MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS FOR WASTE WATER
COLLECTION SYSTEMS IN CITIES AND TOWNS
UP TO 150,000 IN POPULATION
Manpower Development Staff
Office of Water Program Operations
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, O.C. 20460
Center for Manpower
Research and Training
North Carolina A&T State University
Greensboro, North Carolina 27411
Grant Award No. T-900211
June 1973
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MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS FOR WASTE WATER
COLLECTION SYSTEMS IN CITIES AND TOWNS
UP TO 150,000 IN POPULATION
by
Elie Namour
Center for Manpower
Research and Training
North Carolina A&T State University
Greensboro, North Carolina 27411
for the
Manpower Development Staff
Office of Water Program Operations
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Grant No. T-900211
June 1973
For sale by the Superintendent ol Documents, U 3 Government Printing Office, Washington, D C 2M02 • Price SI 40
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PREFACE
Our consciousness of pollution has deepened in recent years. With increasing
population, urbanization, and industrialization, we are becoming alarmed that
water pollution will worsen unless adequate measures are taken to alleviate the
problem. The recent 1972 amendments to the Water Pollution Control Act are
only the latest and most visible example of increased interest in this area.
Upgrading the collection and treatment of waste water is crucial in the water
pollution abatement and control area.
The water pollution control field is growing considerably due to higher slandards
and facilities construction, thereby increasing the demard for skilled personnel.
Developing adequately trained manpower will be our biggest challenge. This
Man .’a1 is written to provide occupational information on job duties and worker
traits with important implications to system staffing and training. It identifies
specific manpower requirements, in terms of type and number, which are
needed to operate and maintain waste water collection systems in cities and
towns up to 150, 000 in population. Occupational Descriptions and Staffing Guides
have been developed to assist officials in charge of manpower staffing and
training. Users should bear in mind that information contained in this manual is
of a composite nature and does not necessarily apply to specific systems. To
be of maximum utility, manpower and training estimates based on such data
should be supplemented by information on local conditions.
This study was directed by Mr. Elie Namour of the Center for Manpower Research
and Training at North Carolina A & T State University. The Center for
Manpower Research and Training is supported by the U.S. Department of Labor
to educate students and conduct research in the field of human resource develop-
ment. Project staff consisted of two research assistants, Mr. Charles Gaibreath
and Mrs. Dorothy Warren, and five students who assisted in data collection
during the summer of 1972. Acting as consultants were Mr. Arthur L. White,
Engineering Technicians City of Greensboro, N. C. and Dr. John Boulger, Indus-
trial Psychologist, Director of Psychological Services, Farr Associates,
Greensboro, N. C. Chapter 2 “Waste Water Collection System” was prepared
with the assistance of Dr. Charles Srnallwood Jr., Professor of Civil Engineering
at North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N. C. and Sanitary Engineer Donald
E. Knibb, Chief Engineer, Water and Sewer Division, City of Greensboro, N. C.
The Department of Labor’s Occupational Analysis Field Center in Raleigh, N. C.
provided advisory assistance and training for research personnel of the project.
The Center also reviewed the Occupational Descriptions presented in this Manual.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 designed to
“eliminate the discharge of pollutants” gave impetus to the construction of
wastewater collection systems and the development of waste management
methods. It also imposed stringent requirements for reliable wastewater
collection operation and maintenance. The Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), created by executive order in December, 1970, leads and coordinates
pollution control activities set forth in the Water Pollution Control Act and
its 1972 Amendments. Among its many water responsibilities are the
establishment and enforcement of water quality standards, issuance of grants
for the construction of public wastewater treatment plants and collection systems,
and funding of research and demonstration peo3ects pertaining to proper opera-
tion and maintenance methods and procedures, design criteria, and new systems
development. It also provides technical and financial support for the assessment
of manpower requirements and the training of needed personnel in water pollu-
tion control. The EPA, through its Manpower Development: Staff of the Office
of Water Program Operations, has ur.dertaken the development, maintenance,
and dissemination of manpower planning methods, tools, and techniques to
provide a sufficient number of properly trained personnel in the water pollution
control field.
Since adequate manpower is a key element in the success of antipollution
activities, the unemployed and the disadvantaged provide an untapped resource.
Utilization of minority group personnel would not only draw from a largely
unrecognized source of manpower but also provide an avenue of employment
and self-betterment for members of these groups. As a result, plans are needed
to recruit, train, and provide avenues of promotion for disadvantaged personnel
within wastewater collection systems.
PURPOSE :
This Manpower Manual was prepared to meet the growing need for manpower
information in the water pollution control field. It develops manpower require-
ments for the effective operation and maintenance of wastewater collection
systems in cities and towns less than 150,000 in population. It is designed
to identify specific occupations in the form of Occupational Descriptions that
include the main duties, working conditions and physical demands of the jobs
required as well as the behavioral and psychological traits the workers must
possess to perform the required tasks satisfactorily. It develops Staffing Guides
that quantify manpower requirements by occupation to assist manpower planners,
trainers, wastewater collection administrators in making a better selection of
workers and more efficient use of resources. Task Descriptions are also
included to provide the basis for developing curriculums and training programs.
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SCOPE
Manpower is an important element in the water pollution control field which is
expected to continue to grow at an accelerated rate, creating more and perhaps
different job8 that need to be filled, Identifying the jobs required to maintain
an efficient wastewater collection system and preparing Staffing Guides are the
basic objectives of this research, This Manual provides a practical, general
framework for manpower planning. It covers field occupations that are entirely
or primarily involved with the REPAIR, CLEANING, INSPECTION, and
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE of storm sewers, sanitary sewers, and waste
water pumping stations (lift stations). The following twenty-one occupations
were identified:
Superintendent Photo-Inspection Technician
Assistant Superintendent Laborer
Maintenance Supervisor Maintenance Mechanic II
Foreman Maintenance Mechanic I
Maintenance Man II Maintenance Mechanic Helper
Maintenance Man I Construction Inspector Supervisor
Mason II Construction Inspector
Mason I Dispatcher
Maintenance Equipment Operator Stock Clerk
Construction Equipment Operator Clerk Typist
Automotive Equipment Operator
It was observed that most cities contract out the construction of new sanitary
and storm sewers. As a result, construction related jobs were not analyzed
in this Manual and were considered to be beyond the scope of the study. It
should be pointed out, however, that typical sewer construction occupations
are identified in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles. In addition, this study
does not cover plumbing inspection, bi1lir operations, and engineering activities.
The occupations in such fields are also described in the Dictionary of Occupational
Titles.
This Manual consists of five chapters. Chaster 1 briefly describes the interests
and responsibilities of the Environmental Protection Agency and discusses the
purpose, scope, and methodology of the study. Chapter 2 identifies the different
components of the wastewater collection system and describes equipment and
manpower requirements needed to maintain an efficient system. Chapter 3
develops Staffing Guides for cities and towns of different sizes. Such estimates
are based on field observations, numerous intervews with technical and super-
visory personnel, and the judgment of the researcher. Chapter 4 presents
Occupational Descriptions for the twenty-one jobs identified in the study. These
descriptions consist of Occupational Definitions and the Qualification Profiles
which include Formal Education, General Requirements, General Educational
Development, Specific Vocational Preparation, Aptitudes, Intere sts, Temperament,
Physical Demands, and Working Conditions. The Occupational Descriptions
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will be submitted to the U.S. Department of Labor for incorporation in the
Dictionary of Occupational Titles. Chapter 5 presents Task Descriptions for
the operation of sewer cleaning equipment and the repair and maintenance of
sewers and lift station8.
METHODOLOGY :
The following summary shows the overall pattern of procedural organization in
the design of the study. The research was based on field observations and
interviews conducted with supervisory and technical staff. The cities studied
were divided into five categories depending on the size of population. A sample
of five cities in North Carolina was selected for intensive observation of all
crews involved in the repair, cleaning, and rriaintenance of storm sewers,
sanitary sewers, and waste water pumping stations (lift stations). Task Des-
criptions were written by trained interviewers using a prepared questionnaire. *
Each work crew was observed at least twice by two different teams of interviewers.
During this phase most of the tasks described were observed under a variety of
environmental and operational conditions. The Task Descriptions were then
properly evaluated with extensive interviews with workers, lead men, foremen,
maintenance supervisors, and technical consultants.
The next phase was the acquisition of sufficient and meaningful facts on which
to structure the development of Occupational Definitions and Staffing Guides free
from distortion due to local or regional conditions. Fifty-four (54) cities in
twelve states were visited to interview waste water control administrative
personnel. Data were recorded on prepared questionnaires and available Job
Specifications were studied. The following twelve (12) states were included in
the sample:
State Number of Cities
Arizona 1
California 8
Colorado 1
Georgia 2
Illinois 3
Maine 3
* Readers interested in becoming acquainted with data collection instruments
used in the study are referred to Elie Narnour, “Research Report: Manpower
Requirements for Waste Water Collection Systems in Cities and Towns up to
150, 000 in Population” (Washington, D. C.: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1973). Included in the Research Report are statistical data, findings
conclusions, and recommendations relating to staffing waste water collection
systems.
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State Number of Cities
Massachusetts 2
Minnesota 3
North Carolina 16
South Carolina 5
Tennessee 5
Virginia
54
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2. WASTE WATER COLLECTION SYSTEM
The purpose of a waste water collection system is to accept, at the point of
origin, liquid waste and to convey it in essentially unaltered condition to
treatment points and then to carry treated waste water to a receiving body
of water.
There are three types of sewerage systems. The storm sewer is the oldest
type and has been uncovered in the most auc ent cities. It has the function of
carrying runoff from rainfall quickly away from streets and parking lots so
that transport is not impeded.
The combined sewer is the second type in a historical view. Sanitary waste
water was first introduced into storm sewers in the mid-nineteenth century
and the sewers were then called Combined Sewers. During dry weather there
is always a small flow of sanitary waste water and during storms it is mixed
with the very large volume of storm runoff.
The separate sanitary sewer was introduced about the turn of the century so that
the objectional small volume of sanitary waste could be treated before it was
discharged into harbors alongside of the untreated storm water.
The combined sewer system is found in many of our oldest and largest cities
where the cost of converting to a separate system of storm and sanitary
sewerage is now prohibitive. Most systems are separated.
It is important to recognize that sewe rage systems are gravity flow systems
and include as few pumps or other w’rking parts as possible. Accordingly
the design is strongly influenced by the topography of the community. The
steep slopes of mountainous terrain introduces pipe erosion problems resulting
from high velocity flow. Flat coastal systems suffer from infiltration of
groundwater and from sedimentation in the pipes resulting from low velocity
flow.
The common materials of sewer systems are vitrified clay and concrete
although asbestos cement, cast-iron, galvanized steel and plastic are also
widely used.
Figure 1 shows the variety of plans that may be employed.
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C ON TO UR
-INTERCEPTER
RECEIVING STREAM
\
/
/
/
,
/
I
I
—
/
/
/
/
‘¼
,
/
/
\
RECEIVING
STREAM
TREATME NT
PLANT
(B)
FIGURE I
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STORM SEWER SYSTEMS
Storm sewer lines (Figure 1) are designed to carry surface runoff as quickly
as possible to natural water course.
a. CURB AND GUTTER : In most cases the curb and gutter of the street
system carry the water to a street inlet which in turn conveys the
water to the storm drain. Thus the street curb and gutter are
essential parts of an urban storm drain system.
b. STREET INLET : The street inlet is usually located near inter sec-
tions where it accepts water from the street either through a grated
street opening or through an opening in the curb. A pipe from the
inlet discharges directly to the storm drain (Figure 2).
c. CATCH BASIN : The catch basin is simply a street inlet that has a
deep trap that retains leaves, grit and heavy debris which otherwise
would be carried into the sewer. They are utilized wherever a large
amount of surface dirt is to be expected. Since they must be cleaned
periodically many cities do not use them. Figure 2 illustrates the
difference between the inlet and the catch basin.
d. LATERAL LINES : Lateral lines serve short residential streets and
are commonly about 18 inches in diameter.
e. MAIN LINES : The main lines collect the drainage from the laterals.
The size is a function of the frequency of the design storms. Down -
town Business Districts may be protected against a S or 10 year storm.
Residential neighborhoods may only be protected against a 2 or 5 year
storm. Sizes thus may go to 72 inches in diameter.
f. INTERCEPTORS : These lines intercept flow from the mains before it
is discharged to a stream. They then guide the flow parallel to a
stream to a point where the flow may be released without danger of
eroding stream banks or to a point of treatment.
g. OUTFALLS : Outfalls carry flow into a receiving body of water. An
interceptor may become the outfall if there is no treatment plant as
in most storm systems.
COMBINED SEWER SYSTEM
The extremely wide variation of flow in a combined sewer ranging from very
small nightime sanitary waste flows to very large storm flows require the
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CROSS WALK
INLET
CURB
1 4 J
INTERSECTION
PLAN
INLET CATCH BASIN
FIGURE 2
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introduction of special bypass devices so that large excess flows go directly
to a receiving body of water. The normal sanitary or “dry weather” flow is
diverted to the treatment plant.
a. LEAPING WEIRS : Normal sanitary waste water drops through a
vertical pipe (see Figure 3). Large flows “leap” over the opening
of the vertical pipe and go to the point of discharge.
b. DIVERTING WEIRS : Normal sanitary waste water flow is turned
from its normal direction of flow and is tidivertedil to the treatment
plant. Storm flows are very large and pass over the weir to the
discharge point.
c. SIPHON SPILLWAY : The siphon is only activated by very large storm
water flows and then diverts flow directly to stream. Low sanitary
or “dry-weather” flow goes to a treatment point.
SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS
Sanitary sewer systems include laterals, the mains, the interceptors, and the
outfalls similar to the storm sewer system (see Figure 1). They differ from
storm drainage systems in that they are normally smaller (laterals are 8 inches
in sanitary and perhaps 18 inches in storm systems). They are also commonly
much deeper in the ground than a storm drain. They must be sufficiently deep
to catch waste from household basements.
The “house connection” is either a 4 inch cast-iron pipe or a 6 inch vitrified
clay pipe that connects the house drains to the lateral or main.
Infiltration is an undesirable result of placing sanitary sewers so deep. Additional
maintenance to minimize infiltration and avoid expensive waste treatment is
usually required to keep lines and manholes tight against external water.
It is also necessary to inspect and insure that illegal connections are not made.
Such illegal connections would include:
a. Connections to roof leaders.
b. Discharges of acid or alkali from chemical processing.
c. Drainage from gas service stations that might have oil or gasoline
in it.
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WE IR
OVERFLOW
LEAPING WEIR
VERTICAL SECTION
TO
OVERFLOW
COMBINED
SEWER
(NORMAL FLOW
TO INTERCEPTER)
SIPHON SPILLWAY — VERTICAL SECTION
FIGURE 3
DIVERTING WEIR
PLAN
DEPRESSED SEWER
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APPURTENANCES
MANHOLES :
Manholes (Figure 4) are ground surface openings in a sewer and serve many
purposes among which are the following:
a. Access to sewers for men and equipment. Equipment usually
dictates a bottom diameter of at least 4 feet.
b. Vents to prevent accumulation of explosive or toxic gases.
c. Vents to prevent corrosion by hydrogen sulfide.
d. Provide locations for gauging flo v.
e. Allow for changes in direction of flow.
f. Allow for connections at different elevations.
g. Allow for reductions in velocity.
h. Relief valve for excessive flows especially in storm drainage systems.
i. Allow for changes in pipe sites.
INVERTED SIPHON :
A sewer line requiring a sudden change in grade to pass under an obstruction
and then a grade reversal to regain its original slope. Waste water in the
depressed section of the pipe is not always flowing and solids tend to drop out
and collect in the low points, resulting in a continuous maintenance problem.
PUMP AND LIFT STATIONS :
When waste water connot be carried by gravity over a ridge or past an obstacle
it may be necessary to “pump” the sewage into a “pressure main” that carries
it to a treatment plant. In other cases it may be sufficient to “lift” the waste
water from a lOW lying gravity sewer to another gravity sewer at a higher
elevation.
Lilt stations frequently use compressed air in alternating chambers to “push”
the water higher and to avoid moving parts in contact with the flow. Pumps
must have non-clog impellers so that solids in the waste water do not damage
the pump.
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FRAME
DROP MANHOLE
SECTION
FIGURE 4
MASONRY OR
CONCRETE WALL
CONCRETE
BA SE
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MAINTENANCE PROGRAM
What should be done to ensure that the system will continue to operate smoothly
without blockages and without disrupting service? The following methods of
operation would enhance the collection system maintenance
a. The location of all lines must be clearly shown or’ readily available
maps.
b. All lines should be accessible and rights-of-way cleared.
c. Construction should be of good undamaged materials placed under
careful inspection.
d. Spacing of manholes should dictate the length of cables in any cleaning
device.
e. Establishment of proper preventive maintenance procedures that include
scheduled routine inspection and cleaning of the different elements of
the waste water collection system.
f. Perhaps one-tenth of the total mileage of line will require half of the
maintenance effort. Sufficient equipment and personnel should be
available so that these troublesome areas are cleaned as often as the
situation dictates.
g. Continuous inspection for illegal connections and illegal discharges
is desirable.
h. The origin of all inspections and all maintenance operations should
be the point of discharge so that serious blocks downstream can be
avoided.
i. Known breaks should be repatred prior to any routine cleaning to avoid
additional damage.
j. Mechanical units such as pumps will require continuous maintenance.
MAJOR EQUIPMENT
POWER RODDER :
Used to control root intrusion. The power rodder can either be truck mounted
or trailer mounted. For best mobility on typical urban streets, the truck
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mounted power rodder is preferred. This rodder has the equipment to unstop
mains from 8 inches in diameter to about 36 inches in diameter. The crew
should be equipped with three men to provide safe operation and safe handling
of traffic problems created by working at manholes at street intersections.
The truck should be equipped with at least 500 feet of rods and a complete set
of tools involving all sizes of cutters.
HIGH VELOCITy WATER JET :
The Water Jet should be truck mounted. The truck should be equipped with a
minimum of 500 feet of hose and a variety of nozzles for various size lines and
types of problems. Basically, the machine works with pressures of approxi-
mately 1, 000 PSI with a majority of holes in the nozzles Jetting to the rear, so
that the hydraulic power pulls the nozide through the line and flushes the solids
in the line downstream. This machine is most effective in pipe sizes of 8 inches
through 15 inches in diameter.
BUCKET MACHINE :
This sewer cleaning equipment is primarily used for removal of large quantities
of silt and grit from outfall lines. The bucket is pulled through the line between
two manholes by means of a winch with the bucket’s jaws open to scoop up debris.
When full, the bucket travel is reversed with its Jaws closed and is returned to
ground level at first manhole where it is emptied.
WAYNE BALL MACHINE :
It uses a spirally grooved ball which is inserted into the sewer line and water is
pumped into the manhole. This water passes around the ball through the spiral
grooves that loosens dirt from the walls of the line and drives the ball forward
forcing the accumulated debris ahead to the next manhole for removal.
VAC - ALL :
This cleaning equipment removes solids from a manhole as they are deposited
by a high velocity cleaner and returns the water to the sewer in a sanitary method.
PHOTO-INSPECTION SYSTEM :
A camera is inserted and pulled through the sewer line to take pictures manually
or automatically at specified intervals to determine the condition of the pipe and
the need for repairs.
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TELEVISION INSPECTION SYSTEM :
A closed circuit television system is utilized for remote visual inspection of
sewer lines. A TV camera is drawn through the line and a TV monitor shows
the condition of the sewer.
TELEGROUT SYSTEM :
A sewer sealing equipment is used in conjunction with a television camera for
remote internal repair of leaking sewer lines. The equipment is pulled through
the pipe, its packer is inflated and a chemical grout compound is pumped over
the suspected leak to seal the line.
SEWER RELINING SYSTEM :
A Polyethelene pipe that has been joined by a heat fusion process is inserted
through the old sewer line.
THE FUTURE
Advancement will continue in three areas: equipment, materials, and manpower
utilization. In the area of equipment, we will see improvement in the technique
of internal pipe inspection. The TV camera will be coupled with cleaning tools
so that the equipment operator cart actually see what heeds to be done and to assist
him in doing it. This will lead to development of better tools such as high pressure
cleaners (3, 000 psi), remote control clam buckets, vacuum excavators, and
pavement and rock saws (in lieu of jack hammers).
A major breakthrough is coming in materials. The jointless or seamless pipe
that can be laid without manholes at every grade or alignment change will allow
the lines to follow curved sub-division streets more economically. The primary
reason for the old straight lines and grades was to facilitate manual visual
inspection from manhole to manhole and to allow cleaning with tools with limited
capabilities.
The greatest breakthrough will be in manpower utilization. We now stumble along
with efficiencies similar to the internal combustion engine. Motivation, training,
supervision, and maintenance management will all be developed.
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3. DETERMINATION OF QUANTITATIvE MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS
MANPOWER DETERMINANTS :
The determination of manpower needs for wastewater collection systems is a
complex problem requiring the consideration of many variables, Among the
more important ones are:
1. The size of the system in miles of sewer lines.
2. The age of the system.
3. The standard of sewer construction.
4. Funds available in the budget.
5. The scope of the municipality’s responsibility such as the
maintenance of lateral lines.
6. The extent of contractors’ use.
7. The establishment of minimum maintenance capabilities.
8. The type of equipment used.
9. The accessibility of work sites to equipment.
10. Distances work crews have to travel.
11. The topography of the area.
The translation of these multiple factors into working figures is a difficult
undertaking. Factorial characteristics are different for each system and there
is no single predominating parameter which can be utilized as a reliable
determinant of staffing needs.
CREW FUNCTIONS :
Manpower requirements are more logically evaluated in terms of crew functions.
To maintain an efficient wastewater collection system, certain tasks must be
performed. Sewer lines must be inspected, cleaned, opened, and repaired. Appur-
tenances such as manholes must be checked, patched, cleaned, their walls
raised, and their covers repaired. Pumping stations must be inspected, and
their mechanical and electrical equipment adjusted and repaired. A recommended
approach is one where scheduled routine preventive maintenance dominates
work activities rather than the mad rush to emergencies. The next step is to
determine the types and sizes of crews needed to perform the above mentioned
duties. Figures 5 through 10 show typically acceptable organization charts for
the maintenance of wastewater collection systems in cities with the following
population sizes: 5,000, 10,000, 25,000, 50,000, 100,000 and 150,000. The
preparation of these charts was based on extensive field observations, numerous
interviews with supervisory personnel in difierent localities, and the judgment
of the researcher. The charts include functions of crews, titles of workers,
number of personnel required, and total man hours per week, The description
of each worker’s duties can be found in Chapter 4. It should be pointed out that
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judgment must be exercised by the user since the factors which control and
modify manpower requirements are numerous and should be supplemented by
local consideration. With the exercise of due caution, the charts provided in
this chapter should be useful in providing preliminary approximation of requisite
staffing needs. In short, weight should be given to local conditions that may
modify the estimated values.
CONSTRUCTION INSPECTION AND LIFT STATION MAINTENANCE :
Manpower requirements for the inspection of new sewer construction and the
maintenance of lift stations are not related to size of city population which has
been selected as the predominate staffing determinate. Construction inspection
is predominately determined by the time length of construction projects. On the
average, a construction inspector spends two hours a day in the office studying
blueprints and specifications in preparation for project inspections, preparing
reports, and conferring with city engineers. He also spends two hours a day
per site conducting field inspection of work in progress. An average day schedule
consists of office work and three construction site visits. Therefore, manpower
requirement in man hours per week is computed by multiplying the estimated
number of daily construction site visits by 8/3. For example, 15 work site
visits per week (3 per day) require 40 man hours a week (15 x 8/3 = 40). When
four or more Construction Inspectors are employed, a Construction Inspector
Supervisor would be needed to supervise, coordinate and schedule inspection
activities on a full time basis. Upon determination of the approximate number
of Construction Inspectors, the suggested man hours required for a Construction
Inspector Supervisor is developed on a judgmental basis.
The maintenance of a wastewater lift station of less than 6, 000 gallons per minute
requires a Maintenance Mechanic I and his Helper approximately 30 minutes
for each routine preventive maintenance check up, excluding travel time. A
crew consisting of one Maintenance Mechanic I and one Maintenance Mechanic
Helper can perfom routine preventive maintenance and minor repairs to approxi-
mately 8 lift stations a day counting travel and stand by time. Hence, the
manpower requirement for each occupation is computed, in man hours per week,
by multiplying the number of lift station visits per week by 1. For example,
8 lift stations visited five times per week (total of 40 visits) require 40 hours a
week for Maintenance Mechanic I and 40 hours a week for Maintenance Mechanic
Helper. It was observed that the overhaul and repair of pumps and equipment
of 15-20 lift stations require the services of a Maintenance Mechanic II on a full
time basis. Therefore, staffing needs for this occupation in manhours per week
is computed by multiplying the number of lift stations by 8/3.
Computations for manpower requirements for Construction Inspection and Lift
Station Maintenance are in Table 1, page 26
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MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS :
The following analysis assumes that the maintenance of lateral lines is the
responsibility of the private property owner. Otherwise, an emergency crew
consisting of one Maintenance Man II and one Maintenance Man I will be re-
quired for each 50, 000 people served. It also assumes that major construction
of sewer lines is handled by outside contractors.
Figure 5, on page 20, illustrates one part time crew in a city or town of 5, 000.
A sewer system of 30 miles of sanitary main lines is assumed. The Superin-
terident activities are usually performed by the L irector of Public Works, the
City Engineer or the Director of Public Utilities. In addition to the maintenance
of sewers, the crew is responsible for such public works functions as treatment
plant operation and water and street maintenance. Septic tanks are widely
used in cities of this size and a large number of dwellings are not sewered.
Manpower needs for Construction Inspection and Lift Station Maintenance are
presented in Table 1.
Figure 6, on page 21 , presents wastewater collection personnel in a city or
town of 10, 000 with a sewer system of 70 miles of sanitary main lines. Here
also a part time crew is utilized. The explanations to Figure 5 apply to Figure
6 as well.
Figure 7, on page 22, depicts the sewerage department in a city of 25, 000 with
a sewer system of 150 miles of sanitary main lines. Two sewer maintenance
crews are needed. One sewer Cleaning Crew which deals with routine preventive
and emergency maintenance and one part time Repair Crew which is large
enough to perform needed repairs and the replacement of short sections of broken
sewer lines. Construction Inspection and Lilt Station Maintenance personnel are
computed in Table 1.
Figure 8, on page 23, shows manpower requirements for a sewer system of
250 rriles of sanitary main lines in a city of 50, 000 in population. In addition
to a Repair Crew and two Cleaning Crews, the services of a Maintenance Super-
visor, a Dispatcher, a Stock Clerk and a Clerk Typist are also needed. Table 1
shows the staffing needs for Construction Inspection and Lift Station Maintenance.
Figure 9, on page 24, illustrates the sewerage staff in a city of 100, 000 in popu-
lation with 500 miles of sanitary main lines. Work crews consist of one Internal
Inspection Crew which operate a sewer camera, one Repair Crew, and three
Cleaning Crews which permit the continuous utilization of at least two crews in
preventive maintenance functions. Manpower needs for Construction Inspection
and Lift Station Maintenance are presented in Table 1.
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Figure 10, on page 25, presents a city of 150, 000 with the largest wastewater
collection staff covered in this Manual. A sewerage system of 700 miles of
sanitary main lines is assumed. Two Maintenance Supervisors direct and
coordinate the activities of ten crews. Included in the staff are five Cleaning
Crews shich use sewer cleaning equipment such as the power rodder, high
velocity water jet, bucket machine, vac-all, and wayne ball machine. The
Cleaning Crews handle emergency cases and follow a scheduled preventive
maintenance program. Two Repair Crews and one Masonry Crew are assigned
to repair and construct small sections of sewer lines, manholes, street inlets
and catch basins. One Internal Inspection Crew operates a sewer camera to
photograph sewer lines. The Staffing of Construction Inspection and Lift Station
Maintenance is computed in Table 1.
Table 1 presents a Staffing Guide based on the organization charts already
discussed. It lists manpower requirements per occupation for six cities and
towns of different sizes and provides a form for preparing a staff complement.
The user should read Chapter 3 before attempting to use Table 1.
CAREER LATTICE :
Figure 11, on page 27, illustrates a Career Lattice for a wastewater collection
system that includes all occupations identified in this Manual except for such
office jobs as Clerk Typist and Dispatcher. A Career Lattice reflects entry,
promotional and transfer opportunities that exist for each worker. It “utilizes
the interrelationships among jobs to create promotional opportunities and facili-
tate mobility of workers among jobs. A career lattice provides for mobility in
three directions: horizontal mobility to jobs at the same relative level of com-
plexity but in a different area of work, vertical mobility to more complex jobs
in the same area of work, and diagonal mobility to more complex jobs in a
different but related area of work.”
“A Handbook for Job Restructuring” (Washington: U.S. Department of Labor,
Manpower AdministratiOn, 1969, page 2).
19
-------
TYPICAL ORGANIZATION CHART FOR WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEM
in man-hours per week
1 Superintendent 5
I
.4
MAINT. CREW
1
1
Foreman
Maint. Man
Ii
15
15
1
Maint. Man
I
15
1
Laborer
15
1
Const. Eq.
Op.
15
CONST. INSPECTION
*
*
C nst.
Const.
Insp. Superv.
Inspector
LIFT STATION MAINT .
** Maint. Mech. II
* Maint. Mech. I
* Ma:nt. Mech. Help.
* Determined by time length of construction projects.
** Determined by number of lift stations.
CITY POPULATION: 5,000
see pages 16-19 for explanations
FIGURE 5
20
-------
YPICAL ORGANIZATION CHART FOR WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEM
in man-hours per week)
1 Superintendent 10
— MAINT. CREW
1 Foreman
1 Maint. Man II 20
1 Maint. Man I 20
1 1 Laborer 20
1 Const. Eq. Op. 20
CONST. INSPECTION
* Const. Insp. Superv.
I * Const. Inspector
LIFT STATION MAINT .
** Maint. Mech. II
L ** Maint. Mech, I
** Maint. Mech. Help.
* Determined by time length of construction projects.
** Determined by number of lift stations.
CITY POPULATION: 10, 000
see pages 16-19 for explanations
FIGURE 6
21
-------
TYPICAL ORGANIZATION CHART FOR WASTEWATER COLLECTiON SYSTEM
in man-hours per week)
1 Superintendent 20
CLEANING CREW
1 Maint Eq. op. 40
1 Maint. Man I 40
- REPAIR CREW
1 Foreman 20
iMaint. ManU 20
1 Maint. Man 1 20
2 Laborer 40
1 Const. Eq. Op. 20
CONST _INSPECTIONJ
* Const. Insp. Superv.
* Const. Inspector
LIFT STATION MAINT.
** Maint. Mech. U
** Mairit. Mech. I
4* Maint. Mech. Help.
4 Determined by time length of construction projects.
Determined by number of lift stations.
CITY POPULATION: 25, 000
see pages 16-19 for explanations
FIGURE 7
22
-------
TYPICAL ORGANIZATION CHART FOR WASTE WATER COLLECTION SYSTEM
in man-hours per week
1 Dispatcher
1 Stock Clerk
1 Clerk Typist
40
40
20
L i Maintenance Supervisor 40
CLF ANTNC ( p;• W
-J
1
1
Maint. Eq. Op.
Maint. Man I
40
40 - -
I
CLEANING CREW
1
Maint. Eq. Op.
40
1
Maint. Man I
40
REPAIR CREW
1 Foreman
1 Maint. Man II
— 1 Maint. Man I
1 Mason II
2 Laborer
Op .
40
40
40
40
80
40
LIFT STATION MAINT.
** Maint. Mech. II
‘* Maint. Mech. I
**Maint.Mech._Helper j
* Determined by time length of construction projects.
** Determined by number of lift stations.
CITY POPULATION: 50, 000
see pages 16-19 for explanations
CONST. INSPECTION
* Const. Insp. Superv.
* Const, Inspector
1 Superintendent 40
FIGURE 8
23
-------
TYPICAL ORGANIZATION CHART FOR WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEM
in man-hours per week)
1
2 Dispatcher 80
1 Stock Clerk 40 ——
1 Clerk Typist 20j _____________
T 1
:lMaintenanceSupervisor40:
REPAIR CREW j
r 1 Foreman 40
I Maint. Man II 40
1 Maint. Man I 40
2 Laborer 80
1 Const. Eq. Op. 40
.1 Auto Eq. Op. 40
MASONRY CREW
- 1 Mason LI 40
iMason I 40
1 Laborer 40
LLIFT STATION MAINT.
— ** Maint. Mech. II
** Maint Mech I
I * Maint. Mech. Help.
HMainterlanceSupervisor4CJ
p
CLEANiNG CREW
1 Maint. Eq. Op. 40
1 Maint. ManI 40
1 Laborer _____
1 Maint. Eq. op. 40
1 Maint. Man I 40
CLEANING CREW
1 Maint. Eq. Op.
1 Maint Man I
INSPECTION CREW
1 Photo-Insp. Tech.40 I
I Maint. Man I 40
I Laborer 40
Determined by time length of construction projects.
** Determined by number of lift stations.
CITY POPULATION: 100, 000
see pages 16-19 for explanations
FIGURE 9
I Superintendent 40
CCNST. INSPECTION
* Const. Insp. Superv.
* Const. Inspector
40
40
24
-------
TYPICAL ORGANIZATION CHART FOR WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEM
in man-hours per week
2 Dispatcher
2 Stock Clerk
1 Clerk Typist
REPAIR CREW
oreman
1 Maint. Man II
1 Mason II
1 Maint. Man I
2 Laborer
1 Const. Eq. Op.
1 Auto Eq. Op .
I REPAIR CREW
r 1 Foreman
—I 1 Maint. Man II
1 Maint. Man I
1 Laborer
lConst. Eq. Op .
1
CONST.
1 * Const. Insp. Superv.
1* Const. Inspector
L _Maintenance Supervisor 40
__ I CLEANING CREW
40
40
40
40
40
40
80
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
MASONRY CREW
iMasonil 40
iMasoni 40
1 Laborer 40
LIFT STATION MAINT .
** Maint. Mech. II
** Maint. Mech. I
**Maint._Mech.H&P.j
* Determined by time length of
** Determined by number of lift
1
1
1
Maint. Eq. op.
Maint. Man I
Laborer
J__CLEANING CREW
1 Maint. Eq. 0p.
int. Man I 40
CLEANING CREW
1 Maint. Eq. 0 p. 40
lMaint,ManI 40.
CLEANING CREW
1 Maint. Eq. 0 p. 41T
1 Maint. Man I 40
CLEANING CREW
1 Maint. Eq. 0 p.
1 Maint. Man I
INSPECTION CREW
1 Photo-Insp. Tech.40
1 Maint. Man I 40
1 Laborer 40
construction projects.
stations.
CITY POPULATION: 150,000
see pages 16-19 for explanations
FIGURE 10
H
40
40
40
LLASst. Superintendent 40
-L
80
80
40
INSPECTION
1 Maintenance Super 1
25
-------
TABLE I
STAFF COMPLEMENTS FOR WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEM
see pages 16-25 for details
POPULATION SIZE
Occupational
Title
000
j••Q
. .Qj
j Q
000
jQO.000
150 000
(
(b)
j
j
.j_
J )
J )
(b
(a)
(b)
Superintendent
1
5
1
10
1
20
1
40
1
40
1
40
Aset. Superint.
1
40
Maint. Supervisor
1
40
2
80
2
80
Foreman
1
15
1
20
1
20
1
40
1
40
2
80
Maint, Man II
1
15
1
20
1
20
1
40
1
40
2
80
Maint. Man 1
1
15
1
20
2
60
3
120
5
200
8
320
Mason II
1
40
40
2
80
Masonl
40
1
40
Maint. Eq. Op.
1
40
2
80
3
120
5
200
Const. Eq. Op.
1
15
1
20
1
20
1
40
1
40
2
80
.uto. Eq. Op.
1
40
1
40
Photo, Insp. Tech.
1
40
1
40 —
Laborer
1
15
1
20
2
40
2
80
5
200
6
240
Dispatcher
1
40
2
80
2
80
Clerk Typist
1.
20
1
20
2
80
tock Clerk
1
40
1
40
1
40
ewer Maint. Staff
f .Mech.ll (c)
!
80
T
‘1T5
T
!
iT
2T ’
1060
T
15&0
f, Mech. I (d)
4. Mech. Help. (d l
onst .Insp.(e)
on st. Ins p. S. (f)
—
[ ‘otal Staff
—
—
—
—
—
—
(a) Estimated number of personnel.
(b) Estimated total man-hours per week
(c) Multiply number of lift stations maintained by 8/3 (see page 17)
(d) Multiply number of lift station visits per week by 1 (see page 17)
(e) Multiply estimated construction site visits per week by 8/3 (see page 17)
(f) Determined by the number of Construction Inspectors employed and developed
on a judgmental basis.
Unit processes included in this Staffing Table are:
1. Maintenance of Sanitary sewer main lines and appurtenances (laterals are
not included). See first paragraph on page 18 for maintenance of laterals.
2. Maintenance of Storm sewer main lines.
3. Maintenance of lilt stations.
4. Inspection of newly constructed sewer main lines and appurtenances.
26
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CAREER LATTICE FOR A WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEM
SUPERINTENDENT
IASST. SUPERINTENDENT I
(-I
[ w SOURCE:
ISEMI SKILLED LABOR POOL
IGENEI I. PUBLIC
ECHN ICAL INSTITUTION GRADUATE
MAINT. SUPERVISOR
LABORER
* Position available only in system over
** Position available only in system over
*** Position available only in system over
**** Position available only in system over
100, 000 in population.
50, 000 in population.
25, 000 in population.
10, 000 in population.
-
cONST.INSP.SUPERVI j
-J
cONST. 1:NSPECT0R
H
**
PHOTO-INSP. TECH
---
MAINT. MECHANIC II
LINT. MECHANIC I
1
--rT ENTRY LEVEL
POSITION
ENTRY SOURCE:
UNSKILLED LABOR POOL
GENERAL PUBLIC
-------
4. OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTIONS
The objective of an Occupational Description is to portray the responsibilities,
skills and knowledge required for the successful execution of identified tasks
by the average worker. Such information is indispensable to provide the basis
for the recruitment, selection, training, certification, placement and promotion
of wastewater personnel. An Occupational Description presents an actual
picture of the job by showing what the worker does, how he does it, why he does
it, the skill involved, and the machine, tools, equipment and work aids used in
performing his duties. It also indicates the Qualifications Profiles the employee
should possess by specifying Formal Education, General Requirements, and
Worker Traits such as General Educational Development, Specific Vocational
Preparation, Aptitudes, Interests, Temperament, Physical Demands, and
Working Conditions. Appendix 3 provides Worker Traits definitions prepared by
the U. S. Department of Labor to explain job analysis specifications used in the
Dictionary of Occupational Titles.
The twenty-one Occupational Descriptions presented in this chapter were developed
on the basis of field observations and interviews with wastewater collection
personnel in fifty-four cities in twelve states and formal reviews with analysts
at the Department of Labor’s Occupational Analysis Center in Raleigh, N. C.
Survey instruments used are explained in the “Research Report” submitted in
conjunction with this Manpower Manual (see note on page 3).
Detailed Occupational Descriptions for the following twenty-one types of personnel
commonly employed in wastewater collection systems are presented on pages 30
through 83.
Occupational Descriptions Page
1. Superintendent 30
2. Assistant Superintendent 33
3. Maintenance Supervisor 36
4. Foreman 39
5. Maintenance Man II 42
6. Maintenance Man I 45
7. Mason 11 48
8. Mason I 51
9. Maintenance Equipment Operator 53
10. Construction Equipment Operator 56
11. Automotive Equipment Operator 58
12. Photo-Inspection Technician 60
13. Laborer 63
14. Maintenance Mechanic II 65
15. Maintenance Mechanic I 67
16. Maintenance Mechanic Helper 69
28
-------
Occupational Descriptions Page
17. Construction Inspector Supervisor 71
18. Construction Inspector 74
19. Dispatcher 77
20. Stock Clerk 79
21. Clerk Typist 81
29
-------
OCCUPAT iONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: SUPERINTENDENT, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Supervises and coordinates, through subordinates, activities of workers
engaged in construction and maintenance of storm and sanitary sewers
and related structures. Compiles and analyzes records on manpower,
material and equipment utilization, and initiates actions to improve work
efficiency. Establishes, reviews and recommends departmental policies
regarding work methods and safety procedures. Submits recommendations
for expansion of sewerage system and acquisition of new equipment.
Periodically visits work sites to ensure that correct, efficient and safe
work procedures are followed according to established standards. Gives
technical assistance to subordinates. Prepares and submits budget
recommendations and reports for official records. Approves procurement
of supplies and equipment. Confers with municipal authorities and state
government officials to discuss adequacy of existing facilities. Cooperates
with other city departments to coordinate efforts in improving standard of
service and enforcing city plumbing codes and sewer ordinances. Confers
with city engineers and contractors to discuss expansion of existing facilities.
OUALIFICATIQNS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Graduation from a high sLhoot is the minimum requirement,
preferably supplemented by college level courses in civil or
sanitary engineering. A college degree is highly desirable.
2. General Requirements
a. Knowledge of the principles . practices and techniques of sewer
construction, repair and niatntenance.
b. Knowledge of tools, equipment and materials used in wastewater
collection operations.
c. Ability to organize, coordinate and evaluate the work of subordinates.
d. Ability to prepare written reports and budgets and maintain work
records.
e. Ability to read and interpret blueprints, diagrams and specifications.
f. Ability to establish and maintain effective working relationships
with city officials, employees, contractors and the general public.
30
-------
Title: SUPERINTENDENT (Cont t d)
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply principles of logical thinking to define problems,
collect data, establish facts, and draw valid conclusions.
(2) Interpret an extensive variety of technical instructions
in books, manuals, and mathematical or diagrammatic
form.
(3) Deal with several abstract and concrete variables.
b. Mathematical:
Perform ordinary arithmetic, algebraic, and geometric
procedures in standard, practical applications.
c. Language:
(1) Prepare budgets, tecords, and reports.
(2) Confer with subordinates, city officials, and the general
public.
(3) Evaluate engineering and technical data and interpret
specifications.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
Six to eight years of progressively responsible experience in
wastewater collection activities, including at least three years
of supervisory experience.
5. Aptitudes-Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Highest third excluding top 10%
b. Verbal:
c. Numerical: It
d. Spatial: IT
e. Form Perception: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
f. Clerical Perception: Middle third
g. Motor Coordination: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
h. Finger Dexterity:
i. Manual Dexterity:
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination: ‘I
k. Color Discrimination: Lowest 10%
6. Interests:
Preference for activities involving business contact with people
and activities resulting in prestige or the esteem of others.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to a variety of tasks requiring frequent change and
satisfactory working relationships with people. Must adjust to
planning and controlling work activities.
31
-------
Title: SUPERINTENDENT (Cont’d)
8. Physical Demands:
Sedentary work.
9. Working Conditions:
Inside work.
ENTRY SOURCES: Assistant Superintendent, Maintenance Supervisor,
Foreman, or Superintendent of a smaller system.
PROGRESSION TO: Director of Public Works, Water and Sewer Admini-
strator, or a smaller position in a larger or more
complex system.
32
-------
OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Assists SUPERINTENDENT in coordinating functions of wastewater
collection system to provide sewerage services with minimum interrup-
tion: Compiles data, analyzes maintenance records, and helps prepare
recommendahons dealing with utilization of resources, safety and work
procedures, selection of new equipment, and expansion of existing
facilities. Drives pickup truck to visit job sites to ensure compliance
with established standards. Assists in planning and conducting safety
and training programs. Assists in preparing annual budgets. Confers
with contractors and equipment manulactureres to discuss bid specifications
and requisitions of necessary equipment. Maintains personnel records
and recommends promotions and pay raises. Serves as SUPERINTENDENT
in his absence.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Graduation from a high school is the minimum requirement,
preferably supplemented by college level courses in civil or
sanitary engineering. A college degree is highly desirable.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of the principles, practices and techniques of sewer
construction, repair and maintenance.
b. Knowledge of tools, equipment, and materials used in wastewater
collection operations.
c. Knowledge of city sewer and drain system.
d. Knowledge of occupational hazards and ability to enforce safety
precautions.
e. Ability to assign and supervise work of subordinates and to train
them in proper work techniques.
f. Ability to prepare written reports and budgets and maintain work
records.
g. Ability to establish and maintain effective working relationships
with city officials, employees, contractors and the general public.
33
-------
Title: ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT (Cont’d)
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply principles of logical thinking to define problems,
collect data, and draw valid conclusions.
(2) Interpret an extensive variety of technical instructions,
in books, manuals, mathematical or diagrammatic form.
(3) Deal with several abstract and concrete variables.
b. Mathematical:
Perform ordinary arithmetic, algebraic and geometric
procedures in standard, practical applications.
c. Language:
(1) Write and edit reports azid records.
(2) Analyze and evaluate tecl’riical data.
(3) Confer with employees, city officials and the public.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
Four to six years of progressively responsible experience
in wastewater collection work, including at least two years
of supervisory experience.
5. Aptitudes-Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Highest third excluding top 10%
b. Verbal:
c. Numerical:
d. Spatial:
e. Form Perception: Middle third
1. Clerical Perception:
g. Motor Coordination: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
h. Finger Dexterity:
i, Manual Dexterity: I ’
j. Eye -Hand -Foot Coordination:
k. Color Discrimination: Lowest 10%
ó. Interests:
Interest in activities involving business contact with people and
resulting in prestige or the esteem of others.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to planning and controlling a variety of work activities
requiring frequent change. Must have satisfactory working
relationships with people.
8. Physical Demands;
Sedentary work involving periodic inspection of work sites.
34
-------
Title: ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT (Cont’d)
9. Working Conditions:
Work is performed both inside and outside.
ENTRY SOURCES: Maintenance Supervisor or Foreman.
PROGRESSION TO: Superintendent or a similar position in a larger
or more complex system.
35
-------
OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Coordinates and supervises work crews engaged in repairing, cleaning,
arid maintaining storm and sanitary sewer lines: Confers with SUPERIN-
TENDENT or ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT to discuss job assignments,
schedule work and equipment for crews, and evaluate workers. Determines
priority of work orders received, evaluates most feasible approaches,
assigns tasks to crews, and ensures that needed materials and equipmert
are provided. Drives truck to job sites to inspect periodically and
evaluate work in progress to assure that correct, efficient and safe work
procedures are followed according to accepted standards. Provides
technical assistance and direct supervision as needed for efficient operation.
Directs activities that are regarded complex enough to demand high res-
ponsibility. Inspects and evaluates completed jobs to determine conformance
to specifications and work orders. Gives directions to and meets with
FOREMEN, MAINTENANCE MEN II. and EQUIPMENT OPERATORS to
assign work and to discuss and prescribe work methods. Reads maps
and blueprints. Plans sewer preventive maintenance activities and schedules
routine cleaning of sewerage system with sewer cleaning equipment. Checks
equipment used by crews to make sure that equipment functions properly
and is adequately maintained. Keeps records, makes reports, and re-
commends improvements in work methods arid standard of service. Checks
time slips, sick leave, and arranges vacation time. Trains and instructs
subordinates.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Minimum requirement usually is high school or vocational school
graduation.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of work methods, tools, equipment, and materials
used in the construction, repair, and maintenance of sanitary
and storm sewers, and related structures.
b. Knowledge of city sewer and drain system.
c. Knowle.dge of work hazards and ability to enforce safety precautions.
d. Ability to plan, supervise, and coordinate preventive maintenance
and repair activities, and evaluate their effectiveness.
36
-------
Title: MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR (Cont’d)
e. Ability to read and interpret blueprints, diagrams, and specifi-
cations.
f. Ability to establish and maintain effective working relationships
with employees and general public.
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply principles of wastewater collection system to solve
practical problems and deal with a variety of concrete
variables in situations where only limited standardization
exists.
(2) Interpret a variety of instructions furnished in written,
oral, diagrammatic or schedule form.
b. Mathematical:
Perform ordinary arithmetic, algebraic, and geometric
procedures in standard, and practical applications.
c. Language:
(I) Confer with superiors and subordinates and interview job
applicants.
(2) Interpret technical manuals, specifications, sewer maps,
and blueprints.
(3) Writes maintenance reports.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
Four years experience in sewer maintenance and construction
work including two years experience as a FOREMAN, MAINTE-
NANCE MAN II, or MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT OPERATOR.
5. Aptitudes-Relative to General Working Population
a. Intelligence: Middle third
b. Verbal: ‘I
c. Numerical:
d. Spatial:
e. Form Perception:
f. Clerical Perception: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
g. Motor Coordination: Middle third
h. Finger Dexterity:
i. Manual Dexterity:
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination: 1?
k. Color Discrimination: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
6. Interests:
An interest in activities concerned with machines and techniques,
and resulting in prestige or the esteem of others.
37
-------
Title: MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR (Cont’d)
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to situations involving the direction, control, and
planning of a variety of activities requiring frequent change.
Must also have satisfactory working relationships with people
beyond giving and receiving instructions.
. Physical Demands:
Work is light, involving talking, hearing, seeing, and occasional
reaching, handling, fingering, and feeling.
9. Working Conditions:
Work is performed largely outside and involves noise from
operation of equipment, and occasional contact with water.
Exposed to weather and occasionally noxious smells.
ENTRY SOURCES: Foreman, Maintenance Man 11 or Maintenance Equipment
Operator.
PROGRESSION TO: Assistant Superintendent or Superintendent.
38
-------
OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: FOREMAN, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Supervises and coordinates activities of medium to large size crew engaged
in the repair and minor construction of storm and sanitary sewers, and
appurtenances: Assigns tasks to MAINTENANCE MEN, LABORERS, and
AUTOMOTIVE EQUIPMENT OPERATORS involved in repairing and con-
structing sewer lines, manholes, catch basins and drainage facilities.
Confers with MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR to receive job assi€.nments.
Reads maps and interprets sketches and blueprints to determine location of
job sites, existing utilities lines, and city right-of-way limits. Provides
technical assistance and prescribes work methods and safety procedures
to workers. Directs AUTOMOTIVE EQUIPMENT OPERATORS in excavating
and backfilling trenches. Directs MAINTENANCE MEN and LABORERS
in breaking asphalt or pavement. Examines sewer lines to determine
cause of malfunction and need for repair and decides on corrective action
to take. Oversees work in progress to assure conformance to job specifi-
cations and enforcement of safety precautions. Supervises laying and
joining of sewer lines and ensures that joints are tight and sealed properly
before backfilling. Requisitions delivery and oversees removal of materials
such as stone, dirt, and broken pavement. Prepares records showing
actions taken, manpower and equipment utilization, and disposition of
material. Requisitions tools and equipment. Drives pickup truck to and
from work sites. Communicates with MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR and
DISPATCHER, using radio telephone. Gives directions to subordinates,
trains them in safety procedures and work methods, and evaluates their
work.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
I. Formal Education:
Graduation from a high school or vocational school.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of methods, equipment, and materials used in sewer
installation, repair and maintenance.
b. Knowledge of occupational hazards and safety precautions of work.
c. Knowledge of city streets and sewerage system.
d. Ability to supervise and coordinate the work of subordinates and
to instruct them in proper work methods and procedures.
e. Ability to read simple diagrams, profiles, specifications, and
blueprints.
f. Ability to carry out and transmit oral and written instructions.
39
-------
Title: FOREMAN (Cont d)
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply principles of wastewater collection system to solve
practical problems and deal with a variety of concrete
variables in situations where only limited standardization
existse
(2) Interpret a variety of instructions furnished in written, oral,
or diagrammatic form.
b. Mathematical:
Perform ordinary arithmetic, algebraic, and geometric
procedures in standard, practical applications.
c. Language:
(1) Interview job applicants, direct, and instruct employees.
(2) Prepare various operating reports.
(3) Read and interpret sketches, blueprints, and diagrams.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
A minimum of four years of experience in the field of sewer
maintenance and construction work, including at least two
years experience as a lead man.
5. Aptitudes-Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Middle third
b. Verbal:
c. Numerical: It
d. Spatial:
e. Form Perception: It
f. Clerical Perception: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
g. Motor Coordination: Middle third
h. Finger Dexterity:
i. Manual Dexterity:
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
k. Color Discrimination:
6. Interests:
A preference for activities resulting in prestige or the esteem
of others and for activities concerned with machines and processes.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to planning and controlling a variety of tasks requiring
frequent change.
8. Physical Demands:
Medium work, involving climbing, balancing, stooping, kneeling,
crouching, reaching, handling, talking, and seeing.
40
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Title: FOREMAN (Cont’d)
9. Working Conditions:
Work is performed outside. Exposed to weather, noise, risk of
bodily injury, and occasionally to dust and noxious smells.
ENTRY SOURCES: Maintenance Man II, Maintenance Equipment Operator, or
Construction Equipment Operator.
PROGRESSION TO: Maintenance Supervisor, Assistant Superintendent, or
Superintendent, depending on the size of the system.
41
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: MAINTENANCE MAN II, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Repairs and maintains municipal storm and sanitary sewer lines,
functioning as leadman and performing any combination of following
tasks: Inspects manholes to determine location of stoppage. Runs
rods through rod guide, fits front end of rod with auger, using
wrench, and lowers guide into position. Thrusts rods into invert
and advances them until auger reaches obstruction. Rotates rods
manually with turning pin or attaches end of rod to portable power
rodder to rotate rods. Pulls lever and depresses pedal of machine
to advance cleaning tool slowly until it encounters obstruction and
to rotate cable or rods until obstacle is broken. Retracts rods to
drag out obstructions such as roots, grease, and other deposits.
Cleans and repairs catch basins, manholes, culverts and storm
drains, using hand tools. Raises manhole walls to prescribed
street level, using masonry tools. Measures distance of excavation
site, using tape measure, and marks outline of area to be trenched
according to direction of FOREMAN. Breaks asphalt and other
pavement, using air hammer, pick and shovel. Cuts damaged section
of pipe with cutters and removes broken section from ditch. Replaces
broken pipes and reconnects pipe sections, using pipe sleeve. Inspects
joints to ensure they are tight and sealed properly before backfilling.
Packs backfilled excavation, using air and gasoline tamper. Taps
mainline sewers to install sewer saddles. Replaces manhole covers.
Updates sewer maps and manhole charting. Drives pickup truck to
haul crew, materials and equipment. Services, adjusts and makes
minor repairs to equipment, machines, and attachments. Communicates
with DISPATCHER, FOREMAN, MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR, and
others, using radio telephone. Gives directions to MAINTENANCE
MEN I, and LABORERS, instructs them in efficient and safe use of
machines, trains them in work methods, and ensures that proper
procedures and safety precautions are followed. Prepares records
showing actions taken, manpower and equipment utilization, and
disposition of material. Requi8itions tools and equipment. May
operate sewer cleaning equipment including power rodder, high velocity
water jet, sewer flusher, bucket machine, wayne ball, and vac -all.
May clean and disinfect domestic basements and other areas flooded as
a result of sewer stoppages. May act as leadman in a large repair and
construction crew under the supervision of a FOREMAN.
42
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Title: MAINTENANCE MAN II (Cont’d)
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Usually required to have completed eighth grade. Completion
of tenth grade or graduation from high school or vocational
school is highly desirable and is increasingly required.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of methods, tools, equipment, and materials used
in sewer construction, repair, and maintenance.
b. Knowledge of lay out of city streets and locations of sewer lines
and related structures.
c. Knowledge of work hazards and applicable safety precautior s.
d. Ability to locate, detect, and correct sewer stoppages and leaks.
e. Ability to lead the work of a small crew.
f. Ability to establish and maintain effective working relationships
with employees and the general public.
g. Possession of a valid driver’s license.
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply common sense understanding to carry out instructions
furnished in oral, written or diagrammatic form.
(2) Deal with problems involving several concrete variables in
or from standardized situations.
b. Mathematical:
Make arithmetic calculations involving fractions, decimals,
and percentages.
c. Language:
(1) Communicate with fellow employees and train subordinates
in work methods.
(2) Fill in maintenance report forms.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
Three years experience in the repair and maintenance of sewerage
system is commonly required.
5. Aptitudes-Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Middle third
b. Verbal:
c. Numerical:
d. Spatial: Highest third excluding top 10%
e. Form Perception: Middle third
43
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Title: MAINTENANCE MAN 11 (Cont’d)
f. Clerical Perception: Lowest third excluding bottom [ 0%
g. Motor Coordination: Middle third
h. Finger Dexterity:
i. Manual Dexterity:
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
k. Color Discrimination: ‘ I
6. Interests:
An interest in activities concerned with things, objects, machines,
and techniques.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to a variety of tasks requiring frequent change and
adhere closely to established standards and procedures. Must
adjust to making judgmental decisions.
8. Physical Demands:
Medium to heavy work involving lifting, climbing, stooping,
kneeling, crouching, crawling, reaching, handling, fingering,
talking, hearing, and seeing.
9. Working Conditions:
The work is outside and involves wet conditions, noise, risk
of bodily injury, and exposure to weather, noxious smells, and
gases.
ENTRY SOURCES: Mason II, Maintenance Man I, or General Public.
PROGRESSION TO: Foreman, or Mau-itenance Supervisor.
44
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: MAINTENANCE MAN I, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Assists MAINTENANCE MAN LI, and MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT
OPERATOR in the repair, construction, and maintenance of storm and
sanitary sewers and related structures, performing any combination
of following tasks: Breaks asphalt and other pavement, using air
hammer, pick, and shovel. Assists in bracing and shoring excavations,
cutting, fitting, laying, joining, and caulking sewer lines, coupling and
sealing pipe joints, and in making sewer taps. Assists in building man-
holes and catch basins and in raising and lowering manhole walls. Chips
away concrete along cracks of manholes, to prepare for repairs, usii g
hammer and chisel. Knocks rim off manholes and breaks top of manhole
wall, using sledge hammer. Mixes cement, sand and water, to prepare
mortar, using shovel. Removes debris such as sticks, rags, rocks,
sand, grease, and other foreign matter from bottom of manholes, using
long handled shovel, long hook, spoon, fork or rod; and raises deposits
to surface and dumps them into truck to be hauled away for disposition.
Examines condition of lines, manholes,, and inverts and informs super-
visor if damage is detected. Climbs into manhole and places mirror
near invert to reflect sunlight into sewer (from mirror held by other
worker on surface) to determine condition of sewer line. Cuts trees,
branches, bushes, and shrubs, using chainsaw and axe. Assists in un-
clogging storm and sanitary sewer lines by hand or using machine-driven
tool. Attaches bit to end of cable, using wrench, and inserts cable into
line to remove stoppage. Connects fill hose of high velocity water jet to
fire hydrant and turns water on to fill water tank of water jet to prescribed
level, using hydrant wrench. Inserts nozzle of hose down manhole through
roller guide into main line. Places sandtrap in lower manhole to catch
wayne ball and debris. Assists in setting up power winch of bucket machine
over manholes. Activates power winch and disengages gear to move bucket
in line. Attaches auger to end of rod, using wrench. Lowers rod guide
and pipe jack into manhole. Observes footage gauge, turns handle of
cable stand manually to advance camera through sewer line, signals
PHOTO -INSPECTION TECHNICIAN to snap pictures every four feet, and
records distances traveled by camera on schedule sheet. Observes and
moves cable and rope while standing in manhole to move camera through
sewer line without damage. Assists in servicing equipment, machines,
and attachments. Conveys materials and tools about job site. Cleans
work sites, removes debris, and places tools in truck after completion of
job. Erects barricades or traffic cones to protect workmen and public.
May drive pickup truck.
45
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Title: MAINTENANCE MAN I (Cont’d)
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
Formal Education:
Minimum requirement is the completion of eighth grade. A
high school or vocational school is highly desirable. Must be
able to read and write.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of the uses of sewer construction and maiatenance
tools and equipment.
b. Knowledge of occupational hazards and necessary safety pre-
cautions.
c. Ability to understand and follow oral and written instructions.
d. Ability to maintain working relationships with fellow employees
and the public.
e. Ability to perform heavy manual labor under varying weather
conditions.
f. Possession of a valid driver’s license.
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
Apply common sense understanding to carry out detailed
but uninvolved written or oral instruction.
b. Mathematical:
Use arithmetic to add, subtract, multiply, and divide whole
numbers.
c. Language:
Ability to understand and carry out instructions and to establish
and maintain communication with fellow employees and
supervis ors.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
Approximately six months of experience as a laborer in sewer
construction and maintenance work.
5. Aptitudes -Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
b. Verbal: I’
c. Numerical:
d. Spatial: It
e. Form Perception: II
1. Clerical Perception:
g. Motor Coordination: Middle third
h. Finger Dexterity:
46
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Title: MAINTENANCE MANI (Conttd)
i. Manual Dexterity: Middle third
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
k. Color Discrimination:
6. Interests:
Preference for activities of concret.e and organized nature dealing
with things and objects.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to situations involving doing things only under specific
instructions and must have disposition to adhere exactly to
established standards and procedures.
8. Physical Demands:
The work is heavy to very heavy and involves lifting heavy objects,
climbing, stooping, kneeling, crouching, crawling, reaching,
handling, fingering, talking, hearing, and seeing.
9. Working Conditions:
Work is outside and it involves exposure to weather, water, noise,
noxious smells, gases, and the risk of bodily injury.
ENTRY SOURCES: Laborer, or General Public.
PROGRESSION T0: Maintenance \tan II, Maintenance Equipment Operator,
or Construction Equipment Operator.
47
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: MASON II, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Builds, repairs, and finishes sewer related structures such as manholes,
culverts, catch basins, and retaining walls, using masonry tools, floats,
trowels and screeds: Inspects masonry appurtenances to ascertain con-
dition of structures and need for repairs. Raises or lowers manhole walls
to conform with grade changes. Chips away concrete along cracks to pre-
pare for repairs, using hammer and chisel. Knocks rim off manholes
and breaks top of manhole walls, using sledge hammer. Replaces fallen
bricks and patches cracks and erroded inverts with fresh mortar, using
trowel. Presses bricks into cement mixture and lays them to specified
levels. Smooths and finishes surfaces of concrete walls to specified tex-
tures, using floats. Places rim over brick and cements rim to ensure that
cover is secure in place. Installs prefabricated manholes. Signals to
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT OPERATOR to align prefabricated manhole
and press it into proper position. Applies mortar mix on area between
pre-cast concrete and existing walls to secure manhole in position. Bypasses
manholes to dewater them using pumps. Drives pickup truck to work
sites to haul workers, materials, and equipment. Gives directions to
MASON I, and LABORERS, instructs them in efficient and safe use of
machines 3nd tools, trains them in work methods, and ensures that proper
procedures and safety precautions are followed. Requisitions tools and
materials. May act as crew leader. May mix cement, sand, and water
to prepare mortar, using shovel.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Usually required to have completed at least the eighth grade.
Completion of the tenth grade or graduation from high school
or vocational school is highly desirable.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of materials, methods, and standard practices of the
masonry trade.
b. Knowledge of work hazards and applicable safety precautions.
c. Ability to use effectively masonry tools.
d. Ability to lead the work of a small crew.
e. Ability to establish and maintain effective working relationships
with employees and the general public.
f. Possession of a valid driver’s license.
48
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Title: MASON II (Cont’d)
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply common sense understanding to carry out instructions
furnished in oral, written or diagrammatic form.
(2) Deal with problems involving several concrete variables in
or from standardized situations.
b. Mathematical:
Make arithmetic calculations involving fractions, decimals
and percentages.
c. Language:
(1) Communicate with fellow employees and trains subordinates
in work methods.
(2) Fill in work report forms.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
Two to three years experience in construction and masonry work.
5. Aptitudes-Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Middle third
b. Verbal; Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
c. Numerical:
d. Spatial: Middle third
e. ‘orm Perception:
f. Clerical Perception: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
g. Motor Coordination: Middle third
h. Finger Dexterity:
i Manual Dexterity:
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
k. Color Discrimination: Lowest 10%
6. Interests:
An interest in activities concerned with things, objects, machines,
and techniques.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to situations involving repetitive operations carried out
according to set procedures and must adhere to accepted standards.
S. Physical Demands:
Medium to heavy work involving lifting , climbing, stooping,
kneeling, crouching, crawling, reaching, handling, fingering,
talking, hearing, and seeing.
49
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Title: MASON II (Cont’d)
9. Working Conditions:
The work is outside and involves wet conditions, risk of bodily
injury, and exposure to weather, noxious smells, and gases.
ENTRY SOURCES: Mason I.
PROGRESSION TO: Maintenance Man II, Foreman, or Maintenance
Supervisor.
50
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: MASON I, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Assists MASON II to build, repair, and finish manholes, culverts, catch
basins and other sewer-related appurtenances, using masonry tools such
as floats, trowels, and screeds: Removes manhole covers, using pick.
Inspects structures and relay8 to MASON LI condition of structures. Chips
away concrete along cracks to pr pare for repairs, using hammer and
chisel. Raises loose bricks and debris from bottom of manhole to surface
and dumps them in truck, using bucket and shovel. Mixes cement, sand,
and water to prepare mortar, using shovel. Deposits mortar on board
within reach of MASON II. Assists in preparing, crnocthing, and finish-
ing surfaces of concrete walls to specified textures, using float. Assists
in dewatering manholes to bypass them. Conveys and replaces tools on
truck. May drive pickup truck to haul crew, materials, equipment, and
tools. Performs other duties as directed by MASON II.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Minimum requirement is the completion Qf eighth grade.
Graduation of a high school or a vocational school is highly
desirable.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of tools, equipment, and materials used in masonry
work.
b. Knowledge of work hazards and applicable safety precautions.
c. Ability to understand and follow oral and written instructions.
d. Ability to maintain working relationships with fellow employees
and general public.
e. Ability to perform heavy manual labor under varying weather
conditions.
f. Possession of a valid driver’s license.
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
Apply common sense understanding to carry out simple
1-or 2-step instructions.
b. Mathematical:
Perform simple addition and subtraction, reading and
copying of figures, or counting and recording.
51
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Title: MASON I (Cont’d)
c. Language:
Learn job duties from oral instructions or demonstration.
Requests orally or in writing work supplies and materials.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
Approximately six months of experience as a laborer in masonry
work.
5. Aptitude-Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Lowest third
b. Verbal:
c. Numerical:
d. Spatial:
e. Form Perception:
C Clerical Perception:
g. Motor Coordination:
h. Finger Dexterity:
i. Manual Dexterity:
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination:
k. Color Discrimination:
6, Interests:
Preference for activities of concrete and organized nature dealing
with things and objects.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to situations involving repetitive operations carried
out according to set procedures or sequences and involving doing
things only under specific instruction with little or no room for
independent action or judgment,
8. Physical Demands:
The work is heavy to very heavy and involves lifting, climbing,
stooping, kneeling, crouching, reaching, handling, fingering,
and seeing.
9. Working Conditions:
Work is outside and it involves exposure to weather, water,
noxious smells, gases, and the risk of bodily injury.
ENTRY SOURCES: Laborer and General Public.
PROGRESSION TO: Mason II.
Lowest 10%
Lowest third
excluding bottom 10%
excluding bottom 10%
excluding bottom 10%
excluding bottom 10%
Lowest 10%
Middle third
Lowest third
Middle third
Lowest third
Lowest 10%
C)
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT OPERATOR, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Operates maintenance equipment such as high velocity water jet, bucket
machine, power rodder, vacuum jet rodder, wayne ball machine, and
sewer flusher, to clean and unclog storm and sanitary sewer lines
functioning as leadrnan and performing any Lombination of following tasks:
Drives and positions equipment. Inserts nozzle of high velocity water jet
hose down manhole through roller guide into mainline. Observes water
pressure and footage gauges to ascertain length of hose in line and to
determine when obstruction is met. Moves levers to direct movement of
water jet hose in sewer line. Selects and attaches auger of specified size
to rod, using wrench. Lowers rod guide and pipe jack into manhole,
using rope attachment. Starts machine and moves levers to advance
cleaning tool in sewer line, to regulate rate of speed of rod, to rotate
auger to bore through and loosen obstruction, and to withdraw rod. Sets
up power winches of bucket machine over manholes. Floats rope attached
to tow sack down to adjacent manhole to thread sewer line. Attaches
cables from two power winches to bucket so bucket can move inside sewer
line in both directions. Disengages upper winch out of gear and signals
MAINTENANCE MAN I to activate lower power winch to close and retract
bucket. Pulls bucket to surface and empties contents into truck. Places
cable through jack pulley and attaches cable to wayne ball. Inserts wayne
ball into sewer line. Directs \IAINTENANCE MEN I to connect fire hose
to fire hydrant and to turn fire hydrant on to build up water pressure in
sewer line, to move ball that removes accumulated debris downstream.
Inserts flushing truck water hose into manhole and turns water on to wash
debris in line. Services, adjusts, and makes minor repairs to equipment
and attachments. Communicates with DISPATCHER, FOREMAN, MAIN-
TENANCE SUPERVISOR, using radio telephone. Gives directions to
MAINTENANCE MEN I, and LABORERS, instructs them in the efficient
and safe use of tools and machines, trains them in work methods and en-
sures that proper procedures and safety precautions are followed. Pre-
pares daily reports showing manpower and equipment utilization, lines
cleaned, and number of stoppages opened. May clean and disinfect domestic
basements and other areas flooded as a result of sewer stoppages.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Minimum requirement is usually completion of eighth grade.
-------
Title: MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT OPERATOR (Cont’d)
Graduation from high school or vocational school is highly
desirable and is increasingly required.
a. General Requirements:
a, Knowledge of the operation, servicing, and minor repair of a
variety of sewer cleaning equipment.
b. Knowledge of methods, tools, and materials used to clean and
unclog storm and sanitary sewer lines.
c. Knowledge of lay out of city streets and locations of sewer lines
and related structures.
d. Knowledge of work haza’ds and applicable safety precautions.
e. Ability to detect and perform minor repairs and adjustment to
equipment.
f. Ability to locate, detect, and correct sewer stoppages.
g. Ability to lead the work of a small crew.
h. Ability to establish and maintain effective working relationships
with employees and the general public.
i Possession of a valid driver’s license.
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(I) Apply common sense understanding to carry out instructions
furnished in oral, written or diagrammatic form.
(2) Deal with problems involving several concrete variables in or
from standardized situations,
b. Mathematical:
Make arithmetic calculations involving fractions, decimals,
and percentages.
c. Language:
(1) Communicate with f 11.ow employees, and train subordinates
in work methods.
(2) Fill in maintenance report forms.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
One to two years experience in sewer maintenance and equipment
operation is required to achieve average performance and to lead
a small crew. Length of training depends on educational background
and mechanical attitude and is of the informal on-the-job-type.
5. Aptitudes -Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Middle third
b. Verbal: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
c . Numerical:
54
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Title: MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT OPERATOR (Cont’d)
d. Spatial: Middle third
e. Form Perception: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
f. Clerical Perception: IT
g. Motor Coordination: Middle third
h. Finger Dexterity: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
1. Manual Dexterity: Middle third
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination:
k. Color Discrimination: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
6. Interests:
A preference for activities dealing with things, objects, machines,
and techniques.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to situations involving repetitive operations carried
out according to set procedures or sequences and must adhere
to accepted standards. Must also adjust to situations requiring
the evaluation of information against judgmental criteria.
8. Physical Demands:
Medium work involving lifting, climbing, stooping, kneeling,
crouching, reaching, handling, fingering, talking, hearing,
and seeing.
9. Working Conditions:
The work is outside and involves contact with water, risk of
bodily injury, and exposure to weather, noise and noxious smells.
ENTRY SOURCES: Maintenance Man I.
PROGRESSION TO: Foreman, or Maintenance Supervisor.
55
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT OPERATOR, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Operates variety of construction and earth moving equipment to assist in
sewer repair and construction: Moves hand and foot levers to operate
such equipment as back hoe, front end loader, dragline, bulldozer, motor
grader and trenching machine to load, unload, and haul gravel, rock, dirt,
sand, equipment, and materials; Excavate and backfill trenches; Position
pre-cast manholes, storm and sanitary pipes; Move and level ground to
desired grade. Performs related construction duties. Observes signals
of another worker to facilitate positioning and operation of equipment.
Services, adjusts and makes minor repairs to equipment. Works under
the supervision of a FOREMAN or a crew leader. May be designated
according to type of machine operated as BACK HOE OPERATOR, DRAGLINE
OPERATOR, and BULLDOZER OPERATOR.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Minimum requirement is usually eighth grade. Graduation from
a high school or vocational school supplemented by completion
of formal operator training is highly desirable.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of work hazards and applicable safety precautions.
b. Ability to operate and maintain a variety of construction and
earth moving equipment.
c. Ability to detect needed mechanical work and make necessary
minor repairs and adjustments.
d. Ability to understand and follow oral and written instructions.
e. Ability to establish and maintain effective working relationships
with employees.
f. Possession of a valid operator’s license.
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply common sense understanding to carry out instructions
furnished in oral, written or diagrammatic form.
(2) Deal with problems involving several concrete variables in or
from standardized situations.
56
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Title; CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT OPERATOR (Cont’d)
b. Mathematical:
Make arithmetic calculations involving fractions, decimals,
and percentages.
c. Language:
Communicate with fellow employees during operation of
equipment.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
Three to six months are required before the worker achieves
average proficiency in operating equipment.
5. Aptitudes-Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Middle third
b. Verbal: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
c. Numerical: TI
d. Spatial: Middle third
e. Form Perception: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
f. Clerical Perception: IT
g. Motor Coordination: Middle third
h. Finger Dexterity:
i. Manual Dexterity:
j. Eye -Hand-Foot Coordination: TI
k. Color Discrimination: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
6. Interests:
Interest in activities oi a concrete and organized nature dealing
with things, objects, machines, and techniques.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to situations involving repetitive operations carried
out according to set procedures or sequences.
8. Physical Demands:
The work is light and involves reaching, handling, fingering, hearing,
and seeing.
9. Working Condition:
Work is outside and it involves exposure to weather, noise,
vibration, hazards, and dust.
ENTRY SOURCES: Maintenance Man I, or General Public.
PROGRESSION TO: Foreman.
57
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: AUTOMOTIVE EQUIPMENT OPERATOR, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Drives automotive equipment such as dump truck and tractor to perform
any combination of following tasks: Hauls debris, dirt, gravel, rock,
sand, and equipment. Loads and unloads materials and equipment.
Drives tractor and controls mowing attachment to cut grass, bushes,
and shrubs in maintenance of outfall right-of -way. Cuts and trims trees
and bushes, using chainsaw, axe, and other hand tools. Cleans, adjusts,
greases, oils, and performs minor repairs to automotive equipment and
attachments. Locates job sites, using maps, and records work performed.
May act as a crew leader. May give directions to MAINTENANCE MEN I
and LABORERS. Performs other manual tasks as directed.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
I. Formal Education:
Minimum requirement is the completion of eighth grade.
2. General Requirements:
a. Ability to recognize and report abnormal operating functions of
equipment and make necessary mechanical adjustments.
b. Ability to understand and follow oral and written instructions.
c. Ability to perform heavy manual labor.
d. Ability to maintain worki ig relationships with fellow employees.
e. Possession of a valid drwer’s license.
3. General Educational Develooment:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply common sense understanding to carry out detailed
but uninvolved written or oral instructions.
(2) Deal with problems involving a few concrete variables in or
from standardized situations.
b. Mathematical:
Use arithmetic to add, subtract, multiply, and divide whole
numbers.
c. Language:
Ability to understand and carry out instructions and to es-
tablish and maintain communication with fellow employees
and supervisors.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
Short demonstration only.
58
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Title: AUTOMOTIVE EQUIPMENT OPERATOR (Cont’d)
5. Aptitudes-Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
b. Verbal:
c, Numerical:
d. Spatial: Middle third
e. Form Perception: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
f. Clerical Perception: IT
g. Motor Coordination: Middle third
h. Finger Dexterity: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
i Manual Dexterity: Middle third
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination:
k. Color Discrimination: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
£ . Interests:
Preference for activities of a routine, concrete, organized
nature that are carried on in relation to machines and techniques.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to situations involving repetitive operations carried
on according to set procedures or sequences involving doing things
only under specific instructions.
8. Physical Demands:
The work is heavy and involves lifting, reaching, handling, and
seeing.
9, Working Conditions:
Work is both inside and outside.
ENTRY SOURCES: Laborer or General Pub1ic
PROGRESSION TO: Construction Equipment Operator.
59
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: PHOTO-INSPECTION TECHNICIAN, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Operates 35mm camera to conduct internal inspection of sewer lines to
determine condition or need for repairs. Locates line sections to be
photographed using map. Determines set up procedures. Floats rope
attached to tow sack down to adjacent manhole to thread sewer line.
Directs MAINTENANCE MEN I in setting up cable stands over manholes.
Loads camera with film and inspects battery. Depresses button on
camera to photograph small blackboard giving location of manhole, man-
hole number, date, and type of weather for future reference. Attaches
pulling cable to camera and instructs MAINTENANCE MEN I to position
camera in sewer line and to turn cable stand handles so camera can
move inside pipe. Snaps pictures at designated intervals until camera
reaches downstream manhole. Detaches camera from cable, rewinds
cable into reel, and disassembles equipment. Removes film and batteries
from camera and sends film for development. Confers with MAINTENANCE
SUPERVISOR to discuss condition of sewer lines shown in developed
photographs. Drives pickup truck to haul crew and equipment. Services,
adjusts, and makes minor repairs to camera, equipment, and attachments.
Communicates with MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR, using radio telephone.
Gives directions to MAINTENANCE MEN I and LABORERS, instructs
them in the efficient and safe use of camera and equipment, trains them
in work methods, and ensures that proper procedures and safety precautions
are followed. Prepares daily report showing lines photographed.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Minimum requirement is completion of eighth grade. Graduation
from high school or vocational school is highly desirable.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of sewer inspection, maintenance, and repair.
b. Knowledge of the operation and servicing of photo equipment.
c. Knowledge of work hazards and applicable safety precautions.
d. Ability to lead the work of a small crew.
e. Ability to establish and maintain effective working relationships
with employees.
f. Ability to prepare records showing conditions of sewer lines.
g. Possession of a valid driverts license.
60
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Title: PHOTO-INSPECTION TECHNICIAN (Cont’d)
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply common sense understanding to carry out instructions
furnished in oral, written or diagrammatic form.
(2) Deal with problems involving several concrete variables in
or from standardized situations.
b. Mathematical:
Make arithmetic calculations involving fractions, decimals,
and percentages.
c. Language:
(1) Confer with superiors to discuss condition of sewer line
and give lirections to subordinates.
(2) Prepare operational reports and records.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
Two to three years of experience in the inspection, maintenance,
and repair of sewerage system.
5. Aptitudes - Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Middle third
b. Verbal:
c. Numerical: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
d. Spatial: Middle third
e. Form Perception:
f. Clerical Perception: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
g. Motor Coordination: ‘I
h. Finger Dexterity: Middle third
i Manual Dexterity:
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
k. Color Discrimination:
6. Interests:
A preference for activities dealing with things and objects which
are carried on in relation to processes, machines, and techniques.
7. Temperament:
Must be able to make decisions based on factual information and
must have disposition to meet precise, and established standards.
8. Physical Demands:
Work is medium and involves climbing, stooping, kneeling, crouching,
handling, fingering, talking, hearing, and seeirg.
61
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Title: PHOTO-INSPECTION TECHNICIAN (Cont d)
9. Working Conditions:
The work is performed outside and involves contact with water,
and exposure to weather, noxious smells, gases, and risk of
bodily injury.
ENTRY SOURCES: Maintenance Man I.
PROGRESSION TO: Foreman or Maintenance Supervisor.
62
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: LABORER, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Performs any combination of the following routine tasks involved with
construction, repair, and preventive maintenance of storm and sanitary
sewers and related structures: Places barricades or traffic cones around
wcrk site to protect workmen and public. Conveys materials and tools
about job site. Cleans work sites, removes debris, and places tools in
truck after completion of job. Breaks pavement and digs ditches, using
air hammer, pick, and shovel. Digs dirt from around pipe, shovels, and
rakes crushed stone or dirt to desired grade. Backfills ditches, using
shovels, and pack dirt, using whacker and tamper. Helps to maneuver
and hold pipe sections in position for MAINTENANCE MEN to tighten and
caulk connections, using pipe puller. Assists in unclogging storm and
sanitary sewers manually or using power operated cleaning tools. Mixes
cement, sand, and water to prepare mortar, using shovel. Cuts trees,
branches, bushes, and shrubs to clear right-of-way, using chainsaw and
axe. Cuts weeds, and grass, using power-nower. Cleans manholes,
catch basins, creeks, and ditches. Raises loose bricks and debris from
bottom of manhole to surface, and dumps them in truck, using bucket and
shovel. Loads and unloads heavy mechanical equipment, dirt, stone, and
construction materials on and from truck. Cleans tools and equipment.
May drive pickup truck.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1, Formal Education:
Required to have completed the eighth grade. Must be able to
read and write.
Z. General Requirements:
a. Ability to perform heavy manual labor in all kinds of weather.
b. Ability to understand and follow oral and written instructions.
c. Ability to use hand tools and standard equipment.
d. Ability to maintain working relationships with fellow employees
and the public.
3. General Educational Deve]opment:
a. Reasoning:
Apply common sense understanding to carry out simple
1 -or 2- step instructions.
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Title: LABORER (Cont’d)
b. Mathematical:
Perform simple addition and subtraction, reading and
copying of figures, or counting and recording.
c. Language:
Learn job duties from oral instructions or demonstrations,
and request orally, or in writing, work supplies and materials.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
No previous experience is necessary.
5, Aptitudes-Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
b. Verbal:
c. Numerical: Lowest 10%
d. Spatial: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
e. Form Perception:
f. Clerical Perception: Lowest 10%
g. Motor Coordination: Middle third
h. Finger Dexterity: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
i. Manual Dexterity: Middle third
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
k. Color Discrimination: Lowest 10%
6. Interests:
Interest in activities dealing with things and objects and of a
routine, concrete, organized nature.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to situations involving things only under specific
instruction, allowing lifile or no room for independent action or
judgment in working out job problems.
8. Physical Demands:
Heavy to very heavy work involving lifting, carrying, climbing,
stooping, kneeling, crouching, crawling, reaching, handling,
fingering, talking, hearing, and seeing.
9. Working Conditions:
Outside work involving wet conditions and exposure to weather,
noise, noxious smells, gases, and risk of bodily injury.
EINTRY SOURCES: Unskilled labor market.
PROGRESSION TO: Maintena ice Man I or Mason I.
64
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: MAINTENANCE MECHANIC II, WASTEWATER LIFT STATION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Repairs and overhauls wastewater pumping station equipment, using
hand tools: Overhauls and repairs centrifugal-type pumps, motors,
chiorinators, control valves, comminutors, and related equipment.
Lubricates and adjusts pumping station equipment. Replaces pack-
ing arid filter element, and changes chlorine cylinder. Evaluates
station logs and makes recommendations for changes in maintenance
procedures. Periodically inspects pumping stations for early detec-
tion of malfunctions. Reads and interprets technical manuals and
blueprints tofacilitate repair and maintenance of equipment. Provides
technical assistance and prescribes work methods and safety procedures
to MAINTENANCE MECHANIC I and MAINTENANCE MECHANIC
HELPER. Drives pickup truck to pumping stations. Requisitions tools
and equipment.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Graduation from a high school or vocational school is the minimum
requirement.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of the principles of operation and maintenance of pumps,
motors, arid related electrical and mechanical pumping station
equipment.
b. Knowledge of work hazards and app [ icable safety precautions.
c. Ability to diagnose anu repair malfunctions in equipment.
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply common sense understanding to carry out instructions
furnished in oral, written or diagrammatic form.
(2) Deal with problems involving a few concrete variables in or
from standardized sltudtions.
b. Mathematical:
Make arithmetic calculations involving fractions, decimals,
and percentages.
c. Language:
(1) Read and interpret techiucal manuals and blueprints.
(2) Read and evaluate station operation logs.
65
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Title: MAINTENANCE MECHANIC II (Corit’d)
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
Three years experience in the operation, maintenance, and repair
of pumps and related mechanical and electrical equipment.
5. Aptitudes-Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Middle third
b. Verbal: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
c. Numerical: Middle third
d. Spatial: Highest third excluding top 10%
e. Form Perception: Middle third
f, Clerical Perception: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
g. Motor Coordination: Middle third
h. Finger Dexterity: Highest third excluding top 10%
i, Manual Dexterity:
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
k. Color Discrimination:
6. Interests:
An interest in activities dealing with things and objects which are
carried on in relation to processes, machines, and techniques.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to situations requiring the making of decisions on a
judgmental basis and adhere to precise and established standards.
8. Physical Demands:
Medium work involving lifting, climbing, stooping, kneeling,
crouching, reaching, handling, fingering, feeling, talking, hearing,
and seeing.
9. Working Conditions:
The work is inside aril involves contact with water, risk of bodily
injury, and exposure to noise, noxious smells, gases, and poor
ventilation.
ENTRY SOURCES: Maintenance Mechanic I.
PROGRESSION TO: Maintenance Supervisor.
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: MAINTENANCE MECHANIC I, WASTEWATER LIFT STATION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Conducts periodic inspection and performs routine preventive maintenance
and minor repairs to wastewater pumping stations to ensure efficient opera-
tion, using hand tools: Inspects centrifugal-type pumps, cornminutors,
chiorinators, float switches, valves, fresh-air blowers, and warning alarms
to detect malfunctions. Observes and reports malfunctions to MAINTENANCE
MECHANIC II and assists in overhaul and major repair of equipment.
Lubricates pumps, motors, and drives. Adjusts pump seal to tighten packing,
using wrench. Cleans mechanic seal or packing gland. Replaces packing
and filter element, and changes chlorine cylinder. Observes, listens to,
and feels heat of pump motor to detect unusual noise or vibration. Inspects
and cleans bar screen using rake. Washes sides of wet well to control
grease accumulation, using water hose. Keeps records and makes routine
reports. Drives pickup truck to pumping stations. Gives directions to
MAINTENANCE MECHANIC HELPER, instructs him in the efficient and
safe use of tools, trains him in work methods, and ensures that proper pro-
cedures and safety precautions are followed.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Graduation from a high school or vocational school is the minimum
requirement.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of pumping station equipment.
b. Knowledge of ocçupat :orial hazards and necessary safety precautions.
c. Ability to maintain pumps and related mechanical and electrical
equipment.
d. Ability to detect equipment malfunctions and perform minor repairs.
e. Possession of a valid driver’s license.
3. General Educational Development:
a, Reasoning:
(1) Apply common sense understanding to carry out instructions
furnished in oral, written, or diagrammatic form.
(2) Deal with problems involving several concrete variables in
or from standardized situations.
b. Mathematical:
Make arithmetic calculations Involving fractions, decimals,
and percentages.
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Title: MAINTENANCE MECHANIC I (Con’t)
c. Language:
(1) Keep records and make routine reports.
(2) Give directions and instructions to helper.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
One to two years experience in varied mechanical work.
5. Aptitudes-Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Middle third
b. Verbal: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
c. Numerical: Middle third
d. Spatial:
e. Form Perception: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
f. Clerical Perception:
g. Motor Coordination: Middle third
h. Finger Dexterity:
i. Manual Dexterity: ‘I
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
k. Color Discrimination:
6. Interests:
A preference for activities of a concrete and organized nature
dealing with things, objects, processes, machines and techniques.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to workinc ‘. ith precise and established standards and
making decisions on a . mental basis.
8. Physical Demands:
Work •s medium and it :nvolves lifting, climbing, stooping,
kneeling, crouching, rea hing, handling, fingering, feeling,
talking, hearing, and seeing.
9. Working Conditions:
Work is outside and involves contact with water , risk of bodily
injury, and exposure to noise, noxious smells, and poor ventilation.
ENTRY SOURCES: Maintenance Mechanic Helper.
PROGRESSION TO: Maintenance Mechanic II.
68
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: MAINTENANCE MECHANIC HELPER, WASTEWATER LIFT STATION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Assists MAINTENANCE MECHANIC I to inspect and maintain wastewater
pumping stations, performing any combination of following tasks: Assists
in inspecting, adjusting, and minor repairing of pumping station equipment
such as pumps, comminutors, chlorinators, float switches, valves, fresh..
air blowers, and warning alarms. Assists in packing and lubricating pumps.
Checks and cleans bar screens, using rake. Washes sides of wet well to
control grease accumulation, using water hose. Performs routine mainte-
nance to station and grounds, including mowing grass and cutting weeds.
Cleans and conveys tools about work site. Pertorms other related duties
as directed by MAINTENANCE MECHANIC I.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Minimum requirement is the graduation from a high school or
vocational school.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of mechanics as related to repairing and maintaining
pumps, motors, and related mechanical and electrical equipment.
b. Knowledge of occupational hazards and necessary safety precautions.
c. Ability to understand and follow oral and written instructions.
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
Apply common sense understanding to carry out detailed but
uninvolved written or oral instructions.
b. Mathematical:
Use arithmetic to add, subtract, multiply, and divide whole
numbers.
c. Language:
Ability to understand and carry out instructions and to establish
and maintain communication with fellow employees and super-
visors.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
No previous experience is necessary.
69
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Title: MAINTENANCE MECHANIC HELPER (ConVd)
5. Aptitudes-Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
b. Verbal:
c. Numerical:
d. Spatial:
e. Form Perception:
1. Clerical Perception:
g. Motor Coordination: Middle third
h. Finger Dexterity:
i. Manual Dexterity:
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
k. Color Discriithnation:
6. Interests:
Interest in activities of a routine and organized nature dealing
with things and objects.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to situations involving doing things only under
specific instructions and must have disposition to adhere
exactly to established standards and procedures.
8. Physical Demands:
The work is medium and involves climbing, balancing, stooping,
kneeling, crouching, reaching, handling, fingering, feeling, and
seeing.
9. Working Conditions:
Work is inside and it involves contact with water, risk of bodily
injury, and exposure to noise, noxious odors, gases, and poor
ventilation.
ENI’RY SOURCES: High School or Vocational School graduates, and
General Public.
PROGRESSION TO: Maintenance Mechanic I.
70
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: CONSTRUCTION INSPECTOR SUPERVISOR, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Supervises, coordinates arid schedules activities of CONSTRUCTION
INSPECTORS engaged in inspecting construction of storm and sanitary
sewers and related appurtenances: Assigns construction projects to
CONSTRUCTION INSPECTORS. Confers with city engineers and contractors
to discuss installation of sewers and city specifications. Studies blue-
prints and specifications covering construction projects. Conducts periodic
field inspection of work in progress and final inspection upon completion
of construction project. Inspects major construction activities regarded
complex enough to demand his personal attention. Trains and provides
technical assistance to subordinates. Examines grades, pipe foundations,
pipe jointings, pipe placement, alignment and connections; manholes arid
invert installation; and backfilling operations and tamping of dirt for
compliance with plans and specifications. Keeps records, prepares
reports, and makes recommendations concerning work methods arid safety
procedures.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
I . Formal Education:
Graduation from a high school, supplemented by courses in
engineering, surveying and drafting.
Z. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of the principles , practices, techniques, equipment,
and materials involved in the construction of sanitary and storm
sewer lines and related structures.
b. Ability to read and interpret blueprints and specifications.
c. Ability to establish and maintain effective working relationships
with consulting engineers, contractors, employees, and general
public.
d. Ability to plan, supervise, and coordinate inspection activities.
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply principles of logical thinking to define problems,
collect data, establish (acts, arid draw valid conclusions.
(2) Interpret an extensive variety of technical instructions in
books, manuals, and mathematical or diagrammatic form.
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Title: CONSTRUCTION INSPECTOR SUPERVISOR (Cont 1 d)
b. Mathematical:
Perform ordinary arithmetic, algebraic and geometric
procedures in standard and practical applications.
c. Language:
(1) Prepare records and reports.
(2) Evaluate engineering and technical data and interpret
specifications.
(3) Confer with engineers ard contractors.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
Four to five years experience in the construction and inspection
of sewers.
. Aptitudes-Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Highest third excluding top 10%
b. Verbal:
c Numerical:
d. Spatial: Middle third
e. Form Perception: I’
f. Clerical Perception: ‘I
g. Motor Coordination: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
h. Finger Dexterity: it
1. Manual Dexterity: ‘I
3. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination:
1<. Color Discrimination:
6. Interests:
Preference for activities of a technical nature and resulting in
prestige or the esteem of others.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to situations involving the direction, control, and
planning of activities requiring the evaluation of information against
measurable or verifiable criteria. Must also have satisfactory
working relationships with people beyond giving and receiving
instructions.
8. Physical Demands:
Work is light, involving climbing, stooping, kneeling, crouching,
crawling, reaching, handling, feeling, talking, hearing, and seeing.
72
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Title: CONSTRUCTION INSPECTOR SUPERVISOR (Cont’d)
9. Working Conditions:
Work is performed inside and outside and involves exposure
to noise from construction equipment.
ENTRY SOURCES: Construction Inspector.
PaOGRESSION TO: Director o Public Works 1 Water and Sewer Administrator,
or a similar position in a larger city.
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: CONSTRUCTION INSPECTOR, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Inspects all phases of construction of storm and sanitary sewers and
related structures to ensure conformity with plans and specifications:
Studies blueprints and specifications, preparatory to inspection of
construction project. Inspects construction work in progress and upon
its completion. Verifies elevation and alignment to which pipe is installed,
examines pipe foundations, jointings, placement, alignment, and connec-
tions; manholes and invert installations; and backfilling operations and
tarnping of dirt for compliance with plans and specifications. Measures
footage of pipe installed, unit quantity of earth removed, gravel used,
and concrete poured. Inspects construction materials to ensure specified
quality. Interprets specifications to contractor. Maintains a field book
of vital data of each day’s work including a descriptive record of equipment
and personnel used, a sketch of trench conditions and field location of
utilities exposed by construction work, and a report on field and weather
conditions. Coordinates construction work of project with the operations
of gas, water, telephone, and electric companies and other city departments.
Selects samples of materials for testing. Ascertains and promptly refers
to CONSTRUCTION INSPECTOR SUPERVISOR field conditions or problems
requiring changes in the work or correction of improper construction
procedures. Observes installing contractor in performance of infiltration,
exfiltration, and low pressure air tests to ensure soundness and tightness
of sewer installations. Visually inspects sewer lines to ensure
proper installation, using lamp or mirror. Recommends acceptance or
requirement of additional work upon completion of project. Prepares
progress and final reports to city for payment. Confers with city engineer,
contractors, and CONSTRUCTION NSPECTOR SUPERVISOR.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
Graduation from a high school or vocational school is the minimum
requirement, preferably supplemented by courses in civil engineer-
ing, drafting and surveying.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of methods, practices, equipment, and materials used
in the construction of sanitary and storm sewer lines and related
appurtenances.
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Title: CONSTRUCTION INSPECTOR (Cont’d)
b. Ability to read and interpret blueprints, plans, and specifications.
c Ability to establish and maintain effective working relationships
with consulting engineers and contractors.
d. Ability to keep records and make reports.
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply construction principles to solve practical problems and
deal with a variety of concrete variables in situations where
only limited standardization exists.
(Z) Interpret a variety of instructions furnished in written, oral,
diagrammatic, or schedule form.
b. Mathematical:
Perform ordinary arithmetic, algebraic, geometric procedures
in standard and practical applications.
c. Language:
(I ) Confer with engineers, contractors, and superiors.
(2) Interpret specifications and blueprints.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
Two to three years experience in construction or survey work.
Experience as construction foreman is particulary desirable.
5. Aptitudes-Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Highest third excluding top 10%
b. Verbal:
c. Numerical: ‘ I
d. Spatial: Middle third
e. Form Perception: Highest third excluding top 10%
f. Clerical Perception: Middle third
g. Motor Coordination: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
h. Finger Dexterity:
i. Manual Dexterity: T I
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination:
k. Color Discrimination:
6. Interests:
interest in activities technical in nature and are carried on in
relation to processes, machines , and techniques.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to situations involving the evaluation of information
against measurable or verifiable criteria and must adhere to
precise and established standards indicated by detailed written
specifications and blueprints.
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Title: CONSTRUCTION INSPECTOR (Cont d)
8. Physical Demands:
Work is light, involving climbing, stooping, kneeling, crouching,
crawling, reaching, handling, feeling, talking, hearing, and seeing.
ENTRY SOURCES: Construction Foreman, Maintenance Man II or
Draftsman.
PROGRESSION TO: Construction Inspector Supervisor.
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: DISPATCHER, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Dispatches work crews to repair and unstop storm and sanitary sewer lines
according to complaints received from public: Answers telephone to
receive complaints and requests for service from general public. Records
callerts name, address, and type of complaint. Locates site of trouble
spot using map. Checks truck log to determine location of nearest avail-
able work crew. Transmits information and work orders to MAINTENANCE
SUPERVISOR or to proper field crew, using radio telephone. Compiles,
types, logs, and files information on complaints received and completed
assignments, such as manpower and equipment utilization, lines cleaned,
and number of stoppages opened. Maintains truck log indicating location
of work crews. Types and maintains reports on street cuts and contacts
street department for repavement. Files sewer maps by streets showing
location and measurements of storm and sanitary sewer lines and appurtenances
for future reference. Performs related routine typing and filing duties.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
High school graduate.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of the activities, methods, and operating policies
and procedures of th department.
b. Ability to speak clea-lv.
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply common sense understanding to carry out instructions
furnished in oral or written form.
(2) Deal with problems involving several concrete variables in
or from standardized situations.
b. Mathematical:
Make arithmetic calculations involving fractions, decimals,
and percentages.
c. Language:
(1) Communicates with employees and public.
(2) Prepares maintenance reports.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
Commercial courses in high school or busin
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Title: DISPATCHER (Cont’d)
5. Aptitudes-Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Middle third
b. Verbal: it
c. Numerical:
d. Spatial: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
e. Form Perception:
f. Clerical Perception: Middle third
g. Motor Coordination: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
h. Finger Dexterity: ‘ I
i. Manual Dexterity:
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination: Lowest 10%
k. Color Discrimination: ‘ I
6. Interests:
A preference for activities involving business contact with people
and the communication of ideas.
7. Temperament:
Must have satisfactory v orking relationships with people and
must adjust to situations requiring the making of decisions on a
judgmental basis.
8. Physical Demands:
Sedentary work involvin -eaching, handling, fingering, talking,
hearing, and seeing.
9. Working Conditions:
Work is performed inside,
ENTRY SOURCES: High School raduates or General Public.
PROGRESSION TO: Progress in grade only.
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
Title: STOCK CLERK, WASTEWATER COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Requisitions, receives, examines, stores, records, and issues supplies,
equipment, tools and parts used in municipal wastewater collection system:
Fills purchase orders for materials, using manufacturers’ catalogs and
parts lists as reference. Receives, counts, and examines incoming
supplies to verify compliance with purchase requests. Sorts and places
items in bins. Maintains inventory control system. Conducts periodic and
perpetual inventory to verify accur .cy of stock control records. Posts
materials used and unit cost on inventory cards and in proper accounts.
Prepares periodic records showing utilization of supplies. Issues supplies,
tools, and equipment to workers, and assists them in filling out standard
forms. Determines storage and identification methods and initiates changes
in operation policies and procedures. Cleans and dusts shelves and store-
room.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
High school graduate.
2. General Requirements:
a. Knowledge of standard storeroom methods and procedures.
b. Knowledge of types of materials, supplies, tools, and equipment
stored by the department.
c. Ability to maintain perpetual inventory system and stock records.
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
(1) Apply common sense understanding to carry out instructions
furnished in oral, written, or diagrammatic form.
(2) Deal with problems involving several concrete variables in
or from standardized situations.
b. Mathematical:
Make arithmetic calculations involving fractions, decimals,
and percentages.
c. Language:
Fill out purchase orders, post figures on inventory cards,
and prepare inventory records.
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Title: STOCK CLERK (Cont’d)
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
Six months to one year of storekeeping experience.
5. Aptitudes-Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Middle third
b. Verbal: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
c. Numerical: Middle third
d. Spatial:
e. Form Perception:
f. Clerical Perception:
g. Motor Coordination: Lowest third excluding bottom 10%
h. Finger Dexterity:
i. Manual Dexterity:
j. Eye -Hand -Foot Coordination:
k. Color Discrimination:
6. Interests:
Preference for activities of a routine, concrete and organized
nature dealing with things and objects.
7. Temperament:
Must adjust to working with precise and established standards of
accuracy in situations involving the evaluation of information against
measurable or ye rifiable criteria.
8. Physical Demands:
The work is medium and involves frequent lifting, stooping,
reaching, and handling.
9. Working Conditions:
Work is performed inside.
ENTRY SOURCES: Storekeepers or High School graduates.
PROGRESSION TO: Progress in grade only.
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OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION *
Title: CLERK TYPIST, WASTEWATEP. COLLECTION
OCCUPATIONAL DEFINITION
Performs any combination of following tasks and/or other clerical duties:
Operates typewriter and other standard office machines and equipment;
including adding machine, calculator, and duplicating machine. Serves as
secretary to superintendent. Acts as receptionist. Responsible for personal
work determination in accordance with established precedent or policy.
Sets up simple office routines and filing systems. Minor supervisor”
responsibilities. Composes routine correspondence. Answers telephone
and handles routine inquiries from public. Typing includes tables, reports,
requisitions, forms, and other material from copy, draft, or dictating
machines; frequently involving judgment eegarding format or information
to be included. Clerical duties incluc3e maintaining financial records not
requiring technical bookkeeping skills. Duties ordinarily include posting,
filing, sorting, and other routine clerical functions.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education:
High school graduate or equivalent, including or supplemented
by courses in typing and other commercial subjects.
2. General Requirements:
a. Considerable knowledge of modern office methods and procedure.
b. Knowledge of business English, spelling, and arithmetic.
c. Ability to operate standard office equipment and type minimum
of 40 words per minute.
d. Ability to maintain records and prepare reports.
e. Ability to deal effectively with public by telephone and in person.
f. Ability to exercise independent judgment.
3. General Educational Development:
a. Reasoning:
Apply common sense understanding to carry out general
instructions.
b. Mathematical:
Make arithmetic calcuLations involving percentages and
decimals.
Black & Veatch, Estimating Costs and Manpower Requirementsfor Coven-
tional Wastewater Treatment Facilities , pp. 15 1-152.
81
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Title: CLERK TYPIST (Cont’d)
c. Language:
Ability to transcribe dictation, make appointments and handle
routine correspondence.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation:
a. Commercial courses in high school or business school.
b. Minimum one year progressively responsible general office
experience, including typing and operation of office equipment.
5. Aptitudes-Relative to General Working Population:
a. Intelligence: Middle third
b. Verbal: It
c. Numerical: TI
d. Spatial: ‘I
e. Form Perception: TI
f. Clerical Perception: Highest third excluding top 10%
g. Motor Coordination: TI
h. Finger Dexterity: U
i• Manual Dexterity: II
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination: Middle third
k. Color Discrimination: 1 1
6. Interests:
Prefer activities of a con rete, organized nature involving business
contact with people.
7. Temperament:
Worker must adjust to sltu4tions involving a variety of duties
characterized by frequent change.
8. Physical Demands:
Sedentary work.
9. Working Conditions:
Inside work.
ENTRY SOURCES: Employment Agencies or General Public.
PROGRESSION TO: Progress in Grade only.
82
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5. DESCRIPTIONS OF TASKS
A training curriculum is dependent on the availability of an accurate and adequate
picture of the tasks and requirements of the job. Task Descriptions offer
information on the nature of jobs and provide a framework for developing success-
ful training programs,
Task Descriptions presented in this Manpower Manual are based on extensive
field observations of maintenance crews and numerous interviews with supervisory
personnel and engineering technicians. This chapter presents Descriptions of
Tasks for three unit processes of the wastewater collection system:
Fag e
I. Sanitary Sewer Maintenance
1. Operation of High Velocity Water Jet 84
2. Operation of Power Rodder 85
3. Operation of Bucket Machine 86
4. Operation of Wayne Ball Machine 88
5. Operation of 35mm Camera 89
6. Opening of Stopped Main Line 90
7. Opening of Stopped Lateral Line 91
8. Repair of Main Line 92
9. Operation of Sewer Tapping Machine 92
10. Inspection and Cleaning of Manhole 94
11. Bypassing of Manhole 94
12. Manhole Repair 95
13. Raising Manhole Walls 95
14. Installation of Prefabricated Manhole 96
II. Storm Sewer Maintenance
1. Operation of High Velocity Water Jet 98
2. Opening of Stopped Storm Line 98
3. Repair of Storm Line 98
4. Inspection and Cleaning of Manhole 98
5. Manhole Repair 98
6. Raising Manhole Walls 98
7. Installation of Prefabricated Manhole 98
8. Catch Basin Inspection and Cleaning 99
9. Catch Basin Repair 100
Ill. Lift Station Maintenance
1. Lift Station Inspection and Maintenance 101
83
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UNIT PROCESS: SANITARY SEWER MAINTENANCE
OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
1. OPERATION OF HIGH VELOCITY WATER JET.
M. Eq. Op.:
M. Eq. Op.:
M. Eq. Op.:
M. Eq. Op.:
M. Man I
M. Eq. Op.:
M. Man I
M. Eq. Op.:
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Eq. Op.:
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Eq. Op.:
M. Eq. Op.:
M. Eq. Op.:
M. Eq. Op.:
M. Man I.:
M. Eq. Op.:
M. Man I
M. Eq. Op.:
M. Man I
M. Eq. Op.:
M. Eq. Op.:
Receives work assignments for the day from MAINTENANCE
SUPERVISOR.
Drives water jet truck to work site.
Locates manholes, using map.
Drives water jet truck to nearest hydrant.
Connects sewer jet fill hose to hydrant and turns water on to fill
water tank, using hydrant wrench.
Observes gauge to determine when water tank is full arid signals
MAINTENANCE MAN I to turn water off.
Turns water off and disconnects hose, using hydrant wrench.
Determines position of water jet truck.
Erects barricades or traffic cones to protect workers and divert
traffic around work area.
Lifts covers of adjacent manholes, using pick.
Checks condition of manholes and presence of blockage.
Observes manholes to determine location of blockage.
Inserts roller guide into manhole.
Inserts funnel in downstream invert of manhole.
Inserts nozzle of hose down manhole through roller guide into
mainline.
Starts machine to eject water rearward from nozzle to create a
thrust that forces hose through pipe.
Observes water pressure and foot indicator gauges to ascertain
length of hose in line and to determine when obstruction is met.
Manipulates levers to direct movement of hose which flushes pipe
with pressured water and forces debris downstream.
Follows and observes flow of water down mainline and signals to
MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT OPERATOR when obstruction is
removed.
Moves levers to draw hose back.
Removes roller guide from manhole.
Washes down manhole, using pressure gun.
Removes accumulated debris and deposits them in truck, using
long handle shovel.
May use gas detector to assure safety of MAINTENANCE MAN I
prior to his descending into manhole.
May operate air blower to ventilate manhole.
84
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OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
M. Eq. Op.:
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
M, Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Eq. Op.:
M. Eq. Op.:
Ensures MAINTENANCE MAN I dons safety harness before
entering manhole.
Puts on safety harness if he has to climb down into manhole.
May descend into manhole to remove debris, using rope, bucket,
and invert shovel.
Removes funnel from manhole.
May climb down into manhole and place mirror near invert while
MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT OPERATOR holds other mirror on
street facing sun, to cast reflected sunlight into the sewer, to
determine condition of line.
Replaces manhole covers, using pick.
Cleans work site, removes debris and places tools in truck after
completion of operation.
Fills out work report showing sewer lines flushed.
Fills out work order if sewer lines or manholes need repair.
**
2. OPERATION OF POWER RODDER
M. Eq. Op.: Receives work assignments for the day from MAINTENANCE
SUPERVISOR.
Drives power rodder truck to work site.
Looates lines to be rodded, using map.
Determines position of power rodder truck.
Erects barricades or traffic cones to protect workers and divert
traffic around work area.
Lifts manhole covers, using pick.
Examines water level in manhole to determine clogging and need
for rodding line.
Cleans manhole and invert using long handle shovel and fork.
Removes rod guide and pipe jack from side of power rodder .
Starts motor and moves lever to engage power rodder and to turn
rod a foot out of rod guide.
Attaches 4 inch auger to rod, using wrench.
Lowers rod guide and pipe jack into manhole, using rope attach-
ment.
Walks over to downstream manhole, observes invert and signals
to MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT OPERATOR when rod reaches
that manhole.
Moves lever to advance rod in sewer line.
Observes gauges to ascertain length of rod in pipe.
M. Eq. Op.:
M. Eq. Op.:
M. Eq. Op.:
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Eq. Op.:
M.
M.
M.
Man I
Man I
Eq. Op.:
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Eq. Op.:
M. Eq. Op.:
85
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OCCUPATION DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
M. Eq. Op.: Moves levers to slow down rod when obstruction is met and to
increase thrust force that rotates auger to bore through and
loosen deposits.
M. Eq. Op.: Pushes lever to stop drive and release rotation power of rod
when MAINTENANCE MAN I signals that auger has reached down-
stream manhole.
M. Man I : May pull up front end of rod to surface at downstream manhole,
using pick rod; replace auger with a root cutter, using wrench;
and lower rod back into manhole.
M. Man I Signals to MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT OPERATOR to retract
rod.
M. Eq. Op.: Moves lever to reverse tool rotation, to retract and pull back
rod to loosen obstruction.
M. Eq. Op.: May repeat process with larger size augers.
M. Man I : Observes flow of water in downstream manhole and signals to
MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT OPERATOR when flow runs freely.
M. Eq. Op.: Observes flow of waste water to ensure success of operation.
M. Man I : Pulls out rod guide and pipe jack from manhole, using rope.
M. Man I : Removes deposits from manhole, auger, and rod and places them
in buckets on truck to be hauled away for disposition.
M. Man I : Detaches auger from rod, using wrench.
M. Man I : Replaces manhole covers, using pick.
M. Man I : Cleans work site, removes debris and places tools back in truck
after completion of operation.
M. Eq. Op.: Completes work report showing sewer lines rodded.
M. Eq. Op.: Fills out work order if sev er lines or manholes need repair.
3. OPERATION OF BUCKET MACHINE
M. Eq. Op.: Receives work assignments for the day from MAINTENANCE SUPER-
VISOR.
M. Eq. Op.: Drives truck to work site.
M. Eq. Op.: Locates sewer lines to be cleaned, using map.
M. Eq. Op.: Determines set up procedures and directs MAINTENANCE MAN I
(A) and MAINTENANCE MAN I (B) in threading sewer line with
rope and winch cable.
M. Man I : (A) removee upstream manhole cover.
M. Man I : (B) locates fire hydrant and connects fire hose, using hydrant wrench.
86
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OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
M.
Man
I
M.
Man
I
:
M.
Man
I
:
M.
Man
I
:
M.
Man
I
:
M.
Eq.
0 p.
:
M.
Eq.
Op.
:
M.
Eq.
Op.
:
M.
Man
I
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M.
Man
I
:
M. Eq. Op.:
M. Eq. Op.:
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
M.
Man
I
M.
Man
I
M.
Man
I
M.
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I
M.
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I
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M.
Eq.
Op.
:
M.
Eq.
Op.
:
M.
Eq.
°p.
:
Lays out hose to upstream manhole.
(A) connects control valve on end of fire hose.
Signals (B) to turn fire hydrant on.
(B) turns fire hydrant on slowly.
Signals (A) to close control valve when hose is filled.
(A) closes control valve at upstream manhole.
(B) walks over to downstream manhole and removes cover, using pick.
Attaches tow sack to rope.
Inserts tow sack into invert to thread line.
(A) turns control valve so water pressure can push tow sack with
rope to downstream man ole to thread line.
(B) removes tow sack, pulls out , and secures rope at downstream
manhole.
(A) turns control valve off and secures rope at upstream manhole.
(B) turns off fire hydrant and disconnects hose.
(A) opens control valve to drain fire hose.
(A) and (B) retrieve hose and valve.
Ensures that sewer line is threaded properly.
Sets up power winches and roller guides over the two manholes
with the assistance of (A)and(B).
Stations (A) at upstream manhole and (B) at downstream manhole.
(B) attaches winch cable to rope.
(A) pulls rope through sewer line to upstream manhole to thread
line with winch cable.
Attaches both cables to ends of bucket so bucket can be pulled inside
sewer line with winch cable.
Inserts bucket in sewer line and directs (A) and (B) in operating the
bucket machine.
(B) activates lower ‘. inch to pull bucket in line wlnicl opens bucket
jaws to scoop up debris.
(B) disengages lower power winch when bucket is believed to be full,
(A) activates upper power winch to draw bucket back which closes
bucket jaws.
(A) pulls bucket up to surface, empties contents in truck, and inserts
bucket back in line.
(A) and (B) repeat process until line is cleaned.
(A) detaches winch cables from ends of bucket.
(B) withdraws cable downstream and rewinds cable onto reel.
(A) and (B) clean manholes, using long handle shovel, remove
debris from work site, and dump them in truck to be hauled away
for disposition.
(A) and (B) replace manhole covers, using pick.
Observes flow of waste water to ensure success of operation.
Completes work report showing sewer lines rodded.
Fills out work order if sewer lines or manholes need repair.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
Eq. Op.:
Mani
Eq. Op.:
ManI
Eq. Op.;
Mant
ManI
Eq. Op.:
Eq. Op.:
Mar il
87
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OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
4. OPERATiON OF WAYNE BALL MACHINE
Receives work assignments for the day from MAINTENANCE
SUPERVISOR.
Drives truck to work site.
Locates sewer lines to be cleaned, using map.
MAINTENANCE MAN I (A) removes upstream manhole cover,
using pick.
Inspects sections of sewer lines to be cleaned to determine conditions
of lines and work hazards involved.
Determines set up and operation procedures.
MAINTENANCE MAN I (B) locates fire hydrant and connects fire
hose, using hydrant wrench.
(A) lays out hose to upstream manhole and connects control valve
on end of fire hose.
(B) turns fire hydrant on slowly.
(A) closes control valve at upstream manhole when hose is filled.
(B) walks over to downstream manhole, removes cover, using pick,
and places sand trap in manhole to catch bail and debris.
Sets up hand winch over upper manhole.
May use power winch if line is larger than l inches.
Attaches wayne ball to end of cable.
Inserts ball into sewer line.
(A) turns control valve on and off as directed by MAINTENANCE
EQUIPMENT OPERATOR to control water pressure in sewer line
causing the ball to move downstream and remove accumulated
debris in its way.
Takes precautions to ensure ball does not become loose in line or
ball does not build up excessive pressure that may cause plumbing
fixture to overflow.
(B) detaches wayne ball from cable when ball reaches downstream
manhole.
(B) removes debris from manhole, using long handle shovel.
(A) retracts cable, manually or using winch.
(A) and (B) replace manhole covers, using pick.
(A) and (B) place tools and equipment back in truck, remove debris
from work site and dumps them in truck to be hauled away for
disposition.
Completes work report showing sewer lines cleaned.
Fills out work order if sewer lines or manholes need repair.
* * * * * * * * * *
M. Eq. Op.:
M.
M.
M.
Eq.
Eq.
Man
Op.:
Op.:
I:
M. Eq. Op.:
M. Eq. Op.:
M. ManI
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
Eq. Op.:
Eq. Op.:
Eq. Op.:
Eq. Op.:
Mani
M. Eq. Op.:
M. Man I
M.
M.
M.
M.
Man I
Man I
Man I
Man I
M. Eq. Op.:
M. Eq. Op.:
88
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OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
5. OPERATION OF 35mm CAMERA
Receives work assignments for the day from MAINTENANCE
SUPERVISOR.
Drives truck to work site.
Locates sewer lines to be photographed, using map.
Determines set up procedures and directs MAINTENANCE MAN
I (A) and MAINTENANCE MAN I (B) L i threading sewer line with
rope and winch cable.
(A) removes upstream manhole cover.
(B) locates fire hydrant and connects fire hose, using hydrant wrench.
Lays out hose to upstream manhole.
(A) connects control valve on end of fire hose.
Signals (B) to turn fire hydrant on.
(B) turns fire hydrant on slowly.
Signals (A) to close control valve when hose is filled.
(A) closes control valve at upstream manhole.
(B) walks over to downstream manhole and removes cover, using pick.
Attaches tow sack to rope.
Inserts tow sack into invert to thread line.
(A) turns control valve so water pressure can push tow sack with rope
to downstream manhole to thread line.
(B) removes tow sack, pulls out, and secures rope at downstream
manhole.
(A) turns control valve off and secures rope at upstream manhole.
(B) turns off fire hydrant and disconnects hose.
(A) opens control valve to drain fire hose.
(A) and (B) retrieve hose and valve.
Ensures that sewer line is threaded properly.
(A) and (B) set up cable winches at both manholes.
Loads camera with film and inspects battery.
Attaches control cable to camera.
Depresses button on camera to photograph small blackboard which
gives location of manhole, manhole number, date and type of weather
for future reference.
Attaches pulling cables to camera.
(A) climbs down manhole ar d positions camera in invert of sewer line.
(B) tightens pulling cable.
(A) and (B) turn handles of cable winches manually to move camera
inside line.
Observes footage gauge and records distances travelled by camera on
a schedule sheet.
(A’s and (13) stop winding cable every four feet, following directions
from PHOTO-INSPECTION TECHNICIAN to allow the taking of pictures.
Ph. I. T.:
Ph.
Ph.
Ph.
I. T.:
I. T.:
I. T.:
M. Man I:
M. Man J:
Ph. I. T.:
M. Man I:
Ph. I, T.:
M. Man I:
Pt -i. I. T.:
M. Man I:
M. Man I:
P” . I. T:
Ph. I. T.:
M, Man I:
M. Man I:
M.
M.
M.
M.
Ph.
M.
Ph.
Pi.
pI .
M.
M.
M.
M,
Man I:
Man I:
Man I:
Man I:
I. T.:
Man I:
I. T.:
I. T.:
I. T.:
Man I:
Man I:
Man I:
Man I:
Ph. 1. T.:
M. Man I:
89
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OCCUPATION DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
Ph. 1. T.: Snaps pictures at designated intervals until camera reaches
downstream manhole or until camera encounters an obstruction
and cannot pass through line.
M. Man I (B) descends into manhole and detaches camera from cable when
camera reaches downstream.
M, Man I (A), in case of an obstruction in line, rewinds cable onto reel to
retract camera to upstream manhole and detaches camera,
Ph. I. T.: Removes film and batteries from camera.
M. Man I (A) and (B) rewind cables onto reels, disassemble, clean, and
return equipment to truck.
M. Man I : (A) and (B) replace manhole covers, using pick.
Ph. I. T.: Fills out work report showing sewer lines photographed.
* * * * * ** * c
6. OPENING OF STOPPED MAIN LINE
M. Man II Drives service pick up truck to work site.
M. Man II Locates manholes, using map.
M. Man I : Removes manhole covers, using pick.
M. Man I : Inspects manholes and relays condition of wastewater flow to
MAINTENANCE MAN II.
M. Man II : Inspects manholes to determine location of stoppage.
M. Man II, I: Runs rods through rod guide, fits front end of rod with auger,
using wrench, and lowers guide into position.
M. Man II , [ : Thrusts rods into invert and advances them until auger reaches
obstruction.
M. Man U, I: May rotate rod manually, using turning pin.
M. Man II : May attach end of rod to portable power rodder to rotate rods until
auger loosens and dislodges debris inside pipe.
M. Man I : Retracts rods and drags out obstructions such as roots, grease,
and other deposits.
M. Man II Checks adjacent manholes for flow to ascertain efficiency of
operation.
M. Man I Replaces manhole covers, using pick.
M. Man I Cleans work site, removes debris and places tools in truck after
completion of operation.
M. Man II Completes work report showing sewer lines unstopped.
90
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OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
7. OPENING OF STOPPED LATERAL LINE *
Receives assignment from DISPATCHER or MAINTENANCE
SUPERVISOR.
Determines location from map or address.
Drives service pick up truck to work site.
Checks with house residents to discuss complaint and confirm
problem.
Locates cleanout visualiy or using dip needle or M-Scope if
cleanout is n t visible.
Assists Maintenance Man II in locating cleanout.
Uncovers cleanout, if underground, by digging from around it,
using shovel.
May have to dig down to lateral line, using shovel, if cleanout
does not exist or cannot be located.
Removes cleanout plug using wrench and hammer and lifts covers
off adjacent manholes, using pick.
Observes flow of sewage in cleanout to determine whether stoppage
occurs on city or private property.
Removes portable electric cleaning machine from truck and
carries it to work site.
Attaches bit to end of cable, using wrench.
Inserts cable into line through cleanout to remove roots and debris
in line.
Connects machine to generator.
Pulls hand lever and depresses foot control of machine to advance
cleaning tool slowly until it encounters an obstruction and to rotate
cable until obstacle is broken.
Retracts cable from line hen water flows freely showing success
of operation.
May deposit dye tablets in cleanout to determine whether water is
flowing to manhole downstream.
Checks line for structural damage and reports to MAINTENANCE
SUPERVISOR if repairs are needed.
Cleans work site
Disassembles machine and puts it back on truck.
Replaces manhole cover and cleanout plug, using pick and wrench.
Calls DISPATCHER to report work done.
Fills out work order if lines need repair.
* If it is the responsibility of the m inicipality.
M. Man II
M, Man II
M. Man II
M. Man II
M. Man II
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Manil
M. Man 11,1:
M. Man II
M. Man II
M. Man U
M. Man II
M. Man I
M. Man II
M. Man II
M. Man I
M. Man II, I:
M. Man I
M. Man U
M. ManU
91
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OCCUPATION DESCRIPTION OF TASRS
8. REPAIR OF MAIN LINE
Foreman : Receives work order from MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR.
Foreman Locates job site, using map.
Foreman Drives pick up truck to work site.
Foreman : Reads blueprints to determine location of existing utilities lines
and city right-of-way limits.
Foreman : Determines work procedures and directs workers.
M. Man I : Removes tools and equipment from truck and erects barricades
or traffic cones to protect workers and divert traffic around
work area.
Foreman : Measures distance of excavation site, using tape measure and
marks outline of area to be trenched.
M. Man II, I: Breaks asphalt and other pavement, using air hammer, pick and
shovel.
Foreman : Directs CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT OPERATOR in the digging
of trench.
C. Eq. Op. : Moves hand and foot levers to operate back hoe to excavate trench.
M. Man I : Digs dirt away from pipe, using shovel.
Foreman : Examines sewer line to determine need for repair and to decide
on corrective action to take.
M. Man U : Cuts damaged section of pipe with cutters and removes broken
section from ditch.
M. Man II : Replaces broken pipes and reconnects pipe sections, using pipe
sleeve.
M. Man I : Assists MAINTENAi\CE MAN II in replacing pipe.
Foreman Inspects joints to ens ,re they are tight and sealed properly before
backfilling.
C. Eq. Op. Operates back hoe to backfill trench.
M. Man II, I: Packs backfilled exca tion, using tamper.
M. Man I : Cleans work sites, removes debris, and places tools, equipment,
and barricades back on truck.
Foreman : Fills out work report snowing line repaired and manpower, equip-
ment, and material utilization.
9. OPERATION OF SEWER TAPPING MACHINE
M. Man II : Receives assignment from MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR.
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OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
M. Man II
M. Man II
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man II
M. Man II
M. Man II
M. Man II
M. Man II
M. Man II
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
M, Man II
M, Man II
M. Man II
M. Man II
M. Man II
M. Man
M. Man
M. Man
M. Man
10. INSPECTION AND CLEANING OF A MANHOLE
M. Man II : Receives assignment from MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR.
M. Man II : Drives truck to work site.
M. Man II Locates manhole, using map.
M. Man I : Erects traffic cones to protect workers and divert traffic around
work area.
M. Man I : Takes manhole cover off, using pick. May have to use sledge
hammer to loosen cover if it is stuck.
M. Man I : Removes debris from bottom of manhole using long handled shovel,
Locates work site, using map.
Drives pick up truck to work site.
Removes tools and materials from truck.
Lowers needed tools and material into trench.
Climbs down into trench.
Wraps chain around sewer mainline.
Positions tapping machine on side of sewer mainline.
Hooks chain to tapping machine.
Tightens chain to mainline, using wrench.
Positions motor on tapping machine.
Fills cooling water reservoir with water.
Attaches water hose to reservoir.
Positions reservoir on bank of ditch.
Attaches other end of hose to tapping machine.
Checks blade of tapping machine.
Pulls crank cord to start motor on sewer tapping machine.
Moves valve to turn on water.
Turns feed control knob to engage cutter with pipe until hole is
cut into sewer main.
II : Moves switch to turn off machine.
II : Turns feed control knob to disengage cutter from pipe.
II Turns valve to cut off cooling water.
I : Disassembles sewer tapping machine and accessories and removes
them from trench.
II : Wipes and dries hole clean with rag.
II Spreads epoxy adhesive compound on pipe and fitting.
II : Places and presses fitting into hole.
II&I: Place strap around main, hook, and tighten saddle to pipe.
I : Cleans machine and accessories and returns them to truck.
M. Man
M. Man
M. Man
M. Man
M. Man
93
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OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
M. Man II:
M. Man II:
M. Man II:
M. Man II
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
M. Man I
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
Man I
Man I
Man II:
Man I
Man 11:
Man I
Man I
Man II:
Man II:
Man II:
Man II:
Man II
long hook, spoon, fork or rod, raises them to surface and places
them in bucket.
Examines condition of manhole and invert, notes location on map
and fills work order for needed repairs to be submitted to MAIN-
TENANCE SUPERVISOR.
May use gas detector to assure safety of MAINTENANCE MAN I
prior to his descending into manhole.
May operate air blower to ventilate manhole.
Ensures MAINTENANCE MAN I dons safety harness before entering
manhole.
Puts on safety harness if he has to climb down into manhole.
May descend into manhole after getting clearance from MAINTE-
NANCE MAN tI, to remove debris, using rope and invert shovel.
Replaces manhole cover, using pick.
Removes debris from work site and discharges contents of bucket
into truck to be hauled away for disposition.
11. BYPASSING OF MANHOLE’
c The bypassu method is used to enable the worker to work in a dry manhole
without blocking the flow of wastewater.
Erects traffic cones.
Lifts manhole covers, using pick.
Determines size and capacity of pump to be used.
Removes pump and tools from truck.
Positions pump at upper manhole.
Lays discharge hose or pipe from pump to lower manhole.
Secures hose in lower manhole.
Lowers suction hose in invert of upper manhole.
Positions inflammable plug in lower invert of upper manhole.
Inflates plug using air pump.
Starts pump so wastewater would bypass manhole.
Turns pump off, deflates plug, and dismantles discharge and suction
hose.
Places pump and attachments back in truck.
M. Man I
94
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OCCUPATION DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
12. MANHOLE REPAIR
Mason II : Receives work order from MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR.
Mason II Drives truck to work site.
Mason II : Locates manhole, using map.
Mason I : Removes tools and materials from truck and erects traffic cones.
Mason I Takes manhole cover off, using pick.
Mason II : Inspects manhole to ascertain condition of structure and need for
repair.
Mason I : May inspect manhole and relay condition of structure to MASON II.
Mason II&I: Dewater manhole if necessary, using one of the following two
methods: Bypass manhole (see item 11) or place flow-through-
sewer plug with semi-rigid hose into inlet of manhole in order to
maintain a dry work site in manhole.
Mason II&I: Climb down manhole steps.
Mason II : Chips away concrete along cracks, using hammer and chisel to
prepare for repairs.
Mason I Raises loose bricks and debris from bottom of manhole to surface
and loads them in truck, using bucket and shovel.
Mason I : Mixes cement, sand, and water to prepare mortar, using shovel
and wheelbarrow.
Mason I : Deposits mortar on board so MASON II can reach it.
Mason II : Replaces fallen bricks and patches cracks and eroded inverts with
fresh mortar, using trowel.
Mason II : Smooths and finishes surfaces of concrete walls to specified textures,
using float.
Mason I : Removes dewatering device to start flow after cement has dried,
Mason I : Replaces manhole cover, using pick.
Mason I : Cleans work site, and places tools and materials back on truck.
Mason II : Fills out work report showing manhole repaired.
13, RAISING MANHOLE WALLS
Mason II : Receives assignment from MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR.
Mason II Drives truck to work site.
Mason II : Locates manhole, using map.
Mason I : Removes tools and materials from truck and erects traffic cones.
95
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OCCUPATION DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
Mason I : Removes manhole ring and cover, using sledge hammer and pick.
Mason II : Dewaters manhole (see item 12).
Mason II Climbs down manhole steps.
Mason II : Places protective cover over invert.
Mason II Knocks rim off manhole and breaks top of manhole walls, using
sledge hammer.
Mason I Mixes cement, sand, and water to prepare mortar, using shovel
and wheelbarrow.
Mason I : Conveys materials and tools about job site.
Mason I : Deposits mortar on board so MASON II can reach it.
Mason II : Spreads mixed cement on existing layer of brick, using trowel.
Mason II : Presses brtcks into cement mixture and lays them to specified level.
Mason II : Places rim over brick and cements rim to insure that cover is
secure in place.
Mason I : Removes protective cover.
Mason I : Replaces manhole cover, using pick.
Mason I : Cleans work site and deposits debris and tools on truck.
Mason II Completes work report identifying manhole walls raised.
14. INSTALLATION OF A PREFABRICATED MANHOLE
Mason II : Receives work order from MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR.
Mason II : Drives track to work site.
Mason II : Locates manhole, using map.
Mason I Removes tools and materials from truck and erects traffic cones.
Mason II Directs CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT OPERATOR to excavate
around manhole.
C. Eq. Op.: Moves hand and foot levers to operate back hoe to excavate around
manhole.
Mason II Dewaters manhole (see item 12).
Mason I Climbs down into manhole and places protective cover over invert.
Mason Ii Directs MASON I or CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT OPERATOR to
break walls of standing manhole.
Mason I : Breaks walls of standing manhole, using sledge hammer.
C. Eq. Op.: May operate back hoe to break walls of old manhole.
Mason II : Prepares surface or pours new invert.
Mason I : Descends into manhole, removes debris and raises them into
surface using rope and bucket.
96
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OCCUPATION DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
Mason II : Signals to CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT OPERATOR to align
pre-cast manhole and to press it into proper position.
C. Eq. Op.: Operates back hoe to align pre-cast manhole and to press it into
proper position.
Mason I : Mixes cement, sand, and water to prepare mortar, using shovel
and wheelbarrow.
Mason I : Deposits mortar on board so MASON II can reach it.
Mason iI : Applies moitar mix on area between pro-cast concrete and
existing walls to secure it in position.
Mason I : Removes protective cover.
Mason I : Replaces manhole cover and ring, using pick.
Mason I : Backfills and tamps ground around manhole.
C. Eq. Op.: May operate back hoe to backfill and tamp ground around manhole.
Mason I : Cleans work site and deposits debris and tools on truck.
Mason II : Completes work report identifying newly installed prefabricated
manhole.
97
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UNIT PROCESS: STORM SEWER MAINTENANCE
OCCUPATION DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
1. OPERATION OF HIGH VELOCITY WATER JET.
(see page 34).
*4* 4*4*4 4*4*
2. OPENING OF STOPPED STORM LINE.
(same as Opening of Stopped Main Line, see page 90),
4* 4 4 * 4* 4*4*4
3. REPAIR OF STORM LINE.
(same as Repair of Main Line, see page 92).
*4* 4 * 4 * * *44*
4. INSPECTION AND CLEANING OF MANHOLE.
(see page 93).
44 * * 44 * * * 444
5. MANHOLE REPAIR
(see page 95 1.
6. RAISING MANHOLE WALLS.
(see page 95.
7. INSTALLATION OF A PREFABRICATED MANHOLE.
(see page 96 ).
4 * * * * * * 4 * 44 *
98
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OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
M.
M,
M.
M,
M.
M.
M,
M.
M,
M.
M.
M.
M.
Man II
Man II:
Man II
Man I
Man I
Man I
Man II
‘, T
Man II:
Man II:
Man I
Man I
Man 1
8. CATCH BASIN INSPECTION AND CLEANING
9. CATCH BASIN REPAiR
Mason II
Mason II
Mason II
Mason I
Mason I
Mason II
Mason II
Mason II
Mason II
Mason I
Receives assignment from MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR.
Drives truck to work site.
Locates catch basin, using map.
Removes tools arid materials from truck and erects traffic cones.
Connects chain to truck and catch basin cover.
Drives truck to pull catch basin cover.
Examines catch basin to determine needed repairs.
Climbs down into basin.
Chips away concrete along cracks, using hammer and chisel,
Raises loose bricks and debris from bottom of manhole to surface
and loads them on truck, using bucket and shovel.
Mason I Mixes cement, sand, and water to prepare mortar using shovel and
wheelbarrow.
Mason I Deposits mortar on board so MASON II can reach it,.
M. Man 11
Receives assignment from MAiNTENANCE SUPERVISOR
Drives truck to work site.
Locates catch basin, using map.
emoves tools from truck arid erects traffic cones.
Removes catch basin cover, using pick.
May have to use sledge hammer to loosen cover.
Inspects catch basin to determine p:es n:e of debris.
Descends into basin to remove debris from bottom of catch basin,
using shovel, spoon, or fork, raises deposits to surface, and places
them in bucket.
Lowers bucket to MAINTENANCE MAN I in basin to dump accurriu-
lated debris into bucket.
Flushes basin, using fire hose with creeping nozzle attachment.
Examines basin to ensure removal of all debris.
Replaces catch basin cover, using pick.
Cuts grass from around catch basin, using bushax.
Removes debris from worksite, using shovel and discharges
contents of bucket into truck to be hauled away for disposition.
Returns bushax and handtools to truck.
Completes work report showing catch basin cleaned and inspected.
Prepares work order if catch basin needs repair.
M. Man I
M. Man ii
M. Man II
99
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OCCUPATION DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
Mason II : Patches cracks and broken parts of catch basin, using mortar
and trowel.
Mason II Drives truck to pull back cover on catch basin.
Mason II : Inspects cover to ensure proper fit.
Mason I : Cleans work site, and places tools and materials back on truck.
Mason II Fills out work report showing catch basin repaired.
100
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UNIT PROCESS: LIFT STATION MAINTENANCE
OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
INSPECTION AND PERFORMANCE OF PREVENTIVE
MAINTENANCE ON A LIFT STATION
M. Mech, H.:
M. Mech. H.:
M. Mecii. H.:
M. Mech, I
M. Mech. H.:
M. Mech. H.:
M. Mech. H.:
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M, Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M .Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech, I
M.Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M,Mech. I
M.Mech. I
M.Mech. I
M,Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M.Mech. I
Opens station gate, using key.
Pulls open wet well hatch.
Unlocks and pulls open door of pit,
Observes bar screen to determine need for cleaning.
Removes debris from screen using rake, and deposits them in
container for disposal.
Washes down sides of wet well, using water hose.
Closes and locks doo- of pit.
Turns humidifier control knob on to make necessary adjustments.
Inspects operation of fresh air blower.
Climbs into lift station dry pump pit or chamber.
Observes pump in operation to detect faulty seal.
Feels pump motor in operation to determine relative temperature
and vibration and to detect malfunctions,
Lifts sump pump float momentarily to check operation of sump
pump.
May wash mechanic seal filter.
Turns pump control panel switch to off position.
Turns off control valves on water seal line.
Unscrews filter ball and filter element.
Soaks filter element to clean it.
May replace filter element.
Turns pump control panel switch to on position.
Tests pumps, using manual switch setting, to ensure they are
primed and will pump flow when automatically started,
Observes packing ring to detect water leak.
Tightens ring down if it is leaking, using wrench.
May replace ring, using packing iron press, pipe wrench, and
other hand tools.
Turns valve off to stop flow of sewage.
Inspects shaft surface for excessive wear.
Removes packing ring clamp, using wrench.
Cuts packing to fit around shaft, using pocket knife.
Pushes packing around shaft, using packing iron press.
Places packing ring clamp back on and tightens it down, using
wrench.
Observes position of check valve lever arm with pumps on and off,
and notes normal position of lever for each mode.
101
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OCCUPATION
DESCRIPTION OF TASKS
Turns control valve on air pressure tank to bleed off water and
air, and checks air compressor’s control points.
Inspects switches to see if any are in tripped position; if so,
clears trouble, resets switch and re-energizes.
Raises and lowers weights on float switches to make sure they
move freely and that float cables are tracking properly.
Observes well levels at start and stop positions.
Inspects to ensure that pressure relief valve lets excess pressure
bleed back into wet well when pressure approaches rated force
main limit.
Reads pressure surges on pressure gauge.
Presses test button to inspect automatic high water warning alarms.
Inspects chlorinator.
Ensures that chlorinator is on the correct feed grade and verifies
that it works automatically when pump units are pumping.
Checks chlorinator for gas leaks.
Turns valve on tank and disconnects feed line to change chlorine
cylinders.
Turns control knob to adjust feed rate.
Fills out routine report form on sewer lift station operation.
Records readings of running time meters if provided.
Inspects comminutor.
May turn switch to stop comminutor if metal objects are noted
in cutter blades.
Locks comnminutor switch tr off position when greasing bearing
or removing metal object.
Removes old rags, sticks, and rocks from inside of pumping station.
Sweeps floor of lift station, using broom.
Cuts grass around pumpin z station, using power mower.
Contacts MAINTENANCE \!ECHANIC II when equipment needs
repair, using radio.
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M.Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M,Mech, I
M. Mech. I
M.Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. I
M. Mech. H.:
M. Mech. H.
M. Mech. H.
M. Mech. I
ba
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APPENDIX 1
DEFINITIONS OF WORKER TRAITS
Those abilities, personal traits, and individual characteristics required of
a worker in order to achieve average successful job performance are re-
ferred to as worker traits. They are reflected in the following six distinct
components that provide the broadest and yet most comprehensive frame-
work for the effective presentation of worker trait information: (1) The amount
of general educational development and specific vocational preparation a
worker must have, (2) the specific capacities and abilities required of him
in o’ der to learn or perform certain tasks or duties, (3) preferences for
certain types of work activities or experiences considered necessary for job
success, (4) types of occupational situations to which an individual must
adjust, (5) physical activities required in work situations, and (6) physical
surroundings prevalent in jobs.
GENERAL EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
This embraces those aspects of education (formal and informal) which con-
tribute to the worker’s (a) reasoning development and ability to follow
instructions, and (b) acquisition of hltoolT knowledges, such as language and
mathematical skills. It is education of a general nature which does not have
a recognized, fairly specific, occupational objective. Ordinarily such
education is obtained in elementary school, high school, or college. It also
derives from experience and individual study.
SPECIFIC VOCATIONAL PREPARATION
The amount of time required to learn the techniques, acquire information,
and develop the facility needed for average performance in a specific job-
worker situation. This training may be acquired in a school, work, military,
institutional, or avocational environment. It does not include orientation
training required of even every fully qualified worker to become accustomed
to the specific conditions of any new job. Specific vocational training includes
training given in any of the foUowing circumstances:
1. Vocational education (such as high school commercial or shop
training, technical school, art school, and that part of college
training which is organized around a specific vocational objective);
2. Apprentice training (for apprenticeable jobs only);
3. In-plant training (given by an employer in the form of organized
Developed by the United States Department of Labor and used as
occupational analysis specifications in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles.
103
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classroom study);
4. On-the-job training (serving as learner or trainee on the job under
the instruction of a qualified worker);
5. Essential experience in other jobs (serving in less responsible jobs
which lead to the higher grade job or serving in other jobs which
qualify).
APTITUDES
Specific capacities or abilities required of an individual in order to facilitate
the learning of some task or job duty.
INTELLIGENCE : General learning ability. The ability to ‘catch on”
or understand instructions and underlying principles. Ability to reason
and make judgments. Closely related to doing well in school.
VERBAL : Ability to understand meanings of words and ideas associated
with them, and to use them effectively. To comprehend language, to
understand relationships between words, and to understand meanings
of whole sentences and paragraphs. To present information or ideas
clearly.
NUMERICAL : Ability to perform arithmetic operations quickly and
accurately.
SPATIAL : Ability to comprehend forms in space and understand relation-
ships of plane and solid objects. May be used in such tasks as blueprint
reading and in solving geometry problems. Frequently described as the
ability to “visualize” objects of two or three dimensions, or to think
visually of geometric forms.
FORM PERCEPTION : Ability to perceive pertinent detail in objects or
in pictorial or graphic material; to make visual comoarisions and dis -
criminations and see slight differences in shapes and shadings of figures
and widths and lengths of lines.
CLERICAL PERCEPTION : Ability to perceive pertinent detail in verbal
or tabular material; to observe differences in copy, to proof read words
and numbers, and to avoid perceptual errors in arithmetic computation.
MOTOR COORDINATION : Ability to coordinate eyes and hands or fingers
rapidly and accurately in making precise movements with speed. Ability
to make a movement response accurately and quickly.
104
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FINGER DEXTERITY : Ability to move the fingers and manipulate
small objects with the fingers rapidly or accurately.
MANUAL DEXTERITY : Ability to move the hands easily and skillfully.
To work with the hands in placing and turning motions.
EYE-HAND-FOOT COORDINATION : Ability to move the hand and foot
coordinately with each other in accordance with visual stimuli.
COLOR DISCRIMINATION : Ability to perceive or recognize similarities
or differences in colors, or in shades or other values of the same color;
to identify a particualr color, or to recognize harmonious or contrasting
color combinations, or to match colors accurately.
INTERESTS
Preferences for certain types of work activities or experience, with accompanying
rejection of contrary types of activities or experience. Five pairs of interest
factors are provided so that a positive preference for one factor of a pair also
implies rejection of the other factor of that pair.
1. Situations involving a pref-
erence for activities dealing
with things and objects.
2. Situations involving a pref-
erence for activities involv-
ing business contact with
people.
3. Situations involving a pref-
erence for activities of a
routine, concrete, organized
nature.
4. Situations involving a pref-
erence for working for peo-
ple for their presumed good,
as in the social welfare sense.
or for dealing with people and
language in social situations.
5. Situations involving a pref-
erence for activities result-
ing in prestige or the esteem
of others.
vs. 6. Situations involving a preference
for activities concerned with peo-
ple and the communication of ideas.
vs. 7. Situations involving a preference
for activities of a scientific and
technical nature.
vs. 8. Situations involving a preference
for activities of an abstract and
creative nature.
vs. 9. Situations involving a preference
for activities that are nonsocial
in nature, and are carried on in
relation to processes, machines,
and techniques.
vs. 0. Situations involving a preference
for activities resulting in tangible,
productive satisfaction.
105
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TEMPERAMENTS
Different types of occupational situations to which workers must adjust.
1. Situations involving a variety of duties often characterized by frequent
change.
2. Situations involving repetitive or short cycle operations carried out
according to set procedures or sequences.
3. Situations involving doing things only under specific instruction,
allowing little or no room for 5ndeperident action or judgment in
working out job problems.
4. Situations involving the direction, control, and planning of an entire
activity or the activities of other3.
5. Situations involving the necessity of dealing with people in actual
job duties beyond giving and receiving instructions.
6. Situations involving working alone and apart in physical isolation from
others, although the activity may be integrated with that of others.
7. Situations involving influencing people in their opinions, attitudes, or
judgments about ideas or things.
8. Situations involving performing adequately under stress when confronted
with the critical or unexpected or when taking risks.
9. Situations involving the evaluation (arriving at generalizations,
judgments, or decisions) of nformation against sensory or judgmental
criteria.
0. Situations involving the evaluation (arriving at generalizations,
judgments, or decisions) of information against measurable or
verifiable critiera.
X. Situations involving the interpretation of feelings, ideas, or facts in
terms of personal viewpoint.
Y. Situations involving the precise attainment of set limits, tolerances,
or standards.
PHYSICAL DEMANDS
Those physical activities required of a worker in a job. The physical
demands referred to serve as a means of expressing both the physical require-
106
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ments of the job and the physical capacities (specific physical traits) a worker
must have to meet the requirements.
1. LIFTING, CARRYING, PUSHING, and PULLING. These are the
primary “ physical requirements, and, generally speaking,
a person who engages in one of these activities can and does engage
in all. Specifically, each of these activities can be described as:
LIFTING : Raising or lowering an object from one level to another;
includes upward pulling.
CARRYING : Transporting an object, usually holding it in the hands
or arms, or on the shoulder.
PUSHING : Exerting force upon an object so that the object moves
away from the force. This includes slapping, striking, kicking,
and treadle actions.
PULLING : Exerting force upon an object so that the object moves
toward the force; includes jerking.
The five degrees of this factor (Lifting, Carrying, Pushing, and for Pulling) are:
SEDENTARY WORK : Lifting 10 lbs. maximum and occasionally
lifting and/or carrying such articles as dockets, ledgers, and small
tools. Although a sedentary job is defined as one which involves
sitting, a certain amount of walking and standing is often necessary
in carrying out job duties. Jobs are sedentary if walking and stand-
ing are required only occasionally and other sedentary criteria are
met.
LIGHT WORK : Lifting 20 lbs. maximum with frequent lifting and/or
carrying of objects weighing up to 10 lbs. Even though the weight
lifted may be only a negligible amount, a job is in this category
when it involves sitting most of the time with a degree of pushing
and pulling of arm and/or leg controls.
MEDIUM WORK : Lifting 50 lbs. maximum with frequent lifting
and for carrying of objects weighing up to 25 lbs.
HEAVY WORK : Lifting 100 lbs. maximum with frequent lifting
and/or carrying of objects weighing up to 50 lbs.
VERY HEAVY WORK : Lilting objects in excess of 100 lbs. with
frequent lifting and/or carrying of objects weighing 50 lbs. or more.
107
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2. CLIMBING and/or BALANCING. These activities are defined
as follows:
CLIMBING : Ascending or descending ladders, stairs, scaffoldings,
ramps, poles, ropes, and the like, using feet and legs and/or hands
and arms.
BALANCING : Maintaining body equilibrium to prevent falling when
walking, standing, crouching, running, on narrow, slippery, or
erratically moving surfaces; or maintaining body equilibrium when
performing gymnastic feats.
3. STOOPING, KNEELING, CROUCHING, and/or CRAWLING. These
activitieè are defined as:
STOOPING : Bending the body downward and forward by bending
the spine at the waist.
KNEELING : Bending the legs at the knees to come to rest or. the
knee or knees.
CROUCHING : Bending the body downward and forward by bending
the legs and spine.
CRAWLING : Moving about on the hands and knees or hands and
feet. The activities in this factor involve full use of the lower
extremities as well as the back muscles. Therefore, stooping
rarely is rated when the worker is performing this act while in a
sitting position.
4. REACHING, HANDLING, FINGERING and/or FEELING. These activities
involve the use of one or both of the upper extremities and are defined
as follows:
REACHING : Extending the hands and arms in any direction.
HANDLING : Seizing, holding, grasping, turning, or otherwise
working with the hands or hand (fingering not involved).
FINGERING : Picking, pinching, or otherwise working with the
fingers primarily (rather than with the whole hand or arm as in
handling).
FEELING : Perceiving attributes of objects such as size, shape,
temperature, or texture by means of receptors in the skin,
particularly those of the finger tips.
108
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5. TALKING and/or HEARING. These activities are defined as follows:
TALKING : Expressing or exchanging ideas by means of spoken
words.
HEARING Perceiving the nature of sounds by the ear.
The ability to talk is important for those job-worker situations
in which the individual must impart oral information to clients
or to the public, and in those situations in which he must convey
detailed or important spoken instructions to other employees
accurately, loudly, or quickly. Hearing is important for those
job-worker situations which require the ability to receive detailed
information through oral communication, and to make fine
descri.minations in sounds, such as making fine adjustments on
running engines.
6. SEEING. Obtaining impressions through the eyes of the shape, size,
distance, motion, color, or other characteristics of objects. The
major visual functions are defined as follows:
ACUITY-FAR : Sharpness of vision at a distance of 20 feet or more.
ACUITY-NEAR : Sharpness of vision at 20 inches or less.
DEPTH PERCEPTION : Three-dimensional seeing and is an
important factor in judging distances and space relationships so
as to see objects where and as they actually are. Two-eyed
vision is involved here.
FIELD OF VISION : The area that can be seen up or down or to
the right or left while the eyes are fixed on a given point.
ACCOMODATION : The adjustment of the lens of the eye to bring
an object into sharp focus. This item is especially important
when doing near-point work at varying distances from the eye.
COLOR VISION : The ability to identify and distinguish colors.
WORKING CONDITIONS
The physical surroundings of a worker in a specific job. Also known as
Environmental Conditions.
1. INSIDE, OUTSiDE, or BOTH. These conditions are defined as follows:
109
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INSIDE : Protection from weather conditions, but not necessarily
from temperature changes.
OUTSIDE : No effective protection from weather.
BOTH : Inside and outside.
A job is considered “inside” if the worker spends approximately
75 per cent or more of his time inside, and “outside” if he spends
approximately 75 per cent or more of his time outside. A job
is considered “both” if the activities occur inside or outside in
approximately equal amounts.
2. EXTREME COLD PLUS TEMPERATURE CHANGES. These conditions
are defined as follows:
EXTREME COLD : Temperature sufficiently low to cause marked
bodily discomfort unless the worker is provided with exceptional
protection.
TEMPERATURE CHANGES : Variations in temperature which are
sufficiently marked and abrupt to cause noticeable bodily reactions.
3. EXTREME HEAT PLUS TEMPERATURE CHANGES. These conditions
are defined as follows:
EXTREME HEAT : Temperature sufficiently high to cause marked
bodily discomfort unless the worker is provided with exceptional
protection.
TEMPERATURE CHANGES : Variations in temperature sufficiently
marked and abrupt to cause noticeable bodily reactions.
4. WET and HUMID. These conditions are defined as follows:
WET : Contact with water or other liquids.
HUMID : Atmospheric condition with moisture content sufficiently
high to cause marked bodily discomfort.
5. NOISE and VIBRATION.
Sufficient noise, either constant or intermittent, to cause marked
distraction or possible injury to the sense of hearing and/or
sufficient vibration (production of an oscillating movement or
strain on the body or its extremities from repeated motion or shock)
1 JO
-------
to cause bodily harm if endured day after day.
6. HAZARDS.
This category includes a variety of industrial hazards, such as
proximity to moving mechanical parts, electrical shock, working
on scaffolding and high places, exposure to burns and radiant
energy, and exposure to all types of explosives, all of which
involve the risk of bodily injury.
7. FUMES, ODORS, TOXIC CONDITIONS, DUST, ar,d POOR VENTILA-
TION. These conditions are grouped because they all affect the res-
piratory system or the skin and are defined as follows:
FUMES : Smoky or vaporous exhalations, usually odorous, thrown
off as the result of combustion or chemical reaction.
ODORS : Noxious smells, either toxic or nontoxic.
TOXIC CONDITIONS : Exposure to toxic dust, fumes, gases,
vapors, mists, or liquids which cause general or localized
disabling conditions as a result of inhalation or action on the skin.
DUSL Air filled with small particles of any kind, such as textile,
dust, flour, wood, leather, feathers, and inorganic dust, including
silica and asbestos, which make the work place unpleasant or are
the source of occupational di’eases.
POOR VENTILATION : Insufficient movement of air causing a feel-
ing of suffocation; or exposure to drafts.
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APPENDIX a
GLOSSARY
Compiled from various texts, journals, technical papers and the ‘Glossary-
Water Control Engineering”: APHA, ASCE, AWWA, WPCF, 1969.
AUGER: A sharp tool used to go through various materials that become lodged
in sewer lines. They are used for opening sewer line stoppages.
APPURTENANCES: Machinery, appliances, or auxiliary structures attached
to a main structure to enable it to function, but not considered an integral
part of it.
BACKFILL: The operation of refilling an excavation, usually alter some
structure has been placed therein.
SAC KHOE: An excavating machine in which the bucket is rigidly attached to
a hinged stick on the boom and is drawn toward the machine in operation.
BEDDING: The earth or other materials on which a pipe or conduit is supported.
BIT: Cutting blade used in rodding operations.
BUCKET MACHINE: A sewer cleaning machine used when large amounts of
sand, gravel, and solid material a re blocking the sewer lines. Pulling
the bucket back causes the jaws to close and retain the solids that are in
the bucket.
BULLDOZER: A tractor driven mach:ne having a broad, blunt horizontal blade
for clearing land and road building.
CAULKING: The process of driving, pouring, or forcing lead, oakum, plastic,
or other material into a joint to make it leakproof.
CATCH BASINS: A catch basin is a form of grit chamber intended to retain the
heavy debris in storTnwater which otherwise would be carried into the sewer.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP: A pump consisting of an impeller fixed on a rotating
shaft and enclosed in a casing, and having an inlet and a discharge connection.
The rotating impeller creates pressure in the liquid by the velocity derived
from centrifugal force.
CHLORINATOR: An apparatus to regulate the flow of gas from a cylinder into
a sewer line.
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CLEANOUT: A pipe that slopes to the street surface from a Y in the sewer
and makes it possible to rod the line.
COMBINED SEWER: A sewer intended to receive both wastewater and storm
or surface water.
COMMINUTORS: A machine that cuts up solids in raw sewage in preparation
for purifying treatment.
COUPLING: A threaded sleeve used to connect two pipes.
CULVERT: A closed conduit for the free passage of surface drainage water
under a highway, railroad, canal, or other embankment.
DEBRIS: Any material, including floating trash, suspended sediment, or
bed load, moved by a flowing stream.
DEWATER: To drain or remove water from an enclosure. A structure may
be dewatered so that it can be inspected or repaired.
DIP-NEEDLE: A magnetic needle pivoted to rotate in the vertical plane of
the magnetic meridian with its rotation axis through its center of gravity,
so that it points in the direction of the earth’s magnetic intensity.
DOMESTIC WASTEWATER: Wastewater derived principally from dwellings,
business buildings, institutions, and the like.
EXFILTRATION: The leakage from sewer lines into the surrounding ground.
FITTINGS (PIPE): Connections, appliances, and adjuncts designed to be used in
connection with pipes.
FLOAT (CONTROL): A float installed in a tank or body of liquid to control
the pumps.
FLOW: The movement of a stream of water or other mobile substance from
place to place; a stream of water; movement of silt, water, sand, or other
material.
FLUSHING: The removing of deposits of material which have lodged in conduits,
sewers, or tanks because of inadequate velocity of flows. Water is discharged
into the conduits at such rates that the larger flow and higher velocities are
sufficient to remove the material.
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GAGE: A device for indicating the magnitude or position of an element
in specific units when such magnitude or position undergoes change;
examples of such elements are the elevation of a water surface, the
velocity of flowing water, the pressure of water, the amount of
intensity of precipitation, and the depth of snowfall.
GAS (SEWER); Gas evolved in sewers that results from the decomposition
of the organic matter in the wastewater. Also, any gas present in the
wastewater system, even though it is from such sources as gas mains,
gasoline, cleaning fluid.
GRADE: The elevation of the invert of the bottom of a pipeline, canal,
culvert, sewer, or similar conduit.
HIGH VELOCITY WATER JET: A sewer cleaning equipment with a special
high velocity hose that is fitted with a hardened steel jet nozzle. It is
used to spray-clean sewer lines.
INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER: Wastewater in which the liquid wastes from
industrial processes, as distinct from domestic or sanitary wastes,
predominate.
INFILTRATION: The quantity of groundwater that leaks into a pipe through
joints, porous walls, or breaks.
INLET: An opening in the street surface usually in the gutter, designed
to permit the passage of water from the street surface into the sewer line.
INVERT: The floor, bottom, or lowest portion of the internal cross
section of a sewer.
JOINT: A connection between two lengths of pipe, made either with or
without the use of a third part.
LATERAL SEWER LINE: A sewer that discharges into a branch or other
sewer and has no other common sewer tributary to it.
MAIN SEWER LINE: A sewer line that receives wastewater from many
tributary branches and sewer lines, serving as an outlet for a large
territory.
MANHOLE: An opening in a sewer provided for the purpose of permitting
a man to enter or leave the sewer.
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M-SCOPE: An instrument for locating underground metal water pipes by
electronic detection. It is also called a pipe finder.
OUTFALL SEWER LINE: A sewer that receives wastewater from a collecting
system or from a treatment plant and carries it to a point of final discharge.
OUTLET: Downstream opening or discharge end of a pipe, culvert, or canal.
PIPE JACK: A jack used to fasten roller guides to secure an object within a
manhole.
PIT (PUMP): A dry well or chamber below ground level in which a pump is
located.
PLUMBING FIXTURES: Receptacles that receive liquid, water, or wastewater
and discharge them into a drainage system.
POLLUTION: A condition created by the presence of harmful or objectionable
material in water.
POWER RODDER: A sewer cleaning machine fitted with auger rods, that are
inserted in a sewer line to dislodge and cut roots and debris.
PUMPING STATION: A pumping station that lifts the wastewater to a higher
elevation when the continuance of the sewer at reasonable slopes would
involve excessive depths of trench, or that raises wastewater from areas
too low to drain into available sewers. These stations may be equipped
with pneumatic ejectors or centrtfugal pumps.
RIGHT-OF-WAY: A right of passage over another person t s land.
ROD GUIDE: A bent pipe inserted in a manhole to guide rods into sewer lines.
ROD (SEWER): A light metal rod, three to four feet long with a coupling at
each end. Rods are joined and pushed into a sewer to dislodge obstructions.
RODDING MACHINE: A sewer cleaning machine fitted with auger rods that are
inserted in a sewer line to dislodge and cut roots and debris.
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ROLLER GUIDE: A suspended pulley that guides a hose or a rope around
the edge of a sewer line.
RUN-OFF: The part of rainfall that enters storm sewers.
SADDLE: An assembly of circumferential metal straps on a pipe where
a connection is to be ins tailed.
SAND TRAP: A device for separating sand from water.
SANITARY SEWER LINE: A sewer that carries liquid and water-carried
wastes from residences, com.ne fcial buildings, industrial plants,
and institutions, together with minor quantities of ground , storm, and
surface waters that are not admitted intentionally.
SANITARY WASTEWATER: Wastewater discharging from the sanitary
conveniences of dwellings (including apartment houses and hotels),
office buildings, industrial plants, or institutions.
SERVICE CONNECTION: A pipeline, with its appurtenances, that branches
off or connects a water or sewer main with premises.
SCREED: A strike board usually used to level up or strike off concrete
pavement slabs or to cushion courses for block pavements.
SEWAGE: The spent water of a community. Term now being replaced
in technicat cisage by preferable term wastewater.
SEWER: A pipe or conduit that carries wastewater or drainage water.
SEWERAGE: System of piping, with appurtenances, for collecting and
conveying wastewater from source to discharge. Term declining in use.
SEWER JET: A sewer cleaning equipment with a special high velocity
hose that is fitted with a hardened steel jet nozzle. It is used to
spray-clean sewer lines.
SIPHON(INVERTED): A pipeline crossing a depression or passing under a
structure and having a reversal in grade on a portion of the line, thus
creating a V - or U-shaped section of conduit. The line is under positive
pressure from inlet to outlet and should not be confused with a siphon.
Also called depressed sewer.
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SLEEVE: A pipe fitting for uniting two pipes of the same nominal diameter
in a straight line.
SOUNDING ROD: A T-shaped tool that is pushed into earth to locate pipes.
STORM SEWER LINE: A sewer that carries storm water and surface water,
street wash and other wash waters, or drainage, but excludes domestic
wastewater and industrial wastes. Also called storm drain.
SUMP PUMP: A small pump with its impe] ler submerged in the pumped liquid.
TAMP: A tool for tamping used to drive dirt down by a success of light or
medium blows.
TAPPiNG MACHINE: A machine for cutting and tapping a small hole in a pipe,
as a street main, that is either empty or carrying pressure. Two classes
of tapping machines are made, designated as pressure-tapping and dry-
tapping machine. They are sometimes called drilling machine.
TELEGROUT-PACKING: A sewer sealing equipment that is used with conjunc-
tion with a television camera. It is pulled through the sewer line and at the
infiltration point its packer is inflated and a compound is pumped which
seals the pipe.
TELEVISION INSPECTION: The inspection by closed circuit television of the
inside of a sewer line achieved by pulling a TV camera through the line.
TOW SACK: A sack made of burlap that is inserted into sewer line and used to
thread the line.
TRENCH: An excavation made for installing pipes, masonry walls, and for
other purposes. A trench is distinguished from a ditch in that the opening
is temporary and is eventually backfilled.
TROWEL: A masonry tool consisting of a flat or less commonly curved blade
with a handle and used to apply, spread, shape, and smooth mortar or
concrete.
TURNING PIN: A tool used to insert end of rod coupling and to rotate rod.
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VAC-ALL: An equipment that removes solids from a manhole as they are
deposited by a high velocity cleaner and returns the water to the sewer
in a sanitary method.
VALVES: The openings through which water enters and leaves the cylinders
of a displacement pump.
WASTEWATER: The spent water of a community. From the standpoint of
source, it may be a combination of the liquid and water-carried wastes
from residences, commercial buildings, industrial plants, and institutions,
together with any groundwater, surface water, and storm water that may
be present. In recent years, the word wastewater has taken precedence
over the word sewage.
WASTE WATER COLLECTION SYSTEM: System of piping, with appurtenances,
for collecting and conveying wastewater from source to discharge. Term
increasing in use.
WASTE WATER TREATMENT: Any process to which wastewater is subjected
in order to remove or alter its objectionable constituents and thus render
it less offensive or dangerous.
WAYNE BALL MACHINE: A sewer cleaning equipment that utilizes a spirally
grooved ball which is pumped into the line to build up water pressure loosen-
ing, as a result, the accumulated debris to the next manhole for removal.
WET WELL: A compartment in which a liquid is collected, and to which the
suction pipe of a pump is connected.
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APPENDIX 3
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Black & Veatch. “Estimating Costs and Manpower Requirements for Conven-
tional Wastewater Treatment”. Environmental Protection Agency.
Washington, D.C.: 1972.
Olympus Research Corporation. Manpower Planning for Wastewater Treatment
Plants . Office of Water Programs, Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D.C.: 1972.
Public Service Department. Sewer Maintenance Manual . City of Sioux City,
Iowa: 1971.
Synectic s Corporation. Manpower Factors Manual . Environmental Protection
Agency. Washington, D. C.
U. S. Department of Labor, Dictionary of Occupational Titles . Washington, D. C.:
1965.
U. S. Department of Labor, Handbook for Analyzing Jobs . Manpower Admini-
stration. Washington, D.C.: 1972.
U. S. Department of Labor, “A Handbook for Job Restructuring”. Manpower
Administration. Washington. D. C.: 1969.
Water Pollution Control Federation. Design and Construction of Sanitary and
Storm Sewers . (MOP 9). Washington, D. C. : 1970.
Water Pollution Control Federation. Sewer Maintenance . (MOP 7). Washington,
D.C.: 1966.
Whittenburg, John A. “Pilot Study to Determine Manpower Requirements for
Conventional Sewage Treatment Plants”. Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration. Washington, D.C.: 1970
119 tI.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1913 546-3C91 14 1-3
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