversiveness of several
pure tone stimuli.
Extension of the work calls for establishing preference relations
among sounds of varying frequency and intensity using pure tones and
white noise; determining the relative aversiveness of sound of different
spectral content and cross-validating by different methodologies.
8.HUD
HUD has major research efforts in two categories, community or
collective response and measurement methodology and calibration.
8.1 Community or Collective Response
HUD pursues research in community or collective response in order to
provide the necessary RD to technically support the Department’s policies
and operating programs and to provide guidance for land usage near major
noise sources. Prior HLJD research has provided technical background f or
the preparation of two documents, “HUD Noise Abatement Guidelines” and
“HUD Noise Assessment Guidelines” which have been widely distributed for
use in implementing the supporting Department policy.
HUB’s current program of research on community or collective response
consists of two projects, funding levels for which are shown in Table D-18.
The following specific project work is being performed:
• HUB is conducting a comprehensive nationwide study and
systematic evaluation of the effectiveness and impact
of the Department’s noise policy and of its “NOise
Assessment Guideline.” The work is being pursued with
a view toward their revision and improvement.
• HUB also expects to initiate a broad study of the
effects of noise on community development in FY 75.
This will include work on acoustical criteria for
various land use ordinances and building codes, the
D-39
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Table D-18
HUD RESEARCH IN CO1 1UNITY OR COLLECTIVE RESPONSE
Projects in Community or Collective Response Funding Level
(Thousands of Dollars)
FY73 FY74 FY75
1. Evaluation of HUD Noise Policies and
Guidelines 0 200 185
2. Effects of Noise on Coniminity Development 0 0 225
TOTALS 0 200 410
Table 0-19
HUD RESEARCH IN MEASUREMENT METhODOLOGY MID CALIBRATION
Projects in Measurement Methodology and
and Calibration Funding Level
(Thousands of Dollars)
FY73 FY74 FY75
1. HUD Urban Noise Measurement System 117 263 0
2. Development of Noise Attenuation Measures 0 175 50
TOTALS 117 438 50
D-40
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effects of noise on housing markets and land values,
and the noise compatibility of intra- and inter-
urban transportation ‘with community development.
8.2 Measurement Methodology and Calibration
HUD research in measurement methodology is directed toward developing
measurement systems for use in enforcing HUD departmental standards on
noise abatement and control. The agency has one program of two specific
research projects in this category as shown in Table D-19 on page 40.
Under this program HUD funded a project performed by NBS in FY 74
to develop an inexpensive portable urban noise exposure measure-
ment system which separates potential housing sites into “clearly
acceptable” or “clearly unacceptable” for HUD housing and to demonstrate
a measurement system for evaluating sites not clearly within either of
these categories as an alternative to acquiring needed data through a
full-scale survey.
In pursuance of HUD goals, NBS is developing an instrumentation
system consisting of two units, an outdoor “monitor” ‘which is left on
the building site and a “reader” which interrogates the monitor. The
monitor will be a self-contained, battery-operated unit which registers,
on internal memory, the times in any 24-hour period during which the
noise level exceeded 45, 65, 75, and 80 dBA. Seventeen units are being
procured by HUD for field test by NBS in cooperation with HUD field
offices. Additionally, the instruction manual developed by NBS will
be field tested.
NBS is also assisting HUD in the comprehensive evaluation of the
noise measurement systems in HUD Regional, Area and Insuring Offices
across the nation.
9.
EPA has current research efforts in six of the eight categories of
health effects research. This includes a major research effort in
individual behavior effects plus research efforts in the following
categories:
• Noise-induced hearing loss
• NonauditOrY health effects
• Individual behavior effects
• Noise effects on sleep
• Communication interference
• Measurement methodology and calibration.
D-4 1
-------
9.1 Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
Determination of effects of noise and vibration on hearing sensations
and on human performance. This included investigation of the effects on
human performance of whole body vibration combined ‘with a random amplitude
modulated pure tone presented to the auditory system (FY 74 $25,000).
Effects of long exposure to noise on hearing threshold. Research
includes investigations to determine whether recovery from an asymptotic
auditory temporary threshold shift is independent of the duration at
‘which temporary threshold shift is maintained at an asymptotic level.
Exposures are made for continuous noise for 24 and 48 hours. Intermittent
exposures will be included in subsequent experiments. Other studies are
to be conducted in natural living environments under controlled noise
exposures of 48-60 hours (FY 74 $25,000), (FY 74 $70,000).
9.2 Nonauditory Health Effects
Determination of nonauditory system adaptation effects to long-term
repetitive and varying noise. Studies explore the role of various stimulus,
psychological and methodological variables in the elicitation and adaptation
of nonauditory physiological system reactions to sound or noise. Peripheral
blood volume and heart rate of groups of people will be monitored where
ambient acoustic conditions are interrupted with intrusive auditory stimuli
(FY 74 $186,000-2 year study).
9.3 Individual Behavior Effects
Study of behavioral correlates of varying noise environments. A system-
atic review of the literature for the past five years is being made of the
effects of specified noise parameters on motor skills performance. Studies
are being conducted to evaluate the behavioral effects of specified noise
environments on motor skill tasks of varying complexity across subjects
matched on relevant personality and motor skills characteristics (FY 74
$50,000), (FY 75 $50,000).
Studies on the time varying noise effects on human responses. These
studies include the relationships between human responses and physical
parameters of noise for evaluating descriptions of environmental noise.
Verbal and non-verbal descriptors are utilized in determining and evaluating
responses (FY 75 $75,000). Vigilance performance in the presence of
unwanted intermittent noise is being studied using primates (FY 75 $10,000).
9.4 Sleep Interference
Correlational analysis of foreign and domestic scientific data on the
effects of noise on human sleep (FY 75 $17,000).
D-42
-------
9.5 qon nunication Interference
Determination of improved criteria for verbal communication including
schools, home and laboratory. Analyses of speech and ambient noise levels
are being made at the ear during normal and relaxed conversations in the
home, schools, and laboratory. Additionally, category scale ratings of
the noise environments are being conducted in terms of overall rating of
the noise environment and in terms of speech communication (FY 74 $59,000),
(FY 75 $62,000).
Obtain more complete data on the spectrum and temporal distribution
of speech. A wide range of speakers, including male, female, adult,. and
children, will be used (FY 75 $25,000).
9.6 Measurement Methodology and Calibration
EPA’s program in measurement methodology included one project
titled “Instrumentation and Measurement Systems” (F’? 73 $24,000),
(FY 74 $32,000). This project was directed toward development of a
personal noise exposure meter with the work being performed at NBS.
Specific project activity included an evaluation of instruments and
measurement systems for recording exposures of individuals and developing
and demonstrating the capabilities of a measurement system which will
record the integrated level above a threshold of iIBA over each one-hour
period during a 24-hour day. The system consists of a monitor worn by
the individual and a reader which interrogates the monitor.
10. DOI(Bul4ines )
Bureau of Nines has three projects in effects of noise in relation
to mine safety and health. Two projects address the problem of the
miner’s ability to hear “roof talk” warning signals while wearing hearing
protection, and the other project is the state-of-the-art in portable
calibration of audiodosimeters. The titles and funding are shown in
Table D-20.
10.1 Communication Interference
The project “Aspects of Noise Generation and Hearing Protection in
Underground Coal Nines” was begun in FY 72 and was completed in FY 73.
The objective of this study was to quantitatively identify the spectral
and amplitude characteristics of coal mine warning signals and assess
the feasibility of using personal ear protection to minimize noise
exposure but not impair miners’ safety. A report (NTIS No. P3219087)
with the same title as the project was published in November 1972. Roof
talk warning signals and roof talk and speech discrimination with ear
protection were quantified for the Pittsburgh .coalbed. The study indicated
that ear protection is acceptable when there are high background noises
but that the ear protection should be removedwhen noise sources are not
present.
D-43
-------
Table D-20
DOI(BuNines)
NOISE EFFECTS RESEARCH
Funding Levels
(Thousands of Dollars)
FY73 FY74 FY75
Proj cts in Cousminication Interference
1. Aspects of Noise Generation and Hearing
Protection in Underground Coal Mines 1 0 0
2. Study of Roof Warning Signals and the
Use of Personal Hearing Protection in
Underground Coal Mines 71 8 0
Projects in ) asurement Methodology and
Calibration
Portable Calibration Instrumentation for
Audiodosimeters - Feasibility Study 0 15 ()
TOTALS 72 23 0
D-44
-------
The project “Study of Roof Warning Signals and the Use of Personal
Hearing Protection in Underground Coal Nines” extended the previous
study of roof warning si rLals to other (high-accident) coalbeds. It also
determined the effects of personal tearing protection on miners’ safety
with a larger number of subjects. A training course in the use of
personal hearing protection in coal mines was also developed.
10.2 Measurement Methodology and Calibration
The Bureau of Mines’ project in this category is intended to determine
the state-of-the-art in audio acoustic couplers and the associated elec-
tronic interface. The output will be a report giving the state-of-the-art
tthe specifications achievable with existing techno1o y for a portable
calibration instrument for audio dosimeters, and a proposal for design
and fabrication of an achievable calibrator.
D-45
-------
APPENDIX E
PROJECT LISTING BY AGENCY
Agency Page
NINDS E-3
NIEHS E-6
NIOSH E-8
DOD E-43
NASAQ E-19
DOT E-20
NSF E-2 1
NBS E-23
HUD E-24
EPA E-25
E-29
USDA
DOI(BuMineS) E-29
E-I
-------
TABLES
Nunther Page
E—l National Institute of Neurological Diseases andd E-3
Stroke
E—2 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences E-6
E—3 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health E-8
E—4 Department of Defense E-13
E—5 National Aeronautics and Space Administration E- 19
E—6 Department of Transportation E-20
E—7 National Science Foundation E-2 1
E—8 National Bureau of Standards E-23
E—9 Department of Housing and Urban Development E-24
E—lO U.S. Environmental Protection Agency E-25
E—ll Department of Agriculture E-29
E-12 Bureau of Mines E-29
E-2
-------
Table E—1
RESEARCH FUNDING BY AGENCY
(page 1 of 3 pages)
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES MU) STROKE
(Thousands of Dollars)
Category Project Number Project Title Total Prior to
Initial Year
Indicated F1 —72 FY—73 FY—74 FY—75 FY—76 FY—77 ff—78 FY—79
4403—12 (Grant) Susceptibility 220 45 47 49 51
to Hearing
Loss
3705—09(Grant) Causes of 2,480 365 387 413 440
Deafness
NOl NS 03—56— Auditory (3,773) (461) (586) (598) (615) (613) (642)
11 (Grant) Communications
and its Dis-
orders
Noise— NS—09983(Grant) Noise Effects 37 3
Induced on Audiogram
Hearing and Cochlea
Loss Planned Economic 2 150 300 300
Contract and Social
Impacts of
Noise Induced
Hearing Loss
NS—74—000l Effect of 20
(Contract) Noise on
Children
In—House Laboratory of 28 15 15 20 21 21
Research Otolaryngology
-------
Table E--1
RESEARCH FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Page 2 of 3 pages)
NATIONAL INSTITIJTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES AND STROKE
(Thousands of Dollars)
Category Project Number Project Title Total Prior to
Initial Year
Indicated FY—72 FY—73 FY—74 FY—75 FY—76 FY—77 FY—78 FY—79
Planned Work Experimental 340 550 500 600 350
Studies of
Effects of
Noise on
Young Ears
(Primates)
Planned Auditory 120 250 400 440 500
Contract Responses
in Quiet and
Noise Among
Very Young
Children
Presbycusis 40 125 250
Planned Auditory 120 300 330
Contract Sensitivity and
Discrimination
Among Children
Living in Noisy
Environments
Non-Audi—
Planned Work Effects of
Noise
tory Health
on Susceptibility
Effects
to Disease
120 200 250 400
-------
Table E-l
RESEARCH FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Page 3 of 3 pages)
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES AND STROKE
(Thousands of Dollars)
Category Project Number Project Title Total Prior to
Initial Year
Indicated FY—72 FY—73 FY—74 FY—75 FY—76 FY—77 FY—78 FY—79
NS—07908—07 Noise—Induced 461 79
Deafness:
Masking &
Speech Perception
Communi— NS—74—2322 Development of 140 100 100 100 100
cation (Contract) Test Instrument
Inter— for Assessing
ference Speech Discrimi-
nation in Noise
Message 130
Transmission in
Noise
Subtotals Noise—Induced Hearing Loss 447 482 1057 1756 1590 1486 1121
by Non—Auditory Health Effects 120 200 250 400
Category
Communication Interference 79 140 100 — 100 100 230
TOTALS 526 622 1157 1876 1890 1836 1751
1 Project funding covers work in other areas and is not included
2
Initiated in FY—75 only if additional funds become available
3
Includes study of non—auditory effects of noise
4
Portion of laboratory’s effort oriented towards effects of noise
-------
Table E—2
RESEARCH FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Page 1 of 2 pages)
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES
(Thousands of Dollars)
Category Project Number Project Title Total Prior to
InItial Year
Indicated FY—72 FY—73 FY—74 FY—75 F —76 FY—77 FY—78 FY—79
NIEHS—EB—002 Investigation 25 25
of Hearing
Loss Threshold
Curve for Young
versus Mature
Animals
NIEHS—EB—002 Combined Effect 20
of Noise and Sali—
cylates on Cochlear
Noise— Morphology & Auditory
Threshold
Induced
Hearing ROl ES 969 Combined Impulse— 51 44 44 45
088 Continuous Noise:
Auditory Effect
NIEHS—EB—009 Identification of 8 29 29 29 29
Physiological Dysfunction
in Neurosensory Hearing
Loss Induced by Ototoxic
Agents
NIEHS—EB—008 Physiological Study of 8 26 26 26 26
Auditory Fatigue (Induced
by Noise)
-------
Table E—2
RESEARCH FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Page 2 of 2 pages)
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES
(Thousands of Dollars)
Category Project Number Project Title Total Prior to
Initial Year
Indicated
NOL—ES—21l0
Interaction of
100
100
100
Noise & Ototoxic
Drugs on Hearing
Loss in Animals
NIEHS—EB—Oll
Effects of Noise
on Corticosterone
Secretion in the
Rat
16
NIEHS—EB—0l2
Noise Polyinorpho—
nuclear Leukocyte
Function
12
8
Non-
Auditory
NIEHS—EB—013
Noise & Cellmediated
28
24
Health
Immunity
Effects
NIEHS—ET—003
Teratogenic Effects
of Noise Exposure
and Deprivation
10
8
NIEHS—EB—004
Noise in the
Hospital
8
FY—72 FY—73 FY—74 FY.-75 FY—76 FY—77 FY—78 FY—79
t’l
-4
Subtotals
by
Non—Auditory Health Effects
Category
Noise—Induced Hearing Loss 145 192 199 99 100 55
8 66 40
TOTALS
153 258 239 99 100 55
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Table E—3
RESEARCH FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Page 1 of 5 pages)
NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTh
(Thousands of Dollars)
Category Project Number 2 Project Title 2 Total Prior to
Initial Year
Indicated FY—72 FY—73 FY—74 FY—75 FY—76
Noise— Evaluation 3 75 79 104
Induced of Hearing
Hearing Risk due
Loss to Industrial
Noise
Short Term Phy— 3 35 10 0
sical Agents Re—
search: Coal
Mine Noise
HSM 99—72—125 Evaluation 40 0
of Industrial
Acoustic Mdi—
ation above
10 KH
HSM 99—72—32 PTS and TTS 24 0
Resulting
from Industrial
Noise Exposure
PL 480 Effects of Noise 213 X X X
Foreign Cur— and Vibration 7/68—9/74
rency Agree— on Health of
nient No. Woodcutters
05—005—3
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Table E—3
RESEARCH FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Page 2 of 5 pages)
NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
(Thousands of Dollars)
Category Project Number 2 Project Title 2 Total Prior to
Initial Year
Indicated FY—72 FY—73 FY—74 FY—75 FY—76
PL480 Foreign Exposure 99 X X X X X
Currency Agree— to Noise in 7/71—7/75
ment #03—002—03 the Cotton &
Flax Textile
Industry
Laboratory 87 91
Studies of
Noise—Induced
Hearing Loss
3
Combined Effects 24 18
on Noise, Work
& Heat on Human
Hearing
HSM 99—72—131 Aspect of Ear 50 0 0
Tolerance to
Noise
NIOSH—IA—73—6 Laboratory & 40 0
Field Study of
Impact Noise
Grant (EOA) Damage Risk 56 47 41
Rol—0H000350 Criteria for
Intermittent
Noise Exposure
-------
Table E—3
RESEARCH FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Page 3 of 5 pages)
NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTh
(Thousands of Dollars)
Category Project Number 2 Project Title 2 Total Prior to
Initial Year
Indicated FY—72 FY—73 FY—74 FY—75 FY—76
PL480 Foreign Noise and 167 X X X X
Currency Agree— Heat Effects 5/72—4/77
nient #05—0142 on Man
Grant (OEA) Effects of 91 69 76
1 ROl Impulse Noise
0H00364 on the Auditory
System
Noise and 41
Hearing in the
Paper Working
Industry
Non— Extra Auditory 42
Auditory Consequence to
Health Worker Safety
Effects and Health
Effects of 78 21
Noise on
Non—Auditory
Sensory Func-
tions and
Performance
Health Impact New
of Industrial
Noise
-------
Table E—3
RESEARCH FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Page 4 of 5 pages)
NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTh
Category Project Number 2 Project Title 2 Total Prior to
Initial Year
Indicated FY—72 Y—73 FY—74 FY—75 FY—76
Effects of 30
Noise and
Heat on
Health of
Workers in
Metal Industry
Individual Grant ROl Effects of 8 0
Behavior 011—00366 Three Sound
Effects Environments
on Human Be-
havior
Grant ROl Noise and 20 0
OH—00365 Human Per-
formance
Noise and New
Industrial
Accidents
Measure— Industrial 31 52 80
ment Meth— Audionietric
odology & & Hearing
Calibration Conservation
Technology
-------
Table E—3
RESEARCH FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Page 5 of 5 pages)
NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
(Thousands of Dollars)
Category Project Number 2 Project Title 2 Total Prior to
Initial Year
Indicated FY—72 FY—73 FY —74 FY—75 FY76
Measurement 3 32 44 28
of Occupa-
tional
Noise
Sub— Noise—Induced Hearing Loss 64 224 341 352 117
totals
by Non—Auditory Health Effects 108 42 21
Category
Individual Behavior Effects 28
Measurement Methodology and 63 96 108
Calibration
TOTALS 64 395 507 481 117
Figures Approximate
2 NIOSH does not use the term “Project” for this level of research activity
3 Project titles were not the same in FY 73
-------
Table E—4
RESEARCH FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Page 1 of 6 pages)
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
(Thousands of Dollars)
Category Project Number Project Title Total Prior to
Initial Year
Indicated FY—72 FY—73 FY—74 FY—75
DAOA-6082 (USA) Military Performance — X
Traumatic Origins of
Hearing Loss
DNOA—4956 (USA) Relationship of Hearing 62 66
Change to Acoustic Inputs
DAOC—7028 (USA) Prevalence of Hearing Loss 20
within Selected U.S. Army
Branches
DAOB—7030 (USA) Rearing Conservation Intense 46
Acoustic Stimulation and
Noise Susceptibility in the
Military Environment
Noise— DN—123487 (USN) Coimnunications: Hearing of 20
Induced
Naval Personnel as a Function
Hearing
of Noise Exposure
DN—240004 (USN) Study of Anatomic Changes in 10 19
Middle Ear Associated with
Noise—Induced flearing Loss
and Acoustic Trauma
DN—240059 (USN) Middle Ear Conpliance and 8 13
Its Relationship to Military
Related Noise—Induced Hearing
Loss & Acoustic Trauma
-------
Table E—4
RESEARCH FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Page 2 of 6 pages)
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
(Thousands of Dollars)
Category Project Number Project Title Total Prior to
Initial Year
Indicated FY—72 FY—73 FY—74 FY75
DN—477001 (IJSN) The Incidence of Hearing 50
Loss Among Various Navy
Related Personnel
DN—140504 (USN) Development of Damage Risk 20 25
Criteria and Habitability
Standards for Exposure to
Sonar Transmissions
DF—31].650 (IJSAF) Effects of Noise on Air 20 49
Force Personnel in
Noise — Operational Environments
Induced
Hearing DF—314140 (USAF) Research on Permanent 2
Loss and Temporary Shifts in
Hearing Threshold Produced
by Exposure to Air Force
Noise
DF-313060 (USAF) Auditory Responses to Acoustic 24 22
Energy Experienced in Air
Force Activities
DF—317610 (USAF) Human Subjects for Operating 38 35
Acoustic Research
-------
Table E—4
RESEARCH FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Page 3 of 6 pages)
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
(Thousands of Dollars)
Category Project Number Project Title Total Prior to
Initial Year
Indicated FY—72 FY—73 FY—74 FY—75
Non—
Auditory
Health
DR—313120
Research on Response of Vestl—
bular System to Acoustic Sti—
mull
X
10
Effects
DAOB—4955
(USA)
Improved Weapon Noise
Exposure Criteria
62
66
DN—840511
(USN)
Optimization of Performance
in Submarines
54
44
DN—040711
(USN)
Optimization of Auditory
Performance in Naval
40
35
Indivi—
Aviation
dual
Behavior
DR—313100
(USAF)
Simultaneous Exposure to
X
7
3
Effects
Acoustic Energy and Other
Stressors Found in the Air
Force Environments
DF—313070
(USAF)
Whole—body Effects of Air
Force Noise on People
X
24
18
DF—028540
(USAF)
Research on Intermittent Noise
Effects on Air Force Target
Detection Tasks
X
46
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Table E—4
RESEARCH FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Page 4 of 6 pages)
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
(Thousands of Dollars)
Category Project Ntnnber Project Title Total Prior to
Initial Year
Indicated FY—72 FY—73 FY—74 FY—75
DAOA—6085 (USA) Military Performance: X
Auditory Perception and
Psychophysics
(USA) Human Engineering Studies of X
the Head and Headgear, Helmet
Acoustics, Weight, plus Other
Factors Affecting Performance
Coinmuni— (USN) Sound Conduction in the Ear X 26
cation Affecting Military Communications
Inter-
ference DN—040713 (USN) Optimization of Speech Communi— 40 40
cations in Naval Aviation
DN—140502 (USN) Development of Auditory Screening 30 33
and Acoustical Tolerance Standards
for Submarine/Shipboard Personnel
DF—3ll640 (USAF) Assessment of Hearing In Flying 28 36
Personnel
Communi— DF—313140 (USAF) Effects of Air Force Noises on 31
ty or Population Surrounding Air Bases
Collec—
t ive
Response
-------
Table E-4
RESEARCH FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Page 5 of 6 pages)
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
(Thousands of Dollars)
Category Project Number Project Title Total Prior to
Initial Year
Indicated FY—72 FY—73 FY—74 FY—75
DAOD—6739 (USA) Research on Psycho— X 85 195
acoustical Problems
Medically Significant to
Army Aviation
DN—612146 (USN) Airborne Noise Criteria for 69 74
Ships and Submarines
DF—314500 (USAF) Development and Updating of 32
Air Force Land Use Planning
Procedure with Respect to
Measure—
Aircraft Noise
ment
Metho— DF—316600 (USAF) Measurement and Analysis of 13 15
do logy
Aircraft Noise Environments
and Cali—
f or Developing New Air Force
bration
Procedures to Forecast Noise
Exposure
DF—313020 (USAF) Mechanisms of Noise Generation 3 2
and Reception as Related to Air
Force Bioacoustic Programs
DF—313030 (USAP) Bioacoustic Environments of USAF 92 68
Aerospace Systems
-------
Table E—4
*ESEARCH FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Page 6 of 6 pages)
DEPARThENT OF DEFENSE
(Thousands of Dollars)
Category Project Number Project Title Total Prior to
Initial Year
Indicated FY—72 FY—73 FY—74 FY—75
DF—317570 (USAF) Bloenvironmental Noise
Research Program 43
Noise—Induced Hearing Loss 248 301 301*
Sub— Non—Auditory Health Effects 10 0 0 *
totals Individual Behavior Effects 233 166 166*
by Communication Interference 124 109 109*
Category Community or Collective Response 32 0 0 *
Measurement Methodology and Calibration 1 1
TOTALS 984 930 930*
* DOD FY 75 data estimated the same as FY 74
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Table E.-5
RESEARCH FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Page 1 of 1 page)
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
(Thousands of Dollars)
Project Number Project Title
Category
Total Prior to
Initial Year
Indicated
t n
I-
‘ 0
FY—73 FY-74
254
FY—75
142
Noise Effects
on Sleep
504—09—02
Human Response to the Aero—
nautical Environment
217
Community or
504—29—01
Acceptance of Aircarft Opera—
173
172
232
Collective
tions—Technical Assessment
Response
504—29—11
Acceptance of Aircraft Opera—
tions—Conmiunicy Noise
205
319
422
Measurement
504—29—11
Acceptance of Aircraft Opera—
532
409
404
Methodology
tions
and Cali-
bration
Subtotals
by Category
TOTALS
Noise Effects on Sleep
217
254
142
Community or
Collective
Response
378
491
654
Measurement
Methodology
and Calibration
532
409
404
1,127
1,154
1,200
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T*ble E—6
RESEARCH FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Page 1 of 1 page)
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATTON
(Thousands of Dollars)
Category Project Number Project Title Total Prior to
Initial Year
Indicated FY—72 FY—73 FY—74 FY—75 FY—76
Work at DOd Foghorn Aversiveness 5
NBS (USCG) Study
Indivjd— AN—B—73—psy—41 Field Study of Sonic Boom X 18
ual (FAA) Startle Effects
Behavior
Effects A}1—B—73—psy—31 Determinants of Startle X 27
(FAA) Response to Simulated
Sonic Booms
0
(DOT/FAA/DOD/ Animal Response to Impul— 38 0
USAF) sive Acoustic Stimuli
Communi.-
ty or
Collective
Contract 036369
(Trais No.)
(ONA)
Measurement of Community 295 130 50
Noise and Associated Human
Response
Response
Subtotals
By Category
Individual
Behavior
Effects 38 50
Community or Collective
Response 295 — — 130 50
TOTALS 295 38 50 130 50
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Table E—7
R.ESEARCU FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Page 1 of 2 pages)
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
(Thousands of Dollars)
Category Project Number Project Title Total Prior to
Initial Year
Indicated FY—72 FY—73 FY—74 FY—75 FY—76
Noise — GB—36652 Noise Trauma, 20
Induced Ototoxicity and the
Hearing Olivocochlear Bundle
Loss
8—72 Permanent Effects of X
Noise on Low and Mid
Frequency Hearing
01 Interaction of Ototoxic X
Drugs with Acoustic
Trauma
Non— 01
Effect
of Noise
on X
Auditory
Cardiovascular
Health
Changes
in Non-
Response
Cardiac
‘CU
patients
in
Indivi— GS—33216 Collaborative Research 34
dual Be— on Social Psychological
havior Reactions to Stress
Effects
GS—2405A #2 Collaborative Research 42
on Social Psychological
Reactions to Stress
-------
Table E—7
RESEARCH FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Pane 2 of 2 pages)
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
(Thousands of Dollars)
Category Project Number Project Title Total Prior to
Initial Year
Indicated FY—72 FY—73 F!—74 FY—75 FY—76
GS—34329 Collaborative 39
Research on
Social Psycho-
logical Reactions
to Stress
Subtotals by Noise—Induced 20
t Category Hearing Loss
Non—Auditory
Health Response
Individual Be— 115
havior Effects
TOTALS X 115 20
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Is)
Table E—8
RESEARCH FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Page 1 of 1 page)
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
(Thousands of Dollars)
Category Project Number Project Title Total Prior to
Initial Year
Indicated FY—72 FY—73 FY—74 FY—75 FY—76
Individual Psychoacoustic 64 98 117 142 140
Behavior Measurement
Effects Techniques
-------
Table E—9
RESEARCH FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Page 1 of 1 page)
DEPARTMEhi OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT
(Thousands of Dollars)
Category Project Title Total Prior to
Initial Year
Indicated
Coinmuni—
Evaluation of MUD
200
185
ty or
Noise Policies &
Collective
Guidelines
Response
Effects of Noise on
Community Development
225
Measure—
HIJD Urban Noise
117
263
ment Meth—
Measurement System
odology &
Calibra—
tion
Development of Noise
Attenuation Measures
175
50
Subtotals
by
Category
Community or Collec-
tive Response
Measurement Method—
ology & Calibration
117
200 410
438
50
FY—72 FY—73 FY—74 FY—75 FY—76 FY —77 FY—78
TOTALS
117
638 460
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Table E—lO
RESEARCH FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Page 1 of 4 pages)
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
(Thousands of Dollars)
Category Project Number Project Title Total Prior to
Initial Year
Indicated FY—72 FY—73 FY—74 FY—75 FY—76
Noise— LAG Evaluation of Effects 25
Induced of Noise Exposure
Hearing Combined with Other
Loss Stressing Agents on
Hearing & Performance
lAG & Contract Evaluation of Long—term 25 70
Noise Exposure on Hearing
DiUerentiation between
Noise—Induced Hearing Loss
and Presbycusis
Auditory Effects from
Moderate Noise Levels
Auditory Effects from 600
Intermittent Daily
Exposures
Longitudinal Studies of
Auditory Effects From
Noise Exposure
-------
Table E—lO
RESEARCH FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Page 2 of 4 pages)
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
(Thousands of Dollars)
Total Prior to Initial
Year Indicated FY—72
Category Project Number
Project Title
FY—73 FY—74 FY—75 FY—76
til
Non— Interactive Effects
Auditory of Noise and Other
Health Influences
Effects 700
Contract Studies of Non—Auditory 186*
Physiological Effects
mdlvi— lAG Behavior Correlation of
dual Varying Noise Environments 50 50
Behavior
Effects In—House Vigilance Task Performance
in Presence of Intermittent
Unwanted Noise in Primates 10
lAG Time—Varying Effects on Human 75
Response
150
Effects on Task Performance
Noise Quality of Sleep & Effects
Effects Related to Psysiological &
on Sleep Psychological Implications 150
Contract Correlation of Foreign & 17
Domestic Data on Human Sleep
* 2 Year Period
-------
Table E—lO
RESEARCH FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Page 3 of 4 pages)
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
(Thousands of Dollars)
Category Project Number Project Title Total Prior to Initial
Year Indicated FY—72 FY—73 FY—74 FY—75 FY—76
Conimuni— Contract Improved Criteria for 59 62
cation Verbal Communication
Interfer— From Noise in Schools
ence and Home Environment
lAG Voice Levels & Environ— 25
mental Noise Conditions 200
that Permit Adequate
Speech Communication
t 1
Effect of Age, Speech
Level, Hearing on
Reliable Communication
Community or
Collective
Response Effects of Noise on
Community Response
Related to Annoyance
Identify Environmental 200
Noise Levels for
Determining Cumulative
Dose Exposures for Different
Population Segments
Identify Sociological Effects
of Noise
-------
Table E—lO
RESEARCH FUNDING BY AGENCY
(page 4 of 4 pages)
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
(Thousands of Dollars)
Category Project Number Project Title Total Prior to Initial
Year Indicated FY—72 FY—73 FY—74 FY75 FY76
Measure—
Work
at
Instrumentation
24 32
ment Meth—
DOC(NBS)
& Measurement Systems
odology &
for Noise Exposure
of
Calibration
Individuals
Subtotals Noise—Induced Hearing Loss 50 70 600
By Non—Auditory Health Effects 186* 0 700
Category Individual Behavior Effects 50 135 150
Noise Effects on Sleep 17 150
Communication Interference 59 87 200
Community or Collective Response 200
Measurement Methodology & Calibration 24 32
TOTALS 24 377 309 2,000
*
2 Year Period
-------
Table E—ll
RESEARCH FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Page 1 of 1 page)
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
(Thousands of Dollars)
Category Project Number Project Title Total Prior to Initial
Year Indicated FY—72 FY—73 FY—74 FY—75 FY—76
Domestic 0057475
The Effect of Noise X
X
X X
Animals & SC—00945
Pollution on the
Wildlife
Fowl
Table E—12
RESEARCH FUNDING BY AGENCY
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BUREAU OF MINES
(Thousands of Dollars)
Category Project Number
Project Title
FY—73
FY—74
FY—75
Conununica— CO 122004
Aspects of Noise Generation &
1
0
0
tion Inter—
Hearing Protection in Under—
ference
ground Coal Mines
GO 133026
Study of Roof Warning Signals &
the Use of Personal Hearing
Protection in Underground Coal
Mines
71
8
0
Subtotals for Communication Interference 72 8 0
Measurement SO 144091 Portable Calibration Instrumentation 0 15 0
Methodology & for Audiodosimeters——Feasibility
Calibration Study
Agency Total 72 23 0
-------
APPEND I x F
PROJECT LISTING BY CATEGORY
Table Category Page
F-l Noise-Induced Hearing Loss F-i
F-2 Non-Auditory Health Effects F-b
F-3 Individual. Behavior Effects F-13
F-4 Noise Effects on Sleep F-17
F-5 Communication Interference F-l8
F-6 Conmiunity or Collective Response F-22
F-7 Domestic Animals and Wildlife F-24
F-8 Measurement Methodology and Calibration F-25
-------
Table F-i
NOISE- INDUCED HEARING LOSS
(Page 1 of 9 Pages)
Reported Funding, Thousands of Dollars
Agency Project No. Project Title Total Pri- F? FY FY FY FY FY FY F?
or to mi— 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
tiel Year
Indicated
HE 1/ 4403-12 (Grant) Susceptibility to
NIN1 S Hearing Loss 220 45 47 49 51
5785-09 (Grant) Causes of Deafness 2,480 365 387 413 440
1 1
Hal NS 03856-il Auditory Comrnunica— 3,773 461 (586) (598) (615) (613) (642)
(Grant) tions and its Dis-
orders
NS—09983 Noise Effects on Audio— 36 37
(Grant) gram and Cochlea
Planned Economic and Social Im-’ 0 150 300 300
Contract pacts of Noise—Induced
Hearing Loss
NS-74-0001 Effect of Noise on 3 20 0 0 0 0
(Contract) Children
In-house Laboratory of Otolaryn— 4 28 15 15 20 21 21
Research gology
Planned work Experimental Studies 0 0 0 0 340 550 500 600 350
of Effects of Noise
on Young Ears (Primate)
Project funding covers work in other categories and is not included in totals.
2 lnitiated in FY 75 only if additional funds become available.
fncludes study of non-auditory effects of noise.
Portion of laboratory’s effort oriented toward noise effects.
-------
Table F-i
NOISE-INDUCED HEARING LOSS
(Page 2 of 9 Pages)
1 eported Funding, Thousands of Dollars
Agency Project No. Project Title Total Pri- FY FY FY FY F? F? FY F?
or to mi— 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
tial Year
Indicated
HEW/ Planned work Auditory Responses in 0 0 0 0 120 250 400 440 500
NINDS Quiet and Noise Among
Very Young Children
Planned work Presbycusis 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 125 250
Planned work Auditory Sensitivity 120 300 330
and Discrimination
Among Children Living
in Noisy Environments
Subtotals 2,737 447 482 1,057 1,756 1,590 1,486 1,121
HEW/ 2 Evaluation of Hearing 3 (75)3 79 104
NIOSH Risk due to Industrial
Noise
Short Term Physical 3 (35)3 10 0
Agents Research: Coal
Mine Noise
t ima ted.
2 NIOSH does not use the term “proj’ ct” for this level of research activity.
3 project titles were not the same in F? 73.
-------
Table F-I
NOISE-INDUCED HEARING LOSS
(Page 3 of 9 Pages)
Reported Funding, Thousands of Dollars
Agency Project No. 2 Project Title 2 Total Pri- FY FY FY F l’ FY F? FY F?
or to mi— 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
tial Year
Indicated
HEWI Noise and Hearing in 0 0 41
NIOSH the Paperworking
Industry
HS 99-72-125 Evaluation of Industrial 40
Accoustic Radiation above
‘10
HSN 99-72-32 PIS and TTS Resulting
from Industrial Noise
Exposure
FL 480 For- Effects of Noise and 213 x x x
eign Currency Vibration on Health 7/68-
Agreement No. of Woodcutters 9/74
05-005-3
FL 480 For- Exposure to Noise in 99
eign Currency the Cotton and Flax 7/71- x x x x x
Agreement No. Textile Industry 7/75
03-002-03
Laboratory Studies of
Noise-Induced Hearing
Loss 87 91
TEst imated
T NIOSH does not use the term project” for this level of research activity.
-------
Table F-i
NOISE-INDUCED HEARING LOSS
(Page 4 of 9 Pages)
Reported Funding. Thousands of Dollars
Agency Project No. 2 Project Title 2 Total Pri FY F? F? F ? t F? F? F? F?
or to ml — 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
tial Year
Indicated
HEW/ Combined Effects of (24) 18
NIOSH Noise, Work and Heat on
Human Hearings
HSM 99-72-131 Aspects of Ear Toler- 50
ance to Noise
NIOSH-LA-73-6 Laboratory and Field
Study of Impact Noise 40
Grant (OEA) Damage Risk Criteria 56 47 41
ROl-0H000350 for Intermittent Noise
Exposure
PL-480—For- Noise and Heat Effects 167 x x x x
eign Currency on Man 5/72-
Agreement No. 4/77
05-0142
Grant (OEA) Effects of Impulse 91 9 7€
IRO1 OH 00364 Noise on the Auditory
S y St em ______________________________________________
Subtotals 64 224 341 352 11
Estitnated.
2 NIOSH does not use the term “project” for this level of research activity.
3 Project titles were not the same in F? 73.
-------
Table F-I
NOISE-INDUCED HEARING LOSS
(Page 5 of 9 Pages)
Reported Funding, Thousands of Dollars
Agency Project No. Project Title Total Pri- FY FY FY FY FY FY FY FY
or to Ini— 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
tial Year
Indicated
HEW! NIEHS-EB-002 Investigation of Hearing 25 25
NIEHS Loss Threshold Curve for
Young vs. Nature Animals
T }4 -EB-0O2 Combined Effect of Noise 20
and S icvi.ates cm
; ch1 r i4otpi 1 y n i . :
Auditory Threshold
ROl-ES-969 Combined Impulse— 51 44 44 45
Continuous Noise
Auditory Effect
NIEHS-EB—009 Identification of Phy— 8 29 29 29 29
siological Dysfunction
in Neurosens ry Hearing
Loss Induced by Ototoxic
Agents
NIEHS—EB—008 Physiological Study of 8 26 26 26 26
Auditory Fatigue (In-
duced by Noise
NOL-ES-2110 Interaction of Noise 100 100 100
and Ototoxic Drugs on
Hearing Loss in
Animals _________________________________________________
Subtotals 145 192 199 99 100 55
-------
Table F-I
NOISE-INDUCED HEARING LOSS
(Page 6 of 9 Pages)
Reported Funding, Thousands of Dollars
Agency Project No. Project Title Total Pri- F? F? F? F? FY F? F? FY
or to mi— 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
tial Year
Indicated
DOD DAQA-6082 Military Performance- X
(USA) Traumatic Origins of
Hearing Loss
DNOA 4956 Relationship of Hear- 62 66
(USA) ing Change to Acoustic
Inputs
DAOC 7028 Prevalence of Hearing 2
(USA) Loss within Selected
U.S. Army Branches
DAOB-7030 Hearing Conservation 46
(USA) Intense Acoustic Stimu-
lation and Noise Suscepti-
bility in the Military
Environment
DW423487 Communications: Hearing 20
(USN) of Naval personnel as a
Function of Noise
Exposure
DN-240004 Study of Anatomic Changes 10 19
(USN) in Middle Ear Associated
with Noise-Induced Hear-
ing Loss and Acoustic
Trauma
-------
Table F-i
NOISE-INDUCED HEARING LOSS
(Page 7 of 9 Pages)
Reported Funding, Thousands of Dollars
Agency Project No. Project Title Total Pri- FY FY FY FY FY F’Y FY F?
or to mi— 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
tial Year
Indicated
DOD DN240059 Middle Ear Compliance 8 13
(IJSN) and Its Relationship to
Military Related Noise-
Induced Hearing Loss
and oustic Tr ’u
DN 477001 fhc Incidence of Hear-
(USN) ing Loss Among Various
Navy Related Personnel
DN 140504 Development of Damage 20 25
(USN) Risk Criteria and Ha-
bitability Standard
for Exposure to Sonar
Transmissions
DF-3l1650 Effects of Noise on 20 49
(USAF) Air Force personnel
in Operational En-
vironments
DF-314l40 Research on Permanent 2
(USAF) and Temporary Shifts in
Hearing Threshold Produc-
ed by Exposure to Aix
Force Noise
-------
Table F-i
NOISE-INDUCED HEARING LOSS
(Page 8 of 9 Pages)
Reported Funding, Thousands of Dollars
Agency Project No. Project Title Total Pri- F? F? FY F? F? F? F? F?
or to mi— 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
tial Year
Indicated
DOD DF-313060 Auditory Responses to 24 22
(USAF) Acoustic Energy Ex-
perienced in Air Forc e
Activities
DF3 176 1O Human Subjects for Opera— 38 35
(USAF) ting Acoustic Research ___________________________________
*
Subtotals 248 301 301
NSF GB-36652 Noise Trauma, Ototox— 20
icity and the Olivocho-
chlear Bundle
8—72 Permanent Effects of X
Noise on Low and Mid
Frequency Hearing
01 Interaction of Ototoxic x
Drugs with Acoustic
Trauma _____________________
Subtotals 20
* DOD F l 75 data estimated the same as Fl 74.
-------
Table F-i
NOISE—INDUCED HEARING LOSS
(Page 9 of 9 Pages)
Reported Funding, Thousands 0± Dollars
Agency Project No. Project Title Total Pri- FY FY FT FY FT FY FY FY
or to mi— 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
tial. Year
Indicated
Evaluation of Effects
of Noise Exposure Com-
bined with Other Stress-
ing Agents on Hearing.
and Performance
lAG and Evaluation of Long-Term
Contract Noise Exposure on Hear-
i ng
Differentiation Be-
tween Noise- Induced
Hearing Loss and Presby-
aeusis
Auditory Effects from
Moderate Noise Levels
Auditory Effects from
Intermittent Daily Ex-
posures
Longitudinal Studies of
Auditory Effects from
Noise Exposure
Subtotals
50 70 600
EPA LAG
25
: -5 70
} 600
Totals for Noise-
Induced Hearing Loss 2,737
64 1,084 1,366 1,979 2,572 1,690 1,541 1,121
-------
Table F—2
NON-AUDITORY HEALTH EFFECTS
(Page 1. of 3 Pages)
Reported Funding, Thousands of Dollars
Agency Project No. 2 Project Title 2 Total Pri- F? F? FY FY F? FY F? FY
or to mi— 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
tial Year
Indicated
HEW/ Extra-Auditory Effects 42
NIOSH of Noise of Consequence
to Worker Safety and
Health
Effects of Noise on 78 21
Non-Auditory Sensory
Functions and Perform-
ance
Health Impact of Indus- New
trial Noise
Effects of Noise and 30
Heat on Health of Workers
in Natal Industry __________________________________
Subtotals 108 42 21
‘Estimated.
2 NIOSH does not use the term “project” for this level of research activity.
-------
Table F-2
NON-AUDITORY HEALTH EFFECTS
(Page 2 of 3 Pages)
Reported Funding, Thousands of Dollars
Agency Project No.
Project Title
Total Pri-
or to mi-
tial Year
md icated
F? F? FY F? F? F? F? F?
72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
I - .
HEW!
NIEHS
NIEHS- EB- 011
NIEHS—EB-’)12
NIEflS— EB-Ol 3
NIEHS- EB-004
RFM/ Planned
RINDS Work
Effects of Noise on
Corticosterone Se-
cretion in the Rat
Noise Polymorpho
nuclear Leukocyte
Function
Noise and Cellinedi-
ated Insm.inity
Noise in the Hospital
Teratogenic Effects of
Noise Exposure and
Deprivation
Subtotals
Effects of Noise on
Susceptibility to
Disease
8
16
12 8
28 24
NIEHS—ET—003
10 8
8 66 40
120 200 25C 4O )
120 200 250 400
-------
Table F-2
NON-AUDITORY HEALTH EFFECTS
(Page 3 of 3 Pages)
Reported Funding, Thousands of Dollars
Agency Project No.
Project Title
Total Pri-
or to Ini-
tial Year
Indicated
FY y ri F? FY F? F? FY
72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
DOD DR-313120
Contract
F336l5—69-C-
1246 (USAF)
Research on Response
of Vestibular System
to Acoustic Stimuli
Effect of Noise on
Cardiovascular Changes
in Noncardiac Patients
in ICU
Interactive Effects of
Noise and Other In-
fluences
Studies of Non-Auditory
Physiological Effects
Subtotals
Totals for Non-auditory
Health Effects
126 294 61 820 200 250 400
10
Subtotals
10
NSF 01
EPA
Contract
700
1 86”
186 0 700
*Project funded for 2 year period
-------
Table F-3
INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR EFFECTS
(Page 1 of 4 Pages)
Reported Funding, Thousands of Dollars
Agency Project No. Project Title Total Fri.- FT FT FT FT FT FT FT FT
or to mi— 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
tii.l Year
Indicated
HEW/ Grant ROl Effects of Three 8
NIOSIT OH-00366 Sound Environments
on Human Behavior
Grant ROl Noise and Human Per- 20
OH- 00365 formance
NoLse and Industrial
Accidents ______________________________
I-
Subtotals 28
NIOSH does not use the term “project” for this level of research activity.
DOD OAOB-4955 Improved Weapon Noise 62 66
(USA) Exposure Criteria
ON 840511 Optimization of Per- 54 44
(USN) formance in Submarines
ON 040711 OptimIzation of Audi— 40 35
(USN) tory Performance in
Naval Aviation
-------
Table F-3
INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR EFFECTS
(Page 2 of 4 Pages)
Reported Funding, Thousands of Dollars
Agency Project No. Project Title Total Pri- F? F? F? F? F? F? F? F?
or to mi— 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
tial Year
Indicated
DOD DR-313100 Simultaneous Exposure 7 3
(USAF) to Acoustic Energy and
Other Stressors Found
in Air Force Environ
tnents
DF-313070 Whole-Body Effect8 of x 24 18
(USAF) Air Force Noise on
People
DF-028540 Research on Intermittent X 46
Contract Noise Effects on Air
AFOSR- 1822- Force Target Detec-
69 (USAF) tion Tasks ________________________________
Subtotals 233 166 166
DOD F? 75 data estimated the same as F? 74
DCT AN-B-73-PSY-41 Field Study of Sonic x 18
(FAA) Boom Startle Effects
AM-B-73-PSY-31 Determinants of Startle x 27
(FAA) Response to Simulated
Sonic Boom
-------
Table F-3
INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR EFFECTS
(Page 3 of 4 Pages)
Reported Funding, Thousands of Dollars
Agency Project No. Project Title Total Pri- FY FY FY FY FT F? FY F?
or to [ ni— 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
tial Year
Indicated
D yr JxYr/Fu/D OD/ Animal Response to 38 0
AF Impulsive Acoustic
Stimuli
Work at DOd Foghorn Aversiveness 5
NBS (IJScc ) Study _____________________________________
Subtotals 38 50
NSF GS-33216 Collaborative Research 34
on Social Psychological
Reactions to Stress
GS-2405A 1 2 Collaborative Research 42
on Social Psychological
Reactions to Stress
CS- 34329 Collaborative Research 39
on Social Psychological
Reactions to Stress
NBS In—house Psychoacoustic Measure— 98 17 142
ment Techniques
-------
Table F—3
INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR EFFECTS
(Page 4 of 4 Pages,)
Reported Funding, Thousands of Dollars
Agency Project No.
Project Title
Total Pri-
or to Ini-
tial Year
Indicated
F? F? FY FY F? FY F? F?
72 73 7 75 76 77 78 79
EPA lAG
Behavioral Correlates
of Varying Noise En-
vironments
Vigilance Task Per-
fortnance in Presence
of Intermittent Un-
wanted Noise in Pri-
mates
Time varying effects
on human response
Effects on Task Per-
forinance
Subtotals
50 50
Totals for Indi-
vidual Behavior
Effects
‘21
a’
In-house
lAG
10
75
150
50 135 150
217 381 361 443 290
-------
Table F’-4
NOISE EFFECTS ON SLEEP
(Page 1 of 1 Page)
Reported Funding, Thousands of Dollars
Agency Project No.
Project Title
Total Pri-
or to Ini-
tial Year
Indicated
F? F? F? FT F? FT F? F?
72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
t-.
NASA 504-09- 02
EPA Contract
Human Response to
the Aeronautical En-
V ironment
Subtotals
Quality of Sleep &
Effects Related to
Physiological & Psy-
chological Implica-
tions
Correlation of Forei’n
and Domestic Data on
Noise Effects on Sleep
Subtotals
217 254 142 150 150
217 254
142 150 150
0
17
0
17
217 254 159 300 150
Totals for Noise Effects
on Sleep
-------
Table F-5
COMMUNICATION INTERFERENCE
(Page 1 of 4 Pages)
Reported Funding, Thousands of Dollars
Agency Project No. Project Title Total Pri- F l Fl F? F? F? F? F? F?
or to ltd .— 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
tial Year
Indicated
HEW/ NS-07908-O7 Noise-Induced Deaf- 461 79
NINDS ness: Masking and
Speech Perception
NS-14-2322 Development of Test 140 100 100 100
(Contract) Instrument for As-
sessing Speech Dis-
crimination in Noise
Message Transmission 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 130
in Noise _____________________________________________________________
Subtotals 461 79 140 1 O 0 100 100 230
DOD DAQA-6085 Military Performance:
(USA) Auditory Perception
and Psychophysics
(USA) Human Engineering x
Studies of the Head and
Headgear, Helmet Acous-
tics, Weight plus Other
Factors Affecting Per-
formance
-------
Table F—5
CO * UN1CAT ION INTERFERENCE
(Page 2 of 4 Pages)
Reported Funding, Thousands of Dollars
Agency Project No. Project Title Total Pri- FY FY FT F’t FY FY F? FT
or to mi— 72 73 74 75 7 77 78 79
tial Year
Indicated
DOD DN-040713 Optimization of 40 40
Speech Communica-
tions in Naval Avia-
t ion
T)evelopinent of Audi- 30 33
tory Screening rd
Acoustical T ].crar ce
Standards for Sub-
marine/Shipboard
Personnel
(USN) Sound Conduction in 26
the Ear Affecting Nih-
tary Communications
DF-311640 Assessment of Hearing 28 36
(USAF) in Flying Personnel
Subtotals 124 109 109’
‘DOD FT 75 data estimated the same as F l 74
-------
Table F-5
COMMUNICATION INTERFERENCE
(Page 3 of 4 Pages)
Reported Funding, Thousands of Dollars
Agency Project No. Project Title Total Pri- FY FY F? F? F? F? F? F?
or to mi— 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
tial Year
md icated
EPA Contract Improved Criteria 59 62
for Verbal Communi-
cation from Noise in
Schools and Home En-
vironment s
lAG Voice Levels and En- 25
“1 vironmental Noise Condi-
tions That Permit
Adequate Speech Communi-
cat ion
Effect of Age, Speech 200
Level, Hearing on Reli-
able Communication
Subtotals 59 87 200
DOll C0l22004 Aspects of Noise Gener- 1 0 0
BuMines ation & Hearing Pro-
tection in Underground
Coal Nines
c0133026 Study of Roof Warning 71 8 0
Signals & the Use of
Personal hearing Pro-
tectors in Underground
Coal Nines
-------
I -
Table F—5
COMMUNICATION INTERFERENCE
(Page 4 of 4 Pages)
Reported Funding, Thousands of Dollars
Age icy Project o. Project Title Total Pri— FY FY FY F? F? F? F? F?
or to mi— 72 77 74 7 76 77 78 79
tial Year
Ir d icated
Subtotals 72 8 0
Totals for Conununi-
cation Interference 461 275 3l 296 200 100 l )( 230
-------
Table F—6
CONMUN fY OR COLLECTIVE RESPONSE
(Page 1 of 2 Pages)
Reported Funding, Thousands of Dollars
Agency Project No.
Project Title
Total Pri-
or to Irti—
tial Year
Indicated
FY F? F? FY F? F’ FY FY
72 73 74 75 76 77 7F1 79
DOT Contract
036369
(Trais No.)
Measurement of Com-
munity Noise and Asso-
ciated Human Response
Subtotals
Acceptance of Air-
craft Operations Tech-
nology Assessment
Acceptance of Aircraft
Operations Community
Noise
Subtotals
Effects of Air Force
Noises on Population
Surrounding Air Bases
295
130 50
NASA 504-29-01
504—29—11
DOD DF 313140
295
173
205
130
172
319
50
232
422
160
‘350
1’ o
;5o
378
491
654
510
510
32
0
0
Subtotals
32 0 0
-------
Table F-6
COMMUNITY OR COLLECTIVE RESPONSE
(Page 2 of 2 Pages)
Reported Funding, Thousands of Dollars
Agency Project No. Project Title Total Pri- FT FT FT FT F? FT F? F?
or to mi— 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
tial Year
Indicated
HTJD Evaluation of RUD 200 185
Noise Policies and
Guidelines
Effects of Noise on 225
Conm unity Development ______________________________________________
Subtotals 200 l0
EPA Effects of Noise on
Community Response
Related to Annoyance
Identification of En— 200
virornnental Noise
Levels for Determining
Cumulative Dose Expo-
sures for Different
Population Segments ________________________________________________
Subtotals 200
Totals for Community
or Collective Response 295 410 821 1,114 200 510
-------
Table F-7
DONE . IC ANIMALS AND WILDLIFE
(Page 1 of 1 Page)
Reported Funding, Thousands of Dollars
Agency Project No. Project Title Total Pri- FY F? F? FY F? F? F? F?
or to Ini— 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
tial Year
Indicated
DOA 0057475 The Effect of Noise x x x
SC00945 Pollution on the
Fowl
-------
Table F-S
MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGY AND CALIBRATION
(Page 1 of 4 Pages)
Reported Funding, Thousands of Dollars
Agency Project No. 2 Project Title 2 Total Pri- FY FY F? F? 1 F? F? VY FY
or to tnt— 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
tial Year
md icated
HEW!
Nr)SH Tni ;t:ri 1 Audioniet- 31 52 90
nc and e iripF
.‘atton Lec1molo y
Estimate,
?NIOSH does not use the tern “project” for thL3 level of research act ivi y.
-------
Table F-8
MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGY AND CALIBRATION
(Page 2 of 4 Pages)
Reported Funding, Thousands of Dollars
Agency Project No. Project Title Total Pri- FY F? F? FY F? F? FY FY
or to mi— 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
tial Year
Indicated
REW/ Measurement of Oc- 32 44 28
NIOSH cupational Noise
Subtotals 63 96 108
DOD’ DAOD-.6739 Research on Psycho- x 85 195
(USA) acoustical Problems
Medically Signifi-
cant to Army Aviation
DN—6l2l46 Airborne Noise Criteria 69 74
(USN) for Ships and Sub-
marines
DF 313020 Mechanisms of Noise Cen- 3 2
(USAF) eration and Reception
as Related to Air Force
Bioacoustic Programs
DF 313030 Bioseoustic Environments 92 68
of USAF Aerospace Systems
DF 317570 Bioenvironmental Noise 4
Research Program
‘DOD F? 75 data estimated the same as F? 74.
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Table F-8
MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGY AND CALIBRATION
(Page 3 of 4 Pages)
Reported Funding, Dollars
Agency Project No.
Project Title
Total Pri-
or to Ini-
tial Year
Indicated
FY FY FY FT FY FT FT FT
72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
DOD DF 314500
(USAP)
Development and Up-
dating of Air Force
Land Use Planning
Procedure with Respect
to Aircraft Noise
Measurement and Analysis
of Aircraft Noise En-
vironments for Develop-
ing New Air Force Pro-
cedures to Forecast
Noise Exposure
Subtotals
1 DOD FY 75 data estimated the same as FT 74
HUD
Bud Urban Noise Measure-
ment System
Development of Noise At-
tention Measures
117 263
175 50
.1
DF 316600
(USA F)
32
13 15
337 354 354
Subtotals
117 438 50
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Table F-8
MEASURthENT METHODOLOGY AND CALIBRATION
(Page 4 of 4 Pages)
Reported Funding, Thousands of Dollars
Agency Project No. Project Title Total Pri— FY F l Fl FY FT F? FY FT
or to mi— 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
tial Year
Indicated
NASA 504-29-Il Characterization of 532 409 404
V/STOL Noises
EPA Work at Instrumentation and 24 32 0
DOC/NBS Measurement Systems
for Noise Exposure of
Individuals
DOl/ s0144091 portable Calibration 0 15 0
BuMines Instrumentation for
AudiodO8imeter8 Feasi-
bility Study
Totals for Measurement
Methodology & Calibration 1,073 1,344 916
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APPENDIX C
ADDENDUM
This appendix is included in the interest of being complete. It
contains a project received too late to be incorporated into the report.
The project would have been considered in the measurement methodology
and calibration category. Fiscal data in the report do not reflect
the funding for this project.
c-I
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Prediction and Reduction of the Noise Impact
Within and Adjacent to Army Facilities
US Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory
Project No: 896—06—001 1 July 1974
3.. TECHNICAL OBJECTIVE : To develop methods to quantitatively predict
the noise pollution impact of Army operations, including blasting, he] &-
copter operations, industrial plants, ana transportation, on civilian
and military population. and to develop ana assess means to reduce the
noise impact of such operations.
2. APP ACH : In conjunction with other Army and governmental agencies
such as the Environmental Protection Agency, the means to predict the
noise Impact of Army activities and/or facilities will be created and
tested. The prediction will be a composite of all noise sources and will
form “equal noisiness” contours which can be overlayed upon land use maps
to graphically expose incompatible zones. Based upon the predictions,
operational and physical means to reduce the noise impact will be con-
sidered and evaluated for cost, effect upon Army operations, and effec—
tiv.nesa in noise mitigation.
3. PROGRESS : 73 07 to 74 06. The noise prediction model for blast noise
has been completed and initially tested. Field noise measurements have
been completed on the Army inventory for rotary wing aircraft. When ana—
lyzed, this data will go into the Tn—Service Aircraft Noise Impact Pre-
diction Computer Program and enhance the Army’s ability to predict noise
impact of rotary wing aircraft operations. Construction has begun on
‘ u ”ned noise nitoning equipment which will be placed in the environs
of a facility to test the noise impact prediction technique. Work has
been initiated to quantify the human reaction to blast noise into terms
and units recognizable and relatable to other noise sources.
4. OVERALL PLAN :
a. The mans to predict and reduce the noise impact of military f a—
cilities will be created. One physical measure will be used to rate all
of the various noise sources from the following classes:
(1) Blast noise;
(2) Fixed wing aircraft;
(3) Rotary wing aircraft;
G-2
-------
(4) Mobile equipment;
(5) Fixed equipment and installations.
To the extent applicable, measures recommended by the Federal Environmen-
tal Protection Agency will be employed.
b. This work is patterned after Air Force work on the prediction
of noise impact from fixed wing aircraft. Essentially an iterative
procedure must be followed for each of the above classes of sources
(except fixed wing which the Air Force has completed) in order to de-
velop an accurate prediction method.
c. Actually there are two predictions involved; physical and psy—
choacoustical with the psychoacoustical prediction based upon the results
of the physical prediction. Thus, in the iterative testing for accuracy
two specific tests must be employed; one for the overall physical pre-
diction, the other for the predicted psychoacoustical response of the
coimnunity.
d. The following program steps must occur within each class of
sources in order to create an accurate prediction submodel for that class.
(1) First of all, a trial noise impact model is created for the
class and a computer prediction program is created based upon the model.
Initial deficiencies in the data base are identified. These data de-
ficiencies are of two types: psychoacoustical data and physical data -
which include data about the source, the path, and the receiver.
(2) Documentation is prepared for the computer program explaining
its use. This documentation includes creation of a manual that informs
facilities of the manner in which they are to compile operational data
for subaiBsion into the computer program and subsequent generation of
impact contours, creation of an operations manual dealing with the use
and operation of the program, and creation of a programeers manual deal—
lng with the detailed program description such that other military ac-
tivities can implement the program at various data processing centers.
(3) Computer generated results are obtained for use by the various
Installations and for testing the accuracy of the prediction. Based
upon the prediction model and the computer program, a manual is created
80 that the facilities are able to interpret the computer results and
can understand the noise impact that their facility creates.
(4) Electronic instrumentation is created which monitors the phy-
sical (acoustical) energy arriving to various points In space. This
measured energy Is compared with the physical prediction. Discrepancies
in the prediction dictate the need for alteration of the model and the
need for additional physical data.
-------
(5) Cotanunity surveys are conducted to assess the community re-
sponse to its acoustical environment. The results of the surveys are
compared with the prediction of the community response. Discrepancies
in the prediction dictate the need for alteration of the model and the
need for additional paychoacoustical data.
(6) A manual is prepared on the means to lessen adverse noise
impact.
(a) These means include a variety of methods such as scheduling
changes, location of changes, orientation changes, equipment changes,
attenuation structures, attenuation devices, and land use changes.
(b) All of the mitigation methods are evaluated with respect to
the attributes of ability to reduce noise impact, cost, and impact on
Army programs.
e. As the submodels for the various classes of sources are created
and tested they will be combined into a single overall prediction model
with its associated computer program and implementation manuals. These
manuals are similar in nature to the manuals described above but deal
with the entire prediction rather than subclass.
5. WORK TO BE ACCOMPLISttrv IN FT 75 :
(1) Analysis and reduction of physical data including:
(a) Correlation of 20,000 blast data with 800 weather—sound velo-
city data points. (December 1975)
(b) Reduction of rotary wing data into raw 1/3 octave data and
into units which correlate with hn ii response. (April 1975)
(2) Mapt and create software for using complete rotary wing air-
craft data using the Air Force Program as a point of beginning. (Air
Force Program only considers frequency above 50 liz - helicopter may
peak at about 25 liz.) (February 1 .975)
(3) Psychoacoustical tests and data analysis including:
(a) Results of rotary wing test. (December 1974)
(b) Results of pilot blast noise teats. (January 1974)
(4) User aan l to describe form and presentation of helicopter
data to the computer from the installation will be created. (July 1975)
(5) Progra er and operations docu’ entation of the blast noise
computer program (contour portion) will be created. (February 1975)
G-4
-------
(6) As a special consideration of mobile sources, the effects of
traffic noise to residential (barracks and family housing) structures
(quantified in distance from traffic areas will be considered using HUD
data as a base or point of beginning). (June 1975)
(7) Testing of the physical blast noise prediction will be imple-
mented by:
(a) Constructing measuring system (same as being built f or EPA) —
our testing equipment will include blast monitoring capabilities while
EPA’s will not. (January 1975)
(b) Test of the system in the field and evaluation of monitoring
results. This will be an on—going activity with periodic evaluations.
(8) Set up for new blast measurement to explore the effects of
different climate and terrain. The measurements will take place in
F! 76. (July 1975)
(9) Initiate by contract community surveys to assess the response
to facility blast noise. (March 1975)
6. WORK TO BE ACCOMPLISHED IN FY 76 :
(1) Results of initial social survey/community response with re—
apect to blast noise. (January 1977)
(2) Results of blast noise psychoacoustical tests. (January 1977)
(3) Inclusion of vehicular and fixed sources. (All Year)
(4) Additional blast and possible rotary—wing measurements. (All
year, including analysis)
(5) Implementation of blast noise and rotary wing aircraft classes
with the DOD manual (omit vehicle and fixed noise sources). (All Year)
(6) Continued base monitoring to test physical prediction. (All
Year)
(7) Preliminary attenuation and mitigation work with respect to
blast noise and rotary wing aircraft. (All Year)
G- 5
-------
7. Funding S” ry (Dollars in Thousands)
Co it- To
ment FY74 FY75 FY76 FY77 FY78 FY79 Ccm p1ete
CF? . 1 CT! BY! BFY+1 BFY+2 BFY+3
In— 195 175 250 250 250 250
House
mit—of- 35 75 45 45 45 80
House
Other 20 10 85 80 80 80
250 260 380 375 375 375 450
C-6
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Ins. tyuct ions on the reverse before completing)
2.
3. RECIPIENTS ACCESSIO(*NO.
Research
5. REPORT DATE
March 1975
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
Effects Research Panel
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
NAME AND ADDRESS
Effects Research Panel (RD—681)
and Development
Agency
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO. —
1GBO9O
if. CONTRACT/GRANT No.
AND ADDRESS
Agency
and Development
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14.SPONSORINGAGENCYCODE
R. Cordle, 202—755—0448
of noise on the public health and welfare are described,
in necessary knowledge of those effects are identified
and eight categories for analyzing noise effects research
current Federal research programs are summarized for each
Research Panel through its collective knowledge of the
research has identified specific research areas which
emphasis in order to provide accurate and thorough information
The Panel concluded that the current programs need
instances expanded support in order to provide necessary
effects of noise. Some areas of concern which are not
addressed are also identified.
KEY WORDSANDDOCUMENTANALYSIS
PTORS b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
C. COSATI Field/Group
sociopsychological Noise effects
Surveys Federal noise research
Physiology coordination
Speech
Disturbance)
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
2001
1406
0510
0616
21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220.1 (3-73)
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APPENDIX G
Federal Machinery Noise Research, Development, and
Demonstration: FY73 —FY75, Report EPA-600/2-7 5-008,
Prepared by Interagency Machinery Noise Research Panel,
May 1975
-------
EPA -600/2 -15-008
MAY 1915
Environmental Protection Technology Series
Federal Machinery
Noise
Research,
Development and Demonstration:
Office of Research end Development
U.S. Environment. I Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
FY73-75
-------
RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development,
Environmental Protection Agency, have been grouped into five series.
These five broad categories were established to facilitate further
development and application of environmental technology. Elimination
of traditional grouping was consciously planned to foster technology
transfer and a maximum interface in related fields. The five series
are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
TECIIIOLOCY series. This series describes research performed to
develop and demonstrate instrumentation, equipment and methodology
to repair or prevent environmental degradation from point and non-
point sources of pollution. This work provides the new or improved
technology required for the control and treatment of pollution sources
to meet environmental quality standards.
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Research and Development.
Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the
views and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names or cotanercial products constitute endorsement
or reconinendation for use.
-------
Report 600/2-75-008
May 1975
FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE RESEARCH,
DEVELOPMENT AND DEM( 4STRATION
PROGRAMS: FY73 - FY 75
Prepared by
Interag .ncy Machinery Noise Research Panel
ROAP/TASK 21AXV
Program Element No. 1GBO9O
Project Office:
Noise Technology Staff
Office of Research & Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
Prepared for
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research & Development
Washington, D.C. 20460
-------
ABSTRACT
The Interagency Machinery Noise Research Panel was established
by the Environmental Protection Agency to aid EPA in fulfilling its
responsibility for coordinating the Federal noise research activities.
As its initial task, the Panel prepared this report sununarizing the
Federal government’s machinery noise research, development, and demon-
stration activities. The Federal agencies which sponsor and/or conduct
the major portion of these activities are represented on the panel.
They are Department of Defense, National Bureau of Standards, National
Science Foundation, Bureau of Mines, National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health, and EPA. Department of Labor is also represented.
Other agencies which sponsor machinery noise RJX D are the Department
of Agriculture and Consimier Product Safety Coimnission. The report
contains brief descriptions and fiscal data for the agencies’ activities.
nphasis is on fiscal years 1973 through 1975. Also included are
references and bibliographies of reports and publications which have
resulted from the Federal machinery noise RD&D activities.
iii
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT jjj
TABLES vi
1 • 0 INTROIXICTION 1
1.1 Purpose and Scope 2
1.2 Sources of Machinery Noise 3
1.3 Impact of Machinery Noise 6
1.4 Private Sector Efforts in Machinery Noise RD&D 6
2.0 DESCRIF ION OF FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE RD&D 9
2.1 Department of Defense 9
2.2 Department of CoitsnercefNational Bureau of Standards 17
2.3 National Science Foundation 18
2.4 Department of Interior/Bureau of Mines 24
2.5 National Institute for Occupational Safety 27
and Health
2.6 Environmental Protection Agency 29
2.7 Consumer Product Safety Covnnission 30
2.8 Department of Agriculture 31
2.9 Bibliography of Federally Supported Machinery RD&D 31
3.0 ANALYSIS OF FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE R] D 37
3.1 Source Noise Control Technology 37
3.2 Building and Structural Noise Transmission 42
and Control
3.3 Measurements and Measurement Methodologies 44
4.0 SUWARY AND CONCLUSIONS 47
5.0 LIST OF REFERENCES 49
6.0 APPENDICES 51
Appendix A Glossary of Agency Acronyms 53
Appendix B Machinery Noise Panel Members 55
Appendix C Noise Abatement Research by Trade 57
Associations
Appendix D Machinery Noise Literature Search 71
Sunmary
Appendix E Industrial Machinery Noise Levels 83
Appendix F References (within Appendices) 109
Appendix G List of Tables (within Appendices) 11].
V
-------
TA3IZS
Table No. Title
1.1 Eza p1es of Industrial Machinery Noise Source. 4
1.2 Other Machinery Noise Sources 5
2.1 Machinery Noise RDW Funding by Agency 10
2.2 USA WRDC Machinery Noise RDM) 14
2.3 NBS Machinery Noise RDW (In-house) 17
2.4 NSF Sponsored Machinery Noise RDW 19
2.5 Bureau of Mines Machinery Noise RD6I) 25
2.6 Su ry of NIOSU Supported Machinery 28
Noise RDW
2.7 EPA Machinery Noise EDW 29
2.8 CPSC Machinery Noise RD6I) 30
3.1 Su ry by Area of Machinery Noise RD6L) 38
3.2 Current Agency Invol,eaent in Areas of 38
Machinery Noise RDW
3.3 Source Noise Control Technology 39
3.4 Building & Structural Noise Transaiss ion 43
and Control
3.5 Machinery Noise Msasure.ents and 45
Msa.ure ent Methodologies
vi
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1.0 INTROJ1JcTI0N
EPA has established four noise research panels consisting of
representatives from Government departments and agencies to provide
informational exchange, a forum for interagency discussion, and advice
to aid EPA in its role as the coordinator of Federal noise research in
accordance with the Noise Control Act of 1972. The panels and panel
membership reflect the major thrusts of the Federal noise research
programs as follows:
Noise Research Panel Current Agency Membership*
Aircraft NASA, DOT, DOD, HUD, DOC, EPA
Surface Vehicles DOT, HUD, DOD, DCC (NBS), EPA
Noise Effects HEW (NINDS, NIOSH, NIEHS), DOT,
NSF, HUD, NASA, DOD, DCL, DOC(NBS),
EPA
Machinery** HEW (NIOSH), DCI (Bureau of
Mines), DOT, DOD, DCL, DOC,(NBS),
EPA
These panels provide the formal mechanisms for interagency consid-
eration review and assessment of research in the four technical areas.
The primary functions of the panels in their respective areas are:
- Review and assessment of the state of science and technology
relating to noise.
- Review and assessment of the status of noise research and
technology development.
- Identification of technology gaps and research needs.
— Preparation of reco nendations concerning ongoing research
activities.
- Reconm endations of noise research programs and projects and
methods for accomplishments.
For the purposes of this report, the term ‘ achinery” includes all
mechanical devices not classified as aircraft or surface vehicles.
* Glossary of Agency Acronyms in Appendix A.
** List of Machinery Panel Members in Appendix B.
1
-------
) chinsry then maana not Only industrial machinery, but also household
appliances, toys, sama Construction equipment, electronic devices and
equipment, office machines, gardening and power tools, furnaces and air
conditioner.. As the panel is concerned with noise reduction in general,
thi, report will also deal with research on structural transmission of
nOise and building acoustics, and the use of noise control materials.
1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE
This is the first report prepared by the Machinery Noise Research
Panel. It presents a s’ ry of current Federal programs and projects
which seek to understand and control machinery noise. To view these
Federal efforts from a proper perspective, the report also addresses:
- source. of machinery noise
- i act of machinery noise
- private sector efforts in machinery noise RD&D
Thi. report does not address:
- the state of technology for controlling machinery noise
- research needs in machinery noise
- adequacy of current Federal R.D&D
- role of the Federal Govertmient in machinery noise RD&D
This doc .ut also will be used by the Enviro ntal Protection
Agency in preparing a report to satisfy Section 4(c)(3) of the Noise
Control Act of 1972. EPA is required to report on the status and prog-
ress of Federal activities relating to noise research and control and
to assess the contribution of such activities to the Federal Goverimant ‘S
overall efforts to control noise.
Activity for fiscal year (F!) 1974 ii emphasized, program continua-
tion through F! 1975 is noted where possible, and funding and work
carried out during FT 1973 is reported. The data on which the report is
based cem from two sources: Agencies’ responses to a 1974 request
fran EM on Federal noise activities and information supplied by the
panel members in 1974. Although the data are current as of the end of
1974 and fairly complete, there are variations in the ways agencies
calculate the costs of overhead for their Lu-house research. Thus,
ca arisons between agencies’ reported fiscal data are not exact.
2
-------
The fiscal data are also incomplete. First, much of the DOD
Research Development and Demonstration (RD&D) on machinery noise
is classified for national security reasons. However, general re-
search areas and the extent of overall funding is reported. Secondly,
NSF carries out research only through unsolicited grants. Thus, it
Is impossible for NSF to predict what research proposals may be
received and funded.
Conclusions and rec nmendatIons made in this report are the
collective opinions of the panel members and do not necessarily
represent their agencies’ policies.
1.2 SOURCES OF MkCHINERY NOISE
Considering the definition of machinery used in this report,
there are literally countless sources of machinery noise to which
people are exposed. Machinery is found in almost every human environ-
ment. In general, exposures in the industrial occupational environment
are the most severe in terms of both level and duration. Examples of
some machinery noise levels in the worst industries are shown in Table
1.1. It should be noted that these levels are only representative.
Many parameters, such as manufacturer, working material, size of the
machinery, etc. can affect the noise level. Appendix E, which makes
no attempt to be all-inclusive, Identifies 357 machines in 20
Industries.
Machinery noise also occurs in the home, in hospitals, in office
and residential buildings, and in the conmiunIty. Some general
categories of sources include appliances, building equipment, power
tools, and toys. Examples of these sources and their noise levels
are shown in Table 1.2.
As specified in the Section 5 of the Noise Control Act of 1972
(Public Law 92—574, 86 Stat. 1234), the first step toward promulgation
of noise standards for new products is identification of those products
which are major sources of noise. On June 21, 1974, EPA designated
portable air compressors rated above 2.124 cubIc meters (75 cubic feet)
per minute and medium and heavy duty trucks as major sources of noise.
The designation was based on “air compressors as the major source of
sound energy and the most widely used product among pieces of construc-
tion equipment contributing to construction site noise” (after medium
and heavy duty trucks). (Ref. 1)* The designation was based on
environmental noise impact and not occupational noise impact, which
is principally concerned with hearing loss.
* For references, see Section 5.0
3
-------
Table 1 • 1 EXAZIH.ES OF INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY NOISE SOURCES
INDUSTRY TYPE SOURCE NOISE LEVEL (dBA)*
onatruction Equipment Air Conpreesor 81
15.2 meters (50 feet) Jack 1i er 88
Cenerator 78
Pile Driver 101
Crane-Derrick 88
Back Hoe 85
Rock Drill 98
Pneumatic Tools 85
Metal Working Machinery Drop Hmera 111
(Operator position) Punch Presses 107
Riveting Machines 117
Chipping Machines 127
Wood Working Machinery Planers 108
(Operator position) Save 111
Molders 99
Tenoners 95
Textile Maaafactur ing Looms 102
Machinery Co ing Machines 95
(Operator position) Reducing Machines 96
Bleaching, Dying and 100
Finishing Machinery
N(JZE: Levels are only representative.
* References and a more co rehensive list are found in Appendices
E and F.
4
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Table 1.2 OTHER MACHINERY NOISE SOURCES
CATEGORY TYPE SOURCE NOISE LEVEL (dBA )
Home Appliance Vacuum Cleaner 73
.985 meters Clothes Drier 63
(3 feet) Dish Washer 65
(Ref. 2) Shop Tools 83
Sewing Machine 73
Waste Disposal 78
Food Blender 75
Electric Can Opener 66
Air Conditioner 58
I.C. Engine Powered Lawn Mowers 72
Tools 15.2 meters Chain Saws 83
(50 feet) Snow Blowers 85
(Ref. 3) Lawn Edges 78
Tillers 69
Garden Tractors 75
NOrE: Levels are only representative.
5
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1 • 3 n cr OF MACHINERY NOISE
General agreement exists that hearing loss is the most severe
health effect of long term exposure to noise. EPA has estimated that
a. many as 25 million American workers have been exposed to noise
potentially hazardous to their hearing. Noise fron machinery sources
in industry has been shown to affect work performance, cause short term
physiological changes, and interfere with warning signals. (Ref. 4)
Estltes of the costs for reducing occupational noise to levels of
marginal protection against hearing loss run into billions of dollars.
(Ref. 5) However, these estimates are crude at best and little data
exist to adequately define the extent of the machinery noise problem in
the occupational enviromeent and to assess the availability and cost of
technology for industrial noise control. The available data do
indicate that the problem is cci lex in terms of the vast number of
different machines in use, severe in terms of nuithera of people exposed
to hazardous levels of noise, and costly in terms of available control
technology.
Although noise exposures in industrial enviromsents are the most
severe, machinery sources can impact significantly in other envirouments.
Machinery noise may disturb sleep, annoy, interfere with activities, and
contribute to fatigue and irritation in residential, hospital, office,
or recreational enviromeents. (Ref. 4) EPA has estimated that 13
million people presently reside in areas where noise levels exceed those
potentially hazardous to hearing.
The vast n*m er of machines involved, the large number of people
affected, and the costs involved in control of machinery noise would
suggest the need for a concerted Federal involvement in this area.
1.4 PRIVATE SECTOR EFFO S IN MACHINERY NOISE RD&D
The sheer magnitude of the noise sources and levels in industrial
machinery alone suggest that imich research would be going on in the
private sectOr to develop more cost effective noise control technology.
The Machinery Noise Research Panel felt than an indication of the RD&J)
being carried out by industry was needed to determine the Federal
Coverient’s role in machinery noise RD&D. The panel, however, identi-
fied maJor problems of data acquisition on private sector work due to
the proprietary nature of most industry RD&D and the large i her of
firms. Trade associations were suggested as an initial way of obtaining
an indication of machinery noise research supported by industry.
6
-------
Consequently, a number of trade associations were contacted and
a literature search was conducted for the period 1971-1974. The
details of the results are reported in Appendices C and D. The con-
clusions are as follows:
Noise Abatement Research by Trade Associations - Trade associations are
not considered a source for large amounts of quantitized data on noise
sources, noise levels and noise treatment technology. However, most of
the associations are aware of the noise problems within their industries
and are keeping abreast of existing and new noise regulations.
Machinery Noise Literature Search - In a literature search which covered
the period 1971-1974, 321 publications were identified as pertinent to
machinery noise. The abstracts provided virtually no technical
information which could be used in assessing noise levels, noise
reduction techniques, or effectiveness of the application of control
technology. A distribution of over 20 industries showed that seven
industries had no publications at all and seven industries had less
than ten each. The majority of the publications were either concentrated
in the other six industries or could not be classified. It can be con-
cluded that for most industries there is not much public reporting of
machinery noise research results.
In sln rtAry, it appears that trade associations are not conducting
imich research on machinery noise and other industry research will most
likely be proprietary. The literature search showed that for most
industries there were few publications in the period 1971-1974. There-
fore, there is not much ongoing private sector research which will
produce publicly available machinery noise control technology.
7
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2.0 DESCRIPTION OF FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE RD&D
Table 2.1 shows that eight Federal agencies, including two compo-
nents of DOD, are sponsoring machinery noise research. The Navy by far
has the largest activity, with about a million dollars per year spent
in the machinery noise area. However, the results of this research are
classified and thus are not currently publicly available. The other
agencies’ in FY 74 together spent a total of more than 2 million dollars
on machinery noise RD&D. The total Federal effort has been in the range
of 2 to 3 million dollars per year and appeared to peak in FY 74. A
brief description of each agency ‘a activities is presented below.
2.1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
The DOD research effort in machinery noise reduction follows the
traditional methods of establishing criteria, determining the noise
producing mechanisms, and developing techniques to reduce such noise.
This effort is supplemented, when reduction of the source itself is not
possible, by mitigation through use of structural damping, resilient
mounts, and the use of acoustical transmission loss and absorptive
materials.
The major DOD effort is in the Department of the Navy, in particular
Naval Sea Systems Commiand. This work addresses the quieting of ships
to avoid detection, improve sonar listening, and reduce susceptibility
of ships to acoustically actuated weapons and energy detection systems.
Other DOD efforts are conducted by the Army on various pieces of military
equipment. Various military standards: MIL-STD-740 (Ref. 6), which covers
naval machinery; NTh-STD-1474 (Ref. 7), which covers Army Material Command
equipmsnt; and MIL -D-008806B (Ref. 8), which covers Air Force equipment
aboard aircraft, provide guidance in how to measure noise and standards
of acceptability.
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Table 2.1 M&CHDIERY NOISE RD&D FUNDINO BY AGENCY
(Thousands of Dollars)
FY73 FY74 FY75
AGENCY
D0I/Bureau of Nines 337 528 7301
DOC/NBS 138 264 265
H /NIOSH 162 226 138
NSF 243 356 -
EPA 60 230 100
DOD/USN 3 - - -
DOD/USA 178 490 2451
CPSC 0 70 0
USM 0 20 92
972 2,184 1,570
Projected
2 Thie figure does not reflect $60.5K funded in F! 72 for work done in
FY 73.
3
Navy funding for specific RD&D activities in Machinery Noise cannot
be reported for security reasons. However, the total effort in this
area is about $1 million each year.
2.1.1 U.S. Navy
In addition to the various military standards mentioned above, noise
level requirements are frequently stated in the individual shipbuilding
specifications for items of special interest. While the Navy effort is
primarily concerned with radiated and sonar self—noise, such effort re-
sults in quieter machinery. The principal noise offenders are those
associated with propulsion plants. These include internal coubustion
engines, gears, valves, and auxiliaries such as pu s, motors, generators,
etc.
Diesel Engines - The most serious noise producing machinery item is the
diesel engine. Neise levels in the vicinity of unquieted diesels as high
as 125 dM are not unc on. These noises are caused by the exhaust,
piston impact, valves and other moving parts. Significant reductions
have been obtained as a result of research in imzffler design, use of
heavier engine parts, lining of intake ducting, acoustical cladding and
enclosures. Because noise levels generally increase primarily with speed
10
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and to a lesser extent with increase in bore, stroke, and number of
cylinders, slower engines are used where feasible.
Hydraulic Systems - Extensive research is being conducted on hydraulic
system noise reduction. In addition to the work on specific components
such as pimips and valves, studies are being conducted on acoustical
filters, flexible pipe connections, pipe hangers, and pipe damping.
Handbooks are under development to (a) sinmnarize all physical, acoustical
and usage data on flexible pipes and hose connections, and (b) depict the
design of noise reducing pipe hangers.
Pneumatic Machinery - Pneumatic machinery is quieted by a combination of
damping and careful machining of components.
Rotating Electrical Machinery - Rotating electrical machinery produces
noise of three types: mechanical, airflow and magnetic. The mechanical
noise can be reduced by careful balancing of the rotors, control of
clearances, and lubrication. Brush noise is controlled by using holders
of damped material, proper tightening, bearing brushes, polishing o
co itators, and correction of eccentricity of slip rings or conmiutators.
Balancing rings are used to facilitate balancing. Air flow noise is
essentially fan noise and is discussed in a following paragraph. Magnetic
noise, which is caused by variations in the magnetic path, can also be
reduced by careful balancing.
Electronic Equipment - Generally noise from electronic equipment is air-
flow related. The air flow causes vibration of internal components such
as elements on circuit boards as well as the items discussed under fan
noise. Electronic cabinets, because of their light weight, are quick
to resonate. Research is underway to determine the proper applications
of air intake and exhaust nn.ifflers, quiet fans, and damping to reduce
this noise source.
Sound Path Iaolators - Ideally, noise should be reduced by controlling
the source, the component itself. If thi8 cannot be done adequately,
there is the problem of transmission by a structureborne path and sub-
sequent reradiation. Structureborne transmission of noise can be reduced
by the proper use of resilient mounts and mounting material. Mounts
have been developed from various types of distributed isolation materials
(DIM) and with capacities up to 4,536 kilograms (10,000 pounds). These
are c ercially available. Research on mounts is in process to improve
the resistance of the material to deterioration from ozone and oil and
from very high ambient temperatures. Reduction in structureborne paths
is also achieved through the use of structural damping. Damping reduces
the amplitude of vibration at the resonant frequency of the structure.
Damping materials developed under Navy sponsorship are also widely used
in non-Navy applications and are ccsmnercially available. Research is
continuing to develop damping materials suitable for higher temperatures
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and heavier plate. A design handbook i. being prepared for damped
foundat ions.
Gas Turbines - Turbine noise results from many sources including
unbalanc. of the rotor, motion of th. rotor blades past the stator
blades, and flow through the exhaust and intake ducts. Silencing has
been achieved through the use of microbalancing of the rotor, damping
of the turbine blades, damping of the reduction gear casing, lining of
air intake, and use of splitters and septa in the air intake. In
addition, acoustical enclosures have been developed to silence the
entire turbine. Reductions of 40 to 50 dB have been obtained in the
speech interference bands (500, 1,000, 2,000 Hz octave bands).
Compressors - Research is underway to investigate the noise sources
associated with compressors and the application of available noise
reduction techniques. These include investigation of pulsation dampers,
blowdown silencers, and opt1i nn mounting methods.
Fans - Fans used in.ventilation systems and other equipment are
principal noise producers. Fan noise is generally tonal at the blade
passage frequency or one of its harmonics. It is caused by the blades
passing close to the machine structure. It can become particularly
serious if the housing or the ventilation ductwork is excited to
resonance. Research is being conducted in fan blades, and knowledge
obtained from ptunp Impeller design is being applied to quiet fan noise.
Gears - Gear noise is characterized by broadband noise with a number of
discrete tones. These are the various harmonics of the gear speed,
with those corresponding to aiiltiples of the pinion speed frequency and
the tooth contact frequency most prominent. Factors which affect the
generation of gear noise include unbalance and eccentricity, improper
tooth shape and spacing, helix error, improper alignment, deflection
under load, lubricant p miping, tooth friction, bearing reaction, etc.
Gear noise has been significantly reduced by more precise machining
(removal of burrs, grooves, high spots, etc.), care in alignment, and
assuring the removal of any foreign material from the lubricant.
Research continues through the use of computer analysis. Further
reductions in airborne noise levels are anticipated through use of
Improved damping, case hardening, and the application of transmission
loss treatments to the housing.
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Valves - Valves are noise sources because abrupt changes in flow contours
cause increased turbulence levels. Valve types have been rated in order
of increasing noise generation as follows: plug, gate, check, globe, and
diaphragm. The use of frictional reactive elements has greatly reduced
valve noise. Research continues through use of mathematical modeling
to further decrease valve noise.
Pumps - A pump accelerates a mass of fluid from a region of low pressure
to higher pressure. This acceleration is accompanied by an opposing
force on the housing. If the acceleration is smooth and uninterrupted,
what little noise is produced is due primarily to flow interaction. An
axial flow pump most closely approaches such conditions but its internal
components generate noise. A centrifugal pump is also an inherently
quiet design but noise is generated at blade frequencies. Piston pumps
add noise because of the gears themselves. All mechanical pumps are
subject to noise from leaks at some shaft seals. Noise control has been
achieved by selecting the quietest usuable type pump. Research is being
conducted to determine more accurately the characteristics -of the pump
noise and to develop quiet new components. In particular, impeller
design modifications for centrifugal pumps are being studied.
Noise Criteria - Naval research is also underway to develop improved
measuring techniques to simplify procedures and to permit measurement of
equipment noise in any space configuration in manufacturing plants. The
measurement technique will permit noise levels at the operator’s position
to be determined regardless of the environment and proximity of other
machines.
2.1.2 DOD/U.S. Army/MERDC
The Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Center (NERDC)
at Ft. Belvoir, Va., has several noise reduction projects which are
listed in Table 2.2. These are briefly described below.
Portable Equipment - A 17 cubic meter per minute (QI ) (600 CFM) portable
air compressor and three mobile electric generators (1.5W, 30 KW, and
60 KW) are being addressed in current programs. The compressor project
cost $98K in FY 73. The two larger generators were funded at $80K in
PY 73 with a supplement of $50K in FY 74. Because the smaller generator
project has just begun, the funding has not been determined. The goal
f or the larger portable electric generators was to obtain a reduction
from the present 93—94 dBA at 7.6 meters (25 feet) to the middle of the
70-80 dBA range. So far, the program has accomplished a reduction to
76-77 dBA at 7.6 meters (25 feet). The smaller (1.5KW) generator
project has already achieved a prototype with a noise level of 60-64
dM at 3.05 meters (10 feet). It is said to be practically inaudible
at 30.5 meters (100 feet).
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Table 2 • 2 U MERDC N&CHINERY NOISE RD&D
F! Funding ($K)
Investigator FY73 F! 74 F! 75
Portable Equipusent
Co ressor Noise Control Martin-Marietta 98
Laboratories and
Lord Corporation
Electric Generator Noise Control 80 50
Air Conditioner Noise Control In-house 400 2001
Equipsient Noise Survey & In-house
Evaluation 2
Military Standard Engines,
Manifold
Maffler 4
Rock Drill, Crawler Mounted
22 ( Crane- Shovel 4
4.536 tric ton (5 ton) crane, wheeled
Cinpressor 17 (600 cf* 2/6V-71N engine 4
1.7 (60 cfa) .46 kg/c (6.5 psi) co ressor
21.2 (750 cfa) co ressor
Mixer, Rototiller 5
Radial ar
211 kg/c (3000 psi), .425 c (15 cfsi) co ressor 4
Concrete Saw
Map Printing Van
Hydraulic Noise 3
TQrALc 178 450 20&
1 Funding approved for future years
‘Nou.(n*l in-house funding, not dedicated to noise
3 Work carried out relative to surface vehicles but applicable to
aachinery noise. Covered in surface vehicle report. (Ref. 9)
4 prior to FT 73
5 operator position only
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Air Conditioners - A program has been initiated to reduce the noise
level of military standard air conditioners below the speech inter-
ference levels of MIL —STD-1474. (Ref. 7) Work will include redesign of
components, evaluation of mounting techniques, and other installation
and application methods. The goal of the program is to reduce the
noise levels of the units to approximately 55 cIBA, 57 dB PSIL-4, or
NC-60 (approximately equivalent levels).
Equipment Noise Survey and Evaluation - MERDC has also surveyed and
partially evaluated the noise levels of a variety of other machinery
including military standard engines, rockdrill, crane-shovel, 4.536
metric ton (5 ton) crane, compressor, rototiller mixer, radial arm saw,
concrete saw, ditcher, and map printing press. The work has been
performed with nominal in-house funding, not dedicated to noise. The
survey was concerned with both operator noise exposure and noise levels
measured at 15.2 meter i (50 feet).
Hydraulic Equipment - MERDC has had two projects on hydraulic pumps and
systems in vehicles. These projects are covered in the surface vehicle
panel report (Ref. 9) but the hydraulic equipment is identical to that
used in many industrial applications. Major efforts involved isolating
mounts and covering up components, but further basic work was needed.
The initial approach was to try to select a “quiet” pump, but it was
determined that there were no satisfactory standards for measuring
p rip noise. Work was done in conjunction with Oklahoma State University
(OSU) and the National Fluid Power Association (NFPA) to develop a
procedure which has subsequently been submitted to the International
Organization of Standardization (ISO). As the vehicle studies progress-
ad, it became apparent that although most pumps are rated by their air-
borne noise levels, the real problem is the “noise” that is fluidborne and
released downstream at the hoses,, valves, and reservoirs. Levels reached
the equivalent of over 200 dBA. It is interesting to note that in
either case the noise is more adversely dependent upon the shaft speed
than system pressure, but this is more true for fluidborne noise. In
this study, no attempt was made to develop a “quiet” pump but rather
to give an effective means to tradeoff performance parameters in order
to reduce noise. Present work generally has been to study the phenomenon
of noise in hydraulic systems. This will continue in the future along
with the development of practical means to reduce noise.
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2.1.3 DOD/U.S. Army/CERL
The U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL)
has a single project dealing with measurenent methodology for construc-
tion sites. Funding was $40Kin FY 74 and $45K in FT 75.
Construction Noise: Specification and Control
a. Background information and data will be compiled into a manual for
a n ber of different task areas, which include the noise to be
expected from construction sites as a function of the various phases
and types of construction, vn specifications and regulations
dealing with construction sit, noise, methods to measure the noise
of construction sites, background information indicating the need
for attention to noise itted from construction sites, information
dealing with the means to lessen the noise impact, and information
and data relating to the cost effectiveness of these noise attenua-
tion aen . Specifications will be prepared which will be appro-
priate for different types of construction or localities.
Various measurement methods will be investigated for their appro-
priatatess in testing for compliance with standards and establishing
the noise from construction sites. Existing methods to attenuate
noise emitted fro, construction sites, specifically alternate equip-
ment, alternate methods, and physical attenuation will be reviewed.
b. New methods will be developed to mitigate the noise impact of con-
struction sites with particular emphasis on the current and near
future problems of military construction. The cost effectiveness
will be determined for the various alternative means to attenuate
the noise impact of construction sites.
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2.2 NATIONAL BURL(U OF STANDARDS
NBS has research activities both in building acoustics and in
development of measurement methodologies for sources of machinery
noise. A su ary of the funding for these activities is shown in
Table 2.3.
Table 2.3
NBS MACHINERY NOISE RD&I)
(In-house)
FY Funding ($K )
73 74 75
Activity — — —
Building Acoustics 97 144 145
Machinery Noise Measurement Methods 41 120 120
TOTALS 138 264 265
Building Acoustics - This activity’s objectives are: 1) Izqprove
present methodologies for measuring noise isolation provided by
barriers, terrain, vegetation, and building shells. 2) Provide tech-
niques for predicting sound propagation from exterior noise sources
into occupied spaces. 3) Evaluate engineering data and information
to assist designers in providing protection against noise of exterior
origin. 4) Improve present measurement methodologies for measuring
and controlling noise generation and propagation between rooms as
well as building equipment noise, in order to provide essential,
technically reliable noise control measurement procedures to industry
and government.
The specific approaches will be to: I) Develop new or improved
measurement methodology for assessing noise generation and propaga-
tion within rooms, buildings, and building equipment noise. 2) Charac-
terize the force spectra of “typical” sources of impact excitation,
such as footsteps and characteriZe the vibratory and acoustic response
of structural elements for specified excitations. Coithine to yield
predictions of the response and radiation of floor-ceiling models
for “typical” impact excitation. Subject results to experimental
verification. 3) Study human response to transient intrusive noises
with the objective of correlating physical measures of noise with
17
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related subjective measures of acceptability or annoyance. 4) De-
velop new and earlier measurement methodologies for field measurement
of airborne noise propagation between adjacent rooms and compare and
extend by analysis and experiment.
Nachinery Noise Measurement Methods - This activity will determine the
adequacy of present measurement standards for the determination of
sound power emitted by noise sources, and develop measurement methods
and improvements of these standards in order to reduce measurement
errors. A critical review of present American and international
measurement standards is being conducted in order to assess the ade-
quacy of these standards for the determination of sound power emitted
by noise sources. The technical coninunity and governmental regula-
tory agencies will be advised of the consequences of this critical
review, and changes in the measurement procedures will be suggested
as indicated. In order to gain direct familiarity with these pro-
cedures, they are being tried using the NBS reverberation room and
anechoic cha er facilities. It is intended that by these means
both industry and government will be provided a sound technical basis
for the regulation and labeling of noise emissions from a variety
of products.
2.3 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
NSF supports fourteen grants in various areas of machinery noise
research. Sources addressed include heat exchangers, pipelines, in-
dustrial processes, ducts, nozzles, cotthustion noise, diesel engines,
appliances, and machine tools. Control of the noise path is addressed
in several grants on noise propagation, transmission, and absorption.
Finally, NSF has funded a grant for computer prediction of noise
levels in manufacturing areas. Titles and funding for each project
are found in Table 2.4.
Flow-Induced Vibration and Noise in Heat Exchangers - The friction
loss, performance, vortex shedding, plate vibration and noise genera-
tion in a tubular heat exchanger surface with slotted fins (such as
in dry cooling towers) installed in a low turbulence, subsonic wind
tunnel will be studied. The loss across the test core and the ampli-
tudes and frequencies of the vortex shedding from perforated holes,
plate vibrations and noise generated will be measured and correlated
with a theoretical model as functions of the governing parameters.
These results will be used to determine the mechanisms which cause
flow-induced plate vibration and noise generation; the relationship
between the friction coefficient and the flow-induced oscillations;
the influence of perforated hole arrangements, in-line and staggered
patterns; and the effects of physical parameters, such as the surface
and frontal porosities and the flow length to hydraulic diameter ratio,
on the flow-induced oscillations.
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Table 2.4 NSF SPONSORED MACHINERY NOISE RD&D
Recipient FY Funding ($K)’
Project Title Institution
Flow-Induced Vibration and Noise University of Michigan 65.42
in Heat Exchangers
Cavitation Damage Scale Effects Colorado State University
for Sudden Enlargements in Pipelines 2 -
Research Initiation — Impact Mechanics Pennsylvania State 17 -
and the Generation of Impulsive Sound University
Basic and Applied Studies of Noise Stanford University 87 -
Attenuation of High-Intensity Sound Syracuse University 0 26
in a Condensing Vapor
4
Combustion Generated Noise Georgia Institute of - -
Technology
Controlling the Noise Radiated from Purdue University - -
Diesel Engines 4
Noise and Vibration from Transporta- Purdue University - 2726
tion Vehicles and Other Machinery
Acoustic Propagation in Branched University of Texas 49.5 742
Solids at Austin
Sound Transmission in Buildings Massachusetts Institute 15
of Technology
Research on Noise Propagation Massachusetts Institute - 1522
of Technology
Acoustically Absorbent Materials Pennsylvania State - -
University
Optimum Design of Partitions for Carnegie Mellon - -
Minimum Sound Transmission 4 University
Prediction of Noise Levels in Virginia Polytechnical o 39
Manufacturing Areas Institute _____ _____
243.0 356.4
TOTALS
‘NSF Funding cannot be predicted for F’? 75
2 Funding for 24 month period
3 Funding for 18 month period
4 Funding in F? 72 for 24 month period
Includes some minor Surface Vehicle related work
IMajority of work is Surface Vehicles and funding is not included in the totals.
19
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With these theoretical and experimental results, some guidelines
will be recotxmiended for practical design considerations to reduce both
plate vibrations and noise. Important new applications will. then
become feasible for automotive and marine power propulsion systems,
commercial and domestic air conditioning and heating systems and the
•dry cooling tower for electric power plants.
Cavitation Damage Scale Effects for Sudden Enlargements in Pipelines
- The purpose of this research project is to determine the incipient
cavitation damage index for sudden enlargements of various dimensions
and the evaluation of the scale effects from the data taken. Further-
more, studies will be carried out on the vibration and noise Levels
for cavitation index values between the incipient and incipient damage
conditions.
Research Initiation - Impact Mechanics and the Generation of Impulsive
Noise - The phenomenon of high speed impact between solid bodies in a
fluid medium will be examined in reference to numerous industrial
machining processes which produce dangerously high levels of repetitive,
impulsive noise. The investigation is three-pronged: 1) Noise tape
samples obtained from numerous industrial concerns using forging,
blanking, and impact extrusion processes will be examined with respect
to spectral content, Intensity levels, rise times, and pressure dura-
tions to classify and describe impulsive sound characteristics. 2) An
impact simulation mechanism will be designed and built to evaluate
the degree to which geometric and material modifications of existing
impulsive-type machinery could reduce noise levels. 3) An analytical
treatment will model and predict characteristics of the impact phenome-
non.
basic and Applied Studies of Noise - Specific work supported under
this grant will be basic research on the mechanics of tire noise ,
sound generation and propagation in internal flows , and practical
applications of pitch sequencing .
The sound transmission characteristics of high-speed internal flows
(piping, orifices, etc.) and the sound generation characteristics of
blockage elements (orifices, diffusers, etc.) will be studies using
techniques extended from work on turbulent shear flows in similar de-
vices. The initial work will consist mainly of rig design, construction,
and technique development.
A study of applications of the pitch sequencing concept (piecewise
frequency modulation as used in tire tread designs) will be made in a
variety of systems (sawbiades, blowers, etc.).
Attenuation of High-Intensity Sound in Condensing Vapor Recent experi-
mental evidence suggests that aerodynamic noise in ducts and nozzles is
20
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significantly reduced in the presence of small water droplets, It is
difficult to account for the observed reduction on the basis of exist-
ing theories of sound attenuation in condensing vapors. The proposed
research suggests an additional mechanism for attenuation of high-
intensity sound in a condensing vapor. This mechanism is enhanced
heat and mass transfer between the vapor liquid phases due to acoustic
streaming about the droplets at high levels. Other possible phenomena
that may account for large sound reduction in duct and nozzle flows
containing a condensing vapor will also be considered. it is hoped
to provide both an explanation for high sound attenuation in condensing
vapors and a means to predict the attenuation. Such a goal, if realized,
will have important implications for the evaluation of methods to
reduce internal noise in ducts, pipelines, and turbomachinery.
Combustion Generated Noise - A combined experimental-theoretical program
will be undertaken to isolate the origin of combustion generated noise
and to discover appropriate scaling rules associated with this noise.
Primary attention will be on preniixed turbulent flames, although several
aspects of diffusion flame noise will also be investigated.
The data obtained on free flames will be analyzed and compared
with theory. Correlations will be obtained for sound power output,
directionality, and spectral content. The relation between the re-
action rate fluctuations and the sound power output will be determined.
An analysis will be made for the radiation of noise from a f lame-con-
taining enclosure to the surroundings. The modification to sound
power output, spectral content and directionality will be compared with
free flame generated noise.
Controlling the Noise Radiated from Diesel Engines - There are two main
sources o noise in diesel engines: combustion noise due to burning of
fuel and mechanical noise due to operation of the engine. Aspects of
both sources of noise will be examined. The combustion noise will be
studied by a simulation method. Here a pressure pulse will be supplied
to one cylinder from a pressure source. Both cylinder pressure-time
history and the pressure-time history external to the engine will be
measured. From these measurements the noise attenuation of the engine
will be determined at different frequencies using Fourier analysis.
It is also hoped that this attenuation will be checked with the engine
running and driving a dynamometer. In the combustion noise simulation
study, the effects that structural changes in the engine have on noise
attenuation can be examined without masking from mechanical noise. The
mechanical noise will be measured by driving the engine with an electric
motor. Using this method, certain aspects of the mechanical noise can
be examined without masking from combustion noise.
Noise and Vibration from Transportation Vehicles and Other Nachinery -
To complement the ongoing research at the Ray W. Herrick Laboratories
21
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of Purdue University, a broad range of research projects in noise
control and acoustics will be undertaken. These include: enclosure
design, automobile engine noise source identification and reduction;
noise attenuation measurements in mufflers; tire noise generation;
appliance noise reduction; machine tool noise reduction; barrier
design; conm inity noise from rapid transit vehicles; and other pro-
jects. A new addition, a semi-anechoic facility with overall di-
mensions 9.75 X 20.12 meters, (32 X 66 feet), will be built to accomo-
date many of the new projects.
Acoustics Propagation in Branched Solids - Experimental and analytical
research will be performed on the propagation of sound through branched
and interconnected solids. The experimental research will be performed
by propagating pulses of acoustical energy at several frequencies along
solid waveguides onto which branches will be attached at various angles
by various means. The solid waveguides will be made long enough to
be investigated and measured without the interference from reflections.
As the work progresses, materials with several values of dilatational
and shear sound velocities and densities will be used as branches, and
several shapes, machined or formed of such materials, will be inserted
as diffraction elements in the main waveguides and in the branches.
As part of the work, effort will be applied to measuring acoustic beam
patterns in solids in order to better define the relationship between
the distribution of acoustical energy within a driven solid and the
mechanical properties, shape, and size of both the driving and driven
solids and the orientation of the former to the latter. Also, the
experimental work will include an investigation of various acoustical
resistance devices to discover which are most suitable for use as
impedance matching terminations for acoustical waveguides. The analyti-
cal research will be performed using the results of the experimental
work and will extend the theory of acoustic propagation in solids.
Sound Transmission in Buildings - This research is relatively broad --
it is expected to cover the more “conventional” aspects of sound tranB-
mission through walls, ceilings, floors, etc., and also sound propagation
through corridors, doorways, and “open plan” landscaped areas which
are more frequently being used in office buildings.
Research into noise transmission between rooma in buildings has
concentrated largely on the acoustic transmission properties of walls
and wall building materials. However, with the advent of open plan
designs in both living and office spaces the problem of acoustical
rather than structural transmission becomes important. Even in the
traditional design of building interiors noise transmission from room
to room through openings can be an Important consideration. Recently
there has been an impetus for a better theoretical understanding of
transmission loss through walls. This is because of the advent of
lightweight construction and emphasis on better acoustical design.
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One of the major purposes of this research is to apply newly de-
veloped procedures from aerospace studies to the problems of obtaining
better acoustical performance of wall structures.
A multiple purpose, semi-anechoic room will be constructed and
used for the following experiments: 1) Open plan office psychoacousti-
cal and acoustical measurements. 2) Measurements of acoustical absorp-
tion coefficient by reflection-correlation method. 3) Measurements
of footfall noise on carpet-like materials.
Research on Noise Propagation - The distribution of sound within build-
ings and the exterior acoustical environment of buildings will be de-
termined. In the former category, it is proposed to study sound trans-
mission through composite structures which are of interest in newer
forms of modular housing and are also used as enclosures for machines
and other noise sources in industrial plants. In the latter category,
it is proposed to study sound transmission in corridor-like channels
which relate to the corridors in buildings and to sound transmission
in city streets. An important parameter of corridor propagation is
the sound absorption and scattering of the bounding surfaces at par-
ticular angles of incidence. A correlation technique for measuring
these reflection coefficients will be developed. Finally, research
will be performed on a “cellular” model of propagation in complex
spaces that applies to sound distributions in open plan offices, cer-
tain kinds of industrial plants, and to urban noise systems.
Acoustically Absorbent Materials - The goal of this proposed study is
to obtain a deeper understanding of the behavior of sound absorbing
materials through a theoretical and experimental program so that opti-
mum use can be made of these materials as duct liners to control noise
from larger air moving systems. To meet this goal, a study will be
undertaken of the behavior of acoustically absorbent material when
subjected to high intensity noise and as a function of flow over the
surface. The effectiveness of the material as a function of the angle
of incidence at which the sound strikes the material will also be de-
termined. Another important aspect of the proposed work is the deter-
mination of tlie behavior of high intensity complex acoustic modes in
ducts in the presence of the cited conditions.
The results of this program will provide new knowledge to design
acoustically absorbent materials in optimum geometric configurations
for duct liners, and signficantlY better acoustic and aerodynamic per-
formance.
Optimum Design of Partitions for Minimum Sound Transmission - The aim
of this program is to integrate recent advances in optimal structural
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design with modern approaches to theoretical architectural acoustics.
The specific objective is to develop approaches to optimal design of
partitions to minimize the transmission of sound. The acoustical
theory techniques considered will include variational methods as well
as computer oriented techniques.
Prediction of Noise Levels in Manufacturing Areas - A computer-based
acoustical model of typical industrial manufacturing facilities will
be developed to enable the prediction of noise levels at specified
points in manufacturing areas. The program will be written such that
only a limited acoustics background will be required of a user. Basic
information on physical plant arrangements and equipment installations
are envisioned as input data. The computer will carry out the acoustic
computations and give predicted noise levels using superposition, room
acoustics, and geometric acoustics concepts. Results will be conveyed
to the user in a number of different ways, depending upon the need,
computer, or computer terminal capability. The reliability of the pro-
gram to model industrial noise environments will be field-tested in the
plants of a number of firms which have agreed to cooperate in this re-
search effort.
2.4 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR/ JREMJ OF MINES
The areau of Mines conducts machinery noise RD&D to support its
mission of providing a healthful mine environment. It supports research
on several pieces of mine machinery and is attempting to characterize
the noise in mines from other machines. Table 2.5 gives titles and
funding of these projects.
Alternate Conveyor Designs for Mine Machinery - The purpose of this pro-
ject is to design and develop a new conveyor system which can be adapted
to existing machinery to reduce the noise from the conveyor to 90 dBA.
A prototype of a quieter conveyor for a specific machine used in under-
ground coal mining will be developed.
Noise Control in Surface Mining Facilities -- Problem Definition - This
project is intended to develop economical noise control of chutes, dem-
onstrate utility, survivability, and repairability of such measures in
the field and to develop screens that are quieter and no harder to main-
tain than existing systems. Development of the successful methods would
quiet two of the principal sources of noise in surface facilities asso-
ciated with coal mines.
Abatement of Noise from Pneumatic Rock Drills - This study will examine
the use of ferrous and nonferrous damping alloys for reduction of
noise by methods suitable for application in the mining environment and
will advance toward the goal of a pneumatic percussive drill with a
24
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Table 2.5 BUREAU OF MINES MACHINERY NOISE RD&D
Project FY Funding ($K)
Pr ject Title Number Investigator (s ) 73 74
Alternate Conveyor Designs for H0144078 Foster-Miller 0 148.8 -
Mine Machinery Assoc., Inc.
Noise Control in Surface Mining 110133027 Bolt, Beranek,& 79.4 16.7 0
Facilities--Problem Definition Newman, Inc.
Noise Control in Surface Mining 110144079 Bolt, Beranek,& 0 112.4 0
Facilities--Chutes and Screens Newman, Inc.
Abatement of Noise from 07009 In-house 90.1 0 0
Pneumatic Rock Drills
Itiffler for Pneumatic Drill: H022048 United States 56.6 15.1 0
1. Analysis & Design Steel Corp.
2. Analysis of Mechanical Noise
3. Abatement of Mechanical Noise
4. Larger Class Drill
Problem of Coal Mine Noise 03009 In-house 100.2 137.3 100
Generation and Correction
Noise Abatement in Mining Machinery H0122054 Apt, Brainer, 10.4 39.5 0
Conrad ,&Assoc. [ nc.
Noise Control of Underground 110346046 Bolt, Beranek,& 0 58.7 0
Diesel-Powered Equipment-- Newman, Inc.
Problem Definition
TOTALS 336.7 528.5 730*
* Projected.
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noise level no greater than 90 dBA. The principal accomplishments to
date have been a zototype drill with muffler-jacket, alloy rotational
chuck and constricted layer on 25 percent of the drill rod. The proto-
type had a noise level of 104 dBA with a reduction of about 9 percent
in efficiency.
l4iffler for Pneumatic Drill: 1. Analysis and Design. 2. Analysis of
Mechanical Noise. 3. Abatement of Mechanical Noise. 4. Larger Class
Drill — This project is intended to design and deliver a prototype
muffler to attenuate the air—exhaust noise of a 34-kg.-class (75-pound-
class) pneumatic stoper drill to 90 dBA with insignificant back pressure
and no icing problems; develop a kinematic model simulating the moving
parts of a pneumatic drill; use this model to optimize noise abatement
designs of a drill and drill rod; and design and construct prototype
mufflers for a large drill (7.1 cnin) (250 cfm) class. To date, the pro-
ject has resulted in four prototype mufflers which were designed and
fabricated for a pneumatic percussive drill of the 34-kg. (75-pound)
class and reduced the exhaust noise below 90 dBA with no icing or back
pressure problems.
Problems of Coal Mine Noise Generation and Correction - This project
will attempt to define the noise problems in various types of mining
operations; to develop and evaluate monitoring instrumentation and per-
sonal ear protective devices; and to reduce the noise levels of pneu-
matic drills. So far, this project has produced: a personal, pocket-
size audiodosimeter that records the miner’s exposure to intermittent
noise levels encountered and an earmuff incorporating a special inter-
com system that allows the wearer to perceive low-level sounds (up to
83 dB&) at full volume but progressively attenuates louder noises to be-
low 90 dBA. It also has demonstrated feasibility of fabricating a
noise control system durable enough for the mine environment and capable
of reducing the noise level of a pneumatic percussive drill from 115 to
101 dBA at the operator’s position.
Noise Abatement in Mining Machinery - This project will define the noise
sources from bolters, loaders, and continuous miners and will assess in-
mine corrective measures to reduce operating exposure to noise levels of
90 dBA. The proposed measures will be then be experimentally evaluated for
effectiveness on a loader, continuous miner, and a rotary roof bolter.
The output of the project will be a report describing in detail the
three machines selected, the noise sources, the corrective measures
applied, and the results from testing the modified machines in a mine
for one month.
Noise Control of Underground Diesel-Powered Equipment -- Problem Defin-
ition — The project’s objectives are to define the magnitude of the
noise problem from diesel-powered mining equipment and to evaluate
26
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available noise control techniques for effectiveness in reducing noise
levels to 9OdBA. Hopefully, the project will validate a method to pre-
dict anticipated underground noise levels from s9und power data obtained
on the ground surface. This project is a first step toward reducing
noise from diesel—powered mining equipment.
2.5 NATI( AL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
The NIOSH effort in machinery noise control RD&D is intended to
foster the development of improved control technology for reducing major
sources of industrial noise and to formulate and promote procedures for
minimizing noise problems in the work environment. This objective is in
accordance with the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (Public
Law 91-596) and the Federal Coal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1969
(Public Law 91—173) which charge NIOSH with undertaking research and re-
lated activities basic to assuring safe and healthful workplace condi-
tions. In addition to assembling and preparing information on noise
control techniques and materials in manuals and easy-to-use guides for
coping with occupational noise problems, NIOSH also supports several
grants dealing with the development and demonstration of engineering
control measures for reducing major sources of machinery noise in the
textiles, wood-products and metal fabricating industries. The NIOSH
projects are sutrinarized in Table 2.6.
Noise Control Research in Wood Planers - These experimental studies are
aimed at reducing noise from woodworking machinery, particularly wood
planers.
Coordinated Textile Industry Noise Reduction Program - This project will
collect and develop information on noise control methods in the textile
industry. Noise levels associated with typical operations will be
identified.
Punch Press Noise Reduction - Consideration will be given to all stand-
ard noise control techniques, including reduction of noise from vibra-
ting machine parts, gears, clutch and brake operations, air valve ex-
hausts, and punching operations. Force reduction through tool design,
use of damping material mufflers, isolation, enclosures, barriers, and
absorption as well as innovative concepts will be evaluated. The re-
sults will be prepared for utilization by smaller companies which do
not have extensive engineering capability.
Industrial Noise Control Manual - This activity will develop a guide-
book for reducing occupational noise exposure, using case-history ex-
amples of industrial noise control efforts.
27
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Table 2.6 SUNMARY OF NIOSH SUPPORTED MACHINERY NOISE RD&D
Funding ($K)
Project Title Investigator ( ) FY 73 FY 74 FY 75
Punch Press Noise Reduction N.C. State University 0 53.8
Noise Control Research in N.C. State University 0 51.8 38.8
Wood Planers
Coordinated Textile Industry N.C. State University 0 1.20 99.5
Noise Reduction Program
Industrial Noise Control Industrial Noise Services 16 0 0
Manual Inc.
Compendium of Noise lIT Research Institute
Control Materials *
Impulse Noise Recording In .house
Systems ‘
TOTALS 16 225.6 138.3
* Funding in FY 72
** Nominal in-house funding
-------
Compendium of Noise Control Materials - This activity will result in a
cross-referenced publication of published noise attenuation data for
all known building and noise control materials.
Impulse Noise Recording System — Instrumentation was developed to facili-
tate recording of impulse waveforms in industrial environments, using
digital recording techniques.
2.6 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
EPA has sponsored several studies to support regulatory needs in
machinery noise. The studies have been for defining measurement method-
ologies, available technology, and cost for compliance specifically for
various pieces of construction equipment. Similar studies on pneumatic
and hydraulic drills and pavement breakers are expected to begin in
FY 75. Table 2.7 lists the studies and funding levels.
Table 2.7 EPA MACHINERY NOISE RD&D
Funding ($K)
Project Description Investigator ri 73 FY 74 FY 75
Portable Air Compressor Noise Technology Bolt, Beranek 0 91 0
and Cost & Newman Inc.
Construction Noise Study Bolt,Beranek, 0 25 0
& Newman Inc.
Economic Impact of Portable Air- A. T. Kearney 0 50 0
Compressor Noise E nission Standards Inc.
Development of Noise Measurement Methodo- N.B.S. 60 64 0
logy for Portable Air Compressors
Pneumatic and Hydraulic Drills and Pave- 0 0 100
went Breakers - Technology, Costs, and
Economic Impact
TOTALS 60 230 100
Portable Air Compressor Noise Technology and Costs - This study exam-
ined the technology currently available for portable air compressors
and the attendant costs to achieve various study levels.
Construction Noise Study - This study examined a series of regulatory
approaches aimed at quieting construction sites to various study levels.
The study considered resource costs to the nation as well as the antici-
pated effectiveness of the approach.
29
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Development of Noise Measurement Methodology for Portable Air Compressors -
This study examined the correlation between far field sound measurements
and those taken in the near field. It also provides a recommended sound
power measurement procedure for determining the near field noise levels
of portable air compressors.
Pneumatic and Hydraulic Drills and Pavement Breakers-Technology, Costs,
and Economic Impact - This study will examine the technology available,
attendant costs for reducing the noise output to various noise levels
and the corresponding economic imjact of regulating these products to
those levels.
2.7 CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION
CPSC has the primary responsibility for establishing mandatory prod-
uct safety standards, where appropriate, to reduce the unreasonable risk
of injury to consumers from consumer products. The CPSC in FY 74 sup-
ported research to develop a consistent set of product noise regulations,
a test protocol for lawn mowers, and test methods for toys. A summary
of the project funding is shown in Table 2.8.
Table 2.8 CPSC MACHINERY NOISE RD&D
Project Title FY 74 Funding ($K) *
Developing a Consistent Set of Product 20
Noise Regulations
Test Protocol for Lawnmower Noise 15
Noise Measurement Techniques for Toys 35
TOTAL 70
* Projects supported only in FY 74.
Developing a Consistent Set of Product Noise Regulations - This project
will assess current knowledge and reconinend additional research to de-
termine patterns of noise exposure due to usage of select products, de-
fine practical sound level measurement procedures, define hearing loss
from product use, and define potential for product noise to mask audi-
tory warnings.
Test Protocol for Lawnmower Noise - The hazard caused by noise from lawn-
mowers will be investigated. A maximum sound level will be suggested
with methods for measurement at the operator t s ear position.
30
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Noise Measurement Techniques for Toys - This project will identify
noise-producing toys which are potentially hazardous to children’s
hearing and/or safety, develop generic test methods by which the noise
exposure due to such toys can be determined and acquire data on selec-
ted toys. Simple screening procedures will be developed for rapid de-
termination as to whether toys require detailed laboratory testing.
2.8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
USDA is funding a research project on agricultural processes
noise. It began in F? 74 and is currently in a problem definition
phase. The work is being conducted at Richard B. Russell Agricultural
Research Center, ARS, USDA, P.O. Box 5677, Athens, Georgia 30604. The
funding is $20,000 in FY 74 and $92,470 in F? 75.
Abatement and Control of Noise Associated with Agricultural Processes -
The objectives are to determine the degree of noise pollution occurring
in various types of agricultural processing plants under normal oper-
ating conditions, determine primary vibration sources contributing to
high power level noise within processing plants, and develop and imple-
ment methods and equipment to abate and control noise levels.
2 • 9 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF FEDERALLY SUPPORTED MACHINERY RD&D
DOD/USN
I. General Motors Corporation, AC Electronics-Defense Research Lab-
oratories Report #TR7O-72, “Technical Report on a Solid State
Power System Program,” August 1970,.
2. Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc., Report, “Recent Experimental
Studies of Mechanical Noise in Diesel Engines” of 10 July
1964.
3. Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc., Report, “Piston-Slap Noise in
Reciprocating Machinery” of 15 April 1964 (Revised).
4. Conesco Report, “Study of Fluidborne Noise and the Development
of Fluid Acoustic Filter Test Specifications and Design Rules,”
Nay 1964.
5. U.S. Naval Engineering Experiment Station Letter Report,
“Effect of Ball Bearings on Machine Noise” of 22 March 1962•
6. U.S. Marine Engineering Laboratory Report, “Development of Test
Procedures for Noise Level and Temperature Rise in Bail Bear-
ings,” 1964
31
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7. U.s. Marine Engineering Laboratory Report, “Exploratory
Investigation of Noise Levels of Quiet Type Shipboard
Transformers Developed by Westinghouse Electric Corpora-
tion,” November 1964.
8. U.s. Marine Engineering Laboratory Report, “Investigation of
the Relationship Between Tooth Design and Gear Noise,”
September 1964.
9. Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory Report No. B-420, “Main
Forced Draft Blower for CVA63/64,” 3 April 1961.
10. Naval Ship Research and Development Center Technical Note,
“Investigation of Noise Generation in Helical Gears - The
Effect of Speed Load, Gearing Characteristics and Tooth
Errors” November 1967.
Il. Southwest Research Institute Final Technical Report on
“Study of Airborne Noise from Shipboard Machinery” of
19 June 1964.
12. General Electric Report No. R61MSD337, “Low Noise Transmission
Gear Rotors”, 2 January 1962.
DOD/USA
13. Hopler, Paul D. and Wehr, Samuel E., “Noise Reduction Program
for Army Construction Equipment, “SAE Number 740714, National
Combined Farm, Construction, Industrial Machinery and Power
Plant Meetings, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, September 9-12, 1974.
N BS
14. Quindry, T. L., and Flynn, D. R., “On a Simplified Field Measure-
ment of Noise Reduction between Spaces,” Proceedings of Inter-
Noise 73, Copenhagen, Denmark, 199-207 pp., August 22-24, 1973.
15. Sabine, H. J., and Quindry, T. L., “Acoustical, Thermal and Air
Infiltration Properties of Exterior Walls, Doors and Window,”
NBS Building Science Series, July 1974.
16. Flynn, D. R., and Leasure, W. A., ,Jr., “Machinery Noise, Measure-
ment Standards and Test Codes,” Proceedings of Noise-Con 73,
Washington, D., pp. 257-260, October 15—17, 1973.
32
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17 • Lubman, D., “Review of Reverberant Sound Power Measurement Stan-
dard and Reconmendatjong for Further Research,” NBS Technical
Note 841, July 1974.
DOI/BuNjneg
18. Murphy, 3, N., Sacks, H. K., Durkin, 3., and Stumners, C. R.,
Progress in Noise Abatement, Mining Congress Journal, 3. 58,
September 1972, PP. 59—63.
19. Manning, Robert E.,Nuffler for Pneumatic Drill, pp. 81 NTIS
Number PB 220-372, January 24, 1973.
20, Gatley, W. S. and Barth, M. G., A Practical Approach to the
Exhaust Silencing of the Pneumatic Rock Drill, Proc. Inter-
Noise 72,. pp. 288—293.
21. Jensen, James W., and Visnapuu, Aarne, Progress in Suppressing
the Noise of the Pneumatic Rock Drill, Proc. Inter-Noise 72,
pp. 222—287.
22. Visnapuu, Aarne, and Jensen, James W., Noise Control for the
Pneumatic Rock Drill ,AIME Society of Mining Engineers Reprint
Number 73—AU-62, Pp. 17, February 25, 1973.
EPA
23. Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, Inc., Report 2795a, Portable Air
Compressor Noise, Environmental Protection Agency, March 29,
1974.
24. Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, Inc., Report Number 2566c, Portable
Air Compressors: The Costs, Benefits and Penalties of
Reducing Their Noise, Environmental Protection Agency,
March 1, 1974.
25. A.T. Kearney, Inc., A Study to Determine the Economic Impact
of Noise Emission Standards in the Construction Equipment
Industry - Portable Air Compressor Report, Environmental
Protection Agency, June, 1974.
26. Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, Inc., Report 2795b, Portable Air
Compressor Noise: Diagnosis and Control, Environmental
Protection Agency, March 29, 1974.
33
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NSF
27. Tul.its, J. Paul, Hogan, Raymond A., and Whittington, N.C.,
“Predicting Cavitation in Valves” presented at IAHR Symposium,
Stockholm, Sweden, August 1970, pp. g511-5/l0.
28. Yang, W. J., and Liang, C. Y., “Flow-Induced Vibration and Noise
in Perforated Heat Exchangers,” presented at the Tenth Anniversary
Meeting of the Society of Engineering Science, Raleigh, North
Carolina, November 5 - 7, 1973, and published in the Proceedings.
29. Yang, W. J., “Flow-Induced Noise in Heat Exchangers,” presented
at the First AIChE Southeastern Ohio Conference on Energy and
the Environment, Oxford, Ohio, October 21 - 26, 1973, and
published in the Proceedings.
30. Liang, C. Y., and Yang, W. 3., “Slotted-Fin Tubular Heat Exchang-
ers for Dry Cooling Towers,” presented at the 1974 AIAA-AS1IE
Therinophysics and Heat Transfer Conference held in Boston,
Massachusetts, July 15—li, 1974.
31. Liang, C. Y., and Yang, N. 3., “Modified Single—Blow Technique
for Performance Evaluation of Heat Transfer Surfaces,” published
in the Journal of Heat Transfer, Transactions of ASME, Series
1974.
32. Yang, W. J., “Perspective of Dry Cooling Towers for Electric
Power Plants,” prepared at the AIChE Section National Conference
on Energy end the Environment, Hueston Woods State Park Lodge,
College Corner, Ohio, November 13-15, 1974.
33. Strahie, Warren C., “Refraction, Convection and Diffusion Flame
Effects in Combustion-Generated Noise,” Proceedings of the
Fourteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion held at the
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania,
August 20—25, 1972, pp. 527—535.
34. Rillery, Herbert V., “Investigation of Acoustic Propagation in
Branched Solids.” presented at the Interagency Symposium on
University Research in Transportation Noise, held at Stanford
University, Stanford, California, March 28-30, 1973, and
published in the Proceedings,
35. Tree, D. R., Crocker, N. 3., Jones, S. R., and Towers, D. A.,
“Diesel Truck Engine Enclosure,” Noise-Con 73 Proceedings,
Washington, D. C., October 15—17, 1973.
34
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36. Crocker, N. J., Cohen, R., Tree, D. R, Jones, S. R., and
Towers, D. A., “Acoustic Enclosure for Diesel Engines on
Trucks,” Inter-Noise 73 Proceedings, Copenhagen, Denmark,
August 1973.
37, Tree, D. R., Tiffnian, W. D., and Cohen, R., “Household Vacuum
Cleaner Noise.” Inter—Noise 73 Proceedings, Copenhagen, Denmark,
August 1973.
38. Crocker, N. J., Tree, D. R., Jones, S. R., and Towers, D. A.,
“Acoustic Enclosures for Diesel Engines in Trucks,” Proceed-
ings of the Interagency Symposium of University Research in
Transportation Noise, Stanford University, Stanford, Cali-
fornia, March 28-30, A 73, Vol. II, pp. 648-663.
39. Cracker, 14. i., Tree, D. R., Jones, S. R., and Towers, D. A.,
“A Comparison Between Laboratory Measurements and Truck Drive-
By Measurements of a Diesel Engine Enclosure,” presented at
the 86th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America,
October/November 1973.
40. Chung, J., and Crocker, M. J., “Noise Source Identification on
a V-6 Diesel Engine by Means of the Conference Function Method”
presented at the 86th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of
America, October/November 1973.
41. Chung, J., and Cracker, M. J., “Measurements on a V-6 Diesel
Engine,” presented at Noise—Con 73, Washington, D. C.,
October 1973.
42. Cracker, N. .1., and Viebrock, W. N., “Noise Reduction of a
Consumer Electric Clock,” presented at Inter-Noise 73, Copenhagen,
Denmark, August 1973.
43. Cracker, N. J. and Anderkay, G., “Sources of Noise on a Cunimins
V .378, V—6 Diesel Engine,” presented at the 85th Annual Meeting
of the Acoustical Society of America, Boston, Massachusetts,
April 10—13, 1973.
44. Cracker, N. 3., Anderkay, G., and Chung, J. Y., “Controlling the
Noise Generated from Diesel Engines,” presented at th€. Symposium
on Transportation Noise Research at Stanford University, Stan-
ford, California, March 28—30, 1973.
45. Crocker, N. 3. and Chung, J Y “Study of Diesel Engine Noise
. .,
Using the Coherence Function Method,” presented at the Eighth
International Congress on Acoustics, London, England 1974.
35
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46. Lyon, R. H., “Propagation of Environmental Noise, “Science,
16 Match 1973, Volume 179, pp. 1083-1090.
47. Davies, H. W., and Lyon, R. H., “Noise Propagation in Urban
Areas,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1973/1974.
48. Reethof, G., and McDaniel, 0. H., “Acoustically Absorbent
Materials for Complex Incidence at High Sound Intensities with
Flov,” presented at the Interagency Symposium on University
Research in Transportation Noise, Stanford University, Stanford,
California, March 28-30, 1973.
49. Reethof, G., Oslas, N. J., and Harrington, W., “The Active Control
of Higher Order Modes in Cylindrical Ducts,” presented at the
85th Annual Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America,
April 12, 1973.
50. Reethof, G., “Research in Aircraft Propulsion Noise and its
Reduction,” presented at the Interagency Symposium on University
Research in Transportation Noise, Stanford University, Stanford,
California, March 28—30, 1973.
51. Dym, C. L., “Effects of Prestress on the Acoustic Behavior of
Panels,” J.A.S.A., Vol. 55, No. 5, May 1974.
52. Krokoeky, i L, and Dyin, C. L., “Noise Control and Civil Engineer-
ing,” Civil Engineering, A.S.C.E., May 1974.
53. Dym, C. L. and Lang, N. A., “Transmission of Sound Through
Sandwich Panels,” published in JASA 1974.
36
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3.0 ANALYSIS OF FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE RD&D
The current Federal research, development and demonstration
activities address a number of specific sources of machinery noise,
undertake work in building and structural transmission ot noise,
and work towards better definition of the machinery noise problem
through measurements and development of more accurate and standard-
ized measurement methodology. The general funding in these areas
is presented in Table 3.1. It can be noted that the majority of
funds are spent on control technology. This observation is further
supported by the Navy’s million dollar a year program, most of which
goes for source control technology. In contrast, the funds in the
building and structural category are small. It also appears that
the funds for machinery noise RD&D peaked in FY 1974. This apparent
peaking may not be actual, however, due to the uncertainty of the
FY 1975 data.
Agencies’ current involvements in the three categories of
machinery noise RD&D activities are shown in Table 3.2. USDA and
CPSC currently are involved only in measurement or measurement
methodology. NSF, DOD and NIOSH are supporting research in all
three areas, while BuMines, NBS, and EPA are involved in two cate-
gories. The following discussions summArize the current effort of
the Federal Government in addressing these categories of machinery
noise.
3.1 SOURCE NOISE CONTROL TECHNOL0
Five agencies have RD&D activities addressing noise control
technology for machines. Table 3.3 s mInAriZe8 the specific sources
addressed by each agency and the funding data (if available). NIOSH
is currently funding noise control work on machines that have a
significant impact on the occupational environment. The machines
presently studied are punch presses, wood planers, and various
textile industry machines. NIOSH has also funded the development
of an industrial noise control manual. Bureau of Mines supports
work on various machines that affect the mine work place. Sources
addressed include conveyorS, chutes and screens used in coal clean-
ing, pneumatic drills, diesel powered equipment, continuous miners,
loading machines, and roof bolters. The Navy supports work on
shipboard machinery because of the need for quiet ships. Although
specific activities cannot be reported for security reasons, in
general the sources addressed are diesel engines, hydraulic systems,
pneumatic machinery, rotating electrical machinery, electronic
equipment, gas turbines, compressors, fans, gear valves, and pumps.
37
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Table 3.1 SUMMARY BY AREA OF MACHINERY NOISE RD&D
RD&D Area
Source Noise Control Technology
Building and Structural Noise
Transmission and Control
Measurements and Measurement
Methodologies
T YrALS
Funding (thousand dollars)
FY73 FY74 FY75
529 1,307 1,168
162 370 145
280 507
Table 3.2 CURRENT AGENCY INVOLVEMENT IN AREAS OF
MACHINERY NOISE RD&D
Research Area _______ _____
Source Noise
Control Technology
Building and
Structural Noise
Transmission and
Control
Measurement. and
Measurement
Methodologies
257
971
2,184 1,570
BUMines NIOSH NSF DOD NBS EPA CPSC USDA
x x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x x x x
38
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Table 3.3 SOURCE NOISE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
Funding (thousand dollars)
Agency Source FY 73 FY 74 FY 75
NIOSH Punch Press 0 54
Wood Planers 0 52 38
Textile Industry General 0 120 100
Industrial Noise Control Manual 16 0 0
TcIrAL 16 226 138
BuMines Mining Machinery Conveyors 0 148.8 0
Surface Facilities Chutes 0 112.4 0
and Screens
Pneumatic Drills 146.7 15.1 0
Underground Diesel—Powered 0 58.7 0
Equipment
Continuous Miner, Loading 10.4 39.5 0
Machine, Rotary Roof Bolter ______ ______ ______
T Y AL 157.1 374.5 730 1
NSF Heat Exchangers 0 65 2
Pipelines 74.5 2
Impact Noise-Industrial 17
Machinery Processes
Basic & Applied Studies of Noise 87 ’
(Tires, Internal ‘F10w9, Pitch
Sequencing)
Ducts and Nozzles 0 26
Combustion Noise
Diesel Engines 4 6
Appliances, Machin tools, 272
Barrier design 6
TOTAL 91
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Table 3.3 SOURCE NOISE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY (continued)
Funding (thousand loller.)
Agency Source Fy 73 Fy 74 FY 75
USN Diesel Engine.
Hydraulic System.
Pneumatic Machinery
Rotating Electrical Machinery
Electronic Equipment
Gas Turbines
Compressor.
Fans
Gears
Valve.
mps
US. Air Conditioner. 0 400 200
Army llcumi (600 CFM) Air Compresaor 98 0 0
Electric Generators 80 50 —-
Variou, other military
equipment 1
Hydraulic Equipment 1
TtYrALS 178 450 200
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Table 33 SOURCE NOISE CONTROL TECHNO1 OGY (concluded)
Funding (thousand dollars)
Agency Source FY 73 FY 74 FY 75
EPA Construction Noiae 0 25 0
Portable Air Compressors 0 141 0
Pneumatic and Hydraulic Equipment 0 0 100
T(YrAL 0 166 100
GRAND TC1 ALS 529.6 1,307.5 1,168
1 Projected
2 Funding for two year period
3
Funding for 18 month period
4 Funding in FY 72 for 24 month period
5 lnc ludes some minor Surface Vehicle related work
6 Majority of work is Surface Vehicle and funding is included in that report. (Ref. 9)
7 Normal in-house funding, not dedicated to noise
8 Work covered in Surface Vehicles but directly applicable to machinery noise.
Covered in surface vehicle report. (Ref. 9)
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The Army has several projects which address an air compressor, three
portable electric generators, air conditioners, and various other
pieces of military equipment (see Table 2.2). EPA in its effort to
regulate major sources of noise has developed information on available
technology and cost of compliance for portable air compressors. simi-
lar efforts on pneumatic and hydraulic equipment are projected. NSF
supports research in a variety of areas. Current work in machinery
noise will have application to several sources: heat exchangers,
pipelines, ducts and nozzles, industrial machining processes, diesel
engines, combustion sources, and appliances.
3.2 BUILDING AND STRUCTURAL NOISE TRANSMISSION AND CONTROL
Four agencies are currently involved in different kinds of
activities in this area. The various projects and funding are
detailed in Table 3.4. NBS has had a program for many years in
building acoustics. The thrust of the current activity is to
improve both measurements and design guidelines for noise control
in buildings. The Navy effort is directed toward the need for
quiet ships. The Navy source noise control activity is supple-
mented by use of structural damping, resilient mounts, and
acoustical transmission loss and absorptive materials. NSF sup-
ports several research projects in this category to extend the
theory of propagation of sound. These include studies of air-
borne and structural noise propagation in buildings and corri-
dors, behavior of acoustically absorbent materials, design of
partitions, and transmission through branched solids. NIOSH has
supported a project to compile information on the acoustic and
other properties of building materials and acoustical absorption
materials.
42
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Table 3.4 BUILDING & STRUCTURAL NOISE TRANSMISSION & CONTROL
Funding (thousand dollars)
Agency Description FY 73 FY 74 FY 75
DOC/NBS Building Acoustics 97 144 145
Program
USN Radiated and Platform
Noise Sound Path
Isolators
NSF Acoustic Propagation 50 74 1
in Branched Solids
Sound Transmission in 15 0
Buildings
Research on Noise 0 1521 0
Propagation
Acoustically A bsorbent
Materials 2
Opt imimum Design of
Partitions for
Miniimmi Sound
Transmission
NIOSH Co npendium of Noise
control Materials
T 7 TALS 162 370 145
1 Funding for two year period
Funding in FY 72 for two year period
Funding in FY 72
43
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3 • 3 MEASUREMENTS AND NEASUREMENT METHODOLOGIES
All eight agencies which fund machinery noise research have
activities either to define the problems in machinery noise or
to develop or improve measurement techniques for assessing the noise.
NSF has funded the development of a computer-based acoustical model
of typical industrial manufacturing facilities which will enable the
prediction of noise levels at specified points in manufacturing areas
by users with limited acoustics backgrounds. Bureau of Mines has
efforts in characterizing noise and identifying problems in both
underground and surface mining facilities. NBS is developing and
improving methodologies for measuring sound power. EPA has supported
efforts to develop measurement methodologies for various noise
sources, specifically air compressors. Similarly, CPSC is support-
ing the development of consistent measurement methodologies for con-
stm er products in general and specifically, lawnmowers and toys.
USDA is beginning a noise control RD&D program which currently
involves measurement and problem definition. The Navy is develop-
ing improved techniques for measuring equipment noise at operators’
positions. The U. S. Army is working on measurement and control of
construction site noise. NIOSH is developing a system for recording
impulse noise. The Federal activities and projects in this category
of machinery RD&D are listed in Table 3.5.
44
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Table 3.5 MACHINERY NOTSE MEASUREMENTS AND MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGIES
Funding (Thousand dollars)
Agency Project Title FY 73 FY 74 FY 75
NSF prediction of Noise Levels 0 39 0
in Manufacturing Areas
BuMines Definition and Correction 100 137 0
of Noise in Coal Mines
Noise Control in Surface 79 17 0
Mining Facilities-
problem Definition
EPA Development of Noise 60 64 0
Measurement Methodolo-
gies for Portable Air
Compressors
NBS Assessment of Measurement 41 120 120
Standards for Deter-
mination of Sound Power
CPSC Developing a Consistent 0 20 0
Set of product Noise
Regulations
Noise Measurement Tech- 0 35 0
niques for Toys
Test protocol for 0 15 0
Lawninower Noise
USDA Abatement and Control of 0 20 92
Noise Associated with
Agricultural Processes
NIOSH Impulse Noise Recording
System *
USN Noise Criteria
45
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Table 3.5 MACHINERY NOISE MEASUREMENTS AND MEASUREMENT
M HODOLOGIES (continued)
Funding (thousands dollars)
Agency Project Title FY 73 FY 74 FY 75
USA Construction Equipment: 40 45
Specification and
Control
TOTALS 280 507 257
* Nominal In-House Funding
46
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4.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
There are literally countless sources of machinery noise. Machinery
noise occurs in the home, hospitals, offices, and the community.
Generally, however, exposure to machinery noise in the occupational
environment is the most severe. Machinery noise, along with noise
from other sources, may produce hearing loss, cause annoyance,
affect job performance, and interfere with warning signals. Other
deleterious effects may also occur, but hearing loss is generally
considered the most severe. Estimates for reducing industrial noise
to levels of marginal protection against hearing loss run into
billions of dollars. (Ref. 5)
To get a prelin inary indication of the private sector efforts
in industrial machinery noise RD&D, a number of trade associations
were contacted and a literature search was conducted. Conclusions
were that trade associations were not a good source of machinery
noise reduction technology, and that most industries have little
or no on-going machinery noise control RD&D whose results will be
generally available to the public.
The Federal effort on machinery noise RD&D is being conducted
by eight agencies: DOD, DOCINBS, NSF, DOl/BuMines, NIOSH, EPA,
CPSC, and USDA. The Federal effort has ranged from two to three
million dollars over the FY 1973 to 1975 time period and appeared
to peak in FY 1974. About a million of this was allocated by the
Navy to quiet ships. Much of that work is classified and is not
currently available to the public.
Noise control for sources is being addressed in the mine envi-
ronment, the industrial environment, the military environment and
others. Some research also is directed toward building and struc-
tural noise transmission and control, and other work is going on to
characterize noise environments and sources.
Although an in-depth analysis has not been done, a significant
part of these Federal expenditures is directed toward establishing
applications of currently available technology for future use.
.1hile the Federal Government has machinery noise RD&D activities
there is not a national policy toward Federal involvement in
machinery noise RD&D. Consequently, each agency conducts research
to support its own mission.
47
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5.0 LIST OF REFERENCES
1. Federal Register, Vol. 39, No. 121, Friday, June 21, 1974.
pp. 22297—22299
2. NTID 300.1 Noise from Construction Equipment and Operations,
Building Equipment, and Home Appliances. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. December 31, 1971.
3. NTID 300.13 Transportation Noise and Noise from Equipment
Powered by Internal Combustion. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. December 31, 1971.
4. Public Health and Welfare Criteria for Noise. EPA 550/9-73-002
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. July 27, 1973.
5. Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, Inc. “Impact of Noise Control at the
Workplace,” Report #2671, submitted to U.S. Department of Labor,
Office of Standards. January 1974.
6. Military Standard 740, “Airborne and Structure Borne Noise Measure-
ments and Acceptance Criteria of Shipboard Equipment,” January 13,
1965, Notice 1. June 22, 1965.
7. Military Standard 1474, “Noise Limits for Army Material,” U.S.
Government Printing Office: 1973-714-917/1266. March 1, 1973.
8. Military Specification 8806, “General Specification for Scund
Pressure Levels in Aircraft.” September 21, 1970.
9. Federal Surface Vehicle Noise Research, Development and Demonstra-
tion Programs: FY 73-FY 75, EPA-600/2-75-002. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. March, 1975.
49
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6.0 APPENDICES
CONTENTS: PAGE NO.
Appendix A - Glossary of Agency Acronyms 53
Appendix B - Federal Machinery Noise Research Panel 55
Appendix C - Noise Abatement Research by Trade 57
Associations
Appendix D - Machinery Noise Literature Search 71
Summary
Appendix E - Industrial Machinery Noise Levels 83
Appendix F - References (within Appendices) 109
Appendix G — List of Tables (within Appendices) 111
51
-------
APPENDIX A
GLOSSARY OF AGENCY ACRONYMS
Symbols Agencies
CPSC Consumer Product Safety Co mnission
DOC Department of Conmerce
DOC (NBS) National Bureau of Standards
DOD Department of Defense
DOD/USN Department of the Navy
DOD/USA Department of the Army
DOI Department of the Interior
DOI/BUMines Bureau of Mines
DOt Department of Labor
Department of Transportation
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
HEW Department of Health, Education and Welfare
HEW (NIEHS) National Institute of Environmental Health
Sciences
HEW (WENDS) National Institute of Neurological Diseases
and Stroke
HEW (NIOSH) National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health
HUD Department of Housing and Urban Development
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NSF National Science Foundation
USDA Department of Agriculture
53
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APPENDIX B
FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE RESEARCH PANEL
Mr. Stephen R. Cordle, Chairman 202/755-0448
Noise Technology Staff (RD-681)
Office of Research and Development
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D. C. 20460
Captain Lester H. Beck, USN 202/692-0872
Naval Sea Systems Coimnand (037)
Department of the Navy
Washington, D. C. 20362
Mr. Curtis Holiner 301/921—3381
Applied Acoustics Section
National Bureau of Standards
Room A149 Sound Building
Washington, D. C. 20234
Mr. Paul Hopler, Chief 703/664-6713
Systems and Components Branch -1836
U. S. Army Mobility Equipment Research
And Development Center (MERDC)
Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060
Attention: AMXFB- HN
Dr. Morris Ojalvo 202/632—5787
Division of Engineering
National Science Foundation
1800 G Street, N. W., Room 340
Washington, D. C. 20550
Mr. Milford Skow 202/634-1240
Department of the Interior
Bureau of Mines
Room 9035 Columbia Plaza
Washington, D. C. 20240
55
-------
Dr. Floyd A. Van Atta 202/961-5005
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
U. S. Department of Labor
Washington, D. C. 20210
Mr. Robert Wi1l on 513/684-3416
Physical Agents Branch
National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health
1014 Broadvay
Cincinnati, Ohio 45202
Mr. Eugene Wyezpolaki 703/557—8292
Office of Noise Control Programs (AW-571)
Enviro enta1 Protection Agency
Crystal Mall Building 2
1921 Jefferson Davis Highway
Arlington, Virginia 20460
56
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APPENDIX C
NOISE ABATEMENT RESEARCH BY TRADE ASSOCIATIONS
Trade associations were contacted to:
• Indicate the level of active interest by trade associations
in noise abatement research.
• Indicate the type of noise abatement research being conducted
by trade associations.
• Ascertain the availability of the results of the research.
Accordingly, a list of 58 trade associations, distributed
over 20 industries, was compiled from Reference 2. “Small”
associations, with annual budgets of less than $250,000, were not
included. Telephone contacts were made to identify the availability
of published results of noise research. These results are com-
piled in Table C—i. Some of the conments are s1m nArized below.
• Thirty-six of the associations have not done and do not
plan to do noise research.
• The research activities of 16 of the remaining 22 associa-
tions have been principally noise surveys of machinery.
• Only six of the remaining 22 associations indicated
activities in noise reduction. Research included
— Burner noise reduction by American Gas Association
- Quiet room application by American Newspaper
Publishers Association
- Appliance quieting by Association of Home Appliance
Manufacturers
- Forging noise reduction by Forging Industry Assn.
- Vehicle noise reduction by Motor Vehicle Mfr. Assn.
- Machinery noise reduction by Western Wood Products Assn.
• Four of the six associations indicated that noise research
results are considered proprietary and expressed concern
about releasing the information to a Government agency.
• The American Trucking Association data is primarily a
survey of truck noise levels. Similar, but more extensive,
information is available from the Motor Vehicle
Manufacturers Association.
57
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Table C-i SUMMARY OF INDUSTRY/ASSOCATIONS/NOISE RESEARCH ACTIVITY SURVEY
S IC
Coda
Industry/Associations
Research Activity
Publications
Available
16 CONSTRUCT ION
• Associated Equipment Distributors
615 West 22nd Street
Oak Brook, Illinois 60521
(312)654-0650
• Associated General Contractors
of America
1957 East Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20006
(202)393—2040
None
Research Conducted
through State
Chapters
None
None
• Construction Specifications Inst.
1717 Massachusetts Avenue 5 N.W.
Washington, D. C. 20036
(202)833—2160
• Construction Industry Manufacturers
Associations
Suite 1700, Marine Plaza
ill East Wisconsin Avenue
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53202
(414)272—0943
Conducted a Joint
Program with Farm
and Industrial
Equipment Insti-
tute
TR-SAE-R4 A Study
of Noise Induced Hear-
ing Damage for Opera-
tors of Farm and
Construction Equipment,
1969.
None
None
-------
Table C-i SUMMARY OF INDUSTRY/ASSOCIATION/NOISE RESEARCH ACTIVITY SURVEY (continued)
SIC
Code Industry/Associations Research Activity Publications Available
20 FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS
• Can Manufacturers Institute Plan to start None
1625 Massachusetts, N. W. project on in—
Washington, D. C. 20036 plant noise
(202)232—4677 reduction in the
near future.
• National Canners Association None None
1133 20th Street, N. W.
‘.0 Washington, D. C. 20036
(202)311—5900
• Packaging Machinery Manufacturers None None
Association
2000 K Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20006
(202)331—8181
21 TOBACCO MA NTJFACTURERS
• Tobacco Institute, Inc. None None
1776 K Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20006
(202)296—8434
22 TEXTILE MILL PRODUCTS
• American Textile Manufacturers Survey of Equip- None, data will be used
Institute, [ nc. ment Noise for OSHA Hearings
1501 Johnston Building Levels
Charlotte, W C. 28281
(70 (4 ’334—473
-------
Table C-I SU!’24ARY OF INDUSTRY/ASSOCI&TION/NOISE RESEARCH ACTIVITY SURVEY (continued)
SIC
Code Industry/Associations Research Activity publication Available
22 (continued)
• Carpet and Rug Institute Survey of Equip- Report Available
310 Holiday Drive, Box 2048 ment Noise
Dalton, Georgia 30720
(404)278-. 3176
23 APPAREL AND RELATED PRODUCTS
• American Apparel Manufacturers None None
Association
1611 North Kent Street
Arlington, Virginia 22209
(703)524— 1864
• American Footwear Industries Assc. None None
1611 North Kent Street
Arlington, Virgina 22209
(703)522—8070
24 LUMBER AND WOOD PRODUCTS
• American Forest Institute None None
1619 Massachusetts Avenue
Washington, D. C. 20036
(202)667—7807
• American Plywood Association None None
119 A Street
Tacoma, Washington 98401
(206)272—2233
-------
TABLE C-i SUMMA.RY OF INDUSTRY/ASSOCIATIONS/NOISE RESEARCH ACTIVITY SURVEY (continued)
SIC
Code Industry/Associations Research Activity Publications Available
24 (continued)
• National Forest Products Assoc. None None
1619 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D. C. 20036
(202)332—1050
• Western Wood Products Assoc. Program on None, Reports not yet
1500 Yeon Building Machinery Published (1976)
Portland, Oregon 97204 Noise
(503)224—3930
• National Hardware Lumber Assoc. None None
59 East Van Buren
Chicago, Illinois 60605
(312)427—2811
25 FURNITURE AND FIXTURES
• National Housewares Manufacturers None None
As sociat ion
1130 Merchandise Mart
Chicago, Illinois 60654
(312)644-. 3333
26 PAPER AND ALLIED PRODUCTS
• American Paper Institute None None
260 Madison Avenue
New York, New York 10016
(212)883— 8000
-------
Table O”l SUMMARY OF INDtJSTRY/ASSOCIATIONS/NO!SE RESEARCH ACTIVFIY SURVEY (continued)
SIC
Code Industry/Associations Research Activity Publications Available
26 (continued)
• Fiber Box Association Conducted Noise None
224 No. Michigan Avenue Survey
Chicago, Illinois 60604
(312)663—0250
27 PRINTING. PUBLISHING AND
ALLIED PRODUCTS
• American Newspapers Publishers Survey of Ma- No, information is
Association chine Noise considered
Post Office Box 598 and Potential proprietory
Easton, Pennsylvania 18042 Treatment
(215)253—6155
0’
p .,
• Printing Industries of America, Inc. None None
1730 North Lynn Street
Arlington, Virginia 22209
(703)527—6000
28 CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PRODUCTS
• Chemical Specialties Manufacturers None None
Association, Inc.
1001 Connecticut Avenue, N. W.
Washington, D.C. 20036
(202)872-8100
• Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers Survey of Mach- No, considered
Union International inery Noise and proprietary
1636 Champa Street Hearing Damage
Denver, Colorado 80201
(303)266—0811
-------
Table C-l SUMMARY OF INDUSTRY/ASSOCIATIONS/NOISE RESEARCH ACTLVITY SURVEY (continued)
SIC
Code Industry/Association8 Research Activity Publication Available
29 PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS
• American Gas Association Program to No, program
1515 Wilson Boulevard Reduce Burner Just Started
Arlington, Virginia 22209 Noise
(703)524— 2000
• American Petroleum Institute None None
1801 K Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20006
(202)833—5600
• Bituminous Coal Research, Inc. None None
350 Hochberg Road
Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146
(412)327—1600
30 RUBBER AND MISCELlANEOUS PLASTIC
PRODUCT S
• Rubber Manufacturers Association None None
1901 Pennsylvania Avenue
Washington, D. C. 20006
(202)7 85— 2602
31 LEATHER AND LEATHER GOODS
o No Associations Identified
-------
Table C-i SUMMARY OF INDUSTRY/ASSOCIATIONSINOISE RESEARCH crivrr SURVEY (continued)
S IC
Code Industry/Associations Research Activity Publication Available
32 STONE. ClAY AND ClASS PRODUCTS
• National Concrete Masonry Machinery Noise If cleared for release
Association Data by association
1800 N. Kent Street
Arlington, Virginia 22209
(703)524 —O8i3
• Glass Container Manufacturers None None
Institute
1800 K Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20006
(202)872—1280
• Portland Cement Association Noise Surveys for Reports considered
Old Orchard Road Member Companies proprietary
Skokie, Illinois 60076
(312)966 -6200
33 PRIMARY METAL INDUSTRIES
• Aluminum Association None None
750 Third Avenue
New York, New York 10017
(212)972— 1800
• American Iron and Steel Institute Survey of Noise No survey, just
1000 16th Street, N. W. beginning
Washington,D. C. 20036
(202)223—9040
-------
Table C-i SUMMARY OF INDUSTRY/ASSOCIATIONS/NOISE RESEARCH ACTIVITY SURVEY (continuecfl
SIC
Code Industry/Associations Research Activity Publication Available
33 (continued)
• American Foundryrnen’s Society
Golf and Wolf Roads
DesPlaines, Illinois 60016
(312)824—0181
Participating on
Hearing Damage
Survey
None
• Forging Industry Association
1211 Illuminating Building
55 Public Square
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
(216)781—6260
• Gray and Ductile Iron
Founders Society
Cast Metals Federation Building
Rocky River, Ohio 44116
(216)333—9600
Program on
Machinery Noise
Reduction
Survey of
Machinery Noise
Yes - At $50. per
copy. Six (6) volumes
ready and six (6) not
ready. No reproduction
rights.
No, just started
• Steel Founders Society of
America
Cast Metals Federation Building
Rocky River, Ohio 44116
(216)333—9600
• Air Conditioning and
Refrigeration Institute
1815 North Fort Myer Drive
Arlington, Virginia 22209
(703)524—8800
I . , ,
34 FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS
None None
None None
-------
Table C-i SUMMARY OF INDUSTRY/ASSOCIATIONS/NOZSE RESEARCH ACTIVITY SURVEY (continued)
SIC
Code Industry/Associations Research Activity Publication Available
34 (continued)
• American Automobile Association None None
1712 C Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20006
(202)222—6000
• Association of Home Equipment None
Appliance Manufacturers Noise Survey
20 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
(312)236— 2921
• Farm and Industrial Equip- Survey of Hear- Yes, See dM A (SIC 16)
inent Institute ing Damage for
410 North Michigan Avenue Operators
Chicago, Illinois 60611
(312)321—1470
• Industrial Research Institute None None
100 Park Avenue
New York, New York 10017
(212)683—7626
• International Snowmobile None None
Associat ion
5205 Leesburg Pike
Falls Church, Virginia 22041
(703)379—9100
-------
Table C-I SUMMARY OF INDUSTRY/ASSOCIATIONS/NOISE RESEARCH ACTIVITY SURVEY (continued)
SIC
Code Industry/Associations Research Activity Publication Available
34 (continued)
• National Association of Engine None None
and Boat Manufacturers, Inc.
537 Steamboat Road
Greenwich, Connecticut 06830
(203)661—4800
o National Association of None None
Manufacturers
1776 F Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20006
(202)331—3700
—4
35 MACHINERY EXCEPT ELECTRICAL
• Machinery and Allied Products None None
Institute
1200 18th Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20036
(202)331—8430
• National Machine Tool Builders None None
Association
7901 Westpark Drive
McLean, Virginia 22101
(703)893—2900
• National Tool, Die and Precision Noise Survey Yes
Machining Association
9300 Livingston Road
Oxon Hill, Maryland 20022
(301)248—6200
-------
Table Cl-i SUZfrIARY OP INDUSTR Y/ASSOCIATtONS/NOISE RESEARCH ACTIVITY SURVEY (continued)
SIC
Code Industry/Association Research Activity Publication Available
35 (continued)
• National Screw Machine Products Unknown Unknown
Association
2860 East 120th Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44120
(216)751—0909
36 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC MACHINERY
• Electronic Industries Association None None
2001 Eye Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20006
(202)659— 2200
• National Electrical Manufacturers None None
Association
155 East 44th Street
New York, New York 10017
(212)682—1500
37 TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT
• American Trucking Association Truck Noise Yes
1616 p Street, N. W. Research
Washington, D. C. 20036
(202)797—4000
• Association of American Railroads Railroad Noise Yes
1920 L Street, N. W. Survey
Washington, D. C. 20036
(202)293—4000
-------
Table C—i SUMMARY OF INDUSTRY/ASSOCIATIONS/NOISE RESEARCH ACTIVITY SURVEY (concluded)
SIC
Code Industry/Association Research Activity Publication Available
37 (continued)
• Transportation Association of None None
America
1101 17th Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20036
(202)296—2470
• Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Survey of Motor Yes
Association Vehicle Noise
320 New Center Building
Detroit, Michigan 48202
(313)872—4311
49 UTILITIES
• American Public Power Association None None
2600 Virginia Avenue, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20037
(202)333—9200
• Edison Electric Institute None None
90 Park Avenue
New York, New York 10016
(212)986—4100
• National Association of None None
Electric Companies
1140 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D. C. 20036
(202)223—3460
-------
APPENDIX D
MACHINERY NOISE LITERATURE SEARCH SU 1MARY
Abstracts from “Engineering Abstracts” and “Pollution Abstracts”
covering the period of 1971-1974 relating to machinery noise were
reviewed and their areas of activity distributed over the 20 industries
shown in Table E-1. Abstracts which indicate apparent application
to several industries were distributed into a “mixed category.” A
summary of the publication distribution is given in Table D-l and the
distribution of the publications over the 21 categories is presented
in Table D-2. Briefly, the following comments are given:
• Three hundred twenty-one publications are identified as
pertinent to machinery noise research; 161 primarily
single industry oriented and 160 are in the mixed
category. The majority (223) are U.S. publications.
Ninety-eight foreign publications from 19 countries
are identified.
• United States publications are distributed into 13 of
the 20 industrial categories. No publications were
identified in:
- Tobacco manufacturing
- Apparel manufacturing
- Furniture and fixtures
- Printing and publishing
- Leather and leather goods
- Electrical machinery
- Transportation equipment
• The industry with the most publications is chemical and
allied products with 42 publications. Petroleum and
coal products has 26 publications, utilities has 18 and
constructiOn 18. Of the 11 publications in primary metals,
only two are from the U.S.
• Foreign publications are primarily from Germany (28) and
England (23). Both of these countries’ publications are
broadly scattered throughout the categories but pockets
of concentration appear in primary metals and fabricated
metal products industries and in the mixed category.
71
-------
• The review of the abstracts resulted in virtually no
quantitative technical information which could be used
in either assessing machine noise levels, noise reduction
techniques, or the effectiveness of the application of
technology. The reports must be gathered and reviewed
before any assessment of this type can be made.
• Generic noise problems seem to be treated by several
industries. For instance:
- Valve Noise - Reduction activity is evident
in the utilities, chemical and allied products
and in the mixed category.
- Pump Noise is treated by chemical and allied
products and in the mixed category.
- Piping System Noise reduction techniques are
used by utilities, chemical and allied pro-
ducts, petroleum and coal products and in
the mixed category.
- Combustion Noise has literature in construction,
paper and allied products, chemical and allied
products and in the mixed category.
For the generic noise problems, it would appear that transfer
of technology could be effective and research activities
could be defined which have relatively broad applicability
to several industries.
72
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Table D-1
SUMMARY OF PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION
321 Publications on Machinery Noise.
161 Publications which are primarily single industry oriented.
160 Publications in mixed category applicable to several
industries.
223 U.S . publications broadly scattered except weak in primary
metals.
28 German publications broadly scattered throughout.
23 English publications broadly scattered throughout.
6 Russian publications in utility and machine noise, noise
measurement, combustion noise, health effects and
standards.
7 Japanese publications on fans, turbines, gears, grills
and analytical techniques.
6 Swedish publications in construction, primary metals and
fabricated metal products.
S French publications in construction, industrial noise
sources, noise measurement and circulation pumps.
5 Polish publications on analysis techniques, pumps and
gear noise.
3 Canadian publications on refinery noise and plant noise
standards.
3 Netherlands publications on refinery and power plant noise.
2 Australian publications on valve and fan noise.
2 Indian publications on industrial noise sources.
1 Austrian publication on noise standards.
73
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Table D-l SIM(A.RY OF PUBLICATIt DISTRIBUTION (Continued)
1 Belgian publication on plant noise control.
1 Hungarian publication on pump noise.
1 Iranian publication on oil cushions.
1 Norwegian publication on construction equipment.
1 Swiss publication on heat exchanger noise.
1 Tasmanian publication on water turbines.
1 Y ugos1avian publication on milling and grinding.
74
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Table D-2
MACHINERY NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION
SIC/ Number of
Industry Publications Area of Publications
16
18
.
Construction site noise (5—U.S.)
Construction
.
Pneumatic rock drill (3 - 2-U.S., 1-Norway)
Equipment
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pile drivers (2 — 1—Germany, 1 - Sweden)
General discourse (1 - U.S.)
Construction equipment in general (2 — U.S.)
Cooling systems (2 - 1-France, 1 - England)
Compressors (1 —U.S.)
Pneumatic equipment (2 -1-England, 1 -U.S.)
20
6
•
Agricultural machinery(3— U.S.)
Food and
.
Bottle cap plant noise (1 -U.S.)
Kindred
•
Brewery noise (1 -u.S.)
Products
•
Agricultural noise (1 -U.S.)
21
None
Tobacco
Manufacturers
22
5
•
Rotating textile spindles (1 —U.S.)
Textile
•
Textile machinery noise (1 -U.s.)
Mill
•
Textile manufacturers noise sources (1 -u.S.)
Products
•
Guidelines for noise control (2 -U.S.)
-------
Table D.-2 MACRINERY NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION (Continued)
SIC!
Industry
Number of
Publications
Area
of Publications
23
None
Apparel
24
3
.
Saws (chain) (1
—U.s.)
Lumber and
.
Planer (2 -U.S.)
Wood Products
25
None
Furniture and
Fixtures
26 6 • Medical aspects of noise (1 -U.s.)
Paper and • Stock preparation machinery (1 -U.S.)
Allied Products • Compressors (1. —U.S.)
• Gears (3 —U.S.)
27 None
Print ing,
Publishing
-------
Table D-2 MACHINERY NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION (Continued)
SIcf Number of
Industry Publications Areas of Publication
28
42
a
Valve noise (20 -17 -U.S., 2 - Germany, 1 —
Australia)
Chemical and
a
Piping noise (3 - U.S.)
Allied
a
Combustion noise (2 —U.S.)
Products
a
a
a
a
•
•
Centrifugal compressor (1 -U.S.)
Pumps (3 -2 -U.S., 1 —England)
Heat exchangers (1 -Switzerland)
Exhaust vent (1 -u.S.)
Acoustic insulation (1 -U.S.)
Process noise (10 -U.S.)
29
26
a
Process machinery noise (2 -U.S.)
Petroleum and
a
Fan noise (2 - 1 —U.S., 1 -Australia)
Coal Products
•
•
a
a
a
•
a
a
a
Furnace and heater noise (2 -U.s.)
Steam pipeline noise (1 -U.S.)
Stack noise (1 —U.S.)
Flare noise (1 -U.S.)
Refinery noise (10 —7 -U.S., 1 -Netherlands,
1 -Canada, 1 -England)
Rock noise location (1 -u.S.)
Noise in coal preparation plants (2 -U.S.)
Noise in underground operations (3 -2 -U.S.,
1 -England)
Coal car unloading (1 -U.S.)
30
6
a
Plant noise sources (2 -U.S.)
Rubber and
o
Processing plant noise (1 -U.S.)
Plastic
•
Materials handling (1 —U.S.)
.
Products
•
o
Combustion (1 -England)
Health aspects (1 -US.S.R.)
-------
Table D-2 MACHINERY NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION (Continued)
SIC/ Number of
Industry Publications Areas of Publication
31
Leather and
Leather Goods
None
32
5
•
Ball—mill noise (1 —U.S.)
Stone, Clay
.
Cement plant noise (1 -Germany)
and Glass
.
Quarrying noise (3 -U.S.)
Products
33
11
.
Electric—arc steelpiant (1 -England)
Primary
•
Steel plant noise (1 -Germany)
Metals
•
•
•
Forging (3 -l -U.S., 1 -Germany, 1-England)
Air conditioning (1 -Germany)
Foundry noise sources (5 -2 -Sweden, 1 -Germany,
1 —England, 1 —U.s.)
34
12
.
Impact machines (2 -U.S.)
Fabricated
•
Metal forming (1 -Germany)
Metal
•
Riveting machines (2 -U.S.)
Products
.
•
Cable making machines (2 -Germany)
Punch presses (5 -3 -U.S., 2 -Sweden)
35
3
•
Milling and grinding (1 -Yugoslavia)
Machinery
•
Spheric.altool against vibrating rod (1 -U.S.)
Except Electrical
e
Scale models of turbomachinery facility (1 -U.S.)
-------
Table D-2 MACHINERY NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION (Continued)
SIC! Number of
Industry Publications Areas of Publication
36
None
Electrical
Machinery
37
None
Transportation
Equipment
49
18
•
Fans for utility boilers (1 -Japan)
Utilities
o
.
o
•
•
•
•
Switching room (1 -U.S.S.R.)
Powerplant noise (4 -u.s.)
Valves for steam plants (1—U.S.)
Machinery noise sources (1 —U.S.)
Gas turbines (2 -U.S.)
New plant noise considerations (5 -l
2 -Netherlands, 2 -Germany)
Steam piping systems (3 -2 —U.S., 1
-U.S.,
-England)
Mixed 27 Industrial Noise Sources
Category • Identification and surveys (8 -2 —Germany,
2 —England, 2 —India, 2 —U.S.)
o Noise criteria (2 —U.S.)
• Plant noise control approaches (17 -13 -U.S.,
1 -Canada, 1 -Germany, 1 -Belgium, 1 -France.)
-------
Table D-2 MACHINERY NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION (Continued)
SIC, Number of
Industry Publications Areas of Publication
Mixed 18 Noise Measurement Techniques
Category • Machines in reverberation rooms (2 -U.s.)
(continued) • Principles of preception and measurement (1 -France)
• Plant noise measurement techniques (2 -U.S.)
• Machine noie.e measurement techniques (12 -9 -U.S.,
1. —U.S.S.R., 1 —Germany, 1 —France)
• Errors in measurement of machine noise (I -Germany)
11 Noise Criteria and Standards
• Coimminity impact (4 -U.S.)
• Standards (7 -l —Canada, 1 —U.S.S.R., 1 —Austria,
1 —Sweden, 3 —U.S.)
5 Analysis Techniques
• Nomograms (1 -Germany)
• Empirical (1 -Japan)
• Dynamic analysis (3 -2 -U.S., 1 -Poland)
15 Equipment, Mechanical
• Conveyors (1 -Germany)
• Compressors (7 -6 -U.S., 1 -Germany)
• Gas turbines (3 -l -U.S., 1 -Japan, 1 -England)
• Lift truck (1 —U.S.)
• Power tools (1 —U.S.)
• Prime mover (1 -U.S.)
• Dust collectors (1 -England)
-------
Table D-2 MACHINERY NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION (Continued)
SIC’
Industry
Number of
Publications
I-I
Mixed
Category
(continued)
24
Equipment, “Pneumatic ”
• Fan Noise (8 - 5-U.S., 2-Japan, 1-Germany)
• Combustion Noise (13 - 4-U.S., 1-U.S.S.R., 2-Germany,
6-England)
• Noise from airflow through a grill (1—Japan)
• Exhaust noise (2-U.S.)
15
Equipment, Hydraulic
• Pumps (5 - 3-Poland, 1-Hungary, 1-U.S.)
• Valves (1—U.S.)
• Piping systems (1-U.S.)
• Water turbines (1-Tasmania)
• Oil Cushion (1-Iran)
• “Hydraulic equipment” (6 - 5-U.S., 1-England)
10
Components
• Gears (6 - 4-U.S., 1-Poland, 1-Japan)
• Rotor (1-England)
• Bearings (2—U.s.)
• Clutch (1—U.S.)
8
Vibration Isolation
• Correlation of machine vibration and radiated noise
(1—England)
o Structural damping (1-U.S.)
• Machinery foundations (1-U.S.)
o Machine noise reduction (5 - 4-U.S., 1—U.S.S.R.)
Areas of Publication
-------
Table D-2 MACHINERY NOISE PUBLICATICV DISTRIBUTION (Concluded)
SIC, Number of
Industry Publications Areas of Publication
Mixed 16 Acoustical Treatment
Category • Barriers and enclosures ( 6 - 5-U.S., 1-Germany)
(continued) • aicts and pipes (3—U.S.)
• Fluid and electrical components (1-U.S.)
• Laminated metal composites (1-U.S.)
• Machines (5—U.S.)
11 Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning
• Air handling system (1-U.S.)
• Residential air conditioner (1-U.S.)
• Air conditioner cabinet (1-Germany)
• Chiller (2—U.S.)
• Cooling tower (1-Germany)
• Circulating pump (1-France)
• Unducted HVAC equipment (1-U.S.)
• ict systems (2-U.S.)
• Fans (1-Germany)
-------
APPENDIX E
INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY NOISE LEVELS
Machine types and noise levels were compiled by industry in order
to identify:
• Machine types within each Industry.
o Noise levels associated with each machine type.
Accordingly 357 machines, distributed over 20 industries, were
identified. Bases for the identification were:
• Department of Commerce reports of the 1972 Census of Manufac-
turers, Reference 5. These documents formed the primary basis
of the machinery and industry distributions.
• References on machine noise (References 1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11,
12, 13) yielded both noise level data and information on
machines used by industry. Machine types of the construction
and utility industries were primarily gathered from these re-
ports.
No attempt was made to be all inclusive in identifying machinery
because much more data were readily available in some industries, such
as the fabricated metal products industry, than in others, such as the
tobacco manufacturers industry. Also, there are many species of some
generic machine types which are of various manufacture and in various
stages of useful life, with varying associated noise levels. The noise
levels may also depend on the type of workpiece being handled. There-
fore, a rigorous structure of the machine-noise level-industry matrix is
very large and beyond the scope of this effort. The machinery noise
level presented is an indicator rather than as an absolute value .
A search for machinery noise data indicated that most of the
available data is in the form of A-weighted sound pressure levels (SFL).
Little noise spectra data was found, with the exception of that in
Reference 4.
Table E-l is a summary of the machinery noise by industry. The
complete machine-industry-noise level matrix is given in Tables E-2 to
E-l8. Table E—l is a compilation of the SIC code for each industry, the
industry, the number of machines identified with each industry, the num-
ber of machines for which SPL’s were available, and the mean SPL for the
83
-------
machines identified. The mean SPL is intended to serve as a gross
indicator of the noise level of the machines in the industry and should
not be taken as an indicator of the noise level of the industry (which
must be related to the number of machines of each type within the in-
dustry and the typical plant acoustics).
Noise levels were identified for approximately 67 percent of
the machines. This is a relatively high value primarily because
many of the machines within the industries could not be readily
identified during this effort and many of those machines which were
identified were drawn from the noise measurement data base.
Mean SPL t s for the machines range from 85 dBA for the leather
and leather goods industry machines to 109 dBA for the construction
industry machines. Most of the high mean SPL values (above 95 dBA)
are associated with industries in which metal forming and cutting are
the predominant operations. Noise levels of the petroleum and coal
products industry machines are primarily the noise of the machines
associated with mining operations.
84
-------
SIC
Code
16
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
36
42
6
15
15
21
22
15
29
10
12
38
18
0
10
Included
11
Included
9
11
15
7
Included
10
12
96
91
90
88
99
85
91
98
Table E-1
SU) ARY OF M&CHINE NOISE BY INE*JSTRY
Number of Number of
Machines Machines
Identified With SPL Data
19
Mean SPL for
Machines, dBA
(2 — 5 ft.)
( .61—1.52 mtrs. )
(85)*
94
N.A.
93
Indus try
Construction
Food and Kindred Products
Tobacco Manufacturers
Textile Mill Products
Apparel and Related Products
Lumber and Wood Products
Furniture and Fixtures
Paper and Allied Products
Printing, Publishing, & Allied Products
Chemical and Allied Products
Petroleum and Coal Products
Rubber and Misc. Plastic Products
Leather and Leather Goods
Stone, Clay and Glass Products
Primary Metal Industries
in SIC 22
in SIC 24
in SIC 28
38
* 15.2 meters (50 feet)
-------
____ Industry
34 Fabricated Metal Products
35 Machinery Except Electric
36 Electrical & Electronic Machinery
37 Transportation Equipment
49 Utilities
TOTALS
Table E-l
SIC
Code
SU)* &RY OF MACHINE NOISE BY INIXJSTRY (Concluded)
Number of
Machin.s,
dBA
Number
Machines
Identified
Machines
With SPL Data
(2 - 5 ft)
(.61.1.52 mtrs)
21
17
101
13
12
99
13
99
12
8
236
357
-------
Table E-2 IN]XTSTRY-MACHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 16)
Overall Ref.
Industry Machine Level dBA No .
Construction Other Than
Building Construction Bulldozers 80* 8
Scrapers 88* 8
Trucks
(Construction) 91* 8
Payers Self-
Propelled 89* 8
Backhoes 85* 8
Compacters
Graders 85* 8
Frontloaders 79* 8
Shiploaders
Concrete Mixers 85* 8
Conveyo rs
Vibrators 76* 8
Concrete P .nnps 82* 8
Rock Crushers
Cranes 83* 8
Pile Drivers 101* 8
Drop Haniners
Pneumatic Tools 85* 8
Off-Highway
Tractors 80* 8
87
-------
Table E-2 INWSTRY-M&CRINE-NOISK L v DISTRIBUTION (Concluded)
(SIC Code 16)
Overall Ref.
Industry Machine Level dBA No .
Construction Other Than
iilding Construction Dragline8
Shovels
Street Sweeper
Rock Drill 98* 8
Derrick 88* 8
Cl ainshel 1
Ripper
Pipe Layer
Roller
Trencher
Fork Lift
Travel Lift
Compressor 81* 8
GeneratOr 78* 8
Jack Rqmer 88* 8
Stripping Pump
Well-Point Pump
* SPL Measured at 15.2 meters (50 feet) from machine.
88
-------
Table E-3 INIXISTRY-MACHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 20)
Overall Ref.
Industry Machine L evel dBA No .
Food and Kindred Products Bottling & Packaging 93 9
Machinery
Washing & Sterilizing
Equipment
Pas teurizers
Homogenizers 93** 9
Ice Cream Freezers
Butter & Cheese Pro-
cessing Machinery
Dry Milk Processing
Machinery
Slicers
Choppers 92* 4
Grinders
Dicers
Mixers
Tenderizers
Ovens
Continuous Bread-
Making Equipment
Wrapping Machines
Bottling Equipment
Meat & Poultry Pro-
cessing Equipment
89
-------
Table E-3 INIUSTRY-MACHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (Coat’ d)
(SIC Code 20)
Overall Ref.
Industry Machine Level dBA No .
Food and Kindred Products Fruit & Vegetable
Canning Machinery
Flour & Grainmill
Machinery
Sugar Plant Mach-
inery
Oliseed Crushing &
Extract. Machinery
Bottle Washers &
Sterilizers 93* 9
Uncasers & Casers
Capping Machines
Packing & Packaging
Machines
Carbonators
Filling & Labeling
Machines
Molding Machine 86* 4
Peanut Blanching
Machine 85* 4
Bottle Fillers 96** 9
Lift Truck 9l** 9
Peanut Sizing
Machine 95.’,’ 9
Salt Pulverizor 95* 9
90
-------
Table E-3 INIXJSTRY-MACHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRI JTION (Concluded)
(SIC Code 20)
Overall Ref.
Industxy Machine Level cIBA No .
Food and Kindred Products Vibrating
Conveyor 91** 9
Metal Conveyor
for Bottles 94** 9
Pecan Shell Cracker l0l** 9
Paper Container
Shear lO0** 9
Candy Cane Twister 95** 9
Wash Tank lOO** 9
Refrigeration
Compressor l00** 9
Candy Print
Machine 99** 9
* SPL measured .61 - 1.52 meters (2 - 5 feet) from machine.
SPL measurement distance not specified.
Table E -4 IN [ XJSTRY4fACRINENOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 21)
Overall
Industry Machine Level dBA
Tobacco Manufacturers Conveyors
Driers
Fans
Cutting Equipment
Washing Equipment
Packaging Equipment
91
-------
________ Machine
Cleaning & Opening
Machinery
Carding & Combing
Machines
Drawing & Roving Frames
Spinning Frames
Twisting Frames
Yarn Preparing
Machines
Power Looms
Knitting Machines
Bleaching, Dyeing &
Finishing Machinery
Drying Machinery
Reducing Machines
Reducer Transfer
Machines
Combing Machines
Pin Drafters
Prepare rs
* SPL measured .61 - 1.52 meters (2 - 5 feet) from machine.
** SPL measur nent distance not specified.
Table E-5
Industry
Ter tile Mill. Products
(Thcludes apparel and other
finished products, SIC 23)
INWSTRY-MACHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 22)
Overall Ref.
______ Level dBA No .
82* 4
83* 4
97* 4
102* 4
100** 4
96* 4
89* 4
95* 4
92* 4
90* 4
92
-------
Table E-6 INl JSTRY-MAC}1INE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 24)
Overall Ref.
Industry Machine Level dBA No .
Lumber and Wood Products Veneer & Plywood-
(Includes furniture & Making Machinery
Fixtures, SIC 25)
Saws 111* 4
jointers 88* 4
Matchers
Molders 99* 4
Mo rtis ers
Shapers 89* 4
Tenoners 95* 4
Lathes 98* 4
Planing Machines 108* 4
Surfacing Machines 98* 4
Drills
Barkers 91* 4
Slashers 97* 4
Sanders 85* 4
* SPL measured .61 — 1.52 meters (2 - 5 feet) from machine.
93
-------
Table E-7 INIIJSTRY-M&CHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 26)
Overall Ref.
Industry Machine Level dBA No .
Paper and Allied Products Barkers 91* 4
Chippers
Knot ters
Splitters
Chipscreens
Grinders
Deckers
Diges ters
Beaters
Jordans
Calenders 93* 4
Fourdriniers
Bagmaking Machines
Corrugated Box Making
Machines 97* 4
Box, Carton & Shipping
Container Making Mach. 85* 4
Toilet Roll and Napkin
Making Machines
Slashers 97* 4
Pulp Preparation Machine 82* 4
Mixers 94* 4
Paper Machines 88* 4
Pumps 92* 4
* SPL measured .61 — 1.52 meters (2 - 5 feet) from machine.
94
-------
Table E-8 IN1XTSTRY-M CHINE-NOISE LEVEl DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 27)
Overall Ref.
Industry Machine Level dBA No .
Printing, Publishing & Lithographic Printing
Allied Products Presses
Newspaper Presses 92* 4
&isiness Form Presses
Commercial Presses
Gravure
Fl exog raphic
Typesetting Machinery 81* 4
Saddle Binding Equipment
Perfect & Hard Case
Binding Equipment
Elec trotyping Machines
Stereotyping Machines
Paper Cutting Machines
Collating Machines 90* 4
Gathering Machines
Printer-Slotters 98* 4
Stitchers 85* 4
Folders 94* 4
Shears 103* 4
Ink Mills 91* 4
Cleaning Tanks 87* 4
Newsprint Rewinders 85* 4
Air Ejectors 83* 4
* SPL measured .61 - 1.52 meters (2 - 5 feet) from machine.
95
-------
Mixers
Drum Cleaners
Five-Roll Mills
Hauiner Mills
Compounding Rolls
Ball Mills
Fabric Coaters
Rewind, Fabric Beaming
Rotary Kilns
Rubber Mills
Tread Tubers
Curing Presses
* SPL measured .61 — 1.52 meters (2 - 5 feet) from machine.
Industry
Ch nical and Allied Products
(Includes rubber & misc, plastic
products, SIC 30)
Table E-9 INIXJSTRY-MCHINE-NOISE L v L DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 28)
Overall Ref.
________ Machine Level dBA No .
Ink Mills 93* 4
Pigment Mills 91* 4
Pebble Mills 80* 4
80* 4
78* 4
97* 4
98* 4
92* 4
99* 4
81* 4
80* 4
82* 4
86* 4
90* 4
94* 4
96
-------
Table E-lO INIXJSTRY-M&CHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 29)
Overall Ref.
Industry Machine Level dBA No .
Petroleum and Coal Product Rotary Drilling Sur-
face Equipment
Rotary Drilling Subsur-
face Equipment
Cable Tool Drilling
Machinery
Flowing Well Equipment
Rod Lifting Machinery
Pumping Units
Oil & Gas Separating,
Metering & Treating
Equipment
Well Surveying
Machinery
Crushing, Pulverizing
& Screening Machinery 86** 10
Drills llO** 10
Cutting Machines 96* 12
Longwall Mining
Machines
Gathering Arm Loading
Machines 99* 12
Slusher Hoists Loading
Machines
Continuous Mining
Machines 97* 12
Borers
Rippers
97
-------
Table E-1O INWSTRY-MACMINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (Concluded)
Overall Ref.
Industry Machine Level dBA No .
Petroleum and Coal Product Shuttle Cars 93* 12
(Loading)
Mine Cars
Flotation Machines
Wet Cyclones
Centrifugal Driers
Scrubbers
Thermal Driers
Feeders
Grinding Mills
Screens
Shakers
Roof Bolter 112* 11
* SPL measured within .914 meters (3 feet).
** SPL measur nent distance not specified.
98
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Table E-l1 IN1XJSTRY-M CHINE- NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 31)
Overall Ref.
Industry Machine Level dBA No .
Leather & Leather Products Fleshing Machines 89* 4
Hair Driers 88* 4
Lime Mixing Tubs 77* 4
Setting Out Machines 103* 4
Splitting Machines 85* 4
Coloring Drums 90* 4
Plating 81* 4
Seasoning Machines 80* 4
Spraying Machines 78* 4
Measuring Machines 77* 4
* SPL measured .61 — 1.52 meters (2 - 5 feet) from machine.
99
-------
Table E-l2 INE*JSTRY-M&CHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTR1BUTIC (SIC Code 32)
Overall Ref.
Industry Machine Level dBA No .
Stone, Clay & Glass Products Clay Crushers 92* 4
Clay Till Extrusion
Machines 82* 4
Packing Machines 86* 4
Bottle Forming
Machines 98* 4
Mixers 93* 4
Pneumatic Chippers 84* 4
Cut Off Saws 89* 4
Stone Planers 98* 4
Cranes 84* 4
Stone Saws 99* 4
Concrete Aggregate 89* 4
Clay Tile Kiln
(Unloading) 97* 4
* SPL measured .61 - 1.52 meters (2 - 5 feet) from machine.
100
-------
Table E-13 INDUSTRY-MA CHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 33)
Overall Ref.
Industry Machine Level dBA No .
Primary Metal Industries Grinders 90* 4
Pneumatic Chippers 117* 4
Furnaces (Ingot Heating) 93* 4
Furnaces (Oil Heating) 93* 4
Wood Planers 107* 4
Friction Saws 107* 4
Shake Outs 103* 4
Pneumatic Rams 84* 4
Tumblers 99* 4
Push Up Machines 99* 4
Core Blowers 116* 4
Core Draw Vibrators 108* 4
Air Hoists 108* 4
Electric Furnaces 96* 4
Sand Slingers 96* 4
Jolt Squeeze
Machines 97* 4
Crucible Heaters 81* 4
Roughing Mills 102* 4
Levelers 90* 4
Decoilers 116* 4
Anealing Furnaces 93* 4
Lectromelt Furnaces 95* 4
Open Hearth Furnaces 80* 4
101
-------
Table E-l 3 INWSTRY-MACHINE-NOISE Li VEL DISTRIBUTI0I I (Concluded)
(SIC Code 33)
Overall Ref.
Indu atry Machine Level dBA No .
Primary Metal Industries Scarfing Equipment 36* 4
Bloomer Mills 90* 4
Strip Mills 97* 4
Conveyora 98* 4
Forging H ers 109* 4
Coke Ovens 93** 1
Sinter Plants l0O** 1
Blast Furnaces 93** 1
Basic Oxygen Furnaces 95** 1
Soaking Pits 98** 1
Rolling Mills 95** 1
Continuous Picklers 95** 1
Pipe Mills 96** 1
Wire Drawing 95** 1
Nail Mills 98** 1
* SPL measured .61 — 1.52 meters (2 - 5 feet) from machine.
** SPL measurement distance not identified.
102
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Table E14 IN JSTRYM&C}IE OI LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 34)
Overall Ref.
Industry Machine Level dBA No .
Fabricated. Metals Product Boring Machines 97* 4
Drilling Machines 98* 4
sear-Cutting Machines 88* 4
Grinding Machines 106* 4
Polishing Machines 95* 4
LatheS 107* 4
Milling Machines 89* 4
Saws 107* 4
Broaching Machines
Planers
Shapers 93* 4
Cut Of f Machines 103* 4
Tapping Machines 94* 4
Threading Machines
Automatic chucking Lathes
Screw Machines 90* 4
Station & Transfer
Machines
Electric Discharge
Machines
El ec trocheifliCal
Machines
Honing & Lapping
Machines
Welding Machines 82* 4
103
-------
Table E-14 INt JSTRY-MACHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (Concluded)
(SIC Code 34)
Overall Ref.
Industry Machine Level dBA No .
Fabricated Metals Product Punches 98* 4
Shears 3* 4
Beading Machines 92* 4
Forming Machines 108* 4
Mechanical Presses 107* 4
Hydraulic Presses
Pneumatic Presses 101* 4
Extrusion Presses
Headers & Upsetters 106* 4
Svaging Machines
Gear & Spline Rolling
Machines 89* 4
Thread Rolling Machines 89* 4
Marking Machines
Riveting Machines 117* 4
Die Casting Machines
Impact Wrenches
Paver Driven Hand
Tools 95** 4
Drop Haimners 111* 4
Sand Blast Machines 121* 4
Vibrators 104* 4
* SPL measured .61 - 1.52 meters (2 — 5 feet) from machine.
** SPL ineasur nent distance not specified.
104
-------
Table E-15 Nt*JSTRy-MACHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 35)
Overall Ref.
Industry Machine Level CIBA No .
Machinery, ccept Electric Milling Machines 89* 4
Boring Machines 97* 4
Pneumatic Presses 101* 4
lob Grinders 89* 4
Multiple Drills 96* 4
Turret Lathes 107* 4
Welders 112* 4
Riveting Machines 125* 4
Chippers 127* 4
Grinders 95* 4
Shears 94* 4
Punch Press 99** 4
Drilling Machines 98* 4
Gear-Cutting
Machines 89* 4
Lapping, Polishing &
Buffing Machines
Broaching Machines
Planers
Shapers 93* 4
Tapping Machines 94* 4
Saws 107* 4
Thread Machines
* SPL measure .61 — 1.52 meters (2 — 5 feet) from machine.
** SPL measurement distance not specified.
105
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Table E-16 INEUSTRY-14ACUINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 36)
Overall Ref.
IndU8try Machine Level dRA No .
Electrical and Electronic Drilling Machines 98* 4
Machinery
Grinding Machines 106* 4
Polishing Machines 95* 4
Saws 107* 4
Tapping Machines 94* 4
Threading Machines
Welding Machines 82* 4
Punches 98* 4
Shears 93* 4
Bending Machines 92* 4
Forming Machines 108* 4
Riveting Machines 117* 4
Power Driven Hand
Tools 102** 4
* SPL measured .61 - 1.52 meters (2 - 5 feet) from machine.
** SPL measurement distance not specified.
106
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Table E-17 NrtTSTRY-MA.CHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 37)
Overall Ref.
Industry Machine Level dBA No .
Transportation Equipment Riveting Machines 133* 4
Drills 88* 4
Saws 107* 4
Routers 86* 4
Welding Machines 82* 4
Punches 98* 4
Shears 93* 4
Bending Machines 92* 4
Forming Machines 108* 4
Mechanical Presses 101* 4
Hydraulic Presses
Pneumatic Presses 101* 4
Impact Wrenches
Power Driven Hand
Tools 95** 13
* SPL measured .61 - 1.52 meters (2 - 5 feet) from machine.
** SPL measurement distance not specified.
107
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Table E-18 INIXJSTRY-14&CIIINE-NOISE L1w L DISTRIBUTI (SIC Code 49)
Overall Ref.
Industry Machine Level dBA No .
Utilities Fans llO** 3
Gas Turbines 9 0** 3
Oil &irners 85** 3
Diesel &tgines lOO** 3
Rotary Blowers 120** 3
Turbo-Alternators 85** 3
Feed Pumps 90** 3
Transformers 60_lOO** 3
(size d
pefluen
** Noise measurement distance not specified.
108
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APPENDIX F
REFERENCES (within Appendices)
1. Report No. 2671, Impact on Noise Control at the Workplace ,
Bolt, Beranek and Newman, 29 Oct. 1973.
2. Vol. I, Encyclopedia of Associations , N. Fisk Editor, Gale
Research Co., Book Tower, Detroit, Michigan.
3. Noise from Power Plant Equipment , The Institute of Mechanical
Engineers, Proceedings 1966-67, Vol. 181, Part 3C, 21-23
September 1966. (British Publication).
4. H. Karplus and G.L. Bonvallet, A Noise Survey of Manufacturing
Industries , American Industrial Hygiene Association Quarterly,
Vol. 14, No. 4, Dec. 1953.
5. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufacturers , Industry Series,
U.S. Department of Commerce, Social and Economic Statistics
Administration, Bureau of Census, Reports No. MC 72 (P) - 35B-2,
MC 72 (P)—35B—3, MC 72 (P)—35C—1, MC 72 (P)—35C—2, MC 72 (P)
35C-5, MC 72 (P)—35D—l, MC 72 (P)—35D—2, MC 72 (P)-35D-3, MC 72
(P) — 35D—4, MC 72 (P)—35D—5, MC 72 (P)-35E-9, MC 72 (P)-1.
6. Annual Survey of Manufacturers, 1970-1971. Surveys also for
years 1968-1969, 1967 and 1966, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Social and Economic Statistics Administration, Bureau of Census.
7. Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1973, 94th Annual
Edition, U.S. Department of Commerce, Social and Economic
Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census.
8. NTID300. 1, Noise From Construction Equipment and Operations,
Building Equipment, and Home Appliances, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, December 31, 1971.
9. Miller, R.K.; You Can Reduce Plant Noise , Food Engineering,
March 1973.
10. Cannon, R.N., Noise Reduction for Equipment Operations Under-
ground , Mining Congress Journal, March 1972.
11. Zatek, J.E., Underground Noise Control: The New Challenge
Coal Age, December 1971.
109
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12. Lamonica, J.A., et al, Noise in Underground Coal Mines , RI 7550,
USD1, ireau of Mines, August 1971.
13. Willoughby, R.A., and E. Parker, Reducing Pneumatic Tool Noise ,
Plant Engineering, Sept nber 6, 1973.
110
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APPENDIX G
LIST OF TABLES (within Appendices)
Table No. Titles Page
C—i Summary of Industry/Association/Noise Research 58
Activity Survey
D—l SummRry of Publication Distribution 73
D—2 Machinery Noise Publication Distribution 75
E—l Summary of Machine Noise by Industry 85
E—2 Industry—Machine—Noise Level Distribution 87
(SIC Code 16)
E—3 Industry—Machine -NOiSe Level Distribution 89
(SIC Code 20)
E—4 industry—Machine—Noise Level Distribution 91
(SIC Code 21)
E—5 [ ndustry_MaChifleNOis8 Level Distribution 92
(SIC Code 22)
E —6 Industry_Machine—Noise Level Distribution 93
(SIC Code 24)
E—7 Industry_MaChineN0i Level Distribution 94
(SIC Code 26)
E—8 Industry_MaChifleNOise Level Distribution 95
(SIC Code 27)
E—9 Industry_MaChifle 0 e Level Distribution 96
(SIC Code 28)
E—1O Industry—Machine 0 Level Distribution 97
(SIC Code 29)
E—ll Industry_MaChine 0i8e Level Distribution 99
(SIC Code 31)
—12 IndustrY_MaChj 015e Level Distribution 100
(SIC Code 32)
111
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APPENDIX C
LIST OF TABLES (within Appendices) (Cont’d.)
Table No. Titles Page
E—13 Industry—Machine--Noise Level Distribution 101
(SIC Code 33)
E—14 Industry—Machine--Noise Level Distribution 103
(SIC Code 34)
E—15 Industry—Machine—Noise Level Distribution 105
(SIC Code 35)
E—16 Industry—Machine—Noise Level Distribution 106
(SIC Code 36)
E— 17 Industry—Machine—Noise Level Distribution 107
(SIC Code 37)
E—18 Industry—Machine—Noise Level Distribution 108
(SIC Code 49)
112
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Ins.tzuct ions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO. 2.
3. RECIPIENT’S ACCESSI0 N0.
600/2—75—008
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5. REPORT DATE
Federal Machinery Noise Research, Development, and
Demonstration: FY 73 — FY 75
May 1975
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Interagency Machinery Noise Research Panel
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
Interagency Machinery Noise Research Panel (RD—681)
Office of Research and Development
1GBO9O
11.CONTRACT/GRANTNO.
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Environmental Protection Agency
Of flee of Research and Development
Final
14.SPONSORINGAGENCYCODE
Washington, D.C. 20460
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
EPA Contacts: Stephen R. Cordle 202—755—0448
Eugene E. Berkau
16. ABSTRACT The Interagency Machinery Noise Research Panel was established by the Envi-
ronmental Protection Agency to aid EPA in fulfilling its responsibility for coordinatii
the Federal noise research activities. As its initial task, the Panel prepared this
report summarizing the Federal government’s machinery noise research, development, and
demonstration activities. The Federal agencies which sponsor and/or conduct the major
portion of these activities are represented on the panel. They are Department of
Defense, National Bureau of Standards, National Science Foundation, Bureau of Mines,
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and EPA. Department of Labor
is also represented. Other agencies which sponsor machinery noise RD&D are the
Department of Agriculture and Consumer Product Safety Commission. The report contains
brief descriptions and fiscal data for the agencies’ activities. Emphasis is on
fiscal years 1973 through 1975. Also included are references and bibliographies of
reports and publications which have resulted from the Federal machinery noise RD&D
activities.
7. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
Acoustics Federal budgets
Noise (sound) Compressor noise
Noise reduction Gear noise
Engine noise Machinery
Research Construction
Research projects Industrial equipment
Federal noise RD&D
Federal noise coordinati
Research coordination
2001
In 1406
1309
1303
1301
1313
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Uncl Ssif led
21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220.1 (9-13)
113
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1975— 582-423:284
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA 1. Re orr No. 2.
SHEET ErA 550/9-75-023
3.’ ecipient’s Accession No.
4. Title and Subtitle
FIRST REPORT ON STATUS AND PROGRESS OF NOISE RESEARCH
AND CONTROL PROGRAMS IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
5. Report Date
June 1975
6.
7. Author(s)
8. Performing Organization Rept.
No.
9. Performing Organization Name and Address /
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Noise Abatement and Control
Crystal Mall #2
Washington, D.C. 20460
10. Prøject/Task/Work Unit No.
H. Contract/Grant No.
12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Noise Abatement and Control
Crystal Mall #2
Washington, 0. C. 20460
13. Type of Report & Period
Covered
Final
14
15. Supplementary Notes Based on a preliminary report prepared by the General Electric
Company, Information Systems Programs, 1400 Wilson Blvd. ,Arl.,Va. under EPA
Contr + ‘JI.\ Q_f11_2f7()
16. Abstracts
Issued in compliance with Section 4(c)(3) of the Noise Control Act of 1972 (PL 92-574),
this report describes Federal noise control and research activities and establishes a
baseline of agency program information that may be used in subsequent years to assess
progress in the Federal Government’s noise control efforts. Thirty-nine Federal agencie
were requested to submit information on their noise related activities to EPA. Volume I
of the report contains a surrrnary and assessment of reported activities which are des-
cribed both by agency and by thefollowing functional areas: noise standards and regu-
lations, noise abatement, hearing conservation, technical assistance, and research.
Volume II consists of four reports describing Federal agency noise research, development
and demonstration programs in the areas of surface vehicle noise, aviation noise, noise
effects, and machinery noise. The reports include project descriptions and fiscal data
and were prepared jointly by the membership of four interagency research panels, formed
in 1974 by EPA.
17. Key Words and Document Analysis. 17a. Descriptors
Standards and Regulations Noise Effects
Hearing Conservation Programs U.S. Government Agencies
Noise Abatement Programs
Technical Assistance
Research, Development, and Demonstration Programs
Federal Noise Research Coordination
Machinery Noise
Aircraft Noise
Surface Vehicle Noise
17b. lderitifiers/Opefltflded Terms
17c. COSATI Field/Group
19. Security Class (This 21. No. of Pages
18. Ava2labl lity Statement Report)
UNC IASSIF IED
UNLIMITED 20. Security Class (This 22. Price
Page
UNCLASSIFIED
tJZCOMM-DC 14952-P72
FORM NTIS-35 IREV. 3-12k THIS FORM MAY BE REPRODUCED
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