REVISED
Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Wetlands Protection
by the Environmental Law Institute
Washington, DC
Printed on Recycled Paper
March 13,1991
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This workbook was prepared by the Environmental Law Institute for the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency under Cooperative Agreement # X-815224-Oi. ELI
staff contributing to the workbook include Sara Nicholas, Dan Berger, Todd Edelman,
Megan Lewis, Jim McElfish, Erik Meyei , Ethan Shenkman, and Nicole Veilleux.
EPA’s Office of Wetlands Protection contributed to and reviewed the contents of the
manual. EPA staff participating in the development of the workbook include Glenn
Eugster, Mike Fritz, and Judy Johnson. The EPA Project Manager was Judy Johnson.
DISCLAIMER:
THE CONTENTS OF THIS DOCUMENT DO NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THE
OFFICIAL POSiTIONS OF THE OFFICE OF WETLANDS OR THE ADMINISTRATOR
OF THE U.S. ENVIRONME sJTAL PROTECI1ON AGENCY.
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Table of Contents
Index of Subjects
General Information
Question & Answer Profiles
Reference Manual
Federal Wetlands Regulation
Federal Agency Roles and Programs
Wetlands Definition, Delineation, and Trends
Wetlands Values and Functions
Federal Wetlands Legislation
Appendices
A EPA Contacts
B Army Corps of Engineers Contacts
C Fish and Wildlife Service Contacts
D Soil Conservation Service Contacts
£ Congressional Committee Offices
F State Resource Agency Contacts
G State Nongovernmental Organisations
H National Nongovernmental Organizations
I Regional, International, &. National Commissions
J Society of Wetland Scientists & National Wetlands Technical Council
K Bibliography
L National Wetlands Newsletter Index by State & Topic
M Glossary of Terms
N Suggested List of Publications for Distribution by the EPA Wetlands Hotline
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Page Listings
I. Introduction to the Workbook (1 -3)
II. Questions & Answers
General Questions
(1) What is a wetland?
(2) What are some values and functions of wetlands?
(3) What laws protect wetlands?
Federal Programs
(4) What is the federal government doing to protect wetlands?
(5) What new wetlands bills have been introduced to Congress?
(6) What is the Environmental Protection Agency’s role in wetlands protection?
(7) What is the role of the Army Corps of Engineers in wetlands protection?
(8) What are the roles of federal resource management agencies in wetlands protection?
(9) What federal regulatory programs protect wetlands?
(10) What is the federal manual?
(11) What wetland regulations apply to farming activities?
(12) How is Swampbuster related to §404 of the Clean Water Act?
(13) What types of discharges require CWA §402 NPDES permits?
(14) Does the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) apply to §404 permits?
(15) Does the EPA/Army MOA on Mitigation establish a “no net loss” of wetlands policy?
(16) What are some incentive and disincentive programs that protect wetlands?
(17) What kinds of wetlands research are being conducted at the federal level?
(18) How does the EPA help other countries protect wetlands?
State and Local Wetlands Protection
(19) What are state wetland conservation plans?
(20) What funding is available to help stales develop wetland protection programs?
(21) What is “state assumption” of the §404 permit program?
(22) What will EPA consider in deciding whether to approve a state’s program to assume §404?
(23) How can local governments protect wetlandss through regulation?
(24) What assistance and incentive programs assist local governments in protecting wetlands?
(25) How can a landowner protect wetlands?
I. Reference Manual Pages
Federal Regulatory Programs
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(26) Clean Water Act: overview
(27) Clean Water Act §404: overview
(28) §404 regulated activities: overview
(29) §404 permit application process: individual and general permits
(30) §404 public interest review
(31) §404(b)(1) Guidelines
(32) Mitigation
(33) §404 Advance Identification
(34) §404(c)
(35) §404(t) general exemptions
(36) §404(f)(2) recapture provision
(37) §404(t) minor v. major drainage
(38) §404 citizen’s rolefcitizen enforcement actions
(39) §404 Nationwide Permits
(40) §404 (q)
(41) §404 (r)
(42) §402 (NPDES): overview
(43) Regulating Discharge of Solid Waste: §404 or §402? (MOA on Solid Waste)
(44) §401: overview
(45) Rivers and Harbors Act
(46) Endangered Species Act
(47) NEPA: overview
(48) NEPA: The process
(49) NEPA: applicability to wetlands
(50) NEPA: EPA’s §309 review
(51) Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
(52) Executive Order 11990: Protection of Wetlands
(53) Executive Order 11988: floodplain Management
(54) Coastal Zone Management Act: overview
(55) Coastal Zone Management Act: 1990 Reathorizaiion
(56) Wild & Scenic Rivers Act: overview
(57) Wild & Scenic Rivers: Designation
(58) State and Local River Conservation Assistance
(59) Swaznpbusler: overview
(60) Corps Regulatory Guidance Letters (1989 listings)
(61) Corps Regulatory Guidance Letters (1990 listings)
(62) EPA/Corps Wetland MOAs (highlights, 1985-1989)
(63) EPA/Corps Wetland MOAs (highlights, 1989-1990)
Federal Agency Roles and Programs
(64) Federal wetland efforts - overview
(65) EPA role and programs - overview
(66) EPA Office of wetlands
(67) EPA wetlands research
(68) Army Corps role and programs - overview
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(69) Army Corps wetlands research
(70) National Manne Fisheries Service - overview and programs
(71) Soil Conservation Service - overview and programs
(72) Fish and Wildlife Service - overview and programs
(73) Fish and Wildlife Service - Action Plan
(74) Emergency Wetlands Resources Act
(75) USDA - Overview and programs
(76) Conservation Reserve Program
(77) Wetlands Reserve Program
(78) National Park Service - overview
(79) U.S. Forest Service - overview
(80) Bureau of Land Management - overview
(81) Office of Surface Mining - overview
(82) White House Domestic Policy Council
(83) North American Waterfowl Management Plan
(84) National Wetlands Policy Forum
(85) American Wetlands Month
Wetlands Definition, Delineation, and Trends
(86) Federal and state wetlands definitions - overview
(87) EPA/Corps definition of wetlands
(88) Soil Conservation Service definition of wetlands
(89) Fish and Wildlife Service definition of wetlands
(90) Federal Delineation Manual
(91) Fish and Wildlife Service classification scheme
(92) Wetlands Characteristics - hydrology
(93) Wetlands Characteristics- hydrophytic vegetation
(94) Wetlands Characteristics - hydric soils
(95) Regional wetland types - summary
(96) Wetlands Trends: Historic loss rate: 1780s-1980s
(97) Wetlands Trends: Recent loss rate: 195( -1970s, 1970s-1980s
(98) State, regional, and local wetland losses
(99) Causes of wetland losses - overview
(100) Mapping efforts - overview
Wetlands Values and Fundions
(10 1) Values and Functions - overview
(102) Values and Functions- erosion control
(103) Values and Functions - fish and wildlife habitat
(104) Values and Functions - flood control
(105) Values and Functions - natural resource products
(106) Values and Functions - fisheries
(107) Values and Functions - recreational and aesthetic values
(108) Values and Functions - sediment control
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(109) Values and Functions - acid mining drainage
(110) Values and Functions - water quality improvement
(111) Values and Functions - wastewater treatmem
(112) Values and Functions - water supply
(113) Wetlands valuation and assessment
Wetlands Legirlation
(114) 1989 North American Wetlands Conservation Act
(115) 1990 Coastal Barrier Improvement Act
(116) 1990 Water Resources Development Act (Corps programs)
(117) 1990 Energy & Water Appropriations Act (Corps funding)
(118) 1990 Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act
(119) Currently Pending Wetlands Legislation
(120) 1989 State and Local Multiobjective River Corridor Act (HR 4250)
(121) Takings
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Introduction
What is a wetland?
Wetlands are areas covered with water for periods long
enough to support plants that thrive in “wet” soils. Techni-
cally known as vegetated aquatic ecosystems, wetlands
include such areas as bogs, marshes, swamps, and prairie
potholes. However, wetlands, in the ecoIogi ense do
not always conform to the common image of having stand-
ing water, lush aquatic vegetation and lots of waterfowl.
Many important wetlands may be seasonally thy or lack
noticeable vegetation during certain seasons. Many never
have surface water or provide habitat for waterfowl.
Despite their many values, wetlands have long been
misunderstood and have suffered great destruction and
abuse. When the Europeans first settled in America, there
were over 200 million acres of wetlands. For many years
these naturai areas were perceived as “useless swamps”
and were frequently filled, drained, polluted, or nsed for
dumping grounds. Over time, more than 100 million acres,
one-half of our nation’s wetlands, have been destroyed by
filling, drainage, pollution, channeling for insect control,
grazing, clearing, and other modifications resulting from
human activities.
Several years ago, in response to wetlands losses, a
group of public and private leaders convened to address
major policy concerns about how the nation should protect
and manage wetland resources. Known as the National
Wetlands Policy Forum, this group made recommenda-
tions for reframing national wetlands policies and pro-
grains to ensure protection of wetlands. Central to the
Forum recommendations were two goals:
lb achieve no overall net loss of the nation’s remaining
wetlands (in the near term); and
lb increase the quality and quantity of the nation’s
wetlands resource base (in the longer term).
President Bush, in January 1989, recognized these goals
and the need for timely action by stating that our national
goal for wetlands protection would be, “no overall net loss
of wetlands.”
En response to the public’s questions and requests for
information about the values and functions of wetlands and
options for their protection, the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) has established a Wetlands Hotline. The
Hotline provides a wide range of oral and written informa-
tion on wetlands protection through an 800 telephone
number which public and private interests can call.
ened or endangered animals (45%) and plants (26%) de-
pend directly or indirectly on wetlands to complete their
life cycle successfully. Wetlands also provide other valu-
able benefits to people. They help reduce flooding, sustain
stream flows, cleanse polluted waters, and support wild-
life-associated recreation such as bird watching, fishing,
and hunting. Wetlands also provide critical habitat for a
vast majority of the commercial fish and shellfish con-
sumed in our nation. Widely recognized wetlands through-
out the country include the Okefenokee Swamp in Georgia,
the Poconioke River Swamp in Delaware and Maryland,
Merrymeeting Bay in Maine, the Gulf Coast areas near
Galveston, Texas, the vegetated Everglades in Florida, the
Yakima River corridor in V shington and the Horricon
Marsh in Wisconsin.
During the last 30 years, researchers have discovered the
significant, irreplaceable ecological values and roles that
wetlands provide to communities, states and the nation.
This new understanding has helped to increase awareness
for the need to re-evaluate the effects of wetlands loss.
Unfortunately, progress on improving protection for
wetlands has not occurred as quickly as needed, and wet-
land losses have continued at an unacceptable rate. In order
to reduce wetlands loss, the public must become more
aware of wetland values and functions and the ways in
which all of us can help to protect these important areas.
Comprehensive in nature and national in scope, the
Wetlands Hotline is a central point of contact for people
interested in information about wetlands protection efforts
involving EPA and other public and private programs. The
HoIline, intended to complement existing programs, in-
cludes information such as:
* General answers and expert referrals to questions
about EPA’S wetlands protection laws including Section
404 of the Ciean Weter Act,
• Referrals to questions about other federal wetlands
protection laws such as the Farm Bill Conservation Title,
the Farmland Protection Policy Act, the Coastal Zone
Management Act, the Coastal Barriers Resources Act, the
‘,Vetlands Executive Order 11990, the Floodplains Execu-
tive Order 11988, and the Fish and Wildlife Coordination
Act;
Information about available federal technical and
financial assistance for states and local governments and
private groups to protect wetlands;
* Assistance available to private landowners to protect,
enhance and restore wetlands areas; and
Referrals for further information about state and
private non-profit wetlands protection efforts.
Wetlands are now recognized as some of the most unique
and important natural areas on earth for they have many
important values. Wetlands provide food and shelter to
countless animals including many fishes, birds, reptiles,
and mammals. A large proportion of federally listed threat-
Wetland Losses
Recent Protection Efforts
NatIø, *I WMtand* I4otIIne
DRAFr REPORT
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The Hotime involves cooperation with other interested
federal agencies as well as EPA ’S regional and Vv shington
offices. Central to this information service which has been
developed by the Office of Wetlands Protection, the Envi-
ronmental Law !i tiWte and Geo-Resources Inc., is the
development—and eventual publication—of a Wetlands
Protection Vbrkbook that describes EPA and related fed-
eral wetlands protection services, programs, regulations,
offices and experts.
The WethzndsP,vtecrion Workbook is the primary guide-
book for Hotline telephone information specialists. It is
also a reference manual for EPA wetlands program staff in
headquarters and in regional and field offices. It presents
information collected from a variety of sources in an in-
dexed reference manual. The workbook is not intended to
be a substitute for communication with key government
officials, but rather a point of contact to locate basic infor-
mation on EPA wetlands protection programs and contacts
for information on other government and private sector
wetlands protection activities.
In the following chapters the hotline information special-
ist or reader will fInd specific information on wetlands
laws, guidelines, programs and activities. Section one pro-
vides commonly asked questions about wetlands and an-
sweis. Section two provides fact sheets that describe fed-
end agency regulations, roles, programs, proposed legisla-
tion, and definitions. This section also includes a descrip-
tion of wetlands values and functions.
In the appendices there are three additional sections. The
fist part of the appendix identifies a number of wetlands
contacts. The second portion of the appendix is a bibliog-
raphy of selected wetlands publications, many of which are
available through the Hotline service. The third section
contains a glossary of terms. It is the Office of Wetlands
Protection and the Environmental Law Institute’s hope that
this WeiJar4s F7vtection Workbook will not only provide
Hothne information specialists with basic information to
provide to interested callers, but also assist other govern-
ment and private-sector interests to accomplish their wet-
lands protection goals.
2
DRAFT REPORT
NRtIonRI WetIand I4otIIne
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0: What is a wetland?
A: Wetlands are areas that are covered with water
enough of the year to support plants that thrive in “wet”
soils. While most people picture wetlands as marshy areas
with lush aquatic plants and lots of waterfowl, there are
actually a wide range of types of wetlands. In fact, many
wetlands may be dry or lack signs of plant life in certain
seasom. The formal definition of a wetland used by the
Army Corps of Engineers and EPA is: “Those areas that
are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a
frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under
normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of
vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil
conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes,
bogs, and similar areas.”
Notes:
Although historically wetlands have been damaged and
destroyed, they are now being recognized as rich and
important natural areas. Wetlands provide food and shelter
to countless animals including fish, birds, reptiles and
mammak• A large proportion of endangered species of
plants and animals depend on wetlands as part of their
habitat. Further, wetlands provide other valuable benefits
such as reducing flooding, sustaining stream flo i, clean-
ing polluted waters, and supporting recreation through bird
watching and fishing. Wetlands are also vital habitata for
most of the commercial fish and seafood eaten in this
count iy.
Contacts:
1) A Regional Wetlands Contact, see Appendb A.
2) For a nongovernmental perspective on wetland
3) For a more scientific perspective, contact your local
Society of Wetlands Scientists/National Wetlands
protection, contact the lzaak Walton League, Appendix
Technical Council representative, Appendix J.
J.
Related Topics:
1) Overview of Federal and State Wetlands Definitions,
3) What is the Federal Government Doing to Protect
p. 86.
Wetlands?, p.4.
2) Wetlands ‘ Iues and Functions, overview, p.101.
Publications:
1) & America’s Wetlands: Our Wtal Link Between
3) For more information on how awetland is defined by
Land and Water. Document No. OPA-87 .016.
EPA, see the Federal Manual for ldentilSy,ng and
(Available through the hotilne)
2) Kusler, Jon. Our National Wetland Heritage: A
Delineating Jurisdictional Wetlands. Federal
Interagency Committee for Wetland Delineation, 1989.
Protection Handbook. W hington, DC: Environmental
Law Institute, 1988.
PIMtønaI Wett nds H thna
DRAFT REPORT
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Q: What are some values and functions of wetlands?
A: Wetlands is the collective term for marshes,
swamps, bogs, and similar areas that often develop
between open water and dry land. V. tlandc are defined
formally by their water flow panerna, type of plant life and
soil type. These areas can be found all acrms the counny.
In the past, wetlands were often regarded as wastelands
— sources of mosquitoes, flies, and unpleasant odors.
Many people felt that wetlands were places to be avoided
or even elimin2ted. Largely because of this negative vtw,
more than half of America’s original wetlands have been
destroyed. They have been drained and converted to farm-
land, filled for housing development and industrial facili-
ties, or simply used as dun p sites for household and
ha7ardous waste.
More recently, with our increased understanding of ecol-
ogy, aniniles towards wetlands have changed. Scientists
have discovered that wetlands axe valuable natural re-
sources. Among other things, wetlands help improve water
quality, reduce flood and storm damages, improve erosion
control, provide important fish and wildlife habitat, and
support commercial and recreational fishing activities. In
addition, many people take advantage of the natural beauty
and serenity of wetlands for such activities as bird watching
and general relaxation. (See below for descriptious of
individual values and functious of wetlands.)
Notes:
Contacts:
1) Glenn !ugster, EPA Headquarters OWP Outreach
Contact, (202) 382-5045.
2) For a scientific perspective, call your local Society
ol Wetlands Scientists!Nationaj Wetlands Technical
Council respresentative, Appenthx J.
Related Topics:
1) Fish and Wddlife Habitat—p. 103
2) Water Quality Improvement—p. 110.
3) Sediment Control — p.108.
4) Shoreline Erosion Control—p. 102
5) Flood Control—p.104
6) Water Supply Improvement — p.112
7) Treating Acid Mine Drainage — p.109
8) Wastewater Treatment — p.111
Publications:
1)AmericanWaterResourcesAssocialjon. WeLlands: Protection. Report No. OPA-87-016, 1988. (avaIlable
Concerns and Successes. Bethesda, MD, 1989. from the hotlifle)
2) EPA Amefica’s Wetlands: Our Vital Link Between
Land and Water. Prepared by the Office of Wetland
PJa$levt*I W11*ne. Mrd$ln*
flRAFT PF RT
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Q: What laws protect wetlands?
A: The m t widely-known wetlands protection law E
the federal aea Water Act. Sectjo 404 of the Act
establishes a permit program regulating the discharge of
dredged and fill material into waters of the United States,
including most of the nation’s wetlands. The
Swampbuster provisions of the 1990 Farm Bill are
completely separate from the 404 program, and resthct
agricultural subsidies and loan guarantees for areas where
wetlands have been converted for crop production. Other
federal laws that protect wetlands include the Endangered
Species Act which protects rare plants and animals, many
of which are wetland-dependent the Rivers and Harbors
Act of 1899, which regulate activities in wetlands adjacent
navigable waters; and the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act,
which pmtec wetlands adjacent to rivers designated as
protected under the Act. In addition, many states have their
own wetlands protection laws, either specifically for
wetlands or else a combination of regulations that work to
protect wetlands. Local governments may i e planning
and zoning powers and other meam to protect wetlands.
For more information on wetlands laws in your state or
region, contact your state natural resource agency or local
government.
Related Topics:
1) Clean Water Act a ieMew, p.26
Wild and Scenic
2) R sand HarborsAct of 1899 overview see p.45
Rivers Act overview, 56
3) Endangered Species Act; see 46
Publications:
1) A. Ameilca’s Wetlands: Our WtaI Link Between
Land and Water. Report No. CPA-87.01 6. (ave liable
from the hotllne)
2) Conservation FoundatIon. 1988. Protecting
America’s Wetlands: An Action Agenda Harper
Protection Handbook. ErMronmentaj Law Institute,
Washington, DC.
4) Want, William. Law of Wetlands Regulation, 1990.
5) Protecting Nontidal Wetlands, Arnencan Planning
Association, 1989.
Graphics, Waidorf, MD.
3) Kusler, Jon. Our National Wetland Heritage: A
Notes:
Contacts:
1) EPA Regional wetlands coordinata’, see Appendix
A.
2) B’A Office of Wetlands Protection, Mike Fritz, (202)
245-3913.
3) Jon Kusler, Association of State Wetlands
Managers, (518) 872-1804.
4) State natural resource agency (Appendix F)
flRAFT RFP( RT
Matteu,ai WatImnd. )4n$lIna
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A: A L the federal level, wetlands protection can be
divided into four gencral areas:
Direct regulation of activities conducted in wethnd.c is
authorized under the aean SWier Act §404, which covers
discharges of dredged or fill material to waters of the
United States, including many of the nation’s wetlands.
The aean %% ter Act also includes water quality standards
for wetlands. In addition, the Endangered Species Act can
play an important role where wetlands serve as critical
habitat for threatened or endangered species.
Economic disincentives are nsed to limit destructive
activities. For example, ‘Swampbustcr” provisions of the
1985 and 1990 Food Security Acts (also known as the Farm
Bills) remove agricultural subsidies and loan guarantees
when wetlands are convened for crop production.
Planning can be an effective tool of wetlands protection.
In the West, the federal government owns huge tracts of
land and is required to develop m2n gement plain to
protect wetlai k on those lands. Also, federal agencies
involved in highway construction, land man2gement, and
water plannin.g are required to develop policies for con-
serving wetlands under their control. In addition, the fed-
era! government is encouraging states to protect wetlands
by providing technical and financial assistance, such as
B A grants to states for State V. tIand Conservation Plans.
Finally, planning efforts are enhanced by extensive federal
efforts to map and monitor wetlands, and to conduct re-
search into the physical and biological properties of wet-
Land acquLsltlon is another tool for wetlands protec-
tion. P.vo notable federal examples are the network of
National Wildlife Refuges (which include significant wet-
lands acreage) and land acquisition under the Land and
Vv ter Conservation Fund.
Related Topics:
1) Clean Water Act Overview, p26
4) Fish and MIdIite Service - OveMew, p.72
2) Swarnpbuster, p.59.
5) EPA- OveMew, p.65.
3) Endangered Species Act, p.46
Publications:
1) A. America’s Wetlands: Our Wtal Link Between
Land and Water. Report No. OPA-87-01 6. AvaUabIe
AssociatIon, 1989.
6) National Guidance: Water Quality Standards for
from the hotline)
2) ConservatIon FoundatIon. 1988. ProtectIng
America’s Wetlands: An Action Agenda Harper
Graphica, Waldorf, MD.
3) Kusler, Jon. Our National Wetland Heritage: A
Protection Handbook. Environmentai Law instItute,
Wetlands, EPA.
7) Wetlands Action Plan: Meeting the President’s
Chal!enga Fish and Wildlife Service, 1990.
8) Wetlands: Accomplishments and Opportunities.
EPA, 1990. (Available from the hotflne)
9) Wetlands and 401 CertIfication: Opportunities and
Washington, DC.
4) National Wildlife Federation. A Citizen’s Guide
Guidelines for States and Eligible Indian Tribes. EPA
Office of Water. April, 1989.
Wetlands P vtectIon. 1989.
5) Protecting Nontidei Wetlands, American Planning
0: What is the federal government doing to protect wetlands?
Notes:
Contacts:
1) EPA Regional wetlands coordinator, see Appendix
A.
2) Jeanne Melanson, Federal Activities Coordinator,
EPA Headquarters OWP (202) 382-7073.
3) Jon Kusler, Association of State Wetlands
Managers, (518) 872-1804.
4) Scott Feierabend, National Wildlife Federation,
(202) 797-6800.
Natlnn*I W.$ ane4* HnHIri*
fl AFT QFDflP1
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0: What new wetlands bills have been introduced to Congress
A: Each year Congress intriduces a number of bills
related to wetlands regulation and preservation, This year
many bills are likely to be introduced becanse the Clean
\ ter Act, which regulates certain activities in wetlands
under §404, is scheduled for reauthorization in 1992
Several bills related to wetlands have already been
introduced during the 1991 session of Congress.
1991 Bills introduced:
In the House of Representatives, the V tlands No Net
Loss Act of 1991, H.R. 251 sponsored by Ctaries Bennett
(1)-FL), promotes the conservation and enhax ement of
wetlands and prevents wetland losses by establishing sev-
eral new programs at the federal level. The Vv tlands Pro-
tection and Regulatory Reform Act of 1991, H.R. 404
sponsored by John }lamniexschrnidt (R-ARK), seeks to
amend §404 of the Clean %½ter Act I ’, among other things,
providing differing levels of protection for categories of
wetlands, and by providing a new definition of wetlands.
The tlands Conservation and Management Act of 1991,
a)-sponsored by Jimmy Hughes (1)-LA) and Tom Ridge
(K-PA), seeks to amend §404 of the Clean \ ter Act by
creating a tiered classification scheme for wetJand that
would offer differing levels of protection to wetlands based
iqon their values and functions, and would give the Army
Corj of Engineers exclusive federal jurisdiction over
§404.
In the Senate, Senator Steven Symms’ (K-ID) Private
Property Act of 1991, Senate Bill 50, would require all
federal agency actions to be certified by the U.S. Attorney
General [ or compliance with Executive Order 12630,
which requires an assessment of the potential for any
federal action to violate the Fifth Amendment by taking
private property without compensation.
Notes:
Contacts:
1) House Document Room, H.226, U.S. Capitol,
3) National Wildlife Federation, Steve Moyer;
Washington, DC 20215 (appendix E)
Legislative Uaisori for wetlands; (202) 797-6800.
2) Senate Document Room, B-04-Hai’t Senate Office
Building. Washington, DC (appendix E)
Related Topics:
1) National Wetlands Policy Forum, p.84 1989. p.120.
2) State and Local Multiobjective RiverCorridorActof
Publications:
1) H.R. 251. Sennet (D-F . WetlaridsNo NetLossAct
1991. Hughes (D-LA).
of 1991.
3) S. 50. Symms (R-ID). Private Propetty RightsAct
2) H.R. 404. Harnmerschmidt (R-ARIq Wetlands
of 1991.
Protection and Regulatory Reform Act of 1991.
3) Wetlands Conservation and Management Act of
S
flRAFT PFPO T
Pi *ttnna1 W.,$f.nd I .k ,IlIn.
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A: The Environmental Protection Agency, In
partnership with federal, state and local governments, is
responsible for restoring and maininining the chemical,
physical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters.
Because of the value of wetlands as an integral part of those
waters, EPA is also charged with protecting wetland
resources. Amajor federal regulatory tool for this is Section
404 of the Cean ter Act, which is jointly adrniithtered
by the U.S. Anny Corps of Engineers and EPA. Section
404 establishes a permit program to regulate the discharge
of dredged or fill material into waters of the United States,
including most of the nation’s wetlands. EPA’S key
responsibilities in the Section 404 program include:
development of the program’s environmental standards
(the Section 404(bXl) Guidelines), determining the scope
of geographic jurisdiction (that is, areas which are subject
to Section 404), state program assumption, enforcement,
and review of individual permit applications.
A Cooperation in Wetlands Protection
EPA actively axperates with other federal agencies,
states, local governments; developers; environmental
groups; the scientific community; and others to protect
wetlands through regulatory and nonregulatory means. To
provide leadership in building such a broad-based national
effort, EPA established an Office of Wetlands Protection in
1986. EPA also conducts an active research program on
wetl2r Ls through its Corvallis, Oregon, and Duluth, Min-
nesota, laboratories.
3) EPA Wetland Research, p67
4) Federal Incentive Programs, p. 16.
Publications:
1) EPA. Wetlands Protection. Fact Sheets prepared
by the Office of Wetland Protectlon.(avaliabl. from
the hotilne)
2) EPA. Highlights of Section 404. Prepared by the
hotilne)
3) EPA Office of Water. Wetlands: Accomplishments
and Opportunities. November 2,1990. (avalble from
the hotilne)
Office of Wetland Protection. (available from the
Q: What is the Environmental Protection Agency’s role in
wetland protection?
Notes:
Contacts:
1) Glenn Eugster, EPA Office of Wetlands Protection,
(202) 382-5045.
A)
3)
Dianne
Fish,
Office of Wetland
Protection,
EPA
2) EPA Regional Wetlands Coordinator (see AppendIx
(202)
382-7071
Related Topics:
1) Clean Water Act Section 404 Overview, p.27
2) EPA Office of Wetland Protection, p.66
a
n AFr c m
N t1nnaI WmHarw4. I’4ntfln.
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A The Army Corps of Engineers has been regulating
activities in the nition’s waters since 1890. Until the 1960s,
the primary purpose of the regulatory program was to
protect navigation. Since then, the Corps efforts have
broadened to include wetlands protection under the Rivers
andHorsActof1899 theQ ZrA
Q: What is the role of the Army Corps of Engineers in wetlands
protection?
Scope of the Corps Regulatory Program
The Corps receives about 15,000 permit applications per
year. In the course of its activities, the Corps last year had
about 6,000 enforcement actions.
Notes:
Contacts:
1) For site-specific questions, contact the Corps of
Engineers Disbict Office, see Appendoc 3.
2) For general policy-related questions, contact ZeN
Stever, Corps of Engineers Headquarters (202)
272-1780.
Related Topics:
1) Clean Water Act Section 404 o rview, p27 p. 69.
2) Rivers and Harbors Act, p.45
3) For information on the Corps research program, see
Publications:
1) US Atmy Coips of Engineers Regulator,’ P ogram.
Document No. EP 1145-2-1, May 1985.(avallable
from the Hotilne)
2) Kusler, Jon. Our Wetland Heritage. Washington,
DC: Environmental Law InstItute, 1989.
3) Sthmitz, William. The Corps’ Great L.E4p. National
Wetlands Newsletter Vol.12, No.5 14.
7
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IW M W t$and* HntIIn.
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A: The activities of federal agencies var ..idely,
including providing technical assistance, acquiring
wetlands areas, and mnnilging federal lands with wetlands.
Major federal landowners include the Bureau of Land
Management, the Forest Service, the Fish and Wildlife
Service, the National Park Service, the Army Corps of
Engineers, the Bureau of Reclamation, the Department of
Defense.
Bureau of Land Management
The Bureau of Land Management administers more than
250 million acres of federal lands, about 10 percent of
which are wetlands. The Bureau is developing plam for
monitoring and managing these vast wetland areas.
Fish and Wildlife Service
The Service manages over 450 National Wildlife Ref-
uges, is actively mapping wetlands across the United
States, and works to protect eMangered species and migra-
tory birds, many of which are wetland-dependent.
National Park Service and Forest Service
These federal agencies own and administer huge tracts
of land across the country, and have jt t recently begun
active wetlands programs to inventory wetlands on their
lands and to improve protection and restoration of wet-
I2nric , pafticulaily along rivers and streams. The National
Park Service is also developing cooperative strategies with
state and local governments and private landowners on
lands related to Park Service lands.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration
Under the authority of the Coastal Zone Management
Act to provide comprehensive mangement and protection
of coastal wetland resources.
Contacts:
1) BLM Headquarters Public Relations Office (202) 5) Pam Matthes, National Park Service, (202)
653-9210. 208-4639
2) Jeanne Melanson, EPA Office of Wetland 6) Suzanne Bolton, National Oceanic and
Protection, (202)382-7073. Atmosphenc AdministratIon, (202) 673-3959.
3) David Heffeman, Fish and Wildlife Service, (202) 7) Lany Schmidt. U.S. Forest Service, (202) 453-9475
385-2043. 8) Jim Wolcott, Army Corps of Engineers, (202)
4) Peter Boice, Department of Defense, (202) 277-1787.
325-2215.
Related Topics:
1) Fish and W”ddHfe Service oveMaw, p.72 4) Army Corps of Engineers overview, p.68
2) Forest Service programs, p.79 5) National Park Service overview, p.78
3) Bureau of Land Management programs, p.80
0: What are the roles of the federal resource management
agencies In wetlands protection?
Notes:
Publications:
1) Kusler, Jon. Our Wetland Heritage. Washington,
DC: Environmental Law Institute, 1989.
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Q: What federal regulatory programs protect wetlands?
Section 404 of the Clean Water Act
The most widely-known federal wetlands protection
program is authorized by 4404 Clean Water Act. Section
404 establishes a permit program regulating the discharge
of dredged and fill material into waters of the U.S.,
including most of the nation’s wetlands.
In addition to §404, there are a number of other federal
regulatory programs that have an important role in the
national effort to protect and conserve wetlands. Here is
an overview of some of these programs:
Section 402 of the Clean Water Act
Section 402 of the Act establishes the National Pollut-
ant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit pro-
gram, administered by U’A, or by states approved by
B’A. The NPDES program regulates the discharge of
pollutants other than dredged and fill material into the
waters of the U.S., including wetlands.
Section 401 of the Clean Water Act
Section 401 of the Act gives broad statutory authority
to the states to grant, condition, or deny certification of
federally permitted or licensed activities which result in
a discharge to waters of the U.S. including wetlands.
Section 303 of the Clean Water Act
Section 303 provides for the adoption of state water
quality standards to protect the physical, chemical and
biological integrity of their waters.
The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899
This Act establishes a permit program for activities that
take place in navigable waters. The Act is administered
by the Army Corps of Engineers.
The Endangered Species Act
The Endangered Species Act protects rare species of
plants and animals, many of which are wetland-depend-
ent. The Act is administered by the Fish and Wildlife
Service, aix! must be considered in all federal decisions
regarding wetlands.
Other Laws and Programs
Some of the other la and programs that directly or
indirectly protect wetlands through regulation are the
“Swampbuster” program in the Food Security Act, the
Coastal Zone Management Act, the Wild and Scenic
Rivers Act, and the National Environmental Policy Act.
Contacts:
1) EPA Regional wetlands coordinat , see Appendix
A
2) EPA Headquarters, Office of Wetlands Protection,
Dianne Fish (202) 382-7071 (for general policy or
program questions)
3) EPA Headquarters, Office of Wetlands Protection,
Greg Peck (202) 475-8794 (for specrfic regulatory
questions)
4) Jon Kusler, Association of State Wetlands
Managers, (518) 872-1804.
Related Topics:
1) C IA §404 Overview, p.26
2) CWA §402 NPDES Overview, p.42
3) Rrvers and Harbors Act of 1899 Overview, p.45
4) Endangered Species Act, p.46
5) Nswampbustera Overview, p.59
6) Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA), p.54
7) Wild and Scenic Rivers Act p.56
8) National Environmental Policy Act Overview, p.47
9) 0: What Are Some Incentive and Disincentive
Programs That Protect Wetlands?, p.16.
Publications:
1) EPA. America’s Wetlands: Our Vital Link Between Washington, DC.
Land and Water. Report No. OPA-87-O1 6. 4) Wetlands and 401 Certification: Opportunities and
2) Conservation FoundatIon. 1988. P otactIng Guideline for States and Bigible Indian Thbes. EPA
America’s Wetlands: An Action Agenda. Harper Office of Water, Apnl 1989.
Graphics, Waldorf, MD. 5) Water QueJity Standards for Wetlands, EPA Office
3) Kusler, Jon. Our National Wetland Heritage: A of Water, July 1990.
Protection Handbook Environmental Law Ins t itute,
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0: What is the federal manual?
A: The Federal Manual for Identifyii g and Delineating
Jurisdictional Wetlands (also known as the Federal
Manual) is an attempt to bring together the different
definitious of wetlands of the various federal agencies. The
manual was issued in January 1989 through a cooperative
effort of four federal agencies with jurisdiction over
wetlands: EPA, Army Corps of Engineers the Fish and
Wildlife Service, and the Soil Conservation Service. It
describes the three criteria that are used in determining
whether an area is a wetland: hydrophytic plants hydiic
soils, and wetland hydrology. All three of these
characteristics must be found in an area before it can be
formally called a wetland. The manual also describes ways
to gather information in the field for these three criteria,
and methods for identifying and delineating jurisdictional
wetlands. An Intergovernmental Committee made up of
representatives of each of the four agencies is currently
revising the Manual to make technical changes.
How .n I get a copy of the Manual?
The current version of the Manual is available from the
Government Printing Office and is document number 024-
010-00603-8.
Protection,
(202)
3) For a
cane, contact your local Army
Corps of Engineers District Office, Appendix B.
4) Hydrophytic
Vegetation, p.93
5) Hydric Soils, p.94
3) Federal Manual for
Identifying and Delineating
Jurisdictional
Wetlands. Federal Interagency
Committee for Wetland Delineation, 1989.
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0: What wetland regulations apply to farming activities?
A: Section 404 of the clean Water Act regulates
discharges of dredged and fill materials into wetlands.
However, section 404(f) provides general exemptions from
regulation for normal farming, ranching, and forestry
activities such as plowing, cultivating, minor drainage;
harvesting for the production of food, fiber and forest
products; or upland soil and water conservation practices.
This exemption pertains to normal farming and harvesting
activities at established, ongoing farming or forestry
operations. Activities which convert a wetland that has not
been used for farming or forestry into such uses are not
exempt In addition, any activity which converts a wetland
to upland is not exempt and requires a permit Only the
Army Corpsof Engineers’ districtofficesaxxl Aregional
offices can make a determination as to what activities
constitute normal farming activities. Section 404(f)(2) also
includes a recapture provision that establishes a two-part
test to determine whether an activity described in §404(f)
might not be exempt from permitting requirements. If an
activity involving a discharge of dredged or fill matieral
represents a new use of the wetland, and the activity would
result in a reduction in reach or impairment of flow or
circulation of regulated U.S. waters, then the activity is not
Inaddition, the Swampbusterprovisions of the 1985 and
1990 Farm Bills deny farm operators federal crop subsidies
and gunranteed loans for converting wetlands locropland
by draining or tilling. Many states have their own regula-
tions governing wetlands and farming practices. For more
information on state wetland regulations and farming, con-
tact your state or local Soil Conservation Service office or
regional EPA office.
Prior Converted Croplands
In late 1990, the Army Corps of Engineers issued a
Regulatory Guidance Letter removing from federal juns-
diction under the clean Water Act §404 program all wet-
lands designated as “prior converted croplands” under the
1985 Farm Bill. This exemption applies to all farmlands,
except playa lakes and prairie potholes, that were con-
verted to agricultural use prior to December 23, 1985, but
exhibit ponding for less than 15 days or saturation for more
than 7 days during the average growing season.
exempted.
Other programs
Contacts:
1) A Regional wetlands coordinator (see Appendix
A)
2) Mike Fritz, EPA Office of Wetlands Protection,
Regulatory Activities DMalon; (202) 245-3913.
3) Army Corps of Engineers district office (see Appendix
B)
4) State Soil Conservation Service office (Appendix D)
5) State Resource Agency for wetlands (see Appendix
F)
Related Topics:
1) 404 Overview, p. 27
2) 404(1) tanning exemptions, p. 35
3) Swarnpbuster provisions, p.59
4) Swampbuster and §404, p. 12
Publications:
1) clean Water Act §404(1) Final Rule. 40 CFR Parts
232 and 233. Clean Water Act Section 404 Program
Definitions and Permit Exemptions; Section 404 State
Program Regulations. F.R.N. Vol. 52, No. 108, pp.
20764-20787.
2) EPNArmy Corps of Engineers Memorandum For the
Field (5/1990); Clean WaterAct Section 404 ReguLatory
Program andAgtiailturalActMti .
Nat1on I Wetl*nd kotlin.
DRAFT REPORT
11
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Q: How is swampbuster related to §404 of the Clean Water Act?
A: The two programs are different in many ways and
generally do not overlap. A few exceptions apply to
wetland definitions. Swampbuster Is a disincentive
program applicable only to farmland and farming
operations and carried out by the Soil Conservation Service
within the Department of Agriculture. The (iean %WterAct
§404 provisions, on the other hand, are generally
regulatory requirements apply to all wetlands that are
waters of the United States, and are carried out jointly by
the Environmental Protection Agency and the Army Corps
of Engineers, with some input from the Fish and Wildlife
Service, the National Marine Fisheries Service, and state
fish and me agencies. Section §404 requires permits for
discharges of dredged or fill material into a wetland, but
exempts certain activities from regulation. Swaxnpbuster
requires no permits and uses economic sanctions to limit
wetland conversions.
Definition Overlaps
The two programs may intersect when it comes to defi-
altionsof agricultural wetlands. Forlnstance,a l99OCorps
directive (Regulatory Guidance Letter 90-08) removed
prior converted croplands from regulation under §404 of
the Cean % ter Act, using a category of wetlands that are
defined under the swampbusier program. Prior converted
wetlands are defined in the F d Security Ac: Manual as
agricultural wetlands converted prior to December 23,
1985 and which experience ponding for less than 15 days
or saturation for more than 7 days during the average
growing season. The two programs use different methods
for nl2king wetlands determinations; althugh the SCS is
a sigimto iy to the 1989 Federal Maiuialforlde,uifying and
Delineathig Jwisdicdonal Pktlandc—the guide used by
the Corps and EPA—the SC continues to delineate wet-
lands using the Food Security Act Manual for the purposes
of implementing the swaxnpbuster program. However, it is
never safe for a producer to assume that because his or her
activities are exempt under one program that they are
exempt under the other.
Contacts:
1)Mike Fritz, EPA Office of Wetlands Protection,
Chief (see Appendix B)
Regulatory Activities DMsion; 401 M St. SW, A-i 04-F,
3) Soil Conservation Service, Uoyd Wright;
(202)
Washington, DC 20460; (202) 245-3913.
382-1853, for policy questions on Swarnpbust -.
2) Army Corps of Engineers District Regulatory Branch
Related Topics:
1) Swanipbuster, p.59
2) Clean Water Act §404 Overview, p.27
3)
farm
Clean
ing
Water
activities
Act §404(1); exemptions for normal
, p.35
Publications:
1) S. 2830. Foo4 Agnw!ture, Conservation, and Trade
Parts 232 and 233.
Act of 1990. Public Law 101-624.
4) National Governors
AssociatIon. A Guide to
2) Clean Water Act. Section 404(a) Final Rule. 40
CFR...
AgrIcultural Wetlands
Washington, DC.
ProtectIon. 1991. NGA,
3) Clean Water Act, SectIon 404(1). Final Rule. 40 CFR
Notes:
12
OPAFT REPORT
MatIonaI W.ttand. Hottln.
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0: What Types of Discharges Require
CWA §402 (NPDES) permits?
A: Direct discharges of all pollutants, other than
dredged and fill material, into the waters of the United
States (including surface waters and wetlands) require
permits under §402 of u aean \ ter Act. The §402
permit program is known as the National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Congress
established the NPDES program to regulate the point
source discharges of chemicals, heavy metals, and
biologimi wastes — primarily in wastewater from
industrial processes and publicly owned sewage
treatement works — to U.S. waters. NPDES permits are
issued by EPA or by the state in which the discharge
occurs, if the state has a federally approved program.
Only discharges of dredged and fill mazenal into U.S.
waters, iixluding wetlands, require permits under §404
of the Act. Section 404 permits are issued by the Army
Corj of Engineers.
Discharges regulated by §404 generally do not also
require a §402 permit
Contacts:
1) A Regional Water Office (see Appendix A) concerning w tewater and stormwatertreatrnent and
2) State Water Office, if NPDES program is wetlands)
administered by the state (see Appendix F) 4) S’A Headquazters, Office of Wetlands Protection,
3) B’A Headquarters, Office of Wetlands Protection, Greg Peck (202) 475-8794 (for regulatory questions)
Sherri Fields (202) 245-3932 (for questions
Related Topics:
1) NPDES Overview, p.42 §402?, p.43
2) Regulating Discharge of Solid W e: §404 or 3) Clean Water Act, overview, p. 26.
Publications
1) Clean Water Act Section 402,33 U.S.C. 1342 3) Environmental Law Institute, Clean Water
2) EPA Administered Permit Programs — The Deskbook, 1988.
National Pollutant Discharge Simination System. 40
C.F.R. Part 122.
Notes:
Ja$l n.l W. $$d kn*li, *
flRAFT RFPORT
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Q: Does the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
Apply to §404 Permits?
A: NEPA requiremen apply to most federal agency
regulatory activities, including the Army Corps of
Engineers §404 permitting program. The Corps prepares
an environmental assessment for most §404 permit
applicatioz . If the Corps determines that the proposed
activity is likely to have a significant impact on the
environment, an in-depth analysis, known as an
environmental impact statement, will be prepared.
Contacts:
1) Corps District Regulatoly Branch Chief (See
Appendix B)
2) A Regionai Wetlands Coadinator (see Appendix
A)
Related Topics:
1) NEPA Oven iew, p47
3) NEPA Applicability to Wetlands, p.49
2) The NEPA Process, p48
References/Publications
1) U.S. EPA, Facts About The National Erndmnmental
Procedural Provisions of the National Environmental
PolicyAc September, 1989. (Available from the EPA
Office of Federal Activities 202-382.5053.)
2) CEO, Forty Most Asked Questions Concerning
CEQ National Environmental Policy Act, 46 FR
18026(1981)
Policy Act Reprint of 40 CF.R. Parts 1500-1 508
4) Army Corps of Engineers NEPA Regulations, 33
CF.R. Part 230, 53 Fed. Reg. 3127 (Feb. 3, 1988)
5) Environ mental Law Institute, NEPA Oeskbook,
1989
3) CEO, Regulations For Implementing the
Notes:
14
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Q: Does the EPA/Army MOA on Mitigation establish a
policy of “No Net Loss of Wetlands?”
A: The U’A/Army Memorandum of Agreement on
Mitigation Sequencing L5 not, in itse [ f a no net loss policy.
Aand the Corps will strive to achieve President Bt sh’s
goal of no net loss; wever the MOA clearly recogni s
that mitigation which is not appropriate or
prcticab1e will not be required, nor will each permit
be required to achieve no net loss of wetlands. The
Notes:
purpose of the MOA LS to provide generai guidance to
Corps and E’Afield off ices on the §404(bXl) Guidelines
mitigation requirements for standard permit applications
in all waters of the U.S., including wetlands. As such, it
refle agency policy and procedures, but does not, itself
es1abl h new policy.
Contacts:
1) A Office
Activities DMSIOn
of
,
Wetlands
Chif Rader,
Protection Regulatory
(202)382-5087.
2) Army Corps Headquarters, ZeN Steever, (202)
797-1780
1) NArrny Corps Memorandum of Agreements, 2) Section
404(b) (1) Review, p.31.
62. 63.
Publications
1) MOA Between the Environmental Protect/on
Agency and the Dopamnent of the Army Concemzng
the Determination of Mitigation Under the CWA
2) The Environmental Protection Agency and the
Department of the Army, SectIon 404(b) (1) Guidelines
MitigatIon MOA ‘Questions
§404(b)(l) Guidelines (signed 2 9o)
and Mswers.
N tt n I W t1* jf. 4ntlIri
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1
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A: Incentive and disincentive programs are an
important and necessary complement to state and federal
regulatory programs that protect wetlands. While direct
regulation of wetlands destruction or degradation is
available through the Qean WeterAct, the OceanDumping
Act, and the Rivers and Harbors Act, a number of federal
programs provide disuicentives to wetlands conversion
and incentives to landowners, states, and local
governments to limit wetlands losses and restore or create
wetland habitat.
Federal Disincentive Programs
Important examples of disincentive programs include
the “swampbuster” provisions of the 1985 and 1990 farm
bills —which deny agricultural subsidies and loans to
landowners who convert wetlands for cropland use—and
the Coastal Barrier Resources Act— which denies federal
flood insurance and other federal support programs to
those who develop designated barrier islands and coastal
areas.
Incentive Programs
A, the Army Corps, the Soil Conservation Service,
and many other federal agencies offera variety of programs
designed to encourage public and private preservation and
restoration of wetlands. Among these include the Conser-
vatiori Reserve Program and the new Wetlands Reserve
Program established in the 1990 Farm Bill. The Land and
Water Conservation Fund, Migratory Bird Fund, and fed-
eral SWier Bank programs all provide funds for wetland
preservation and restoration. The Federal Emergency Man-
agement Agency’s community ratings system provides
reductions on insurance premiums to local governments
that guide development away from floodplains or take
other actions to reduce flood losses and protect wetland
habitat
Other Federal Programs
Many federal agencies have nonregulatory programs to
protect wetlands on federal lands and to aid citizens, local
governments, and states in protecting wetland resources.
These range from public outreach and education programs
to grants, technical assistance, cost-sharing programs,
land-use and conservation programs on federal lands, ac-
quisition of wetlands, and stewardship programs. The Fish
and Wildlife Service’s National Wetlands Inventory pro-
gram is nearing completion of a nationwide wetlands map-
ping effort that will establish a baseline of wetland acreage
and record the present rate of wetland losses.
State, Local, and Private Efforts
Many states and local governments have their own pro-
grams designed to enhance wetland conservation and res-
toration, from education and training programs to cost-
sharing, acquisition, easements, tax incentives, and many
others. For state and local programs in your area, call your
state resource agency or local government. In addition,
there are numerous local, state-level and national organi-
zations dedicated to wetland protection and enhancement,
many with citizen activist programs, education programs,
and fund-raising programs to acquire and protect wetlands.
Contacts:
1) Glenn Eugster, EPAOffice of Wetlands Protection,
Inventay, Thomas DahI; (813) 893-3620.
(202) 382-5045
4) Izaak Walton League of America (see Appendix H)
2) Federal Emergency Management Agency; Frank
5) Jon Kusler, Association of State Wetland Managers,
Thomas; (202) 646-2717
(518) 872-1804.
3) Fish and Wildlife Service, National Wetlands
Related Topics:
1) EPA programs overview, p.65
5) Coastal Barriers Resource Act, ph 5 .
2) Corps programs overview, p.68
3) FWS administration, programs, p.72
4) Swampbuster overview, p.59
Publications:
1) EPA Office of Wetlands Protection circular
3) U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1990). 1990
(9/25/1989). Non-regulatory Wetlands ActMtlas.
Wetlands Action Plan. (available through FWS; (202)
2) EPA Office of Wetlands Protection factsheet
358-2161).
(5/9/1989) Programs for Protecting Wetlands.
(available through the HotHne)
0: What are some incentive or disincentive programs that
protect wetlands?
DRAFT REPORT
National Wetlands I4otlIne
-------
A: Both the EPAand the U.S. Army CorpsofEngiiieers
are very involved in wetlands-related research. The EPA
research program, which is based at its Corvallis (Oregon)
Laboratory, aims to improve the scientific basis for wetland
decisions. Specifically, EPA’s wetlands research program
foc es on reducing uncertainties of wetlands creation and
restoration, improving the understanding of the water
quality benefits provided by wetlands, and assessing
cumulative impacts. The Corps’ work focuses on
improvement of existing wetlands, reduction in wetlands
loss and impacts, and provision of better environmental
accountability in water resource projects. Most of the
Corps’ research is conducted at the Vv terways Experiment
Station in Vicksburg, Mississippi.
Extensive wetlands research is also being performed at
academic institutions, at non-profit organiz ons and re-
search centers throughout the country, and at many state
resource agencies. Programs at state land-grant colleges
are increasingiy including wetlands studies in their agricul-
ture-related research.
Related Topics
1) EPA Wetlands Research, p.67
2) Army Corps of Engineers Wetlands Research, p.69
Publications:
1) EPA (3, 9). Wetlands and Water Qualfty EPXs
Non-Regulator,’ Wetlands Act Mtles.
Research and Monito ing Implarnentatlon Plan for the
4) U.S. Army Corps of
Years 1989-1994.
Engineers (3 /30/90). U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers Wetlands Research
2) Paxutent Wildlife Research Cerler. FIsh and
Program Fact
Sheet
lMIdlife Nev, , FebruaryIM arch 1989.
3) EPA Office of Wetlands Protection (9/25/89).
0: What kinds of wetlands research is being conducted at the
federal level?
Notes:
Contacts:
1) EPA Office of Wetlands Protection. Bill Sipple; (202)
4) U.s. Army Corps of
382-5066, for research policy questions.
2) EPA Co.vallis Lab Wetlands Matrix Manager Eric
Engineers Research
Program Manager Russel F. Thenot (601) 634-2733,
for Corps wetlands research.
Preston; (503) 757-4666, for ongoing EPA wetlands
5) U.S. Fish and Wildlife
research.
Heffeman;
(703) 358-2043, for PNS
3) EPA Duluth Lab Water Quality Research Contact
wetlands research.
6) National Wetlands Technical
William Sanville; (218) 720-5500, for ongoing EPA
Council, and Society
of Wetlands Scientists
wetlands research.
Appendix J) pnvate
and academic wetlands research.
69.
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A: Vktland loss is a problem all over the world, for
m nyof thesame so th U .S. 9’NsOfficeof
Wetlands Protection provides information and technical
assistance to orgRni nom in other countries that may not
be as advanced in the development of wetland protection
techniques and programs. A small amowit of grant money
is available each year for the development and conthuation
of wetland education programs, research, and training in
wetland identification and m n gemenL
The Office of Wetlands Protection exchanges informa-
tion with othergovernrnents about what wetland protection
programs have been successful in vanom ecological set-
tin . Currently an informal process, international wet-
lands information exchange will become a formal program
in 1992 when wetlands experts from several countries will
meet to find solutions to common problems.
International Wetlands Organizations
The Office of Wetlands Protection participates in several
international wetland protection organi2ations. The most
notable of these is the Convention on Wetlands of Interna-
tional Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat, also
known as the Riimvir Convention after the city in Iran
where the convention was adopted in 1971. The Raimcar
Convention provides the framework for international co-
operation for the conservation of wetland habitats.
Contacts:
1) Co.y Giacobbe,
A Office of Wetlands Protection,
of International A
flairs, 703-358-1754.
(202)382.5907.
3) John Waugh,
Wodd
Conservation
Union
(IUCN),
2) Lawrence Mason,
Fish and Wildlife SeMce, Office
202-797-5454.
Related Topics:
1) North American Waterfowl Management Plan, p.83
2) North American Wetlands Conservation Act. p.114.
Pubilcatlons:
1) Ramw NewsJetter. Published by the Ramsar
Convention Bureau,World Conservation Centre,
Ft. Clark, 1989. AvaIlable from IUCN Publications Unit,
Avenue Du Mont-Blanc, 1196 Gland, Switzerland.
Avenue Cu Mont-Blanc, 1196 Gland, SwItzerland.
4) Asian Wetland News. Published by the Asian
2) Wetlerid Cortservatlon:AReblew of Current Issues
andRaqul 4 redAcllon. Edited by PatrIck 1. Dugan, World
Wetland Bureau, Institute of Advanced Studies OP
University of Malaya, Lembah Pantal, 59100
Conservation Union, 1990. Available from: IUCN
KuaJaL.umpur, Malaysia.
Publications Unit, Avenue Du MontBlanc, 1196 Gland,
Switze rland.
5) IWRB News. Published by the International
Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Bureau, Sllmbndge,
3) Mailne and Coastal Protected Areas: A Guide for
Gloucest&, GL2 7BX, United Kingdom.
Planners and Managers, by Rodney V. Saim and John
Q: How does the EPA help other countries protect wetlands?
Notes:
DRAFT RePOPT
Naliønml W.tIa,id, kothn.
-------
0: What are State Wetland Conservation Plans?
A: 0 ne of the major recommendations of the National
Wetlands Policy Forum was thatsiates should prepare State
Wetlands Conservation Plans that demonstrate bow the
state will achieve the goal of no net loss of wetlands. The
idea evolved out of a recognition that wetlands protection
is best accomplished through a wide variety of regulatory
and noniegulatory programs. Different state agencies are
responsible for these disparate programs which are
important in protecting the resource and achieving no nct
loss.
i ne concept includes developing a comprehensive strat-
egy that coordinates the many programs affecting wetlands
in the state. The plans axe intended to produce .balanced and
Notes:
cohesive programs by providing a basis for coordinating
the various elements of a state’s wetlands program such as
mapping and lnventor functional evaluation, regulation,
fiscal incentives and disincentives, public education, ac-
quisition, and landowner assistance. The Conservation
Foundation/World Wildlife Fund is developing a guide-
book for states interested in preparing a state wetlands
conservation plan. This guidebook will provide informa-
tion on the elementa tl t should be included in a state
wetlands conservation plan.
States may apply to A for a State Wetlands Develop-
ment Grant for assistance in developing such a plan.
Contacts:
1) Dianne Fish,
EPA
Office
of Wetlands
Protection,
(202) 382-5084.
(202) 382-7071.
3) Heidi Sheik, Conservation FoundatiorvWorld Wildlife
2) Lan Williams,
EPA
Office
of Wetlands
Protection,
Fund, (202) 778-9751
Publications:
1) Conservation Foundation\World Wildlife Fund.
Protecting Arnenca’s Wetlands: An Action Agenda
1988. (Report of the Naffonai Wetlands Policy Forum)
2) Conservation Foundation\Wortd Wildlife Fund,
Recommendations for Comprehensive State Wetlands
Pmg,ams. October1989.
3) Conservation FoundatloniWorid Wildlife Fund,
Guidebookon State Wetland Conservation Plans (to be
released in June 1991).
Related Topics:
1)
DRAFt a o r
PJattarial W.ttarid. I4øtIIna
-------
A: Starting in Fiscal Year 1990, Congress appropriated
money specifically for the development of state wethivf c
protection prograius. EPA Office of ‘ t1andS Protection
administers this grant program under *104(bX3) of the
Clean V, ter Act. This money is available to any state
agency involved in or having progran related to wetlazxls
protection. Federally recognized Indian tribes arc also
eligible for funding.
Purposes
This money is available for the development of new state
wetlands protection progran or the refinement or en-
hancement of existing state wetlands protection progran .
Grant guidance is issued each year by the Office of Vvbt-
lands Protection explaining what is eligible for funding and
the procedures states must use to apply for funding. The
criteria that are used to evaluate proposals are inixvation,
potential environmental results, and action orientation.
Pr eW
Suggested projects that are eligible for funding include,
but are not limited to, State Wetlands Couservation PLaiD,
integration of wedai into Uadidomi water/natural re-
source prograi , multi-objective river-corridor m ir ge-
ment, water quality standards, incorporation of wetlands
into Clean V ter Act §401 programs expanding activities
covered and/or geographic jurisdiction of existing regula-
tory progra , wetlands plpnning initiatives, and monitor-
ing activities.
Contacts:
1) Lori Williams, B’A’s Office of Wetlands ProtectIon, 2) BDA regional wetlands contacts (see appendix A)
202-382-5084.
Related Topics:
1) See S A Office of Wetland Protection, iervIew,
p. 66 .
Publications:
1) Catalog of State Wetlands Protection Grants (DraIn, 3) Fed eraiRegister, December 15,1989. pp.51470-71.
Feb 1991. 4) Catalog of Federal Domestic AssIstance, 66.461;
2) State Grant Guidance. A Office of Wetlands Wetlands Protection—State Development Grants.
Protection Memorandum. (Januaty 2,1991)
0. What funding Is available to help states develop wetlands
protection programs?
Notes:
NatIøn I Wetlanda I4ctIIn.
DRAFT REPORT
20
-------
A The aean V ter Act, under *404(g), allows states
to take over some of the permit responsibility from the
Army Corps of Engineers if D’Adetermines that the state’s
program meets the standards for an approvable program.
States cannot take over the permit program in
“traditionaily navigable waters, coastal waters and
adjacent wetlands. However, a state may administer an
approved §404 program over the remaining waters within
its borders.
Once a state assumes the permit program, the Corps of
Engineers no longer sues permits in that state’s assumed
waters. EPA becomes the central point of federal contact
and comment for the federal agencies, including the Corps,
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,and the National Marine
Fisheries Service. EPA conducta oversight of the state’s
administration of the permit program and, in extreme cases,
can initiate action to withdraw the state’s program.
Contacts:
1) Lan Williams, EPA Office of Wetlands ProtectIon, 2) A Regionai wetlands contacts (see Appendix A)
202-382.5084.
Related Topics:
1) Clean Water Act overview, p .26 3) GuidelInes for State Assumption, p.22
2) Section 404 Overview, p.27
Publications:
1) 40 CFR Parts 232 and 233 ,Federa! Regist , June
6, 1988, p. 20764
0: What is state assumption of the §404 permit program?
Notes:
21
DRAFT PFPORT
Wist ø,,aI W.t$*nd. I4atUn.
-------
0: What will EPA consider In deciding whether to approve a
state’s program to assume Clean Water Act §404?
A EPA will look at the statutory and regulatory 4) The extent of public participation in the state’s pro-
requirements for an approvable state program. These gzam
include: 5) Permit processing procedures;
1) The extent of the State’s Jurisdiction; 6) The state’s compllaxEe and enforcement program; and
2) The scope of activities regulated by the state; 7) Mequate staffing and funding for the state’s program.
3) The state’s compliance with the 404(b)(1) Guide-
lines;
Notes:
Contacts:
1) L.ori Williams, EPA Office of Wetlands ProtectIon, 2) B’A regional wetland contacts (see Appendix A)
202-382-5084.
Related Topics:
1) How can states sume the 404 program? p.21
Publications:
1)40 CFR 232-233, Federal RegIst . June 6,1988, p.
20764.
Na on t W.tlands MctlIn. n a r n om
-------
A: L..ocal governments have broad responsibilities and
many authorities that can be used to protectwetlands. Over
74 percent of the wetlands in the contiguous 48 states are
on lands controlled by private landowners, both individual
and corporate. New land-usc decisions on these lands axe
usually made with some degree of involvement by local
elected officials and governments. Often communities
express strong desires to retain land-use decisionmaking
powers and are sensitive about local tax bases, private
property rights, and the involvement of state and federal
governments. Local governments are also concerned and
interested in balancing economic development with the
protection of natural resources, maintaining the
community’s quality of life and character, and providing
close-to-home open space and recreation opportunities to
residents.
Many local governments, individually or cooperatively
with other government entities, are taking voluntary ac.
lions to protect wetlands and/or discourage their inappro.-
priate use. These include:
Local Wetlands Regulations
Land-use regulation is the most commonly used wetland
protection technique among local governments throughout
the country. Wetlands regulations have been adopted in at
least 2,000 communities since 1988. Local governments
can tailor a regulatory program to fit their needs. Regula-
lions can be narrowly designed to protect discrete parts of
a wetland from specific uses on related lands, or even
throughout the community. Local entiLies can enact new
regulations or amend their existing land-use control laws
to include wetlands protection goals.
Contacts:
1) Cory Glacobbe, A Office of Wetlands Protection,
3) Soil Conservation Service, (see Appe
ndix D)
202-382-5907
4) Co t I Zone Management Agency,
NOAA.
(future
2) Sam Stokes, National Park Service Rtvers and Trails
appendix ?X)
Program, (202) 208-6843 (NPS Information).
Rela
ted Topics:
1)
Nonregulatory local wetlands protection, p.24.
Publications:
1) Protecting Nonildal Wetlands. American Planning
Association. December, 1988.
2) Rrierwork Book. National Park Service. 1988.
3) Steps in State and Local Greenway Planning.
ProtectIon. 1988. (avaIlable through hotline).
4) A Local Government Handbook for Wetlands
Protection. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Wetlands Protection. May 1991.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Wetlands
Q: How can local governments protect wetlands?
Overview and regulatory protections
Notes:
DRAFT REPORT
Nattari I W.tfanda l4atlln.
-------
A: Local governments can provide protection for
wetlands and other important natural resources through
assistance programs and Incentive programs.
Assistance Programs
Many state-, federal-government, and private-organira
tion technical and financial assistance programs are avail-
able for local governments to use to protectwetlanth. Local
governments can secure technical assistance from these
programs to develop wetlands protection plans and sirate-
gies; receive funds from public or private organ imtiom to
acquire wetlands forpublic puzposes or receive advice and
information on educational and interpretive resources such
as workshops, guide books, films, slide shows, and other
audlo-vLsual materials.
Incentive Programs
Local officials can also work with private interests in
their community to secure tax credits or deductions for
donations of land or for the restoration of wetlands through
the Wetlands Reserve Program recently enacted in the 1990
Farm Bill. They can also pwsuc the formal recognition of
wetlands with special qualities through public or private
designation or registration.
Contacts:
1) Cory Glacobbe, A Office of Wetlands ProtectIon,
202-382-5907.
2) Sam Stokes, NalionaLP art Service Rivers and Trails
Program, (202) 208-6843.( NPS information).
3) Sod Conservation SeMce, (see Appendix D)
4) Coastal Zone Management Agency, NOM, (future
appendix ?)()
Related Topics:
1) Local wetlands protection, overview and regulatIons,
p.23
Publications:
1) Protecting Nontidai WetIaj’4s. American Planning
Association. Decemb , 1988.
2) Rivas work Book. National Park Service. 1988.
3) Steps in State and Local Greenway Planning.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Wetlands
ProtectIon. 1988. (avaIlable through hotilne).
4) A Local Government Handbook for Wetfands
ProtectIon. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Wetlands Protection. May 1991.
0: How can local governments protect wetlands In ways other
than through regulation?
Notes:
PJ tiøn I Watland 146t1 111
DPAFF EPO T
24
-------
0: How can a landowner protect wetlands?
Wetlands protection and creation requires the
employment of a variety of approaches in a coordinated,
thoughtful and effective manner. Over 74 percent of
wetlands in the contiguous 48 states are on lands confl olled
by private landowners, both individual and corporate. In
many areas of the country, private landowners are taking
voluntaiy actions to protect, create, and enhance wetlands.
A variety of public and private technical and financial
assistance is available to help landowners. This assistance
allows landowners to protect or create important wetlands
while ensuring that aditional land uses are maintained and
their rights are protected.
Riparian Lands
A variety of alternatives exist for riparian landowners to
protect, create, and enhance wetlands. In many areas of the
country there is an obvious history of landowner steward-
ship in wetland areas and many individuals and corpora-
tions have s ong feelin about private protection efforts.
The high quality of many of our existing wetlands is
evidence that many riparian landowners are sensitive to the
values and functions of these areas.
Local decisions
As our landscape changes over time, wetlands will con-
tinue to be considered for a variety of uses. Some of the
new uses will be compatible with wetlands protection
while others may be inappropriate, and could possibly
desn oy their character and value. Although state and fed-
eral agencies will have a great deal to say about certain new
wetlands uses, in many instances development proposals
will be decided by local governments and private land-
owners.
Contacts:
1) Glenn Eugster, EPA Office of Wetlands ProtectIon,
(202) 382-5045.
2) Trust for Public Land, (415) 495-4014.
3) Michael Clarke, Natural Lands Trust, (215)
353-5587.
Related TopIcs:
1) Swampbust , p.59.
LegislatIon, p. 119.
2) Private Property Act of 1991, Pending Wetlands
Publications:
1) Naturai Lands Trust, Inc. A Handbook for the
Landowner. October 1982.
2) Dealing with Change in the Connecticut River Valley
A design Manual for Conservation and Development
Center for Rural Massathusetts, Amherst, MA. 1988.
Protection. Covelo, CA. Island Press 19.
4) Landowners Guide to Managing Streams in the
Eastern United Slates. Virginia Tech and Virginia State,
Publication No. 420-141. 1985.
5) Kusier, Jon. Wetlands Creation and Restoration.
3) Hoose, Phillip M. Building an Ark: Tools for the
Preservation of Natural Diversity Through Land
6) Small, J. Stephen. Presesving Family Lands. Land
Trust Alliance. 1988.
Notes:
N tI6nRi W.tt uid. I4otflna
DRAFT REPORT
-------
Clean Water Act
Overview
In 1972. Congress passed the federal aean Water Act to
prohibit the discharge of pollutants from a point source into
waters of the United States—including wetlands—without
a permit Congress created two permit systema, under
sections 402 and 404 of the Act, to regulate the point-source
discharge of pollutants.
Section 404:33 U.S.C. 1344
The §404 permit program regulates the discharge of
dredged or fill material into waters of the United States, a
term which includes most of the nation’s wetlands. This
program is jointly implemented by EPA and the Army
Corps of Engmeers, with advice from the Fish and Wildlife
Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service. The
Corps of Engineers handles the day-to-day administration
of the program, including reviewing permit applications
and deciding whether to issue or deny the permit. EPA’S
key responsibilities include development of the pi g1am’s
environmental standards, prohibiting discharges that will
have unacceptable adverse effects, enforcement, state pro-
gram assumption, and determining the scope of jurisdiction
(that is, areas subject to §404) and the applicability of
permit exemptions under §404(f). EPA also aids in the
development of slate permitting programs through grants
and technical assistance.
Section 402:33 U.S.C. 1342
Section 402 of the Clean Water Act regulates the point
source discharge of pollutants, including chemicals, heavy
metals, and biological wastes into waters of the United
States, including surface waters. The §402 program is
administered by the EPA or by the state in which the
discharge occurs.
Section 401: 33 U.S.C. 1341
Under authority of §401, states may grant or deny “cer-
tification” for a federally permitted or licensed activity that
may result in a discharge to the waters of the U.S., if it is
the state where the discharges will originate. Although this
certification is required before the Corps or any federal
agency can issue a permit for activities involving a dis-
charge to waters of the United States, a state may waive its
water quality certification.
Other Relevant Sections
Section 309 of the Clean Water Act grants EPAa number
of important enforcement powers under the Act, including
the power to refer civil and criminal violations to the
Department of Jt tice for enforcement action, to issue
administrative orders; and to assess administrative penal-
ties up to $125,000.
Waters of the United States
Waters of the United States protected by the Clean Water
Act in general include rivers, streams, estuaries, the tern-
tonal seas, and most ponds, lakes, and wetlands. Waters do
not have to be navigable to be waters of the United States.
Related Topics:
1)Secthn 404 and Swarnpbuster, p.12
2)Rivers and Harbors Act, p.45
3) NPDES program overview, p.42
Publications:
1) Environmental Protection Agen i. Highlights of
4) Environmental ProtectionAgency. Wetlands and 401
Section 404. October 1989. (AvaUable through the
Certifl iion: Opportunities and Guidelines for States
Hotilne)
and Eligible Indian Tribes. April 1989. (AvaIlable
2) Army Corps of Engineers. Regulatory Programs of
through the hotflne).
the Corps of Engineers; Final Rule. 33 CFR Pasts 320
5) Clean Water Act. 33 U.S.C. 1251 etseq.
through 330. November, 1986.
3) William Want. Law of Wetlands Regulation. Clark
Board man Company, Ud. 1990.
Contacts:
1) A Regional wetlands contact [ see appendix AI appendix BI
2)Army Corps Disthct Regulatory Branch Chief [ see
DRAFT RFPORT
PJ tI nal Wetlw.d. kotff,i
-------
Clean Water Act §404
Overview
Congress enacted the Qean V tcr Act to resZore and
maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of
the Nation’s waters.” Section 404 regulates the discharge
of dredged or fill material into waters of the United States,
and establishes a permit program to ensure that such dis-
charges comply with environmental requirements of the
Act No one may discharge dredged or fill material to the
waters of the United States without a permit unless exempt
from permit requirements. All permits must comply with
the program’s environmental standards—the §404(bXl)
Guidelines.
§404 Administration
Section 404 is administered jointly by the Environmental
Protection Agency and the Army Corps of Engineers. The
Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisher-
ies Service have advisory roles in the program. The Corps
has primary day-to-day responsibility for the permit pro-
gram. States can assume a portion of the permitting pro-
gram if they qualify under §404(g). To date only Michigan
has assumed the §404 program.
EPA Role
EPA’s role in administering §404 includes development
of the environmental standards ( 404(bX1) Guidelines) by
which permit applications must be evaluated; review of
proposed permits; prohibition of discharges with unaccept-
able adverse impacts; approval and oversight of state as-
sumption of the program; establishment of the jurisdic-
tional scope of waters of the United States; and interpreta-
tion of §404(1) exemptions. EPA shares enforcement
authority for the program with the Corps.
Corps Role
The Army Corps of Engineers has responsibility for
adminictering the §404 permit program. Beforeconducting
any activity that involves a discharge of dredged or fill
material into U.S. waters, an individual must apply to the
Corps Division of Civil Vvbrks for a permit The Corps
determines whether the activity requires a permit, and can
issue, deny, or condition a permit Discharges can be
authorized by either individual or general permits. All
permit applications must comply with the §404(b)(1)
Guidelines in order for the permit to be issued General
permits, issued on a state, regional, or nationwide basis, are
authorized for specific activities which are similar in nato-
i-al and will cause minimal adverse environmental effects
individually or cumulatively. The Corps has issued a num-
ber of general permits affecting certain activities in wet-
lands for some areas of the country and nationwide.
Waters of the United States
V ters of the United States protected by the Qean % ter
Act in general include rivers, streams, estuaries, the tern-
tonal seas, and most ponds, lakes, and wetlands. They do
not have to be navigable to be waters of the U.S.
Contacts:
1) A Regional wetlands contact (see Appendix A Appendix B) for questions on perrnrts.
2) Army Corps Diatsict Regulatory Branch Chief (see
Related Topics:
1) Section 404 and Swampbusta’, p.12 4) §404 Regulated Activities, p. 28.
2) Rivers and Harbors Act, p.45 5) §404 permit application process, p. 29.
3) Nationwide Permits, p. 39.
Publications:
1) Environmental Protection Agency. Highhghts of the Corps of Engineers; Final Rule, 33 CFR Pasts 320
Section 404. October, 1989. (AvaIlable through the through 330. No mber, 1986.
Hot llne)
2) Army Corps of Engineers. Regulatory Programs of
National Wetlands HøtlIn.
DRAFT REPORT
27
-------
Clean Water Act §404
Regulated Activities
Unregulated activities
Some activities that can adversely affect and even de-
stroy wetlands, such as drainage and groundwater ptmip.
ing, are not regulated under §404 if they do not involve a
discharge of dredged or fill material. However, the Cor
should always be contacted before any such activities are
begun in case they require a permit under §404 or under
§402, wh chregul dis hargeof point-source pollutants.
Section 404 also contains exemptions for certain activities
that involve discharges of dredged and fill material, includ-
ing normal farming, silviculture, and ranching practices
maintenance of irrigation ditches, drainage ditches, and
farm and stock ponds and temporary road and sedimenta-
tion basin construction associated with construction.
Section 404(r) also provides a liniited exemption for
projects specifically authorized by Congress, with an en-
vironmental impact statement required under the National
Environmental Policy Act for some projects.
Related Topics:
1)Section 404 overview, p.27
2) Clean Water Act overview, p26
3) NPDES ( 402) overview
4) NEPA overview, p.47
.
, p.42
Publications:
1) Environmentaj Protection Agency. Highlights of
Section 404. October 1989.
2) Army Corps of Engineers. Regulatory Programs of
the Coips of Engineers; Final Rule. 33 CFR Pasts 320
through 330. November,
1986.
Section 404 of the Clean V ter Act requires permits for
the discharge of dredged or fill material in waters of the
United States. Discharges of dredged and fill material are
commonly associated with activities such as port develop-
ment, channel construction and maintenance, fills to create
development sites, road building and other trai portation
projects, and water resource projects such asthma, jetties,
and levees. Other kinds of activities, such as land clearing
for agriculture, may be regulated under §404 if they in-
volve discharges of dredged or fill material— for example,
soil—into waters of the U.S.
Notes:
Contacts:
1) A Regional wetlands contact [ see appendix A]
2)Army Corps District Regulatory Branch Chief (see
appendix B] for questions on permits.
2R
bPAF REPORT
NatI6n I Wtjarid H&1In
-------
Clean Water Act §404
Permit Application Process: An Overview
Discharges can be authorized by either individual or
general permits. Once the Corps receives a completed
application for a proposed activity involving a d cbarge of
dredged or fill materials in a U.S. waters, It makes a
determination whether an individual or a general permit is
required. The Corps’ evaluation of a §404 permit applica-
tion a two-part analysis which Involves determining
whether the project complies with the §404(b)(1) Guide-
lines and a public interest review. A permit must be denied
if the project fails to comply with the Guidelines or is found
to be contraiy to the public interest
Individual permits: §404(a)
If an individual permit is required, an application form
describing the proposed activity must be sent to the Corps
or to a state agency that has assumed the §404 program.
(So far only the state of Michigan has assumed the §404
program). Once a completed application is received, the
Corps or state issues a public notice containing such infor-
mation as the project location, scope, and likely impacts
and applicable laws and regulations. Notice is sent to all
interested people including adjacent landowners, appropri-
ate state, local, and federal agencies, and anyone who
requests notice. Any person may request that a public
hearing be held to consider the application. Commentors
have 30 days, or 60 days with a Corps approved extension,
to send in comments on the application. The permit must
be denied if the project fails toannply with the §404(bXl)
Guidelines—the program’s environmental standards.
Where the Corps determines that an activity will cause
minirn2l adverse environmental effects individually or cu-
mulatively, it can authorize the activity by a general permit
under Section 404(e). General permits may be issued on a
state, regional, or nationwide basis. There are c wrently 26
nationwide permits, and numerous state and regional gen-
end permits. In most cases, activities authorized by general
permits do not require the same public notice or public
hearing as would be required for an individual permit. The
general permits are designed to speed the permitting proc-
ess as long as authorized activities do not cause serious
environmental harm. However, anyone undertaking work
in U.S. waters should always notify the Corps of a proposed
project—even if it appeals to fit all of the requirements of
a nationwide permit—to avoid problems later on. For
example, general permits may be modified or revoked if
the permitted activities are found to have an adverse envi-
ronmental impact On a case-by-case basis, the permitting
agency may invoke discretionary authority and require a
discharger who would otherwise be covered by a general
permit to apply for an individual permit Of course, there
are substantial penalties for failing to obtain a permit when
one is required.
it is also important to remember that states may have
their own permits that are required for activities inwetland
in addition to a §404 permit
General or Nationwide Permits: §404(e)
Contacts:
1) A Regional wetlands contact [ see appendix AJ
2)Aimy Corps District Regulatory Branch Chief (see
appendIx 81
Related Topics:
1)Section 404 overview, p.27 3) Nationwide permits, p.39
2) Clean Water Act overview, p26 4) §404(b)(1) Guidehnes, p.31
Publications:
1) Environmental Protection Agency. Highlights of 3) William Vv t. Law of Wethznds Regulation Clark
Section 404. October 1989. Boardnl2n Company, Lid. 1990.
2) Army Corps of Engineers. Regulatory Programs of 4) Clean V. ter Act Section 404.33 U.S.C. 1344.
the Corps fEnginee”s; Final RU/a. 33 CFR Parts 320
through 330. Novemb , 1986.
Natlanal Wettand Nafl lna
DRAFT REPORT
-------
Clean Water Act: §404(a)
Permit Review Process: Public Interest Review
The Corps’ evaluation of a §404 permit is a two-part test
which involves determining whether the project complies
with the §404(b)(1) Guidelines and a public interest re-
view. A permit must be denied if the project fails to comply
with the Guidelines or is found to be contrary to the public
irlter eSL
Public Interest Review
The Corps’ public interest review is a balancing test in
which the public and private benefits of a project are
weighed against its adverse impacts on the environment. It
includes such considerations as navigation, aesthetics, rec-
reation, historical values, economics, water supply, water
qunlity, energy needs, and flood damage prevention. The
Corps also considers all comments received in the permit
process, whether in response to a pubic notice or a public
hearing, when making a final permit decision. As part of
its evaluation, the Corps may conduct an environmental
assessment under the National Environmental Policy Act
to determine whether the project has significant environ-
mental impacts. If the project is determined to have signifi-
cant impacts to the human environment, the Corps can
require preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement
under N A. This additional requirement can extend the
review process by a year or more.
Notes:
Contacts:
1)EPA Regional wetlands contact [ see appendix AJ
2)Arrny Corps District Regulatory Branth Chief [ see
appendix 61
Related Topics:
1)Sedion 404 overview, p.27
2) Clean Water Act overview, p26
3) 404(b)(1) Guidelines, p.31
Publications:
1) Environmental Protection Agency. Highlights of through 330. November, 1986.
Section 404. October 1989. 3) Army Corps of Engineers. Regulatory Prvgranv
2) Axmy Corps of Engineers. Regulatory Pr o9ralrzs Of Applicant Infonnarion. EP 1145-2-1, 1985.
the Corps of Engineers; Final Rule. 33 CFR Parts 320
DRAFT REPORT
NMlonal W.Uanda Motlin.
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Clean Water Act: §404(b)(1)
Permit Review Process: Applying EPA’s §404(b)(1) Guidelines
§404(b) (1) Guidelines: Overview
The §404(b)(1) guidelines (40 CFR Part 230) were de-
veloped by EPA in conjunction with the Corps of Engi-
neeis. The Guidelines contain the substantive environ-
menial cnteria used in evaluating discharges of dredged or
fill material. All permit applicants must comply with the
Guidelines in order for the permit to be issued. The Guide-
lines establish that dredged or fill material should not be
discharged in to U.S. waters unless it can be demonstrated
that the discharge will not have an unacceptable adverse
impact, either individually or cumulatively, on the aquatic
ecosystem.
Guideline Requirements
The Guidelines require Corps consideration of four key
factors:
1) No discharge can be permitted if there is a practicable
alternative with less adverse impact on the aquatic environ-
ment, unless the alternative poses other sigaificant envi-
ronmental problems. Where an activity is not water-de-
pendent, the practicable alternatives test is applied more
rigorously. The §404(b)(1) Guidelines presume that prac-
ticable alternatives for non-water dependent activities that
2) No discharge can be permitted if it would violate other
applicable laws, such as state water quality standards, toxic
effluent standards, or the Endangered Species Act.
3) No discharge can be permitted that would cause or
contribute to significant degradation of waters of the
United States.
4) Discharges can be permitted only when all appriopri-
ate and practicable steps are taken to minimize (i.e., miti-
gate) the adverse impacts, including making compensation
for unavoidable impacts.
Additional Requirements
During the Corps’ evaluation under the Guidelines and
public interest review, two additional requirements must be
met before the Corps may issue a §404 permit: states must
certify that the activity complies with its state water quality
standards (Gean ‘Mter Act §401 certification) or else
waive their right to certify and coastal states must concur
that the activity is consistent with the Coastal Zone Man-
agement Plan of the state, or else waive their right to
concur. States may also put conditions on their certifica-
tions.
Contacts:
1)EPA Regional wetlands contact [ see appendix A)
2)Army Corps District Regulatory Branch Chief [ see
appendix B)
3) State resource agency (for §401 authority) see
Appendix F.
Related Topics:
1)Section 404 oveMew, p.27
2) Clean Water Act oveMew, p.26
3)404 Public Interest Review, p.30
4) §401 Reiiew, p. 44
5) Coastal Zone Management Act, p.53,54
6) Mitigation, p.32
Publications:
1) EPA/Corps Memorandum of Agreement on
through 330. November, 1986.
Mitigation.
2) Army Corps of Engineers. Regulatory Programs of
the Coips of Engineers; Final Rule. 33 CFR Pails 320
3) A Section 404(b) (1) Guidelines. 40 CFR Pail 230.
The Aimy Corps of Engineers’ evaluation of a §404
permit is a two-part test which involves determining
whether the project complies with the Section 404(bXl)
guidelines and a public interest review.
do not involve discharges in special aquatic sites axe avail-
able, and that all practicable alternatives for discharges
which do not involve discharges in a special aquatic site
have less adverse impacts on the aquatic ecosystem, unless
clearly demonstrated otherwise.
NMlasud Wettand, Iladine
DRAFT REPORT
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Mitigation
Overview
Mitigation is a term that means an effort to compemate
for, or off-set, wetlands loss. The Clean V ter Act’s Sec-
tion 404 (b)(1) says that discharge to a wetland can be
permitted only when all practical steps are taken to mitigate
damage to the wetland. Mitigation includes activities such
as repairing the affected wetlands, or compessating for the
impact by restoration or creation of an artificial wetland
area. Exactly what types of activities constiflite mitigation
is determined by the regulatory agency involved. It is
imponant to note that generally all mitigation mtLst be
carried out before the permitted activity begins. EPA has
issued guidance on mitigation known as the 4.04(b)(1)
Guidelines, and also signed a Memorandum of Agreement
with the Army on mitigation sequencing. The Fish and
Wildlife Service has also developed formal guidelines for
mitigation of wetlands.
Mitigation Banking
One way to add more flexibility to the mitigation require-
merit is through mitigation banking. Under a banking sys-
tem, a regulatory agency sets up a tally sheet (called a bank)
of wetlands gains and losses. Though the bank, people
involved in developing wetlands have the opportunity to
buy and nude credits and debits. For example, a developer
can offset damage to a wetland by paying a farmer to create
a new artificial wetland. Also, the developer can overcom-
pensate by restoring or creating substantial wetlands acre-
age in order to have credit against wetland losses in the
future. Another possibility is that a developer could incur
a debit in the bank by promising to restore a wetland in the
future while building on a natural wetland now. The diffi-
culty with a mitigation banking scheme lies in determining
the relative values of wetlands gained and last. Several
states have mitigation banking systems and each is substan-
tially different. EPAand the Army Corps of Engineers are
currently working to develop national guidance on mitiga-
tion banking.
Contacts:
1) A Regional Wetlands Contact, see Appendix A.
2) Army Corps of Engineers District Office, see
Appendix B.
3) For information on states with wetlands mitigation
banks, call Jon Kusler, Association of State Wetlands
Managers, (518) 872-1804.
Related Topics:
1) Clean Water Act Section 404(b) (1), p. 31
2) Valuation and Assessment of Wetlands, see p.113.
3) Merrioranda of Agreement, see pp. 62, 63.
Publications:
1) US Fish and Wildlife Servic.e Mitigation Policy; Notice
of Final Policy. Federal Register Vol. 46, No. 15 (Fliday,
January 23, 1981): 7644-7663.
2) US Army Corps of Engineers. Implementation of Fish
and Wildlife Mitigation in the Corps of Engineers
Regulatory Progiam. Regulatory Guidance Letter No.
85-8 (November 8, 1985).
3) Herson, Albeit I. Project Mitigation Revisited: Most
Courts Approve Findings of No Significant Impact
Justified by Mitigation in Ecolpav Law Quarterly Vol. 13,
No. 51 (1986): 51-72.
4) Frank, Katf ’. Can Mitigation Help Protect Wetlands?
in Wetlands Watch (September/October, 1989): 3.
5) National Wetlands Newsletter special issue on
mitigation, Vol. 8, No.5 (1986).
6) 6W Army Corps of Engineers Memorandum of
Agreement on Mitigation Sequencing (1989).
DRAFT REPORT
P,thtku,jii WetI ndt k tlIne
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Clean Water Act §404
Advance Identification
SectIon 230.80 of the Section 404(bXl) Guidelines pro-
vides for a pianning process to identify areas generally
suitable or unsuitable for discharges into waters of the
United Slates in advance of permit applications The ad-
vance identificat ion process is carried out jointly by A
and the Army Corps of Eng neers and includes consultation
with the state in which the identification is being done.
Often advance identification studies are conducted in areas
that have important wetlands resources.
AND Process
The advance identification process i ually involves an
assessment of wetlands functions and values associated
with the ADID area using a variety of informational re-
sources. This information evaluated by the agencies to
determine which wetlands in the study area are of ecologi-
cally high value and should be protected from future fill
activities, and in some cases, which wetlands are of low
value and could serve as potential future disposal sites.
Areas can be designated as generally suitable or unsuitable
for use as a discharge site. Often advance identification
studies aid local and statewide zoning and pl rnning efforts
and preservation of wetland resources. Immediate results
of the ADID study are informational and advisory, not
regulatory. The identification of an area as a possible future
disposal site does not constitute a permit. However, the
results of an ADID study may be used to support a range
of regulatory actions. For example, the Corps may naue
general permits for certain activities in areas designated as
suitable for disposaL
Contacts:
1)B’A Regional wetlands contact [ see appendix 44
2)Arrny Corps DiSthCt Regulatory Branch Chief (see
appendix B)
Related Topics:
1)Section 404 overview, p27
2) Section 404 Permit Pro ss overview, p29
3) 404(b)(1) Guidelines, p31
Publications:
1) Environmental Protection Agency. HighIi hts of through 330. November, 1986.
Section 404. October 1989. (Available through the 3) Enviromental Protection Agency. 404(b)(1) Guide-
Hotlino). lines. 40 CFR Part 230.
2) Army Corps of Engineers. Regulator/ Prograirs of
the Coips of Engineers; Final Rule. 33 CFR Parts 320
ORAFI RFPORT
P1atIan I Wetfanda kotJIn.
-------
Clean Water Act §404
Section 404(c): EPA Veto
Under Section 404(c), EPA may prohibit, withdraw, or
restrict the use of a discharge site when the discharge would
have unacceptable adverse impacts on municipal water
supplies, shellfish beds and fishing areas (including spawn-
ing and breeding areas), wildlife, or recreational areas. EPA
can excercise its authority under §404(c) before, during 1 or
after Corps action on a permit application, or in the absence
of a specified permit application or Corps regulatory ac-
tion. For example, EPA may conduct a §404(c) action in
conjunction with an Advance Identification action or a
Special Area Management Plan.
Veto Used Sparingly
In geocral, §404(c) aclioirs are taken by EPA only when
it clear that the project will have unacceptable adverse
impacts on valuable environmental resources. As of Janu-
ary 1991, EPAbascompletedonly 11 §404(c) actions. This
represents an extremely small percentage of the permits
sued since §404 was enacted in 1972.
Contacts:
1) A Regionai wetJan
site-specific questions.
ds contact [
see appe
ndix
Al for
appendix B for site-specific questions.
3) Will Gaiwy, A Office of Wetlands Protection (202)
2)Arrny Corps District
Regulatory
Branch
Chief
(see
245.3900, for policy questions.
Related Topics:
1)Section 404 ovennew, p.27
2) SectIon 404 publIc interest review, p. 30
3)404 Permit Application Process, p.29
Publications:
1) Environmental Protection Agency. Highlights of
through 330. November, 1986.
Section 404. October1989.
2) Army Corps of Engineers. Regulatory Programs of
3) EPA. Clean V ter Act *404(c) 33 U.S.C 1344.
the Corps of Engineers; Final Rule. 33 CFR Parts 320
Notes:
Natlon*1 W.thinda Høtiln*
np rr REPORT
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Clean Water Act §404(f)
Overview: General Exemptions
The aean Water Act, under section 404(f), generally
exempts discharges of dredged or fill material associated
with normal farming, ranching , and forestry activities such
as plowing, cultivating, minor drainage, and harvesting for
the production of food, fiber and forest products or upland
soil and water conservation practices. This exemption per-
tains to normal farming and harvesting activities that are
part of an established, ongoing farming or forestry opera-
tion. Activities which convert a wetland that has not been
used for farming or forestry into such nses are not consid-
ered part of an established operation, and are not exempt
In addition, any discharge associated with an activity that
converts a wetland to upland is not exempt and requires a
§404 permit
Forexaniple, introduction ofa new cultivation technique
such as discing between crop rows for weed control may
be a new &ming activity, but becat e the farm operation
is ongoing, the activity is exempt from permit requirements
under §404. Planting different crops as part of an estab-
lished rotation, such as soybeans to rice, is exempt Rotat-
ing rice and crawfish production is exempt, but construc-
tion of fish ponds for crawfish production is not exempt,
since it introduces a new type of farming operation and
involves a discharge of dredged and fill materials. The
Army and ifAsigned a Memorandum for the Field in May
1990 that provides an explanation of new and ongoing
farming activities for the purposes of implementing Sec-
tion 404(f).
Contacts:
1)EPA Regional wetlands contact (see appendix A]
2)Arrny Corps District Regulatory Branch Chief [ see
appendix B] for site-specific questions.
3) Mike FIita. EPA Office of Wetlands Protection (202)
245-3913, for policy questions.
Related Topics:
1)Section 404(1)(2) Recapture Provisions, p.36
2) Section 4O4(l7 Major versus”minor drainage, p. 37
3)404 Permit Application Process, p. 29
Publications:
1) A. Clean Water Act §404(1) Final rule. 40 CFR
of the Army andthe EJ7 viranmental Protection Agency
Parts 232 and 233. Clean Water Act Section 404
Concerning the Determination Geographic
and the
Program Definitions and Permit Exemptions; Section
404 State Pwgram Regufations. F.R.N. Vol. 53, No.
108, pp. 20764-20787.
2) EPNAITrry Corps of Engineers Memorandum For the
Field (5/1990); Clean WaterActS cllon 404 Regulato’y
Ptogram andAgricultzsraiActMties.
3) EPA/Army Corps of Engineers. (1/1989)
Memorandum of Agreement Between the Department
Jurisdiction of the Section Program
Application of the Exemptions Under Section 404(0 of
the Clean WaterAct
4) Army Corps. Regulatory Guidance Letter. Prior
Converted Croplands. 90-09.
5) William Want. Courts Ruling Limits §404 Silviculture
Exemptions. National Wetlands Newsletter, Vol. 12,
No.3.
4) Memorandum of Agreement, pp. 62, 63
Some Examples
3.c
DRAFT flEPORT
Pthtlo, ,gI W&Isrnd I4øtlIn•
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Clean Water Act §404(f)
CWA §404 ( 1) (2): ‘ 1 Recapture” Provisions
The clean Water Act, under section 404(0(2), includes
a ecapture” provision that establishes a two-part test to
determine whether an activity described in §404(1) might
not be exempt from permitting requirements wider the
aean SWter Act. If an activity involving a discharge of
dredged or fill material represents a new use of the wetland,
and the activity would result in a reduction in reach or
&mpurmeraof/!owor ciirulation of regulated US. waters,
the activity is not exempted. Both conditions mt t be met
in order for the activity to be considered nonexempi. How-
ever, discharges that are nor exempt are not necessarily
prohibited. Non-exempted discharges may be authorized
either through a general or individual §404 permit.
Contacts:
1)EPA Regional wetlands contact (see appendix Al
2)Army Corps DIS*JICI Regulatory Eranch Chief [ see
appendix El for site-specific questions.
3) Mike Fri , A Office of Wetlands ProtectIon; (202)
245-3913, for policy questions.
Related Topics:
1)Section 404(1) Overview, p.35
2) Section 404 ( I) Major versus minor drainage,p.37
Publications:
1) A. Clean Water Act §404(1) Final rule. 40 CFR
Parts 232 and 233. Clean Water Act SectIon 404
Program Definitions and Permit Exemptions; Section
404 State Program Regulations. F.R.N. Vol. 53, No.
108, pp. 20764-20787.
2) EPN Asmy Corps of Engineers Memorandum For the
Field (5/1 990); Clean WaterAct Section 404 ReguJatory
Program andAg&ActIvitIes.
3)EPA/Army Corps of Engineers. (1/1 989)
Memorandum of Agreement Between the Department
of The Army and the ErMmnmentai Protection Agency
Concerning the Determination of the Geographic
JurisdictIon of the SectIon 404 Program and the
AppIi iIon of the Exemptions Under SectIon 404(f) of
the Clean WaterAct
Notes:
P4M1on I W.t1 nd Hotlin.
DRAFT PORr
-------
Clean Water Act: Section 404(f)
Minor versus Major Drainage
Contacts:
1)EPA Regionai wetlands contact (see append xAJ 3) MIke Fritz, H AOffl cof Wet landsProtection, (202)
2)Army Corps District Regulatory Branch ( ief [ see 245 3913, for policy questions.
appendix BI for site-specific questions.
Related Topics:
1)Seclion 404(1) Overview, p.35
2) Section 404(1) (2) Recapture provisions, p.36
Publications:
1) A. Clean Water Act §404(l) Final rule. 40 CFR 3)EPAIArmy Corps of Engineers. (1/1 989)
Parts 232 and 233. Clear, Water Act Section 404 Memorandum of Agreement Between the Department
Program Deffnitions and Permit Exemptions; Section of the Army and the Environmental Protection Agency
404 State Program Regulations. F.R.N. Vol. 53, No. Concerning the Determination of the Geographic
108, pp. 20764-20787. Jurisdiction of the Section 404 Program and the
2) EPNArmy Corps of Engineers Memorandum For the Application of the Exemptions Under Section 404(0 of
Field (5/1990); Clean WaterAct Section 404 Regulatory the Clean WaterAct
Program andAgria.,lturalAcMties.
The Cean Water Act, under section 404(f), exempts
minor drainage activities, such as building xice levees,, to
continue an established, ongoing wetland crop-production
effort, or emergency minor drainage, such as removing
blocks from an existing drainageway nsed as part of an
Notes:
established crop production. Construction of new drainage
ditches is not exempt if such construction drains or signifi-
cantly modifies any wetlands or aquatic areas considered
as waters of the U.S.
37
Matlør,qI WetlancM Hotflne
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Clean Water Act §404
Citizen’s Role in §404
Individuals can participate in the §404 program in a
variety of ways. The public notice and public hearing
opportunity provided during Corps review of individual
permit applications is an important avenue for public input
into the decision or whether such a permit should be issued
or denied. Individuals can be placed on a Corps District
mailing list to receive public notices of permit applications
for certain waters. Interested individuals should contact
their Corps District Office. In addition, any member of the
public can comment on any proposed agency rulemaking.
The Federal Regirter contains all notices and proposed
rulernakings.
Notes:
Monitoring and Reporting
Citizens are also encouraged to report suspected viola-
tioris of the Qean S ter Act to their local Corps district
office or the appropriate EPA regional office. In addition,
§505 of the Act authorizes citizens to bring enforcement
actions against any person who discharges dredged or fill
material into a wetland or other water of the U.S. without
a permit or in violation of the terms of a permit. A number
of private environmental organizations monitor wetland
protection programs at national, state, and local levels.
Others provide general education programs and materials.
Contacts:
1)EPA Regional wetlands contact [ see appendcx AJ
2)Army Corps District Regulatory Branch Chief [ see
appendix BJ for information on public notice and
heasings.
Related Topics:
1 )Section 404 overview, p.27
2) Section 404 public interest review, p. 30
Publications:
1) Environmental Protection Agency. Highlights of
Section 404. October 1989. (AvaIlable through the
Hotl lne)
2) Army Corps of Engineers. Regulator,’ Programs of
the Corps of Engineers; Final Rule. 33 CFR Parts 320
through 330. November, 1986.
3) Lake Michigan Federation. Wetlands and Water
Quality: A Citizen’s I-land book for Protecting Wetlands.
1991.
4) National Wildlife Federation. A Citizen’s Guide to
ProtecnngWe:land.
N*tIo, ,.i W.tIand i4 ttIn
OPAFT PEPOR T
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Nationwide Permits
Overview
Under §404(e) of the Qean V ter Act, the Army Corps
of Engineers may issue general permits authorizing spe-
cific activities which are similar in nature and will cause
minim2l adverse environmental effects individually or cu-
mulatively. A general permit can be issued for a state,
region, or for the entire counny. Currently there are 26
nationwide permits, and many state and regional general
permits. In most cases, activities authorized by nationwide
permits do not require the same public notice or public
hearing as would be required for an individual permit. The
nationwide permits are desigaed to speed the permitting
process, as long as the authorized activities do not cause
serious environmental harm. Examples of some of the
activities authorized under certain conditions through na-
tionwide permits include installing navigation aids and
markers; water quality testing equipment; structures for oil
and gas exploration on the outer continental shelf and for
surface coal mining; placement of crab traps and lobster
pots, and discharges of dredged or fill materials associated
with bridge bwlding, repairs of existing structures, and
other projects. Nationwide permits are reissued every five
years following notice in the FederaiRegirter and a public
comment period. In addition, states can deny water quality
certification for projects that require a general permit.
Nationwide Permit 26
Nationwide permit 26 authorizes activities involving
discharges of dredged or fill material into 10 acres or less
of isolated waters or headwaters streams (nontidal streams
where the average annual flow is 5 cubic feet per second
or less). This nationwide permit is applicable only when
such discharges will result in minimal adverse effects to
the aquatic environment For activities which affect be-
tween 1 and 10 acres of such waters, the applicant is
required to notify the Corps of Engineers prior to proceed-
ing with any discharge.
Contacts:
1) Army Corps of Engineers Dintrict Contact, see
Appendix B.
2) A Regional wetlands contact, see Appendix A.
Related Topics:
1) Section 404 overview, p.27
2) Clean Water Act overview, 26.
3) Clean Water Act Section 404: Permit Application
Process, p.29
Publications:
1) Environmental Protection Agency. Highlights of
Secüon 404. October 1989.(Avaliable through the
hotilne)
2) 33 CFR Parts 320 through 330. Depaitmerd of
Defense. Regulator,’ Programs of the Corps of
Engineers; Final Rule. Nov. 13, 1986.
3) For the text of the 26 nationwide permits, see Army
Corps of Engineers. Regulatory Programs of the
Corps of Engineers: Final Rule. 33 CFR Parts
320-330. November, 1986.
Jan Goldman-Carter, Nationwide Permit 26: The
Wetlands Giveaway, NaIional Wetlan Nev.sletter,
Notes:
fl AF1 PPORT
NR$k n*I W ,w4* i1MUn.
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Clean Water Act §404
Section 404(q)
EPA works with the Corps of Engineers during the EPA/Army Memorandum of Agreement
permit process whenever possible to ensure unacceptable
adverse impacts are avoided. EPA reviews the public notice
for individual permit applications and provides comments
to the Corps regarding the environmental impacts of the
proposed activities. Most concerns are resolved through
this interagency consultation.
1naddition pursuantto §404(q), the Corps and EPAhave
developed a process through a Memorandum of Agreement
(MOA) to resolve any differences over permit decisions
within a clear tirneframe to minimize delays in the permit
process. Under the §404(q) MOA, EPA may formally
elevate interagency disputes for higher review. Disputes
not resolved in the field may ultimately be elevated to
Headquarters.
Contacts:
1)EPA Regionai wetlands contact [ see appendix A)
2)Army Corps District Regulatory Branch Chief [ see
appendix Bj
3) Will Garvey, 6 A Office of Wetlands Protection,
(202) 245-3900.
Related Topics:
1) 404(q) Memorandum of Agreement, p. 62.
2) 404(b)(1) guidelines, p.31
4) 404 program overview, p. 27.
Publications:
1) Environmentai Protection Agency. Highlights of
3) EPA/Army Corps of Engineers. Wet1and Enforce-
Section 404. October 1989.
ment Init iative. RGL 90-09. December 17, 1990.
2) Army Corps of Engineers. Regulatory Programs
the Corps of Engineers; F7nal Rule. 33 CFR Peits 320
through 330. November, 1986.
4) Section 404(q) Memorandum of Agreement
(11/1211985) Environmental Protection Agency.
40
DRAFT s om
NMIøn*l WatIand 14&llna
-------
Clean Water Act §404
Section 404(r)
Section 404(r) of the Qean Water Act provides that the
discharge of fill material as part of a federal project spe-
cifically authorized by Congress is exempt from the per-
rniuing requirements of Section 404. For these projects,
information on the effects of the discharge, including con-
sideiation of the Section 404(bXl) guidelines, must be
included in an environmental impact statement pursuant to
the National Environmental Policy Act. This environ-
mental impact statement must be submitted to Congress
before proceeding with any discharge associated with pro-
ject constiuction, and before authorization of a project or
appropriation of funds for the project.
Contacts:
1)EPA Regional wetlands contact [ see appendix
2)Army Corps District Regulatory Branch Chief [ see
appendix B)
3) Will Garvey. A Office of Wetlands Protection,
(202) 245-3900.
Related Topics:
1) 404(q) Memorandum of Agreement, p. 62.
2) 404(b)(1) guidelines, p.31
4) 404 program overview, p. 27.
Publications:
1) Environmental Protection Agency. Highlights of
Section 404. October1989.
2) Army Corps of Engineers. Regulatory Programs of
the Coips of Engineers; Final Rule. 33 CFR PWtS 320
through 330. November, 1986.
3) D’A/Army Corps of Engineers. Wetlands Enforce-
mulnit&ative. RGL9O-09. December 17,1990.
4) Section 404(q) Memorandum of Agreement
(11/1211985) Environmental Protection Agency.
Notes:
NatIønaI WMt nds Hotfine
DRAFT REPORT
41
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CWA §402: The National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES)
Overview
Section 301 of the federal Clean Vv ter Act prohibits the
discharge of “pollutants” from a “point source* into the
waters of the United States, including wetlands, witlxwt a
permit The Congress created two permit systems, under
sections4O2and404oftheAct toregu1atethepointsource
dischargeofpoilutants. 1 ’pically, any discharge of a poi-
lutant to any U.S. waters requires a permit
The National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System
The National Pollutant Discharge El_nn tion System
(NPDES) was established by Congress pursuant to §402 of
the Act to regulate point source discharges of chemicals,
heavy metals, and biological wastes — primarily in waste-
water from industnal processes arid publicly owned sew-
age treatment worb — to the waters of the United States.
The NPDES permit program is adminictered by EPA or by
the state in which the discharge occurs, if the state has a
federally approved program. As of 1990,37 states operate
federally approved programs. EPA retains significant
oversight over state §402 programs and often reviews
state-issued NPDES permits.
NPDES Permit Requirements
40 C.FR. Part 122 sets out the terms and conditions that
must be contained in all NPDES permits, whether issued
by EPA or the state. The central permit requirements are
the “effluent llmirationsw —the amount and concentrations
of pollutants allowed to be discharged from each point
source. NPDES Permits also contain requirements for
self-monitoring, reporting, record-keeping, and commonly
include compliance schedules and other terms relating to
enforcement.
NPDES Permit Application Process
40 C.F.R. §12221 sets out the NPDES permit applica-
tion requirements. For more information, contact your
regional EPA office or your state water office.
Related Topics:
1) What Federal Regulatory Programs Protect
(NPDES) Permits?, p.13
Wetlands?, p.9
2) Clean Water Act OveMew, p.26
4) Regulatory Discharge
§402? p.43
of Solid Waste: §404 or
3) What Types of Discharges Require CWA §402
References/Publications:
1) Clean Water Act Sections 301 and 402,33 U.S.C.
C.F.R. Part 122.
1311 and 1342
3) Environmental Law
Institute, Clean Water
2) EPA Administered Permit Programs — The
Deskbook, 1988.
National Pollutant Discharge eiminat,cn System, 40
Contacts:
1) PA Regional Water Office (see Appendix A)
2) State Water Office, if NPDES program is
administered by the state (see Appendix F)
flRA T FPC T
M*fi n I W ,fl nd* HrdUn*
-------
Regulating the Discharge of Solid Waste: §404 or §402?
Memorandum of Agreement on Solid Waste
(signed 4/23/86)
The Memorandum of Agreement on Solid Waste be-
tween EPA and the Corps establishes criteria for determin-
ing whether section 402 or 404 of the Act applies to an
ongoing or proposed discharge of solid waste.
Solid Waste MOA Provisions
A discharge will more than likely be considered as fill
material regulated under §404 when the material is a
“mixed bag” of wastes, and the prinicipal effects are physi-
cal in nature. More specifically, the MOA provides that the
discharge will normally meet the definition of fill material
based on the following factors:
• its primary purpose is to replace an aquatic area with
dry land or to change the bottom elevation of the water
body;
• it results from activities such as road construction or
• a principal effect of the discharge is physical loss or
modification of waters of the U.S., including smothering
of aquatic life or habitat;
• the discharge is heterogenous in nature and of the type
associated with sanitary landfill discharges.
Section 402 is likely to be applicable when the material
to be discharged:
• is in liquid, semi-liquid, or suspended form; or
• is homogenous in consistency (that is, not a “mixed
bag” waste) and normally associated with single industry
wastes and discharged from a fixed conveyance (e.g. “end
of the pipe” discharges) or from a single site and set of
known processes.
Materials which are considered subject to §402 include
placer mining wastes, phosphate mining wastes, titanium
mining wastes, fly ash, and drilling muds.
other construction type-activities;
Contacts:
1) EPA Headquarters, Office of Wetlands, Greg Peck
(202) 475-8794 (for policy questions)
2) B’A Regional Water Office (see Appendix A) (for
site-specific questions)
3) State Water Office, if program is administered by
the state (see Appendix F) (for site-specific questions)
4) Army Corps of Engineers District Office (see
Appendix B) (for site-specific questions)
Related Topics:
1) NPDES Overview, p.42
2) What T ipes of Discharges Require CWA §402
(NPDES) Permits?, p.13
3) What Federal Regulatory Programs Protect
Wetlands?, p.9
4) Clean Water Act Overview, p.28
Publications
1) Memorandum of Agreement on Solid Waste, 2) Environmental Law Institute, Clean Water
Department of Defense and Environmental Protection Deskbook, 1988
Agency, 51 Fed. Reg. 8871 (March 14, 1986).
N tIn,, l W.41.,w 14c ,flln.
flRAFT FPfl 1
4.1
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Clean Water Act §401
State Water Quality Certification
States have authority under §401 to grant, condition, or
deny certification for any federally permitted or licensed
activity that may result in a discharge to the waters of the
United Slates. The state which has certifying authrity LS
the state where the discharge originates. States base their
decisions to grant or deny certification—using data sub-
nutted by an applicant and any other available informa-
tion—on whether the proposed activity will comply with
state- and EPA-enacted Clean Water Act §401(a)(1) re-
quirements, including: effluent limitations for conven-
tional and nonconventional pollutants, water quality stand-
ards, new source performance standards, and toxic pollut-
ants (sections 301, 302, 303, 306, and 308). Requirements
also include any state laws or regulations more stringent
than sections 301,302, 303, 306, and 308, or their federal
implementing regulations.
States adopt water quality standards pursuant to Section
303 of the Clean Water Act and have broad authority to
develop standards to protect waters’ use and value for
public watersupplies, fisband wildlife habitat, recreational
purposes, and other uses. Federal agencies are required to
incorporate §401 conditions into a federal permit or license
( 4O1(d)J. If states deny certification under §401, federal
permitting agencies are prohibited from issuing a permit
for the activity. If stales fail to act on certification within a
“reasonable time frame,” interpreted by the Corps as 60
days and by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
as one year, they waive their right to certification. State
water quality certification approval or denial is generally
included in a state’s comments to the Corps during the
permit review process under §404(a).
Other federal regulatory permit and license programs
that may involve a discharge into waters of the U.S. and
thus require §401 certification include Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission hydropower licenses, Nuclear
Regulatory Commission licenses, and others.
Contacts:
1) A Regional wetlands contact (see appendix
2)Army Corps Disthct Regulatory Branch Chief tsee
appendix B]
3) State Resource agency [ see appendix F]
Related TopIcs:
1) 404(b) (1) guidelines, p.31
2)404 program nverv e , p27.
Publications:
1) Environmental Protection Agency. Highlights of
Secfion 404. October 1989. (AvaIlable through the
3) Environmental Protection Agency. Wetlands and
Section 401 CertificatIon. 1989. (AvaIlable through
Hotline)
2) Army Corps of Engineers. Regulatory Programs of
the Corps of Engineers; Final Rule. 33 CFR Parts 320
the Hotilne)
4) k Water Quality Guidelines for States to Protect
Wetlands.
through 330. November, 1986.
Notes:
44
ORAFT REPORT
Nat onM W.tI*nda I4otIIn.
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Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899
The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 was the first broad-
based federal program regulating the nation’s waterways.
Initially it served a straightforward purpose: to protect and
maintain the navigable capacity of the nation’s waters.
Today, the Rivers and Harbors Act, administered by the
Army Corps of Engineers, and one of the major wetlands
protection laws.
Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act
The most frequently used section of the Act is Section
10(33 U.S.C 403) which covers construction, excavation,
or deposition of materials in navigable waters, or any work
which would affect the course, location, condition, or
capacity of those waters. Regulations (33 CFR Part 329)
have defined navigable waters generally as waters that are
tidal and/or are used for interstate commerce.
All structures or activities in navigable waters require a
Section 10 permit from the Corps. Activities requiring a
Section 10 permit include building structures (such as
piers, bulkhea , and U nsmi&sion lines), and dredging or
disposal of dredged material, or other modifications to the
navigable waters of the United States. Under the Fish and
Wildlife Coordination Act, the Corps is required to seek
advice from federal resource agencies, including the Fish
and Wildlife Service, in the process of considering a permit
application.
Overlap between Section 10 and the Clean
Water Acts Section 404
Section 10 and Section 404 of the Qean Vv ter Act do
overlap in some activities involving wetlands. Permits for
activities regulated under both Section 404 and Section 10
are processed simultaneously by the Corps.
Contacts:
1) Corps of Engineers District Office, see Appendix B.
Related Topics:
1) Army Corps of Engineers Overview, p.68
2) Clean Water Act Section 404 Overview, p. 27.
Publications:
1) US Army Coips of Engineers Regulator,’ PTogram.
Document No. EP 1145-2.1, May 1985. (Available
from the Hotline)
2) Want, William. Law of Wetlands Protectlon. New
York: Clark Boardman, 1990.
3) Rrvers and Harbors Act of 1899,33 USC 401 at seq.
4)ArmyCorpsofEnineersRatozyProgramFinal
Rule, 33 CFR Parts 320 through 330.
Histol7 Regulated Activities
Notes:
Natloiial Wett*nds M flIna
OPAFT REPORT
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Endangered Species Act
Overview
The Endangered Species Act requires federal agencies
to conserve endangered and threatened species, and strictly
prohibits any person from haxassing or harming any feder-
ally-listed rare species. The Fish and Wildlife Service
administers the program in cooperation with other federal
agencies. Currently there are almost 600 species listed by
the Service as endangered or threatened, and about 40 new
species are added to the list each ye&. In placing a species
on the list, the Service must carry out a detailed biological
study and develop a plan for recovery of the species.
Endangered Species in Wetland Areas
Although wetlands cover less than 5 percent of the
country’s lands, they provide habitat for about 45 percent
of the nation’s federally-listed endangered animal and
plant species. A few examples of wetland dependent en-
dangered species are the American crocodile, the Ever-
glade kite, the American wood stork, and the whooping
crane. The tremendous natural diversity in wetland areas
provide unique habitats for many of the country’s rarest
species of plants and 2n malL
Wetlands Protection and the Endangered
Species Act
Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act requires all
federal agencies to insure that their actions are not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered or
threatened species, or cause harm to their habitat Thus, any
proposed activities involving wetlands that are carried out,
funded, or regulated by a federal agency are subject to the
provisions of the Endangered Species Act. The Army
Corps of Engineers has a Regulatory Guidance Lefler
instructing Corps districts to stop processing a permit
application lithe proposedactivity violaresthe Endangered
Species Act. (RGL 88-12, “Regulatory Thesholds,” Sep-
tember 9, 1988)
Contacts:
1) Tom Muir, Fish and Wildlife Servtce, (202) 4) Army Corps of Engineers District, see Appendix B.
208-5543. BIU Niering, Connecticut College, ((203) 447-1911.
2) Rob Fischman, Environmental Law Institute (202) 7) Whooping Crane Conservation Association, see
939-3811. Appendix H.
3) Michael Bean, Environmental Defense Fund, (202)
387-3500.
Related Topics:
Fish and WIldlife Habitat, p.103 Values and Functions of Wellands, overview, p.101.
Fish and Wildlife Service, overview, p.72
Publications:
1) Endangered Species Act, 16 USC Sections Protection Under the Endangered Species Act, in
1531-1544. Conservation Biolorrv Vol. 2, No. 1 (March 1988):
2) Endangered Species Act Regulations, 50 CFR Pail 116-118.
402. 5) Rohlf,D. The Endangered Species ActAGuideto
3) Army Corps of Engineers. Regulator, Thresholds, Its Protections and Implementation. Stanford
a Regulatory Guidance Lefler No. 88-12 (September Environmental Law Society, 1989.
9,1988).
4) Sidle, John G., and David B. Bowman. Habitat
DRAFT REPORT
NMIon q1 W.tInnd I .4øtflne
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The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
NEPA Overview
Background of the Act
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was
signed into law on Januarj 1,1970. The Act establishes
national environmental policy and goals for the protection,
maintenance, and enhancement of the environment and
provides a process for implementing these goals within the
federal agencies. The Act also established the Council on
Environmental Quality (CEO), which oversees NU A
NEPA Requirements
The declaration of environmental policy, in flUe I of
NEPA, requires the federal government to use all practica-
ble meais to create and maintain conditions under which
people and nantre can exist in productive harmony. Sec-
tion 102 of the Act requires federal agencies to incorporate
into agency decision-making appropriate and careful con-
sideration of the environmental effects of proposed actions
and analyses of the potential environmental effects and
alternatives of the proposed actions.
Specifically, all federal agencies are to prepare detailed
statementa assessing the environmental impact of and al-
ternatives to majorfedera1 actions significantly affecting
the enwvnment” These statements are referred to as
environmental impact statements (EISs). Major federal
actions inclode a direct federal action, a federal grant, and
at times, the issuance of a federal permit.
Implementation
CEO has promulgated regulations [ 40C.F.R Parts 1500-
1508] implementing NB’Awhichare binding onall federal
agencies. Most federal agencies, including EPA and the
Army Corps of Engineers, have promulgated their own
NEPA regulations which are tailored for the specific mis-
sion and activities of the agency.
Contacts:
1) EPA Office of Federal Acthdtles, Shannon Cunniff
(202) 382-7072
2) Army Corps Headquarters, Zeli Steever, (202)
272-1780
Related Topics:
1) NEPA Process, p.48
3) EPA’s “309’ Review Process, p.50
2) NEPA: Applicability to Wetlands, p.49
Publications
1) U.S. EPA, Facts About The Nationei Environmentai
3) CEO, Regulations For Implementing the
Po/IcyAcZ September, 1989. (Available from the EPA
Office of Federal Activities).
Procedural Provisions of the National Environmental
PollcyAct Reprint of 40 C.F.R. Parts 1500-1508.
2) CEO, Forty Most Asked Questions Concerning
CEQ National Environmental Policy Act, 46 FR
4) Envtronmental Law Institute, NEPA Deskbook,
1987.
18026 (1981).
Notes:
47
Natfr ,n ,uI W&f nrf I4ntf In.
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The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
The NEPA Process
NEPA requires federal agencies to evaluate the environ-
mental effects of agency actions, including alternatives to
those actions. NEPA requirements apply to most federal
regulatory activities, including permitting wider section
404 of the Cean 1 ter Act
Except for projects that are categorically excluded, fed-
eral agencies must prepare an environmental assessment
(EA) and/or an environmental impact statement (EIS).
Federal agencies are required to prepare environmental
impact statements on major federal activities that may
significantly affect the environment. Federal agenciespre-
pare environmental assessments to determine if a full EIS
is necessary, and are generally prepared for projects with
minimal impacts. In both the EA and the EIS reviews, the
agency must consider both the direct and the indirect
environmental effects of the agency action. Some federal
activities, however, may fail under a categorical exduslon
from NEPA requirements.
Categorical Exclusions
A federal agency activity may be categorically excluded
from a detailed environmental analysis if it meets certain
criteria for having no “significant” environmental impact
Anumberof agencies have developed lists of actions which
are normally excluded from environmental analysis under
NEPA.
Environmental AssessmentlFinding of No
Significant Impact
Federal agencies prepare environmental assessments to
determine whether or not a federal activity would signifi-
candy affect the environment. The EA process is describe
in section 1508.9 of CEO’s NEPAregulations.
Generally, an environmental assessment includes brief
discussions of the following:
The need for the proposed activity
• Alternatives so the proposed activity (when there Is an
unresolved conflict concerning alternative uses of avail-
able resources);
• The environmental impacts of the proposed action and
alternatives; and
• A listing of agencies and persons consulted.
Once the EA is complete, the agency may issue a finding
of no significant impact (FONS [ ). The FONSI may ad-
dress measures which an agency will lake to reduce poten-
tially significant impacts.
If the EA determines that the environmental conse-
quences of the proposed activity may be significant, the
agency will prepare an environmental impact statement
(EIS).
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
An US is a much more detailed evaluation of the pro-
posed activity and its alternatives. The public, other fed-
eral agencies, and outside parties may provide input into
the preparation of an US and then comment on the draft.
An US, which is described in section 1502 of CEO’s
NEPA regulations, should include discussions of:
• The purpose and need for the action;
Alternatives;
The affected environment;
The environmental consequences of the proposed ac-
tion and
• Lists of preparers, agencies, and organizations and
persons to whom the statement is sent.
After a final US is prepared, the federal agency must
prepare a public record of its decision addressing how the
ES, including consideration of the alternatives, were in-
corporated into the decision-making process.
Contacts:
1) EPA Office of Federal Activities, Shannon Cunniff
(202) 382-7072
2) Army Corps Headquarters, Zell Steever (202)
272-1780
Related Topics:
1) NEPA Overview, p.47
3) EPA ’s 309 Review Process, p.50
2) NEPA: Applicability to Wetlands, p.49
Publications
1) U.S. EPA, Facts About The National Enwronment8i
PolicyAct, September, 1989. (Available from the EPA
Office of Federal Activities.)
2) CEO, Forty Most Asked Queslions Concerning
CEO’s National Environmental Policy Act, 46 FR
18026(1981).
3) C EQ, Regulations For Implementing the
Procedural Provisions of the National Environmental
Policy Act, Repnrit of 40 C.F.R. Parts 1500-1508.
P ,l ftnr, I W.tI nd HntIIn*
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The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
NEPA: Applicabillty to Wetlands
When issuing permits under §404 of the Qean Water
Act, the Army Corps of Engineers must incorporate NEPA
requirements in the permitting procedure. The Corps has
its own set of regulations that incorporate NU’A proce-
dures for Corps programs.
When Does a §404 Permit Require an
environmental assessment?
An environmental assessment is prepared by the Corps
for most §404 permit applications. The Corps Disirict
Commander is then responsible for deciding whether an
environmental impact statement (ELS) is necessaly. If an
ElSisnotnecessaty, theCorpswillpreparcafindingofr
significant impact (FO SI).
When Does a §404 Permit Require an
environmental impact statement?
A §404 permit application will require an environmental
impact statement (EIS) if the Corps determines that the
proposed activity is likely to have a significant environ-
mental impact, as defined by I’JEPA. In practice, the Corps
requires an ETS for a small percentage of §404 permit
applications. If an US is required, the Corps may have the
applicant pay for the US studies. A notice of intent to
prepare an US is always published in the FederaiRegisrer.
Applicability to Nationwide Permits
The Army Corps of Engineers prepares environmental
assessments formostpermitapplications under §404of the
aean Water Act. However, individual environmental as-
sessments are not prepared on a site-specific basis for
activities in wetlands that are authorized by a nationwide
general permit. Instead, the Corps prepares one, overall
environmental assessment at the time the nationwide per-
mits are issued in the Federal Regista-.
Contacts:
1) A Office of Federal Activities, Shannon Cunniff, 3) A Regional Wetlands Contact (see appendix A)
(202) 382-7072
2) Army Corps Dithict Office (see appendix B)
Related Topics:
1) NEPA Overview, p.47 3) EPA’s 309 Review Process, p.50
2) The NEPA Process, p.48 4) CWA §404: Nationwide Permits, p.39
PubllcaUons
1) U.S. EPA, FacfsAbogThe National Envimnmentsi 4) Army Corps of Engineers NEPA Regulations, 33
PolicyAct, September, 1989. (Available from the EPA CF.R. Pait 230.53 Fed. Reg. 3127 (Feb. 3. 1988).
Office of Federal Activities.) 5) Army Corps of Engineers, Regulatory Guidance
2) CEO, Forty Most Asked Questions Concerning Letter, No. 87-5, Environrriental Impact Statement
CEO’S National Environmental Policy Act, 46 FR (EIS) Costs that Can Be Paid by the Applicanr (May
18026(1981). 28, 1987).
3) CEO. Regulations For Implementing the 6) WilliarnL Want, Lawof Wetlands Regulation, Clark
Procedural Provisions of the National Environmental Eoardman Company, 1990, §5.03 [ 5].
PolicyAct, Repnnt of 40 C.P.A. Parts 1500-1508.
AFT RPPflRT
N t4m,*I WatI*n a I4ntUnm
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The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
EPA ’s Role: “309” Review
Section 309 of the Qean Air Act requires EPA to review,
comment on, and make those comments available to the
public on all federal draft and fimi environmental regula-
lions and other proposed major actions EPA coi iders to
have significant environmental effects. EPA’s “309” ic-
view procedures are contained in the manual, Policies and
Procedwes for the Rei iew of FederalAcuvuies Impa c ting
the Environment (1984). The EPA Office of Federal Ac-
tiviüeshasbeendesignated the officialrecipientof all EISs
prepared by federal agencies.
Notes:
Contacts:
1) A Office of Federal Activities, Shannon Cunniff
(202) 382.7072
Related Topics:
1) NEPA Overview, p.47
2) The NEPA Process, p.48
3) NEPA Applicability to Wetlands, p.49
References/Publications
1) U.S. EPA, Facts About The National Environmental
PolicyAct, September, 1989. (Available from the B’A
Office of Federal Activities.)
2) CEO, Foity Most Asked Questions Concem,ng
CEO’s National Environmental Policy Act, 46 FR
18026 (1981).
3) EPA, Policies and Procedures for the Flewew ol
Federal Activities Impacting the Environment, 1984.
Na$lnnssl W. ,H ,wf* 14011n.
T T FDA T
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The Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
The Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act [ 16 U.S.C
§662] requires the Army Corps of Engineers to consult
With and give s ong consideration to the views of the US.
Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), the National Marine
Fisheries Service (NMFS), and state wildlife agencies
regarding the fish and wildlife impacts of projects in
aquatic areas.
Pursuant to the Act, the Corps have entered into a
memorandum of understanding with the FV.’S and the
NMFS that enables the agencies to collaborate during the
§404 permit review process. During the Corps’ CWA
§404 permit review process, the FWS or NMFS may
recommend denial of an application, the incorporation of
additional permit conditions to minimize adverse effects,
or mitigation actions.
Contacts:
1) Army Corps Headquarters, ZeH Stever, (202) 3) U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Tom Muir, (703)
272-1780 358-2161
2) National Marine Fisheries Service, Jon Hall (301)
427-2325 or Jim Chambers (301) 427-2319
Ro3atod Topics:
1) CWA §404 Pemüt Application Process, p. 29. 3) U.S. Fish and Wildide Service, p.72
2) National Marine Fisheries Service 1 p.70
Publications
1) Environmental Protection Agency, Highlights of 320-330. November1986.
Section 404. October 1989. 3) William Want, Law of Wetlands Regulation, Clark
2) Axniy Corps of Engineers, Regulatory Programs of Boardman Company, Ud., 1990.
the Crxps of Engineers; Final Rule. 33 CFR Parts
Notes:
ci
nRaFr PFPflPT
Nat1nn I WMiarw4 knHlnm
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Executive Order 11990: Protection of Wetlands
Purpose
Signed on May 24, 1977, by Preddent Jimmy Carter,
Executive Order 11990 establishes wetlands protection as
the official policy of all federal agencies. The purpose of
the Order is ...to avoid to the extent possible the long and
short term adverse impacts associated with the desfl nction
or modification of wetlaixls and to avoid direct or indirect
support of new conswuction in wetlands wherever there
a practicable alternative..?
Applicability to Federal Agencies
Each federal agency is ordered to provide leadeiship and
take action to protect wetlands in carrying out the agency’s
reponsibilities for 1) acquiring, managing and disposing of
federal lands and facilities; 2) providing federally sup-
ported construction and improvements; and 3) conducting
land and water resources plarming; regulating; and Jicens-
ing activities.
The Order does not apply to federal agency- sucd per-
nuts or licc i es for activities involving wetlands on non-
federal property.
Requirements
Federal agencies must avoid undertaking or supporting
new construction located in wetlands unless the head of the
agency finds:
1) that there is no practicable alternative, and
2) that the proposed action includes all practicable mess-
ures o minimi7 harm to wetlands.
In addition federal agencies must provide opportunities
for early public review of any p1ax or proposals for new
consmiction in wetlands, including those projects not sig-
nificant ei ugh to require an environmental impact state-
ment under Section 102(2) of the National Environmental
Policy Act.
Notes:
Contacts:
1) B’A Headquarters, Office of Wetlands Protection,
Dianne Fish (202) 382-7071
Related Topics:
1) Executive Order 11988. Floodplain Manageme ’rt,
p.53.
2) CWA 4O4(b)(1) On Practicable Alternatives, p31.
P ubflcations
1) Executive Order 11990, Pro eclion of Wetlands, 3
CF.R. 121(1978); esarnended byExec. Order 12608,
52 Fed. Reg. 34617 (Sept. 14, 1987)
2) Jon A. Kusler, Our Naional Wetland Heritage: A
Prdtectlon Guidebook, 1983, p.55
flRAP1 FPflRT
N fl w I Wmttanel* In*
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Executive Order 11988: Floodplain Management
On May 24, 1977, President Jimmy Carter signed Ex-
ecutive Order 11988, Floodplain Manageinent, which re-
quires all federal agencies to avoid impacts on floodplains
and to refrain from direct or indirect support of floodplain
development whenever there LS a practicable alternative.
The Order also calls for increased federal protection of
wetlands, because wetlands are an integral part of the
nation’s floodplain system.
Requirements
Each federal agency must provide leadership and lake
action to reduce the risk of flood loss; to minimi the
impact of floods on human safety, health and welfare; and
to restore and preserve the natural and beneficial values
served by tloodplains through agency activities such as
planning, regulating, and licensing.
Floodplain Considerations In the CWA §404
Permitting Process
In its permitting regulations, the Army Corps of Engi-
n rs recognizes that “Floodplains possess significant
naturai values and carry out numerous functions important
to the public inrerest In accordance with Executive Order
11988, district engineers must consider floodplain impacts
as part of tbeir public interest review of §404 permit
applications. Specifically, in their review process, district
engineers must try to:
1) Avoid long andsla rt term significant adverse impacts
associated with projects that occupy and/or modify flood-
plains; and
2) Avoid authorizing floodplain developments whenever
practicable alternatives exist outside the floodplain.
Contacts:
1) 6 A Headquarters, Office of Wetlands Protection,
Dianne Fish (202) 382-7071
2) Association of State Floodplain Managers,
Rebecca Hughes (301) 974-3825
Related Topics;
1) Values and Functions: Flood Con ol, p.104
2) CWA §404: Public Interest Review, p.30
3) Executive Order 11990 Wetlands Protection, p.52
Publications
1) Executive Order 11988: Flood Plain Management
3 C.F.R. 117(1978); as amended by Executive Order
12148, 3 C.F.R. 412 (1980).
2) Azrny Corps of Engineers, Regulatory Programs of
the Corps of Engineers; F7na! Rule, 51 Fed. Reg. 219
(Nw. 13, 1986), codified at 33 C.F.R. Parts 320
through 330.
3) Butler, David (ed.), Floodplain Harmony,
Association of State Floodplain Managers, 1989.
4) Association of State Floodplain Managers,
Partnerships: Effective Rood Hazard Management,
Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop, 1989.
Notes:
Pla$k ,nai W. ,$ta,wI* Mc ln*
flRAFT FDflR1 ’
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The Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA)
Program Background
The federal Coastal Zone Management Act [ 16 U.S.C.
§ 1451 et. seq.] seeks to promote natural resources manage-
ment in our nation’s coastal areas. The purpose of the Act
is to preserve, protect, develop, and restore the natural
resources of the coastal zone, including wetlands. The Act
is administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Re-
sources Management in the Department of Commerce,
which provides grants and technical assistance to any
coastal state for the development of a coastal management
program (CMP) for the state. As of 1988, 29 state and
territorial coastal progran bad been approved by the
Secretary of Commerce.
Protection of Wetlands in the CMP
A major goal of coastal management is to preserve
important estuarine and wetland areas by acqwring or
dedicating land, or to protect them by minimizing adverse
impacts from other coastal activities.
The CZMA directs that coastal wetlands protection be
part of the state’s CMP. The Act states that coastal zone
“programs should at least provide for (A) the protection of
natural resources, including wetlands, floodplains, estuar-
ies...within the coastal zone, and (B) the management of
coastal development to minimize...the destruction of natu-
ral protective features such as beaches, dunes, wetlands
and barrier islandS.w [ 16 U.S.C. §1452(2XA),(B)]
§404 Permits Must Be Consistent with State
CMP
Where a state has an approved coastal zone man gcment
program, the C71s4A requires federal permit applicants to
conduct activities in the state’s coastal zone to furnish a
certification that the proposed activity will be consistent.
The Army Corps of Engineers regulations provide that the
disirictengineershall not issue a permit if the state fails to
issue the certification. The only exceptions are if the
Secretary of Commerce determines that the proposed ac-
tivity is consistent with the purpose of the CZMA or is
necessaiy for national security. The state has six months
to act on a certification request. Failure to act during that
time will be deemed as approval of the permit issuance.
Related Topics:
1) CWA §404(b) (1) Guidelines, p. 3 1
2) C IA 1990 Reauthorization, p.55.
Publications
1) NOM, Office of Coastal Resource Management,
Coastal Zone Information Cent&, C l Information
E thange, January, 1991 Edition (contains
summaries of recent legislation concerning coastal
resources, summanes of state programs, and state
lead agency contacts.)
2) NOAA, Office of Coastal Resource Management,
Coastal Management: Solution’s to Our Nation’s
Coastal Problems, 1988. 6lpp.
3) NOAA, NO,4A Estuarlne and Coastal Ocean
Activities: 1988 Mnuai report to the Under Secrefar)
August 1989. 96pp.
4) EPA, Office of Water, Coastal Water Programs
Handbook, date?
5) Can Our Coasts Suivive More Growth? B’A
Journal, Vol. 15(5).
Notes:
Contacts:
1) National Marine Fisheries Service, Department of
Commerce, Jon Hail (301) 427-2325 orJim Chambers
(301) 427.2319
2) Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource
Management, National Oceai,ic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA4, Department of Commerce,
Ann Burger (202) 673-5134 or Suzanne Bolton (202)
673-3959.
3) Assosiation of State Wetland Managers, Jon Kusler
(518) 872-1804
4) Coastal States Organization, Kerry Kehoe or Gary
Magnuson (202) 628-9636
1*tfr nai WMI ri 4 I.k 1Ir..
flRAFT RFPO T
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The Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA)
1990 Reauthorization Act
The Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 was
reauthorized as pan of the Omnibtn Budget Reconcili-
ation Act of 1990. The 1990 Act reauthorizes the ( MA
through 1995, and continues the 4A grams program
to help coastal states guide shoreline development and
protect coastal natural resources. The Act makes avail-
able $200,000 grants to encourage the six states and
territories without coastal zone m n gement progran to
develop them.
Importantly, the Act makes offshore oil and gas leasing
and other federal agency activities in the coastal zone
subject to the CZMA prov ions and coasistency require-
Notes:
ments, overturning the U.S. Supreme Couit’s 1984 deci-
sion in Secretary of the Interior v. California.
The Act also requires each state with a coastal zone
management program to develop a coastal water quality
protection program to address nonpoint source pollution
of coastal waters, and encourages each coastal state to
improve coastal wetlands protection, natural hazards
m n igemen1, public beach access, reduction of marine
debris, assessments of coastal growth and development,
and environmentally sound siting of coastal energy facili-
ties.
Contacts:
1) National Marine Fisheries Service, Department of
Ann Burger (202)673-5134 or Suzanne Bolton, (202)
Commerce, Jon Hall (301) 427-2325orJimChambers
673-3959.
(301) 427.2319
3) Association of State Wetland Managers, Jon Kusler
2) Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource
(518)872-1804
Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
4) Coastal States Organization, Keny Kehoe or Gary
Administration (NOA4 . Department of Commerce,
Magnuson (202) 628-9636
Related Topics:
1) CWA §404(b)(1) Guidelines, p.31
2) CZMA overvi , p.54
References/Publications
1) NOA.A, Office of Coastal Resource Management,
3) NOAA, NOAA Estuarine and Coastal Ocean
Coastal Zone Information Center, CZM Information
Acth4iles: 1988 Mnual report to the Under Secretary,
E,cchange, January, 1991 Edition (contains
Augustl989.96pp.
summaries of recent legislation concerning coastal
4) EPA. Office of Water, Coastal Water Programs
resources, summaries of state programs, and state
Handbook, date?
lead agency contacts.)
4) ‘Can Our Coasts Survive More Growth?’
2) NOAA, Office of Coastal Resource Management,
Journal. Vol. 15(5).
Coastal Management: Solution’s to Our Nation’s
5) Sarah Chasis, ‘A Second Chance forthe C vi Act,’
Coastal Problems, 1988. 6lpp.
V0L12(4).
flPAFV PFPOPT
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The Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
Overview
Congress passed the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act in 1968
to help protect free-flowing undeveloped rivers with out-
standingly remarkable values from adverse impacts, espe-
cially from the impacts of water resource projects. The
National Wild and Scenic Rivers System provides federal
protection for certain free-flowing rivers and river seg-
ments. lb be eligible for inclusion in the national system,
the river or river segment must possess one or more of the
following outstandingly remarkable values”: scenic, rec-
reational, geologic, fish and wildlife, historic, cultural, or
other similar values.
Status of the Wild and Scenic System
As of January 1990, 120 rivers or river segments have
been included in the National Wild and Scenic River Sys-
tem. The system covers a total of 9,280 miles of rivers aixi
river segments.
Wetlands Protection
Many important wetlands are located along and within
U.S. rivers and stream corridors. Wetlands, within the
corridors of designated National Wild and Scenic Rivers,
receive special federal protection under §7 of the National
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
Other areas on the §5(d) list of rivers under study for
designation or on the Nationwide Rivers Inventory also
receive protection from federally funded, licensed or initi-
aled projects through administrative guidelines and Presi-
dential Executive Orders.
The Federal Agency Role
National Wild and Scenic rivers designated by an act of
Congress are administered by one of the following agen-
cies:
• US. Forest Service (U.S. Deparunem of Agnculture)
• National Park Service (US. Deparunent of the Inte-
nor)
• Bureau of Land Management (U.S. Deparunent of the
Interior)
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (U.S. Deparunentoftiie
Interior)
It LS the responsibility of these federal agencies to assure
that the values for which the river was designated are
protected and made available for the public to enjoy. Some
examples of this federal role are to:
— develop a river management plan, in consultation
with State and local agencies and private interests;
— manage the federally owned lands in the river corri-
dor,
— control recreational use on the river if necessary to
maintain river qualities; and
— participate in legal proceedings or Congressional
actions which pertain to activities and uses of the river
corridor.
Contacts:
1) National Park Service Headquarters , John
Haubert, (202) 343-3884 (for questions on
CongressionaJ designated rivers and study rivers)
2) National Park Service Headquarters (for questions
on the Nationwide Rivers Inventory), Bern Collins
(202) 343-3884.
3) American Rivers, Inc. (private organization), Suzi
Wilkins or Kevin Coyle (202) 547-6900
Related Topics:
1) DesIgnating Wild and Scenic Rivers, p.57
2) State and local river conservation assistance, p.58
Publications
1) Questions and Answers on the IliVd and Scenic
Rivers Program, Prepared by the U.S. Forest Service
and National Park Service, May 1989.
2) River Mileage Classifications for Components of
the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System,
Prepared by the National Park Service, Division of
Park Planning and Protection, January 1990.
(Contains list of rivers and river segments in the
national system.)
3) Department of the Interior and Department of
Agriculture, National Wild and Scenic pjt 5 j;
Final Re 4sed Guidelines for Eligibility, Classification
and Management of River Areas, 47 Fed. Reg. 39454
(Sept. 7,1982).
4) WandS icRW A f1g59(pubL9rJ..542;
as amended: 16 U.S.C. 1271, et seq.
De tm of the Interior and National, ‘ ,g,
ton state River Conservation Programs, 1990 River
C r €va t, Directa ’,. (Contains listings of federal
agencies, regional offices, as well state offices,
assodations, and private organizations].
6) Conservation Foundation, A Citizen’s Guide to
River Conservation.
t ’JMlx ,nal W.Ifanda H lI,i*
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The Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
Designating Wild and Scenic Rivers
Both the federal and state governments can initiate ac-
tion to add rivers and river corridors to the Wild and Scenic
Rivers System.
Federally-Initiated Action
Congress can amend §5(a) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers
Act to authorize the Secretary of the Interior and/or the
Secretary of Agriculture to study a river as a potential
addition to the system. When the study is completed, the
appropriate Secretary reports to the President on the suit-
ability or ron-suitability of that river for addition to the
System and recommends nian2gement strategies. The
President then reports to Congress on his recommendations
and proposals. If the recommendations are affirmative and
the proposals acceptable to Congress, then the Act
amended to officially add the river to the System.
State-Initiated Action
Section 2(aXii) of the Act allows a river to be designated
as Wild and Scenic through a state initiative, with the
approval of the Secretary of the Interior. The river mint be
designated as wild, scenic or recreational pursuant to an act
of the state legislature The state would then adopt a
management plan to permanently protect the scenic and
recreational qualities of the river and adjoining lands,
including wetlands, and provide for public inc and enjoy-
ment. The Governor of the state may submit the man2ge-
rnent plan to the Secretary of the Interior with a request to
add the river to the national system. After evaluating the
m gement plan, coordinating with federal agencies and
assessing the environmental impact of the proposed addi-
tion, the Secretary can add the river to the National System
by publishing notice in the Federal Register
Classification Scheme
The Act establishes three classifications for rivers or
river segments for incision in the system. A designated
river may contain one or all of these classifications:
1. . Rivers that are free of impoundments and gen-
erally inaccessible except by with watersheds or
shorelines essentially primitive and waters unpolluted.
These represent the vestiges of primitive America. Most
of these wild and scenic rivers are located on public lands.
2. Scenic . Rivers that are free of impoundments, with
shorelines or watersheds still largely undeveloped but ac-
cessible in places by roads.
3. Recreational . Rivers that are readily accessible by
road or railroad, that may have some development along
their shorelines, and that may have undergone some im-
poundrnent or diversion in the past.
Contacts:
1) Nationai Park Service Headquarters, John Haubert,
(202) 343-3884 (for questions on Congressionally
designated rivers and study rivers)
2) National Park Service Headquarters, Bern Collins
(202) 343-3884 (for questions on the Nationwide
Rivers Inventory)
3) American Rivers, Inc. (private organization), Suzi
Wilkins or Kevin Coyle (202) 547-6900
Related Topics:
1) Wild and Scenic Rivers Act Overview, p.56
2) State and locai river conservation assistance, p.58
3) Wetlands Values and Functions: Aesthetic and
Recreational, p.107
4) Wetlands Values and Functions: Water Quality
Improvements, p110.
Publications
1) Questions andAnswers onthe Vw7ldand Scenic
Rivers Program, Prepared by the Forest Service and
National Park Service, May 1989.
2) River Mileage Classificebons for Components of
the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System,
Prepared by the National Park Service, Division of
Park Planning and Protection, January 1990.
(Contains list of rivers and river segments in the
national system.)
3) Department of the Interior and Department of
Agriculture, National Wild and Scenic Rwers System;
Final Revised Guidelines for Eligibffltj Classification
and Management of RiverAreas, 47 Fed. Reg. 39454
(Sept. 7, 1982).
4) WildandScenlcRiversActOf 1968 (Pub. L 90-542;
as amended: 16 U.S.C. 1271, eL seq.
5) Department of the Interior and National Association
for State River Conservation Programs, 199’) River
Conservation Direct y. (Contains listings of federal
agencies, regional offices, as well state offices,
associations, and pnvate organizations.)
6) Conservation Foundation, A Citizen s Guide to
River Conservation.
WaHn,i*I WMI nd* HnHIn.
riPAPI’ FPfl T
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The Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
State and Local Conservation Assistance Program
The National Park Service has developed a State and
Local Conservation Assistance Program, authorized under
§11 of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act. The
program is designed to:
— Assist state and local governments, federal agencies,
private groups and landowners in the development of flyer
conservation and management plans;
— Encourage river conservation through local actions
while maintaining private ownership of riparian lands; and
— Foster beneficial nses of rivers and their adjacent
lands by promoting comprehensive decision-making.
River conservation projects are undertaken at the request
of a government agency, a private non-profit organization,
or a member of Congress. Projects range in scale from
statewide river assessments to plans for a single stteam or
urban wnterfront Additional activities include a variety of
river conservation workshops, consultations, Wild and
Scenic River designations, Congressional river studies,
and Nationwide Rivers Inventory amendments and envi-
ronmental reviews.
Contacts:
1) National Park S
ervice H
eadquarters
Chris Brown Appendix to be
(202) 343-3780
,
added)
2) National Park
Service
Regional
Offices
(see
Related Topics:
1) Wild and Scenic Rivers Act: Overview, p.56
2) Designating Wild and Scenic Rivers, p.57
3) Wetlands Iues and Functions: Aesthetic and
Recreational, p.107
4)
Wetlands
Values and Functions: Water Quality
Publications
1) National Park Service, State and Local River
Consen ’ation Assistance Program, date? (brochure)
2) River Protection Through the National 147 1d and
Scena RWers Act, date? (paper prepared by the
National Park Service)
3) Small Town and Rural Planning Newsletter,
Aniencan Planning Association, Vol. 6, 1986 (This
special issue on “River Conservation” provides
projects; available from the APA, see appendix H).
5) Department of the Interior and National Association
for State River Conservation Programs, 19 Rwer
Conserv’ation Director,’. (Contains listings of federal
agencies, regional offices, as well state offices,
assodations, arid private organizations.)
6) Conservation Foundation, A Citizen’s Guide to
Rii wConse,vailon.
several case studies of local nver conservation
Notes:
fl AFr PFPOPT
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Swampbuster
Program Overview
The swampbuster prov ions of the 1985 and 1990 Farm
Bills deny crop subsidy payments arK! other agricultural
benefits to farm operators who convert wetlands to crop-
landafterDecember23, 1985—thedatethatthe l98SFarm
Bill was signed into law. The Soil Conservation Service ts
the agency responsible for determining compliance with
swampbuster provisions, aix! for determining the status of
wetlands on agricultural lands. The SCS classifies agncul-
tural wetlands according to the Food SxurityAc: ManuaL
Changes in the 1990 Farm Bill
When the 1990 reauthorization and amendment of the
1985 Food Security Act was signed into law on November
28, 1990, as the Foo4 Agricuin Conservation, and
TradeAct of 1990, significant changes to the swampbuster
provisions in the 1985 bill were adopted. Under the new
Act, violations of swampbuster will be triggered by the act
of conversion, as opposed to the act of planting a commod-
ity crop in a converted area. A refined penalty structure in
the new Act provides for fines ranging from $750 to
$10,000, rather than total forfeiture of benefits. The new
bill provides for good faith exemptions where swamp-
buster violators can demonstrate that they acted in good
faith, had not violated Swainpbuster more than once in the
past 10 years, and have restored the convened wetland in
accordance with a federally approved restoration plan. In
addition, fanners who inadvertently drain a wetland once
during a five-year period could avoid any penalty for a
single minor violation, while second-time violators during
this time period could besubjectto fines ranging from $500
to $5,000. Producers are also exempt from loss of program
benefits due to converting a wetland if such conversion has
a minirn2l effect on wetland value, or if it is a farmed
wetland and its conversion is mitigated through restoration
of another previously converted wetland.
Regulations
The US. Departmentof Agriculture began drafting regu-
lations to implement the provisions of the 1990 Farm Bill
in January, 1991. The final regulations will be published in
the FederalRegirter and are projected to be completed by
the end of 1991.
Contacts:
1) Soil Conservation Service district or state office (see
appendix D] for site-specific questions,
2) Uoyd Wright, scs headquarters; (202) 382-1 853, for
policy questions.
3) House Document Room. (see appendix EJ.for a copy
of the 1990 Farm Bill.
4) Sandy Nelson, Agriculture Stabilization and
Conservation SeMce (ASCS); (202) 447-7873.
Related Topics:
1) Clean Water Act §404(t), p.35
2) Wetland Reserve, p.77
3) ConservatIon Reserve Program, p.76
Publications:
1) S. 2830. Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade
Act of 1990. Public Law No. 101-624.
2) Soil and Water Conservation Soaety. Implementing
the Conservation hUe of the Food SecurityAct. Ankeoy,
IA: SWCS, 1990.
3) Steve Meyer. “Redressing Swarnpbuster,” NaJfonaJ
Wetlands Newslettet Vol. 13, No.1.
4) Steve Moyer. A Narrow Escape,” National Wetlands
Newsletter, Vol. 13, No. 1. p.5.
5) Jim McElflsh and Ken Adler. Swampbuster
Implementation: Missed Opportunities for Wetlands
Protection.” Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,
Vol.45, no.3. (1990).
6) Soil Conservation Service. Food Security Act
Manual. 1988.
Notes:
N tfonaI Wetland . Hôtfln.
ORAF REPORT
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Army Corps of Engineers
Regulatory Guidance Letters :1989 RGLS
Regulatory Guidance Letters, issued by the Office of
the Chief of Engineers, provide guidance to the Corps
Disthct and Division Offices on important policy issues
relating to permitting progran , including Section 404 of
the CWA. RGLS are not regulations; they are med only
as a means of interpreting or clan fying current regulations
orpolicy.
RGLs are numbered sequentially and effective until
December 31 of the second year after they are issued.
Unless superseded by subequently issued regulations,
Corps offices generally continue to follow RGLs after
they officially expire. RGLs serve to fill gaps between
infrequent revisions of Corps regulations; the guidance
contained in RGLs is often put into Corps regulations
when revised. Beginning in 1991, all RGLs will be
published in the Notice Section of the Federal Register.
The following list contaii all of the RGLs issued in
1989 and 1990. ‘lb obtain a copy of a RGL, and for
assistance in interpreting the guidance, contact the Corps
offices listed below.
RGL 89-01: General Permit Notifications
Establishes time limit for Corps review of activities to
determine if they qualify for a general permit or require
anindividualperinit.
RGL 89-02 (Extends RGL 85-07):
Superfund Projects
Concerns the applicability of Corps permits to response
actions taken by EPA under the Comprehensive Environ-
mental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CER.
CIA).
RGL 89-03: Activities Within Superfund
Sites
Concerns applications for peimits to undertake activi-
ties at Superfund sites designated under CERCLA.
RGL 89-04: Consideration of Public
Comments: Mandatory Public Notice
Language
Provides language for public notices issued by the
Corps for all indiviual permit applications.
Contacts:
1) Army Corps Headquarters, Zell Steever, (202)
272-1780 (for policy questions)
3) Corps District Offices (See Appendix B) (for
Notes:
site-specific questions)
Related Topics:
1) CWA §404 Nationwide Permits, p.39
6) EPNCorps Definitions of Wetlands,
2) Permit Application Process, p.29
p.87
7)1990 RGLS,
3) A §401 Water Quality Ceitificatlon, p.44
8) NCorps Memorandum of Agreements,
4) CWA 4O4ReguiatedActivjtjes, p28
5) Federal and State Wetlands Definitions, p.86
Publications
1) Army Corps of Engineers, Regu!ato,y Guidance
Letters Issued by the Corps of Engineers; Notice, 56
the Corps of Engineers; Final Rule, 51 Fed. Reg.
41206 (Nov. 13, 1986); codified at 33 C.F.R. Pasts
Fed. Reg. 2408 (Jan. 22, 1991)
2) Army Corps of Engineers, Regulator, Program of
320-330.
PJatfrw ,aI W.f1antI I4nflIn.
flRAFT FDflPY
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Army Corps of Engineers
Regulatory Guidance Letters: 1990 RGLs
Clarifies “other water quality aspects” (33 C.F.R.
320.4(d)) that must be considered by the District Engi-
neer, establishes procedures for when Adisagrees with
state water quality certification.
RGL 90.05: Landclearing Activities Subject
to §404 Jurisdiction
In light of AvoyelZes Sportsmen’s Leagzse , Inc. v.
Marsh, the RGL states that “landclearing activities using
mechanized equipment such as backhoes or bulldozers
with sheer blades, rakes, or discs constitute point source
discharges and are subject to §404 jurisdiction when they
take place in wetlands which are waters of the United
States.”
90-06: Expiration Dates for Wetlands with
Jurisdictional Delineations
Provides guidance for establishing time limits on offi-
cial determinations of wetlands jurisdiction.
90-07: Clarification of the Phrase “Normal
Circumstances” as it Pertains to Cropped
Wetlands
Clarifies concept of “normal circumstances” as cur-
rently used in the Corps definition of wetlands (33 C.F.R.
328.3(b)), with respect to cropped wetlands. Excludes
“prior converted cropland” from §404 jurisdiction.
RGL 90-08: Applicability of §404 to Pilings
aarifies that placement of pilings in waters of the U.S.
will require authoriiation under §404 when such place-
ment is used in maimer essentially equivalent to a dis-
charge of fill material in physical effect, or functional use
and effect (gives examples).
RGL 90-09: Wetlands Enforcement Initiative
Introduces H’A/Corps memorandum on establishing a
wetlands enforcement initiative (the memorandum pro..
vides guidance on judicial civil and criminal enforcement
priorities).
RGL 90-01: Nationwide Permit Verification
Provides standard language to be used in letters of
verification on nationwide permits until they are reissued,
modified, revoked, or expire.
RGL 90-02: Permits for Structures or Fills
Which Affect Territorial Seas
RGL 90-03 (Extension of RGL 87-8):
Testing Requirements for Dredged Material
Evaluation
RGL 90-04: Water Quality Considerations
Notes:
Contacts:
1) Army Corps Headquarters,
Zell
Steever,
(202) site-specific questions)
272-1780 (for policy questions)
2) Corps District Offices (See Appendix B) (for
Re’ated Topics:
1) CWA §404 Nationwide Permits, p.39
6) EPNCorps Definitions of Wetlands,
2) Permit Application Process, p.29
3) A §401 Water Quality CertificatIon, p.44
p. 8 7
7)1989 RGLS , p.87
8) NCorps Memorandum of Agreements, p.62.
4) CWA §404 Regulated ActIvities, p.28
5) Federal and State Wetlands Definitions, p.86
Publications
1) Army Corps of Engineers, Regulator, Guidance
Letters Issued by the Corps of Engineers; Notice, 56
Fed. Peg. 2408 (Jan. 22, 1991)
2) Army Corps of Engineers, Regulator, Pmgram of
the Corps of
41206 (Nov.
320.330.
Engineers; Final Rule, 51 Fed.
13, 1986); codified at 33 CF.R.
Reg.
Parts
flRAF RFPflRT
PJatInnaI Watfanda l4MIIrim
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Enviromental Protection Agency! Army Corps
Memorandum of Agreements (Highlights, 1985-1989)
The Army Corps, EPA and other federal agencies have
signed several important memorandum of agreements
(MOM) which formalize procedures and policies on the
agencies’ roles in implementing the aean V ter Act *404
program. The following is a list of some of the more
important MOM signed by the EPA and the Corps.
MOA on §404(q) of the Clean Water Act
(signed 11/12/85)
Under this MOA, the Corps and EPA have developed
a process, pursuant to §404(q), to resolve any interagency
differences over permit decisions within a dear time-
frame to minimize delays in the permit process. Under
the §404(q) MOA, B’Arnay formally elevate interagency
disputes for higher level review. Disputes not resolved in
the field may ultimately be elevated to EPAHeadquarters.
MOM concerning §404(q) were also signed between the
Corps and the Department of the Interior, and between
the Corps and the Department of Commerce.
MOA on Discharge of Solid Waste Material
(signed January, 1986)
This MOA establishes cnteria for determining whether
§402 or §404 of the CWA applies to solid waste dis-
charges into U.S. waters. (see p. 43 for more detailed
description).
MOA on Determination of Geographic
Jurisdiction of the §404 Program and the
Application of Exemptions under §404(f)
(signed 1119/89)
This MOA allocates responsibilities between EPA and
the Corps for determining the geographic jurisdiction of
the §404 program and the applicability of exemptions
under §404(1). Under the terma of the MOA, the Corps
has responsibility for performing the majority of the
site-specific determinations, and will adhere to the Fed-
era! Manual for Identifying and Delineating Jurisdic-
tional Wetlands” and any EPA guidance on jurisdiction
and §404(1). EPA will have the ability to designate special
cases for areas where EPA feels it necessary for EPA to
make the determination on jurisdiction and the applica-
bility of §404(f) exemptions.
Contacts:
1) A Office of Wetlands Protection, Regulatory 2) Army Corps Headquarters, Zell Steever, (202)
Activities DMs on, Greg Peck, (202) 475-8794. 272-1780
Related Topics:
1) CWA §404(q), p.40 6) Section 404(b) (1) R 6ew, p31
2) Permit Application Process, p.29 7) A and Army Corps roles, programs, pp. 65, 68.
3)Regulating Discharges of Solid Waste, p.43 8) Army Corps Regulatory Guidance Letters, pp. 60,
4) Federal Delineation Manual, p.90 61.
5) CWA §404(1) General Exemptions, p.35 9) MOAs, 1989-1990, p. 63.
Publications
1) Memorandum of Agreement Between the WaterAct.
Department of the Army and the Environmental 2) Army and EPA, Water Pollution Control;
Protection Agency Concerning 5404(a) of the Clean Memorandum ofAgreementon Solid Waste, 51 Fed.
WatIn, ,oI Wafl , * I4eittln.
naarT aeDnDT
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Environmental Protection Agency/Army Corps
Memorandum of Agreements and Other Guidance (Highlights, 1989-1990)
MOA on Enforcement (with Guidance on
Previously Issued Corps Permits) (signed
1/19/89)
This MOA allocates appropriate responsibilities be-
tween the Corps and EPA for enforcement of the *404
program. The MOA establishes procedures and respon-
sibLlities for investigating violations, taking immediate
enforcement actions, choosing enforcement responses,
selecting the lead enforcement agency, and dealing with
after-the-fact permits, among other enforcement sues.
The Corps and EPA also issued a guidance to aceompany
the MOA on ‘procedures regarding the applicability of
previously-issued Corps permits.”
MOA on Mitigation (signed 2/6/90)
This MOA clarifies policies and procedures used in
determining the type and level of mitigation necessary to
comply with the *404(b)(1) Guidelines One of the more
important provisions of the MOA is that mitigation should
occur in a dear sequence of first, avoidance of impacts to
wetlands, second, minimi ration of impacts to wetlands,
and last, compensation of unavoidable impacts to the
extent appropriate and practicable.
Memorandum for the Field on Agricultural
Activities (dated 5/3/90)
This memorandum from EPA and the Corps only pro-
vides guidance to field personnel and is not a formal
MOA. The memorandum was prepared in response to
numerous questions that had been raised concerning the
applicability of the §404 regulatory program to agricul-
tare. It clarifies the exemption for normal farming ac-
tivities” under §404(f) and provides specific information
on the requirements for activities such as rotational nce
farming and fish pond construction.
Contacts:
1) 6 A Office of Wetlands Protection, Regulatory 272-1780
Activities Division, Greg Peck, (202) 475-8794.
2) Army Corps Headquarters, Zell Steever, (202)
Related Topics:
1) CWA §4044o) p.4 6) Section 404(b)(1) Review, p.31
2) Permit Application Process, p.29 7) EPA and Corps roles, programs, pp. 65, 68.)
3) Regulating Discharges of Solid Waste, p.43 8) Army Corps Regulatory Guidance Letters, pp. 60,61
4) Federai Delineation Manual, p.90 9) MOAs, 1985-1989, p. 62.
5) CWA §404( General ExemptIons, p.35
Publications
1)MOA5etweentheDepartrnentoftheArmyandthe 3) The Environmental Protection Agency and the
Environmental Protection Agency Concerning Department of the Army, 5404(b)(1) Guidelines
Federal Enforcement For the §404 Pmgram of the Mitigation MOA: Quesllons and Answers.
Clean WaterAct 4) The Environmental Protection Agency and the
2) MOA Between the Environmental Protection Department of the Army, Memorandum for the Reid,
Agen and the Department of the Army Concerning Subject: CWA 5404 Regulatoiy Program and
the Determination of Mitigation Under the CWA AgnculturalActh4tles.
5404 (b) (1) Guidelines.
fl AFF RFPflRT
Natlnnal WMIan I* Mnflln*
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Federal Agencies
Overview of Federal Efforts to Protect Wetlands
At the federal level, wetlands protection can be divided
into four general areas:
Direct regulation of activities conducted in wetlands is
authorized under the Clean Weter Act §404, which covers
discharges of dredged or fill material to waters of the
United States, including many of the nation wetlands.
The Clean V ter Act also includes water quality standards
for wetlands. In addition, the Endangered Species Act can
play an important role where wetlands serve as critical
habitat for threatened or endangered species.
Economic disincentives are med to limit destructive
activities. For example, ‘Swampbuster prov ioos of the
1985 and 1990 Food Security Acts (also own as the Farm
Bills) remove agricultural subsidies and loan guarantees
whenwetlands arc converted forcrop production. Also, the
Coastal Barrier Resources Act removes federal supports
when certain barrier islands are developed.
Planningcanbe aneffective tool of wetlands protection,
particularly in the West where the federal government
owns and manages huge tracts of land. Also, guided by
Executive Orders #11990 and #11998, and the National
Environmental Policy Act, agencies involved in highway
construction, land management, and water planning are
required to develop policies for conserving wetlands under
their control. in addition, the federal government is encour-
aging states to protect wetlands by providing technical and
financial assistance, such as EPA grants to states for State
Wetland Conservation Plans. Finally, planning efforts are
enhanced by extensive federal efforts to niap and monitor
wetlands, and to conduct research into the physical and
biological properties of wetlands.
Land acquisition is another tool for wetlands protec.
lion. T vo notable federal examples are the network of
National Wildlife Refuges which include significant wet-
lands acreage, and land acquisition under the Land and
Witter Conservation Fund.
Related Topics:
1) Clean Water Act Overview, p.26
4) EPA. Overview, p.65
2) Swampbust , p. 59
3) Endangered Species Act p.46
Publications:
1) A. America’s Wetlands: Our WaI Link Between
6) ProtectIng Nontidal Wetlands, American Planning
Land and Water. Report No. OPA-87-01 6. (AvaIlable
from the Hotllne)
2) Conservation FoundatIon. 1988. PTotecting
America’s Wetlands: Ar, Action Agenda Harper
Graphics, Waldorf, MD.
3) Kusler, Jon. Our National Wetland Heritage: A
Protection Handbook. Environmental Law Institute,
Washington, DC.
4) National Wildlife Federation. A Citizen’s Guide
Association, 1989.
7) NatIonal Guidance: Water Quality Standards ibr
Wetlands, ‘A.
8) Wetlands: Accomplishments and Opportunities.
A, 1990. (AvaIlable from the Hotline)
9) Wetlands and 401 Certificetion: Opportunities and
Guidelines for States and Eligible Indian Tribes. EPA
Office of Water. April, 1989.(Avaltable from the
hothne)
Wetlands P otectlon. 1989.
Notes:
Contacts:
1) EPA Regional wetlands coordinat , see Appendix
A.
2) Jeanne Melanson, Federal Activities Coordinat -,
EPA Headquarters OWP (202) 382-7071.
3) Jon Kusler, Association of State Wetlands
Managers, (518) 872-1804.
4) Scott Feierabend, National Wildlife Federation,
(202) 797.6800.
WaHnnAl W.ttu, , ,4q Wm4flpi.
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Federal Agencies
Environmental Protection Agency
The Environmental Protection Agency, in parthership
with federal, state and local governments, respoasible
for restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and
biological integrity of the nation’s waters. Because of the
value of wetlands as an integral part of those waters, EPA
is also charged with protecting wetland resources. A major
federal regulatory tool for this SectIon 404 of the aean
V, ter Act, which is jointly administered by the US. Army
Corps of Engineers and EPA. Section 404 establishes a
permit program to regulate the discharge of dredged or fill
material into waters of the United States, including most
of the nation’s wetlands. EPA’S key respoosibilities in the
Section 404 program inelude: development of the pro-
gram’s environmental standards (the section 404(b)(1)
Guidelines), determining the scope of geographic jurisdic.
don (that is, the areas which are subject to Section 404),
slate program assumption, enforcement, and review of
individual permit applicatious.
EPA Cooperation In Wetland Protection
EPA recognizes that an effective program to protect our
nation’s wetlands must be contain approaches other than
Section 404 and requires the cooperation of federal, state,
and local agencies; developers; environmental groups; the
scientific community; and others. To provide leadership in
building such a broad-based national effort, EPA estab-
lished an Office of V, t1ands Protection in 1986. EPAaIso
conducts an active research program on wetlands through
its Corvallis, Oregan, and Duluth, Minnesota, laboratories.
Notes:
Contacts:
1) Glenn Eugster, EPA Headquarters OWP Outreach
Contact (202) 382-5045.
2) Dianne Fish, Leader, Strategies and initiatives
Team, EPA Office Of Wetlands Protection, (202)
382-7071.
3) EPA Regional Wetlands Coordinator (see Appendix
A).
Related Topics:
1) Clean Water Act Section 404 Overview, p. 27.
2) EPA Office of Wetland ProtectIon, p.66
3) EPA Wetland Research, p. 67.
4) Federal Incentive Programs, p. 16.
Publications:
1) EPA. Wetlands Protection. Fact Sheets prepared
by the Office of Wetland Protection. (Available from
the Hotline)
2) EPA. Highlights of SectIon 404. Prepared by the
Office of Wetland Protection. (Available from the
Hotilne)
3) EPA. Amence’s Wetlands: Our ñtal Link Between
Land and Water. (available from the hotlino)
4) EPA. Wetlands: Accomplishments and
OpportunitIes. Office of Water, November 2, 1990.
(available from the hotline)
NMI j.J W.tlanda I4otlln.
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Federal Agencies
EPA Office of Wetland Protection
Background
The Office of Wetland Protection was established in
1986 in order to coordinate EPA’S wetland protection effort
with other federal agencies, state and local governments,
developers, environmental group, farmers, and the scien-
tific community. OWP is a part of EPA Office of Water,
and its wetland protection work can be divided into two
general areas:
Regulatory Activities Division
The Regulatory Activities Division is responsible for
regulatory activities wider Section 404 of the Clean V ter
Act. The Regulatory Activities Division corrdinates its
work with the Army Corpsof Engineers, whichadminkters
the Section 404 program jointly with EPA, and other fed-
eral and state agencies.
Wetlands Strategies and State Programs
Division
The Wetlands Strategies and State Programs Division is
responsible for state program activities and other wetlands
protection efforts not covered under the Section 404 pro-
gram. These activities include working with state, tribal
and local governments and other Federal agencies provid-
ing information on wetlands to the public and sponsoring
eductional activities. W hin this division is the Wetlands
Strategies and Initiatives ibam, which is responsible for
the supporting initiatives in a variety of areas Including
comprehensive regional planning and water qunlity man-
agement. The division also works with the scientific corn-
munity to develop technical information on wetlands.
Activity at the Regional Level
The Office of Wetland Protection in Weshington, DC,
works closely with the wetlands coordinators in each of
EPAS 10 Regional offices to coordinate field activity
across the country.
Contacts:
1) Greg Peck, BDA Headquarters OWP Regulatory
Activities DMsion, (202) 475-8794
2) Judy Johnson, EPA Headquarters OWP
Nonregulatory Programs Contact (202) 245.3907.
3) B’A Regional Contacts, see Appendix A.
Related Topics:
1) Environmental Protection Agency, overvrew, p. 64.
2) EPA Research Programs, p. 67.
3) Clean Water Act Section 404 Overview, p. 27.
Publications:
1) A. Wetlands Action Plan. Prepared by the Office
liotline)
of Wetlands Protection, 1989. (AvaIlable from the
Notes:
H tIonaI Wsti,unda Hoti In.
DRAFT REPORT
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Federal Agencies
EPA Wetlands Research
Overview
Since 1985, EPA has intensified its wetlands-related
research. Through its wetlands research programs, EPA
hopes to improve the scientific basis for wetland decisions
and to promote the development of national policies and
approaches that are scientifically sound. The wetlands
research program is under the direction of the Office of
Research and Development in E’AHeadquarters in Wash-
ington, D.C. However, the wetlands research program
manager is in the Corvallis (Oregon) Laboratory, and the
research is conducted primarily at the Corvallis and Duluth
(Minnesota) Labs.
Research Topics
Aitbough completed and ongoing research has covered
a wide variety of topics related to wetlands, three research
topics have received special attention: wetlands mitigation
(i.e., creation, restoration, and enhancement of wetland
areas), cumulative impact assessment, and water quality
functions of wetlands. Current projects include research
to evaiuate different methods for the mitigation of wetland
losses, to establish the technical foundation for water qual-
ity standards necessary to protect wetland function, and to
develop and test methods for assessing the cumulative
effects of wetland loss and degradation.
Contacts:
1) A Headquarters Office of Wetlands Protection,
3) Duluth Lab Water Quality Research,
William
Bill Sipple; 202-382-5066
Sanville; (218) 720-5500
2) Cavallis Lab Wetlands Program Matrix Manager,
Eric Preston; (503) 757-4666
Related Topics:
1) Army Corps of Engineers Wetlands Research, p.
3) Water Quality Improvement, p.110.
69.
2) Wetlands Values and Functions: Overview, p.101
Publications:
1) A (3/89). Wetlands and Water OuaIi WA’s
Research and Monitonng Implementation Plan for the
Years 1989-1994.
2) Patuxent Wildlife Research Center.”
Wildlife News, Feb.-M arch 1989.
Fish
and
Notes:
fl AFT PFPOP1
N tInnaI W.tthnit* NnttIn*
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Federal Agencies
Army Corps of Engineers
The US Army Corps of Engineers has been regulating
activities in the nation’s waters since 1890. Until the 1%(k,
the primary purpose of the regulatory program was to
protect navigation. Since then, as a result of laws and court
decisions, the program has been broadened to include
protection and utilization of the nation’s waters. Many
wetlands are part of the Corps’ jurisdiction under the
following three acts:
Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899
Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 pro-
hibits the obstruction or alteration of navigable waxers of
the United States without a permit from the Corps of
Engineers.
Clean Water Act Section 404
Section 404 of the Cean ‘Mter Act prohibits the dis-
charge of dredged or fill material into waters of the United
States without a permit from the Corps of Engineers, uniess
exempted from permitting requirements.
Marine Protection, Research, and
Sanctuaries Act of 1972
Section 103 of the Marine Protection, Research and
Sanctuaries Act of 1972 (also known as the Ocean Dump-
ing Act), authorizes the Corps to issue permits for the
transportation of dredged material for the purpose of
dumping into the ocean within territorial limits.
Scope of the Corps’ Regulatory Program
The Corps receives about 15,000 individual (standard)
pern]itapplicationsperyear. Inaddition, lastycarthe Corps
authorized an estimated 40,000 projects by either a nation-
wide, state, or regional permit In the urse of its activities
in regulating activities in the nation’s waters, the Corps last
year had about 6,000 enforcement actions. During the
198( , the Corps experienced growth in the number and
complexity of permit requests and regulatory actions.
Structure of the Corps Regulatory Effort
The Corps regulatory program is decentralized, with
about 930 people in 38 District Offices around the counny,
15 people in 11 Division Offices, and 14 people at Head-
quarters in Washington, DC. During the 198( , the regula-
tory program bad an annual budget of S40-55 million with
significant increases in funding levels occurring during the
last two years. The program is budgeted for an increase to
$75 million in fiscal year 1991.
Great LEAP Partnership on the Great Lakes
During the past year, the North Central Division of hte
Corps has been working to establish a partnership with
federal and state agencies to improve the Great Lakes
environment This program is called the Great Lakes En-
vironmental Action Program (Great LEAP) and has led to
development of over 100 project proposals by slate and
federal agencies.
Contacts:
1) Corps of Engineers District Office, see Appendix B.
contact Wiliam Schmita, North Centrai
2) Zell Stever, Corps of Engineers Headquarters (202)
Division, Army
Corps of Engineers (312) 353-7762.
272-1780.
3) For information on the Great LEAP program,
Related Topics:
1) Clean Water Act Section 404 overview, p. 27. 3) Corps research program, see p. 69.
2) Pr rs and Harbors Act Section 10 Overview, see
p.45.
Publications:
1) US AmyCorps of Engineers Regulatoiy Program.
Document No. EP 1145-2-1, May 1985. (AvaIlable
from the Hotline)
2) Kusler, Jon. Our National Wetland Heritage.
Washington, DC: Environmental Law Institute, 1989.
3) Sthmrtz. William. The Corps’ Great LEAP. National
Wetlands Newsletter Vol.12, No.5 (Sept- Oct, 1990):
14.
Pè ,tlan*I Wet1 nd Hotfina
DRAFT REPORT
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Federal Agencies
Army Corps of Engineers: Wetlands Research
The US. Army Corps of Engineers is actively involved
in wetlands research through its Waterways Experiment
Station in Vicksburg, Mississippi. The Corps has $22 m l ]-
lion for a three-year wetlands research pro am at Water-
ways. The research program aims to improve existing
wetlands, reduce wetlands loss and impacts, and provide
better environmental acccouncabiity in water resource
projects.
The Corps’ Research Mandate
The US. Army Corps of Engineers is required to evalu-
ate and minimize the environmental impacts of water re-
source projects associated with its various activities. Wet-
land restoration and development to replace lost or im-
pacted wetlands are therefore often a part of the Corps’
work. The Corps must consider all functioi and values of
wetlands, negative impacts in wetlands, and cumulative or
regional effects from wetlands modification.
Areas of Research
The Corps focuses on a number of research areas, includ-
ing wetland delineation and evaluation, wetland restoration
and enhancement, cumulative impacts analysis, steward-
ship and Tnan gement plans, and trends analysis, as well as
on critical processes. The research program devotes sig-
nificant efforts toward useful and widely-disseminated
technology transfer on wetlands creation and restoration
techniques.
Contacts:
1) U.S.Army Corps of Engineers Wetlands Research
2)
U.S.
Army
Corps
of
Engineers Headquarters
Program Manager Russell F. Theriot; (601) 6342733
co
ntact:
ZeH St
eever (
202
) 272.1780.
Related Topics
1) EPA Wetlands Research, p.67
2) Wetlands Values and Functions: Overview, p. 101
3) Water Quality Improvement. p.110
4) Water Resources Development Act, p. 116.
5) Mitigation, p.32
Publications:
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ( O/90). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers WetlandsResearch Program Fact
Sheet.
Notes:
fl AFI PFPflRT
PJ tInnRI W.tIRncla 14&IIn*
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Federal Agencies
National Marine Fisheries Service
The National Marine Fishenes Service consists of a
headquarters in Washington, D 5 regional offices and 4
regional fisheries centers. The Service performs research
relating to conservation, management, and development of
marine fisheries.
Wetlands Protection Efforts
The National Marine Fisheries Service manages the
nation’s marine fisheries as part of the Department of
Commerce’s National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admini-
stration. The Service has a strong interest in estuarine
wetlands because about two-thirds of the nation’s comnier-
daily and recreationally important fisheries are estuarine-
dependent. Under Regional Action Plans, habitat conser-
vation activities are carried out through regional offices
and fisheries centers. These activities include providing
recommendations to redi e degradation or loss of valuable
estuarine habitats cause by development and other factors.
The Service also plays an important consulting role in
permitting programs under the Cean Water Act Section
404 and the Rivers and Harbors Act Section 10. This
consulting role is established through the Fish and Wildlife
Coordination Act.
National Coastal Wetlands Data Base
The Beaufort Laboratory of the National Marine Fisher-
ies Service and the Strategic Assessment Branch of the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration are de-
veloping a national coastal wetlands data base for incorpo-
ration into the National Estuanne Inventory.
Contacts:
1) John Hall, Jim Chambers, National Marine
Fisheries Service. (202)
3) American Fisheries Society (see Appendix H)
4) Stan Moberty, F.I.S.H.
283-4844.
2) Suzanne Bolton, National Oceanic and
(206)
5 )AmericanLlttora1Society(seeAppen H)
Atmospheric Administration, (202) 377-2727.
Related Topics:
1) Wetlands Vaiues: Fish and Wildlife Habitat, p.103
2) Clean Water Act Section §404 overview, p.27
3) Wetlands Values: Fisheries, p. 1 06.
Publications:
1) US Department of Commerce. NOAA Esbiarine
Evironmental Quality in the United States, 1990. A
and Coastal Ocean Actwitjes. NOAA Estuarine
Special NOM 20th
Program Office, 1988.
Anniversary Report.
3) Moberly, Stan. F.I.S.H. National Wetlands
2) US Department of Commerce. Coestal
Ne /ettefVol.11,No.5,p.1O.
NatIcr aI Wetlnnda Hotflne
DRAFT REPORT
70
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Federal Agencies
Soil Conservation Service
Background
The US. Department of Agriculture’sSoIl Conservation
Service administers the Swampbuszer program a ix! other
wetlands provisions of the 1990 Fann Bill, and provides
technical assistance to private landowners and federal,
state, and local agencies. The Service’s soil scientists,
biolognis, and engineers also provide technical assistance
to landowners to foster conservation efforts, including the
restoration, creation, and enhancement of wetlands. Serv-
ice technical and financial assistance progran include:
(1) the Rural Clean Water Program, which provides
funds for landowners to implement Best Management
Practices;
(2) the SmaH Watershed Management program,
which provides technical and cost sharing assistance to
States and localities for agricultural water management
projects;
(3) the Rural Development program, which authorizes
the Service to inventory, monitor and classify wetlands;
(4) Watershed Protection and flood Prevention
Loans (adminictered by the Farmers Home Mministra-
tion), which provide grants to local governments, soil a ix!
water conservation districts, and nonprofit watershed asso-
ciations for projects including flood prevention, water
quality management, sedimentation control, and fish and
wildlife development;
(5) the Soil and Conservation Program, which aids
landowners through technical assistance in planning aix!
applying soil and water conservation practices; and
(6) the Resource Conservation and Development Pro-
gram, which provides grants and advisory services to
states, local governments, and nonprofit gniçs in rural
areas to carry out resource conservation projects, such as
stream-bank stabilization and erosion control.
While not all of these Soil Conservation Service pro-
grams are expressly designed for wetlands enhancement or
restoration, wetlands protection can be an integral part of
many soil aix! water conservation projects by improving
soil stabilization, flood control, aquifer recharge, erosion
control, and other benefits.
Delineation of wetlands
The Soil Conservation Service is one of four agencies
that cooperated in producing the Federal Delineation Man-
ual to establish a single federal approach to delineating
weflawtc. The Service also uaes the Food Security Act
Manual for wetland delineations.
Contacts:
1) SCS Contact list, Appendix D.
2) SCS Deputy Chief for Programs (202) 447-4527.
3) NationaiAssociation of Conservation Distncts (202)
547 3.
Related Topics:
1) U.S. Department of Agncufture overview, p. 75.
2) Swampbuster overview, p. 59.
Publications:
1)1990 Farm Bill, P.L. 101-624, (S.2830) — Food,
and Delineating Jurisdicliorzei Wetlands.
Agnculture, Conservation and Trade Act of 1990.
2) “Going Wild with Soil and WaterConservation, ”Soil
5) Food Security Act Manual of 1990. USDA Soil
Conservation Service.
Conservation Service, PA-1363.
6) Tuesday Letter. National Association of
3) “Conservation Planning - You and Your Land,” Soil
Conservation DistriCtS.
Conservation Service, PA-i 376.
7) Journal of Soil and Water Conservation.
4) Federal Interagency Committee for Wetland
8) CommunIty Benefits from Watershed Projects.
Delineation. 1989. Federal Manual for Indentifying
Agricultural Information Bulletin 337. USDA.
71
DRAF1 R POPT
N tIonaI Wett nda Motif ns
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Federal Agencies
Fish and Wildlife Service
The Fish and Wildlife Service’s mission is to comerve,
protect, and enhance fish, wildlife and their habitats, par-
ticularly migratory birds, endangered species, freshwater
fisheries, and certain marine mammals. The Service has 8
regional offices, a headquarters in Washington, DC, and a
large number of field unite across the counuy. The Service
manages more than 450 national wildlife refuges to provide
habitat for migratory birds, endangered species, and public
recreation. It also sets migratory bird hunting reguIatioi ,
and protects endangered and threatened animals and plants.
The agency’s research program provides scientific data
needed to conserve and manage fish and wildlife resources.
Wetlands Programs
The Service manages over 90 million acres comprising
the National Wildlife Refuge System. Nearly all reserve
within the system contain managed wetlands. An active
land a uisition program targets high-priority wetlands for
protection, restoration and enhancement.
National Wetlands Inventory
The Service has mapped the wetlands for over 60 percent
of the United States through its National Wetlands Inven-
Notes:
tory program, and the project is scheduled for completion
by 1998 in the lower 48 states. Nearly one-fifth of Alaskan
wetlands have also been mapped. The Service has the lead
role in carrying out the mapping, ti ends analysis, and other
provisions of the 1986 Emergency Wetlands Resources
Act
Review Role
Service personnel also review the activities of other
agencies that may affect wetlands, review permit applica-
lions and offer technical assistance on wetland matters. The
Service has an important advisory role in the Cean Water
Act’s Section 404 program and in Swampbuster.
Partnerships
Partnerships are being developed with other federal,
state, and local agencies to conserve wetlands under the
North American Waterfowl Management Plan which cov-
ets the US, Canada and Mexico. A Memorandum of Agree-
ment between the Service and Ducks Unlimited was signed
several years ago which began a partnership of preserving
and protecting wetland habitat, primarily in duck breeding
sites in the mid-West
Contacts:
1) Tom Muir, U.S. Fish and wildrife Service, (202) 3) For information on the Service’s Status and Trends
208-5543. Reports, contact Craig Johnson, Fish and Wildlife
2) For info on on the National Wetlands Inventory, Service Headquarters, (703) 358-2201.
contact Tom Dalil, Fish and Wildlife Service (813) 4) Dave Hefteman, Fish and Wildlife Service (703)
893-3620. 358-2043.
Related Topics:
1) Endangered Species Act, see p.46 4) Fish and Wildlife Habitat in Wetlands, p.103.
2) Swampbuster overview, see p. 59
3) Fish and Wildlife Service Action Plan, see p. 73.
Publications:
1) U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Wetlands Action Losses 1780’s- 1980’s. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Plan: Meeting the President’s Challenge. Washington, 1990.
DC, 1990. 4) DahI, Thomas. Wetlands Losses Since the
2) U.S. Fish and Wildlife SeMce. Status and Trends Revolution, in National Wetlands Newsletter Vol 12,
Report 1950’s - 1970’s. Washington, DC, 1990. No. 6, p. 16.
3) DahI, Thomas. Status and Trends Repc t Wetlands
72
DRAFT REPORT
National Wetlands HotlIn.
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Federal Agencies
Fish and Wildlife Service’s Wetlands Action Plan
In 1990, the Fish and Wildlife Service prepared a V. t-
lands Action Plan which sets out the Service’s strategies
for wetlands conservation. These strategies include en-
hanced technical support to all federal agencies, especially
the Army Corps of Engineers and the A in the Cean
Water Act §404 permitting process. The Action Plan also
includes incentive programs, increased public eduction and
outreach, and parmerships with private org nt ’ itioxrs. The
following are some of the major wetlands programs of the
Fish and Wildlife Service:
National Wetlands Inventory — In cooperation with
state and federal agencies, the Service is mapping wetlands
in the U.S. About 60% of wetlands in the lower 48 states,
16% of Alaska and all of Hawaii have been mapped.
Land AcquisitioujNational Wildlife Refuge System —
The Service has an active program of land acquisition for
the 90-million-acre National Wildlife Refuge system. The
system is managed by the Service and is designed primarily
to protect migratory birds and endangered and threatened
species. The system is funded through the Migratory Bird
Hunting and Conservation Stamp Act (also called the Duck
Stamp Act), the V t1ands Loan Act, and the Land and
Water Conservation Fund Act. Over 113 of the system is
wetlands, and the Service adds about 45,000 acres of
wetlands each year.
Permit and License Revie — The Service is one of
the primary advisors to the Army Corps of Engineers and
E’Aon regulatory permit matters relating to Section 404
of the C Water Act. The permit program regulates the
discharge of fill material into wetlands and other waters of
the US. The Service reviews approximately 10,000 indi-
vidual public notices each year to evaluate their impact on
wetlands ecosystems. Also, the Service provides recom-
meudations to the Corps to mitigate wetlands-related im-
pacts.
Farm Bill Activities — The Service provides technical
assistance to the Soil Conservation Service, the Agricul-
twa ! Stabilization and conservation Service and state agen-
cies as part of the wetlands conservation provisions of the
1985 and 1990 Farm Bills.
Notes:
Contacts:
1) Torn Muir, US Fish and Wildlife Service, (202)
208-5543.
2) For information on the National Wetlands Inventory,
contact Torn DahI, Fish and Wildlife Service (813)
893-3620.
3) For information on the Service’s Status arid Trends
Reports, contact Craig Johnson, Fish and Wildlife
Service Headquarters, (703) 358-2201.
4) Dave Heffernan, Fish and Wildlife Service
Headquarters, (703) 358-2043.
Related Topics:
1) Endangered Species Act, see p.46
2) Swampbuster overview, see p.59
3) Fish and Wildlife Service overview, see p. 7 2
4) Fish and Wildlife Habitat in Wetlands, p.103.
Publications:
1) US Fish and Wildlife Service. WetlandsAction Plan: Losses 1780’s -1980’s. US Fish and Wildlife Service,
Meeting the President’s Challenge. Washington, DC, 1990.
1990. 4) DahI, Thomas. Wetlands Losses Since the
2) US Fish and Wildlife Service. Status and Trends Revolutioi in National Wetlands Newsletter Vol 12,
Report 1950’s- 1970’s. Washington, DC, 1990. No. 6, p. 16.
3) DahI, Thomas. Status and Trends Report Wetlands
7:;
CRAFT FPOPT
Nadanal Wetland, HetlIi .
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Emergency Wetlands Resources Act of 1986
This statute was enacted by Congress to promote the
conservation of wetlands in the United States, in order to
maintain the public benefits they provide. The intentof the
act was to protect, mav ge, and conserve wetlands by
intensifying cooperative and acquisition efforts among
private interests and local, state, and federal governments.
The Act contains a broad variety of measures to promote
wetland conservation and offset or prevent wetland losses.
There are three main sections of the Act conservation of
habitat, acquisition of wetlands, and assessment of the
status of wetlands in the United States.
Title 11
This section provides increased funds for federal acqul-
sthon of migratory bird habitat by authorizing the Secretary
of the Interior to establish entrance fees at designated
national wildlife refuges. ft also transfers import duties
collected on arms and ammunition to the Migratory Bird
Conservation Fund, and raises the price of the Migratory
Bird Hunting and Conservation Stamp each year (currently
it is $15.00).
Title Ill
This section amends the Land and Weter Conservation
Fund (LWCF) Act to:
1) Diminate the restriction on acquiring migratory wa-
terfowl areas
2) Require that Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Rec-
reation Plans (SCORPS) specifically address wetlands as
important outdoor recreation resources; and
3) Qualify wetlands as suitable replacement for LWCF
lands converted to other uses.
ft also requires the Secretary of the Interior to establish
a National Wetlands Priority Conservation Plan (NWPCP)
specifying the types of, and interests in, wetlands to be
given priority for federal and state acquisition. The Secre-
tary is authorized to purchase wetlands or interests in
wetlands consistent with the NWPCP.
TltleIV
This section directs the Secretary of the Interior to con-
tinue the National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) Project and
to update the report on “Status and Trends of Wetlands and
Deepwater Habitat in the Conterminons United States,
195C to 197( .” Also, the Secretary is directed to report
to Congress on the status, condition, and trends of wetlands
and the effects of federal programs on wetlands in specified
problem areas of the United States.
Contacts:
1) Fish and Wildlife Service; Craig Johnson, U.S. Fish Cabs Medoza, 202/358.2201, or Dale Pierce,
and Wildlife Service’s Natlonai Wetlands Inventory, 202/358-2448.
7031358-2201.
2) National Wetlands Priority Conservation Plan,
Related Topics:
1) Federal Wetlands Efforts, p.64 3) Wetlands Values and Functions - Fish and Wildlife
2) Fish and Wildlife Service Action Plan, p.72 Habitat, p. 103
Publications:
1) Emergency Wetlands Resources Act of 1986. Craig E. Johnson, Fish and Wildlife Service (Draft),
2) Status and 7 ends of Wetlands and Deepwater iggo.
Habitats in the Conterminous United States, 195C to 4) National Wetlands Pnori(y Consei’vatian Plan.
1970s. Frayer at ai., Colorado State University, Ft. Departrnern of the Intenor, Fish and Wildlife Service,
Collins, CO, 1983. Apnl 1989
3) Status and Trends of Wetlands in the Contermirious
United States, l97Cts and 1980s. Dahl, Thomas E. and
74
fl AF RFDfl T
P4Rtl6riAl W.tf iivI MnfIln
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Federal Agencies
U.S. Department of Agriculture Programs: Overview
The US.Depar nent of Agriculture (USDA) has a num- bii tion and Conservation Service (ASCS), and the
ber of programs designed to promote wetlands protection, Farmers Home Mministralion (FmHA), include, in part:
many of which are included as provisions in the 1990 Farm • PrOteCtIOn and Flood Prevention Loans
Bill. The most weLl-known of these axe the provisions of (Fin A )
Swampbnster, the new ‘.Wtlands Reserve program, and the
Conservation Reserve Program. * Resource Conservation and Development (S and
FmHA)
Other USDA programs that offer incentives for wetlands
protection include loans for conservation projects, federal •Soil and V ater Conservation (S( )
cost-sharing programs for states and local governments, •sman ‘W tczshed Program (SCS)
technical assistance and information, couznelin& and
county extension services. These programs, carried out by Vv ter Bank Program (FmHA).
the Soil Conservation Service (S(s), the Agriculture Sta-
Notes:
Contacts:
1) SCS state office (see appendix D l
2) USDA Office of Public Affairs, (202) 447-8376.
Related Topics:
Soil Conservation Service overview, p.71
Publications:
1) Steve Moyer, A Narrow Escape. The 1990 Farm Biil. Farm Bill. National Wetlands Nevslelter. Vol. 13. No.1.
National Wetlands Nev.slettB. Vol. 13. No. 1, p.5 p.4.
2) Steve Meyer, Redressing Swampbuster. The 1990
7S DRAFT REPORT N tIonaI Wff nd. H&Un.
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Conservation Reserve Program
Overview
The Conservation Reserve Program was carried over
from the 1985 Farm Bill and expanded in the 1990 Act to
include wetlands and other types of environmentally sen-
sitive lands. The program, operated through the Agriculture
Stabilization and Conservation Service, offers landowners
annual payments for 10 years in return for placing environ-
mentally sensitive cropland into an easement and imple-
menting a conservation plan for the easement Program
goals include reducing soil erosion, reducing sedimenta-
tion, improving water quality, providing fish and wildlife
habitat limiting surplus commodities, and support income
for farmers. Operators must implement a conservation plan
approved by the local conservation district that converts
sensitive lands to a less intensive use. The fiscal year 1991
bixiget for the program was $2.25 billion.
Changes in the 1990 Farm Bill
The Conservation Reserve Program in the 1990 Farm
Bill has a goal of enrolling not less than 40 million acres
and no more than 45 million acres by the year 1995.
Categories of eligible lands were expanded under the Act
to include environmentally sensitive lands, windbreaks,
and marginal pasture lands planted to trees. The Act con-
tinues the general limitation that not more than 25 percent
of a county’s cropland may be enrolled in the Conservation
Reserve Program.
Contacts:
1) Conservation and Environmental Protection
2) Senate Document Room
Division, Agricultural Stabilization and
[ see appendix E]
for a
of the 1990 Farm
Conservation Service, Department of
copy
3) House and Senate
Agriculture, P.O. B c 24151 Washington, DC
Agncutture Committees
[ See Appendix for information
20013; (202) 447-6221, for questions on the
on the 1985
and 1990 Farm Bills.
program..
Related Topics:
1) Wetland Reserve, p.77
2) Swampbuster, p. 59
Publications:
1) S. 2830. Food, Agriculwre, Corzseivation, and
TradeAct of 1990. Public Law No. 101-624.
Wetlands Newsletter, Vol. 13, No. 1. p.4.
4) Steve Moyer. “A Narrow National
2) Soil and Water Conservation Sociaty. lmplarnenting
the Conservation Title of he Food Security Act
Ankeny, IA: SWCS, 1990.
3) Steve Meyer. “Redressing Swanipbuster, ” Nat!oriai
Wetlands Newsletter, Vol.13, No. 1, p.5.
5) C. Young and C.T. Osbom, “Costs and BenefIts of
the Conservation Reserve Program.” Journal of Soil
and Water Consen ’ation, Vol. 45, No. 3. (1990).
Notes:
National Wetlands I4otlIne
DRAFT REPORT
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Wetland Reserve Program
Overview
A new program established in the 1990 Farm Bill, the
V , tland Reserve is a voluntary program to enroll to 1
million acres of restored wetlands into conseivation ease-
ments in return for federal payments. Farm operators who
enroll their lands must agree to a restoration plan for
croplands and place the restored wetlands in the easement
reserve where they cannot drain or plow them. Easements
can be either for 30 years orpermanenteasements. Initially,
only permanent easements will be eligible. In the 1990
Farm Bill, Congress required the Department of AgJiCUI-
tare to enroll 1 million acres in the reserve by 1995, a
projected cost of $450-500 million. The program gives
priority to wetlands that enh e habitat for migratory
birds and other wildlife. Under the 1990 Farm Bill, the Fish
and Wildlife Service has an active role in assessing lands
that are being considered for placement in the Wetland
Reserve.
Notes:
Contacts:
1)Soil Conservation Service district or state office [ see
appendix DJ for site-specific questions.
2) USDA Public Affairs Office, Washington, (202)
447-8376, for generai inform on or policy questions.
3) Fish and Wildlife Service, Regionai Office (see
appendix D) for information on PNS’s role.
Related Topics:
1) Swarnpbuster oveMew, p.59
2) Conservation Reserve Program, p.76
Publications:
1) S. 2830. Food, Agncu!ture, Conseiveiion, and Trade
Act of 1990. Public Law No. 101-624.
2) Soil and Water Conservation Society. Implementing
the Conservation flue of the FOOd SecurityAct. Ankeny,
IA:SWCS, 1990.
3) Steve Meyer. Redressing Swampbuster, National
Wetlands Newsletter, Vol. 13, No. 1, p.4
4) Steve Moyer. A Narrow Escape, National Wetlands
Newsletter, Vol. 13, No. 1, p.5
77
DRAFT PFPORT
Natianal WetlAnds Hotlin.
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National Park Service
Agency Missions and Wetlands Program
Agency Mission
The mission of the National Park Service is to conserve,
preserve, and manage resources in units of the National
Park System so that they remain for the enjoyment of
people today and in the future. The Park Service carries out
natural, cultural, and recreational resource inventory and
research program which have regional and cross-agency
scope, such as the Wild and Scenic Rivers Program, Na-
tional Natural Landmarks, Statewide Comprehensive Out-
door Recreational Pifinning, Land and Water Conservation
Fund Grants-in-Aid, NPS General Management Plan Pro-
gram, Cultural Resource Programs, and Congressionally-
directed study efforts.
Wetland Protection
The Park Service Regional Water Coordinators are re-
sponsible for a wide range of activities including restora-
tion, enhancement, m n gement, inventory, research, and
outreach programs directly or indirectly involving wet-
lands protection. The Park Service headquarters in Wash-
ington. DC, coordinates and develops nationwide policy
for the National Park System.
Contacts:
1) Pam Matthes, NPS (202) 208-4639
2) Jeanne Melanson, Federai Agency Coordinat ,
A Office of Wetland Protection (202) 382-7073.
Related Topics:
1) Forest Service programs, see p. 79.
2) Bureau of Land Management programs, see p. 80.
Publications:
1) Dairymple, George H., William F. Loftus, and Frank
Symposium. (Miami: February 25 - March 1, 1985)
S. Bemadino,Jr. (Eds.). Wildlifeinthe Everglades and
Homestead, FL: Nationai Park ServIce, 1988:72 pp.
Latin American Wetlands: Abstracts of the
Proceedings of the First Everglades Nalional Park
Notes:
ORAFT REPORT
Platlønal W.ttanda Mothn
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Federal Agencies
USDA Forest Service: Overview
The Forest Service ts one of the largest landowners in
the country with 191 million acres it owns or operates. Nine
million of these acres are wetlands, and 60 percent of those
wetland acres are located in Alaska. The ForestService also
operates its lands to achieve multiple objectives, including
timber and mining production, enhancing water quality and
quantity through watershed protection, and other goals
such as habitat preservation.
Wetlands Programs
The Forest Service’s wetlands protection efforts have
focused on wetlands located along river corridors. Priority
wetlands include rare and diverse habitat The Service’s
land..nse plpnning now takes into account how the agency’s
actions will affect wetland-dependent species. The Service
recently completed an inventory of its riparian lands, but
has z t completed an Inventory of its wetland resources. It
plans to complete an inventory by 1995 at an expense
esthnated at $17 million. Most Forest Service programs
related to wetlands are nonregulatory partnerships, includ-
ing participation in ithe North American terfowl
Mangement Plan. The Service has recently begun t ing
excess limber receIpts to restore ripanan lands, including
wethats.
Notes:
Contacts:
1) Larry Schmidt, Forest Service.,(202) 453-9475.
2) Association of State Foresters, Washington., DC
(202) 6245416.
3) Jeanne Melanson, EPA Office of Wetlands
Protection, Coalition of Federal Land Management
Agencies. 401 M St SW A-104-F, Washington, DC
20460; (202) 382-7073.
Related Topics:
1) North Miencan Waterfowt Management Plan, p.83
Publications:
1) Federal Land Management Agencies. 1989. Wise 2) Forest Service Manual Series 2526. Definition of
Use and Protection of Federally Managed Wetlands: Ripaflan.
The Federal Land Management Agency Role. Results
of workshop.
National Wetlands l4otIlna
DRAFI REPORT
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Federal Agencies
Bureau of Land Management
The Bureau of Land Management administers about 270
million acres of land owned by the Federal government. Of
these lands, almost 10 percent, or 23.7 million acres, are
wetlands areas. The Bureau is charged with managing
these lands in order to provide the widest variety of vege-
tation and habitat diversity for wildlife, fish, livestock and
watershed protection.
Riparian Wetland Initiative
The Bureau has devised a blueprint for its wetlands
protection effort this year called the Riparian Wetland
Initiative. Under the initiative, the Bureau will compile
information on the status of wetlands on i lands, review
land management plans to incorporate wetlands protection
goals, expand wetland areas througit land exchanges, avoid
or mitigate the impact of surface disturbance activities on
wetland areas, and develop infrastructure such as fences or
tredlines to maintain wetlands.
Contacts:
1) BLM Headquarters Public Relations Office (202)
653-9210.
2) Jeanne Metanson, Federal Agency Coordinat ,
6’A Office of Wetland Protecdon, (202)382-7073.
Related Topics:
1) Federal wetland efiorls-oveMew, p.64.
Publications:
1) Bureau of Land Management Ripanan-Wetlarid
!ni adve for The 199O s. Washington, DC, 1990.
W*tt , iI W.tbir a I.lotttn.
nR Fr REPORT
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Federal Agencies
Office of Surface MnEng
Coordinated effort with Ducks Unlimited
Ducks Unlimited and the federal Office of Surface Min-
ing Reclamation and Enforcement have signed a Memo-
randum of Understanding establishing a coordinated effort
to create wetlands on abandoned surface mines, and other
disturbed areas. The agreement was signed in January of
1991. The two organiations have agreed to exchange
information and to look for potential wetland creation sites
— paiticulaily those that would provide good waterfowl
habitat and further the objectives of the North American
V, terfowl Management Plan. The Office of Surface Min-
ing has already completed an experimental reclamation
project in which it developed a 37-acre wetland habitat
overa slurry pond.
Contacts:
1) Howard
Marks,
Office
of
Surface
Mining, (202) thapter)
208-2553.
2) Ducks Unlimited
(See
Appendix G for regional
Related Topics:
1) For more information on the North American
Waterfowl Management Plan, see Fish and WUdilfe
Service overview, p.83
Publications:
1) Memorandum of Understanding Between Duds Interior, January 23,1 991.
Unlimited, Inc., and the Office of Surface Mining
Redamation and Enforcement, US Department of the
Wa$4d naI WaOta * MnHIn
*1
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Domestic Policy Council Task Force on Wetlands
In 1989, President Bush established the Domestic Policy
Council Thsk Force on Vktlancis to revise the executive
order on wetlands (executive order 11990) and to inipte-
ment the presidenrs no net loss of wetlands goal. The task
force is composed of representatives from eight federal
agencies, including the Environmental Protection Agency,
the Army Corps of Engineers, the Fish and Wildlife Serv-
ice, the Department of Commerce, the Department of
Energy, Housing and Urban Development, the Council on
Environmental Quality, the Department of the Interior, and
the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and is
chaired by V. ilte House Domestic Policy Council staff.
The Thsk Force held a series of six public meetings in cities
across the country during the summer and fall of 1990 to
hear testimony from invited panelists and the general pub-
lic on no net loss issues. The Fish and Wildlife Service is
currently preparing a report of the public comments re-
ceived on the meetings and testimony given at the meetings
for publimtion in the Federal RegisteR
Contacts:
1) Dianne Fish, 6 AOffice of Wetlands Protection, DPC
representative, (202) 382-7071.
Related Topics:
1) Present Wetlands Loss Rates, p. 97.
2) ExecutIve Order 11990, p. 52.
Publications:
1) Federal Register NotIce Vol.55 No.143(7/25/1990) 3) aHow Wetlands Played in Peoria. National Wetlands
Wetlands TaskForce Meetings. Notice of meetings and Newsletter. Vol.12 No.6, p.15.
request for comments. 4) World Wildlife FederalloWConservation Foundation.
2) National Wildlife Federation. Wetlands Fact Pack. Report on the National Wetlands Policy Forum. 1988.
National Wildlife Federation, 1400 16th St. NW,
Washington DC 20036.
NMtIor ,M WetI nds I4atIIna
DRAFT REPORT
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North American Waterfowl Management Plan
Overview
The North American Waterfowl Management Plan,
drafted in 1986, is an inlemational agreement between the
United States and Canada created in response to drastic
declines in waterfowl and other wetland-dependent species
during the past decade. The plan creates a framework for
protecting, restoring, creating, and enhancing critical wet-
land areas in both United States and Canada that function
as waterfowl habitats. This plan hopes to initiate long-term
solutions to land nse problema in the region by involving
the coordinated action of governments, private orgRni-
tions landowners, and other citizens. Currently the plan is
being revised and expanded to include Mexico and to
maximize the broad benefits of wetlands conservation.
The office that oversees this program is the North Ameri-
can Waterfowl and Wetlands Office, which is located in
Washington DC.
Progress Report on the Plan
The Environment Canada/Canadian Wildlife Service
and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service produced a report
that provides a quick update on the progress of the North
American Waterfowl Management Plan. The report pro-
vides information on current waterfowl population levels
and trends in Canada and the United States; information on
acres of wetl2nd c restored, protected, or enhanced; and a
policy statement on future directions. It also provides
summaries of ongoing waterfowl habitat enhancement pro-
jects in the Cosumnes River Preserve (California), Ace
Basin (South Carolrna) Quill Lakes (Saskatcbewan), and
Matchedash Bay (Ontario). The progress report is avail-
able from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Contacts:
1) Robert Streeter, do U.S. Fish and Wddlife Service, 703/358-2282.
Arlington Square, Room 340, 1849 C Street, NW, 2) Cory Giacobbe, B’A-FWS liason contact, Office of
Washington DC 20240-3000. 703/358-1784; Fax Wetlands Protection, (202) 382-5907.
Related Topics:
Office of Surface Mining Wetlands Program, p.81
Wetlands Values and Functions- Overview, p. 101.
Publications:
1) North Amencan Waterfowl Management Plan: U.S-Can nGreatLakesAgreements,VoL 12, No.
Progress Report - A New Beginning... Environment 5.
Canada/Canadian WiidFrfe Service and the U.S. 3) Wetlands: Meeting the President’s Challenge, U.S.
and Wildlife Service, 1990. Fish and Wildlife Service, Wetlands Action PLan, 1990.
2) Nat,onai Wetlands New 1etter, Bridging the B in:
Notes:
Natk’an*I W.ffa,w4 Mr In
n arr pn ’r
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Federal Activities
National Wetlands Policy Forum
Creation of the Forum
In the spring of 1987, EPA asked The Conservation
Foundation’, a non-profit organization dedicated to wet-
lands protection, to convene a national forum on wetlands
issues. With initial funding support from EPA, the Conser-
vation Foundation established the independent National
Wetlands Policy Forum. The Forum included three state
governors; representatives from state and local govern-
ments; the oil, gas, agriculture, and forestiy industries;
academic institutions; and environmental/conservation
groups; as well as the EPA and other federal agencies.
Results of the Forum
In November 1988, the Wetlands Forum issued its report
containing over 100 specific actions for all levels of gov-
ernment and the private sector. Recommended projects
range from wetlands restoration intitiatives in coastal Lou-
isiana to workshops and uathing seminars on river corridor
management. The Forum continues to assess the imple-
mentation of these actions and to consider the need for
additional actions. President George Bush, during his 1988
presidential campaign and afterwards, has called for adop-
tion of the Forum’s no net loss goal.
EPA Response to the Forum’s
Recommendations
EPA has adopted the goal of the National Wetlands
Policy Forum to achieve no overall net loss of the nation’s
remaining wetland base, as defined by acreage and func-
tion, and to restore and create wetlands. EPA will review
and, when necessaly, revise its program to protect the
chemical, physical, and biological integrity of wetlands.
EPA’s goals include: the creation of wetlands planning
initiatives; the development of a policy to mitigate the
impacts of wetlands losses; the improvement of wetlands
enforcement; new mechanisms to enhance state and local
participation in wetlands protection; the development of
methods for assessing the cumulative effects of wetland
loss and degradation; and projects to restore wetlands and
to increase public awareness of wetlands issues. Other
federal agencies, including the Army Corps of Engineers
and the Department of the Interior, have also adopted the
no net loss goal. The White House Domestic Policy Coun-
cil Task Force on Wetlands is studying how best to irnple-
meat such a goal.
‘The Conservation Foundation is now part of the World
Wildlife Fund.
Contacts:
1) Heidi Sherk, Conservation Foundation/World
Wildlife Fund, (202) 293-4800.
2) Dianne Fish, 8 A Office of Wetlands
(202) 382-7071.
Protection,
Related Topics:
1) White House Domestic Policy Task
Force on
Wetlands, p. 88
Publications:
1) AOfficeofWetJandsProtectJon(1f8g).
Wedands
2) Conservation Foundation (1988).
Prntecting
Action Plan.
America’s Wetlands:An Action Agenda
Notes:
Maffe ,riaI WM4.iwI 14e ,tlin.
fl AFT FPfl T
A4
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Federal Agencies
American Wetlands Month
May 1991 Overview
Recognizing the need to respond to public interest in the
values and functions of wetlands, EPA, in cooperation with
other public and pnvatc org ni tiona, is working to estab-
lish a nationwide celebration in May 1991 of American
Wetlands Month? The goal of this event is to increase
public awareness of the values and importance of wetland
areas, encourage people to take advantage of the unique
opportunities these areas have to offer, and take action to
protect, enhance, or restore wetland areas in their cornmu-
nit )’.
Activities Planned
EPA is working with other federal, state, and local agen-
cies and private org ni i tions on American Wetlands
Month activities to include:
Wetlands Month Ceremony
An official American Wetlands Month Ceremony and
Reception will be held featuring EPA Mministrator Wil-
liam Reilly, cabinet secretaries, governors, members of
Congress, other federal and state officials, representatives
from environmental, business and recreational groups and
public personalities. President Bush will also be invited.
This event will include a major policy speech by Adininis-
trator Reilly, presentations of the National Wetlands
Awards, and granta for State Comprehensive Wetlands
Plan demonstration projects.
Wetlands Wonderland Program
The National Safety Council’s Project Echo, in coopera-
tion with EPA, will conduct a live drama entitled, Wet-
lands are V.bnderlands for kiMergartcn through third
grade classes in the Alexandria, Virginia, schools. The play
will introduce children to lovable and valuable wetlands
characters who need to be protected.
Wetlands Information
EPA will distribute information packers on American
Wetlands Month to interested groups and individuals. This
packet will include information on wetlands values and
functions, wetlands protection organi tions, a sample
news release, a list of possible activities, information about
EPA’S Wetlands Hothne, the Environmental Law Institute’s
National Wetlands Awards, and the Wetlands Forum.
Contacts:
1) Judy Johnson or Lori Williams, EPA Office of Washington, D.C. 20460; (202) 245-3907.
Wetlands Protection, (A-104F), 401 M Street, SW,
Related Topics:
1) EPA Office of Wetlands Protection OvervIew, p.66
Publications:
1) America,, Wetlands Month: May 1991. B’A Fact through the hotilne).
Sheet. (Available through the hotilne) 3) American Wetlands Month BroeMure. A. Available
2) America ’s Wetlands: Our Vital Link Between Land inApdi, 1991.
and Water. Prepared by the Office of Wetlands
Protection. Report No. OPA-87-016, 1988. (Available
R.c
ORAFT REPORT
Mattønal WattAnd. Høttln.
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Overview of Federal and State Wetlands Definitions
Federal Definitions of Wetlands
There are four federal agencies that are primarily in-
volved with identificationof wetlands in the United States:
the Environmental Protection Agency; the Army Corps of
Engineers; the Department of the Interior’s Fish and Wild-
life Service; and the Department of Agriculture’s Soil
Conservation Service and Agriculture Stabili tion and
Conservation Service. Each agency has its own definition
of wetlands, and these wetlands definitions are similar to
each other, they all include three basic elements for iden-
tifying wetlands — hydrology (is the area saturated or
inundated with water during the growing season?), vege-
tation (what kind of plants are present?), and soils (what
kind of soils are present?).
Other Federal Definitions
Some of the federal land management agencies such as
the National Park Service, Forest Service, and Bureau of
Land Management either have a definition of wetlands in’
their own regulations or are in the process of developing
one. For information on a wetlands definition of a particu-
lar federal agency, call that agency.
State Definitions
Most states also have their own wetlands definitions.
These definitions may differ from the federal definition in
many ways -some states, such as New York, require that
vegetation be present. However, many states do follow the
definition in the 1989 Federal Manualfor Identifying and
Delineating Jurisdictional Wetlands. For information on
an individual state definition, call the state resource agency
(See Appendix F).
Contacts:
1) EPA Regional Wetlands Office Contact (Appendix D).
A). 5) Mike Frita, Federal Interagency Committee for
2) Army Corps of Engineers District Office (Appendix Wetland Delineation, (202) 245-3913
B). 6) Jon Kusler, Association ol State Wetland Managers,
3) Fish and Wildlife Service Regional Office (Appendix (518) 872-1804.
C). 7) State resource agencies (Appendix F).
4) Soul Conservation Service State Office (Appendix
Related Topics:
1) U.S. EPA and Army Corps of Engineers Definition, Juiisdictional Wetlands, p.90
p.87 5) Wetland Hydrology, p.92
2) Soil Conservation Service Definition, p. 6) Hydrophytic Vegetation, p. 93
3) Fish and Wildlife Service Definition, p. 89 7) 1-lydric Soils, p. 94
4) Federal Manual for ldenth ying and Delineating
Publications:
1) The Wetlands Resource. (Fact Sheet). EPA Office 3) Wetlands Protection: A Handbook for Local
of Wetlands Protection. (Available through the Officials. Environmental Planning Information Series,
Hotllne) Report #7, Pennsylvania Department of
2) Federal Manual for Identifying and Delineating Environmental Resources, May 1990.
Jurisdictional Wetlands. Federal Interagency
Committee for Wetland Delineation, 1989.
Notes:
N tInnaI W 4I rwl. 14&IInø
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Federal Wetlands Definitions
U.S. EPA and Army Corps of Engineers Definition
The following definition of a wetland is the regulatoiy
definition tned by the U.S. EPA and the U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers for administering the Cean V ter Act’s Sec-
tion 404 permit program:
“Those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface
or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to
support, and that under armal circumstances do support,
a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in
saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include
swamps, marches, bog, and similar areas. (EPA, 40 CFR
2303 and Corp, 33 CFR 328.3).
Contacts:
1) S’A Regional Office (Appendix A). B).
2) Army Corps of Engu eers Distnct Office (Appendix
Related Topics:
1) Overview of Federal and State Wetlands Definitions 4) Federal Manual for Identh ying and Delineating
and Delineation, p.86 JU diCtiOflaJ Wed9.flt , p.90
2) Soil Conservation Service Definition, p. 5) Fish and Wildlife Service 20-Class Scheme, p.91
3) Fish and Wildlife Service Definition, p.91
Publications:
1) Federal Manual for fdenhitying and Delineating
Jurisdictional Wetlands. Federal Interagency
Committee for Wetland Delineation, 1989.
Notes:
g7
nRAFr RFPOPT
Wafinn I W fta.wl In.
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Federal Wetlands Definitions
Soil Conservation Service Definition
The following definition of a wetland, from the Food
Secmity Act of 1985, used by the Soil Couservation
Service for identifying wethnls onagricuftural land for the
U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Swampbuster pro-
gram:
“Wetlands are defined as areas that have a predominance
of hydric soils and that are inundated or saturated by
surface or ground waler at a frequency and duration suffi-
cient to support, and under normal circumstances do sup-
port, a prevalence of bydrophytic vegetation typi lly
adapter for life in saturated soil conditious...”
This is the same definition used in the Emergency Vkt-
lands Resources Act of 1986. Althougb the Soil Comer-
vation Service is a signatory to the Federal Manual for
Identifying and Delineating Jurisdictional wetlands, it
still uses the Food Security Act Manual for delineating
wetlands in farmland areas.
Notes:
Contacts:
Soil Conservation Service State Office (Appendix D).
Related Topics:
1) Swarnpbuster Program, p. 59
2) Overview of Federal and State Wetlands Definitions
and Delineation, p.86
3) U.S. EPA and Army Corps of Engineere Definition,
p.87
4) Fish and Wildlife Service Definition, p.89
5) FedCrBJ Manuai for Identifying and Delineating
Jurisdictional Wetlands, p.90
6) Fish and Wildlife Service 20-Class Scheme, p.91
Publications:
1) Federal Manual for Identifying and Delineating 3) “Case of the Missing Wetlands,” Mark Shoup,
Jurisdictional Wetlands. Federal Interagency National Wetlands Newsletter, VoL 13, No.2.
Committee for Wetland Delineation, 1989.
2) National Food SecutityActManuai 1988.
IMtfru,.I WM4 ,w4 W&IIn
nn rr Dfl T
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Federal Wetlands Definitions
Fish and Wildlife Service Definition
The following definition of a weUand s i&d by the F&sh
and Wildlife Sezvicc:
Wetlands are lands tra itiond between terrestrial and
aquatic systen s where the water table s inually at or irar
the surface or the land is coveted by shallow water. For
purposes of this classification wetlands must have one or
rc of the following three attributes: 1) at least peri-
odically, the Land suppor predominantly hydrophytes, 2)
the substrate predominantly undrained hydric soil, and
3) the substrate is noitsoil and is saturated with water or
covered by shallow water at some time during the growing
season of each ycar. (Cowardin, ci al., 1979).
Related Topics:
1) Overview of Federal and State Wetlands Definitions
4) Federal Manual for identifying and Delineating
and Delineation, p.86
2) U.S. EPA and Army Corps of Engineers DefInition,
p.87
Juiisdictionai Wetian , p. 90.
5) Fish and W IdIife Servtce 20-Class Scheme, p.91.
6)EffortstoMapWetianth.p.100
3) Soil Conservation SeMce Definition, p.88
Publications:
1) Federal Manual for Identifying and Delineating
of the United States. Cowardin, LM. at at, Fish and
Jurisdictional Wetlands. Federal Interagency
Wildlife Service, 1979.
Committee for Wetland Defrneation, 1989.
2) Classificaf ion of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats
Notes:
Contacts:
Fish and Wildlife Service Conlacts (Appendix C).
F AFT RFPO T
Natk naI WMI*ndu II tlIn.
-------
Federal Manual for Identifying and Delineating
Jurisdictional Wetlands
Overview
This manual was rssued In J lnn2ry 1989 through a
cooperative effort of four federal agencies with jurisdiction
over wetlands EPA, the Army Corps of Engineers, the
Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Soil Couscrvatlon Serv-
ice. It describes the three technical criteria that are used In
determining a wetland: hydrophylic vegetation, hydric
soils, and wetland hydrology. All three of these ted nicaI
criteria must be met for an area to be kientif led asa wcthnd-
The manual also describes ways to gather identification
information on these three criteria, and methods for iden-
tifying and del1ne ating jurisdictional wetlands. An Inter-
governmental Committee made up of representatives of
each of the four agencies is currently revising the Manual
to make technical changes. A new version of the manual
is scheduled for publication later this yea. The current
version of the manual is available from the Government
Printing Office, Document number 024-010-00603-8.
Contacts:
1) Government Printing Office, (202) 783-3238, for a
3) A Regionai Wetlands Office Contact (Appendix
copy of the manual.
A).
2) Mike Fri . Federal Interagency Committee for
4) Army Corps of Engineers District Office (Appendix
Wetland Delineation, (202) 245-3913.
B).
Related Topics:
1) OveMew of Federal and State Wetlands Definitions
3) Hydrophytic Vegetation, p.93
and Delineation, p.88
2) Wetlands Hydrology, p.92
4) Hydrlc Soils, p.94
5) Efforts to Map Wetlands, p.100
Publications:
1) Federal Manual for Identifying and Delineating
Committee for Wetland DelineatIon, 1989.
Jurisdictional Wetlands Federal Interagency
Notes:
Ma InnM WMIaru$i I4&IIi *
flPAF RFPC)RT
an
-------
Wetlands Classification
Fish and Wildlife Service 20-Class Scheme
The Fish and Wildlife SerViCe’S 20-class scl me of Coastal Saline Areas (types 15 to 20).
wetlands of the United States was developed in 1956. This mantel is meful for mdcislandlng the functioas
twenty types are grouped under four major wetland and values of wetlands and for field identification of wet-
gorics: lands. It is also teed to map wetlands for the National
Inland Fresh Areas (types 1 to 8); V tlaT1&S Inventoiy. However, identification does not as-
si a value to the wetland or delineate it for the pwposes
Inland Saline Areas (typeS 11 ) ; of reg’ a
Coastal Fresh Areas (types 12 to 14); and
Notes:
Contacts:
Fish and Wildlife Service regional office (Appendix C).
Related Topics:
1) Fish and Wildlife Service - Mission and Programs 2) Regional Wetlands Types, p.95
p.72 3) Wetlands Values and Functions - Overview, p.101
Publications:
1) Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats 3) Reid Guide to Nontldal Wetland IdentIfication,
of the United States, Cowardin etal, 1979. Ralph W. liner, Jr. Maryland Department of
2) Wetland Identification and Delineation Manual, Environmental Protection, April 1988.
‘A.
gi fl AFT FP(T)PT M ft naI WMI nd* I4nflInm
-------
Wetlands Characteristics
Wetland Hydrology
V t1and hydrology meam the wetness of the wetland
area. The preseece of water, whether permanent or peri-
odic, is very essentially what makes a wetland a wetlan&
Soils and hydrology are derived from the prescece of water.
The hydrology determines the types of plants that can grow
and the types of soils that may develop. Numerous factors
influence the wetness of an area, including precipitation,
topography, soil permeability, and plant cover. All wet-
lands usually have at least a seasonal abundance of water.
This water may come from direct precipitation, overbank
f]ooding, surface water runoff due to precipitation or snow
melt, groundwater discharge, or tidal flooding. The length
of time that soil saturation and inundation occurs and Lasts
can widely vary, from just a few weeks of the year to
coustant wethess. It may be present as standing water or
simply saturate the soil during a critical part of the growing
season.
Of the three technical criteria for wetland identification,
wetland hydrology is the most important, however it is
often the least exact and most difficiult to establish in the
field due to annual, seasonal, and daily fluctuations.
Contacts:
1) A Regional Wetlands Office (AppendbA).
2) Bil’y Teels, USDA Soil Conservation Service, (202)
3) Sodety of Wetland Scientists (AppendixJ).
4) National Wetlands Technical Council (Appendoc J).
447-5991.
Related Topics:
1) Federal Manual for Identifying and Delineating
Jurisdictional Wetlanc ,
3) Hydrophytic Vegetation, p. 93.
4) Hydric Soils, p.94
2) Fish and Wildlife Service 20-Class Scheme, p. 9 1
Publications:
1) Federal Manual for Identifying and Delineating
Ralph W. liner, k. Malyland Departmerd of Natural
Jurisdictional Wetlands Federal Interagency
Resources, 1988.
Committee for Wetland Delineation, 1989.
2) F7eld Guide to Nontidal Wetland Identification.
Notes:
Ja$fr ,naI WMta,w4* H&II,,ø
n am FDflPT
-------
Wetlands Characteristics
Hydrophytic Vegetation
The plant life that grows in a wetland is co idemd to be
hydrophytic vegetation, became it grows in water, soil, or
on a substrate that LS at least periodically deficient in.
oxygen as a result of excessive water content. However,
not all plants that grow in wetl Ic grow only in wetlands.
Th se plants that do - called obli te wetland species - are
only 27 percent of the nearly 7,000 vascular plant species
that grow in US. wetlands. This meam that the majority
of plant species growing in wetlands also grow in non-wet-
lands — or in upland — areas in varying degrees. Plants
that arc often found in wetl2nLc and upland areas alike are
known as facultazive wetland planls and comtitute the
majority of plant types found in wetlands. In addition, a
category of plante found l s frequently in wetIan is and
primarily in upland areas are known as facultative-upland
species.
Related Topics:
1) OyeMewotFederalandStateWetiafld’De1iflitiOnS
and Delineation, p
2) Federal Manual for Identifying and DelIneating
3) Fish and Wildlife Service 20.Cless Scheme, p.91
4) Wetlands Hydrctogy, p.92
5) Hydric Soils, p.94
Jurisdictional Wetlands, p.90.
Publications:
1) Federal Manual for Identifying and Delineating
Jurisdictional Wetlands. Federal Interagency
Committee for Wetland DeFu ealIon, 1989.
2) National List of Plant Species That Occur in
Wetlands: National Surnrnar ’. P.B. Reed, 1., U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, 1988.
3) Field Guide to Nontidai Wetland Identificalioit
Resources, 1988.
4) Walking the Wetlands: A Hiker’s Guide to Common
Plants and Mimals of Marshes, Bogs, and Swamps.
Lyons, Janet and Sandra Jordan, 1989.
5) Field Guide to the Submerged Aquatic Vegetation
of the Chesapeake Bay. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, 1990.
Ralph W Tiner, Jr. Maiyland Department of Natural
Notes:
Contacts:
1) Bill Sipple, D’AOffice of Wetlands Protection, (202)
382-5066.
2) Society of Wetlands Scientists, (AppendixJ).
3) National Wetlands Techrucal Council (AppendbcJ).
FIRAFT RFPORT
Naflnn I WMt rw4a I4MUn*
-------
Wetlands Characteristics
Hydric Soils
The current definition of bydric soils describes them
soils that are saturated, flooded, or pondcd long enough
during the growing season to develop abiceonditior
in the upper layers near the surface. In general, this time
period is usmlly one week or more when soil temperatures
are above 41 degrees Fahrenheit. Ust lly these soils sup-
port hydrophytic vegetation, but many hydric soils have
been thoroughly drained and no longer have the hydrology
to support wetlands vegetation. A hydric soil by itself
Related Topics:
1) OveMewof Federal and State Wetlands Definitions
and Delineation, p.86
2) Federal Manual for !den f g and Delineating
Junsdictional Wellanc* p.90
not a concimive iodimtor of a wetland. The National
‘ftclmical Committee for Hydric Soils has developed c ii-
teria for bydric soils and a list of the nation’s hydiic soils.
An alteration of this definition is under oorniderauon by
the Soil Committee. When the changes are final, they will
be incorporated into the manuaL
Notes:
Contacts:
1) Bill Sipple, B’A Of flee of Wetlands Proteetion, (202)
2) Soaety of Wetlands Scientists, (Appendix J).
382-5066.
3) National Wetlands Technical Council (Appendix J).
3) Fish and Wildlife Service 20-Cless Scheme, p.91
4) Wetlands Hydrology, p.92
5) Hydrophytic Vegetation, p.93
Publications:
1) Federal Manual (or Identifying and Delineating
Jurisdictional Wetlands. Federal Interagency
2) Hydiic Soils of the United States. USDA Soil
Conservation Service, 1987.
Committee for Wetland Delineation, 1989.
,IaHnnaI WM$ n 4 N, lin,,
flRAFT nFPnRT
ad
-------
Wetlands Classification
Regional Wetlands Types
%Wtlands arc known by many i mes that can vary from
one region of the cou try to anothcr
Bo
They have a thick layer of floating peat on the surface
and are higly acidic. They have no regular inlet or outlet
of water; thus they are dependent iq on precipitation for
water. Bogs are found in the northern United States.
Bottomland Hardwoods
These are deciduous forested wetlands, found along
rivers and streams generally in the broad floodplains of the
southeast and southcenlral United States.
Emergent Wetlands
They are characterized by free-standing, nonwoody
plants. ‘fl y can be either freshwater or saltwater Emer-
gent wetlands are found throughout the United States,
particularly in coastal areas, adjacent to major lakes, and
in the West.
Fens
They have a defined outlet and are suppoiledby mineral-
rich groundwater that has seeped to the surface. Like bogs,
fe have large amounts of peat. They are found in the
northern United States.
Mangroves
These arc coastal saltwater wethnrk that ate covered
with waterallyeararound. Mangroves are found along the
coest of the southern United States.
Marshes
These are emergent wetlands with a regular inlet and
outlet of water. They can be either salt or freshwater, inland
or coastaL They are dominated primarily by nonwoody
vegetation. Marshes are found throughout the United
States.
Swamp
Swamps are dominated primarily by trees or shrubs, and
are found throughout the United States.
Prairie Potholes
These are depressional wetlands found in the Upper
Midwest, especially North Dakota, South Dakota, and
Minnesota. They are major waterfowl breeding and mi-
gration resting areas.
Playa Lakes
These are periodically flooded wetland basim that are
common in parts of the Southwest and Plaim States.
F Contacts:
1 1) Bill Sipple.,B’A Office of Wetlands Protection, 3) NatIonal Audubon Society (AppendixJ).
I 2021382-5068. 4) NatIonal Wildlife Federation (Appendix H).
L 2) Izaak Walton League of America (Appendbc J). 5) SOdetY of Wetlands Scientists (Appendiz J).
Related Topics:
1) Fish and Wildlife Service 20-Cless Scheme, p.91
2) Wetlands Values and Functions - Overview, p.101
Publications:
1) Certffied: A Citizen’s Step-by-Step Guide to Edlltor. Iowa State UniversIty, 1989.
Protecting Vernal PooLs. Colbum, Elizabeth A., editor, 7) Our NatiOnal Wetlands Heritage: A Protection
Massachusetts AudubonSociety, 1989. Guidebook Dr. Jon A. Kusler, 1983.
2) Classification of Wetlands and Deepwaier Habitats 8) Reestablishment of Bottomland Hard Ivod Forests
of the United States, Cowardinetal , 1979. on Disturbed Sites: An Annotated Bibliography.
3) Coastal Marshes: Ecology and Wildlife Haynes, Ronnie J. et al. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Management Chabreck Robert A., University of 1988.
Minnesota, 1988. 9) South Carolina RWerAssessrnent Beasley, Batty
4) ReId Guide to Nonhidal Wetland Identification, R. David A. Lange, and Wallace C. Briltain. South
Ralph W. liner, Jr. Maryland Department of Carolina Water Resources Conirnission, 1988.
Environmental ProteCtion, April 1988. 10) Walking the Wetlands: A Hiker’s Guide to
5) Marsh Management fri Coastal thuis,ana. U( CiS Common Plants and Animals of Marshes, Bogs, and
and Issues. Duffj, Walter G. and Dan 1 Clark editors. Swamps. Lyons, Janet and Sandra Jordan, 1989.
Fish and Wildlife Service, 1989.
6) Nctlhem Ptafrie Wetlands. Van der Valic Mwld,
WMIe,,imI W.Ha,wl Ik lIA.
-------
Loss of Wetlands In the United States
Historic Rate of Loss Nationally
In 1989, through the North American V l1ands Czmer-
vacion Act,, Congress directed the Secretary of the Interior
to assess the number of wetland acres that existed in the
178( and in the 198( for the United States and for each
state. Congress also required an assessment of the esti-
mated percentage of loss of wetlands in each state during
this 200-year time span.
Wetlands in the U.S. in the 1780s
The FISh and Wildlife Study found that, at the time of
Colonial America, the United States contained an esti-
mated 392 million acres of wetlands, Of this total, 1
million acres were thought to be located in the lower 48
states. Other studies have come up with different totals,
ranging from 211 million acres by the USDA Soil Comer-
vation Service to 217 acres by the USDA Economic Re-
search Service,
Wetlands in the US. in the 1980s
By the 198l , the entire United States, including Alaska
and Hawaii, contained only 274 million acres of wetlands,
a70percenhloss. The lower48states had l04milhionacres
of wetlands remaining Over a period of 200 years, the
lower 48 states have lost an estim21 d 53 percent of their
original wetlands.
Related Topics:
1) Rate of Present Losses Nationals,, p.97
2) State and Regional Loss StatistIcs, p.98
3) Major Causes of Wetlands Losses, p.99
Publications:
1) Wetlands Losses in the United States, 1780s to
4) SoIl Taxonomy. A Basic System of Soil
1980s. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil
Wildlife Service, 1990.
2) StatusandTrendsofWedandsandDeepwater
Habitats inthe Conterminous United States, l9SOsto
1970s. Frayer at aL, Colorado State University, Ft.
Collins, 1
3) Status and Trends of Wetlands in the Contermirious
United States, 1970s to 1980s. Dahl, Thomas E. and
Craig E. Johnson, Fish and Wildlife Service (Draft),
Suivey& USDA Soil Conservation Service, 1975.
5) Wetland Priori4’MaI is-the lower48 States
(unpublished). USDA Economic Researth Service,
1989.
6) Farm Dra nagein the United States: Hlstcwy, Status,
and Prospects. Pavells, GA, editor, USDA Economic
Rese SeMce, 1987.
1990.
Notes:
Contacts:
1) Craig Johnson, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Semce’s
3) USDA Soil Conservation Service, State
National Wetlands Inventory, 703/358-2201.
Conservationiats (Appendix D).
2) USDA Economic Research Service;
(202)
344-2264.
4) Mapping Efforts of
5) North American
Wetlands, p. 100
Wetlands Conservation Act of
1989, p. 114.
N,itInu’uil WM1 nrl* 4r,tIIn*
flRAFT ’ PF OPT
-------
Loss of Wetlands In the United States
Rate of Present Losses Nationafly
1950s to 1970s
Inthe 195 aceofwetlandsinthelower48.
United States - rot including AI ckn and Hawaii - was
108.1 million acres. In the 1970s It was 99.0 million acres,
a net loss of over nine million acres. Average annual net
loss for the 20-year period was 458,000 acres. Average
annual net loss of Inland wetlands was 439,000 acres, aix!
the remaining 19,000 acres was from eawarine welbnda
wetlands. Much of this loss was due to wetland conversion
for agriculture aix! occurred primarily in Midwestern and
Mississippi River Valley States.
1970s and 1980s
New information on wetlands losses between the 197(
and the 198( E forthcoming in the updated version of
Stafl s and 7) ndr of Wetlands and Deep zter Habitatr in
the Conrerminous United States, due for publication in
1991. This report will generate new information based on
a statistical analysis of wetland changes from the 197( to
the 198( . The stattis aix! Uenth report will be updated
every zen years by the Fish and Wildlife Service as required
by the Emergeixy V tI nds Resources Act of 1986.
Notes:
Contacts:
1) Craig Johnson, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s
NatiOnal Wetlands Inventay, 703/358-2201.
Related Topics:
1) Histonc Rate of Loss NatIonally, p.96
2) State and Regional Loss Statistics p.98
3) Major C ttces of Wetlands Lasses, p.99
Publications:
1) Wetlands Losses in the United States, 1780s to
1980s. U.S. Depaitment of the lnterlol Fish and
Wildlife Service, 1990.
2) Status and Trends of Wetlands and Deepwater
Habitats in the Contefminous United States, 195Cis to
1970s. Prayer et aJ., Colorado State University, Pt.
Collins, 1983.
3) Status and 77ends of Wetlands In the Conterminous
United States, 1970s to 1980s. DaN, Thomas E and
Craig E. Johnson, Fish and Wildlife Service (Draft).
1990.
-------
Loss of Wetlands in the United States
State and Regional Loss Statistics
Approximately 53 percent of the original w th 1c in the
lower 48 states have been lost in the past two hundred
years. Alaska has lost a fraction of one percent while
Hawaii has lost an estimated 12 percent of its original
wetland areas. On average, this means that the lower 48
states have lost over 60 acres of wetlands for every hour
between the 1780s and the 198( .
Greatest Areas of Loss, 1780s to 1980s
Ten states - Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Illinois,
Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, and Ohio -
have lost 70 percent or more of their original wetland
acreage. California has lost the largest percentage of origi-
nal wetlands within the state (91 percent), and Florida has
lost the most acreage (9.3 million acres). T¼venty-two
states have lost 50 percent or more ofth fror’ghnd wetland
areas. With the exception of Alaska, New Hampshire, and
Hawaii, no slate has lost less than 20 percent of its original
wetland acreage.
Current Wetlands Status
Among the lower 48 states, Florida, Louisiana, Minne-
sota, and Texas axe the four slates with the greatest wet-
lands acreage. Other states with conaiderable weilaM
include Alabama, Georgia, Maine, Michigan, Mississippi,
North Carolina, South Carolina, and WLscorisin.
Difficulty in Estimations
It is difficult to make accurate estimates of wetland
acreage during colonial time. Two problenis make it diffi-
cult to use original acreage surveys or land use reports: 1)
quantitative information on wetlands is not available from
early engineering or reconna sancc survey reports; and 2)
national and state boundaries have changed dramatically
since the 178( .
Data on existing wetland acreage also must be inter-
preted with caution. For some states, the wetlands have
been mapped for the entire state by the National V t1ands
Inventory, and acreage summary reports are available de-
tailing the extent of wetlands. However, for those stares
that are not completely mapped or where acreage sHnima-
rica axe not yet compiled, an accurate a nnhing of wet-
land acreage is not always available. In addition, the
current status of wetlands in the United States is always
changing Individual states may have information avail-
able on wetlands trends in addition to information available
through the Fish and Wildlife Service’s National V tlands
Inventory.
Future Losses
Based on the Fish and Wildlife Service’s National V t-
lands Inventory estimates of past wetlands losses, the Na-
tion will lose an additional 4,250,000 acres of wetlands by
the year 2000. This represents an area larger than the states
of Connecticut and Rhode Island combined.
Contacts:
1) State resource agencies (Appendix F).
2) A Regional Office Wetlands Contact (Appendix
A).
3) Airny Corps of Engineers District Office (Append
B).
4) Fish and Wildlife Service Regional Office (Appendix
C).
5) Soil Conservation Service State Office (Appendix
D).
Related Topics:
1) Histonc Rate of Loss Nationally, p.96
2) Rate of Present Losses National , p.97
3) Major Causes of Wetlands Losses, p. 99.
Publications:
1) Wetlands Losses hr the United States, 1780s to
198C1s, U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, 1990.
2) Status and Trends of Wetlands and Deepwater
Habitats in the Conterminous United States, 1 95 to
1970s. Frayer et aL, Colorado State Univers y, Ft.
Collins, 1983.
3) Status and Trends of Wetlands inthe Conterrrdnous
United States, 1970s to 1980s. DaN, Thomas E. and
Craig E. Johnson, Fish and Wildlife Service (Draft),
1990.
4) Wetlands of the United States: Current Status and
Recent Trends, U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish
and Wildlife Service, 1984.
5) Wetlands: Meeting the President’s Challenge. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Wetlands Action Plan, 1990.
N*tInn I Wti*,wf MrdIIn.
-------
Loss of Wetlands In the United States
Major Causes of Wetlands Losses
Since the first European settlers came to the United • Mining
States, several different forces luve contributed to the loss
‘Alteration of hydrology
and degredation of wetlands in the United States.
Human Impacts Natural Threats:
• Drainage • Erosion
• Dredging and stream c h nI ll7ation • Subsidence
• Deposition of fill material
• Sea-level Rise
• Diking and damming
• Droughts
• Tilling for crop production
• Grazing by domesticated anim Is ‘Hurricanes and other storn
• Discharge of pollutants ‘Overgrazing by wildlife
Notes:
Contacts:
1) EPA Office of Wetlands Protection, Glenn Eugster,
(202) 382-5045.
2)Thomas Dahi, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service., St
Petersburg, FL (813) 893-3620.
3) State and Territorial Agencies and Citizens’ Groups
(Appendix G).
Related Topics:
1) HistorIc Rate of Losses Nationally. p.96
2) Rate of Present Losses Natlonai , p.97
3) State and Regional Loss Statistics, p.98
Publications:
1) Wetlands Losses fri the United States, 1780s to
1980s. U.S. Depaitnent of the lntenot Fish and
Wildlife ServIce, 1990.
2) Status and 7 ends of Wetlands and Deepwater
Habitats in the Conterminous United States, 195w to
United States, 1970s to 1980s . DahI, Thomas E. and
Craig E. Johnson. Fish and Wildlife Service (Drafi),
1990.
4) Wetlands of the United States: Current Status and
Recent Trends U.S. Depailment of the lnterIa, Fish
1970s. Frayer at aL, Colorado State Univel5ity, Ft.
and Wildlife Service, 1984.
Collins, 1983.
3) Status and Trends of Wetlands in the Contwmfnous
flPA Y FPfl T PJ*tfrmn ,I W.$fandm MnflIna
-------
Loss of Wetlands in the United States
Efforts to Map Wetlands
There have been several efforts to map wetlands in the
United States, and for many reasons, such as determining
jurisdictional wetlands, acres of wetlands lost, or the
current slatm of wetlands. Almost all federal land man-
agement agencies have either been mapping wetlands or•
have recently begun to map wetlands, and many states
have also mapped their wetlands. These maps alone,
however, should not be relied on to determine the exist-
ence of wetlands on a particular parcel or area.
Federal Land Management Agencies
• The Fish and Wildlife Service is the leading federal
agency with responsibility for mapping the nation’s wet-
lands through its National Vktlands Inventory program.
The Nauonal V, t1ands Inventory maps the statm of wet-
lands in the United States and the percentage ofeachstate
that is wetland.
• The Department of Agriculture’s Economic Re-
searth Service (ERS) has mapped the extent and location
of land in the U.S., by state and by region, that has been
drained for agricultural me. Beginning in 1900, the ERS
has compiled this information for five-yeartime intervals.
It conducted another survey in 1978 and in 1980, and for
every year thereafter.
• The Department of Defense (DOD) has recently
begun to map wetlands on their bases around the counfly,
and on lands leased by the DOD. The Navy signed an
agreement last year with the Fish and Wildlife Service to
inventory and preserve we’1and c on 70 naval installations.
• The Army Corps of F g!t1eers (Corps) has been
conducting ongoing wetlands mapping activities for pur-
poses of Section 404.
• The National Park Service began a wetlands pres-
ervation, mapping, and research program this year.
• The For t Service has an ongoing program to
inventory wetlands and other riparian lands.
• The Bureau of Land Management began a program
to map riparian wetlands areas on land it administers in
the Vkstcrn United States this yeai , including a five-year
effort to inventory wetlands.
• The Soil Conservation Service’s Natural Resources
Inventory measures soil types in the United States, which
is mes in making swampbuster determinations under the
1985 and 1990 Farm Bills. County SC offices have
maps of wetlands on farmland for the purposes of the
Swampbmter program.
• The U. Geological Survey has topographic maps,
on the scale of 1:24,000, and land me and land cover
maps , both which may have maps of wetlands.
State Mapping Efforts
Many stales have been mapping their wetlands for
several years - often the information for federal mapping
is derived from state-conducted mapping. For informa-
tion on state-level mapping, contact your state natural
resource agency for wetlands (Sec Appendix F).
Contacts:
1) Craig Johnson, U.S. Fish and Wildlife SeMces
4) National Park Service, Pam Matthes, (202)
National Wetlands lnvantoiy, 703/358-2201.
208-4639..
2) Soil Conservation Service headquarters, public
5) Forest Service, Larry Schmldt (202) 453-9475..
information office; 202/382-1861.
6) U.S. Geologic Surv , Geological Research, (703)
3) Department of Defense, Peter Boice, (202)
860-6341.
325-2215.
Related Topics:
1) Historic Rate of Loss Nationally, p.96
3) State and Regional Loss Statistics, p. 98.
2) Rate of Present Losses Nationai r, p.97
Publications:
1) Farm Drainage in the United States: Histcay, Stat us
3) Summary Report, 1987 National Resources
and Prospects. USDA ERS, 1987.
Inventory. USDA Soil Conservation Service, 1989.
2) Status and Trends of Wetlands and Deepwat
4) Wetlands of the United States: Current Status and
Habitats in the Contetminous United States, 195( to
Recent Trends. U.S. Fish and Wddbfe Service, 1984.
1970s. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1983. Copies
from Department of Forest and Wood Sciences,
Cdorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, for
Available from the Government Pnnting Office.
5) Our NatiöneJ Wetlands Heritage: A Protection
Guidebook. ( . Jon A. Kusler, 1983.
$5.00.
Na$4n i,RI WMIa,w4 I4 tln
Inn
-------
Wetlands Values and Functions
The Importance of Wetiands - Overview
V Uands the a4lecth’e term for maisbes, swamps,
bogs, and similar areas that often develop between open
water and dry land. These wet areas can be found in every
county of every slate in the United States.
In the past, wetlands were often regarded as wastelands
—sources of mosquitoes, flies, and unpleasaTlt odors. Most
people felt that wetlands were places to be avoided, or
better yet, eliminated. Largely became of this negative
view, more than half of America’s origiml wetlands have
been destroyed. They have been drained and converted to
farmland, filled for homing development and indmtiial
facilities, or simply med as dump sites for both bomehold
and hazardous waste.
More recently, with our increased understanding of ecol-
ogy, attitudes towards wetlands have changed. Scientists
have discovered that wetlands, are valuable natural re-
sources. Among other things , wetlands help improve water
qusIfty reduce flood and storm d iniages, provide impor-
tant fish and wildlife habitat, and smqport hunting and
Th hing activities. (See below for descriptions of individual
values and ftmciiois of wetlands.)
Notes:
Contacts:
1) Glenn Eugster, EPA Headquaitets OWP Outreach
Contact, (202) 382-5045.
2) For a scientific perspective, call your Soc*ety of
Wetlands Scientists/National Wetlands Technical
Council, Appendix J.
3) S A Regional Wetlands Coordinator, see Appendix
&
Related Topics:
1) Fish and Wildlife Habitat—p.103
2) Water QualIty Improvement—p.110
3) Sediment Control—p. 108
4) Shoreline Erosion Control — p.102.
5) Flood Control — p.104.
5) Water Supply Improvement — p.112
7) Treating Acid Mine Drainage — p.109
8) Natural Resource Products - p.105.
Publications:
1) American Water Resources Association. Wetlands:
Concerns and Successes. Bethesda. MD, 1989.
2) A. America’s Wetlands: Our ‘v7ta! Lirk 1 c Between
Land and water. Prepared by the Office of Wetand
Protection. Report No. OPA-87-01 6, 1988. (avaIlable
from the hotilne)
3) National Wildlife Federation. A Citizen’s Guide to
Protecting Wetlands. 1989.
PlatIori*I Wett*nds HotIi, e
ORAFT REPORT
101
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Wetlands Values and Functions
Erosion Control
V l1ands axe an effeclive mesas of erosion control . By
anchoring the soils along river banks and lake shores,
wetland plants hold soils in place. The plane also reduce
erosion by dissipating energy from mal1 waves and cur--
rents, with mangroves being particularly resistanL
Erosion control and development
Erosion control is particularly important in areas where
streams and rivers are threatened by development pressure.
Impioper land development can encroach on shorelines,
leaving little vegetation to trap sediment or control future
stream bank erosion. Communities that preserve their wet-
lands may be able to avoid future expenditures on sediment
control basins or trap, and some states are now recom-
meMing the planting of wetland vegetation to control
sborcline erosion in coastal areas.
Contacts:
1) So yof We lands Scie tists, see AppenduxJ, for
technical questions.
2) International Erosion Control Association, see
Appendix H.
Related Topics:
-
1) Sediment Control, p.108
2) Flood Control, p.104
Publications
1) National Research Council. Managing Coastal
1990.
Erosion. National Academy Press, Washington, DC,
Notes:
National Wetlands Nadine
DRAFI REPORT
102
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Wetlands Values and Functions
Fish and Wildlife Habitat
V tlands support a wide variety of plants and aniniatc ,
including many threatened and endangered species. Be-
came wetlands are among the world’s most productive
ecosystems, there is seldom a shortage of food for fish and
wildlife in areas where wetlands have not been destroyed.
The abundant plant growth in wetlands provides the foun-
dation of the food chain, as well as shelter for aniniak .
Crabs, clams, small fish, and other animals commonly feed
on ‘detritus” — material that results from the breakdown
of wetland plants. In turn, larger animak feed on detritm-
eating animaLs . Vkllands are ideal breeding sites bra wide
variety of birth and mammaLs , including ducks, geese,
mink ) and beaver. In addition to providing year-round
habitats for resident birds, wetlands are especially impor-
tarn as breeding grounds, oveiwintering areas, and feeding
grounds for migratory waterfowl and numerous other
birth.
Endangered Species in Wetland Areas
AlthOUgh wetlands cover less than 5 percent of the
counhz y’s lamis , they provide habitat for about 45 percznt
of the nation’s federally-listed endangered animal and
plant species. A few examples of wetland dependent en-
dangered species arc the American crocodile, the Ever-
glade kite, the American wood stork, and the whooping
crane. The tremendous natural diversity in wetland areas
provide unique habitats for many of the country’s rarest
species of plants and animaLs .
Contacts:
1) Tom Mur, US Fish and Wildlife Service (202)
6) Your local Audubon, National Wildlife Federation, or
208-5543.
other NGO, see Appendix G.
2) Ducks Unlimited, (202) 452-8824.
7) Wildfowt Trust of North America (see Appendix H)
3) Trout Unlimited, (703) 281-1100.
8) International Wild Waterfowl Association (see
4) Scott Felerabend, National Wildlife Federation,
(202) 797-6800.
5) Whooping Crane Conservation Association
Appendix H)
9) American Ornithologists Union and Association of
Field Ornithologists (see Append H)
(Appendix H).
Related Topics
1) Endangered Species Act, p. 46.
83.
2) Fish and Wildlife SeMce - Mission and Programs,
p.72.
3) North American Waterfowl Management Plan, p.
Publications
1) Lyons, Janet and Sandra Jordan. Walking The -
Wetlands: A Hiker’s Guide to Common Plants and
Publishers, 1990.
5) Kraus, Mark. ‘Urban Wetlands’ In National
Animals of Marshes, Bogs, and Swamps. New Yoric
John Wiley and Sons, 1989. 222 pages.
2) NorthAmetican Waterfov. Management Plan, 1990
Update US Fish and Wildlife Service.
3) US Fish and Wildlife SeMce 1990 WetlandsAction
Plan.
Wetlands Newsletter, VoL 13, No.1, p.1.
6) 8 A. Americas Wetlands: Our Vital Ur* Between
Land and Wata (available from the hotilne)
7) National Wildlife Federation. A Citlzer s Guide to
Wetlands Pl’otection. 1989.
8) Wharton, Charles. Southern River Swamp. Georgia
4) Feierabend, Scott. ‘Wetlands: The Ufeblood of
State University.
Wildlife,’ in Hammer. Donald, ed. ConsUucted
Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment Lewis
Notes:
In.’
DRAFT PEPORT
PJMIenaI W.tlanda køtfl,i.
-------
Wetlands Values and Functions
Flood Control
Wtlands function as natural basins, storing flood waters
that overflow riverbanks or surface water that collects in
isolated depressions. By doing so, wellaixls help protect
adjacent and downstream areas from flood damage . Trees
and other wetland vegetation also help to slow the speed
of flood waters.
A one-acre wetland can bold up to 330,000 gallons of
water if flooded to a depth of one foot. Saturated wetland
soils can also hold large voLumes of water like a giant
sponge. If wethivk are removed or filled, downstream
flood levels will r c and crest much fast . Vkilands can
help protect the public from flood daniage and may reduce
the need for public spending on flood control structures or
extensive drainage systen .
In agricultural areas, wetlands can help to reduce the
potential of flood damage to crops . V. tlands within and
upstream of cities are especially valuable for flood protec-
tion—wban development increases flooding by cliniinat.
lug vegetation and covering areas where flood waters could
seep back into the ground,
National Flood Insurance Program
Lawmakers recognized the value of wetlands for flood
control when they passed the National Flood Insurance Act
of 1968, which created the National Flood Insurance Pro-
gram. This program offers low-cost, guaranteed insurance
to homeowners in flood-prone communities in return for
communities directing new development out of the flood-
plain and enforcing floodplain regulations.
Contacts:
1) Tennessee Valley Authority. Jim Wright. (615)
4) For more information on the National Flood
632-4792.
2) Rebecca Hughes, Association of State floodplain
Insurance Program, contact Frank Thomas, Federal
Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC.
Managers, (301) 974-3825.
3) Beth Milleman, Coast Alliance, Washington, DC.
Related Topics:
1) Erosion Control, p. 102 3) Coastal Barriers Resources Act, p.115
2) Sediment Control, p. 108
Publications:
1) Cibes LJnd& Watar A Comparative Evaluation of
Ten Cities’ Efforisto Manage floodpL ain Use.
2) Butler, David. Floodplain Harmony. Asso edon of
State Floodplain Managers, 1989.
3) Association of State Floodplain Managers
4) Beth Milleman and Else Jones. Improving the
National Flood Insurance Program. National
Wet!anc Newsieffer. Vol.12, No.3(1990).
5) Wharton, Charles. Southern River Swamp.
Georgia State University.
Newsletter.
Notes:
I JM1øn*I WMIand I4otIln.
DRAFF PFPO T
104
-------
Wetlands Values and Functions
Natural Resource Products
A wealth of natural producLs are produced by wetlarvic
Those available for huTnsni usc include timber, fish and
shellfish, bluebenies, cranbernes, su r canc, and wild
rice. For more information on the role of wcth n&c in
fisheries and waterfowl himting, see the following page
pages.
Timber
Forested wetlands are an important source of timbeL For
example, timber production on 2,300 acres of the Alcovy
River in Georgia was estimated to be worth over $1.5
million per year in 1985. There can be problems associated
with timber cutting in wetlands.
Other products
V , tlnnd axe highly productive. This productivity is
typically seen as lush growth of vegetation, but also cx-
tends to vexy rich soils. Historically, wetlands have had
agricultural uses including the production of hay and
muck-farm vegetables such as celery and onions, and
wetland wasses are very effective mulches. In addition,
some weth rv1c are rich in peat—a type of moss that grows
in extremely wet areas. Although peat moss minmg has
become a common practice in some areas both as fuel and
as an agrculturaJ product, mining also can destroy the
natural finictions of the wetland and is strictly regulated in
most states.
Related Topics:
1) FishandWildlifeHabitat, p.103
2) Naturai Resource Products, p.105
3) Importan 1 Wetlands-Overview, p.101.
Publications:
1) A. Amences Wetlands: Our Vital LL’* Between
Land and Wata-. (AvaiLable from the Hotllne)
Protecting Wetlands. 1989.
3) South Carolina Research Center Newsletter.
2) National Wildlife Federation. A CitizeWs Guide to
Contacts:
1) For information on fisheries, contact the National
Marine Fisheries Service., public affairs offlcce, (202)
377-3263.
2) For information on waterfowl hunting in wetlands,
contact Duclcs Unlimited (see Appendix H for area
chapters)
3) For information on the role of wetlands in fisheries,
contact the American Fisheries Society, (301)
897-8616.
4) National Audubon Society (see Appendix H for local
chapter).
5) For a more scientific perspective, contact the
Society of Wetlands Scientists or National Wetlands
Technical Council chapter in your region (see
AppendixJ).
Natiønal Wetlands Høtlln
DRAFT RCPORT
-------
Wetlands Values and Functions
Fisheries
tlands are a vital pail of the nation’s commercial and
recreationai fishing industries. When wetland plants die,
bacteria and fungi tramform them into minute fragments
of food and vitamin rich detritm which arc carried into tidal
creeks, bays, and offshore waters. Many species of sport
and commercial fish and shellfish axe dependent upon th
dethtm. In addition, salt marshes provide protected nurs-
ing areas for important commercial fishes such as cod,
herring, and mackereL
Ththy, much of the nation’s fishing and sheilfishing
indnatries harvest wetland-dependent species. For exam-
ple, in the Southeast 96 percent of the commercial catch
and over 50 percent of the recreational harvest are fish and
s1 ll fish that depend on the estuary coastal wetland sys-
tem. Currently, the U.S. commercial fisheries harvest is
valued at more than $10 billion per year.
Contacts:
1) For information on fisheries, contact the National
897-8616.
Marine Fisheries Seivice, public affairs office, (202)
377-3263..
3) For a more scientific perspective, contact the
Society of Wetlands Scientists or National Wetlands
2) For information on the role of wetlands in fisheries,
Technical Council chapter in your region (see Appendix
contact the American Fisheries Society. (301)
J).
Related Topics:
1) Fish and Wildlife Habitat, p.103
2) Natural Resource Products. p. 1 05
Publications:
1) 6 A. 4mences Wetlands: Our Vita! Link Between
protecting Wetlands. 1989.
Land and Wat (Avallable from the Hothne)
3) South Carolina Research Center Newsletter.
2) National Wildlife Federation. A Citizen’s Guide
to
Notes:
I fl
ORAFT REPORT
P4atlønal Wetland. )4atlIn•
-------
Wetlands Values and Functions
Recreational and Aesthetic Values
General Reaeatioual and Aesthetic Values
Both tidal and nontidal wetlands arc areas of great diver-
sity arxl beauty and provide open space for recreational and
visual enjoyment. V )bl1 r ts provide endless opportunities
for popular recreational activities, suchas hlHng , hunting,
fishing and swimming. As such, wetlands contribute to the
tourist industry in many ways. Increasingly, wethinttc are
also being viewed as valuable simply for the natural beauty
they offer.
Bird Watching
Through the centuries, painters aix! writers have sought
to capture the beauty of wetlands on canvas and paper. A
wide variety of birds are dependent on wetlands for breed-
ing. ibday, artists are often joined by others with cameras,
video and sound recorders seeking the natural diversity of
wetlands. Bird watching and plxflography enticed an esti-
mated 50 million people to wetlaads in this country last
year.
Uthan Open Space Values
V. t1ands provide important open space in and around
urban areas. A 1981 study of the Charles River in Massa-
chusetts, for ü unce, fount that land values generally
were higher when the land abutted wetlands.
Hunting and Fishing
7 enty mllllnn Amencain enjoy recreational fishing.
Many types of fishes are dependent on wetlands as sources
of food or for habitat to spawn. In addition, millions of
people bunt waterfowl which depend on wetlands for feed-
ing, breeding, and resting.
Contacts:
1) Unda Winter, Izaak Walton League (703) 528-1818. 4) Natlonai Audubon Society (see Appendix H for
2) Glenn Eugster, A Headquarters OV P, (202) local chapter)
382-5045. 5) Wildfowl Trust of North America (see Appendix H)
3) Jeanne Melanson, Federal Agency CoordInator, 6) International W d Waterfowl Association (see
S’A Office of Wellande ProtectIon, (202) 382-7073. Appendbc H)
For more Information on bird wafrhlng 1 contact 7) AmerIcan Ornithologists Union and Association of
Field Omfthologists (see Appendix H)
one of the following org ni tiona:
Related Topics:
Fish and Wildlife Habitat see p.103
Publications:
1) Caduto, Michael. Pond and Brook: A Guide to Wetlands Protection. 1989.
Nature in Freshwater E,Mronmenfs. 4) B’A. 4J77eflca’S Wellersds Our Wtal Link Between
2) Walking The Wetlands: A Hiker’s Gulda Land and Water. (Available from the Hotilne)
3) National Wildlife Federation. A Citizen’s Guide to
Notes:
107
DRAFT REPORT
Natt naI Watf*nd. MctIIn
-------
Wetlands Values and Functions
Sediment Control
Problems Associated with Sediment Buildup
Excess sediment in riveis and streams causes a number
of problems. It reduces the penetration of light into the.
water which limits plant growth. Sediment also smothers
bottom-dwelling organisTnLc, such as oysters and dAn1 , and
can harm many fish species. As little as one-tenth of an inch
of sediment on trout or smailmouth bass eggs may prevent
them from hatching. Sediment also can fill in spawn ing
areas, destroying a fish’s ability to reproduce. In other
instances, sediment can eliminate much of the mmcci life
that fish feed on. Finally, as sediment settles to the bottom,
it reduces water depth and increases the need or desire for
dredging.
The Role of Wetlands in Sediment Control
*lands slow down flood waters which reduces the
ability of flood waters to erode. LIand vegetation filters
and holds sediment, while the roots of the plants bind the
soil In place and prevent further erosion of the site. V. t-
lands are particularly useful in sediment control in areas of
inleusive land use or development, such as farms or cities.
Also, wetlands play a vital role in protecting water q ndity
along streams and rivers by catching inooming sediments.
The Bw eau of Land Management, the Forest Service and
the National Park Service are all experimenting with wet-
lands resotration to reduce erosion and sedimentation.
Contacts:
1) Soil Conservation Service State and District
Protection, US EPA (202) 382-7103 — Contact for
Offices,seeAppendixD.
2) National Weti ndsTechnicalCouncil and Sodetyof
Wetlands Scientists, see Appendix K.
3) Bureau of Land Management Headquarters, (202)
653-9210.
Fifth Federal Interagency Sedimentation
Conference, L Vegas, NV, March 18-21, 1991.
5) Donald A. Hammer, Tennessee Valley Authority.
6) Rebecca Hughes, National Association of
Floodplain Managers, (202) 858-8041.
4) Bob Thronson, Assessment and Watershed
Related Topics:
1) Erosion Control, p.102.
4) USDA Soil and Water Conservation Programs, p.
2) Water QuaJity Improvement, p.110
75.
3) Fish aM WiIdhfeHabitat p.103
Publications:
1) Coastal En vimnmenta! Qualdyin the United Stat es,
Commerce, 1990.
1990: Chemical Contamination in Sediment and
Tissues, a Speaal NOM Report US Depatment of
Notes:
DRAFT REPORT
NatI naI W.tland Mefiln
-------
Wetlands Values and Functions
Treating Acid Mine Drainage
V ter passing through active and inactive coal mines
often contaminated with sulfur and other by-products of
mining operations. This makes the water unmually acidic
when it emerges from the mine, and the result L5 callnd
acid mine drainage.” In addition, water passing through
coal mines often picks up significant concentrations of
heavy metals.
Wetlands and Acid Mine Drainage
Artificial wetlands have proved successful at improving
the quality of waler contarnin2 ted with acid mine drainage.
In the wetlands, metals can be separated out of the water
and taken up by the soil and plants. This process also can
remove some of the acidity from the mine watets. It costs
significantly less to maintain artificial wetlands than to
maintain Conventional treatment systems. As a result, wet-
lands have been created at more than 100 active and
inactive coal mines in Pennsylvania alone. % ry few of
these wetlands are capable of replacing chemical treatment
completely, and their effectiveness in removing metals
may decrease over time. Nevertheless, the experience of
the mining iminslry further shows the ability of wetlands
to impiove water quality. It is important to add that while
E’A and other agencies are actively studying the use of
created wetlands for treating acid mine drainage, they have
UQL advocated the use of natural wetlands for this purpose.
Contacts:
I) Howard Marks, Department of the Intena, Office of
Surface Mining, (202) 208-2553.
2) James McEtfish, Environmental Law Institute, (202)
8-51 50.
3) Donald A Hammer, Tennessee Valley Authority.
Related Topics:
1) Water Quality Improvement, p.110.
Publications:
1) Wedands and Water Manage tonMinedLands,
Proceedings of a Conference at the Pennsylvania
State Unrversity on October 23-24,1985, Sponsored
by the School of Forest Resources, College of
Agriculture.
2) Wieder, R.K A Suriey of Constvcted Wetlands for
Acid Coal Mine Drainage Treatment in the Eastern
United States, in Wetlands. VoL 9(1989), p.299.
3) Brodie, GA, Hammer, and DA TornljanovIth.
Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage with a Constricted
Wetland at the Tennessee Valley Authority 950 Coal
Mine Wetlands for Wastewater
Treatment Lewis Publishers, 1990:201-210.
4) Wilderman , IR, and LS Laudon. Use of Wetlands
. T .ti ne ,t of Environmental P obIems it, Mining:
Non-Coal Mining Applications, in Constructed
Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment. Lewis
Publishers, 1990221-232.
5) Hammei Donald A. 7VA’s Use of Man-Made
Marshes to Control Acid Mine Drainage, in National
Wetlands Newsletter. Vol.9, No.1 • p.5.
Notes:
me
DRAFT REPORT
Nat a,, l Wedand 14& 1 1ri
-------
Wetlands Values and Functions
Water Quality Improvement
V Uands help maintain and improve the water quality
of our nation’s rivers and other water bodies. V. dands do
this by removing and retaining nutrients; processing
chemical and organic wastes; and reducing the amount of
sediment in the wazer tflands arc particularly good water-
filters. Due to their position between iq iland and deep
water, wetlands can also intercept surface-water runoff
from land before it reaches open water. The water-cleana-
ing function of wetlands is particularly important in agri-
cultural and urban areas where runoff carries a heavy
sediment load.
Nonpólnt Source Pollution
V, thnds along rivers and sDeam edges dramatically
reduce nonpoint source poUution helping to improve water
quality and protect oommercial and sport fisheries. It has
been esthn d that a high quality wetland can remove
more than 90 percent of the nitrogen and phosphorous
contained in s$onnwatcr runoff.
Contacts:
1) Society of Wetlands Scientists or National Wetlands
-. Technical Council (see Appendix J) for technIcal
information.
Federation (312) 939-0838.
3) DIanne Fish, Office of Wetlands Protection, EPA
(202) 382-7071, for policy questions.
2) Cameron Davis Deputy Dlrecta, Lake Michigan
Related Topics:
1) AcId Mine Drainage, p.109
3) SedIment Control, p.108
2) Water Supply, p.112
4) Wastewater Treatment, p.111.
Publications:
1) Hammer, Donald A. COnSUrJctGd Wetlands for
440/S-90-011. Jul ç 1990.
Wastewater Treatment Munlcipa4 Industrial and 5) Paulson, Gerald A. Wetlands and Water QuaIl t y A
Agnoulbiral. Ft. Lauderdale, FL CRC Press, Inc.,
1990. 831pp.
2) EPA. Memo with Attachment National Guidance:
Wetlands and Nonpoint Source Control. OWRS,
19w.
3) EPA. Report on the Use of Wetlands for Munldpal
Wastewater Treatment and DisposaL EPA
43 O9-88-0O5, 1987.
Citizen’s Handbook for Protecting Wetlands. Lake
Michigan Federation, 1990.
6) National Research Council. National Water Quality
Assessment, a review of the USGS. National
Academy Press, 1990.
7) Shialer, Joseph K Are Plcodplalns Compatible with
Stormwater Management? in National Wetlands
Newsletter. Vol 10, No.5.
4) EPA. Water Quality Standards for Wetlands. EPA
Notes:
I,h,tloniil Wtl*nda HøtIIr
DRAFT REPORT
110
-------
Wetlands Values and Functions
Wastewater and Storrnwater Treatment
Historically, wetlands have been subjected to municipal
and mdustrial wastewater dischaiges, agricultural and sur-
face mine ruixff, and urban stormwater discharges. Re-
cently, however, the planned use of wctl k for water
treatment has been tried and studied. In fact, many wet-
lands are able to provide a high level of wastewater treat-
ment. However, concern has also been expressed about the
harmful effects to wildlife, plants and soils of toxic mate-
rials and pathogens in wastewaters, and about the long-
term degradation of wetlands from their mc for water
treatment. In addition, some wetlands cannot handle large
or continuous flows of wastewaters, and there is a potential
in all wetlands for development of odors and an increase
in the number of mosquitoes and flies.
Wastewater Treatment
V t1ands plants, soils, and microorganisms appear to
perform at least some degree of all the biochemical treat-
ment of wastewater that takes place in conventional water
treatment systems. Use of natural wetland treatment sys-
tems is limited to removing nu ients and solids from
waters that already meet EPA’s applicable water qnality
standards (tertiary treatment). The use of constructed wet-
lands is promising for secondary treatment of municipal
wastes. Some large-scale wetlands constructed for waste-
water treatment have bad many other goals as well, includ-
ing creating habitat for wildlife.
Permit Requirements for Wastewater or
Stormwater Discharge to Wetlands
Proposed modification of wetlands to allow water treat-
ment requires a permit from the Army Corps of Engineers
and any discharge into a natural or artificial wetland is
subject to relevant EPA permits. In all cases where wet-
lands may be may be used for water treatment, the appro-
priate EPA Regional Office and the Corps District office
should be contacted.
EPA Policy
The EPA continues to review requests for the use of
natural wetlands for water treatment on a conservative,
case-by-case basis. The Agency does, however, encourage
the use of artificial wetlands for water treatment and pro-
vides construction grants for this purpose. EPA is in the
process of writing guidance on the use of wetlands to
accept stormwater discharges.
Notes:
Contacts:
1) B’A Regional Wetlands Contact, see Appendix A.
2) Army Corps of Engineers District Office, see
Appendix B.
3) For more information on atormwater discharges,
contact Frances Eargie, E’A OWF (202) 245-3954.
4) For more information on nonpoint source pollution
and wetlands, contact Sherri Fields, EPA OWP (202)
245-3932.
5) For more information on wetlands and water quality,
contact Doreen Robb, EPA OWP (202) 245-3906.
Related Topics:
1) Treating Acid Mine Drainage, p. 109 p.101.
2) Wetlands Values and Functions, overview, see
Publications:
1) A. Report on the Use of Wetlands for Municipal 3) 9 A Region IV. Freshwater Wetlands for Wastewater
Wastewater Treatment and DisposaL Document No. Management ErMronmental Assessment Handbook
430/09-88-005 (October, 1987). Atlanta, Georgia (September, 1985).
2) A. OWGwdanceto Supplernentthe October1987 4) Hamm&, Donald A., ed. Constructed Wçtlands for
Burdick Report on the Use of Wetlands for Municipal Wastewater Treatment: Municipal. Industrial pad
Wastewafer Treatment and DLspoSaI. (September 20, AQTICUIttJTBI Chelsea, Michigan: Lewis Publishers,
1988) 1989. 831 pp.
111
DRAFT REPORT
National WetIand I4otII, ,e
-------
Wetlands Values and Functions
Water Supply
Groundwater
With the growth of urban centers and increasing de-
m 1son gr dwatersupplies, wetlands are increasingly.
important to watershed management became they can
serve as water storage and recharge areas that replenish
local aquifers. V tland plants and soils can absorb great
quantities of wateL As a result, wetlands can slow down
the rate of surface waler rurEff, permitting it to seep into
the ground. Many wed s store wale; during the wetter
parts of the year and release it at relatively constant rates,
helping to maintain regularsurface and grouixlwaterflows.
This process helps to recharge underground aquifers, an
important source of drinking water, especially in coastal
communities. V. tlands can also help purify this water by
trapping sediments and other pollutants.
Surface Water
tIands can serve a similar function for surface water
as for groundwater. As running water pass through wet-
lands, the water can be absorbed by plants and soils, and
released into water bodies at a more comiant rate. This
helps provide a more stable year-round supply of surface
water. In addition, wetlands can help to remove sediment
and other pollubrntc from surface water. V t1ands are als o
being studied for their capacity to treat wastewater and
stormwater.
Contacts:
1) Jack Lehman, EPA Office of Surface Water
Compliance, (202) 382-5400.
2) Formore information on groundwaterarid wetlands,
contact Peter Cook, EPA Office of Groundwater
4) Joe Shisler, New Jersey Department of
EnvIronmental Protection, for storm-water
management issues: (201) 446-3889.
5) National Water Resources Association (see
Protection, (202)382-7077.
AppendD H)
3) Rebecca Hughes, Assodatton of State floodplain
Managers, (301) 9743825.
Related Topics:
1) Water Quality Improvement, p.110
2) Flood Control, p.104.
Publications:
1) B’A. America’s Wetlands: Our Vital Li,* Between
HydroIo ?. Vol.9, No.2.
Land and Wat . (Available from the Hothne)
2) National Wetlands Newe!etter, Focus Issue on
Notes:
112
DRAFT RF ORT
National Wetlands kôtllne
-------
Wetlands Valuation and Assessment
Many scientist and computer modellers today are work-
ing to quantify the values and fuxxtions of wetlands. These
assessments can be used in a variety of policy settings,
including determining appropriate mitigation for damage
to wetlands. luation techniques are becoming more so-
phisticated, however, it is important to note that the natural
diversity of wetlands makes them impossible to value
exactly or categorize simply. Two common wetland valu-
ation models are the Wetland Evaluation Technique (WET
II) developed by the Federal Higbway Mministration, and
the Habitat Evaluation Procedure (REP) developed by the
Fish and Wildlife Service. The following description of
WET H gives an idea of how these techniques worL
The Wetland Evaluation Technique
One example of a computer model for wetland valuation
.is tbe Wetland Evaluation ‘ftchnique (known as WE!’ H).
WET II brings together a wealth of scientific information
from field work and journal articles and provides a valuable
data base on wetlands. WET H can be accessed through a
personal computer and has been used around the country
by regulatory agencies and land manageis to prioritize
wetlands for acquisition, to review applications for wetland
alteration, and to rank wetlands under EPA’S advanced
identification pro am. The model is intended for those in
government who must evaluate wetland functions without
regular access to a team of specialists. The authors of WE!’
II have staled that the model is not meant for use in setting
general policy, and recommend comparing the results of
WET 11 with another model if possible before using it for
any decisious.
Contacts:
1) 6 A Regionai Wetlands Contact, see Appendix A.
2) Army Corps of Engineers District Office, see
Appendix B.
Related Topics:
1) Mitigation, see p. .
2) Wetlands Values and Functions, oveiview, p. 101.
Publications:
1) Adamus, Paul R., and Ellis J. Clairain, k. Wetland
Evaluabon Techniques Released in National Wetlands
1 (JanuaiylFebruaiy, 1991): 8-9.
3) Scodari, Paul F. Wetlands Protection: The Role of
Economics (Washington, DC): Environmental Law
Institute, 1990. 89pp.
Newsletter Vol. 10, No.4 (Juty/August, 1988): 2-3.
2) Kraus. Mark L The Unsung Vittues of an Urban
Wetland in National Wetlands Newsletter Vol. 13, No.
N*tion*I WMtand 14&IIu’ ,a
DRAFT REPORT
11
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North American Wetlands Conservation Act
Goal of Act
The North American tlands Conservauon Act of 1989
encourages partneiships among public agencies and other
interests to protect, restore, enhsi,v e, and m n ge wetlands
and other wildlife habitats. The Act also seeks to increase
protection aix! restoration of wetlands aix! birds under the
North American ‘.¼terfowl Management Plan, and author-
izes Congress to appropriate up to $15 mfflion for the
Plan’s implementation.
Programs and Reports Created by the Act
Through wetlands conservation projects in the United
States, Canada, and Mexico, the Act provides for the
purchase of real property interests in land or waters; the
restoration, management, or enhancement of wetland c and
other wildlife habitats; technical assistance to comerve and
manage wetlands in Mexico; and studies on the sustainable
use of wetland resources for projects in Mexico. The Act
also mandates the production of various government re-
ports on changes in the total acreage wetland habitat and
in the numbers of migratory birds. The U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service must produce estimates of the total acre-
age of wetlands in each state for both the 1780s and the
19& , as well as an estimate of the percentage of wetlands
lost in each slate during that two-century period.
North American Conservation Council
The nine-member council, appointed by the Secretary of
the Interior in spring, 1990, to evaluate wetlands projects
and assign priorities for their funding and acquisition,
includes:
Peter Bontadelli, director of the California Department
of Fish and Game; Gary Myers, executive director of the
lbnnessee Wildlife Resources Agency; Matthew B. Con-
nolly, Jr., executive vice-president of Ducks Unlimited; W.
Alan Wentz, undersecretary of the Kansas Department of
Wildlife and Parks; John C. Sawhill, president of The
Nature Conservancy, James A. Tirnmerman, Jr., executive
director of the South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Re-
sources Department; William W. Howard, Jr., executive
vice-president and chief operating officer of the National
Wildlife Federation; John F. Turner, director of the Fish and
Wildlife Service and (] arles H. Collins, executive direc-
tor of the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation.
Notes:
Contacts:
1) U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Branch of Federal
Activities, David A. litton or Frank DeLuise; (202)
358-2183
2) U.S. House of Representatives Document Room,
H-226, U.S. Capitol, Washington, DC 20510
Related Topics:
1) Wetland Loss Rates; p. 96, 97, 98.
2) Fish and Wildlife Service Overview, p. 72
3) North American Waterfowl Management Plan, p.83
Publications:
1) North American Wetlands Conservation Act, Service (1990). North American Waterfowl
Pub.LNo. 101-233 (Senate 8,11804) Management Plan: Progress Report—A New
2) U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Beginning
Service (1990). Wetlands: Meeting the President’s 5) U.S. Department of the Interior. Fish and Wildlife
Challenge—Wetlands Action Plan 1990 Service (1990). Wetlands Losses in the United
3) U.S. Department of the Interior (1986). North States: 1780$ to 1980$
American Waterfovd Management Plan
4) U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wuldiife
114
NntInnaI WMIar ,I 14r ,tIIn.
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Coastal Barrier Improvement Act of 1990
Land Protection Measures in the Act
The Coastal Barrier Improvement Actof 1990 more than
doubles the area protected by the Coastal Barrier Re-
sources System by adding almost 800,000 acres of unde-
veloped barrier islands and associated wetlands. The sys-
tem was originally set up by the Coastal Barrier Resources
Act of 1982 to protect coastal barriets by prohibiting the
use of federal subsidies—such as flood insurance, disaster
relief; and community block and water eanneni plane—
for development on undeveloped barrier isIand 3 The 1990
Act includes, for the first time, almost *000 acres along
the shores of the Great Lakes , 65,000 acres in the Florida
Keys, 20,000 acres in Puerto Rico, and 3700 acres in the
Virgin Islands. Hundreds of thonsanrk of acres of wefla 1s
and secondary coastal barriers along the Mantle and Gulf
coaste will also be added to the system. The Act authorizes
$1 million annually for the next four years to implement
the provisions of the 1982 Act and $2 million over the next
two yeais to eariy out the new provisions.
Studies Required by the Act
1k Actrequires the Department of the Interior to initiate
a study of the Pacific coast for potential areas to add to the
reserve system, to map all of these areas, and to re mme ix!
to Congress the areas that do qualify and that the governors
of these states and territories consider appropriate for in-
clusion within the system. Another provision of the new
Act requires the Resolution Trust Corporation and the
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to issue an annual
inventory of all failedsavings and loan andbank properties
that have aa uired 50 or more acres adjacent or contiguous
to otherwise protected areas so that Congress and nonprofit
orpni ations em have a 180 days to consider purchasing
these properties for protection.
Contacts:
1) Frank McGIMey, FIsh and Wildlife Sen ice (DOt), 3) Congressman Geny Studds’ (D.MA) office; (202)
(703) 358-2201. 225-3111
2) Dise Jones, National Wildlife Federation; (202) 4) Beth Milleman, Coastal Alliance, (202) 265-5518.
797-6800
Related Topics:
1) Erosion Control, p.102.
Publications:
1)1982 Coastal Barrier Resources Act, Pub. L No. Erosion Zone Management (1990). Managing Coastal
97.348 Erosion.
2) Coastal Barrier Improvement Act of 1990, Pub. L 4) National Wildlife Federation (1990). Summaiy of
No. 101-591 the Coastal Earner Improvement Act oil 990
3) Nabonai Research Council Committee on Coastal
Notes:
P4atk n*I W tI iwI N&lIr
nua r D PflUT
l ’ s
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Water Resources Development Act of 1990
(H.R. 5314)
Provisions of the Act
The Vv icr Resources Development Act authorizes $2.3
billion for 26 new Army Corps of Engineers water projects.
It requires the Corps to develop a wetlands action plan to
achieve an interim goal of no overall net loss of wetlands
and a long-term goal of wetlands gain in quality and
quantity. The Act specifically requires the Corps to
achieve no net loss of wetlands at all new water projects
and to improve the quality of wetlands at existing projects.
Related Topics:
1) Army Corps of Engineers Wetland Research, p.69
2) Energy and Water Fiscal Year 1991 Appropnalions
3) Mitigation
, p. 32.
Act, p.117.
.
Publications:
1) Water Resources Development Act of 1990, Pub.
2) National
Wetlands
Newsletter,
Januaiy/Februaiy
L. No. 101-640
1991, p. 15 .
Notes:
Contacts:
1) Senate Document Room, 6-04-Hart Senate Office
Building, Washington, DC 20510 (request Senate B1U
2740)
2) Senate Committee on Environment and Public
Works; (202) 224-6176
3) House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs;
(202) 225-2761
4) Corps District contact (Appendix B)
NRtInnaI WMIa, d* I4ntIln
flRAFT RPPC)PT
11
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Energy and Water FIscal Year 1991
Appropriations Act
The Energy and Water Appropriations Act will provide
$3.3 billion for the Army Corps of Engineeis’ project and
operations in fiscal year 1991. Many of these projects
include provisions for wetlands restoration, preservation,
and a net loss objective. This level of fi ing represents
an almost 4-percent increase over current appropriations
levels. The Act will fund new and ongoing Corps water
projez, the largest of wbich is a $93 million appropriation
for continued work on the Red River Waterway between
the Mississippi River and Shrevesport, Louisiana.
Contacts:
1) House Document Room, H -226, U.S. CapItol,
Washington, DC 20515 (request H.R 5019)
2) Senate Committee on Appropriations; (202)
224-3471
3) House Committee on Appropriations; (202)
225-2771
4) U.S. Army Carps of Engineers District Office
(Appendix B)
Related Topics:
1) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Wetlands Reseach,
p. 69.
•
2) Water Resources Development Act of 1990, p.116
Publications:
1) Energy and Water Fiscal Year 1991 Appropriations
Act, Pub. L No. 101 -514
2) National Wetlands Newsletter, JanuaylFebruary
1991, p. 16, for summary of 1990 wetlands legislation
117
flRAFT RFPOaT
PJ*tInn I W ,,t1gru I4nft In.
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Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990
Wetlands-Related Provisions
This Act retains the major provisions of the Louisiana
Coastal V tlanth Bill, which authorizes spending for wet-
lands restoration project, particularly in the state of Lou-
isiana. The Act establishes a task force and pl2nning proc
ess for protecting and restoring coastal wetlands in Louisi-
ana. It also contains a related provision that creates a
coastal wetlands restoration cost-sharing program open to
all coastal states: states that set aside funds for acquiring
coastal wetlands and other natural areas and design resto-
ration projects consistent with the National Wetlands Pri-
ority Conservation Plan will receive higher priority under
the Act for federal cost-sharing dollars. The wetlands pro-
visions will be funded through a gasoline tax on small
engines, such as lawn mowers and chain sa’ , which is
projected to generate annual revenues of $45.80 million.
Signed into law by the President in November 1990, this
Act also contains provisions from the Zebra Mussel Bill
and the Great Lakes Fish and Wildlife Restoration Act.
Contacts:
1) House Document Room, H-226, U.S. Capitol,
Washington, DC 20515 (reque H.R. 5390)
2) Senate Committee on Environment and Public
Works; (202) 224-6176
3) House Committee on Merchant Marine and
Fisheries; (202) 225-4047
4) Senator John Breaux’s (0-LA) office; (202)
224-4623
5) Louisena State Resource Agency (Appendix F)
Related Topics:
Publications:
1) Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of
1990, Pub. L. No. 101-646
2) National Wettands Nev sIetter, January/February
1991, p. 17, for summary of 1990 wetlands
legislation..
3) Coastwzse. Paul Kemp. Ed.
Notes:
M tInn I WMf,,n ,4 MntlInm
flRAFT RPPflRT
hR
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Wetlands•Related Bills Currently Pending in Congress
Wetlands Protection and Regulatory Reform wetland lo es by establishing several new federal wet-
Act of 1991 lands progranis, including a Wetlands Preservation Thist
and tax incentives for charitable donations of wetlands.
lnuoduced by Representative John Paul Hanunersch-
midt (R.Arkansa ) as House Resolution 404, this compre- The Comprehensive Wetlands Conservation
hens jve bill would amend the Cean WeterActto eSt2blish Management Act of 1991
a no overall net loss policy for wetlands in the United
Stares, to provide for differential leveLs of protection for Sponsored by Representative Jimmy Hayes (D-Louisi-
wetlands based on their acreage, tio , , ana), this bill seeks to amend Section 404 of the aean
to reform procedures for issuance of permits for discharges WâtCT Act.
of dredged or fill materials into navigable WStCIS. Private Property Rights Act of 1991
Wetlands No Net Loss Act of 1991
Sponsored by Senator Steven Symms (R-Idaho) as Sen-
Introduced by Representative Qiarles Bennett (D..Flor. ate Bill 50, this bill would require the U.S. Attorney Gen-
ida) as House Resolution 251, this bill seeks to promote the eral to review all federal activities to determine whether
conservation and enhancement of wetlands and to prevent they constitute a taking of private property.
Notes:
Contacts:
1) House Document Room, H-226, U.S. Capitol, 3) Representative John Paul Harnmerschmidt’s
Washington, DC 20515 (R-AK) office; (202) 225-4301
2) Representative Charles BennetVs (D-FL) office; 4) Rep. Jimmy Hayes’ (D-LA) office; (202) 225-2031
(202) 225-2501
Related Topics:
National Wetlands PoFicy Forum, p. 84.
Publications:
1) Wetlands No Net Loss Act of 1991, House 3) The Comprehensive Wetlands Conservation
Resolution 251. ManagemeritAct of 1991, House Resolution
2) Wetlands Protection and Regulatory Reform Act of 4) Private Properly Rights Act of 1991, Senate Bill 50.
1991, House Resolution 404.
N tIr,n I W.tI ri 4* k&1I,i nRAF1 . PFPflW 110
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State and Local Multiobjective River Corridor Assistance Act
of 1989.
Bill overview
Introduced by congressman McDade in 1989 as House
Resolution 4250, this bill seeks to amend the Outdoor
Recreation Act of 1963 to provide for multiobjective river
corridor planning and assistance. First, the bill would direct
the President to establish an interagency Multiobjective
River corridor Council, composed of the secretaries or
chief executors of nine of the federal agencies most in-
volved in nverine environmental management. The Coun-
cil would be charged with making recommendatious for
the improvement of multiobjective river management at
the federal, state, and local levels; developing training
preparing a directory and referral service for assistance,
and other duties. Second, the bill would authorize the
provision of matching funds and technical assistance to
state, local, and regional governments and to private non-
profit organi tiom to assist in developing multiobjective
plam for rivers and riparian lands. Finally, the bill would
direct each of the Council members, and all recipients of
assistance, to cousider carefully the rights and concerm of
private Landowners.
Bill Status
While Congress defeated the bill in October 1990, spon-
sors plan to reintroduce a similar bill into the current 1991
session of Congress.
Notes:
Contacts:
1) Rep. Joseph McDacle (R.PA) staff (202) 225-3731.
Related Topics:
Pending 1991 Wetlande Legislation sumrnaiy, p.119.
Publications:
1) State and Local Multiobjectwe River Comdor
Assistance Act of 1989. McDade (R-PA .
URtional Wet ndR kotfin.
DnArr REPORT
120
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Takings
Overview
The Fifth Amendment to the US. Constitation prohibits
the federal government from 9 king” private property
without jnst compensation. A tnldngs claim may arise
where the federal government physically Invades private
property or where federal regulations affect the nse of that
property.
In analyzing regulatory taking claims, the approach of
the federal courts has not been based on any set formula.
Instead, the courts ex mine the particular facts of each case
to determine whether the regulation substantially advances
legitimate state interests, and whether the landowner was
denied all economically viable me of their land. Another
factor that the cow ts have considered is whether the land-
owner has a reasonable expectation of a property right in
the land i ue, for example, whether the land was pur-
chased after the 1972 enactment of the Cean V ter Act.
In March 1988, Executive Order 12630 on takings was
issued. Its purpose is to ensure that federal agencies and
departments assess the takings implications of proposed
policies and actions on property interests protected by the
Fifth Amendment. It should be noted that the Executive
Order is intended only to improve the internal management
of federal agencies and departments and is not intended to
provide a basis for suing the federal government.
Notes:
Contacts:
1) EPA Office of General Cowicil (202) 382-2090, for
policy queetions.
2) Sen. Steven Symms’ (A-ID) office; (202) 224-6142,
for information on Senate Bill 50, Private Property
Rights Act of 1991.
Related Topics:
1) Current pending wetlands legislation, p.l1 9 .
Publications:
1) Private Property Rights Act of 1991, S. 50. Impacts, David Salveson. The Urban Land Institute,
2) Wetlands: Mitigating and Regulating Development 1990.
1 1
fl aFT nm
P ,Iatle ,naI Wmtland* I4nfilnø
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REGION U
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
REGION UI
Enforcement—Maryland/Delaware Watershed: Laurie Richardson (215)597-1168
REGION I
Advance Pkiining/Plaiining Outreach—Region I: Cathy Manwaring (617)565-4429
Enforcement Coordinator—Region I: Man Schweisberg (617)565-4421
Public Outreach—Region I: Stafford Madison (617)565-4868
State Issues—Massachusetts: Virginia Laszewski (617)565-2987
State Issues—New Hampshire/Vermont: Mark Kern (617)565-4426
State Issues—Rhode Island: Peter Holmes (617)565.4433
State Issues (Enforcement)—Maine, Region I: Kyla Bennett (617)565-4436
State Issues (SdencerFech liansfer, Hlghways)—Connecticut: Greg Hellyer (617)565-4427
Contnmin intWSuperfund_NY, NJ, PR, VI: Mario Paula (212)264-5170
Enforcement/Agricultural Issues—New York: Karen Sullivan (212)264-5170
Enlorcement/Superfund—New York: John Cantilli (212)264-5170
Marine & Wetlands Prot. Br.—Mano Del Vicario, Chief (212)264-5170
SAMPs,ADIDs—New Jersey (Hackensak, Meodowlands): Kathleen Drake (212)264-5170
SAMPs,ADIDs—New Jersey (Hackensack, Meodowlands): Mary Anne Thiesing (212)264-5170
State Programs/Public Outreach—New Jersey/NY Harbor: Barbara Spmweber (212)264-5170
Wethndc Research—New Jersey: Bob Montgomerie (212)264-5170
Wetlands Research—NY/Long Island: Audrey Moore (212)264-5170
Wetlands—Daniel Montella, Section Chief (212)264.5170
National Wetlands Hotline Appendix A
-------
REGION IV
Permitting & Enforcement—Alabama: Ann Inderbitzen . (404)347-2126
REGION V
All—ILIINIMI/MN/OHIWI: Doug Ehorn, Supervisor (312)353-2308
All—Minnesota: Ted Rockwell (612)297-5228
Enforcement—VMA/WV/DE . Jeff Lapp (215)597-3642
PermltsfADID—Pennsylvania: Laury Zicari (215)597-2940
PermitsfAerial Photo ID/Superfund/ADID—Maryland: Peter Stokely (215)597-3642
Permlts(DredglnajWater Supply—Virginia: Regina Poeske (215)597-2940
PermltsfMltlgatiowGrants—WV/DE: John Forren (215)597.3361
Permlt (Plant Ecologlstrfransportation—Virginia: Art Spingarn (215)597-3360
Policy—Regional: Barbara D’Angelo (215)597-9301
Wetlands Delineation ExpertjRegional Wetlands Expert—Regional: Oiarles Rhodes (215)597-9922
Permitting & Enforcement—Honda: Jim Couch ... . (404)347-2126
Permitting & Enforcement—Rorida:Bil Kruczynski (904)934-9200
Permitting & Enforcement—Honda: Mike Wylie (404)347-2126
Permitting & Enforcement—Georgia: Laura Mazanti (404)347-2126
Permitting & Enforcement—Kentucky: Bill Ainslie (404)347-2126
Permitting & Enforcement—Mississippi: Mike Wylie (404)347-2126
Permitting & Enforcement—North Carolina: Lee Pelej (404)347-2126
Permitting & Enforcement—South Carolina: Steve Chapin (404)347-2126
Permitting & Enforcement—Tennessee: Laura Mazanti (404)347-2126
Planning & Public Outreach—All: Gail Vanderhoogt (404)347-2126
Regulation & Public Outreach—All: Tom Welborn (404)347-2126
National Wetlands Hotline Appendix A
-------
SECTION Viii
Enforcement—All: John Brink . (303)293-1547
Enforcement—IIJWIJMI: Dave Schulenberg (312)886-6680
Enforcement—OH/IN: Greg Carlson (312)353-2308
Permits—Illinois: Janice Cheng (312)3534424
Permlts’Planning—Indiana: Sue Elston (312)886-6115
PerniiWPlannlng—Michigan:Carolyn Bury (312)886-1765
Permit fPIanning—Ohio: Lynn Rothman (312)353-1613
Permlts(Planning—Wisconsin: Cathy Garra (312)886-0241
Plannlng/StudlesiTralning-_Ail: Tom Glatzel (312)886-6678
Superfund/Data Mgmt—A11: Wayne Gorski (312)886-0140
REGION VI
404 Enforcement—All: Tom Nystrom (214)655-2263
Ocean Dumplng—LAiTX Darlene Coulson (214)655-2260
Wetland Initiatives—LA: Norm Thomas (214)655-2260
Wetlands Regulation—All: Norm Seats (214)655-2263
Wetlands Science—All: Bill Kirchner (214)655-2263
REGION VII
Wetlands Protection—Diane Hershberger, Chief (913)551-7573
Wetlands Protection—Iowa: Bob Barber, Coordinator (913)551-7297
Wetlands Protection—Kansas: Gerry Shimek, Coordinator (913)551-7540
Wetlands Protection—Missouri: Kathy Mulder, Coordinator . (913)551-7542
Wetlands Protection—Nebraska: Tom Taylor, Coordinator . . (913)551-7226
National Wetlands Hotline Appendix A
-------
EnforcemenhfPollcy—Colorado: Brad Miller . (303)293-1583
NEPA/404/WaterProJects—All: Dave Ruiter . (303)293-1581
Permit Review /Enforcement—Montana: Steve Potts (406)444-5486
Permit Review! Enforcement—South Dakota/Utah: Bob Mairley (303)293-1582
Permit ReviewfEnforc meni—Wyoming/Omaha District in Colorado: Vera Helbig (303)293-1585
Permit Reviewf23O.80/NEPA—Colorado: Sarah Fowler (303)293-1575
Permit Reviewf23O.80/Enforcement—Monlana/Noflh Dakota: John Peteis (303)293-1579
Public Outreach—All: Paul Mclver (303)293-1552
Wetlands—All: Mary Alice Reedy, Section Secretary (303)293-1258
Wetlands—All: GeneR. Reeiz, Section Chief (303)293-1568
REGION IX
Central Coast California/Nevada—Harriet Hill (415)744-1972
404 Dredge Material Dispasalf Coastal Southern California—Brian Ross (415)744-1982
Inland Southern California/Arizona—Mary Butterwick (415)744-1976
North Coast/Central and Northeastern California—Nancy Dubbs (415)744-1969
Permits and Planalng leam—Oyde Morris, Team Leader (415)744-1974
Regional Wetlands Coordinator—Philip Oshida, Chief (415)744-1971
Regional Wetlands Technical Specialist/Policy & Science—Tom Yocorn (415)744-1975
Wetlands Assistant (AARP)—May Smith (415)744-1956
Wetlands Enforcement—Steven John (415)744-1973
Wetlands—Donna Pinkard, Branch Secretary (415)744-2300
Wetlands, Oceans and Estuaries Branch—Loretta Barsamian, Chief (415)744-1953
Wetlands Special l/Science & Policy—Robert Leidy (415)744-1070
Region X
National Wetlands Hotline Appendbc A
-------
Advance IdentlflcatlonfRe archlOutreachlDellneatlon—Fred Weinmann
Dredging!Sediment Quality—John Malek .
Dredg1ng Sediment Quality—Justine Smith .
Enforcement—fletcher snires
Enforcement—Gary Mxrinan
Washington 404 Permit Review/Stormwater—Linda Storm
Water Resources A ment—WiIliam M. Riley, Chief
• (206)553-1414
• (206)553-1286
(206)553-4974
• (206)553-8293
• (206)553-8513
• (206)553-2578
• (206)553-1412
ALASKAOPERATIONSOFFICE (907)271-5083
Southeast AJaska—Susan Cantor
tnforcement—i-ieatner
Central and Southwest Alaska—Phil North
North Slope—N/A
ffiA}IOOPERATIONSOFFICE . . (208)334.1450
Idaho Permit ReviewlEnforcement/FERC Review/Wetland & NPS Coordination/Outreach—John Olson
OREGONOPERATIONSOFFICE (503)221.3250
Oregon Permit Rev1ew AD!D Outreach/Enforcement—Tom Robertson Ralph Rogeis
National Wetlands Hotline Appendix A
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2
, .
( )
OFFICE OF WETLANDS PROTECTION
PROGRAM OFFICE CONTACTS
IN REGIONS
Reair n Y—riu wi w i
L 1L r
Mr. Doug Tbasp.on. Chief
Wet1aj 4s Protection Section (WPP—1900)
Water Manaqea.nt Division
OS EPA Region I
3ohn P. X.nnedy Federal Building
Boston MA 02203
617—565—4421
Recion IT-- 43. NY
Mr. Dan Montsl le, Chief
Wetlands Protection Section (2WM-I*WP)
Water Manag.eent Division.
OS EPA Region II
26 Federal Plaza
Plew York, NI 1027$
2 12—264—5170
Recion I l l-- gE. MD. PA. VA. _ y
Ma. Barbara DL Angelo, Chief
Marine and Wetlands Policy Section (3ES42)
Environnental Services Division
US EPA Region III
$41 Chestnut Street
Philadelphia, PA 19107
215—597—9301
Recion IV—-AL. FL. CA. EY. MS. NC. SC 1
Ms. Gail Vand.rhoogt, Chief
Wetlands Planning Unit
Water Quality Nanageeent Branch (4WM—PaS)
OS EPA Region IV
345 Courtland Street, N.E.
Atlanta, GA 30365
404—347—2126
Recion V--IN. IL. MT. ! 4. Off. WI
Mr. Doug thorn, Deputy Chief
Water Quality Branch (SW—WB—$)
Water Managea.nt Division
US EPA Region V
230 S. Dearborn Street
Chicago, IL 60604
312—353—2079
Recion VI--AR. LA. MM. OX.. TX
Mr. Morn Thonas
Technical Assistance Section (6Z-rr)
Envtrona.ntal Services Division
US EPA Req ion VI
1445 Ross Avenue
Dallas TX 75202
214—655—2263
Reaian VTI--IO. KS. MO. MS
Ms. Diane M.r.hb.rq.r, Chief
404 Section
Environnental Review Branch (ENRV-404)
US EPA Region VII
726 Minnesota Avenue
Ransas City. KS 66101
913—236—2*23
Recion Vill--CO. MT ND SD. UT. WI
Mr. Gene R.etz, C uef
Water Quality Require.ents Section (8WM-SP)
US EPA Region VIII
One Denver Place
- 999 1 5th Street
Denver CO $0202
303—293—1566
Recion TX--AZ. CA. H!. NV
Mr. Phil Oshida. Chief
Wetlands Section (V-i—i)
US EPA Region IX
1235 Mission Street
San Francisco, CA 94103
415—744—1971
Recion X--AX. ID. OR. WA
Mr. Bill Riley, Chief
Water Resources Ass•sseent Section (WD—13$)
US EPA Region I
1200 6th Avenue
Seattle, WA 96101
206—422—1412
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EPA’S OffICE OF WETLANDS PROTECTION
General Telephone Number’
(202) 382 -5043
MAJOR AREAS OF R&SFONS1BILTJY
Note: if more than one contact is listed:
(1) = primaiy contact
(2) = secondaiy contact
WETLANDS STRATEGIES AND STATE PROGRAMS DIVISION
o ( fl Bill Sioule 382-5066
( 21 Mike Fritz (Regulatory Activities Division) 245-3913
- Delineation Manual
o BlU Siople
- Wetlands Ecology, Science, Research
Outreach and State Programs Staff
o Lori Williams 382-5084
- State Grants and Program Financing
- State and Indian Tribe Assumption
- Regional Review of State Laws & Regs
- American Wetlands Month
o Jeanne Melanson 382-7073
- Interagency Coordination
- Wetlands and Agriculture
- FarmBill
- outreach to farmers
o Marjorie Wesley 245-3905
- Public Information and Disseminption
- Wetlands Educational Outreach
1
-------
o Cory Giacobbe 382-5907
- International Coordination
- Local Outreach
- Fish and Wildlife Service TJ icon
• North American Waterfowl
- M n ’gement Plan,
- Migratory Bird
- Conservation Commission
- Corps/EPA regulatory data base
- Aububon’s America
o mdv Johnson 245-3901
- Special Projects including
- Hotline
- American Wetlands Month
- Audubon’s America
Strategies and Initiatives Team
o Sheni Fields 245-3932
State Wetland Conservation Plan Development
NonPoint Source & Wetlands
Domestic Policy Council sv ffing
Superfund / RCRA
Wastewater Treatment & Wetlands
o Doreen Robb 245-3906
Wetland Water Quality Standards
Wetland Biological Criteria & Indicators
ORD Ti iso on Water Quality
305b Reporting / Monitoring
Coastal Louisiana / Great Lakes (support)
Superfund / RCRA (technical support)
o Frances Eargle 245-3954
Stormwater & Wetlands
Coastal Liaison
Ecosystem Initiatives 1ea 1
Coastal Louisiana
Great Lakes Initiative
Legislative lead (non-404)
Strategic plans OWP
401 Certification & Wetlands (move into lead over time)
State Wetland Conservation Plan (support if needed)
2
-------
o Martha Stout
475-6745
Alternatives to Impoundments / Water Conservation
Wetland Flora & Faun2 lists
Support for Regional Technical Tr thiing
Geographic Information Systems
Citizens Monitoring Methods.
o Dianne Fish: Team Leader 382-7071
CWA Reauthorization Coordinator
DPC Support
State Wetland Conservation Plan Development
Co-chair of NPS / CZMA workgroup
401 Certification (ph -cing over to Frances)
REGULATORY ACrJVITIES DIVISION
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
- Advance Identification
- Dredged Material Disposal
(e.g., cont rn’in ted sediments)
- 404(b)l Guidelines
- Mitigation Issues (e.g., sequencing Memorandum of Agreement)
- No Net Loss (related to 404)
(1)
Will Garvev 245-3900
(2)
Sandy Seig-Ross 245-3914
(2)
Joe DaVia 245-3902
-
-
Elevated Cases
Section 404(c) and (q)
(1)
Hazel Groman 475-8798
(2)
John Goodin 245-3910
-
Enforcement
- in general
- specific cases
(1)
John Goodin 245-3910
(2)
Gree Peck 475-8794
(1)
ClifT
Rader
382-5087
(2)
Greg
Peck
475-8794
3
-------
0
0
CD Tom
Cliff
Kelsch
Rader
475.8795
382 5087
0
0
0
0
- Categorization of Wetlands
- Mitigation Banking
- Agricultural Wetlands Regulatoiy Policy
o CD Menchu Martinez 382-5299
o ( 2 Cliff Rader 382.5087
0
0
- Clean Water Act Reauthorization
- Nationwide Permits (general permits)
- 404 Legislation
- Liaison to Department of Transportation Agencies
Liaison to Strategies and State Programs Division on:
- state 404 programs
- outreach
- Domestic Policy Council
(1’
Cliff Rader 382 5081
(2
Mike Fritz 245-3913
.
404(f) exemptions
CD
Mike Fritz 245-3913
(2
Greg Peck 475-8794
(1 )
Hazel Groman
4754798
(2 ’)
Greg Peck
475-8794
-
Takings
Menchu Martinez
382-5299
0
4
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U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY DIVISION :
MISSOURI RIVER DiVISION:
Mores V. Bergman (Chief)
Kansas City: Mel Jeweti (Chief); L Keim (Asst.); J. Hughes (Assi.)
Ømah . John Morton (Chief); R. Rocheford (Assi.); E. Strine (Assi.)
402-221-7290
816-426-3645
402-221-4133
NEW ENGLAND DiVISION :
William F. Lawless (Chief); Christine Godfrey (Asst.) 617-647-8057
NORTH ATLANTIC DIVISION :
Lenny Kotldewicz (Chief); John Smutz (Asst.)
Baltimore: Don Roeseke (Chief); Tom Filip (Asst.)
New York: Joseph Seebode (Chief); Richard Torner (Asst.)
Norfolk: William H. Poore, Jr. (Chief); Bruce F. Williams (Assi.)
Philadelphia: Frank Clanfrani (Chief); Richard A. Hassel (Assi.)
NORTH CENTRAL DIVISION :
Mitchell A. Isoe (Chief)
Buffalo: Paul (3. Leuchner (Chief); Alan Sisselman (Asst.) -
Chicago: John Rogner (Chief); Peg McBrien (Asst.)
Detroit: Gary R. Mannesto (Chief); W. Davy, Jr. (Assi.); R. Tucker (Asst.)
Rock Island: Steven J. Vander Horn (Chief); D. Baugh (Asst.); D. Jones (Assi.)
SI. Paul: Ben Wopat (Chief); Char Hauger (Asst.)
312-353-6379
716-879-4313
312-353-6428
313-226-2432
309-788-6361
612-220-0375
Leo Max Reed (Chief); Susan Harrison (Asst.) 601-634-5818121
Memphis: Larry D. Watson (Chief) 901-544-3471
New Orleans: Ronald J. Ventola (Chief); P. Serio (Asst.); B. Baehr (Asst.) 504-862-2255
St. Louis: Fred Niermaun, Jr. (Asst.) 314-331-8575
Vlcl burg: E. Galen McGregor (Chief); K. Mosley (Asst.); E. Guynes (Assi.) 601-631-5276/89
212-264-7535
301-962-3670
212-264-3996
804-441-7068
215-597-2812
National Wetlands Hotilne Appendix B
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NORTH PACIIIC DIVISION :
John 7 nimit (Chief)
Maslca Robert K. Oja (Chief)
Porfhnwi: Burt Paynter (Chief); Byron Blankenship (Asst.).
Seattle: Warren Baxter (Chief); Steve Wright (Asst.) .
Wafla Walla Dean Hilhiard (Chief); Brad Daly (Asst.)
OHIO RIVER DIVISION :
Roger D. Graham (Chief); Rodney Woods (Ass:.)
Huntington: Mike Gheen (Chief); Rick Buckley (Asst.)
Louisville: Don Purvis (Chief); D.L Evans (Asst)
Nashville: Joseph R. Castleman (Chief)
Pittsburgh: Eugene .1. Hornyak (Chief); E. Raymond Beringer (Ass:.)
PACIFIC OCEAN DIVISION :
Stanley T. Arakald (Chief); Warren Kanai (Ass:.) 808-438-9258
SOUTH ATLANTIC DIVISION :
SOUTH PACIFIC DIVISION :
Theodore E. Durs (Chief) 4151054443
LosAngeles: Charles M. Holt (Chief) 213.894-5606
Sacramento: An Clamp (Chief) 91&551 2275
San Francisco: Calvin C. Fong (Chief); Skid Hall (Asst.) 415-744-30%
SOUTHWESTERN DIVISION :
Vacant (Chief); Larry Buck (Asst.)
Allbuquerque: Andrew J. Rosenau (Chief)
Fort Worth: Wayne A. Lea (Chief); S. Swihari (Ass:.); J. Townsend (Ass:.)
Galveston: Marcos DeLaRosa (Chief); Dolan Dunn (Ass:.)
214-767-2432/6
505-766-2776
817-334-2681
409-766-3930
503-326-3780
907-753-2712
503-326-6995
206-764-3495
509-522-6720124
513-684-3972
304-529-5487
502-582-6461
615-736-5181
412-644-6872
James M. Kelly, Jr. (Chief); Ms. Pa: Bevel (Ass:.) 404-331-2778
Charleston: Clarence H. Ham (Chief); Robert H. Riggs (Asst.) 803-724-4330
Jaclcsonvllle: John Hall (Chief); Benil A. Heimer (Ass:.) 904-791-1666
Mobile: Ron Krizman (Chief); Davis L Findley (Asst) 205-690-2658
Sa’vnnnnh: Steven Osvald (Chief); Kelly Hendricks (Assi.) . . . . 912-944-5347
Wilmtngton: G. Wayne Wright (Chief); Cliff Winefordner(Asst.) . 919-251-4629
National Wetlands Hotlin. Appendix B
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Little Rock L uic C Cockmon, Jr. (Q iet); Benny F. SwaffoTd (A&st) . 501-324-52%
Tulsa: Don Ringeisen (Qiief); David Manning (Asst.) 918-581-7261
National Wetlands Hotline Appendix B
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DIVISIONS AND DISTRICTS FOR REGULATORY ACTIVITiES.
NORTH
PACIFIC
SAN FRANCISCO
LOS
#O
HONOLULU
PACIFIC OCEAN
DMSION AND DISTRICT HEADQUARTERS
DMSION HEADQUARTERS
DISTRICT HEADQUARTERS
STATE BOUNOARIES
DISTRICT BOUNDARIES
1-
MISSOURI RIVER
—
S
£
10
-------
)w8 the eastern bank of the Missoun Rwer is egu ared by the Omaha office.
NORFOLK
SOUTH ATLANT
NORTH
ATLANTIC
ORLEANS
LOWER
MISSISSIPPI
VALLEY
19
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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
RWC = Regional Wetland Coordinator
SFBC = State Farm Bill Coordinator
FBC = Farm Bill Coordinator
A . = A ristant
Alabama
Lariy E Goldman, SFBC, Daphne East Office Plaza, Suite A, 2001
Highway 98, P.O. Box Drawer 1190, Daphne, Alabama 36526 205-690-2181
Region 4: John Hefner, RWC; Charlie Storrs, Asst; Ronnie Haynes, FBC,
Richard B. Russefl Federal Bldg., 75 Spring Street, Mania, Georgia 30303 404-331-6343
Alaska
Erv Macintosh, SFBC 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, Alaska 99503 907-786-3467
Region 7: Jon Hall, RWC; David Dall, Asst.; Erv MacIntosh, FBC;
1011 East Tudor Road 1 Anchorage, Alaska 99503 907-786-3403/3467
Arizona
Ron McKinsny, SFBC, 3616 West Thomas Road, Suite 6, Phoenix, Arizona 85019 602-261-4720
Region 2: Warren Hagenbuck, RWC; Curtis Carley, Asst.; Warren Hagenbuck, FBC
500 Gold Ave., S.W., Room 4012, P.O. Box 1036, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87103 505-766-2914
Arkansas
Robert Barkley, SFBC Thomas Building, Room 235,900 Qay Street, Vickaburg, Mississippi 39180 601-638-1891
Region 4: John Heftier, RWC; Charlie Storm, Assi.; Ronnie Haynes, FBC;
Richard B. Russell Federal Bldg., 75 Spring Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30303 404-331-6343
California, North
Martha B. Naley, SFBC, 2800 Cottage Way, Room E- 1803, Sacramento, California 95825 916-978-4613
Region 1: Dennis Peters, RWC; Howard Browers, Asst.; Jana NeLson, FBC
1002 NE Holladay St., Portland, OR 97232-4181 503-231-6150/6154
California, South
John Hanlin, SFBC, Federal Building, 24000 Avila Road, Laguna, Negual, CA 92677
Region 1: Dennis Peters, RWC; Howard Browers, Asst.; Jana Nelson, FBC
1002 NE Holladay St., Portland, OR 97232-4181 503-231-6150
Colorado
Adam Misztal, SFBC, 134 Union Boulevard, P.O. Box 25486,
Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225 303-236-8148
Region 6: Chuck Elliot, SFBC, Bill Pearson, Asst.; Ralph Fries, FBC
134 Union Boulevard, P.O. Box 25486, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225 . . . .303-236-8148
Nntional Wetlande I4otllne Appendix C
-------
Connecticut
Gordon, Beckett, SFBC, 22 Bridge Street, Ralph Pill Marketplace, Concord, New Hain hire 03301 603-225-1411
Region 5: Ralph liner, RWC; Glenn Smith, Asst.; Elizabeth Herland, FBC
One Gateway Center, Suite 700, Newton Corner, Massachusetts 02158 617-965-5100
Delaware
Glenn Kinser, SFBC 1825B Virginia Street, Annapolis, Maryland 21301 301-269-5448
Region 5: Ralph liner, RWC; Glenn Smith, Assi.; Elizabeth Herland, FBC,
One Gateway Center, Suite 700, Newton Corner, Massachusetts 02158 617-965-5100
Florida
David J. Wesley, SFBC, 3100 University Boulevard, South, Jacksonville, F1orida 32216 904-791-2580
Region 4: John Hefner, RWC; Charlie Storra, Asst.; Ronnie Haynes, FBC;
Richard B. Russell Federal Bldg., 75 Spring Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30303 404-331.6343
Georgia
Philip H. Laumeyer, SFBC; Federal Building, Room 334, Brunswick, Georgia 31520 912-265-9336
Region 4: John Hefner, RWQ Charlie Storm, Assi.; Ronnie Haynes, FBC;
Richard B. Russell Federal Bldg., 75 Spring Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30303 404-331-6343
Hawaii
John Engbring, SFBQ 300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Room 6307,
P.O. Box 50167, Honolulu 1 Hawaii 96850 808-546-7530
Region 1: Dennis Peters, RWC; Howard Browers, Asst.; Jana Nelson, FBC;
1002 NE Holladay Si, Portland, OR 97232-4181 503-231-6150
Idaho
Walt D. Ray, SFBC; 4696 Overland Road, Room 566, Boise, Idaho 83705 208-334-1931
Region 1: Dennis Peters, RWC; Howard Browers, Asst.; Jana Nelson, FBC
1002 NE Holladay St., Portland, OR 97232-4181 503-231-6150
Illinois
Torn Goutage, SFBC; Route 3, Box 328, Marion, Illinois 62959 618-997-5491
Region 3: Ron Erickson, RWC; John Anderson, Asst.; Rick Shultz, FBC;
Federal Building, Fort Snauing, Twin Cities, MN 55111 612-725-3570/3536
Indiana
Dave Hudak, SFBC, 718 North Walnut Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47401 812-334-4261
Region 3: Ron Erickson, RWC; John Anderson, Asst.; Rick Shultz, FBC;
Federal Building, Fort Snalling, Twin Cities, MN 55111 612-725-357013536
Iowa
Rick Nelson, SFBQ 1830 2nd Avenue, Rock Island, Illinois 61201 . 309-793-5800
Region 3: Ron Erickson, RWC; John Anderson, Asst; Rick Shultz, FBC;
Federal Building, Fort Snalling, Twin Cities, MN 55111 . 612-725-357013536
National Wetlanda Hotline Appendix C
-------
Kentucky
Thomas S. 1 alley, SFBC P.O. Box 845, Cookeville, Tennessee 38503 . 615-528-6481
Region 4: John Hefner, RWC; Qiarlie Stons, Asst.; Ronnie Haynes, FBC
Richard B. Russell Federal Bldg., 75 Spiing Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30303 404-331-6343
Kansas
Dewey Carter, SFBC 215 Southwind Place, Manhattan, Kansas 66505 913-539-3474
Region 6: Qiuck Elliot, SFBC, Bill Pearson, Asst.; Ralph Fries, FBC
134 Union Boulevard, P.O. Box 25486, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225 . . . . 303-236-8148/8180
Louisiana
David W. Fruge, SFBC Brandywine II, Suite 102, 825 Kaliste Saloom,
Lafayette, Louisiana 70508 381-234-7478
Region 4: John Hefner, RWC; Charlie Siorra, Assi.; Ronnie Haynes, FBC,
Richard B. Russell Federal Bldg., 75 Spring Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30303 404-331-6343
Maine
Gordon Becketi, SFBC; 22 Bridge Street, Ralph Pill Marketplace,
Concord, New Hani hire 03301 603-223-1411
Region 5: Ralph liner, RWC Glenn Smith, Asst.; Elizabeth Herland, FBC
One Gateway Center, Suite 700, Newton Corner, Massachusetts 02158 617-965-5100
Maryland
Glen Kinser, SFBC; 1825B Virginia Street, Annapolis, Maryland 21301 301-269-5448
Region 5: Ralph liner, RW Glenn Smith, Asst.; Elizabeth Heriand, FBC;
One Gateway Center, Suite 700, Newton Corner, Massachusetts 02158 617-965-5100
Massachusetts
Gordon Becketi, SFBC; 22 Bridge Street, Ralph Pill Marketplace,
Concord, New Hain hire 03301 603-225-1411
Region 5: Ralph liner, RWQ Glenn Smith, Asst.; Elizabeth Herland, FBC,
One Gateway Center, Suite 700, Newton Corner, Massachusetts 02158 617-965-5100
Michigan
Leonard Schumann, SFBC; 310 Mealy Miles Building, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 517-337-6713
Region 3: Ron Erickeon, RWC; John Anderson, Assi.; Rick Shultz, FBC;
Federal Building, Fort Snalling, Twin Cities, MN 55111 . 612-725-3570/3536
Minnesota
Eric Nelson, SFBC; Federal Building, Room 23,7820 St. Gérrnain, St. Cloud, MN 56301 612-253-4682
Region 3: Ron Erickeon, RWC John Anderson, Asst.; Rick Shultz, FBC;
Federal Building,Fort Snalling, Twin Cities, MN 55111 612-725-3570/3536
Mississippi
Robert Barkley, SFBC; Thomas Building, Room 235,900 Clay Street,
Vickeburg, Mississippi 39180 601-638-1891
Region 4: John Hefner, RWC; Charlie Storm, Assi; Ronnie Haynes, FBC;
National Wetlands Hotilne Appendix C
-------
Richard B. Russell Federal Bldg., 75 Spring Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30303 . 404-331-6343
Missouri
Jerry Brabander, SFBC; P.O. Box 1506, Columbia, MD 65205 314-875-5374
Region 3: Ron Erickson, RWC; John Anderson, Asst.; Rick Shultz, FBC
Federal Building,Foil Snalling, Twin Cities, MN 55111 612-725-357013536
Montana
Jim Stutzman, SFBC; Bowdoin National Wildlife Refuge, Box J, Malta, Montana 59538 406-654-2863
Region 6: Chuck Eliot, SFBC, Bill Pearson, Asst.; Ralph Fries, FBC
134 Union Boulevard, P.O. Box 25486, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 8022.5.. . . 303-236-8148
Nebraska
Kim Hanson, SFBC 2604 St. Patrick Street, Suite 7, Grand Island, Nebraska 68803 308-381-5571
Region 6: Chuck Elliot, SFBC, Bill Pearson, Asst.; Ralph Fries, FBC;
134 Union Boulevard, P.O. Box 25486, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225 . . . . 303-236-8148
Nevada
Chester Buchanan, SFBC, 4600 Kietzke Lane, Suite C, Reno, Nevada 89502 702-784-5227
Region 1: Dennis Peters, RWC, Howard Browers, Asst.; Jana Nelson, FBC,
1002 NE Holladay St., Portland, OR 97232-4181 503-231-6150/6154
New Hampshire
Gordon Beckert, SFBC 22 Bridge Street, Ralph Pill Marketplace,
Concord, New Ham hire 03301 603-225-1411
Region 5: Ralph Tiner, RWC, Glenn Smith, Asst; Elizabeth Herland, FBC
One Gateway Center, Suite 700, Newton Corner, Massachusetts 02158 617-965-5100
New York
Len Corin, SFBC 100 Grange Place, Coriland, New York 13045 607-753-9334
Region 5: Ralph liner, RWQ Glenn Smith, Asst.; Elizabeth Herland, FBC;
One Gateway Center, Suite 700, Newton Corner, Massachusetts 02158 617-965-5100
New Jersey
Qifford Day, SFBC 705 White Horse Pike, P.O. Box 534, Absecon, New Jersey 08201 609-646-0620
Region 5: Ralph Tiner, RWC, Glenn Smith, Asst.; Elizabeth Herland, FBC
One Gateway Center, Suite 700, Newton Corner, Massachusetts 02158 617-965-5 100
New Mexico
Chuck Mullins, SFBC; 3530 Pan American Highway, N.E., Suite D, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87107505-803-7877
Region 2: Warren Hagenbuck, RWC, Curtis Carley, Asst.; Warren Hagenbuck, FBC
500 Gold Ave., S.W., Room 4012, P.O. Box 1036, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87103 505-766-2914/2174
North Carolina
Linda “Mike” Gantt, SFBC; 551-F Pylon Drive, P.O. Box 33726, Raleigh, North Carolina 27636-3726919-856-4520
Region 4: John Hefner, RWC; Charlie Storis, Asst.; Ronnie Haynes, FBC
Richard B. Russell Federal Bldg., 75 Spring Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30303 404-331-6343
National Wetlands Hotilne Appendix C
-------
North Dakota
Kevin Willis, SFBC, 1500 Capitol Avenue, Bisniarch, North Dakota 58501 . 701-255-4011/4415
Region 6: Chuck Elliot, SFBC, Bill Pearson, Asst; Ralph Fries, FBC
134 Union Boulevard, P.O. Box 25486, Denver Federal Canter, Denver, Colorado 80225 . . . . 303-236-8148
Ohio
Kent Kroonerneyer, SFBC; 6950-H Americana Parkway, Reynoldsburg, Ohio 43068 614-469-6923
Region 3: Ron Erickson, RWC; John Anderson, Asst.; Rick Shultz, FBC;
Federal Building,Fort Snalling, Twin Cities, MN 55111 612-725-3570/3536
Oklahoma
Dan Snnnett, SFBC; 222 South Houston, Suite A, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74127 918-581-7458
Region 2: Warren Hagenbuck, RWC; Curtis Carley, Asst.; Warren Hagenbuck, FBC;
500 Gold Ave., S.W., Room 4012, P.O. Box 1036, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87103 505-766-291412174
Oregon
Patrick D. Wright, SFBC 727 N.E. 27th Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97232 506-231-6179
Region 1: Dennis Peters, RWC; Howard Browers, Asst.; Jana Nelson, FBC
1002 NE Holladay St., Portland, OR 97232-4181 503-231-6150
Pennsylvania
Charles Kulp, SFBC; 315 South Allan Street, Suite 322, State College, Pennsylvania 16801 814-234-4286
Region 5: Ralph Ttner, RWC; Glenn Smith, Asst.; Elizabeth Herland, FBQ
One Gateway Center, Suite 700, Newton Corner, Massachusetts 02158 617-965-5100
Puerto Rico
Robert Pace, SFBC; P.O. Box 491, Boqueron, Puerto Rico 00622 809-851-7297
Region 4: John Hefner, RWC; Charlie Storrs, Assi.; Ronnie Haynes, FBC
Richard B. Russell Federal Bldg., 75 Spring Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30303 404-331-6343
Rhode Island
Gordon Becketi, SFBC; 22 Bridge Street, Ralph Pill Marketplace,
Concord, New Ham hire 03301 603-225-1411
Region 5; Ralph Tiner, RWC; Glenn Smith, Asst.; Elizabeth Herland, FBC;
One Gateway Center, Suite 700, Newton Corner, Massachusetts 02158 617-965-5100
South Dakota
Lonnie Schroeder, SFBC; P.O. Box 1536, Watertown, South Dakota 57201 605-882-3410
Region 6: Chuck Elliot, SFBC, Bill Pearson, Asst.; Ralph Fries, FBC
134 Union Boulevard, P.O. Box 25486, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225.. . .303-236-8148
South Carolina
Roger Banks, SFBC 217 Fort Johnson Road, P.O. Box 12559, Charleston, South Carolina 19412 . .803-724-4707
Region 4: John Heiner, RWC; Charlie Storzs, Assi.; Ronnie Haynes, FBC
Richard B. Russell Federal Bldg., 75 Spring Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30303 404-331-6343
National Wetlands Hotlino Appendix C
-------
‘ Ibnnessee
Thomas S. Talley, SFBC P.O. Box 845, Cookeville, Tennessee 38503 • 615-528-6481
Region 4: John Hefner RWQ Charlie Storrs , Asst.; Ronnie Haynes, FBC
Richard B. Russell Federal Bldg., 75 Spring Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30303 404-331-6343
Texas
Mike McMollum, SFBC; Fritz Lanham Building, Room 9A33,
819 Taylor Street, Forth Worth, Texas 76102 817-334-2961
Region 2: Warren Hagenbuck. RWC; Curtis Carley, Asst.; Warren Hagenbucic FBC
500 Gold Ave., S.W., Room 4012, P.O. Box 1036,
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87103 505-766-291412174
Utah
Mam Mlsztal, SFB 134 Union Boulevard, P.O. Box 25486,
Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225 303-236-8148
Region 6: Chuck Elliot, SFBC, Bill Pearson, Asst.; Ralph Fries, FBC 134 Union Boulevard,
P.O. Box 25486, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225 303-236-8148
Vermont
Gordon Beckett, SFBC; 22 Bridge Street, Ralph Pill Marketplace,
Concord, New Hain hire 03301 603-225-1411
Region 5: Ralph Tiner, RWQ Glenn Smith, Asst.; Elizabeth Herland, FBC
One Gateway Center, Suite 700, Newton Corner, Massachusetts 02158 617-965-5100
Virginia
Karen Mayne, SFBC Mid-County Center, US Route 17, P.O. Box 480
White Marsh, Virginia 23183 804-6936694
Region 5: Ralph Tmer, RWC Glenn Smith, Asst.; Elizabeth Herland, FBC,
One Gateway Center, Suite 700, Newton Corner, Massachusetts 02158 617-965-5100
Washington
John Karbow, SFBC; 2625 Parkrnont Lane, S.W., Bldg. 83, Olympia, Washington 98502 206-753-9440
Region 1: Dennis Peters, RWC Howard Browers, Asst.; Jana Nelson, FB(
1002 NE 1-lolladay St., Portland, OR 97232-4181 . 503-231-6150
West Virginia
Chris Clower, SFBC P.O. Box 1278, Elkins, West Virginia 26241 . 304-636-6586
Region 5: Ralph Tmer, RWC Glenn Smith, Asst.; Elizabeth Herland, FBC;
One Gateway Center, Suite 700, Newton Corner, Massachusetts 02158 . . . 617-965-5100
Wisconsin
Eldon McLawy, SFBC 658 South Gammon Road, Suite 201, Madison, Wisconsin 53719 608-264-5469
Region 3: Ron Eiicl on, RWC; John Anderson, Assi; Rick Shultz, FBC;
Federal Building, Fort Snalling,Twin Cities, MN 55111 612-725-357013536
National Wetland8 Hotilne Appendix C
-------
Wyoming
Maw Misztal, SFB 134 Union Boulevard, P.O. Box 25486, Denver Federal Center,
Denver, Colorado 80225 303-236-8148
Region 6: Ceuck Eliot, SFBC, Bill Pearson, Asst.; Ralph Fries, FBC
134 Union Boulevard, P.O. Box 25486, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225 . . . .303-236-8148
National Wetlands Hotllne Appendix C
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U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service
State Conservationists
ALABAMA
Ernest V. Todd, 665 Opelika Rd., P.O. Box 311, Auburn, Alabama 36830 205-821-8070
ALASKA
Burton L Qifford, 201 East 9th, Suite 300, Anchorage, Alaska 99501-3687 907-271-2424
ARIZONA
Donald W. Gohmert, Suite 200,201 E. Indianola Ave., Phoenix, Arizona 85012 602-640-2247
ARKANSS
Ronnie D. Murphy, Federal Office Bldg., Room 5404, 700 West Capitol Ave.,
Little Rock, Arkansas 72201 501-378-5445
CALIFORNIA
Pearlie S. Reed, 2121-C Second Street, Davis, California 95616 916-449-2848
COLORADO
Duane L Johnson, 655 Parfet Street, Room E200C, Lakewood, Colorado 80215-5517 303-236-2886
CONNECFICUT
Judith K. Johnson, 16 Professional Park Rd., Storis, Connecticut 06268-1299 203-487-4011
DELAWARE
Elesa K. Courell, Treadway Towers, Suite 207,9 East Loockerman Street,
Dover, Delaware 19901-7377 302-678-4160
FLORIDA
Niles T. Glasgow, Federal Bldg., Room 248,401 S.E. 1st Ave., Gainesville, Florida 32601 904-377-0946
GEORGIA
Hershel R. Read, Federal Bldg., Box 13,355 East Hancock Ave., Athens, Georgia 30601 404-546-2272
GUAM
Joan Periy, Director Pacific Basin Office, Suite 602, GCIC Bldg., 414 W. Soledad Ave., Agana, Guam
96910 671.472-7490
WAll
Warren M. Lac, 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 4316, P.O. Box 50004, Honolulu, Hawaii 96850 .. . . 808-541-2601
IDAHO
Paul H. Calverley, 3244 Elder Street, Room 124, Boise, Idaho 83705208-334-1601
National Wetlanda Ptothne Appendix D
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ILLINOIS
John 3. Eckes, Springer Federal Bldg., 301 N. Randolph Street, Champaign, illinois 61820 . 217-398-5267
INDIANA
Robert L Eddleman, 6013 Lakeside Blvd., Indianapolis, Indiana 46278 317-290-3200
IOWA
3. Michael Netheiy, 693 Federal Bldg., 210 Walnut Street, Des Moines, Iowa 50309 515-284-4261
KANSAS
James N. Habiger, 760 South Broadway, Salina, Kansas 67401 913-823-4565
KENTUCKY
Billy W. Milliken, 333 Wailer Ave., Room 305, Lexington, Kentucky 40504 606-233-2749
LOUISIANA
Horace J. Austin, 3737 Government Street, Alexandria, Louisiana 71302 318-473-7751
L4 I NE
Charles Whitmore, USDA Building, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04473 207-581-3446
MARYL ND
Jerome J. Hammond (Acting), John Hanson Business Center, 339 Revell Highway, Suite 301,
Annapolis, Maryland 21401 301757 861
MASSACH1JSJ 1IS
Richard D. Swenson (Acting), 451 West Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002 413-256-0441
MICHIGAN
Homer R. Hilner, Room 101,1405 S. Harrison Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48823-5202 517-337-6702
MINNESOTA
Gary R. Nordstrom, Farm Credit Services Bldg., 375 Jackson Street, Room 600,
St. Paul, Minnesota 55101-1854 612-290-3675
MISSISSIPPI
Louie P. Heard, Federal Bldg., Suite 1321, 100 West Capitol Street, Jackson, Mississippi 39269 . . . 601-965-5205
MISSOURI
Russell C. Mills, 555 Vandiver Dnve, Columbia, Missouri 65202 314.875-5214
MONTANA
Richard J. Gooby, Federal Building, Room 443,10 East Babcock Street, Bozernan, Montana 59715 .406-587-6813
NEBRASKA
Ron E. Moreland, Federal Bldg., Room 345, 100 Centennial Mall, N., Lincoln, Nebraska 68508-3866
-. National Wetlands Hotline Appendix D
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NEVADA
William D. Goddard, 1201 Terminal Way, Room 219, Reno, Nevada 89502 . 702-784-5863
NEW HA SH E
David L Mussulman, Federal Building, Durham, New Harn hire 03824 . 603-868-7581
NEW JERSEY
Barbara T. Osgood, 1370 Hamilton Street, Somerset, New Jersey 08873 201-246-1662
NEW MEXICO
Ray T. Margo, Jr., 517 Gold Avenue, S.W., Room 3301, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87102 505-766-2173
NEW YORK
Paul A. Dodd, James M. Hanley Fed. Bldg., Room 771,100 S. Qinton Street, Syracuse, New York
13260 315-423-5521
NORTH CAROLINA
Bobbye Jack Jones, 4405 Bland Road, Suite 205, Raleigh, North Carolina 27609 919-790-2888
NORTH DAK(YFA
Ronnie L Qark, Federal Building, Rosser Avenue & Third St., P.O. Box 1458,
Bismarck, North Dakota 58502 701-250-4421
OHIO
Joseph C. Branco, 200 North High Street, Room 522, Columbus, Ohio 43215 614-469-6962
OKLAHOMA
C. Budd Fountain, USDA Agricultural Center Bldg., Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074 405-624-4360
OREGON
Jack P. Kanalz, Federal Bldg., Room 1640, 1220 S.W. Third Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97204 ... . 503-326-2751
PENNSYLVANIA
Richard N. Duncan, One Credit Union Place, Suite 340, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17110 717-782-2202
PUERTO RICO
Huinberto Hernandez (Director), USDA-SCS, GPO Box 4868, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936 ... . 809-753-4206
RHODE ISLAND
Robert J. Klumpe, 46 Quaker Lane, West Warwick, Rhode Island 02893 401-828-1300
SOUTH CAROLINA
Billy R. Abercrombie, 1835 Assembly Street, Room 950, Strom Thurrnond Federal Bldg.,
Columbia, South Carolina 29201 803-765-5681
P(atlonal WetIand Hottino AppendIx 0
-------
SOUTH DAKOTA
Ronald E. Hendricks, Federal Building, 200 4th Street, S.W., Huron, South Dakota 57350 . 605-353-1783
TENNESSEE
Jerry S. Lee, 675 Estes Kefauver, FB-USCH, 801 Broadway, Nashville, Tennessee 37203615-736-5471
TEXAS
Harry W. Oneth, W.R. Poage Federal Bldg., 101 S. Main Street, Temple, Texas 76501-7682 817-774-1214
ITFAR
Francis T. Holt, Wallace F. Bennett, Federal Building, Room 4402, 125 So. State Street,
Salt Lake City, Utah 84138 801-524-5050
NATIONAL TECHNICAL CENTER DIRECTORS
VERMONT
John C. Thclmer, 69 Union Street, Winooski, Vermont 05404 802-951-6795
VIRGINIA
George C Norris, Federal Bldg., Room 9201,400 North 8th Street, Richmond, Vtrginia 23240 .. . 804-771-2455
WASHINGTON
Lynn A. Brown, West 920 Riverside Avenue, Room 360, Spokane, Washington 99201 509-353-2335
WEST VIRGINIA
Roflia N. Swank, 75 High Street, Room 301, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505 304-291-4151
WISCONSIN
Duane L Johnson, 6515 Watts Road, Suite 200, Madison, Wisconsin 53719-2726 608-264-5577
WYOMING
Frank S. Dickson, Jr., Federal Office Bldg., 100 East “B” Street, Room 3124, Casper, Wyoming 82601307-261-5201
MID WFST NTC
August J. Dornbusch, Jr., Federal Bldg., Room 345, 100 Centennial Mall North,
Lincoln, Nebraska 68508-3866 402-437-5346
NORTHEAST NTC
Arthur B. Holland, 160 East 7th Street, Qiester, Pennsylvania 19013 215-499-3904
SOUTH NTC
Paul F. Larson, Fort Worth Federal Center Building 23, Room 60, Felix & Hemphill Streets,
P.O. Box 6567, Fort Worth, Texas 76115 817-334-5253
National Wetlande Hotlins Appendix D
-------
WEST NTC
Stanley, N. Hobson 1 Federal Building, Room 248,511 N.W. Broadway,
Portland, Oregon 97209-3489 . 503-221-2824
National Wetlands Hotline Appendix D
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United States Congress
For bit&, Laws and other con gres ional documents:
SENATE DOCUMENT ROOM
B-04-Hart Senate Office Building
Washington, DC 20510
HOUSE DOCUMENT ROOM
H-226, US Capitol
Washington, DC 20515
COMM ITEES
SENATE COMMr ITEE ON AGRICULTURE NUTRITION AND FORESTRY (202)224-2035
SENATE COMMIITEE ON APPROPRIATIONS (202)224-3471
SENATE COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES (202)224-4971
SENATE COMM1T EE ON ENVIRONMENT AND PUBLIC WORKS (202)224-6176
HOUSE COMMrriF ON AGRICULTURE (202)225-2171
HOUSE COMMI uu ON APPROPRIATIONS (202)225-2771
HOUSE COMMU r ON ENERGY AND COMMERCE (202)225-2927
HOUSE COMMiri ON INTERIOR AND INSULAR AFFAIRS (202)225-2761
HOUSE COMMI ritt ON MERCHANT MARINE AND FISHERIES (202)225.4047
HOUSE COMMIru ON PUBLIC WORKS AND TRANSPORTATION (202)225-4472
National Wetlands Hotline Appendix E
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State Resource Agencies
MAINE: Donald T. Witherill, Land Quality Control Bureau, Augusta, ME
MARYLAND: William Burgess, Wetlands Division, Annapois, MD
MASSACHUSFflS: Gary Qayton, Wetlands and Waterways Regulation Division, B ton, MA
MICHIGAN: Steve Sadewasset, Wetland Protection Unit, Lansin& M I
MINNESOTA: David B MUles. Permits Unit, St. Paul, MN
MISSISSIPPI: Robert Seyfarth, Water Quality Management Section, Jackson, MS (601)961-5171
A lABAMA: Gary Ellis, Water Quality Division, Montgomery, AL (205)271-7829
ALASKA: Doug Redburn, Office of Water Quality Management,Juneau, AK (907)465-2634
ARIZONA: Edward Swanson, Water Qualty Management Unit, Phoenix, AZ (602)392-4044
ARKANSAS: Steve Brown, Water Division, Little Rock AR (501)562-7444
CALIFORNIA: Peter R. Douglas, Coastal Commission, San Francisco, CA (415)543-8555
COLORADO: Patsy Goodman, Habitat Resources, Denver, CO (303)291-7274
CONNECflCUT: Dennis Cunningham, Natural Resources Committee, Hartford, CI (203)566-7220
DELAWARE: William F. Moyer, Wetlands Section, Dover, DE (302)736-4691
FLORIDA: Mark Latch, Water Quality Management Bureau, Tallahassee, FL (904)488-0130
GEORGIA: David Word, Water Resources Management Branch, Atlanta, GA (404)656-4807
HAWAII: Richard G. Poirier, Long-Range Plans Branch, Honolulu, HI (808)548-4609
IDAHO: Susan Martin, Water Quality, Boise, ID (208)334-5845
ILLINOIS: Marion Hubbell, Planning Division, Springfield, IL (217)782-3715
INDIANA: John Winters, Water Quality Section, Indianapolis, IN (317)243-5028
IOWA: Mike Carrier, Parks, Recreation, & Preservation Division, Des Moines, IA (515)281-5207
KANSAS: Robert Meinen, Department of Wildlife & Parks, Topeka, KS (913)296-2281
KENTUCKY: Don Walker, Division of Water, Frankfort, KY (502)564-3410
LOUISIANA: Charles G. Groat, Coastal Management Office, Baton Rouge, LA (504)342-7591
(207)289-2111
(301)974-3871
(617)292-5856
(517)373-8000
(612)296-0516
National Wetlands Hotline Appendix F
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MISSOURI: Laurie Bobbin, Permits Section, Jefferson City, MO . (314)751-6821
MOWJ ANA: Loren L Bahls, Water Quality Management Section, Helena, !vfF . (406)444-2406
NEBRASKA: Dave Jensen, Surface Water Section, LAncoln, NE (402)471-4700
NEVADA: Wandell McCurry, Water Quality Section ,Environmental Protection Division,
Cai on City, NV (702)8854670
NEW HAMPSHIRE: Delbert F. Downing, Water Management Bureau,Water Resources Division,
Concord, NH (603)271-3406
NEW JERSEY: John Weingart, Division of Coastal Resources, Trenton, NJ (609)292-2795
NEW MEXICO: Bob Findling, Park Planning,Division of ParI and Recreation, Santa Fe, NM . . . (505)827-7859
NEW YORK: Patncia Riexinger, Wetlands Program,Division of Fish and Wildlife, Albany, NY . . . (518)457-5581
NORFH CAROLINA: Charles Waltild, Water Quality Seciion,Division of Environmental Management,
Raleigh, NC (919)733-5083
NORTH DAKOTA: Dale L Henegax , Game and Fish Department, Bismarck, ND (701)221-6300
OHIO: Mike Colvin, Environmental Review,Office of Outdoor Recreational Services, Columbus, OH (614)265-6413
OKLAHOMA: Steven A. Lewis, Department of Wildlife Conservation, Oklahoma City, OK ... . (405)521-3851
OREGON: Ken Bierly, Division of State Lands, Salem, OR (503)378-3805
PENNSYLVANIA: Eugene Counsil, Div Waterway & Stormwater Mgmt,Bur of Dams & Waterway Mgmt,
Harrisburg, PA (717)787-6826
RHODE ISLAND: Dean Albro, Wetlands Section,Division of Groundwater & Freshwater Wetlands,
Providence, RI (401)2Th6820
SOUTH CAROLINA: Alfred H. Vang, Water Resources Commission, Columbia, SC (803)737-0800
Wayne Beam, South Carolina Coastal Council, Columbia, SC (803)737-0880
SOUTH DAKOTA: Duane Murphy, Water Resources Management Division, Pierre, SD (605)773-42126
TENNESSEE: Larry Bowers, Natural Resource Section,Division of Water Pollution Control,
Nashville, TN (615)741-7883
TEXAS: See U.S. Army Corpa of Engineers phone list.
UTAH: Mike Reichert, Water Quality Mgmt & Grndwtr Sect,Bur of Water Pollution Control,
Salt Lake City UT (801)538-6146
VERMONT: David Qough, Water Quality Division,Depamnent of Environmental Conservation,
Waterbury, VT (802)244-6951
National Wetlands Hot Ii no Appendix F
-------
VIRGINIA William Pruilt, Marine Resources Commission, Newport News, VA . (804)247-2200
WASHiNGTON: Rod Mach, Shorelands & Coastal Zone Management Program, Olympia, WA .. . (206)459-6777
W T VIRGINIA: Frank B. Pelurie, Gro indwater, Water Resources Division, C harleston 1 WV.. . (304)348-2108
WISCONSIN: Robert Roden, Water Regulation & Zoning Bureau, Madison, WI (608)266-8034
WYOMING: E.J. Sanning, Water Quality Division, Cheyenne, WY (307)777-7781
National Wetlands Hotline Appendix F
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State And Territorial Agencies and Citizens’ Groups
ALABAMA
ALABAMA COOPERATIVE FISH AND WILDLIFE RESEARCH UNIT: Auburn, AL (205)242-7100
SEA GRANT PROGRAM: Ocean Spiings, MS (601)875-9341
ALASKA
ALASKA SEA GRANT COLLEGE PROGRAM: Fairbanks, AL (907)474-7086
NATIONAL ATJDOBON SOCIETY: Anchorage, AL (907)276-7034
ARIZONA
ARIZONA WILDLIFE FEDERATION: Scottsdale, AZ (602)946-6160
ARKANSAS
NATURAL AND SC 4IC RIVERS COMMISSION: Little Rock AR (501)371-8134
TROUT UNLIMITED ARKANSAS COUNCIL Fayetteville, AR (501)452.5703
CALIFORNIA
CAL IFORNIA COOPERATIVE FISHERY RESEARCH UNIT: Arcata, CA (707)826-3268
COUNCIL FOR PLANNING AND CONSERVATION: Beverly Hills, CA (213)276-3202
IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OF AMERICA, INC.: San Pedro, CA
COLORADO
IZAAK WALTON LEAGIJEOFAMERICA, INC.: Trinidad, CO (719)846-2127
NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION NATURAL RESOURCES CLINIC: Washington, DC . (202)797-6800
CONNECTICUT
CONNECTICUT WILDLIFE FEDERATION: Middletown, CT (203)347-1291
CONNECTICUT AUDOBON SOCIETY: Fairfield, C l ’ (203)259-6305
LONG ISLAND SOUND TASKFORCE: Stanford, CT . (203)327.9786
DELAWARE
DELAWARE WILD LANDS, INC.: Od sa, DE (302)834-1332
(302)378-2736
FLORIDA
FLORIDA COOPERATIVE FISH AND WILDLIFE RESEARCH UNIT, U.S.D.L:
National Wetiande Hotline Appendix G
-------
Gainesville, FL
GAME AND FRESHWATER FISH COMMISSION: Ta lnhii csee , FL.
FLORIDAAUDOBONSOCItfl: Maitland, FL
FLORIDA DEFENDERS OF THE ENVIRONMENT, INC.: Gainesville, FL...
IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OF AMERICA, INC.: Key Largo, FL
SOUTH FLORIDA WAItR MANAG 1ENT DISTRICT: West Palm Beach, FL
GEORGIA
(904)392-1861
(904 ) 488-1960
(407)647-2615
(904)372-6965
(305)451-0991
(407)686-8800
GEORGIA WILDLIFE COMMISSION: Conyers, GA (404)929-3350
H4WAII
INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURE AND HUMAN RESOURCES: Honolulu, HI . . (808)956-8131
SEA GRANT PROGRAM: Honolulu, HI (808)956-7031
HAWAII AUDOBON SOCIETY: Honolulu, HI (808)528-1432
IDAHO
IDAHO ENVIRONMENTAL COUNCIL Idaho Falls, ID (208)336-4930
ILLINOIS
TLLTNOIS AUDOBON SOCIETY: Wayne, IL (708)584-6290
IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OF AMERICA, INC.: Washington, IL (309)444-4233
INDIANA
INDIANA AUDOBON SOCIETY: Conneisville, IN (317)825-9788
IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OF AMERICA, iNC.: LaPorte, IN (219)324-4904
IOWA
IOWA ORNITHOLOGI ’ UNION: Iowa City, IA
IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OF AMERICA: West Des Moines4A (515)224-4825
KANSAS
KANSAS ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIFrY: Newton,KS (316)283-2500
KENTUCKY
KENTUCKY AUDOBON COUNCIL: Versailles, KY (606)873-4964
LOUISIANA
LOUISIANA WLIDLIFE FEI)ERATION, INC.: Baton Rouge, LA (504)344-6707
N tIonnl Wetlands Hotline Appendix G
-------
MAINE
MAINE ASSOCIATION OF CONSERVATION COMMISSIONS: BeIfast ME . (207)338-5536
MAINEAUDOBONSOCIhTY: Falmouth, ME (207)781-2330
MARYLAND
CHESAPEAKE BAY FOUNDATION, INC.: Annapolis, MD (301)268-8816
COMMIITEE TO PRESERVE ASS TEAGUE ISLAND, INC.: Towson, MD (301)828-4520
IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OF AMERICA, INC.: Thg man, MD (301)822-1522
MASSACHUSt IS
MASSACHIJSF’rrrS ASSOCIATION OF CONSERVATION DI RIC1S: North Easton, MA . . (508)588-8914
MASSACHUSI r1S AUDOBON SOCIFfl INC.: Lincoln, MA (617)259-9500
MICHIGAN
IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OF AMERICA, INC.: Grand Rapids, MI (616)281-3036
MICHIGAN AUDOBON SOCIEI”Y: Lansing, MI (517)886-9144
MINNESOTA
IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OF AMERICA, INC.: St. Paul, MN (612)221-0215
MINNESOTA ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION: Minneapolis, MN (612)546-4220
MISSISSIPPI
MISSISSIPPI WILDLIFE FEDERATION: Jacl on, MS (601)353-6922
MISSISSIPPI ASSOCIATION OF CONSERVATION DISTRICTS, INC.: Haniesburg, MS .. . (601)266-4734
MISSOURI
AUDOBON SOCI OF MISSOURI: Rayniore, MO (816)322-1580
MONTANA
MONTANA WILDLIFE FEDERATION: Bozeman, MT . (406)587-1713
NEBRASKA
IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OF AMERICA, INC.: Lincoln, NE (402)488-1640
NEBRASKA ASSOCIATION OF RESOURCES DISTRICTS: Oakland, NE (402)685-5956
NEBRASKA ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, INC.: Lincoln, NE (402)472-6606
Ndtlonal Wetlands Hotline Appendix G
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NEVADA
NEVADA WILDlIFE FEDERATION: Reno, NV . (702)438-1444
NE VADA ASSOCIATION OF CONSERVATION DISTRICTS: Deeth, NV . (702)752-3001
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW HAMPSHIRE WILDLIFE FEDERATION, INC.: Concord, NH (603)224-5953
AUDOBON SOCLtrY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE Concord, NH (603)224-9909
NEW JERSEY
ASSOCIATION OF NEW JERSEY ENVLRONME!fl AL COMMISSIONS: Mendham, NJ . . . (201)539-7547
NEW JERSEYAUDOBON SOCIETY: Franklin Lakes, NJ (201)891-1211
NEW MEXICO
NEW MEXICO WILDLIFE FEDERATION: A1buquerque NM (505)299-5404
NEW MEXICO BASS CHAPTER FEDERATION: Sante Fe, NM (505)473-4417
NEW YORK
FEDERATION OF NEW YORK STATE BIRD CLUBS,INC.: New Berlin, NY (607)847-6522
NEW YORK STATE ASSOCIATION OF CONSERVATION COMMISSIONS, INC.:
Syracuse, rri (315)451-0268
NORTH CAROLINA
CAROLINA BIRD CLUB, INC.: Raleigh, NC (919)781-2637
NORTH CAROLINA RECREATION AND PARK SOCIET INC.: Raleigh, NC (919)832-5868
NORTH DAKCYFA
NORTH DAKOTA WILDLIFE FEDERATION, INC.: Bisinarck, ND (701)222-2557
NORTH DAKOTAASSOCIATION OF SOIL CONSERVATION DISTRICTS: Stiruni, ND . . . (701)678-2738
0mb
OHIO AUDOBON COUNCIL, INC.: Springfield, OH (513)662-4505
WATER MANAGEMENTASSOCIATION OF OHIO: Columbus, OH (614)424-6106
OKLAHOMA
IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OF AMERICA, INC.: Stiliwater, OK (405)3fl-4536
OKLAHOMA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY: Tahlequah, OK (918)456-2071
OREGON
National Wetlands Hotilne Appendix G
-------
OREGON WILDLIFE HERiTAGE FOUNDATION: Portland, OR . (503)255-6059
PENNSYLVANIA
CHESAPEAKE BAY FOUNDATION, INC.: Harrisburg PA (717)234-5550
NATURAL LANDS TRUST, INC., AND PHI lADELPHIA CONSERVATIONI , INC.:
Media, PA (215)353-5587
WILDLANDS CONSERVANCY: Emrnaus, PA (215)965-4397
PUERTO RICO
CONSERVATION TRUST OF PUERTO RICO: San Juan, PR (809)722-5834
RHODE ISLAND
RHODE ISLAND ASSOCIATION OF CONSERVATION DISTRICTS: Carolina, RI (401)364-4069
SAVE THE BAY: Providence, RI (401)272-3540
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH CAROLINA WILDLIFE FEDERATION: Columbia, SC (803)782-8626
SOUTH DAKOTA
IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OF AMERICA, INC.: Rapid City, SD (605)342-3256
SOUTH DAKOTAORMTHOLOGI ’ UNION: Brookings SD (605)837-2814
TENNESSEE
TENNESSEE CHAF1tR, AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY: Cookeville, TN (615)372.3086
WILDLIFE SOCIETY TENNESSEE CHATrER Breniwood, TN (615)736-5095
TEXAS
TEXAS COMMIrr ON NATURAL RESOURCES: Dallas, TX (214)368-1791
WxrERFOWLHABrL4TAI1AiNCEoFTEX : Houston, TX (713)522-5025
UTAH
UTAH WILDLIFE FEDERATION: Salt Lake City, UT (801)882-1755
UTAH ASSOCIATION OF SOIL CONSERVATION DISTRICTS: Orderville, UT (801)648-2219
VERMONT
VERMONT ASSOCIATION OF CONSERVATION DISTRICTS: Shoreham, V . (802)897-2626
VERMONT AUDOBON COUNCIL Middlebuty, Vr . (802)545-2538
National Wetlands Hoti ins Appendix G
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VIRGINIA
CHESAPEAKE BAY FOUNDATION, INC.: Richmond, VA . (804)780-1392
IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OF AMERICA, INC.: Fredeiicksburg, VA (703)373-4486
WASHINGTON
WASHINGTON WILDLIFE FEDERATION: Pullman, WA (509)332.4587
WASHINGTON ASSOCIATION OF CONSERVATION DISTRICTS: Sky Ranch, WA (206)673.5338
WEST VIRGINIA
IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OF AMERICA, INC.: Ceredo, WV (304)353-3378
WILDLIFE SOCIETY WEST VIRGINIA CHAFFER: MacArthur, WV (304)256-6947
WISCONSIN
WISCONSIN SOCIETY FOR ORNiTHOLOGY, INC., ThE Waunakee, WI (608)849-4502
WISCONSIN WATER.FOWLERS ASSOCIATION, INC.: Waukesha, WI (414)352-3714
WYOMING
WYOMING STATE PARKS AND HISTORIC SITES: Cheyenne, WY (307)777-6323
WYOMING WILDLIFE FEI)ERATION: Cheyenne, WY (307)637-5433
IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OF AMERICA, INC.: Laramie, WY (307)742-2785
National Wetlands Hotline Appendix G
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International, National, and Regional Organizations
AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIm: Bethesda, MD
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF FISHERY RESEARCH BIOLOGISTS: Bronx, NY
AMERICAN LEAGUE OF ANGLERS AND BOATERS: Washington, DC
AMERICAN LI1TORAL SOCIETY: Highlands, NJ
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, INC.: Washington, DC
AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION: Washington, DC
Chicago, IL
AMERICAN RIVERS (formerly American Rivers Conservation Council):Washington, DC
AMERICAN SOCIErY OF LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY, INC.:
Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada
AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION: Bethesda, MD
ANGLERS FOR CLEAN WATER, INC.: Montgomer AL
ASSOCIATION FOR FISH AND WILDLIFE ENFORCEMENT TRAINING:
Edmonton, Alberta
ASSOCIATION OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS, INC.: Washington, DC
ASSOCIATION OF MIDW FISH AND WILDLIFE AGENCIES: Pres. David Hales, Chairman, Michigan
Dept. of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 30028, Lansing, M l 48909
ASSOCIATION OF MIDWEST FISH AND GAME LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS:
Columbus, OH
ATLANTIC CENTER FOR THE ENVIRONMENT, THE lpswicb, MA
AUDOBON NATURALIST SOCIETY OF THE CENTRAL ATLANTIC STATES, INC.:
Chevy Chase, MD
CENTER FOR MARINE CONSERVATION, INC.: Washington, DC
CENTER FOR THE GREAT LAKES: Chicago, IL
Ontario
CLEAN WATER ACTION: Washington, DC
CLEAN WATER FUND: Washington, DC
(301)897-8616
(409)766-3325
(202)662-7420
(201)291-0055
(813)974-2242
(202)872-0611
(312)955-9100
(202)547-6900
(902)426-3793
(301)493-8600
(205)272-9530
(403)427-6735
(202)357-2031
(614)265-6320
(508)356-0038
(301)652-9188
(202)429-5609
(312)645-0901
(416)921.7662
(202)457-1286
(202)457-1286
National Wetlande Hotllns Appendix H
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• (713)626-4222
• (508)281.9209
• (202)293-4800
• (703)525-6300
(617)742-2540
(802)223-5992
(708)438-4300
(212)505-2100
(202)387-3500
(415)658-8008
(303)440-4901
(804)780-1297
(919)821-7793
(512)478-5161
(202)328-5150
(301)492-6403
(612)471-8407
SOCIETY:
(202)544-2600
(512)824-7509
(312)941-1351
GREAT LAKES UNITED: Buffalo, NY (716)886-0142
GREAT SWAMP RESEARCH INST UTE: Indiana, Pa (412)357-2609
GREENPEACE USA, INC.: Washington, DC (202)4624177
INIERNATIONALASSOCIATION OFFISH AND WILDLIFEAGENCIES: Washington, DC . (202)624-7890
INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR BIRD PRESERVATION: Kimberly Young, ICBP Inc., do WWF-US, 1250
Twenty-fourth St., NW, Washington, DC 20037
INTERNATIONAL CRANE FOUNDATION:Baraboo, WI (608)356-9462
INTERNATIONALEROSION CONTROLASSOCIATION (IECA): Steamboat Springs, CO . . (303)879-3010
INTERNATIONAL GAME FISH ASSOCLATION:Ft. Lauderdale, FL (305)467-0161
-- National Wetlands Hotilne Appendix H
COASTAL CONSERVATION ASSOCL4TION, INC.: Houston, TX.
COASTAL SOCIhTY, THE: Gloucestei MA
CONSERVATION FOUNDATION, THE: Washington, DC
CONSERVATION FUND, THE: Arlington, VA
CONSERVATION LAW FOUNDATION, INC.: Boston, MA
Montpelier, VT
DUCKS UNLIMITED, INC.: Long Grove, IL
ENVIRONMENTAL DEF1 NSE FUND, INC.:
New York, NY
Washington. DC
Oakland, CA
Boulder, CO
Richmond, VA
Raleigh, NC
Austin, TX
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW INSTITUTE, THE: Washington, DC
FISH AND WILDLWE REFERENCE SERVICE: Bethesda, MD
FRESHWATER FOUNDATION: Navarre, MN
FRIENDS OF THE EARTH, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY INSTITUTE, OCEANIC
Washington, DC
GAME CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL San Antonio, TX
GREAT LAKES SPORT FISHING COUNCIL Elmhurst, IL
-------
INTERNATIONAL OSPREY FOUNDATION, INC., THE Sanibel, FL . (813)472-5218
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES (IUCN),
WORLD CONSERVATION UNION:
Washington, DC
INTERNATIONAL WILD WATERFOWL ASSOCIATION: Medina, OH
IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OF AMERICA, INC., THE: Arlington, VA
LAKE ERIE CLEANUP COMMITTEE, INC.: Dearborn, MI
LAKE MICHIGAN FEDERATION: Chicago, IL
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR STATE RIVER CONSERVATION PROGRAMS:
Washington, DC
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CONSERVATION DISTRICTS: Washington, DC
NATIONAL AUDOBON SOCIETY: New York NY
NATIONAL COALiTION FOR MARINE CONSERVATION: Savannah, GA
NATIONAL FISH AND WILDLiFE FOUNDATION: Washington, DC
NATIONAL WATER RESOURFS ASSOCIATION: Arlington, VA
NATIONAL WATERWAYS CONFERENCE, INC.: Washington, DC
NATIONAL WETLANDS TECHNICAL COUNCIL Washington, DC
NATIONAL WILDLiFE FEDERATION:
Washington, DC
Vienna, VA
NATURE CONSERVANCY, THE Arlington, VA
NORTH AMERICAN LAKE MANAGEMENT SOCIETY: Washington, DC
NORTH AMERICAN LOON FUND: Meredith, NH
• (603)659-5442
(703)528-1818
• (313)271-8906
(312)939-0838
(202)543-2682
(202)547-6223
(212)832-3200
(912)234-8062
• (202)343-1040
(703)524-1544
• (202)296-4415
(202)328-5150
(202)797-6800
(703)790-4000
(703)841-5300
(202)466-8550
(603)279-6163
OCEAN ALUANCE San Francisco, CA
PUGET SOUND ALLIANCE Seattle, WA
SIERRA CLUB: San Francisco, CA
SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION SOCIETY: Ankeny, IA
SOUTHERN ENVIRONMENFAL LAW CENTER: Charlottesville, VA
(415)441-5970
(206)548-9343
(415)776-2211
(515)289-2331
(804)977-4090
Chapel Hill, NC (919)967-1450
National Wetlands Hotilne Appendix H
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TROUT tjNLTh 1ITED: Vienna, VA.
TRUST FOR PUBLIC LAND, TH San Francisco, CA
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION: Alexandria, VA
WETLANDS FOR WILDLIFE, INC.: West Bend, WI
WHOOPING CRANE CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION, INC.: Sierra Vista, AZ
WILDFOWL FOUNDATION, INC.: Mington, VA
WILDFOWL TRUST OF NORTH AMERICA, INC., THE: Grasonville, MD
• . . . (703)281-1100
(415)495-4014
(703)684-2400
(414)628-0103
(602)458-0971
(703)979-2626
• . . . (301)827-6694
National Wetlanda Hotline Appendix H
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Society Of Wetland Scientists
NATIONAL OFFICERS
President: Dr. Mark M. Brinson, Department of Biolo ’,
East Carolina University; Greenville, NC 27834 (919)757-6307
Vice President: Dr. 0. Ronnie Best, Center for Wetlands, Phelpa Laboratoiy,
University of Florida; Gainesville, FL 32611 (904)392-2424
Executive Secretary: Mr. David M. DuMond, 225 Cheyenne Trail; Wilmington, NC 28409 (919)799-0363
Treasurer: Dr. Virginia Carter, U.S. Geological Survey, 430 National Center, Reston, VA 22092 . . . (703)648-4000
Immediate Past President: Dr. Jay A. Leitch, Department of Agricultural Economics,
North Dakota State University; Fargo, ND 58105 (701)237-7467
Journal Editor: Dr. Douglas A. Wilcox, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service,
National Fisheries Research Center, 1451 Green Road; Ann Aibor, Mi 48105 (313)994-3331
Bulletin Editor: Dr. Lyndon C. Lee, LC. Lee & Associates, Inc.,
221 1st Avenue West, Suite 415; Seattle, Wa 98119 (206)283-0673
Archivist: Mr. Paul Knutson, Route 3,Box 958; Gloucester, VA 23061 (804)693-2154
REGIONAL CHAIRPERSONS
North Atlantic Chapter (RegIon 1)—Dr. Brian H. Hill, Division of Science,
Marist College; Poughkeepsie, NY 12601 (914)471-3240, ext.22
South Atlantic Chapter (Region 11)—Dr. C. Ross Hinkle, Mail Code BIO-2,
The Bionetics Corporation; Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899 (407)853-3281
North Central Chapter (Region II1)—.Mr. Charles Wolverton, Resource Management Group,
P.O. Box 487; Grand Haven, MI 49417 (616)847-1680
South Central Chapter (Region IV)—Mr. Russell Thenot, WESER-W, P.O. Box 631;
Vicl burg, MS 39180-0631 (601)634-2718
Western Chapter (RegIon V)—Mr. Robert A. Leidy, Wetland Section, U.S. EPA Region IX,
1235 Mission Street, San Francisco, CA 94103 (415)705-2188
Alaska Chapter (Region VI)—unrepresented
Canadian Chapter (Region VI1)—Dr. Walter A. Glooschenko, Box 103; Carlisle,
Ontaiio; Canada LOR IHO (416)689.8164;
National Wetlands Hotline Appendix J
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Dr. Ian Hutchinson, Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University
Burnaby, British Columbia; Canada V5A 1S6 . (604)291-3232
International Chapter (RegIon Vffl)—Dr. Arrnando A. de la Crt Department of Biological Sciences,
Mississippi State Univemiry, P.O. Box GY; Mississippi Stare, MS (601)325-3120;
Dr. Francis D. Heliotis, Department of Biolo ’, George Mason University;
Fairfax, VA 22030 (703)323-4140
Rocky Mountain Chapter (Region IX)—Dr. David J. Cooper, 3803 Silver Plume; Boulder, CO
80303 (303)443-7325
Pacific Northwest Chapter (Region X)—Mr. Marc Boule, Shapiro & Associates,
1812 Smith Tower, Seattle, WA 98104 (206)624-9190
National Wetlands Ilotilne Appendix J
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National Wetlands Technical Council
CALIFORNIA
Dr. R. Terry Huffman, Huffman and Associates, 69 Aztec St., San Francisco, California 94110 . . . 415-821-4159
415-824-4752
Dr. Joy B. Zedler, Pacific Estuarine Research Laboratory, Dept. of Biolo ’,
San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92812-0057 619-594-5809
CONNECTICUT
Dr. William A. Niering, Connecticut College, 270 Mohegan Ave., Box 5511,
New London, Connecticut 06320-4196 203-447-7700
203-447-1911, ext.730 ’
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
J. William Futrell (President), Tim Henderson (Staff Attorney), Nicole Veilleux (Editor NWN),
Etik Meyers (Director of Development), Environmental Law Institute,
1616 P Street, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20036 202-328-5150
FLORIDA
John R. Clark, National Park Service Program, School of Marine Sciences,
University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33419 305-872-4114
305-361-4620
GEORGIA
Dr. Eugene P. Odum, Center for Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 404-542-3314
I l lINOIS
Dr. .1. Henry Sather, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, 103 Oakland Lane, Macomb, illinois 61455 . . - 309-833-5341
Dr. Richard P. Noviteki, U.S. Geological Survey, 102 E. Main St., 4th floor, Urbana, Illinois 61801 . 217-398-5353
IOWA
Dr. Arnold van der Valk, Department of Botany, Iowa State University,
Ames, Iowa 50011 515-294-4374
515-294-3522
LOUISIANA
Dr. William H. Patnck, Jr., Laboratory for Wetlands Soils &-Sedinients,
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 504-388-8806
MASSACHUS1 r1S
Dr. Joseph S. Larson, The Environmental Institute, University of Massachusetts,
Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 413-545-2842
National Wetlands Hotline Appendix J
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NEW YORK
Jon A. Kusler, Esq., P.O. Box 2463, Berne, New York 12023 • 518-872-1804
OHIO
Dr. One L Loucks, Department of Zoo1o ’, Miami University, 212 Biological Sciences Bldg., Oxford, Ohio
45056 513-529-1677
PUERTO RICO
Dr. Mel E. Lugo, Institute of Tropical Foresny, USDA Forest Service, Call Box 2500,
Rio piedras, Puerto Rico 00928-2500 809-766-5335
TEXAS
Dr. Milton W. Weller, Dept. of Wildlife & Fisheries, 201 Nagle Hall, Texas A&M Uthversity
College Station, Texas 77843 409-8454263
409-845-5777
UTAH
Dr. Jessop Low, College of Natural Resources, Utah State University,
Logan, Utah 84322 801-750-2445
801-752-2588
National Wetlands Hotline Appendix J
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Bibliography
An asterisk (‘) indicates immediate availability through FJ’A hotline.
M2nls , Lowell W. and Louise E. Dove. Wildlife Reserves and Corridors in the Urban Esn’ironmenL Columbia,
MD: National lmtiwte for Urban Wildlife, 1989. 91 pp. $7
Alaska: Regional Wetland Functions. Amherst, MA: The Environmental Ii titute (University of Massachusetts),
1990. 132 pp.
Amacher, Gregory S., Richard I. Brazee, Jobnathan W. Bulkley, and Russell A. Mall. Applie r ” ion of Wetland
Vahwf ion Techniques: Examples from Great Lakes Coastal Wetlands. Ann Arbor, M l: School of Natural
Resources (University of Michigan), 1989. 38 pp.
An Interdisc plinwy Approach to Valuation of Michigan Coastal Wetlands. Ann Arbor, M I: School of Natural
Resources (University of Michigan), 1988. 101 pp.
* Army Corps of Engineers. 1987. Recognizing Wetlands. Waterways Experiment Station. MS. 8p. This brochure
descnl,es, in nontechnical tern ways an individual can determine whether an area may be a wetland for
purposesoftheCorpsofEngineerspermitprogram.ItalSOtell sWbOt oCoflta ctifyoUthiflkaflareatObe filled
is a wetland. 4” X 9”
Association of State Floodplain Managers. 1988. “Floodplain Harmony” Proceedings from: Twelfth Annual
Conference of the A.ssociation of Stat. Floodplain Managers Workshop. 363p. The Association of State
floodplain Managers l\velfth Annual Conference was held in Nashville, lbnnessee. Forum followed the theme
F1oodplain Harmony, Note the Past - Thne to Future! demousuating need to meet to share problems and
solutious to reduce flood damages. Formats and presenters focused on future in floodplain and flood-risk
management Attended by over 360 floodplain managers representing federal, state and local governments,
special districts, universities, nonprofit organizations and private seclcr.
Association of State Floodplain Managers. 1989. “Partnerships: Effective Flood Hazard Management.”
Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Conference. 295p. Thirteenth annual conference of State Floodplain
Managers was held in Scottsdale, Arizona. Focus was on the benefit of multiobjective management strategies,
and the need for floodplain managers to join in paruiership with their colleagues interested in wetlands,
recreation, dam safety, coastal management, insurance and emergency m2nagement.
Baron, V yne R., and David E. Normsen. Swampbuster and You. Btcm2rck, ND: National Wildlife Federation
(Prairie Wetlands Resource Center), 1988. 12 pp.
Beasley, Barry R., David A. Lange, and Vv llace C. Brittain. South Carolina RiverAssessrnent. Columbia, SC.
South Carolina Water Resources Commission, 1988. 249 pp. Free
Berger, John J. et al. (editors). Environmental Restoration: Science and Strategies for Restoring the Earth.
Washington, DC. Island Press, 1990. 409 pp. $19.95
Bryant, Tracey L, and Jonathan R. Pennock (editors). The Delaware Evtw ry: RediscoveringA Forgotten
Resource. Newark, DE University of Delaware Sea Grant Communications, 1988. 144 pp. $20
Burby, Raymond J., Scott A. Bollens, James M. Hoiway, Edward J. Kaiser, David Mullan, and John R. SchaeffeL
Cities Under Water: A Comparative Evaluation of Ten CLties’Efforts to Manage Floodplain Land Use.
Boulder, CO: Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center (University of Colorado), 1988.
230 pp. $8
Burke, David G., Erik J. Meyers, Ralph W. liner, Jr., and Hazel Groman. 1988. Protecting Nontidal Wetlands.
American Planning Association. Washington. D.C. ° This report is designed to help local government officials,
Na onaI Wetlands Ko Ine Appendix K
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public interest groups, landowners and other citiiei to preserve nonhidal wetlanc . It describes wetland types
and values and includes a look at the cunent stan of wetlands in the United Slates; it discusses how to create a
wetland protection program; and it reviews federal, state and local regulations to protect nontidal wetlands.
This report draws heavily from an APA survey of PA suhacnbcrs and on two earlier wor —Non-7 dal
Wetlands P -otection:A Handbook for Ma,yland Local Governments and Wetlands of the United States:
Current Status and Recent Trends.
Butler, David (editor). Floodplain Harmony. Madison, WI: Association of State Floodplain Managers, 1989. 378
pp. 313.50
Butler, Lynda Lee and Margit Livingston. W,ginia fldaland Coastal Law. Charlottesville, VA: The Michie
Company, 1988. 888 pp. $85
Caduto, Michael J. Pond and Brook A Guide to Nature in Freshwater Environments. Hanover, NH: University
Press of New England 1 1990. 276 pp. $12.95
The Center for the Great Lakes. A Look at the Land Side: Great Lakes Shoreline Management. Chicago: The
Center for the Great Lakes, 1988. 32 pp. $8
Chabreck, Robert A: Coastal Marshes: Ecology and Wildlife Management. MinneapOliS 1 MN: University of
Minnesota Press, 1988. 138 pp. $1 195
Chandler, William (editor). Audubon Wildlife Report 1988/1989. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc., 1988. 817
pp. $24.95
Clean Water Deskbook. Washington, DC Environmental Law Institute, 1988. 528 pp. $80
aean Water Act, Section 404:33 US.C. 1344.
Coastal Management: Solutions to Our Nation’s Coastal Problems. Washington, DC Office of Coastal Resource
Management, 1988. 61 pp.
Colburn, izabeth A. (editor). Certified: A Citizen’s Step-By-Step Guide to Protecting Vernal Pools. Lincoln, MA:
Massachuse1 s Audubon Society, 1989. 107 pp. $7.95
Collins, Beryl Robichaud, and Emily W.B. Russell (editors). Protecting the New Jersey Pinelcznd.s:A New Direction
in Land-Use Management. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1988. 344 pp. $12
Q)nservalion Foundation. 1988. ProtectingAmerica’s Wetlands:AnAction Agenda. Harper Graphics, Waldorf
Maryland. 70p. In 1987, at the request of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Conservation
Foundation convened the National V t1ands Policy Forum chaired by Governor T. H. Kean of New Jersey to
address how the nation should protect and m n ge its valuable wetlands resources. The 20 member Forum was
represented by 3 governors, state legislator and government officials, environmental groups and bnsinesses,
agriculture and other interests. The results (over a hundred recommendations) of the Forum are described in this
publication.
Dalryinple, Geroge H., William F. LOftUS, and Frank S. Bernardino, Jr. (editors). Wildlife in the Everglades and
Lath! American Wetlands: Absfrac$s of the Proceedings of the First Everglades NaliorwJPajk Sympothun.
(Miami: February 25-March 1,1985) Homestead, FLi National Park Service, 1988. 72 pp.
Day, John W., Jr. ct al. Esluarine Ecology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1989. 558 pp. $54.95
Diehi, Janet and Thomas S. Barrett. The Conservation Easement Handbook: Managing Land Conservation and
Historic Preservation Easement Programs. Alexandria, VA: Land Thist Exchange, 1988. 269 pp. $19.95
Douglas, Marjory S. The Everglades: River of Grass Revised Edition. Sarasota, FLi Pineapple Press, Inc., 1988.
448 pp. $17.95
National Wetlands Hotl!n• Appendix K
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fluffy, Water G. and Danyl Qaik (editors). Marsh Management in Coo al Louiczana: Effects and Issues.
Washington, DC US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1989. 378 pp. Free
Edsail, Thomas A., Bruce A. Manny, and C. Nicholas Raphael. The St. Clair River and Lake St. Clai, Michigan:
An Ecological Profile. Slidell, LA: US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1988. 130 pp.
Environmental L w Institute. Implementation of the Swampbnster Provisions of the Food Security Act of 1985.
Washington, DC 1990. 47 pp.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1988. Americii’s Weilands Our Vital Link Between Land and Water.
Prepared by the Office of Watlards Protection (EPA). Report No. CPA-87-016. Washington D.C. Sp. This
colorful, informative brochure defines wetlands, identifying some of the many different types of wetlands and
discusses their functions and values. It presents the current status and trends in terms of wetland losses,
describing protection mechanisms available to private and government org2nil*ions.
* Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1990. Beyond the Es iaiy: The Importance of Upstream Wetlands in
Estuarine Processes. Prepared by the Office of Wetlands Protection with the Office of Marine and Estuarine
Protection. EPA #20W-5003. Examines the functions and values of coastal, brackish and freshwater wetlands as
well as threats to these wetlands in e5tuarine processes. Some wetlands fimctions described are improving
water quality, storing floodwater, and providing habitat for fishes and wildlife. Describes and promotes efforts
in manigement, protection and enhancement of upsuvam wetlands and the estuaries.
* Environmental Protection Agency. 1988. Bibliographic Series: Wetlands Protection. Prepared by Information
Services and Ubrary (EPA). Publication No. MSDI88-009. 93p. The purpose of Wetlands Protection is to
provide individuals with a useful tool for understanding wetlands and the regulations, policies and activities that
form the current framework for protection or degradation and loss. It is meant to be a resource for individuals
who wish to gain an in-depth understanding of wefl2Tvk and the issues affecting protection. The first half
focuses on wetland communities, the second on existing framework for protection.
* Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1988. Environmental Backgrounder Wetlands. Prepared by the Office
of Public Affairs (OPA). Washington, D.C. 6p. 2 Developed for the press as part of a series of informative
publications on environmental *Wetlands inuoduces the serious issues issues, confronting wetlands. It
provides background information on wetlands, their complex benefits to society and available legal tools for
protecting them, including federal and state action and public action.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1989.EJ’Ajournat”Can Our Coasts Sur#ive More Growth?’. 5 6p. \ bl. 15( 5).
This issue descnbes the phencmenon of Americans moving, lemming-like, to coastal areas and the squeeze
this is putting on the natural environmenr Presents EPA’S policy regarding the environmental problems
affecting our coasts, its tough stand on coastal and marine pollution, Congres ional steps necessary to rescue
the environment and concludes with a feature on people power for getting a handle on the pollution.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1986. EPA Joarnak “Protecting Our Wetlands.” M,l. 12(1). Mdresses
the situation of wetlands protection, including views of several key leaders with wetlands concerns. Articles
cover regulatory responsibilities of four federal government agencies under Section 404 of the Cean Water Act,
separate roles of which are presented by EPA.
‘Environmental Protection Agency. 1989. Highlights of Section 404. Prepared by the Office of Wetlands
Protection. Was hingron, DC. lOp. Summarizes the Federal regulatory Program to protect waters of the United
States. Discusses various roles of the different Federal agencies involved in administering the program.
Describes permit process, the geographic scope of, the activities regulated by, unacceptable adverse impacts
and enforcement of Section 404. Also identifies state and citizen roles in wetland protection.
•Envj menud Protection Agency (EPA) 1990. Memo with A#achmenL “National Guidance: Wetlands and
Nonpoint Source ControL” From: Martha G. Protho. OWRS. Provides information and guidance on the
coordination of State and Federal NPS control and wetland programs and the implementation of activities that
can benefit both programs.
Natlonal Wetlands Hotline Appendix K
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Environmental Protection Agency and National Audubon Society. 1990. Audubon A,nerica. Prepared by the
Office of Vv tlands Protection. Washington, D.C. A proposal to develop a 26 State cooperative local wetlands
and natural area protection project t ing the work, life and traveLs of John James Audubon as a theme.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1989. “Non.regzdWorj W.tla ’dcActivities’. Prepared by the Office of Vktlands
Protection. 1 . Disci ses EPA’S wetlands program beyond the traditional Section 404 permit program to take
advantage of other 0 rtzmitics to protect wetlands. Efforts addressed in publication include influencing
federal agency policies and programs, developing Stale, Ind ian and local programs, public information and
education, international acth’ities, integration with other EPA programs affecting wetla ic, new wetlands
strategies and improving scientific and technical infármation base. Reviews Regulatory Advance Identification
in Section 404.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1989. Rapid Bioa re cmenJ ProtocoLs for Use in Streams and Rivc, . Prepared
by the Office of V ter (EPA). Washington, D.C. Report #EPA/444/4-89-OO1. Respoese to EPA’S major study
(1986) of the Agency’s suiface water monitozing activities. Responding to results of study, the Assessment and
Watershed Protection Division developed rapid bioassessment protocols to provide basic aquatic life data for
plarming and nvlnagement purposes, induding screening, site ranking and trend monitoring, Document
provides individual States with cost-effective biological assessments of lotic systems.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1989. WetiandsAction Plan. Prepared by Office of Water, Office of Watlands
Protection. Signed by EPA Mministrator, this agenda is the Agency’s responae to recommendatioes of the
National Watlands Policy Forum. It presents EPA’s near-term goal to protect the nation’s wetlands through ro
net loss and long-term goal to increase the quality and quantity of the nation’s wetlands resource base. The
Plan identifies and disci ses EPA’s seven objectives to achieve its goal.
‘Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1989. Wetlands and 401 C.it fication. Prepared by the Office of Water.
Washington, D.C. 64pp. This handbook highlights the potential of Stale water quality certification process for
protecting wetlands, providing information and guidance to the States, as recommended by the National
Watlands Policy Forum in its report issued November 1988. Examples of integrating existing programs related
to wetlands include coastal zone management, floodplain management and nonpoint source programs.
‘Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1990. Wetland.c: Acconzplishments and Opporflazi . Prepared by the
Office of Wetlands Protection. Washington, D.C. l2pp. Summanzes 1990 a mplishments of EPA’S wetlands
protection efforts and outlines activities for 1991.
‘Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1989. ‘Wetlands Protection.’ Fact sheets prepared by EPA Office of
WetlandS Protection. Washington, D.C. 13p. Series of seven individual factsbcc : Vktlands Protection, the
Wetlands Resource, Wetlands Ftmctioua and \ 1 hlues, Wetlands Impacts and Losses, Programs for Protecting
Wetlands, the Section 404 Program and EPA’S Wetland Protection Program.
Eugster, J. Glenn and Diedre Gibson. 1991) Heritage Areas: An IiuegratedApproath to Landscape Conservation.
U.S. EPA Office of Wetlands Protection. Free.
Eu ter, J. Glenn. 1988. Statewide RiverAts&wnents. Describes conceptual approach and a method for
cooperative statewide river assessments to inventory and evaluate natural, cultural recreational and
developmental values and uaes of river corridors including wetlands and other natural areas. U.S. EPA Office
of V clands Protection. Free.
‘Eugster, J. Glenn. 1988. “Steps in State and Local Greenway Planning” in Sept.-OcI. 1988 National Wetlands
Newsletter. Disct ses National Park Service cooperative work with public and private organi7ations to
“identify and comerve Greenway valucs. Outlines Greenway Planning Process in nine steps, incorporating
both social and political factors. The nine-step approach has been uaed in over 40 States and 150 river areas,
resulting in more effective uae of existing government programs.
Na on& WetIar ds Hothne Appendix IC
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Federal Land Management Agency. 1989. ‘Porue Use and P1’ote on of Federally Managed Wetlands: The Federal
Land Managem entAgency Role.” Results of wor hop. Prepared by EIWPCC. Bc ton. Precedings from
three.day workshop in 1989 in staff level/middle management from nine Federal agencies to gain a better
understanding of the agencies’ missions and the constraints of their missions relative to tise and protection of
wetlands on Federal lands, and to develop ways to collaborate on common issues and concerns.
Giffen, Alec, Drew Parkin, et. al. Maine Lakes Study. Maine Land Use Regulatory Commission, Augusta, ME. Free.
Goldfarb, William. WaterLaw, Second Edition. Chelsea, MI: LCWLS Publishers, Inc., 1988. 284 pp. 844.95
Goldman-Carter Jan. A Citizens’ Guide to Protecting SWt1an is. Vv sbington, DC National Wildlife Federation,
1989. 64 pp. $10.25
Goode, Bernard N. and Robert J. Pierce (editors). Federal Wetland Reguintion Reference ManuaL Poolesville,
MD: Wetland Training Institute, Inc., 1990. 283 pp. 833
Grornan, Hazel A., David M. Burke and Jon Knstler, editors. 1985. Wetlands of the Chesapeake, Protecting the
Future of the Bay. Environmental Law Institute. Washington, D.C. Contains papers presented at the
‘Conference on The V.ttlands of the Chesapeake Protecting the Future of the Bays held during April 1985.
Organized by Environmental Law Institute, the Maryland Department of Natural Resources and the Association
of State Wetland Managers. Papers in “Proceedings” discnss both the role that wetlands play in protecting the
Chesapeake Bay ecosystem and methods for improving their ir2nagement and protection.
H m nn Richard. Selected Annotated Bibliography: Coastal Resource Management Gainesville, FL Sea Grant
Extension Program (University of Florida), 1987.
Hammer, Donald A. (editor). Constructed Wetlands for Watlewater Treabnent Mwzic pa4 Industri4 and
Agricultural. Ft. Lauderdale, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 1990. 831 pp. $69.95
Haynes, Ronnie .L, James A. Allen, and Edward C. Pendleton. Reestablishment of Boilomland Hardwood Forests
on Disturbed Sites: An Annotated Bibliography. Biological Report #88(42). Sliddll, LA: US FiSh and Wildlife
Service, 1988. 104 pp.
Hecimovich, Jim (editor). Protecting No.,IiArl Wetlands. Chicago, IL: American Planning Association, (1989). 76
pp. $36
Hickcox, David H. (editor). Proceedings of the Sympothun on The Great Lakes: Living With North Americo’s
Inland Waters. Bethesda, MD: American Water Resources Association, 1988. 296 pp. $49
Hurley, Linda M. Field Guide to the SubmergedAquatic Vegetation of the Chesapeake Bay. Annapolis, MD:
USFWS, 1990. 51 pp. Free
Illinois Department of Conservation. A Field Guide to the V tIands of Illinois. Springfield, IL: Illinois Department
of Conservation, 1988. 244 pp.
Josselyn, Michael, Molly Martindale, and Joan Duff ld. Public Access and Wetlands: Impacts of Recreational Use.
Tiburon, CA: Romberg Tiburon Centers, 1989. 56 pp. $11.50
King, James G., and Mary Lou King. Birds and Wetlands ofAlaska. Fairbanks, AL Sea Grant Program
(University of Alasks), 1988. 187 pp. $14
Klein, Richard D. Dealing With Development. Maryland Line, MD: Community & Environmental Defense
Associates, 1989. 150 pp. $24.95
Kusler, Jon A Our Wetland Heritage: A Protection Guidebook. Washington, DC: Environmental Law Institute,
Na enai We ands Ho In. Appendix K
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1989. 169 pp. $14.00
Kusler, Jon A., Millicent L Quammen, and Gail Brooks (editors). National Wetland Symposium: M Iigation of
Impacts and Losses. Berne, NY: Association of State Wetland Managers, 1988. 460 pp.
Kinder, Jon A., Sally Daly, and Gail Brooks (editors). Urban Wetlands: Proceedings of the National Wetlands
Symposium. Beme, NY: Association of Wetland Managers, 1988. 402 pp. $26
Kinder, Jon A. and Mary E. Kentula, editors. 1989. We Ja’id Creation and Retloration: The Status of the Science,
voL L Prepared by the Office of Wetlands PTotection. EPA 60013-89/38a. 473 p. Wetland Research Plan
adopted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1986. Research surveyed to determine how well
created and restored wetlands compensate for losses permitted under Section 404 of the Clean Weler Act. This
statua report is the first resulting from this research and is volume I of a two volume set.
Kusler & Kentula, Wetland Creation and Resioration: The Status of the Science, voL IL Prepared by the Office of
Wetlands Protection. EPA 60013-89/38b. 88 p. See preceding on Iume I of the two volume set.
Kusler, Jon A. and Mary E. Kentula. 1990. Wetland Creation and Restoration: The Status of the Science (final).
Island Press, Washington, D.C. 595p. Wetland Research Plan adopted by the US. Environmental Protection
Agency in 1986. Research surveyed to determine how well created and restored wetlands compensate for
losses permitted under Section 404 of the Clean Weter Act. Same as preceding ‘.binmes I and II but published
as one document.
Land Tn st Exchange. 1989 NOJiOIWJ Directoiy of Conservation Land Trusic. Alexandria, VA. Land Th t
Exchange, 1989. 127 pp. $18
Landin, MC. (editor). Inland Weterways: Proceedings of a National Workshop on the Beneficial Uses of Dredged
Material. Vicksburg, MS: US Army Engineer Wewrways Experiment Station, 1988. 310 pp.
Larson, Joseph S., Paul R. Adamus, and Elis 3. Qairain, Jr. FwzctionalAssewnent of Freshwater Wetlands: A
Manual and Training Outline. Amherst, MA. The Environmental Inatitute (University of Massachusetts),
1989. 62 pp. $10
Lazell, James D., Jr. Wildlife of the Florida Keys: A Natural Hictoiy. Weshington, DC Island Press, 1989. 225 pp.
$19.95
Leitch, Jay A., Brenda L Dcstrom. Wetland Economics and Assessment: An Annotated Bibliography. New York:
Garland Publishing, Inc., 1989. 194 pp. $27
Liebesman, Lawrence R. Developer’s Guide to Federal Wetlands Regulations. Weshinglon, DC National
Association of Homebuilders, 1990. 150 pp. $64
Lyons, Janet and Sandia Jordan. Walking the Wetlands: A Hilcer’s Guide to Common Plants andAnimaLs of
Marshes Bogs,andSwampS. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1989. 222 pp. $10.95
Majuxndar, Shyamal K., Robert P. Brooks, Fred 3. Benner, and Ralph W. Tiner (editors). Wetlands Ecology and
Conservation: Empha.sic in Pennsylvania. Easton, PA. Pennsylvania Academy of ScIence, 1989. 395 pp. $45
National Conference of State Legislatures. Wetlands Protection and the States. Denver. NCSL, 1990. 26 pp.
$11.50
National Park Service (NI’S). 1990 Great Egg Harbor River Study. Mid-Atlantic Regional Office, Philadelphia, PA.
Free.
National Park Service (NI’S) 1988 Ri Ye, work Book Mid-Atlantic Regional Office, Philadelphia, PA. 9Spp. Free.
Patlonal Wetlands Ilotlino Appendix K
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National Research Council Comuzitiec on Coastal Ezcsion Zone Management Managing Coastal Erosion.
Washington, DC National Academy Press, 1990. 182 pp. $19.95
National Research Council ‘c tcr Science and lbchnology Board. Inigadon-Induced Water Quality Problems.
Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989. 157 pp. S24.95
National V tiIands Policy Forum. Reconimeudatlous for Comprehensive State Wetlands Programs. Washington,
DC Conservation Foundation, 1989. 21 pp.
National Wetlands Policy Forum. Recommendations for Executive Action. Washington, DC Conservation
Foundation, 1989. 27 pp.
National Wetlands Policy Forum. Recommendations for Federal Wetlands LPgislation. Washington, DC:
Conservation Foundation, 1989. 2lpp.
National Wildlife Federation.. A atixan’s Guide to Protecting Wetlands Washington, DC March, 1989. 64 pp.
National Wildlife Federation. Status Report on Our Nation’s Wetlands. Washington, DC October, 1987. 46 pp.
Non-Tidal Wetlands Protection: A Handbook for Maryland Local Governments. Annapolis, MD: Tidewater
Administration, Maryland Department of Natural Resourecs, 1983. 71 pp.
North American Riparian Council. Wetland and Riparian Ecosystems of die American West: Proceedings of the
Society of Weiland Scientirts’Eighth Annual Meeting. Denver: Planning Information Corporation, 1988. 349
pp.
Novotny, Vladimir (editor). Nonpoirtt Pollution: 1988—Policy, Economy, Managemen4 and Appropriate
Technology. Bethesda, MD: American Water Resources Association, 1988. 314 pp. $15
Office of Thchnology Assessment. Wetlands: Their Use and Regulation. Washington, DC: US Government
Printing OffIce, 1984. 195 pp.
Pac4lc Regional Wetland Functions. Amherst, MA: The Environmental Institute (University of Massachusetts),
1990. 162 pp.
Parkin, Drew, David A. Lange, and J. Glenn Eugstez. Maine Rivers Stu4 U.S. National Park Service, Mid-Aflantic
Regional Office, Philadelphia, PA. Free.
Parkin, Drew, et. a!. Pacific NortIn estRiwrs S dy. Bonneville Power Mministi aiion, Portland, OR. Free.
Paulson, Gerald A Wetlands and Water Quality: A Citizen’s Hand book for Protecting Wetlands. Chicago: Lake
Michigan Federation, 1990. 42 pp.
Plau, Rutherford H. 1987. “Coa4al Wetland Management StrengtheningEPA Role” Prepared for the
Environmental Protection Agency. Report. 62p. Findings and r mmendations based on study of background
of public policy on coastal wetlands, federal piogmm affecting coastal wctland c, the 404 Wetlands Program,
coastal wetlands management issues slan , policies, and programs within the federal government, and options
for improving coastal wetlands management under Section 404.
Resource Guide to Wetland Scientists oldie Pacmflc Northwest. Olympia, WA: Washington State Department of
Ecolo ’, 1988. 92 pp.
Reyer, Anthony J., Donald 1W. Field, Jennifer E. Cassells, Charles E. Alexander, and Cynthia L Holland. The
Distribution and Meal Extent of Coastal Wetlands in Estuaries of the Gulf of Mexico. Rockville, MD: National
Coastal Wetlands Inventory, 1988. 18 pp.
P4atlOnaI Wetlands Hotlins Appendix K
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Richter, Joanne. Swi. oftheSound 1988 Repoi Seattle , WA: PugetSowxl ‘W tcr Quality Authority, 1988. 225 pp.
Roddewig, Richard 1., and airistopher J. Duei1 en. Reapondlng to the Thldngs Challenge: A Guide for Officials
and Planners. Washington, D C American Pls nning Association, 1989. 39 pp.
Salveson, David. Wetlands: Mitigation and RegulatingDevelopvnentlmpactz. Washington, DC Urban Land
Institute, 1990. 117 pp. $40.50
Sewage and Industrial Wade Trechnent: Wetlarsds (Januaiy 1977-July 1988): Citations from the Selected Water
ResourcesAbstracts Database. Springfield,VA: Nañond Technical Information Service, 1988. 63 pp. $58
Shevenell Gallen and Associates, Inc. Rife in Sea Level and Coas a1 Zone Planning. Concord, NH: New
Hampshire Office of State PF nning , 1987. 19 pp.
Short, Cathleen. Mitigation Banldng. Fort Collui , CO: National Ecology Research Center (US Fish and Wildlife
Service), 1988. 103 pp.
Smith, Loren M. ci al. (editors). Habitat Management for Migrating and Wintering Waterfowl in North Amerrca
Lubbock, TX: lbxas 1 ch University Press, 1989. 559 pp.
Soil and Water Conservation Society. Implementing the Conservation Title of the Food Security Act. Ankeny, IA.
SW , 1990. 74 pp. Free
Steinberg, RobeitE (editor). Wetland .r and Real Estate Development. Rockvillc, MD: Government In stitutes,
1988. 229 pp. $72
Steiner, Frederick and Warren Zit ni nn 1989. Land-Use Planning and Regulation forAPA Book on Small Town
and Rural Community Planning. Ed. by Vernon Deines. Addresses planning activities that affect both public
and private lands in rural regions and communities. Describes systems used by the federal government for
public land and 50 different approaches utilized by the states for private land. Also describes federal policy
affecting use of rural private lands, especially farm1 Also includes numerous strategies used by local
government and non-governmental org nb’atious.
Stuber, Patricia I. (editor). Proceedings of the National Symposium on Protection of Wetlands from Agncvitural
Impacts. Fort Collins, CO: Henrietta Qillinane (Colorado Slate University), 1988. 221 pp. $25
Tessier, Laura E A Model Ordinance for Wetlands Protection. White Plains, NY: Vkstchester County Soil and
Water Conservation District, 1988. 35 pp. $10
“The Last Wetlands,” a special issue of Audubon (July, 1990)
Thompson, Paul, Robert Adlcr and Jessica Landman. Poison Runoff A Guide to State and Local Control of
Nonpoint Source Water Pollution. Washington, DC: Natural Resources Defense Couxil, 1989. 484 pp.
$29.95
Tibbetls, John and Virginia Beach (editors). Wealth? Or Wastelands? South Carolina’s Freshwnter Weilandc:
Proceedings of the South Carolina Sea Grant Conso,thzm ‘s Seventh Annual Winter Conference. Charleston,
SC: South Carolina Sea Grant Consortium, 1988. 49 pp.
Thier, Ralph W., Jr. Field Guide to Nontidal Wetland Identification. Annapolis, MD: Maiylarxi Department of
Natural Resources, 1988. 283 pp. $20
Thier, Ralph W, Jr. Mid-Atlantic Wetlands: A Disappearing Natural Treasure. Prepared by US Environmental
Protection Agency and US Fish & Wildlife Service. Newton Corner, MA. 2 8 p. Provides general public
information (1987) on the stains and recent trends in wetlands of five states in the Mid-Atlantic region:
Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia and V.tsl Virginia- Provides pertinent background Information on
wetland types and values, and presents recommendations to improve the future for wetlands.
Na cnai Wetlands Hotline Appendix K
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Wellands of Risode Island. Amherst, MA: Cartographic Information Research Service (University of
Massachusetts), 1989. 70 pp. $7
Titus, James G. 1988. Greenhouse Effed, Sea Level Rice, and Barn,, Islands. PM-220. Environmental Protection
Agency. V.Mshington, D.C. EPA #230-05-86013. 37p. This report e mines the potential impacts of sea level
rise on coastal wcilamic in the United States. Coastal marshes within a few feet of sea level could be lost if sea
level rises significantly. Report provides overview of the Greenhouse Effect, projects future of sea level rise
and its impact on coastal wetlands, estimating nationwide impact and describes available measures for wetland
protection. 152 p.
Titus, James G. 1989. “Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level Rice, and Barjierlslandr”, dnzfL PM-220. Environmental
Protection Agency. Washington, D.C. Note that this document is a draft Describes the global warming trend
that could raise sea level one meter in the next centuiy, a phenomenon known as the Greenhouse Effect.
Discusses impact on coastal lands including wetland loss and the effect of developed areas on wetlands.
Presents options to prohibit development while describing an approach to enable people to use their property
today as they choose but establishing a mechanism to ensure land is abandoned if and when sea level rises
enough to abandon it.
U.S. Dept. of the lrnenoc Fish and Wildlife Service. aasslficatlon of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the
United States. Document No. FWS/OBS-79/31, December 1979. 103 pp.
U.S. Dept. of the Interior. The Impact of Federal Programs on Wetlands: A Report to Congress. Washington,
DC: 1988. 114 pp.
U.S. Dept of the Interioc Fish and Wildlife Service. 1989. NatiOJWJ Wetlands Priority Conservation Plan.
Washington, D.C. Government Printing Office. 58 p. Plan was developed by Department of the Interior after
consultation with Federal agencies, each State and environmental grou is. It provides framework, criteria and
guidance for identifying wetlands warranting priority attention for government acquisition using Land and
Water Conservation Funds. it is to help in the acquisition of the more important, scarce and vulnerable
wetlands in the Nation. Also outlines measures to identify wetlands warranting protection through measures
other than land acquisition. Plan also to help States meet requirements outlined in the Emergency Wetlands
Resources Act.
U.S. Dept of the Inierior Fish and Wildlife. 1990. WedandsAction Plan: MeeIingthePresi4ent s Challenge. 64p.
The purpose of the Action Plan is to consolidate and facilitate coordination of the Service’s existing progranis
to contribute to the President’s goal of no net loss of wetlands, recognizing the Service’s mission as steward of
wetland resources. It emphasizes achieving the President’s goal through coordinated efforts within Department
of the Interior and cooperation with other agencies, States, Thbes, local governments, and private org9ni’ tions
and individuals.
US Fish and Wildlife Service. National Wetlands Priority Conservation Plan. Washington, DC: USFWS, 1989. 57
pp. Free
North American Waterfowl Management Plan: Progress Repor —A New Beginning. Nm Cities, MN: USFWS,
1990. 12 pp.
US General Accounting Office. The Corps of Engineers’ Admini ’ation of She Section 404 Program. Document
No. GAO/RCED-88-11O. Gaithezsburg, MD: USGAO, 1988. 122 pp.
US General Accounting Office. Public Rangelands: Some Riparian Areas RetloredBut Widespread Improvement
Will Be Slow. Gaithersburg MD: USGAO, 1988. 85 pp. Free
Van der Leeden, Frits, Fred L Troise, and David Keith Todd. The Water Encyclopedia, Second Edition. Chelsea,
MI: Lewis Publishers Inc., 1990. 808 pp. $125
NaUonal Wetlando KoVIne Appendix K
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Wn der Valk, Arnold (editor). Northern Pruirie Wetlands. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1989. 400 pp.
$34.95
Virginia Marine Resource Bulletin. Spring 1989. M)L21 (1). Marine Advisory Services of th Virginia Sea Grant
Program. 21p. This issue presents projects which focna on the inner workin&s of tidal freshwater wetlands,
including coastal wetlands acting as buffers, nutrient retention and the nave of development pressure.
Vv rd, Lany G., Peter S. Rosen, William J. Neal, Orrin H. Pilkey, Jr., Orrin H. Pilkey, &., Gary L Anderson, and
Stephen 1. Howie. Living h Chesapeake Bay and Virginia’s Ocean Shores. Durham, NC: Duke University
Press, 1989. 236 pp. $12.95
Water Resources Development in the District of Columbia 1987. New York: Army Corps of gineers (North
Atlantic Division), 1987. 13 pp.
Wetlands Protection: A Handbook for Local Officials, Report #7 of the Environmental Pl2nning Information
Series. Harrisburg, PA: Penmylvania Department of Environmental Resources, 1990. 99 pp.
Wetland Regulations Guidebook. Olympia, WA: Vv shington State Department of Ecology, 1988. 46 pp. Free
Wetlands. An Audubon Society Nature Guide. New York: Alfred A. Kncp Inc., 1987. 638 pp. $14.95.
Wetlands. Aiourimi of the Society of Wetland Scientists, Wilmington, South Carolina.
Wetlands: Concerns and Successes. Bethesda, MD: American Vv ter Resources Association, 1989. 568 pp. $50
Wetlands Legislation and Management January 1977.’January 1988: Citations from the Selected Water Resources
AbstracLs Database. Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service, 1988. 179 pp. $49.50
Zela iy, John and 1. Scott Feierabend (editors). Increasvzg Our Wet landResources. Weshington, DC: National
Wildlife Federation, 1988. 363 pp. $25 Homebuilders, 1990. 150 pp. $64
POSTERS
Ducks Unlimited Canada. Wetland Vvbnder1and. Comerving Wetlands For All Of Us. Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2 .
Poster. Wetlands color-in poster with cross-section of a wetland including typical plants and anin i common
to wetlands. 11” X 24”
Ducks Unlimited Canada. Wetlands Are For Wildlife, V terfowl. Vkders, Wide Anclers... Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T
2E2. Poster. Colorful and whimsical poster with caricatures of all kinds of wetland s nirn ls , featuring turtle,
duck, fisherman and many more. 12” X 24”
Environmental Protection Agency(EPA).1988. Welcome to the Wetlands. Prepared by Region 5. poster. Color-in A
color-in poster for grades 4 through 8 features plants and nim k that are often found in marshes and other
wetlands throughout the United States. It also provides background text on the varieties of wetlands, describing
freshwater and saltwater wetlands types.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1988. Wetlands Arc Wxuiedauds. Prepared by Office of Public Affairs (EPA).
Weshington, D.C. Poster. 16” X 22” Color poster originally prepared for National Science Thachers magazine
issue on wetlands. Valuable wetland information on back may be xcroxed and used by teachers for handouts.
Na onal Wetlands Hc’ ine Appendix K
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International, National, and Regional Commissions
ATlANTIC STATES MARINE FISHERIES COMMISSION: shington, D.C (202)387-5330
GREAT LAKES COMMISSION: Ann Arbor, MI (313)665.9135
GREAT LAKES FISHERY COMMISSION: Ann Arbor, MI (313)662-3209
GULF STATES MARINE FISHERIES COMMISSION: Ocean Spiin , MS (601)875.5912
INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION: Washington, D.C (202)673-6222
Ottawa, Ontario (613)995-2984
Windsor, Ontario (519)256-7821
INTERSTATE COMMISSION ON THE POTOMAC RiVER BASIN: Rockville, MD (301)984-1908
MIGRATORY BIRD CONSERVATORY COMMISSION: Washington, D.C (703)358.1716
NORrH.EAzr ATLANTIC FISHERIES COMMISSION: Rm. 425, Nobel House, 17 Smith Square,
London SW1P 3HX (01-2385919; Telex: 2
PACIFIC STATES MARINE FISHERIES COMMISSION: Portland, OR (503)326-7025
National Wetlands Hotline Appendix I
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UTHOR
Adarnus, Paul R. and Ellis 1. Clairain Jr., Wetland Evaluation Techniques
Released, 10.4.2
Memos, Paul and Joreph S. Larson, Wetlands Protecticaim Cliina ARising
Star?, 91:18.
Albrechl, Vuginia S., Special Area Management Planning in the
Hae1r nc ek Meadowlands, 11:2:5
Auras, Ramie and Chris, Protecting What’s lick The Stcay of Florida’s Erg
Bend Purchase, 10:.l:l0.
Andersen, Per A., Steve Brechiel and Ken R. Arnbrock, The Alberta
Landowner Habitat Projeet, 10:4.10.
Aucufi, Tout, Riparian Management in Idaho, 102.4.
Baldwin, Malcolm F, CEQ Supports the Corps on NEPA, 9:4:2.
Baldw In. Malcolm F. Conserving the World’s Wetlands, 8:2:12.
Baldwin. Malcolm F., EPA Refers Propened Corps NEPA Procedures to
CEQ, 73:3.
Banta, John S., Wetlands Regulation m the Adirondack Park, 5:49.
Barber, Mazy, NOAA Estuarme Programs Office, 6.59.
Bardechi, Michal and Nancy Patterson, Ontario Inertia or
Momentum?, 11.2:9.
Barron, Rita, Protecting the arlrs River Corridor, 11:3:8.
BarTOWa. David B.. Mitigation in the Army Corps of Engineers Regulatory
Program, 8.5:11.
Bell, Wayne IL, C” ’ Seas’ Governance: An International Project for
Management Policy on Theatened C” ’tal Seas, 869.
Bembridge, Bob, Plan for New Jersey P ” 1 ’ Under Review, 6.5:1l.
B ”.’ch . Jane, SL Marys Darn Project. 45:11.
Beneath, Jane, The Upper ( 1i rer , River Watershed Project, 63:12.
Benforedo, Jay. Bociomland Hardwood Ecorysienist Ecological Functions
and Statirs, 7.2:3
Bernard, William, OTA Publishes Study on Use and Regulation of
Wetlands, 6.2:6.
Bieronnette, Pam, Wetlands in an Urban Envutaimaul, 9:4:7.
Black, Spencer, The Threat to the Mississippi River W Mmi4ç 5:6:5.
Blood, Tom, Creation of Common Properly Spells Uncertain Fuune for
Montana’s Wetlands, 75 11.
Boatwick, Peg, Michigan Section 404 Program Update, 11:4:5.
Brooks, Robert P., Wetlands as a Compatible Land Use on Coal Siuface
Mines, 8:2:4.
Brown, Stephen, Michigan An Experiment in Section 404 Aammrptiou,
114:5.
Brown, William Y., Corps Proposals Axe Further Ren at From W ibr k
Protection, 5:4 7.
Bunker, Stephen M., The Maryland Critical Area Program- A
Comprehensive Land Management Appreach, 9:1:10.
Burg, Mary E, Washington State Wetlands Conferer c, 8:4.16:
Burke, DavidG . , Chesapeake Bay Clean-Up (ampaige Includes Initiatives
to Protect Freshwater Wetlands In Maryland, 6:3:9.
Burke, David G, Maryland’s New Nontidal Wetlands Protection Act,
11.5.2.
Chaos, Sarah, A Second C t’n for the Coastal Zone Management Act,
12:4:5.
Clupek, Pr umna B., Protecting W,tI tndc Under Clean Water Act §404
EPAs Conservative Policy on Mitigation, &5 12.
Clark, Edwin H., An Agenda to Protect America’s Wetlands, 10.6:6
Clark, John, Book Review Ecological Pzucess c in Coastal and Marine
Scicuem, 2:4:15.
Clark. John, Book Review: Freshwater Wetlnn ’l Ecological Processes and
Management PotentiaL 12l&
Clark, John, Book Reviews, 3-6:11
Clark, John, Mexico’s Great Delta Wetlands , 9-4:14
Clark, John, The River Corridor Approach to Bociamland Management,
2.2:9.
Clark, John Jay Benforado Wildernem L ?, 2.5.10.
Clark, Walter, North Carolina’s Mitigation Policy: A New Cluhl ge,
6:6:13.
Colboru, Then, The Wildlife Connection: Wetlands and Toxicology.
12:5:17.
Colt, John N., Book Review: Marshes of the Ocean Shore: Development of
an Ecological Ethic, 6:6:17.
Collins, Chaxles H., Recent Strides in North American Wetland and
Waterfowl Protection. 10:4:9.
Collins . Richard C., Protecting Virginia s Nontidal Wetlands: Advice From
the Roturdiabde, 12:2:9.
Cooper. David 1. and Lyndon C. Lee, Rocky Mountain Wetlands:
Ecorysserns in Transition, 9.32.
Cooper, Douglas, Wetlands Protection in Connecticut, 8:3.6.
Cooper, Jorephine S., Wetlands or Wastelands?, 7.44.
Cotter, Pairicki., EPA/EWS Wetland Projects inthe Western United States,
7:46.
Cowan, James H. Jr., RE. Turner and D.R. Cahoon, Marsh Management
PI ming in the Louisiana Cr, rqa1 Zone, 9:67
Cowbas, Deining and William Briti, EPA Stale Wetland Program Report,
9:3:11.
Coyle, Kevin J., The Role of the Developer in Greenway Aequisiuan,
l0.S: 10.
Crou, Edward L. Jr., New Hampshire Supreme Court Reaffirms State’s
Right to Protect Wetlands From DevelopTnPnt. 76:16.
Dabi, Theanas E., Wetlands Lees Since the Revolution, 12:6:16
D’Angelo, Barbara, Doug Ehorn, Rainy Myrsin, Mazy Lou Sescia, and
Karen Sullivan, A Glimpse at EPA’s Great Lakes Wetlands Programs,
12:5:15.
Davis, David 0., Wetlands Conservation Since 1970- One Observer s
Reflections, 10:62.
Davis, Michael L, The Case for Deregulating Prior Converted Croplarids.
12:62 .
Dawnen, &fr ntt a D., Hydrology, W ,jlanrk Systems, and the Law, 9214
Du,waon , 1 as I., Effective Public Participation in the 404 Program —
The Wi , ’n Experience, 52.6.
The National Wetiands Newsletter is published six times a year by the Environmental Law
Institute. The Newsletter reports on recent developments in wetlands policy, law, and
science at the federal, state, and local levels. With in-depth feature articles written by noted
experts, and through its regular COURTS, CONGRESS, BOOKS, and PERIOD!CALS sections, it
provides timely information and insight on current topics of interest regarding wetlands
protection and management.
Subscription price: $48 per year. Back issues are available for $10 each. For more information about
the Newsletter, contact the editors at the Environmental Law Institute, 1616 P Street NW,
Washington, DC 20036; (202) 328.5150. A subscription form is provided on the back cover.
2 -. NATIONAL WETLANDS NEWSLETTER
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Dawuca, Thomas I., States Need Cn,nmiuueni, L t4rf hip , and Backbone .
Not Section 404,12:1:4.
Deans, Stuart R., Prersing the Sound’s Barners, 12.3:5.
Demntu , Dunce, The RTh4 Prvp m M” ’s New Approach to
Wetland ! Restoration, 10:3:4.
Dennis, Michael, Federal Tax Initiatives Proposed to Complunost Recent
Wtthti&c Legislation, 5 .S:3.
Dennis, Nona B. and Mary Laurel Maccm, Stanar Itid Trends in Protection
of California Welhti&c , 6:1:9.
Dolan, Mary 0., Plan AUernpLs to Resolve EnviromnentlWEconOiflic
Conflict in Baltimore Harbor, 5:2:7.
Dunkle, Frank and Bob Misso, Farm Bill-Related Wetland Protection and
Restoration Opportunities, 10:1:3.
DuPriest, Dcug as Mi and Jon Chrisimeca. Comiraintu on Mtigat-
Rnnfring : Oregon’s Mitigation Bimktng AU of 1987,10:6:9.
Eggert, Thomas. Out With the Old, In with the New The Corps’
Conmvvcenal Inicipsetation of the 4O4(b)(1) Gu ii Ln , 752.
Ervin,Thntnac . BookReview Non-Tidal WenAcPTOICCUC!iAHindbOOk
for Local Governments, 5:3:14. _____
Erwin, Kevin 1... The npl ” of Hythology and Land .pe Ecology
on the M ”in’ ” of Freshwater Ecosysierns th Florida, 965.
Eugster, J. Glenn, Steps in State and Local Greenway PIonning 10.5:5.
Eugiur, i. Glenn, The Wild and Scenic Rivera System Study in the
Northeast, 2:4:11.
Faulkner, Stephen, Scientific Excursions into Delineating BoIt,vriland
Hardwood Wetlands in the Lower Mississippi Valley, 8:42.
Fenwick, George H.. The Nature Conservancy’s National We’ ”
Coosemtioo Project, 7:1:11
Finn, John T., CHARM Project Asermes Changes in Northeast C”asi l
Habitat, 6:4:4.
Fish, Dianne and Sheen Fields, 9 A Releases Wetki Action Plan in
Response to Forom Rec nil i , tirw , , 11:1:4.
gon , Ronald D., Pt nning far Multi-Pinpote Use of Greenway
Corridors, l0 ’.2:7.
Fryling. Ounce, Jr., Atchafalayt Plan Requires CotinenI . 4*9
Furat, Felice, A New Approach to Wetlandc Protr” j for Nebraska’s
Rainwater Basin, 8:45.
Gartoa, Jan. Kansas Cheyenne Bouonrr Efforts to Save a Threatened
Wetland, 8:1:11.
GlanelU, William R., Regulatory Reform Equals Good Government, 5:4:6.
Goldinan-Cailer, Jan, Cw 1 iped Wetlands Deserve Protection, Too, 12:6:3.
Goldman-Carter, Jan, Nationwide Permit 26: The WetI Giveaway,
I 1:6:4. _______
Golds’ein. Jon H., The Impact of Federal Pru 5 ..ms on W.11 . : DOl’s
Report to Ccmgr . 11:2:2.
Goldstein. Jon H. and Bill Wilen, Response to an Ass ’t of the Impact
of Federal Progranc on Praine Pothole Drainage, 9:6: 11.
Gold, Francis C., Caitical Ismes in Wetland 4itlgation A Scientific
Perspective, 833.
Goode, Bernard N., In Defrme o(Naticiiwide Permit 26 11:6:4.
Goode, Bernard N., The Public bIer Review Process , 3:16.
Granger, Dale W. and Daniel H. Morgan, Palate Mouiflee Marsh
Restotalicin, 829.
Gruenwald, Gail, Great Lakes Wetlands Policy Comcmiumi A Policy
Agenda, 12:5:8.
Gucciardo, Linda, Wetlands for Iowa Program, 8’2:8.
Raberman, Clark 0., Nebraska Wetlan : An Emerging Issue, 6:6:11.
Hall, Canlyle W. Jr., Using the Cowls to P,ermve Fragile Cnictal and
Mountain Ecosystems in the Loc Angeles Metropclitan Azca, 7:1:15.
Hammer. Donald A., Tcnness Valley Wed ,itk and ViA, 7:5:8.
R mn . r , Donald A., TVA’s Use Of Man-Made Marshes to Control Acid
Mine Drainage, 9.1:5.
Barrington, Hal F., Michigan 404 Program Asrainiption, 7:1:10.
Harvey, Rose and Mary Kearns-Kaplan, Limited Develcginent: AWc .vt
Preservation Solution, 12:1:6:
Rechnovieb, Jim, APA Publishes Canprebcrmvc Report on Protecting
Notitidal Wetlands, 11:2:11.
RaIphE., Eco .nofWctlunidCcovczaiun Farm Programs and
Income Tax, 8:4.7. ___
Hey, Donald 1.., The Des Plaines River Wefl’n’ ’ D axkni Project :
Creating Wetlands Hydrology, 92 12.
Hey, Donald L. Wedanth A Strategic National Rcsowcc, 7:1:8.
Hill, Paul Land Dennis H. Treacy. Wetlaii’I ’ Protection 1 ough the 401
Certilicatuon Program mW Virginia, 11:1:6:
Hockey, Jean. Protecting Wetlands With Land TiwIs, 10:3:8.
Hollands, Garrett G., Hydrogeologuc Classification of Wetlands in
Glaciated Regions, 92:6.
Holniberg. Nevin D. and Robert Misso, Minganun Determining the Need,
83:10.
• .
1980
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. 1981
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. 1982
.
1983
.
1984
. 1985
.
. 1986
.
. 1987
.
. 1998
.
. 1989
.
.1990
Volomel
bl S
Vo lnme6
V olnmc7
Volumc8
Volume 10
Vohanell
Vo linne l2
Holmes, Beatrice H., Everglades National Park Wildlife Resources
Damaged by High Water. Park Officials Ask Water Management Distnct
Our Releases, 5:2:9.
Holmes, Beatrice H., SCS FIoo .ip!itn Management Studies, 3:2:8.
Bosch, Oliver A., The Axchdalaya, 7:2:11.
Hubbell, Marvin E., ilhinnic Initiates Wcthndc Program, 7:3.13.
Hnffmen , Robert Teny, Corps Wet1 n k Research Program, 3:4.4.
Bunt, Cjv . cnre , The Need for Riparuan Habitat Protection. 7:5,5
Ivey, Cynthia M., New h1 pchire Litigation, 1:5:6.
Jackr ’n . Jerry, The Cr ncilt .iti I Test for WcJb .n c Jurisdiction Agencies
in a Muddle. 9:5:7.
Jac n , Alyse M., Proposition 19: The California Fish and Wildlife
Enhancement Act of 1984,7:4:11.
Johnson , Peggy B., ACme History of Local Wetlands Protection: Oakland
Township, Michigan, 3:3:10:
Johns en , Laity and Stuart Bramerm, Community Acquisition of Developed
FInoilpIciltç 1:43.
AI.r John A., Rising Great Salt Lake Marshes, 6:4.2.
K.dl.c Robert H., Wetland Waler Movement and Pollutinn Abatement,
9-.2:ll.
Kantor , Richerd A. and David J. Chazc*te, Wetlands Mitigation in New
Jersey’s C ’ 1 Management Program. 8.5:14.
Keen, Gov Thomas H.. A Reply to Mr. Wood, 11:6:2.
Echos, P.. Kerty, Wt” .” ’ A Forgotten Element in the National Flood
1 aaccPrugrnni. 11:1:10:
Kelly, Ja ’ee Itt and Debra S. Pr cmcn . Council Helps Enhance Wildlife
Habiiat cm Corporate Lands, ll:19.
Kemp, Paul, Coalition Promotes Coastal Restoration, 11:3:12.
g.ii In , Mary E., EPA Adopts WeI1 ’,nds Research Plan, 8414
Keough, Janet R. Water Level fluctuation and the Great Lakes Wetlands,
12:5:19.
Klbas, R . , Providing Block Grants to States From Offshore Oil and
Gas Revenues: New Hope for Ocean and Ci,i,c j,I Resources, 5.3:6.
Kiockner, Wayne, Chesapeake Wet1 k and The Nature Conservancy.
6:3:10.
K nff Laura L Nomavigable TM.1IIT , . Subject to Public Truat Doctinc,
10:2:9.
Kramer, Randall A., E crnic Incentives for Conversion of Bonomland
Hardwood For . 7:2:5.
Kuns, Kathleen, Michael Rylko and Elaine Somers, An Assessuient of
Wetland Mitigeiir i Praciice in Washington State, 10 3.2.
Kuiler, Jon and Erik Meyers, Takings Is the Claims Court All Wct , 12.66
Kuakr, Jon and Erik Meyers, The Taking Issue and Land Regulation in the
U.S. Supreme Court, 9*9.
Kniler, 1cm and Hazel Oroman, Mitigation: An Introduction. 8.5:2
Kusier, ion and Hazel Groaman, Wetlands Hydrology: An IntroducUon.
9:2.2.
Kusley, Jon and Richard I4aITtcnn , Wetland Workahop Summary Innovative
Approaches. Unsolved Problems, and Future Direction. 6:6.9
Kualer, Jon and Sara Ni ’ - ’ , The Lakeside View, 12:5.2.
Kualer, Jon. No Net L The Scaies Views, 12: 1:8.
Kusier, Jon, Urban W,il.ndc and Urban Ripanuan Habitat, lO:2 ’2.
Kusier, Jon and Anne Sauthworth, Greenways An Introduction, 10.52.
Lalosee, M ni ; Wetland Scientists as Expert Witnesses, 9:56.
LaFarea, Melanie, Weelande Protection at Superfund Sites, 10:15.
[ h , Barton L., Slate mcree ’rw ’ of Wetland and Instreaun Uses of Water,
6:4:11.
Laflee. Edwstd 1., Wetland Habitat Mitigation: An Historical Overview,
83:9.
Larsen, Norman E., Point of View: The Real Issue in Wetlands
Management, 2:2:10.
Larsen, Norman E., Weit ivk Protection Oriented to Chesapeake Bay —
1be Virginia Picture.” 6:3:6.
Larson, Joseph S., Book Review: A Fair As.sessincni, 12.3.21
Larson, Joseph 5., 1987 Meeting of the ConvenUon on Wetlands of
In’ ” Importance. 9:4:12.
Larson, Joseph S., Wetland Value ‘ ‘ —Slate of the Art, 3.2:4.
CUMULATIVE INDEX VOWME$ 142 3
-------
Larson, Joacph S. and Hazel Orotnan, A National Program for Regional
Wetland c ent, 6:52.
L..ch . Paul I ., Restoration of Fisheries Habitat A Legislative Pru al ,
8:4:13.
Ladec, George, Point of View: Carter’s New Watet Policy — A Bonus for
Wetlands?, 1:1:9.
Leitch, Jay A., Tailoring Wetland Protection Policies, 6:1:6.
L”teh . Jay A., DavidM. Saxowsky and Michael G. McKcnna,NoithDaknta
Wetlands Protection Law, P3:13.
Ueb...mn . Lawrence R., The F zming Exemption Under *404( 1) of the
Clean Waxer Act — CongTcisslonal Intent and Judicial C cüon,
7:4.14.
Iieb.4man, Law ce L, The “Swee t rns Swamp” Controversy —
Focusing on EPA’s Role in the Clean Water Act *404 Program, 9:615.
Lombardo, P iO and Thomas Ned, Weda ndWasewatrTrea cnti The
p 4 Q penj ula Water Facilities Plan, P2:18.
Lucier, PJan A, Forest Products 1n Cnai rmng Forested Wetlands
Research, 12:2:14.
Madam , Carl, Wetlands Restoration on Private Lands — A Pilot Effort,
7:5:10.
Majac, Barry F., Bottmxnland Hardwoods: The Forest Induatty’s View,
7:2:10.
Mangun, William R., Wetlands and Wildlife Lames, 5:6:6.
Marcus, Laurie, Alasha Wet ’ An Opportunity for Protection, 76:10.
Marriott, Robert W Jr., Andrea Van Axrdale and Eugene A. Bober, The
Development of a Local Interim Review Procedure for the Protection of
the Chesapeake Bay, 7 .5:l6
Mason, Larry. Conference on Wetlands of International Importance
Especially as Waterfowl Habitat — May 1984 Conference of Parties,
6i. .
Mason, Larry and Tom Dahl, 1987 Meeting of the Ranisar Convenuon The
U.S. Delegation Responds, 9:6:12.
Masterman, Vicki 0., Book Review: The Fbsi WMhnth Regulation
Deskbook, 122:16.
May, James W., Saving the Coant New Legislative Initiatives so Florida,
6:2.10.
McColiocb. Patrick, Donald J. V, cman and James Richardson, An
Assesament of the Impact of Federal Programs so Prairie Pothole
943.
McCormack, Fred, Florida Legislature Passes Comprehensive Wetlands
Protection Legislation, 6:4:12.
McMillan, Andrew, Washmngtcn State’s W i1andc Protection Program.
7:6 ’6.
Meagher, John, EPA’s Co iithbutiori to the Greenways Effort, 10.5:7.
MmIanco’ . Jeanne Christie and James M. Wright, A Stains Report on the
Nauoi s Floodplain Management Activity, 113:8.
Meet, Eric D., The Balbona Wetland Project Habitat Restoration and
Environmental Education, 9:1.16.
Meet, ErikD., Coastal Conference Highlights Administration’s Pusitionon
*404 and Points to New Role for Wetland Scientists, 5:4:4
Meyers, Erik, Murky Waters: Florida Rock Revisited, 8 4: 17.
Meyers, Erik, NWFCorpotazc Conservation Council’s Wetlands
6:5:10.
Mill. ,n nn. Beth and Eise Jones, Improving the National Rood Insurance
Program, 12:3:2.
Miller, Barbara, Jury Finds Defendanirn Violation of Clean Water Act *404,
10.1.8.
Moberly, Stan, FI.S.H.: Fishermen Involved in Saving Habitat, 115:lO.
Morgan, Dave, Kentucky’s Adopt-a-Wetland Program, 8:6:8
Morrison. Charles C. Pmtectmg Rivers and Their Environs: The New York
State River Program, 96.2.
Muir, Toni, FWS Unveils Action Plan, 12.6:18.
Mum, Thomas J., Wisconsin Wetlands Association: Independent,
Private-Sector Wetlands Advocacy, 6’4’l5.
Nelson, R. Wayne and William J. Logan, Plays Wetlands of the Southern
Great Plains, 7.1.2.
Newling. Charles 3., The Certification of Wetland Scientists, 11:4:10.
Newman, Vivian D , Reinventing the Swamp 8:5:15.
Nieriag. William A., Endangered, Threatened, and Rare Wetland Plants and
Animals of the Continental United States, P.3:16.
Niering, William A., Wetlands Hydrology and Vegetation Dynamies, 9’.2.’9.
Novitald, Richard P., Some Observations on Our Understanding of
Hydrologic Functions, 9.2:3
O’Brien, Catherine L, Vermont Adopts Wetland Rules, 12:3.8.
Oberstar, Hon. James L Section 404 Should Coagr Reenter the Fiay?,
lO’6:5.
Odum, Eugene P. Comxnentary WMl t and Their Values, 5:3.2.
Odumn, William E.,ridal Fr erWe ” An Ignored Resource, 5:52.
Offringa, Jane and Karen Wolper, EPA Region UI Develops Policy for
Regulating Peat Mining, 76:4
Ortmari, David E., Grays H bor Wateimeado sAwaitFitlalVerdlct, 6:1:4
Oilman, David E,Ninth Circuit Upholds 1ss , , ne of After-the-Fact Permit,
&6:l 1.
Oilman, David E.. W’*lamis or Uplands — Northwest Courts Make the
Call, 8:3:13.
Otte, Lee, North Carolina Puc o , j : Their Development History, 9:5.2.
Palm, Daniel 3., Citizen Action Influences Wetlands Policy, 12.1.6.
Palmer, Mollic Gloves, Restoration of the Kissimmee River, 8:18.
Parculls, Steven 3., Creation of a US. National Rarosar Committee, 11:5:9
Parcells, Steven 3., lnteznan 1 Debt for Wetlands Legislation, 95:12
Pareells, Steven!., Treasiury Issues Standards Protecting Tropical Wetlands,
10:6:12.
Parcels, Steven 3., Trcpiotl W t1ands and the Development M ict nce
Agencies, 10:1:6.
Paterson, Frances 3., FWS Assists State Section 404 and Section 208
Federal Programs, 2±2.
Patterson. Nancy, Towards a Wetlands Protection Strategy for Ontario,
P.4:16.
Paulson , Gerald, Wpthnd Wothhop Focuses on Great Lakes States.
5:5:11.
Pearlatiue, Le d G. and Wiley M. K ,u4wne A Succession Modelling
Approach to Wetland Impact 9:1:13.
Prndfr oa . AlanR . and Steven A. MeAdam, Twenty Years of Managing San
Fr” ”co Bay, 8:2.6.
Phillips, Patrick L W,fknde Mitigation. Harmon Meadow Case Sends
Mixed Signals, P.5:15.
PhI, Robert Jr., New Jersey’s Management of Freshwater Wetlands and
Mjaoml Transition Areas, 11.5:4.
Pierce, Dale, The Emergency Wetlands Resources Anti Status Report on
Imp1eni iehfltl. . P.5:10.
Pierce, Gamy I., New York State Deparuneni of Transportation Wetland
Conin rction, 5:6:12.
Porter, Bruce W., The Wetland Edge Ecology and the Need for Protection.
2.4.2.
Mifli t L, Measuring the Success of Wetlands Mitigation,
8±6.
Quarterman, Philip!., Oregon’s Estuarine Mitigation Policy. 7:6:8.
Raniel, Katherine, EPA and the Corps Enter Three MOAs on Allocation of
Regulazoty Respeersibilities Under the Section 404 Program. 11:1:2.
Ranici, Katherine, State Water Quality Certification and Wetlands
Protection, 10:4:6.
Rebagliati, Mimi and Katharina Txmznermann, Leslie Salt: The Case of the
&er ,der ,iel Wetland, 12:6:8.
Riexinger, Patricia, New York State Freshwater Wetlands Law Amended
for Staten Island, 10-.2.3.
Bobbins, Ebesnora L arid Lucinda K. Tafl, Huntley Meadows Wetland of
Fairfax County, Virginia, 7:5:14
Robertson, Davis I., Freshwater Wetland Reclamation by the Florida
Ptw . M Induatty, 8:3:9
CraziesT, and Ra1phE. Good, Buffer Requirements for New Jersey
Piii.1 neIe WrIlItvk . 8:3:2.
Rn ,nbsum, Kenneth L, Supreme Court Endorses Broad FWPCA §404
Wetla Jurisdiction, 81:14.
RaW, B. Suzi, Underground Injection: Key Largo Project Highlights
Potential Threat toWetI2 ds, 11:2:7.
R.uswick, Frank 3. Jr., Wetland Protection in the Political Arena, 3:6:6.
Sandiford, Sandra R., Massarhi IIc Succveth in Halting Georges Bank
Lease Sale, 5:5:13.
Sather, I. Hemy, FHWA Method for Wetland Functional Assessment —
Sonic Observations, 8:6’4.
Sachet’, 1. Henry and Ellis J. Clairain Jr, Wetlands Value Asscrmnent. An
Example of Interagency Cooperation. 7:3:2
Sate, Mike, Protecting Wetlands Under the Puget Sound Water Quality
Management Plan, 9:1:11
Scbeibd, John, Court Rejects First Challenge to Coastal Barrier Resources
Act, 62.17.
Sebeibel, Joim, FEMA Issues Final Rule Denying Rood Insurance on
Undeveloped Cz emeI Barriers, 5.55.
-Sehelbel, John, FEMA Meets With Early Success in Suit to Recover Flood
I ance Payments, 5:4:13.
Daniel J., Nutrient Enrichment in the Everglades, 10:3:5.
5.h .. .lfv William, The Corps Great LEAP 12± 14.
Scbwsrtt, Larry N. arid Mary F. Smallwood, Regulation of Wastewaict’
Discharge toFlorida Wetlands, 8.65.
Schwartz, Suranne E., State/Federal Cooperation Strengthened at Wetlands
Protection Workahop 6.-6:7.
Seyffert, John D., The Basics of Grecnway Acquisition, 10:5.3.
Sbabman, L and S. Bate, Ecoonmic Analysis and Wetland Policy, 3:22.
Shields, Pam, Wctlawk Advance Identification Program inSouthemit Maine,
10:12.
Shklp ,’ , Joseph K., Are Floodplains Compatible With Stormwater
Management?, 10.59.
4 -. NATIONAL WETLANDS NEWSLETTER
-------
Shisira, JCnqthK. David atarette, Ev.Ination of Artificial SakM )
in New Jersey, 83:4.
Shogan, Cindy. R atmg the ‘ peske Bay: A Role Model fat riti,, ’ .
Anton, 83:8.
Sidle, John 0., Michael LeVhlley arid John 0. VanDerwaihar, FERC
Atictulls to Protect Platte River, 12:4:8.
Siebert, David sod Brett Halsey, A C*n on of State and Provincial
Wetla Regulation, 12:5:4.
Silberboru, Gerio Pd., Bay. Wetisixfs Status, &3:3.
Skinr, Stephanie, Floodplain Forests and The Nature C vancy, 7:2:13.
Smith . Douglas 1.., The Fedetal Highway AdministratioD’s Wetlands
Research Program. 7:3:7.
Smith, Mark 0., New Jersey’s Propored Freshwater W i1 ntk Protectiem
Act, 5:6:10.
Solleas, David M., David W. Fruge and James D. Brown, Mitigation
B nkini AMech n n for Cornpcusating Unavoidable Fish and Wildlife
Habitat lj ”c c 7:3:11.
Stiles, Thomas C., Kerry L. Wedel and StephcnkHui t, Wetland Prnt i tinn
Policies in 1 tca , 8.2:5.
Sft mber& R. Erik, Few Swilisci for Seaports, 12:2:2.
Stuber, Patricia, FWS Convenes Nstw , I Wetlands Values Ase ,wnt
Workshop, 5:44.
Stuber, Patricia, FWS Dai.h r Wetland Values and Plant Sp” 4 ’c
539.
Stubs ,, Patricia and I. Henry Research Gaps in 4 & tP iflg Wetlands
Functicais, 6:2:2.
Studt, John F., Special Area Management Plain in the Army Corps of
Engin s Replaxory Program, 9:3:8.
Sullivan. J. Kevin and LeaR. pcr in , The Ram to Protect the Qiesapenke
Bay, 12.6:10.
Sumner, Richard. The Clean Water Act §404 Program in Alasho —An EPA
P y.cuvc, 8:62.
Thomas, Edward A., Flnodp1ain and Wetland Coordination, 9.216.
limmas , Lindsay, Fanned A R Iweqg Act, 12.6.3.
Thompson, Carol S., Experimental Practiom in Swface Coal Mining —
Creating Wetland Habitat, 6:2:15.
Thompson, Edward Jr., Point of View Different Peispective cm §404,1:1:4.
Tines, Ralph W. Jr., A Clariflestion of the U.S. Flab and Wildlife Service’s
Wetland Definition, 11.2:6.
Tiner, Ralph W Jr ., Recant Wetland Trends indin Mid-Atlantic Aa,9 .2:6
Titus, James 0., Timothy R. Henderson and John Pd. Teal, Sea Level Rise
arid Wetlaixia Lons in the United States, 6:5:3.
Tom . .ll. . , T as G., Congressional Action on §404,2:4:4.
Tripp, James, Bottomland Hardwood Wetlands — Fifth Circuit Offers
Protection at Last, 5:6:14
ubject
Acquisition
The Role of the Developer in Greemøzy Acquisition, by Kevin J. Coyle,
10±10.
The Basics of Greem. iyAcqu&mion, by John D. Seyffert, 10.5:3.
Ptntecung Wetlands I t ch Land Thiats, by Jean Hockse, 10:3:8.
The Nature Conser incy ’s National Wetlands Constriction Project, by
George H. Peuwick, 7:1:12.
FWCA Amercdmenn. WetlaridiAcquisilion Lqwlmion Pass Hoase Die in
Senate, 6. ’6.5.
The New Jersey P ineSa,ids — Recent Acquisitions. 5:3:11.
Supreme Court Upholds Acquisition of Wawfowi Production Arras
52:10.
Nature Conservency Scarer Up $50 Million Nationwide Wetlands
Acquisition Project WIth $25 Million From AL Mellon Foundation,
512.
Nature Conser*vicy Acquires Syoin Marsh, 4:1:9.
Waterfowl Production Area Acquisition Upheld , 3:3:19.
Watt Supports WetLand Acquisition, 3:2:10
Norrh Dalmea Acquisition Block O’.ernded, 2:49.
GAO Releases Reports on Acquisition. Program Eveluation. 2.32.
Tripp James and David Hen n . of a §404 Bonomland
Haidwood WMlundc Regulatory Progrsm ? iJhinking Lower Miesissippi
Resource Objectives and Priorities, 7.2:8.
Thpp, James, Robert Gamin and Ross Vincent, Restoring Coastal
‘ “ A h? ’ Initiative, 9.3:13.
TurTzni, Actixiny N., ASCS Gent Serious About Swampbuttc 10:6:8.
Walks,, Rusty, North Carolina Pr . ’h’s Corporation’s Wetland Creation
Efforts, 7:4:17.
Want, William L.. C t Ruling LimIts *404 Sllviculture Exemption.
12:3:10.
Waut,WIlliamL lPO2AilanticLaL it Hv4rori ACaseforConcerit, 6:3:14
Warren, Wayne, Ohio’s C ctal Management Program, 11 3: 10.
Wat man, Melism, The Gulf of Maine Initiative, 12:4.2.
Watson, Icier Pd., Virginia’s pcakc Bay Preservation Act, 10:4:5.
Webs,, Michael , Marine Siulrtnazy Program Update, 6:12
Welles, Philip, Dan Ray and Sandy Connell, Bridging the Basin
U.S..Cen2dI n Great Lakes Agreements, 12i: 12.
Wetiel, Paui R., The Use of Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment An
Introduction, 636.
Whitmire, John and Harvey Miller, Plays Lakes Joint Venture, 12:4:11.
Winder, R. Kelman, Gerald E. Lang and Alfred E. Whitehouse,
Spham. m d Wetland of Mine Dtwagc Water.
7:42.
WUc , LaJusna S. and Robert W. Page, AVictory on Many FiceLs, 1222
Williams, Lori, EPA A es New Slate W ih i lc Grant Initiative,
12:1:11.
Williams, Lori, EPA PIOpOSCS Revisious to 404 State Program Regulations.
6. 6:4.
Williams, Lan, EPA Revises State W,.l.. Ae Regulations, 10:5:13.
Wilma,, P Mltigazion The Applirilat’s Perspective, 8:5:16.
Winkle,, Maijory I., j’- c ci ’ 1 g the Use of Peat Deponus as Energy Sourcc
3:1:2.
Winter, Li , Simimu Pulled Rank, 12.2.3.
WitherW, Donald 1., Freshwater W& New Legislation lot Maine,
8:1:10.
Wctverton, Charles L State Court of Appeals Upholds Michigan Wethwic
RegiIitwtc 10.5:14.
Wolvertoc, Ctiazles L Wetland Protectiem The Michigan Experience,
6:2:12.
Wood, Lance D., Section 404 Delcgauc ia A Rebuttal to Governor Kean,
12:12.
Wood, Lance D., The Forums Pz ul to Delegate §404 to the SLates A
Bad Deal for WCfI2T .ds . 11:4.2.
Young. Repeesemauve Don, Wetlands Before Hcnpitals. 122:3
Zagata, Michael D., Mitigation by Ranking Credits — A Louisiana Pilot
Project, 7:39
Zedler, Paul H., California’s Vernal Pools, 11:32.
Interior £rammexAcqiuswon Policies, 2: 1:11.
Appalachicola Bay, 1:4:10.
Baltimore County Floodplazns, 1:4:10.
Cyprus Creek. Texas, 1:49.
Lilydale, Minnesota, 1:4:9.
Athafaylaya River Basin, 1:4:8.
Soldiers Grove, W seon sin, 1:4:8.
Canaan ValAey Refuge, 1:4:7.
Salmon River Ittldrrngm, 1:4:7.
Snohorsush River Basin, 1:4:7.
FedemlAcqu&suion Authority, 1:4:6.
Comm yA. ’quitih on of Developed Flcodptains. by Laity Johnston and
Sunzt Bramen. 1:4:5.
Non-Public Acquisition, 1:4.2.
Special I ie: Acquisition of Wetlands and Flocdpiauv, 1:4:1.
The Acquisition Abeniatiw, 1:4:1.
Agriculture
Cropped We.tlarols Deserve Protection, Too, by Jan G4 ,n n -Cartcr,
12.6:3.
CUMULATIVE INDEX VOLUMES 1.12 5
-------
Fanned Wetlands. A Balar*czngAct, by Rqaeseazauvc L ay 11v ,m ,
12:6:3.
The Case jbr Deregulating Prior Comerved Cruplaiide by Michael L
Davis, 12:6:2.
ASCS Reverses Blanket Swarnpbi&ster Exemption, 11:1:5.
ASCS Gets S rious About 5u mpboster, by AnI y N. Tosrtni, 10:6:8.
USDA s New FiLter S lnztiatiw, 10:4:4.
An A.u esW of the Impact of Federal Programs on P7uirie Pothole
Drainage, by Pamck McCollocb. Donald 3. Wkvnan and James
Riohanison. 9:4:3.
Eco .’io.meos of Wetland Conversion Farm Progrwr s and Income Tax, by
Ralph E. Heiinlieh , 8:4:7.
The Fanning Exemption Under §404(J) Qf the Clean WaterAct —
Congressional Intent and Judicial Cos ucnon, by Lawranai R.
Li4i ni n , 7:4:14
Tailoring Wetland Protection Pohcues by Jay A. I , iteh , 6:1:6.
Gwrnmeiu.Spon.wred Survey ofAgncuLosrai Impacts on Wildlife
Habitat Shoi a Continuing Comernon of Wetlands to Cmpland 4:62.
SCS Proposes New Rides. 3:59.
SCS Floodplain Management Studies, by Beatiiae H. Holmes, 3.2:8.
SC.S Studies: Resources. Aquacultisre. 3:19.
Water Bank Funds Cia, 2.3:11.
SCS ModeLs Land Uses. 2:3:3.
USDA Studies Conseiwidon Programs. 1:6:8.
Water Bank Program Espwided. 166.
Erosion Iianirance Study, 1:5 . 2.
Alabama
EPA Final §404(c) Deternwiation on Mobile Bay Disposal Site Iw’4
6:4:6.
Alaska
Regional Land Use Planning: Anchorage, ALaska. 11:69.
The Clean Water Act §404 Program in Alaska —An E& Perspective, by
Richard S , 8.6.2.
Alaska Wetlands: An Opportzinay for Protection, by Laurie Marcus,
7:6:10.
Army Corps of Engineers
The Corp s Great LEAP, by William Schmitz. 12:5:14.
In Defense of Nationwide Permit 26.by Bernard N. Gonde, 11:6:4.
Nanonwzdt PermIt 26: The Wetlar4s Giveawoy, by Jan Goldrnan-Canm,
11:6 4
CEQ Supports the Corps on NEPA, by Malcolm F. Baldwin. 9:4.2.
Special Area Management Plans in the Army CosofEnguteers
Regulatory Progrwn, by John F. Stud 9:3:8.
Army Issues Final Clean Water Act §404 Regulations, 9:1:8.
Mitigation an the Army Corps of Engineers ReguLatory Program, by
D vidB. Barrows,8:5:11.
EPA andAnny Sign MOA on Clean Water Act Regulation c/Solid Waste
Discharges, 82.2.
Out With the 014 In With the New The Corpf Co p jgj
Interpretation of the f404(bXI) Guidelines, by Thcsnas Eggeit. 7.5.2.
F Northern New Jersey Wetlands Report Critical of Corps and EPA.
7:1:4.
Corps Issues Final Sestlement R gulations. NWFCIaInu Breath of
Agreement, 6:62.
Corps Proposes §404 Regulations implementing MIfF v. Marsh
Settlement, 6-.3:2.
Court Approve s Settlement Agreement an NWF v. Matsh, 6.2:4.
Corps Hold.e Public Hearing on Proposed Permit Regulations,
Corps Proposals Are Further Retreat From Wetlands Protection, by
William Y. Brown, 5:4:7.
Regulatory Reform EquaLs Good Gownanient, by William R. Gianelli.
Corps Proposes Additional Rcvasiotis to §14 ’ 404 Permit Regulations.
5.3:3.
Corps Uses Dre4ged Materials to Restore Pelican IsLands, 5:1:10.
Corps Iristnscuon to Shorten Permunng Process by Shoiww g the
Comment Penod Under Rew.rw, 456.
Corps Proposes Controversial State Program General Permit for
Activities an Losusianaa Coastal Zone and Other Suns Program
Permits, 4.5:5.
Wisconsin Uses Denial of SectIon 401 Certification of Nationwide
Permits to Require Indrddawl Permits — Other States Plan Suruiizr
Action — Corps Has Its Owo PLans, 4:46.
Corps Marsh Creation aid Wetlands Research 4:3:3.
Court Inw’”ej Corps Permu for Wesiwoy Project. 4:2:5.
Coi Re’iews f404,356.
Corps Wetlands Rematch Program, by Robert Testy Htiffm2n . 3.44
CorpsAmerads Permit Regulations, 2:4.S.
Co,psSuu Requires Revegetation, 2 1S.
Corps 5w nt WedaidA”’ . 2:1.2.
Corps ’Jurwiictlon Define4 1:5:6.
Barrier Islands
interior Isases Draft Report on Coastal Barrier Resources Stewn, 9:3:10
Court Rejects Punt Challenge to Coastal Barrier ResourcesAct. by John
Schelbel, 6:2.17.
FEMA Lames Final Ride Deisying Flood itiosrance on Undeveloped
Co’””I Barnet’s, by John Scheibel. 533.
Conser.ancy and Sporennen, 4 .S 9.
Coastal Darner Rezourcr.x Act Passes, 43.2.
Shellfish Beds Would Be Aflicred by Proposed Marinas on South
Carolina Co l Islands, 4:4:10.
Progrem in Protection of Barrier Islands, 4:1:3.
Barrier Island Legislation, 32.9.
New Wildlife Ref ages Dengnated, 3:1:7.
Barrier Islands FLLTS, 2.2.3.
Barrier Ixlmids Protection, 2:1:4.
l4rginia Barrier Islands Film, 1:6:2.
Botany
Sphagraam .Dominaizd Wetland 7)’eamuent of Mine Drainage Wojer, by R.
Kelman VTiedes. Gerald E. Lang and Alfred E. Whitehouse, 7:4:2.
FW Darab es on Wetland Values and Plant Species, by Patricia Suiber,
5 ,5 .
A Loosestrife Invesion — Will Wetland Ecos osemsSurm’e?. 4:3:11.
B ottomland Hardwoods
Scientific Excursions Into Delineating Botsoreland Hardwood Wetlands in
the Lower Mississippi Valley, by Stephen Faulinier, 8 4:2.
Fifth Circuit Upholds Corps Permits to Clear Boaomland Hardwoods,
75:19.
Bonomlaid Hardwoods: The Forest industry’s Mew, by Batty F. Malac.
7:2:10.
Implementation of a §404 Botsomland Hardwood Wetlands Regulatory
Pr ,am Rethinhng Lower Mississippi Resource Objectives and
Priorities, by James T.B. Tripp and David Hn’ i” . 7 . 28.
Economic Inomisaves for Conversion of Bottomland Hardwood Forests.
by Randall A. Kramer, 725.
Bo izoi*IandfloJdwocd Ecorjatems: Ecological Functions and Status, by
Jay Benfcndo. 72.3.
Botsomlard Hardwood Wetlands —An Iiurothiction. 7.2.2.
The Nature Cosisen.ancy s National Wetlands Conservation Project, by
Goctgc H. Fenwick. 7:1:12.
EPA to Sponsor Bottomland Hardwood Workshops, 6:6:3.
Bottomland Hardwood Wetlands —Flfth Circuit Qffers Protection at
Last, by James T.B. Tripp. 5:6:14.
Boitomi and Harthvacd Proceedings, 3:5 4.
Mellon Bogromlaaid Grata, 3:5.2.
New Wildlife Refl ges Destgnwed, 3:1:7.
Forum: Pntgress in the Coraereazzon of Bottomland Hardwood Wetlands,
2:3:6.
Bottomlands Workshop Report, 2.3:4.
Dottorniand Hardwood.r Workshop, 2.2. 9.
The River Corridor Approach to Botromland Management, by John
Clark, 2.2.9.
Boiromland Hardwoods: ManagememAlrernanw.s. 2:2.3.
Boaosalwvl Hardwoods: Their Functions, Values, mid Status, 2:1:6.
Bureau of Land Management
See Department of the Interior
California
California s brnol Pools, by Paul IL ? r 11:3.2.
The Balloaia Wetland Project: Habitat Resoration and Environmental
E4ucni’ on , by Eric D. Mets. 9:1:16.
Twenty Years of Managing Sat Francisco Bay, by Alan R. Pendleton and
Steven A. McAdam, 8.2.6.
Proposition 19: The Cal Vbrnia Fish and Wildlife Enhancement Ace of
1934,byAlyscM. Jacoheoca, 7:4:11.
6 -. NATIONAL WETLANDS NEWSLETTER
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Using the Conies to Preser.re Fragile Coastal and Mountain Ecosystems
in the Lax Angeles Mexi ‘tanArea, by Carlyle W. Hill Ji, 7:1:15.
Stams and Trend, in Prosecoon of Calijbrnio Pkdands, by Ncma B.
Deizxus and Mazy Lawel Marcne. 6:19.
Compromise Reached on Dumping of Small Anwwtte of Dredged
Mazenais in Raccoon Sowa Area of Swi Francisco Bay, 46:8.
Local Environmezualises Oppose Developer and Orange County, 4:4:8
California’s Coastal Conservancy, 3:4.10.
California Wetland, Rwthng, 34:9.
California lldelines: Public or Private.’, 3:4:8.
Cdli)ronua Wetland, Guidelines, 3:46.
Cal4fonua Wetlands, 3:4:5.
Madruna Marsh, 3:3:13.
Cali:lbrnza Public Truss Defined, 3:2:17.
California lssaes Wetland Guidelines, 1:69.
Bolsa Chico Marsh Endangered, 1:1:12.
Cahfi,nua lldelands, 1:1:12.
California Coaxial Workehops, 1:1:4.
Canada
See International
Chesapeake Bay
The Race to Protect the Chesapeake Bay, by 3. Kevin Sullivan and LeeR.
Epeiein, 12 ,6:10.
Chesapeake Bay Wetlands Update, 10.6:11.
,ginza ’: Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act, by later ? & Watson, I0.45.
The Ma,ylarid Critical Area Program: A Comprehensive Land
Management Approach, by Stephen NI. Banker, 9:1:10.
Restoring the Chesapeake Bay: A Role Medal for Cititen Action, by
Cindy Shogan, 8:3:8.
The Development of a Local Interim Review Procedure/or the Protection
of the Chesapeake Bay, by Rabett W. Maniotl Jr., Anthea Van AzscWe
and Eugene A. Sober, 7’.5:16.
Wetlands of the Chesapeake Conftrence, 7:3:15.
Restoring the Chesapeake &y First Year Review, 7:1:7.
The Upper Chaster River Watershed Project, by Jane Beneach, 6:3:12.
Chesapeake Wetland, and The Nature Coizserwzncy, by Wayne Kloclaicr,
6:3:10.
Chesapeake Bay Clean-Up Cwnpwgn Includes Inulauves to Protect
Frr2hvtuer Wetlands in Marylar4 by David 0. Burhe, 6:39.
Wetlands PToeectlon Oriented to Chesapeake Bay — The “llrgznla
Picture.’ by Norman E. Larsen. 6:36
Chesapeake Bay: Wetland, Stanis, by Gene NI. Silbeabani, 6:33.
WetLands of the Chesapeake Bay: An Inn’cdhiazon, 63:1
The Chesapeake Bay Coq rence: A Stii in Irergtr rnmezual
Cooperation, 6:1:8.
CBP Publishes Technical Studies Repon Reporu on Chesapeake Bay
Ecology and Morsagenient Strategies to FoLlow, 45:11.
Citizen Group Recommends Chesapeake Bay Manogemera Plan, 42:11.
Coastal Zone Management
4 Second Chance for the Coastal Zone ManiagementAct, by Sarah
Ch2ctc. , 12:4:5
Preesuig the Sound’s Barriers, by Stuart R. Deane, 12.35.
Louisiana Coalition Promotes Cons nI Restoration, by Paul Kemp,
11:3 12.
Ohio’s Coaxial Management Program, by Wayne Wareen, 11:3: 10.
Coastal Seas’ Governance: An International Project/or Mariagemera
Policy on Threatened Cnaual Seas, by Wayne H. Bell, 8:69.
Cons uhnnal Challenge to Delaware Coastal Zone Act, 72:15.
Book Review: Marshes of the Ocean Shore: Development of an
Ecological Ethic, by John N. Cole, 6:6:17.
Sea Level Rise and Wetlands Low in the United States byJ G. Titus,
Timothy P. Henderson and John M Teal, 0.5:3.
Grays Harbor Watermeadowa Awau Final Verdict, by David B. Oilman,
6:14
Improvemente in State Coastal Permit Systems 4:1:6.
OCZM. FWS Coaxial Inventories, 3:1:12.
Book Review: Ecological Proceeses in Coastal and Marine Sciences, by
b um Clark, 2.4:15.
CZM Act Update, 2:39
Coastal Act Reauthorization, 2.1:10.
Status of State Coastal Zone Management Programs, 16:14.
CZMP Approvals Upheld, 1:2:13.
Colorado
Rocky Motatain WetLands: Ecosystems us Transition, by David 3. Cooper
and Lyndon C. Lee, 9.3.2.
State Protection of Wetland and Iratrewn Uses of Water, by Barton L
Lamb, 6:4:11.
Connecticut
P owing the Sound ’ s Barriers, by Stuart R. Deane, 12:33.
Wetlands Protection in Catwaucut, by Douglas Cooper, 8:36.
Conneatcut Slide Show Available, 335.
Co,useczzcut 7ldal Wetlands, 2:2:12.
Connecticut Wetland Commizzons, 1:5:6.
Connecticut Con nI Management, 15:4.
Council on Environmental Quality
CEQ Supports the Corps on NEII4, by Malcolm Forbes Baldwin, 9:4.2.
EPA Refers Proposed Corps NEI1I Procedures to CEQ, by Malcolm
Forbes Baldwin, 7:3:3.
1981 CEQ Annual Report Gives Administration I4ev.point, 4.2.3.
CEQ WetLands Report, 1:4:11.
Delaware
The Delaware Governor’s Freshwater Wetlands Rowidtable Report,
1 1.56.
State Wetlands Report/or Delaware Published, &2:3.
Delaware Supreme Cows Blocks Coal Transfer Operation vs Delaware
Bay, 7:3:18.
Constuwional Challenge to DeLa e Coav ” Zone Act, 7:2:15.
Department of the Interior
PP/N U,weilr Action Plan, byTem Muir, 12:6:18.
Wetlands Los, Since the Revolution, by Thomas B. DahI, 126:16.
P13ya Lakes Joitu Venture, by John Whitmire and Harvey Miller, 12:4:11
A Clarification of the UI Fish ar id 1disft Service’s Wetland Definition.
byRalpbW.Tmerlr., 11.3:6.
The Impact of Federal Programs on Wetlandr DO!’: Report to
Congrese, by John IL Go en . I 1’22.
PP/S Lesues Renoir on Contaminants on National Wildlife Re/oges, 8.2.2.
EPA and PP/N Sign New p404(q) MOA Mth Army, 8:12.
PP/S Publishes First Same Wetlands Report, 7:0.3.
Wetlands Reatorution on Private Lands —A Pilot F , brr, by Carl
75:10.
EP4/FWS Wetland Projects in the Western United States, by Patrick 3.
Cotter, 7:46.
FWT Northern New Jersey Wetlands Report Critical of Corys and EPA,
7:1:4.
FY C4 Amendments, VàdareixAcqiuisuion Legislation Pass Howe, Die in
Senate, 6:6:5.
Instream Flow Legal arid Institutional Research TooLs, 6’4:8.
Wetlands and Wildlife Zanies, by William R. Mangun, 5:6:6
PP/S D ” ”arn an Wetland Values and Plant Species, by Patricia Stitber,
559.
PP/S Convenes National Wetlandi Valv.ss Assessment Workihop, by
Patricia Stuber, 5:4:4.
Forest Service Takes Fuss Steps to PFoeect Rtpanan Habitat From
Owrgrarjng, BLM Lags, 4:&7
WELUTAdds Marsh Creation Projects to Habitat Evithiatwr Data
Gathering, and Ass zent, 4:3:4
Wan Launches Wetlands Habitat Protection Task Force — Leeks Private
lni t i 4 ’ .32 .
Fish and IVJ&ifr RestoruaonAasenthnenat Proposed, 339.
Wait Supports Wetland Acquisition, 3:2:10.
OCZM F T Cc- ’I hwenutonss, 3:1:12.
F Proposes Mitigation Policy, 2:5:9.
PP/N Assias State Section 404 and Section 208 Federal Programs, by
Franom I. Paterson, 2:52.
Federal Wildlife Funds Cut, 2:4:6.
New Wetland Clastifl cation k,v,d , 2:3:7.
Interior E.thminesA. ’qzdnhon Policies, 2:1:11.
BLM Releases Management Guidelines, 2.19.
USFWS Lard, Survey, 2: 1:4.
5taterSrekAudFromF 1:1:7.
CUMULATIVE INDEX VOLUMES 1-12 7
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Domestic Policy Council
How Pø tAandr Played in Peoria, 12.6:15.
Dredging
Circuit Cow Rides That Propeller Dredging Malazex Riwrs and
HarborsAct ard Clean WaterAct 7:6:17.
PropeLler Dredging Meld to flolate EnWronmenzal “— . 52.10.
Corps Use: Dredged Mater aLto Restore Pelican Islands,5:1:1O.
Compromise Reached on Dumping of Small Arnozaus of Dredged
Materials in Raccoon Swaits Area of San Francisco Bay, 46:8.
Court Rules Atachafalpo £15 Mequate; Permits Dredging, 3:1:13.
Dredged MateriaLs Plan, 2:6:3.
Economics
Econonue: n/Wetland Conwrsion . Farm Progrozrns and Income Taxi by
Ralph E. Heim1 h , 8:4:7.
Economic Incgnnws for Conwiswn of Bottomland ffarthi xdForem
by Randall A. K mm, 7:2:5.
Plan Attempts to Rewive Env imnmenmVEccnomlc Co, fticr in Baltimore
Harbor, by Mazy G. Dolan. 52.7.
Proposed Principles and Guidelines Wbidd Eliminate Inchision ci!
Environmental QuaWyAccawu In C .Ben (fit Analysis, 4:1:2.
Econonuc Analysis and Wetland Policy, by L. Shabman and S. Baiie.
3:2:2.
Evalsianon.. Quazuij5iing Nature, 32.2.
Emergency Wetlands Resource Act
The Emergency Wetlands Resources Act: Status Report on
Imitation, by Dale Pierce, 9.5:10.
Endan.gere4 Threwene4 and Rare Weziard Plants and Animals ô/the
Contlnental United States, by William A. Niesmg. 9.3:16.
House and Senate CommiueesApprow Wetland, Conserieszon
Legislation, 5:6:9.
House and Senate Subcommittees Ibid Hearinpon Wetlands Protection
Legislation, 5:4:2.
Reauthoritation Bills IWI Not Weaken — May Sirrngihm—Endangered
SpeciesAct, 42.6
Redefinition cf A Regulation, 3:3:7.
Manatee:: Hope for Recowly, 2:6:4.
Endangered Species Committee Acts, 12.6.
Endangered Species Act 1:1:3.
Environmental Protection Agency
EPA Releases Wetlands Action Plan in Response to Fonan
Recommendations, by Dianne Fish sod Sbtsn Flelda, 11.1:4.
Wetlands Protection at S e,frnd Sites, by Melanie LaPerce, 1015.
EPA State WetLand Program Report, by Denting Cowls and William
Butt, 9 3:11.
The Clean Water Act §404 Program in Alaske —Au EPA Perspectnte, by
Ridiatd Swimes, 8.6:2.
Protecting Wetlands Under Clean Water Act §404: EPA ’s Conservative
Policy on Mitigation, by P nna B. Cnipek &5:12.
EPA Adopts Wetlands Research Plan, by Mazy E. Krntuk , 8:4:14.
EPA Istues Final §404(c) Determw .atzon Prohibiting Filling of Sweed ens
Swamp, 8:4:10.
EPA andArmy Sign MOA on Clean WaserAct Regulation of Solid Waste
Discharges, 82.2.
EPA and FWS Sign New §404(q) MOAs With Army, 8:1:2.
£P4’JWS Wetland Projects in the Weatern United States, by Pstiick 1.
( g 7•46
WetLand.c or Wastelands?, by Josephine S. Cooper, 7:4:4
EPA Lisues Final 5404(c) Determination Prohibiting Impoundment of
South Carolina Wetlands, 7:3:5.
EPA Reftrs Proposed Corps NEII4 Procedures to CEQ, by Malcolm F.
Baldwut, 7:32.
FWS Northern New Jersey Wetlands Report Critical of Corps and EPA,
7:1 4.
EPA Final §404(c) Determuianon on Mobile Bay Disposal Site Iw A .
646
EPA Lab Studies WetLands, 1:2.13.
E stuarine Ecosystems
NOAA Eaniarine Programs Office, by Mazy Bashes. 6.5:9.
Focus: Marine and £tuianne Sanctuaries, 2:5.5.
Eantarine Prothicth4zy 2:4:4.
Executive Orders
HUD Upholds Eurviiw Order, 1&43.
Fr,riawe Order Update, 3:1:10.
Illinois £xeaarve Order, 169.
Ereczazve Orders, 12.5.
Progress Report. Executive Orders, 1:1:8.
Federal Emergency Management Agency
A Status Report on the Nation’s Floodplain Management Acnvz , by
Jeanne auistio M 12Tw ,n , and James P4. Wnght, 113:8.
FEMA issues Final Rule Denying Flood Insurance on Undeveloped
Coastal Barriers, by John Scbclbel. 5:5:5.
FEMA Meets With Early Success in Suit to Recover Flood Insurance
Payments, by John Schelbd, 5:4:13.
FEMA State Aatiuance Program, 2:3:10.
Interim Regulations, 1:6:7.
FE.MA Reorganization, 12.14.
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
FERC Attempts to Protect Platte Pdver, by John 0. Sidle, Michael
LeValley ats] John 0. VanDeswalkcr , 12:4:8.
Federal Highway Administration
FHWA Method for WezI dFum,ioniTIA ewnem —Sonic
Obiersenzorts, by 1. Hamy S h &64.
FHWA Methodfor Wetland Functional Aar awu: Stoats of the
Revision, 85:18.
The Federal Hi ghvezyAd,ininitoation Wetlands Research Program, by
Dcmg1asI Smith. 7.3:7.
Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Section 401
Wetlands Protection Through the §401 Certification Program in West
inia ,byPssulL.WilutdDciuusfl.Treacy, 11:1:6.
State Water Quality Certification and Wetlands Protection, by Katherine
Ransel, 10:4.
Wisconsin Uses Denial of Section 401 Certification of Nationwide
Permits to Require Indiv idual Pennies—Other States Plan Sinular
Action—Corps Has Its Owa Plans, 446.
Section 404
Court Riding Limits 5404 Silvzculnire Exemption, by William L Want,
12:3:10.
Book Revtew The First Wetlands Regulation Deskbook, by Vicki 0
Mastennaru, 12:2:16.
States Need Commitment, Leadership and Backbone Not Section 404, by
1b J.Dawsoa, 12:1:4.
Section 404 Delegation: .4 Rebuttal to Gowrnor Keen, by Lance D.
Wood, 12:12.
In Defense of Na tio,rv4de Permit 26, by Bernard N. Goode, 116:4
Nationwide PermIt 26: The Wetlands Giwa way, by Jan Goldman-Carter.
11:6:4.
A Reply so Mn tIbod, by Govai ‘l as H. Keen, 11:62.
Michigan: An £zperiinent in Section 404 Assumption, by Stephen Brown.
11:45.
Miclugan Section 404 Program Update, by Peg Bosiwick, I l 4:5
The Forum a Proposal to Delegate 5404 to the States: A Bad Dealfor
Wezlands,by Lance D. Wood, 11:42.
EPA and the Corps Enter Three MOM on Allocation of Regulato?y
Responsibilities Under the Section 404 Program, by Katheriec Ransel.
11:12.
Section 404: Should Congress Reenter the Fray?, by Hon. James L
Oberalar . 10:6:5.
GAO Rel ” Report on the 5404 Program, 10-.5:12.
Jury Finds Deft ndant In I IoZation of Clean Water Act 5404. by Barbara
MiUcs, 1018.
Army Issues Final Clean Water Act 5404 Regulanons 9:1:8
The Clean WaterAct 5404 Program in Alaska —An EPA Perspective, by
Richard Sumner, 8:62.
Supreme Court Endorses Broad FWPCA 5404 Wetlands Junsthcnon, by
Kctuue*h L. Rn& ”n . 8:1.14.
Out Itith the Old, In With the New. The Corps’ Conovvermal
Interpretation of the 5404(bXl) GuideLiruts, by Thcenas Eggert, 752.
8 -. NATIONAL WETLANDS NEWSLETTER
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Striate Sithcommsizse Holds Clean Water Ac! 5404 Owrsigla Heanngs
74:8
Wetlands or Wastelands?, by Josephine S. Coopes, 7:4:4.
implementation of a 5404 Botroml mid Harthwjod Wetlands Regulatoiy
Program: Rethinking Lower M&memppi Resource Objectives and
Priorities, by James T.B. Tnpp and David 7:2:8.
Michigan 404 Pr’OgTanI Assumption, by Hal F. Hzmngtaa, 7:1:10.
ER4 Proposes Rwisions to 404 State Th’OgTOm Regulations, by Lcei
Wi11iii, 6:6:4.
ER4 Reorganizes 5404 Program, 6:6:3.
Michigan Receives Dredge arid Fill PermitAuthoriry, 6:59.
EPA Final 5404(c) Determination on Mobile Bay Disposal Site Isr—.d
64:6.
Corps Proposes 5404 Regulations implementing NWF v. Mush
Sealemesu, 6.3:2.
Corps Holds Public Heazzng on Proposed Permit Regidanons, 5:6.3.
House Clean Water Act Hearings — Temmony on Proposed §404
AmendmenL , 5. 6.2.
JV&scansin DNR Proposes 5404 Workshop, 5:4:12.
Coastal Conference Highlights Adminimmion ‘s Pantion on 5404 and
Pout&s to New Role for Wetland Scientists, by Etik D. Metz, 5:4:4
0Th Testifies That 404 Program Not Controlling Wetland Conwrszons,
5:3:5.
Corps Proposes Additional RMslons to 51415404 Permit Regulations.
53:3.
ffectrw Public Pamcipolion in the 404 Pmgram — The Wisconsin
Lipersence, by Thcanas 3. Dawscm, 5:2. 6.
Environmental Organizations Sue to Undo Reagan Adnunim’atwn
Changes in 5404 Program, 4:6:4.
Section 404 Consent Decree Requires Restoration of 8 0Acres —
lncludcs Pollution Control Prajeet, 4:4:4.
Leg&siatiw ProposaLs to Change Section 404 Are Still en the Agenda,
4 4:3.
First Rowvi 404 Rçgidato y Reforms Reduce Federal Protection of
JnlaiuL Nontnbsawy Wetlands — Other Changes to Be Proposed This
Fall, 4:4:2.
Section 404 WIll No r Be Guited Bat Procedures May Be Streamuined
4.14.
Section 404 Faces Test, 3:6.2.
Corps Rev ewe 5404, 3:56.
The Public interest Review Process, by Bernard N. Goode, 3:1:6.
EPA’s Role In State Asswnpnon of 404 Permit Awhoruy, 25:3.
FWS’Amsts State Section 404 and Section 208 Federal Programs, by
Francesl. Pat sson,2:52.
Congressional Action on §404, by 1 as G. TennaseUo 2:4:4.
Stare 5404 Requirements, 1:3:4.
State 5404 Requirements. 1 .2:13.
Clean WaterAct 5404, 1:1:7.
Section 404(c) Determinations
EPA Lame.i Final 5404(c) Determination Prohibiting Filling of Sweedens
Swamp, 8:4:10.
Court Dismisses Challenge to EPA 5404(c) Proposal, 76:1S.
EPA lames Final 5404(c) Determination Restricting Discharges in
Louisiana Wetlands Site. 76:2.
EPA L a mes Final 5404(c) Determination Prohibiting Impoundment of
South Carolina Weilards, 7:3:5.
Perduig EPA Proposal, Under Section 404(c) of the Clean Water Act,
6.2:7.
Federal Wetlands Policy
Creaaon 01° U i National Ramsar Committee, by Steven 3. Parcels,
11.5.9.
4 Status Report on the Nation s Floodplain ManagententActMry, by
Jeamie Clirioie M knc, , and James M V/tight, 11±8.
The Certification of WedandScienri by Charles I. Newling, 11:4:10.
I4PA Publishes Co,nprehensn e Report on Protecting Nontidal Wetlands,
by Jun Hccimovicb, 11.2.11.
The impact of Federal Programs on Wetlands: DOl’s Report to
Congress, by John H. Gol m . 11.2:2.
Wetlands Conservation Since 1970: One Obserier s Reflections, by
David 0. Davu, 10th2.
Response to an Assessment of the Impact of Federal Programs on
Prairie Pothole Drainage, by Jon Oolcbiein and Bill Wilcn, 9:6:11.
CEQ Supports the Corps on NEPA. by Malcolm F Baldwin, 9:42.
Ssat4fFederaI Cooperation Strengthened at Wetlands Protection
Workshop, by Sionnne E. Schwam, 6:6.7
Tailoring Wetland Protection Policies, by Jay A. 6.1:6.
Regidaio,y Reform EquaLs Good Government, by William L Giandlli,
5:4.6.
Book Review: Non.lldal Wetlands Protection. A Handbook for Local
Gowrvwserux, by T! nnc Ervin, 5:3:14
CPS ReporT Provides Background Information on Major Wetlands Issues,
4:4:5.
E rorimentaJ Organizations Anack on Reagan Program includes
¾dw i d Policies, 4.22.
Wetland Protection in the Political Arena, by Prank 3. Ruswickir., 3:66
Federal ¾dandc Conservodon Bill Introduced, 3:4:2.
Tht Public Interest Review Process, by Besnasd N. Goode. 3:16.
Global 2 ) Report, 2.’6.2.
Wilderness L ?, by J Cask and Jay Benforada 2:5:10.
Do ¾ Need a National Wetlands Law?, 2:4:7.
The Wetland Edge: £co1o ’ arid the Needfor Protection, by Brace W
Pores, 2:42.
Point of View: The Real Lame in Wesland Management, by Noiman B.
Larsen, 22:10.
Book Review: Freskwaxer WesianL Ecological Processes and
Management Potential, by John Clark, 12.16.
Federal Wadwids Management, 1:2:5.
Point of View: Caner’s New Water Policy —A Bonus for Wetlands?, by
George Ledec, 1:19.
flu, and WIIdIW. S.nlc.
S.s Dspat int of * latsetor
Floodplains and Flood Insurance
Improving the National Flood insurance Program, by Beth Millemann
and Blase Jones, 12:3:2.
A Status Report an the Nation’s Floodplain ManagementActiwy, by
Jeanne ( 1 i and James M. Wright, 115&
Wedaith: A Forgotsen Element in the National flood insurance
Program, by R. Kstsy Kehoc, 11:1:10.
Are Floodplains Compatible With Sto,mwater Mantigement?, by Joseph
K. ci cI,T 10.Si9.
Floodplain arid Wetland Coordination, by Edward A. l ’ ’ c 9.2 16.
Floodplain Forests and The Nature Conseratxscy, by Stephanie Sklar,
72:13.
FF ,MA lames Final Rule Denying Flood insurance on Undemloped
Coaw ” Barriers, by John Schelbel, 555.
FEMA Meets With Eari y Sucren in Suit to Recover Fbxdlnsurrznce
Payments, by J Schelbel, 5:4:13.
W7io ‘sin Charge of Floodplain Management? ffecrs of Termination of
Water Resources CounciiAre Still UncLear, 4±3.
Loudoiui Ccwuy Floodplain Ordinance Protects Natural Floodplain
Values, 4:1:8.
Flood Insurance Rates Rise, 3:5:10.
Flood Peak Report, 3±5.
Fl Insurance Raze Increases, 3:3:8.
SCS Flocdpl”i Management Studies , by Beatrice H. Holmes, 32:8.
Floodplain Management 2:6:2.
NSF Hatard Mitigation, 2:3:4.
Floodplain Inthistrirsi Siting Examined, 2:3:3.
Floodplain Management Report, 2:2:2.
WRC Floodplain Managemesu Report, 2:1:3.
FocAs: Lames in Wetland and Floodplain Management, 1:6:5.
WRC Floodplain Report, 1:6.2.
Flood Potential Maps, 152.
Bainniore County F’ocdplalns, 1:4’lO.
Cou imiinz(yAcqzdsition of Developed Floodplains, by Leny Jnhr trm and
Stuart Bsammi, 1:45.
Special lame: Acquisition 0/Wetlands and FloodpLain,. 1:4:1
State Wetland and Floodplain Regulatory Programs, 1:35.
Flood Insurance Program. 1:213.
Floodplain Acquisition Study, 125.
Fl Insurtince Program, 1:1:8
Flood Insurance Litigation, 1:1:4.
Florida
Regional Land Use Planning: E.ast Everglades, Florida, 116:14
Nutrient Enrichment In the Everglades by Daniel J. Schcidi, 103±
Protecting What: Left: The Story of Florida’s Bug Bend Purchase, by
Rainie arid Chrts Ames, 10.1:10.
The Implications of Hydrology and Landscape Ecology on the
Maintenance of Freshwater Ecosystems In Florida, by Kevin L
Erwin, 9t5.
Regulation of Wastei.uter Discharge to Florida Wetlands, by Larry N.
Schwsm and Mary F. Smallwood, &&S.
Restoration c/the Kissimmes River, by MoUlt Gloves Palmer, 8:1:8.
A Talk With Florida Rep. JoJai Mills, 6.4:13.
CUMULATIVE INDEX VOLUMES 1-12 9
-------
Florida Legi slantre Pa Compreheimiw Wedande Pr’orsesion
Legislation, by Pied McCocuiack. 6*12.
Sawi g the Coa# New L gzzlame Initiatwes in Florida, by James W.
May, 6 . 2 : 10.
Florida’s Saw C) tr Ewrglades ?Tvgram, 55:1O.
Ewrglades National Park Wil& Resowces Damaged by High Wezes
Park QffieiaLsAsk Water Management D&etiict to C i a Releases, by
Beaxri Hoet He hTI , 529.
Florida Begins Management PlaratlngforAqMatic P?eserves, 46:11.
Florida Begins Pwvhases q’Corissriratio.i and Recreation Lands, 4fr.10.
Everglades Deer il Is Ilewrdas is More ct of Canalizing
Wetlands, 4:4:11.
Florida Water Management Diaries Proposes Plan to Save the & Johns
River Basin, 4:3:7.
1985 Ban i Commercial F ishing in Everglades National Park May Be
Rescinded, 4:3:6.
Florida Commiawn DesIgnates 16 Water Bedles in National Foreezifar
Nondegredatlon, 4:1:7.
Impact of Offshore Dredging Studied in Florida, 3 1 1.
Florida’s Siivevwe Ri rSntd , 3&.11.
Florida Sanctuary, 3:5:12.
The Tabstg Issue and Wetland Development: Marco Island, 3:4:12.
NpsR.. EWJ glOdeSrtrJthTgBaru , 32:11.
Marco Island ecisions, 2:6.6.
Corps Stat Requres Revegetaizon, 2:2.15.
Florida Laws Consmted, 1:6:10.
Appa1ac ’ucO1a Bay, 14:10.
Florida Law Held Iawlid, 1:33.
Big Cypress WawshedArea, 1:1:13.
Apalachi cola Management, 1: 16.
Apalachi coLa £uuarw Swictoary, 1:16.
Forested Wetlands
Court Rsthng Limits §404 SiMculaire Exemption, by William L Want,
12:3:10.
Forea Pmd Industry Conthucting Foreated )btia,th Research. by
A1anA.I ’ . 12.2:14.
General and Nationwide Permits
In Defense of Nationwide Permit 26 by Beinard N. Goode, 116:4.
Nan onwide Permit 26: The Wetlands Giwawiy, by Jan Goldman-Carter,
11:64.
State and Federal Agencies Oppose Corps’ Proposed Statewide General
Permit for Maszachusettz 5:39.
Corps Proposes Controversial State Program General Permitfor
Acfiwies in Louisiana Cc ”.’ 1 Zone and Other Stare Program
Pennat, 43:5.
W isconsin Uses Denial of Section 401 Cejt ficatlon of Nationwide
Permits to Requite Individual Permits — Other States Plan Similar
Action — Corps Has Its On,z Plar&s, 4:4:6.
General Accounting Office
Section 404: Shoudd Congress Reenter the Fray?, by Hon. James L
Obeisiar, 10.65.
GAO Releases Report onthef404 Program , 10.5:12.
Cisrruuck Outer Banlo, 3:42.
GAO Marine Sancuiaiy Report, 3:1:12.
GAO Releases Reports on Acquisino Program Ewsluazion, 2.2:2.
GAO. E Study Lard Acquisition, 2: 1.10.
GAO Report. t:3 ’3
GAO Wetlands ReporT, 1:1:8.
Georgia
Georgia Coastal Disaster Plan, 2.6.2.
Great Lakes
Water Level F , inor and the Great Lakes Wetlands, by Janet R.
Kcough. 12:5:19.
The Wildlife Conneciion. Wetlands and 7bslcology, by Theo Colborn,
125:17.
A Glimpse at EPA’s Great Laker Wetlands Programs, by Barbard
D’Angclo, Doug Dicta, Rainy Myzska, Mazy Lou Since, and Karen
Sullivan, 12:5:15
The Corps’ Great LEAF, by William 12:5:14.
Bridging the Basin. U. .Canadian Great Lakes Agreements, by Pbilip
Welles, Dan Ray and Sandy ( rvv, pII 12:5:12.
Great Laker II imida Polky Cwmernum: A Po&y Agenda, by Gail
Gruenwa1 12:5:8.
A Comparison of Stats ar4ProWndal Wetlands Regidanon, by David
Siebat and The*t Hulaey, 12:5:4.
The Lakez ’ I ew, by Jon Kinder and Sara Nicholas, 12 52.
Wetlands Worbiiop Focuses on Great Laker 5rates by Gerald Paulson,
55:11.
Great Lakes Wetlands Plan, 3:5:7.
Great Lakes loformadon C 2:2:2:
Great Laker PtVenMuls , 1.2:9.
G reenways
The Role of the Dawloper in GrwnscyAcquisitzon, by Kevin J. Coyle,
10 ’.5:10.
EPA’s Cwz ihiazon to the Greerns ,ys Efflirt, by John Meagher. 10.5:7.
Steps in Store and Local Greenway Planning, by J. Glenn Eugszer, 10:5.5
The Rosier of Greersuery Acquisition, by John D. Seyffezl, 10.5:3.
Grwn An lntreduction, by Jon Kusler and Ann a SOULhWCTIh, 10:5.2.
Planning for Midd.Purpose Use of Greenway Corridors, by Ronald D.
Flanagan, 10.2.7.
Urban Wetlands and Urban Riparian Habaaz by Jon Kinder, 1011.
Wetlands in an Urban Environment, by Pam 1nnffe , 9:4:7.
The Greertwoy Concept, 1:43.
Hydrology
The I,jrJ t d’a of H thulogy and Landscape Ecology on the
Mairamwice of Fr&n aterEcorfltems in Florida, by Kevin 1..
Erwin, 9:6:5.
H theiogy, Wetlands S iatems, and the Law, by Alexatha D. Dawson,
9 ’2:14.
The Des Plainer River Wetlands Demonstrdion Project: Creating
Wetlands Hydrology, by Damld L. Hey. 9:2:12.
Wedai’d Weser Mo’mment arid Poliuu ”n Abarement, by Robert H. Kadlec,
9 ’211.
Wetlands Hydrology and Vegetation Dynamics, by William A. Nicnng.
929.
Hydmgeologlc Claemfi cation of Wetlands in Glaciated Regions, by
Garrett 0. Hdl2fvlc 9’.2. 6.
Same Okervatwns on Our Underntartding of Hydrologic Functions, by
Richard P. Novleikl, 9:2:3.
Wetlands H èologv An Intrathuction, byltm ICinlcr and Hazel Groman.
9,. ,
A MadellbigApproach to Wetlandimpoet Assessment, by
LeonardO. Pcazls*ina and Wiley M. Kitr1i , 9:1:13.
Idaho
Riparian Management hi Idaho, by Tam Auezau, 10.2:4.
Salmon River Wildernam, 1:4:7.
Illinois
The Des Plainer River Wetlands Demonw’anon Project: Creating
Wedaruds Ji drology, by Donald I . . . Hey, 9112.
Illinois Initiates Wetlands Program, by Marvin E. Hubbell, 7:3:13
IWno&s Ereciasw Order, 1:6:9.
ILlinois Legislation, 1:39.
Indiana
Ind iana Law Amended, 2.2:13.
Indiana Programs, 1:39.
International
Bridging the Basin: U.S.-Cwiadiwi Great LakesAgreements, by Philip
Weller, Dan Ray and Sandy 12:5:12.
Creation of a U.& National Ramsar Comaunee, by Steven I. Parcels,
1L59.
Ontario Wetlands: Inertia or Momentum?, by Michal Bardecki and
Nancy Paterson, 112.9.
lbeaswy Issuer Standards Pieaecthtg Tropical Wetlands, by Steven 3.
Parcels, 10:6:12.
The Alberta LandDI Wter Habitat Project, by Per A. Andersen, Steve
&cthicl and Ken R. Ambrock, 10:4:10.
lkip ianl Wetlands and the DewlopmeraAaatanceAgeiwier, by Sieve
Pamela, 1016.
10 NATIONAL WETLANDS NEWSLETTER
-------
lnurnat ional Conference on the Legal Aspe of Wetlands Protacdon.
9 ’.6:14
International Debefor Wetlands Legislation, by S*cv I. Parcells. 95:12.
Tov. irdr a Wetlands Protection Steareg ’for Ontario, by Nancy Paxtrssoc,
9:4:16.
Mtnco s Great Delta Wetlands, by Jobi Clark. 9:4:14.
Wetlands Protection in China . A Rising Star?, by Paul Atlam rs and
JcnephS. l axsoa,9 .l:1&
Coastal Seas’ Governance: An International P,ojectfor Management
Policy on Threatened Co. nl Seas, by Wayne H. Bell, 8:6:9.
Conserving the World’s Wetlands, by Malcolm F. Baldwin. 8:2:12.
Puerto Rican Wetlands, 3:5:12.
World WetLand Study, 1:5:3.
Ontario Wetloxids, 1:5:2.
Iowa
Wetlands for lon i Program, by Linda Gucciardo, 8:2:8.
law Law Allo Counace to Dceignate Wetlands for Property Tar
E.remption, 4:4:11.
Jurisdiction and Delineation
The Cern)5can n of WetLand Scienturs, by Cliarlea I Ncwling. 11:4: 10
A Clarification of the U.. Fish arid EI&Ifr Service’: Wetland Definition,
by Ralph W.Tincrh.. l1.36.
EPA and she Co,ps Eater Three MOAS on Allocation of ReguLatory
Responsibilities Under’ the Section 404 Program, by Ka2lm ine Raneel,
11:12:
The Coiuruuiional Teat for Wet sJujzidiction Agencies in a Muddle,
by Jerry Jae t , 9:5:7.
Ninth Circuit Riding on Corps RegulatorgJunsthcnon, 8:6.14
Wetlands or Uplands — Noninvesi Coursi Make the Call, by David
Orunan,8:3.13.
District Court Riding on Co siu .n,izction Over Created Wetlands,
8:214.
Environmenitalint Sue Corps atal EM Over Isolated Wetlands
Jurisdiction, 82:13.
Supreme Court Lidorees Broad FWPC4 §404 Wetlands Junsdictioni, by
Kenneth L. Renenlmwn, 8:1:14.
Tenth Circuit Upholds Corps §4O4Jwvdktion Over Utah Lake, 6:6:16.
S&sih Circuit Riding Reswicsi Corps arid 4Juri,JJctw n, 6:3:13.
Lake Op!z4ia. What Defines a Wetland?, 32:15.
Courts Back Broad Corps R gulawr 1 JurwJJaion Over WetLands, 2:5.11.
Corps’Jurlsdictzon Definc4 1.56.
Kansas
Wetland Protection Policies in Kansas, by Thomas C. Stiles, Kcny L
Wedel and Stephen A. Hwsz, 8:35.
Kansas’ Cheyenne Bottoms. 6brer to Saw a Threatened Wetlan4 by Jan
Gaston. 8:1:11.
Kentucky s Adops.a- Wetland Program, by Dave Mcapn, 8:6:8.
Litigation
See also Takings
j 5 fr . The Case qf the Aceldeatal Wedand by Mimi Rehegliati and
Kaiharina Thnmennann, 12:6:8.
Tahngs: Li the Claims CounAil Wet?, by Jon Kinder and Eiik Meyers,
12:6:6
Nonnawgabk lldelandr Subject to Public Trust Doctine, by Lai a H
Kanloff, 10:3:9.
Jury Finds Deft ndaiu in Molaaon of Clean WaserAct §404. by Barbara
Miller. 10:1:8.
Court-ordered Restoration Upheld 9:5:17.
Wetland Scierants as E sen Witnesses, by Melanie LaFcxu. 9.56.
District Court Dinnisses Pond 12 Lawsuit, 9:4:12.
Right to Jurg Trial in Clean Water Act Civil Penalty Actions, 9:4:11.
The Talang Lsare and Land Regulation an the U. Supreme Court, by ion
Kinder and &Ik Meyers, 9:49.
Ninth Circuit Ruling on Corps Replator Jwiidictwri, 8:6:14.
Ninth Circuit Upholds Ismance of After-the-Fact Permit, by David E.
Oriman, 8 6:11.
Supreme Court to Review Clean WaterAct Jury 7Nal Claim, 8:4:19.
District Court Sets Aside Corps Wethzrds Determination, 8:3:14.
Ninth Circuit Upholds Narrow Construction of Clean Water Ac: §404(J ),
8:3:12.
Dtau ia Court Ruling an Corps Jwisdicti on O r Created Wetlands.
82:14.
nmentali Sue Corps arid EPA Over IsoLated WetLar4s
Junssdith on, 82:13.
£ preme Court Endorses Broad FWPC.4 §404 Wetlands Jurisdiction, by
KennethL. Rtsc ,h.uin . 8:1:14.
Circuit Court Riding on HEM Cuniwiatiw Impacts Analyeis, 8:1:13.
Cimw Coun Rides Thur Propeller Dredging iolates Roars arid
Harhors Act arid Clean PAuerAct, 76:17.
Court Dimusses Challenge to EPA §404(c) Proposal, 7:6:15
Fifth Clrcrw Upholds Corps Permits to Clear Bottomland Hardv.oods,
75:19.
Brim Fde4 OraIArgWWU Scheduled in Supreme Court Review of
Riverside Bayview Riding, 7:5:17.
Court of Claims Rules Denial of §404 Permit a Tthstg, 7.4:12.
Dela svizre Supreme Court Blocb Coal Transfer Operation in Delav.are
Bay, 73:18.
IC h Circuit Upholds Corps Denial of Permit Based on Water Quality
Impacts, 73:17.
Using the Courts to Preserve Fragile Coar”I and Mountain Ecor)cresrs
an the LosAngries MetropolitanArea, by Carlyle W. Hall it., 7:1.15.
Court Rules Corps Did Not Breach NWF v. Marsh SezzlementAgreernent,
7:1:6.
Federal Government Seeke Supreme Court Review of Riverside Bayview
FaiLing, 66: 16.
Tenth Circuit Upholds Corps §404 Jur sdlamon Over Utah Lake, 6:6:16.
JC*h Circuit to Ride on Riverside Irrigation Dimict v. Andrews, 6.5:13.
SLash Circuit Denies Rehearing Request in Riverside Bayview, 6:4:7.
1902 Atlantic Ltd. v. Hudaon A Case for Concern, by William L. Want,
6:3:14.
Sixth Circuit Riding Restricts Corps and §404 Jurisdiction. 6:3:13.
Corps Proposes §404 Regulations Implementing NWF v. Marsh
Settlement, 632:
Court Rejects First Challenge to Coastal Barrier Resource., Act, by John
Schelbcl, 62:17.
CourtApprovcs Seftienient Agreement In NWF v. Marsh, 62:4.
BoaondardHardiveod Wetlands — Fifth Circuit Offers Protection at
L byianiesT3.Tnpp,5:6:14.
NWF Sues Over Oil wad Gas Leasing in Wildlife Refrges, 55:12.
Recant Developments an N iin , I Wildlife Federation v. Marsh, S 2:1 1
Supreme Court Upholds Acquisition of YASerfowl Prcduction Areas,
5:2:10.
F hh Circuit Halts Galveston Bay Deepwurer Pore Project, 52:4.
Conservancy and Sportsmen, 4.59.
I rgima Supreme Court Resolves Controversy Between The Nature
Conserira,wy and Sportsmen, 459.
Court Invalidates Corps Permit/or Wesn r Project, 4:2:5.
Consent Judgment Requires Compensation, 4:1:3.
Toxic Torts Conference, 3:43.
Supreme Court Limits Environmental Lihgarton, 33:13.
Lake Ophelia: What Defines a Wetland?, 32:15.
Marco Island Decisions, 266.
Courts Back Broad Corps Regulatory Jurisdiction Over Wetlands, 2:5.11.
Corps Suit Requires Revegetation, 2:2.15.
Sierra Club Laser SuitAgainat Corps, 2:2:14.
New Hampshzre Litigation, by Cynthia M. Ivey. 1:5:6.
Davis Power Project, 12:16.
Big C preat keerahed Area, 1:1:13.
Court Enjoins Fill Remove!, 1:1:13.
Davis Power Project, 1:1:12.
Flood lrunirarice Litigation, 1:1:4.
Local Activities
See State and Local Activities
Louisiana
Louisiana Coalition Promotes Con i .I Restoration, by Paul Kemp,
11:3:12.
Marsh Management Plarawtg In the Louisiana Coastal Zone, by James
H. Cowan k, R I. Tanner and DR. 9:6:7.
Restoring Coastal Louisiana: A Citizens ,by James 13 Tripp,
Robert Gatman ami R Vm nt . 9:3:13.
ElM Lames Final §404(c) Determination Restricting Discharges iii
Louisiana Wetlands Site,7:62:
Mitigation Banking ”C,edier —A Lo’ ” ’na Pilot Project, by
Midinel D. 7agrt , 73
Archofalaya Plan Requires Commitment, by Charles Fryling, Jr., 4:6:9
CUMULATIVE INDEX VOLUMES 1-12 11
-------
Corps Proposes Controw .’sioi State Program General Penal, far
Activities (n Lo” ”sa Coastal Zone and Other S e Program
Permltr , 45:S.
Louisiana Begins S niggle Agauist Cn ’ anl Mar Erosion, 4:2:7.
Lake Ophelia. ’ Whet Defines a Wetland?, 3:2:15.
A Louisiana Si. znp Stosy, 2:1:11.
Lake ophelia, 1:4:11.
Maine
The Gi4f of Mauie Inldawm, by Me1i Waiosmui , 12:4:2.
Wetlar4r Advance Identification Program In Southern Maine, by Pam
Shields, 10.1:2.
Freshwa er Wethzrult . New Legislanon for Maine, by Denald T. Witbmill,
8:1.10.
Marine Sanduaries
Manne Sanctuary Program Update, by Michael Weber. 6:1:2.
Marine actuaries Update, 5.2:3.
National Marine Sanctuary Program Dewkpmeiw — Regional Teams
RecounmendSitesfora 5010 year Program, 4:6:6.
Sanctuaries Program Update, 3:3:4.
Maryland
The Race to Protect the Chesapeake Bay. by I. Kevin Sullivan and Lee P..
9 ti , 12.6:10.
Maryland’: New Nontidal Wetlands Protection Ace, by David 0. Burke,
115.2.
Wetlaruls and Wastewaser Treatment: The Mayo Penzrtsula Water
Reclamation Facilities Plaru by Pio Lixnbardo and Tlioecas Neil,
9 .2.18.
The Ma,ylard Critical Area Program: A Con*prdzerazve Land
Management Approach, by Stephen M Bunkm, 91:10.
The Upper Chester Fdwr ershed Projece, byline 6:3:12.
Chesapeake Bay Clean-Up Campaign Includes Inisrauws to Protect
Freshwater Wetlands In Marylar4 by David 0. Burke, 6:39.
PLan Aftempte to Rewlw EnvimamentaVEconoazlc Conflict in Baltimore
Harbor, by Mary (3. Dolan, 52:7.
Maryland Cypress Ferese, 2:4:9.
Baltznzore County FLoodplauis, 1:4:10.
Massachusetts
Prazecung the Charles P.iwr Comdor, by Rita Barren, 11:3:8.
The Sweedens Swamp Cosurowrry — Foausu*g on EPA s Role in the
Clean Water Ace p404 Program, by 1.awrence P.. Lie ” . 9:6:15.
EPA I,sszses Final 5404(c) Determination Prohibiting Filling of Sweedens
Swamp, 84:1O.
Massachusetts Succeeds in Halting Georges Bank Lease Sale, by Samba
P.. Sanditcisd, £5:13.
Stare and F eralAgencies Oppose Corps’ Proposed State wide General
Permit for Massachusetts, 5.3:9.
Massachusetts Promulgates Outstanding Rides jbr Inland Wetlands
Protection, 5:1:12.
Nantucket Sound Sancniary Proposed, 3:1:11,
Mass. Wins WetLand Jmprowments, 2:2:13.
Mo .ssachusetts Wetland Pratecton, 2: 1:14.
Massachusetts Wetland Protection, 1t11.
Massachusetts Regzdations, 1: 1.3.
Memoranda of Agreement
S isnunui Pulled Rank, byL Wmter, 12:2:3.
Wetlandt Before Hospitals?, by Rcpeeaenlative Den Young, 12:2.3.
Few Surpruse .s for Seaports, by P.. ErIk Sacanbag, 122.2.
A Victory of Many Fronts, by Laiuana S. Vdchm and Rcbert W. Page,
12.2:2.
EPA and the Corps Eater Three MOAt on Allocation c Regu1atory
Responsibilities Under the Section 404 Program, by Katherine Rand.
111:2.
EPA and Army Sign MOA on Clean Water Act Regulation of Solid Waste
Ducharges, 8.2:2.
EPA and F I t’S Sign New 5404(q) MOM With Army, 8:1:2.
Mexico
See International
Michigan
Michigan Section 404 PTogram Update, by Peg Bcazwick. I 1’4.5
Michigan: An Espersmeru in Suction 404 A.ammpnon, by Stephen Bro iii,
11:4:5.
Pointe Moudhlee Marsh Restoration, by Dale W Oranges and Daniel H.
Mougan, 8.2:9.
Michigan 404 Program A umption. by Hal F. Harrthgton. 7:1.10.
Michigan Recehes D,e4ge and Fill Permit Austhorwy. 65:9
Wetlard otectont The Michigan £spenence, by Orarles L Wolverton.
Local Conservationists Saw St Johji : Marth, 42:10
A Case History of Local Wetlands P,veecnon . Oakland Towaship,
Michigan,by Peggy S. Johnon,33:10.
Michigan Bill Clarification, 2:2:12.
New Michigan Wetlands Bil1 1:6:9
Michigan Inw.nror,y, 1:39.
Wetland, Maruagemerd in MichIgan, 1:3:9.
Minnesota
The RIM Program: Minnesota’: NewAppmach to Wetlands Restoration,
by Denree DePrales, l0 .3:4.
Minnesota Waters, 1:6:10.
Libdale. Minnesota, 1:49.
Minnesota Public Waters, 13:1O.
Scientific Ew irswrus Into Delineating Bostomlanid Hardwacd Wetlands in
the Lower Mississippi Valley, by Stephen Faulkner, 8:4:2.
The Atclwfahiya. by Ohver A. Houck, 72:11.
Implementation of a f 404 Bostomkrnd Hardwaod Wetlands Regulatorj
Program: Rethinking Lower Miuiw,ppu Resource Objecnw.s arid
Priorities, by James T.B. Irzpp and David Hnc i c 7.2:8.
The Threat to the Miw ppi Roar WEtlands, by Spencer Black, 5:6:5
Yazoo Pump Project Is Rewreceed, 43:6.
Atchafialaya ?rew .ratioa Plan, 3:6:10.
Cinut Rules Atchofalaya E(5,4drquate; Permits Dredging, 3:1:13.
Atchafalaya Riwr Basin, 1:4:8.
Atachofa Basin Management, 122.
Mitigation
BookRevzew:AFairAne.sement,byJOSephS. Larson. 12:3.21.
Swmwzu Pulled Rank, by Linda Winter. 12.2:3.
Wetlands Before Hospitals.’, by Representative Don Young, 122.3
Few Surprises/or Seaports, by P.. Erik Stromberg, 122.2.
A Victory on Many Fronn, by Lalurn S. Wilcbcr and Robin W Page.
12.2:2.
Council Helpe Enhance Wildlife Habitat on Corporate Lands, by Joyce
M. Kelly and Debia S. 11:1:9.
Coreurauas on Mitigation Banking: Oregon’s Mitigation Ranking Act of
1987, by Douglas M. DoPricst and lao Ctirkemeen, 1&6:9
The RIM Program: Minnesota s New Approach to Wetlands Restoration,
by Demos DePutes, 10’3:4.
An Asseanrzerut of Wetlard Mitigation Practices in Washington State, by
Kathleen Ktmz, Michael Rylko and Blame Seiness. 10 ’.3Z
NWF Creation and Restoration Conference, 9 .6:13.
Wetlands Mitigation: Rarinoc Meadow Case Sends Mixed Signals, by
Patrick L Phillipe, 9 .5: 15.
Mitigation: The Applicant’: Perspective, by Mike Wilmar, 8.5:16
Reinvanting the Swamp, by Vivian D. Newman, 8:5:15.
Wetlands Mitigation in New Jerseys C’-’ ’ 1 Management Program, by
Richard A. Kanxcr and David I. C2 iaze*te, 8:514
Protecting Wetlands Under Clean WazerAct 5404: EPA’s Conser.ranve
Policy on Mitigation, by Rn ”n B. Ciupek, 8:5:12.
Mitigation in the Army Corps of Engineers Regulatory Program, by
David B. Barrows, 8:5:11.
Minguawn. Determining the Need, by Nevin D. Holrnbcrg and Robin
Misso, 8.5:10.
Wetlard Habitat Mitigation. An Historical Overiiew, by Edward 1.
LaRoc, 8.5:8.
Meav4rang the Success of Wetlands Mitigation, by Millicent L
Qva a mnra .&5:6.
Critical Zanies in Wetland Mitigation: A Scientific Perspective, by Francis
C. (3olet, 8.53.
Mitigation. An Inwodiscrion, by Jon Kusler and Hazel Groman. 852
Freshwater Weijard Redammion by the Florida Phosphate Industry, by
Davm I. Robertson, 8:3:9.
12 NATIONAL WETLANDS NEWSLETTER
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Poirue Moutilee Marsh R ration, by Dale W. Granger and Daniel H.
Mc gan, 8.29.’
Oregon ‘ Esnianne Mitigation Policy, by Philip J. Qamter an, 7:68.
Wetlandt P.moration on Private Lands —A Pita Efibn, by Carl
Mathmi, 7:5:10.
North Carolina Phosphate Corporation’s Wetland Creation bru by
Rusty Walker, 7:417.
Mitigation &m ng: A Mechanism for Ccmpeneating Un Idabte Fish
and Vtldhft Habitat I ’ç by David M. Soileau, David W. Fruge and
James D. Brown, 7:3:11.
Mitigation by “Banlang” Credits —A Louisiana Pilot Projecr, by
Michael D. Zags&a, 739.
Nonsmscviral Mitigation Reporr 3.55.
F Proposer Mitigation Policy, 2:5:9.
NSF Sasthes Hazard Mu*gav.on, 2.3:4.
Montana
Creation of Common Property SpeLls Uncertain Future/or Montana’s
Wedandr, byTatn Blood, 7:3:11.
National Flood Insurance Program
See Floodplains and Flood Insurance
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Association
Restoration of Fisheries Habitat: A egisiative Proposa4 by Paul J
Leach, 8:4:13.
NOM £snianne Programs Office, by Mazy Barb , &.5.9.
CHARM Project Assesses Changes in Northeast Coastal Habitat, by John
T. Fun, 6:4:4.
NOAA Research Grantr,4:1:11.
NOAA Halts Oil Spill PsuJecr, 2:3:5.
National Wetlands Inventory
Wetlands Losses Since the Rrvcliaion, byThi as B. DabI, 12*16.
NW! Maps Moilable by Telephone, 9:3:11.
Recetu Wetlas’4 Trend.s in the Mid-Atlantic Area, by Ralph W. Tines Jr.,
9:3:6.
Current Ei.ents Emphasize Role of National Wetlands Inventory, 5:1:4.
New WetLand Classification I 1 2:3.7.
National Wetlands Imieiuory, 12:14.
National Wetlands Inwntor , 1:1:3.
National Wetlands Policy Forum
A ReplytoM,. I3bod,byOovesnorTh nas}LKeaii, 11:6:2.
Michigan Section 404 Program Update, by Peg Boszwick, 11:4:5.
Michigan. An Ezperimens in Section 404 Amanplion, by Stephen Brown,
11:45.
The Forum’s Proposal to Delegate 404 to the Statev A Bad Deal for
Wetlandsjyj, LanceD. Wood, 11:42.
EPA Releaser WetlarideAcoon Plan in Response to Forum
Recommendanonr, by Di Fish and Shed Flek , 11:1:4.
An Agenda to Protect America’s Wetlands, by Edwin H. Clark, 10*.6.
First Meeting of the National Wetlands Policy Potion, 9-.59.
National Wetlands Policy Forum, 9’.3: 13.
Nebraska
A New Approach to Wetlands Protection for Nebraska’s Rainvesrer Basin,
by Felice Fwst, 8:4.5.
Nebraska Wetlands: An Emerging Imie, by Clark 0. Habermen. 6*11.
New Hampshire
New Hampshire Supreme Court Reaffirms State’s Right to Protect
Wetlands From Development, by Edward L Cross, Jr., 7*16.
New Hampshire Litigation, by Cynthia M Ivey. 1:5:6.
New Hampshire Lawr, 1.5:4.
New Jersey
A ReplytoMr Woed byGov rmoznasH.Kean. 11:6.2.
New Jersey’s Management of Freshi.ater WetLands and Adjacent
Transition Areas, by Robert Piel Jr., 11:5:4.
Special Area Management Planning in the Hackensack Meadowlands, by
Virgins S. Albr l, 11:5.
Wetlands Mingarwrc Hazincin Me w Case Sends Mired Signals, by
PathckL P ii1lpç 9’.5:15.
New Jersey Fresfn..zer Wetlands Law, 94:7.
Wetlands Mitigation in New Jersey’s Coastal Management Program, by
Richerd A. Kazuat sod David J. Crreue, 8:5:14.
E uiuation ofArtifi cial Salt Marshes in New Jersey, by Joseph K. Shisler
and David Chazuzc, &3:4.
Buffer Requurew.ersarfor New Jersey Pinelwzds Wetlands, by DiarIes 1.
Rattan and Ralph B. Good, 8:3:2.
PP/S Northern New Jersey Wetlw ’ds Report Critical of Corps and EPA,
7:1:4.
Plan for New Jersey Pinelands Under Rewew, by Bob Bcmbiidgc, 6.5.11.
New Jersey’s Proposed Freshi.ater Wetlands Protection Act by Mark 0.
Smith, 5*10.
The New Jersey Pinelands — Recent Acquisitions, 5.3:11.
Jersey Pine Barrens Resources Protected by Regional Plan, 4’3:10.
New Jersey Shore Protection Master Plan, 4.39
New Jersey Meeting, 1:1:7.
New York
Citizen Action Influences Wetlands Policy, by Daniel J. Palm, 12:1.6.
Lii”ed Development: A Wetlands Preservation Solution, by Rose Haivey
and Mary Kenns-Kaplan, 12:1:6.
New York State Freshi oter WetLands Law Anwided for Staten Island, by
Patricia Riexinger, 1O ’.2:3.
Protecting Rivers and Their Environs: The New York State River
Program, by Diaries C. MerTison, 9:6:2,
New York State Deparmient of 7)onspor zation Wetland Construction, by
Gary I. Pierce, 5*12.
Wetlands Regulation in the Adirondack Park, by JohnS. Bania, 5:49
Origins c/the Jamaica Bay ddUft Refuge — Career of Herbert
Johnson, 4:6.3.
Court Inia ,IiAn?et Carps Permit/or Wesri. y Project, 4.25.
N.Y Completes Wetland, Inventory, 2:3:12.
New York Law Challenged, 2:2:15.
New York Fresksater Wetlands, 1216.
North American Waterfowl
Management Plan
Recent Strides in North American Wetland and Waterfowl Protection, by
Diaries H. Collios, 104:9.
U.S. and Canada Sign North American Waterfowl Management Plan,
8:4:15.
North Carolina
North Carolina Po ns: Their Development History, by Lee Otie, 9:5.2.
North Carolina Phosphate Corporation’s Wetland Creation fibrr, by
Resty Wal , 7:4:17.
North Carolina, Mitigation Policy: A New Challenge, by Walter Clark,
6:6:13.
Corps Uses Dredged Mat W .aL s to Restore Pelican Islands, 5:1.10.
Proposed WUmutgron Harhor Navigation Project Would Protect 28Ca
Acre Ecological Zone, 5:1:8.
Curruuck Otter Banks, 3.42,
North Carolina C4M.4 Upheld, 1:3.3.
North Dakota
North Dakota Wetlands Protection Law, by Jay A. Lcitch, David M
Saaowsky and Michael 0. McKens, 9:5:13.
çarnwn Diversion Reforn..d f vs Signed into Law, 8:412.
Garrison Commission Issues Fund Report, 7:15.
Tailoring WetlandProt .onPolicim,byJayA.T iI. h.6:1:6.
North Dakota Wetlands — Update, 2*10.
North Dakoia Acquisition Block Overruled, 2:4. 9.
North Dakota litigation, 1:1:13.
North Dakota Wetlands 1:1:6.
Office of Technology Assessment
OTA Publishes Study on Use and Regulation of Wetlands, by )Vilham
Bernard. 6.26.
OZI Testifier That 404 Program Not Controlling Wetland Conversions,
5.35.
CUMULATIVE INDEX VOLUMES 1-12 13
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Ohio
OIuo C sta1 Mariagemera’ PFogram, by Wayne Warren , 11:3:10.
Ohio RJC Completes Allegheny Plan, 2:2:13.
Ohio Program, 13:10.
Oil and Outer Continental Shelf
NWF Sues Over Oil and Gas Leasing in Wildlife Refuges. 55:12.
F ainding Block Grants to Stares from Offihorr Oil and Gas Revenuer
New Hope For Ocean and Coastal Resources, by Thomas R. KiZsa ,
5:36.
Oil Spill Liability Legislation Jiuroduce4 5:34
Enwonmental Groups Urge Adnwusrraiion to Back Oil Superfurd Law, -
4:35.
Impact of Offshore Dredging Stuthed in Florida. 36:11
State Concern Over OCS Impacts, 3.3.2.
Resource Iitluaz’on and Legal Standing: The Zoe Oil Spill, 3:2:11.
OCS Consistency With Stare Plans, 1.55.
Portsmouth Oil Refinery, 12:14.
Oregon
Constraints on Mu ganon Banking: &egon s Mitigation Banking Act of
1987, by Douglas ?.L DuPriest and Ion Ciiristenson, 10:6.9.
Oregon’s Estuanne Mitigation Polk , ’, by Philip 3. Qi.urterman. 76:S.
Coiranbia River £ouary Task Force Guidct Waterfront Development to
ProzectAquouc Resources. 5:1:11.
Oregon Consereition Groups Contest Pennu to Spray Pesticide on
lldeflw Ojaier Beds. 4:6:13.
Nature Conservancy Acquires Sycon Marsh. 4:1:9.
Oregon a%parlan Law, 3.5:10.
Oregon Statute Amended, 1:5:4.
Peat
EPA Region Ill Develops Policy for Regulating Peat Mining, by Jane
Offrnip and Karen Wolpct. Th4.
A. esIing the Use of Peat DeposaLsas Energy Source, by MaZ)CEY I.
Winkles, 3.1:2.
Pennsylvania
Pennryl araia DER Foiloi.e Stare Action Plan to Pmtecr Wetlands, 11:1:8
Prairie Potholes
See Agriculture
Private-Sector Initiatives
FLS H.: Fishermen Involved in SaWW Habitat , by Stan Mobcrly, 11 5:1O.
Protecting Wetlands With Land Trusts, by Jean Hockm, 10:3:8.
Protect Our Wetlands and Duck
Resources Act
Watt Sends POWDR Act Lzgislatwn to Hill, 522.
POWDR Stody of Nonregaslazory WetLands Protection Mesheule Includes
Legislation to Halt Subsidies for Development. 5:1:3.
Public Trust Doctrine
See Litigation
Ramsar
See also International
1987 Meeting of the Ramsa, Conwnnoa The U.L Delegation Responds,
by Larry Masonand Tom DsbI,9:6:12.
1987 Meeting of the Co.Tvendon on Wetlands of Irsten,mional Importance,
by Jcmepb S. Larson, 9:4:12.
Conference on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as
Waterfowl Habitat — May 1984 Conference of Pwsies , by Uwrence
N Masoo,6:5:9.
Creation of a US National Ramsar Committee, by Steven 1. Parcels,
1.5-9.
Riparian Habitats
Protecting the Charles River Corridor, by Rita Barron, 11:3.8.
Ri panan Management in Idaho, by Tom AucutI, 10:2:4.
Urban Wetlands and Urban Ripanan Habita6 by Jon Kualts, 10.2:2
Prcceavzg Rivers and Their Environs: The New York State River
Program. by Qiarles C. Mcethon, 96.
Restoration of the Kissimmee River, by Mollie Gloves Pabner, 8:1:8.
The Needler Riparian Habitat Protection, by C 1 Hunt, 75:5
Stare Protection of Wetiandandinstrearn Uses of Water. by Barton L
Lamb, 6:4:11.
The F4ld and Scenic Rivers System Study in the Northeast, byi Glenn
Eiagstar, 2:4:11.
Rivers and Harbors Ad Section 10
Circuit Court Rides That Propeller Dredging Plolates Rivers and
Harbo,sAct and Clean WaterAct, 76:17.
Corps Proposes Additional Rei isions to 514’5404 Permit Regulations,
5:3.3.
South Carolina
South Carolina’s Fr&rstzger Wetlands Forum, 12:2:10.
South Carolina Supreme Coon Ruling on Wetland Impoundments, 8:6 13.
£l 4 lenses Final 5404(c) Determination Prohibiting Impoundment of
South Carolina Wedanab 735.
South Carolina Coar nI Council Grants Wetlands Impoundment Permit
Over Heai Opposition, 46. 12.
Shegfixh Reds Would Be Affected by Proposed Marinas on South
Carolina Coastal Islands, 4:4:10.
S pedal Area Management Plans
Undergruerdlnjecuoat Key Lasgo Project Iligh4ghts Potential Threat to
Weilands,by B. SajsiRnbj, 11:2:7.
SpecialArea Management Planning in the if ackensack Meadowlands, by
Virginia S. Allaecht, 111.5.
SpecialArea Management Plans in the Army Corps of Engineers
Regulatory Program, by John F. Studi, 9:3:8.
Special Wetland Habitats
California’s Ye alPool s ,byPaul H. 113.2.
North Carolina Pocosins: Their Development History, by Lee One, 9.5.2
Plays Wetlands of the Southern Great Plains, by S. Wayne Nelson and
William 3. Logan, 7:12.
lldal Fresmnvaier Wetlands: An Ignored Resource, by William E. Oduni,
551.
State and Local Activities
A Comparison of State arwi P7uvlncial Wetlaith Regulation, by David
Siebeet and Brett Halsey, 12:5:4.
Protecting Plrguzla ‘s Nontidal Wetlands: Advice From the Rowzdtable, by
Rieberd C. Cc,lIm 12:2:9.
EPA Announces New State Wetlands Grant Inibmive, by Lcei Williams,
12:1:11.
No Net L : The State’s Pleisn, by ion Kniles, 12:1:8.
Citizen Action Influences Wetlands Policy, by Daniel I. Pam. 12:16
Limited Development: A Wetlands Preservation Solution, by Rose Harvey
and Mary KeanmKaplan, 12:16
The Delaware Governor’s Freshwater Wetlands Rosindtabue Report,
113.6.
New Jersey’s Management of Freshwater Wetlands andA4jaceiu
lVarssznon Areas, by Robeet Piel Jr., 113:4.
Matyland s New Nontidal Wetlands Protection Act, by David 0. Bistkc,
1152. ____
Ohio, Cot r 1 Mansogensera Program, by Wayne Warn.. , 11:3:10
Prvxecnngthe Charles River Corridor, by Rita Barren, 11:3:8.
Pennsylvania DER Foilo -.ie State Action Plan to Protect Wetlands, 11:18
Wetlands Platection Throegh the 5401 Certification Program in West
Ii rgmia,byPaulLHilhandDesmis ILlreacy, 11:1:6.
ER4 Remw State Wetlands Regulatiotis, by Lan WBi ma , 10:5:13.
State Water ( ialay Cerufi cation and Wetlands Protection, by Katherine
Raneel. 10:4:6.
EPA State Wetland Program Report. by Denting Cowics and WUliatn
BelL 9:3:11.
m Publishes Fuse Stare WetJand Report, 7 i.
14 -. NATIONAL WETLANDS NEWSLETTER
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ER4 Proposes Revinous to 404 Stats Progr. .m Regidations, by Leni
wUIi ,n , 6:6:4.
Michigan Receives Dredge and Fill Permit Ai thorIr , 6.S9.
State Protection of Wedardand inatream Uses of Water, by Beiwn L
Lamb, 6:4:11.
State Wetland Regulations Wo,ähop, 6:4:10.
State Mongame Income Tax Che Mew Sower of Revenue for Stare
Programs, 42&
Improvements in State Co” ’ Permit Systems, 4:1.6.
State Concern Over OCS Imports . 3.2:2.
EPA: Role In State A ,ption of 404 Permit Authority, 2:5:3.
FW3Ase sts State Section 404 and Section 208 Federal Programs, by
Frames 3. Paiemon. 2:5.2.
Statist of State Coastal Zone Management Programs, 16:14.
OCSContlstency W ithState Plans, 1±5.
State Wetland and Floo4lain Regulatory Programs, 1±5.
State §404 Requirementi, 13:4.
State We4andMana,gement, 1±3.
Special Iw te: State Programs, 1:3:2.
State 5404 Rzqith’vnesux, 12:13.
State Cc” -i Zone Programs, 1:2:4.
States SeekAid Fran , FF , 1:1:7.
State Wetland Mapping, 1:1:7.
Swam pbuster
See also Agriculture
Cropped Wetlands Deserve Protection. Tho, by Ian OoldmaziCartm ,
12:6:3.
Fanned Wadands . A Balancing Act, by Representative L i ndsay Thomas,
12.6:3.
The Case for DereguLating Prior Ccnwrred C,oplwidx, by Michael L.
Davis, 12.6:2.
,4SCS Reverses BlwUetSwempbuster Lx mption, 11:1:5.
ASCS Gets Serious About Siveinpbisiler, by Anthony N. Turrrni, 10:6:8.
Takings
See also Litigation
The Taking Lan ie and Lard Regulation in the U.S. Supresse Cows, by Ion
Kusler and Erik Meyeis. 9:4.9.
Murky Waters: Florida Rock RMatsd, by Erik Meyers, 8:4:17.
Bnieft Filed, Oral Argunsesu Scheduled in Supreme Cow: Review of
Riverside Bayview Riding, 75:17.
Court of Clauns Pities Denial of 5404 Permit a Thiing. 74:12.
Supreme Cows to Review Riveiside Bayview Ruling. 1±17.
Federal Government See.b Supreme Cowi Review ofRivei ide Bayview
Pithng, 6:6:16.
S&uh Circuit Denies Rehearing Request In Riverside Bayview, 6:4:7.
Marco Island cstwns 2.6:6.
The Taking Limie and Wetland Development: Marco Ltlard. 3:4:12.
Tax Programs
See also Economics
Federal Tax Initiatives Proposed to Can*plemens Recent Wetlands
by 4j Dennis, 5.3.j
Iowa L OW A1Lo a Cowuies to Designate Wetlands for Property Tax
- Exemption, 4:4:11.
Conservation Land Sale Tax Incentives B114 43±
State Nongoxne Income Tax Checkqfs —New Scarce of Revenue for
State Programs, 42:8.
Federal WatLands Conseri on Bill Intrcd .uced, 3:4:2.
Tax Change Aids Conservation, 3.1:13.
Proposed Tax Deductions, 1:4:4.
Protection Through Taxation, 1:4:4.
Tennessee
Tennessee Iizliey Wetlands and TVA, by Dona ld A. Hamm ’ . 7±8.
Columbia Dam Locally Opposed, 2.3:12.
Tellico Dam, 1.5±
Teilico Own Developments, 1:4:11.
Texas
Playa Wetlands of the Southern Great Plaim, by R. Wayne Nelson and
William 3. Logan. 7:12.
House Ratifies Maragorda bland Management Transfer, 5±6.
Fifth Circuit Halts Galveston Bay Deepvntter Port Pr ject, 5±4.
Mazagorda lxLw4 Taos, 36:12.
Cyprus Creek. Te.xos, 1:49.
Texas We ande Litigation, 1:1:12.
Utah
Tenth Cinsut Upholds Corpo f4Jurimbction Over Utah Lake, 6:6:16.
RInng Great Salt Lake Imundates Marshes, by Ithn A. F2dke . 6:42.
Vermont
VermonzAdopts WetIwidPides,byCathermcL O’Brien, 12:3:8.
Vermont s Mew Wetlands Protection S” . 8:6:8.
Vermont Wetlands Primer, 2.3:4.
Virginia
The Race to Protect the Chesapeake Bay, by I. Kevin Sullivan and Lee It
pui .in , 12.’6:l0.
Protecting Plrglizia ‘s Nonsidal Wetlands: Advice From the Rowithable, by
Richard C. C’4lins , 12.29.
Plrginia s Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act, by Jetes M . Watson, 10:4:5.
Huraleg Me ne Wetland of Fairfax Cowuy. 14,ginza, by Elesncnt L
Rnbb ” and L” ” K. TaO, 75:14.
Wetlands Protection Oriented to Chesapeake Bay — The 4rgima
Picture, by Norman E. Laz . 6:3:6.
Conservancy arid Sporturien, 4.5:9.
I 1rgmia Supreme Cowt Resolves Conaowrsy Between Nature
Coerirancy and Sportsmen, 4:59.
Loudotun County FModplain Ordinance Protects Natural Floo4olazn
Values, 4:1:8.
K.epone in the James Piwr Dredging Is Sofe Pits Commercial Fishing
SsWR rzcted, 4:1:8.
I rgima ( , . . ,rnI Bills Paar 2.3:13.
Vuginsa Dumping Plan Criticized, 2.3:12.
1,gvua and Bill Wtoed,2± 12.
Virginia Barrier Islands Film, 1:6:2.
Po, cath Oil Refinery, 1:2:14.
Virginia Coatsal Studies, 1:2:4.
Washington
An Assexement of Wetland Mitigation Practices in Washington State. by
lC iM. .,ii Kunz, Michael Rylko and Elaine Somers. 10:3:2.
Wetlands in an Urbon Em.frouiment, by Pam Bkonnn tte . 9:4:7.
Proteetht g Wetland, Under the Puget Sound Water Quality Management
Plan, by MikeSato, 9 :1:11.
Washington State Wetlands Conference, by Mary E. Burg, 8 4:16.
Washington State s Wetlands Protection Program, by Andrew McMillan,
76:6.
Grays Harbor Waterme ova Await Final Verdict, by David E. Oranan,
6:1:4.
Columbia River Estuary Task Force Guides Wuaafrunt Dewlopmeiuto
Ptotect Aquatic Resources, 5:1:11.
Grays Harbor L tary Management Plan Nears Adoption, 4±7.
Snohomish River BasIn, 1:4:7.
Wastewater and Stormwater
Management
Ate Floodplains Compatible uath Stonnwaur Management?, by Joseph
K. Shisles, 10.59.
Wetland, and Wasteweter Treaoneiu: The Mayo PeninsuLa Water
Reclamation Facilities Plan, by Pio Lunbezdo and Thomas Ned,
9±18.
T I s Use of Man-Made Marshes to Control Acid Mine Drainage, by
Dcxmld A. l ’mn . 9:1±
Regulation of Watsewaxer Discharge to Florida Wetlands, by Larry N
Schwinz and Mazy F. Sinallwood, 86:5.
Ev Iunnivi of Artificial Salt Marshes in New Jersey, by Joseph K. Shisler
David arette, 8:3:4.
Sphagnum-Dominated Wetland 7)’eatinent of Muir Drainage Water, by R.
Kelmau Vftede , Gerald E. Lang and Alfred B. Whiiehoesc, 742.
The Use of Wetlands/or Wastevezter 1)raimesu . An I,wadzsction, by Paul
LWetszI,6±6.
Esperimeiual Practices in Sw /ace Conl Muting — Creating Wetland
Habitat, by Carol S. Thcxnpeoo. 6±15.
EPA Prepares EtS arid Guidelines for Wane’wazer Management in
.Sotuthsagsrn Freshwater WetLands, 5:1:7.
Wastewaser Wateifov4 Habitat Project, 3:6:12.
CUMULATIVE INDEX VOLUMES 1-12 15
-------
HIgh cy RjinoffSnidy: RPP, 2.15.
West Virginia
Wwidr Protection Thmstgk the 5401 Cernfiennon Pro rwn In We
Miginla, by Paul L Hill and D e nn is H. Tinacy, 11:16
Canaan Valley, 3:6:8. -
Weat Mrginza lnwntory, 1.’6:9.
Canaan IlzLleyR fi ge, 1:4:7.
Da’As P r Project, 1:2:16.
Davis Pai. r Projeci 1:1:12.
\Vetlands Value Assessment
Wetland Ew.thiation Techniques Released, by Paul R. Adamiis and Ellis 1.
Qaira inir, 1 .42.
FHWI4 Meehodfor Wetland FanctionaIA es nent — Some
Obserwsnons, byl. Hcm ’ Saibes 8:6:4.
FHWA Method for Wetland FuncnonalAze nent: Statue of the
Revision, 8.5:18.
Wetlands Value Aze meiuAn £rample of Interagency Cooperation, by
I. Henty Sai and Ellis J. asirain Is, 732.
Wetlands: A Strategic National Resoarce, by Doneld L Hey, 7:1:8.
A National Program for Regional Wetland Assessineni, by Jcnepb S.
Lemon and Hazel Groinan, &52.
CHARU Project A eres Changes in Northea Coastal Habitat, byJ
T. Finn, 6:4:4.
R h Gaps in Ann g Wetlands Functions, by Peawia Ruts Stuber
audi. Heniy Sathee, 622.
Commentaiy: Wetlands and Their bIua, by Eugene P. Cd iii, 5:3:2
Wetland l 1ue Astewwu —State f the Art, by Jancph S. Laison, 3.24
The Wetland E4ge: Ecology and the Need for Prctecno.i, by Bruce W
Potter, 2:42.
WjSCOflSifl
Wi nnn WetlarthAswciazirjn 1rdependerit Prwate .Seuor Wetland.s
Advocacy, by 1 as I. Morn, 6.4:15.
I2wauin DNR Proposes 5404 Woriabop, 5:4:12.
P rvatio., of Wiwmtth, ’: Mink Riwr at a National Erniarw
Sanctuwy, 5:3:12.
Obcm Public Pwiicipation in the 404 Program — The IV&sconsut
£zpenencg, by Thotn&s I. Dawson, 52:6.
IV&scojiw* 1 /w Denial of Section 401 Ccmftcatzon of Nationwide
Permits to Require Iradividual Permits — Other States Plan Sunilar
Action —Corps Has Its Own Plans, 44:6.
Vitsectixin Urban Wetlands Bill Passes — Implementation ofshoreland
Zor iingActCo.vinues, 4.2:10.
Wisconsin Wetland Protection Eqanded 2:4:8.
Soldiers Grove, Wisconsin, 1:4:8.
Wisconsin Wetlands, 1:3:10.
Z 00 i 0
Retun, oldie wr ter, 43:12.
WIOOPUt 8 Crane May Repopidate. 2.6.6.
Sea_side Sparrow Breeding PLanned, 2.2.3.
Manatee Refuges, 15:3.
16 -. NATIONAL WETLANDS NEWSLETTER
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Suggested List of Publications for distritnition by Wetlands Hotline
1. Catalog of State Wetlands Protection Grants, Fiscal Year 1990. EPA.
2. Steps hi State and Local Greenway Planning, Glenn Eugster. 1988.
3. EPA ’s Wetlands Prctection Program
4. EPA: Wetlands Protection
Wetlands Resource
Wetlwuts FWZCZiO7LS & Values
Wetlands Impacts and Losses
F ’vgrams for Protecting Wetlands
The Section 404 P vgmm
EPA fact sheets.
5. Highlight of Section 404, EPA. 1989.
6. Recognizing Wetlands. U.S. Army Corps of Pngineers. 1987.
7. Bibliographic Series - Wetlands P vtection. EPA.
8. Beyond the Emsaiy: The Importance of Upstream Wetlands in Ergtathw Processes.
EPA
9. Mid-Atlandc Wetlands - A Disappeanng Natural Treasure, Ralph Tiner, Jr.
10. National Guidance: Wetlands and Nonpoirit Source Conüol Progranu, EPA Memo
with Attachment, Maitha G. Pruthro. EPA.
11. Wetland Creation and Restoration. The Stains of the Science Vol I, Executive
Summ y, order blank. 1986
12. WetLands and 401 Ceiiiflcaiion Opportunitiet and Guidelines For States and Eligible
Indian Tribes. EPA. 1989.
13. America Wet&zzds. Our Vital Link Between Land and Water. EPA. 1988.
14. Federal Manual for Identifying and DeWzea?azg Iwisdictional Wed an4s
15. EPA Regional Office Wetl2nds Contacts Direciory.
16. Ainericqr W& xnds Month. May 1991. EPA Fact Shect.2
17. Environmental Protect on Agency Clean Water Act Section 404 (b)(1) Guidelines.
-------
18. MOA between EPA and the Corps - Determination of Mitigation under the Clewz
Water Act 404(b) (1) Guidelines.
19. Adopt A Wetlands (OWP) April 1990.
20. Qeaii Water Act §404:33 U.S.C. 1344.
Other Documents (for consideration later)
1. Water Quality Standards for Wetlands - National guidance - Available from
OWRS (WH 585) Wachington, D.C.
2. Report to Congress: Wetland Losses in the United States l780 s to 1980’s -
Available from Department of Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
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Subject Matter Index
A
Acid Mine Drainage 109
AD!]) (see Advance Identification)
Advance Identification 33
Adverse Impacts 29,30,31
Aesthetic Values 107
Agriculture Stabilization Conservation Service (ASC ) 76
American Crocodile 46
American Wetlands Month 85
AinericanWoodstork 46
Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990 118
Aquifer Recharge 112
Aquifers 112
Army Corps of Engineers 68
Wetlands Research 69
Artificial Wetlands 109, 111
B
Beau fort Laboratory 70
Bills (Pending Legislation) 119
Bird Watching 107
C
Categorical Exclusions 47
CEQ (see Council on Environmental Quality)
Certification
Citizen Suits
Clean Water Act (Overview)
Clean Water Act
Section 96
Section 301
Section 303
Section 309
Section 401
Section 402
Section 4.04
404(a)
Bog
Bottomland Hardwood
Bureau of Land Management
95
95
80
26,44
38
26
26,44
42
44
26,50
44
42
27
30
Sublect Matter Index
DRAFT REPOR1
National Wetlanda Hothne
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404(bXl)
.31
404(e)..
404(f)
404(f)(2) ..
Section 404(q)
Section 404(r) .
Advance identification .
Citizen’s Role
CMA Consistency Requirement
Corps Role
Exemptions
2ARole
Individual Permit
Nationwide Permit
Nationwide Permit #26
Permit Application Process
Public Interest Review
Regulated Activities
Unregulated Activities
34
39
35
36
40
41
33
38
54
68
35
65
29
39
39
29
30
64
64
109
115
115
54 ,55
54 ,55
54 ,55
55
31,32
71
71
71,76
109, 111
59
67
48
31,32
33, 113
88
87
90
89
Coal Mines
Coastal Bather Improvement Act of 1990
Coastal Barrier Resources System
Coastal Wetlands Protection
Coastal Zone Management Program(s)
Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA)
1990 Reauthorization
Compensation for Unavoidable Impacts
Conservation
Conservation Easements
Conservation Reserve Program
Constructed Wetlands
Conversion
Corvallis (Oregon) Laboratory
Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)
Cumulative Impact
MA (see Coastal Zone Management Act)
D
Data Gathering
Definition of a wetland (Soil Conservation Service)
Definition of a wetland ( A and Army Corp of Engineers)
Definition of a wetland (federal)
Definition of a wetland (Fish and Wildlife Service)
DRAFT REPORT
National Wetlands Hodine
Sublect Mater tndex
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Definition of a wetland (state) .
Delineation
Delineation Manual
Department of Agriculture
Designating Wild and Scenic Rivers
Discharge Site, Advance Identification of
Discharge(s)
Diversity
Domestic Policy Council
Drainage
Drainage Ditches
Dredged and/or Fill Material
DuckStampAct
Ducks Unlimited
E
EA (see Environmental Assessments)
Ecology
Ecosystems
Effluent Umitations
EIS (see Environmental Impact Statement)
Emergent Wetland
Endangered Species Act
Energy and Water Fiscal Year 1991 Appropriations
Enforcement
Environmental Assessments (EA)
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
A3O9 Review
B’A Wetlands Research
EPA Veto
Erosion
Erosion Control
Estuanne Protection
Estuary
Evergiade Kite
Executive Order 11990: Protection of Wetlands
Executive Order 11988: Floodplain Management
F
Farm Bill
Farming Activities
86
90
10,90
75
57
33
26
46, 72, 103
82
28,59
37
27
73
72,81
101
101, 103
42
95
46
117
27, 40, 41
47
65
47
50
67
34
102
102
54
70
46
52
53
Act
35,59
59
Federal Manual for Identifying and Delineating Jurisdictional Wetlands (see Delineation Manual)
Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA) (see Clean Water Act)
Sublect Matter tndex DRAFT REPORT NaUenal Wetfands PiotIIne
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Fill Material (see Dredged and/or Fill Material)
Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) .
Fish
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
Fish and Wildlife Service
20-Class Scheme
Fishing
Floodplain Management
Flood Prevention
Flood Control
FONSI (see Finding of No Significant Impact)
Food Security Act of 1985; 1990 Reauthorizaji
Food Security Act Manual
Forest Service
Forestry . . . . . . . 105
G
General Permit (see Nationwide Permit)
Good Faith 59
I
Individual Permits: §404(a) . . . . 29
International Efforts to Protect Wetlands 18
J
Jimmy Carter 52, 53
Jurisdiction 62, 63
National Wetiands Hotilne DRAFT REPORT Subject Matter Index
Federal Activities in Wetlands 47,52
Fen 95
47
103, 106, 107
51
72
91
• . . .106, 107
53
71,104
104
59
88
79
Grants
Great Lakes Fish and Wildlife Restoration Act
Great Lakes
Great Lakes Environmental Action Program (LEAP)
Groundwater
Guidance on Previously-Issued Corps Permits
16,71
118
68
68
112
63
H
Habitat Preservation
Habitat
Harvesting
Hunting
hydiic soils
hydrology
hydrophytic vegetation
75
103
35
107
94
92
93
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K
L
Land Acquisition . 54 73
Land Clearing .
Loans .16
Local Government
Wetlands Protection
Assistance for local governments 24
Loss of Wetlands, 1780s to 1980s 96
Loss of Wetlands, 1950s to 1980s 97
Losses 96, 97
M
Major Drainage
Mapping
Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act
Section 103
Maish
Memorandum for the Field on Agricultural Activities
Memorandum of Agreements, U A/Army Corps
on Determination of Geographic Jurisdiction of §404 Program
§404(1)
on Enforcement
on Mitigation
on Section 404(q) of the Clean Water Act
on Solid Waste
Migratozy Bird(s)
Minor Drainage
Mitigation
N
35
100
68
68
95
63
and Application of Exemptions under
62
63
63
62
62
103
35
31,32
National Coastal Wetlands Data Base
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
Section 102
National Estuarine Inventory
National Marine Fisheries Service
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Park Service
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils
National Wetlands Inventoiy
National Wetlands Policy Forum
National Wild and Scenic Rivers System
Sublect Matter Index DRAFT REPORT
70
47
48
70
70
70
78
42
94
72
84
54
National Wetland5 Kotilne
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National Wildlife Refuge System .
Nationwide Permit
Nationwide Permit #26
Natural Resource Products
Navigable Waters
NEPA (see National Environmental Policy Act)
NoNetLoss
Nonpoint Source Pollution
Nonregulated Activities
Normal Farming
Noith American Waterfowl Management Plan
North American Wetlands Conservation Act of 1989
NPDES (see National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System)
0
Obligate wetland species
Ocean Dumping Act
Section 103
Ocean
Office of Surface Mining
Office of Federal Activities
Office of Wetland Protection .
OSM (see Office of Surface Mining)
p
Permit Review Process
Permit Programs .
Pilings
Planning
Playa Lakes
Point Source
Practicable Alternatives
Prairie Potholes.
Prior Converted Wetlands
Public Notice
Public Hearing
Public Interest Review
0
72
39
39
105
45,68
82
110
28
35,59
83
114
R
Ranching 35
“Recapture” Provisions 36
National Wetlands Hotilne DRAFT REPORT Subject Matter Index
93
68
68
68
81
65
66
29,30
29,30,68
60,61
64
95
26,42
31,32
95
62,63
30,38
30,38
30
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Recreational and Aesthetic Values
Recreatjonaj
.
107
Regulated Activities
107
Regulatory Guidance Letters, Army Corps
RGL89-01
60,61
RGL89-02
RGL 89-03
RGL89-04
RGL9O-01
RGL9O-02
61
RGL9O-03
61
RGL9 O-04
61
RGL9O-05
61
RGL9 O-06
61
RGL9O-07
61
RGL9O-08
61
RGL9O-09
61
Research
61
Resource Conservation and Development
67, 69
Restoration
71
RLce- Production
31, 32
Riparian-Wetland Initiative
35
Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 §10
80
Rural Clean Water Program
45
Rural Development Program
71
S
Scenic 107
Seaetary of the Interior v. California 54
Sedimentation Control 108
Shellfish 103, 106
Significant Impacts 28,30
Small Watershed Management Program 71
Soil 71, 108
Soil Conservation Service 71
Solid Waste 42
Special Area Management Plan 34
State Wetlands Protection
State Wetland Conservation Plan 19
Funding for States 20
State Assumption 21
Approval of State Program
State and Local Multiobjective River Coriidor Act of 1989 120
SugarCane 105
SUbjeCt Matter Index o r REPORT National Wetland5 Hotilne
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T
Task Force on Wetlands .
Technical Assistance
Territoiial Seas
Timber
Toxic Pollutants
U
Unacceptable Adverse Impact(s)
Unregulated Activities
USDA Wetlands Programs
V
w
Wastewater
Wastewater Treatment
Water Quality
Water Quality Standards
Water Quality Certification
Water Quality Improvement
Water Resources Development Act of 1990
Water Supply
Waterfowl
Waters of the United States
Watershed Protection
Waterways Experiment Station
Wetland Reserve Program
Wetland-Dependent Species
Wetlands
—Action Plan
—Classification
—Definitions
—Delineation
—Enforcement Initiative
—Hydrology
—Identification
-Lo
National Wetlands Hotilne
82
71
62,63,68
105
42
73
91
86
90
40,41
92
86
99
67,69
DRAFT REPORT Subject Matter Index
Superfund 62, 63
Swamp
Swampbuster
Valuation and Assessment of Wetlands
Values and Functions
31
28
75
113
101
111
111
110
110
31
110
116
112
83, 103
26
71
69
77
103
—Research Programs
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—Types .95
Valuation of Wetlands . . 113
—Values and Functions . 101
Whooping Crane 103
Wild 56
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act,System 56
Wildlife Refuges 72
Wildlife 103
x
V
2
Subject Matter Index DRAFT REPORT National Wetlands Hotline
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