United
Environrn«ntal Protection
Aganey
Office of Water
Regulations and Standards
Washington, DC 20460
Water
June, 1985
Environmental Profiles
and Hazard Indices
for Constituents
of Municipal Sludge:
Carbon Tetrachloride
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PREFACE
This document is one of a series of preliminary assessments dealing
with chemicals of potential concern in municipal sewage sludge. The
purpose of these documents is to: (a) summarize the available data for
the constituents of potential concern, (b) identify the key environ-
mental pathways for each constituent related to a reuse and disposal
option (based on hazard indices), and (c) evaluate the conditions under
which such a pollutant may pose a hazard. Each document provides a sci-
entific basis for making an initial determination of whether a pollu-
tant, at levels currently observed in sludges, poses a likely hazard to
human health or the environment when sludge is disposed of by any of
several methods. These methods include landspreading on food chain or
nonfood chain crops, distribution and marketing programs, landfilling,
incineration and ocean disposal.
These documents are intended to serve as a rapid screening tool to
narrow an initial list of pollutants to those of concern. If a signifi-
cant hazard is indicated by this preliminary analysis, a more detailed
assessment will be undertaken to better quantify the risk from this
chemical and to derive criteria if warranted. If a hazard is shown to
be unlikely, no further assessment will be conducted at this time; how-
ever, a reassessment will be conducted after initial regulations are
finalized. In no case, however, will criteria be derived solely on the
basis of information presented in this document.
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,TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • .
1 • INTRODUCTION . 1—1
2. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS FOR CARBON TETRACHLORIDE IN
MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE 2—1
Landspreading and Distribution—and—Marketing 2—1
Landfilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . 2—1
Incineration ••. ... . ..... .e••• . ..... .... . .... . ...• 21
Ocean Disposal . es.... 21
3. PRELIMINARY HAZARD INDICES FOR CARBON TETRACHLORIDE IN
MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE...................................... 3—1
Landspreading and Distribution—and—Marketing 3—1
Landfilling . 31
Incineration •.......................s........... . ..s.... .e . ... 3—1
Index of air concentration increment resulting
fromincineratoreinissions (Index 1) 3—1
Index of human cancer risk resulting from
inhalation of incinerator emissions
(Index 2) I.e...... . ......... .... . ..... ..... •. •.. 3—4
Ocean Disposal ................ ...•. 3—5
4. PRELIMINARY DATA PROFILE FOR CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
IN MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE.. . • . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4—1
Occurrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . • . . 4—1
Sludge 4—1
Soil — Unpolluted .................. . 4—2
Water — Unpolluted ............ 4—2
Air ......... ... .......... . ....•....•...• .... •........ . . .. 4—2
Food •..........•........... ...ee•seeee•s•s••••ssse••ss•s 43
H an Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . 4—4
ii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Corit inued)
Page
Ingestion . 4—4
Inhalation •.•• .ss . . .. . . .I.I. . . . . .. . .. .• . .. . . .e . . . ........ 4—5
Plant Effects ............... 4—7
Phytotoxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4—7
Uptake . 4—7
DomesticAnimal and Wildlife Effects .. 4—7
Toxicity ••••••I•••••I .s . . . .. . . ..e. .•........... •1•• 4 7
Uptake .. 1•••••e 4—7
Aquatic Life Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4—8
Soil Biota Effects .... •....................... 4—8
Physicochemical Data for Estimating Fate and Transport 4—8
5. REFERENCES 5— i.
APPENDIX. PRELIMINARY HAZARD INDEX CALCULATIONS FOR
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE IN MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE A—i
‘ L i
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
This preliminary data profile is one of a series of profiles
dealing with chemical pollutants potentially of concern in municipal
sewage sludges. Carbon tetrachloride (Cd 4 ) was initially identified as
being of potential concern when sludge is incinerated. This profile is
a compilation of information that may be useful in determining whether
Cd 4 poses an actual. hazard to human health or the environment when
sludge is disposed of by this method.
The focus of this document is the calculation of “preliminary
hazard indices” for selected potential exposure pathways, as shown in
Section 3. Each index illustrates the hazard that could result from
movement of a pollutant by a given pathway to cause a given effect
(e.g., sludge + air • human toxicity). The values and assumptions
employed in these calculations tend to represent a reasonable “worst
case”; analysis of error or uncertainty has been conducted to a limited
degree. The resulting value in most cases is indexed to unity; i.e.,
values >1 may indicate a potential hazard, depending upon the
assumptions of the calculation.
The data used for index calculation have been selected or estimated
based on information presented in the “preliminary data profile”,
Section 4. Information in the profile is based on a compilation of the
recent literature. An attempt has been made to fill out the profile
outline to the greatest extent possible. However, since this is a pre-
liminary analysis, the literature has not been exhaustively perused.
The “preliminary conclusions” drawn from each index in Section 3
are summarized in Section 2. The preliminary hazard indices will be
used as a screening tool to determine which pollutants and pathways may
pose a hazard. Where a potential hazard is indicated by interpretation
of these indices, further analysis will include a more detailed exami-
nation of potential risks as well as an examination of site—specific
factors. These more rigorous evaluations may change the preliminary
conclusions presented in Section 2, which are based on a reasonable
“worst case” analysis.
The preliminary hazard indices for selected exposure routes
pertinent to incineration are included in this profile. The calculation
formulae for these indices are shown in the Appendix. The indices are
rounded to two significant figures. -
* Listings were determined by a series of expert workshops convened
during March—May, 1984 by the Office of Water Regulations and
Standards (OWRS) to discuss landspreading, landfilling, incineration,
and ocean disposal, respectively, of municipal sewage sludge.
1—1
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SECTION 2
PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS FOR CARBON TETRACULORIDE
IN MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE
The following preliminary conclusions have been derived from the
calculation of “preliminary hazard indices”, which represent conserva-
tive or “worst case” analyses of hazard. The indices and their basis
and interpretation are explained in Section 3. Their calculation
formulae are shown in the Appendix.
I. LANDSPREADINC MID DISTRIBUTION—AND—MARKETING
Based on the recommendations of the experts at the OWRS meetings
(April—May, 1984), an assessment of this reuse/disposal option is
not being conducted at this time. The U.S. EPA reserves the right
to conduct such an assessment for this option in the future.
II. LANDFILLING
Based on the recommendations of the experts at the OWRS meetings
(April—May, 1984), an assessment of this reuse/disposal option is
not being conducted at this time. The U.S. EPA reserves the right
to conduct such an assessment for this option in the future.
III. INCINERATION
The incineration of municipal sewage sludge is not expected to
increase the concentration of Cd 4 in air to any appreciable degree
above background urban levels (see Index 1). Also, sludge incine-
ration is generally not expected to pose an increased cancer risk
due to the inhalation of Cd 4 . There may be a slight increase when
sludge containing high concentrations of Cd 4 is incinerated at
high rates with worst—case levels of stack emissions (see Index 2).
I V. OCEAN DISPOSAL
Based on the recommendations of the experts at the OWRS meetings
(April—May, 1984), an assessment of this reuse/disposal option is
not being conducted at this time. The U.S. EPA reserves the right
to conduct such an assessment for this option in the future.
2—1
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SECTION 3
PRELIMINARY HAZARD INDICES FOR CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
IN MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE
I • LAIIDSPREADING MID DISTRIBUTION-AND-MARKETING
Based on the recommendations of the experts at the OWRS meetings
(April—May, 1984), an assessment of this reuse/disposal option is
not being conducted at this time. The U.S. EPA reserves the right
to conduct such an assessment for this option in the future.
II. LANDFILLINC
Based on the recommendations of the experts at the OWRS meetings
(April—May, 1984), an assessment of this reuse/disposal option is
not being conducted at this time. The U.S. EPA reserves the right
to conduct such an assessment for this option in the future.
III. INCINERATION
A. Index of Air Concentration Increment Resulting from
Incinerator Emissions (Index 1)
1. Explanation — Shows the degree of elevation of the
pollutant concentration in the air due to the incinera-
tion of sludge. An input sludge with thermaL properties
defined by the energy parameter (EP) was analyzed using
the BURN model (Camp Dresser and McKee, Inc. (CDM),
1984). This model uses the thermodynamic and mass bal-
ance relationships appropriate for multiple hearth
incinerators to relate the input sludge characteristics
to the stack gas parameters. Dilution and dispersion of
these stack gas releases were described by the U.S. EPA’s
Industrial Source Complex Long—Term (ISCLT) dispersion
model from which normalized annual ground level concen-
trations were predicted (U.S. EPA, 1979). The predicted
pollutant concentration can then be compared to a ground
level concentration used to assess risk.
2. Assumptions/Limitations — The fluidized bed incinerator
was not chosen due to a paucity of avaiLable data.
Gradual plume rise, stack tip downwash, and building wake
effects are appropriate for describing plume behavior.
Maximum hourly impact values can be translated into
annual average values.
3. Data Used and Rationale
a. Coefficient to correct for mass and time units (C) =
2.78 x iO hr/sec x g/mg
3—1
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b. Sludge feed rate (DS)
i. Typical = 2660 kg/hr (dry solids input)
A feed rate of 2660 kg/hr DW represents an
average dewatered sludge feed rate into the
furnace. This feed rate would serve a commun-
ity of approximately 400,000 people. This rate
was incorporated into the U.S. EPA—ISCLT model
based on the following input data:
EP = 360 lb H 2 0/mm BTU
Combustion zone temperature — 1400°F
Solids content — 28%
Stack height — 20 m
Exit gas velocity — 20 rn/s
Exit gas temperature — 356.9°K (183°F)
Stack diameter — 0.60 m
ii. Worst = 10,000 kg/hr (dry solids input)
A feed rate of 10,000 kg/hr DW represents a
higher feed rate and would serve a major U.S.
city. This rate was incorporated into the U.S.
EPA—ISCLT model based on the following input
data:
EP = 392 lb H 2 0/mm BTU
Combustion zone temperature — 1400°F
Solids content — 26.6%
Stack height — 10 rn
Exit gas velocity — 10 rn/s
Exit gas temperature — 313.8°K (105°F)
Stack diameter — 0.80 m -
c. Sludge concentration of pollutant (Sc)
Typical 0.048 mg/kg DW
Worst 8.006 mg/kg DW
The typical and worst sludge concentrations are the
geometric mean and 95th percentile values derived
from sludge concentration data from a survey of 40
publicly—owned treatment works (POTWs) (U.S. EPA,
1982). (See Section 4, p. 4—1.)
d. Fraction of pollutant emitted through stack (FM)
Typical 0.05 (unitless)
Worst 0.20 (unitless)
These values were chosen as best approximations of
the fraction of pollutant emitted through stacks
(Farrell, 1984). No data was available to validate
3—2
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these values; however, U.S. EPA is currently testing
incinerators for organic emissi ons.
e. Dispersion parameter for estimating maximum annual
ground level concentration (DP)
Typical 3.4 pg/rn 3
Worst 16.0 ug/rn 3
The dispersion parameter is derived from the U.S.
EPA—ISCLT short—stack model.
f. Background concentration of pollutant in urban
air (BA) = 1.4 g/m 3
The urban background concentration value was derived
by averaging the mean urban concentrations over
seven U.S. cities (U.S. EPA, 1984). These values
were used because they represent a variety of
locations across the continental United States.
The urban concentration range stated by the U.S. EPA
(1984) is 0.75 to 8.8 pg/rn 3 . The high value of
8.8 pg/rn 3 was reported for Tokyo, Japan in 1974 to
1975. Since this value is not for a U.S. city and
appears to be an isolated elevated case, it was not
considered when selecting the BA. The BA value of
1.4 pg/rn 3 is therefore considered a conservative
best estimate.
Values stated in Section 4, p. 4—3 are in mg/rn 3 and
were converted to pg/rn 3 for this index.
4. Index 1 Values
Sludge Feed
Fraction of Rate (kg/hr DW)a
Pollutant Emitted Sludge
Through Stack Concentration 0 2660 10,000
Typical Typical 1.0 1.0 1.0
Worst 1.0 1.0 1.0
Worst Typical 1.0 1.0 1.0
Worst 1.0 1.0 1.0
a The typical (3.4 pg/rn 3 ) and worst (16.0 pg/rn 3 ) disper-
sion parameters will always correspond, respectively,
to the typical (2660 kg/hr DW) and worst (10,000 kg/hr
DW) sludge feed rates.
3—3
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5. Value Interpretation — Value equals factor by which
expected air concentration exceeds background levels due
to incinerator emissions.
6. Preliminary Conclusion — The incineration of municipal
sewage sludge is not expected to increase the
concentration of Cd 4 in air to any appreciable degree
above background urban levels.
B. Index of Human Cancer Risk Resulting from Inhalation
of Incinerator Emissions (Index 2)
1. Explanation — Shows the increase in human intake expected
to result from the incineration of sludge. Ground level
concentrations for carcinogens typically were developed
based upon assessments published by the U.S. EPA Carcino-
gen Assessment Croup (CAd). These ambient concentrations
reflect a dose level which, for a lifetime exposure,
increases the risk of cancer by 10—6.
2. Assumptions/Limitations — The exposed population is
assumed to reside within the impacted area for 24
hours/day. A respiratory volume of 20 m 3 /day is assumed
over a 70—year lifetime.
3. Data Used and Rationale
a. Index of air concentration increment resulting from
incinerator emissions (Index 1)
See Section 3, p. 3—3.
b. Background concentration of pollutant in urban air
(BA) = 1.4 Ug/m 3 -
See Section 3, p. 3—3.
c. Cancer potency = 5.2 x 10—2 (mg/kg/dayY 1
This value was calculated from the oral cancer
potency of 1.3 x i01 ( igIkg/day) 1 times the
assumed inhalation absorption efficiency of 40 per-
cent (U.S. EPA, 1984). (See Section 4, pp. 4—4 to
4—6.)
d. Exposure criterion (EC) = 6.7307 x 10—2 ug/m 3
A lifetime exposure level which would result in a
106 cancer risk was selected as ground level con-
centration against which incinerator emissions are
compared. The risk estimates developed by CAG are
defined as the lifetime incremental cancer risk in a
hypothetical population exposed continuously
throughout their lifetime to the stated
3—4
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concentration of the carcinogenic agent. The
exposure &riterion is calculated using the following
formula:
— 10—6 x igImg x 70 kg
Cancer potency x 20 rn /day
4. Index 2 Values
Sludge Feed
Fraction of Rate (kg/hr DW)a
Pollutant Emitted Sludge
Through Stack Concentration 0 2660 10,000
Typical Typical 21 21 21
Worst 21 21 21
Worst Typical 21 21 21
Worst 21 21 22
a The typical (3.4 ig/m 3 ) and worst (16.0 ig/m 3 ) disper-
sion parameters will always correspond, respectively,
to the typical (2660 kg/hr DW) and worst (10,000 kg/hr
DW) sludge feed rates.
5. Value Interpretation — Value > 1 indicates a potential
increase in cancer risk of > i06 (1 per 1,000,000).
Comparison with the null index value at 0 kg/hr DW
indicates the degree to which any hazard is due to sludge
incineration, as opposed to background urban air
concentration.
6. Preliminary Conclusion — Municipal sewage sludge inciner-
ation is generally not expected to pose an increased can-
cer risk due to the inhalation of CC1 4 . There may be a
slight increase when sludge containing high coricentra—
tions of Cd 4 is incinerated at high rates with worst—
case Levels of stack emissions.
IV. OCEAN DISPOSAL
Based on the recommendations of the experts at the CWRS meetings
(April—May, 1984), an assessment of this reuse/disposal option is
not being conducted at this time. The U.S. EPA reserves the right
to conduct such an assessment for this option in the future.
3—5
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SECTION 4
PRELIMINARY DATA PROFILE FOR CARBON TETRAC [ LORIDE
IN MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE
I. Occurrence
Cd 4 is a haloalkane with a wide range of in-
dustrial applications. In 1980, 3.22 x i08 kg
of Cd 4 were synthesized in the United States.
Production and use of Cd 4 has been declining
and is expected to continue to decline. Cd 4
is also used as a pesticide, primarily as a grain
and soil fumigant.
A. Sludge
1. Frequency of Detection
Detected in 16 of 436 sampLes (4%) U.S. EPA, 1982
from 40 POTWs studied (p. 42)
Detected in 1 of 41 samples (2%) U.S. EPA, 1982
from 10 POTWs studied (p. 50)
Detected in 1 of 13 (8%) combined Naylor and
undigested sewage sludges Loehr, 1982
(p. 19)
2. Concentration
Data from 40 POTWs: Statistically
derived from
Median Not detected U.S. EPA, 1982
Geom. Mean 0.048 1g/g DW
95th percentile 8.006 ig/g DW
Range (DW) Not detected to
9.698 iiglg DW
Range (WW) Not detected to
3030 l.ig/L WW
33 ig/L for 1 sample from 10 POTWs U.S. EPA, 1982
studied (p. 50)
270 igIL (WW), 4.2 ug/g (DW) NayLor and
from 1 sample Loehr, 1982
(p. 19)
4—1
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B. Soil — Unpolluted
1. Frequency of Detection
Little research has been done to U.S. EPA, 1984
detect CC1 4 in soil. (p. 3—7)
2. Concentration
Data not immediately available.
C. Water — Unpolluted
1. Frequency of Detection
10% of samples from 113 drinking water U.S. EPA, 1984
systems had CC1 4 in range of (p. 4—3)
0.0024 to 0.0064 mg/L
2. Concentration
a. Freshwater
g/L. (ppb) or lower range U.S. EPA, 1984
for rain and surface water (p. 4—4)
b. Seawater
60 + 17 ng/L (ppt) detected in U.S. EPA, 1984
Atlantic Ocean (p. 44)
c. Drinking water
<0.003 mg/L in drinking water U.S. EPA, 1984
from 80 cities (pp. 4—3 and
0.0024 to 0.0064 mg/L range in 4—4)
10% of samples from 113 public
drinking water systems
0.005 mg/L in Washington, D.C.
drinking water
D. Air
1. Frequency of Detection
CC1 4 has been measured U.S. EPA, 1980
extensively in the atmosphere (p. 9)
2. Concentration
a. Urban
0.00075 to 0.0088 mg/rn 3 urban U.S. EPA, 1984
range (p. 4—7)
4—2
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CCL 4 over 7 U.S. Cities (1979—80 data) U.S. EPA, 1984
(p. 4—8)
City
CCL 4 (mg/rn 3 )
Mean
Maximum
Minimum
Los AngeLes
0.0014
0.0064
0.0006
Phoenix
0.0018
0.0055
0.0008
Oakland
0.0011
0.0063
0.0006
Houston
0.0026
0.0188
0.0008
St. Louis
0.0008
0.0009
0.0007
Denver
0.0011
0.0018
0.0007
Riverside
0.0011
0.0017
0.0010
b. Rural
0.00070 to 0.00084 mg/rn 3 in con— U.S. EPA, 1984
tinental and marine air masses (p. 4—7)
E. Food
1. Total Average Intake (market basket technique)
0.2). to 7.33 mg/yr range, 1.12 mg/yr U.S. EPA, 1984
mean uptake of CCL 4 from food (p. 4—22)
Relative Uptake of CCI 4 by Adult Male U.S. EPA, 1984
(p. 4—24)
Typica
Source (mg/yr)
I
(%)
Minimu
(mg/yr)
m
(Z)
Maximum
(mg/yr) (%)
Fluids
3.13
34
0.73
16
8.65 1
Atmosphere
4.75
51
3.60
79
618 98
Food Supply
1.42
15
0.21
5
7.63 1
Total
9.30
4.54
634.28
2. Concentration
Up to 115 ug/g and 21 iig/g Cd 4 in U.S. EPA, 1984
wheat and flour from CC I 4 fumigated (p. 4—10, 4—11)
grain. 0.005 to 2.61 Mg/g range,
0.051 pg/g mean, Cd 4 in flour
from 11 U.S. cities.
4—3
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50 ng/g (NAS) maximum concentration
permitted in cooked cereals
The ubiquitous occurrence of Cd 4
in air could result in contamination
of food items and thus be the actual
source of observed CCI 4 residues
in food.
A. Ingestion
1. Carciriogenicity
a. Qualitative Assessment
Numerous animal experiments show
a carcinogenic response although
there is no firm epidemiological
data showing carcinogenic effects
in humans due to oral ingestion.
CAG classifies weight of evidence
as 2B using IARC system, or
“probably carcinogenic in humans.”
b. Potency
U.S. EPA, 1984
(p. 2—8)
Hamsters, mice, and rats given
C d 4 orally in doses ranging from
9 to 1500 mg/kg/day displayed
carcinogenic effects. Cancer
potency for oral application in
above animals = 1.3 x 1O1 (mg/kg/dayY 1
Summary of Cd 4 in British Food Supplies
Food Group
Cd 4
(ng/g)
Minimum
Maximum
Milk Products
0.2
14.0
Meats
7.0
9.0
Fats & Oils
0.7
18.0
Vegetables &
Fruits
3.0
8.0
Fish & Seafood
0.1
6.0
U.S. EPA, 1984
(p. 4—9)
U.S. EPA, 1984
(p. 13—3)
U.S. EPA, 1980
(p. 10)
II. H1JNAN EFFECTS
U.S. EPA, 1984
(p. A—4 and
A—il)
4—4
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c. Effects
Liver tumors U.S. EPA, 1984
(p. 11—37)
2. Chronic Toxicity
Data not presented because cancer
potency will be used to assess hazard.
3. Absorption Factor
At least 80% in rats U.S. EPA, 1984
(p. 7—3)
4. Existing Regulations
No data exist on formal regulations, but
the foLlowing recommendations are given:
a. Drinking water limit
Suggested no—adverse—response U.S. EPA, 1984
level (SNARL): (p. 13—1)
1—day SNARL 0.2 mg/L
10—day SNARL 0.02 mg/L/day
b. Food
50 ng/g maximum concentration U.S. EPA, 1984
in cooked cereals (p. 13—3)
B. Inhalation
1. Carcinogenicity
a. Qualitative Assessment
International Agency for Research U.S. EPA, 1984
on Cancer (IARC) rating: Group (p. 11—37)
2B——there is “sufficient” evidence
for carcinogenicity in animals,
“inadequate” evidence for carcino—
genicity in hun ans, an overall
evaluation that Cd 4 is “probably
carcinogenic to humans”
b. Potency
The cancer potency for inhalation Derived from
of Cd 4 in humans is 5.2 x10 2 U.S. EPA, 1984
(mg/kg/day) , which was calcu— (p. A—24)
lated from the oral cancer potency
4—5
-------
of 1.3 x iO—1 (pg/kg/dayY 1
times the assumed inhalation
absorption efficiency of 40%.
c. Effects
There are no definitive studies U.S. EPA, 1984
documenting the carcinogenic (p. 11—37)
effects of CC1 4 inhalation by
humans. However there are reports
of cases of liver tumors appearing
following exposure to Cd 4
2. Chronic Toxicity
Data not presented because cancer
potency will be used to assess hazard.
3. Absorption factor
40% U.S. EPA, 1984
(p. A—24)
4. Existing Regulations
American Conference of U.S. EPA, 1984
Governmental Industrial Hygienists (p. 13—2)
(ACCIH) threshold limit values:
Time weighted average (TWA) 30 mg/rn 3
Short—term exposure limit 125 mg/rn 3
Occupational Safety and Health U.S. EPA, 1984
Administration (OSHA) standard (p. 13—2)
65 mg/rn 3 (8—hour TWA)
Acceptable ceiling exposure
concentration, 162.5 mg/rn 3
National Institute of Occupational U.S. EPA, 1984
Safety and Health (NIOSH, 1975) (p. 13—2)
recommended exposure limit
12.6 mg/rn 3 (10—hour TWA)
Recommended concentration not be U.S. EPA, 1984
>12.6 mg/rn 3 of breathing zøne (p. 13—3)
air in a 45 L air sample taken
over <1 hour period
III. PLANT EFFECTS
A. Phytotoxicity
Data not immediately available.
4—6
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B. Uptake
V. AQUATIC LIFE EFFECTS
Data not immediately available.
VI. SOIL BIOTA EFFECTS
Data not immediately available.
The potential uptake of CCI 4 from
soil is unknown. This includes
agricultural runoff as well as uptake
from plants.
IV. DOMESTIC ANIMAL AND WILDLIFE EFFECTS
A. Toxicity
See Table 4—1.
Hepatotoxicity is the major effect reported
to be produced by acute exposure to Cd 4
B. Uptake
Cd 4 metabolites in tissues of rabbits
after single oral administration of 1 mL/kg
of body weight (5 rabbits/group)
U.S. EPA, 1984
(p. 4—21)
U.S. EPA, 1984
(p. 8—1)
U.S. EPA, 1984
(p. 7—IS,)’
Sample
CHC1 3
(ugjg
C1 3 CCC1 3
(1.Lg/g
Time Tissue tissue)
tissue)
6
hr
.
Fat
Liver
Kidney
Muscle
4.7+0.5
4.9+1.5
1.4+0.6
0.1+0.1
4.1+1.2
1.6+0.5
0.7+0.2
0.3+0.2
24
hr
Fat
Liver
Kidney
Muscle
1.0+0.2
1.0+0.4
0.4+0.2
0.1+0.1
16.5+1.6
4.2+1.8
2.2+1.1
0.5+0.2
48
hr
Fat
Liver
Kidney
Muscle
0.4+0.1
0.8+0.2
0.2+0
0.1+0.1
6.8+2.4
1.0+0.3
trace
trace
4—7
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VII. PHYSICOCHEMICAL DATA FOR ESTIMATING FATE AND TRANSPORT
Chemical formula: CC1 4 U.S. EPA, 1984
Molecular weight: 153.82 (p. 3—2)
Water solubility: 0.785 g/L at 20°C
Vapor pressure: 115.2 nun Hg at 25°C
Air/water partition coefficient: 1.1 by volume,
1,000 by weight at 20°C
Density: 1.94 g/rnL at 4°C
Melting point: —22.9°C
Boiling point: 76.54°C
Log octanol/water partition coefficient: 2.64
70,000 year half—life in water U.S. EPA, 1984
Decomposition rate accelerated in presence of (p. 3—1)
iron and zinc
Cd 4 is extremely stable in U.S. EPA, 1984
water with losses due to factors such as (p. 5—1)
evaporation, sediment adsorption, and
organism uptake
Although CCI 4 is not easily trans— U.S. EPA, 1984
ported to groundwater due to its high (p. 5—1)
volatility, low solubility and low mobility
in soil, any contamination is likely to
persist for several years and accumulate
CC1 4 is quite volatile, and does not readily U.S. EPA, 1984
accumulate in either terrestrial or aquatic (p. 5—1)
environments and is rapidly diluted to low
concentrations in the troposphere
Information concerning the degradation of Cd 4 U.S. EPA, 1984
in soil could not be located in available (p. 5—6)
literature
4—8
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Chemical
Form
Fed
CC 14
Cc ’ 4
CC 14
cc ’ 4
Cd 4 in gavage
Cd 4 in feed
Durat on
of Study
HR
HR
HR
HR
1 dose
2 years
47 5 tiOes
weekly for
78 weeks
80 5 times
weekly for
78 weeks
94 5 times
weekly for
78 weeks
159 5 times
weekly for
78 weeks
HR 4 months
22 6 weeks
Effects
LD 50
LD 10
L 0 50
Increase liver and
plasma eneyme activity,
increased liver weight
Author reported 200 pglg
as NOARL; disputed by
EPA due to high death
rate due to respiratory
infection
No effect oil survival
rate; no effect on
cancer rate
Ho effect on survival
rate; significant
increase in heptacel—
I ular carcinomas
Increased mortality
rate
Increased mortality
rate
88.1X incidence of
hepatomas vs. 4.3Z for
olive oil control
No observed effect level
Species (w)a
Rat
Mouse
Dog
Rabbit
Rat
Rat
DOMESTIC ANIMALS AND WILDLIFE
TABLE 4-1. TOXICITY OF CARBON TETRACIILORIDE TO
Feed Water Daily
Concentration Concentration Intake
(uglg) (mg/L) (mglkg)
HR HR 2,800
HR HR 12,800
HR HR 1,000
HR HR 6,380
800
200 HR 10—18
-
o
Rat
(50 male)
Cd 4
in
gavage
HR
HR
Rat
(50 female)
Cd 4
in
gavage
HR
HR
Rat
(50 male)
Cd 4
in
gavage
HR
HR
Rat
(50 female)
CC ) 4
in
gavage
HR
NR
Rat
(143)
Cd 4
in
gavage
NH
0.04
Rat
C d 4
MR
HR
a N
b HR
Number of experimental
Hot reported.
animals when reported.
References
U.S.
EPA,
1984
(p.
8—2)
U.S.
EPA,
1984
(p.
8—6)
U.S.
EPA,
i984
(p.
8—23)
U.S.
EPA,
1984
(p.
11—7)
U.S.
EPA,
1984
(p.
11—7)
U.S.
EPA,
1984
(p.
11—7)
U.S.
EPA,
1984
(p.
11—7)
U.S.
EPA,
1984
(p.
11—11)
U.S.
EPA,
1984
(p.
14—18)
-------
SECTION 5
REFERENCES
Camp Dresser and McKee, Inc. 1984. Development of Methodologies for
Evaluating Permissible Contaminant Levels in Municipal Was éwater
Sludges. Draft. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C.
Farrell, J. B. 1984. Personal Communication. Water Engineering
Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati, OH. December.
Naylor, L. M., and R. C. Loehr. 1982. Priority Pollutants in Municipal
Sewage Sludge. BioCycle July/August. pp. 18—22.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1979. Industrial Source Complex
(ISC) Dispersion Model User Guide. EPA 450/4—79—30. Vol. 1.
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle
Park, NC. December.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980. Carbon Tetrachioride
Position Document 1. EPA/OPP—80/107. Washington, D.C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1982. Fate of Priority
Pollutants in Publicly Owned Treatment Works. EPA 440/1—82/303.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1984. Health Assessment Document
for Carbon Tetrachioride. EPA—600/8—82—OO1F. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
5—1
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APPENDIX
PRELIMINARY hAZARD INDEX CALCULATIONS FOR CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
IN MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE
I . LANDSPREADING AND DISTRIBUTION-AND—MARKETING
Based on the recommendations of the experts at the OWRS meetings
(AprIl—May, 1984), an assessment of this reuse/disposal option is
not being conducted at this time. The U.S. EPA reserves the right
to conduct such an assessment for this option in the future.
II. LANDFILLING
Based on the recommendations of the experts at the OWRS meetings
(April—May, 1984), an assessment of this reuse/disposal option is
not being conducted at this time. The U.S. EPA reserves the right
to conduct such an assessment for this option in the future.
III. INCINERATION
A. Index of Air Concentration Increment Resulting from Incinerator
Emissions (Index 1)
1. FormuLa
( C x DS x SC x FM x DP) + BA
Index 1 = BA
where:
C = Coefficient to correct for mass and time units
(hr/sec x g/mg)
DS = Sludge feed rate (kg/hr DW)
SC = Sludge concentration of pollutant (mg/kg DW)
FM = Fraction of pollutant emitted through stack (unitless)
DP = Dispersion parameter for estimating maximum
annual ground level concentration (i g/m 3 )
BA = Background concentration of pollutant in urban
air (i.zg/m 3 )
2. Sample Calculation
1.000004 = [ (2.78 x i0 hr/sec x glmg x 2660 kg/hr DW x 0.048 mg/kg DW x 0.05
x 3.4 .ig/m 3 ) + 1.4 ug/m 3 ] t 1.4 ug/m 3
A-i
-------
B. Index of Hiimnn Cancer Risk Resulting from Inhalation of
Incinerator Emissions (Index 2)
1. Formula
[ (ii — 1) x BA] + BA
Index 2 = EC
where:
I = Index 1 = Index of air concentration increment
resulting from incinerator emissions
(unitless)
BA = Background concentration of pollutant in
urban air (j ig/rn 3 )
EC = Exposure criterion (jig/rn 3 )
2. Sample Calculation
20.8003035 = [ (1.000004 — 1) x 1.4 i.ig/m 3 ] + 1.4 zg/m 3
0.067307 j.ig/m 3
IV. OCEAN DISPOSAL
Based on the recommendations of the experts at the OWRS meetings
(April—May, 1984), an assessment of this reuse/disposal option is
not being conducted at this time. The U.S. EPA reserves the right
to conduct such an assessment for this option in the future.
A—2
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