c/EPA
ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW
of
SYNTHETIC FUELS
INDUSTRIAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
RESEARCH
LABORATORY
VOL. 2 NO. 1
JANUARY 1979
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC 27711
INTRODUCTION
In response to the shift in the U S energy supply priorities from
natural gas and oil to coal, the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) has initiated a comprehensive assessment program The pro-
gram will evaluate the environmental impacts of synthetic fuel pro-
cesses with a high potential for commercial application It is directed
by the Fuel Process Branch of EPA's Industrial Environmental Re-
search Laboratory in Research Triangle Park, NC (IERL-RTP)
The primary objectives of the EPA Synthetic Fuels Environ-
mental Assessment/Control Technology Development Program are
1) to define the environmental and health effects of multimedia dis-
charge streams and 2) to define control technology needs for an en-
vironmentally sound synthetic fuels industry The synthetic fuels
from coal technologies being studied in this program include low/
medium Btu gasification, high-Btu gasification and liquefaction To
achieve the program's overall objectives, the EPA has defined six
major task areas current process technology background, environ-
mental data acquisition, current environmental background,
environmental objectives development, control technology assess-
ment, and technology and/or commercial development The con-
tractors involved in the program, their EPA Project Officers, and
the duration of each effort are tabulated on page 6
This is the fourth in a series of periodic reviews of recent activi-
ties in EPA's synthetic fuels program Activities of EPA contractors
are covered in sections on current process technology background,
environmental data acquisition, and control technology assessment
Highlights of major symposia, a calendar of upcoming meetings and
a list of major publications provide up-to-date information on na-
tional and international developments in synthetic fuels technology
Comments or suggestions which will improve the content or format
of these reviews are welcome Such comments should be directed
to the EPA or Radian Corporation personnel identified on page 12
of this review
CURRENT PROCESS TECHNOLOGY BACKGROUND
General Topics
Environmental Assessment Reports (EAR'sl—E&R's provide the
EPA Administrator and Program Offices with comprehensive techni-
cal bases for the development of technology-specific standards
EAR'S include the following
• Description of the technology
• Summary of uncontrolled multimedia emissions
• Identification and analysis of control alternatives
• Analysis of the impact of both uncontrolled and controlled
emissions
• Summary of available data
• Identification of additional data needs
Several organizations are currently preparing EAR'S of various syn-
thetic fuels technologies Brief descriptions of these efforts are given
in the following paragraphs Detailed summaries will be presented in
subsequent issues of the "Environmental Review of Synthetic Fuels"
as the completed EAR's become available
Low/Medium-Btu Gasification
Wetlman-Galusha Gasification Systems— Radian Corporation, as
part of its environmental assessment of low/medium-Btu gasification
technology, is preparing an EAR for air-blown Wellman-Galusha gasi-
fication systems
Information used m preparing the EAR is being obtained from
Radian's low-Btu data base, the results of tests conducted by a
variety of organizations at low-Btu gasification facilities, and con-
tacts with process vendors and industry
Material and energy balances are being calculated for different
combinations of coal feedstocks and product gas specifications
Coal feedstocks include low- and high-sulfur bituminous, lignite,
and anthracite The three product gas specifications are
• Combustion products meeting existing NSPS for direct coal
combustion
• Combustion products meeting proposed NSPS for direct coal
combustion
• "Very clean," essentially sulfur-free, gas
Plant capacities examined range from 17 to 88 MJ/s (60 to 300 x
10' Btu/hr) of low-BtU gas ,
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Environmental Review of Synthetic Fuels
January 1979
Uncontrolled plant effluents are identified from the results of
detailed material and energy balances A simplified ambient air
disperson model is then used to evaluate the environmental im-
pacts of gaseous emissions In addition, multimedia emissions (con-
trolled and uncontrolled) are compared with federaL tiate. and
local regulations Potential control alternatives are identified
The report is scheduled for publication in the Spring of
1979
Hiqh-Btu Gasification
Luig, Gasification Systems—TRW, Inc , is preparing an EAR of
Lurgi high Btu gasification systems The basic data and information
required for the EAR are currently being extracted from TRW’s
high-Btu data base This data base is summarized in a recently com-
pleted document entitled “Environmental Assessment Data Base
for High-Btu Gasification Technology “ (For a detailed descrip-
tion of this report, see the Reports Summary section in this issue
of the “Environmental Review of Synthetic Fuels “)
Liquefaction
Solvent Refined Coal (SRC) Systems—Hittman Associates, Inc , is
preparing an EAR of SRC systems As a prerequisite to the report
preparation, all environmental assessment information relevant to
SRC systems is being collected The information will be analyzed
and reviewed for its inclusion in the EAR
ENVIRONMENTAL DATA ACQUISITION
General Topics
Control Assay Development (CA 0)—Catalytic, Inc is develop-
ing methods for performing laboratory scale screening tests on pro-
cess waste samples The screening tests will be used to define the
applicability of various pollution control technologies The methods,
collectively known as Control Assay Development (CAD), apply
to aqueous, gaseous, and solid wastes By analyziig the effective-
ness of the control technologies employed, CAD can assess the
potential treatability of waste streams and determine the need for
specific control technology studies
The strategy of CAD uses the phased approach concept devel-
oped by IEIRL RTP for environmental assessment (EA) programs
Applied to EA, Level 1 is a screening phase to identify problem
streams and set priorities for more intensive Level 2 data collection
Level 1 CAD also examines some of the more conventional control
technologies to determine their effectiveness in removing pollu.
tants Potentially applicable control technologies will be selected
for more rigorous Level 2 CAD treatability studies If none of the
Unit operations employed in Level 1 effect sufficient removal of
pollutants, other technologies normally reserved for special applica-
tions will be used Evaluation of CAD treatment will be based on
EPA environmental goals Chemical, physical, and biological assays
will be pnrformed using the appropriate IERL-RTP protocols
CAD is designed to be conducted in the field using small scale
pollution control systems housed in a mobile laboratory The con-
trol systems are sized to process sufficient sample quantities to
determine both chemical and physical parameters and health and
ecological effects About 0 20 m 3 (53 gal) of an aqueous stream
and about 28 m 3 11,000 ft 3 ) of a gaseous stream will be required
Samples of liquids, gases, and solids generated by CAD testing will
be collected, “fixed,” and shipped to an off-site laboratory for
analysis using the IERL-RTP Level 1 EA procedures
Procedures for wastewater screening tests are further along in
development The methodology was described in a previous edition
(see the “Environmental Review of Synthetic Fuels,” Volume 1,
Number 3) CAD as applied to air and solid wastes is discussed
below
Procedures for air screening tests include unit operations for re-
moval of particulates and inorganic gaseous species The screening
apparatus is a series of cyclones, filters, canisters, and impingers
Few options are available for the safe disposal of sludge, ash,
char, and other solid materials Incineration, fixation or encapsula-
tion, and land filling are the primary methods Incineration pro.
cesses include high temperature thermal destruction. pyrolysis, and
wet air oxidation Investigation is underway to determine the extent
to which these operations can be practically included as Level 1
CAD protocols
Chemical fixation or encapsulation techniques are designed to
alter the characteristics of waste solids to minimize or eliminate
leaching at landfill disposal sites Because of the proprietary nature
of fixation/encapsulation processes, it would be necessary to provide
suitable samples to a process vendor in order to develop data for this
type of solids disposal approach It is anticipated that chemical fixa-
tion/encapsulation will not be included as part of the Level 1 CAD
test procedures
Leaching tests are normally long term in nature, beyond the time
frame of Level 1 CAD studies However, investigation is underway
to determine if standard techniques can be modified for use as CAD
screening tests Before CAD methodologies are finally adopted, the
specific test procedures will be tested in the laboratory using syn-
thetic feeds This verification step will ensure that procedures are
comprehensive and clearly written, the apparatus is easily assembled.
operated and cleaned,equipment sizes have been properly specified,
and the operations are consistent with the CAD design objectives
Low/Medium-Btu Gasification
Sampling Efforts Completed at Commercial Gasification
Facility—In early 1978, Radian Corporation completed a 2-week
sampling effort at a commercial low-Btu gasification facility Con-
structed as part of the Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Gasifiers in
Industry Program, the facility uses an air-blown, atmospheric pres-
sure Wellman-Galusha gasifier to convert approximately 025kg/s
(1 ton/hr) of low-sulfur anthracite coal to 52 MJ/m 3 (140 Btu/scf)
fuel gas Samples of 12 streams were obtained
• Coal Feed
• Gasifier Inlet Air
• Coal Hopper Vent Gas
• Pokehole Gas
• Dry Gasifier Ash
• Ash Sluice Water
• Plant Makeup Water
• Gasifier Cooling-Jacket Water
• flaw Gas to the Cyclone
• Product Gas From the Cyclone
• Cyclone Dust
• Test Burners Combustion Gases
2
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Environmental Review of Synthetic Fuels
January 1979
In addition, process gas chromatographs were used to monitor con-
tinuously the product gas for sulfur species, light hydrocarbons,
and ammonia
The first phase of sample analysis included several screening tests
These were spark source mass spectrometry for trace elements, gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry and low resolution mass spec-
trometry for organics, and biological tests The results of these tests
are now being evaluated to identify the need for additional, more
specific analyses
If a second phase of analyses (specific analyses for trace ele-
ments and/or organics) are needed, they would be completed in
early 1979 A final report summarizing all test results from both
phases should be available in the spring of 1979
Source Test and Evaluation Program-A test program will be
conducted by Radian Corporation on a Wellman-Galusha gasifier
producing low-Btu gas for an iron ore pelletizmg operation The
gasifier and pelletizer are being operated by the Bureau of Mines
and a consortium of steel companies on U S Bureau of Mines
property at Fort Snelling, Minnesota Results of the test program,
which will provide an environmental and health assessment of a
Wellman-Galusha gasifier, will appear in an environmental assess-
ment source test and evaluation report (EA STER)
The combustion characteristics of Wellman-Galusha product gas
will be investigated using a test burner Both product gas and com-
bustion products will be monitored continuously by six on site
chromatographs Fixed gases, C, C6 hydrocarbons sulfur species,
and ammonia will be measured The continuous monitoring data
will be collected during test runs on four types of coals bituminous,
semi-bituminous, subbitummous, and lignite
More extensive sampling will be conducted during two test runs,
one on a subbitummous coal and one on lignite Samples of all
major process and waste streams will be obtained The waste stream
data will provide the basis for an environmental and health assess-
ment The process data will be the basis for design and operation
of environmental control equipment in similar applications
The continuous monitoring phase of the program began in
November More extensive sampling was conducted in December
Results from Phase I Testing at Overseas Gai/fter-Radian Is con-
tinuing a series of environmental tests of the Lurgi gasification facil-
ity (Kosovo Kombine) at Obilic, Yugoslavia The plant is concep-
tually very similar to several proposed U S plants, thus process and
environmental data relevant to the proposed U S commercial-scale
processes can be gathered
Plant emission streams are being identified and characterized in
Phase I of the test program Results obtained from Campaign 1 of
Phase I are described below
Process data gathered during Campaign 1 indicated the following
average properties for the lignite coal fed to the gasification section
• Heat i ng value - 15 MJ/kg (6500 Btu/l b).
• Moisture — 24 percent (wt )
• Ash — 15 percent (wt )
• Total sulfur — 1 1 percent (wt)
Approximately 20 percent of the sulfur fed to the gasifier in the coal
was retained in the ash The product medium-Btu gas produced dur-
ing Campaign 1 was about 66 volume percent H,, 16 5 volume per-
cent CO. and 137 volume percent CH« The remaining constituents
were primarily N: and CO2 The calculated heating value of the
product gas was about 16 MJ/Nm' (410 Btu/scf)
The table below shows the composition of two plant wastewater
streams A comprehensive summary of the results of Phase I of the
Kosovo test program (Campaigns 1, 2 and 3) is scheduled for publi-
cation in the summer of 1979 Phase 11 testing, which will be di-
rected toward measuring the emission levels of specific major and
minor pollutants, is scheduled to start after the completion of the
Phase I tests
WASTEWATER PROPERTIES
Parameter
(ma/I)
pH
SUSP Solids
Diss Solids
COD
Permanganate Value
Phenols
CN~
cr
SOf
CNS~
F~
N0~
Generator
Section
Wastewater*
114-121
180-590
1100-2100
08-150
16-69
—
0 01 max
20-70
320-670
001-003
06-1 2
4-6
Phenosolvan
Effluent
Water
92-94
150-190
880-1300
3100-3300
5400-7600
1 70-270
002
16-120
100-110
3
Trace
11-12
'Water used for ash quenching and paniculate (coal and ash dust)
control
High-Btu Gasification
Test Program Development—\r\ the area of test program develop-
ment. TRW has developed a detailed list of specific data require-
ments for the HYGAS coal gasification pilot plant To fill these
data needs, a series of five sample acquisitions has been proposed
Up to nine process and discharge streams would be sampled during
each sample acquisition Analytical techniques to be used include
gas chromatography. spark source mass spectrometry, and atomic
absorption spectroscopy Bioassay testing will also be performed
The TRW test plan was coordinated with a comprehensive testing
program which has been developed for the HYGAS facility by the
Institute of Gas Technology and Carnegie-Mellon University
CONTROL TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
General Topics
High Temperature Gas Cleanup Using Iron Ox/de-Catalytic,
Inc , has started bench scale tests to examine the degree of pollu-
tant removal achieved by contacting simulated coal conversion gases
in a fixed iron oxide sorbent bed The testing will be done using an
existing setup at an Air Products & Chemicals, Inc , laboratory Two
gas mixtures, approximating coke oven and Lurgi raw gases, will be
studied Pollutant removal efficiencies will be determined under
different test conditions Sorbent regeneration and sulfur recovery
studies will be also conducted The data obtained will be used to
make a preliminary engineering assessment of the iron oxide pro-
cess
Material Balance Studies—Catalytic, Inc , has started material
balance studies to assess environmental aspects and control needs of
product/by-products recovery and upgrading processes The major
emphasis in Catalytic's study is on technology for improving the
quality of liquid coal conversion products and by-products such as
naphtha, tars, tar oils, fuel oils, and crude phenols
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Environmental Review of Synthetic Fuels
January 1979
NJaphtha is produced from both coal gasification and liquefac-
Lion processes It can be processed to make benzene or gasoline
blending components At least three potential processing schemes
are available Benzene can be produced by the Houdry Loot pro-
cess or by an alternate process which involves hydrotreating and
extraction using tetraethylene glycol The Lilof process, which has
been used in the coke oven industry since 1964, is a catalytic pro-
cess by which naphtha can be refined and dealkytated to produce
high quality benzene Gasoline blending components can be pro-
duced from naphtha by hydro-treatirig to remove sulfur and
nitrogen followed by catalytic reforming All these processes will
be investigated
Coal liquids in the 450-620 K (350.650° F) boiling range will re-
quire mild hydrotreatment to remove nitrogen to make them suit
able for No 2 fuel oil applications Tars, tar oils and +620 K
1+650°F) heavy fuel OilS, however, will require severe and expensive
hydrotreatment to be environmentally acceptable fuels -lydrocrack-
ing of tars and tar oils followed by catalytic reforming is an alternate
process to make high octane gasoline
TECHNOLOGY AND/OR COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT
International Coal Gasification Project—The European Economic
Community and India have agreed to support a tonI coal gasifica-
lion project The loint venture will aim to improve the efficiency
of coal utilization in thermal power stations Other goals include a
reduction in capital costs and petroleum fuels consumption The
project will be managed by the state-owned Bharat Heavy Electri-
cafs, Ltd - of India
West Germany Gasification Pilot Plant—Rheiriiscfie Braunkoh
lonwerke (Rheinbraunl has built a 081 kg/s 177 ton/day) lignite
gasificalion facility at Wachtberg The unit operates at tempera-
tures up to 1373 K (2012°F) at 1 1 MPa (11 atm) If the pilot plant
satisfies Rbeinbraun’s expectations, a commercial-scale gasification
plant will be built in the 1980’s
Coal-based Fertilizer Project Begun in India—The first of three
Koppers-Toizek gasi tiers was put into operation at the Talcher
fertilizer plant in India in early summer for the production of
ammonia and urea The total output of ammonia and urea is ex-
pected to be 300000 and 500 000 Mg/yr (330,000 and 550,000
toris/yr),respectively, once the remaining Iwo gasitiers go onstream
The gasifiors were designed by Fertilizer India Ltd New Delhi
Coal Fines Tests Successful at Conoco’s Westfield Plant—En
couraging results were achieved in recent DOE sponsored tests with
coal fines at Conoco Development Company’s Westfield pilot plant
The capability of the slagging Lurgi gasifier to handle both ‘sized”
coal and ccci ‘fines” is a finding which improves the economic and
enviromimemal outlook for converting Eastern U S coals to substit
oLe natural gas The clean air standards have prevented utilities from
using high sulfur, highly caking cools The use of both sizes of cool
simulates run of-mine coal, making it feasible to use Eastern U S
coals with Westfield technology The process is claimed capable of
gasifying all of the coking bituminous coals east of the Mississippi
River, including Ohio No 9 This means that substitute natural gas
could be produced close to mator gas markets in the Eastern U S -
and existing pipelines could be utilized for transportation
Horizontal Drilling Aids In-Situ Gasification—Lawrence Liver-
more Laboratories, of Livermore California, has successfully drilled
a horizontal hole into the bottom of a 76 m 25 ft I coal seam in the
Powder River Basin 01 Wyoming The total length of the hole is
23Dm (750 ft I with the horizontal section about 60 m (200 ft I
long This marks the first step in a new gasification experiment being
conducted for DOE
The horizontal hole will link three 02 m (8 in ) vertical holes
One hole is for steam and oxygen inlection and the other two serve
as exits for the gas from the burning coal This is the first time the
horizontal drilling method has been used in the United States, at
though it was pioneered in the U S S R during the 1950’s Begin
ning in June 1979, 30m 1100 ft of the coal seam will be gasified
ni a 40-day test
MobilProcess for Gasoline Production—The conclusion of a study
conducted by Mobil Oil Corporation is that the Mobil methanol con-
version process is cheaper and produces a higher quality fuel than
the Fischer Tropsch synthesis The study, conducted under a
$200,000 contract with DOE, showed that gasoline produced by
Fischcr Tropsch synthesis would require additional refining 10 meet
U S standards The Mobil process gasifies coal and uses a proprietary
catalyst to convert the methanol to gasoline and water The Fischer-
Tropsch process uses a different catalyst to convert the gas to
several hydrocarbon products, one of which is gasoline
Joint Venture in Coal Gasification—Dravo Corporation and Con
solidated Natural Gas Company (both of Pittsburgh) are planning a
Joint venture to provide coal-based industrial fuel gas to Consoli-
dated’s industrial customers in Ohio Pennsylvania, and West Virginia
The newly formed company, Industrial Fuel Gas Company, will
build own, and operate coal gasification plants producing tow- or
medium-Btu gas The new gasification plants will be located on or
near user plant sites A single gasifier unit can be built in about 18
months at a cost ol approsimately $4 million (including environ-
mental controls) The gasifier wilt have a capacity of 18MW Ii 5
billion Btu/day( As additional power is needed, more gasifiers can
be installed at incremental cosls
Honeycombed Nickel Catalysts for Coal Gasification Reactions—
Experiments being conducted at Brigham Young University (BYU)
for DOE indicate that honeycombed nickel catalysts are more active
in coal gasification reactions than nickel pellets or other more
compact configurations Researchers at BYU report that monolithic
honeycombed catalysts produce 50 percenl more methane
(volume basis) than do nickel pellets and that the size of a com-
mercial coal gasification reactor could be reduced by 40 percent
using the honeycombed catalyst
Natural Gas Industry’s Gasification Projects—The U S natural
gas industry is making a new effort to become involved in coal gasi-
fication The decision for greater involvement is based on estimates
of future needs for synthetic gas and petrochemical feedstocks Ac-
cording to estimates by the American Gas Association (AGA) 44
gasification plants will be needed in the U S by the year 2000
A consortium of American Natural Gas Resources Company and
four other gas transmission companies has requested Federal Energy
Regufatory Commission (FERC) approvat for a $1 4 billion com-
mercial-scale plant Construction could begin by April 1979 near
Bismarck, North Dakota The plant is designed to produce pipeline
quality gas with a heating value almost the same as natural gas
El Paso Natural Gas (EPNGI is planning a similar protect and has
outlined addilional sponsors to share the estimated $1 25 billion
cost EPNG’s project would be built near Gallup, New Mexico and
would produce 94 m 3 /s (288 million ft 3 /day) of pipeline gas DOE
is sponsoring three smaller projects now in the design and engineer-
ing phase These include the HYGAS process, the shagging Lurgi
process, and the COED/COGAS process being developed by Procon,
Conoco, and COG (Illinois Coal Gasification Group), respectively
DOEand GRI Agree to Gas,fier Shutdown—DOE and the Gas Re-
search Institute (GRII have decided to shut d wri the steam iron
coal-to-hydrogen gasifier located adjacent to the HYGAS facility in
Chicago The hydrogen plant was being operated by the Institute of
Gas Te hnology and has operated only 2 days since completion in
1976 The unit was designed to produce 0015 m 3 /s (45,000 ft 3 /
day) of hydrogen but never produced more than 0001 m 3 /s
(3,000 ft 3 fday) DOE is considering placing the facility on standby
for potential use in future cool gasification projects
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Environmental Review of Synthetic Fuels
January 1979
Texas A&M Plans Lignite Gasification Pilot P/ant—Texas A&M
University has fulfilled all administrative permit requirements for an
in-situ lignite gasification pilot plant and is awaiting approval from
the Texas Railroad Commission The planned installation would be
located in Milam County near Rockdale, Texas Plans include an
83 rn (273 ft (ignition well (drilled to a 5 m (14 ft thick lignite
seam), and at least one production well Approximately 1360 Mg
(1.500 tons) of lignite will be gasified during the 6 weeks after
start-up The gas produced will be burned ri incinerators
DOE Considers Second Burn Front at Hanna—DOE is considering
a second burn front at the kanna, Wyoming, underground gasifica
tion test site Flow tests are now being performed to determine if
the coal seam is permeable enough to sustain the gasification burn
The extended flow testing is not routine, but is necessary in this case
to ensure that seam conditions are suitable for the second burn The
first burn front was shut down when gas production dropped off
rapidly
.4mmon,a.From-Coa/ Demonstration Project—The Tennessee Val
ley Authority (TVA) has awarded a $256 million contract to Brown
and Root, Incorporated, of Houston to engineer, procure, and con-
struct facilities which will gasify sized coal The plant will use the
Texaco gasification process to produce synthetic gas from 1 76
kg/s (168 tons/day) of eastern low-sulfur or midwestern high-sulfur
coal The gas will be purified and delivered to TVA’s ammonia plant
at Muscle Shoals, Alabama The gas will be used in the production of
1 42 kg/s (135 tons/day) of ammonia at the retrofitted fertilizer
plant The demonstration of the ammonia-from-coal process it
scheduled for the early 1980’s
Solvent Extraction Process for Gasification—A chemical process
for super critical solvent extraction developed nearly 100 years ago
is being reconsidered for producing clean fuel or chemical feedstocks
from coal Catalytic, Incorporated, of Philadelphia, under contract
to the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), is conducting an
economic analysis of the potential use of coal extracts as fuel
Catalytic claims several advantages for the solvent extraction process
over conventional coal conversion techniques
Britain’s National Coal Board is now using the solvent extraction
process in an 83g/s (11 lb/hrl pilot plant being operated to produce
a high quality chemical feedstock The coal and solvent are mixed at
a temperature of 632 K (750°F) and pressure of 10 MPa (100 atm)
The process uses loluene as a solvent and converts up to 33 percent
of the coal processed The products are a hydrogen-rich glassy solid
and char residue
The solvent extraction process is especially attractive because, ac-
cording to Catalytic, no hydrogen is required and energy require-
ments for compressing the liquid solvent are low In addition, the
char residue is readily converted to hydrocarbon oils and chemicals
because of its rich hydrogen content and low molecular weight
Finally, the extract precipitates out of the solvent at low tempera-
tures, making filtration unnecessary
Testing Improves Gasifier Lifetime—A water-cooled hearth may
help extend the life of gasifiers used to produce substitute natural
gas from coal Testing at DOE’s Grand Forks Energy Technology
Center showed that water cooling improves the durability of the
heat resistant metal coatings (refractories) of the gasifier hearth
Previously the durability of the refractories was limited by corro-
sion and slag formation The design used at Grand Forks circulates
water through the bottom of the hearth to cool the red-hot slag
and thereby reduce damage to the bottom of the gasifier The new
gasifier was operated successfully for about 25 hours, during which
21,200 m 3 (750,000 ft 3 ) of medium-Btu gas was produced from
837 Mg (992 tons) of raw North Dakota lignite
Coal Gasification Plant Proposed for Indiana—DOE has received
an unsolicited proposal from Wheelabrator-Frye for the construction
of a medium-Btu coal gasification plant The plant, which would be
operational within 4 years, would produce gas for use in steel mills
in the Gary, Indiana, area The cost of the $100 million prolect is to
be split evenly among federal and industrial participants, including
National Steel Co and Northern Indiana Public Service Co
Japan Plans Coal Liquefaction Plant in Australia—Japan’s Elec
tric Power Development Company (EPDC) is considering the con-
struction of a coal liquefaction plant in New South Wales, Australia,
through a technology sharing agreement with the New South Wales
Electricity Commission )NSWEC) The NSWEC would share its
expertise in handling power plant fly ash in return for EPDC’s coal
liquefaction technology The Japanese company could economize
by shipping the liquefied fuel product instead of hugh quantities of
raw coal EPDC is a government funded bulk power supplier in
Japan
Coal Liquefaction Pilot Plant Gets New Construction Manage-
ment—Badger Plants, Inc (Cambridge, Mass ( has assumed the role
of construction manager for an H-Coal liquefaction unit currently
being built at Catlettsburg, Ky for DOE Badger Plants has been a
malor subcontractor on the project, which aims to produce 320 m 3 /
day (2,000 bbl/day( of liquids from 6 30 kg/s (600 tons/day) of
coal
DOE Awards SAC Contracts—DOE has awarded con tracts for the
preliminary design of full scale commercial solvent refined coal
(SRC) plants to Gulf Oil’s Pittsburgh and Midway Coal Mining
Company (Denver) and Southern Company’s Southern Services
(Atlanta) The designs will be used by DOE in selecting an SRC tech-
nology for demonstration Gulf has developed the slurry recycle
liquefaction, or SRC II process Southern Company favors use of the
SPC solids process
If Construction of the plants is authorized by DOE, Gulf plans to
build its facilities near Morgantown, West Virginia Consolidated Na
tural Gas is considering the purchase of the expected 14 7 m 3 /s
(45 million ft 3 /day( of by-product methane produced at the plant
Southern Services would construct its plant near Owensboro,
Kentucky, on property provided by the state
New Process Converts Coal to Liquid Hydrocarbons—A new
method for converting coal to liquid hydrocarbons has been devel-
oped at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, 0 C The new
conversion method, a two-step process, employs milder reaction con-
ditions than conventional techniques First, vulnerable sites in the
coal are oxidized to oxygenated compounds This reaction occurs
readily at temperatures below 450 K (350°F) and at a pressure of
o i MPa (1 atm) In the second step, thermolysis is used to rupture
molecules at the oxidation sites For molecules of low molecular
weight, this second reaction occurs at 07-2 1 MPa (100-300 psi) and
670 K (750°F) Molecular weights of the liquid hydrocarbons pro-
duced range between 90 and 210, with yields of up to 35 percent
Conventional processes for converting coal to liquids usually require
the addition of hydrogen or steam, or removal of some carbon, these
processes usually operate at temperatures above 700 K (800°F) and
at pressures of up to 14 MPa (2,000 psi)
5
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Environmental Review of Synthetic Fuels
January 1919
PROJECT TITLES, CONTRACTORS, AND EPA PROJECT OFFICERS
IN EPA’S FUEL PROCESS BRANCH ASSESSMENT PROGRAM
Project Title Contractor EPA Project Officer
Environmental Assessment
of Low/Medium-Btu
Gasification
(March 1976-March 1979)
Radian Corporation
8500 Shoal Creek Blvd
Austin, TX 78766
(512) 454-4797
(Gordon C Page)
William J Rhodes
I ER L- RTP
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919) 541-2851
Environmental Assessment
of Higb-Btu Gasification
(April 1977-April 1980)
TRW, Inc
1 Space Park
Redondo Beach, CA 90278
(213) 536-4105
(Chuck Murray)
William J Rhodes
lEA L-RTP
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919) 541-2851
Environmental Assessment
of Coal Liquefaction
(August 1976-August 1979)
l-litlman Associates
9190 Red Branch Road
Columbia, MD 21043
(301) 730-7800
(Wayne Morris)
William J Rhodes
IERL-RTP
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919) 541-2851
Control Technology For
Products/By-Products
(September 1976-September 1979)
Catalytic Inc
1500 Market Streel
Center Square West
Philadelphia, PA 19102
(215) 864-8104
(A B Cherry)
William J Rhodes
(ER L. RTP
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919) 541-2851
Control Technology For
Converter Output
(January 1977-January 1980)
Hydrocarbon Research, Inc
P 0 Box 6047
134 Franklin Corner Road
Lawrence Township, NJ 08648
(609) 896-1300
John Kunesh)
William J Rhodes
IERL-RTP
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919) 541-2851
Waste Stream Disposal
and Utilization
(April 1977 April 1980)
Pullman Kellogg
Research and Development Center
16200 Park Row
Industrial Perk Terrace
Houston, TX 77054
(713) 493-0291
(Louis Bostwick)
William J Rhodes
IERL-RTP
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919) 541-2851
Acid Gas Cleaning
Bench Scale Unit
(October 1976-September 1981)
(Grant)
North Carolina State Univ
Department of Chemical Engineering
Raleigh, NC 27607
(919) 737-2324
(James Ferrell)
N Dean Smith
I ER L-RTP
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919) 541-2851
Water Treating Bench
Scale Unit
(November 1976-October 1g81)
(Grant)
Univ of North Carolina
Department of Environmental
Sciences and Engineering
School of Public Health
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
(919) 966-1052
(Phillip Singer)
N Dean Smith
I ER L-RTP
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919) 541-2851
Pollutant Identification
From a Bench Scale Unit
(November 1976-October 1981)
(Grant)
Research Triangle Institute
P 0 Box 12194
Research Triangle Park,
NC 27709
(919) 541-6000
IForest Mixon)
N Dean Smith
lEA L-RTP
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919) 541-2851
6
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REPORT SUMMARY
Environmental Review of Synthetic Fuels
January 1919
Environmental Assessment Data Base For Htgh-Btu Gasification Technology
by
M. Ghassemi, K. Crawford,
and S. Quinlivan
TRW, Inc.
As part of its EPA sponsored program for the environmental
assessment of high-Btu gasification, TRW recently completed a
three-volume document entitled “Environmental Assessment Data
Base for High-Btu Gasification “ (EPA-600/7-78-186a, 186b, and
186c, September lg7Sl The document summarizes and analyzes
existing environmental assessment data and identifies data gaps
Information sources included published and unpublished EPA
documents, open literature, process developers, EPA and DOE con-
tractors, and authorities in industry and academic institutions Based
on a preliminary review of the collected data, a number of gasifica-
tion and related processes likely to be employed in commercial sub-
stitute natural gas facilities were selected and analyzed in more de-
tail
To permit a systematic data analysis, the high-Btu gasification
technology was divided into four “operations” coal preparation,
coal gatification, gas purification, and gas upgrading Auxiliary pro-
cesses for pollution control were grouped into air pollution control
processes, water pollution control processes, and solid waste man-
agement processes The operations and auxiliary processes were
further subdivided into process modules, consisting of nearly inter-
changeable processes or processes applicable to different operating
conditions and input requirements For example, the process
modules included in air pollution control are sulfur recovery, tail
gas treatment, SO 2 control and/or recovery, incineration, CO.
hydrocarbon and odor control, particulate control, gas compres-
sion and recycling, and NOx control
For each process in a module, a data sheet was prepared pre-
senting key information The data sheets allowed comparison be-
tween alternate processes in a given module and revealed significant
data gaps Data sheets were prepared for 11 gasification processes,
22 gas purification processes, 4 gas upgrading processes. 18 air pollu-
tion control processes, 17 water pollution control processes, end 3
solid waste disposal processes
To ensure completeness and accuracy, the process data sheets
were reviewed by process developers/licensors and, in some cases,
technical experts in EPA laboratories or program offices Responses
were received on 25 of the 39 data sheets sent out for review
As part of the data analysis, the various processes in a module
were compared from the standpoint of developmental status, suit-
ability for use in SNG facilities, process principles, raw material
and utility requirements, costs (where available), process efficiency
and reliability, discharge stream characteristics, and other advantages
and disadvantages The coal gasification, gas purification, gas up-
grading, and pollution control processes considered promisiiig were
then examined from the standpoint of their integration into a
commercial SNG production facility Gaps and limitations of the
available data were summarized Only those unit operations and
waste streams ludged specific to high-Btu gasification and related
operations were addressed Operations such as coal storage, clean-
ing, and drying, on-site power generation, oxygen production. and
raw water and sanitary waste treatment were not considered
The limitations and gaps of the available data fall into two cate-
gories (1) total non-existence or unavailability of the data, and (2)
available data which lack comprehensiveness or have been obtained
under conditions significantly different than those anticipated in an
integrated commercial SNG plant in the U S Examples of the gaps
in the first category are (1 (the lack of detailed information about
emissions from decommissioning spent methanation catalysts. (2)
the lack of data on combined effluents, and (3) the lack of data on
sludges from treatment of combined effluents or from treatment of
tar and oily condensates Since no integrated SNO facility currently
exists, these types of data are not available from actual operation
Even though environmental characteristics of SNG plant wastes can
be estimated through engineering studies, only a limited number of
such studies have been conducted to date In the case of emissions
from catalyst decommissioning, even though some data might exist.
such data are proprietary and not publicly available
Examples of the second category of data gaps and limitations are
(1) the lack of trace element and organics composition of waste
streams, (2) the lack of toxicological and ecological data for waste
streams, and (3) the lack of data on the performance of control sys-
tems in SNG service In comparison with the very limited amount of
data which are available on most gasification processes, considerable
data are available on the characteristics of aqueous wastes from the
HYGAS and dry ash Lurgi processes These data, however, do not
include organic and trace element constituents, bioassay informa-
tion, and waste treatability Aqueous waste data on hazardous char-
acteristics such as biodegradability, health effects, and potential for
bioaccumulation and environmental persistence are also lacking For
the Stretford process, limited commercial experience exists with
acid gases containing high levels of CO 2 which would be encount-
ered in a SNG plant With the exception of a few pollution control
processes feg ,flaring for hydrocarbon and H 5 Scontrol, and
venturi scrubbing for particulate removal), the various air, water,
and solid waste control processes which would be potentially em-
ployed at commercial facilities have not been used in coal gasifica-
tion applications Even for the few processes which have been used
for coal gasification, very little data are available on the character-
istics of the treated streams and on the performance and costs of
these applications
Data gaps in the first category can be partially filled through
engineering analysis Since integrated SNG facilities do not exist and
the existing pilot plants do not incorporate all the units or design
features of a large scale facility, not all of these data can be supplied
Many of the gaps in the second category, however, can and should
be filled Approaches to be used here include multimedia environ-
mental sampling and analysis of the process/discharge streams at
pilot plants and foreign gasification facilities. bench-scale studies, and
engineering analysis Some of the unit operations and conditions in
the gasification pilot plants are not representative of commercial
facilities However, in the absence of such commercial facilities,
sampling at the pilot plants represents the best and the only meant
of acquiring meaningful data on process and waste stream char-
acteristics Such sampling and analysis programs, coupled with re-
lated engineering studies and bench-scale testing, can provide valu-
able and timely input to the evolution of the SNG industry These
programs would ensure that (1) environmental considerations are in-
cluded in the selection of processes, equipment, and waste manage-
ment options for commercial SNG plants and (2) the drafting of New
Source Performance Standards for SNG facilities is based on sound
technical and engineering data Several programs are currently
underway or planned which involve testing and sampling at pilot
7
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Environmental Review of Synthetic Fuels
January 1979
plants, bench scale units, or foreign commercial facilities
Major programs which are expected to generats some of the data
needed for high-Btu gasification environmental assessment fall into
three categories EPA-sponsored programs, DOE sponsored pro-
grams, and privately funded programs Very limited’ data are avail-
able on the privately funded programs Of the EPA programs, the
one most directly related to high-Blu gasification is the TRW
environmental assessment effort The data base document is the first
step in the environmental assessment effort DOE synthetic fuel
pilot and demonstration programs include sampling and analysis at
various facilities, bench-scale studies for process and environmental
data acquisition, and related environmental engineering studies
The preparation of the data base document completes the first
phase of the TRW program The second phase of the program, which
is already underway, includes the acquisition of data through sampl-
ing and analysis of process and waste streams at selected gasification
facilities As part of this latter effort, TRW has contacted DOE and
private process developers in the U S as well as commercial facilities
overseas Initial steps have been taken to develop test programs for
selected facilities
MEETING CALENDAR
Environmental Aspects of Fuel
Conversion Technology
The Fourth Symposium on “Environmental Aspects of Fuel Con-
version Technology “will be held April 17-20, 1979 at the Diplomat
Hotel, Hollywood, Florida The purpose of the symposium, spon-
sored by IERL-RTP, is to discuss environmentally related informa-
tion on coal gasification and liquefaction More than 300 partici-
pants, including process developers, process users, environmental
groups, and research scientists, are expected to attend the 4-day
symposium General Chairman of the meeting will be William J
Rhodes, EPA Program Manager, Synthetic Fuels
The meeting will address multimedia considerations, and pre-
sentations will include the results achieved from research and field
studies performed at the laboratory, bench and full scale Back
ground presentations will include IERL-RTP program status and
assessment methodology Major emphasis in succeeding sessions will
be on presentation of data and evaluation of iesults obtained from
ongoing test programs at gasification and liquefaction sites,as well
as evaluations of environmental control technology
Invitations and program announcements will be sent to all
addressees who are receiving the “Environmental Review of Synthe-
tic Fuels “ There will be a registrat,r n fee for the Fourth
Symposium on “Environmental Aspects of Fuel Conversion Tech-
nology” which includes a copy of preprints of the symposium
papers Franklin A Ayer, Researcri Triangle Institute, P 0 Box
12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, (919) 541 6260, will
again serve as Symposium Coordinator
Third National Conference and Exhibition on Technology for
Energy Conservation, January 22-26, 1979, Tuscan, Arizona Con’
tact Bobbie D Zucker, Information Transfer, Inc - 1160 Rockville
Pike, Suite 202, Rockville, Maryland 20852
Sixth Energy Technology Conference and Exposition. February 26-
28, 1979, Washington, DC Contact Martin Heavner, Government
Institutes, Inc ,2733 Bethesda Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland, 20014
Pacific Chemical Conference 1979 38th National Meeting of Chemi’
cal Society of Japan and 777th National Meeting of American
Chemical Society, April 1-6, 1979, Honolulu, Hawaii Contact A T
Winstead, American Chemical Society, 1155 16th Street, NW, Wash-
ington, D C - 20036
Tenth Biennial Lignite Symposium. May 1979 (dates not known),
Grand Forks, North Dakota Contact Gordon H Gronhovd, Grand
Forks Energy Technology Center, P 0 Box 8213, University Station,
Grand Forks, North Dakota, 58202
Sixth National Conference on Energy and the Environment, May 21-
24, 1979, Pittsburgh. Pennsylvania Contact Duane G Nichols, Re-
search Triangle Institute, P 0 Box 12194, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina, 27709
RECENT MAJOR MEETINGS
Fifth Annual International Conference on
Coal Gasification, Liquefaction, and
Conversion to Electricity
The Fifth Annual International Conference on Coal Gasifica-
tion, Liquefaction, and Conversion to Electricity was held August
1-3, 1978,in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania The primary objective of the
conference was to review the status of coal conversion technologies
The conference was sponsored by the University of Pittsburgh and
covered the following topics
• The Status of Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD)
• Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC)
• Industrial Fuel Gas
• Commercial Gasifiers
• Demonstration Plants
• Emerging Technologies
• Liquefaction
• Gasification Processes
• Gas Cleanup Systems
Session 1 covered the status of FGD Papers were presented on
present and future air regulations, the status of throwaway FGD
technology, and the status of SO and N0 regenerable control
processes Other papers described the development programs for
two SO and NO removal processes—the Shell Flue Gas Treating
Process and the Aqueous Carbonate Process
The topic of Session 2 was fluidized bed combustion (FBC) of
coal and industrial fuel gas Papers presented described the state of
FBC technology, atmospheric FBC of low quality coals, and the
8
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Environmental Rcview of Synthetic Fuels
January 1979
design of FBC systems to meet environmental standards Carter Oil
Company and Memphis Light and Gas Division summarized the
status of their respective programs to build and operate commercial
scale coal gasification plants These plants would produce a medium-
Btu gas for industrial users in the Houston, Texas and Memphis,
Tennessee, areas Caterpillar Tractor Company discussed their pro-
gram for converting their U S plants from natural gas to other fuels
(fuel oil coal coal gas) and other sources of energy (electricity) In
addition, Koppers Company discussed the feasibility of mixing
medium-Btu coal gas with natural gas in existing pipeline systems
Sessions 3 and 4 covered commercial gasifier and demonstration
plants Wilputte Corporation gave an operating overview of the 12
small industrial gasifiers at the 1-lolston Army Ammunition plant,
Kingsport, Tennessee DOE summarized operating experience and
economics for its first two industrial gasifier demonstration plants
Papers were presented covering the status of the following programs
• American Natural Gas—Lurgi coal gasification program
• Cogas demonstration program
• HYGAS demonstration program
• SAARBERG-OTTO gasilier program
• Slagging Lurgi demonstration program
• Powerton combined cycle test program
• Steam-iron pilot plant program
• Synthane program
• Westinghouse coal gasification system program
In addition TVA discussed their ammonia-from-coal project and eco-
nomics on the production of ammonia from coal
Papers describing emerging technologies were also presented dur
ing Session 4 These papers included descriptions of the Rocketdyne
Gasifier-Flash Pyrolysis program, the Exxon Catalytic gasifier, screw
feeding and spraying, and high mass flux gasifiers
Sessions 5 and 6 included simultaneous sessions on coal liquefac-
tion and coal gasification In the liquefaction area, status reports
covered a variety of topics, including the SRC II process, the Cresap
test facility in West Virginia, and Mobil’s methanol to gasoline pro
cess A number of papers were also presented covering the technologi-
cal and economic aspects of commercial coal liquefaction
In the area of coal gasification, status reports summarized the
KilnGas coal gasification project and peat gasification Several papers
discussed the economics and application of coal gasification Coal
gasification product gas cleanup was covered by two papers one
an high temperature electrostatic precipitators, the other on
the Stretford process for H 2 5 removal
Gasification Technology
RECENT MAJOR PAPERS AND PUBLICATIONS
Bair, Wilford G , “The Data Base for the HYGAS Process Commer-
cial/Demonstration Plans Design,” Presented at the Fifth Annual
International Conference on Coal Gasification, Liquefaction and
Conversion to Electricity, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA,
August 1.3, 1978
Bechtel Corporation, Engineering Review and Evaluation of Com-
bustion Engineering, Inc. Coal Gasification Process Development
Unit, Final Report RP-244-2, Palo Alto, CA 94304
Buder, Manf red K , and Oleg N Terichow, “Underground Coal Gasi-
fication Can Reach Unminable Energy,” Oil & Gas J 76(24), 54-61
1978)
Calgon Corporation. “Granular Activated Carbon for Coal Gasifica-
tion and Other Gas Processing Applications,” Company Brochure,
Pittsburgh, PA 1978
Chapel, Dan G , “Initial Operation at the Cresap Test Facility.” Pre
sented at the Fifth Annual International Conference on Coal Gasi.
fication, Liquefaction and Conversion to Electricity, University of
Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA August 1-3, 1978
Combs, L Paul, at al., “Rockwell International Gasifier—Flash Hydro-
pyrolysis,” Presented at the Fifth Annual International Conference
on Coal Gasification, Liquefaction and Conversion to Electricity,
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA August 1.3, 1978
Duckey, George F ,Srudy of Refractory Material for Use in a Slag’
ging Coal Gasifier Report No AD-A052 658, ARCSL-SR-77004,
AD-34001 17 Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, U S Army Armament
R&D Command, February 1978
Eddinger, A Tracy and Ralph Bloom, Jr., “The COGAS Process—A
Promise for the Future,” Presented at the Fifth Annual International
Conference on Coal Gasification, Liquefaction and Conversion to
Electricity, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, August 1-3,
1978
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quatity Planning
and Standards, Control of Emissions from Lurgi Coal Gasification
Plants Report No PB-279 012, EPA-450/2-78-01 2, Research
Triangle Park, NC. March 1978
Flour Engineers and Construction, inc ,Economics of Fuel Gas from
Coal—An Update Including the British Gas Corporation’s Slagging
Gasifier Final Report Report No AF782, EPRI RP 239 Irvine,
CA, May 1978
Franzen, J. E . “Considerations on Coal Gasification.” Report No
N78-16431, NASA-TM-75233 Translation from Technische Mit’
teilungen Krupp, Forschungsberichte 35, 83-94 (January 19771
Freedman, S L , “Fluidized-Bed Combustion “ Presented at the
Third National Conference on the Interagency Energy/Environ-
merit R&D Program, Washington, DC, June 1-2 1978
Fussman, Gunter, and Manfred Rossbach, “High-Pressure Coal Gasi-
fication with the Saarberg/Otto Gasifier,” Presented at the Fifth
Annual International Conference on Coal Gasification, Liquefaction,
and Conversion to Electricity, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,
PA, August 1-3, 1978
Gangwal, S K , P M. Grohse, and D E Wagoner, “Measurement
Methodology for Low Molecular Weight Sulfur Effluents from a
Semi-Batch Coal Gasifier,” Presented at the 22nd ORNL Conference
on Analytical Chemistry in Energy Technology, Gatlinburg, TN.
October 10-12, 1978
Ghassem., M , K Crawford, and S. Quiniuvan, Environmental Assess’
menr Data Base for l-ligh-Btu Gasification Technology Volume I
Technical Discussion Volumes II and I/I Appendices A, B, C, D,
F, and F, Report EPA 600/7-78-1 86 a, b, and c Redondo Beach,
CA, TRW, Inc - September 1978
9
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Environmental Review of Synthetic Fuels
January 1979
Gray, Robert W., “MLGW/DOE Industrial Fuel Gas Demonstration
Plant,” Presented at the Fifth Annual International Conference on
Coal Gasification, Liquefaction and Conversion to Electricity, Uni-
versity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, August 1-3, 1978
Jortberg, A E , “The Gasification Combined Cycle Test Facility at
Powerton,” Presented at the Fifth Annual International Conference
on Coal Gasification. Liquefaction and Conversion to Electricity,
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, August 1-3, 1978
“Lurgi Gasifiers Eyed to Produce Hydrogen.” Chem Eu 9 News 56
124), 36,39-40 119781
McGurl, Gilbert V , “Gasifiers ri Industry Experiences on the First
Few Projects,” Presented at the Fifth Annual International Confer-
ence on Coal Gasification, Liquefaction and Conversion to Electri-
city, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, August 1-3, 1978
Page, G C ,Env,ronmental Assessment Source Test and Evalua-
tion Report—Chapman Low’Btu Gasification, Report EPA 600/
7 78-202 Austin TX, Radian Corp , October 1978
Petrie, T W , W. J Rhodes, and G C Page, “Environmental Aspects
of Coal Gasification and Liquefaction Processes,” Presented at the
71st Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Chemical Engi-
neers Miami Beach, FL November 12-16, 1978
Salvador, L A • and J. 0 Holmgren, “Westinghouse Coal Gasifica-
tion System,” Presented at the Fifth Annual International Confer-
ence on Coal Gasification, Liquefaction and Conversion to Electri-
city. University of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh, PA, August 1-3. 1978
Sarma, K A. K , “A Method of Ranking Coal Gasification Systems.”
Presented at the Fifth Annual International Conference on Coal
Gasification, Liquefaction and Conversion to Electricity, Univer-
sity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, August 1-3, 1978
Simpkin, A J , “High Mass Flux Gasifier,” Presented at the Fifth
Annual International Conference on Coal Gasification, Liquefac
lion and Conversion to Electricity. University ol Pittsburgh.
Pittsburgh PA, August 1 3, 1978
Stewart, James T., and T. David Pay, “Coal Gasification Processes
and Equipment Available for Small Industrial Applications,” Pre-
sented at the Fifth Annual International Conference on Coal Gasifi-
cation, Liquefaction and Conversion to Electricity University of
Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, Auqust 1-3, 1978
Tarman, Paul A , “Progress at the Steam-Iron Pilot Plant,” Presented
at the Fifth Annual International Conference on Coal Gasification,
Liquefaction and Conversion to Electricity, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA, August 1-3, 1978
Tomer, K B, A Zweidinger, C Sparacino, and E Pellizzari, “Appli-
cations of GC/MS to Coal Gasification.” Presented at the 20th
Annual Rocky Mountain Conference on Analytical Chemistry,
Denver, CO. August 7-9, 1978
Weiss, A. J , “SYNTHANE Process Ready for Scale-Up,” Hydrocar-
bon Process 57161, 125+ 11978)
Woods, R W ,“THE KILNGAS Coal Gasification System,” Pre-
sented at the Fifth Annual International Conference on Coal Gasifi
cation, Liquefaction and Conversion to Electricity, University of
Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, August 1 3, 1978
Liquefaction Technology
Changelian, George P. “Synopsis of Interim Final Report, Concep-
tual Design of a Coal to-Methanol Commercial Plant,” Presented at
the Fifth Annual International Conference on Coal Gasification,
Liquefaction and Conversion to Electricity, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA, August 1-3, 1978
Goelzar, Alan P ,Paul A Rubero and Rex T. Ellington, “Coal
Liquefaction from a Refiner’s Viewpoint,” Presented at the Fifth
Annual International Conference on Coal Gasification, Liquefaction
and Conversion to Electricity, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,
PA, August 1-3, 1978
Higginson, G W,, and R. R Maddocks, “Using Chemical Comminu-
tion to Ease Solids Separation in Coal Liquefaction.” Presented at
the Fifth Annual International Conference on Coal Gasification,
Liquefaction and Conversion to Electricity, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA, August 1-3, 1978
Jackson, D M ,and B K Schmid, “Commercial Scale Development
of the SRC II Process,” Presented at the Fifth Annual International
Conference on Coal Gasification, Liquefaction and Conversion to
Electricity, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, August 1-3,
1978
Koralek, C. S , and S S Patel, Environmental Assessment Data Base
for Coal Liquefaction Technology Volume / Systems for 14 Lique-
faction Processes, Report EPA-600/7 78-184a, NTIS No PB 287
799 Columbia, MD, Hittman Associates Inc , September 1978
Kuo, James C. W ,and Max Schreiner, “Status of the Mobile Process
for Converting Methanol to High Quality Gasoline “ Presented at the
Fifth Annual International Conference on Coal Gasification, Lique.
faction and Conversion to Electricity, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA, August 1-3, 1978
Parker, C L , and D I Dykstra, Eds, Environmental Assessment
Data Base for Coal Liquefaction Technology Volume II Syn’
tho,l, H’Coal, and Exxon Donor Solvent Processes, Report EPA-
600/7-78-184b, NTIS No PB 287800 Columbia, MD, Hittman
Associates Inc , September 1978
Potts, John D., and Harold linger, “Expanded Bed Hydroprocessing
of Solvent Refined Coal (SRC-l) Extract,” Presented at the Fifth
Annual International Conference on Coal Gasification, Liquefac’
tion and Conversion to Electricity, University of Pittsburgh, Pitts-
burgh. PA, August 1-3. 1978
Rogoshewski, P. J , et al., Standards of Practice Manual for the Sol-
vent Refined Coal Liquefaction Process, Final Report, EPA-600/
7-78-091, NTIS No PB 283028 Columbia, MD, Hittman Associates,
Inc .June 1978
Sparacino, C M , “Analytical Methodology for Characterization of
Coal Tars,” Presented at the Symposium on Process Measurements
for Environmental Assessment, EPA/IERL-RTP, Atlanta, GA,
February 13 15, 19]B
Waitzman, D A,, “The TVA Ammonia from Coal Prolect,” Pre-
sented at the Fifth Annual International Conference on Coal Gasifi-
cation, Liquefaction and Conversion to Electricity, University of
Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, August 1-3, 1978
Other
Bastress, E Karl, “Coal Utilization Technologies Views from DOE,”
Presented at the Fifth Annual International Conference on Coal
Gasification, Liquefaction and Conversion to Electricity, University
of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, August 1-3, 1978
Biros, Francis John, “Potential Impact of Environmental Regula-
tory Programs on Coal Utilization/Conversion Processes,” Pre-
sented at the Fifth Annual International Conference on Coal
Gasification, Liquefaction and Conversion to Electricity, Univer-
sity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, August 1 3, 1978
Bush, John R , Paul L Feldman and Myron Robinson, “High Temp-
erature, High Pressure Electrostatic Precipitation.” Presented at the
Fifth Annual International Conference on Coal Gasification, Lique-
faction and Conversion to Electricity, University of Pittsburgh.
Pittsburgh, PA, August 1-3 1978
10
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Environmental Review of Synthetic Fuels
January 1979
Chatlynne, C J., J D. Mobley and R D. Stern. “Flue Gas Cleaning
Flue Gas Desulfurization (Regenerable), NO 5 , and S0 5 /NO 5 .” Pre-
sented at the Fifth Annual International Conference on Coal Gasifi-
cation, Liquefaction and Conversion to Electricity, University of
Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, August 1-3, 1978
Cleland, J. C., F. 0. Muxon, 0 C Nichols, C. M. Sparacuno, and D. E.
Wagoner. “Pollutants from Synthetic Fuels Production Facility
Construction end Preliminary Tests,” Report EPA-600/7.78-171,
NTIS No PB 287916 RTI, Research Triangle Park, NC, August
1978
Cooper, George R . “Operating Overview of a Producer Gas Plant
(12 Machines) at Kingsport.Tennessee.” Presented at the Fifth
Annual International Conference on Coal Gasification, Liguefac
lion and Conversion to Electricity, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA, August 1.3, 1978
Davies, Robert L., “Government Incentives for Commercialization of
Synthetic Fuels,” Presented at the Fifth Annual International Con-
ference on Coal Gasification, Liquefaction and Conversion to Electric-
ity. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, August 1-3. 1978
Enviro Control Inc.. Recommended Heath and Safety Guidelines for
Coal Gasification Pilot Plants NJIOSH Contract No 210-76-0171
Rockville, MD. January 1978
Feinstein, M ,“EnergyIEconomy/Environment/Conflict/Air Pollu-
tion Perspective,” Presented at the Fifth Annual International Con-
ference on Coal Gasification. Liequefaction and Conversion to Elec-
tricity, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh. PA, August 1.3. 1978
Garnder, D. E., at al., “The Effects of H 2 SO 4 on Men and H 2 S0 4
and 03 on Laboratory Animals.” Presented at the Third National
Conference Interagency Energy/E nvironment A & D Program, Wash-
ington. DC, June 1-2, 1978
Gehru, D. C., D F. Oustun and B. Katz, “Flue Gas Desulfurization
and Particulate Control with the Aqueous Carbonate Process,” Pre-
sented at the Fifth Annual International Conference on Coal Gasifi-
cation, Liquefaction and Conversion to Electricity, University of
Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, August 1-3. 1978
Ghassemu, M., D. Strehier, K. Crawford. and S. Quinluvan. App/i’
cability of Petroleum Refinery Control Technologies to Coal Con-
version, Report EPA.600/7.78.190 Redondo Beach. CA, TRW.
Inc October 1978
Hopkins, H T , et al , SRC Site-Specific Pollutant Evaluation, EPA-
600/7-78 223a and b Columbia, MD, Hittman Associates. Inc.
November 1978
Husar, B. Rudolf, et al., “Report on the International Symposium
on Sulfur in the Atmosphere,” Presented at the Third National
Conference oit the Interagency Energy/Environment R&D Program.
Washington, DC, June 1-2, 1978
Kennedy, F M.. and H. W. Elder, “Status of Throwaway Flue Gas
Desulfurization Technology,” Presented at the Fifth Annual Inter-
national Conference on Coal Gasification, Liquefaction, and Con-
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August 1.3, 1978
Ku!groe. D. James, and Richard E. Hucko, “Interagency Coal Clean-
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Electricity. University of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh, PA, August 1-3.
1978
Leuchter, I,. at al,, Air Quality Impacts Using SRC Versus Conven’
tional Coal in Power Plants, EPA-600/7-78-203 Columbia, MD,
Hittman Associates. Inc , October 1978
McNelis, N David, and Rudolph F. Pueschel. “Monitoring of Air and
Water Quality in the Western Region,” Presented at the Third Na-
tional Conference on the Interagency Energy/Environment R&D
Program Washington, DC, June 1 2, 1978
Martin G. B., and Joshua S. Bowen, “Control of Nitrogen Oxides
from Combustion.” Presented at the Third National Conference
on the Interagency Energy/Environment R&D Program, Washing-
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No EX-76-C-01-1221 Presented at the A S Division of Fuel
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Supply Consider an Old Approach with Perhaps a Twist.” Presented
at the Fifth Annual International Conference on Coal Gasification,
Liquefaction and Conversion to Electricity, University of Pittsburgh.
Pittsburgh, PA, August 1-3. 1978
Mixon, F 0.. “Pollutants from Synthetic Fuels Production.” Pre-
sented at 10th Synthetic Pipeline Gas Symposium, Chicago. IL,
October 1978
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International,” Presented at the Fifth Annual International Confer-
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city, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh. PA, August 1-3, 1978
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February 1978
Sakhuja. A.. D K. Mustry and T. N. Chen, “Screw Feeding and
Spraying of Fully Plasticized Coal.” Presented at the Fifth Annual
International Conference on Coal Gasification. Liquefaction and
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Park, NC, Research Triangle Institute March 1978
Stokes, Charles A., “The Myths and Realities of Methanol—The
Energy Chemical,” Presented at the Fifth Annual International Con-
ference on Coal Gasification. Liquefaction and Conversion to Elec-
tricity, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh. PA. August 1-3. 1978
Waters, 0. Michael, and James L. Epler, “Status of Bioscreening of
Emissions and Effluents from Energy Technologies,” Presented at
the Third National Conference on the Interagency Energy/Environ-
ment R&D Program, Washington. DC. June 1-2. 1978
Welsh, John E., “Managing Our Energy Needs.” Presented at the
Fifth Anuual International Conference on Coal Gasification. Lique-
faction and Conversion to Electricity, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh. PA, August 1-3, 1978
11
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Environmental Review of Synthetic Fuels
January 1979
Environmental Review of Synthetic Fuels is prepared by Radian Corporation under EPA contract 68-02.2147 Each contractor listed in the Table of
Cojitractors on page 6 of this report contributed to this issue The EPA/IERL-RTP Project Officer is William J Rhodes. (919) 541-2851 The Radian
Program Manager is Gordon C Page, (512) 454-4797 Comments on this issue, topics for inclusion in future issues, and requests for subscriptions
should be communicated to them
The views expressed in Environmental Review of Synthetic Fuels do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental
Protection Agency Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendations for use by EPA
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