United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Industrial Environmental Research* EPA-600/2-80 108
Laboratory July 1980
Cincinnati OH 45268
Research and Development
Hazardous Material
Spills and
Responses for
Municipalities
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. Special” Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECH-
NOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to develop and dem-
onstrate instrumentation, equipment, and methodology to repair or prevent en-
vironmental degradatton from point and non-point sources of pollution. This work
provides the new or improved technology required for the control and treatment
of pollution sources to meet environmental quality standards.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/2-80-108
July 1980
HAZARDOUS MATERIAL SPILLS
AND
RESPONSES FOR MUNICIPALITIES
by
George A. Brinsko
Frederick J. Erny
Allegheny County Sanitary Authority
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15233
and
Edward J. Martin
Andrew P. Pajak
David M. Jordan
Environmental Quality Systems, Inc.
Rockville, Maryland 20852
Grant No. S-801123
Project Officer
John E. Brugger
Oil and Hazardous Materials Spills Branch
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory-Cincinnati
Edison, New Jersey 08817
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Industrial Environmental Research
Laboratory-Cincinnati, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved
for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily
reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorse-
ment or recommendation for use.
11
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FOREWORD
When energy and material resources are extracted, processed, converted,
and used, the related pollutional impacts on our environment and even on
our health often require that new and increasingly more efficient pollution
control methods be used. The Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory-
Cincinnati (IERL-Ci) assists in developing and demonstrating new and
improved methodologies that will meet these needs both efficiently and
economically.
The report presents an assessment of the effect of spills of certain
hazardous materials on the operation of biological wastewater treatment
plants. The results of the report may be used by treatment plant operators
to assess what the effects of potential hazardous material spills might be
on their plants. The report may be used by wastewater collection and
treatment system managers as a pattern for the development of contingency
plans and approaches to mitigate the adverse effects of hazardous material
spills on the consistent and effective operation of their systems. The
data presented extend the understanding of the quantity and type of stored
hazardous materials which represent the potential for spills in urban
environments. The data may also be used to broaden the data base for
planning studies and to assess possible changes in NPDES and pretreatment
requirements. The results of the examination of certain hazardous materials
should guide the selection of other materials for further research. Further
information may be obtained by contacting the Oil and Hazardous Materials
Spills Branch of IERL-Ci at Edison, New Jersey 08817.
David G. Stephan
Director
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Cincinnati
111
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ABSTRACT
Hazardous material spills are a constant threat to wastewater treat-
ment facilities. This project deals with the Allegheny County Sanitary
Authority (ALCOSAN) efforts to develop and implement a comprehensive
program to minimize potential adverse effects of hazardous material spills
on the ALCOSAN wastewater collection and treatment system. The principal
areas reported are:
1. A compendium of the effects that hazardous materials can have
on secondary biological treatment processes;
2. Inventory of hazardous materials stored within the ALCOSAN
service area;
3. Evaluation of selected hazardous materials in a pilot plant
simulating the effects of hazardous material spills on
treatment plant performance;
4. Study of the potential for a monitoring and surveillance
system at the head-end of the plant and key locations within
the collection system;
5. Development of a contingency plan to initiate countermeasures
in the event of a hazardous material spill;
6. Investigation of surcharge, financing, and legislative
programs.
The pilot plant results showed that the hazardous materials tested
had adverse effects on the plant operation, but that these effects were
not sufficient to damage the plant process. Operational problems and
degradation of effluent quality illustrate the potential adverse effects
of hazardous materials on the operation of the full-scale facility.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of EPA Grant No. S-80l123
to the Allegheny County Sanitary Authority, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The
report was prepared in part by a subcontractor, Environmental Quality
Systems, Inc., Rockville, Maryland. The report covers the period March
1972 to January 1975. Corrections to the final report were completed in
December 1977.
iv
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CONTENTS
Foreword iii
Abstract iv
Figures vii
Tables. . . ix
Acknowledgments. xiii
I Introduction 1
II Conclusions . 4
III Recommendations 7
IV Review of Existing Information. . . . 9
V Inventory of Hazardous Materials and
Identification of Industrial Discharges. 26
VI Pilot Plant Evaluations 38
VII Monitoring and Surveillance System 80
VIII Contingency Plans 88
IX Spill Countermeasures 94
X Discussion and Summary 110
Appendices
A. Summary of Literature Review on Effect of
Hazardous Material Spills on Biological
Treatment Processes 112
B. Checklist for ALCOSAN Personal Interviews 129
C. Manufacturing Industries with Greater Than
50 Employees in the ALCOSAN Service Area 130
D. Survey Questionnaire, Cover Letter, and
Questionnaire Input Data Card Format 146
E. Stored Hazardous Materials Reported
Through Questionnaires 162
F. Pilot Plant Hazardous Materials Spills Studies 170
G. Description of Volume 2 195
V
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CONTENTS (Continued)
H. Completion Report on Mass Balance Study 196
I. Diversion Structure Data . . 228
3. Surcharge, Financing and Legislation 247
K. Additional Data on Pilot Plant Studies 254
L. Glossary of Abbreviations and Conversion
Table - Metric to U.S. Measure . 265
References 266
vi
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Page
• 44
• 46
64
67
68
69
• . . 72
• . • 73
• . . 76
81
82
89
• . . . 95
ant . . . 105
• • . 175
• . . 176
• . . . 179
• . . 182
FIGURES
Number
1 Step Aeration Pilot Plant Schematic
2 Base Line BOO Least Squares Fit Curve
3 Effluent Cadmium
4 Effect on BOD Removal (Copper).
5 Effect on Effluent Copper Concentration.
6 Total Copper in the Sludge
7 Effect on Effluent pH
8 Effect on COD Removal, Sulfuric Acid Spill and
Hydrogen Peroxide Spill
9 COD Reduction, Methanol Spill and Phenol Spill
10 ALCOSAN Service Area Map
11 Monitoring System
12 Contingency Plan Outline
13 Schematic of Existing ALCOSAN Plant .
14A-G Countermeasures for the ALCOSAN Treatment P1
F-i BOD Removal vs. Time
Spill: 500 mg/l Phenol
F-2 COD Removal vs. Time
Spill: 500 mg/i Phenol
F-3 BOD Removal vs. Time
Spill: 500 mg/l NH 4 C1
F-4 BOD Removal vs. Time
Spill: Unneutralized Scrubber Water. .
vii
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FIGURES (Continued)
Number Page
F-S BOD Removal vs. Time
Spill: l-f 2 SO 4 Pickle Liquor 185
F-6 BOD Removal vs. Time
Spill: No. 2 Fuel Oil 189
F-7 COD Removal vs. Time
Spill: No. 2 Fuel Oil . 190
F-B Turbidity Removal vs. Time
Spill: No. 2 Fuel Oil 191
F-9 SS Removal vs. Time
Spill: Perchloroethyiene 194
H-i Flow Chart of Primary Plant and Pilot Plant
Locating the Sampling Sites 198
H-2 Main Pump Station Wet Well Schematic Location
of Influent Interceptors 199
H-3a Interceptor Flow, Sunday, April 15, 1973. . . . . . . 208
H-3b Interceptor Flow, Monday, April 16, 1973. . . 209
H-4 Influent and Effluent BOD-5 210
H-5 pH vs. Time; Sites S and PM
(Mass Balance Study) 215
H-6 Solids Balance - Primary Plant 217
H-7 Solids Balance — Pilot Plant . . . 220
I-i ALCOSAN Service Area Sewerage Basins
Outside City Limits 245
1-2 ALCOSAN Sewerage Basins Within City Limits 246
viii
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TABL ES
Number Page
1 Pollutant Parameters for Which Continuous
Analyzer/Controller Equipment Is Available 14
2 Heavy Metals in Wastewater Treatment Plant
Influent and Effluent - Cadmium 19
3 Heavy Metals in Wastewater Treatment Plant
Influent and Effluent - Chromium 20
4 Heavy Metals in Wastewater Treatment Plant
Influent and Effluent - Copper 21
5 Heavy Metals in Wastewater Treatment Plant
Influent and Effluent - Lead . 22
6 Heavy Metals in Wastewater Treatment Plant
Influent and Effluent - Nickel 23
7 Heavy Metals in Wastewater Treatment Plant
Influent and Effluent - Zinc 24
8 Suniiiary of Major Manufacturing Industrial
Categories within ALCOSAN Service Area 28
9 Data Processing Report Format 32
10 Ten Largest Industrial Classifications Discharging
to the ALCOSAN System by Wastewater Flow 33
11 Stored Hazardous Materials Reported through
Questionnaires 34
12 Potential Candidates for Hazardous
Material Studies 4
13 Sun nary 0 f Pilot Plant Hazardous Material
Studies (HMS) 57
14 Pilot Plant Operating Conditions 62
15 Influent and Effluent Cadmium Data Study 1-1 . . . 65
ix
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TABLES (continued)
Number Page
16 Influent and Effluent Total Cadmium Data Study 1-2. . 66
17 BOD and Total Copper Data . • 70
18 Uptake of Copper by Activated Sludge • . 71
19 pH and COD Data Study 2-2, Sulfuric Acid . 74
20 pH and COD Data Study 3-1, Sodium Hydroxide . 75
21 COD Data Study 4-1 and 5-1, Methanol and Phenol 77
22 Field Monitoring Station Data 84
23 Hazardous Material Spill Report Checklist 91
24 Allegheny County Sanitary Authority 1974
Operating Suninary . . 97
25 Ratio of Average Total Metal Concentrations 100
26 Spill Countermeasures 103
A-i Sumary of Literature Review on Effect of
Hazardous Material Spills on Biological
Treatment Processes 112
B-l Checklist for ALCOSAN Personal Interviews. . 129
C-i Manufacturing Industries with Greater Than
50 Employees in the ALCOSAN Service Area 130
C-2 Average Discharge Quantity and Quality for the
Ten Standard Industrial Classifications with the
Largest Flow to the ALCOSAN System 144
C-3 Largest Dischargers of Various Wastewater
Quality Parameters 145
x
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Number
D- 1
E— 1
F-i
F- 2
F— 3
F-4
F- 5
F- 6
F- 7
H-i
H- 2
H- 3
H-4
H- 5
I-•1
K-i
K-2
K-3
TABLES (continued)
• 206
• 207
• 212
Page
159
• . 162
• • 170
174
178
181
184
187
193
205
Questionnaire Input Data Card Format.
Stored Hazardous Materials Reported
Through Questionnaires
Summary of Pilot Plant Studies
BUD and COD Removal - Phenol
BUD Removal - Ammonium Chloride .
BUD Removal - Unneutralized Scrubber Water.
BUD Removal - H 2 S0 4 Pickle Liquor.
BOD and COD Removal - No. 2 Fuel Oil.
Suspended Solids Removal - Perchloroethylene
Influent Flow Record . .
Summary of Sewage Quantities
Sewer (Gallons Per Day)
Interceptor System Flow Data
In-Plant Stream Flows
Total Metals Balance, Primary Treatment Plant -
April 15 and 16, 1973
Diversion Structure Data
Wastewater Characteristics
During Pilot Plant Studies . .
Cadmium (100 mg/i)
for Intercepting
(Million Gallons Per Day).
222
228
Cadmium (500 mq/l)
254
255
256
xi
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TABLES (continued)
Number Page
K—4
SulfuricAcid
257
K-5
SodiumHydroxide
258
K-6
Methanol
259
K-7
Phenol (500 mg/i)
260
K-8
Phenol (600 mg/i)
261
K-9
Ax xnonium Chloride
262
K-lU
Copper
263
K-li
Pickle Liquor
264
K—12
FuelOil
265
K— 13
Perchioroethylene
266
xii
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
buring the course of the project, the Allegheny County Sanitary
Authority (ALCOSAN) Laboratory staff, headed by Ms. Mary Anne Gearing,
performed tens of thousands of chemical analyses. The contributions
of Mr. Willard Jefferson were very helpful during this analysis effort.
Mr Frank Hensler and Mr. Robert Smith, along with other staff members
of the ALCOSAN plant, provided continuous significant project support.
The Project Officer, Dr. John Brugger, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Edison, New Jersey, provided a sustained effort toward project
technical analysis and review. The assistance of Mrs. Allison Tepper is
also appreciated.
The efforts of the consultant, Dr. James Miller of the University of
Pittsburgh, are appreciated.
The ALCOSAN also acknowledges the efforts of the staff and the
cooperation of the various departments of the government of Allegheny
County and the City of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, during the course of
the study.
Finally, the assistance provided by Universal Technology Corporation,
Dayton, Ohio in graphics layout and editorial format is recognized. The
efforts of Ms. Anne Hermielgarn and Mr. Thomas DeBanto are worthy of
special mention during this final report preparation activity.
xiii
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SECTION I
INTRODUCTI ON
BACKGROUND
The initial problems of defining and identifying hazardous materials,
assessing the potential for hazardous material spill incidents, and
determining the effects of spills primarily to surface waters have been
the focus of many reports. Based on these efforts, criteria for defining
hazardous materials, classifications and lists of hazardous materials,
and contingency plans for reacting to hazardous material spills have been
developed. However, little information has been presented on the effects
that spilled hazardous materials have on municipal wastewater treatment
systems, especially those employing biological treatment processes. Even
though these facilities generally discharge to surface waters, protection
of their efficient operation has not been an element of most oil and
hazardous materials spill contingency plans. This report considers the
role of wastewater treatment plants in the overall management of hazardous
material spills.
The concern over hazardous materials can be measured in regulations
set forth by the Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970, the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, the Hazardous Materials Trans—
portation Control Act of 1970, and the Toxic Substances Bill of 1972. As
required in Section 311 of FWPCAA of 1972, a list enumerating 300 hazardous
substances recently has been drafted by the EPA.
More than 2 billion tons of hazardous materials are produced and
transported annually in the United States. Approximately 8.6 million tons
of hazardous materials were moved on the Allegheny River and the improved
portion of the Ohio River in Pennsylvania during 1968, enough to rank the
area as one of the largest handlers of hazardous materials in the country
(Ref. 1). On a national basis, during 1973, 7,651 oil and hazardous mater-
ial spills were reported to the United States Department of Transportation,
Office of Hazardous Materials (DOT) (Ref. 2). For that same period, only
44 hazardous materials incidents were reported in Allegheny County,
Pennsylvania, by the DOT and the EPA (Ref. 3).
When hazardous material spill incidents occur during transportation,
cleanup often involves the flushing of the spilled material into nearby
sewers. This practice coupled with the detrimental effects reported by
studies of the effects of hazardous materials on biological activity are
the basis for concern by wastewater treatment plant operators.
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The step aeration activated sludge process is utilized by ALCOSAN for
secondary treatment. The sewer system is primarily a combined system,
serving two-thirds of the county, including the entire city of Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania.
ORIGINAL STUDY PLAN
The comprehensive program being developed by ALCOSAN for managing
hazardous material spills is directed towards minimizing the potential
adverse effects on the wastewater collection and treatment system of
hazardous materials spills. The following seven elements were considered
essential in the development of this comprehensive program.
1. A review of literature to assess the magnitude of the hazardous
material spill control problem was conducted. This included determining
the effect of hazardous materials on biological treatment processes;
identifying the potential sources of hazardous materials; and reviewing
methods of responding to, controlling, and monitoring hazardous materials
spills in municipal systems.
2. On the local level an inventory of the sources of hazardous
materials was prepared. The inventory data were generated through
questionnaires and personal surveying and sampling programs. All data
were organized, sorted, and retreived by computer with various sort,
permutations utilized to display the data. Industrial discharge data
were generated and manipulated in a similar manner. The primary data
displays were arranged by Standard Industrial Classification number (SIC)
and location where the industrial discharge enters the ALCOSAN System
(i.e., sewer drainage basin).
3. The sensitivity of the biological treatment processes to changes
in influent wastewater characteristics, as demonstrated in laboratory- and
bench-scale units by other studies, was reviewed. Few large-scale plant
studies were reported. After reviewing the effects of hazardous materials
on biological treatment processes and concurrent with developing the
inventory, hazardous materials were selected for pilot plant evaluations.
In the pilot plant studies, spills of single compounds and combinations
of materials were generated and the effects on the activated sludge
process were monitored. Possible countermeasures for mitigating the effects
of the spills also were evaluated.
4. Activation of countermeasures is dependent on an early warning
of detrimental influent wastewater characteristics. To provide this
capability at ALCOSAN, a monitoring system was designed that consists of
five remote stations located at key sites in the interceptor system and
a station at the head end of the treatment plant. Several potential
reactions are possible when atypical wastewater conditions are detected.
These range from activating additional treatment processes or modifying
ongoing processes to mitigate the effects of a spill, to expanding the
sampling efforts to better document the effects caused by the atypical
influent.
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5. An operations reaction plan as briefly described above is one
part of a two-part contingency plan. One facet is an internal plan
for ALCOSAN, and the other is intended to insure that plant personnel are
alerted in the event that a material spill enters the sewerage system.
The internal olan was formulated, delineating actions and responsibilities
when a spill incident is detected by monitors or reported by other means.
6. The operations plan recommending possible countermeasures and
operational modifications was developed to protect treatment plant
personnel and facilities, to eliminate inhibition of microbial activity
in the secondary units, and to maintain effluent quality consistent
with requirements. Structural and nonstructural alternatives are
recommended to handle various spilled materials.
7. To recover the costs of the implementation of this comprehensive
plan, bases for equitably distributing the cost to the users of the
service that ALCOSAN provides were devised. The legislation required
to activate the plan was considered.
3
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SECTION II
CONCLUSI ONS
The following are conclusions of the project effort.
1. A literature review indicated that hazardous material spills do
have an effect on the efficient operation of biological wastewater treat-
ment facilities. This effect may be severe and long term.
2. The inventory of hazardous materials revealed that materials shown
to detrimentally affect biological processes were stored within the service
area of the ALCOSAN treatment facility and there existed a potential for
spills of these materials and subsequent effects on the collection system,
treatment plant, and plant personnel.
3. There is substantial variability between plants in terms of
removal capability for any particular heavy metal.
4. in many cases, there is more than an order of magnitude variation
in the influent heavy metals concentrations for the various plants.
5. Inspection of the raw data reveals that industrial contributions
can account, in large part, for many of the wide variations in treatment
plant influent concentrations.
6. The pilot plant evaluation of the effects of hazardous material
spills illustrated that,under the conditions of the study and for the
materials evaluated, there were minimal overall effects on the activated
sludge process. Though the plant remained operable, the effluent quality
was degraded, however. This degradation was due largely to the spilled
materials not being removed in the plant and being present in the effluent.
No long-term deleterious effects were observed for the materials and spill
conditions studied, even though during the period of study, the ALCOSAN
plant did experience plant upsets, probably due to unknown quantities or
types of spills, or unfavorable operating conditions or a combination of
the two.
7. There is a disagreement between the pilot plant studies of
hazardous material spills and the information presented in the literature
for the same materials. The literature results which were reviewed and
reported (Ref. 4) were largely conducted at the laboratory-scale. The
pilot-scale facility is apparently able to handle considerable quantities
of hazardous materials without long-term effects on the operation.
4
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There are two possible significant outcomes of a hazardous material
spill. A plant upset is possible and/or the contents of the spill may be
discharged in the plant effluent and could constitute permit violations
(National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, NPDES).
8. A monitoring and surveillance system will provide continuous
documentation of the variations in influent character which will result
from certain hazardous material spills. The monitoring and surveillance
system will provide an indication of the type of spill which has occurred,
and based on the location of the sensing apparatus, the time of the spill’s
arrival at the plant can be estimated. The monitoring and surveillance
system will assist in implementing spill countermeasures at the plant or
in the collection system. The system will also assist in enabling ALCOSAN
to meet NPDES permit requirements.
9. Of the six heavy metals investigated, a very rough approximation
of secondary plant removal is as follows: lead has the best removal
characteristics, followed by cadmium, chromium, copper, and zinc which
are about the same; and nickel is the most poorly removed. The exact
removal ranges cannot be estimated because of the wide variability not
only among plants, but also within the same plant.
10. Based on the data available, the cause of the variability in
removal cannot be pinpointed, such as plant operating conditions, influent
concentration, or other factors.
11. Local emergency response agencies (police and fire departments)
often involved with controlling a hazardous material spill generally are
not aware of the function and responsibility of the wastewater treatment
agency. The emergency agencies have only recently become aware of the
ramifications of flushing spilled materials into the nearest sewer.
12. The only structural in-plant operational modification that might
be implemented at ALCOSAN would be neutralization of acid or alkaline
materials until further documentation of the effects of the hazardous
materials on wastewater treatment plants are established.
13. In some instances, especially for organic materials (e.g., phenol),
adjusting treatment plant operating procedures may be sufficient to preserve
treatment plant integrity and reduce the quantity of hazardous material
discharged from the treatment plant if an early warning of the imminent
slug dose is received.
14. Out-of-sewer devices for control or containment of spilled
hazardous materials are still largely in the development phase, with
several devices currently being tested. Portable foam generating systems
for constructing dikes have general applicability for prohibiting movement
of spilled materials into sewers.
15. Availability of in-sewer spill control devices is limited, with
inflatable pipe stoppers normally used for sewer maintenance most readily
available.
5
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16. Although continuous monitoring instrumentation is available,
costs, required maintenance, constraints of the operating environment and
difficulties in data interpretation have made the use of this instrumen-
tation limited. The pa 1 ’ameters generally monitored are dissolved oxygen,
temperature, pH, conductivity, oxidation-reduction potential, and turbidity.
6
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SECTION III
RECOMMENDATI ONS
This program was concerned with the protection of municipal wastewater
treatment facilities from spills of hazardous materials. The FWPCAA of
1972 (Ref. 37) states that “It is the national policy that the discharge
of toxic pollutants in toxic amounts be prohibited.u To assist in achieving
this objective, the following recommendations are made. They are of both
national and local significance.
1. A contingency plan should be developed for each wastewater
treatment facility and should include documentation of hazardous materials
spills and their effects. The information developed in the pilot-scale
facility related to spill effects and the existing information on the
full-scale facility at ALCOSAN does not warrant implementing structural
in-plant modifications for spills until hazardous material effects have
been better established.
2. The effects of hazardous materials spills on biological treatment
systems should continue to be investigated, preferably at the pilot-plant
scale or full scale. Although the pilot plant was not affected severely
by the materials and conditions studied, the full-scale plant has appeared
to perform less efficiently at times, even though operating conditions were
not modified. In addition, atypical influent wastewater has been observed
visually from time to time, but effects, if any, have not been documented.
The following spills situations should be examined: (a) Spills of
different hazardous materials in sequence; (b) Combinations of different
materials in the same spill; (c) Long-term chronic spills; and (d) Buildup
of toxic substances in the activated sludge over extended periods of time.
3. Industrial discharge sampling programs are recommended for
collection and treatment systems located in heavily industrialized areas
for continuous maintenance of satisfactory secondary plant operating
performance and effluent quality, determining potential future spill
conditions, and enforcement of municipal codes. The program should be
operated to guarantee sampling at the most pertinent establishments and
should employ portable automatic sampling equipment to insure accurate
representation of industrial discharge quality.
4. A monitoring and surveillance system should be installed at
critical points in the collection system and at the head end of treatment
plants to facilitate activation of spill contingency plans.
7
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5. Emergency response agencies (e.g., police, fire) should be
trained to handle hazardous materials spills and be informed of the
alternatives for handling spills and the ramifications of these alterna-
tives with regard to wastewater collection and treatment systems.
6. Wastewater treatment agencies should participate with other local
agencies to develop a hazardous materials spill contingency plan. The
magnitude and potential of the hazardous materials spill problem should
be determined. Organized efforts by the local agencies to document spill
incidents should be a part of a contingency plan.
7. If an evaluation of the hazardous material slug dose situations
presented in Section VI demonstrates effects on treatment processes, the
feasibility of short-term countermeasures to mitigate the effects should
be examined. Limited experience in the pilot plant demonstrated some
success in mitigating spill effects when plant operation was modified.
Possible alternatives include increasing retention time, increasing the
biomass concentration, and wasting contaminated sludge to the sludge
treatment system.
8. The potential for spills of hazardous materials should be
determined through an inventory of hazardous materials stored within the
treatment plant service area. The inventory should be updated regularly.
This may be done in conjunction with personal survey interviews, which
should be conducted before or during initiation of industry discharge
sampling.
9. The effects of the pilot plant results on the FWPCAA of 1972
(Ref. 39), especially sections 304 and 307 related to effluent limitation
guidelines, pretreatment standard guidelines, and toxic and pretreatment
effluent standards, should be further examined by EPA. The effects of
short-term spills on secondary wastewater treatment plant operating
efficiency appears to be less severe than indicated by results in the
literature for equivalent treatment systems at various scales (bench and
pilot).
10. The hazardous material content of resultant activated sludge
after spills or chronic discharges of non-domestic wastes and the
additional costs incurred for disposal of residues containing concen-
trated hazardous materials should be further investigated.
8
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SECTION IV
REVIEW OF EXISTING INFORMATION
Existing information critical to the formulation of a comprehensive
program for the control of hazardous material spills was examined in
some detail. This information is summarized into the following three
categories:
1. The scope and nature of effects on biological treatment
processes which may be expected for a broad variety of
hazardous materials.
2. The extent of previous work on the control of hazardous
material spills.
3. The probability and magnitude ofhazardous material spills
into the municipal sewerage system.
EFFECTS OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ON BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
One of the major goals of this demonstration project was to
minimize the adverse effects hazardous materials (HM) have on the
performance of secondary biological treatment processes. To provide
an indication of such potential effects, a literature search was
conducted to identify previous work related to effects of hazardous
materials on biological treatment systems and to guide this work.
An initial cursory search identified approximately 2000 sources
pertaining to materials of potential interest. Subsequently, over
1000 abstracts from these initial sources which appear to be relevant
to the study of hazardous material effects were examined. Of these,
approximately 500 articles were reviewed in depth and about 100 litera-
ture references were used.
The references used present a considerable amount of pertinent
information. A concise compendium of these data, entitled “Effects of
Hazardous Material Spills on Biological Treatment Processes” has been
prepared as a separate report (Ref. 4). It is intended to be utilized
by wastewater treatment plant operators as a handbook for quick reference
in assessing a range of potential adverse effects on the biological phase
of the treatment process. Effects of over 250 chemical substances are
presented. information, arranged in a matrix form with the chemical
substances presented in alphabetical order, includes:
9
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1. Description of the chemical.
2. Effects on treatment process operating parameters, especially
those associated with the activated sludge treatment process.
3. Effect of the treatment process on the chemical.
Data from the full scale, pilot scale, and bench scale studies are reported
with an extensive bibliography. Appendix A, Table A-i presents a brief
alphabetized summary of the data in the handbook and it, by itself, may be
used as a quick reference handbook. In the literature, biological treat-
ment processes have been shown to be sensitive to slug doses of a broad
variety of materials although it is difficult to generalize.
CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL SPILLS
Considerable work has been done in the area of controlling hazardous
material spills on land and in water. Efforts range from design of
physical systems to contain, treat, and clean up the spilled materials to
development of contingency plans outlining actions and responsibilities of
agencies to control spill incidents. Equipment being developed and tested
for containment, treatment, and clean up of land spills includes:
1. Plastic polyurethene foam plugs and foam concrete dikes which can
be dispensed from portable foam generating units (Ref. 5, 6).
2. A portable, self-contained pump and collection bag module to
collect spilled materials which have temporarily been contained
(Ref. 7).
3. Mobile full-scale physical-chemical treatment systems to treat
hazardous materials in aqueous solutions (Ref. 8, 9). However,
much of this equipment is still in the developmental stages.
Numerous contingency plans exist for coordinating the response to
hazardous material spills; yet the major elements or roles of any contin-
gency plan may be classified as:
1. Spill detection and reporting.
2. Response, i.e., containment and clean up.
3. Legal authority and financial responsibility.
While the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania currently is developing a formal
contingency plan, present contingency plans on the national (Ref. 10),
regional (Ref. 11), and subregional (Ref. 12) levels consider and provide
for these major elements, but, out of necessity, except for legal authority,
provide only a management system and an outline of response actions. The
stated purpose and objectives of the EPA Region III plan (Region III
10
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headquarters are in Philadelphia and include the Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania) are to provide for:
1. A pattern of coordinated integrated response to pollution spills
by departments and agencies of the Federal government, state and
local governments, and private groups. It establishes a regional
response team and provides guidelines for establishment of sub-
regional contingency plans. This plan also promotes the
coordination and direction of Federal, state, and local response
systems and encourages development of local government and private
capabilities to handle spills.
2. Efficient, coordinated, and effective action to minimize the
damage from oil and hazardous substance discharges, including
containment, dispersal, and/or removal.
These plans are concerned almost entirely with controlling effects on
surface waters and do not deal with response requirements to spills affect-
ing wastewater collection systems. A past weakness of current and previous
plans -- the absence of a comprehensive information system —- has been
strengthened with the development of the EPA Oil and Hazardous Material
Technical Assistance Data System (OHMTADS) and the Coast Guard Chemical
Hazards Response Information System (CHRIS) in addition to the Manufacturing
Chemists Association (MCA) CHEMTREC Program. Contingency plans formulated
by individual industries (Ref. 13, 14) and industrial cooperatives (Ref. 15)
address themselves to specific responses for special hazardous materials.
In the Pittsburgh area, at the local level, there is no contingency
plan and little has been done to assist the local emergency response
agencies, that is, the police and firemen. It was concluded from meetings
with these agencies that:
1. Local police and fire agencies do not have a well—defined plan
nor do they participate in a communications alert network in the
event of a spill incident.
2. Local police and fire agencies are not aware of the functions or
the responsibilities of ALCOSAN nor of the possible effects of a
hazardous material spill on treatment plant performance.
3. Fire agencies consult literature published by the National Fire
Prevention Agency, MCA and the Railway System and Management
Association for descriptions of the proper use of hazardous
substances and the necessary safety precautions and incident
control procedures. The aid of the Chemical Transportation
Emergency Center (CHEMTREC)maY also be enlisted. However,
spilled materials are often flushed into the nearest sewer or
waterway. Communication regarding spill incidents between local,
state and federal agencies was lacking.
11
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4. Although industries are required to file a “Pollution Incident
Prevention Plan” with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental
Resources containing a contingency plan, recent spill incidents
within Allegheny County indicated that such plans do not
necessarily function in an emergency.
5. The county has no hazardous material contingency plan and almost
no record of spill incidents, though it is estimated that 500-1000
spills of oil and hazardous materials occur annually in Allegheny
County.
6. Local agencies have no record of spill incidents and individuals
were able to recall very few incidents regarding hazardous
materials.
Local agencies usually are first on the scene of a land spill and
early steps taken by them will determine the magnitude of the spill control
problem. However, except for the local treatment systems, equipment for
spill containment is still in the development stage and not widely avail-
able. The actions of these agencies generally will be of a first-aid
nature with more sophisticated activities remair ing the responsibility of
experts representing the Federal and state governments, manufacturers of
the spilled material, or the agent responsible for transporting or storing
the material. The first-aid actions, although primarily concerned with
protection of human life, should stress containment of the spilled material
to prevent both horizontal and vertical movement. There are several means
of containment including:
1. Changing position of the ruptured container.
2. Repairing or rebuilding the container.
3. Building a substitute container.
4. Enclosing the container.
A substitute container may be made by:
1. Forming dikes from earth, sand bags, or inflatable water bags.
2. Erecting portable containers such as swiming pools.
3. Digging a pit or sump, preferably lined.
Stainless steel overpacking containers are being built by a major chemical
company for enclosing leaking 55-gallon drums (Ref. 16).
When sewer drains present an avenue for continued spreading of the
spilled material, they should be blocked. In the absence of high-expansion
foam systems, materials at hand should be used for form dikes. In-sewer
means of control, available at most wastewater treatment facilities, include
12
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inflatable balls, ‘pipestoppers”, or dams usually used in sewer maintenance.
An assessment of spill control mechanisms including contingency plans spe-
cific to the ALCOSAN service area will be discussed later in this report.
The control of spills is dependent upon detecting the spill, identify-
ing the pollutant, monitoring the progress of the pollutant, and utilizing
clean-up techniques. The best means of identifying atypical conditions in
an aquatic environment where the magnitude and potential of the spill and
the possible effects of a spill warrant monitoring is by continuous
monitoring systems. Spot—checks including laboratory and field tests
generally are unsatisfactory for protection purposes but are suitable for
identifying and monitoring the progress of the spills. While inadequate
for the detection of hazardous material spills, an example of a continuous
monitoring system in use is the ORS 4 ANCO Robot Monitoring System (Ref. 17).
This system measures dissolved oxygen, pH, oxidation and reduction potential,
conductivity, chloride concentration and temperature. Table 1 presents
those pollution parameters for which continuous automatic analysis equipment
is available; however, this automatic equipment is costly to maintain,
often complex to operate, and data are difficult to interpret. A monitoring
and surveillance system, specific for the operating conditions at ALCOSAN,
will be discussed later in this report.
SPILLS INTO THE MUNICIPAL SEWER SYSTEM
The United States Department of Transportation records the following
commodities involving spilled incidents in Allegheny County in the period
January 1971 to March 1973:
1. gasoline -- 23 spills
2. paint, enamel, lacquer -- 7 spills
3. cleaning compounds -- 4 spills
4. alcohol -- 3 spills
5. methanol -- 2 spills
6. pyridine -- 2 spills
7. acetone —- 1 spill
8. ammonium nitrate -- 1 spill
9. battery contents -- 1 spill
10. butadiene -- 1 spill
11. corrosive liquid -- 1 spill
12. electrolyte (acid) -- 1 spill
13
-------
TABLE 1.
POLLUTANT PARAMETERS FOR WHICH CONTINUOUS
ANALYZER/CONTROLLER EQUIPMENT IS AVAILABLE
Acidity Hardness
Alkalinity Hydrazi ne
Amines Hydrogen Sulfide
Ammonia Iron (ferrous and ferric)
Ammoni a Ni trogen Manganese
Bromine Nickel
Chloride ( iotometri c method) Ni trate
Chlorine (free) Nitrite
Chlorine (residual and total) Oxidation Reduction Potential
Chromate Ozone
Chromium (hexavalent, trivalent, pH
and total)
Color Phosphates (ortho, poly, total)
Conductivity Silica
Copper Silver
Cyanide Suiphite
Dissolved Oxygen Tannin and Lignin
Fluoride Temperature
Turbi di ty
14
-------
13. fuming sulfuric acid -- 1 spill
14. inflammable liquids —- 1 spill
15. liquid acids -- 1 spill
16. liquid cement -- 1 spill
17. oxidizing materials -— 1 spill
18. phosphorus oxychloride -- 1 spill
19. potassium cyanide —— 1 spill
20. pyrophoric liquids -- 1 spill
21. sodium cyanide -- 1 spill
22. sodium hydrosulfite -- 1 spill
23. titanium tetrachioride —- 1 spill
The fate of these materials is unknown. There is no direct tie to plant
upsets in the ALCOSAN system or elsewhere. It is unlikely that this is a
complete list of all spills; as indicated earlier, local emergency agencies
have no record of spill incidents. ALCOSAN has documented a few spill
incidents which were reported to them; these generally involved gasoline
and asphalt.
Once spilled materials enter the collection system, there are several
potential effects:
1. Operating personnel may be endangered or the interceptor system
or plant facilities may be damaged.
2. Material may pass through the treatment plant unaltered and be
discharged to the receiving water.
3. Biological treatment processes may remove or reduce the quantity
of spilled materials entering the receiving stream, or
4. Biological treatment processes may be upset and in the time
required to re-establish maximum efficiency poorly treated
wastewater will be discharged.
15
-------
The effect will be a function of the type of spilled material, the quantity,
contingency reactions, and types of treatment processes.
Both the Ohio River Valley Sanitary Commission (ORSANCO) and the State
of Pennsylvania have established pollution control standards and water
quality criteria for the Ohio River. The most recent ORSANCO standards,
numbered 1-70 and 2-70, were adopted in November 1970 and applied to
essentially all sewage and industrial waste discharged to the Ohio River
(Ref. 18). The State of Pennsylvania likewise has established the general
and specific water quality criteria to protect the water users of its
streams. The following general criteria have been adopted:
The water shall not contain substances attributable to municipal,
industrial, or other waste discharges in concentrations or amounts
sufficient to be inimical or harmful to the water uses to be
protected or to human, animal, plant or aquatic life. Specific
substances to be controlled include, but are not limited to,
floating debris, oil, scum, and other floating materials; toxic
substances; substances that produce color, taste, odors, or settle
to form sludge deposits.
On September 30 and October 1, 1971, the Environmental Protection
Agency convened a conference in Pittsburgh on the matter of pollution of
the interstate waters of the Ohio River and its tributaries in the
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area involving Pennsylvania, Ohio, ar d West
Virginia (Ref. 19). Some of the recommendations presented in the report
relate specifically to ALCOSAN discharges to the Ohio River. Of particular
interest were the following recommendations:
1. The Allegheny County Sanitary Authority’s treatment plant at
Pittsburgh provide, as a minimum, a 90% reduction of both
suspended solids and oxygen demanding materials throughout
the year. The rate of discharge by this plant shall not
exceed BOO 5 load of 20,000 lbs. per day and suspended solids
load of 40,000 lbs. per day.
2. Wastewater discharge into the Ohio River and its tributaries
of Pennsylvania from municipal and industrial sources:
a. shall not show irridescence nor contain more than 10 mg/i
of total oil.
b. shall not contain amounts of the following substances that
will cause the concentration of the receiving stream to
exceed the acceptable level as specified in the recent
edition of the United States Public Health Service Drinking
Water Standards (Ref. 38).
16
-------
Arsenic Lead
Barium Phenols
Cadmium Selenium
Copper Silver
Chromium, hexavalent Zinc
c. shall not contain amounts of ammonia that will cause the
concentration of ammonia in the receiving stream to exceed
0.5 mg/i of ammonia as nitrogen (N).
d. shall not contain amounts of cyanides that will cause the
concentration of cyanides in the receiving stream to exceed
0.025 mg/i.
3. Wastewaters from industrial and municipal sources that discharge
to the Ohio River or its tributaries in Pennsylvania shall not
contain more than 7.0 mg/i of total iron nor 1.0 mg/i of
manganese.
4. Wastewaters from industrial and municipal sources that discharge
to the Ohio River and its tributaries in Pennsylvania shall not
contain material in such quantities or concentrations or are toxic
or harmful to aquatic life. Wastewaters are considered toxic if
over half of the test organisms are fatalities in a 96-hour
bioassay.
5. All municipal and industrial waste sources in the conference
area have the required treatment facilities completed and in
operation by December 1973, except where completion is required
earlier by the federally approved water quality standards.
Interim dates for all waste sources in the conference area are
to be submitted to the conference chairman within three months.
6. Concentrations of all materials shall be determined according
to the procedures outlined in the latest edition of Standard
Methods (Ref. 20).
In order to assess expected continuous toxic metal loadings of
hazardous materials to wastewater treatment facilities several industrial
waste studies were reviewed. An extensive industrial waste study was
conducted in Cleveland, Ohio (Ref. 21). This study included an industrial
waste inventory, a detailed river and lake study, an evaluation of Lake
Erie water quality and water quality standards, and detailed analysis of
pretreatment requirements. An analysis of the measures necessary to meet
assigned and recon iended water quality criteria and an overview of the
operation of the Southerly Wastewater Pollution Control Center are presented
in addition to a rationale for an equitable sewer use charge, findings and
recommendations concerning the financial procedures employed for the City
of Cleveland and sample rate and use ordinances.
17
-------
An engineering study of the Chicago wastewater treatment system was
conducted to indicate the importance of SIC categories in establishing
surcharge levels (Ref. 22). Data sun iiary for the eight categories of meat
packing, sausage processing, poultry processing, dairies, bakeries, laun-
dries, laundromats, and car washes indicated that they represented one-third
of the industrial BOD load and about 2% of the flow, based on the total
non-residential loading to the Chicago metropolitan areas sewage treatment
plants. The report indicated that bakeries contributed the largest fraction
of BOD, with meat packing second, and laundry establishments third.
In order to obtain an estimate of the magnitude of heavy metals loading
to, and emanating from, wastewater treatment plants in large metropolitan
areas, sixteen major treatment facilities were investigated. Twelve of
these facilities were in the City of New York, three were in Cleveland, and
the remaining facility was that operated by the Allegheny County Sanitary
Authority in Pittsburgh.
The heavy metals chosen for study were: cadmium, chromium, copper,
lead, nickel, and zinc. Results of the investigation are shown in Tables
2 through 7. Influent and effluent values are reported in terms of both
the concentration (mg/i) and the loading rate (lb/day).
New York City treatment plant data is based on a 1972 average of
daily composite samples. Cleveland values are taken from an April 1955
monthly composite, while the ALCOSAN values are an average of the weekly
composite samples for the six-month period of January through June 1973.
Several generalized conclusions can be drawn for the data presented:
1. There is substantial variability between plants in terms of
removal capability for any particular heavy metal.
2. In many cases, there is more than an order of magnitude
variation in the influent heavy metals concentrations for
the various plants.
3. Inspection of the raw data reveals that industrial
contributions can account, in large part, for many of
the wide variations in treatment plant influent con-
centrati ons.
4. Of the six heavy metals investigated, a very rough
approximation of secondary plant removal is as
follows: lead has the best removal characteristics
followed by cadmium, chromium, copper, and zinc,
which are roughly about the same, and nickel is the
most poorly removed. The exact removal ranges cannot
be estimated because of the wide variability not only
between plants, but also within the same plant.
18
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TABLE 2
HEAVY METALS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT: CADMIUM
Treatment Plant
Influent
Effluent
mg/i
lb/day
mg/i
lb/day
New York:
Wards Island (Secondary_AS)*
Hunts Point (Secondary-AS)
26th Ward (Secondary-AS)
Coney Island (Secondary-AS)
Owls Head (Secondary-AS)
Newtown Creek (Secondary-AS)
Jamaica (Secondary-AS)
Taliman Island (Secondary-AS)
Bowery Bay (Secondary-AS)
Rockaway (Secondary-AS)
Oakwood Beach (Secondary-AS)
Port Richmond (Secondary-AS)
0.008
0.011
0.038
0.012
0.019
0.058
0.015
0.012
0.018
0.056
---
0.007
17
14
21
10
15
83
12
6
16
9
1
1
0.008
0.017
0.020
0.008
0.014
0.025
0.009
0.012
0.010
0.019
---
0.014
17
22
ii
7
11
36
7
6
9
3
2
2
Cleveland:
Easterly Secondary-AS)
Westerly Primary)
Southerly (Secondary-AS)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.4
0
0.4
340
0
200
Pittsburgh:
ALCOSAN (Primary)
ALCOSAN (Secondary_AS)**
0.021
28
0.018
0.007
24
9
* AS--Activated Sludge
** Pilot Plant
-J
-------
TABLE 3
HEAVY METALS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT: CHROMIUM
Treatment Plant
Influent
Effli
ent
mg/I
lb/day
mg/I
lb/day
New York:
Wards Island (Secondary_AS)*
Hunts Point (Secondary—AS)
26th Ward (Secondary—AS)
Coney Island (Secondary—AS)
Owls Head (Secondary-AS)
Newtown Creek (Secondary—AS)
Jamaica (Secondary-AS)
Taliman Island (Secondary—AS)
Bowery Bay (Secondary—AS)
Rockaway (Secondary—AS)
Oakwood Beach (Secondary—AS)
Port Richmond (Secondary-AS)
0.10
0.12
0.11
0.07
0.13
0.54
0.09
0.13
0.17
0.06
-
0.05
194
151
60
60
103
783
66
65
155
10
8
7
0.07
0.10
0.07
0.06
0.09
0.22
0.04
0.07
0.15
0.04
--
0.05
141
129
37
51
74
314
33
37
131
7
6
7
Cleveland:
Easterly (Secondary-AS)
Westerly (Primary)
Southerly (Secondary-AS)
1.0
0.8
1.0
851
227
500
0
1.0
trace
0
284
--
Pittsburgh:
ALCOSAN (Primary)
ALCOSAN (Secondary)**
0.095
125
0.079
0.031
104
41
* AS--Activated Sludge
** Pilot Plant
-------
TABLE 4
HEAVY METALS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT: COPPER
Treatment Plant
Infi
uent
Effluent
mg/i
lb/day
mg/i
lb/day
New York:
Wards Island (Secondary_AS)*
Hunts Point (Secondary-AS)
26th Ward (Secondary-AS)
Coney Island (Secondary-AS)
Owls Head (Secondary-AS)
Newtown Creek (Secondary-AS)
Jamaica (Secondary—AS)
Taliman Island (Secondary-AS)
Bowery Bay (Secondary-AS)
Rockaway (Secondary—AS)
Oakwood Beach (Secondary-AS)
Port Richmond (Secondary-AS)
0.23
0.19
0.24
0.26
0.20
0.47
0.29
0.21
0.38
0.22
--
0.16
463
248
131
213
160
675
222
106
337
35
20
22
0.10
0.18
0.22
0.11
0.17
0.19
0.13
0.11
0.25
0.16
--
0.12
198
232
123
91
140
281
98
55
222
26
18
17
Cleveland:
Easterly (Secondary-AS)
Westerly (Primary)
Southerly (Secondary-AS)
0.4
0.1
0.1
340
28
50
0.2
0.1
0.1
170
28
50
Pittsburgh:
ALCOSAN (Primary)
ALCOSAN (Secondary)
0.127
167
0.098
0.056
129
74
* AS--Activated Sludge
** Pilot Plant
-a
-------
TABLE 5
HEAVY METALS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT: LEAD
Treatment Plant
Influent
Effi
uent
mg/i
lb/day
mg/i
lb/day
New York:
Wards Island (Secondary_AS)*
Hunts Point (Secondary—AS)
26th Ward (Secondary—AS)
Coney Island (Secondary—AS)
Owls Head (Secondary—AS)
Newtown Creek (Secondary-AS)
Jamaica (Secondary—AS)
Taliman Island (Secondary—AS)
Bowery Bay (Secondary—AS)
Rockaway (Secondary—AS)
Oakwood Beach (Secondary—AS)
Port Richmond (Secondary—AS)
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-_
--
--
--
-
Cleveland:
Easterly (Secondary-AS)
Westerly (Primary)
Southerly (Secondary—AS)
0.3
0.1
0.2
255
28
100
trace
0.1
trace
--
28
--
Pittsburgh:
ALCOSAN (Primary)
ALCOSAN (Secondary)**
0.119
157
0.055
0.022
72
29
* AS--Activated Sludge
** Pilot Plant
N )
-------
TABLE 6
HEAVY METALS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT: NICKEL
Treatment Plant
Influent
Effluent
mg/i
lb/day
mg/i
lb/day
New York:
Wards Island (Secondary_AS)*
Hunts Point (Secondary—AS)
26th Ward (Secondary-AS)
Coney Island (Secondary-AS)
Owls Head (Secondary—AS)
Newtown Creek (Secondary—AS)
Jamaica (Secondary-AS)
Tailman rsland (Secondary-AS)
Bowery Bay (Secondary—AS)
Rockaway (Secondary-AS)
Oakwood Beach (Secondary-AS)
Port Richmond (Secondary-AS)
0.07
0.10
0.13
0.10
0.14
0.37
0.10
0.11
0.22
0.06
--
0.07
139
131
75
80
115
531
80
56
194
10
10
9
0.06
0.09
0.13
0.08
0.11
0.29
0.06
0.09
0.14
0.06
--
0.07
126
119
72
68
85
421
49
46
122
9
9
9
Cleveland:
Easterly (Secondary-AS)
Westerly (Primary)
Southerly (Secondary-AS)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pittsburgh:
ALCOSAN (Primary)
ALCOSAN (Secondary)*k
0.078
103
0.077
0.070
101
92
As--Activated Sludge
Pilot Plant
N)
(A)
*
**
-------
TABLE 7
HEAVY METALS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT: ZINC
* AS--Activated Sludge
**
Pilot Plant
N)
Treatment Plant
Influent
Effluent
mg/l
lb/day
mg/i
lb/day
New York:
Wards Island (Secondary AS)*
Hunts Point (Secondary—AS)
26th Ward (Secondary—AS)
Coney Island (Secondary—AS)
Owls Head (Secondary—AS)
Newtown Creek (Secondary—AS)
Jamaica (Secondary—AS)
Tailman Island (Secondar ’—AS)
Bowery Bay (Secondary-AS)
Rockaway (Secondary—AS)
Oakwood Beach (Secondary—AS)
Port Richmond (Secondary—AS)
1.14
0.33
0.31
0.38
0.33
1.58
0.48
0.36
0.65
0.46
--
0.94
2300
424
168
316
265
2280
373
185
576
73
50
128
0.43
0.25
0.22
0.21
0.34
1.00
0.24
0.21
0.40
0.19
--
0.52
867
321
120
172
275
1440
185
105
359
30
33
71
Cleveland:
Easterly (Secondary-AS)
Westerly (Primary)
Southerly (Secondary—AS)
0
0
0.1
0
0
50
0.4
0
0.5
340
0
250
Pittsburgh:
ALCOSAN (Primary)
ALCOSAN (Secondary)**
0.648
853
0.527
0.229
694
302
-------
5. Based on the data available, the cause of the variability
in removal cannot be pinpointed, such as plant operating
conditions, influent concentration, or other factors.
DISCUSSION
To meet NPDES permit requirements, it
the regular heavy metal load be handled by
but also slug doses from hazardous material
can upset the plant for varying periods and
problems.
is likely that not only must
the ALCOSAN treatment facility,
spills or purposeful discharges
can cause sludge disposal
25
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SECTION V
INVENTORY OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
AND IDENTIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGES
To identify the sources and quantities of hazardous materials
that have a potential of being spilled into the ALCOSAN collection
and treatment system, an extensive survey of the system was imple-
mented. In addition to the potential for spills of hazardous materials
in great quantities, regular or continuous discharges of hazardous
materials also were identified. The inventory was accomplished by
means of personal survey and the discharge sampling of industries
only where a potential spill or chronic discharge of hazardous
materials exists. A questionnaire was used to assess industriesh
potential for spills.
COMPILATION OF INDUSTRIES AND SOURCES OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Hazardous material spills to a wastewater treatment facility may
originate throughout the service area from two general categories of
sources. One category is in-transit facilities such as barges, rail-
road cars and tank trucks. The other source is stationary facilities;
these include manufacturing plants, warehouses, chemical processing
plants, power generating facilities, food processors, service
stations, tank farms, terminals, and the like.
A comprehensive inventory could be developed utilizing stationary
facilities as a source of hazardous material spills and extrapolating to
cover in-transit facilities. This decision was based on several factors.
The most important reason for selecting stationary facilities is that
it provides an estimate of hazardous materials in-transit. For the most
part, materials stored or consumed at a stationary facility were at
one time transported within the service are. The portion of hazardous
materials that are transported completely through the service area
without stopping are not accounted for by an inventory of only stationary
facilities. Transportation records of such hazardous materials are
so voluminous as to be unmanageable; manufacturers and shippers
records would have to be surveyed. In addition, often the service
area is not a geographical or governmental boundary. The ALCOSAN
service area encompasses the City of Pittsburgh and 29% of the area and
78% of the population in Allegheny County. The records of stationary
facilities are generally complete and accurate because each user of the
material is able to account for the quantity of hazardous materials that
are on the premises for a given time period (day, week, or month).
26
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ON-SITE SURVEYS
A survey was conducted at stationary facilities throughout the service
area by ALCOSAN personnel. The objectives of this survey were twofold.
They were desiqned to acquaint treatment facility personnel with the in-
dustry, specifically, the type of activity and wastewater discharged.
Secondly, they served to acquaint the industry with the functions and
responsibilities of the wastewater treatment authority.
ALCOSAN Industrial Waste Department personnel conducted the survey by
visiting the facility. The checklist shown in Appendix B, Table B-l, was
completed. Locations for obtaining representative discharge samples to be
collected by ALCOSAN were identified.
The 678 industries surveyed included 255 four-digit Standard Industrial
Classifications (SIC). These SIC’s (Ref. 23) included manufacturing
industries whose discharges may cause deleterious effects on the ALCOSAN
treatment plant through continuous waste discharge or where a potential for
spills exists. Also included were industrial customers with BUD and
suspended solids waste discharges in excess of normal domestic sewage levels.
Such customers include laundries, bakeries, hospitals, and service indus-
tries. Table 8 presents a summary of the manufacturing/industrial groupings
which were surveyed. Appendix C, Table C-i is an expanded version of Table
8. Table 8 and Appendix C, Table C-i also present a listing of industrial
groupings for manufacturing industries (SIC 2011 through 3999) employing
more than 50 employees in the ALCOSAN service area and the total number of
industries within each industrial group.
Three hundred twenty-eight industries representing 100 different four-
digit SIC categories on this list were contacted through the personal
survey program.
The results of the survey indicated that the industries were not well
aware of the functions and responsibilities of the authority providing
wastewater treatment. Industries which required further examination of
their discharge practices were identified through the survey. Groundwork
was established for the industrial discharge sampling program. Only limited
discharge quality information was obtained.
SAMPLING PROGRAM
Industries to be sampled were selected through the survey program.
Sampling was carried out by two-man teams from ALCOSAN. All sampling and
analyses were conducted according to EPA procedures and procedures outlined
in Standard Methods (Ref. 20). Grab type samples of the discharge(s) were
collected at one-half hour intervals and composited over the working day.
The analyses were performed by the ALCOSAN laboratory staff.
27
-------
TABLE 8
o
SUMMARY OF MAJOR MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES WITHIN ALCOSAN SERVICE AREA
Industry Group
No. of *
Industries
QUESTIONNAIRE_COVERAGE
SURVEY AND SAMPLING
PROGRAM COVERAGE
No. of +
Industries
No. of
Responses
With Sewer
Discharge
Quality Data
No. of
Responses
With Hazard-
ous Material
Inventory Data
No. of
Industries
Surveyed
No. of
Industries
Sampled
Food and Kindred
Products
SIC 20
148
28
13
17
58
29
Fabricated Tex-
tile Products
S 1C22
31
1
0
0
6
0
Mattresses and
Box Springs
SIC 2515
5
1
0
0
.
4
4
Paper Products
S 1C26
9
5
2
3
7
4
Printing Indus-
tries
SIC27
216
5
2
1
50
12
Industrial
Chemicals
SIC 281, 286
36
17
11
16
40
14
Petroleum
Refining
S 1C291
6
0
0
0
6
1
Plastic Products
S1C307
23
1
0
1
7
3
See footnotes at end of table.
-------
TABLE 8. (continued)
Industry Group
No. of *
Industries
QUESTIONNAIRE COVERAGE
SURVEY AND SAMPLING
PROGRAM COVERAGE
No. of +
Industries
No. of
Responses
With Sewer
Discharge
Quality Data
No. of
Responses
With Hazard-
ous Material
Inventory Data
No. of
Industries
Surveyed
No. of
Industries
Sampled
Stone, Clay,
Glass, Concrete
Products
SIC 32
43
7
7
4
14
6
Primary Metals
SIC 33
42
24
14
21
22
17
Fabricated Metal
Products
SIC 34
130
29
16
21
68
25
Machinery
SIC 35
151
22
16
17
33
8
Transportation
Equipment
S 1C37
10
1
1
1
0
0
Measuring
Instruments;
photographic,
medical, optical
goods; watches
SIC 38
46
13
0
10
6
4
Miscellaneous
Manufacturing
Industries
S1C39
36
6
5
5
7
4
TOTAL
932
160
87
117
328
131
* From: 1972 Pennsylvania County Industry Report, Allegheny County, Bureau of Statistics. Release
M—5-71, County Industry Report Series 73212. 1971. p. 33—43. Only manufacturing industry cate-
gories employing 50 or more are presented.
+ All of the industry types are not summarized here.
-------
Table 8 and Appendix C, Table C-l, present summaries of the sampling
program coverage (i.e., the number of industries that were sampled in each
SIC). Industrial discharge data were stored, manipulated, and retrieved
using a computer data processing system; these data, sumarized by SIC
category, are given in Appendix C, Tables C-2 and C-3.
QIJESTI ONNAI RE
The third method of establishing an inventory of hazardous materials
stored within the ALCOSAN service area was with the questionnaire illus-
trated in Appendix D. This questionnaire was divided into three sections
related to stored hazardous materials, sewered industrial wastes, and
general background information on the industry.
As the list of hazardous substances required by FWPCAA of 1972, Section
311, (Ref. 39) had not been promulgated by the EPA, the hazardous materials
listed in the questionnaire were derived from reports, personal corrununi-
cations, and other lists of hazardous materials. Materials on this list
were categorized for two reasons:
1. To aid questionnaire recipients in identifying which
hazardous materials they store and use.
2. To group substances which would likely require similar
treatment responses.
The 23 categories selected are frequently used and understandable. Although
a classification system could have been developed based on potential effects
on the wastewater treatment system, a response action was considered to be
a more effective criteria and more directly related to corrective efforts.
The mailing list for the questionnaire was developed from the ALCOSAN
billing records. The more than 300,000 accounts were screened on the basis
of type of account (domestic, comercial, industrial, and public) and water
use. As computer coding for type of account was incomplete for purposes
such as these, the following water-use criteria were employed to develop
the mailing list:
1. Those uncoded accounts using greater than 1500 gpd.
2. Those domestic-coninercial accounts using greater than 600 gpd.
3. Those conunercial accounts using greater than 200 gpd.
4. All industrial accounts.
This resulted in many questionnaires being sent to customers not considered
pertinent including stores, supermarkets, country clubs, restaurants,
apartments, taverns, private houses with swinuning pools, and large
comercial but non-industrial customers.
30
-------
A total of 5079 questionnaires were sent. Four hundred and twenty
pertinent questionnaires were received with 160 being from manufacturing
industries listed in Table 8 and Appendix C, Table C-i. The 160 industries
responding to the questionnaire represented 68% of the 100 manufacturing
SIC categories in the ALCOSAN service area.
Computer data processing was used to store, manipulate, and retrieve
questionnaire data. Five major computer printout reports, each with various
data sort permutations, were produced to present questionnaire response data.
The sort permutations arranged the data by: industry name in alphabetical
order, industry serial number (an ID number specific to this study),
industry’s SIC category, industry’s geographic location, discharge waste-
water character, stored hazardous material, and various combinations of
these. Table 9 presents the data processing format. Appendix D, Table D-1
presents the questionnaire input data card format; the code numbers for the
various items presented in the questionnaire can also be found in Appendix
D. Further documentation of computer processing is given in Volume 2 of
this report entitled “Stored Hazardous Materials and Sewered Industrial
Waste Inventory”. Volume 2 is on file with the EPA, ALCOSAN, and the
subcontractor EQSI and includes the five major computer reports containing
questionnaire response data and industrial discharge response data.
Wastewater flow data was given by all 420 questionnaire responses.
Table 10 presents the 10 industrial groups with the greatest sewered
discharge flow. Data were derived largely from the ALCOSAN sampling
program. Discharge quality data obtained through the questionnaires is
limited; those data are included in Volume 2. The hazardous material
inventory section of the questionnaire yielded extensive data, probably
because of the availability of inventory records.
Table 11, (and Appendix E, Table E-1) summarize the hazardous material
data by material categories. Since the questionnaire responses were very
good in terms of stored hazardous materials, the data could be considered
representative of the Pittsburgh area and other areas of the country as
well. The largest category of stored materials is the “elements”, probably
represented by large quantities of coal. From the point of view of effects
on the collection system and the sewage treatment facility, “salts”, the
next largest category including salts of heavy metals, is significant.
Mineral acids, organic acids, long and short chain organics and caustics
represent the next largest segment of stored hazardous materials. Flammable
hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives are a significant component of the
stored hazardous material inventory in the Pittsburgh area.
The results of this survey can be applied to other areas of the
country from the point of view of material distribution. A similar survey
conducted elsewhere should concentrate on the industrial groups which main-
tain the largest inventories as presented in Table 11. A survey which
concentrated on 30 to 40 industrial groups represented in Table 11 should
provide the best cross section of information in other areas.
31
-------
TABLE 9
DATA PROCESSING REPORT FORMAT
-
em
Survey
Response
Summary
•
Survey
Wastewater
Sunmiary
Wastewater
Discharge
Statistical
Summary
Survey
Hazardous
Materials
Inventory
Suninary
Hazardous
Material
rnventory
Statistical
Summary
(0 (0
I- 015..
0) 50)
01•- ) . 4-)
CC) CC) 4-’
-.-E CE
4)0 0) a) a
LI. LI. 4)
00 o
(no. ( nO 0
01 U)
5. - 01L
0) 50)
014-) 4-C
50) 50) 4-’
.-E CEO)
4-’ a) C) C a
LI. LI. 4.)
0(0 0(0 0)
nO . (nOfl 0
01 I I
= OIL
0) CC
01. - ) 4 )
50) 50(4’
---C) WE
4-’ a) 0) a) a
LI. LI. 4)
Ca) 010 =
(nO. 01 . 0
C / ) C A
I. O ’I.
0) C C)
01. - ) 4)
CC) CQ )4 )
-—C) CE
+ ‘ 10 0) (0 a
LI. LI. 4-’
0110 010 0)
(nO. (no. 0
0) (0
I. OIL
0)50)
014-) 4)
00) CC) 4-’
--EWE
4) ( 0 0) (0 a
LI. LI. 4-)
010
(nC/I. tnn. 0
Zipcode
S lCcategory
Interceptor diversion structure number
Alphabetical listing by name
Master serial number code
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X X X
X X X
X X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X X X
X X X
X X
X
X
X X X
X X X
Number of employees
Number of shifts
Shift hours
Number of days/work week
Number of discharge points
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
S
X X
X
Discharge type
Discharge identification
Discharge quantity
Total
High
X
X S S
S
S X
X
X X
X X
X
X
-________
Low
Average
Standard deviation
Value employee (high. low, average)
Production rate
S
S
X
S
X
Production quantity and units
Pretreatment type
Wastewater quality parameters
Quanttty
Total
X
S X
X S X
X
X
X
X S
X
X
High
Low
Average
Standard deviation
Hazardous material category
S
X
X
x
x x
x x x
Specific hazardous material
Quantity
Total
High
Low
X X X
X
x
X X X
X S
x
x
x
Average
Standard deviation
X
x
Total
2 012
7 516
5 717
5 310
4 511
32
-------
TABLE 10
TEN LARGEST STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATIONS
DISCHARGING TO THE ALCOSAN SYSTEM BY WASTEWATER FLOW*
SIC
No.
Industry
Type
No. of
Industries
Wastewater Quantity
(mgd)
2032
Canned Specialties
1
1,200,000
2013
Sausages and Other
Prepared Meat Prod.
1
1,100,000
2865
Cyclic Intermediates
and Crudes
1
1,100,000
3079
Misc. Plastic Parts
2
820,000
2082
Malt Beverages
1
750,000
8061
Hospitals
4
500,000
2011
Meat Packing Plants
5
370,000
2026
Fluid Milk
5
260,000
3312
Blast Furnaces, Steel
Works, and Rolling
and Finishing Mills
3
230,000
3824
Orthopedic, Prosthetic
and Surgical Appliances
and Supplies
1
220,000
*Source: ALCOSAN Industrial Discharge Sampling Program Questionnaires
33
-------
TABLE 11
STORED HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
REPORTED THROUGH QUESTIONNAIRES
Material
Category
Total Amount
Stored
(in millions)
Industry Groups
Having Stored
Hazardous Materials
Primary
Materials
Elements
270 Kg
Steel Works
Industrial Chemicals
Carbon
Sulfur
Minerals
4 Kg
Glass
Machinery
Industrial Chemicals
Silicon Dioxide
Magnesium Oxide
Salts of Low
to Medium
Molecular Weight
14 Kg
Steel Works
Bakeries
Aluminum Sulfate
Sodium Chloride
Salts of Low
to Medium
Toxicity*
9 Kg
Industrial Chemicals
Machinery
Aluminum Hydroxide
Sodium Nitride
Sodium Hexameta-
phosphate
Salts containing
Heavy Metals*
.04 Kg
Metal Products
Industrial Chemicals
Glass
Iron Sulfate
Nickel Sulfate
Potassium
Dichromate
Acids*
3.2 Kg
.75 1
Industrial Chemicals
Metal Works
Machinery
Industrial Chemicals
Hydrochloric Acid
Sulfuric Acid
Short Chain
Organic Acids*
.9 Kg
Industrial Chemicals
Beverages
Dairy Products
Fumaric Acid
Citric Acid
Long Chain and
Cyclic Organic
Acids*
2.5 Kg
.018 1
Industrial Chemicals
Phthalic Acid
Caustics*
9 Kg
22 1
Glass
Industrial Chemicals
Sodium Carbonate
Sodium Hydroxide
* Denotes hazardous material.
34
-------
TABLE 11. (continued)
Material
Category
Total Amount
Stored
(in millions)
Industry Groups
Having Stored
Hazardous Materials
Primary
Materials
Oxides
.2 Kg
Glass
Paints
Antimony Oxide
Lead Oxide
Insecticides
Fungicides*,
etc.
.003 Kg
.006 1
Industrial Chemicals
Bakeries
Chlorinated and
Organic Phosphorus
Insecticides
PCP (Pentachioro—
phenol)
Phenols* and
Cresols*
.9 Kg
.3 1
Industrial Chemicals
Steel Works
Phenol and
Mixtures
Poisons
(metal )*
4 Kg
Machinery
Cyanide Products
Poisons
(Halogenated)*
.06 Kg
.005 1
Industrial Chemicals
Tetrachioroethylene
Methylchloroform
Poisons
(Organic )*
4 Kg
Industrial Chemicals
Allyl Alcohol
Radioactive
Material*
5.5 pC
(micro-
curies)
Testing Laboratories
Hospitals
Cesium
Heavy Metal
Organics*
.002 Kg
Paints
Miscellaneous
Compounds
Flammable
Hydrocarbons*
38 1
11 Kg
Industrial Chemicals
Petroleum Terminals
Bunker “C”
Diesel Oil
Gasoline
Non-Flariiiable
Hydrocarbons*
3 Kg
1 1
Machinery
Cement
Industrial Laundries
Polyethylene
Acetone
* Denotes hazardous material.
35
-------
TABLE 11. (continued)
Material
Category
Total Amount
Stored
(in millions)
Industry Groups
Having Stored
Hazardous Materials
Primary
Materials
Flamable
Hydrocarbon
Derivatives*
9 Kg
18 1
Industrial Chemicals
Machinery
Butanol
Acetone
Non-Flamable
Hydrocarbon
Derivatives*
43 Kg
.2 1
_____________________
Industrial Chemicals
Machinery
____________________
Dialkylphthalates
Trichioroethylene
Compressed
Gases
7 1
.09 Kg
.01 cum
Paints
Steel Works
Machinery
Freon
Acetylene
Propane
Miscellaneous
and
Special
Materials
.09 Kg
Paints
Testing Laboratories
Hydrogen Peroxide
Miscellaneous
* Denotes hazardous material.
36
-------
A surprisingly small quantity of radioactive materials was stored in
the area. However, these materials are disbursed throu hout the area in
small quantities at testing laboratories and hospitals.
The most significant effect observed on the pilot plant operation
(described in the next section of this report) was due to fuel oil. The
second most significant effect was due to perchlorethylene. As can be seen
from Table 11, compounds and mixtures similar to these are stored in
significant quantities in the Pittsburgh area. Crude oil, diesel oil, and
gasoline are stored in the largest quantities at lower elevations along the
rivers. Impact on the plant of tank ruptures would probably be minimum.
The effect would largely be concentrated on the rivers.
Pilot plant studies and the selection of plant countermeasures in
other parts of the country could be guided by a limited survey performed
especially for the area, using the ALCOSAN data and methodologies as a
guideline.
37
-------
SECTION VI
PILOT PLANT EVALUATIONS
INTRODUCTI ON
Sensitivity of biological treatment processes to slug doses of
hazardous material spills has been reported by many investigators (Ref. 4).
However, there are no firm data from full-scale plant operation, primarily
because the results of accidental spills are not measured readily. Pilot
plant scale studies have been done with industrial wastes to provide design
data; however, the wastes usually consisted of a mixture of materials
(Ref. 4).
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
The objectives of the pilot plant hazardous material study were
threefold:
1 . To assess the reliability or applicability on a pilot-scale of
results in the literature largely performed at the laboratory-
scale.
2, To fill information gaps regarding the effects of certain
hazardous materials on the activated sludge process.
3. If severe effects on plant operation were observed -- to develop
slug-dose hazardous material operational strategies when severe
effects on plant operation were observed.
“Upset”, in the context of the analyses performed during the study,
means that the pilot plant effluent quality deviated significantly from
the mean values of BOD, COD, suspended solids and other quality parameters
under normal or non-spill conditions. The mean values for those parameters
chosen for observation during the study were determined by a series of
baseline runs before the pilot plant was exposed to the hazardous materials.
The values for standard deviation which appear on the figures are derived
from baseline data and are presented to show the expected variation of the
mean under normal operating conditions.
All of the studies were done in the existing pilot plant described
later in this section, at a fixed flow rate of 68 1/mm (18 gpm, or about
26,000 gpd). The pilot plant was initially designed and built at ALCOSAN
to develop design parameters for the full scale plant. It therefore
duplicates conditions on a smaller scale, which might be expected
38
-------
to occur within the full scale plant. The only significant difference
between the operating parameters of the full scale and pilot facilities
are the way in which the activated sludge is wasted. Activated sludge
is wasted in the pilot plant only when mixed liquor suspended solids
(MLSS) climb above the desired control levels. Recirculation of
activated sludge is going on the remainder of the time. From an
experimental point of view with regard to the effects of hazardous
materials, this is desirable since recirculation of the sludge is
largely continuous. Buildup of heavy metals in the activated sludge
solids, for example, is probably somewhat higher than what might be
expected in the full scale plant under similar spill conditions.
The experimental design of the pilot plant studies was based on
testing several hazardous materials with a limited number of pilot
plant runs for each material. Runs were performed at various
concentrations and spill durations without defining the exact critical
material concentration of spill duration which would cause failure.
Driving the system to failure in each case would have significantly
extended the time required for the overall study because of the
recovery times required after each event. The thrust of the study
was to examine many compounds rather than to examine a few compounds
intensely. This resulted in a broader-based study and process effect
information on a wide variety of chemical types.
Studies of each material were designed with the spill duration held
constant and operating conditions maintained as in the full—scale
activated sludge plant. Influent quality characteristics to the
pilot plant were allowed to vary as would normally be the case for
any full scale facility. Spilled material concentration in the activated
sludge liquor varied during different runs. Maximum probable spill events
were estimated by judging the total quantities of materials in the
Pittsburgh area and postulating the spill events. In all cases, it
will be seen that the quantities of hazardous materials used in the
spills are probably much greater than what might reasonably be expected
under everyday conditions. For example, one or two very large storage
tanks for fuel oil would have to be ruptured at the same time and
all of this material find its way to the ALCOSAN sewers in order to
approximate the quantities used in pilot plant run number 10-1. The
resultant pilot plant effects are, therefore, the most severe adverse
effects likely to be observed after a slug-type spill.
The exception to the slug-type spill was the addition of unneutralized
scrubber water from the incinerator stack gas scrubbers over a 24—hour
period. Failure in the caustic soda neutralization system at the
scrubber facility would result in this water being pumped to the head-
end of the plant unneutralized. This failure, whether due to mechnical
or other reasons probably could not be corrected immediately.
Selections for materials to be tested in the pilot plant were
based on (a) chemicals which were felt to be representative of a class
39
-------
e.g., amonium chloride for salts; and (b) chemicals representing the
largest quantities of hazardous materials in the Pittsburgh area.
During normal full scale plant operating conditions, the number of
samples taken and subsequent analyses would be dictated by the NPDES* permit
requirements. It was necessary, therefore, to define a significant deviation
from the mean as, for example, a depression of treatment plant performance
in the case of BOD removal efficiency. During the period of the study, the
requirements specified daily 24-hour composite samples. Since it was likely
that this requirement would be upgraded, much shorter composite periods were
used (in the order of a few hours). Because of the compositing, the data are
generally presented in this report in a bar-graph format, thereby presenting
sampling conditions at the same time.
Care should be taken in studying the results of the effort, particularly
in assessing the significance of variations in influent and/or effluent
concentrations or in changes of percent removal. If samples would normally
be composited on an 8-hour basis, for example, changes within that period
would be averaged out. In general, pilot plant operational deviations which
occurred and recovered within one detention period (6 to 8 hours) were not
considered to be significant variations from the mean. Even deviations
which occur and recover within a 24-hour period have only limited signifi-
cance in the operation of a full scale biological treatment facility.
Severe plant upsets for full scale treatment facilities which could
adversely affect NPDES effluent requirements would result in plant shut-
downs or upsets of several days’ duration. The NPDES effluent requirements
are designed to accomodate short intervals of plant upset with simultaneous
effects on various effluent quality parameters. In general, the results
observed during the pilot plant effort were not significant from this point
of view.
Care should also be exercised in interpreting the data for application
to full-scale facilities. Significant plant upsets might result in a
full-scale facility even at lower concentrations than those used in this
study. For example, under conditions of depressed dissolved oxygen in the
mixed liquor, heavy metal effects might be more pronounced. Other operating
conditions such as mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentrations,
sludge age and other variables could be important where variations in these
together with spills of hazardous materials could result in significant
plant upsets. It is coninonly known that major biological treatment
facilities experience plant upsets regularly; a plant upset of several days’
duration was observed at the ALCOSAN facility during the course of this
study. The reasons for it could not be determined. Because of resource
constraints, the primary variables tested in this study were type and
concentration of the hazardous materials presented in this section and in
Appendix F.
*NPDES - National Pollution Discharge Elimination System
40
-------
Unfortunately, the measurement of “percent removal” is a common
one in use generally at treatment plants throughout the country.
Results are presented herein from this point of view in order to allow
comparison with data at other treatment plants. However, mass balances were
done on both the pilot plant and the full scale facility in order
to determine the fate of materials in the treatment sequence. Some
analyses were also done to determine the uptake of heavy metals
in sludge and these are presented.
Two separate effects on the full scale treatment facility are
important from a regulatory point of view. Hazardous materials may
“upset” a treatment plant by causing wide deviations in operational
stability. On the other hand, the effect of the pass-through of some
hazardous materials may be slight or minor on the treatment processes
themselves, but appear in the treatment plant effluent causing deviations
from prescribed NPDES effluent requirements. The effects of both of
these impacts on system performance can be seen from this study.
The effect of the so-called “chronic” discharges of hazardous
materials have not been examined in this study. For example, it has
been determined that the sludge takes up heavy metals, but the effect
of lower concentrations or loadings of heavy metals on the activated
sludge process on a continuous basis over longer periods of time
than those studied is not known. It could be, therefore, that lower
concentrations than those used during the course of this study could cause
significant plant upsets after building up to certain leve .ls over a long
period of time.
SELECTION OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Questionnaire results and the EPA designation of hazardous substances
were not available when pilot plant studies were designed. The materials
for these studies were selected from literature related to hazardous
materials and industrial wastes and from ALCOSAN survey and sampling
experience, thus, insuring naticnal and local significance. Selection
of the materials was based on the following:
1. The material must have a high priority ranking, its rank was
function of the quantity of material produced, the quantity
transported by the various modes, the frequency of spill
incidents by the carrier, and the toxicity of the material
(Ref. 1).
2. The material must be utilized in industrial applications common
to industry in the Pittsburgh area. Efforts were made to select
representative materials from pertinent categories of material
in the questionnaire.
41
-------
Table 12 presents the initial list of materials to be evaluated.
Since all materials could not be evaluated in the pilot plant, Warburg
respirometer studies were conducted as a first level screening. Respiro—
meter results do not simulate expected pilot—or full—scale results, or
spill conditions. These studies were designed to determine approximate
concentration which would inhibit biological activity and eliminate mater-
ials not toxic at extreme concentration to the ALCOSAN activated sludge.
Respirometer studies were selected because oxygen uptake rate provides a
direct measurement of cellular activity without causing drastic changes in
cellular environment. The materials screened in the respirometer studies
and evaluated in the pilot plant are indicated in Table 12 A comparison
of materials on this list with those presented in Table 11 and Appendix E,
Table E-1 summarizing questionnaire hazardous material inventory data
illustrates the local significance of the materials studied in the pilot
plant. Questionnaire results show the materials studied in the pilot plantS
when ranked by quantity stored in the ALCOSAN service area except for
cadmium chloride and perchioroethylene generally were within the top 35%
of their respective material categories.
DESCRIPTION OF PILOT PLANT FACILITY AND STUDY FORMAT
Pilot plant studies were intended to simulate a chemical spill or
slug dose entering wastewater treatment facility. The spilled material
was introduced at the influent of the secondary treatment phase rather
than prior to primary treatment, thereby exaggerating effects on the acti-
vated sludge process. In a full-scale facility, some hazardous materials
studied could pass out of the system partially with the settled sludge or
floatables, thus reducing the impact on secondary treatment. All of the
materials used would be affected to varying degrees by primary treatment.
Fuel oil would be partially removed by skimmers and some perchloroethylene
would pass out with the settled primary sludge. Heavy metal salts could
react with ambient alkalinity, and mineral acids and/or bases could be
partially buffered depending on quality conditions. The primary treatment
phase in fact provides an opportunity in most plants to significantly
alter the potential spill effect on secondary treatment. This is further
discussed in the countermeasures section.
Figure 1 shows a schematic of the pilot plant. The spilled material
was metered into the pilot plant influent before the influent entered
aeration tank number 2. Pilot plant influent was pumped from a holding
tank with a direct intake from the main plant primary effluent channel
to a constant head box used to maintain a flow at 68 1/mm (18 gpm),
into a distribution box, then into aeration tank number 2. Tanks 2, 3,
and 4 are a series of aeration tanks containing the activated sludge
42
-------
TABLE 12
POTENTIAL CANDIDATES FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIAL STUDIES
Acetic Acid*
Acetone*
A ldrin*
Ammoni a
Ammonium Ch1oride*
Ariiline*
Arsenic Trichioride
Benzyl Chloride +
Cadmium Chloride*
Carbon Tetrachioride
Chi orobenzene
Chloroform
Chioromethane +
Copper Sulfate*
Cyanides
a. Sodium Cyanide*
b. Copper Cyanide*
2 ,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid*
Diethylamine
Dimethyl Sulfate
Di ni trobenzene
Ethanol
Fuel Oil
Gasol ine*
Hydrochloric Acid
Isopropylamine
Lead Arsenate*
Lead Nitrate
Mercuric Cyanide
Mercuric Sulfate*
Mercu ry*+
Methanol
Morphol me
Nitrate*
Nitric Acid*
Organic Mercury Compounds*
Pentachiorophenol *
Perchioroethylene +
(= te rachloroethy1ene)
Phenol
Potassium Dichromate*
Pyridine +
Scrubber Water
Sodium Arsenite*
Sodium Dichromat *
Sodium Hydroxide +
Sulfuric Acid (Pickle Liquor)
Tetraethyl Lead
Trichioroethylene
Vinyl Chloride
* Indicates materials screened in Warburg respirometer studies.
+ Indicates materials evaluated in the pilot plant.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
43
-------
LU
AERATION TANKS
SEDIMENTATION TANK
AUTOMATIC SAMPLERS
CONSTANT HEAD BOX WITH WEIR
DISTRIBUTION BOX
SLUDGE WEIR BOX
SLUDGE RETURN PUTIPS—VARIABLE SPEED
AIR DIFFUSER
BAFFLE
FIGURE 1 - STEP AERATION PILOT PLANT SCHEMATIC
-------
mixed liquor. Design BUD and suspended solids loadings to the pilot plant
are 3.2 and 1.7 kg/day/cu m respectively (20 and 11.2 lb/day/lOO Cu ft).
The four circular aeration tanks have a capacity of 3,600 liters (952 gal)
each and a hydraulic retention time of slightly greater than 2 hours through
tanks 2, 3, and 4. The rectangular, double hopper sedimentation tank has a
volume of 3,480 liters (920 gal), a surface area of 3 sq m (32 sq ft), a
surface loading rate of 33 cu rn/day/sq rn (810 gpd/sq ft), and a retention
time of approximately 40 minutes. Settled activated sludge is pumped to a
distribution box at the design rate of 17 liters/mm (4.5 gpm). From this
box sludge is either wasted or passed to tank 1 where it is aerated and
returned to the activated sludge phase in tank 2. The retention time in
tank 1 is 3.5 hours. Activated sludge is not wasted continuously, but only
when the mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) and sludge volume index (SVI)
indicate the necessity for wasting.
Hazardous materials spill (HMS) study durations were from 52 to 120 hrs.
Chemical spills were generated for 30 to 60 minutes except for one 24-hour
spill. In initial studies grab type samples of the influent, effluent, and
mixed liquor were collected at intervals of 15 mm to 4 hours. After the
possibility of short circuiting was examined and ruled out, the sampling
regimen was modified to reduce the workload on the ALCOSAN laboratory. The
routine for each run consisted of 30 mm composite type samples for 2
retention times, followed by two four-hour composites, and eight hour
composites for the remainder of the HMS hour. The 200 ml individual samples
used to construct the composite samples were collected at from one to four
minute intervals. In every study 27 parameters were analyzed. These in-
cluded eight heavy metals, in both the soluble and insoluble phases, total
Kjeldahl nitrogen, aninonia nitrogen, phenol, and the wastewater parameters
commonly measured. All analyses were performed according to Standard
Methods (Ref. 20).
To determine the “typical” performance of the pilot plant, two base
line studies were conducted. The formats of these runs were similar to the
hazardous material studies except that no hazardous material was added.
Because of the time and cost constraints and the general uniformity of the
baseline data only two baseline runs were conducted. To examine for
patterns of fluctuation (e.g., diurnal fluctuations), data from the two
baseline runs was fitted to a fifth order polynomial equation. Results of
this least squares fit for influent and effluent BUD and percentage BUD
remova’ are shown in F gure 2. Some patterns were evuient from these
data. When baseline data are presented for comparison purposes, these are
shown as the mean calculated from all data over the entire duration of the
run. To present a comparison with “typical” operation, data presented
graphically in this report include both the data from the hazardous
material run and the arithmetic mean of the parameter as determined from
the baseline runs. Plus and minus one standard deviation from the mean
also is presented to give some indication of the variation experience
during the baseline runs. Seasonal variations in influent character are
experienced at ALCOSAN; however, while this was realized, little effort
was made to examine the magnitude or ramifications of seasonal variations.
45
-------
lOOi 150
80
60
40
20
0-
135
Calculated % Removal
120
105
—
C
Actual Influent BOO
Influent Least Squares Curve - 5th Polynomial
Actual Effluent BOD
1
Effluent Least Squares Curve - 5th Degree Polynomial
20
TIME (hrs)
30
75
FIGURE 2. BASE LINE BOO LEAST SQUARES FIT CURVE
-------
All runs were conducted during the late spring and summer of 1974.
RESULTS
The results of the pilot plant hazardous material studies are
presented on Figure 3 through 9 and in Tables 13 through 21.* These
data have been selected because they represent studies during which
significant effects on effluent quality (either organic matter content
or effluent spilled material concentration) were experienced. The
voluminous quantity of data obtained during the pilot plant hazardous
material studies could not be presented in the body of this report but
a complete set of the graphs and data are presented in Appendix F.
The patterns illustrated by Figures 3 through 9 are typical of results
from all studies, only the magnitude of the effects vary. The results
of all pilot plant studies are summarized in Table 12. Background
information on each hazardous material study is presented in Table 14.
The effects of a spill on effluent concentration of the spilled
material are illustrated on Figure 3 and data is given on Tables 15
and 16 (cadmium). The spills presented on Figure 3 were of 30 mm
duration, 100 mg/i and 500 mg/i total cadmium spills. (Skewed
error curves also were demonstrated in other studies.) The maximum
effluent concentration of approximately 6% of the influent concentration
occurred 2 to 2.5 hr. after the spill. Ten hours after the spill the
effluent total cadmium concentration had decreased substantially, but
after 48 hr. the effluent concentration of 0.09 mg/i and 0.25 mg/i
were greater than the pre-slug level of 0.03 mg/i. The 500 mg/l slug
dose of cadmium did not significantly affect the biological activity
in the pilot plant but cadmium passed through the facility and was
discharged in concentrations shown.
The effect of a 100 mg/i, 30 mm duration copper spill on BOD reduc-
tion is presented on Figure 4. A noticeable, but short term, reduction
in BOD removal efficiency was indicated. From 9 to 13 hr after the spill
the minimum efficiency of 54% occurred; 20 hr after the spill performance
had recovered to pre-slug levels. As shown on Figure 5 the discharge
of copper from the pilot plant followed the pattern displayed by cadmium.
The peak effluent concentration of approximately 12% of the influent
peak occurred 3 to 3.5 hr after the spill. After 100 hr the effluent
concentration was 0.09 mg/i; still greater than the pre-slug concentration
which averaged 0.06 mg/i. The data presented on Figures 4 and 5 are
given in Table 17. This extended 120 hr study was intended to study the
effect of recycling activated sludge which had been in contact with the
slug dose and likely had adsorbed large quantities of the spilled material.
Figure 6 (and Table 18) show that copper was taken up by the activated
sludge; the peak content occurred about 13 hr after the spill and was
greater than 3 times the pre-slug content. Neither Figures 4 nor 5
indicate an effect from recirculation of this copper-laden sludge.
* A so see Appendix K
47
-------
TABLE 13
SUMMARY OF PILOT PLANT HAZARDOUS MATERIAL STUOtES (HMS)
A. STUDY NUMBER
8. SPILLED MATERIAL
C. DESIGN SPILL CONCENTRI4TION*
[ I. ACTUAL SPILL CONCENIPAT 1UN*
C. SPILL DuRArION
F. PROPORTIONATE SI’JLL TO
FULL-SCALE FAC1LI1Y
PARAMETER
EFFECT
REMARKS
A. No. I- i
B. Cadmium (from cadmium chloride)
C. 100 mg/i
3. 100 mg/i dissolved Cd
C. 30 win.
F. 5 0O lb. Cd
BUD
LOU
SS
Cd
Removal efficiency not affected.
Removal efficiency not affocted inmiediately
but 24 hr. after spill efficiency began to
deorcose and continued to decrease to minimum
of 30% 18 hr. later.
Removal efficiency varied considerably bct
variations could not be related to influence
of slug dose.
Maximum effluent total Cd concentration of
5.4 mg/I occurred 2 hr. after spill. The
effluent level decreased following the peak
to about 0.10 mg/i 48 hr. after the spill.
70% of the effluent Cd was in the dissolved
form.
Cause for decline in COD removal efficiency
could not be determined; it does not corres-
pond with BOO or SS data.
Effluent Cd level never recovered to pre—slug
levels even after 48 hr.
Slodge settling and sludge SVI were not affected.
The oxygen uptake generally was constant and
did not appear to be affected by the spill.
ri general, there was only a liyht effect on
plant performance.
* In the mixed liquor.
÷ Based on a hynothetical flow of 150 MCD in a full-scale olant and the foliowino
conditions in the secondary treatment olant: (a) nean ‘ILSS 1500 req/i + 290,
(h) sVl 90 + 28, and (c) mean air flow 0.012 cu mu 4 0003 (1.6 cu ft/qal
4 0.4; with the followino assumptions: (a) hazardous waterials pass unaffected
through primar.y treatment and (h) spill duration is 1 hr.
-------
TABLE 13. (continued)
* In the mixed liquor.
+ Based on hypothetical flow of 150 MOO in a full—scale plant and the following conditions in the
secondary treatment plant: (a) mean MLSS 1500 mg/l t 290, (b) SVL = 90 ± 28, and (c) mean air
flow= 0.012 Cu ni/l influent ± 0.003 (1.6 cu ft/gal ± 0.4); with the following assumptions: (a)
hazardous materials pass unaffected through primary treatment and (b) spill duration is 1 hr.
** Proportionate spill to FSP facility based on “0” - actual spill concentration.
A.
STUDY NUMBER
B.
SPILLED MATERIAL
C.
DESIGN SPILL CONCENTRATION*
0.
ACTUAL SPILL CONCENTRATION*
E.
SPILL DURATION
F.
PROPORTIONATE SPILL TO
FULL-SCALE FACILITY +
PARAMETER
EFFECT
REMARKS
A.
B.
C.
0.
E.
F.
No. 1-2
Cadmium (from cadmium chloride)
500 mg/i
560 mg/l dissolved Cd
30 mm.
26.000 lb. Cd (29,000 lb. dis-
solved Cd **)
800
COD
Minimum removal efficiency of 31% occurred
20 hr. after the spill. 48 hr. after the
spill effluent BOO level approached pre-spill
concentrations and removal efficiency improved,
but not to pre-spili performance.
The minimum removal efficiency of 46% occurred
16 hr. after the spill and improved steadily
The initial rapid decrease in influent and
effluent BOO concentration were attributed
to the toxic effect of Cd in the standa’d
BOD5 analysis.
Since effluent COD closely paralleled influent
COD the role of the Cd slug (lose 10 causing
increased effluent COD is questionable.
thereafter.
SS
Effluent SS increased for 3 hr. following spill
Effluent turbidity measurements corroborated
effluent BOO arid SS data.
and for next 24 hr. fluctuated at about 25
mg/I; 48 hr. after spill pre-siu levels were
Oxygen consumption was depressed for up to
approached.
5 hr. after the spill.
Turbidity
From 1 to 4 hr. after the spill effluent
Visual observations of effluent indicated
turbidity increased rapidly reaching a
maximum 20 hr. after the spill; after 48 hr.
carry-over of activated sludge solids.
pro-spill levels were approached.
Recirculation of cadmium-laden activated
sludge did not appear to affect process
Cd
Maximum effluent total Cd concentration of
performance.
about 30 mg/l occurred 2.5 hr. after the
spill then a decrease was observed. After
The spill did not appear to disturb nitrogen
48 hr. effluent Cd level was 0.25 mg/i,
transformation typical in conventional
about S times pre—slug levels. Cd concen-
activated sludge, biological treatment.
tration in mixed liquor increased to 20 mg/l
within 12 hr. after the spill then decreased
A 500 mg/i Cd spill had more detrimental
to about 15 mg/l through the remainder of the
study.
effects than the 100 mg/l Cd spill; but
the effects were short term
-------
TABLE 13. (continued)
* In the mixed liquor.
+ Based on hypothetical flow of iso MOD in a full-scale plant and the following conditions in the
secondary treatment plant: (a) mean MLSS 1500 mg/I ± 290, (b) SVL 90 ± 28. and (c) mean air
flow 0.012 cu rn/i influent t 0.003 (1.6 cu ft/gal t 0.4); with the following as’.uiiiptions: (a)
hazardous materials pass unaffected through primary treatment and (b) spill duration jr 1 hr.
U,
0
A. STUDY NUMBER
B. SPILLED MATERIAL
C. DESIGN SPILL CONCENTRATION*
0. ACTUAL SPILL CONCENTRATION*
E. SPILL DURATION
F. PROPORTIONATE SPILL TO
FULL—SCALE FACILITY
PARAMETER
EFFECT
REMARKS
A. No. 2-2
B. Sulfuric acid
C. 0.84 mi/i influent,
Infiuent pH = 2.0
0. Influent p11 = 1.9
E. 30 mm.
F. 5,300 gal. concentrated
sulfuric acid
BOO
COD
SS
Turbidity
pH
Removal efficiency decreased to 56% 4 hr.
after spill; after 5 hr. pre-spill perform-
ance was re-established and maintained
throughout the study.
Removal efficiency reduced from pre-spill
78% to zero within 5 hr. but recovered
quickly to 60% and after 33 hr. pre-spill
efficiency was re-established,
Removal efficiency dropped to zero within
4 hr. of spill; in less than 6 hr. after
the spill efficiency recovered to greater
than 60%.
Effluent turbidity increased rapidly to 59
Hellige units within 5 hr. after the spill
then decreased inmnediately and fluctuated
from 7 to qg units (about 2 to 6 times
pre—spill turbidity).
Effluent pH did not decrease for 2 hr. fol-
lowing spill; minimum pH of 3.1 occurred
2.5 hr. after spill; 5 hr. after spill ef-
clupr,t oH recovered to .9.
The mixed liquor in tank 2 reached a minimum
of pH 2.3 one hr. after spill then recovered
to p11 6.6 three hr. after spill. The mixed
liquor in tank 4 reached a minimum of pH 3
after 2 hr. then recovered to pH 6.8 after
6.5 hr.
.
The spill had an adverse effect on nitrogen
removal; anmionia mitrogen removal averaged
2% compared to 30-50% typical for conventional
activated sludge.
During the spill the proportion of influent
heavy metals in the dissolved form increased.
In general, there was a drastic effect on
plant performance; however, the effect was
short term with almost complete recovery in
less than 12 hr.
he extreme pH resulting from the caustic spill
affected plant performance more and for a longer
period than did the extreme pH from the acid
spill.
-------
TABLE 13. (continued)
In the mixed liquor.
+ Based on a hypothetical flow of 150 MOD in a full-scale plant and the following conditions in the
secondary treatment plant: (a) mean MLSS 1500 mg/i ± 290, (b) SVI 90 ± 28, and (c) mean air
flow = 0.012 Cu rn/i influent 0.003 (1.6 Cu ft/gal t 0.4); with the following assumptions: (a)
hazardous materials pass unaffected through primary treatment and (b) spill duration is 1 hr.
Lfl
—4
A.
STUDY NUMBER
B.
SPILLED MATERIAL
C.
DESIGN SPILL CONCENTRATION*
0.
ACTUAL SPILL CONCENTRATION*
E.
SPILL DURATION
F.
PROPORTIONATE SPILL TO
FULL-SCALE FACILITY +
PARAMETER
EFFECT
REMARKS
A.
No. 3-1
800
One to nine hr. after the sp ii effluent
Nitrogen removal was adversely affected
B.
C.
D.
E.
Sodium hydroxide
2.4 gm/l influent,
Influent pH = 12.0
Influent pH = 12.6
30 mm.
BOO fluctuated near 90 my/I. Removal
efficiency dropped to zero within 2 hr.
after spill and recovered to near pre-
spill performance 21 hr. after spill,
throughout the study.
Sodium h ’droxide impaired plant efficiency
for approximately 30 hr. but recovery gener-
ally was complete and no long term effects
F.
126,000 lb. sodium
COO
Removal efficiency dropped to zero within
were noted.
hydroxide
2 hr. after the spill and remained there for
the next 19 hr. After 29 hr. performance
pproached pre-spill levels. Maximum
dffluent COD of about 380 mg/i occurred
3 hr. after spill.
The extreme pH resulting from the caustic
spill affected plant performance more an.d
For a longer period than did the extreme
)H resulting from the acid spill.
SS
Effect on removal efficiency was similar to
that experienced with COD. After 29 hr.
removal had been established at 50 to 60%
Maximum effluent SS of 240 my/i occurred
4.5 hr. after spill.
Turbidity
Effluent turbidity reached a maximum of
73 Hellige units 9 to 13 hr. after spill.
After 48 hr. turbidity was about 6 times
pre-spill effluent turbidity.
pH
Effluent pH reached a maximum of pH 11.8
at 2.5 to 3 hr. after the spill. Effluent
pH then decreased in a manner to pH
(continued on next page)
-------
TABLE 13. (continued)
U,
N.)
A. STUDY NUMBER
B. SPILLED MATERIAL
C. DESIGN SPILL CONCENTRATION*
D. ACTUAL SPILL CONCENTRATION*
E. SPILL DURATION
F. PROPORTIONATE SPILL TO
FULL-SCALE FACILITY +
PARAMETER
EFFECT
REMARKS
CONTINUED FROM PREVIOUS PAGE
PH
1.6 twelve hr. after spill. The mixed
iquor in tank 2 reached a maximum pH of
12.1 and in tank 4 a pH of 11.6 in 2 to
3 hr. after the spill. Mixed liquor pH
returned to less than 7.5 in 24 hr. fol-
lowing the Spill.
* In the mixed liquor.
+ Based on hypothetical flow of 150 MGO in a full-scale plant and the following conditions in the
secondary treatment plant: (a) mean MLSS = 1500 mg/i ± 290, (b) SVI = 90 ± 28, and (c) mean air
flow = 0.012 cu rn/i influent j 0.003 (1.6 cu ft/gal t 0.4); with the following assumptions: (a)
hazardous materials pass unaffected through primary treatment and (b) spill duration is 1 hr.
-------
TABLE 13. (continued)
A. STUDY NUMBER
B. SPILLED MATERIAL
C. DESIGN SPILL CONCENTRATION*
0. ACTUAL SPILL CONCENTRATION*
E. SPILL DURATION
F. PROPORTIONATE SPILL TO
FULL-SCALE FACILITY +
T
PARAMETER
EFFECT
REMARKS
0. No. 4-1
B. Methanol
C. 1000 mg/I
0. —
E. 60 mm.
F. 7900 gal. methanol
1300
COD
SS
Turbidity
Effluent BOO increased to about 220 mg/i
3 hr. after spill then declined to pre—spill
levels within 21 hr. after the spill,
Maximum effluent COD of about 320 mg/i
occurred 2.5 hr. after the spill then
declined to 60 to 80 mg/l within 13 hr.
fter the spill. Typical pre-spill
fficiencies were experienced 10 hr. after
the spill.
Effluent SS level and removal efficiency
ere not affected.
Effluent turbidity was not affected.
Results indicated that the soluble organic
passed through the treatment system with
some removal but no adverse effect on
biological processes.
* In the mixed liquor.
1- Based on a hypothetical flow of 150 MOD in a full—scale plant and the following conditions in the
secondary treatment plant: (a) mean MESS = 1500 mg/ 1 ± 290, (b) SVI 90 ± 28, and (c) mean air
flow = 0.012 cu rn/I influent j 0.003 (1.6 cu ft/gal ± 0.4); with the toltowing assumptions: (a)
hazardous materials pass unaffected through primary treatment and (b) spill duration is 1 hr.
01
-------
TABLE 13. (continued)
A. 1UUY NUMBER
B. SPILLED MATERIAL
C. DESIGN SPILL CONCENTRATION*
0. ACTUAL SPILL CONCENTRATION*
E. SPILL DURATION
F. PROPORTIONATE SPILL TO
FIILL—SCALE FACILITY +
PARAMETER
EFFECT
REMARKS
\. No. b—i
3. Phenol
C. 500 mg/i
0. 600 mg/i
E. 30 mm.
F. 26,000 lb. phenol (31,000 lb.
**)
BOO
COD
SS
Turbidity
Phenol
Maximum effluent BUD of greater than 75 ny, 1
occurred from 2 to 4 hr. after spill then
effluent BOD decreased to pre-spill levels
within 21 hr. after the spill,
Maximum effluent COD of 140 rng/l occurred
2 hr. after spill. Pre-spill levels were
re—established 10 hr. after the spill.
ffluent SS concentrations after the spill
never returned to pre-spill levels but
influent SS also increased substantially.
Cffluent turbidity not affected.
Maximum effluent phenol concentration of
27 mg/i occurred 2.5 hr. after the spill.
Pre-spill levels were re-established
within 10 hr. after the spill.
Resu1L indicated that soluble phenol passed
through the activated sludge process; some
removal occurred but the activated sludge
process was not adversely affected.
* In the mixed liquor.
Based on hypothetical flow of 150 MGD in a full-scale plant and the following conditions in the
secondary treatment plant: (a) mean MLSS = 1500 mg/i ± 290, (b) SVI • 90 ± 28, and (c) mean air
flow 0.012 cu rn/i influent ± 0.003 (1.6 cu ft/gal 0.4); with the following assumptions: (a)
hazardous materials pass unaffected through primary treatment and (b) spill duration is 1 hr.
** Proportionate spill to FSP facility based on ‘0” — actual spill concentration.
-------
TABLE 13. (continued)
A. STUDY NUMBEFI
B. SPILLED MATERIAL
C. DESIGN SPILL CONCENTRATION*
0. ACTUAL SPILL CONCENTRATION*
E. SPILL DURATION
F. PROPORTIONATE SPILL TO
FULL-SCALE FACILITY +
PARAMETER EFFECT
REMARKS
A. No. 5-2
B. Phenol
C. 600 mg/i
0. 600 mg/)
E. 30 mm.
F. 31,000 lb. phenol
Note: Pilot plant operation
was modified to permit in-
creased contact of the phenol-
contaminated influent with the
activated sludge by increasing
both the retention time and the
MLSS concentration,
BOO Maximum effluent BOO of less than 130 mg/i
occurred 4.5 hr. after the spill. From 5 to
29 hr. after the spill effluent BOO fluctuated
at 40 to 45 mg/i after which it decreased to
20 mg/i or less,
COD Maximum effluent COD of 200 mg/i occurred 3.5
to 4 hr. after the spill. It thereafter
decreased to pre-spili levels in 45 hr.
SS Effluent SS increased from pre-spill levels
of 10 mg/i to greater than 70 mg/l in 9 hr.
following spill. It then decreased; pre—
spill efficiencies were regained 29 hr.
after the spill,
Turbidity Maximum effluent turbidity of 36 Hellige
units occurred 1.5 hr. after spill. It then
decreased slowly with pre-spill efficiencies
regained 29 hr. after the spill.
Phenol Peak effluent phenol level of 42 mg/i occurred
1 hr. after the spill. Pre—spill levels were
achieved 37 hr. after the spill.
The operational modification consisted of
routing the influent to tank 1 instead of
tank 2 for 24 hr. after which it was
returned to tank 2. This increased the
retention time from 2.1 hr. to 2.8 hr. and
contacted the contaminated influent with
4000 mg/i MLSS in tank 1.
The operational modification served to
degrade the effluent beyond that resulting
from phenol alone (determined by comparing
results of Studies No. 5—i and 5—2).
Possibly a short term (a few hours) routing
of influent to tank 1 rather than for 24 hr.
would serve to minimize the phenol passed
through the system.
* In the mixed liquor.
+ Based on a hypothetical flow of I SO MGO in a full-scale plant and the following conditions in the
secondary treatment plant: (a) mean MLSS = 1500 mg/i ± 290, (b) SVI = 90 ± 28, and (c) mean air
flow = 0.012 cu rn/i influent 0.003 (1.6 cu ft/gal ± 0.4); with the following assumptions: (a)
hazardous materials pass unaffected through primary treatment and (b) spill duration is 1 hr.
c-n
01
-------
TI\BLE 13. (continued)
* In the mixed liquor.
+ Based on a hypothetical flow of 150 MGD in a full—scale plant and the following conditions in the
secondary treatment plant: (a) mean MLSS 1500 mq/l ± 290, (b) SVI = 90 ± 28, and (c) mean air
flow = 0.012 cu m/l influent 0.003 (1.6 Cu ft/gal t 0.4); with the following assumptions: (a)
hazardous materials pass unaffected through primary treatment and (b) spill duration is 1 hr.
U,
0 i
A. STUDY NUMBER
8. SPILLED MATERIAL
C. DESIGN SPILL CONCENTRATION*
0. ACTIJAL SPILL CONCENTRATION*
E. SPILL DURATION
F. PROPORTIONATE SPILL TO
FULL-SCALE FACILITY +
PARAMETER
EFFECT
REMARKS
A. No. 6-1
B. Anmionium chlorIde
C. 500 mg/l
D. -
E. 60 mm.
F. 26,000 lb. ananonium
chloride
BOO
COD
SS
Turbidity
Nitrogen
Removal efficiency decreased to a minimum of
54% 5 to 9 hr. after the spill and returned
to pre-spill efficiencies 13 hr. after the
spill. Peak effluent 800 was about 45 mg/i.
Removal efficiency was not affected.
Removal efficiency decreased to 39% 3.5 hr.
after the spill and pre—spill efficiencies
were re-established 21 hr. after the spill.
Peak effluent SS was less than 35 mg/i.
There was no significant effect on effluent
turbidity which increased to a peak of 12
Heilige units 3.5 to 9 hr. after the spill.
Effluent ammonia and total Kjeldahi nitrogen
concentrations returned to pre—spill levels
9 to 13 hr. after the spill. The peak
ammonia level of 35 mg/l occurred 3 hr.
3fter the spill. Pre-slug removal
efficiencies were typical for secondary
biological systems.
There was only slight short term effect on
treatment plant efficiency.
The peak effluent chloride concentration of
275 mg/i occurred 4 hr. after the spill and
returned to pre-spill levels of about 100
mg/i 13 hr. after the spill.
-------
TABLE 13. (continued)
* In the mixed liquor.
+ Based on a hypothetical flow of 150 MOD in a full-scale plant and the following conditions in the
secondary treatment plant: (a) mean MLSS = 1500 mg/i ± 290, (b) SVI = 90 ± 28, and (c) mean air
flow = 0.012 cu m/l influent 0.003 (1.6 cu ft/gal j 0.4); with the following assumptions: (
hazardous materials pass unaffected through primary treatment and (b) spill duration is i hr.
** Proportioiate spill to FSP facility based on 0’ - actual spill concentration.
U,
A.
STUDY NUMBER
B.
SPILLED MATERIAL
C.
DESIGN SPILL CONCENTRATION*
D.
ACTUAL SPILL CONCENTRATION*
E.
SPILL DURATION
F.
PROPORTIONATE SPILL TO
FULL-SCALE FACILITY
PARAMETER
EFFECT
REMARKS
A.
B.
C.
No. 7-1
Copper (from cupric sulfate
pentahydrate)
100 mg/i
BUD
The minimum BOO removal efficiency of 45%
occurred 5 hr. after the spill. Typical
removals were re—established 21 hr. after
the spill.
This study was designed to investigate the
effects of returning copper—ladened activated
sludge to the aeration tanks.
D.
81 mg/l dissolved Cu
Copper was taken up rapidly by the activated
E.
F.
30 mm.
5200 lb. Cd (4200 lb.
(‘iSsOlVCd Cd**)
COD
SS
COD removal efficiency decreased to slightly
less than typical when a minimum of 50 to
60% occurred for 5 hr. Peak effluent COD
was about 80 mg/l 4.5 hr. after the spill.
Removal efficiency dropped to zero 5 hr.
after the spill and typical efficiencies
were re-established about 37 hr. after
the spill. Peak effluent SS were about
40 mg/l.
sludge but was released relatively slowly.
The maximum Cu concentration of 5 mg Cu/g
MLSS in the activated sludge occurred within
13 hr. after the spill and was about 5 times
the normal level. After 5 days the Cu con—
centration in the mixed liquor was about 3
times the normal level.
Turbidity
The peak effluent turbidity of 29 helligc
units occurred 3 hr. after the spill; the
minimum removal efficiency was 8%. Pre-
slug efficiencies were re—established 29
hr. after the spill.
Copper
The maximum effluent copper concentration
of 1.2 mg/l occurred 3.5 hr. after the spill
It then decreased throughout the remainder of
the study and after 5 da ’s was about 0.09 mg/l,
twice pre—spill levels.
-------
TABLE 13. ( continued)
* In the mixed liquor.
+ Based on a hypothetical flow of 150 MGD in a full-scale plant and the following conditions in the
secondary treatment plant: (a) mean MLSS 1500 mg/i ± 290, (b) SVI = 90 ± 28, and (c) mean air
flow = 0.012 cu m/l influent t 0.003 (1.6 cu ft/gal t 0.4); with the following assumptions: (a)
hazardous materials pass unaffected through primary treatment and (b) spill duration is 1 hr
U,
A.
STUDY NUMBER
B.
SPILLED MATERIAL
C.
DESIGN SPILL CONCENTRATIO$*
0.
ACTUAL SPILL CONCENTRATION*
E.
SPILL DURATION
F.
PROPORTIOI4ATE SPILL TO
FULL-SCALE FACILITY
PARAMETER
EFFECT
REMARKS
A.
B.
C.
No. 8—i
Unneutralized scrubber
water from the ALCOSAN
Incinerator stack gas
wet scrubbers.
0.01 gal. scrubber water
BOO
COD
Removal efficiency fluctuated at 65 to 80%
during the 24 hr. spill and recovered to 80
to 85% Irenediately after the spill ceased.
No adverse effect on removal efficiency.
Unneutrailzed scrubber water was added to the
pilot plant influent for 24 hr.
The scrubber water had no effect on plant
performance when added to the influent at
a rate proportional to the flow from 3
D.
per gal. Influent
-
SS
No adverse effect on removal efficiency.
scrubbers entering the full-scale plant.
E.
F.
24 hr.
Recirculation of
Turbidity
No adverse effect on effluent turbidity.
Scrubber water had the following character-
istics:
63,000 gal. of scrubber
water per hr.
pH
Nitrogen
Although scrubber water had an average pH
of 4.6, effluent pH was not affected.
Anmronia and Kjeldahl nitrogen removal
efficiencies were typical for the activated
sludge process.
pH - 4.6 TS — 862 mg/i
BOD - 10 mg/i TVS — 204 mg/l
COD — 59 rng/l turbidity -33
acidity - 109 mg/i Heilige units
SS — 43 mg/l TKN - 23.6 mg/i
VSS - 24 mg/i NH 3 —N - 20.3 mg/l
metals — total/dissolved (mg/i):
lead - 2.67/0.84
manganese - 1.00/0.55
chromate - 1.00/0.06
iron — 4.04/1.05
nickel - 0.12/0.04
cadmium — 0.73/0.74
zinc - 13.83/15.00
copper - 0.87/0.80
-------
TABLE 13. (continued)
* In the mixed liquor.
+ Based on a hypothetical flow of 150 MGD in a full-scale plant and the following conditions in the
secondary treatment plant: (a) mean MLSS = 1500 mg/l ± 290, (b) SVI = 90 28, and (c) mean air
flow = 0.012 Cu ni/i influent 0.003 I .5 cu ft/gal ± 0.4); with the following assumptions: (a)
hazardous materials pass unaffected through primary treatment and (b) spill duration is 1 hr.
(T i
0
A. STUDY NUMBER
B. SPILLED MATERIAL
C. DESIGN SPILL CONCENTRATION*
D. ACTUAL SPILL CONCENTRATION*
E. SPILL DURATION
F. PROPORTIONATE SPILL TO
FULL-SCALE FACILITY +
PARAMETER
EFFECT
REMARKS
A. No. 9-1
B. Sulfuric acid
pickle liquor
C. 5.6 ml pickle liquor”
per liter influent
0. -
E. 60 mm.
F. 35,000 gal.pickle
liquor”
BOO
COD
SS
Turbidity
pH
Iron
Removal efficiency and effluent BOO were not
affected.
Removal efficiency and effluent COD were not
affected.
Removal efficiency and effluent SS were not
affected.
Turbidity removal decreased to 76% 5 hr.
after the spill but typical efficiencies
(79 to 91%) were re-established in 8 hr.
Effluent pH was not affected.
The peak effluent iron concentration of 2.36
mg/i occurred 3.5 hr. after the spill; within
1.5 hr. effluent concentrations had returned
to approximately pre-spill levels.
The low p11 and high heavy metal content of
the pickle liquor did not adversely affect
plant performance.
The activated sludge did show some uptake
of iron reaching a maximum concentration of
24.6 mg Fe/gMLSS 13 hr. after the spill
(pre-spili content averaged 21.0 mg Fe/gMLSS).
.
The sulfuric acid pickle liquor had the
following characteristics:
pH — l.O SS - 154 mg/i
acidity - 399,600 mg/i VSS - 82 mg/l
COD — 4,580 mg/I chlorides - 851 mg/I
TS - 182,000 mg/i cyanide - none de—
TVS - 109,000 mg/i tected
Total heavy metals (mg/i)
cadmium - 0.05 mg/i manganese — 214 mg/i
chromium — 46 mg/i nickel — 33.30 mg/i
copper - 3.20 mg/i iron — 29,200 mg/i
lead — 14 mg/l zinc - 430 mg/i
-------
TABLE 13. (continued)
* In the lxed Liquor.
+ Based on a hypothetical flow of 150 MGD in a full-scale plant and the following conditions in the
secondary treatment plant: (a) mean MLSS = 1500 mg/l ± 290, (b) SVI = 90 ± 28, and (c) mean air
flow = 0.012 cu m/l influent 0.003 (1.6 cu ft/gal t 0.4); with the following assumptions: (a)
hazardous materials pass unaffected through primary treatment and (b) spill duration is 1 hr.
C
A. STUDY NUMBER
B. SPILLED MATERIAL
C. DESIGN SPILL CONCENTRATION*
0. ACTUAL SPILL CONCENTRATION*
E. SPILL DURATION
F. PROPORTIONATE SPILL TO
FULL-SCALE FACIL1TY
PARAMETER
EFFECT
REMARKS
A. No. lU- I
B. No.2 fuel oil
C. 0.8% of pilot plant
Influent flow rate
(8 ml/l)
0. —
E. 60 mm.
F. 50,000 gal. fuel oil
BOO
COD
SS
Turbidity
pH
The peak effluent BOD of about 550 mg/l
occurred 3.5 hr. after the spill. During
most of the study effluent BOO concentration
was equal to or exceeded Influent BOO.
The peak effluent COD of about 200 mg/l
occurred 3.5 hr. after the spill. Removal
efficiency dropped to zero 3 hr. after the
spill; 6 hr. later It Improved to 58% and
fluctuated between 40 and 60% throughout the
remainder of the study.
Effluent SS increased to 56 mg/l 3.5 hr.
after the spill and fluctuated between 30
to 40 mg/l throughout the remainder of the
study. Removal efficiency steadily dropped
reaching zero 21 hr. after the spill; after—
wards It improved to 40 to 50%.
Effluent turbidity steadily increased during
the study and equalled influent turbidity 37
ir. after the spill.
Effluent pH was not affected.
The fuel oil spill significantly affectea
treatment plant performance with organics,
soluble and Insoluble, being discharged
in the effluent.
After 48 hr. the spill system had not begun
to perform as normal.
Mo data are available on the oil content of
the activated sludge.
The COD analysis was not adequate for
measuring the influent and effluent COD
when oil was present; on numerous occasions
BOO exceeded the COO.
The oil tended to float on the aeration and
sedimentation tanks and thus passed through
the system. It is felt that scum skimmers
on primary sedimentation tanks would reduce
greatly the oil getting to the biological
treatment phase.
-------
TABLE 13. (continued)
A.
STUDY NUMBER
8.
SPILLED MATERIAL
C.
DESIGN SPILL CONCENTRATION*
0.
ACTUAL SPILL CONCENTRATIQN*
E.
SPILL DURATION
F.
PROPORTIONATE SPILL TO
FULL-SCALE FACILITY +
PARAMETER
EFFECT
REMARKS
A.
NO. li—I
tsu
Removal efficiency . u signincantly affected
The effects of tetrachioroethylene were
B.
Tetrachioroethyle e
(perchioroethylene)
until 21 hr. after the sp li when it decreased and
fluctuated between 30 to 40% for the remainder of
noted after a lag period of 4.5 to 20 hr.
depending upon the parameter. These
C.
0.
1600 mg/i
—
the study. Maximum effluent BOO or 80 mg/i
occurred 21 hr. after the spill.
effects were not drastic but they were
significant. Because the chemical is
E.
60 mm.
heavier than water it may have persisted
F.
6200 gal. of tetra-
chloroethylene
COD
SS
Removal efficiency fluctuated considerably
(between 51 and 84%) but reached a minimum of
51% 21 hr. after the spill.
4.5 hr. after the spill effluent SS began to
increase steadily reaching a maximum of 79
mg/i 37 to 45 hr. after the spill.
in the system.
The pilot plant activated sludge system
was operating at less than peak efficiency
prior to the chemical spill and the system
may have been more susceptible to upsets.
0
Effluent turbidity remained constant
throughout the study even though effluent
SS concentration increased greatly; this
can probably be attributed to sampling
and analytical error in preparation of
the samples for turbidity analysis.
For several days following termination of
this study the pilot plant continued to
perform at less than peak efficiency.
Wasting large quantities of activated
sludge was necessary before efficient
performance was regained.
* In the mixed liquor.
+ Based on a hypothetical flow of 150 MGD in a full-scale plant and the following conditions in the
secondary treatment plant: (a mean MLSS = 1500 mg/i ± 290, (b) SVI = 90 ± 28, and (c) mean air
flow = 0.012 Cu m/l influent * 0.003 ( 1.6 cu ft/gal * 0.4); with the following assumptions: (a)
hazardous materials pass unaffected through primary treatment and (b) spill duration is 1 hr.
-------
TABLE 14
PILOT PLANT OPERATING CONDITIONS
Hazardous
Material
Study
Waste Activated Sludge (WAS)**
Sampling Schedule
Parameters Analyzed
Kg
dry solids
Ratio WAS to
Return Sludge
Influent and Effluent
Influent and Effluent
1—1
0
0
2 hr. composites from 2 hr.
prior to spill to 48 hr.
after.
1*, nitrite, nitrate,
not turbidity
1-2
0.14
0.01
One, 2 hr. composite prior
to spill, 15 mm. composites
to 4 hr. after spill, 4 hr.
composites to 48 hr. after
spill.
1*
2-2
0
0
11*
1*
3-1
0
0
11*, 111*
1*
4-1
0.64
0.06
II , 111*
1*
5-1
2.04
0.10
11*, 111*
J*, phenol
5-2
3.04
0.20
11*, 111*
1*, phenol
6-1
1.54
0.07
11*, 111*
1*, chloride
7-1
0.86
0.04
111*, but 8 hr. composite to
109 hr. after spill; 11*
1*
See footnotes at end of table.
-------
(A)
TABLE 14.
* I. Standard analyses were: BOD, COD, SS,
nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, turbidity,
chromium, iron, nickel, cadmium, zinc,
II. The influent upstream of the spill was
prior to spill and for 2 hr. after spill.
(continued)
VSS, TS, TVS, alkalinity, ph, total Kjeldahl
and dissolved and total load, manganese,
copper.
sampled using 30 mm. composites for 30 mm.
III. 30 mm. influent and effluent composites for 2 hr. before spill and 5 hr. after,
4 hr. composites to 13 hr. after, and 8 hr. composites to 53 hr. after spill.
** Studies were at a mean MLSS of 1550 mg/i with a standard deviation of 290; mean
SVI with a standard deviation of 28. and a mean air flow of 0.012 cu rn/i influent
with a standard deviation of 0.003 (1.6 cu ft/gal with a standard deviation of 0.4).
Hazardous
Material
Waste Activated Sludge (WAS)**
Sampling Schedule
Parameters Analyzed
Ratio WAS to
Study
Kg
dry solids
Return Sludge
Influent and Effluent
Influent and
Effluent
8-]
2.54
0.12
4 hr. composites 8 hr. prior
to spill, 2 hr. composites
to 8 hr. after, 8 hr. compos-
ites to 64 hr. after. 2 hr.
composites of influent up-
stream from spill during and
for 2 hr. after spill.
1*
9-1
0.91
0.04
11*, 111*
J*, chloride
10-1
0.86
0.04
11*, 111*
1*, grease
11—1
1.59
0.07
11*, 111*
1*
-------
30 -
I
I
I
I
0
10
20
30
40
Cd SPILLS:
———100 mg/i, 30 mm.
500 mg/i, 30 mm.
o
-
C -)
20 -
10
1.0- —
0.5 —
0.0 —
D ‘
— ________ SI-a ___ .a. — €1 C)
HRS AFTER SPILL
FIGURE 3. EFFLUENT CADMIUM
-------
TABLE 15
INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT CADMIUM DATA, STUDY NO. 1-1, CADMIUM
(100 mg/1 Spill)*
Hours After Spill
Total Cadmium (mg/i
)
Influent
Effluent
Prior to spill 0.04 0.03
0.00 0.04 0.01
0.25 83.00 --
2.00 0.04 5.40
4.00 0.02 1.64
6.00 0.03 0.74
8.00 0.01 0.67
10.00 0.01 0.48
12.00 0.03 0.35
14.00 0.03 0.34
16.00 0.04 0.28
18.00 0.03 0.25
20.00 0.03 0.22
22.00 0.02 0.20
24.00 0.03 0.28
26.00 0.04 0.19
28.00 0.04 0.14
30.00 0.03 0.13
32.00 0.03 0.13
34.00 0.03 0.11
36.00 0.03 0.11
38.00 0.03 0.11
40.00 0.03 0.11
42.00 0.03 0.10
44.00 0.03 0.10
46.00 0.03 0.11
48.00 0.03 0.09
* 100 mg/i (influent) spill for ½ hour
65
-------
TABLE 16
INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT TOTAL CADMIUM DATA, STUDY NO. 1-2, CADMIUM
(500 mg/i Spill)*
Prior to spill
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1 .00
1.25
1 .50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
8.00
12.00
16.00
20.00
24.00
28.00
32.00
36.00
40.00
44.00
48.00
0.04
0.38
528.00
280.00
1.11
2.90
1 .78
0.19
0.45
0.52
0.63
0.11
0.32
0.27
0.00
0.04
0.42
0.19
0.29
0.14
0.76
0.10
0.08
0.09
0.08
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.07
0.03
0.07
0.08
0.07
0.16
1 .24
5.90
11 .40
19.40
25.20
28.80
29.80
28.80
27.20
26.80
22.40
19.20
14.80
4.40
3.60
2.60
1 .69
1 .38
1 .24
1 .02
0.71
0.49
0.31
0.25
Hours After Spill
Total Cadmium (mg/i)
Influent
Effluent
*5QØ mg/i (influent) spill for ¼ hour
66
-------
Note: is standard deviation from the mean under
normal pilot plant operation
I
I
I
I
0
10
20
40
FIRS AFTER SPILL
I I
I
60 80
100
100•
80
60
40
20
- _+o
F—
L)
w
Cu SPILL, 100 mg/i,
30 mm. (INFLUENT)
0.45 lbs.
U.
FIGURE 4. BOD REDUCTION STUDY NO. 7-i
-------
10 20 40 60 80
HRS AFTER SPILL
+ y
Note: -
FIGURE 5.
is standard deviation from the mean under
normal pilot plant operation
COPPER IN EFFLUENT, STUDY NO. 7-1
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
I-
L)
cD
L)
Li
-J
U-
U-
U i
Cu SPILL,
100 mg/i,
30 mm. (INFLUENT)
0.45 lbs.
0
+0
= _____ = _____ : _____ = _____ = _____
100
68
-------
6-
1 I I I
40 60 80 100
HRS AFTER SPILL
FIGURE 6.
TOTAL COPPER IN THE SLUDGE
U,
•1
C
C l ,
C)
c i)
If)
(J)
E
L)
E
L)
-J
I—
I—
5—
4—
3—
2—
1—
0-
Cu SPILL
I
0
20
69
-------
TABLE 17
BOD AND TOTAL COPPER DATA, STUDY NO. 7-1, COPPER
(100 mg/i Spill)**
Hours After Spill
BOD
Copper (mg/i)
(Before)
Influent
(mg/i)
Effluent
(mg/i)
% Reduction
Enfluent
Effluent
Prior to spill
2.0-1.5
1.5-1.0
1.0-0.5
0.5-0.0
89
82
78
77
14
15
14
12
84
82
82
84
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.05
t uring spill
0.0-0.5
30
10
67
113.20
0.20
After spill
0.5-1.0
1.0-1.5
1.5-2.0
2.0-2.5
2.5—3.0
3.0-3.5
3.5-4.0
4.0-4.5
4.5—5.0
5.0-9.0
9.0-13.0
13.0-21.0
21.0-29.0
29.0-37.0
37.0-45.0
45.0-53.0
53.0-61.0
61.0-69.0
69.0-77.0
77.0-85.0
85.0-93.0
93.0-101.0
101.0-109.0
75
118
106
100
129
121
117
113
119
98
104
104
87
105
106
86
112
104
78
100
75
66
88
10
11
11
16
27
46
46
43
45
45
45
36
19
19
16
11
22
19
9
16
15
7
18
87
91
90
84
79
62
61
62
62
54
57
65
78
82
85
87
80
82
88
84
80
89
80
2.50
0.50
0.31
0.24
0.21
0.17
0.33
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.23
0.19
0.20
0.14
ND*
0.20
0.17
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.12
0.13
0.12
0.09
0.22
0.60
1.00
1.19
1.23
1.19
0.98
0.77
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.27
0.26
ND*
0.19
0.13
0.15
0.13
0.13
0.11
0.09
0.09
* No Data
* 100 mg/i (influent) spill for ½ hour
70
-------
-2 1.45
6 4.92
13 5.03
22 4.28
30 3.87
37 4.02
46 4.65
50 4.67
54 3.71
70 3.51
78 3.64
94 3.42
102 3.43
* Average copper content of the activated sludge in tanks 1, 2, 3, 4
and return sludge (milligrams copper per gram suspended solids).
+ Two hours before spill.
TABLE 18
UPTAKE OF COPPER BY ACTIVATED SLUDGE
Hours After Spill
Total Copper in the
Activated Sludge
(mg Cu/gm SS)*
71
-------
12—
10—
8—
pH
—4
N)
4—
2—
0
FIGURE 7.
H 2 S0 4 SPILL
influent pH 2, 1/2 hr. duration
Note: is standard deviation from the mean under normal
pilot plant operation
I I
40 50
10
20
HRS AFTER SPILL
30
EFFECT ON EFFLUENT pH, SULFURIC ACID AND SODIUM HYDROXIDE
STUDY NOS. 2-2 AND 3-1
NaOH SPILL
influent pH 12, 1/2 hr. duration
-;. — a — a a
$
I
- +0
_________ _________ _________ ___________ _____ -0
II — — — — — — — — — a — -
I . — — — — _ a — — a
I
I
‘I
I
I
I
I
I
Li
I
I
I
S
$
S
I
-------
— 11 — _____ — _____ — _____ — —
‘I
is standard deviation from the mean under
normal pilot plant operation
I
I
I
I
I
H 2 S0 4 SPILL
0 10 20
HRS
AFTER SPILL
FIGURE 8. EFFECT ON COD REMOVAL, SULFURIC ACID AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
STUDY NOS. 2-2 AND 3-1
100
80
60
40
20
0
—S
-J
LU
(-)
(A)
—J
I
—-——NaOH SPILL
Influent pH 12, 1/2 hr. duration
I
Influent pH 2, 1/2 hr. duration
1
Note:
30
40
50
-------
TABLE 19
pH AND COD DATA, STUDY NO. 2-2, SULFURIC ACID
(pH = 2.0)
Hours After Spill
pH_________
COD
(Before)
Influent
Effluent
Influent
(mg/i)
Effluent
(mg/i)
% Reduction
Prior to spill
(2.0-1.5)
(1.5-1.0)
(1.0-0.5)
(0.5—0.0)
7.1
7.2
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.1
7.2
161
165
133
137
28
36
32
36
83
78
76
74
During spill
0.0-0.5
2.0
7.2
242
56
77
After spill
0.5-1.0
1.0—1.5
1.5—2.0
2.0-2.5
2.5—3.0
3.0-3.5
3.5-4.0
4.0-4.5
4.5-5.0
5.0-13.0
13.0—21.0
21.0—29.0
29.0-37.0
37.0—45.0
45.0-53.0
1.9
7.0
7.0
6.8
7.1
7.1
7.0
7.2
7.2
7.1
7.2
6.7
7.0
7.1
7.1
7.2
7.1
6.1
3.4
3.1
3.1
3.3
3.8
4.7
6.9
7.2
6.9
7.0
7.1
7.1
202
155
143
186
186
230
198
214
203
243
187
108
127
147
145
67
44
71
83
135
151
171
179
219
100
72
44
48
27
31
67
72
50
55
27
34
14
16
+8*
59
61
59
62
82
78
* Increase instead of reduction
74
-------
TABLE 20
pH AND COD DATA, STUDY NO. 3-1, SODIUM HYDROXIDE
(pH=12.O)
Hours After Spill
pH
COD
(Before)
Influent
Effluent
Influent
(mg/i)
Effluent
(mg/i)
%Reduction
Prior to spill
(2.0-1.5)
(1.5—1.0)
(1.0—0.5)
(0.5-0.0)
7.1
7.1
7.2
7.1
7.1
7.2
7.2
7.1
149
141
141
141
43
35
51
66
71
75
64
53
During spill
0.0-0.5
12.6
7.1
453
47
90
After spill
0.5-1.0
0.0-1.5
1.5-2.0
2.0-2.5
2.5-3.0
3.0-3.5
3.5-4.0
4.0-4.5
4.5-5.0
5.0-9.0
9.0-13.0
13.0-21.0
21.0—29.0
29.0-37.0
37.0-45.0
45.0-53.0
12.6
8.4
7.6
7.4
7.5
8.0
7.5
7.6
7.5
7.5
7.3
7.2
7.2
7.3
7.2
7.1
7.7
9.9
11.2
11.6
11.8
11.7
11.6
11.5
11.2
9.8
8.6
7.8
7.7
7.6
7.5
7.4
322
132
178
205
204
223
235
208
208
259
232
122
142
197
177
165
35
62
174
295
325
376
345
333
321
335
295
169
67
55
63
59
89
53
2
+44*
+59*
+69*
+47*
+60*
+54*
+29*
+27*
+38*
53
72
64
64
* Increase instead of reduction
75
-------
100
80
60
— —
40
0
L)
I
I
-a
I
———METHANOL SPILL
Note:
PHENOL SPILL
is standard deviation from the mean under
normal pilot plant cperation
0 10 20 30 40 50
HRS AFTER SPILL
FIGURE 9.
COD REDUCTION, METHANOL AND PHENOL
STUDY NOS. 4-1 AND 5 -1
-------
TABLE 21
COD DATA, STUDY NO. 4-1 AND 5 -1, METHANOL AND PHENOL
Hours After Spill
Methanol Spill, COD
Phenol Spill, COD
(Before)
Influent
(mg/l )
Effluent
(mg/l )
Reduction
Influent
(mg/i)
Effluent
(mg/l
Reduction
Prior to spill
(2.0-1.5)
(1.5-1.0)
(1.0-0.5)
(0.5-0.0)
180
157
ND
133
31
27
20
20
83
83
--
85
165
161
141
141
20
24
24
35
88
85
83
75
During and
after spill
0.0-0.5
0.5-1.0
1.0-1.5
1.5-2.0
2.0-2.5
2.5-3.0
3.0-3.5
3.5-4.0
4.0-4.5
4.5-5.0
5.0—9.0
9.0-13.0
13.0-21.0
21.0-29.0
29.0-37.0
37.0-45.0
45.0-53.0
1137
1028
158
138
134
171
194
222
214
222
218
251
211
183
231
259
219
40
47
79
190
257
325
321
313
306
254
151
88
76
56
68
84
68
96
95
50
+38*
+92*
+90*
+65*
+41*
+43*
+14*
31
65
64
69
71
68
69
1552
110
110
133
161
133
133
133
133
149
185
185
177
173
181
133
125
24
24
47
94
141
137
129
104
76
60
32
24
12
20
28
16
16
98
78
57
29
12
+3*
3
22
43
60
83
87
93
88
85
88
87
* Increase instead of reduction.
77
-------
Two conditions likely to be experienced at wastewater treatment plants
accepting industrial discharges or serving areas where large amounts of
alkaline or acidic materials are transported are high and/or low influent
wastewater pH. Two one-hour duration spills, one of sulfuric acid resulting
in an influent pH of 2 and the other of sodium hydroxide resulting in an
influent pH of 12 were generated. Results of these studies indicate that
effluent pH returned to normal in approximately 15 hr (Figure 7); recovery
from the acid spill was somewhat more rapid. The effect on COD removal
efficiency is illustrated in Figure 8. The sodium hydroxide spill (influent
pH 12) drastically affected efficiency for 20 hr after the spill while the
sulfuric acid spill (pH 2) adversely affected COD removal efficiency for
about five hours. The data for Figures 7 and 8 are presented in Tables 19
and 20. The system seemed more capable of rapid recovery from extreme acid
conditions than alkaline conditions, possibly due to previously acquired
acclimation to these conditions.
Two soluble organics, methanol and phenol, did not appear to affect
the activated sludge process at slug doses of 1,000 mg/i for one hour and
500 mg/i for 30 mm respectively. This conclusion is based on little, if
any, change in effluent suspended solids or turbidity. However, the
organics did adversely affect the effluent quality for a short period as
indicated in Figure 9 and Table 21. The activated sludge could not degrade
the large quantity of methanol and phenol spilled resulting in a sharp
increase in effluent organics until the material was washed from the system.
Even at these extreme methanol and phenol spills, COD removal efficiency
returned to within one standard deviation of the baseline mean efficiency
ten hours after the spill.
Although experimental design called for testing several spill
concentrations of the same material, the small effect from what was
felt to be the maximum probable spill obviated a need for subsequent
runs. The pilot plant was not run at failure conditions each time
because several weeks would be required for recovery until the next
experiment could begin.
About 24 hours after the 1600 mg/l, one-hour—duration perchloro-
ethylene spill, an unexplained, but significant decline in pilot plant
performance was experienced; visual inspection indicated considerable
solids being discharged over the clarifier weir. It is not known whether
the perchioroethylene or changes in influent quality caused the effect
on plant performance. Since the chemical is heavier than water it may
have been retained in the system 1 thereby resulting in delayed effects.
An initial objective of the pilot plant studies was to develop
slug dose treatment strategies. Materials studied did not pose a
severe threat to the system but in many cases resulted in degradation
of effluent quality; the 500 mg/i phenol spill was one of these. To
minimize the effect on effluent quality 3 a countermeasure run involving
a non-structural (no physical changes in the pilot plant) operational
modification was conducted. Operational modifications in response to
a soluble organic material are limited generally to improving the contact
78
-------
of the contaminated influent wastewater with the activated sludge organisms
either by increasing the aeration time or increasing the mixed liquor
suspended solids (MLSS). Any response of this nature is predicated on
receiving an early warning of the spill; increased aeration time or
increased MLSS normally cannot be achieved instantaneously. At ALCOSAN
both modifications can be made by routing the contaminated influent to
tank 1 instead of tank 2. Tank 1 contains return activated sludge at a
concentration of approximately 10,000 mg/i SS.
In the pilot plant the contaminated influent containing 600 mg/i
phenol was routed to tank 1 for two hours prior to the spill and for
24 hours after the spill. Results indicate that the minimum COD removal
efficiency was 19%. The iniiiediate effect of the countermeasure was to
reduce the effect of the phenol spill; however, routing of influent to
tank 1 caused the washing of activated solids from the system. Following
such a countermeasure, normal flow pattern should be re-established as
soon as the slug dose peak has entered the activated sludge process.
(See Appendix F for data on this countermeasure study).
CONCLUSION
Pilot plant studies showed the activated sludge process to be less
sensitive to massive slug doses of numerous hazardous materials than was
reported by others who had studied the effects of slug doses on the
activated sludge process. Even an industrial waste, sulfuric acid pickle
liquor, which combined the characteristics of low pH and high heavy metals
concentration evaluated in separate studies, did not affect performance
significantly. However, there was an indication of a negative effect of
the treatment process from 5 to 20 hours after the spill.
Also, as shown in Tables 15, 16 and 17, there was effective removal
of Cd and Cu while BOD removal efficiencies were reduced, up to 5 hours
after spill.
79
-------
SECTION VII
MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
Institution of countermeasures to mitigate the effects of a
hazardous material spill relies on an early warning of conditions
that can affect the treatment processes. During this period, sites
for installation of an early warning system for monitoring and sur-
veillance were investigated. The reconunended sites consisting of
five field stations and a station at the head-end of the treatment
plant are indicated on Figure 10. However, sewerage basins outside
Pittsburgh city limits and diversion structures (and sewerage basins)
within Pittsburgh city limits are given in Figure I-i and 1—2, respectively.
In Figure 1—2, the clustering of diversion structures can be clearly
seen, although the image area is reduced. A schematic of a typical
remote monitoring station is presented in Figure 11. The objective
of this system is to notify plant personnel of a spill event or of
influent wastewaters with significantly atypical characteristics.
The ability to collect discrete samples of the atypical wastewater,
thus allowing sample characterization beyond that capable of remote
sensors also is desirable.
LOCATION CONSTRAINTS
The interceptor sewer system at ALCOSAN, like many others, was
designed to collect wastewaters that previously were discharged
into the river without treatment. The system consists of 277 structures
where municipal sewers are diverted to the ALCOSAN interceptor
collection system. These are located generally along the Allegheny and
Monongahela Rivers above the interceptors. Refer to Appendix I,
Figures 1-1 and 1—2. To connect the existing trunk lines to the treat-.
ment facility and maintain gravity flow, design called for placement of the
interceptors at depths exceeding 30m (100 ft.) and most connections
to the interceptors require downshafts of considerable depth. It is
not possible to monitor the wastewater in the interceptor at the
diversion structures; in addition, because of the continuous flow
down the downshafts, placement of equipment to pump sewage from the
interceptor to the surface is not possible at the downshafts. The
only access to the system is through ten access shafts and junction
chambers built during construction of the interceptor sewers.
80
-------
Allegheny River
N
Ohio River
cx
-a
- ALCOSAN
- Field Monitoring
Monongahela River
FIGURE 10. ALCOSAN SERVICE AREA MAP
-------
1
I
I
I
I
$
I
I
1j4
phonj 1 nes
_ I a
J l. LI
1.
la.
2.
3.
3a.
4.
5.
pump control
level contr.
pump
probe trough
probes
sampler
refrigerated
container
6. controller
7. telemetry
convertor!
transmitter
FIGURE 11.
SCHEMATIC OF TYPICAL REMOTE MONITORING STATION
t 1
$ I
- . — — —
I
I
6
I
I
I
I
I
3a
-4-.— — —,
$
I
I
I
I
1
I
L_
la
flowing sewage
82
-------
DATA COLLECTION AT THE DIVERSION STRUCTURES AND MONITORING STATIONS
Because of the complexity of the ALCOSAN interceptor system,
great sewer depths, and inaccessibility of the diversion structures,
flow data were not collected at these points and are not recommended for
future collection in this system except for a few specific locations (see
Table 22). In other municipal collection systems, if it is desired
to calculate loadings as well as to obtain quality data, flow determinations
may be made. A significant effort to collect quality data at the
diversion structures and in other parts of the system was made during
the course of the study, and continues to be made by the ALCOSAN staff. The
collection of these data is for locating potential sources of contaminants
(i.e., hazardous materials generated within the system) and neither
to pinpoint nor make estimates of total quantities.
For example, high concentrations of acids or bases will be reflected
by wide variations in pH at a diversion structure. This indicates
that an event may be forthcoming at the ALCOSAN plant within the
time interval between when the data are collected and the estimated
time of arrival at the plant. This time interval is known at various
locations in the system. Between the time of the material’s entry through
a diversion structure into the interceptor and the entry of the material
into the plant, a considerable amount of dilution takes place. In the
meantime, the plant can be forewarned of a potential incident by a
full-operational monitoring and surveillance system. No adverse effects
may be expected at the plant if the monitoring system at the plant
influent registers no significant variation at the expected time. In
the case of mineral acids or bases, the sewage alkalinity or acidity in
combination with dilution effects could have counteracted the original
observed condition.
If the monitoring system over a period of many months or several
years demonstrates that events are likely to happen a significant number
of times and NPDES regulations are also likely to be violated a
significant number of times, then the plant may institute full-scale
measures to counteract such incidents. With respect to the ALCOSAN system
the work reported herein based on pilot plant results would seem to
indicate that wide variations in PH are not likely to have a significant
impact on plant operations. As pointed out earlier, however, this
does not mean that wide variations in pH, even variations which are
less significant than those imposed during the course of this study,
may not have an adverse effect in the operation of the full scale plant.
Variations in pH, together with other operating conditions may, in fact,
cause significant plant upsets. The monitoring and surveillance system
will provide a history of these occurrences.
During this course of the study, the ALCOSAN plant was significantly
upset for several days. The cause for this upset was not determined. In
the future, ALCOSAN and other plants and systems throughout the country
which are equipped with monitoring and surveillance systems will gain
information on plant upsets at the actual time they are occurring.
83
-------
TABLE 22
FIELD MONITORING STATION DATA
Station
Kilometers (ml)
Treatment Plant
1ow
m /day
(MGD)
Approx. Time To
Treatment Plant
(Minutes)
1.
Chartiers Junction
1.0
(0.6)
83,270
(22)
26
Chmber
2.
Saw Mill Run
3.1
(1.9)
68,130
(18)
84
Downshaft
3.
Mendota Street
5.2
(3.2)
79,500
(21)
141
Access Shaft
.
36th Street
6.9
(4.3)
257,400
(68)
189
Access Shaft
5.
South 8th Street
9.0
(5.6)
212,000
(56)
248
Access Shaft
*year 2000 estimate
84
-------
This body of information, collected as time passes, will provide a basis for
a consistently met high—level effluent quality. Plant upsets at ALCOSAN
and at other plants throughout the country are likely to continue without
a well-designed program of collection and analysis of data at key points
in the collection system in the field and a set of operational plant
countermeasures.
The monitoring and surveillance system was commencing operation at
the time of preparation of this report. With this system, the development
of upset history will continue.
Data collection at fixed points in the system with monitoring and
surveillance apparatus is being supplemented by collection of data
by field teams on a regular basis. Of course, field teams cannot be
present whenever an acci dental spill or unauthorized discharge of hazardous
materials occurs somewhere within the system. The monitoring and
surveillance system which has been designed for ALCOSAN and described herein,
although not capable of measuring specific contaminants, will provide
an indication of wide variation in easily measurable water quality
parameters at points in the system before significant dilution takes place
and the impact of these changes is obscured. Data collected by the field
teams and the monitoring and surveillance network stations will be
used to isolate continual violations of ALCOSAN reoulations for disposal
of materials into specific portions of its collection system,
thereby narrowing ALCOSAN’s search for violators. ALCOSAN expects to signi-
ficantly reduce potential NPDES violations of its effluent discharges
by using the monitoring and surveillance network. Increased under-
standing of the system components and users will develop as time passes,
thus aiding to reduce potential NPDFS violations.
The character of the ALCOSAN system can be determined by a study of the
information presented in Appendix I. Appendix Table I-i contains quality
information for some selected parameters, the diversion structures,
and the type of area being served by the given portion of the collection
system. Besides the general character of the area, the location of
major dischargers of specific contaminants is known by the ALCOSAN staff.
The type of data and information presented in Appendix I may be collected
for any system and used by operating personnel to redirect control efforts.
FIELD MONITORING STATIONS
Table 22 provides a brief description of the field stations.
These stations located at pertinent points in the collection system
are constructed such that representative samples can be taken from
the interceptor sewer flow. The field stations are equipped with the
following:
85
-------
1. A high head capacity 1.5 hp. submersible grinder pump capable
of lifting a continuous flow of at least 57 1/mm. (15 gpni)
from the interceptor 30m (100 ft.) to the surface; pump
operation is dependent upon sewage level in the access shaft
and is controlled by either a mercury float switch or electrodes.
2. A basin at the surface which the pumped wastewater flows
through.
3. A refrigerated sampler capable of collecting 28 discrete
samples at predetermined intervals; the sampler can be
activated automatically from sensor signals or manually.
4. pH and possible oxidation—reduction potential (ORP) sensors
mounted in the flow-through basin and corresponding data
displays.
5. Telemetry equipment to transmit sensor signals and pump and
sampler operating signals to a central panel at the treat-
ment plant where they will be recorded continuously on strip
recorders.
Except for one site, all equipment will be housed in existing,
permanent structures built at the access shafts. At the Saw Mill Run
structure a smell weather-tight structure will be built.
Wastewater will be pumped from the interceptor to a flow-through
basin at the surface and past the sensor probes before being discharged
back to the interceptor sewer.
Data from the sensors will be telenietered to the treatment plant
as will be pump operation signals. If values of the monitored character-
istics are beyond predetermined ranges (for pH initially 6.5 to 7.5)
alarm signals will be triggered; these alarm signals also are to be trans-
mitted to the treatment plant and will activate the automatic sampler
which remains in operation until the monitored parameter returns to
normal, the sample capacity is exhausted, or it is manually deactivated.
Several safety features have been designed into the pump operations,
and alarm signals are activated and transmitted to the control panel
when problems arise. Appropriate response actions to alarm signals
telemetered to the treatment plant are delineated in the contingency plan
(see Section VIII).
TREATMENT PLANT INFLUENT MONITORS
At the head-end of the treatment plant sensors monitoring raw
influent prior to prechlorination will be placed in the present auto-
matic influent sampler. Parameters intended to be monitored contin-
uously include pH, oxidation-reduction potential, conductivity,
dissolved oxygen, and temperature. The data will be recorded
continuously at the central control panel located nearby thus eliminating
86
-------
the necessity for telemetry equipment. Again, when a predetermined
critical level is reached for a specific parameter an alarm will
sound alerting the operator. The response has been delineated in the
contingency plan (Section VIII). Initially, pH limits of 6.5 and 7.5
have been selected. These limits have been set until further documentation
of the effects of wastewaters beyond this pH range have been determined.
After activation of an alarm signal, time is available to initiate counter-
measures before incoming wastewaters reach the biological segment of the
treatment plant.
SELECTION OF SENSORS AND ALARM LIMITS
As discussed in Section IV, Literature Review, many sensors are
available for continuous wastewater monitoring; however, the operating
environment and costs, particularly maintenance costs, have significantly
limited the number of parameters which could be monitored continuously.
The selection of probes for the ALCOSAN field monitoring stations was
based on the following:
1. The probes have been demonstrated to be reliable over extended
periods at the necessary detection levels without requiring
extensive time for maintenance and calibration.
2. Extremes in pH have been shown to affect pilot plant perfor-
mance to a significant degree.
3. Full scale treatment plant operating records have shown that
even in 24-hr composite influent samples significant fluc-
tuations of pH do occur; on numerous occasions over recent years
pH’s of outside the range 6.0 to 8.0 were detected.
4. When extremes in pH occur, the concentrations of other sewage
constituents are likely to be also atypical, i.e., wide pH
fluctuations are not characteristic of domestic sewage and are
likely to indicate the presence of industrial wastes or spilled
chemicals that contain other substances in addition to acids
or bases (e.g., heavy metals).
5. flany materials, especially heavy metals, not toxic at a neutral
pH, are soluble and thus potentially inhibitory under acidic
condi ti ons.
87
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SECTION VIII
CONTINGENCY PLANS
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT CONTINGENCY PLAN
Figure 12 presents an outline of a contingency plan delineating
response actions to hazardous material spills for wastewater treat-
ment plants. Such plans should be prepared after the magnitude of the
spill problem has been assessed and after contacting local, state, and
federal emergency response and regulatory agencies. The contingency
plan for ALCOSAN was constructed after contacting the Pittsburgh and
Allegheny County police and fire agencies, state police, county and
state health departments, the Three Rivers Improvement and Development
Corporation (TRIAD), Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources
(DER), The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), U.S. Coast Guard, and
Environmental Protection Agency Region III office.
The warning of a spill and potential toxic influent wastewater
conditions may come from three sources, the remote early warning system,
notification by an individual or agency, or by visual or other obser-
vation of atypical influent wastewaters.
Several agencies may provide alerts in the event of a spill. The
quickest would originate from the party responsible for the spill;
however, it is unlikely that this party would alert the wastewater
treatment plant. Regulatory agencies such as Environmental Protection
Agency, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources and the
U.S. Coast Guard could possibly alert the treatment plant. However,
their efforts may occur after some time and will be directed to the
protection of property and control of the material to insure its safe
handling and clean—up. The private clean-up contractor is often not
notified in time to alert ALCOSAN personnel; furthermore, the clean-up
contractor will be more concerned with mobilizing his own forces. The
police or fire departments should be requested to alert the treatment
plant. The police and fire oersonnel generally are the first on the
scene of the spill. They are equipped with mobile radio and could call
a central location quickly. Furthermore, these personnel may be readily
informed of the procedure involved and criteria under which a call should
be placed. The police and fire Personnel are also experienced in beinq on
the scene of a spill. Initially, police and fire agencies should be
requested to alert the treatment plant in every case where a spilled
material has entered or has the potential for entering the collection
system. This criteria may be modified as documentation of effects versus
quantity spilled increases.
88
-------
L Ca l Is
Alert
AL COS A N
Received by
SRC (Spill
Response
Co H atOr
Complete
Checklist
e N On-point res 0 c 5 es
Spill Caller E itertise
bet
Cpu ner it
vt Sige cant
Spill
iamwerF uiimvnt
It Spill Site
Additicral
In ft
keN
Consult
n-House Send
EtC etc. invorna- Pervon to
tion Site
baIl SRC
Still Pesuons
I - Coordinator
SceraCCr SHut
C RC Spill tevocnse
n at cr
FIGURE 12. CONTINGENCY PLAN OUTLINE
a-’ arnt Ss er
at cr ttor mrS
St 1 l rce StmCic
-
v’uett
SC C
S amp Ic
At e 5 Site
I -
Obtain Observe i Collect
Neeted Clean-up Samples
nit ate I s iis nl
Counter- Sampling I
asur
No
Establ iss
Plant Sal-upling
Propran Call Supt.
and Operatoms
Call Lab Call Shft
Pt rector Superintenden
Assernble Call Operators
Lab to Collect Initiate
Personnel Samples Counter-
reastres
Analysis
of Samples
Report to
SRC
Prepares
Report
89
-------
The monitoring and surveillance system would be the secondary line
in the warning system, since the ability to detect spills is limited.
Changes in the physical properties (visual changes, odors, etc.)
that are detectable by the operating personnel at the head end of the
plant have in the past been a means of detecting unusual conditions
of the raw influent.
Once notification of the spill is received, the checklist shown
in Table 23 should be completed and the information relayed to a
predetermined Spill Response Coordinator (SRC). The SRC should consult
available literature to determine the effects on human life, property,
and the potential effect to the wastewater treatment plant. A represent-
ative of the treatment plant should be sent to the site, if necessary,
to assist and advise the initial personnel at the spill scene to
protect the sewage collection system. The sampling program at the
plant should be initiated for documentation of the effects of the
spilled material.
A list of potential countermeasures should be consulted and
countermeasure operations initiated, if required. When the spill
incident and any effects have passed, a final report of the incident,
effects, and responses should be prepared. Such information serves
to expand the data base for management of future incidents. It should
be noted that participation in a contingency plan may require the
treatment plant to provide information, expertise, manpower, and
equipment to other agencies participating in the plan.
The ALCOSAN contingency plan is based on the following:
1. The extensive literature review on the effects of hazardous
materials on biological treatment systems. As discussed
previously, certain hazardous materials have a potential to
affect the operation of the ALCOSAN treatment facility.
2. The comprehensive inventory indicates that significant quan-
tities of hazardous materials that affect biological treat-
ment are prevalent in the ALCOSAN service area and have a
spill potential.
3. The Pilot Plant Hazardous Material studies indicate minimal
long-term effects on the operation of the treatment process
(see Section VI, Pilot Plant Evaluations). Slug dose spills
such as heavy metals and organics affect the pilot plant only
minimally but result in increased concentrations in the
effluent.
4. The daily operating data of the ALCOSAN full scale facility
indicates abrupt degradations in treatment efficiency and
unexplained degradation in the quality of the effluent.
90
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TABLE 23
HAZARDOUS MATERIAL SPILL REPORT CHECKLIST
1. Date:_________________________ Time:____________
2. Person Taking Call:______________________________
3. Person Who Contacted ALCOSAN:_______________________
Agency:__________________________
4. Is this a current, on-going spill:________________
5. Spilled Material:_______________________ Quantity:
Form (solid, liquid, gas):__________________
6. Site of Spill:_____________________________
7. Type of Accident:______________________________
8. Who was First on Scene:________________________
9. Who Handled the Clean-up:______________________
10. How Did the Material Enter a Sewer:_____________
11. Does ALCOSAN Need to Send Man to Site:_________
12. Were Further Actions Taken by ALCOSAN (Explain):
91
-------
These fluctuations are more drastic than the occasional
variation due to diurnal and seasonal fluctuations in
operating the plant.
5. A monitoring and surveillance system will provide the ALCOSAN
personnel a means of documentation of hazardous material
spills within the collection system and at the head-end of
the treatment plant. The monitoring and surveillance system
must be utilized in conjunction with a contingency plan of
action to take proper advantage of its utility.
6. Operational modifications and countermeasures will be initiated
in the event of a spill. A response and action network must
be established outlining the action and the responsibilities
necessary to initiate the action.
The major objective of the ALCOSAN contingency plan is to establish
a plan of action in the event of hazardous material spills. Docu-
mentation of spills and their effects on the full scale plant is a major
by-product of implementing the contingency plan. At present an adequate
response mechanism does not exist if a spill is detected or reported
within the system. Previously spills would pass through the plant and
the results from the laboratory or operating problems would alert the
personnel probably long after the spill had passed through the plant.
tWice the spill is detected in the collection system, its path may be
followed into the wastewater treatment plant and evaluation of the
effects, if any, may be carried out.
As previously discussed, prior to initiation of the ALCOSAN
contingency plan, criteria must be developed to establish whether or
not ALCOSAN should be alerted. That is, the hazardous material must
be spilled within the boundaries of the service area and has entered
or has the potential for entering the collection system. Once this has
been determined, the effects of the quantity of material spilled must
be considered. Quantities of some hazardous materials may not effect
the treatment plant operation and effluent quality. Furthermore,
dilution of the waste prior to entering the ALCOSAN plant may reduce
the concentration below toxic levels of the waste to the plant
wastewater. In the case of organics, certain materials may be toxic to the
micro-organisms while others may serve as food source. Other materials
may be dangerous to the collection system, gasoline and other explosive
materials may be more harmful to life and property than to treatment
processes.
In conjunction with the contingency plan, additional documents
are necessary to maximize the plan’s utility and effectiveness. Deter-
mination of the effects that a specific hazardous material has upon
biological processes will have to be established prior to placing the
plan into effect. The literature review that was compiled gives as
comprehensive a breakdown of hazardous materials and their effects
as was possible. Countermeasures that are reconinended in Section IX,
92
-------
Operational Modifications, should be consulted. The personnel should
be aware of the options available to them for implementing a response
to the hazardous material spill to minimize adverse effects on the plant.
Records of clean-up contractors, spill control equipment avilable from
TRIAD, and quipment specified in the Environmental Protection Agency
Region III Contingency Plan should be available to the SRC.
LOCAL CONTINGENCY PLANS
Wastewater treatment plants should be active participants in local
contingency plans. In Allegheny County, Pennsylvania public and private
agencies and industry recently have initiated development of a county-
wide plan for reacting to hazardous material spiiis. Included in the
county-wide plan should be a communications network for receiving and
disseminating information on spills, spilled materials and containment
and clean-up techniques; provisions for on-site coordination; an alert
system to warn the necessary agencies; containment and clean-up equip-
ment and expertise; and legislation for enforcing the policies of the
contingency plan.
Groups involved in the development of the local plan include:
1. Allegheny County and municipal fire departments
2. Allegheny County and municipal police departments
3. Allegheny County Department of Health
4. Local Industries
5. ALCOSAN
6. Local Universities and Colleges
7. Pittsburgh Poison Control Center
8. The Three Rivers Improvement and Development Corporation (TRIAD)
9. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources (DER)
10. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Region III Office
It is worthwhile to note that only recently have local police and
fire agencies become aware of the function of ALCOSAN and the possible
effects that indiscriminate actions in controlling spills may have on
the wastewater treatment facility. This awareness has resulted from
concerned efforts by ALCOSAN representatives to contact the local re-
sponse agencies. These efforts g nerally have been in the form of
participation in local seminars on the management of hazardous material
spills specifical oriented toward disseminating information to the
local agencies.
93
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SECTION IX
SPILL COUNTERMEASURES
The Allegheny County Sanitary Authority with a service area of
557 sq km (215 sq miles) provides wastewater collection and treatment
for 76 municipalities and the City of Pittsburgh with a total population
of 1.2 million. The wastewater is collected through 69 miles (111 km) of
interceptor sewers, 30 miles (48 km) of which are in tunnels. The
capacity of the collection system is 300 mgd. The treatment plant has
a design flow of 757,002 cu.m./day (200 mgd). The ALCOSAN Service Area
appears as Figure 10.
The treatment facilities include mechanically cleaned 1-inch bar
screens to remove large objects from the wastewater and grit channels
to remove readily settleable inorganic material. After 30 minutes
pre—aeration, the settleable solids are removed in six primary gravity
sedimentation tanks having a 2-hour detention time. The wastewater is
prechlorinated prior to grit removal at 6000 lb. of chlorine per day
for odor control.
The secondary step-aeration, activated sludge portion was placed
on-line in Septenter of 1973. The secondary system consists of six
step—aeration activated sludge units——each consisting of four aeration
tanks--and twelve final circular clarifiers. The aeration is by
diffused air with fine air bubble diffusers. The influent is added
to tank 2 of the four-tank unit. The return activated sludge is
presently recycled to tank 1. From tank 1 return activated sludge is
wasted or returned to the aeration system in tank 2. For disinfection,
the final effluent is chlorinated prior to discharge to the Ohio River.
The sludge wasted from tank 1 is returned to the pre-aeration
tanks at a rate of approxImately 25% of the influent flow rate (45 mgd).
The waste activated sludge and primary sludge settle together in the
primary sedimentation tanks. The combined primary-activated sludge is
blended to form a homogenous mixture and vacuum filtered. Polymer is
added prior to filtration to improve the sludge dewaterability. The
filtrate is returned to the head-end of the plant. The filter cake
is incinerated and ash is flushed from the incinerators in slurry
form to pits where the ash is settled. Water decanted from the ash
pit is returned to the head-end of the plant; ash is disposed
in approved landfills. Figure 13 is a schematic of the existing
ALCOSAN plant.
94
-------
STEP
IN FL UENT
FROM
INTER-
CEPTOR
SYSTEM
WATER
NaOH
BAR GRIT
RACKS
PRE-AE RAIl OH
FINAL
SEN 1ENTAT ION
0
0•
SLUDGE
POLYtIE R
ACTIVATED
ASH TO
LANDFILL
FIGURE 13. SCHEMATIC OF THE EXISTING ALCOSAN PLANT
-------
Table 24 shows the operating data for the ALCOSAN plant for 1974. At
present ALCOSAN is meeting the requirements for secondary treatment
facilities. The average removal is 90% for BOD and Suspended Solids.
A mass balance was conducted over the primary treatment portion of
the treatment plant (secondary treatment section was not completed at time
of study). The study results indicated that:
1. Heavy metals exit the treatment plant by the following four
pathways:
a. effluent to the Ohio River
b. grit removal for land disposal
c. ash removed for land disposal
d. incinerator stack discharges
The proportion of the influent metals discharged in the secondary
effluent (pilot plant) varied greatly for the different metals
but except for greater than 60% removal of manganese, iron, and
aluminum, more than 65% of all metals entering the primary
treatment and the pilot plant secondary treatment facilities
exited in the secondary effluent (35% removal). Heavy metals
which were removed were found concentrated in the primary and
activated sludges. Following incineration of the dewatered
primary sludge, 60 to 86% of metals in the sluice ash were
retained in the ash at the ash pits. Heavy metal concentrations
in the incinerator stack gases were not determined. Due to
the uncertainty in the determination of metal content in the
ash, amounts of metals exiting through the stack gases cannot
be calculated.
2. Metals concentrated in the primary sludge can re-enter the
treatment process by: (1) solubilization while in the primary
sedimentation tanks and (2) in the filtrate and decant liquid
from the ash pits which are returned to the main pump station
wet well. The fact that the metals were taken up by the sludge
was demonstrated during the mass balance study (see Appendix H)
and is shown on the following table:
96
-------
TABLE 24
ALLEGHENY COUNTY SANITARY AUTHORITY
1974 OPERATING SUMMARY
Month
Average
Wastewater
Flow
MGD pH
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Primary
Influent
mg/i
Primary
Effluent
mg/l
Final
Effluent
mg/l
% Removed
1000 lbs_Removed/Day
Pri-
mary
%
Secon-
dary
%
Total
%
Pri-
mary
Secon-
dary
Total
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
168
178
198
183
176
175
180
161
177
146
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
137
129
121
142
142
145
130
150
135
189
81
87
90
88
83
99
93
112
90
123
16
12
11
8
11
15
12
18
23
15
41
33
26
38
42
32
29
25
33
35
80
86
88
91
87
85
87
84
74
88
88
91
91
94
92
90
91
88
83
92
78
62
51
82
87
67
56
51
66
80
91
lii
130
122
106
123
122
126
99
132
169
173
181
204
193
190
178
177
165
212
Monthly Averages
0
—4
-------
TABLE 24. (continued)
03
Month
Suspended_Solids
Primary
Influent
mg/i
Primary
Effluent
mg/i
Final
Effluent
mg/i
Removed
1000 lbs_Removed/Day
Pri-
mary
%
Secon-
dary
%
Total
Pri-
mary
Secon-
dary
Total
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
170
153
153
170
179
177
163
171
160
247
66
65
60
63
59
74
64
61
56
73
25
18
13
18
15
16
13
14
16
18
61
58
61
63
67
58
61
64
65
70
62
72
78
71
75
78
80
77
71
75
85
88
92
89
92
91
92
92
90
93
146
131
154
163
176
150
149
148
154
212
57
70
78
69
65
85
77
63
59
67
203
201
232
232
241
235
226
211
213
279
-------
TABLE 24. (continued)
Month
Dissolved
Oxygen
Final
Effluent
mg/i
Final
Effluent
pH
Final
Effluent
Temperature
F°
Total
BOD
Discharged
(in thousands)
Jan.
6.3
7.2
54
21
Feb.
6.0
7.3
53
18
Mar.
6.0
7.2
56
19
Apr.
4.7
7.2
60
13
May
5.1
7.3
64
16
Jun.
5.0
7.2
69
22
Jul.
5.3
7.3
72
18
Aug.
5.1
7.2
74
24
Sep.
4.8
7.2
70
34
Oct.
5.5
7.2
65
19
Avg.
5.4
7.23
64
20
99
-------
TABLE 25
RATIO OF AVERAGE TOTAL METAL CONCENTRATIONS*
Metal
Ratio of
Primary Sludge to:
(Site 8)
Primary Influent
(Site 6)
Ratio of
Pilot Plant Mixed
Liquor (Site PP2) to:
Pilot Plant In-
fluent (Site PP1)
Ratio of
Pilot Plant Return
Activated Sludge
(Site PP4) to:
Pilot Plant En-
fluent (Site PP1)
Pb
Mn
Cr
Fe
Ni
Cd
Zn
Cu
Al
7L3
49.4
79.3
34.3
39.3
-
24.1
120.2
137.3
2.6
8.6
4.9
7.5
1.7
-
5.7
6.0
8.3
13.3
39.4
27.4
21.6
6.0
16.6
37.1
45.0
Cadmium was found in the primary and activated sludges; however, the
average primary influent and Pilot Plant influent concentrations were
below detectable limits.
The metals concentration data indicates that:
a. In the primary influent, only Mn was present primarily in a dissolved
form. Influent Pb, Ni, and Cd were completely insoluble; while Fe,
Zn, Cu and Cr were primarily in an insoluble form.
b. The proportion of dissolved metals increased from primary influent
to primary effluent for all except Ni and Cd. This would reflect re-
moval of the insoluble metals probably by sedimentation.
c. Except for Mn, less than 50% of the metals in the vacuum filter
filtrate are dissolved arid considerably less in the ash pit decant
liquid are dissolved. Improved settling in the ash pits would likely
reduce the quantity of metals returned to the main pump station wet
well. Dissolved metals now returned do not increase significantly
the dissolved metal loading to the treatment plant.
d. Metals in the primary sludge are primarily insoluble.
e. In the Pilot Plant mixed liquor and return activated sludge, less than
10% of the metals are in a soluble form.
*Refer to Figure H-i (Appendix H) for sampling sites.
100
-------
f. Metals were present in the pilot plant effluent in primarily
an insoluble form. Most noticeable was the transformation
of Mn, which in the pilot plant irifluent was almost totally in
a dissolved form, to primarily insoluble Mn in the pilot
plant effluent.
Regarding solubilization, except for lead, nickel , and cadmium
which were not removed in primary sedimentation and the sub-
stantial removal of dissolved chromate, the increase in the
proportion of metals in a dissolved form during primary
treatment probably resulted from the removal of insoluble metals,
not the solubilization of metals. It was not possible to
determine the retention time of the primary sludge in the
sedimentation tanks for during this study, more sludge was
withdrawn for filtration than was removed from the sewage
by primary sedimentation. This was possible because of the
quantity of sludge in the sedimentation tanks prior to
initiation of the study.
Data indicated that the recirculation of filtrate and decant
liquid from the ash pits was the source of only a small
percentage of influent metals. Metals which were in the
filtrate and decant liquid were primarily in an insoluble
form.
Because secondary treatment was limited to a Pilot Plant
scale operation, the effect on filtrate and filter cake
composition of dewatering waste activated sludge could not
be assessed. The new full—scale secondary plant was not
on-line at the time of the experiments. However, because metals
are concentrated in the activated sludge, the metal content
of both filtrate and cake would likely increase.
3. All parameters measured fluctuated widely.
Sampling sites were selected to ensure that representative samples
were obtained. However, because of the nature of the furnace sluicing
operation, future sampling of the sluice ash should be at the influent to
the ash decant pits.
Because the homogeneity of the wet well contents was questionable,
samples at site 5, the grit channel influent were regarded to be more
representative of treatment plant influent than samples at site 4, pump 4 at
the Main Pump Station.
At sites where both grab and composite samples were collected,
their daily averages were generally in agreement. However, for identifying
loading fluctuations, grab samples at two-hour intervals and four-hour
composites were more desirable than eight-hour composites.
101
-------
The pilot plant results from the hazardous material studies
indicate that ALCOSAN treatment system may have the ability to remove
a certain portion of the heavy metals in the wastewaters. The pilot
plant did exhibit the ability to operate satisfactorily even under spill
conditions. BOD and SS removal efficiencies generally were not
affected adversely for long periods of time by the hazardous materials
tested. In some instances the plant had the ability to partially
treat specific hazardous materials reducing the quantity discharged
in the effluent (e.g., copper, chromium from pickle liquor, methanol,
phenol). However, to maintain normal plant performance under the adverse
conditions resulting from spills of hazardous materials may require
modification of plant operation.
From the operating data for the ALCOSAN wastewater treatment
plant, there appears to have been no long—term effects resulting from
hazardous material spills. However, documentation of spills is quite
difficult, if not impossible. No early warning system exists at
present to notify ALCOSAN personnel of drastic changes in the raw
influent quality. Because of time required for analytical testing,
any deterioration in effluent quality generally is detected several
days after the atypical influent entered the treatment facility. By
this time the advantages of countermeasures to mitigate effects are
lost. Countermeasures may be initiated to protect the biological
system or to reduce the quantity of spilled material discharged from
the facility.
The ability to respond to a spill with a countermeasure will
require a warning system to alert personnel of the spill. The
monitoring and surveillance system and the internal contingency plan
are intended to provide the necessary warning.
Potential countermeasures that may be implemented at ALCOSAN
are suninarized in Table 25 for the various categories of hazardous
materials as presented in the questionnaire. The types of responses
are applicable to all treatment facilities and not just the ALCOSAN
plant. The responses are general and may not be the most practicable
alternatives for various plants under existing conditions of operation
but are technically feasible responses for hazardous material spills.
Operational modifications may be considered for the treatment plant
in the event that the character of the inrluent would be detrimental to
the biological process.
Many of the following modifications involve the use of the primary
effluent channel which may be used as a chemical feeding and mixing
tank to con,lex the material to be removed. The retention time of the
primary effluent channel when used as a mixing tank would be at least
4 minutes. Flocculation would take place in the aeration tanks with
the chemical sludge and activated sludge settling in the final clarifiers.
The modifications presented include physical, biological, and chemical
alternatives; all may be simulated on a treatment plant model. A
brief description of several alternatives follows:
102
-------
TABLE 26
SPILL COUNTERMEASURES
01 Elements, (liquid, solid)
02 Salts (non-heavy metal)
±
+
03 Salts (heavy metal)
-i-
04 Mineral salts
+
05 Short Chain Organic Acids
÷
+
+
06 Long Chain Organic Acids
07 Caustics, Alkalines &
Hydroxides
+
+
±
......±.
...±...
08 Oxides
+
09 Insecticides, Herbicides,
Fungicides & RodenticideS
÷
+
+
+
+
10 Phenols
+
±
...±.
..±
.._±_
11 Poisons
÷
-F
. ..
..±
12, Radioactive Materials
+
13 Heavy Metal Organics
÷
+
+
+
+
14 Flammable Hydrocarbons
+
+
+
+
+
+
15 Non-Flammable Hydrocarbons
+
+
+
+
±
16 Flamable Hydrocarbon
Derivatives
+
+
+
+
+
+
17 Non-Flammable Hydrocarbon
Derivatives
+
+
+
÷
÷
18 Compressed Gases
.
+
103
-------
A. When a hazardous material is chemically complexed, the contaminated
sludge may be handled as shown in Figure 14 A. A small proportion
of the sludge is returned to the aeration tanks and a large
proportion is wasted. The return sludge capacity from the final
clarifiers is 15 to 50% of the influent flow. The capacity of
the 10 return sludge pumps is 0 to 8,700 gpm (0 to 12.528 mgd).
These ranges will limit the proportions of sludge which may be
returned and wasted. When the alternative to minimize the quantity
of sludge returned to aeration is implemented it will be necessary to
allow the MLSS concentration to build up in the aeration tanks.
B. When a slug load of potentially degradable organics occurs the
alternative Figure 14-B exists. A large fraction of the sludge
is returned to the aeration tanks and a smaller proportion wasted.
Again pumping capacities will limit the proportions.
C. A possible controversial alternative is to complex, chemically,
the detrimental material in the primary effluent channel and then
by—pass the chemical treated sewage and chemical sludge. Pre-
chlorination or mid-point chlorination could also be implemented
in this case. The flow pattern is shown on Figure 14-C. Based
on the results of this study, it is unlikely that such an alter-
native would ever be required at ALCOSAN to maintain the integrity
of biological treatment.
D. An alternative requiring a minimum amount of construction is the
addition of piping to permit the contaminated secondary sludge to
be pumped directly to vacuum filtration from Pass l. During this
time no sludge would be recycled to the aeration tanks. The flow
pattern is shown in Figure 14-D. The recycling of in-plant waste
streams to the wet well results in the material passing through
the head—end monitoring and surveillance station once again. The
sludge will continue to be handled in this way until the monitor
indicates satisfactory concentrations of the offending material.
E. A possible modification of alternative C incorporating alternative
D would have a flow pattern as shown in Figure l4-E. Instead of
by-passing the chemically treated sewage and chemical sludge to
the river it would be pumped from the primary effluent channel
to the final sedimentation process. It would then be taken with
the secondary sludge to vacuum filtration. Pre- or mid-point
chlorination may be practiced.
F. A minimum of modifications are required to provide chemical treat-
ment between grit removal and pre-aeration. The chemical sludge
could then be settled in the primary sedimentation tanks thus
being removed and dewatered in the normal flow pattern. The
short response time (probably less than 15 minutes) reduces the
potential for corrective steps that can be taken after grit
removal; however, with the monitoring alarm system linked to
operating controls, pH neutralization for example could be readily
accomplished. The flow pattern is shown in Figure 14-F.
104
-------
A. INFLUENT
WET
WELL
PRIMARY SLUDGE (PS) AND
WASTE ACTIVATED SLUDGE (WAS)
EFFLUENT
FINAL
SECIMENTATION
(FS)
PS AND WAS
TO RIVER
IPASS 4
IPASS 3
ASS 2
IPASS 1 I
FIGURE 14 (A-C). COUNTERMEASURES FOR THE ALCOSAN TREATMENT PLANT
GRIT
PRIMARY
T RE AT ME I
(PT)
ACTIVATED SLUDGE
SLUDGE (RS)
(WAS)
WW
ES
PT
B.
C.
WAS
RS
GRIT
PRIMARY
EFFLUENT
CHANNEL
(PEC)
105
-------
D.
ASH
E. INFLUENT
DECANT
LIQUID
ASH
INCINERATION
FIGURE 14 (D-E).
COUNTERMEASURES FOR THE ALCOSAN TREAThENT PLANT
INCINERATION VACUUM
FILTER
CHEMICAL
ADDITION
VF
106
-------
AS H
F.
G. INFLUE
CR [ MI CAL
ADDITION
1
Ti
CHEMICAL
ADDITION
2
3
4
2
3
4
EFFLUENT
EFFLUENT
FIGURE 14 (F-G).
COUNTERMEASURES FOR THE ALCOSAN TREATMENT PLANT
PRIMARY
SEDIMENTATION
INCINERATION VF PS & WAS
SECONDARY TREATMENT
PASS PASS
RETURN SLUDGE
107
-------
G. After chemical treatment in the primary effluent channel, floc-
culation in the aeration tanks, and sedimentation of the chemical
sludge along with the activated sludge in the final clarifiers,
all of the sludge can be segregated and returned to a particular
set of aeration passes. The flow pattern would be as shown in
Figure l4-G. Once the sludge is in a particular set of passes,
numerous operational modifications such as increasing the aeration
time, further chemical conditioning, increasing the air supply,
etc. may be initiated. During this time the remaining aeration
passes can be utilized as under normal operating conditions.
U. By installation of a dividing gate in the primary effluent channel
both the primary and secondary phases of the ALCOSAN plant are
divided in half. In the event of a slug load, one-half of the
treatment plant can be operated for treatment of the toxic
material while the remaining half provides normal sewage treat-
ment but at a reduced retention time.
I. The contaminated sludge may be removed from the final clarifier
and pumped to the head of the primary tank. The sludge
is removed from the system without contacting it with Pass 1
aeration or the primary treatment facility. The sludge may be
contaminated due to a spill of material that will be adsorbed
onto the sludge, such as heavy metals and pesticides. Precipitation
may also result in a contaminated sludge when the sludge settles
in the secondary clarifiers.
Additional sludge return pumps, piping from splitter box to
constant head box, and new splitter boxes are required. The
possibility of the vacuum filters and incinerators not being
able to handle the added volume of sludge may necessitate upgrading.
J. Powdered carbon may be added to the existing treatment scheme in
the event of a hazardous material spill; it should be added where
quantities can be controlled, sucn as to a portion of the primary
settling system. A spill of soluble organics such as organic
solvents or pesticides may be removed in this manner. The carbon
may be added to the primary sedimenta ion tanks, the secondary
clarifiers, or the chlorine contact tanks. Addition of carbon to
the primary or secondary sedimentation facilities would not
require sludge removal structural modifications. The present sludge
removal operations would be adequate to remove the sludge. The
efficiency of the mixing and flocculation capabilities of the
clarifiers with regard to providing sufficient contact time may
be examined. The dissolved organics in the primary sedimentation
units may interfere with the efficiency of the carbon to remove
toxic wastes. The chlorine contact tanks do not have sludge
removal capabilities. The recovery of the carbon would be another
limiting factor.
108
-------
K. Another countermeasure that would be applicable to the ALCOSAN system
would be neutralization prior to biological treatment. The dosages
would depend upon the concentration and duration of the spill and the
final pH that is desired. Further investigation is necessary in order
to implement this countermeasure.
If countermeasures are needed at treatment facilities, additional
local legislation and financing may be required. Mechanisms are discussed
in Appendix J.
109
-------
SECTION X
DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY
The purpose of this project was to determine the effects of short-
term of slug—type spills of hazardous materials on biological waste
treatment and to suggest approaches for mitigating adverse effects on
treatment processes and effluent quality. The effects of spills of a
series of organic and inorganic materials, heavy metals and some mixed
wastes have been determined at the pilot-scale with results potentially
applicable to full-scale treatment facility operation. Contrary to what
was originally expected, pilot plant studies indicated that slug-type
maximum probable hazardous material spills in fact had relatively minor
and short term adverse impacts on the integrity of the pilot plant
operation. It is known, however, that the ALCOSAN plant and every other
biological treatment plant has, at one time or another, experienced
significant plant upsets; it is likely that at least some of these
upsets have been caused by hazardous materials spills. This study did
not examine the effect of long term or chronic spills. Therefore,
the study does not address itself to such factors as build—up of heavy
metals in the sludge or synergistic effects. Synergistic effects
would result from two or more operational variables affecting the
process and its integrity at the same time (e.g., low dissolved oxygen
in the mixed liquor of the activated sludge process in combination with
a spill of a hazardous material).
An inventory of hazardous spills was carried out for two primary
reasons: (a) to broaden the general understanding of the types and
quantities of materials kept on hand and regularly used in various
kinds of industrial and coninercial operations and (b) to assess where
spills were likely to occur in the system. This information improves
the understanding of the potential for spills in not only the Pittsburgh
area but also in other areas of the country where similar industrial
and coninercial operations exist. Additionally, assessment of the
relative magnitudes of stored materials should be used to set priorities for
further work. Many data were collected to find the character of the
liquid wastes being discharged to the sewer system, within the collection
system, and the plant. These data were gathered by questionnaires and
field sampling. Besides being used to assess the character of Allegheny
County areas’ potential for hazardous material spills, these data can
be applied to different situations.
The maximum possible NPDES violation at any treatment plant is the
sumation of all the dischargers to the system, assuming plant failure.
The flow and quality information for the ALCOSAN system is complete at
110
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the present time and is currently being used to assess various levels of
permit violations under different sets of operating conditions.
The flows and quality information for the individual dischargers is
used in conjunction with the quality data at the diversion structures
presented in Appendix I. These data can be added to the local available
data base for other areas of the country to construct NPDES background
studies. The data can and have been used in the Section 208 (FWPCAA of
1972) areawide water quality management planning activities to project
flows and loads, to estimate the quantity and quality of residues being
produced at the central treatment facility, and/or to estimate residues at
facilities which will require pretreatment. The loading estimates
may also be used to determine what system-user cost recovery charges are
appropriate under various operating conditions.
The continued use of the monitoring network stations within the
ALCOSAN collection system and at the treatment plant, together with
continued collection and assessment of data in the field, will provide
an upset history as time passes. As this data continues to be collected,
those portions of the system which are posing a problem by contributing
to plant upsets by discharging hazardous materials will be better
understood. The data also will be used by the plant staff to develop
an NPDES compliance history, taking into account long- or short-term
spills of hazardous materials which do not necessarily upset the
operation of the treatment facility but contribute to objectionable
quantities or concentrations of materials in the ALCOSAN effluent.
As the NPDES compliance history and the plant upset history are
developed, decisions may be made to pursue some approaches presented here-
in to mitigate the adverse affects of these spills on the operation of
the treatment facility.
This report presents a complete methodology and techniques for
assessing the potential effects of hazardous material spills on biological
treatment facilities around the country. The approach presented here
should: (a) narrow the inventory requirements for other systems;
(b) provide guidance for further assessment of specific hazardous materials
or hazardous waste components in future studies; (c) provide an indication
of what effects might be expected on biological treatment facilities for
those individual chemicals studied; (d) improve the background data
base for areawide wastewater management studies and particularly
for NPDES background studies, and Ce) provide the patterns for preparing
contingency plans and countermeasure approaches which have general
application.
Finding that the effects of certain hazardous materials studied in
significant quantities are much less adversely significant on plant
operations is important from the point of view of pretreatment requirements.
Furthermore, it may be found that the biological treatment process is
compatible with a wider range of waste components than was previously
reported.
ill
-------
APPENDIX A
TABLE A-i. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW ON EFFECT OF HAZARDOUS
MATERIAL SPILLS ON BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PROCESSES
Acetaldehyde Chemical removal by biological treatment was
70 to 95%.
Acetone Chemical removal h ’ aerated lagoon treatment
was 10 to 30%.
Acetonitrile 07 consumption was inhibited by 490 mg/i of
chemical; 143 to 165 mn/i reduced efficiency to
the threshold of v or nerformance. Chemical
removal was poor.
Acetyiglycine At 500 mg/i the chemical was readily and rapidly
oxydi zed.
Acrylic Acid Chemical removal in completely mixed activated
sludge was 85 to 95%. Oxygen transfer rate
coefficient was not affected.
Acrylonitrile Chemical renioval by biological treatment was
70 to 100%. Oxygen transfer rate coefficient
was not affected by up to 50 mg/i of chemical.
Adipic Acid At 500 mg/i influent concentration, rapid
oxidation occurreJ. 7.1% of TOD was exerted
after 24 hours.
Alanine Stimulated 0 consumption at 500 mg/l influent
concentratio with up to 39% of TOO exerted in
24 hours; alanine was oxidized readily.
Alcohols Removal of various alcohols generally was high
ranging from 38 to 85%; 30% resulted from oxida-
tion and the remainder by conversion to proto-
plasm.
Aidrir Chemical was not significantly degraded.
Alkyl Benzene At 100 ppm influent concentration, n-dodecyi ABS
Sulfonates is not resistant to biodegradation; 0 utilization
was lcMer for keryl ABS and tetraprop ne ABS.
112
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APPENDIX A. (continued)
Amines
Amino Acids
Aliphatic amines inhibited 0 uptake; sludges
did not acclimate to rapid o idation of amines.
Influent concentration of 500 to 1000 mb/i
resulted in 42% (mean) oxidation of amino acids.
Aminotriazole There was no significant
Ammonia
Ammonium Acetate
biodegradation of chemical.
At 480 mg/i ammonia had deleterious effects on
activated sludge process.
At 1000 mg/i influent concentration, the 02
consumption was greatly stimulated with 79%
of TOD exerted in 24 hours; the chemical was
readily degraded.
n-Amyi Alcohol
Toxic threshhoid for aquatic
approximately 350 mg/i.
organisms was
sec-Amy lbenzene
tert-Amylbenzene
500 mg/i concentration toxic during 24 hours
of aeration.
500 mg/i concentration toxic during 24 hours of
aerati on.
Aniline
At concentrations of 10
chemical concentrations
At 500 mg/i, toxic and
exhibited for up to 72
and 20 mg/i, the increased
increased chlorine demand.
inhibiting effects were
hours.
Anthracene
At 500 mg/i a lag period of up to 24 hours may
occur before sludge acclimation and slow oxidation
of the chemical.
Barium Greater than 100 mg/i inhibited 02 consumption.
Benzaldehyde
Benzamide -
1 ,2-Benzanthracene——
At 500 mg/i chemical was oxidized slowly for
6 hours; oxidation increased between 24 and
72 hours with 61.3% of TOD exerted after 144 hours.
A 4% solution was toxic.
At 500 mg/i chemical undergoes slow oxidation for
first 6 hours, then rapid oxidation from 24 to
72 hours with 63.3% TOO exerted after 144 hours.
At 500 mg/i chemical was very slowly oxidized with
2.1% of TOO exerted in 144 hours.
113
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APPENDIX A. (continued)
At 500 mg/i chemical was readily, but slowly,
oxidized with 62% of TOD exerted after 144 hours.
At 500 mg/i the chemical inhibited 02 uptake for
up to 144 hours of oxidation.
Chemical inhibited 02 uptake for 144 hours of
oxidation at 500 mg/I initial concentration.
Toxic or inhibitory effects exhibited for first
72 hours of oxidation with up to 43% TOD exerted
after 144 hours; sludge acclimation was noted.
Chemical was readily, but slowly, oxidized at
500 mg/i influent concentration; up to 6.1% of
TOO exerted after 144 hours of oxidation.
Chemical inhibited 02 uptake for up to 144 hours
at 500 mg/i initial concentration.
At 500 mg/i lag periods of up to 72 hours were
experienced before slow oxidation began.
10 mg/i caused significant inhibition of 02
consumption.
Boron concentrations of 0.05 to 10 mg/I produced
inhibition of activated sludge process.
At 500 mg/i the chemical was readily, but slowly,
oxidized for 24 hours.
While 500 mg/i of the chemical was reported to be
toxic for up to 72 hours of oxidation, a similar
concentration was readily, but slowly, oxidized
in 24 hours.
Benzene
Benzene concentrations of
50 to 500 mg/i had
little affect on
BOO removal
efficiency.
Completely mixed
activated
sludge achieved
aimost complete
removal of
up to 35 mg/l benzene.
Benzene Suifonic
Acid
Benzenethioi
Benzidene
Benzonitrile
3,4-Benzpyrene
Benzylamine
4,4’-Bis
(dimethyl amino)
benzophenone
Borates
Boron
Butanamide
Butanedinitirle
114
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APPENDIX A. (continued)
At 500 mg/i butanenitrile reportedly both
inhibited 09 consumption for 24 hours and was
readily, but slowly, degraded with rapid oxidation
in first 6 hours.
80% BOD removal for complete mixed activated
sludge with concomitant 98% removal of Butanol.
Not susceptible to biodegradation at 100 mg/i
initial concentration.
500 mg/i was toxic during 24 hours aeration.
500 mg/i was toxic during 24 hours of aeration.
Insecticide was degradable with 20% of measured
COD exerted.
Chemical was degraded very isowly at 500 mg/i
initial concentration.
At 500 mg/i the chemical was rapidly oxidized.
Between 1 and 10 mg/i significantly inhibits
02 consumption.
Butaneni trill
Butanol
Buty1benzen s
sec-Butylbenzene
tert -Butylbenzene --
n-Butyl ester
of 2,4,5-T
2,3-Butylene Oxide -
Butyric Acid
Cadmium
Cadmi urn-Manganese
Mixture
Cadmi um-Zi nc
Mixture
Calcium Giuconate --
Captan®
Chiorates
Chioranil
Chiordane
Mixture was more inhibitory than a similar
concentration of the individual elements.
Mixture was more inhibitory than a similar
concentration of the individual elements.
At 250 mg/i chemical was susceptible to bio-
degradation but inhibited 02 consumption.
Fungicide was not degradable.
Greater than 10 mg/i chlorates significantly
inhibited 02 consumption.
At 10 mg/I the chemical inhibited 02 consumption.
Insecticide was only slightly degraded.
115
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APPENDIX A. (continued)
Chlorine At 175 and 525 mg/i chlorine detrimentally
affected sludge filterability.
4-Chloro-3- methyl
phenol At 10 mg/i the chemical was mildly inhibitory;
100 mg/i was toxic.
Chromium A 10 mg/i slug dose of chromium had little affect
on activated sludge process, but nitrification
was inhibited. Large amounts of chromium
imobilized in sludge. A 500 mg/i slug dose of
4 hr. duration significantly affected system;
recovery time was 4 days. Hexavalent chromium
was more toxic than trivalent chromium.
Chromi urn-Copper
Mixture Mixture was sligtly more toxic than was copper
alone, but significantly more toxic than was
chromate along.
Ch romi urn—I ron
Mixture Mixture was more toxic than either element mdi-
vi dually.
Citric Acid Chemical was biodegradable but depressed 02
consumption.
Copper A 30 mg/i slug dose cuased a detrimental effect on
activated sludge organic removal efficiency with
recovery in 24 hr.; a 75 mg/i, 4 hr. duration slug
caused a 24 hr. effect. Copper removal generally
was good with large amounts found in the sludge.
As organic loading increased copper removal
decreased.
Copper-Chromate
Mixture Mixture was slightly more toxic than was copper
alone and significantly more toxic than was
chrornate alone.
Copper-Cyanide
Mixture Mixture was more toxic than was copper alone,
but less toxic than was cyanide alone.
116
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APPENDIX A. (continued
Copper-Iron
Mixture
Copper—Nickel
Mixture
rn-C res 01
Crotonaldehyde
Cyanide
Cysti ne
L-Cystine
DDT
Di azi n0n
Dibenzacridine
1 ,2,5,6—
Dibenzanthracefle -
24.- and 2,6—
Dichiorophenol
Mixture was more toxic than was copper alone,
but less toxic than was iron alone.
Mixture was more toxic than was either metal
individually.
Chemical was biodegradable at 10 and 20 mg/i.
Increased chemical concentrations (10 to 20 mg/i)
resulted in decreased chlorine demand.
In excess of 90% chemical removal by biological
systems.
Activated sludge recovered from 40 mg/I slug dose
in 2 days.
At 1000 mg/l concentration, 09 consumption was
completely inhibited and solids production
stopped.
At 500 mg/i chemical was readily, but slowly,
oxidized.
Insecticide was not significantly degraded.
Insecticide was not significantly degraded.
chemical was slowly degraded at initial concentra-
tion of 500 mg/i; a lag period of 6 hr. was
demons crated.
Chemical was slightly inhibitory but slowly
oxidized at 500 mg/i initial concentration; up to
7.9% TOD exerted after 144 hours.
Chemical removals greater than 98% were achieved
after five days of aeration. Initial chemical
concentrations were 64 ppm.
117
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APPENDIX A. (continued)
2,4-Dichiorophenoxy-
acetic Acid Greater than 98% removal was achieved after
(2,4-D) five days aeration at 174 mg/i influent concen-
tration.
2, 6-Di d ii orophenoxy-
acetic Acid At 178 mg/i influent concentration, 30% removal
(2,6-D) was measured during the fourth day of aeration,
after a 3—day lag.
2 ,4-Di chi orophen-
oxypropi oni c
Acid No significant decrease of 186 mg/i initial
concentration after seven days of aeration.
Dieldrin Insecticide was not significantly degraded.
Di(2- .ethylhexyi )-
phthalate Biological systems achieved greater than 50%
removal of chemical; 0, transfer rate coefficient
was not significantly affected at 1 and 10 mg/i
of chemical.
o ,c ’ -Di ethyl -
stilbenediol Chemical demonstrated inhibitory effects at
500 mg/i concentration.
Dimethylamine -Increased chemical concentration (20 to 100 mg/i)
resulted in increased chlorine demand.
9,10-Di methyl-
anthracene Chemical was not toxic but oxidation was slow at
500 mg/i initial concentration.
7,9-Dimethylbenz(c)—
acridine At 500 mg/i, two out of three sludges showed toxic
effects; the other slowly oxidized the chemical;
4.1% 100 exerted after 144 hours.
7 ,l0-Dimethylbenz(c)-
acridine At 500 mg/i the chemical was toxic.
9,10-Dimethyl—1 ,2-
benzanthracene --- At 500 mg/i chemical was readily, but slowly,
oxidized with up to 12.7% TOD exerted after
144 hours.
118
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APPENDIX A. (continued)
2,4-Dinitrophenol —— Chemical concentrations of 1 and 5 mg/i reduced
the 09 uptake rate and soUds production; greater
than 15 hr. aeration required for 90% COD removal.
2,4-D, isooctyl
ether Insecticide was materially degraded.
Dulcitol Chemical was slightly inhibitory in a 1.7%
solution.
Endrin Insecticide was not significantly degraded.
Erucic Acid At 500 mg/i the chemical was degraded with 11%
TOD exerted after 24 hours of oxidation.
1,2-Ethanediol At 484 mg/i a 1 to 3 hr. lag resulted before
oxidation began. 02 consumption was significantly
depressed.
Ethanol Readily degradable at concentrations up to 1000
mg/i with up to 95% removal.
Ethyl Acetate Greater than 90% removal was achieved by biological
systems.
Ethyl Acrylate Greater than 90% removal was achieved by biological
systems.
Ethyl Benzene Greater than 90% removal was achieved by biological
systems.
Ethyl Butanol Greater than 90% removal achieved by completely
mixed activated sludge.
2—Ethyl hexyl -
acry ate Greater than 90% removal by biological systems.
Ferbarn® Fungicide was materially degraded.
2-Fluorenamine At 500 mg/i chemical was slowly oxidized, but
inhibi tory.
N—2-Fluorenyl
Acetamide At 500 mg/i chemical was oxidized slowly with
12.3% TOD exerted after 144 hours.
119
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APPENDIX A. (continued)
Fluoride At 33 mg/i there was no chemical removal by an
aerated lagoon.
Formaldehyde Chemical concentrations of from 45 to 720 mg/i
demonstrated lag periods greater than 2 days
before oxidation began. Following acclimation,
95% removal was achieved at 1750 mg/i initial
formaldehyde concentration. By buffering with
NaHC0 formaldehyde concentrations of up to
1500 ff g/l were only slightly inhibitory.
Formamide At 500 mg/i the chemical was readily, but slowly,
oxidized.
Formic Acid At 720 mg/i chemical concentration 02 consumption
was slightly stimulated.
Fumaric Acid A 1/120 N solution slightly stimulated 2 consump-
ti on.
Glutamic Acid At 500 mg/i chemical was readily oxidized.
Glycerine At 720 mg/i chemical stimulated 02 consumption.
Glycine At 720 mg/l chemical stimulated 02 consumption.
Grease 74% removal of grease in secondary treatment.
Heptachlor Insecticide was slightly degraded.
m—Heptane Greater than 90% removal by biological systems.
l-Hexanol Greater than 70% removal by biological systems.
Hydracrylonitrile - - Less than 10% removal achieved in aerated lagoon.
Hydrogen Cyanide --- A 500 mg/i concentration was toxic for 72-hour
oxidation period.
Hydrogen Ion Best results were achieved in the neutral pH range.
Hydrogen Sulfide --- Chemical volatilizes and becomes corrosive.
120
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APPENDIX A. (continued)
4-Hydroxybenzene-
carbonitrile
Iodine
Iron, Ferrous
Iron, Ferric
I ron-Chromate
Mixture
Iron-Copper
Mixture
Isopropanol
Isopropyl Ether
Lactic Acid
Lactonitrile
Lauric Acid
Lead
Lindane
Malathion
Malic Acid
L and DL Malic
Acid
Malonic Acid
Mane b®
At 500 mg/i chemical was toxic for up to 72 hour.
Chemical was inhibitory at concentrations greater
than 10 mg/i.
Inhibited 02 uptake at concentrations greater than
100 mg/i.
Inhibited 02 uptake at concentrations greater than
100 mg/i.
Mixture was more toxic than individual elements.
Mixture was more toxic than iron and less toxic than
copper.
Greater than 70% removal of chemical by biological
systems.
Greater than 70% removal of chemical by biological
systems.
At 720 mg/i chemical greatly stimulated 02 consump-
tion.
System unable to handle concentrations greater than
139 mg/i without acclimation.
Surfactant forms were readily oxidized.
Concentrations greater than 10 mg/i caused inhibi-
tory effects.
Insecticide was not significantly degraded.
Insecticide was not significantly degraded.
A 1/120 N solution stimulated 2 consumption.
At 500 mg/i the chemicals were oxidized but a lag
period of greater than 8 hr. was indicated.
At 500 mg/i the chemical inhibited 0 , uptake. A
1/120 N solution stimulated 02 uptake.
Fungicide was materially degraded.
121
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APPENDIX A. (continued)
Manganese Approximately 10 mg/i caused inhibition of 0 uptake
by activated sludge. 2
Manganese -
Cadmium Mixture — Concentration of 100 mg/i manganese and 10 mg/i
cadmium was more inhibitory than either element
alone.
Mixture was more inhibitory than either element
alone.
Chemical demonstrated inhibition at 1 mg/i and
toxicity at 200 mg/i.
Toxic or inhibitory at concentrations greater than
5 mg/i. Mercury was removed by immobilization in
sludge.
Chemical could be removed by biological systems,
but at 500 mg/i a 3 to 5 hr. lag period was
indicated before oxidation coniiienced. At 1000 mg/i
02 uptake was severely depressed.
At 500 mg/l chemical inhibited 02 uptake for at
least 24 hours.
At 500 mg/l the chemical was toxic for up to 72
hours.
At 500 mg/i the chemical showed inhibitory effect
but could be slowly oxidized.
Less than 30% removal achieved by aerated lagoon
treatment.
Insecticide was not significantly degraded.
A 500 mg/i concentration was toxic.
Greater than 70% removal achieved by biological
systems. However, at 500 mg/i a lag period of up
to 24 hr. was indicated.
Greater than 5 mg/i continuous dose significantly
122
Manganese -
Zinc Mixture
Mercuric Chloride —
Mercury
Methanol
7-Methyl—i ,2-
benzanthracene -—
Methyl Benzene
Carbonitrile
20-Methyl -
cholanthrene
Methyl ethyl -
pyridine
Methyl Parathion --
2-Napthalamine
Naphthalene
Nickel
-------
APPENDIX A. (continued)
reduces efficiency of biological systems. A
200 mg/i, 4 hr. slug dose produced a 24 hr. effect
with 40 hr. necessary for recovery. Activated
sludge removal of nickel was poor but was improved
by lime addition.
Nickel-Copper
Mixture Mixture was more toxic than either element
individually.
Ni ckel -Cyanide
Mixture Mixture was more toxic than was nickel alone but
less toxic than was cyanide alone.
Ni tn lotri acetate
(NTA) No effect up to 200 mg/i slug dose, but acclimation
required for removal.
Nitrite Concentrations greater than 10 mg/i inhibited 02
uptake.
Nitrobenzene At 500 mg/i chemical was toxic, inhibiting 02 uptake
for 144 hours.
2—Nitrofluorene —-— At 500 mg/i chemical was slowly oxidizable.
Octyl Alcohol 75 to 85% removal achieved by completely mixed
activated sludge with little effect on °2 transfer.
p,t-Octyl -phenoxy-
non ae t hoxy -
ethanol At 5 and 10 mg/i extended aeration achieved greater
than 90% removal with no significant problems except
that sludge production increased.
Oil, crankcase At 226 mg/i crankcase oil exhibited an 0 uptake
slightly less than that of the control with DOD
removal efficiency of about 93%.
Oil, crude At 82 mg/i crude oil exhibited 02 uptake equivalent
to control.
Oil, mineral At 1000 mg/l mineral oil greatly inhibited 02
consumption after 24 hours.
Oil, olive At 916 mg/i olive oil inhibited 2 uptake by one-
third to one-half that of the control.
Oil, refinery At 88 mg/i refinery oil exhibited a 44% greater 02
uptake rate than the control with 94% BOB removal.
123
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APPENDIX A. (continued)
Oil, vegetable ---- At 148 mg/i vegetable oil exhibited a 30% greater
2 uptake than the control with BUD removal of
about 94%.
Oleic Acid A 1/120 N solution inhibited 02 uptake.
Organic Acids At 250 to 720 mg/i organic acids were removed
primarily by oxidation.
Oxalic Acid At 250 to 720 mg/i 02 consumption was significantly
inhibited.
Oxydiproprionitrile- 170 mg/i did not affect biological system perfor-
mance but acclimation was necessiary.
Paraldehyde 30% removal of chemical by aerated lagoon treat-
ment.
Parathion Insecticide was not significantly degraded.
Pentachiorophenol - At 150 mg/i chemical inhibited 02 uptake and was
not significantly degraded.
Pentaerythritol --- No toxic effect up to 1000 mg/i concentration at
pH 7.0.
Pentamethyl -
benzene At 500 mg/i chemical was toxic or inhibitory durinq
initial 24 hours of aeration.
Pentanarnide At 500 mg/i chemical was readily but slowly oxidized
with 13.6% TOD exerted after 24 hours.
Pentane At 500 mg/i pentane was resistant or very slowly
oxidized.
Pentanedinitrile -- At 500 mg/i chemical was toxic or very slowly
oxidized.
Pentanenitrile ---- At 500 mg/i chemical could be slowly oxidized.
Peptone At 720 mg/i of peptone 02 uptake was stimulated
and greater than 90% BOO removal was achieved.
Phenantrene At 500 mg/i the chemical was slowly oxidized with
45.7% of TOD exerted after 144 hours.
Phenol Although phenol was inhibitory without acclimation;
acclimated biological systems could achieve almost
complete phenol removal.
124
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— Chemical was inhibitory at 500 mg/i; small degree
of biological oxidation after a lag period.
At 500 mg/i chemicals were toxic during 24 hours
aeration.
Greater than 85% removal was achieved by completely
mixed activated sludge.
At 100 mg/i the synthetic detergent was readily
bi odegradabi e.
At 100 mg/i the synthetic detergent resisted bio-
degradation.
At 480 mg/i chemical completely inhibited 02
consumption.
At 500 mg/i chemical was toxic for up to 72 hours
of oxidation.
At 500 mg/i the chemical was toxic for at least
72 hr.
At 500 mg/i chemical resisted biological oxidation
for up to 144 hour.
At 37.5 mg/i chemical could be oxidized biologically
but depressed 0 uptake. One of the more toxic
benzene derivatives.
Surfactant was susceptible to bio-oxidation after
extended periods.
Surfactant was susceptible to bio-oxidation after
extended periods.
Produced a more readily dewatered sludge.
APPENDIX A. (continued)
p-Phenylazoaniiine - Chemical was inhibitory at 500 mg/i.
p—Phenyi azophenol
(m-, p—, and o—)
Phenyi enedi amine-
Phenyl Methyl
Carbinol
Po lyethoxyethano l -
Polyethoxy Fatty
Ester
Potassium Cyanide -
Propanedi ni tn 1 e ——
Propanenitriie
—Propioi -actone---
n-Propylbenzene
Sodi urn Al kyl benzene
Suifonate
Sodium Alkyl
Sulfonate
Sodium Aluminate --
Sodium Lauryl
Sulfate
periods.
Surfactant was readily degraded after extended
125
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APPENDIX A. (continued
Sodium N- Oleyl-N-
Methyl Taurate -- Surfactant was readily degraded after extended
periods.
Sodi urn
Pentachiorophenol-Slug doses greater than 20 mg/i drastically affected
performance of biological systems; chemical was not
removed and sludge would not settle. Systems co ild
be acclimated to chemical.
Surfactant was readily degraded after extended
periods.
Greater than 95% removal by completely mixed
activated sludge.
Greater than 300 mg/i of sulfates corroded concrete
even at neutral ph.
Chemical was slightly inhibitory at 25 mg/l.
Up to 500 mg/i can be oxidized if system is
acclimated, but increased oxygen required.
Greater biodegradation of nonionic surfactants
than anionic surfactants.
A 1/120 N solution inhibited O 2 consumption.
Insecticides not significantly degraded.
Sodium cx-Sulfo
Methyl Myrislate-
Styrene
Sul fate
Sulfide
Sulfite
Surfactant,
Nonionic
Tannic Acid
Te tra ethyl
Pyrophosphate - --
1 ,2,4,5-
Tetramenthyl -
benzene
Than I te
Thioacetamide
Thiocyanate
Thioglycolic Acid -
After a 3 hr. lag period the chemical was degraded
slightly at 500 mg/i.
Insecticide was materially degraded.
02 uptake was completely inhibited at 1000 mg/i
concentration.
1000 mg/i concentration significantly inhibited 02
consumption.
At 662 mg/i chemical was toxic or resistant to
biodegradation.
126
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APPENDIX A. (continued)
2-Thiouracil At 5Q0 mg/i chemical was slowly but readily
oxidized.
Thiourea At 500 mg/i thiourea inhibited 02 uptake for up
to 144 hours.
Toluene Greater than 90% removal was achieved by activated
sludge; but at 500 mg/i toiuene oxidation periods
longer than 24 hr. were required.
Toluidine
Compounds At 500 mg/i m- and p- Toluidine were slightly
oxidized while -Toiuidine was toxic.
2,4,6— Trichioroani-
line Up to 10 mg/i of chemical was not inhibitory.
2,4,5-Trichioro-
phenol Pesticide was slightly degraded.
2,4,6-Trichi oro-
phenol Significant inhibition occurred between 10 and
50 mg/I of chemical.
2,4,5-Trichioro-
phenoxy acetic
Acid At up to 75 mg/i chemical was materially degraded;
(2,4,5-T) at 150 mg/i chemical was slightly degraded.
2,4,6-Trichl oro-
phenoxy acetic
Acid At 53 mg/i greater than 50% chemical removal was
(2,4,6-T) achieved during 14 days of aeration.
2,4 ,5-Trichloro-
phenoxy—propri oni c
Acid At 107.5 mg/i after a 2 day lag greater than 95%
chemical removal was achieved in 17 days.
1 ,2,4-Trimethyl—
benzene Toxic at 500 mg/i for at least 18 hours of aeration,
after which the material was slightly oxidized.
2,4,6-Trinitrotol-
uene Greater than 50 removal for concentration of 5 to
(TNT) 25 mg/i and retention times of 3 to 14 hr.
Trisodium flitrilotri-
acetate At up to 200 mg/i the chemical did not upset the
(NTA) activated sludge process; in 3 to 6 hr. degradation
127
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Tyrosine -
Urea
Urethane
Xylene
Zinc
Zi nc-Cadmi urn
Mixture
Zi nc-Manganese
Mixture
ZineI
Zi ranl-
APPENDIX A. (continued )
by acclimated sludge of up 500 mg/i was complete.
At 500 mg/i chemical stimulated 02 uptake after
a 3 to 5 hr. lag.
0 consumption inhibited by urea concentrations
u to 720 mg/L
Chemical completely inhibited 02 consumption.
A 500 mg/i concentration was toxic for the first
24 hour aeration.
The lowest continuous dose which caused an
effect was 10 mg/l. At this concentration
89% Zinc removal was achieved, primarily by
adsorption of Zinc to activated sludge. The
iowest 4 hr. slug dose to cause a 24 hr.
effect was 160 mg/i.
Mixture was more toxic than either element alone.
Mixture was more toxic than either element aione.
Insecticide was slowly degraded with 5 to 20%
of COD exerted.
Insecticide was siowiy degraded with 5 to 20%
of COD exerted.
i 28
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B-i
CHECKLIST FOR ALCOSAN PERSONAL INTERVIEWS
1. Pate 2. Time In 3. Time Out
4. Survey Team (1) (2 )
5. Name & Address of Industry_____________________________ Telephone
6. Employee(s) contacted within the industry 7. Employee(s) Title —
(1)
(2)
(3)
8. Brief Description of Industrial Operation
9. Is a sewer plan available: 10. Was it obtained?________
11. Industries water source__________________________________________
12. Any methods of waste treatment 13. What kind?____
14. Any waste storage facilities 15. What kind?________
16. Any storage of toxic & Hm 17. What kind?___________
18. How much________________ ________________________ _____________
19. Any history of spills____________________________________________
20. If yes, How were they handled:__________________________________
21. Any data on wastewater: _______ 22 . Can it be obtained
23. Can Flow be sampled directly 24. Location of manholes
25. Any discharge in river-creek 26. Explain_
27. Other Plants in Allegheny County________________________________
28. sIC No. 29. No. of Employees________
30. Water Consumption__________________________________________________
129
-------
rn
><
—I
rr
u’i
—I
mm
I-I
—I
=
C,
rn
—I
rn
—
=
01
rn
-D
I-
0
m
rn
(I- ,
TABLE C-i
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES WITH GREATER THAN 50 EMPLOYEES IN THE ALCOSAN SERVICE AREA
-j
0
SIC Number
Questthnnaire —
Pespons 0 ç Kesponses
with with
Sewer Hazardous
Discharge Material
No. of Quality Inventory
Industries Data Data
and Samplinq
Proqrams
No. of
Industri s
in SIC
No. of
Emp1oye s
in SIC
No. of
Industries
Surveyed
No. Of
Industries
Sampled
2011
Meat Packing Plants
7
780
3
--
1
10
5
2013
Sausages and other
prepared meats
9
232
5
1
3
9
2
2024
Ice cream and frozen
desserts
6
506
3
3
3
3
3
2026
Fluid milk
13
1809
1
1
1
4
5
2032
Canned Specialties
1
2457
1
1
--
1
1
2051
Bread, cake, and
related products
70
2723
4
1
1
13
6
2052
Cookies and crackers
2
821
2
1
1
2
1
2065
Confectionery products
17
634
--
--
--
--
-
2082
Malt Beverages
2
1198
1
--
1
1
1
—— Means no data
a From: 1972 Pennsylvania County Industrial Report,
Release M-5-71, County Report Series 73212. 1971.
Allegheny County.
P.33-43.
Bureau of Statistics.
-------
TABLE C-i (continued)
-- Means no data
a From: 1972 Pennsylvania County Industrial Report,
Release M-5-71, County Report Series 73212. 1971.
* Not Elsewhere Classified
-J
-a
SIC Number
Questionnaire Response
Survey and Sampling
Programs
No. of
Industries
Responses
with
Sewer
Discharge
Quality
Data
Responses
with
Hazardous
Material
Inventory
Data
No. of
Industries
Surveyed
No. of
Industries
Sampled
No. of
Industri s
in SIC
No. of
Emp1oyee
in SIC
2086
Bottled and canned
soft drinks
13
959
5
2
5
9
4
2077
Animal and marine
fats and oils
3
94
1
1
--
--
--
2097
Manufactured ice
1
52
1
1
--
2
1
2099
Food preparations, nec*
4
18
1
1
1
4
2391
Curtains and draperies
10
326
--
--
--
1
2392
House furnishing, nec*
3
260
--
--
——
1
—-
2393
Textile bags
5
152
1
--
--
2
-—
2394
Canvas and
related products
13
105
--
--
2
2515
Mattresses and bedsprings
5
231
1
--
--
4
4
Allegheny County. Bureau of Statistics.
P.33 -43.
-------
TABLE C-i (continued)
-— Means no data
a From: 1972 Pennsylvania County Industrial
Release M-5-71, County Report Series 73212.
N)
SIC Number
Questionnaire Response
Survey and Sampling
ograms
No. of
Industries
Responses
with
Sewer
Discharge
Quality
Data
Responses
with
Hazardous
Material
Inventory
Data
No. of
Industri s
In SIC
No. of
Employe s
in SIC
No. of
Industries
Surveyed
No. of
Industries
Sampled
2641
Paper coating and
glazing
1
824
--
1
--
2642
Envelopes
1
164
1
--
1
1
1
2645
Die-cut paper and
board
1
107
--
-—
—-
1
--
2651
Folding paperboard boxes
2
82
--
--
--
1
--
2653
Corrugated and solid
fiber boxes
4
775
4
2
2
2
3
2711
Newspapers
29
2467
--
--
--
8
1
2721
Periodicals
7
4
--
--
--
--
--
2751
Commercial printing,
letterpress
83
361
1
--
—-
12
--
2752
Commercial printing,
lithographic
70
592
3
1
1
20
8
Report, Allegheny County. Bureau of Statistics.
1971. P.33-43.
-------
TABLE C-i (continued)
SIC Number
Questionnaire_Response
.
Survey and Sampling
Programs
No. of
Industries
Responses
with
Sewer
Discharge
Quality
Data
Responses
with
Hazardous
liaterial
Inventory
Data
No. of
Industri s
in SIC
No. of
Employe s
in SIC
No. of
Industries
Surveyed
No. of
Industries
Sampled
2761
Manifold business forms
3
91
--
--
--
1
1
2789
Bookbinding and
related work
8
191
--
--
--
3
--
2791
Typesetting
10
176
--
--
--
3
1
2793
Photoengraving
6
102
--
--
3
1
2813
Industrial gases
3
32
1
1
1
5
2
2865
Cyclic crudes and
intermediates
2
75
1
--
1
1
1
2816
Inorganic pigments
1
52
1
1
1
2
2
2819
Industrial inorganic
chemicals, rlec*
4
78
4
4
4
4
--
2821
Plastics materials and
resins
2
239
3
2
3
1
--
-— Means no data
a From: 1972 Pennsylvania County Industrial Report, Allegheny
Release M-5-71, County Report Series 73212. 1971. p.33-43.
* Not Elsewhere Classified
County. Bureau of Statistics.
1
(A)
(A)
-------
TABLE C-i (continued)
-- Means no data
a From: 1972 Pennsylvania County Industrial Report, Allegheny
Release 11—5-71, County Report Series 73212. 1971. P.33-43.
* Not Elsewhere Classified
-a
SIC Number
Questionnaire_Response
.
Survey and Sampling
Programs
No. of
Industries
Responses
with
Sewer
Discharge
Quality
Data
Responses
with
Hazardous
Material
Inventory
Data
No. of
Industries
Surveyed
No. of
Industries
Sampled
No. of
Industri s
in SIC
No. of
Employee
in SIC
2851
Paints and allied
products
12
369
6
2
5
12
4
2869
Industrial organic
chemicals, nec*
2893
Printing ink
3
75
4
3
2899
Chemical preparations,
nec*
9
444
i
i
1
11
2
2992
Lubricating oils and
greases
6
161
--
--
--
6
1
3079
Miscellaneous plastic
products
23
1308
1
--
1
7
3
3221
Glass containers
1
652
--
--
--
--
--
3229
Pressed and blown glass,
nec*
3
174
2
2
2
1
2
County, Bureau of Statistics.
-------
01
TABLE C-i (continued)
-- Means no data
a From: 1972 Pennsylvania County Industrial Report,
Release M-5-71, County Report Series 73212. 1971.
* Not Elsewhere Classified
Allegheny County.
P.33—43.
Bureau of Statistics.
SIC Number
Questionnaire Response
.
Survey and Sampling
Programs
No. of
Industries
Responses
with
Sewer
Discharge
Quality
Data
Responses
with
Hazardous
Material
Inventory
Data
No. of
Industries
Surveyed
No. of
Industries
Sampled
No. of
Industries
in SIC
No. of
Employee
in SIC
3271
Concrete block and
brick
3
50
-
--
--
1
1
3272
Concrete products, nec*
14
221
4
4
1
1
- -
3281
Cut stone and stone
products
9
76
--
--
--
2
--
3291
Abrasive products
4
127
1
1
1
6
2
3293
Gaskets, packing and
sealing devices
2
268
--
--
--
1
1
3297
Nonclay refractories
2
134
--
--
--
1
--
3299
Nonmetallic mineral
products, nec*
5
105
--
--
--
1
--
3312
Blast furnaces and
steel mills
10
24107
3
2
3
4
--
-------
-- Means no data
a From: 1972 Pennsylvania County Industrial
Release M-5-71, County Report Series 73212.
* Not Elsewhere Classified
TABLE C-i (continued)
SIC Number
Questionnaire_Response
Survey and Sampling
Pro rams
No. of
Industries
Responses
with
Sewer
Discharge
Quality
Data
Responses
with
Hazardous
Material
Inventory
Data
No. of
Industri s
in SIC
No. of
Ernp1oyee
in SIC
No. of
Industries
Surveyed
No. of
Industries
Sampled
3316
Cold finishing of
steel shapes
1
418
1
1
1
1
2
3317
Steel pipe and tubes
1
50
1
--
1
2
1
3321
Gray iron foundries
5
966
6
3
5
3
3
3325
Steel foundries, nec*
5
957
1
3341
Secondary nonferrous
metals
3
53
3
3361
Aluminum foundries
2
50
3
1
2
1
1
3362
Brass, bronze, and
copper foundries
9
581
10
7
9
5
4
3399
Primary metal products,
nec*
6
270
--
--
--
3
3
3411
Metal cans
1
1117
--
—-
--
--
—-
Report, Allegheny County. Bureau of Statistics.
1971. P.33-43.
-------
-J
TABLE C-i (continued)
-- Means no data
a From: 1972 Pennsylvania County Industrial Report, Allegheny
Release M-5-71, County Report Series 73212. 1971. P.33-43.
SIC Number
Questionnaire Response
Survey and Sampling
Programs
No. of
Industries
Responses
with
Sewer
Discharge
Quality
Data
Responses
with
Hazardous
Material
Inventory
Data
No. of
Industr es
in SIC
No. of
Employee
in SIC
No. of
Industries
Surveyed
No. of
Industries
Sampled
3425
Hand saws and saw
blades
2
77
2
--
1
1
1
3432
Plumbing fittings
and brass goods
1
223
--
--
--
1
--
3433
Heating equipment,
except electric
8
161
--
—-
--
1
--
3441
Fabricated structural
metal
18
4224
3
2
1
11
2
3443
Fabricated plate work
(boiler shops)
10
860
1
1
1
4
2
3444
Sheet metal work
15
613
2
1
2
4
-—
3446
Architectural metal
work
16
676
2
1
1
3
2
3449
Miscellaneous metal work
8
169
2
1
2
1
--
County. Bureau of Statistics.
-------
TABLE C-i (continued)
SIC Number
Questionnaire_Response
Survey and Sampling
Programs
No. of
Industries
Responses
with
Sewer
Discharge
Quality
Data
Responses
with
Hazardous
Material
Inventory
Data
No. of
1ndustri s
in SIC
No. of
Employee
in SIC
No. of
Industries
Surveyed
No. of
Industries
Sampled
3451
Screw machine products
8
157
--
--
-—
3
1
3471
Plating and polishing
16
163
4
2
4
18
8
3479
Metal coating and
allied services
8
200
1
--
1
4
2
3493
Steel springs,
except wire
6
290
2
1
1
4
1
3494
Valves and pipe
fittings
5
325
3
2
2
6
2
3498
Fabricated pipe and
fittings
8
740
7
5
5
7
4
3531
Construction machinery
1
156
--
--
--
1
--
3532
Mining machinery
3
94
--
--
--
2
--
3534
Elevators and moving
stairways
1
60
--
--
--
1
--
-- Means no data
a From: 1972 Pennsylvania County Industrial Report, Allegheny County. Bureau of Statistics.
Release M-5-7l, County Report Series 73212. 1971. P.33—43.
-------
SIC Number
Questionnaire_Response
Survey and Sampling
Programs
No. of
Industries
Responses
with
Sewer
Discharge
Quality
Data
Responses
with
Hazardous
Material
Inventory
Data
No. of
Industr es
in SIC
No. of
Employe s
in SIC
No. of
Industries
Surveyed
No. of
Industries
Sampled
3541
Machine tools, metal
cutting types
3
48
2
1
2
3
1
3544
Special dies, tools,
jigs, and fixtures
17
210
1
--
1
4
--
3545
Machine tool
accessories
3
566
1
--
1
1
-—
3547
Rolling mill machinery
--
-_
1
1
--
--
-—
3548
Metal working
machinery, nec*
6
2640
--
--
--
--
--
3551
Food products machinery
4
239
2
1
1
3
1
3555
Printing trades machinery
3
418
--
--
--
2
1
3559
Special industry
machinery, nec*
9
231
--
--
--
2
2
-- Means no data
a From: 1972 Pennsylvania County Industrial Report,
Release M-5-71, County Report Series 73212. 1971.
* Not Elsewhere Classified
Allegheny County.
P.33-43.
Bureau of Statistics.
TABLE C-i (continued)
-J
( )
-------
C
TABLE C-i (continued)
-- Means no data
a From: 1972 Pennsylvania County Industrial Report, Allegheny County.
Release M-5-7l, County Report Series 73212. 1971. P.33-43.
* Not Elsewhere Classified
Bureau of Statistics.
SIC Number
Questionnaire_Response
Survey and Sampling
Programs
No. of
Industries
Responses
with
Sewer
Discharge
Quality
Data
Responses
with
Hazardous
Material
Inventory
Data
No. of
Industri s
in SIC
No. of
Employe s
in SIC
No. of
Industries
Surveyed
No. of
Industries
Sampled
3561
Pumps and pumping
equipment
4
118
--
--
1
1
3562
Ball and roller bearings
2
183
1
1
--
1
--
3564
Blowers and fans
2
251
--
--
-—
1
--
3565
Industrial patterns
8
82
-—
- -
1
--
3566
Speed changers, drives,
and gears
3
156
--
--
--
1
-—
3567
Industrial furnaces
and ovens
8
2716
2
2
2
1
1
3569
General industrial
machinery, nec*
2
63
--
--
--
1
--
3573
Electronic computing
equipment
2
746
--
--
--
1
--
-------
-J
-J
TABLE C-i (continued)
-- Means no data
a From: 1972 Pennsylvania County Industrial Report,
Release M-5-71, County Report Series 73212. 1971.
* Not Elsewhere Classified
Allegheny County.
P.33-43.
Bureau of Statistics.
SIC Number
Questionnaire_Response
Survey and Sampling
Programs
No. of
Industries
Responses
with
Sewer
Discharge
Quality
Data
Responses
with
Hazardous
Material
Inventory
Data
No. of
Industri s
in SIC
No. of
Employee
in SIC
No. of
Industries
Surveyed
No. of
Industries
Sampled
3599
Machinery, except
electrical, nec*
40
392
1
--
--
1
--
3612
Transformers
2
1376
2
2
2
--
--
3613
Switchgear and
switchboard apparatus
4
10574
3
3
3
1
--
3621
Motors and generators
6
781
2
2
2
1
--
3622
Industrial controls
6
154
1
--
1
--
--
3629
Electrical industrial
apparatus, nec*
4
347
3644
Noncurrent—carrying
wiring devices
2
376
--
--
--
1
--
3651
Radio and TV
receiving sets
1
6
--
--
--
--
--
-------
TABLE C-i (continued)
-- Means no data
a From: 1972 Pennsylvania County Industrial
Release M—5-71, County Report Series 73212.
* Not Elsewhere Classified
N)
SIC Number
Questionnaire Res
onse
Survey and Sampling
Programs
No. of
Industries
Responses
with
Sewer
Discharge
Quality
Data
Responses
with
Hazardous
Material
Inventory
Data
No. of
Industries
Surveyed
No. of
Industries
Sampled
No. of
Industri s
in SIC
No. of
Employee
in SIC
3662
Radio and TV coninuni-
cation equipment
1
1115
2
2
2
1
--
3679
Electronic components,
nec*
2
51
—
-—
-—
1
1
3694
Engine electrical
equipment
1
51
1
1
1
--
--
3713
Truck and bus bodies
3
105
--
--
-
1
--
3714
Motor vehicle parts
and accessories
6
2043
--
--
--
2
1
3731
Shipbuilding and
repairing
1
1286
1
1
1
--
--
3811
Engineering and
scientific instruments
9
413
1
--
1
4
1
3829
Measuring and controlling
devices, nec*
4
271
1
--
1
--
--
Report, Allegheny County. Bureau of Statistics.
1971. P.33-43.
-------
—a
( )
TABLE C-i (continued)
-- Means no data
a From: 1972 Pennsylvania County Industrial Report, Allegheny County.
Release M-5-7l, County Report Series 73212. 1971. P.33-43.
* Not Elsewhere Classified
Bureau of Statistics.
SIC Number
Questionnaire_Response
.
Survey and Sampling
Programs
No. of
Industries
Responses
with
Sewer
Discharge
Quality
Data
Responses
with
Hazardous
Material
Inventory
Data
No. of
Industr es
in SIC
No. of
Employe s
in SIC
No. of
Industries
Surveyed
No. of
Industries
Sampled
3842
Surgical appliances
and supplies
12
1603
11
--
8
1
1
3861
Photographic equipment
and supplies
21
148
--
--
--
1
2
3949
Sporting and athletic
goods, nec*
4
103
1
--
1
1
--
3963
Marking devices
10
497
3
3
3
3
3
3991
Brooms and brushes
3
101
1
1
1
2
--
3993
Signs and advertising
displays
13
320
--
--
--
1
1
3999
Manufacturing
industries, nec*
6
77
1
1
——
——
——
-------
-J
TABLE C-2
AVERAGE DISCHARGE QUANTITY AND QUALITY FOR THE TEN STANDARD
INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATIONS WITH THE LARGEST FLOW TO THE ALCOSAN SYSTEM
* This is not necessarily the number of Industries used to calculate the average discharge quality.
SIC
No.
No. of
Industrles*
Average
Flow
(gpd)
Suspended
Solids
(mg/l)
pH
BOO
(mg/l)
COD
(mg/i)
Total Cadmium
(mg/i)
Total Chromium
(mg/i)
Total Copper
(mg/i)
Total Iron
(mg/i)
Total Nickel
(mg/i)
Total Zinc
(mg/i)
2032
1
1,220,000
30
7.2
4
30
-
0.02
0.09
1.96
0.03
0.13
2013
1
1,130.000
840
6.6
830
3040
0.09
0.07
0.27
2.80
0.37
0.49
2815
1
1,057,000
664
9.9
4000
8300
0.02
0.72
0.01
15.27
0.07
0.41
3Q79
2
408,000
220
7.4
110
420
0.02
1.38
0.31
4.88
0.03
3.16
2082
1
752,000
570
8.6
1250
1800
0.04
0.02
1.20
9.70
0.07
0.40
8061
4
124,000
200
8.2
140
590
-
0.06
0.19
1.54
-
0.25
2011
5
18,000
440
7.3
250
1580
0.14
1.04
0.30
2.97
0,04
0.43
2026
5
52,000
410
8.5
120
2070
0.07
0.61
1.26
11.08
0.14
1.43
3312
4
58,000
480
7.6
110
310
0.01
0.65
0.23
1.47
0.78
0.68
3842
1
222,000
180
8.3
10
210
0.01
0.06
0.21
5.62
0.03
0.35
Source: ALCOSAN Industrial Liischarge Sampling Program
-------
TABLE C-3
LARGEST DISCHARGERS OF VARIOUS WASTEWATER QUALITY PARAMETERS*
* Source: ALCOSAN Industrial Discharge Sampling Program
Five Largest Dischargers (Identified by
Standard Industrial Classification No.)
of the Followinq Parameters (lb/day)
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
SIC
SIC
SIC
SIC
SIC
Parameter
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
SS
BOD
COD
Total Cadmium
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Iron
Total Lead
Total Manganese
Total Nickel
Total Zinc
Phenol
Cyanide
Grease
3321
2815
2815
2013
3079
2082
3l 2
5312
5312
4013
3079
281 5
2851
2011
2013
2816
2013
3644
2077
531 2
2815
2813
2032
3321
5312
3993
2013
2013
2815
2013
2082
3471
2815
3399
2082
2816
3321
2013
3644
201 3
3644
2082
2082
2082
2816
2791
3644
2013
3644
2026
3441
3312
3441
3842
2816
3325
3079
2024
2011
39 53/2082
3399
3321
3498
2653
3498
5312
2013
3953
2011
5312
145
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APPENDIX 0. SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE, COVER LETTER AND QUESTIONNAIRE INPUT
DATA CARD FORMAT
ALLEGHENY COUNTY SANITARY AUTHORITY
3300 PREBLE AVENUE (412)766-4810 PITISBURGII.PA. 15233
MEMBERS OF THE BOARD LEON WALD
Executive Director
CHARLES E. cOATES
Ow.nn - .zn WILLIAM E. HER RON
JOHN E. CONNELLY Assistant Directur
& e -o ,.mna i, GEORGE T. GRAY
FREI)ERICK N. EGLER O,wfEngrneer
Secretary GEORGE A. BRINSKO
JOHN C MILLER Plant Superintendent
VINCENT J. GAROFALO
Maintenance Engineer
DONALD BERMAN
As,t. Secy. - Asst. RICHARD F. tOP, ES
Chief counsel
January 28, 1974
Gentlemen:
The Allegheny County Sanitary Authority (ALCOSAN) has just put into operation
a new 47 mil1ion dollar biological secondary wastewater treatment plant.
Thi new facility incorporates a numbe: of complex treatment processes
designed to significantly improve our wastewater treatment efficiency and
effectiveness. Although the new treaWent plant will be more effective in
removing pollutants, it also will be m’re sensitive to toxic and hazardous
materials and will require safeguards to prevent operational upsets. In
order to maintain consistent wastewater treatment performance, we are
conducting a study to evaluate the service area industrial waste load to
determine its potential effects on the new treatment facilities. The resilts
of this study will enable ALCOSAN to meet new water quality standards anc
better serve its industrial customers. Construction of the secondary treat-
nt plant, as well as performance of this study, is supported in part by
çrants from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
The enclosed questionnaire is being se.it to industries within the ALCOSAN
se,’vice area. Its purpose is to assist us in identifying and categorizing
firms as to type of manufacturing operations, plant size, character of liquid
wastes emanating from the plant, point of ultimate disposal of wastewaters,
and the potential for accidental discharge of hazardous materials. This
information is essential for determining the types of treatment operations
and emergency responses that will be required to meet water quality standards
and in rove the environmental qualfty Df our water resources.
Your cooperation in conQleting the enclosed questionnaire and returning it
pron tly is requested. The success of this project depends on this information,
and your pronçt completion and return of the questionnaire by March 15, 1974,
will provide valuable assistance in this direction.
Statistical compilations from the questionnaire data will be made by an
independent engineering and research organization. Please direct any questions
you may have concerning the enclosed material to Mr. Andrew Pajak at ALCOSAN.
He may be reached by telephone (412) 766-4810, Extension 78.
Sincerely yours,
ALLEGHENY COUNTY SANITARY AUTHORITY
Leon Wald
Executive Director
‘ALCOSAN’
146
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ALCOSAN SURVEY OF
STORED HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AND OF
SEWERED INDUSTRIAL WASTES
QUESTIONNAIRE INSTRUCTIONS
Section I and Section II
I. GENERAL
(0 ) PLEASE READ A L INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY.
(b) A questionnaire form should to completed for ouch company location. It von need additional ouestionnaire forms or have any questons
regarding the sur’.’ey. contact: bfr. Andrew Pa;ak, Allegheny County Sanitary Authority, 3300 Preble Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15233
Phone: 412 7E6 1D Ext. E.
(C) Certain questions wit! require soecrfic intorrratic.ir which will have to be calculated from company operating records. Please read each question
carefully and check Oil calculatuns.
(dl Place re uired information in the cesignated boxed areas. Use a separate box for each number.
U. SPECIFtC
Item 1: Enter ZlP Cede.
Item 2 3; if you: Staccaru tn ustrial Classfcnton SlC number is not known, leave the space blank.
Item 4: List the procira pr u cc e: :e or j’?icE vOS cr0100 at hc s iocatinn. V.here several similar articles ax pronuced. use a thoaidec
term which wilt inc!u e u l ur mcsr t ire s:ecLti: ones e.g , ‘costune eneiry’’ to cesigrate the prcductiun of bracelets, earrings, and pins).
Name the process useS for producing the priscpE. pr:Ouc.
Item 5: Indicate the total number of empicyees w Oo work at this location during normal working operations.
EXPLANATORY REMARKS
Data obtained in this questionnaire will be handled statistically to
furnish required information. In effect, proper responses to the
questionnaire are essential for assessing treatment plant loading
and for providing for predictive aujustments at the plant.
INTRODUCTION — The Allegheny County Sanitary Authority
(ALCOSAN1 operates and maintains rhe sewage trentmeirt plant
and the :ntcrceeior sewer system that serves the City of PiUs-
burgh add 75 othor municipal ties in the greater Pittsburgh area.
ALCOSAII has just put into operation a secondary ‘activated
sludge’ treatment p1 net. Numerous treatnrent processes are em-
ployed at tlr s plant. Those processes include sedimentatronl bi
logical treatment to ongrode anc otherwise remove aod t cnal pot-
lutairt components, chlorination fur disintection Ond odor corrtrol;
and dewatering arru incineration ot the settiehi solids.
The step-aeration activated sludge process sperated by ALCOSPN
employs bacteria arid ctirer microorganisms which u1il ze sewage
materials as food, thereby convert ng poltutarils to carbon orcxide,
water, and new nricroorgunisnis ibiornass or studget. Because the
treatment process involveS living organisms. precaotrons must be
taken to assure effective operation.
The organisms iii the secondary biological treatment process can
adjust to many materials passed into tIre treatment raci!ito. This
adjustnrent. however, is not inst3ntcnecus and requres he build-
up of a suitable microbial population. Unuer normal conditions,
this microbial population nIl anlust to furnish niaxrrrvon Segrada-
lion of usabl ‘ toad sources, effectively removing mucn waste
material from the incoming seirage, thus producing a higher qual-
ity etltuerrt.
Various mod.ficntions in plant operation are possible to ensure
biomass pr uuction desp te changes in the characlerisrcs of tne
intluent wt’’ch have a uetrimentai effect. However, ce:ta:n mCtEr-
als that are stremcly harmful to b otogicaI activrtv nun, f yreserit
in large encogh qucrrtitios. destroy the bromass. V,hen seconnarv
treatment is thus bro gPt loan ena, many nays are requ rcd cc gen-
erate a new broiriass and dring this per od the plant effluent nay
not measure up to current state aad federal uairty standards.
STORED HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SURVEY — The
inventory of stored hazardous materials in the ALCOSAN service
area is of particular importance in the case of emergencies, sach as
tires, explosions, transportation accidents, etc. As a result of such
catastropnes and the response measure commonly undertaken, large
quantities of hazardous materials have a high probability of enter-
ing the sewerage system. These hazardous materials may not only
settle in the sewers but may also create explosive and corrosive
conditions within the sewers. f.iore importantly, hazardous materials
carried to the treatment plant have the pote rtial of creating explo-
sion and fire hazards or of upsetting treatment processes, especially
biological processes.
The purpose of this survey of hazardous materials is to guide the
design and implernentatlon of emergency procedures to protect the
public health and welt are. as welt as to facilitate the deveiopment
of practices to protect the treatment plant. Based on the re,.ults of
the survey, special treatment chemicals will be stored at the plant
and operating procedures developed and tested.
The categories of hazardous materials presented in the quistron-
naire instructions wilt permit a correlation of hazardous materials
with preventive and response measures that could be instit ted at
the treatment plant. These categories wee not designed t corre-
spond with conventional groupings. The list of chemicals each
category is extensive but not exhaustive, and is intended in part to
provide representative examples.
The survey wilt be most valuable it respondees make an ertert to
list individual materials. Only approximate quantities neeu to he
shown. It Is irrelevant whether Cumpany ‘A’’ has one ton of lye;
rt is releverrt to know that, as a result of a potential acci mit. one
ton of lye nray enter the sev’ei system at a particular inter enter
point iwbich is the form in n.hich the data will be processed).
CONCLUDING REMARKS — The survey questionnaire has
been designed for computer processing. It is actually less formniua-
ble than it might appear at first sight. An effort ias been made to
include enough examples in the ‘Instructions’ so that completion
of the questionnaire should proceed smoothly. Mr. Pajuk, whose
teteptrone nunrber is (412n 786-4810, Extension 18 will no pleased
to answer questions regarding the questionnaire.
INDUSTRIAL WASTE SURVEY — ALCOSAIJ has a contin-
uous sampling orugian: to character ze the sewage :nfluent to the
plant. However. since ALCOSAN accepts nOunS from numerous
sanitary, storm, ana como neo sewer systems onc since tee rut
points are genenully nibs away from the plant there So definite
heed to charucterize hummtul sewage intlueuts closer to the sounoes
so that, when dmscharges of potentially .hazarcuus nater’ais scour.
timely preparations can be mace at the plant. A survey of inuusc-
nat waste intlueots to the system by geographic area is essential.
147
-------
QUESTIONNAIRE INSTRUCTIONS
(Continued: Section II)
Item 8: Indicate the number of shifts, hours per shift, days per week and months per year that your company normally operates.
Item 1: This item applies to waste discharged to surface waters (e.g., a lake, stream, creek, etc.).
Item 8: This item applies to waste discharged to the municipal sewer system .
Item 9’. This item applies only to waste discharged into the ground, such as septic tanks, leach pits or wells.
Item 10: This item applies to evaporation lagoons or holding ponds . If wastes flow from these structures to either surface water, municipal
sewer or ground discharge points. they shou (d be indicated under one of the other categories and not listed under this item.
Item 11: The maximum amount of principal product produced per normal working month can be expressed in any of the following units:
Coot No .
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
I I
12
13
14
Place the appropriate code number, which corresponds to the units of measurn that your are using, in tue two-sqoare space provided.
Item 12: The spaces provided under Item 12 will be used to identify thewanfecharacteristicsforeactrof the discharge points indicated in Item 7
through 10.
DiscNarge type — The first three squares under discharge type will be used to identify the type of discharge point, how many there are,
and the treatment provided.
a; Code n’r,m ers for discharge type identification b) Code numbers for treatment type dentificatton
Coot 00. 0,Sw 0Cs. POINT C0)twO. PRLYACA’TMEWI TYPE CODE NO. pNcr*E.TME Y rypt
1 surface water 1 neutralization 5 screening
2 municipal sewer 2 sedimentation S chlorirafion
3 undeground well or seotic tank 3 aeration 1 combination
4 eva orxtion lagoon or pond 4 lagooning or ponding 8 no pietreatment
see instruction for Item 10) (see instructions for Item 10) 9 other
Exai Ia Identification No. Pretreatment
The “2’ indicates a municipal sewer connection. The ‘3” identifies this is the third sewer connection being identified.
The “8” indicates no pretreatment is provided.
Disch ge iantity — Indicate the average flow per operating day . This average should be based only on the number of actual days, during
the past year, that the discharge was occuring and not the entire calendar year. For example, 30C.000 gallons cf process water ere schorged
through the third municipal connection last year. This discharge occured iOU days of that year. The average oaily flow should be ce uteo as
300,00IYIOO=3,000 gallons. For new facilities, this should reflect the best engineering estimates.
a) Code numbers for units of flow measure
CODE NO UNIT OW FLOW
I gallons.’day
2 thousand gallon/day
3 million gallons day
ity h adenistics — Indicate the oceratind da/y average discharge waste characteristics for the snecited discharge type. Fill the space
from left to right. Use as many lines as necessary. f hen alt the characteristics for the specified discharge t)pe have been entered, skip to the
next blank row aid continue with the next discearge type.
a) Cone numbers for l jality Characteristic parameters
COOP NO P000&4tttw% ____________ ________ ____________
01 Maximum temperature
02 Turbidity
0.3 Color (dominant wavelength transmittance in millinricrons)
04 Total solids
05 Suspended solids
06 Dissolved sol os
07 Total volatile solids
08 Total fixed solids
39 pH
10 Methyl orange a!ka:inity as CaCO 3
11 Phenolph1ha ein alkalrnirv as CaCO 3
12 Methyl oange acidtv as CaCO 3
13 Plrenolpnthalern acidity as CaCU 3
14 5-day Biochemicaf oxygen Cernand ifiODi
IS chemical oxygen demand ‘COOt
16 Total organic carbon ITOCi
17 Total swfactaiits (soaps & dele;gents)
UNITS
pounds (solid)
pounds (liquid)
pounds (gas)
tons (solid)
tons (liquid)
tons (gas)
thousands of tons (solid)
thousands of tons (liquid
thousands of tons (gas)
millions of tons (solid)
millions of tons (liquid)
millions of tons (gas)
gilons (liquid)
gallons (solid)
wo. CODE No DCI ’S
15 thousands of gallons (liquid) 2955-gallon drums (liquid)
16 thousands of gallons (solidI 30 thousands of 55-gallon drums (liquid)
17 millions of gallons (liquid; 31 barrels
18 cubic feet (solid) 32 thousands of barrels
19 cubic feet (liQuid) 33 bushels
20 cubic feet (gas) 34 thousands of bushels
21 thousands of cubic feet (solid) 35 millions of bushels
22 thousands of cubic feet (liquid) 36 square feet
23 thousands of cubic feet (gas) 31 square yards
24 millions of cubic feet (solid) 38 thousands of square yards
25 millions of cubic feet (irqurd) 39 millions of square yards
26 millions of cubic feet gas) 40 pieces or units
27 55-gallon drunts (mud) 41 thousands of pieces or units
28 thousands of 55-galon drums (solid) 42 millions of pieces or units
CODE NO P000hICTENS CODE DO
18 Organic nitrogen 35
19 Total kjeldahl nitrogen 35
20 Ammonia nitrogen 31
2 Nitrite nitrogen 38
22 Nitrate nitrogen 39
23 Aluminum as Al 40
24 Barium as Ba 41
25 Beryllium as Be 42
26 BoronasB 43
27 Caderiuro as Cd 44
28 Total chromium as Cr 45
29 Chromium ftrivalenti as Cr 46
30 chromium (hexavalent) as Cr 47
31 Copper as Cu 49
32 Total iron as Fe 49
3 Dissolved iron as Fe 50
4 Lead asPb 51
P ON AM EY EN S
Manganese as Mn
Mercury as Hg
Nickel as ki
Selenium as Se
Silver as Ag
Zinc as Zn
Total phosphorus as P
Total phosphate as P
Phenols
Cyanide
Arsenic
F) uu ride
Pesticide
Grease
Specific conductance n micromhos
Redox potential (in millivotts)
Chlorine cemand
148
-------
QUESTIONNAIRE INSTRUCTIONS
(Continued: Section II)
bt Code numbers for Quality Characteristic parameter units
1 _0_ _2___ Iii I0 0 0 0 0 000r o
I nnnltrgranrrs per Inter mg 11 4 pounds per on ga oos (lbs nrg 7 hydrogen ion concentration ph)
2 parts per am Hop ippmi 5 Degrees Fahrenhemt Fm S Jackson turbidmtv units JTU)
3 mrcromhos per centiameter ftmho cml 6 millivolts (flvi 9 onillimicrons (Out
(for spucifmc cond. ctance, code :;49 tfor redox potenHal code 53i (for color measurement, code o3)
Example: Snopose a p1 art site has toO sesarate seer conncctions, one C scharge to a:: evaporatIon and provides no pretreatment.
One sever dsch:rge has on o era3e nov. per :;e atr lg ouc of 923 goons arc sos osemuge daily qoohly charoctcristics of: 79 F man.,
72 pt-f a BH O j vi 9 10 Q al lOS hi e Curio 0 V Ol o at ng
day. The sec000 sever oschn ige has on a.e.3e 1LDO ocr operatmrn coy of 5 13 uaicns and has uveroge daimy cu3lty cbaractens(ics of:
73° F max / pH I bCC JOL 1 OD a e T e se ° C S r e to e evupo atiorl
pond is C7 gaHcns ano toe pnaHv characterls:ics ore p oH at 9.3 a C a color °ne or green ha irg a d minant wavelength of 52-3
mrllinircrens. This Infornoriom: oOu,d cc rnpoite0 in the ml Doing manna;:
12. Wastewater Quantity and Quality Charactenislics
DISCHARGE
DISCHARGE GUANTITY
QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
C —
H
0
z .
0.
-
0
o
0.
. I
o a 0
0 0 D . 0
Hi Tflh1 li HiLI±I .IvlHLELHiLThiH
LI [ I] [ IILI I ii H Hi 11161 [ 1] Hi P [ oH [ TJ [ Ti O [ T J Li
lift ILJI]IE H Hi rn Iff 1 H ELI H i i1 J H ELI LL1 i iH H
L1 [ IJLILJ Iii H E L] H i H Hi PH PH H HE TiP H
PH Pfl&l.HHHE ft LII]H_III] P
Item 13: Th spaces omovideD LOCCI item 13 sb w0 he LOCO to icertmly 1000 ao0 ha:arioos mute ois VhICO ? O V stereo at your UlOrt.
Revnev the 3 i-ten List or Fc:entally H000rd oos .o:enus b 7ater iai 3 rtcpc’v and the cor:esoonCmng Purtiam Listing cI Specrrn Hazardous
Materias in Each Matermo Cute nro. The Partu mstng s exemn,u c rather 15.3:; exhaushve.
Determine them non coon mty of t 0 cse narermnls fhn normn v hoe a innentony. Great accuracy s nut repoiredl nrder-ci-magnih do aod
ballpark estimates u:e acceptable. A ccnncm sense ao7t000h is :csurogec.
Rcp rt your r u tory e v in u2 sos! 3 A L v ‘ 3ix c 000 v 0 nan Br Jse 1 o C en 0 d c dC unbo fr
nd vidual sjbc 7 ° s u H 0 Ii A s ig t CC °r no m on B r set 0 r 1 s
hazardous rlatenais bvnoterio coto3or, 010 DthCiS ioG /vmCuO . Hcwe em. iC3S9 use 000, Oot:un A C i OpImon S for eacs Material Category
(91 Qi etc It i 0 j aS 1 cOO rO ALC5ML L ii VI003 0 S S
Please use tIne jnits-cf-neosa:enent coce OOI- ocr preseatea oncar Iron 11. for e cu—pl o: 31 = pousos sa lrdi, 13 = 93 ii0 5 5 :guma 73 = cubic feet gush.
F xanrple S s SI asr ear t 06 OT oua 05 0 v S ‘ e m J 1C S I L cC Ci H SO
200 pounds of hynrcch onic acd, 522 co ::os of phos:norc acid anO 5 tonS of sod ,um ::rnxmdv rquc. This in;cnCatIOn v,ooid be reported in
either t the 1 o1ommng ma s:
13. TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS MATERIAL NVENTCRY
OPTION A: By indivIdual Material OPTIOU B: By Material Category
AMOUNT NORMALLY IN INVENTORY
AMOUNT NORMALLY IN INVENTORY
s
i
0
- -
L) 0 9 09
Hi HThi J
A E1I i1 i 1 I 1eJ
Hi H lrInJ
EIIII II Loleluici
Th,
[ I1I [ III I {uIoIol _ Hi
[ ]I I1 [ Ii I ri ! Hi
BEll JIH HILJ L I I]
Hi riLLi rIHJ [ IL]
EL I HP ET LI Hi
__ ____ I HP Hi
[ II] THEE IHJP L i i
rn niii Liirn m
L i i ill I ii Hi
LU [ Till [ lUll EL
[ TI HL urn Hi
( LU PHi Hi
ELI HLLII IIIPH Hi
I J LILiHi HP II Hi
149
-------
QUESTIONNAIRE INSTRUCTIONS
(Continued: Section II)
Item 14: The spaces provided under item 14 will be used to identity trade name and industrial chemicals, such as cleaning cor pounds, v ( ich ore not
readily identifiable under item 13. List the maximum quantity normally in inventory and use the units code number presented cloer Item 11 instructions.
Example: Suppose a plant site last year stared a maximum of 30 55-gallon drums of ‘Clean Bright” liquid ’er, 503 55-gallon drurs of
“SNy Bue”pg . 28 55-gallon drums of 0-28 Organic Solvents and 28 gallons of Metal 5-13 Etching Solution . This nforrno:ioa v 1 ould an
reported in the following manner:
MATERIAL NAME
CLEAN BRIGHT
SKYBLUE
0-28
METAL S-13
MATERIAL IDENTIFICAtION
LIQIJID CLEANER
I
I
1
I
euarer,rv
I I I°I
IsI L i
1 12181
I 121 i
UNITS
E Ei1
LIEI
LI
tIt J
OILBASEPAINT
ORGANIC SOLVENT
ETCHING SOLUTION
01 ELEMENTS (S Iected metals, etc. Essentially mote, inert).
0001 AJum1, r.
0002 Barium
0003 Bismuth
0004 Cadmium
0005 C bon
0006 Chrontiron.
0027 Cobalt
0007 Copper
0008 Iron
0009 Lead
0010 Magn.siun.
0011 Mongan.s.
0012 Molybdenum
0013 Nickel
0011 Selen,uin
0015 Silicon
0016 Srolf r
0017 Tantalum
0018 Tellurium
0019 Tin
0020 Titanium
0021 Tungsten
0022 Vanadium
0023 Zinc
0024 Zirconium
0025 Mixtures of tolid elements of this general type
0026 All other solid elements of this type (more or less inert in water)
DO include granular material ond powder that can be flushed into a sew.,
DO NOT include ingots, chunks, shaaes, etc.
SELECTED MINERALS (Essentisily insalobi, and inert in
WxtSr, including oxides, phosphates, silicates, sulfates, sulfides)
Aluminum oxide/phosphate; silicate/fluoride
Calcium carbonate
Cxl ium fluoride
Calcium hydroxide (slaked lime)
Calcium phosphate/silicate/tulIate
0306 Chromium oxide (Cr203) (insoluble)
0307 Chromium sulfide
0308 Copper sulfide
0309 Iron oxide. phosphate; silicate
0310 Magnesium carbonate
031) Magnesium oxide (magnesia)
0312 Manganese aside sulfide/carbonate
0313 Nickel silicate sulfide
0314 Silicon dioxide (silica)
0315 Tantalum oxide
0316 Titanium diaaide (titania, futile, onatase)
0317 Tungsten oxide
0318 Vanadium oxide pentonid.
0319 Zinc sulfide/silicate raide
0320 Zirconium oxide’ silicate
0321 Mixtures of similar wcter-inert, insoluble minerals
0322 All other water inert, insoluble minerals, or des , phosphxes ,
silicates, sulfides, etc.
DO include granular material and powder that cart be flushed into a
sewer
DO NOT include ingats. chunks, shapes, etc.
03 SALTS (From low and medium atomic weight elements,
mostly soluble, low toxicity, neutral)
0601 Ammonium chloride
0602 Aatmonium nitrate
0603 Aetmanium phosphate n .ono- and di- hydrogen)
0604 Amntonium sulfate
0605 Calcium bromide
0406 Calcium chloride
0607 Calcium nitrate
0608 Lithium bromide
0609 Lithium chloride
0610 Lithium nitrate
0611 Lithium phosphate (mona.. and di- hydrogen)
0612 Lithium sulfate
0613 Potassium bromide
0614 Potassium (or Sodium) chlarats
LIST OF POTENTIALLY TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS BY MATERIAL CATEGORY
For Use with Option B of Item 13 )
01 ELEMENTS (selected metals, etc., essentially water inert) 13 POISONS (metal-containing: see also lit
02 SELECTED MINERALS (essentially insoluble and inert in water) 14 POISONS (halogenated hydrocathons)
03 SALTS (from low and medium atomic weight elements) 15 POISONS (halogen-tree and netal-free)
04 SALTS (lower solubility, low to medium toxicity) 16 RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS
05 SALTS (heavy metal-containing, mostly soluble) 17 HEAVY METAL ORGANICS
06 ACIDS (mineral, strong organic, acid oxides, etc.) 18 FLAMMABLE HYDROCARBONS
07 SHORT CHAIN ORGANIC ACIDS 19 NON-FLAMMABLE HYDROCARBONS
08 LQNG CHAIN AND CYCLIC ORGANICACIDS 20 FLAMMABLE HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES
09 CAUSTICS, ALKALIES, BASES, ETC. 21 NON-FLkMMABLE HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES
10 oX;Drs rileavy metal, also some carbonates, phosphates, sulfides) 22 COMPRESSED GASES
11 INSECICIDES, HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES AND RODENTICIDES 23 MISCELLANEOUS AND SPECIAL MATERIALS
12 PHENOLS AND CRESOLS
lARTIAL LISTING OF SPECIFIC HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IN EACH MATERIAL CATEGORY
( For Use with Option A of Item 13 )
02
0301
0302
0303
0304
0305
150
-------
ALCOSAN SURVEY OF STORED
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AND OF SEWERED INDUSTRIAL WASTES
PAGE 1 of 4 PAGES
(To be retained for your files)
DO NOT ATTEMPT TO COMPLETE 1 O.M.B. No. 158-S 73015
THIS FORM BEFORE READING THE
ACCOMPANYING INSTRUCTIONS. APPROVAL EXPIRES MARCH, 1974
1. Zip Code LLLLLi ____________________
2. SIC Numler(s) J I] LI .]1113
3. Are the Lasic manufacturing operations and product types indicated in Item 2 current? YES NO fl
4. Brief description of principal product or service: _____________________________________________________________
5. Total nu tber of employees at this location: [ 1111
6. Number of shifts normally worked each day: at JI hours each.
Number of days normally worked each week:
Number ef months normally worked each year: LIII
7. Total nunber of separate surface water discharge points: ELI
8. Total number of separate municipal sewer connections: LIII
9. Total number of separate underground well or septic tank discharge points: E [ i
10. Total number of separate evaporation lagoon or holdng pond discharges:
11. If you are engaged in manufacturing, indicate the maximum amotjnt of principal product produced per normal
working month:
LIIJII at J J units of measure (see instructions)
at EL units of measure (See insfructicns)
1 51
-------
PAGE 2 of 4 PAGES.
12. WASTEWATER QUANTITY AND QUALITY CHARACTERfSTICS
DISCHARGE
TYPE
DISCHARGE
QUANTITY
QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
I -
2
F-
.
w
LU
F- F-
2
>-
F-
F-
F-
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152
-------
F’AG 3 of 4 PAGES.
3. TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS MATERIAL INVENTORY
AMOUNT NORMALLY IN INVENTORY
AMOUNT NORMALLY IN INVENTORY
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153
-------
PAGE 4 ol 4 PAGES.
14. INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF UNKNOWN COMPOSITION
AMOUNT NORMALLY
IN INVENTORY
MATERIAL NAME MATERIAL IDENTIFICATION QUANTITY UNITS
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154
-------
Potassium (or Sodium) chloride
Potassium nitrate
Potassium perch)orote
Potassium (ur Sodium) pyrophosphote
Potassium (or Sodium) sulfate
Potassium phosphate (mono- and di- hydrogen)
Sodium ommonium phosphate (microcosmic salt)
Mixtures of aboce salts
All other similar salts
04 SALTS (From low and medium atomic weight elements, mostly
lower salubiliry. hydrolyzed or oxidizers reducers, low to
medium toxicity, including some organic anions).
0901 Aluminum acetate
0902 Aluminum chlorate
0903 Aluminum chloride
0904 6lumirwm y.irocide (ye))
0905 Aluminum nitrotO
0906 Alowinuor s liate
0907 Ammanium acetate
0908 Amrnonium yerchlorate
0909 Arnmonium sulfide
0910 Calcium acetate
0911 Calcium hypoclilorito
0912 Calcium sulfite
0913 Lithium 000tore
0914 Magnesium acetate
0915 Magnesium perclslorote
0916 Magnesium sulfate
0917 Potessium (or Sodium) acetate
0918 Potvssium (or Sodium) borate
0919 Potassium (or Sodium) citrate
0920 Pot osium (Or SoOiumj cyaoate
092) Pot or sium (or Sodium) nitrite
0922 Potoosium (or Sodium) sulfide
0923 Pc ro uium (or Sodium) sulfite
0924 Pr ocsium (or Sodium) tactrate
0925 Po°ar.sium (or Sodium) thiocyanate
0926 Sor’um hexametophosphate
0927 Sodium hydrosulfite
0928 Sodium hyposulfite (thioculfate)
0929 Sodium rrretabi sulfite
0930 Sodium succinote
0931 Mixtures of above salts
0932 All other similar salts of low aid medium atomic weight elements
SALTS (Heavy metal-eontaining, mostly soluble, somewhat toxic)
Ammaniocal copper chloride sulfate
Amnionium chromate
Ammonium dichroniate, bichromate
Aramoniurn lerricyonide
Ammonium ferrocyanide
Ammoni urn perrnongcnote
Antimony chloride
Barium acetate
Barium chlorate
Barium chloride
Barium fluoride
Barium nitrate
Cadmium acetate
Cadmium carbonate
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium nitrate
Cadmium phosphate
Cadmium sulfate
Chrome alum
Chrome colors
Chromium ace•cte
Chromium carbonate
Chromium chloride
Chromium nitrate
Chromium sulfate
Cobalt chloride-nitrate sulfate
Copper acetate
Copper chloride
Copper nitrate
Copper sulfate
Iron acetate
Iran ommarriurn sulfate
Iron chluride
1234 Iron Nitrate
1235 Iron sulfate
1236 Manganese acetcte
1237 Manganese chloride
1238 Manganese nitrate
1239 Manganese phosphate
1240 Manganese sulfate
1241 Molybdenum salts
1242 Nickel acetate
1243 Nickel awwonium sulfate
1244 Nickel ammonium chloride
1245 Nickel carbonate
1246 Nickel chloride
1247 Nickel nitrate
1248 Nickel phosphate
1249 Nickel sulfate
1250 Potassium (or Sodium) chromate
1251 Potassium (or Sodium) dichrcmate
1252 Potassium (or Sodium) ferricyanide
1253 Pofossium (or Sodium) ferrocionide
1254 Potassium (or Sodium) permongarrate
1255 Mixtures of above salts
1256 All arbor salts of this type
06 ACIDS (Mineral, strong organic, acid ocidos, etc..)
1501 Chloroacetic (mono-i di & tri-chloroacetic)
1502 Chloroacetyl chloride
1503 Clilorosuffvnio
1504 Chromic (Cr03, sometimes in H2SOS)
1505 Hydrobromic.(liquid(
1506 Hydrochloric (liquid)
1507 Hydrofluoric (liquid)
1520 Hydrogen chloride (gas)
1508 Nitric
1509 Nitrogen pentoxide
1510 Perchloric
1511 Phosphoric
1512 Phosphorus exychloride
1513 Pfsospl-iorus pentooide
1514 Phosphorus trichloride
1515 Sodium bisulfate
1516 Sulfomic
1521 Sulfur dioxide (gas)
1517 Sulfuric
1518 Mixed mineral acids. etc.
1519 All other mineral acids, acidic oxides. etc.
SHORT CHAIN ORGANIC ACIDS
Acetic
Acrylic
Brotyric
Citric
Formic (See category 15 — Poisons)
Fcmaric
fuoric
Isobutyric
Lactic
Molic
Molooic
Oxalic (See category 15 — Poisons)
Prop ion iv
Succi ni c
Tartan
Mixed short chain organic acids
All other short chain organic acids
(contaning 4 or less carbon atoms)
LCNG CHAIN AND CYCLIC ORGANIC ACIDS
Adipic
Ascorbic
$enloic
Capri c
Isoo xlenic
L ouric
Linoleic
Mondefic
Myristic
f -loph?hoic
Oleic
0615
0616
0611
0618
0619
0620
0621
0622
0623.
PARTIAL LISTING OF SPECIFIC HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IN EACH MATERIAL CATEGORY
(For Use with Op ’tion A of (tern U)
05
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1213
07
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
08
2101
2)02
‘103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
155
-------
08 Long chain and cyclic organic acids (Continued)
2fl2 Paln,ttic
2113 Phthalic
2114 Picolinic’
Picric (See category 15 — Pot son sj
2115 Pyratartaric
2U6 Salicylic’
2117 Stearic
2118 Terephthalic ’
2119 Valerie
2120 Mixed long chain organic acids
2121 All other i ng chain orgnnic acids
(containing 5 or more carbon atoms)
* Cyclic acids
09 CAUSTICS. ALKALIES, BASES, ETC.
Aluminum hydrocid . (gal) (See category 04 — Salts)
2401 Ammonia hydrooide (Aqua ammonia)
Barium eeide/hydrouide (See category 13 — Poisons)
2402 Calcium oside (‘lice” lime)
2103 Lithium oxide/hydroxide
2404 Magnesium hydrocide (slurry, with /without Magnesium carkonat.)
2405 Potassium bicarbonate
2106 Potassium carbonate
2407 Potassi’ m hydroxide oxide
2408 Potassium phosphate, tribasic (K3PO4)
2409 Sodium alunrinate (or alkaline aluminum hydroxide)
2410 Sodium omide
2411 Sodium bicarbonate
2412 Sodium carbonate
2113 Sodium hexometaphosphote
2414 Sodium hydrocide (Sodium aside)
2415 Sodium hypachlorite
2416 Sodi.- . 1 wroaide
2417 Sodiut. phosphate, tr,basic (Tri.Sodixm phosphate, TSP)
2418 Sodium silicates (solutions)
2419 Sodi,,m tetraborote (borax)
2420 Sodiu” stipelyphosphate
2121 Tetra.ret.-.ylammonium hydroxide
24fl Mix’jres of caustics, alkalies and hydroxides
2423 Al; sther caustics, alkolixo and hydroxides
10 OXIDES (Hcocy natal — also Sante carbonates, sulfides,
phxsp utos)
2701 Antimot’y oxides
2702 Barium ,orbonote
2703 Bismuth oxide
2704 Cadmium oxide/sulfide
2705 Cobalt oxide/silicate
2706 Copper ecidelsilicate
2707 Lead oaide/su(fide
2709 Molybdenum oxides
2710 Nickel ocide
2711 Tin 0 aide
2111 Mixtures of oxides of this type
2715 All other xxidos of this type
,QQ include granular material ond powder that con be flushed into a sewer
DO NOT include ingots, chunks, shapes. etc.
11 INSECTICIDES. HERBICIDES. FUNGICIDES AND
RODENItCIDES ’
FUNGICIDES
3001 DMTT (3, 5-Ditnethyl-1, 3, 5, 2H.t .rrahydrothiadiazine’2’thione)
3002 Mercury fung.ciies
3003 Naphthenic ac,d, copper salt
3004 PCP (Pentachloropbenol)
3005 Dithiocarbamic acid salts including Ferbam, maneb, MexIcan.,
Napont and Zineb, plus the other Dithiocarbanates.
3006 All other fungicides including Benomy), Coptofol, Captan,
Dinocap Folpet, Pent achloronitrobenxene, Sodium
Pentachlorophenate, Tn- ond Tetro-Chiorophenols
(including , 4, 5 ‘Trichlorsphenol and its salts).
HERBICIDES AND PLANT HORMONES
3007 MH (Maleic hydroxide) )), 2-Dihydropynidaoine’3, 6’dione)
3008 2, 4-0 esters and salts (2, 4-Dichloroplsenooyacetic acid)
3009 2, 4, 5 T (2, 4, S’Tnich)orophenoxyocetic acid, esters and salts)
3010 Methon.axsonic acid salts
3011 Silu a 2-(2, 4, 5-Tnichlonophenooyl) Propionic acids and esters
3012 All other Herbicides and plant hormones includinç Acetanilide
compounds, Amiben, esters and salts, Bonbon, Benefin,
Bensulfide, icambo. Diniethylurea compounds, Dinitrophenol
compounds, Endothal, lsopropyl Phenylcarbonotes (IPC and
CIPC), MCPA, Melinate, NPA, Picl,-,m, Propar’il, Tnixuines,
Tniflunxlin, Urocils, Cocody)ic acid, CDAA, Dolopon,
Thiocarbonate Thiolcorbanrote, Organophosphorus
herbicides, anti Sodium TCA.
INSECTICIDES AND RODENTICIDES
3013 Aldtin’Texophene group including Aldrin, Chiordane,
Dield,in, Endnin, Heptachlor, Tocophene and Dilort.
3014 DOT (Diehlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)
3013 Parathion
3016 Methyl Parathion
3017 All other Orgonophosphorus insecticides including
Azinphosmethyl, Corbophenothion Cou,nxphos, Diaxinon,
Diortathion, Fensul fothion, Ronnel, Chlorthion, Co-Rol,
DDUP, Demeton, Guthion, Mo) thion, Phorate, Phosdrin,
Scheadon, TEPP, Trichlorofon.
3018 All othe, insecticides and .-odenticides including Corbofuron,
Chlorobenxilote, Dicofol, Endosulfon, Methoxychlor and other
chlorinated insecticides, Corbxryl, insect ottractonts, DEET
and other insect repellents, Undone, Piperonyl Butoxide
and other synergists, Sodium Fluoroacetote, Tho)lium salts
and Worfanin.
To improve readability, no registered trademarks ore shown.
12
PHENOLS AND CRESOLS
3301
Cresols
3302
Cresylic acid
3303
Nitrophenol
Pentachlorophenol (Se . category 11 — Insecticides)
3305
Phenol
3306
Phenol acetate (Phenyl acetate)
3307
Sodium phenooide
3308
Teichlorophenal
3309
Mixtures of phenols ond cresols
3310
All other compounds or mixtures of compounds c’vntaining
phenol
13 POISONS (Metal-Containing)
3401 Antimony pentof)uoride
3602 Antimony pOtassiut tartrate (tartar emetic)
3603 Arsenic acid (arsenic pentoxide)
3604 Arsenic tricblonidn
3605 Arsenic metal
3606 Arsenious acid (arsenic trioxide)
3607 Barium oxide/hydroxide
3608 Beryllium (especially powder dust)
3609 Beryllium chloride
3610 Beryllium nitrate
3611 Beryllium oxide
3612 Beryllium sulfate
3613 Bismuth dipropyl acetate
3614 Bismuth oxide
3615 Bismuth subgollate
3616 Bismuth subni*rote
3617 Bismuth suboxide
3616 Bismuth sub oIicylote
3619 Cacodylic acid
3620 Cadmium cyanide
3621 Calcium arsenate
3623 Copper arsenate
3624 Copper carbonate, basic
3625 Copper cyanide
3626 Copper format.
3627 Ferric arsenate orsenite
3628 Ferrous arsenate
3629 Hydrocyanic acid
3630 Lead acetate
3631 Lead arsenate
3632 Lead carbonate, basic
3633 Lead chloride
3634 Lead flooborote
3635 Lead nitrate
3636 Lead sulfate
3637 Magnesium cyanide
3656 Mercury (metallic)
3638 Mercury chlorides (colonel and dichlonide of mercury)
3639 Mercury nitrate- acetate
3640 Merc,ry aside
3641 PIety) mercuric acetate, chloride
3642 Pstossi.,m cyanide
3643 Potassium formate
3644 Silver acetate
3645 Silver cyanide
3646 Silver nitrate
3647 Sodium arsenate
3648 Sodium orsenite
3649 Sodium cyanide
3650 Sodium formate
PARTIAL LISTING OF SPECIFIC HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IN EACH MATERIAL CATEGORY
(For Use with Option A of Item 13)
156
-------
13 Persons (Continued)
3651 Thallwm chloride
3652 Thallium sulfate
3653 Zinc phosphide
3654 Mixtures xi inorganic poisons
3655 All other inorgarric poixions of this type
14 POISONS (Hologenated hydraca ,I.ona)
3901 Acetyl kron,ide
3902 Acetyl chloride
3903 Allyl chloride
3904 Bennyl ch!oride
3905 Bromochloromethone
3906 Brornolornr
Chlorebenzene (See category 20 — Flammable Hydrocarbon
Derivatives)
Chloroform (See category 21 — Non-Flammable Hydrocarbon
Dertvotives)
3909 Chloronophtholeres
3910 Chloronitrobenrenes
3911 Chloropicrn
3912 Ethylene Chlorophydriv
3913 Fluoroacetomide
3914 Fluoroacetate
3915 Hexach oroscetonn
3916 Heoac lo ,oethone
3917 Methorholine chloride
3918 Merhy bromide
3919 Methyl chloroform
3921 Perrtv hloroethane
3922 Tetro hloroethyleve
3923 Mixtu es of halogenoted hydrocarbon poisons
3924 All ot ‘or halcgenated hydrocarbon poisons of this type
15 POlS . NS )Metal-frco and holoaen-free; easentia!ly organici
Aceti: onhydride (See cotegory 20 — Flammable Hydrocarbon
Der ativoS)
4202 Acet-n.- cyanohydrin
4203 Acrioirrv
4204 Allyl alvohol
4205 Arninopyridine
AntI’r-cene (See category 19 — Non-Flammable Hydrocarbons)
4207 Arcar ire
4208 Bernoiiines
4209 Benaylomine
4211 Butylamine
Carbon di sulfide (See category 20 — Flammable Hydrocmbon
Derivatives)
4213 Cyvlohexorrol
4214 Dibencylamine
4215 Diethyl sulfate
4216 Formic acid
421’ He ’aehyl tetraphosphate
4212 Hydraorne hydrate
4220 Methyl sulfstø
4221 Nicotine
4222 Nitrobenool
4223 Organic cyanide compounds
4224 Oxalic acid
4227 Picric acid
4228 Tetroethyl pyrophosphate
4229 Mietores of poisons of this type
4230 All oth., poisons of this type
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS
Antimony Sb-125
Arsenic As-76
Carbon C- 14
Cerium C.-144
Cesium Cs-134 and C c- 137
Cobalt Ce-60
Copper Co-64
Iodine 1-131
Iran Fe’-59
Krypton Kr-85
Niobium Nb -95
Phosphorus P.32
PIutoni m
Polonium
Petasciom K-42
Prrrseodymium Pr- 144, Pr. 143
Promethium Pnn 147
Radium
Rhodium Rh-lOo
Rthe ,nirm Ru- 103 and Ru- 106
Strontium S -90
Solfur 5-35
Thorium
Tritinr H-3
Uranium
Yttrium Y-90
Zinc Zn-55
Zirconium Zr-95
Mixtures of radioactive moteriol $
All other radioactive rnoterials
HEAVY METAL ORGANICS
BipIrevyt mercury
Dibevoyltin dichlvride, Methyltin trichforide
Oibutyl nrc
Diethyf ninc
Dime ;hyl nercur yi ‘Methyl nrercury ’’
Tetroethyl cod
Triethyl olonrinurn
Triethyl lead
Triphenyl snlirvony
Triphesyl bismuth
Mixtures of heavy metal organics
All other heavy metal orgonics
18 FLAMMABLE HYDROCARBONS
5101 Benoene
5102 Bunker “C”
5103 Bulyl tolorne
5104 Crude oil
5105 Comene
5106 Cycloheoane
5107 Diesel oil
5108 Ethylbenoene
5109 Gasoline
5110 Kerosene
SlU Haptntlnalene
5112 Petroleum ether
5113 Styrene
5114 Tolxene
5115 Turpentine (or flammable hydrocarbon derivc i es)
5116 Urethane
5117 Varni 5 h Makers & Pointers Naphtha )V. M. & F
5118 Xylene
5119 Mixtures ol llaarmable hydrocarbons
5120 All other flor rrrnoble hydrocarbons
19 NON-FLAMMABLE HYDROCARBONS
5401 Anthrocene
5402 Asphalt
5403 Cylinder lube oil stock/cutting oils
5404 Petroloturo
5405 Phenonthrene
5406 Polyethylene
5407 Polypropylene
5408 Polystyrene
5409 Polyurethane
5410 Transforme, oil
5411 Turbine lube oil stock
5412 Mixtures of non-flammablo hydrocarbons
5413 All other non-flammable hydrocarbons with flash points
greater than 2000 F
130 irtcl r . ,de granular material and powd.r that can be flushed into a
sewer.
flQ Qj include fibers, chunks, shapes, i.e., sheeting or packing
materials.
20 FLAMMABLE HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES
5701 Acetic onhydride
5702 Acetone
5703 Acetaldohyde
5104 Actrionitrils
5705 Alkylamines
5706 Amyl acetate
5707 Amyl alcohol
5708 Aniline
5709 B.,tanol
5710 B t l acetate
5711 Carbon disulfide
PARTIAL LISTING OF SPECIFIC HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IN EACH MATERIAL CATEGORY
(For Use with Option A of Item 13)
Isle
4519
4520
4521
4522
4523
4524
4525
1526
4527
4528
4529
4530
17
4801
4802
4803
4804
4805
4806
4807
4808
4809
4810
4811
4812
16
4501
4502
4503
4504
4505
4506
4507
4508
4509
4510
1511
4512
4513
1514
4515
4516
4517
1.57
-------
20 Flasensable Hydrocarbon De,ivat,ves (Continsed)
5712 Chlorobennene
5713 Ethanol
5714 Ethyl acetate
3716 Ethylene dionsine
5717 Ethylene dichioride
5718 Ethylene oxide
5719 Formaldehyde
5720 Furfural
5721 Isopropanol
5722 Methanol
5723 Methyl chioridy
5724 Methyl ethyl betone
5725 Nitro’benzene
5726 n -Propyl akof,ol
5727 Propylene oxide
5728 Pyridine
5729 Vinyl chloride
5730 Mixtures of flammable hydrocarbon derivatives
5731 All other flammable hydrocarbon derivatives
21 NON-FLAMMABLE HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES
6001 AlIryl eryl sclfonete
6002 Carbon ietrachloride
6003 Cellulose oc.tote
6004 Chloroform
6005 Diolbyl phthaf ares
6006 Din.ethyl t.rephthaloee
6007 Dipherylcenine
6008 Ethy’ene glycol
6009 Glycerin
6010 Pentoerythritol
6011 Perc loroethylene
6012 Polyvinyl chloride
6017 Tol’ene di-itocyanate
6013 Trkhloroethylene
6014 Ure
6015 Mix it-es a 1 ron-flammable hydrocarbon derivarives
6016 All . ther non-flammable hydrocarbon derivatives
DO include granular materials and powder that can be flushed into a
sewer
• DO NOT include fibers chunks, shapes, etc.
22 COMPRESSED GASES
6301 Acetylene
6302 An,mon,a (including enhydrous)
6303 Boron triflooride
6303 Bromine
6305 Botadiene
6306 Butane
6308 Carbon monoxide
6309 Chlorine
6310 Chlorine dioxide
6311 Ethane
6312 Ethylene
Ethylene ooide (See category 20 — flammable hydrocarbon
derivatives)
6314 Fluorine
6315 Fre*n
6316 Hydrogen
Hydrogen chloride (See caregory 06 — Acids)
6318 Hydrogen cyanide
6319 Hydrogen fluoride
6320 Hydrogen sulfide
6321 Methane
6322 Nitrogen dioxide
6324 Nitresyl chloride
6325. Nitrous oxide (laughing gas)
6327 PIcasgene
6329 Propane
6330 Propylene
Sulfur dioxide (See category 06 — Acids)
6333 Mixtures of compressed gases
6334 All other compressed gases
23 MISCELLANEOUS AND SPECIAL MATERIALS
6601 Calcium carbide/cyanccmide
6602 Cyanogen
6603 Hydrogen peroxide (H202)
6604 Phosphorus
6609 Phosphorus pentasulfide
6605 Potassium
6606 Sodium
6607 NaK (sodium and potassium mixture)
6408 PCB (poiychlorirtated biphenyls)
ALC0SAU SURVEY OF
STORED HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AND OF
SEWERED INDUSTRIAL WASTES
ALLEGhENY COUNTY SANITARY AUTHORITY
3300 PREBLE AVENUE
PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA 5233
PHONE: 4 2/766-48 0
PARTIAL LISTING OF SPECIFIC HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IN EACH MATERIAL CATEGORY
(For Use with Option A of Item U)
158
-------
TABLE D—l
QUESTIONNAIRE INPUT DATA CARD FORMAT
Card No.
Columns
Description
1 Card Number
2 Blank
3-7 Industry serial number
8-12 Interceptor division structure number
13-17 Zip Code
18-21 First Standard Industry Classification number
22-25 Second Standard Industry Classification number
26-29 Third Standard Industry Classification number
30-33 Fourth Standard Industry Classification number
34 Yes answer to Item 3
35 No answer to Item 3
36-40 Total number of employees
41 Number of shifts worked each day
42-43 Hours worked per shift
44 Days worked each week
45-46 Months worked each year
47-49 Number of separate surface water discharge points
50-52 Number of separate municipal sewer connections
53-55 Number of separate underground well or septic
tank discharge points
56-58 Number of separate evaporation lagoon or holding
pond discharges
159
-------
TABLE 0-1. (continued)
Card No,
Columns
Description
59- 63 Amount of principal product produced per month
64-65 Unit of measure for principal product produced
66-70 Amount of principal product produced per month
71—72 Unit of measure for principal product produced
2 1 Card Number
2 Blank
3-7 Industry serial number
8 Discharge identification — type of discharge
point code number
9 Discharge number
10 Pretreatment type code number
11—14 Discharge quantity
15 Discharge quantity units of measure code number
16-17 Discharge quality characteristic parameter code
number
18-23 Discharge quality characteristic parameter
quantity
24 Discharge quality characteristic parameter
quantity units of measure code number
25—33
34-42
43-51 Same as 16-24 above for other parameters
- 52—60
160
-------
TABLE D-1. (continued)
Card No.
Columns
Description
2 61—69
69-72 Same as 16—24 above for other parameters
7 2-80
3 1 Card Number
2 Blank
3-7 Industry serial number
8—9 Hazardous Material Category code number
10-13 Specific Hazardous Material code number
14—17 Quantity of Hazardous Material
18-19 Unit of measure of Hazardous Material code number
20—31
32—43
44—55 Same as 8—19 above for other hazardous material
56-67
68—79
4 1 Card Number
2 Blank
3-7 Industry serial number
8—32 Industry name
33-80 Industry address
161
-------
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ra
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—I
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TABLE E-l
STORED HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
N)
Total Amount
Reported Through Questionnaires
Primary SIC’s
Total Number of
Material
Category
Stored
(in millions)
Having
Stored Materials
Primary Materials
In Cateqory
Industries Reporting
Material Category
Elements
270 Kg
(600 ibs ’)
3312 Blast Furnaces
and Steel Mills
2869 Industrial
Organic Chemicals
Carbon, Iron
Aluminum
Silicon
Sulfur
49
Selected
Minerals
4 Kg
(9 ibs)
3231 Products of
Purchased Glass
3567 Industrial
Furnaces and Ovens
2816 Inorganic Pig-
ments
2819 Industrial Inor-
ganic Chemicals
Silicon Dioxide
Magnesium Oxide
Calcium Carbonate
Calcium Hydroxide
91
Salts of
Low to
14 Kg
(30 ibs)
3312 Blast Furnaces
and Steel Mills
Aluminum Sulfate
Calcium Chloride
109
Medium
2052 Cookies and
Sodium Chloride
Molecular
Crackers
Weights
Salts of
Low to
9 Kg
(20 ibs)
2869 Industrial Organ-
ic Chemicals
Aluminum Hydroxide
92
Medium
Toxicity
3621 Motors and
Generators
2819 Industrial
Inorganic Chemicals
Calcium Hypochiorite
Sodium Nitrate
Calcium Hypochiorite
Sodium 1-lexanletaphosphat
-------
TABLE [ -1. (continued)
Material
Total Amount
Stored
Reported Through Questionnaires
Primary SIC’s Total Number of
Having Primary Materials Industries Reporting
Category
(in millions)
Stored Materials
In Category
Material Category
Salts Contain- .04 Kg 4941 Water Supplier Iron Sulfate 109
ing Heavy (.09 lbs) 3471 Plating and Nickel Sulfate
Metals Polishing Potassium Dichromate
2869 Industrial
Organic Chemicals
3229 Pressed and
Blown Glass
—J Acids 3.2 Kg 2819 Industrial Hydrochloric Acid 83
(7 lbs) Inorganic Chemicals Sulfamic Acid
3362 Brass, Bronze Sulfuric Acid
and Copper
Foundries
2869 Industrial
Organic Chemicals
3312 Blast Furnaces
and Steel Mills
Acids .75 1 3621 Motors and Sulfuric Acid 89
(.2 gal) Generators Hydrochloric Acid
3312 Furnaces and Nitric Acid
Steel Mills
3316 Cold Finishing
of Steel Shapes
-------
TABLE E-1. (continued)
Total Amount
Reported Through Questionnaires
Primary SIC’s
Materials
Total Number of
Industries Reporting
Material
Category
Stored
(in millions)
Having
Stored Materials
Primary
In Category
Material Category
Short Chain
Organic Acids
.9 K 9
(2 ibs)
2869 Industrial Organ-
ic Chemicals
2086 Bottled and
canned Soft Drinks
2023 Condensed and
Evaporated Milk
2032 Canned Specialty
Foods
Fumeric Acid
Citric Acid
Acetic Acid
39
12
Long Chain
and Cyclic
Organic
Acids
2.5 Kg
(5.5 lbs)
.018 1
(.005 gal)
2819 Industrial Inor-
ganic Chemicals
2869 Industrial Organ—
ic Chemicals
2819 Industrial Inor-
ganic Chemicals
2865 Cyclic Crudes
and Intermediates
Phthalic Acid
Adipic Acid
Oleic Acid
20
7
Caustics,
9 Kg
3229 Pressed and Blown
Sodium Carbonate
143
Alkalies
(20 ibs)
Glass
and Bases
22 1
(6 gal)
4941 Water Suppliers
7397 Commercial
Testing Labs
2869 Industrial Organ-
ic Chemicals
Sodium Hydroxide
57
-------
TABLE E-1. (continued)
Insecticides
Herbicides
Fungicides,
etc.
.2 Kg
(.5 ibs)
.09 Kg
(2 lbs)
.3 1
(.09 gal)
3229 Pressed and
Blown Glass
2851 Paints and
Allied Products
3233 Products of
Purchased Glass
2865 Cyclic crudes
and Intermediates
2051 Bread, Cake and
related products
2865 Cyclic Crudes
and Intermediates
2851 Paints and
Allied Products
3312 Blast Furnaces
and Steel Mills
2819 Industrial In-
organic Chemicals
Phenol
Acetate
Phenol and Mixtures
of Phenols and
Cresol s
Oxides
Material
Total Amount
Stored
.
Reported Through
Primary SIC’s
Having Primary
Questionnaires
Total Number of
Materials Industries Reporting
Category
(in millions)
Stored Materials
In Category
Material Category
-J
.003 Kg
(.007 lbs)
.006 1
(.002 gal)
Antimony Oxides
Lead Oxide
Nickel Oxide
Chlorinated and Or-
gano-phosphorus
Insecticides
PCP (Pentachloro-
phenol)
Phenols
and
Cresol s
30
9
10
11
9
-------
TABLE E—l. (continued)
Poisons
(Metal
Containing)
Poisons
(Hal ogenated
Hydrocarbons)
Poisons
(Essentially
Organic)
Radioactive
Material
.04 Kg
(.09 lbs)
.06 K
(.14 lbs
.005 1
(.001 gal)
.0004 Kg
(.0009 ibs)
.0002 1
(.00005 gal)
5.5
microcuries
3694 Engine Electri-
cal Equipment
3621 Motors and
Generators
2818 Industrial
Inorganic Chemicals
2865 Cyclic Crudes
and Intermediates
2819 Industrial In-
organic Chemicals
2865 Cyclic Crudes
and Intermediates
2816 Inorganic Pig-
men t S
2819 Industrial In-
organic Chemicals
7397 Commercial
Testing Labs
8062 General Medical
and Hospitals
Potassium Cyanide
Sodium Cyanfde
Tetrachloroethyl ene
Ilethyl chi oroform
Ally Alcohol
Cyclohexanol
Oxalic Acid
Cesium
Cs-134 and Cs-137
Total Amount
Reported Through Questionnaires
Primary SIC’s
Total
Number of
Material
Category
(in
Stored
millions)
Having
Stored Materials
Primary Materials
In Category
Industries
Material
Reporting
Category
-i
84
4
6
13
3
14
-------
TABLE E-l. (continued)
Total Amount
Reported Through
Questionnaires
Primary SIC’s
Total
Material
Category
(in
Stored
millions)
Stored
Having
Mateials
Primary Materials
In Category
Industries
Material
Number of
Reporting
Category
Heavy Metal .002 Kg 2851 Paints and Miscellaneous
Organics (.005 lbs) Allied Products Compounds
Flammable 38 1 2819 Industrial In- Bunker “C”, Diesel 343
Hydrocarbons (10 gal) organic Chemicals Oil,Gasoline,
5171 Petroleum Bulk Kerosene
Stations and Term-
inals
4811 Telephone Com-
cumications
11 Kg 2869 Industrial Naphthalene 21
(25 lbs) Organic Chemicals
Non-Flammable 3 Kg 3621 Motors and Polyethylene and 20
Hydrocarbons (7 lbs) Generators Mixtures
7218 Industrial
Launderers
1 1 2951 Paving Mixtures Acetone 74
(.4 gal) and Blocks Acetaldehyde
3312 Blast Furnaces Butylacetate
and Steel Mills
4225 General Ware-
housing and Storage
.0008 cu m 7218 Industrial Mixtures 22
(.03 cu ft) Launderers
-------
TABLE E-1. (continued)
Total Amount
Reported Through
Questionnaires
Primary SIC’s
Total Number of
Material
Category
Stored
(in millions)
Having
Stored Materials
Primary Materials
In Category
Industries Reporting
Material Category
Flammable 9 Kg 2821 Plastic Materials Formaldehyde 17
Hydrocarbon (2 ibs) and Resins
Derivatives 2851 Paints and Allied
Products
8 1 2869 Industrial Or— Butanol
(.2 gal) ganic Chemicals Acetone
2821 Plastic tiaterials Mixtures 175
and Resins
3621 Motors and
Generators
Non-Flammable 43 Kg 2869 Industrial Or- Dia lky lphthalates 32
Hydrocarbon (95 ibs) ganic Chemicals Polyviny lch loride
Derivatives 2819 Industrial In-
organic Chemicals
3079 Miscellaneous
Plastic Products
.2 1 3662 Radio and TV Trichloroethylerie 84
(.055 gal) Communications Perchloroethylene
Equipment Ethylene Glycol
2819 Industrial In-
organic Chemicals
2816 Inorganic
Pigments
-------
TABLE E -1. (continued)
Total Amount
Reported Through
Questionnaires
Primary SIC’s
Total Number of
Material
Stored
Having
Primary
Materials
Industries Reporting
Category
(in millions)
Stored Materials
In Category
Material Category
Compressed 7 1 2851 Paints and Freon 15
Gases (2 gal) Allied Products
4811 Telephone Com-
munications
2032 Canned Special- Chlorine 66
ties Acetylene
.09 Kg 4941 Water Suppliers
(.2 lbs)
3312 Blast Furnaces
and Steel Mills
3441 Fabricated Propane 34
.014 cu m Structural Metal Carbon Monoxide
(.5 cu ft) 3621 Motors and
Generators
3079 Miscellaneous
Plastic Products
2819 Industrial In-
organic Chamicals
Miscellaneous .09 Kg 2851 Paints and Allied Miscellaneous 6
and Special (.21 lbs) Products
Materials 3662 Radio and TV Hydrogen Peroxide 4
Communications
Equipment
7397 Commercial
Testing Labs
-------
TABLE F-i SUMMARY OF PILOT PLANT STUDIES
I-Il
><
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U)
FIMS Study
Number
Material
Concentration
Duration
Date
Into
Proportionate Spill
Treatment Plant
At ALCOSAN*
- .4
+ 1-1
+ 1-2
+ 2-2
* 3—1
4-1
Cd (from
C dC 12)
Cd (from
CdC1 2 )
pH 2.0
H 2 S0 4
pH 12.0
N aOH
Methanol
CH 3 OH
100 mg/i
500 mg/i
0.84 ml
conc. H SO 4
per 1it r
influent
2.4 gm. NaOH
per liter
influent
1000 mg/i
.5 hr.
.5 hr.
.5 hr.
.5 hr.
1 hr.
1/2-4
2/13—15
3/20—22
4/3-5
5/8-10
5200 lb. of Cd or 8500 lb.
of CdC1 9 (approx. 22 400-
lb. containers of CdC1 2 ).
26,000 lb. of Cd or 43,000
lb. of CdC1 9 (approx. 108
400-lb. containers of CdCl 2 ).
5300 gal. conc. H 9 S0 4
(the equivalent o a tank
spill).
126,000 lb. of NaOH (equiv-
alent to the amount of caustic
soda ALCOSAN uses in two years,
based on 1972 consumption rate).
7900 gallons of
methanol.
-------
TABLE F-i (continued)
Proportionate Spill
HMS Study Influei’t Into Treatment Plant
Number Material Concentration Duration Date At ALCOSAN*
+ 5-1 Phenol 500 mg/i .5 hr. 6/5—7 26,000 lb. of phenol (1040
25—lb. drums).
5-2 Phenol 600 mg/i .5 hr. 10/3-31 + 31,000 lb. of phenol (1240
11/1 25-lb. drums).
6-1 NH Cl 500 mg/i 1 hr. 6/19-21 26,000 lb. of NH 4 C1 (104
(A imonium 250—lb. barrels).
chlori de)
+ 7-1 Cu (from 100 mg/i .5 hr 7/17-21 5200 lb. of Cu or 25,000 lb.
CuSO 4 .5H 2 0 of Cu SO 4 . 5H 2 0 (80 250-lb.
barrels
8-1 Scrubber .01 gal 24 hr. 8/7-9 63,000 gal. of
water scrubber water scrubber water.
per gal influent
9-1 “Pickle 5.6 mi/litre 1 hr. 8/21—23 35,000 gal. of
liquor” influent “pickle liquor”.
-H SO
-Fe
-------
TABLE F-i (continued)
HMS Study
Number
Material
Influent
Concentration
Duration
Date
Proportionate Spill
Into Treatment Plant
At ALCOSAN*
10-1
11-1
No. 2
Fuel oil
Perchioro—
ethylene
8 mi/litre
influent
1600 mg/i
1 hr.
1 hr.
9/18-20
10/2-4
50,000 gal of No. 2
fuel oil (equivalent
to a medium size storage
tank, 3 railroad tank
cars, or 10 tank trucks).
6200 gallons
of perchioroethylene
* Based on hypothetical flow of 150 MGD in a full—scale plant and the following conditions
in the secondary treatment plant: (a) mean MLSS = 1500 mg/I ± 290, (b) SVI 90 ± 28, and
Cc) mean air flow=0.012 cu rn/i influent - 0.03 (1.6 cu ft/gal-0.4 .); with the following
assumptions: (a) hazardous materials pass unaffected through primary treatment and
(b spill duration is 1 hr.
+ Runs rioted are included in the body of the text and not in Appendix F, with additional
data in Appendix K.
1
—4
-------
APPENDIX F. (Continued)
Pilot Plant HMS*#5_2 October 30-31 and November 1, 1974
Phenol - 600 mg/i for .5 hr.
The phenol spill resulted in an influent phenol concentration of 600
mg/i for ½ hour. The phenol caused a drop in the BOO removal efficiency
from 68% to 9% in the first 4 hours of the run (Figure F-i). The BOO
removal efficiency then increased to 70% by the fifth hour and remained
between 63% and 87% for the rest of the run. The COD removal efficiency
dropped from 81% to 19% in 4½ hours and gradually increased back to base
line in 29 hours (Figure F-2). The slow removal efficiency recovery for
COD was probably due to phenol showing up in the COD test. The COD
removal efficiency trend was the same as was seen for suspended solids
removal efficiency and turbidity removal efficiency.
* HMS - Hazardous Materials Spills
173
-------
TABLE F-2
BOD AND COD REMOVAL - PHENOL
Run #5-2
HOURS AFTER
START OF SPILL
INFLUENT BOD
UPSTREAM
FROM SPILL
(mg/i)
INFLUENT BOD
DOWNSTREAM
FROM SPILL
(mg/i)
EFFLUENT
SOD
(mg/i)
INFLUENT COD
UPSTREAM
FROM SPILL
(mg/i)
INFLUENT COD
DOWNSTREAM
FROM SPILL
(mg/i)
EFFLUENT
COD
(mg/i)
—2 99 19 181 39
—1.5 96 21 166 31
-i 68 23 220 81
- .5 65 64 21 224 193 85
-J
-J
.5 73 1i90 39 205 405 85
‘I ,
75 83 41 205 208 85
1.5 89 88 65 212 224 108
2 164 77 259 189
2.5 141 78 301 169
3 i65 96 293 162
3.5 152 114 278 177
4 150 120 278 199
4.5 14i 129 248 184
5 137 117 222 180
144 43 229 135
13 144 42 226 124
21* 116 43 207 94
29* 114 40 218 68
37* 156 20 263 53
43* 128 20 226 53
51* 108 17 244 41
+ 4 hour composite samples ending on the hour shown.
* 8 hour composite sampies ending on the hour shown.
174
-------
—I p I
O 10 40
20
HOURS AFTER START
I-
30
OF SPILL
50
____ Percent removal calculated
downstream from SPILL
Percent removal calculated
upstream from SPILL
from influent
from influent
FIGURE F-i. BOD REMOVAL VS. TIME
SPILL: 500 mg/l PHENOL
I— Mean Standard Deviation
— —
- y
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-J
LU
cD
trend curve
1/2 HOUR SPILL
175
-------
100
90
80
70
— 60
-J
5O
40
30
20
10
I
0 10 20 30 40 50
HOURS AFTER START OF SPILL
Percent removal calculated from influent downstream
from SPILL
, Percent removal calculated from influent upstream
from SPILL
FIGURE F-2. COD REMOVAL VS TIME
SPILL: 500 mg/i PHENOL
Mean 1 Standard Deviation
_-c
trend curve
— — S — — — — — S — —
1/2 HOUR SPILL
176
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
Pilot Plant HMS* #6—1 June 19-21, 1974
Ammonium Chloride NH 4 C1 - 500 mg/i for 1 hour
The ammonium chloride spill resulted in an infiuent NH 4 C1 concentration
of 500 mg/i for one hour. The spill had very little effect on the effici-
encies of the system. The BOD removal efficiency dropped from 75% to 54%
in four and one-half hOurs and increased to approximately 80% in nine hours
where it remained for the rest of the run (Figure F-3). The COD, suspended
solids, and turbidity removal efficiencies followed a similar trend. The
effluent TKN and NH N in the system increased to 37 mg/i and 35 mg/i,
espectiyely, in th ee hours, but dropped to base line between 2 and
mg/i within 4½ hours.
* HMS - Hazardous Materials Spill
177
-------
TABLE F-3
BOD REMOVAL - AMMONIIJM CHLORIDE
Run
#6—1
INFLUENT BOO
INFLUENT BOD
HOURS
AFTER
UPSTREAM
DOWNSTREAM
EFFLUENT
START OF
SPILL
FROM SPILL
FROM SPILL
BOO
(mg/i)
(mg/i)
(mg/i)
-2
—1.5
—1
-.5
-J
98
.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
9+
13
21 *
29*
37*
*
43
51*
90
94
88
119
123
108
125
126
110
109
105
88
129
112
86
--,
22
24
25
32
47
44
48
42
36
39
24
18
26
22
18
• BOO Sample lost due to error in
+ 4 hour composite samples ending
* 8 hour composite samples ending
analysis.
on the hour shown.
on the hour shown.
178
-------
I I
1 HOUR SPILL
I I I I
V I
0 10
I I
20 30
HOURS AFTER START OF SPILL
I I
40 50
______ Percent Removal Calculated
Downstream from Spill
Percent Removal Calculated
Upstream from Spill
BUD REMOVAL VS TIME
500 mg/i NH 4 C1
FIGURE F-3.
S P1 LL:
from Influent
from Influent
100
90
80,
70
- 60
-J
5O
w
40,
trend curve
30
20,
10
11
179
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
Pilot Plant Study HMS* #8-1 August 7-8, 1974
Unneutralized Scrubber Water, 24-hr. spill
The unneutralized scrubber water had little effect on the removal
efficiencies of the treatment system. BOD removal efficiency dropped from
a base line mean of 84% to a low of 66%, 11 hours after the start of the
spill (Figure F-4). It returned to within one standard deviation of the
base line mean two hours after the spill ended. Suspended solids removal
efficiencies dropped 3 percentage points below the one standard deviation
line for four hours and then increased above the base line mean (a minimal
effect). The COD and turbidity removal efficiencies stayed within one
standard deviation on the low side throughout the run.
* HMS - Hazardous Materials Spill
180
-------
TABLE F-4
BOO REMOVAL - UNNEUTRALIZED SCRUBBER WATER
Run #8—1
HOURS
AFTER
INFLUENT UPSTREAM
1NFLUENT DOWNSTREAM
EFFLUENT
START
OF
FROM
SPILL
FROM
SPILL
BOD
SPILL
BOO
(mg/i)
BOO
(mg/i)
(mg/i)
-8
—4
I J d
132
17
25
93
92
105
117
106
123
135
132
114
105
117
94
86
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
40
48
56
64
96
92
103
111
106
120
132
126
117
114
108
94
83
97
123
100
106
124
89
213
29
23
21
24
26
40
40
32
24
23
23
23
22
17
24
19
21
22
29
26
181
-------
100
80 - —
60 -
40
20
Mean Standard Deviation
0
0
Percent Removal
Percent Removal
I -- -I -
10 20 30 40
HOURS AFTER START OF SPILL
Calculated from Influent Downstream from Spill
Calculated from Influent Upstream from Spill
FIGURE F-4. BOD REMOVAL VS TIME
SPILL: UNNEUTRALIZED SCRUBBER WATER - 24 HOUR SPILL
50
-J
cD
w
-G
60
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
Pilot Plant Study HMS* #9-.1 August 21-23, 1974
1 -12504 Pickle Liquor, 1 Hour Spill
The effect of the H 9 S0 4 Pickle Liquor spill on the removal efficiencies
was very slight. The BOD removal efficiency curve shows the fairly unchang-
ing trend (Figure F-5). The COD, suspended solids and turbidity removal
efficiencies follow the same trend.
* HMS - Hazardous Materials Spill
183
-------
TABLE F-5
BOO REMOVAL - H 2 S0 4 PICKLE LIQUOR
HOURS
START
SPILL
AFTER
OF
INFLUENT BOD
UPSTREAM FROM
SPILL (mg/i)
INFLUENT SOD
DOWNSTREAM FROM
SPILL (mg/i)
EFFLUENT
BUD
(mg/i)
—2 113 19
-1.5 113 18
-1 97 14
-.5 93 89 14
0.5 86 91 17
-J
1 94 82 13
1.5 99 105 13
2 102 12
2.5 110 14
3 109 4
3.5 114 12
4 122 14
4.5 125 13
5 121 15
9 - iii 17
13+ 122 22
21* iii 16
29* 95 14
37* 133 23
43* 103 23
51* 86 16
+ 4 Hour Composite Samples Ending on the Hour Shown
* 8 Hour Composite Samples Ending on the Hour Shown
184
-------
1 HOUR SPILL
I I I I I
I I
I
20 30
40 50
FlOURS AFTER START OF
SPILL
Percent Removal Calculated from Influent
Downstream from Spill
Percent Removal Calculated from Influent
Upstream from Spill
FIGURE F-5. BOD REMOVAL VS TIME
SPILL: H 2 S0 4 PICKLE LIQUOR
Mean 1 Standard Deviation
— +0
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0.
-J
LJJ
Q
0
10
185
-------
Pilot Plant HMS* #10-1 August 18—20, 1974
No. 2, Fuel Oil, 1 Hour Spill
No. 2 fuel oil was spilled into the influent wastewater resulting in a
fuel oil concentration of 8 milliliters per liter. There was a pronounced
effect on all measured removal efficiencies. There was a complete loss of
BOO removal efficiency one hour after the spill ccurred (Figure F-6).
Although the efficiency rose slightly for a short time twice, the system did
not recover in the 51-hour period of the run. Suspended solids removal
efficiencies followed the same trend as the BOO removals.
COD removal efficiency (Figure F-7) dropped from 89% to 0% two hours
after the oil spill ended. The removals recovered to approximately 50%
within 6 hours but did not completely recover during the duration of the run.
Turbidity removal efficiencies (Figure F-8) dropped to about one-half
current values, 2-1/2 hours after the spill ended and remained at approxi—
mately 40% removal for 1-1/2 days, when the removal efficiency dropped
significantly again showing a longer term effect.
* HMS - Hazardous Materials Spill
186
-------
TABLE F-6
BOO AND COD REMOVAL - NO. 2, FUEL OIL
Study 10-i
HOURS AFTER
INFLUENT BUD
UPSTREAM
INFLUENT BUD
DOWNSTREAM
EFFLUENT
INFLUENT COD
UPSTREAM
INFLUENT COD
DOWNSTREAM
EFFLUENT
START OF SPILL
FROM SPILL
(mg/i)
FROM SPILL
(mg/i)
BUD
(mg/i)
FROf 1 SPILL
(mg/i)
FROM SPILL
(mg/i)
COD
(mg/i)
12
25
10
10
149
137
157
141
141
16
48
32
24
79
80
99
78
92
76
82
137
189
145
120
133
135
-2
-i .5
-0.5
0.5
-J
Q- 1
U,
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
9+
1 3+
21*
29*
37*
43*
51*
76
75
86
75
525
735
1 20
555
75
86
82
86
90
9
78
97
94
67
107
107
85
9
45
60
60
150
195
240
360
240
225
135
75
98
68
105
53
83
6088
3280
145
120
133
172
152
i60
160
1 56
168
1 56
164
123
168
1 76
1 53
40
12
32
52
112
152
189
185
201
260
164
66
74
74
82
70
95
+ 4 Hour Composite Samples Ending on
* 8 Hour Composite Samples Ending on
the Hour Shown
the Hour Shown
187
-------
TABLE F—6. (continued)
TURBIDITY REMOVAL - NO. 2, FUEL OIL
Study 10-1
HOURS
AFTER
INFLUENT
TURBIDITY
INFLUENT TURBIDITY
EFFLUENT
START
OF
UPSTREAM
FROM
DOWNSTREAM FROM
TURBIDITY
SPILL
SPILL (Hellige)
SPILL (Hellige)
(Hellige)
—2
—1 .5
—1
-0.5
68
68
65
44
44
9
9
9
9
36
36
44
44
56
44
-j 0.5
-J
0
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
9+
13+
21*
29*
37*
43*
51*
9
9
17
14
27
23
34
21
21
21
36
34
31
34
34
54
46
56
44
44
54
44
44
44
56
56
54
54
56
54
46
+ 4 Hour Composite Samples Ending on
* 8 Hour Composite Samples Ending on
the Hour Shown
the Hour Shown
188
-------
100 -
—
Mean ± 1 Standard Deviation
10
1 HOUR SPILL
I I I I I
O O O
HOURS AFTER START OF SPILL
_____ Percent Removal Calculated from Influent
Downstream from Spill
Percent Removal Calculated from Influent
Upstream from Spill
FIGURE F-6. BOD REMOVAL VS TIME
SPILL: NO. 2 FUEL OIL
I
1]
U-
cD
—J
UJ
90
80
70
60 -
50
40 -
30
20
10
0-
a
0
189
-------
from Influent
from Influent
______ Percent Removal Calculated
Downstream from Spill
Percent Removal Calculated
Upstream from Spill
FIGURE F-7. COD REMOVAL VS TIME
SPILL: NO. 2 FUEL OIL
— — — — a a —
Mean ± 1 Standard Deviation
-c
c
C
L)
U-
C
-J
C
E
w
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
trend curve
1 HOUR SPILL
0 10 20
HOURS AFTER START OF SPILL
30
40
190
-------
100
+c1
90 a
Mean + 1 Standard Deviation
80
70
60
1 HOUR SPILL
>-
50
Li
ED _______
40 _____
_ I
w
30
trend curve
20
10
0 I I I I I
0 10 20 30 40 50
HOURS AFTER START OF SPILL
Percent Removal Calculated from Influent
Downstream from Spill
Percent Removal Calculated from Influent
Upstream from Spill
FIGURE F-8. TURBIDITY REMOVAL VS TIME
SPILL: NO. 2 FUEL OIL
191
-------
Pilot Plant HMS* #11-1 October 2-4, 1974
Perchioroethylene, 1600 mg/i, 1 Mr. spill
Perchioroethylene had an effect on the removal efficiencies of the
treatment system. BOO removals dropped from 66% to 14% during the spill but
recovered to base line during the second day. COD and turbidity removal
efficiencies were not affected at all. Suspended solids remained at base
line until 24 hours after the spill occurred when it dropped significantly
and then partially recovered during the next day (Figure F-9).
* UMS - Hazardous Materials Spill
192
-------
TABLE F-7
SUSPENDED SOLIDS REMOVAL - PERCHLOROETHYLENE
HOURS
AFTER
INFLUENT
SS
INFLUENT SS
EFFLUENT
START
OF
UPSTREAM
FROM
DOWNSTREAM
FROM
SS
SPILL
SPILL (mg/i)
SPILL (mg/i)
(mg/i)
78
56
57
52
20
17
16
15
45
39
44
47
-2
-i .5
-0.5
-J 0.5
-J
U)
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
9+
1 3+
21*
29*
37*
43*
51*
37
45
36
45
44
49
51
51
47
56
60
63
61
57
84
76
70
13
12
11
13
15
17
15
17
15
23
22
24
27
59
63
68
41
+ 4 Hour Composite Samples Ending on the
* 8 Hour Composite Samples Ending on the
Hour Shown
Hour Shown
193
-------
10 20 30 40
HOURS AFTER START OF SPILL
Percent Removal Calculated from Influent Downstream
from Spill
Percent Removal Calculated from Influent Upstream
from Spill
FIGURE F-9. SS REMOVAL VS TIME
SPILL: PERCHLOROETHYLENE
100
80
1
LU
C l )
20
0
1 HOUR SPILL
— a a _______ — —
Mean 1 Standard Deviation
0
50
194
-------
APPENDIX G. Description of Voluma II
The ALCOSAN Survey Reporting System consists of 4 COBOL programs
which produce a total of 16 reports.
The reports are grouped by type and degree of detailed information
displayed. The first series presents general, i.e., page-one-of-the-
survey,type data. The second series shows discharge data by industry
while the third indicates quantities of hazardous materials stored by
industry.
The fourth and fifth series summarize the discharge and hazardous
materials data for all industries. Since the data is summarized,
individual industries are not identified.
The system consists of an edit, update and two print programs. It
has been run on an IBM 360/30 in a 134K byte partition. The system
requires two tape drives, one 2314 disk, one printer and one card
reader.
195
-------
APPENDIX H
COMPLETION REPORT ON: MASS BALANCE STUDY
APRIL 15 AND 16, 1973
SECTION I. INTRODUCTION
ALCOSAN operating data indicate that the major fraction of heavy
metal removal occurs in secondary treatment as modeled by the activated
sludge Pilot Plant. To determine the pathway of hazardous materials (HM)
through the treatment processes a mass balance study with the following
objectives was necessary:
1. Determine where HM’s exit the treatment plant.
2. Determine the residence times of hazardous materials.
3. Observe fluctuations in plant loading.
4. Validate sampling and analytical techniques.
5. Provide guidance in treatment plant design and future
plant operation.
Observations of plant loading fluctuations would:
1. Indicate those sewage characteristics for which
fluctuations could be expected.
2. Define the magnitude of the fluctuations.
3. Document effects resulting from the fluctuations.
Such data could be applied to monitoring and surveillance system design.
An extensive 48-hour mass balance study was designed which would
satisfy the above objectives and could be performed by the ALCOSAN
personnel. By conducting the study on a Sunday and Monday, maximum
fluctuations in plant loading would likely be observed.
196
-------
SECTION II. SAMPLING AND FLOW MEASUREMENT
Sampling sites were selected to permit a constituent balance to be
constructed around all pertinent unit processes at ALCOSAN. A flow chart
of the primary plant and pilot plant locating the sampling sites used
during the 48-hour study is illustrated in Figure H-i. It should be noted
that it was necessary to proceed upstream from the main pump station in
each of the three interceptor systems to obtain samples of the raw influent
sewage because of the return of several in-plant waste streams to the main
pump station, wet well.
Treatment plant operating personnel collected all in-plant samples
while outside maintenance personnel and industrial sampling personnel
collected samples from and measured flow rates in the interceptors. Prior
to conducting the study, personnel were informed of the study through a
series of memorandums and meetings.
The following are a brief description of sampling methods and
schedules:
1. To sample the three interceptor sewers entering the wet well,
samples were withdrawn from the interceptors at the Verner,
Shingiss, and Westhall downshafts. A two-liter capacity
sampler, constructed of a plexiglass tube mounted in a
protective cage, was designed for sample collection. Freely
operating gates on the ends of the tube allowed the sampler
to be lowered into the sewage flow in an open position. The
gates were then closed and the sample brought to the surface
without dilution by stagnant sewage in the downshaft. A
pneumatic winch was used to lower and raise the sampler. At
each site a one gallon sample was collected every two hours
and composited for four hours.
2. At site 4, the main pump station, samples were collected from
the sampling faucet on Pump 4, a continuously operating, variable
speed sewage pump. Two types of samples were collected: one,
hourly samples which were composited for eight hours and two,
grab samples which were collected every two hours. Figure H-2
illustrates the arrangement of pumps at the wet well and locates
the influents to the wet well.
3. At site 5, the aerated grit channel influent, samples were
collected at the influent to each operating channel and
combined samples were collected hourly and composited for
four hours. Sampling was done with an open quart jar sampler
on a rope.
1 97
-------
FIGURE H-i. FLOW CHART OF PRIMARY PLANT AND
PILOT PLANT LOCATING THE SAMPLING SITES
Sal ld to
L a nd
5 14 aposat
Ash to
I and
D I 5p056I
-a
‘ 0
co
Wasted
Sludge
-------
30” Interceptor from
Right Bank of Lower
Ohio
Sample
Scrubber Water &
Sluice Ash Decant
come into the Lower
Ohio Interceptor Line
Cross Section
of bottom of
Wet Well
126” Interceptor
FIGURE H-2. MAIN PUMP STATION WET WELL SCHEMATIC
LOCATION OF INFLUENT INTERCEPTORS
‘.0
‘.0
WET WELL
54” Interceptor from
Chartiers Creek. Left
Bank Ohio River
-------
4. At site 6, the preaeration tank influent, samples were collected
at the influent to both the east and west tanks and combined.
Samples were collected hourly and composited for four hours.
Sampling was done with an open quart jar sampler on a rope.
5. At site 7, the primary effluent, samples were collected from
the effluent channel. Two types of samples were collected:
one, hourly samples which were composited for eight hours and
two, grab samples which were collected every two hours. Sampling
was with an open quart jar sampler on a rope.
6. At site 8, samples of the primary sludge were collected prior to
chemical conditioning at the sampling faucet on each operating
sludge pump in the vacuum filter building. Samples were collected
every two hours and composited for four hours.
7. At site 10, vacuum filter cake samples were collected from all
operating cake conveyor belts. Samples were collected every
two hours and composited for four hours.
8. At site 11, vacuum filter filtrate samples were collected at the
sampling faucets on each operating filtrate pump. Samples were
collected every two hours and composited for four hours.
9. At site 12, scrubber water samples were collected at the ash
distribution manhole preceeding the ash decant pits. Samples
were collected every two hours and composited for four hours.
Sampling was with an open quart jar sampler on a rope.
10. At site 13, incinerator sluice ash samples were collected at
each furnace being sluiced at intervals during the approximately
20 minute sluicing operation. Samples were collected with a
ladle-type sample. (Ash is removed from the incinerators by
flushing the incinerator with effluent water in an operation
termed sluicing. The ash slurry is designated as sluice ash).
11. At site 15, decant liquid samples were collected at the effluent
from the third bank of decant pits. Samples were collected every
two hours and composited for four hours. Sampling was with an
open quart jar sampler on a rope.
12. At the pilot plant, site 1 was located where the primary effluent
sewage enters Pass 2; site 2 at the clarifier influent; site 3
at the clarifier effluent, and site 4 where the return sludge
enters Pass 1. Samples were collected hourly at all sites and
composited for eight hours. Grab samples also were collected
every two hours. Sampling was done with ladle-type samplers.
200
-------
The final volume of all composite and grab samples was two gallons except
for the filter cake samples which were one quart. All 8-hour composites
were kept refrigerated during compositing. Wherever possible, the four
hour composites also were kept refrigerated during compositing. Grab
samples were taken immediately to the lab as were the composite samples
at the end of their composition period.
Flow rates were determined in the following manners:
1. In the interceptor system, a General Oceanics Model 2030 flow
meter was used to determine flow velocity. The flow rate in
cfs was calculated by multiplying the cross-sectional area of
the sewer by the flow velocity. In the Chartiers interceptor,
a velocity meter could not be utilized; the flow was calculated
from measurements made of the flow over a weir at the Ella
Street pump station and through an orifice at the Chartiers
junction chamber. At the Westhall structure the sewage normally
entering the interceptor sewer at the downshaft was bypassed.
The head on the influent and discharge ends of the by-pass
was measured for calculation of this flow.
2. Influent sewage flow was calculated in the following manners:
a. by measurement made in the three incoming interceptor
sewers.
b. by a chart recorder coupled to a Venturi meter located
between the grit removal and preaeration processes.
c. by a totalizing meter linked to the Venturi meter, but
operating from a different electrical signal than the
chart recorder.
d. from pump capacity curves and the actual operating times
of the six pumps at the main pump station.
3. Flow of primary sludge to the vacuum filters was calculated from
counters recording sludge pump piston strokes and a pump capacity
factor of 3.186 gallons per stroke.
4. Vacuum filter filtrate flow was determined by a mass balance of
the filtration process.
5. Scrubber water flowrate was taken from flow meters on the
scrubber system.
6. Flow of sluice ash from the incinerator to the ash decant pits
was determined by three methods:
201
-------
a. from the volume of water utilized during 9 sluicing operations
conducted using the emergency flushing system modified to
permit water use measurement.
b. by operating the decant pits on a batch rather than continuous
basis and measuring the water level in the pit.
c. by a water balance around the ash pit predicated on the ash
pit discharge flow measured at site 15.
7. Scales on the conveyor system transporting the cake to the
incinerators were used to measure the quantity of filter cake.
8. The flow rate of the decant liquid returned to the wet well was
calculated by determining the water level in the decant pits at
regular intervals during the study and then applying the broad-
crested weir flowrate equation for the flow of the decant liquid
discharged through the sluice gates at the decant pits.
9. The influent and return sludge flow rates in the pilot plant
were calculated by measuring the time required to collect a
given volume of sewage or sludge.
10. Air flow to the pilot plant aeration tanks was metered with a
Fisher-Porter Rato-site rotometer (Model 2235624).
SECTION III.
ANALYTICAL DETERMINATIONS
During the study, laboratory personnel worked two twelve-hour shifts
each day. The laboratory was staffed with four or five persons on each
shift.
Samples were analyzed ininediately for the following parameters:
1. pH
2. BOD
3. total
4. total
solids
volatile solids
5. suspended solids
6. volatile suspended solids
7. acidity/alkalinity
Samples were also preserved according
and Methods of Chemical Analysis (Ref. 24)
following parameters at a later date:
1. COD
2. total phosphorus
3. total Kjeldahl nitrogen
4. grease
to Standard Methods (Ref. 20)
for characterization of the
5. cyanide
6. phenol
7. total metals
8. dissolved metals
202
-------
Metal concentrations were determined according to the Methods of
Chemical Analysis (Ref. 24) and Analytical Methods for Atomic Absorption
p ctrophotometry (Ref. 25) for the following:
1. aluminum 8. nickel
2. cadmium 9. zinc
3. chromium 10. cobalt
4. copper 11. arsenic
5. iron 12. selenium
6. lead 13. silver
7. manganese
All other analyses were according to Standard Methods (Ref. 20).
SECTION IV. RESULTS
On April 15 and 16, 1973, the mass balance study was performed. Sample
collection proceeded on schedule with only minor problems and just two of
the more than 300 samples were lost. Insufficient manpower in the labor-
atory resulted in some delay before samples were analyzed or preserved.
1. Influent Flow:
Table H-i presents the influent flow record as determined by the four
methods previously detailed. The totalizer and chart recorder operating
from the Venturi meter indicated similar influent flows. Flows determined
from the pump capacity curves and pump operating time were greater than
flows measured by the Venturi meter. Wear on the pump impellors has likely
reduced their pumping efficiency. The influent flow measured in the
interceptor sewers was 50% less than the flow determined by the other
three methods. The flow measured in the Chartiers Interceptor was
approximately twice the interceptor design flow; the flow in the Upper
Ohio Interceptor was approximately 12% of the design flow. The afore-
mentioned design flows are presented in Table H-2. Table H-3 presents
actual interceptor system flow data.
The considerable difference between the design flow and the actual
flow measured in the Upper Ohio Interceptor may have been the result of
conditions in the ten foot diameter interceptor which interferred with
the operation of the velocity meter.
The influent flow measured by the Venturi meter and recorded by both
the chart recorder and the totalizer are presented on Figures H-3a and H-3b.
The results indicated that:
203
-------
1. The minimum flow occurred from 5 a.m. to 7 a.m. on both
Sunday and Monday. The quantity of flow was similar on
both days.
2. The maximum flow occurred from noon to 2 p.m. on both days;
however, the maximum flow on Monday was greater than on
Sunday.
3. From 5 a.m. to noon the flow increased; however, on Monday
the rate of increase was more rapid.
4. A relatively uniform flow, less than the maximum, occurred
from 5 p.m. to 10 p.m. after which flow decreased until
5 a.m. The rate of decrease was similar on both days.
Text continues on page 211.
204
-------
TABLE H-l
C D
(7 1
INFLUENT FLOW RECORD
TIME PERIOD
From To
Sunday, April 15, 1973
Monday, A ri1 16, 1973
. *
Totalizer
Reading
Chart
Reading
Pump
Operation
Three
Interceptors
Totalizer
Reading
Chart
Reading
Pump
Operation
Three
Interceptors
12:01am- 1:00am
6.47
6.75
7.70
3.06
6.30
6.67
7.53
3.30
1:00am- 2:00am
5.90
6.46
7.70
3.03
5.89
6.38
6.76
3.20
2:00am- 3:00am
5.81
6.04
6.22
3.00
5.72
5.67
6.91
2.98
3:00am- 4:00am
5.70
5.83
6.27
2.90
5.52
5.58
6.77
2.78
4:00am- 5:00am
5.50
5.54
5.97
2.84
5.48
5.58
6.25
2.65
5:00am- 6:00am
5.36
5.46
5.62
2.81
5.04
5.42
6.25
2.58
6:00am— 7:00am
5.33
5.42
5.45
2.94
6.31
5.54
6.42
2.73
7:00am- 8:00am
5.61
5.50
5.79
3.08
5.90
6.17
7.69
2.89
8:00am- 9:00am
6.02
5.83
6.41
3.14
7.15
7.08
9.29
3.10
9:OOam-10:OOam
6.57
6.25
6.89
3.23
7.89
7.71
8.32
3.25
10:OOam-11:OOam
6.82
6.88
8.52
3.33
7.88
8.21
8.88
3.37
l1:OOam—12:OOpm
6.48
7.17
8.32
3.43
7.89
8.29
9.06
3.49
12:00pm- 1:00pm
1:00pm— 2:00pm
2:00pm- 3:00pm
7.10
7.71
7.29
7.12
8.32
8.32
8.60
3.55
3.58
3.49
7.66
8.26
7.87
8.33
8.17
8.04
9.15
9.15
9.06
3.60
3.69
3.68
6.47
7.21
3:00pm- 4:00pm
6.92
7.17
8.48
3.44
7.55
7.92
9.06
3.67
4.OOpm- 5:00pm
6.90
7.04
8.32
3.41
7.23
7.75
8.80
3.68
5:00pm- 6:00pm
6.88
7.00
8.02
3.41
7.40
7.62
8.80
3.68
6:00pm— 7:00pm
6.87
7.08
8.02
3.44
7.32
7.58
8.32
3.62
7:00pm- 8:00pm
6.96
7.12
8.32
3.46
7.30
7.54
8.60
3.63
8:00pm- 9:00pm
6.89
7.04
8.02
3.48
7.07
7.54
8.48
3.62
9:OOpm-10:OOpm
6.85
7.08
8.16
3.46
7.05
7.42
8.60
3.63
l0:OOpm-11:OOpm
6.48
7.00
7.88
3.41
7.01
7.25
8.02
3.63
1i:OOpm-12:OOam
6.86
6.96
8.02
3.35
6.67
7.08
8.18
3.63
TOTAL
154.46
158.34
179.34
78.27
165.40
170.54
194.35
80.08
AVERAGE
6.44
6.59
7.47
3.26
6.89
7.11
8.10
3.34
*Mjlljons of gallons
-------
TABLE H-2
SUMMARY OF SEWAGE QUANTITIES FOR INTERCEPTING SEWER
(Gallons Per Day)
Drainage Basin
Monongahela & Upper Ohio
Accumulated
Year 1950
D. W. Av.
Low Basis
Accumulated
Year 1950
D. W. Av.
High Basis
Accumulated
Year 2000
0. W. Av.
Low Basis
Accumulated
Year 2000
D. H. Av.
High Basis
Ratio, Storm
Peak to Year
2000 D.W. Av.
High Basis
Peak Storm
Flow
Year 2000
Turtle Creek to 11th St., Braddock
Braddock & N. Braddock
Rankin & Swissvale
Whitaker Run
Nine Mile Run
Homestead to Four Mile
Four Mile Run
Pgh. 25-26
Pgh. 12-13
Pgh. 27-30
Pgh. 10-11
Allegheny Left Bank
Allegheny Right Bank
Saw Mill Run
Pgh. 19
Pgh. 20-21
Pgh. 22-23
9,494,900
11,280,100
13,433,000
18,153,700
30,282,300
34,547,000
38,428,300
38,856,100
44,762,600
78,541,800
91,614,300
103,656,000
106,794,600
108,335,900
110,248,400
11,449,800
13,617,800
16,258,700
22,070,500
36,965,100
42,086,100
46,761,100
47,282,100
54,294,100
94,927,100
110,706,100
125,644,300
129,420,300
131,256,300
133,592,300
13,981,000
16,269,800
19,019,200
25,354,800
41,199,700
45,798,200
50,032,700
50,579,100
56,846,800
99,349,900
115,234,700
129,365,400
132,633,100
134,282,600
136,389,300
20,710,000
23,960,000
27,415,000
35,435,000
55,960,000
62,320,000
67,895,000
68,595,000
76,695,000
132,365,000
152,935,000
171,275,000
175,575,000
177,645,000
180,365,000
250%
240%
230%
225%
193%
190%
186%
185%
175%
173%
169%
166%
167%
166%
166%
51,775,000
57,504,000
63,055,000
79,729,000
108,003,000
118,408,000
126,285,000
126,900,000
134,216,000
228,991,000
258,460,000
284,316,000
293,210,000
294,891,000
299,406,000
Lower Ohio
2,714,400
3,362,900
5,953,000
8,235,000
220%
18,117,000
Chartiers Creek
10,623,900
12,988,100
16,384,800
22,035,000
194%
42,827,000
TOTAL INTO PLANT
123,586,700
149,943,300
158,727,100
210,635,000
162%
340,807,000 *
Note: Low Basis means based on annual water sales, infiltration at 19,100
gal. per mile per day, and probable population.
High Basis means based on high quarter water sales, infiltration at
25,000 gal. per mile per day, and interceptor design population.
* This figure is reduced from the total of the Upper Ohio, Lower Ohio
and Chartiers Creek peaks because the peaks from these three
intercepting sewers do not reach the wet well simultaneously.
-------
TABLE H-3
INTERCEPTOR SYSTEM FLOW DATA
(in millions of gallons per day - MGD)
Date
Lower Ohio
Interceptor
Chartiers Creek
Interceptor
Upper Ohio
Interceptor
At Westhall St.
Total
4/15/73
4/16/73
5.36
7.24
.
Inter.
By-Pass
Junction
Chamber
Pump
Station
78.30
80.09
14.38
15.14
3.22
2.62
55.10
54.67
0.24
0.42
207
-------
8.
7
6
N)
czD
5.
4
12:01 AM 4:OtIAM 8:O 1 AM 1 M 4:O PM 8:00 PM 12:OOPM
o TOTALIZER
CHART RECORDER
4
fr
FIGURE H-3a. INTERCEPTOR FLOW, SUNDAY, APRIL 15, 1973
-------
-J
8
7
6
5
12:01 AM
o TOTALIZER
A CHART RECORDER
/
r ’ )
C
4:00 AM 8:00 AM 12 M 4:00 PM 8:00 PM
12:00 PM
FIGURE H-3b.
INTERCEPTOR FLOW, MONDAY, APRIL 16, 1973
-------
160
4 8 12 4 8 12 4 8 12 4 8 12
_________ NOON _________________ NOON _________
SUNDAY 4/15/73 FIONDAY 4/16/73
o Preaeration Tank Influent (4 Hour Composite) (Site 6)
, Primary Effluent (grab samples)
o Pilot Plant Influent (grab samples)
V Pilot Plant Effluent (grab samples)
FIGURE H-4. INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT BOO 5
BOD
(mg/i)
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
I
I
0
1
210
-------
5. Flow variations were greater on Monday than on Sunday.
On Sunday the flow ranged from 5.3 to 7.7 mg/hr; while
on Monday the flow ranged from 5.0 to 8.3 mg/hr.
2. Flows of In-Plant Streams:
At sites 5, 6, and 7, the wastewater flows could not be readily
determined and were assumed to be equal to the influent wastewater flow
as measured by the Venturi meter. An average of the chart recorder and
totalizer flow was used to calculate materials balances at sites 4, 5,
6, and 7.
In Table H-4 the material flows at sites 8, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 15 are
summarized. Over the duration of this program, the combined flow of the
in-plant streams returned to the main pump station wet well was less than
0.5% of the total influent flow.
3. Biochemical Oxygen Demand:
Figure H-4 illustrates the fluctuations in the influent and effluent
BOD concentrations. The influent BOD appears to follow a diurnal pattern.
Although the primary effluent BOD concentration paralleled influent BOD
fluctuations, pilot plant effluent BOD did not.
4. pH
Figure H-5 illustrates the pH variations during the study. The widest
variation is between 6.5 and 7.5.
211
-------
TABLE H-4
IN-PLANT STREAM FLOWS
Site 8
Site 10
Site 11
Site 12
Site 13
Site 15
Vacuum
Vacuum
Ash Pit
Primary
Filter
Filter
Scrubber
Sluice
Decant
DATE
TIME
Sludge
(Gal.)
Cake
(Tons)
Filtrate
(Gal.)
Water
(Gal.)
Ash
(Gal.)
Liquid
(Gal.)
FR0 i
TO
4/15/73
Sunday
12:01 am
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00 am
12 m
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00 pm
1:00 am
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12 m
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00pm
45,490
29,375
27,263
23,235
27,610
26,660
26,262
17,803
31,175
27,142
29,318
29,206
11,587
8.13
15.44
15.41
13.92
12.84
13.69
6.33
6.19
12.37
12.78
12.99
13.77
12.38
5.95
67,326
42,349
47,304
37,614
51,184
51,636
25,200
“
n
u
u
“
U
I’
“
I
1
SI
“
5 1
II
11
SI
U
SI
7,700
7,700
7,700
7,700
7,700
7,700
7,700
7,700
18,000
80,520
80,520
36,000
40,080
40,080
40,080
37,920
46,920
40,080
40,080
40,080
Total:
12:01 am
12:00pm
352,126
162.19
297,413
604,800
61,600
540,3601
Total flow for period 11:00 pm on 4/15/73 to 11:00 pm on 4/16/73.
212
-------
TABLE H-4. (continued)
Site 8
Site 10
Site 11
Site 12
Site 13
Site 15
Vacuum
Vacuum
;crubber
Sluice
Ash Pit
Decant
DATE
TIME________
Primary
Sludge
(Gal.)
Filter
Cake
(Tons)
Filtrate
(Gal.)
\4ater
(Gal.)
Ash
(Gal.)
Liquid
(Gal.)
FROM
TO
4/16/73 12:01 am 1:00 am 11,645 5.44 25,200 7,700 36,000
Monday 1:00 2:00
2:00 3:00 27,416 10.05 7,700 40,080
3:00 4:00
4:00 5:00 24,924 10.14 36,000
5:00 6:00 7,700
6:00 7:00 26,829 10.52 36,000
7:00 8:00 90,328
8:00 9:00 12,190 10.59 7,700
9:00 10:00
10:00 11:00 23,337 9.20 7,700 85,200
11:00 am 12 m 5.22 25,500
12 m 1:00 pm 4.62 7,700 40,080
1:00 2:00
2:00 3:00 43,989 9.88 25,800 37,920
3:00 4:00 25,200 7,700
4:00 5:00 20,973 10.71 37,920
5:00 6:00
6:00 7:00 22,576 9.83 7,700 37,920
7:00 8:00
8:00 9:00 20,881 9.33 I I 36,000
9:00 10:00 7,700
10:00 pm 11:00 pm 20,212 8.54 1 37,920
Total:
12:01 am 11:00 pm 254,972 114.07 581,100 69,300 461,0401
Total flow for period 11:00 pm on 4/15/73 to 11:00 pm on 4/16/73.
213
-------
Influent BOD 2 (mg/l)—Average
Range
97 (96)
39-153 (45-132)
120 (155)
69-147 (72-316)
Primary Effluent BOD(mg/l)-Avg. 3
(Site 7) Range
83
34 to 126
85
45 to 117
Pilot Plant Influent BOD(mg/l)-Avg. 3
(Site PP1) Range
76
36 to 102
78
16 to 111
Pilot Plant Effluent BOD(mg/1)-Avg. 3
(Site PP3) Range
20
8 to 30
20
2 to 30
BOD Reduction (%)
Primary Treatment
Pilot Plant
Overall
14.4 (13.5)
73.7
79.4 (72.2)
29.2 (45.2)
74.3
83.3 (87.1)
4. pH:
The fluctuations in primary influent and effluent and Pilot Plant
influent and effluent pH are sumarized in the following Table. Fluctu-
ations in influent pH s are presented graphically in Figure H-5.
Although greater pH loading fluctuations were experienced
15, 1973, pH remained in the neutral range. There was no
to pH fluctuations.
2
To correspond with normal sampling procedures, Site 6 was designated as
the influent; however, Site 5 data are given in parentheses.
1 Average calculated from grab samples.
Average calculated from grab samples.
The fluctuation in primary influent
influent and effluent BOD are sunmarized
and effluent and
in the following
Pilot Plant
Table.
4/15/73 4/16/73
4/1 /fl 41l6/73
Primary Influent pH-Average 1
(Site 5) Range
7.2
7.0 to 7.3
7.0
6.9 to 7.3
Primary Effluent pH-Average 1
(Site 7) Range
7.2
7.0 to 7.4
7.1
6.8 to 8.0
Pilot Plant influent pH-Average 1
(Site PP1) Range
7.2
7.0 to 7.4
7.0
6.5 to 7.2
Pilot Plant effluent pH-Average 1
(Site PP3) Range
7.3
7.2 to 7.5
7.1
6.8 to 7.3
on Monday, April
apparent pattern
214
-------
7.5
7.0
6.5
7.5
7.0
6.5
12AM* 4 8 12 4 8 12AM* 4 8 12 4 8 12*
NOON NOON
4/15/73 4/16/73 -
*Mj dni ght
time (t)
Site 5
Grit Channel
Infi.)
FIGURE H-5.
pH VS TIME
- SITES 5 AND PP1
(MASS BALANCE STUDY)
pH =
+ 7.202
pH
pH = -O.0109t + 7.33
pH
Site PP1
(Pilot Plant
Infl .)
215
-------
5. Suspended Solids:
The following table presents a suninary of suspended solids (SS)
loading and removal in the primary treatment plant and the pilot plant.
____________________________________ 4/15/73 4/16/ 73
Influent 1 SS(mg/l) -Average 2 93 (106) 149 (151)
Range 58-122 (50-224) 92-210 (92-210)
Primary effluent SS(mg/l)-Aver. 2 37 59
(Site 7) Range 12 to 60 22 to 94
Pilot Plant influent SS(mg/l)-Aver. 2 48 72
(Site PP1) Range 16 to 100 36 to 132
Pilot Plant effluent SS(mg/l)-Aver. 2 17 23
(Site PP3) Range 16 to 26 6 to 44
Suspended Solids Reduction (%)
Primary Treatment 60.2 (65.1) 60.4 (60.9)
64.6 68.1
81.7 (84.0) 84.6 (84.8)
Although the average influent concentration of SS was greater on
Monday, April 16, 1973, removal percentages were similar on both days
of the study.
6. Solids Balance:
A solids balance over all unit treatment processes is sumarized in
Figure H-6. (Figure H-7 for the Pilot Plant). Also presented in this
Table are the flows at all sampling sites during the 48 hours of this
study. From this balance the following should be noted:
a. Approximately 1.4% of the total solids and 4.3% of the suspended
solids at Site 5, the grit channel influent, resulted from the
recirculation of in-plant streams (vacuum filter filtrate and
ash pit decant liquid) to the main pun station wet well.
b. Primary sludge production was approximately 1900 gal. per million
gallons of influent wastewater or 700 lb. of dry total solids
per million gallons.
1 To correspond with normal sari 1ing procedures, Site 6 was designated as
the influent; however, Site 5 data are given in parenthesis.
2 Average calculated from grab samples.
216
-------
Site #3 Upper Ohio Interceptor
107.49 M.G.
889,400#TS=320,200#VTS + 569,200#FTS
127,400#SS=96,200#VSS + 31 ,200#FSS
Site 2 Chartiers Interceptor
34.49 M.G.
202,500#TS=53,500#VT5 + 149,000#FTS
39,300#SS=29,800#VSS +
9,500#FSS
Site #11 Vacuum Fi1trat _ ,,,, ’
532,000 gal.
20,6O0#TS 12,920#VTS +
7 ,680#FTS
12,800#SS=8,470#VSS + 4,330#FSS
Site #1 Lower Ohio
Interceptor
12.91 M.G.
73,400#T.S.=22,600#
/VTS ÷ 50,800#FTS
9,lOO#S.S.=6,900#VSS 4-
2, 000#FSS
Site #15 Decant
Liquid
1.00 M.G.
6,800#TS=2 ,820#VTS +
3 ,980#FTS
1 ,800#SS=870#VSS +
930#FSS
Site #4, Pump #4, Main Pump Station
316.98 M.G.
1 ,944,000#TS=528,800#VTS +
1 ,415 OOO#FTS
335,400#SS=265 ,000#VSS + 70,400#FSS
I RACKS j
Site #5 Grit Channel Influent
316.98 M.G.
4 GRIT l,977,000#TS=629,100#VTS +
I REMOVAL 1,367,900#FTS
I 343,000#SS=250,000#VSS +
I 83,000#FSS
FIGURE H-6.
SOLIDS BALANCE - PRIMARY PLANT
(12:01 A.M. 4/15/73 to 11 P.M. 4/16/73)
)
GRIT
TO
LAND
217
-------
Site #6 Influent to Preaeration
316.98 M.G.
1 ,890,000#TS=570,800#VTS +
1 ,3l9,200#FTS
325,000#SS=250,000 VSS + 83,000#FSS
PREAERATI ON
Primary sludge
and scum SEDIMENTATION
Site #7 Primary Effluent to River
( ) 316.98 M.G.
1 ,833,000#TS=483,900#VTS +
1,340,100#FTS
132,000#SS=102,700#VSS + 29,300#FSS
) Site #8 Primary Sludge to Vacuum Filter
607,100 gal.
222,000#TS=l45,860#VTS + 74,140#FTS
Polymer
Addition
VACUUM Site #10 Filter Cake to Incinerator
FILTERS __________ Wet Cake - 276,26 tons
Dry Cake - 147,900#TS96,200#VTS +
51 ,700#FTS
Site #11 Filtrate to Wet Well
532,000 gal.
20,600#TS=12,920#VTS + 7,680#FTS
12,800#SS=8,470#VSS + 4,330#FVS
FIGURE H-6. (continued)
218
-------
Scrubber Water
Caustic Soda
Addition
Site #12 Scrubber Water
1.211 M.G.
6,8OO#TS 9l O#VTS +
5 ,890#FTS
3 ,300#SS 440#VSS +
2 ,860#FSS
Site #15 Decant Liquid to Wet Well
1.00 M.G.
6,800#TS=2,820#VTS + 3,980#VTS
1 ,800#SS=870#VSS + 930#FSS
FIGURE H-6.
(continued)
Cake
Scrubber
Site #13 Sluice Ash
138,600 gal.
99, 400#TS 44 , 600#VTS
54 ,800#FTS
Sluice
Ash
ASH
TO
LAND
219
-------
Site PP1 Pilot Plant Influent
52,400 gal.
27#SS=20#VSS + 7#FSS
Organics to Suspended Solids
Biological Conversion of Dissolved 296#TS=76#VTS + 220#FTS
I
AERATION
Site PP4 Return l ) ( Site PP2 Clarifier Influent
Slud9e 65,200 gal
12,700 gal. 760#TS=339#VTS + 421#FTS
638#TS=387#VTS+ 374#SS=253#VSS + 121#FSS
251 #FTS
593#SS=391 #VSS+
202#FSS
SEDIMENTATIO
Site PP3 Pilot Plant Effluent
52,400 gal.
262#TS=50#VTS + 212#FTS
8#SS=7#VSS + l#FSS
Sludge
Splitter I
Box
Sludge Wasting
300 gal.
l5#TS=9#VTS + 6#FTS
13#SS=9#VSS + 4#FSS
FIGURE H-7. SOLIDS BALANCE - PILOT PLANT
(12;0l A.M. 4/15 to 11 P.M. 4/16/73)
220
-------
a. The recirculation of vacuum
from the ash pits accounted
influent total metals:
Pb - 2.4%
Mn - 1.4%
Cr - 2.4%
Fe - 3.1%
Ni - 1.1%
b. Except for
percentage
Pb - 91.3% increase
Mn - 12.2%
Cr - 20.3%
Fe - 41.6%
Ni - 62.4% increase
Pb - 15.4% increase
Mn - 76.9%
Cr - no removal
Fe - 52.4%
Ni - 33.0% increase
filter filtrate and decant liquid
for the following proportions of
Cd - 5.6%
Zn - 2.5%
Cu - 3.4%
Al - 4.7%
Cd - 38.5%
Zn - 29.5%
Cu - 14.3%
Al - 35.3%
Cd - none in influent or effluent
Zn - 16.7%
Cu - no removal
Al - 7.1%
c. Vacuum filter cake production was approximately 1740 wet pounds
per million gallons of influent wastewater or 470 dry pounds
per million gallons.
d. Approximately 310 pounds of dry solids accumulated in the ash
decant pits per million gallons of influent wastewater.
7. Heavy Metals:
A total metals balance has been calculated and is sumarized in
Table 1 -1-6. Of primary importance from this balance are the following:
lead and nickel which showed increases, the following
removals resulted from primary treatment:
c. Except for lead and nickel which increased, the following per-
centage removals were realized in the pilot plant:
221
-------
TABLE H-5
TOTAL METALS BALANCE
PRIMARY TREATMENT PLANT - 4/15/73 - 4/16/73
Pump #4 Main Pump Station-Site 4
Combination of
Sites 1, 2, & 3
Pb = 1050 lb.
Mn = 1050
Cr= 285
Fe = 6060
Ni = 212
Cd= 38lb.
Zn = 1430
Cu = 334
Al = 5850
Pb = 928 lb.
Mn = 1020
Cr= 223
Fe 6130
Ni = 164
Cd= 161b.
Zn = 1190
Cu 372
Al = 4040
Grit Channel Influent
Pb = 711 lb.
Mn = 864
Cr = 266
Fe = 5940
Ni = 186
- Site 5
Cd= 391b.
Zn = 1560
Cu = 252
Al = 5180
Filtrate
Pb = 10 lb.
Mn= 9
Cr= 5
Fe = 116
Ni= 1
Cd= 1 lb.
Zn = 23
Cu= 7
Al = 197
Pb = 699 lb.
Mn = 850
Cr = 249
Fe = 5454
Ni = 177
Cd= 181b.
Zn = 1440
Cu = 268
Al = 5210
Cd = 0 lb.
Zn = 13
Cu = 2
Al = 50
Preaeration Influent - Site 6
Decant Liquid
Pb =
Mn =
Cr =
Fe =
Ni =
7 lb.
3
1
52
1
222
-------
TABLE 1-1-5. (continued)
Pb = 1050 lb.
Mn = 1050
Cr = 285
Fe = 6060
Ni = 212
Cd= 381b.
Zn = 1430
Cu = 334
Al = 5850
Pb = 13 lb.
Mn = 4
Cr 2
Fe = 82
Ni = 1
Cd= lib.
Zn = 28
Cu 4
Al - 124
Pump #4 Main Pump Station— Site 4
Scrubber Water - Site 12
Cd =
Zn =
Cu =
Al =
2 lb.
10
10
186
Pb =
Mn
Cr =
Fe =
Ni =
Primary Effluent
- Site 7
Cd = 24
lb.
Sluice
Ash - Site
13
Pb = 1360 lb.
Pb = 13
lb.
Mn= 759
Zn=ll00
Mn=l0
Cr= 212
Cu= 216
Cr= 5
Fe = 3470
Al = 3350
Fe = 51
Ni= 302
Ni= 2
Primary Sludge
-
Site 8
Cd=
Zn=
Cu=
Al
66
56
= 1300
5lb.
Decant
Liquid
to
Wet
Well - Site
15
Vacuum Filter
Filtrate -
Site
11
91 lb.
84
40
350
12
Pb = 7 lb.
Cd
=
0 lb.
Mn= 3
Zn=13
Cr= 1
Cu=
2
Fe=52
Co=
Al=50
0
Ni= 1
Pb=
bib.
Cd=
1
Mn=
9
Zn=
23
Cr
5
Cu=
7
Fe =
116
Al =
197
Ni=
1
Co=
0
223
-------
TABLE H-5.
(continued)
STEP AERATION PILOT PLANT - 4/15/73 - 4/16/73
Pilot Plant Influent - Site PP1
Pb = 0.56 lb.
Mn = 1.31
Cr = 0.20
Fe = 5.74
Ni = 0.06
Cd = 0.03 lb.
Zn = 1.29
Cu = 0.23
Al = 5.71
Pilot Plant Effluent - Site PP3
Pb = 0.15 lb.
Mn = 0.03
Cr = 0.03
Fe = 0.30
Ni = 0.03
Cd = 0.00 lb.
Zn = 0.05
Cu = 0.03
Al - 0.52
Return Sludge - Site PP4
Pb = 0.40 lb.
Mn = 1.17
Cr = 0.21
Fe = 3.22
Ni = 0.04
Cd = 0.04 lb.
Zn = 0.74
Cu = 0.26
Al - 6.04
lb.
Pb = 0.13 lb.
Cd = 0.00
Mn = 0.13
Zn = 0.18
Cr = 0.03
Cu = 0.03
Fe = 0.63
Al = 0.56
Ni = 0.02
Clarifier Influent - Site PP2
224
-------
8. Total K.jeldahl Nitrogen:
The following Table presents a summary of average total Kjeldahl
nitrogen (TKN) concentrations in the primary influent and effluent and in
the Pilot Plant effluent and the TKN percentage removal.
Site
Average TKN (mg/l)
4/15/73
4/16/73
4-Pump 4, Main Pump Station
7-Primary effluent
PP3-Pilot Plant effluent
TKN removal (%)
Primary treatment
Overall
9.6
7.2
3.8
25.0
60.4
8.1
1.9
3.9
76.5
51.9
Influent TKN concentrations during this study are comparable with
influent concentrations over the last five years, but are less than the
TKN concentration typical of weak sewage.
9. Total Phosphorus:
The following Table summarizes total phosphorus concentrations in the
primary influent and effluent and in the Pilot Plant influent and effluent
and the percentage removal of phosphorus. Influent total phosphorus
concentrations are typical of weak sewage. Phosphorus removals were
characteristic of activated sludge treatment.
Site
Average Total Phosphorus
as Total p (mg/fl
4/15/73
4/16/73
4-Pump 4, Main Pump Station
7-Primary effluent
PP1-Pilot Plant influent
PP3-Pilot Plant effluent
Total Phosphorus removal (%)
Primary treatment
Pilot Plant
Overall
4.5
3.8
3.6
3.4
15.6
5.6
24.4
5.3
3.9
4.7
3.9
26.4
17.0
26.4
* Average calculated from grab samples.
225
-------
10. Grease, Cyanide, and Phenol:
Grease concentrations and the percentage removal of grease are pre-
sented in the following Table. Influent grease concentrations during this
study are comparable to influent grease concentrations of the last five
years and are typical of concentrations in weak sewage.
Site
Grease concentration 1 (mg/i)
4/15/73
4/16/73
4-Pump 4, Main Pump Station
7-Primary effluent
PP3-Pilot Plant effluent
Grease removal (%)
Primary treatment
Pilot Plant
Overall
52
52
43
0
17.3
17.3
56
71
40
26.8 (increase)
43.7
28.6
During the duration of this study, no cyanide was found in the primary
influent, primary effluent, or Pilot Plant effluent. This is in agreement
with the absence of cyanide in other samples taken between January and
April 1973.
Phenol concentrations and the percentage removal of phenol are
presented in the following Table. Influent phenol concentrations are
within the range of phenol concentrations reported for samples taken
between January and April 1973.
Site
Average phenol concentration 2 (mg/i)
4/15/73
4/16/73
4-Pump 4, Main Pump Station
7-Primary effluent
PP3-Pilot Plant effluent
Phenol removal (%)
Primary treatment
Pilot Plant
Overall
0.O3l
0.009
0.005
71.0
44.4
83.9
0.007
0.005
0.003
28.6
40.0
57.1
24 hr. composite constructed from three eight-hour composites.
Average calculated from grab samples.
The 7:00 p.m. grab sample had a phenol concentration of 0.189 mg/i;
however, omitting this sample, the average is 0.016 mg/i.
226
-------
APPENDIX I. DIVERSION STRUCTURE DATA
Refer to Figures 1-1 and 1-2 together with data on Table I-i.
Data are based on grab samples. Other data may vary considerably
from those values given.
227
-------
r”)
I ’ .)
0 : ’
TABLE I-i
DIVERSION STRUCTURE DATA
Sewer
Region
Diversion
Structure
pH
BOD
Susp.
Solids
Grease
Chlorine
COD
Phenol
Cyanide
Pb
Mn
Cr
Fe
Ni
1 (R)
A-42
Average
7.2
136
94
157
162
631
.042
.000
.320
.270
.230
1.640
2 (R)
A-41
Average
7.1
99
90
110
100
226
.014
.000
.000
.140
.000
.910
3 (R)
(R)
A-40
A-39 River
7.0
Crossing
19 38
- Average
32
59
71
.018
.000
.270
.090
.000
1.540
4 (R)
(R)
(R)
(R)
A-38
A-37
4-36
A-35
Average
6.6
7.3
7.4
7.1
7.1
73
186
22
413
174
58
338
54
134
146
195
78
32
60
91
125
43
65
141
94
106
448
97
584
309
.029
.040
.004
.089
.041
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.230
.090
.340
.560
.305
.200
.440
.200
.160
.250
.130
.050
.050
.040
.068
1,680
5.340
3.380
1.770
3.043
5 (R)
(R)
(R)
(R)
(R)
4-34
4-33
4-32
A-31
4-30
Average
7.4
9.2
7.0
7.1
9.9
8.1
156
234
198
234
149
194
274
750
232
188
144
318
59
69
86
1121
114
90
81
147
65
1443
16
350
458
939
611
916
646
714
.630
.037
.023
.004
.008
.140
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
----
----
.000
.910
.200
.370
.640
.340
.296
.930
.444
.530
.120
.070
.060
.200
.030
.096
13.750
5.390
4.140
13.610
2.580
7.894
6 (R)
A-29 7.8
Average_Same -
161
140
146
87
373
.007
.000
.080
.492
.40
2.260
7 (R)
A-28 6.8
152
764
71
109
362
.002
.000
.360
.330
.150
5.560
-------
TABLE I-i. (continued)
Sewer Diversion SUSP.
Region Structure pH BOO Solids Grease Chlorine COD Phenol Cyanide Pb Mn Cr Fe Ni
rae 9jon Basins
(I—C)
4-27
8.9
374
216
238
89
744
.014
.000
.250
.110
.020
1.880
(I—C)
4-26
7.1
70
260
93
56
249
.016
.000
.370
.470
.980
3.690
(I-C)
A-25
9.1
450
748
86
172
2896
1.022
.014
2.800
.600
.430
9.880
(I-C)
A-24
6.5
2310
740
102
94
5096
.118
.000
.000
.320
.020
2.870
Average
7.7
671
546
118
104
1869
.234
.003
.756
.366
.320
4.776
8 (I-C)
A-23
9.1
342
538
75
172
727
.030
.000
1.100
.950
.000
9.400
(I-C)
A-22
7.9
208
172
96
67
366
.014
.000
.100
.150
.100
1.500
Average
8.5
7.4
275
197
355
494
85
311
120
65
547
426
.022
.210
.000
.000
.600
.570
.550
.440
.050
.090
5.450
12.530
9 (I-c)
A-21
(I-C)
A-20
8.8
156
212
67
234
411
.033
.003
.520
.250
.050
4.980
(1—C)
A—19
7.4
153
238
41
228
232
.039
.000
1.040
.270
.310
3.450
(CD)
4-18
7.4
72
380
271
39
548
.022
.000
.200
.710
.240
8.500
(CD)
A-li
6.8
80
442
155
43
408
.009
.000
.360
.890
.000
11.580
(CD)
4-16
7.1
211
516
122
160
345
.044
.000
.550
1.030
.060
13.840
(CD)
A-15
6.9
9
26
47
27
24
.004
.000
.200
.160
.020
1.580
(CD)
A-14
7.4
42
64
48
69
119
.017
.000
.200
.120
.110
1.750
(CD)
A-13
7.4
252
204
83
101
642
.037
.000
.500
.120
.100
1.730
Average
7.4
130
286
127
107
351
.046
.000
.460
.502
.109
6.660
10 (CD)
4-12
7.5
98
360
96
78
242
.019
.000
.200
.650
.000
6.740
(CD)
4—11
7.5
107
207
37
48
316
.037
.000
(CD)
A-lU
8.0
213
196
149
59
348
.025
.000
.080
.050
.000
.000
.076
.070
.030
.120
.030
.050
.040
-------
TABLE I-i. (continued)
Sewer Diversion Susp.
Region Structure pH BOO Solids Grease Chlorine COD Phenol Cyanide Pb Mn Cr Fe Ni
(A)
10 (CD) A-9
9.2
141
615
324
67
368
.031
.000
.200
1.270
.300
2.990
.020
(CD) A—8
7.8
73
280
15
32
231
.018
.350
(CD) A-7
6.8
75
116
62
32
151
.012
.000
.000
.310
.120
4.960
.040
(CD) A-6
8.1
360
284
612
78
474
.024
.000
.100
.690
.040
3.690
(CD) A-3
8.0
200
333
46
(CD) A-4
7.6
240
256
85
56
490
.041
.000
.000
.400
.070
1.850
.000
(CD) M—l
9.1
126
218
121
32
371
.018
.000
1.200
.320
.260
2.760
.070
(CD) M-2
7.9
155
192
78
75
.066
(CD) M-3
7.0
293
294
114
65
587
.051
.000
.310
.110
.200
1.760
.020
Average
7.9
173
279
145
57
358
.038
.035
.287
.536
.141
3.536
.032
11 (CD) M—4
7.2
143
176
114
54
510
.071
.000
.440
.110
.410
1.590
.020
(CD) M-5
7.0
147
146
64
108
314
.166
.000
.200
.140
.030
1.250
.030
Average
7.1
145
161
89
81
412
.119
.000
.320
.125
.220
1.420
.025
12 (CD) M-19
7.8
174
204
107
94
421
.030
.000
.000
.250
.000
.750
13 (CD) 1419A
7.4
257
164
55
67
.034
(CD) 14198
7.3
213
322
38
83
439
.045
.006
.200
.540
.060
9.040
Average
7.35
235
243
47
75
439
.040
.006
.200
.540
.060
9.040
14 (C-R) 11—29
7.4
120
314
55
74
.028
Access (C-R)M-30
7.4
444
214
423
67
308
.020
.000
.000
.220
.000
2.500
Average
7.4
282
264
239
71
308
.024
.000
.000
.220
.000
2.500
-------
TABLE I-i. (continued)
Sewer Diversion Susp.
Region Structure pH BOO Solids Grease Chlorine COD Phenol Cyanide Pb lin Cr Fe Ni
15 (HI) M-31 7.4 126 199 35 77 .023
Average - Same
16 ( III) 11-32 6.9 94 138 54 52 .013
(HI) M-33 6.5 31 69 21 37 .458
(HI) 11-35 7.0 93 119 56 58 .046
(HI) M-36 7.8 294 312 84 65
(HI) 11-37 Ejector Structure
(HI) 11-38 7.0 150 132 56
(HI) M-39 7.6 143 163 61 68
(HI-R) M-40 7.2 168 203 58 70 .005
(HI—R) M-41 Glenwood Access Shaft
Average 7.1 139 162 56 58 .109
17 (CD-R) A-56 6.9 30 70 15 35 .014
(CD-R) A-57 6.8 95 68 76 .009
(CO-R) A-58 6.6 43 144 126 50 .008 .000 .580 .020 2.840 .000
(CD-R) A-59 6.9 108 137 84 36 .021
(CD-R) A-60 5.0 2760 3390 2172 106 5943 .031 .000 .500 1.360 .000
(CD-R) A-61 8.5 637 584 5758 619 1566 .205 .000 .390 .000 3.660 .040
(CD-R) A-62 7.1 802 566 246 122 .008 .000
(CD-R) A-63 7.4 38 93 92 50 .019
-------
TABLE I-i. (continued)
Sewer Diversion Susp.
Region Structure pH SOD Solids Grease Chlorine COD Phenol Cyanide Pb Mn Cr Fe Ni
N.)
N)
17 (CD-R)
A-64
7.2
192
90
81
69
.019
(CD-R)
A-65
7.3
262
41
130
81
.015
Average
7.0
497
518
878
130
2542
.035
.000
.250
.777
.007
4.067
.020
18 (HI)
A-55
6.5
27
122
30
82
.026
(CD-HI)
A-54
Access
Shaft
(CD)
A-5l
7.3
171
400
203
167
557
.070
.000
.300
.730
.040
6.780
.080
(CD)
A-50
7.1
130
187
53
68
.019
(CD)
A-49
7.4
210
236
105
44
365
.053
.000
.000
.200
.020
2.030
.000
(CD)
A-48
7.3
110
146
570
.1444
414
.044
.000
.100
.480
.000
1.350
(CD)
A-47
6.8
330
31
28
49
411
.021
.000
(CD)
0-43
7.1
482
144
185
82
751
.016
.000
.150
.850
.030
4.270
.030
Average
7.1
208
181
168
277
500
.036
.000
.138
.565
.023
3.608
.037
19 (CD-R)
0-41
7.0
80
80
38
22
105
.005
.000
.200
.240
.060
4.270
.000
(CD-R)
0-40
6.9
48
78
97
48
164
.007
.000
.520
.290
.020
1.810
.020
(CO-R)
0-39
8.2
640
718
499
54
.039
(C-R)
0-38
7.1
190
536
178
59
657
.102
.000
.400
.390
.050
6.590
.010
(C-R)
0-37
7.1
143
156
54
58
.039
(C-R)
0-36
5.9
1260
416
220
65
2617
.025
.000
.400
.150
.080
5.710
.050
(C-R)
0-35
9.0
684
254
487
125
1126
.016
.000
.470
2.510
12.340
10.540
3.380
(C-R)
0-34
7.0
87
240
88
71
394
.003
.185
.440
.929
5.510
19.920
.070
-------
TABLE I-i. (continued)
19 (C-R) 0-33 7.2 165
(C-R) 0-32
(c-R) 0-31 7.2 68
Average 7.3 337
20 (R) 0-30 7.8 241
Average - Same
21 (C—R) 0-29 7.6 118
(R) 0-28 7.5 2
Average - Same
22 (R) 0-27 7.5 102
Average - Same
23 (R) 0-26 7.1 192
Average - Same
24 (R) 0-25 7.1 104
Average - Same
25 (1-R) 1-27 7.1 218
(I-R) M-28 9.2 25
Average 8.2 122
26 (HI-R) M-26 6.3 15
(HI-R) M-24 7.5 49
(Hl—R) M-23 3.3 33
60 56 .014
81 156 224 .012
79 158 336 .012
46 21 .037
63 90 336 .025
20 22 .022
24 53 96 .011
30 27 240 .161
Sewer Diversion Susp.
Region Structure pH 800 Solids Grease Chlorine COD Phenol Cyanide Pb Mn Cr Fe Ni
N)
( )
107 106 301 .021
68 40
46 40 .015
171 63 766 .027
118 90 .012
104 68 .024
63 39 .000
101 150 265 .018
256
126
103
269
205
313
165
554
212
78
160
234
197
113
24
100
.000 .000 .120 .010 1.050
.026 .347 .661 2.581 7.127
.000 .220 520 .070 3.950
.000 .000 .310 .000 1.760
.000
.000 .240 .140 3.500
.000 .240 .140 3.500
.000
.000
.000
.504
.050
.010
.010
-------
TABLE I-i. (continued)
N.)
(A,
Sewer
Region
Diversion
Structure
pH
BOO
Susp.
Solids
Grease
Chlorine
COD
Phenol
Cyanide
Pb
Mn
Cr
Fe
Ni
26 (R)
M-22
7.0
180
166
87
83
342
.014
.000
.000
.180
.010
.540
.040
(R)
M-2l
6.9
88
84
113
60
169
.016
.000
.125
.030
2.120
.030
(R)
M-20
7.3
229
170
168
83
479
.027
.000
.000
.210
.020
2.320
.020
(R)
M-18
7.0
140
222
94
64
401
.012
.000
(R)
M-17
6.9
282
1290
185
32
993
.108
.000
(R)
M—16
9.7
148
214
100
94
415
.123
.000
.200
.250
.000
1.770
.040
(R)
1 1-15
8.3
204
395
195
23
.015
(R)
M-14
7.0
93
173
46
69
228
.075
.000
.210
.925
.040
5.150
.020
(R)
M- 13
6.9
138
129
80
65
372
.028
.000
.000
1.070
.250
9.850
.030
(R)
1-12
6.6
281
655
857
82
555
.013
.000
.000
.560
.070
8.970
.020
(R)
11-11
7.0
17
61
31
65
96
.006
.000
.000
.960
.060
8.860
.030
(R)
M-l0
6.6
24
101
47
33
45
.008
.000
1.732
.140
18.730
.050
(R
M-8
6.9
73
44
51
71
127
.017
.000
.000
.200
.020
1,560
.040
(R)
1 1-7
6.9
111
62
51
92
214
.006
.000
.190
.210
.020
2.590
.020
(R)
11-9
7.8
282
372
118
141
659
.034
.000
.000
.280
.040
4.220
.040
Average
6.9
134
243
128
64
339
.039
.000
.060
.559
.058
5.557
.032
27 (R)
11-6
5.4
32
22
35
60
60
.003
.000
.280
.160
.040
2.370
.020
Average -
Same
28 (R)
0-14
6.9
142
144
110
150
344
.000
.000
.100
.220
.000
1.200
Average - Same
-------
TABLE I-i. (continued)
29 (R) 0-14 6.9 142
Average - Same
30 (R) 0-14 6.9 142
Average - Same
31 (R) 0-14 6.9 142
Average - Same
32 (R) 0-14 6.9 142
Average - Same
C-i Deleted
Sewer Diversion Susp.
Region Structure p 1 -f BOO Solids Grease Chlorine COD Phenol Cyanide Pb fin Cr Fe Ni
N)
( )
01
33 (R) 0-13
(R) 0-12
(R) 0-li
(R) 0-10
(R) 0-9
(R) 0-B
144 110
144 110
144 110
44 110
678 270
626 314
91 19
58 74
308 72
86
288 104
126 123
144 47
114 631
120 83
150 344 .000
150 344 .000
150 344 .000
150 344 .000
49 1358 .040
76 1373 .020
53 176 .007
319 149 .006
71 210 .029
67 181 .008
72 408 .012
59 .030
67 273 .005
87 357 .021
615 251
7.9 14
10.2 20
7.4 40
7.2 111
6.7 81
6.9 146
6.7 83
7.0 50
7.5 130
.000
.000
.000
• 000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
(C) C-2
(C) C-3
(C) C-5
(C) C-5A
(C) C-7
(C) C—il
.100 .220 .000 1.200
.100 .220 .000 1.200
.100 .220 .000 1.200
.100 .220 .000 1.200
9.600 .590 .080 7.040
.350 1.260 .050 1.430
16.680 .380 .040 4.240
.190 .110 .030 2.570
.300 .870 .170 2.730
.000 .300 .090 1.640
.000 .140 .040 .600
.000 .198 .040 1.120
.140
.040
.080
.130
.040
.020
.010
.030
-------
TABLE I-i. (continued)
Sewer Diversion Susp.
Region Structure pH BOO Solids Grease Chlorine COD Phenol Cyanide Pb Pin Cr Fe NI
(R) C-13
(R) C-14 7.1 136 .068 .870
CR) C-15 7.2 222 .000 .030
CR) C-16 7.1 81 .000
CR) C-17 6.3 .000
(R) C-l8
33 CR) C-12
7.1 155
(A)
172 172 72 418 .035
147 70 56 247 .017
148 77 108 401 .355
649 39 55 .003
10 30 43 4 .005
.000
.000
(R) C-19
Average
34 CR) C-20
(C-R) C-22
(C-R) C-23
(R) C-24
(R) C-25
(R) C-26A
(R) C-27
(R) C-28
CR) C-29
Average
7.3 164
7.7 112
7.5 165
7.5 162
7.3 204
7.3 139
7.3 236
6.9 194
7.7 13
7.1 499
7.9 220
7.4 204
144 69
239 128
348 81
192 102
192 90
177 52
286 94
163 69
47 25
162 131
232 165
200 90
.000 .210 .040 1.800
.060 .110 .140 1.690
.150 .180 .030 2.320
.000
.004 2.485 .395 .068 2.471
.000
.000 .270 .190 .020 1.670
.000 1.530 .280 .030 1.660
.000 .180 .330 .050 2.520
.000 .200 .250 .000 3.100
.000 .545 .263 .025 2.238
106 270 .044
85 416 .040
54 283 .030
82 277 .114
55 .000
53 .035
64 .025
61 .031
65 63 .010
92 636 .028
211 528 .059
82 357 .037
35 W(C-R) M-46 Access Shaft
(C-R) M-47
.151
.020
.010
.030
.000
.015
7.5 118
118 69 106 292 .031 .000
.000 .230 .000 2.500
-------
7.8 15
TABLE I-i. (continued)
Sewer Diversion Susp.
Region Structure ph ROD Solids Grease Chlorine COD Phenol Cyanide Pb Mn Cr Fe Ni
35W Average - Same
36 X(HI-R) M-34
Becks Run Average - Same
226 .023
102 19
37 Y(HI-R) M-42
8.7
154
280
87
Streets Run Average - Same
38 p (R) 0-1
7.4
154
214
110
Stowe 1 R 0-2
Twp. i /
8.9
339
382
127
(R) 0-3
7.8
107
464
78
(R) 0-4
6.7
51
70
62
(R) 0-5
7.4
49
76
45
(R) 0-5A
7.8
123
178
61
(R) 0—5B
7.1
66
44
56
0-6
7.4
360
146
673
Average
7.6
156
197
152
39 0 (R) 0-15
7.3
73
73
47
Lowries (R) 0—16
7.2
150
142
60
Run (R) 0-17
7.7
176
284
102
Averaqe
7.4
133
166
70
40 N (R) 0-18
7.9
82
100
36
SPruce(R) 0—19
Run
7.5
229
100
155
98
767
.079
.000
.170
.230
.040
4.330
.050
60
271
.016
.000
.680
.520
.330
5.230
.040
50
.006
.000
49
77
.013
.000
.300
.270
.080
1.590
.030
54
54
.052
.000
.610
.820
.050
1.970
.020
49
186
.016
.000
.000
1.464
.000
2.070
.000
65
254
.603
.000
61
293
.103
.000
.322
.596
.100
3.182
.025
139
198
.016
.000
.100
.130
.000
1.000
72
159
.020
.000
.000
.160
.040
1.030
.030
68
498
.008
.000
93
285
.015
.000
.050
.145
.020
1.015
161
490
.016
.000
.000
.100
.020
5.320
.030
-------
TABLE I-i. (continued)
Sewer Diversion SuSp.
Region Structure pH BOO Solids Grease Chlorine COD Phenol Cyanide Pb 1n Cr Fe Ni
40 N (C-R) 0-20 8.0 206 246 161 74 550 .037 .000
A eage 7.8 172 149 117 110 537 .063 .000 .000 .100 .020 5.320 .030
41 M (C-R) 0-21 6.8 212 162 118 80 216 .064 .000
jacks (C-R) 0-22 7.0 1855 3101 229 50 2434 .136 .000
(C-R) 0-23 7.6 358 204 68 63 .008
(C-R) 0-24 7.2 114 71 57 19 .008
Average 7.2 635 885 118 56 1325 .054 .000
42 L (C-R) A-66 7.5 104 101 41 72
00 GlrtYS(CR)A 6 7 7.4 122 156 93 139 296 .017 .000 .000 .370 2.900 1.400
Average 7.45 113 129 67 105 296 .017 .000 .000 .370 2.900 1.400
43 K (C-R) A-68 7.4 82 59 29
Pine Creek Average - Same
44 J (R) A-69 7.1 62 82 58
GuYasuta(R) A—70 7.2 135 142 170 47 .014
(R) A-71 7.6 146 266 90 77 .005
(R) A-72 7.5 132 153 82 56 .055
(R) A-73 9.5 273 220 144 54 .026
(R) A-74 8.4 379 574 161 57 .015
(R) A-74A 7.4 208 319 167 70 .082
(R) A-75 7.3 207 250 261 75 .032
-------
TABLE I-i. (continued)
Sewer Diversion
Region Structure
pH
BOD
Susp.
Solids
Grease
Chlorine
COD
Phenol
Cyanide
Pb
tin
Cr
Fe
Ni
44 J (R) A-lB
8.0
181
325
87
74
.013
(R) 4-77
6.8
216
187
62
57
.043
(R) 4-78
7.3
233
327
82
Average
7.6
160
259
124
63
.032
45 I A-79
8.1
101
153
62
63
(C-R-I)
Squaw
Run (C-R-I) A-82
7.3
202
251
72
129
.034
(C-R-I) A-84
7.0
141
160
57
(C-k-I) A-85
7.2
138
272
62
Average
7.4
146
209
63
96
.034
46 H )R-I) A-45
7.0
145
1596
24
108
450
.039
.000
.450
.510
.350
16.030
.050
Plum (R I) A 43
6.9
258
1568
110
323
484
.047
.000
.430
.560
.210
15.980
.110
Creek (R-I) A-44
7.0
677
86
89
94
857
.025
.000
.000
.260
.100
1.030
Average
7.0
360
1083
74
175
597
.037
.000
.293
.443
.220
11.013
.080
47 C 1-1
(R-C-1)
7.2
61
128
143
400
194
.100
.910
.010
1.540
.150
Turtle
Creek (R-I) 1-2
7.2
336
460
102
64
545
.108
.000
(R-I) 1-3
7.8
95
182
73
74
449
.006
.000
1.230
2.560
.100
10.330
.080
CR-I) T-4
7.1
104
118
74
81
237
.019
.000
.320
.040
1.370
.030
(R) 1-7
5.6
60
90
55
149
372
.018
.023
(R) 1-8
7.4
209
462
123
71
651
.010
.000
.000
.260
.040
3.710
.020
(R) T-9
7.4
258
308
230
98
248
.041
.000
(R) 1-10
6.8
177
254
104
196
471
.010
.000
.000
.260
.080
2.270
.030
-------
(R) 1-20
TABLE I-i. (continued)
Sewer Diversion Susp.
Region Structure pH BOD Solids Grease Chlorine COD Phenol Cyanide Pb Mn Cr Fe Ni
r”)
C
47 G (R) 1-11
7.1
32
106
3
27
116
.011
.000
.460
.250
.040
4.030
.020
(R) T-12
7.7
113
53
40
80
191
.045
.000
.300
.250
.030
1.890
.110
(R) 1-13
7.5
220
272
117
77
.013
.
(R) 1-14
7.6
171
255
53
78
.003
(R) 1-15
7.0
15
63
102
37
37
.000
.000
(R) T-15A
7.2
273
560
549
65
1479
.044
.000
(R) T-l6
7.3
260
47
63
.034
(R) T-16A
7.4
279
361
112
71
.054
(R) T-17
7.1
150
128
25
98
296
.024
.000
(R) T-18
7.9
370
496
133
175
.047
(R) 1-19
7.5
41
62
20
109
336
.015
.000
47 G (R) 1-21
7.5
822
1554
317
116
.008
(R) 1-22
6.4
71
116
77
141
225
.017
.000
.000
.730
.050
2.600
.080
Turtle
Creek
(cont.)(R) 1-23
7.5
174
202
106
87
422
.052
.000
.000
.621
.030
5.790
.000
(R) T-24
7.1
3
246
6
86
59
.009
.000
.340
1.640
.190
10.270
.100
(R) 1-25
7.2
106
188
52
75
364
.033
.000
.290
.480
.030
1.620
.000
(R) 1-26
7.4
222
338
119
82
604
.043
.000
.390
.160
.040
1.840
.030
(R) T-26A
7.2
84
82
42
22
232
.005
.000
.340
.220
.070
1.700
.000
(R) 1-27
6.9
86
85
78
211
.003
.000
.000
.240
.050
.930
.000
(R) 1-29
7.4
495
465
169
92
.010
-------
TABLE I-i. (continued)
Sewer Diversion Susp.
Region Structure pH 800 Solids Grease Chlorine COD Phenol Cyanide Pb Mn Cr Fe Ni
-
47 6 (R)
T-29A
7.4
183
224
g
71
459
.081
.000
.480
.690
.040
2.220
.010
(R)
1-31
7.2
76
130
55
78
706
.014
.000
(R)
1-32
7.4
153
64
119
71
446
.041
.000
.380
.150
.050
3.220
.050
(R)
1-33
6.9
54
74
39
44
78
.023
.000
.260
.340
.050
5.280
.000
Average
7.2
177
262
103
117
377
.027
.001
.286
.593
.055
3.565
.042
48 F
(HI-R)
1-42
8.7
154
280
87
226
.023
Thompson
Run (HI-R)
M-49
7.4
159
184
88
.037
Average
8.1
157
232
875
226
.030
49 E
(HI-R)
M-43
8.2
190
278
62
151
Homestead
West Run
(HI-R)
11—44
7.5
199
358
128
(HI-R)
11-45
7.3
198
160
163
462
.036
.000
.240
.540
.080
5.350
.050
Average
7.7
195
278
117
157
462
.036
.000
.240
.540
.080
5.350
.050
50 D
(HI-R)
M-48
7.8
256
263
150
66
.048
Swi ssval e
Ranki n
(HI-R)
M-49
7.4
159
184
88
.037
Braddock
(HI—R)
11—50
9.6
155
362
99
81
558
.010
.015
.270
.250
.530
4.390
.110
(HI-C)
11-51
7.4
137
1356
14,900
278
690
.024
.000
1.860
1.320
.160
20.840
.210
(HI-C)
M-52
7.1
252
302
131
87
709
.063
.000
.700
.376
.080
6.240
.048
(HI-C)
11—53
6.9
480
142
111
48
751
.011
.004
.490
.410
.030
3.810
.030
(HI-C)
M-54
6.8
120
222
88
59
333
.015
.006
1.170
.210
.030
5.060
.030
(HI-C)
11-55
7.3
108
176
49
75
234
.040
.000
.240
.440
.080
4.760
.010
(HI-C)
11-56
7.2
218
206
104
48
500
.079
.000
.290
.160
.110
2.340
.000
-------
TABLE I-i. (continued)
50 0
(HI-C) M-57
Swissvale
Rank in
(HI-C) M-58
Braddock
(cont. )
(HI-C) M-60
(HI-C) M-61
Average
54 Q (R) 0-7
See 33-34
(C)
(C)
(C)
(C)
.260 .320 2.080
.012 .300 .030 1.640
.230 .215 .040 1.890
.390 1.280 .30 7.690
020
.000
.000
.030
Sewer Diversion Susp.
Region Structure pH BOD Solids Grease Chlorine COD Phenol Cyanide Pb
6.7 111
7.6 266
7.3 115
7.5 97
7.4 190
102 54 49 194 .005
422 98 92 712 .065
Mn Cr Fe Ni
N)
274 44
296 41
331 1 ,227
51 C
Streets Run
See - 37Y
52 B
Becks Run
See 36 X
53 A
Saw Mill Run
See 31
.000 .460 .151 .060 2.030
.000 .340 .760 .060 10.340
.000 .350 .650 .080 18.680
.000 .570 1.950 .210 15.140
.002 .381 .656 .130 8.512
.000 .000 .290 .100 2.000
Chart iers
Creek (C) C-i Deleted
7.2 151 134 175
48 249 .054
102 313 .022
86 477 .036
154 180 .045
71 536 .010
83 427 .021
33 156 .010
78 336 .034
.040
.040
.000
.000
.047
.080
C- 3A
C-4
C-6
C-8
7.1 61
7.3 153
6.8 99
7.0 134
60 55
132 162
77 77
752 99
.000
.000
.000
.000
-------
TABLE I-i. (continued)
Sewer Diversion Susp.
Ileqion Structure pH [ 100 Solids Grva e Chlorine COO Phenol Cyanide Pb Mn Cr Fe NI
65
188
237
717
1072
399
175
15
78
66
182
86
47
47
54 1) (C)
C-9
7.3
120
790
183
92
304
.033
.000
.280
.550
.320
20.680
.030
(C)
C-10
7.4
16
322
244
11?
117
.000
.000
.490
3.260
.050
11.290
.020
(C-P)
C-13
7.8
977
6585
632
81
488
.043
.000
27.0S0
4.150
7.999
29.150
.200
(9)
C-21
7.3
83
2636
1954
120
7051
.182
.000
.390
.360
.050
1.630
.020
54 Q (9)
C-3D
6.9
302
275
93
77
.024
Chartiers
Creek (9)
C-31
6.6
193
113
102
47
.109
See 33-34
(9)
0-32
7.2
131
717
52
51
.029
(cont.) (R)
C-33
(R)
C-34
7.2
203
.056
(C-R)
C-35
7.3
193
.007
(C-R)
C-36
7.6
464
.011
(C-Il)
C-37
7.7
54
.035
(C-R)
C-38
7.3
213
.068
(C-R)
C-38A
6.7
110
.036
(0-9)
C-38B
7.5
272
.027
(C-R)
C-39
7.3
131
.020
(9)
C-41)
6.7
183
71
37
.033
(R)
C-41
7.1
191
486
128
54
865
.027
.000
.080
.135
.070
1.810
.040
(9)
C-42
7.2
246
384
84
73
.027
(R)
C-43
7.3
116
396
36
33
.009
( [ 1)
C-44
7.2
234
662
107
64
.027
62
30
76
125
266
251
255
90
51
50
1 69
-------
TABLE I-i. (continued)
Sewer Diversion Susp.
Region Structure pH BOO Solids Grease Chlorine COD Phenol Cyanide Pb 1n Cr Fe Ni
54 Q (R) C-45 7.0 177 218 l?6 117 447 .015 .000 .000 .160 .020 1.440 0OO
(R) C-45A 7.2 255 306 94 .112
(R) C-46 7.3 231 271 82 44 050
(C-R) C-47 7.2 375 496 212 100 366 .077 .000 .300 .580 .040 5.950 .080
(C-R) C-48 7.1 183 177 71 40 .290
(R) C-49 8.3 123 124 90 64 297 .009 .000 .100 .110 .040 1.570 .030
(R) C-5O 7.2 135 192 55 22 310 .028 .000 .100 .080 .030 3.820 .000
(R) C- SOA 7.4 395 1630 386 1058 .012 .000 .400 .780 .080 21.200 .000
(R) C-SOB 7.3 82 118 86 64 137 .007 .000 .200 .170 .150 1.340 .000
(R) C-51 7.0 20 44 117 63 .000 .000 .000 .300 .020 4.160 .100
(R) C-52 6.9 293 260 102 60 672 .011 .000 .080 .254 .170 3.570 .010
(R) C-53 7.6 106 198 50 117 241 .026 .000 .000 .210 .310 4.650 .200
(C-R) C-54 7.0 215 202 85 72 815 .027 .000 .200 .410 .020 14.080 .000
(HI-R) C-55 7.1 174 128 70 56 380 .056 .000 .100 .410 .030 2.980 .010
Average 7.5 200 575 379 73 72S .042 .000 1.556 .679 .477 6.887 .041
I - Jnciustrial
HI - Heavy Industrial
C - Commercial
CD - Commercial Downtown
R - Residential
-------
N J
a
01
C
FIGURE I-i. ALCOSAN SERVICE AREA SEWERAGE BASINS
OUTSIDE CITY LIMITS
-------
N)
FIGURE 1-2. ALCOSAN SEWERAGE BASINS WITHIN CITY LIMITS
-------
APPENDIX J
SURCHARflES, FINANCING AND LEGISLATION
The basis for current sewer service charges and surcharges for the
Allegheny County Sanitary Authority is developed in the reports, “Proposed
Collection and Treatment - Municipal Sewage and Industrial Wastes” -
Allegheny County Sanitary Authority, January 1948 (Ref. 26); “Sewer Service
Charges and Surcharges” (Ref. 27) by Joseph J. Olliffe, then Executive
Director of ALCOSAN; “ALCOSAN Sewage Rates and Charges” (Ref. 28); and a
report by Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
Olliffe pointed out that “while many different types of sewerage
charges are in use throughout the country, it was not necessary to under-
take an extended analysis of several possible types for the reason that,
lacking taxing powers, the Sanitary Authority could not levy an ad valorem
tax (a July 2, 1974 report of the General Accounting Office ruled that the
use of ad valorem taxes for development of a user charge system for
municipal waste treatment plants does not satisfy requirements of the 1972
Federal Water Pollution Control Act - PL 92-500) on properties served or
benefited by its service and that some 90% of the water usage in the
Sanitary Authority’s service area is through customer meters. Flat rate
charges against less than 10% of the customers were developed from a
careful estimate of probable water use.” (Ref. 29.) Because of the
large number of different water suppliers, it was impractical to consider
establishing a schedule of sewerage charges on a percentage of each separ-
ate water rate schedule. Records were not available for establishing a
flat rate schedule of charges throughout the area, and a rate schedule of
uniform charges based on a percentage of the water bills would be an
impossibility. Accordingly, the remaining alternate for a schedule of
charges on a quantity basis was adopted.
The Joint Committee (Ref. 30) Report presents a comprehensive report
on the development of charges and financing for wastewater collection and
treatment systems. The report is primarily intended to cover the financing
and establishment of charges for separate sanitary systems, although
combined systems are discussed in the illustrative examples. A discussion
is given of the various organizational arrangements for providing and
administering this service. The report points out that state and federal
laws and policies must be taken into account in developing rate structures.
Legal opinion should be sought to determine the alternatives available to
a particular jurisdiction or authority.
Stone and Schmidt (Ref. 31) reported on a survey of industrial waste
treatment costs and charges. The sewer service rate schedules reportec by
247
-------
the cities queried are represented by the following methods:
1. Fixed, uniform charge per sewer connection.
2. Charge per plumbing fixture.
3. Fixed percentage of water bill.
4. Sliding scale of water consumption.
5. Size of sewer connection.
6. Size of water meter.
7. Ad valorem taxes, corporate levy revenue.
8. Volume of sewage.
9. Volume plus surcharges for BOO, suspended solids, grease, sand or
other special waste constituents.
10. Combination of the above.
Stone and Schmidt describe four “rate formula” methods:
1. The “flat rate formula” is based on some charge per unit;
e.g., unit of production, water used, or type of industry
or establishment.
2. The “quantity-quality rate formula” is based on a charge
determined by the volume and strength of the waste as
measured.
3. The “California rate formula” is based on a charge which gives
consideration to the additional cost of handling corrmercial and
industrial waste while taking into account any taxes paid.
4. The “joint comittee rate formula” is based on a charge wherein
a portion of the costs of treating industrial and commercial
wastes is charged to the comunity as a whole on the assumption
that the presence of these facilities is necessary and beneficial
to the economy of the comunity.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 require
that a system of user charges be adopted by all applicants for federal
construction grants. Grantees are also required to recover that portion
of the grant amount allocated to the treatment of wastes from industrial
users. An industrial user’s share is to be based on all factors which
significantly influence the cost of the treatment works, including strength
of waste, volume and flow characteristics. These regulations appear in the
Federal Register (Ref. 32). Industrial cost recovery guidelines were
developed by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center and the Virginia
248
-------
State Water Control Board (Ref. 33). These guidelines appear to be useful
for general application.
Soltow (Ref. 34) reported on the development of a model industrial
waste ordinance for the San Francisco Bay Area which was prepared by a
committee composed of members from regulatory agencies, public sewerage
agencies, industrial associations, and the Bay Area Sewage Agency (BASA),
a nine-county regional agency created by the California legislature to
develop and implement water quality management plans. Highlights of the
model ordinance are:
Regulations - Hazardous, toxic and incompatible wastes, including
storm drainage and groundwater are prohibited from sewers. Controls are
placed on garbage grinders and holding tank discharges. Strict limits are
established for arsenic, cadmium, copper, cyanide, lead, mercury, nickel,
silver, chromium and zinc. Additional limits are imposed for temperature,
oils and greases, pH, hydrocarbons and phenols. Federal effluent limita-
tions apply in instances where these are more stringent than the ordinance.
Wastewater Volume Determination - Rates and charges to be applied to
total amount of water used from all sources unless significant quantities
are not discharged to the community sewer and this can be shown. Provisions
for metering of flows and wastewater measurement are made.
Administration - Industrial dischargers shall be required to file
periodic discharge reports. Critical users must obtain wastewater discharge
permits. (Critical users may be defined in various ways based on the
Standard Industrial Classification Code Manual (Ref. 35), having, for
example, the following: flow in excess of 50,000 gallons per day; flow
greater than 5% of flow in total municipal system; toxic pollutants in
critical amounts defined in federal regulations pursuant to PL 92-500;
or having other potential adverse impact upon treatment or collection
systems). Permits are issued for five-year periods, are subject to
revocation, and may not be transferred or sold. Monitoring may be
required, and the local control agency may inspect facilities of industrial
waste dischargers. Provisions are made for pretreatment by industry before
discharge to sewers when needed, and for protection against accidental
discharges. Confidential information regarding manufacturing processes is
protected in certain cases, in accordance with the State of California’s
Water Quality Control Act.
Wastewater User Charge and Fees - All users are classified according
to principal activity and wastewater constituents. Fee schedules may
include monitoring fees, permit fees, appeal fees and user charges based
upon flow quantity and waste characteristics, including cost recovery for
capital expenditures.
Enforcement - Accidental discharges must be reported immediately,
followed by prompt corrective action. Persons responsible may be subject
to penalties under California Water and Fish and Game codes. Industrial
plant employees are to be informed of ordinance requirements. Violations
of provisions of the industrial waste discharge permit are subject to
249
-------
issuance of a cease and desist order by the local regulatory agency. A
time schedule may be issued as a permit provision to assure compliance with
future requirements; e.g., construction of pretreatment facilities. Right
of appeal is set forth for users.
Abatement - Violations may be subject to misdemeanor penalties, and
special damage procedures. Wastewater discharge permits may be revoked and
service may be terminated for cause. Considerable variance exists with
regard to powers to impose penalties among political subdivisions. The
ordinance preface suggests study by legal counsel to determine the extent
of these powers.
A comprehensive program of industrial wastewater regulation is being
implemented by the Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County. Kremer
and Dryden (Ref. 36) presents a complete discussion of the program. John
D. Parkhurst, Chief Engineer and General Manager, and his staff were par-
ticularly helpful in making available information, forms and related
publications.
The Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County require every industrial
wastewater discharger to obtain a permit within the next few years. In .-
formation required by the Districts in order to obtain a permit is
determined by the quantity and quality of wastewater discharged. Large
dischargers or dischargers with toxic constituents are required to furnish
information descriptive of their processes. Some industrial wastewater
constituents will not require regulation. Source control measures include
proposed limitations on toxic materials from industrial dischargers.
Regulations are being established in two stages to allow an evaluation of
their effectiveness. The Districts’ Industrial Waste Section includes a
group of engineering specialists who are technically capable of working
with major industries to obtain compliance with source control regulations.
The Districts’ enforcement measures are available if a firm proves
uncooperative, but the emphasis is always on working with a company to
obtain compliance.
Limits should be established by wastewater authorities on wastewater
constituents being discharged by system users for the following reasons:
1. To protect the environment from acute or chronic toxic effects.
2. To ensure meeting effluent discharge requirements.
3. To protect employees from injury.
4. To protect facilities from damage.
5. To prevent upsets of the wastewater treatment processes.
6. To reduce presently unrecoverable costs for operation,
maintenance or surveillance.
250
-------
A list of considerations is presented here for legislation by waste-
water authorities relating to sewe construction, sewer use and industrial
wastewater discharges. Considerations for prohibited waste discharges
should include:
A. Gasoline, benzene, naphtha, solvent, fuel oil or any liquid,
solid or gas that would cause or tend to cause flammable or
explosive conditions to result in the collection and treatment
system.
B. Waste containing toxic or poisonous solids, liquids or gases in
such quantities that, alone or in combination with other waste
substances, may create a hazard for humans, animals or the local
environment, interfere detrimentally with wastewater treatment
processes, cause a public nuisance, or cause any hazardous
condition to occur in the sewerage system.
C. Waste having a pH lower than 4 or having any corrosive or
detrimental characteristic that may cause injury to wastewater
treatment or maintenance personnel or may cause damage to
structures, equipment or other physical facilities of the
collection and treatment system.
D. Solids or viscous substances of such size or in such quantity
that they may cause obstruction of flow in the sewer or be
detrimental to wastewater treatment plant operations. These
objectionable substances include, but are not limited to,
asphalt, dead animals, offal, ashes, sand, mud, straw,
industrial process shavings, metal, glass, rags, feathers,
tar, plastics, wood, whole blood, paunch manure, bones, hair
and fleshings, entrails, paper dishes, paper cups, milk con-
tainers or other similar paper products, either whole or
ground.
E. Water added for the purpose of diluting wastes which would
otherwise exceed applicable maximum concentration limitations
established by regulation.
F. Nonbiodegradable cutting oils, commonly called soluble oil,
which form persistent water emulsions.
G. Nonbiodegradable oil, petroleum oil or refined petroleum
products above stated amounts.
H. Dispersed biodegradable oils and fats such as lard, tallow
or vegetable oil that would tend to cause adverse effects on
the sewerage system.
I. Waste with cyanide in excess of stated amounts.
J. Amounts of undissolved or dissolved solids in excess of stated
amounts.
251
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K. Strongly odorous waste or waste tending to create odors.
L. Wastes with a pH high enough to cause alkaline incrustations on
sewer wal1s .
M. Substances promoting or causing the production of toxic gases.
N. Waste having a temperature of 1200 F or higher.
0. Chlorinated hydrocarbon or organic phosphorus type compounds
in excess of stated amounts.
P. Waste containing substances that may precipitate, solidify or
become viscous at temperatures between 50° F and 100° F.
0. Wastes causinq excessive discoloration of wastewater or
treatment plant effluent.
R. Garbage or waste that is not ground sufficiently to pass
through a stated sized screen.
S. Wastes containing excessive quantities of iron, boron, chromium,
phenols, plastic resins, copper, nickel, zinc, lead, mercury,
cadmium, selenium, arsenic or any other objectionable materials
toxic to humans, animals, the local environment or to bio T ogical
or other wastewater treatment processes or which would result in
discharges in excess of effluent requirements.
T. Blow-down or bleed water from cooling towers or other evaporative
coolers exceeding one-third of the makeup water.
U. Single pass cooling water.
V. Radioactive material wastes above stated amounts.
W. Recognizable portions of the human anatomy.
Additionally, considerations should be given to provisions for:
- Permits for industrial wastewater discharges.
- Permit suspension to stop a discharge which presents an
iminent hazard of potential for plant upset, or effluent
discharge violation.
- Handling of hospital wastes.
- Restriction of discharges if sewerage capacity is not available
or if quantity or quality of industrial wastewater is unaccept-
able in the available treatment facility.
252
-------
- Industrial wastewater treatment surcharge - based on flow, chemical
oxygen demand, suspended solids and peak flow .
- Surcharges for roof drainage, yard drainage and lawn sprays.
- Annual treatability charge and charges for unusual industrial
wastewaters.
- Pretreatment of industrial wastewaters.
- Industrial wastewater sampling analysis and flow measurements.
- Permits for discharge by truckers to collection or treatment
systems.
Conclusion
A number of changes have occurred recently in federal and state laws
and policies and local attitudes and concerns regarding treatability and
performance requirements, effluent requirements, stream standards, cost
allocation, monitoring and enforcement. These changes should prompt a
comprehensive review of ordinances regulating industrial wastewater
discharges including rate structure. This review should consider the
legal powers currently available to wastewater authorities and any new
legislative action which may be required. On-going or planned Areawide
Waste Treatment Management (208) Programs of the Environmental Protection
Agency in all portions of the United States would make the review
particularly timely.
253
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APPENDIX K
ADDITIONAL DATA ON PILOT PLANT STUDIES
TABLE K-i. WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS DURING PILOT PLANT STUDIES*
PILOT
PLANT RAW WASTEWATER
STUDY
NUMBER ROW p 14 BOO
(MGD) (mg/i) (mg/i) (mg/i)
PRIMARY
EFFLUENT
BOO
(mg/i)
SS
(mg/i)
1-1 153
1—2 177
2-2 198
3-i 214
4—1 156
5—i 174
5-2 146
6-i 176
7-1k 178
9—1 156
10-1 i80
11—1 151
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.2
7.0
7.1
6.9
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
167
163
120
132
196
172
213
160
149
162
218**
171
207
176
139
162
236
167
228
180
167
185
145
242
100
103
88
93
91
99
141
119
106
121
98
117
68
63
56
62
57
89
72
60
66
57
54
68
* Average of 3 days during test period.
+ Average of 5 days during test period.
** A high value of 357 mg/i was reported during this period.
254
-------
TABLE K-2 PILOT PLANT STUDY # 1-i, CADMIUM ( 100 mg/i)
BOD mg/i
COD mg/i
SS mg/i
HOURS AFTER SPILL
PRIOR TO SPILL -2.O()
ENFLUENT
EFFLUENT
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
74
10
192
104
47
22
DURING SPILL 0.00
80
9
242
123
44
16
AFTER SPILL
U i
Ui
0.25
2.00
4.00
6.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
20.00
22.00
24.00
26.00
28.00
30.00
32.00
34.00
36.00
38.00
40.00
42.00
44.00
46.00
48.00
53
118
110
131
116
112
122
104
89
go
92
lii
113
117
97
88
88
97
96
108
92
87
77
103
10
17
18
20
19
17
15
13
10
12
12
9
10
8
10
9
9
8
9
9
10
9
11
250
262
268
276
313
205
232
228
201
181
166
235
247
305
234
235
223
246
246
289
250
231
184
254
58
94
79
100
104
66
50
62
50
54
58
77
85
85
104
94
90
98
117
141
145
152
152
86
68
68
70
62
53
61
53
27
32
37
68
61
94
86
86
60
66
66
50
40
47
52
61
21
35
23
16
13
16
11
14
12
20
19
21
15
11
11
12
12
11
13
13
13
16
19
-------
TABLE K-3 PILOT PLANT STUDY # 1-2, CADMIUM (500 mg/i)
AFTER SPILL
BOO mg/i
COD mg/i
SS mg/i
TURBIDITY
(HEL IGE)
HOURS AFTER SPILL
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
PRIOR TO SPILL —2.00
88
17
138
20
21
5
39
1
DURING SPILL 0.00
83
19
110
39
7
8
34
5
01
0.25
0.50
0.75
1 .00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
8.00
i2.OO
16.00
20.00
24.00
28.00
32.00
36.00
40.00
44.00
48.00
44
44
69
74
94
102
102
104
i 02
100
100
106
101
96
i 00
110
123
120
102
98
112
106
94
110
102
162
81
18
17
20
2i
12
9
7
7
8
9
ii
12
23
15
17
i9
36
40
49
68
31
46
53
52
37
42
25
138
130
95
171
218
214
186
183
202
190
179
218
194
2i9
215
231
243
223
170
154
138
170
190
210
215
191
108
79
53
77
79
71
83
71
103
71
87
87
87
75
1i3
loi
i 05
93
77
93
79
71
83
81
89
85
55
40
57
69
24
25
31
35
39
3i
33
27
28
53
35
37
39
41
39
37
40
19
27
39
59
39
45
35
26
8
9
7
10
9
12
9
7
17
19
22
24
33
27
24
25
25
21
28
22
17
27
20
20
18
15
10
36
46
36
36
41
51
49
46
41
59
41
65
41
49
46
68
62
54
65
44
41
49
70
56
56
51
31
3
3
5
3
9
7
3
9
10
17
17
17
17
14
19
2i
25
21
25
25
19
19
17
14
17
17
7
-------
TABLE K-4 PILOT PLANT STUDY # 2-2, SULFURIC ACID (.84 mi/i)
TURBIDITY
(HELLIGE)
BOD mg/i
SS mg/i
ALKALINITY mgil I
HOURS AFTER SPILL
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
19
26
17
18
INFLUENT JEFFLUENT
70 17
58 18
56 14
44 14
INFLUENT EFFLUENT
54 5
51 5
5
34 5
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
PRIOR TO SPILL
2.0-1.5
1.5-1.0
(1.0-0.5)
(0.5-0.0)
89
85
85
80
116
128
120
120
132
132
128
124
DURING SPILL
.3-O.O
34
18
112
16
44
3
1600*
1940*
92
116
120
124
124
124
128
132
132
116
80
88
116
120
124
112
80
24
136*
200*
192*
144*
120*
64*
116
88
104
84
100
116
AFTER SPILL
0.5-1.0
1.0-1.5
1.5-2.0
2.0-2.5
2.5—3.0
3.0-3.5
3.5-4.0
4.0-4.5
4.5-5.0
5.0—13.0
13.0-21.0
21.0—29.0
29.O- 7.O
37.0-45.0
45.0-53 .0
5
82
87
92
102
103
105
105
106
118
99
51
62
77
72
14
13
17
17
26
34
42
46
46
23
12
9
5
8
6
86
64
58
44
82
62
62
54
78
62
68
66
58
46
44
14
15
21
24
30
35
86
80
70
23
28
17
13
26
24
39
51
44
44
39
46
36
41
49
56
68
62
65
41
41
10
9
12
21
25
27
56
59
49
17
19
9
14
17
9
*
Acidity
-------
TABLE K-5. PILOT PLANT STUDY # 3-1, SODIUM HYDROXIDE ( 2.4 g/l
U,
+ Unneutralized sample
* Neutralized sample
BOO mg/i
SS mg/i
TURBIDITY
ALKALINITY mg/i
HOURS AFTER SPILL
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
PRIOR TO SPILL
(2.0-1.5)
(1.5-1.0)
(1.0-0.5)
(0.5-0.0)
71
60
62
59
18
18
23
18
50
46
58
34
10
22
12
14
46
44
44
36
1
5
1
1
124
120
120
116
124
120
120
120
DURING SPILL
(0.0-0.5)
7
—
17
560
13
136
5
5824
116
AFTER SPILL
0.5-1.0
0.0-1.5
1.5—2.0
2.0-2.5
2.5-3.0
3.0-3.5
3.5-4.0
4.0-4.5
4.5-5.0
5.0-9.0
9.0-13.0
13.0-2].O
21.0-29.0
29.0-37.0
37.0-45.0
45.0-53.0
5
89
77
80
90
107
108
82
136
109
76
77
108
95
85
18
34
2. ., 84*
3 , 91*
3÷, 91*
2 , 92*
3÷, 89*
18 , 90*
--
94 95*
22*
57
25
23
26
16
356
156
70
68
86
84
52
78
60
104
76
68
54
60
66
60
ii
18
40
38
47
52
54
54
244
84
78
58
20
29
28
26
156
68
59
41
44
54
54
46
46
91
62
62
49
59
54
46
5
14
25
25
21
27
29
31
29
65
73
49
19
21
19
17
5824
152
128
132
132
140
136
132
132
136
128
100
112
124
120
92
136
256
512
860
1044
992
860
728
572
288
200
164
144
136
128
108
-------
TABLE K-6 PILOT PLANT STUDY # 4-i,
Methanol (1000 mg/i)
HOURS AFTER SPILL
PRIOR TO SPILL
BOO mg/i
SS mg/i
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
INFLUENT
TURBIDITY
(2.0-1.5)
114
23
64
36
65
23
(1.5—1.0)
104
25
80
36
65
25
(1.0-0.5)
-
23
-
28
—
19
(0.5-0.0)
98
25
74
30
56
01
EFFLUENT
DURING SPILL
0.0-0.5
1065
26
70
26
56
19
AFTER SPILL
0.5-1.0
915
29
69
31
44
23
1.0-1.5
102
69
67
31
49
27
1.5-2.0
102
120
67
30
51
19
2.0—2.5
96
177
60
34
54
21
2.5-3.0
104
209
65
28
46
19
3.0—3.5
117
216
60
29
46
14
3.5-4.0
126
216
65
21
59
21
4.0-4.5
126
200
70
25
56
19
4.5—5.0
123
174
69
26
56
19
5.0-9.0
126
87
97
36
59
12
9.0-13.0
141
44
96
36
59
14
13.0-21.0
126
37
80
31
59
14
21 .0-29.0
105
22
74
28
54
17
29.0-37.0
72
17
108
18
51
14
37.0-45.0
68
25
104
39
76
12
45.0-53.0
30
19
85
36
51
14
-------
TABLE K-7. PILOT PLANT STUDY # 5-1, PHENOL
BOO mg/i
SS mg/i
TURBIDITY
(HELLIGE)
PHENOL mg/i
HOURS AFTER SPILL
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
PRIOR TO SPILL
(2.0-1.5)
(1.5-1.0)
(i.O-O.5)
(0.5-0.0)
102
91
82
80
20
20
20
19
48
58
38
36
6
5
ii
9
79
59
5i
54
5
3
9
3
0.017
0.024
0.011
0.020
0.003
0.005
0.003
0.007
DURING SPILL
0.0-0.5
1140
20
34
10
56
1
600.0
0.002
AFTER SPILL
0.5—1.0 102 9 126 15 44 i 1.835 O.6i2
1.0-1.5 90 31 36 9 44 5 0.016 3.930
1.5-2.0 102 - - 34 6 56 5 0.105 10.50
2.0-2.5 150 36 5 34 5 0.035 19.70
2.5-3.0 84 42 7 41 5 0.034 27.50
3.0-3.5 78 -- 46 4 41 1 0.033 0.229
3.5-4.0 84 -- 44 13 51 7 0.037 0.252
4.0-4.5 90 76 38 9 44 7 0.024 0.184
4.5-5.0 102 58 38 10 54 5 0.013 0.092
5.0-9.0 105 34 68 27 49 7 0.015 0.803
9.0-13.0 107 24 62 15 54 5 0.037 0.037
13.0-21.0 106 22 68 12 46 3 0.013 0.008
21.0-29.0 110 22 66 18 65 3 0.015 0.018
29.0-37.0 100 10 78 11 56 5 0.022 0.022
37.0-45.0 92 20 72 29 54 7 0.032 0.010
45.0-53.0 100 20 60 17 65 7 0.023 0.008
-------
TABLE K-8
PILOT PLANT STUDY # 5-2, PHENOL
I ”,
1
SS mg/i
TURBIDITY
(HELLTGE)
PHENOL mg/i
HOURS AFTER SPILL
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
PRIOR TO SPILL -2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
84
66
56
56
13
10
27
30
44
44
44
44
7
7
10
7
0.057
0.051
0.046
0.076
0.007
0.005
0.009
0.005
AFTER SPILL .5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
9
13
21
29
37
43
51
68
54
54
50
60
62
62
60
62
66
90
66
72
60
98
118
92
35
40
56
62
64
60
56
62
68
68
74
64
62
40
16
13
24
44
44
39
39
31
44
49
44
46
49
46
51
54
56
70
76
56
10
17
23
36
29
23
17
27
23
21
31
31
27
23
14
12
14
596.4
2.019
0.711
0.619
0.184
0.135
0.115
0.193
0.083
0.092
0.080
0.115
0.057
0.048
0.087
0.053
0.046
0.005
0.002
1.606
7.340
16.40
42.44
27.24
27.96
26.15
22.93
3.211
0.029
0.017
0.014
0.310
0.009
0.007
-------
TABLE K-9
PILOT PLANT STUDY # 6-i, AMMONIUM CHLORIDE (500 mg/i)
.
COO mg/i
SS mg/i
TURBIDITY
CHLORIDE mg/i
HOURS AFTER SPILL
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
PRIOR TO SPILL -2
—1.5
—1
— .5
216
220
192
192
39
39
55
27
64
64
58
62
10
10
10
9
62
46
54
46
5
3
3
1
97
92
102
102
102
97
92
97
AFTER SPILL .5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
9
13
21
29
37
43
51
180
174
236
151
174
209
183
186
198
206
206
139
222
171
242
214
i93
50
47
31
43
39
16
28
60
52
48
60
35
40
32
32
40
28
46
54
44
48
50
48
56
54
58
54
68
58
64
76
86
74
80
9
9
10
11
14
18
26
33
31
32
30
27
14
12
7
15
i3
46
46
41
39
44
54
59
41
46
49
54
68
49
56
82
51
59
5
3
5
5
3
7
10
12
7
12
12
7
3
1
9
3
3
490
490
113
97
102
102
102
113
113
108
108
92
92
97
102
92
92
97
108
i13
124
i62
118
118
162
275
151
129
108
97
92
108
97
92
0 i
-------
TABLE K—la PILOT PLANT STUDY # 7-i, COPPER ( 100 my/i
COD mg/i
SS mg/i
TURBIDITY
HOURS AFTER SPILL
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
PRIOR TO SPILL
2.0 - 1.5
1.5 - 1.0
1.0 - 0.5
0.5 - 0.0
148
164
164
176
36
48
60
28
60
40
34
34
7
9
17
10
31
31
31
31
7
5
5
— 3
3
DURING SPILL
0.0 - 0.5
204
32
140
10
116
AFTER SPILL
0.5 - 1.0
1.0 — 1.5
1.5 - 2.0
2.0 — 2.5
2.5 - 3.0
3.0 - 3.5
3.5 - 4.0
4.0 - 4-5
4.5 - 5.0
5.0 - g.0
9.0 - 13.0
13.0 — 21.0
21.0 - 29.0
29.0 - 37.0
37.0 - 45.0
45.0 - 53.0
53.0 — 61.0
61.0 - 69.0
69.0 - 77.0
77.0 - 85.0
85.0 - 93.0
93.0 -101.0
101.0 -109.0
163
190
179
167
194
152
176
156
164
152
160
156
98
147
143
138
174
166
158
182
141
109
141
24
32
44
52
63
48
72
80
84
64
56
16
20
16
32
47
136
59
51
51
27
27
31
46
38
36
46
42
46
48
56
56
38
48
52
44
66
44
64
76
64
60
68
70
56
54
16
13
19
26
28
26
29
31
18
39
36
27
17
21
ii
15
21
14
15
13
10
16
16 —
39
39
29
29
25
41
49
54
39
41
41
39
36
36
36
36
54
51
46
51
49
46
39
3
3
9
10
23
29
25
25
19
27
17
10
12
7
7
5
7
5
5
7
5
9
7
-------
TABLE K-li PILOT PLANT STUDY # 9-i, PICKLE LIQUOR (5.6 mi/i INFLUENT)
AFTER SPILL
COD mg/i
SS mg/i
TURBIDITY
(HELL IGE)
ALKALINITY mg/i
HOURS AFTER SPILL
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
NFLUENT
EFFLUENT
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
PRIOR TO SPILL -2
-1.5
—1
- .5
171
155
159
147
32
36
32
36
70
43
44
40
10
8
13
9
62
62
62
62
5
5
5
5
132
144
144
144
104
104
104
104
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
9
13
21
29
37
43
51
159
163
179
163
168
164
160
180
188
192
188
176
150
152
216
184
148
20
24
20
32
28
28
28
24
36
40
24
32
24
32
40
48
36
56
52
69
48
51
53
51
55
59
60
65
68
84
61
100
122
48
12
9
10
10
13
12
13
13
16
15
22
19
16
17
24
14
27
54
51
41
44
54
54
54
49
56
56
41
41
56
56
41
39
41
5
5
5
5
5
7
9
9
10
12
10
10
10
10
7
9
10
60
180*
128
136
152
148
152
152
160
168
152
152
152
148
156
140
144
96
80
72
68
52
44
44
40
40
44
56
56
80
80
80
88
72
* Acidity
-------
TABLE K-i2
PILOT PLANT STUDY # 10-1, FUEL OIL ( 8m1/1 INFLUENT)
N)
01
SS mg/i
TURBIDITY
(HELLIG:)
GREASE mg/i
HOURS AFTER SPILL
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT_
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
PRIOR TO SPILL -2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
61
59
55
51
3
30
8
3
68
68
65
44
9
9
9
9
-
-
-
61
-
-
-
36
AFTER SPILL 0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
9
13
21
29
37
43
51
70
85
39
36
48
57
48
44
49
53
60
49
48
33
57
67
59
6
6
10
14
19
23
48
56
29
23
29
36
40
34
33
34
55
-
-
-
56
44
44
54
44
44
44
56
56
54
54
56
54
46
9
9
17
14
27
23
34
21
21
21
36
34
31
34
34
54
46
1684
2110
47
30
38
53
48
50
56
55
53
53
51
38
45
12
29
34
29
40
100
108
162
197
168
194
157
124
43
41
38
79
-
66
-------
TABLE K-13
PILOT PLANT STUDY # li-i,
PERCHLOROETHYLENE (1600 mg/i)
N)
BOD mg/i
COD mg/i
TURBIDITY
(HELL I ( E)
HOURS AFTER SPILL
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
PRIOR TO SPILL —2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
98
96
93
79
35
33
32
34
160
43
171
148
35
i56
43
31
56
56
56
56
10
10
10
10
AFTER SPILL 0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
9
3
21
29
37
43
51
38
36
50
70
80
80
90
99
87
100
100
118
134
116
117
120
87
32
31
29
28
31
28
32
29
34
43
46
46
50
81
71
74
57
222
130
146
130
134
154
142
154
158
162
170
174
206
185
189
192
172
47
32
28
40
40
43
40
36
43
36
28
28
43
91
49
45
60
266
260
133
49
44
41
56
56
56
56
44
44
44
44
44
46
46
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
-------
APPENDIX L
GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS
ALCOSAN - Allegheny County Sanitary Authority
BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand
CHRIS - Chemical Hazards Response Information System
COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand
DOT - Department of Transportation
EPA - Environmental Protection Agency
FWPCAA - Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments
GPD - Gallons Per Day
HM - Hazardous Materials
HMS - Hazardous Material Studies
MCA - Manufacturing Chemists Association
MLSS - Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids
NPDES - National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
OHMTADS - Oil and Hazardous Materials Technical Assistance
Data System
ORSANCO - Ohio River Sanitation Commission
SIC — Standard Industrial Classification
SS - Suspended Solids
SVI - Sludge Volume Index
CONVERSION TABLE
METRIC TO U.S. MEASURE
MILLIGRAM (mg) = 0.015 grain
GRAM (gm or g) = 0.035 ounce (Avoirdupois)
LITER (1) = 1.057 quarts = 0.264 gallon
METER (m) = 39.37 inches
KILOMETER (km) = 0.62 miles
MILLILITER (ml) = 0.27 fluid dram
267
-------
REFERENCES
1. Dawson, G.W., A. J. Shuckrow, and W.H. Swift. Control of Spillage of
Hazardous Polluting Substances. Battelle Memorial Institute Pacific
Northwest Laboratories (Richland, Washington). FWQA Report 15090 FOZ.
Department of the Interior. November 1970. (NTIS-PB-197596)
2. O’Driscoll, J.J. Spill Prevention and Control in the Railroad
Industry. In: Proceedings of the 1974 National Conference on Control
of Hazardous Materials , New York, American Institute of Chemical
Engineers, August 1974. p. 141-142.
3. A Contingency Plan for Hazardous Material Incidents in Allegheny
County. Program in Engineering and Public Affairs. Pittsburgh,
Carnegie Institute of Technology, School of Urban and Public Affairs,
Carnegie-Mellon University. December 12, 1974.
4. Pajak, A.P., E.J. Martin, GA. Brinsko and F. J. Erny. Effects of
Hazardous Material Spills on Biological Treatment Processes. EPA-600/
2—77-239, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1977.
202 pp.
5. Mitchell, R.C., J.J. Vrolyk, R.W. Melvold, and I. Wilder. System for
Plugging Leaks from Ruptured Containers. In: Proceedings of the
1974 National Conference on Control of Hazardous Material Spills . New
York, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, August, 1974. p. 212-
216. (Also see EPA-600/2-76-300).
6. Hiltz, R.H., M.D. Marshall, J.B. Friel. The Physical Containment of
Land Spills by a Foam Diking System. In: Proceedings of the 1972
National Conference on Control of Hazardous Material Spills .
Washington, D.C., Graphics Management Corporation, March 1972.
p. 85-91. (Also see EPA-RZ-.73-185 and NTIS-PB-221493).
7. Hiltz, R.H., F. Roelich, and J. Brugger. Emergency Collection System
for Spilled Hazardous Materials. In: Proceedings of the 1974
National Conference on Control of Hazardous Material Spills . New
York, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, August 1974.
p. 208-211. (Also see EPA-600/2-77-162).
8. Rich, C.R., T.G. Pantazelos, and R.E. Sanders. The Short Contact
Time of Physical Chemical Treatment Systems for Hazardous Material
Contaminated Waters. In: Proceedings of the 1974 National Con-
ference on Control of Hazardous Material Spills . New York,
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, August 1974. p. 194-196.
(Also see EPA-670/2-75-004 and NTIS PB-241080).
268
-------
9. Mason, T.G. , N.K. Gupta, and R.C. Scholz. A Mobile Multi-Purpose
Treatment System for Processing Hazardous Material Contaminated Waters.
In: Proceedings of the 1972 National Conference on Control of Hazardous
Material Spills . Washington, D.C., Graphics Management Corporation,
March 1972. p. 153-156. (Also see EPA-600/2-76-109 and NTIS PB-256707).
10. Council on Environmental Quality, National Oil and Hazardous Substances
Pollution Contingency Plan . 40 CFR 1510. August 13, 1973.
11. Contingency Plan for Spills of Oil and Other Hazardous Materials for
Inland Waters of Region III . Environmental Protection Agency, Region
III, Office of Water Programs, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. October
1971.
12. Sub-regional Contingency Plan for Inland Waters of the Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania , Environmental Protection Agency, Region III, Office of
Water Programs, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. October 1971.
13. Theis, J.M., et al. An Industry Distribution Emergency Response System.
In: Proceedings of the 1974 National Conference on Control of Hazard-
ous Material Spills . New York, American Institute of Chemical Engineers,
August 1974. p. 46-48.
14. Jensen, R.A. A Spill Control Within A Chemical Plant. In: Proceed-
ings of the 1974 National Conference on Control of Hazardous Material
Spills . New York, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, August
1974. p. 65-66.
15. Unpublished Document. Agreement with TRIAD’s Industry Preparedness
Committee, Greater Pittsburgh Area. Three Rivers Improvement and
Development Corporations, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
16. Pontius, P.W. Containment and Disposal of Product from Leaking Drums
in Transit. In: Proceedings of the 1974 National Conference on
Control of Hazardous Material Spills . New York. American Institute of
Chemical Engineers. August 1974. P. 217-218.
17. ORSANCO publication, The ORSANCO Robot Monitoring System. Cincinnati,
Ohio.
18. ORSANCO publication, ORSANCO Stream-Quality Criteria and Minimum
Conditions, Cincinnati, Ohio. May 15, 1970.
19. Conference in the Matter of Pollution of the Interstate Waters of the
Ohio River and Its Tributaries in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Area
Involving Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia. Pittsburgh, Pennsyl-
vania. September 30, 1971.
20. American Public Health Association. Standard Methods for the Examin-
ation of Water and Wastewater . New York, American Public Health
Association, Inc., 13th edition, 1970.
259
-------
21. Industrial Waste Survey for Department of Public Utilities Clean Water
Task Force Cleveland, Ohio . Dalton, Dalton and Little, Consulting
Engineers, Cleveland, Ohio, 1969.
22. Analysis of Industrial Waste Surcharge Requirements of the Metropolitan
Sanitary District of Greater Chicago. Leon W. Weinberger and Associates,
Washington, DC, August 1971.
23. Office of Management and Budget. Standard Industrial Classification
Manual . U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1972.
24. Environmental Protection Agency, Methods for Chemical Analysis of
Water and Wastes , 1971, No. 16020 07/71.
25. Perkin - Elmer Corporation, Analytical Methods for Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometry , No. 303-0152, The Perkin - Elmer Corp., Norwalk,
Connecticut, March 1971.
26. Proposed Collection and Treatment - Municipal Sewage and Industrial
Wastes - Allegheny County Sanitary Authority, January 1948.
27. Sewer Service Charges and Surcharges - Joseph J. Olliffe, WPCF , 35, 5,
607, (May 1963) —
28. Allegheny County Sanitary Authority - Sewer Rates and Charges -
Effective February 1, 1971 (by Resolution adopted November 12, 1970).
29. Letter - Resume of Rate Change Computations made in October 1970 -
Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., to Allegheny County Sewer Authority, June 6, 1974.
30. Financing and Charges for Wastewater Systems - A Joint Coniiiittee Report
- American Public Works Association, American Society of Civil Engineers,
and Water Pollution Control Federation, 1973.
31. A Survey of Industrial Waste Treatment Costs and Charges - Stone and
Schmidt - Proceedings of the 23rd Industrial Waste Conference , May 1968
- p. 49 - Purdue University Engineering Extension Series No. 132.
32. Environmental Protection Agency - Grants for Construction of Treatment
Works - User Charges and Industrial Cost Recovery - Federal Register,
Volume 38, No. 161, August 21, 1973.
33. Private Comunication - Industrial Cost Recovery Guidelines - Virginia
Water Resources Research Center and the Virginia State Water Control
Board.
34. Bay Area Develops Model Industrial Waste Ordinance - Paul C. Soltow,
Jr. — Industrial Wastes 21 3, 6 May/June 1975.
35. Standard Industrial Classification Manual - 1972, Executive Office
of the President - Office of Management and Budget.
270
-------
36. Source Control of Industrial Wastewater - Jay G. Kremer and Franklin
D. Dryden of the Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County -
Prepublicatiori copy.
37. Public Law, 92-500, Title I - Research and Related Programs, Sec. 101(a)
(3).
38. Public Law, 92-500, Title I - Research and Related Programs, Secs. 304,
307 and 311.
271
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read I, sijvctions on the reverse before completing,)
1. REPORT NO. 2.
EPA—600/2—80—108
3. RECIPIENT’S ACCESSIOI ’NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Hazardous Material Spills and Responses
for Municipalities
5. REPORT DATE
July 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
George A. Brinsko, Frederick J. Erny, Edward J. Martin,
Andrew_P._Pajak,_David_M._Jordan
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Also see EPA-600/2-77-239
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Allegheny County Sanitary Authority (ALCOSAN)
3300 Preble Avenue
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15233
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1BB61O
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
S-801123
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Report
14.SPONSO ING ENCYCODE
EPA 1 600, 2
1BSWPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Ibis report was prepared in part by Environmental Quality Systems, Inc., 1160
Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852 under a subcontract with the Grantee, ALCOSAN
lb. A SlNAUi
This project deals with the Allegheny County Sanitary Authority (ALCOSAN) efforts to
develop and implement a comprehensive program to minimize potential adverse effects
of hazardous material spills on the ALCOSAN wastewater collection and treatment
system. Principal areas reported are: (1) a compendium of the effects that
hazardous materials can have on secondary treatment (2) inventory of hazardous
materials stored within the ALCOSAN service area (3) evaluation of selected
hazardous materials in a pilot plant simulating the effects of spills on treatment
plant performance (4) study of the potential for a monitoring and surveillance
system at the head-end of the plant and key locations within the collection systems
(5) development of a contingency plan to initiate countermeasures in the event of a
spill (6) investigation of surcharge, financing, and legislative programs. The
pilot plant results showed that the hazardous materials had minor adverse effects
upon the plant operation. However, operational problems and degradation of effluent
quality illustrate the potential adverse effects of hazardous materials upon the
operation of the full-scale facility.
D SCR 1PTORS
J zardous materials spills, activated
sludge, pilot plant, (heavy metals,
organics, acids/bases,salts), sewage
treatment, municipal
Industrial Wastes
Biodegradation
Sewage composition/flows
Sewaae n nncitinn mnnitorina
h.IDENTIFIERS OPEN ENDED TERMS . COSATI Field,( .roup
f ct of, and plant re-
sponse to, chemical
spills on sewage treat-
ment operation.
Hazardous spill contin-
gency planning. NPDES
violations: upsets due
1-n r ’hPm ir?1 i ’- _________________
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
68C
iS ’ R BJC ATEMENT -
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19 SECURITY CLASS (this Report)
U CLASSIFIE )
21 NO OF PAGES
285
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page) 22. PRICE
U9CLASSIFIED I
EPA Form 222O l (9 733
272
OUSGPO: 1980— 657446/0502
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