Is Your Drinking Water Safe? Introduction Most Americans believe their drinking water is the best in the world. Servicemen and their families, vacation- ers, tourists, and others who travel abroad know the familiar problems of unsafe drinking water. At home we scarcely give it a thought. We believe that the purity of our water can be depended upon. And usually we are right. But there are exceptions. These cases are serious enough to have moved the Congress of the United States to enact, in 1974, a far- reaching program to ensure that our drinking water is as good as we think it is. In 1986, Congress updated this program to set mandatory guidelines for regulating key contaminants, require the monitoring of unregu- lated contaminants, establish benchmarks for water treatment technologies, bolster enforcement, and promote protection of ground water sources. This comprehensive program-and what it means to your health-is the subject of this pamphlet. ------- The Problem our water's good, why do we need a special program to protect it? The reason is that the situation has been changing dramatically during recent decades. Our sources of water supply, both surface and ground water, are being endangered by new chemicals or microbiological contaminants. During these same years, our ability to detect contami- nants has been improving. Modern science can now identify specific chemicals in terms of one part con- taminant in one billion parts of water. In some cases, scientists can measure them in trillionths. One part per billion is equivalent to one pound in 500,000 tons or the first 16 inches or so of a trip to the moon. In case you think such small amounts can't be very significant, keep in mind that you can get sick from a single microscopic virus. With information so detailed, new questions arise. What is the effect of consuming these contaminants in such small amounts over long periods of time? Doc- tors say that an acute, i.e., immediate illness, comes from this or that virus or poison. But chronic, i.e. long- term problems that develop over many years, are not so quickly diagnosed. There is genuine concern in the scientific community that prolonged exposure to certain elements, even at levels as low as a few parts per billion or trillion, may be increasing the incidence of cancer and heart disease. The Centers for Disease Control tell us there were an average of almost 7,400 cases of illness in the United States linked to drinking water each year from 1971 to 1985. Total reported cases in this period ranged from 1983's high of 21,000 to 1985's low of 1,600. These ------- numbers are generally thought to be considerably lower than the actual figures because drinking water contaminants are not always considered suspect. While we have almost eliminated typhoid and cholera as water problems, we must continue to address the threat of viruses and other disease-causing organisms, as well as chemical contamination. Although we currently know a great deal about the health impacts of drinking water contamination, many questions remain. Ongoing research will no doubt provide new information which will answer some old questions and generate some new ones. Meanwhile, we can take the following steps to reduce the risks to our health: Ensure that our water is treated to remove harmful contaminants, Test or monitor the purity of our water regularly to ensure its quality, and Develop an informed citizenry. ------- Th© National The Safe Drinking Water Act directs the U.S. Environ- Annmarh mental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish minimum Approacn national drinking water standards. These standards set limits on the amounts of various substances sometimes found in drinking water. This means that every public water supply in the country serving at least 15 service connections or 25 or more people must ensure that its water meets these minimum standards. Even non-community supplies, such as campgrounds and roadside motels with their own water supplies, are covered by the regulations. In 1986, Congress passed a set of amendments that expanded the protection to be provided by the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974. These amendments accel- erated EPA's regulation of contaminants, banned all future use of lead pipe and lead solder in public drink- ing water systems, mandated greater protection of ground water sources of drinking water, and stream- lined enforcement procedures to ensure that suppliers comply with the Act. The amendments gave EPA three years to set stan- dards for 83 contaminants, including 26 for which the Agency had already set enforceable Maximum Con- taminant Levels (MCLs). In addition, EPA must set MCLs for at least 25 more contaminants by 1991 and must regulate an additional 25 every three years thereafter. Enforcement of each new standard will begin 18 months after each new or revised standard is set. The lead ban prohibits the use of lead solders, flux and pipes in the installation or repair of public water sys- tems and drinking water plumbing connected to these systems. Public water systems must tell their users of ------- effects, and the steps they can reasonably take to mitigate lead contamination. States are responsible for enforcing the lead ban, and EPA can withhold up to 5 percent of a State's Public Water System Supervision grant if the Agency determines the State is not enforc- ing the requirements. Ground water has been protected under the 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act and by State programs that pre-date the Federal effort. The 1986 amendments extend that protection by establishing programs to protect critical ground water sources of drinking water, to protect areas around wells that supply public drinking water systems, and by regulating the underground injection of wastes above and below drinking water sources. Enforcement is vital to the success of the Safe Drinking Water Act. The amendments to the Act authorize EPA to file civil suits or issue administrative orders against public water systems in violation when States are slow to take appropriate enforcement action, or when the State asks EPA to act. Maximum civil penalties are now $25,000 per day of violation. ------- Small water systems face numerous obstacles to meeting these new mandates. Lack of resources and expertise are foremost among their problems. To help small systems comply with the new rules, EPA has taken steps to mobilize all groups interested in drinking water quality to use creative approaches to build local and State capacity through outreach, education, technical assistance, and other institutional support. Large systems, most of which easily complied with the requirements of the 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act, are also challenged by the new requirements. For ex- ample, one amendment requires that granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration, an effective but expensive technology, be considered the "best available technol- ogy" for controlling synthetic organic chemicals. That means any other (cheaper) technology that a water system substitutes for GAC must control these con- taminants at least as well. A new rule will require most large and small systems to filter surface water supplies of drinking water that are not adequately protected against contamination. Con- gress intended this requirement to protect the public against Giardia lamblia, a virulent protozoan, and other contaminants. Systems must also disinfect their drinking water supplies, something which ail but some of the smallest have been doing all along. The filtration and disinfection requirements mean many drinking water systems must invest in new equipment. ------- The State Role ,n the 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act, Congress said it wanted to ensure safe drinking water for all Americans. Congress preferred that the States take on the respon- sibility for the new program, which would build on existing State programs. Since 1974, 54 States and territories have been granted primary enforcement authority for the program. EPA was responsible for protecting the quality of water on Indian lands. The 1986 amendments change that. Now, Indian tribes that meet the same criteria as States can assume primary enforcement authority over their drinking water. At publication, no Indian tribe has primacy for the drinking water program To be given primary enforcement authority for the pro- gram and to maintain it over time, a State or Indian tribe must adopt drinking water standards at least as strin- gent as the national ones. (They may set stricter standards if they wish.) Each State or tribe must also be able to carry out adequate monitoring and enforce- ment requirements. If a State or tribe cannot or does not do so, EPA will step in and conduct the program. ------- Since June 24,1977, Federal law has required your water supplier to periodically sample and test the water supplied to your tap. Most of the larger suppliers were already doing that. If the water supplier has not tested the water or if tests reveal that a national drinking water standard has been violated-that is, if there is too much of any substance for which a national standard has been set--your water supplier must move to correct the situation. The supplier must also notify the appropriate State agency of the violation. And you, the customer, must be notified too. You may sometimes be notified by: A notice in the newspaper, An announcement on the radio or television, or A letter from the health department or your water system, Telling you that a drinking water standard has been violated. If you hear or read an announcement that a drinking water standard has been violated, don't panic. The announcement will explain the problem and its poten- tial adverse health effects. It will also explain what pre- cautions you should take and what the system is doing to correct the problem. You will also be told whether you should seek alternate supplies of drinking water until the violation is corrected. Water systems must notify the principal radio and tele- vision stations serving their areas within 72 hours of discovering a violation that poses an acute risk to human health. Public notice of acute violations must Public Notification ------- appear in local newspapers with 14 days of their detec- tion. Systems must report continuous violations every three months. Annual notification is required for less serious violations. This flexibility in public notification provided by the 1986 amendments means EPA and the States can devote more attention to keeping the public informed of truly serious risks. Certain violations are cause for immediate action by consumers to ensure that public health is not endan- gered. Other MCL violations will not mean that your health is at risk immediately. The limit on the amount of each substance allowed in drinking water was based on what you can consume for a lifetime without adverse health effects. The limit was based on the consumption of two liters (a little more than two quarts) of water (or water-based fluids such as coffee, tea or soft drinks) every day for a lifetime. A large safety margin was built into most standards so that you will not be harmed even if the water you drink exceeds some of the maximum contaminant levels for short periods of time. The fact that your State water agency or water supplier announces a violation of a drinking water standard is not by itself cause for alarm. It is a safety precaution required by Congress to call public attention to defi- ciencies in the drinking water supply. This procedure is intended to keep you informed so that you can make intelligent decisions about the problem. ------- In essence, Congress said in the Safe Drinking Water Act that you have a right to expect water that meets minimum national standards for protection of public health. You have a right to be told--and your water supplier must tell you--if your water does not meet these standards. Your supplier is also obliged to inform you if the water is not being monitored as required. With such information from the supplier or State, you will know what precautions to take. And you will be able to seek the attention of the water supplier through public opinion to do whatever is necessary to bring you safe water. That might require major or minor improvements in your public water supply system. It might require a new source of water. Most large systems will probably be able to remedy any problems that may be discov- ered. Some smaller systems may not. In some cases, the best alternative might be to tie into a nearby system. Whatever the alternative, the public has a right to know about the quality of its drinking water, and the supplier has the clear responsibility to correct violations promptly or provide alternative, safe sources. With that information, the public can then weigh all possible alternatives and help make the decisions needed to ensure safe drinking water. If adequate steps are not taken to correct violations of safe drinking water standards, you have additional rights. You-or any individual or organization-have the right to bring suit against anyone you believe is violating the law: the water supply system, the State, or EPA. ------- The Primary The drinking water standards established by EPA reflect ^tanrlarri*? the best available scientific and technical judgement. They were refined by the suggestions and advice of a 15-member National Drinking Water Advisory Council, made up of representatives of the general public, State and local agencies, and experts in the field of public water supply. Also, EPA's Science Advisory Board, made up of scientists, reviews the regulations to be sure they are based on sound science. In addition, the regulations are reviewed in draft by other Federal agencies, environmental groups, and State and indus- try associations, and the public. All EPA regulations are published for review and are subject to public hearings before they go into effect. The National Primary Drinking Water Regulations are no exception. Many witnesses testify at the public hear- ings and EPA receives thousands of statements on proposed requirements. EPA considers these com- ments when preparing the final version of the regula- tions. The regulations set achievable levels of drinking water quality to protect your health. They were originally called "interim" regulations because the 1974 Act stipulated that EPA was to issue MCLs on an interim basis and then to revise them periodically. The final MCL for only one chemical, fluoride, had been issued when Congress dropped "interim" from the regulations' status. When that happened, interim MCLs for 25 contaminants and the final MCL for fluoride became National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. The 1986 amendments require EPA to issue a Maxi- mum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG) along with an MCL. (MCLGs were known as Recommended Maxi- mum Contaminant Levels before the amendments.) An ------- MCLG is an unenforceable health goal equal to the maximum level of a contaminant which is not expected to cause any adverse health effects over a lifetime of exposure and includes a margin of safety. EPA must, by law, set MCLs as close to MCLGs as technology and economics allow. Not every contaminant must have an MCLG and an MCL. EPA can, instead, adopt a National Primary Drinking Water Regulation that requires the use of a specific treatment method to control a contaminant. The Agency has this option when it is not technically or economically feasible to determine how much of a contaminant is present in drinking water. Most substances currently regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act occur naturally in our environment and in the foods we eat. The national drinking water standards set by EPA reflect the levels we can safely consume in our water, taking into account the amounts we are exposed to from other sources. Only two substances for which standards have been set pose an immediate threat to health whenever they are exceeded: Bacteria-Coliform bacteria from human and animal wastes may be found in drinking water if the water is not properly treated. These bacteria may cause disease themselves or indicate that other harmful organisms may be present in the water. Waterborne diseases such as typhoid, cholera, infectious hepatitis and dysentery have been traced to improperly disin- fected drinking water. If you should receive notice that the bacteria level in your water exceeds the minimum standard, follow the directions given in the notice. ------- Nitrate-Nitrate in drinking water above the national standard poses an immediate threat to children six months to one year old. In some infants, excessive levels of nitrate have been known to react with the hemoglobin in the blood to produce an anemic condi- tion commonly known as "blue baby." If you receive notice that your drinking water contains an excessive amount of nitrate, do not give the water to infants under three months of age and do not use it to prepare a formula. Do not boil the water because such boiling will only increase the nitrate concentration. Simply read the notice you receive and follow its instructions carefully. The following table presents the National Primary Drink- ing Water Standards for 30 contaminants. In addition to MCLs, the health effects and sources of each con- taminant are listed. Other than for bacteria and nitrate, as discussed above, water that exceeds the MCLs for the elements on the table will pose no immediate threat to public health. However, these substances must be controlled because drinking water that exceeds these standards over long periods of time may prove harmful. ------- PRIMARY DRINKING WATER STANDARDS Contaminants Microbiological Total Coliforms (Coliform bacteria, fecal coliform, streptococcal, and other bacteria) Turbidity Inorganic Chemicals Arsenic Barium Cadmium Chromium Lead Health Effects Not necessarily disease pro- ducing themselves, but can be indicators of organisms that cause assorted gastroenteric infections, dysentery, hepatitis, typhoid fever, cholera, and others; also interfere with disinfection process. Interferes with disinfection Dermal and nervous system toxicity effects Circulatory system effects Kidney effects Liver/kidney effects Central and peripheral nervous system damage; kidney ef- fects; highly toxic to infants and pregnant women MCU 1 per 100 milliliters .05 1 .01 .05 .053 1 to 5 NTU2 Sources human and animal fecal matter erosion, runoff, and discharges geological, pesticide residues, industrial waste and smelter operations geological, mining and smelting leaches from lead pipes and lead- based solder pipe joints 1ln milligrams per liter, unless otherwise noted. Effective December 1990, the present total coliforms MCL will be superceded by these National Primary Drinking Water Requirements (NPDWRs): 95% of samples taken shall be free of any coliforms; small systems can have one contaminated sample in 39. The present turbidity MCLs will be superceded by NPDWRs which will be phased in between December 1990 and June 1993. These NPDWRs regulate Giardia lamblia (99.9% reduction), viruses (99.99% reduction), Legionel- lae, heterotrophic bacteria, and turbidity. The revised turbidity limits are: 5 NTU in the source water to avoid filtration; 0.5 NTU 95% of the time and 5 NTU at all times for conventional or direct filtration; 1 NTU 95% of the time and 5 NTU at all times for slow sand or diatomaceous earth filters. 3Agency considering substantially lower number. ------- PRIMARY DRINKING WATER STANDARDS (Continued) Contaminants Health Effects MCL1 Sources Mercury Central nervous system disor- ders; kidney effects .002 used in manufacture of paint, paper, vinyl chloride, used in fungicides, and geological Nitrate Methemoglobinemia ("blue- baby syndrome") 10 fertilizer, sewage, feedlots, geological Selenium Gastrointestinal effects .01 geological, mining Silver Skin discoloration (Argyria) .05 geological, mining Fluoride Skeletal damage 4 geological, additive to drinking water, toothpaste, foods processed with fluorinated water Organic Chemicals Endrin Nervous system/ kidney effects .0002 insecticide used on cotton, small grains, orchards (cancelled) Lindane Nervous system/ kidney effects .004 insecticide used on seed and soil treat- ments, foliage application, wood protection Methoxychlor Nervous system/ kidney effects .1 insecticide used on fruit trees, vegetables 2,4-D Liver/kidney effects .1 herbicide used to control broad-leaf weeds in agriculture, used on forests, range, pastures, and aquatic environ- ments 1ln milligrams per liter, unless otherwise noted. ------- PRIMARY DRINKING WATER STANDARDS (Continued) Contaminants 2,4,5-TP Silvex Toxaphene Benzene Carbon tetrachloride p-Dichlorobenzene 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethylene 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Trichloroethylene (TCE) Health Effects Liver/kidney effects Cancer risk Cancer Possible cancer Possible cancer Possible cancer Liver/kidney effects Nervous system problems Possible cancer MCL1 .01 .005 .005 .005 .075 .005 .007 .005 Sources herbicide (cancelled in 1984) insecticide used on cotton, corn, grain fuel (leaking tanks), solvent commonly used in manufacture of industrial chemicals, pharma- ceuticals, pesticides, paints and plastics common in cleaning agents, industrial wastes from manu- facture of coolants used in insecticides, moth balls, air deodorizers used in manufacture of insecticides, gaso- line used in manufacture of plastics, dyes, per- fumes, paints, SOCs used in manufacture of food wrappings, synthetic fibers waste from disposal of dry cleaning mate- rials and manufac- ture of pesticides, paints, waxes and varnishes, paint strip- per, metal degreaser 1ln milligrams per liter, unless otherwise noted. ------- PRIMARY DRINKING WATER STANDARDS (Continued) Contaminants Vinyl chloride Total trihalomethanes (TTHM) (chloroform, bromoform, bromo- dichloromethane, dibromochloro- methane) Radionuclides Gross alpha particle activity Gross beta particle activity Radium 226 & 228 (total) Other Substances Sodium Health Effects Cancer risk Cancer risk Cancer Cancer Bone cancer Possible increase in blood pressure in susceptible individuals MCU .002 15 pCi/L 4 mrem/yr 5 pCi/L None4 (20 mg/l re- porting level) Sources polyvinylchloride pipes and solvents used to join them, waste from manufac- turing plastics and synthetic rubber primarily formed when surface water containing organic matter is treated with chlorine radioactive waste, uranium deposits radioactive waste, uranium deposits radioactive waste, geological geological, road salt- ing 1ln milligrams per liter, unless otherwise noted. 4Monitoring is required and data is reported to health officials to protect individuals on highly restricted sodium diets. ------- The Secondary Standards Unlike primary drinking water regulations, secondary drinking water regulations are not designed to protect the public health. Instead, they are intended to protect "public welfare" by providing guidelines regarding the taste, odor, color, and other aesthetic aspects of drinking water which do not present a health risk. The following table presents the effects of 13 contaminants for which EPA has developed Secondary Drinking Water Regulations for the States. ------- SECONDARY DRINKING WATER STANDARDS Contaminants: PH Chloride Copper Foaming agents Sulfate Total dissolved solids (hardness) Zinc Fluoride Color Corrosivity Iron Manganese Odor Suggested Levels 6.5 - 8.5 250 mg/l 1 mg/l 0.5 mg/l 250 mg/l 500 mg/l 5 mg/l 2.0 mg/l 15 color units non-corrosive 0.3 mg/l 0.05 mg/l 3 threshold odor number Contaminant Effects Water is too corrosive Taste and corrosion of pipes Taste and staining of porcelain Aesthetic Taste and laxative effects Taste and possible relation between low hardness and cardiovascular disease; also an indicator of corrosivity (related to lead levels in water); can damage plumbing and limit effectiveness of soaps and detergents Taste Dental fluorosis (a brownish discolora- tion of the teeth) Aesthetic Aesthetic and health related (Corrosive water can leach pipe materials, such as lead, into drinking water.) Taste and staining of laundry Taste and staining of laundry Aesthetic Secondary Drinking Water Standards are unenforceable federal guidelines regarding the taste, odor, color- and certain other non-aesthetic effects - of drinking water. EPA recommends them to the States as reasonable goals, but federal law does not require water systems to comply with them. States may, however, adopt their own enforceable regulations governing these concerns. To be safe, check your State's drinking water rules. ------- The Safe Drinking Water Act gave the country its first comprehensive national program to safeguard public drinking water. It established the national drinking water standards, which protect the health of everyone who receives drinking water from systems serving at least 25 people or having at least 15 service connec- tions. More than 80 percent of the U.S. population and a quarter million drinking water systems, including non- community water systems, are affected by the Act. In 1986, Congress amended the Safe Drinking Water Act in response to various concerns raised by the public, EPA, State governments, and the water supply industry. The pace of regulating drinking water con- taminants was increased. EPA was given a schedule for regulating contaminants that threaten public health and deadlines for specifying criteria for the filtration of surface water supplies and the disinfection of drinking water from surface and ground water sources. The use of lead-containing plumbing materials in public water systems and private drinking water systems that connect to public supplies was outlawed. The amendments also increased protection of ground water, a crucial source of drinking water. And they gave Indian tribes the same status as States in seeking primary responsibility for drinking water and under- ground injection control programs. Many water supply systems will be able to meet the new national requirements with a minimum of effort. However, some water systems, especially the small ones, may have a hard time affording the investment in technology and technical expertise that these new regulations will require. EPA is providing them with technical assistance. ------- EPA is also aiding States that need help with technical assistance and grants for program administration. EPA is carrying on research to learn more about the health effects of other potential water contaminants, how to detect them in water, and how to get rid of them. But the major responsibility for bringing you safe drinking water rests with your water supplier, your State, and ultimately with you as a concerned citizen. This pamphlet has attempted to describe the drinking water program in simple, non-technical language. But the job of implementing the Safe Drinking Water Act and amendments is no simple matter. It is complex. It requires your cooperation and support. And it requires your understanding that you may have to pay more for safe drinking water-especially if you are served by a small water supply system that has not kept up with modern technology. It is expected that the cost of safe drinking water for some consumers will increase substantially as systems improve their disinfection or filtration practices. For consumers served by systems that have heavy metal or inorganic contaminant problems, the cost may by even greater. Whatever the added cost might be, keep the alterna- tives in mind: water that's safe to drink, or the risk of disease or other harmful effects. It's a small price to pay for assuring yourself, your family, your community, and all Americans that our water is truly safe to drink. ------- Need More Information? Additional information about safe drinking water, the 1986 amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act, and other related issues is available from EPA's Drinking Water Hotline: 1-800-426-4791 (in Alaska and the Washington, D.C. area, 202-382-5533). The following EPA regional offices and State agencies can also provide you with information. Regional Offices States Covered EPA Region I Room 2203 John F. Kennedy Federal Building Boston, MA 02203 EPA Region II 26 Federal Plaza New York, NY 10278 EPA Region III 841 Chestnut St. Philadelphia, PA 19107 EPA Region IV 345 Courtland St., N.E. Atlanta, GA 30365 EPA Region V 230 South Dearborn St. Chicago, IL 60604 EPA Region VI 12th Floor, Suite 1200 1445 Ross Ave. Dallas, TX 75270 EPA Region VII 726 Minnesota Ave. Kansas City, KS 66101 EPA Region VIII Suite 500 999 18th St. Denver, CO 80202-2405 EPA Region IX 215 Freemont St. San Francisco, CA 94105 Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, American Samoa, Trust Territories of the Pacific, Guam, Northern Marianas EPA Region X 1200 Sixth Ave. Seattle, WA 98101 Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington ------- State Water Supply Agencies Water Supplies Section Connecticut Department of Health 150 Washington Street Hartford, CT 06106 (203) 566-1251 Division of Water Supply Department of Environmental Quality Engineering One Winter Street Boston, MA 02108 (617) 292-5770 Division of Health Engineering Maine Department of Human Services State House (STA 10) Augusta, ME 04333 (207) 289-5685 Water Supply Division New Hampshire Water Supply and Pollution Control Commission Post Office Box 95 Hazen Drive Concord, NH 03301 (603) 271-3503 Division of Water Supply Rhode Island Department of Health 75 Davis Street, Health Building Providence, Rl 02908 (401) 277-6867 Environmental Health Division Vermont Department of Health 60 Main Street Post Office Box 70 Burlington, VT 05401 (802) 863-7220 Bureau of Safe Drinking Water Division of Water Resources New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Post Office Box CN-029 Trenton, NJ 06825 (609) 984-7945 Bureau of Public Water Supply Protection New York Department of Health 2 University Place, Room 406 Western Avenue Albany, NY 12203-3399 (518) 458-6731 Water Supply Supervision Program Puerto Rico Department of Health Post Office Box 70184 San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936 (809) 766-1616 Public Water Supply System Government of Virgin Islands Post Office Box 4340 Charlotte Amalie St. Thomas, Virgin Is. 00801 (809) 774-3320 Office of Sanitary Engineering Division of Public Health Jesse Cooper Memorial Building Capital Square Dover, DE 19901 (302) 736-4731 Water Hygiene Branch Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs 5010 Overlook Ave., S.W. Washington, DC 20032 (202) 767-7370 Division of Water Supply Office of Environmental Programs 201 West Preston Street Baltimore, MD 21201 (301)225-6361 Division of Water Supplies Department of Environmental Resources Post Office Box 2357 Harrisburg, PA 17120 (717) 787-9035 Bureau of Water Supply Engineering Virginia Department of Health James Madison Building 109 Governor Street Richmond, VA 23219 (804) 786-1766 Drinking Water Division Office of Environmental Health Services State Department of Health 1800 Washington St., East Charleston, West Virginia 25305 (304) 348-2981 Water Supply Branch Department of Environmental Management 1751 Federal Drive Montgomery, AL 36130 (205) 271-7773 Drinking Water Program Department of Environmental Regulation Twin Towers Office Building 2600 Blair Stone Road Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400 (904) 487-1762 Water Protection Branch Environmental Protection Division Department of Natural Re- sources 270 Washington Street, S.W. Atlanta, GA 30334 (404) 656-5600 Division of Water Department of Environmental Protection 18 Reilly Road, Fort Boone Plaza Frankfort, KY 40601 (502) 564-3410 ------- Division of Water Supply State Board of Health Post Office Box 1700 Jackson, MS 39205 (601)960-7518 Water Supply Branch Division of Health Services Department of Human Resources Bath Building Post Office Box 2091 Raleigh, NC 27602-2091 (919) 733-2321 Bureau of Water & Special Environmental Programs Department of Health and Environmental Control 2600 Bull Street Columbia, SC 29201 (803) 734-5310 Division of Water Supply Tennessee Department of Health and Environment 150 9th. Ave., North Nashville, TN 37219-5404 (615) 741-6636 Division of Public Water Supplies Illinois Environmental Protection Agency 2200 Churchill Rd. Springfield, IL 62706 (217) 785-8653 Division of Public Water Supply Indiana State Board of Health 5500 West Bradbury Ave. Indianapolis, IN 46241 (317) 243-9100 Division of Water Supply Michigan Department of Public Health P.O. Box 30035 Lansing, Ml 48909 (517) 335-8318 Section of Public Water Supplies Minnesota Department of Health 717 Delaware St. Minneapolis, MN 55440 (612)623-5330 Office of Public Water Supply Ohio Environmental Protection Agency 1800 Watermark Drive P.O. Box 1049 Columbus, OH 43266-0149 Bureau of Water Supply Department of National Resources P.O. Box 7921 Madison, Wl 53707 (608) 267-7651 Division of Engineering Arkansas Department of Health 4815 West Markham St. Little Rock, AR 72205-3867 (501)661-2623 Office of Preventive and Public Health Services Louisiana Department of Health and Human Resources P.O. Box 60630 New Orleans, LA 70160 (504) 568-5105 Drinking Water Section New Mexico Health & Environment Department P.O. Box 968 Santa Fe, NM 87504-0968 (505) 827-2778 Water Facility Engineering Service Oklahoma State Department of Health P.O. Box 53551 Oklahoma City, OK 73152 (405) 271-5204 Division of Water Hygiene Texas Department of Health 1100 West 49th St. Austin, TX 78756-3199 (512) 458-7497 Environmental Protection Division Iowa Department of Natural Resources Wallace State Office Building 900 East Grant St. Des Moines, IA53109 (515) 281-6284 Support Sen/ices Section Kansas Department of Health and the Environment Forbes Field Topeka, KS 66605 (913) 296-5503 Public Drinking Water Program Division of Environmental Quality P.O. Box 176 Jefferson City, MO 65102 (314) 751-0535 Division of Environmental Health and Housing Surveillance Nebraska Department of Health 301 Sentenial Mall South P.O. Box 95007, 3rd Floor Lincoln, NE 68509 (402) 471-2674 (402) 471-0510 Drinking Water Unit Colorado Department of Health 4210 East 11th Ave. Denver, CO 80220 (303) 331-4546 Bureau of Water Quality Health and Environmental Services Cogswell Building, Room A206 Helena, MT 59620 (406) 444-2406 ------- Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control State Department of Health 1200 Missouri Ave. Bismarck, ND 58501 (701) 224-2354 Office of Drinking Water Department of Water and Natural Resources Joe Foss Building 523 Capital Ave., East Pierre, SD 57501 (605) 773-3754 Bureau of Drinking Water/ Sanitation Utah Department of Health P.O. Box 16690 Salt Lake City, UT 84116-0690 (801) 538-6163 Water Quality Division Department of Environmental Quality 401 West 19th St. Cheyenne, WY 82002 (307) 777-7781 Field Services Section Office of Water Quality 2655 East Magnolia St. Phoenix, AZ 85034 (602) 392-4002 Sanitary Engineering Branch California Department of Health 714 P St. Sacramento, CA 95814 (916) 323-6111 Drinking Water Program Sanitation Branch Environmental Protection and Health Services Division P.O. Box 3378 Honolulu, HI 96801 (808)548-4682 Public Health Engineering Nevada Department of Human Resources Consumer Health Protection Services 505 East King St., Room 103 Carson City, NV89710 (702) 885-4750 Guam Environmental Protection Agency Government of Guam P.O. Box 2999 Agana, Guam 96910 Division of Environmental Quality Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands P.O. Box 1304 Saipan, Mariana Islands 96950 Marshall Islands Environmental Protection Authority Hospital Majuro, Marshall Islands 96960 FSM Environmental Protection Board FSM Health Services Kolonia, Pohnpei 96941 Patau Environmental Quality Protection Board Hospital Koror, Palau 96940 Alaska Drinking Water Program Water Quality Management Department of Environmental Conservation P.O. Box O Juneau, AK 99811 (907) 465-2653 Bureau of Water Quality Division of Environment Idaho Department of Health and Welfare Statehouse Boise, ID 83720 (208) 334-5867 Drinking Water Program Health Division Department of Human Resources 1400 S.W. 5th Ave. Portland, OR 97201 (503) 229-6310 Drinking Water Program Section Department of Social and Health Services Mail Stop LD-11 Olympia, WA 98504 (206) 753-5954 ~U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1990-0-723-201 ------- |