Is Your Drinking Water
Safe?
Introduction Most Americans believe their drinking water is the best
in the world. Servicemen and their families, vacation-
ers, tourists, and others who travel abroad know the
familiar problems of unsafe drinking water. At home we
scarcely give it a thought. We believe that the purity of
our water can be depended upon. And usually we are
right. But there are exceptions.
These cases are serious enough to have moved the
Congress of the United States to enact, in 1974, a far-
reaching program to ensure that our drinking water is
as good as we think it is. In 1986, Congress updated
this program to set mandatory guidelines for regulating
key contaminants, require the monitoring of unregu-
lated contaminants, establish benchmarks for water
treatment technologies, bolster enforcement, and
promote protection of ground water sources. This
comprehensive program-and what it means to your
health-is the subject of this pamphlet.
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The Problem our water's good, why do we need a special program
to protect it? The reason is that the situation has been
changing dramatically during recent decades. Our
sources of water supply, both surface and ground
water, are being endangered by new chemicals or
microbiological contaminants.
During these same years, our ability to detect contami-
nants has been improving. Modern science can now
identify specific chemicals in terms of one part con-
taminant in one billion parts of water. In some cases,
scientists can measure them in trillionths. One part per
billion is equivalent to one pound in 500,000 tons or the
first 16 inches or so of a trip to the moon. In case you
think such small amounts can't be very significant,
keep in mind that you can get sick from a single
microscopic virus.
With information so detailed, new questions arise.
What is the effect of consuming these contaminants in
such small amounts over long periods of time? Doc-
tors say that an acute, i.e., immediate illness, comes
from this or that virus or poison. But chronic, i.e. long-
term problems that develop over many years, are not
so quickly diagnosed. There is genuine concern in the
scientific community that prolonged exposure to
certain elements, even at levels as low as a few parts
per billion or trillion, may be increasing the incidence of
cancer and heart disease.
The Centers for Disease Control tell us there were an
average of almost 7,400 cases of illness in the United
States linked to drinking water each year from 1971 to
1985. Total reported cases in this period ranged from
1983's high of 21,000 to 1985's low of 1,600. These
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numbers are generally thought to be considerably
lower than the actual figures because drinking water
contaminants are not always considered suspect.
While we have almost eliminated typhoid and cholera
as water problems, we must continue to address the
threat of viruses and other disease-causing organisms,
as well as chemical contamination.
Although we currently know a great deal about the
health impacts of drinking water contamination, many
questions remain. Ongoing research will no doubt
provide new information which will answer some old
questions and generate some new ones. Meanwhile,
we can take the following steps to reduce the risks to
our health:
Ensure that our water is treated to remove harmful
contaminants,
Test or monitor the purity of our water regularly to
ensure its quality, and
Develop an informed citizenry.
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Th© National The Safe Drinking Water Act directs the U.S. Environ-
Annmarh mental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish minimum
Approacn national drinking water standards. These standards set
limits on the amounts of various substances sometimes
found in drinking water.
This means that every public water supply in the
country serving at least 15 service connections or 25 or
more people must ensure that its water meets these
minimum standards. Even non-community supplies,
such as campgrounds and roadside motels with their
own water supplies, are covered by the regulations.
In 1986, Congress passed a set of amendments that
expanded the protection to be provided by the Safe
Drinking Water Act of 1974. These amendments accel-
erated EPA's regulation of contaminants, banned all
future use of lead pipe and lead solder in public drink-
ing water systems, mandated greater protection of
ground water sources of drinking water, and stream-
lined enforcement procedures to ensure that suppliers
comply with the Act.
The amendments gave EPA three years to set stan-
dards for 83 contaminants, including 26 for which the
Agency had already set enforceable Maximum Con-
taminant Levels (MCLs). In addition, EPA must set
MCLs for at least 25 more contaminants by 1991 and
must regulate an additional 25 every three years
thereafter. Enforcement of each new standard will
begin 18 months after each new or revised standard is
set.
The lead ban prohibits the use of lead solders, flux and
pipes in the installation or repair of public water sys-
tems and drinking water plumbing connected to these
systems. Public water systems must tell their users of
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effects, and the steps they can reasonably take to
mitigate lead contamination. States are responsible for
enforcing the lead ban, and EPA can withhold up to 5
percent of a State's Public Water System Supervision
grant if the Agency determines the State is not enforc-
ing the requirements.
Ground water has been protected under the 1974 Safe
Drinking Water Act and by State programs that pre-date
the Federal effort. The 1986 amendments extend that
protection by establishing programs to protect critical
ground water sources of drinking water, to protect
areas around wells that supply public drinking water
systems, and by regulating the underground injection
of wastes above and below drinking water sources.
Enforcement is vital to the success of the Safe Drinking
Water Act. The amendments to the Act authorize EPA
to file civil suits or issue administrative orders against
public water systems in violation when States are slow
to take appropriate enforcement action, or when the
State asks EPA to act. Maximum civil penalties are now
$25,000 per day of violation.
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Small water systems face numerous obstacles to
meeting these new mandates. Lack of resources and
expertise are foremost among their problems. To help
small systems comply with the new rules, EPA has
taken steps to mobilize all groups interested in drinking
water quality to use creative approaches to build local
and State capacity through outreach, education,
technical assistance, and other institutional support.
Large systems, most of which easily complied with the
requirements of the 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act, are
also challenged by the new requirements. For ex-
ample, one amendment requires that granular activated
carbon (GAC) filtration, an effective but expensive
technology, be considered the "best available technol-
ogy" for controlling synthetic organic chemicals. That
means any other (cheaper) technology that a water
system substitutes for GAC must control these con-
taminants at least as well.
A new rule will require most large and small systems to
filter surface water supplies of drinking water that are
not adequately protected against contamination. Con-
gress intended this requirement to protect the public
against Giardia lamblia, a virulent protozoan, and other
contaminants. Systems must also disinfect their
drinking water supplies, something which ail but some
of the smallest have been doing all along. The filtration
and disinfection requirements mean many drinking
water systems must invest in new equipment.
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The State Role ,n the 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act, Congress said it
wanted to ensure safe drinking water for all Americans.
Congress preferred that the States take on the respon-
sibility for the new program, which would build on
existing State programs. Since 1974, 54 States and
territories have been granted primary enforcement
authority for the program. EPA was responsible for
protecting the quality of water on Indian lands. The
1986 amendments change that. Now, Indian tribes that
meet the same criteria as States can assume primary
enforcement authority over their drinking water. At
publication, no Indian tribe has primacy for the drinking
water program
To be given primary enforcement authority for the pro-
gram and to maintain it over time, a State or Indian tribe
must adopt drinking water standards at least as strin-
gent as the national ones. (They may set stricter
standards if they wish.) Each State or tribe must also
be able to carry out adequate monitoring and enforce-
ment requirements. If a State or tribe cannot or does
not do so, EPA will step in and conduct the program.
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Since June 24,1977, Federal law has required your
water supplier to periodically sample and test the water
supplied to your tap. Most of the larger suppliers were
already doing that. If the water supplier has not tested
the water or if tests reveal that a national drinking water
standard has been violated-that is, if there is too much
of any substance for which a national standard has
been set--your water supplier must move to correct the
situation. The supplier must also notify the appropriate
State agency of the violation.
And you, the customer, must be notified too. You may
sometimes be notified by:
A notice in the newspaper,
An announcement on the radio or television, or
A letter from the health department or your water
system,
Telling you that a drinking water standard has been
violated.
If you hear or read an announcement that a drinking
water standard has been violated, don't panic. The
announcement will explain the problem and its poten-
tial adverse health effects. It will also explain what pre-
cautions you should take and what the system is doing
to correct the problem. You will also be told whether
you should seek alternate supplies of drinking water
until the violation is corrected.
Water systems must notify the principal radio and tele-
vision stations serving their areas within 72 hours of
discovering a violation that poses an acute risk to
human health. Public notice of acute violations must
Public
Notification
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appear in local newspapers with 14 days of their detec-
tion. Systems must report continuous violations every
three months. Annual notification is required for less
serious violations. This flexibility in public notification
provided by the 1986 amendments means EPA and the
States can devote more attention to keeping the public
informed of truly serious risks.
Certain violations are cause for immediate action by
consumers to ensure that public health is not endan-
gered. Other MCL violations will not mean that your
health is at risk immediately. The limit on the amount of
each substance allowed in drinking water was based on
what you can consume for a lifetime without adverse
health effects. The limit was based on the consumption
of two liters (a little more than two quarts) of water (or
water-based fluids such as coffee, tea or soft drinks)
every day for a lifetime. A large safety margin was built
into most standards so that you will not be harmed
even if the water you drink exceeds some of the
maximum contaminant levels for short periods of time.
The fact that your State water agency or water supplier
announces a violation of a drinking water standard is
not by itself cause for alarm. It is a safety precaution
required by Congress to call public attention to defi-
ciencies in the drinking water supply. This procedure is
intended to keep you informed so that you can make
intelligent decisions about the problem.
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In essence, Congress said in the Safe Drinking Water
Act that you have a right to expect water that meets
minimum national standards for protection of public
health. You have a right to be told--and your water
supplier must tell you--if your water does not meet
these standards. Your supplier is also obliged to
inform you if the water is not being monitored as
required. With such information from the supplier or
State, you will know what precautions to take. And you
will be able to seek the attention of the water supplier
through public opinion to do whatever is necessary to
bring you safe water.
That might require major or minor improvements in
your public water supply system. It might require a
new source of water. Most large systems will probably
be able to remedy any problems that may be discov-
ered. Some smaller systems may not. In some cases,
the best alternative might be to tie into a nearby
system.
Whatever the alternative, the public has a right to know
about the quality of its drinking water, and the supplier
has the clear responsibility to correct violations
promptly or provide alternative, safe sources. With that
information, the public can then weigh all possible
alternatives and help make the decisions needed to
ensure safe drinking water.
If adequate steps are not taken to correct violations of
safe drinking water standards, you have additional
rights.
You-or any individual or organization-have the right to
bring suit against anyone you believe is violating the
law: the water supply system, the State, or EPA.
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The Primary The drinking water standards established by EPA reflect
^tanrlarri*? the best available scientific and technical judgement.
They were refined by the suggestions and advice of a
15-member National Drinking Water Advisory Council,
made up of representatives of the general public, State
and local agencies, and experts in the field of public
water supply. Also, EPA's Science Advisory Board,
made up of scientists, reviews the regulations to be
sure they are based on sound science. In addition, the
regulations are reviewed in draft by other Federal
agencies, environmental groups, and State and indus-
try associations, and the public.
All EPA regulations are published for review and are
subject to public hearings before they go into effect.
The National Primary Drinking Water Regulations are no
exception. Many witnesses testify at the public hear-
ings and EPA receives thousands of statements on
proposed requirements. EPA considers these com-
ments when preparing the final version of the regula-
tions.
The regulations set achievable levels of drinking water
quality to protect your health. They were originally
called "interim" regulations because the 1974 Act
stipulated that EPA was to issue MCLs on an interim
basis and then to revise them periodically. The final
MCL for only one chemical, fluoride, had been issued
when Congress dropped "interim" from the regulations'
status. When that happened, interim MCLs for 25
contaminants and the final MCL for fluoride became
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations.
The 1986 amendments require EPA to issue a Maxi-
mum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG) along with an
MCL. (MCLGs were known as Recommended Maxi-
mum Contaminant Levels before the amendments.) An
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MCLG is an unenforceable health goal equal to the
maximum level of a contaminant which is not expected
to cause any adverse health effects over a lifetime of
exposure and includes a margin of safety. EPA must,
by law, set MCLs as close to MCLGs as technology and
economics allow.
Not every contaminant must have an MCLG and an
MCL. EPA can, instead, adopt a National Primary
Drinking Water Regulation that requires the use of a
specific treatment method to control a contaminant.
The Agency has this option when it is not technically or
economically feasible to determine how much of a
contaminant is present in drinking water.
Most substances currently regulated under the Safe
Drinking Water Act occur naturally in our environment
and in the foods we eat. The national drinking water
standards set by EPA reflect the levels we can safely
consume in our water, taking into account the amounts
we are exposed to from other sources.
Only two substances for which standards have been
set pose an immediate threat to health whenever they
are exceeded:
Bacteria-Coliform bacteria from human and animal
wastes may be found in drinking water if the water is
not properly treated. These bacteria may cause
disease themselves or indicate that other harmful
organisms may be present in the water. Waterborne
diseases such as typhoid, cholera, infectious hepatitis
and dysentery have been traced to improperly disin-
fected drinking water. If you should receive notice that
the bacteria level in your water exceeds the minimum
standard, follow the directions given in the notice.
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Nitrate-Nitrate in drinking water above the national
standard poses an immediate threat to children six
months to one year old. In some infants, excessive
levels of nitrate have been known to react with the
hemoglobin in the blood to produce an anemic condi-
tion commonly known as "blue baby." If you receive
notice that your drinking water contains an excessive
amount of nitrate, do not give the water to infants under
three months of age and do not use it to prepare a
formula. Do not boil the water because such boiling will
only increase the nitrate concentration. Simply read the
notice you receive and follow its instructions carefully.
The following table presents the National Primary Drink-
ing Water Standards for 30 contaminants. In addition
to MCLs, the health effects and sources of each con-
taminant are listed. Other than for bacteria and nitrate,
as discussed above, water that exceeds the MCLs for
the elements on the table will pose no immediate threat
to public health. However, these substances must be
controlled because drinking water that exceeds these
standards over long periods of time may prove harmful.
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PRIMARY DRINKING WATER
STANDARDS
Contaminants
Microbiological
Total Coliforms
(Coliform bacteria,
fecal coliform,
streptococcal, and
other bacteria)
Turbidity
Inorganic
Chemicals
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Health Effects
Not necessarily disease pro-
ducing themselves, but can be
indicators of organisms that
cause assorted gastroenteric
infections, dysentery, hepatitis,
typhoid fever, cholera, and
others; also interfere with
disinfection process.
Interferes with disinfection
Dermal and nervous system
toxicity effects
Circulatory system effects
Kidney effects
Liver/kidney effects
Central and peripheral nervous
system damage; kidney ef-
fects; highly toxic to infants
and pregnant women
MCU
1 per 100
milliliters
.05
1
.01
.05
.053
1 to 5 NTU2
Sources
human and animal
fecal matter
erosion, runoff, and
discharges
geological, pesticide
residues, industrial
waste and smelter
operations
geological, mining
and smelting
leaches from lead
pipes and lead-
based solder
pipe joints
1ln milligrams per liter, unless otherwise noted.
Effective December 1990, the present total coliforms MCL will be superceded by these National
Primary Drinking Water Requirements (NPDWRs): 95% of samples taken shall be free of any
coliforms; small systems can have one contaminated sample in 39. The present turbidity MCLs
will be superceded by NPDWRs which will be phased in between December 1990 and June 1993.
These NPDWRs regulate Giardia lamblia (99.9% reduction), viruses (99.99% reduction), Legionel-
lae, heterotrophic bacteria, and turbidity. The revised turbidity limits are: 5 NTU in the source
water to avoid filtration; 0.5 NTU 95% of the time and 5 NTU at all times for conventional or direct
filtration; 1 NTU 95% of the time and 5 NTU at all times for slow sand or diatomaceous earth filters.
3Agency considering substantially lower number.
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PRIMARY DRINKING WATER
STANDARDS (Continued)
Contaminants
Health Effects
MCL1
Sources
Mercury
Central nervous system disor-
ders; kidney effects
.002
used in manufacture
of paint, paper, vinyl
chloride, used in
fungicides, and
geological
Nitrate
Methemoglobinemia ("blue-
baby syndrome")
10
fertilizer, sewage,
feedlots, geological
Selenium
Gastrointestinal effects
.01
geological, mining
Silver
Skin discoloration (Argyria)
.05
geological, mining
Fluoride
Skeletal damage
4
geological, additive
to drinking water,
toothpaste, foods
processed with
fluorinated water
Organic
Chemicals
Endrin
Nervous system/ kidney
effects
.0002
insecticide used on
cotton, small grains,
orchards (cancelled)
Lindane
Nervous system/ kidney
effects
.004
insecticide used on
seed and soil treat-
ments, foliage
application,
wood protection
Methoxychlor
Nervous system/ kidney
effects
.1
insecticide used on
fruit trees, vegetables
2,4-D
Liver/kidney effects
.1
herbicide used to
control broad-leaf
weeds in agriculture,
used on forests,
range, pastures, and
aquatic environ-
ments
1ln milligrams per liter, unless otherwise noted.
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PRIMARY DRINKING WATER
STANDARDS (Continued)
Contaminants
2,4,5-TP Silvex
Toxaphene
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
p-Dichlorobenzene
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1-Dichloroethylene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
(TCE)
Health Effects
Liver/kidney effects
Cancer risk
Cancer
Possible cancer
Possible cancer
Possible cancer
Liver/kidney effects
Nervous system problems
Possible cancer
MCL1
.01
.005
.005
.005
.075
.005
.007
.005
Sources
herbicide (cancelled
in 1984)
insecticide used on
cotton, corn, grain
fuel (leaking tanks),
solvent commonly
used in manufacture
of industrial
chemicals, pharma-
ceuticals, pesticides,
paints and plastics
common in cleaning
agents, industrial
wastes from manu-
facture of coolants
used in insecticides,
moth balls, air
deodorizers
used in manufacture
of insecticides, gaso-
line
used in manufacture
of plastics, dyes, per-
fumes, paints, SOCs
used in manufacture
of food wrappings,
synthetic fibers
waste from disposal
of dry cleaning mate-
rials and manufac-
ture of pesticides,
paints, waxes and
varnishes, paint strip-
per, metal degreaser
1ln milligrams per liter, unless otherwise noted.
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PRIMARY DRINKING WATER
STANDARDS (Continued)
Contaminants
Vinyl chloride
Total trihalomethanes
(TTHM) (chloroform,
bromoform, bromo-
dichloromethane,
dibromochloro-
methane)
Radionuclides
Gross alpha particle
activity
Gross beta particle
activity
Radium 226 & 228
(total)
Other Substances
Sodium
Health Effects
Cancer risk
Cancer risk
Cancer
Cancer
Bone cancer
Possible increase in blood
pressure in susceptible
individuals
MCU
.002
15 pCi/L
4 mrem/yr
5 pCi/L
None4
(20 mg/l re-
porting level)
Sources
polyvinylchloride
pipes and solvents
used to join them,
waste from manufac-
turing plastics and
synthetic rubber
primarily formed
when surface water
containing organic
matter is treated with
chlorine
radioactive waste,
uranium deposits
radioactive waste,
uranium deposits
radioactive waste,
geological
geological, road salt-
ing
1ln milligrams per liter, unless otherwise noted.
4Monitoring is required and data is reported to health officials to protect individuals on highly
restricted sodium diets.
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The Secondary
Standards
Unlike primary drinking water regulations, secondary
drinking water regulations are not designed to protect
the public health. Instead, they are intended to protect
"public welfare" by providing guidelines regarding the
taste, odor, color, and other aesthetic aspects of
drinking water which do not present a health risk. The
following table presents the effects of 13 contaminants
for which EPA has developed Secondary Drinking
Water Regulations for the States.
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SECONDARY DRINKING WATER
STANDARDS
Contaminants:
PH
Chloride
Copper
Foaming agents
Sulfate
Total dissolved
solids (hardness)
Zinc
Fluoride
Color
Corrosivity
Iron
Manganese
Odor
Suggested
Levels
6.5 - 8.5
250 mg/l
1 mg/l
0.5 mg/l
250 mg/l
500 mg/l
5 mg/l
2.0 mg/l
15 color units
non-corrosive
0.3 mg/l
0.05 mg/l
3 threshold odor
number
Contaminant Effects
Water is too corrosive
Taste and corrosion of pipes
Taste and staining of porcelain
Aesthetic
Taste and laxative effects
Taste and possible relation between low
hardness and cardiovascular disease;
also an indicator of corrosivity (related
to lead levels in water); can damage
plumbing and limit effectiveness of
soaps and detergents
Taste
Dental fluorosis (a brownish discolora-
tion of the teeth)
Aesthetic
Aesthetic and health related (Corrosive
water can leach pipe materials, such as
lead, into drinking water.)
Taste and staining of laundry
Taste and staining of laundry
Aesthetic
Secondary Drinking Water Standards are unenforceable federal guidelines regarding the taste, odor,
color- and certain other non-aesthetic effects - of drinking water. EPA recommends them to the
States as reasonable goals, but federal law does not require water systems to comply with them.
States may, however, adopt their own enforceable regulations governing these concerns. To be
safe, check your State's drinking water rules.
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The Safe Drinking Water Act gave the country its first
comprehensive national program to safeguard public
drinking water. It established the national drinking
water standards, which protect the health of everyone
who receives drinking water from systems serving at
least 25 people or having at least 15 service connec-
tions. More than 80 percent of the U.S. population and
a quarter million drinking water systems, including non-
community water systems, are affected by the Act.
In 1986, Congress amended the Safe Drinking Water
Act in response to various concerns raised by the
public, EPA, State governments, and the water supply
industry. The pace of regulating drinking water con-
taminants was increased. EPA was given a schedule
for regulating contaminants that threaten public health
and deadlines for specifying criteria for the filtration of
surface water supplies and the disinfection of drinking
water from surface and ground water sources. The use
of lead-containing plumbing materials in public water
systems and private drinking water systems that
connect to public supplies was outlawed.
The amendments also increased protection of ground
water, a crucial source of drinking water. And they gave
Indian tribes the same status as States in seeking
primary responsibility for drinking water and under-
ground injection control programs.
Many water supply systems will be able to meet the
new national requirements with a minimum of effort.
However, some water systems, especially the small
ones, may have a hard time affording the investment in
technology and technical expertise that these new
regulations will require. EPA is providing them with
technical assistance.
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EPA is also aiding States that need help with technical
assistance and grants for program administration. EPA
is carrying on research to learn more about the health
effects of other potential water contaminants, how to
detect them in water, and how to get rid of them.
But the major responsibility for bringing you safe
drinking water rests with your water supplier, your
State, and ultimately with you as a concerned citizen.
This pamphlet has attempted to describe the drinking
water program in simple, non-technical language. But
the job of implementing the Safe Drinking Water Act
and amendments is no simple matter. It is complex. It
requires your cooperation and support.
And it requires your understanding that you may have
to pay more for safe drinking water-especially if you
are served by a small water supply system that has not
kept up with modern technology.
It is expected that the cost of safe drinking water for
some consumers will increase substantially as systems
improve their disinfection or filtration practices. For
consumers served by systems that have heavy metal or
inorganic contaminant problems, the cost may by even
greater.
Whatever the added cost might be, keep the alterna-
tives in mind: water that's safe to drink, or the risk of
disease or other harmful effects. It's a small price to
pay for assuring yourself, your family, your community,
and all Americans that our water is truly safe to drink.
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Need More
Information?
Additional information about safe drinking water, the
1986 amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act, and
other related issues is available from EPA's Drinking
Water Hotline: 1-800-426-4791 (in Alaska and the
Washington, D.C. area, 202-382-5533). The following
EPA regional offices and State agencies can also
provide you with information.
Regional Offices
States Covered
EPA Region I
Room 2203
John F. Kennedy Federal
Building
Boston, MA 02203
EPA Region II
26 Federal Plaza
New York, NY 10278
EPA Region III
841 Chestnut St.
Philadelphia, PA 19107
EPA Region IV
345 Courtland St., N.E.
Atlanta, GA 30365
EPA Region V
230 South Dearborn St.
Chicago, IL 60604
EPA Region VI
12th Floor, Suite 1200
1445 Ross Ave.
Dallas, TX 75270
EPA Region VII
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
EPA Region VIII
Suite 500
999 18th St.
Denver, CO 80202-2405
EPA Region IX
215 Freemont St.
San Francisco, CA 94105
Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island,
Vermont
New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands
Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia,
West Virginia
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, Tennessee
Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin
Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas
Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska
Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming
Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, American Samoa,
Trust Territories of the Pacific, Guam, Northern Marianas
EPA Region X
1200 Sixth Ave.
Seattle, WA 98101
Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington
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State Water Supply
Agencies
Water Supplies Section
Connecticut Department of
Health
150 Washington Street
Hartford, CT 06106
(203) 566-1251
Division of Water Supply
Department of Environmental
Quality Engineering
One Winter Street
Boston, MA 02108
(617) 292-5770
Division of Health Engineering
Maine Department of Human
Services
State House (STA 10)
Augusta, ME 04333
(207) 289-5685
Water Supply Division
New Hampshire Water Supply
and Pollution Control
Commission
Post Office Box 95
Hazen Drive
Concord, NH 03301
(603) 271-3503
Division of Water Supply
Rhode Island Department of
Health
75 Davis Street, Health Building
Providence, Rl 02908
(401) 277-6867
Environmental Health Division
Vermont Department of Health
60 Main Street
Post Office Box 70
Burlington, VT 05401
(802) 863-7220
Bureau of Safe Drinking Water
Division of Water Resources
New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection
Post Office Box CN-029
Trenton, NJ 06825
(609) 984-7945
Bureau of Public Water Supply
Protection
New York Department of Health
2 University Place, Room 406
Western Avenue
Albany, NY 12203-3399
(518) 458-6731
Water Supply Supervision
Program
Puerto Rico Department of
Health
Post Office Box 70184
San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936
(809) 766-1616
Public Water Supply System
Government of Virgin Islands
Post Office Box 4340
Charlotte Amalie
St. Thomas, Virgin Is. 00801
(809) 774-3320
Office of Sanitary Engineering
Division of Public Health
Jesse Cooper Memorial
Building
Capital Square
Dover, DE 19901
(302) 736-4731
Water Hygiene Branch
Department of Consumer and
Regulatory Affairs
5010 Overlook Ave., S.W.
Washington, DC 20032
(202) 767-7370
Division of Water Supply
Office of Environmental
Programs
201 West Preston Street
Baltimore, MD 21201
(301)225-6361
Division of Water Supplies
Department of Environmental
Resources
Post Office Box 2357
Harrisburg, PA 17120
(717) 787-9035
Bureau of Water Supply
Engineering
Virginia Department of Health
James Madison Building
109 Governor Street
Richmond, VA 23219
(804) 786-1766
Drinking Water Division
Office of Environmental Health
Services
State Department of Health
1800 Washington St., East
Charleston, West Virginia 25305
(304) 348-2981
Water Supply Branch
Department of Environmental
Management
1751 Federal Drive
Montgomery, AL 36130
(205) 271-7773
Drinking Water Program
Department of Environmental
Regulation
Twin Towers Office Building
2600 Blair Stone Road
Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400
(904) 487-1762
Water Protection Branch
Environmental Protection
Division
Department of Natural Re-
sources
270 Washington Street, S.W.
Atlanta, GA 30334
(404) 656-5600
Division of Water
Department of Environmental
Protection
18 Reilly Road, Fort Boone
Plaza
Frankfort, KY 40601
(502) 564-3410
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Division of Water Supply
State Board of Health
Post Office Box 1700
Jackson, MS 39205
(601)960-7518
Water Supply Branch
Division of Health Services
Department of Human
Resources
Bath Building
Post Office Box 2091
Raleigh, NC 27602-2091
(919) 733-2321
Bureau of Water & Special
Environmental Programs
Department of Health and
Environmental Control
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, SC 29201
(803) 734-5310
Division of Water Supply
Tennessee Department of
Health and Environment
150 9th. Ave., North
Nashville, TN 37219-5404
(615) 741-6636
Division of Public Water
Supplies
Illinois Environmental
Protection Agency
2200 Churchill Rd.
Springfield, IL 62706
(217) 785-8653
Division of Public Water Supply
Indiana State Board of Health
5500 West Bradbury Ave.
Indianapolis, IN 46241
(317) 243-9100
Division of Water Supply
Michigan Department of Public
Health
P.O. Box 30035
Lansing, Ml 48909
(517) 335-8318
Section of Public Water
Supplies
Minnesota Department of
Health
717 Delaware St.
Minneapolis, MN 55440
(612)623-5330
Office of Public Water Supply
Ohio Environmental Protection
Agency
1800 Watermark Drive
P.O. Box 1049
Columbus, OH 43266-0149
Bureau of Water Supply
Department of National
Resources
P.O. Box 7921
Madison, Wl 53707
(608) 267-7651
Division of Engineering
Arkansas Department of Health
4815 West Markham St.
Little Rock, AR 72205-3867
(501)661-2623
Office of Preventive and Public
Health Services
Louisiana Department of Health
and Human Resources
P.O. Box 60630
New Orleans, LA 70160
(504) 568-5105
Drinking Water Section
New Mexico Health &
Environment Department
P.O. Box 968
Santa Fe, NM 87504-0968
(505) 827-2778
Water Facility Engineering
Service
Oklahoma State Department of
Health
P.O. Box 53551
Oklahoma City, OK 73152
(405) 271-5204
Division of Water Hygiene
Texas Department of Health
1100 West 49th St.
Austin, TX 78756-3199
(512) 458-7497
Environmental Protection
Division
Iowa Department of Natural
Resources
Wallace State Office Building
900 East Grant St.
Des Moines, IA53109
(515) 281-6284
Support Sen/ices Section
Kansas Department of Health
and the Environment
Forbes Field
Topeka, KS 66605
(913) 296-5503
Public Drinking Water Program
Division of Environmental
Quality
P.O. Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
(314) 751-0535
Division of Environmental
Health and Housing
Surveillance
Nebraska Department of Health
301 Sentenial Mall South
P.O. Box 95007, 3rd Floor
Lincoln, NE 68509
(402) 471-2674
(402) 471-0510
Drinking Water Unit
Colorado Department of Health
4210 East 11th Ave.
Denver, CO 80220
(303) 331-4546
Bureau of Water Quality
Health and Environmental
Services
Cogswell Building, Room A206
Helena, MT 59620
(406) 444-2406
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Division of Water Supply and
Pollution Control
State Department of Health
1200 Missouri Ave.
Bismarck, ND 58501
(701) 224-2354
Office of Drinking Water
Department of Water and
Natural Resources
Joe Foss Building
523 Capital Ave., East
Pierre, SD 57501
(605) 773-3754
Bureau of Drinking Water/
Sanitation
Utah Department of Health
P.O. Box 16690
Salt Lake City, UT 84116-0690
(801) 538-6163
Water Quality Division
Department of Environmental
Quality
401 West 19th St.
Cheyenne, WY 82002
(307) 777-7781
Field Services Section
Office of Water Quality
2655 East Magnolia St.
Phoenix, AZ 85034
(602) 392-4002
Sanitary Engineering Branch
California Department of Health
714 P St.
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 323-6111
Drinking Water Program
Sanitation Branch
Environmental Protection and
Health Services Division
P.O. Box 3378
Honolulu, HI 96801
(808)548-4682
Public Health Engineering
Nevada Department of Human
Resources
Consumer Health Protection
Services
505 East King St., Room 103
Carson City, NV89710
(702) 885-4750
Guam Environmental Protection
Agency
Government of Guam
P.O. Box 2999
Agana, Guam 96910
Division of Environmental
Quality
Commonwealth of the Northern
Mariana Islands
P.O. Box 1304
Saipan, Mariana Islands 96950
Marshall Islands Environmental
Protection Authority
Hospital
Majuro, Marshall Islands 96960
FSM Environmental Protection
Board
FSM Health Services
Kolonia, Pohnpei 96941
Patau Environmental Quality
Protection Board
Hospital
Koror, Palau 96940
Alaska Drinking Water Program
Water Quality Management
Department of Environmental
Conservation
P.O. Box O
Juneau, AK 99811
(907) 465-2653
Bureau of Water Quality
Division of Environment
Idaho Department of Health
and Welfare
Statehouse
Boise, ID 83720
(208) 334-5867
Drinking Water Program
Health Division
Department of Human
Resources
1400 S.W. 5th Ave.
Portland, OR 97201
(503) 229-6310
Drinking Water Program
Section
Department of Social and
Health Services
Mail Stop LD-11
Olympia, WA 98504
(206) 753-5954
~U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1990-0-723-201
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