DRAFT - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE
 GUIDANCE FOR OWNERS AND MANAGERS OF PUBLIC
            AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS

                    VOLUME I:

               PREVENTING
    INDOOR AIR QUALITY PROBLEMS
                       October 1990
                     Public Review Draft
                        NOTICE

            THIS DOCUMENT IS A PRELIMINARY DRAFT.
  IT HAS NOT BEEN FORMALLY RELEASED BY THE U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL
  PROTECTION AGENCY OR THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL
  SAFETY AND HEALTH. IT SHOULD NOT BE CONSTRUED TO REPRESENT
AGENCY POLICY.  IT IS BEING CIRCULATED FOR COMMENT ON ITS TECHNICAL
                   AND POLICY CONTENT.
                     Indoor Air Division
            Office of Atmospheric and Indoor Air Programs
                   Office of Air and Radiation
               U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
          National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
                  Centers for Disease Control
            U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

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[ 4DI (WCI I
Pursuant to requirements in the 1986 Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a
Report to Congress on indoor Air Quality in 1989. This report contained a series of
six recommendations regarding the appropriate Federal role in indoor air quality.
The first three of those recommendations called for expanded research to increase
our understanding of the causes and remedies for indoor air quality problems; the
second three called for developing non-regulatory guidance, technical assistance,
and information dissemination programs regarding methods to correct and prevent
those problems. Much of the focus of EPA’s Indoor Air Program is currently being
devoted to the development of a series of guidance documents on building
construction and operation practices. This volume, Preventing Indoor Air Quality
Problems: Guidance for Building Managers and Owners (Volume I) and its
companion document, Solving Indoor Air Quality Problems: Guidance for Building
Managers and Owners (Volume II), are part of this series.
Since 1971, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
has conducted several hundred indoor air quality (IAQ) investigations in office
buildings under the authority of the Health Hazard Evaluation Program. Over
time, NIOSH has developed a “solution-oriented” approach to conducting these
investigations, which are triggered by reported health complaints or illness and, in
1987, NIOSH published guidance on conducting indoor air quality investigations.
These two guidance documents for building owners and managers draw extensively
on NIOSH’s experience in investigating and correcting indoor air quality problems
in non-residential buildings.
Much of the literature on indoor air quality in public and commercial
buildings has been in technical publications and proceedings and has been aimed at
the person who is doing investigations on a frequent basis. Little of this
information gets to building owners and managers who are the people in the best
position to prevent problems in the first place and to solve little indoor air quality
problems before they become big problems.
In recognition of the need for some practical indoor air quality advice to
building owners and managers, EPA and NIOSH decided to work jointly to produce
written guidance on preventing, identifying, and correcting indoor air quality
problems. Early in 1990, EPA and NIOSH convened a meeting of their own
technical staff, several professional building investigators, and some building
managers to discuss the scope and content of document that would offer guidance
on the emerging issue of indoor air quality to people with day-to-day responsibility
for managing public and commercial buildings. This two-volume set is the result of
continuing consultations among the people at that initial meeting and extensive
review by EPA and NIOSH staff and indoor air quality authorities outside the
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The guidance presented here is based on what is known and generally
accepted at this time in the relevant fields of building science and indoor air quality.
EPA and NIOSH anticipate that this document may later be supplanted by more
detailed guidance as research continues and our knowledge grows. A resource
chapter is included in this document to give building owners and managers
thoughts on where to go for more information now and in the future.
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CT( TO F UILLiNG CWNEI S A L
MANA43U S
This document provides guidance about preventing indoor air quality problems in
buildings where there are no current lAO complaints. Operating a commercial or
public building is a complex process which leaves you little time for unnecessary
activities. Why should money and energy be expended on indoor air quality in
buildings which have no apparent problem?
A high-quatity indoor environment enhances occupant health and productivity.
Building owners and managers who recognize this fact can improve their marketability
by earning a reputation for excellent indoor air quality management. Tenants in such
buildings are likely to want to remain, as pleasant, comfortable working conditions
improve employee productivity. On the other hand, maintenance efforts which ignore
fAQ can result in accelerated deterioration of furnishings and equipment. The effort of
maintaining a healthy indoor environment is generally less costly than the time lost in
responding to complaints. Serious lAO problems can have expensive consequences,
including negative media attention. Insurance policies tend to exclude pollution-
related claims. Finally, adoption of a well-documented preventive maintenance
program may be helpful in the event of litigation.
Good indoor air quality requires conscientious effort by both building staff and
occupants. The commitment to address lAO problems starts with the building owner or
manager, the person who has an overview of the organization, sets policy, and
assigns staff responsibilities. You have the authority to see that an IAQ policy is
articulated and carried out, the ability to identify staff with skills that enable them to
react promptly and effectively to complaints, and the incentive to initiate a program that
will prevent indoor air problems in the future. As you decide how best to respond to
the challenge of maintaining good indoor air quality, it will be helpful to keep in mind
the following thoughts:
1. Prevention of indoor air quality problems requires an understanding of the
factors that interact to create such problems: the building’s HVAG (heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning) system, pollutant pathways and the forces that
control air movement, pollutant sources, and building occupants.
2. It is important to establish a process for talking about the roles that building
occupants as well as management play in preventing indoor air quality
problems. Particular attention must be given to establishing effective, routine
communication with building occupants about lAO issues.
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3. Building staff are in a position to notice malfunctioning equipment or accidental
events which could produce indoor air quality problems. They can play a critical
role in identifying problem situations and averting IAQ crises. However, without
an awareness of lAO issues, staff activities could make problems worse instead
of solving them.
4. Preventing indoor air quality problems requires development and
implementation of an air quality management plan that reflects the ways in
which design, operations, and use of your building can affect indoor air quality.
While proper operaton and maintenance of the heating, cooling and ventilation
(HVAC) system is an important feature of that plan, other important aspects
include: staff training, record keeping, and a review of non-HVAC operations
such as housekeeping and pest control. Finally, some indoor air contaminants
such as radon and asbestos do not produce immediate health effects, but may
still need to be addressed.
This document was written to be a useful resource for you and your staff in
preventing indoor air problems. It provides brief background information, followed by
“how-to” guidance. Limited guidance is provided on environmental stressors, which
can also result in complaints about air quality. Many checklists and forms are included
to assist you and your staff in setting up an active lAO management program. As you
read this document or turn it over to your staff to implement, EPA and NIOSH urge you
to keep a personal involvement in this issue.
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DISCLAIMER
This document was prepared under contract to an agency of the United States
Government. Nefther the United States Government nor any of their employees
makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability for any third
party’s use of or the results of such use of any information, product, or process
discussed in this document. Mention or illustration of company or trade names, or of
commercial products does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency or the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword
Note to Building Owners and Managers . .
Section 1 - How to Use this Document . . . . 1
Section 2 - Factors Affecting Indoor Air Quality . . . 4
Sources of Indoor Air Contaminants 4
HVAC System Design and Operation . . 6
Pollutant Pathways and DrMng Forces 8
Building Occupants 9
Section 3 - Communicating with Building Occupants . 12
Health and Safety Committees . . 12
Lease Provisions . . . 13
Responding to Occupant Complaints . . 14
Section 4 - Developing an IAQ Profile . 16
Sküls Required to Create an lAO Profile 17
Developing an IAQ Profile 19
Collect and Review Existing Records . . 19
Conduct a Walkthrough Inspection of the Building . . . 21
Collect Detailed Information 23
Section 5 - Managing Buildings for Good IAQ . . . . 35
Developing an lAO Management Plan 37
Select an IAQ Manager . . 38
Review Existing Records . 39
Assign Staff Responsibilities . 40
Section 6 - Responding to IAQ Problems . . . 49
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Table of Contents (con t t)
Resources 50
Appendix A: Developing Baseline Information - Some Common
IAQ Measurements 63
Appendix B: HVAC Systems and Indoor Air Quality 67
Appendix C: Common lAO Pollutants and Indicators 72
Appendix D: Moisture, Mold and Mildew 76
Appendix E: Asbestos 84
Appendix F: Radon 86
Blank Forms
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Sectkn 1 - l1 w tc Use this L ccument
This guide is intended to help you understand and prevent IAQ problems. It
provides fundamental information on factors which affect indoor air quality. You can
use the guidance to create an lAO profile of your building and develop a management
plan that will help to prevent lAO problems. As indoor air quality is an evolving field,
building owners, managers, and engineers are urged to keep abreast of new
information through professional journals and seminars in addition to relying on the
guidance presented in this document.
EPA and NIOSH recognize that many factors influence how an individual owner or
manager can put the information in this guide to use. Some of the significant
differences are the type of ownership and management arrangement, the variety of
occupant uses of a given building or complex of buildings, and whether or not
functions such as housekeeping, pest control, and maintenance of heating, ventilation,
and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment are handled in-house or under contract with
outside services. You will know best how to integrate IAQ-related activities into your
existing organization and which of your staff have the necessary skills to carry out
those activities.
This document is designed to guide you in managing your building to prevent
indoor air quality problems. If you are currently responding to complaints that may
reflect lAO problems, you may want to go directly to the companion volume,
SOLVING INDOOR AIR QUALITY PROBLEMS.
It is not necessary to read the guide cover-to-cover. Rather, it may be more
effective to distribute it to staff members and then make assignments according to their
responsibilities and your current needs.
While specific responsibilities are most appropriately handled by specific
personnel (e.g. HVAC checklist by operating engineer), it is likely that lAO will be most
successful if building management and operating personnel are encouraged to skim
the entire document for an overview of the indoor air quality issue.
Using Section 2 - Factors Aftecting Indoor Air Quality: Section 2
provides an overview of the four factors which interact to affect indoor air quality.
• indoor and outdoor sources of contamination or discomfort
• the building HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system)
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• pollutant pathways and driving forces
• building occupants
A basic understanding of these factors is critical to preventing indoor air quality
problems.
Using Section 3- Communicating with Building Occupants: Effective
communications among building management, staff, and tenants allow all parties to
participate in maintaining a safe and healthy indoor environment. This section
discusses how to enhance communications by using health and safety committees,
establishing a system for handling complaints, and reviewing of lease provisions.
Using Section 4 - Developing an lAO Profile: Section 4 discusses
collecting information on the building design, mechanical system operation, and
occupant activities. This information is used to understand current conditions in the
building and identify potential indoor air quality problems.
Using Section 5 - Developing an lAO Management Plan: Section 5
provides guidance in examining and modifying routine activities within the building
(e.g. maintenance, housekeeping, pest control, smoking) to prevent indoor air quality
problems. It also suggests IAQ considerations to be factored into plans for new
projects (e.g. redecorating, remodelling, or renovation).
Using the Resource Section: The resource section is intended for readers
who want to pursue more detailed information about indoor air quality.
Using the Appendices: The appendices present information that may not be
critical to resoMng most indoor air quality problems but could be useful reading for
additional background on major lAO topics.
Appendix A is an introduction to measurement techniques such as those used in
evaluating airf lows and measuring airborne contaminants. It may be particularly
helpful to the person who is responsible for developing the lAO profile.
Appendix B presents basic information on HVAC systems designs as they affect
indoor air quality. The information may be useful to building owners and managers
who are not familiar with HVAC concepts.
Appendix C describes a few common indoor air pollutants and their sources.
Appendix D discusses indoor moisture and its relationship to mold and mildew
growth.
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Appendix E is a brief discussion of asbestos. If asbestos is a concern in your
building, the Resource section will direct you to sources of detailed guidance.
Appendix F is a brief discussion of radon. If radon is a concern in your building,
the Resource section will direct you to sources of detailed guidance.
Using the Blank Forms: This section contains a full set of copies of the forms
described in Sections 3 and 4. You may need to modify elements of these forms to
reflect conditions in your particular building.
Please note the following warnings as you prepare to use this manual:
• Modification of building functions to remedy air quality complaints may create
other prob’ems. A thorough understanding of aH ot the factors that interact to
create indoor quality problems can help to avoid this undesirable outcome.
• The implementation of recommendations reached as a result of an indoor air
quality evaluation should always be done in accordance with local laws and
good practice. Changes to the overall design and operation of the building
may necessitate the involvement of a registered professional engineer or other
registered or certified professionals.
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Section 2 - factors Affecting
Indoor Air uaIitv
The indoor environment in any building is a result of the interaction between the
site, cUmate, building system (original design and later modifications in the structure
and mechanical systems), potential contaminant sources (furnishings, moisture
sources, processes and activities within the building, and outdoor sources), and
building occupants.
The following four elements are involved in the development of indoor air quality
problems:
• there is an indoor or outdoor source of contamination or discomfort
• the HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) system is not able to
control air contaminants and ensure thermal comfort
• building occupants are present
• a pollutant pathway and driving force connect the pollutant source to the
occupants
It is important to understand the role that each of these factors may play in order to
investigate and solve indoor air quality problems.
Sources of Indoor fir Contaminants
Indoor air contaminants can originate within the building or be drawn in from
outdoors. It may be helpful to think of air pollutant sources as fitting into one of the
categories listed below. The examples given for each category are not intended to be
a complete list.
• Sources outside the building
• contaminated outside air (sometimes referred to as ambient M air)
- pollen, dust
- smog
• emissions from nearby sources
- vehicle exhaust from busy roads, parking garages, loading docks
- odors from dumpsters
- re-entrained exhaust from the buUding itself or from neighboring buildings
- unsanitary debris near the outdoor air intake
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• soil gas
- radon
- leakage from underground fuel tanks
- contaminants from previous uses of the site (e.g.landfills)
• moisture
Equipment
• HVAC system
• dust or dirt in ductwork or other components
- microbiologica’ growth at drip pans, humidifiers, ductwork, etc.
- improper use of biocides and/or cleaning compounds
- improper venting of combustion products
• non-HVAC equipment
- emissions from office equipment (volatile organic compounds, ozone)
- supplies (solvents, toners, ammonia)
Human activities
• smoking
• personal activities
- respiration
- body odor
-cosmetic odors
• housekeeping activities
- cleaning materials and procedures
• emissions from stored supplies or trash
- deodorizers
• maintenance activities
- dust
- volatile organic compounds (known as VOCs) from paint, caulk, adhesives
- biocides from pest control activities
- emissions from stored supplies
• Building components and furnishings
• dust
- fleece factors - fuzzy surfaces such as carpeting, curtains, and other
textiles
- dust-catching areas such as open shelving
- dust and fiber sources such as old or deteriorated furnishings
• unsanitary conditions and water damage
- microbiological growth on or in soiled or water-damaged furnishings
- microbiological growth in areas of surface condensation
- dry traps passing sewer gas
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• chemicals released from building components or furnishings
- materials containing asbestos
- volatile organic compounds
Other sources
• accidental events
- spills of water, paint, beverages, or other liquids
- microbiological growth due to flooding or to leaks from roofs, piping
- fire damage (soot, PCBs from electrical equipment, odors)
• special use areas and mixed use buildings
- smoking lounges
- laboratories
- print shops, art rooms
- exercise rooms
- beauty salons
- food preparation areas
• redecorating/remodelling/repair activities
- emissions from new furnishings
- dust and fibers from demolition
- odors and volatile compounds from paint, caulk, adhesives
Indoor air often contains a variety of contaminants at concentrations which are far
below any standards or guidelines for occupational exposure. It is possible that the
effects of these contaminants may be additive, synergistic (interacting in a way that
makes their combined effect stronger than their independent effects) or antagonistic
(interacting in a way that tends to cancel out their effects) under some circumstances.
These factors often make it difficult to relate complaints of health effects to the
concentration of a single specific pollutant.
IHJDC Sgstem Design and Operation
The HVAC system includes all heating, cooling, and ventilation equipment in a
building: furnaces or boilers, chillers, air handling units, exhaust fans, ductwork, steam
(or heating water) piping. A properly functioning HVAC system:
• provides thermal comfort
• distributes adequate outdoor air to all building occupants
• isolates or dilutes odors and contaminants to acceptable levels or removes
them using exhaust fans
Most air handling units distribute a blend of outdoor air and recirculated air (air
withdrawn from building spaces). HVAC designs may also include units that bring in
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100% outside air or that simply transfer recirculated air within the building.
Uncontrolled quantities of additional outdoor air enter buildings through natural
infiltration through openings. Thermal comfort and ventilation needs are met by
supplying conditioned air, often in combination with supplemental heat (e.g. radiators)
at the building perimeter. Large buildings often have interior spaces in which constant
cooling is required (to compensate for heat generated by occupants, equipment, and
lighting), white perimeter rooms require either heating or cooling according to outdoor
conditions.
Two of the most common HVAC designs used in modern public and commercial
buildings are constant volume and variable air volume systems. Constant
volume systems provide a constant airflow and vary the air temperature to meet
heating and cooling needs. The percent of outside air may be held constant, but is
often controlled to vary with outside temperature, with a minimum setting that allows
the system to meet ventilation guidelines. Variable air volume (VAV) systems
condition air to a constant temperature and vary the airflow to ensure thermal comfort.
Early VAV systems did not allow control of the outside air quantity. Some more recent
designs address this problem through the use of static pressure devices in the outside
air stream, and additional features such as economizer control or heat recovery are
also found in some buildings. Good quality installation, testing and balancing are
critically important to the proper operation of VAV systems. See Appendk I? for
further discussion of HVAC system types.
The amount of outdoor air considered adequate for proper ventilation has varied
over time. The current guideline issued by the American Society of Heating,
Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers is ASHRAE 62-1989. (A table of
outdoor air quantities recommended by ASHRAE is reproduced on pages 42-44. Note
that other important aspects of the standard are not included in this table.)
Mechanical engineers can design HVAC systems to isolate odors and
contaminants by controlling pressure relationships between rooms. This is
accomplished by controlling the air quantities that are supplied to and removed from
each room. If more air is supplied to a room than is exhausted, the excess air tends to
leak out of the space and the room is said to be under positive pressure. If less air
is supplied than is exhausted, air tends to leak into the space and the room is said to
be under negative pressure. Control of pressure relationships is critically important
in mixed use buildings or buildings with special use areas. Bathrooms, kitchens, and
smoking lounges are examples of rooms that should be maintained under negative
pressure. Lobbies are often intended to operate under positive pressure to prevent
thermal discomfort. Computer rooms may be kept under positive pressure to keep out
dust.
Another technique for controlling odors and contaminants is to dilute them with
outdoor air. Some of the recirculated air is exhausted (to compensate for the outdoor
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air that is being brought in). Additional exhaust fans can be used to isolate and
remove contaminants from local areas. Where local exhaust is used, it must function
in coordination with the rest of the ventilation system. Air should be exhausted, not
recirculated, from locations which produce significant odors and high concentrations of
contaminants (such as smoking lounges, custodial closets, copy rooms, bathrooms,
kitchens, and beauty salons). Under some circumstances, it may be practical to
transfer conditioned air from relatively clean parts of a building to comparatively dirty
areas and use ft as make-up air for a local exhaust system.
Pollutant Pothwogs and Drioluig Forces
Airflow patterns in buildings result from the combined action of mechanical
ventilation systems and natural forces. All of a building’s components (walls, ceilings,
floors, penetrations, HVAC equipment and occupants) interact to control or to distribute
contaminants.
Pressure differentials move airborne contaminants from areas of relatively
higher pressure to areas of relatively lower pressure. This basic principle can produce
a variety of patterns of contaminant movement, including:
• local circulation in the room containing the pollutant source
• air movement into adjacent spaces that are under lower pressurization
• recirculation of air within the zone containing the pollutant source or in adjacent
zones where return systems overlap
• stack effect movement from lower to upper levels of the building
• exhaust recycling (re-entrainment of exhausted air back into the building)
Air movement between zones and between the building’s interior and exterior is
intimately linked to the building structure and the functioning of the HVAC system.
Walls, ceilings, and floors divert or obstruct airflow, while openings provide pathways
for air movement. Some openings are intentional (doors, windows, ducts); others are
accidental (cracks, holes, utility chases). It is useful to think of the entire building - the
rooms and the connections (e.g. chases, corridors, stairways) between them - as
behaving like part of the duct system. Air must move from supplies through a room to
returns, making the room serve the function of channeling the air. Any obstructions or
openings in the room can affect the direction and amount of airflow.
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As described in the previous discussion, the HVAC system is one of the dominant
forces controlling air movement in most buildings. Natural forces also exert an
important influence. Stack effect is used to describe the pressure driven flow
produced by convection (the tendency of warm air to rise) and other factors (such as
wind blowing across the top of a chimney). It draws outdoor air into openings at the
lower levels of buildings and moves indoor air from lower to upper floors. Stack effect
airflow can transport contaminants between floors by way of stairwells, elevator shafts,
utility chases, or other openings. The stack effect is strengthened when indoor air is
warmer than outdoor air. Wind effects are transient, creating local areas of high
pressure (on the windward side) and low pressure (on the leeward side) of buildings.
Depending on the leakage openings in the building exterior, wind can affect the
pressure elatianships within and between rooms. Both the stack effect and wind
can overpower a building’s mechanical system and disrupt air circulation
and ventilation.
Indoor air contaminants are distributed within the building by pressure differences
between rooms and between floors. Air moves from areas of higher pressure to areas
of lower pressure through any available openings. Even if adjacent building zones
are both under positive pressure relative to the outdoors, one of them is usually at a
higher pressure than the other. Similarly, outdoor air contaminants are drawn into
buildings by pressure differences between the outdoor air and the building interior. If
the building or any zone within it is under negative pressure relative to the outdoors,
any intentional or accidental opening will serve as an entry point. For example, a
small crack or hole in the floor can admit significant amounts of soil gas, if pressure
differentials are large enough.
Although the building as a whole may be maintained under positive pressure, there
is always some location (e.g. the outdoor air intake) which is under negative pressure
relative to the outdoors. Entry of contaminants may be intermittent, occurring only
when the wind blows from the direction of the pollutant source. If the pressure
differential which brings the pollutant into the building is intermittent or acts upon
different portions of the building, the IAQ problem may move from one location to
another.
Building Occupants
The term TM building occupants is generally used in this document to describe
people who spend extended time periods (e.g. a full workday) in the building. Clients
and visitors are temporary TM occupants TM ; they may have different tolerances and
expectations from those who spend their entire work days in the building.
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Groups which tend to be particularly susceptible to effects of poor IAQ include, but
are not limited to:
• allergic individuals, including asthmatics
• people with chronic respiratory disease
• people whose immune systems are suppressed due to chemo- or radiation
therapy, disease, or other causes
• contact lens wearers
• children
• senior citizens
• pregnant women
Sometimes only one individual is sensitive to a particular indoor air contaminant
while surrounding occupants have no ill effects. (Symptoms which are limited to a
single person can also occur when only one work station receives the bulk of the
pollutant dose.) In other cases, complaints may be widespread throughout the
building.
People often have different responses to the same pollutant. Further, different
pollutants may cause similar physical reactions. Respiratory tract irritation can result
from exposure to formaldehyde or other volatile organic compounds, dust, excessively
dry air, or other influences. Allergic reactions are caused by a wide array of materials.
For the purposes of soMng IAQ problems, it is generally more useful to observe the
pattern of symptom occurrence than to focus solely on the symptoms of one individual.
However, it is worthwhile to collect symptom information in hopes that it will help you to
understand the problem.
Types of Symptoms and Complaints
Health
The effects of lAO problems are often non-specific symptoms rather than clearly
defined illnesses. Common symptoms include:
• headache, fatigue
• respiratory function problems
• eye, nose and throat irritation
• allergies (including asthma)
Building-related Illness is a term referring to illness brought on by exposure to
the building air, where symptoms of diagnosable illness are identified (e.g. certain
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allergies or infections) and can be directly attributed to airborne building sources.
Legionnaire’s disease and hypersensitivity pneumonitis are building-related illnesses
that can have life-threatening consequences.
The term sick building syndrome or SBS is sometimes used to describe cases
in which a significant number of building occupants experience acute health and
comfort effects that are apparently linked to the time they spend in the building, but in
which no specific illness or etiology can be identified. The complaints may be localized
in a particular room or zone or may be widespread throughout the building. Many
different symptoms have been associated with SBS, including respiratory problems,
irritation, and fatigue. Analysis of air samples often fails to detect significant
concentrations of any contaminants, so that the problem appears to be caused by the
combined effects of many pollutants at tow concentrations, with other environmental
stresses (e.g. overcrowding, noise) as complicating factors.
A small percentage of the population may be sensitive to a number of chemicals in
indoor air, each of which may occur at very low concentrations. This condition, which
is known as multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) , is not currently recognized by the
medical establishment. Research that has been conducted to date has not been
sufficient to determine whether MCS exists, its possible causes, or effective treatments.
Further research to address these issues is planned.
Comfort
Some complaints by building occupants are clearly related to discomfort rather than
to health problems. The distinction is not always simple. One of the most common lAO
complaints is that “there’s a funny smell in here”. Odors are often associated with a
perception of poor air quality, whether or not they cause symptoms. Environmental
stresses such as over- or under-heating, humidity extremes, drafts, lack of air
circulation, noise, vibration, and overcrowding can produce symptoms that may be
confused with the effects of poor air quality. For example, excessive heat can produce
fatigue, stuffiness, and headache, while low temperatures can cause chills and Nflu
like” symptoms. Further, physical discomfort or psychosocial problems (such as job
stress) can reduce tolerance for substandard air quality.
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Secticn 3 - Ccmmunicatina with
F uiIdin Occupants
Effective communication with building occupants can help to prevent indoor air
quality problems. The following objectives should be kept in mind while reviewing and
revising your current approach to communicating with occupants:
• to provide information about factors that affect indoor air quality
• to clarify the responsibilities of each party (e.g. building management, staff,
tenants)
• to monitor use of the building areas and respond to potential problems (e.g.
odor- or contaminant- producing actMties)
• to establish a system for responding to complaints
Health and Safetg Committees
You may already have a health and safety committee functioning to promote good
working conditions. If so, it is easy to add indoor air quality to their list of concerns. If
you do riot have a health and safety committee, consider establishing one or setting up
a joint management-tenant lAO task force. Whatever its official designation, such a
group can help to disseminate information about indoor air quality, bring potential
problems to the attention of building staff and management, and foster a sense of
shared responsibility for maintaining a safe and comfortable indoor environment.
The group will be most successful if it represents the diverse interests in the
building, including:
• building owner
• building manager
• facibties personnel
• health and safety officials
• tenants and/or other occupants who are not facilities staff
• union representatives
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BREAK FOR SifiEBAR
SIDEBAR “QUALITY BUiLDING MANAGEMENT”
The State of Wisconsin’s “Quality Building Management” system has helped to unite the
diverse interests involved in operating and using state office buildings. Tenants and facilities
personnel volunteered to serve on teams, working cooperatively to improve the quality of the
indoor environment
Each team was assigned a specific area for which it drafted “Ideal Building Standards”. Air
quality was one such area; others included elevators, rest rooms, and work spaces. The IAQ teams
were trained in conducting research, toured mechanical rooms to achieve a better understanding of
building operations, read articles, and listened to presentations on 1AQ, ventilation, and related
topics. Their proposed “Ideal Building Standards” were reviewed with other tenants and then used
as a basis for Quality Improvement Plans. Some elements of the Quality Improvement Plans
identify responsibilities of the tenants, such as adopting good housekeeping practices to improve
the work environment and facilitate cleaning. Responsibilities identified as belonging to building
management are reflected in work plans and budget decisions.
Lease Proulsions
Standard lease agreements have generally overlooked indoor air quality. A
review of your lease form can reveal ways to preserve good relations and prevent
indoor air quality problems by clarifying the responsibilities of tenants and building
management:
Use of space: Indoor air quality complaints often arise when odor- or
contaminant-producing processes share space and ventilation with occupants
engaged in other processes. For example, kitchen staff expect food odors as
part of their work, but nearby office workers may find cooking odors distracting
and unpleasant. Problems may arise when old tenants leave and new arrivals
introduce new uses of the building. Leases can spell out how many occupants
can be accomodated within each space and what building uses are compatible
with the design and capacity of the HVAC system. The use of ASH RAE 62-
1989 as a reference will help tenants understand that occupant density
limitations serve the goal of providing a quality work environment and are not
arbitrary or self-serving decisions by building management.
Modifications by tenants: Plans to increase the number of occupants, move
partitions, install new equipment or change the use of space should be subject
to review (by a person competent to evaluate its impact on the ventilation
system) so that potential indoor air quality problems can be identified and the
HVAC system can be modified as needed.
13
DRAFT

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• Notification of planned activities: Productive relations will be enhanced if
building management informs tenants before the start of actMties that produce
odors or contaminants (e.g. maintenance, pest control, repaIr, remodelling,
redecorating).
Responding to Occupant Complaints
Complaints should be handled promptly, with every incident given serious
attention. The recordkeeping system can help to resolve complaints by collecting
information in a form that highlights patterns of problems (e.g. complaints that occur at
a regular time of day or in the same area of the building). The COMPLAINT LOG
shown on the next page (and also reproduced in the I Iank forms section of this
document) can be used to track complaints related to the indoor environment. It is
advisable to establish a recordkeeping system that cross-references documentation
on complaints with records of equipment operation and maintenance.
14

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COMPLAINT LOG
0

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SICIUJ 1 - L [ VLLOIi G A IA1 HOlILL
To prevent IAQ problems, you must understand how the basic factors that affect
indoor air quality interact in your particular building. This requires collecting and
evaluating information about the HVAC system, pollutant pathways and driving forces,
pollutant sources, and building occupants.
An lAO profile is a description of the features of the building structure, function, and
occupancy that impact indoor air quality: the HVAC system, pollutant pathways and
drMng forces, pollutant sources, and the building occupants. The primary goal of the
lAO profiLe is to develop an understanding of the current status of air quality in the
building and of factors which have a potential for causing problems in the future. The
lAO profile can help building management to identify potential problem areas and
prioritize budgets for maintenance and future modifications. Combined with
information on lighting, security, and other important systems, it can become an
owner’s manual specific to your building that will serve as a reference in a variety of
situations.
One goal in developing an lAO profile is to collect baseline information on the
building’s function for future reference. Field measurements of ventilation rates are
desirable if the resources are available for this task and will be necessary if building
plans and specifications are unavailable. Direct measurements provide far better
information on current conditions than can be obtained from the plans and
specifications, even if as-built records are available. In the event of litigation around
future lAO complaints, the value of the lAO profile as a resource document will be
enhanced by real-world measurements.
The key questions to answer while developing the lAO profile are:
• How was this building originally intended to function?
- building components and furnishings
- mechanical equipment (HVAC and non-HVAC)
- occupant population and associated activities
• Is the building fur ctioning as designed? What is its current condition?
- building components and furnishings
• mechanical equipment
• occupant population and associated activities
- record of complaints in relation to lAO problems
- maintenance, housekeeping, and pest control procedures and supplies
16

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• What changes have occurred since the original design and construction?
• What changes may be needed to prevent lAO problems from developing
in the future?
Skills Required to Create an lUll Profile
The process of developing an IAQ profile should require only a modest effort, from a
few days to a few weeks of staff time. This work can be done in pieces over a longer
period to fit into a building manager’s busy schedule. Many of the necessary
resources should already be on hand, although they may not have been organized
into a useful form. Additional information can be collected by the staff person or
persons who have the following skills:
• basic understanding of HVAC system operating principles
• ability to read architectural and mechanical plans and understand
manufacturer’s catalog data on equipment
• ability to identify items of office equipment
• ability to work cooperatively with building occupants and gather information
about space usage
• ability to work cooperatively with facilities staff and collect information about
HVAC system operation, equipment condition, and maintenance schedules
• authority to collect information from subcontractors about work schedules
and materials used (particularly cleaning and pest control activities)
In buildings where managers decide to make direct measurements a part of the lAO
profile, the staff should have the tools and training to make the following
measurements:
• airflow rate in ductwork
• CO 2 concentration
• temperature
• relative humidity
• pressure differentials
Baseline data on specific air contaminants may be desirable under some
circumstances. The contaminant(s) of interest will vary from case to case. (See
Appendk A for discussions of air sampling.) Some measurement techniques may
require special expertise.
17

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Developing an lAO Profile
Collect and Review Existing Records
Review construction documents
Check HVAC maintenance records against Products:
equipment lists
• Descnption of HVAC system
Review complaint record design and operation
• Set of maintenance and
calbation records
• Inventory of locations where
Conduct a Walkthrough Inspection OCCupancy, equipment, or
of the Building building have changed
• Inventory of complaint
TaJk with staff and other occupants lo ions
Look for lAO pioblern indicators • List of responsible staff and/or
contractors
• Sketch plan showing pressure
________________ relationships around
Collect Detailed Information special use areas and
locations that need monitoring
HVAC system condition and operation or correction
• Inventory of HVAC system
Pollutant pathways components needing repair,
adjustment, or replacement
Pollutant sources • Record of control settings and
operating schedules
Occupants • Completed plan showing
airflow directions or pressure
differerrna ls
• Inventory of pollutant sources
and their locations
• Matenai Safety Data Sheets
for products stored or used in
the building
• Record of room usage
Go to the companion document ‘es ,/‘ flnd any”N
L SOLVING lAO PROBLEMS ]
I Develop an lAO management plan See Sectiun 5 -
Menoging Buildings for Good INO
18
DRAFr

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fleoeloping an 1110 Profile
The information needed for an IAQ profile is similar that which is collected when
solving indoor air quality problems, but includes the entire building rather than
focussing on an identified problem area. The lAO profile should be an organized body
of records that can be referred to in planning for renovations, negotiating leases and
contracts, or responding to future complaints.
The process of gathering information for the lAO profile can be divided into three
stages:
(1) Collect and review existing records.
(2) Conduct a walkthrough inspection of the building.
(3) Collect detailed information on: the HVAC system, pollutant pathways, and
pollutant sources, and building occupancy.
The first two stages should be carried out as quickly as possible, but the collection
of detailed information can be handled as time allows so that it does not interfere with
other staff responsibilities.
COLLECT AND REVIEW EXISTING RECORDS
• Review construction documents
- Study the original architectural and mechanical design so that you
understand the building’s layout and function.
- Identity locations in which current occupancy or operation are changes
from the original design.
• Check HVAC maintenance records against equipment lists
• Review existing records of complaints
Review construction documents
Collect any available construction documents: architectural and mechanical plans,
specifications, submittals, sheet metal drawings, etc. A review of these documents can
be used to identify locations in which changes in equipment or room usage create a
19
DRAFT

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potential for indoor air quality problems. Make note of these areas so that you can
give them special attention during the walkthrough inspection. Items of interest and
the questions they suggest could include the following:
• Remodelled areas
- Has the HVAC system layout been changed to accomodate new walls,
rearranged partitions, or similar architectural modifications?
• Addition, removal, or replacement of HVAC equipment
- Where the original equipment has been replaced, do the newer units have
the same capacity as the originals?
- Has new equipment been properly installed?
- Where equipment has been removed, is it is no longer needed?
• Changes in room use
- Is there a need for additional ventilation (supply and/or exhaust) due to
increased occupant population or new activities within any area of the
building?
- Have new items of equipment (non-H VAC) been provided with local exhaust
where needed? Look for unusual types or quantities of equipment such as
copy machines or computer terminals.
Check HVAC maintenance records against equipment lists
Collect your existing maintenance and calibration records and check them against
the construction documents (e.g. equipment lists and mechanical plans). See whether
all components appear to be receiving regular attention. Sometimes equipment is
overlooked during routine maintenance because it has been installed in virtually
inaccessible locations. This is particularly true of small items such as fans.
Review records of complaints
If there is an organized record of past occupant complaints about the building
environment, review those complaints to identify building areas that deserve particular
attention during the walkthrough inspection and later collection of information.
Product of the review of existing records
When the review of existing records is complete, you should have:
• a description of the HVAC system design and operation (i.e. original plans
and specifications with changes indicated or new sketch plans and notes),
20 DRAFT

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• a set of maintenance and calibration records for HVAC system components
(e.g. fans, dampers, filters, chillers, boilers, and control systems)
• an inventory of locations in which current occupancy or HVAC system
operation represents a change from the original design
• an inventory of locations where complaints have been common in the past
CONDUCT A WALKTHROUGH INSPECTION OF THE BUILDING
• Talk with staff and other occupants
• Look for lAO problem indicators
The intent of the walkthrough inspection s to acquire a good overview of occupant
activities and building functions. No specific forms are suggested for this stage of IAQ
profile development. However, the investigator should have a sketch plan of the
building so that his or her notes can be referenced to specific locations.
Detailed measurements of temperature, humidity, airflow, or other parameters are
more appropriate to a later stage of profile development. However, heatless chemical
smoke should be used during the walkthrough inspection to reveal airflow patterns
and pressure relationships. This inexpensive tool is very informative and simple to
use; the users simply releases a puff of smoke into the air and observes its speed and
direction of movement. Unlike hot smoke from cigarettes or punk sticks, heatless
chemical smoke has no tendency to move in any direction, but is extremely responsive
to air currents in the room. (See Appendk A for further discussion of heatless
chemical smoke.) During the walkthrough stage of profile development, it is probably
sufficient to check the pressure relationships between special use areas or other
identified pollutant sources and surrounding rooms. Inappropriate odors (e.g. kitchen
odors in a lobby) are an indicator that ventilation systems may require adjustment (e.g.
testing and balancing).
If you do not own a direct reading carbon dioxide monitor it is not important to
acquire one for the lAO profile. Those who already own this type of instrument can
take readings during the walkthrough as a way to obtain baseline information about
normal operating conditions or identify problem locations. The value to your
operations of owning indoor air quality measurement tools will grow as you become
more familiar with handling indoor air quality concerns. (See AppendIx A for
further discussion of carbon dioxide measurement.)
21
L.#i gj

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Talk with staff and other occupants
A walkthrough inspection provides an opportunity to introduce facilities staff and
other building occupants to the topic of indoor air quality and to understand current
stall (and contractor) responsibilities in relation to housekeeping and maintenance
activities. Discussion of routine activities in the building will help to clarify elements
that should be included in the IAQ management plan. It will be helpful to make a
record of:
• names and telephone numbers of staff (and/or contractors) responsible for
- facilities maintenance (HVAC, plumbing, electric, building maintenance)
- housekeeping
- pest control
• routine schedules of activities within the building that can impact indoor air
quality, such as
• housekeeping
- pest control
- deliveries
- refuse removal
Look for lAO problem Indicators
The walkthrough inspection can be used to identify areas that have a high potential
for lAO problems. The following are examples of problem indicators that should show
a need for further attention:
• Signs of occupant discomfort: Notice uneven temperatures, persistent odors,
drafts, propped-open corridor doors, sensations of stuffiness, people using
individual fans or heaters or wearing unusual clothing. These are indications
that the HVAC system is not meeting the needs of the occupants.
• Overcrowding: Future occupant density is estimated when the ventilation
system for a building is designed. When the actual number of occupants
approaches or exceeds this occupant design capacity, managers may find that
IAQ complaints increase. At that point, the ventilation and cooling systems may
not be adequate for the current use of the space.
• Partitions: If office cubicles are used, see that there is a small space between
the bottom of the panels and the floor to allow air circulation.
• Heat sources: Look for unusual types or quantities of equipment such as copy
machines or computer terminals. Also look for instances of over-illumination.
High concentrations or electrical fixtures and equipment can overwhelm the
22

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ventilation and cooling systems which are generally designed to accommodate
three (in older buildings) to five (in newer buildings) watts per square foot.
• Special use areas: Special use areas or mixed use buildings can create lAO
problems unless the HVAC system maintains appropriate pressure
relationships to isolate and contain odors and contaminants. Examples of
special use areas include attached parking garages, loading docks, print shops,
smoking lounges, and kitchens. Refuse storage areas and supply storage
areas also deserve attention during the onsite inspection.
• Drain traps: Check wet traps to make sure they are charged with liquid;
otherwise they could be passing sewer gas.
Product of the Walkthrough Inspection
At the end of the walkthrough inspection, you should have:
• a list of staff (and contractors) with responsibilities related to lAO
• a sketch plan with notes showing:
- pressure relationships between special use areas and surrounding
rooms
-locations in which general indicators of lAO problems show the need for
close monitoring or corrective action
COLLECT DETAILED INFORMATION
• Inspect HVAC equipment condition and operation
• Inventory pollutant pathways
• Inventory pollutant sources
• Collect information on building occupancy
The collection of detailed information for the IAQ profile can be handled as time is
available. Areas that have been identified as presenting potential lAO problems
should be given the highest priority.
You may want to review the background information presented on pages 4-11
which decribes the factors that contribute to indoor air quality.
23 DRAFT

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Inspect HVAC system condition and operation
Use your current maintenance records in combination with the HVAC
CHECKLIST to inspect HVAC equipment and make sure that it is in good operating
condition. A portion of the HVAC CHECKLIST is shown on page 24, with the entire
form reproduced in the [ lank hrms section. You may want to create a new form
incorporating elements from your existing forms with items from the HVAC
CHECKLIST. Identify items of equipment that need to be repaired, adjusted, or
replaced.
Record control settings and operating schedules for HVAC equipment for
comparison to occupancy schedules and current uses of space.
Component
Fans
location_________
fan blades clean?
belts guarded?
belts propetly teaisioned?
excess vibration?
corroded bousmg?
c nro1s working, calibrated?
con o1 setpomts correct?
no pneumatic leaks?
OK
Needs
Attention
Not
Checked
Comments
Inventory pollutant pathways
Using the sketch plan of the building that was begun during the walkthrough
inspection, indicate archttectural connections (e.g. chases) and mechanical
connections (e.g. ductwork, temperature control zones). Complete your observations
of airflow between spaces (also note airflow between perimeter rooms and outdoors)
24
Rai,l,I,nn
Date Checked
HVAC CHECKLIST
Inspected by

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using heatless chemical smoke and/or measure pressure differentials using a
manometer. Record the results on the sketch plan or the POLLUTANT PATHWAY
ASSESSMENT FORM. The form is shown on page 26 and in the [ lank Icrms
section.
25
OME [ 4

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POLLUTANT PATHWAY ASSESSMENT FORM
Building name/address__________________________ Investigator
Complaint Area
This form should be accompanied by a sketch plan of the complaint area and surrounding spaces. Doors,
windows, diffusers, and other openings should be labelled on the plan so that your observations are clearly
referenced to ,ecific locations.
Date and time of observations:_____________________________________________________
Weather conditions: temperature______ windspeed and dir tion_________
humidity ________ other observations ______________________________
Eqwpment : La equipment operating in (or servicing) the complaint area and sumunding spaces and
indicate whether it is operating while pressure differentials are being measured. It may be helpful to turn
equipment on and off, open and close doors or windows, or perform other manipulations in an attempt to
simulate conditions at the time that complaints occur.
HVAC equipment: Air handler(s)
Other fans
Other equipment:
Pathways : Note pathways by which pollutants may be entenng the space from surrounding areas. These may
assist in defining the problem area and identifying pollutant sources.
Other rooms served by same air handler:_________________________________
Surrounding spaces (including outdoors):
Use chemical smoke to observe airflow at intentional and accidental openings into the complaint area. A
checklist of typical openings is provided below. Use additional pages as needed. If a manometer is used,
record the pressure differential in the middle column
Architectural onenings :
— doors (note: open or closed) — u ansoms — windows (note: open or closed) — stairways
— utility chases — floor drains — cracks and holes
Mechanical openings :
— supply diffusers — return diffusers — exhaust intakes
Opening Direction of smoke movement Comments
26
ORAFfl

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Inventory pollutant sources
Pollutant sources are often intermittent and may not be active during a site visit.
Note the following general indicators of lAO problems:
• odors
• overcrowding (e.g. less than one hundred square feet per person)
• unsanitary conditions (e.g. excessive dust)
• moisture problems, visible fungal growth
• staining and discoloration
- make sure that stains are removed after leaks are repaired so that there will
be visible evidence if the leak recurs
• smoke damage
- note: If a fire occurred involving electrical equipment, determine whether
PCBs may have been released
• presence of hazardous substances
• note storage practices, schedule of use
• evidence of soil gas entry (e.g. openings to earth)
In addition to these general indications, some common problems deserve mention:
• Refuse storage and disposal: If you have a restaurant in the building, daily pick-
up of perishable refuse is desirable. Confirm that containers are covered, pest
control is effective and the trash collection area is cleaned regularly (at least
daily).
• Light fixtures: Listen for noisy fluourescent fixtures. If you see a small spot of oil
on the lens, the ballast may be leaking and could contain PCBs.
• Materials handling: Where volatile or hazardous materials are used, confirm
that they are stored and handled properly and that adequate ventilation has
been provided. There should be an exhaust system for process functions such
as darkrooms.
Use the POLLUTANT AND SOURCE INVENTORY (shown in part on page 28,
and reproduced in full in the E?Iank Icrms section) to record potential pollutant
sources in the building. As you fill out the inventory form, make note of source
locations and record the names of products used or stored within the building, such as
cleaning materials, biocides, paints, caulks, and adhesives. Ask your suppliers to
provide you with Material Safety Data Sheets for their products.
27
r ’ FT.

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POLLUT ANT AND SOURCE INVENTORY
Building name/Address_____________ Date______ Investigator
Usuig the hst of potential source categories below, record any indications of contamination or suspected pollutants that may
require further investigation or treatment. Sources of contamination may be constant or intermittent or may be linked to
single, unrepeated events. For intermittent sources, try to indicate the time of peak activity or contaminant production.
Source Category
Checked
Needs
Attention
Comments
Sources outside the building
Contaminated ambient air
-pollen,dust
- industrial contRminjrnts
Emissions from nearby sources
- vehicle exhaust_(parking
garages,_loading docks, roads)
- dumpsters
- constructjonfdemolition
- re-entrained exhaust
- debris near O.A. intake
Soil gas
- moisture
-radon
- leaking undei round tanks
- previous use of the site
Other
Equipment
HVAC system equipment, supplies
- dust or dirt in ducts
- microbial_growth_in ducts
- microbial growth at drip pans,
chillers, humidifiers
- leaks of treated boiler water
28
FT

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Collect information on building occupancy
The OCCUPANT DATA SHEET shown on page 30 (and also reproduced in the
Flank Icrms secbon) can be used to maintarn an up-to-date record of the way
each area of the building is used and its estimated average and peak occupancy. This
information allows the calculation of ventilation rates in cubic feet/minute per person,
so that you can compare current ventilation rates to the recommendations of
ASHRAE 62-1989 (see the table reproduced on pages 31-33).
29
!JJ’Ikl

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CA)
0
OCCUPANT DATA ShEET
Building name/address Date
Roomlarea
Room use
OCCUPaflCY
Special Sensitivity
(groups, Individuals)
Complaints?
Comments
Average
Peak (number, time)

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BREAK FOR ILLUSTECION
OUTDOOR AIR REQUIREMENTS FOR VENTILATION (ASHRAE 62-1989)
Dr’ Darters, Laaadrla
Commercial laundry
Commercial dry cleaner
Storage, pick up
Coin-operated Iaundnea
Co.n opersied dry cleaner
low and Beserage Senlet
Dining rooms
Cafeteria. fast food
Barn, cocktail lounges
Etictrens (cooking) 20
Ganges, Repair, Settee Stations
Enclosed pur ling garage
AtjIo eep*ir rooms
Notch, flouts, Resorts, Dormrrsmhn
Bedrooms
Lu”rng rooma
Baths
Lobbies
Cost terrace rooms
Assembly rooms
Dormitory sleeping areas
Gambling casinos 120
omen
Ofirce space
Reception areas
Telecommunication centers
and data entry aieaa
Conference enema
PublIc Spaees
Corridors and utilities
Public restrooms, cfm/aic
on urinal
Locket and dreesang rooms
Smoking lounge
25 I i
30 15
35 jg
15 8
I S ‘ S
20 10
20 10
30 IS
g
15 $
20 10
i s g
IS $
30 IS
20 10
IS B
20 tO
20 ‘0
Supplementary smolie removal
equipment may be required
Makesp air (or hood eshausi may
eequire more vrntilaiing air The
sum of the ourdnor air and
transfer air of acceptable quality
from adjacent spaces shall be sat-
ticient to provide an eshauui rare
of not less than I S cfm/fli (75
L/s.mt)
ISO 75 Distribution among people mull
I SO 750 consider anrker locarior and con
cenuratuon of cunning engines.
stands a here engines are sun mini
incorporate systems for positive
engine exhaust withdrawal Con
saminani tensors may be used to
control ventilation
30 IS
30 15
35 Ig lnsnailedapacstyforsnternsrisenrrtsc
005 0.25
See also food and beverage services,
merchandising, barber and beauty
shops, garages
Supplemesrrsey amohc.remtrnal
equipmenr may be required
Some office equipment may
require local eshauss
Supplementary amoke.remotal
equipment may be required
Mechanical eshauti miii no
03 2.3 reesreulation Ia recommended
Normally supplied by rrantfer air,
local mechanical exhaust, with no
reeireulation recommended
I 00 — S 00 Normally supplied by transfer air
31
DRAFTI
TABLEt
OIJWOOR AIR REQUIREMENTS FOR VENTILATWN
2 I COMMtRC1AL FACILITIES (offices, atoms, shops, holds, sports factlitiea)
Estimated Maximum”
Applótien Occupancy
£/1000 f 1 i 0*100 at
Oardaor Air Requirements
1 ,/s i Commerra
a,
c i a )
pen n
Us
person
dm/
ft 1
I C
30
30
20
20
70
lO P
lOP
Dry’clesning processes may require
morn sri
30
30
l i e
20
efns/eoom L,/a’room_Independent of room site.
to
60
50
70
Ele vators
50 23
60 30
• Thhle 2 mnacribeu tannin nrnof aetepiasie nuidoor air reqsirnd fes acceptable
isidssae air qualiry Then. relies hen been thasee us carrot CO 1 and aelser east
taniinants sub an adeqaire margin at safety and is account for liôlth natsaisons
smars peepre, eanud aesi”ilr tennIs, and a ineideiair smouni ol sniotsg Piaunaeai
of CO 1 turret a presenied in Appenduu 0
“Net eeeupaabre apace.

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OUTDOOR AIR REQUIREMENTS FOR VENTJLATION (ASHRAE 62-1989)
(con’t)
Retali Stores. Sa m Floom, and
Show Room Room
Rasenient and ureti
Upper floors
Storage loom;
Dressing rooms
Malls and arcade;
Snippingiand receiving
V.arehouses
Smoking lounge
SpecIally Shops
Birbtt
Bcauty
Reducing talons
florists
Clothiers, lurnituro
Iiardnare, drugs, fabric
Supermat kiss
Pet shops
Sports and Amusement
Spectator areas
Game rooms
Ice arenas ipia nn l ateas)
Saimming pools (pool and
deck area)
Pta ing floors (gymnasium)
Ballrooms and discos
Roy ling alleys (stating
areas)
Theaters
Ticket booi Pr;
Lobbies
Auditorium
Stages, studios
Transportat Ion
%\aiiing rooms
Platlesms
Sehicirs
5 %orkroOma
Meat processing
30
253
Is
20
10
70
2$
25
20
I
I S O
70
30
100
70
do
130
150
70
I CC
100
150
10
IS I
25 13
Is I
Is $
15 8
Is $
I S 8
25 13
20 10
25 13
2$ 13
20 10
20 0
I
I S I
is 8
Is 8
13 8
13 I
030 I SO
020 tOO
015 015
020 (10
020 00
0 13 015
005 025
Normally supplied by transler air,
local mechanical eshaust, exhaust
wiih no recsrtslatton recommended
Ventilation so optimize plant growth
may dictate requirements
Speessi vnrstiiaiioa ‘ill be needed
to eliminate apecisi stage etlects
(eg. dry ice vapors. mutt, etc.)
Ventilation within vehicles may
require special considerations
Spaces msstssained as low tempera-
,ures(—lO7to • srF.or —23’C
to + tO’C)arenotcoveredby
these requirements ashes the occu•
paney is continuous Venrilasion
Irons ad)osnsng spaces is pernsisur-
bit When she occupancy a inter’
mitten!, infiltration will normatly
aced the ventilation requirement
(See Rel I I) __________
TABLE!
OUTDOOR AIR REQUiREMENTS FOR VENTILATION’ (Continued)
LI COMMERCIAL FACILI11ES (oilIest, stores, shops, hotels, sports facilities)
Outdoor A l: Renaiiemeais
Li z elm!
person li
Estimated Ma.almum”
Appiicatloa Oetupasey
P!I000 g 5 p 1 lOOm’
L i t Comments
&
elmf
puma. -
60 30
I
030 i SO
100 500
When internal combustion engines
are operated for mainiesance of
0 50 2 50 playing surfaces, increased ‘i’ensita
lion rates may be required
050 250 Higher values may be rrqatred for
humidity control
• tase 2 prnaerlbei ,appJ rain of aeeegsabie outdoor air eegsiS far acceptable
osdaoi nit quality These vatara ha n hnnn etioora is eanirol Cot and other me.
aoiinansa s ub an adeqs,aie margina l ialeiy and to aeeoaai (or heaiih aanations
32
among people, varied activity sevets.anda mad—ia amouaa or uvokio& Raaiaisai
at CO 3 ronirol is pinestued In Agpendis
•Plet oceagiabta span.
ORAFT I

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OUTDOOR AIR REQUIREMENTS FOR VENTILATION (ASHRAE 62-1989)
(con’t)
TABLEt
OUTDOOR AIR RLQUIREMENT FOR VENTILATION (ConcludeM
2.1 COMMERCIAL MCILITTES oflIcu atom. shops. bot,)i, sports IicIIlIies}
Reprinted with permission from ASHRAE 62-1989, “Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air
Quality”
33
2
.1 tT1I !IJ
Apphu l1on
£aIits1 Mazl uuc
O etnp aic7
P/1000ft i or 100 m’
Oatdoor Alt Raquurernvits
Comments
clmf LI , elm!
person person I I ’
tot’
Photo s tudiOs
50
5 5 I
030
250
Dar hr oor s ul
10
0
Ph.srmicy
20
15
55 I
Dank esulsa
5
030
230
Insishled equipment must incorpo.
Dupliciting. pnnuins
.
rate pcsulwe cihauts and control
(as required) ol undciinble con.
tamirsanha uozsc or otherwise)
2.2 INSTITUTIONAL FACILITiES
E6u ll o n
Clisiroom
30
IS 0
I C
Special conusmirtatit control
L bor atonts
30
20
20 IC
syslcms may be required to:
Training shop
30
IS 0
processes or (ursctuonl urtcIudirt
P4usic roorris
50
IS S
Lsbor,iory mitral Occupancy
Libraries
20
0 50
2 50
L.oct .er rooms
0 10
0 50
Corridors
0
Auidiotiurist
ISO
i S
Normally iupplied by crarusrei air
Srrioliitg lousrugee
70
60
Local rnechsrucal rihariul with rio
rccurcsilli ion recommended
iloipulalu. ‘nursing and
Convatnoenni h1cnmn
or codes and
Pstsruil rooms
iilrd,csI procedure
Operating rooms
10
20
70
25 13
IS I
30 is
I
pleasure relationships may deter.
mint minimum se,tiilaisOn Piles
and lilies efficiency Puocednares
Recoier and ICU
20
0 50
2 30
rnerauuna contaminants may
require hupher rain.
Air shall not be recirculaled unto
Autopa rooms
55 8
cthtt I IC 5
P l tysucsl Therapy
Correctional Facilsilci
Cells
20
20
Dining halls
100
ii
B
Guird slarions
40
13
• Tsblt 1 pestcrsbe smpv t ’ 1 111,01 scce abk osu o. ii , ,eqrnwd Cot otmpubi
.ndool sir almIi Theis riluim as i c keli disuir uo eoirurol CO 1 sad ih,n cmi.
ulnaftuam null an adiquali maigus of sitry turd so oceowul for tiuhll vutatiours
rrum4 çwoplm. mud minui kits. otid a enodritu Inuouru otmuckunl. Bai,onaic
rot CO 1 conurci ptnstnstd mAppendiaD
Nr apiabti 5p 5c%

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Product of collecting detailed information
• an inventory of HVAC system components that need to be repaired, adjusted, or
replaced
• a current record of control settings and operating schedules
• a completed plan of the building showing airflow directions or pressure
differentials
• an inventory of pollutant sources and their locations
Material Safety Data Sheets for products used or stored within the building
• a record of usage for each room, including estimates of the average and peak
occupancy
If the information collected as you develop the lAO profile indicates that you have
an lAO problem, the companion document SOLVING INDOOR AIR QUALITY
PROBLEMS provides guidance that may help you to resolve that problem.
34
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Sectkn I - Manaeine I uiIdin s fcr
G d lAG
The relationship between building owners, management, staff and tenants is an
important factor in decisionmaking that affects indoor air quality. The objectives of the
major players in these relationships may be very different. Tenants want the space
they occupy to be pleasant, safe, and attractive, but also want to get the maximum use
out of that space for the least cost. Building owners and management want to maintain
a reputation for providing quatity property at reasonable cost, but also need to derive a
profit from renting their space. Facilities staff are often caught in the middle, trying to
control operating and maintenance costs while still keeping tenants satisfied.
Regardless of the points on which they may disagree, building occupants and
management share the goal of providing a healthy indoor environment. Recognition
of this common goal may help avoid conflict when discussing IAQ-related policies.
Any IAQ management system will be successful only if it is organized to fit your
specific building. It would not be appropriate for this document to prescribe any single
approach. However, the skills associated with IAQ management activities will be
identified to help building management decide who will be best able to carry them out.
Education and training programs for staff and building occupants may be needed to
ensure that new procedures are understood and adopted.
Managing a building for good indoor air quality involves reviewing and amending
current practice (and establishing new procedures, if necessary) to:
• maintain HVAC systems and other equipment
• oversee activities of staff, tenants, contractors, and other building occupants that
impact indoor air quality
• smoking
- housekeeping
- building maintenance
- pest control
- food preparation and other special uses
• resolve complaints about the indoor environment- (see Section 3)
• educate staff, tenants, contractors, and other building occupants about their
responsibilities in relation to indoor air quality - (see Section 3)
• identify aspects of planned projects that could affect indoor air quality and
manage projects so that good air quality is maintained
- redecorating, renovation, or remodelling
- relocation of personnel or functions within the building
• new construction
35
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Developing an lAO Management Plan
Facilities
Maintenance
Housekeeping

Pest
Control
I

Tenant
Relations
I
Ii

Renovation
Redecorating
Remodelling
II
I
Smoking
_____________
\ //
ORAFT
REVISE EXISTING PROCEDURES AS NEEDED
Operations
Recordkeeping
Purchasing
Communications
Planning and Policymaking
36

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Deueloping on 100 Management Plan
The flowchart on page 36 shows the elements of an lAO management plan.
Development of the management plan involves reviewing and revising staff
responsibilities so that lAO considerations become incorporated into routine
procedures such as:
• operations
• recordkeeping
• purchasing
• communications, and
• planning and policymaking
Whatever organizational strategy is most suited to your staffing and building
tenancy, the key elements of good lAO management remain the same:
• reach an understanding of the fundamental influences that affect indoor air
quality
• use the IAQ profile and other available information to apply that understanding
to your particular building
- evaluate the design, operation, and usage of the building
- identify potential lAO problem locations
- identify staff and contractors whose activities affect indoor air quality
• assign responsibility for IAQ management activities and establish lines of
communication so that responsible individuals are informed of decisions that
may affect indoor air quality
• review standard procedures and make necessary revisions to promote good
indoor air qualfty, such as:
- terms of contracts (e.g. pest control, leases)
- scheduling of activities that produce dust, emissions, odors, etc.
- scheduling of equipment operation, inspection, and maintenance
- specifications for supplies (e.g. cleaning products, construction materials,
furnishings)
• review the existing recordkeeping system and make necessary revisions to
incorporate and track IAQ-related information
37

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• review the policy regarding tobacco smoking within the building
• educate building staff, occupants, and contractors about their influence on
indoor air quality
It is important to note that lAO problems may occur even in buildings whose owners
and managers conscientiously apply the best available information to avoid such
problems. On the other hand, those who can demonstrate their ongoing efforts to
provide a safe indoor environment are in a strong legal and ethical position if
problems do arise.
SELECT AN IAQ MANAGER
lAO management will be facilitated if one individual is designated with overall
responsibility for lAO. Associated duties include: responding to complaints,
overseeing the adoption of new procedures, and reviewing and commenting on
potential actions which may affect the indoor environment (e.g. maintenance, pest
control, and cleaning contracts, lease arrangements, renovation plans, changes in
cleaning supplies). Whether or not this person is given the title of “IAQ Manager , he
or she should have a good understanding of the building’s structure and function and
should be able to communicate with tenants, facilities personnel, and building owners
or their representatives about lAO issues.
Facilities personnel are not generally trained to think about 1AQ issues as they go
about their work. Even though building staff may be observing events and conditions
which would indicate potential problems to an experienced lAO investigator, their
attention may be directed elsewhere. As new practices are introduced to prevent
indoor air quality problems, an organized system of recordkeeping will help those
practices to become part of routine operations and to flag decisions that could affect
lAO. The best results can be achieved by taking time to think about the established
channels of communication within your organization, so that new forms can be
integrated into decisionmaking with minimum disruption to normal procedures.
The lAO manager ‘s ongoing responsibilities might include:
• coordinating staff efforts that affect indoor air quality
• reviewing all major projects in the building for their lAO implications
• negotiating with contractors (e.g. cleaning services, pest control contractors)
whose routine activities in the building could create IAQ problems
• periodically inspecting the building for indicators of lAO problems
38
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• managing lAO-related records
• receiving complaints or observations regarding potential lAO problems
• conducting an initial walkthrough investigation of any lAO complaints
REVIEW EXISTING RECORDS
If the lAO manager was not actively involved in developing the lAO profile, one of
his or her first tasks will be to review the profile carefully, identifying:
• building locations with a potential for lAO problems due to:
- special uses that are not accounted for in the design or operation of the
HVAC system
- mechanical systems or components in need of repair, adjustment, or
replacement
- contaminant-generating sources without local exhaust
- the existence of lAO problem indicators such as stains from water
leakage, odors, or overcrowding
- a history of occupant complaints about discomfort or health problems
- occupancy by groups or individuals known to have special sensitivities to
environmental stresses (e.g. children, elderly people)
• staff and contractors whose activities impact indoor air quality
• other building occupants whose activities impact indoor air quality
In addition to information from the IAQ profile, it may be helpful to review lease
forms and other contractual agreements for an understanding of the respective legal
responsibilities of the building management, tenants, and contractors. Incorporation
of lAO concerns into legal documents helps to ensure the use of proper materials and
procedures by contractors and can help to limit the load placed on ventilation
equipment by occupant activities.
The products of the review of existing records should be:
• a priority list of locations and activities within the building that will require
special attention in order to prevent indoor air quality problems
• a list of staff and contractors whose responsibilities need to be included in the
IAQ management plan.
39

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If specific areas appear to have a high potential for indoor air quality problems in
the near future, it may be appropriate to investigate and mitigate them immediately,
using the companion document, SOLVING INDOOR AIR QUALITY PROBLEMS
(particularly the sections entitled tia nosIne IAc 1rcblems and
MItI atIne IA1 I r4bIems). The response to such locations can be prioritized
according to the apparent seriousness of their consequences. For example,
combustion gas odors demand a more rapid response than thermostats that are out of
calibration.
ASSIGN STAFF RESPONSIBILITIES
The assignment of staff responsibilities varies widely between organizations,
depending upon the routine activities to be carried out and the capabilities of the
available personnel. It would not be appropriate for this document to suggest how lAO-
related responsibilities should be allocated in your organization. However, the
following represent activities affecting indoor air quality that are common to most
public and commercial buildings:
• facilities maintenance
• housekeeping
• pest control
• tenant relations
• renovation, redecorating, and remodelling
• smoking
For each of the above activities, the IAQ management plan may involve revisions to
one or more of the following:
• operations
• recordkeeping
• purchasing
• communications
• planning and policymaking
Using information from the lAO profile, the IAQ manager should work with staff and
contractors to ensure that building operations and planning processes incorporate a
concern for indoor air quality. New procedures, recordkeeping requirements, or staff
training programs may be needed. The flow of information between the IAQ manager
and staff, tenants, and contractors is particularly important. Good indoor air quality
requires prompt attention to changing conditions which could cause IAQ problems,
such as installation of new equipment, increases in occupant population, or new uses
of rooms.
40

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Facilities Maintenance
Indoor air quality can be affected both by the quality of maintenance and by the
materials and procedures selected for use in operating and maintaining the HVAC,
plumbing, and electrical systems, as well as other building components.
Facilities staff can best respond to indoor air quality concerns if they understand
how their activities affect indoor air quality. It may be necessary to change existing
practices or introduce new procedures in relation to:
• Equipment operating schedules: Confirm that the timing of occupied and
unoccupied cycles is compatible with actual occupied periods, and that the
building is flushed by the ventilation system before occupants arrive.
• Adjusting and balancing the HVAC system: Make sure that appropriate
pressure relationships are maintained between building areas so that odors
and contaminants are isolated and controlled. Ventilation systems should not
recirculate air exhausted from areas which are potential sources of
contaminants (chemical storage areas, beauty salons) unless an adequate
filtration or air cleaning system is functioning. Activities which produce odors,
dust, or contaminants should be equipped with adequate local exhaust or
confined to locations which are maintained under negative pressure relative to
adjacent areas. For example, loading docks are a frequent source of
combustion odors. Make sure that rooms surrounding loading docks are
maintained under positive pressure to prevent the entrainment of vehicle
exhaust.
• Frequency of maintenance: Make sure that equipment is inspected regularly
and maintained in good condition and operating as designed (i.e. as close to
the design setpoints for controls as possible). The HYAC CHECKLIST shown
on page 24 and the MAINTENANCE CALENDAR shown on page 43 (both
reproduced in the Hank Ecrms section of this document) can be modified
so that they are appropriate for inspection and maintenance of the specific
equipment in your building. As equipment is added, removed, or replaced, any
changes in function, capacity, or operating schedule should be documented for
future reference. It may also be helpful to store records of equipment operation
and maintenance in the same location as records of occupant complaints for
easy comparison if lAO problems arise.
• Scheduling of maintenance activities: Schedule maintenance activities which
interfere with HVAC operation or produce odors and emissions so that they
occur when the building is unoccupied.
41
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• Material handling and storage practices: Ask vendors to provide Material
Safety Data sheets. Make sure that paints, solvents, and other chemicals are
stored and handled properly, with adequate ventilation provided.
• Purchasing: Consider buying lower-emissions materials when possible. Little
guidance is currently available, but manufacturers and vendors can be
expected to respond to a demand for products that will help in avoiding IAQ
problems.
BREAK FOR SIDEBAR
SIDEBAR PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
A good preventive maintenance program can improve the functioning of all mechanical and
electrical systems as well as helping to prevent indoor air quality problems. In some buildings,
maintenance is put off until breakdowns occur or complaints arise - “if it works, don’t fix it”. This
attitude represents a false economy which can be costly in the long run. Reduced attention to
maintenance shortens the useful life of mechanical equipment. Clogged filters put an additional
load on fans. Unbalanced ventilation can increase energy costs as well as occupant complaints.
Serious health problems can result if mold and bacteria growth is not prevented in areas which are
moist by design (humidifiers, chillers) or by accident (spills or leaks).
Eements of a preventive maintenance program include:
• periodic inspection, cleaning, and maintenance of equipment
• adjustment and calibration of control system components
• selection of replacement equipment that is of good quality and properly sized for its
intended function
42
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MAINTENANCE CALENDAR
Bwldmg namef address___ inspector — Year
Components
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Outdoor air
intake
Baxi

Mixing
plenum
Outdoor air
quantity
Filters
Heating
coils
Cooling
coils
Humidifier
Fans
Air
distribution
Terminal box
Mechanical
om
Return
plenum
43
Q FT
dtLtI -,

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Housekeeping
indoor air quality complaints can arise from inadequate housekeeping that fails
to remove dust and other dirt or, at the other extreme, from the odors and emissions
produced by cleaning materials. It may be helpful to educate cleaning staff or
contractors about the indoor air quality impacts of their activities. The following
suggestions can help to minimize lAO problems:
• Scheduling: Consider how cleaning activities are scheduled. Managers may
want to schedule the use of some cleaning agents that introduce strong odors
or contaminants during unoccupied periods.
• Purchasing: Insist on getting the Material Safety Data Sheets for as many
cleaning and maintenance products as possible. Use them to become more
familiar about the types of ingredients they contain and their potential toxicity.
Select the safest available materials that can achieve your purpose. Little
guidance about the potential impact on indoor air quality of such products is
currently available, but manufactures and vendors can be expected to respond
to an increase in the demand for products that will help in avoiding lAO
problems.
• Material handling and storage: Review the use of cleaning materials to ensure
proper use and storage.
• Trash disposal: Make sure that trash disposal procedures are adequate. If
there is a restaurant in the building, require daily pick-up of perishable refuse.
Ensure that the containers are covered, pest control is effective, and that the
trash collection area is cleaned at least daily.
Pest Control
Pest control activities involve the storage, handling, and application of materials
that can have serious heafth effects. It is preferable to eliminate conditions that feed
or harbor insects whenever possible, rather than relying on biocide applications as a
means of pest control.
If an outside contractor is used for pest control, it is advisable to review the terms of
the contract. The following items deserve particular attention. Note that it may be
necessary to modify HVAC system operation during pest control activities.
• Scheduling: Pest control activities should be scheduled during unoccupied
periods, if possible, so that the affected area can be flushed with ventilation air
before occupants return. Consider whether adequate pest control could be
44

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maintained if biocides were applied less frequently (or in a smaller number of
targetted locations) than is your current practice.
• Materials handling and storage: Ask contractors or vendors to provide Material
Safety Data Sheets. Make sure that biocides are stored and handled properly.
• Ventilation of areas where biocides are applied: If only limited areas of the
building are being treated, make sure that the HVAC system is not going to
distribute contaminated air throughout the rest of the building. Consider using
temporary exhaust systems to remove contaminants during the work.
Tenant RelatIons
Managing tenant relations to prevent IAQ problems involves: (1) monitoring the
use of building areas by tenants and allocating space in a way that isolates odor- and
contaminant-producing activities, (2) establishing a communication strategy that is
responsive to complaints and provides tenants with information about their effects on
indoor air quality, and (3) modifying lease agreements if necessary to clarify the
responsibilities of tenants and building management. A health and safety committee
or joint tenant-management IAQ task force that represents all of the major interest
groups in the building can be very helpful in disseminating information and fostering a
cooperative approach to lAO management. See Sectlcn 3 - C mmunIcatIn
w Rh I uiIdIne Occupants for a discussion of these points.
The following aspects of tenant relations should be reviewed and modified as
necessary:
• Use of space: Be aware that lAO problems can arise as building usage
changes over time. Increases in occupant density or changes in the use of
space should be accompanied by adjustment of the air distribution systems
(increased quantities of supply air and outdoor air, addition of local exhaust,
modification of pressure relationships between functional areas) as needed.
• Complaints: It is important to maintain an up-to-date record of the way each
area of the building is used and to track complaints related to the indoor
environment. Sample OCCUPANT DIARY and COMPLAINT LOG forms are
reproduced in the I Iank Iorms section of this document.

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• Alterations by tenants: Tenant a erations should only be permitted after the
proposed design has been reviewed and approved by a person competent to
evaluate its impact on the ventilation system.
• Planned activities: Productive relations will be enhanced if building
management makes an effort to inform tenants before the start of activities that
produce odors or contaminants (e.g. maintenance, pest control, repair,
remodelling, redecorating).
• Leases: Lease arrangements can be used to clarify the legal obligations of
tenants and building management as they relate to indoor air quality.
Renovation, Redecorating, and Remodelling
Renovation, redecorating, and remodelling are activities that can create indoor air
quality problems by producing dust, odors, and emissions. It is particularly difficult to
prevent lAO problems if some building areas are undergoing renovation while
adjoining areas continue normal operations.
Close monitoring of renovation, redecorating, and remodelling projects is
recommended. The following suggestions may be helpful:
• Working with professional consultants: Communicate your concern with
preventing indoor air quality problems to the engineer, architect, interior
designer, or other professionals involved in the project.
• Product selection: Specify products and processes that minimize odors and
emissions. Only limited information is currently available; however, your
requests will help to show the demand for low-emissions products.
• Scheduling: Schedule activities that produce dust, odors, or emissions for
unoccupied periods if possible.
46
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• Isolation of work areas:
- block off return grilles to avoid recirculation of odors and contaminants
from the demolition/construction area into adjoining areas
- install temporary local exhaust to remove odors and contaminants
• install temporary barriers to confine dust
• Installation of new furnishings:
- ask suppliers to store new furnishings in a clean, dry location until
volatile organic compounds have outgassed
- minimize the use of adhesives during installation, or specify low-emitting
products
- after new furnishings are installed, increase the ventilation rate to flush
the area with outside air to permit the dilution of emissions
Note: At present there is no system for certifying or labelling low-emission
products nor is there a standard procedure for building owners or management to use
in gathering emissions data on products they are considering for purchase. Limited
information on some products such as pressed wood products is available, and more
may be expected in future. Work is underway at several Federal agencies to set up
such systems or encourage their establishment by the private sector.
47
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Smoking
NOTE TO REVIEWERS: EPA is now preparing a risk assessment of environmental
tobacco smoke as well as a guide for decision-makers on workplace smoking policies.
The comment period on these documents has closed and an evaluation of written
comments and revisions to the documents are now in progress. This section will
contain a discussion of the issues of smoking in buildings which is consistent with the
final documents on passive smoke now in development.
48

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Secticn 5 - Iespcndln tc IA I rcbIems
When you are collecting information to develop an IAQ profile and an lAO
management plan, you may find evidence of one or more indoor air quality problems.
You may also discover conditions that could produce lAO complaints, such as
malfunctioning HVAC equipment or odor-producing activities located next to
incompatible building uses. Whether or not there are IAQ problems at present, such
problems might arise in the future. The companion volume in this guidance document,
SOLVING INDOOR AIR QUALITY PROBLEMS, is designed to help you resolve
lAO complaints.
If your lAO management plan includes a health and safely committee, that
committee can help to maintain a productive relationship with building occupants
while lAO complaints are being resolved. Section 3 of SOLVING INDOOR AIR
QUALITY PROBLEMS discusses the importance of good communications and
suggests the types of information that need to be conveyed.
Section 4 of SOLVING INDOOR AIR QUALITY PROBLEMS describes the
building investigation process. The investigator (who may be a staff member or an
outside professional) collects information on the pattern of occupant complaints, the
condition and operation of the HVAC system, pollutant pathways and driving forces,
and pollutant sources. Much of this information will already be available if you have
developed art lAO profile, though the investigation may involve a more detailed
examination of a localized building area. Measurement of contaminant levels is not
likely to be valuable initially but may be needed at some point in the investigation.
Section 5 of SOLVING INDOOR AIR QUALITY PROBLEMS discusses the
strategies that are used to mitigate (correct) indoor air quality problems. These
strategies can be categorized as source control, ventilation, and air cleaning. The
section gives brief descriptions of some common lAO problems and solutions to those
problems, and provides criteria to use in evaluating potential approaches to mitigation.
It is sometimes advisable to hire outside assistance so that indoor air quality
complaints can be resolved successfully. This decision depends upon individual
circumstances such as the expertise available in-house and the apparent seriousness
or complexity of the problem. If you decide to hire an tAO professional, Section 6 of
SOLVING INDOOR AIR QUALITY PROBLEMS provides guidance in evaluating
potential consu ants and the services they offer.
Despite your best efforts at preventing such problems, you may someday face an
indoor air quality complaint. At that time, the effort that was invested in developing an
fAQ profile and lAO management plan will give you a strong foundation for dealing
with the problem.
49
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FISOUI CIS
FEDERAL AGENCIES WITH MAJOR INDOOR AIR RESPONSIBILITY FOR
PUBLIC AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
U.S. Environmental Protection National Institute for
Agency: Occupational Safety and Health:
Public tnformation Center Requests for Field Investigations:
(PM-21 1 B) NIOSH
401 M Street, SW Hazard Evaluations and Technical
Washington, DC 20460 Assistance Branch (R-9)
202-382-2080 4676 Columbia Parkway
(distributes indoor air quality Cincinnati, Ohio 45226
publications) 513-841-4382
National Pesticides Requests for Information:
Telecommunications Network National 1-800-35-NIOSH or
toll-free number: 1-800-638-2772
1-800-858-PEST
In Texas: 806-743-3091 Occupational Satety and Health
(provides information on pesticides) Administration:
TSCA Hotline U.S. Department of Labor
Service 202-554-1404 200 Constitution Avenue, NW
(provides information on asbestos and Washington, D.C. 20210
other toxic substances)
50
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EPA Regional Offices
Address inquiries to the Indoor Air
Contacts in the EPA regional offices at
the folLowing addresses:
REGION STATES IN REGION
Region 1 Connecticut, Maine,
EPA Massachusetts, New
John F. Kennedy Hampshire, Rhode Island,
Federal Building Vermont
Boston, MA 02203
617-565-3232
Region 2 New Jersey, New York,
EPA Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands
26 Federal Plaza
New York, NY 10278
212-264-2517
Region 3 Delaware 1 District of Columbia,
EPA Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia. West
841 Chestnut Building Virginia
Philadelphia, PA 19107
215-597-8322
21 5-597-4084(radon)
Region 4 Alabama, Florida, Georgia,
EPA Kentucky, Mississippi, North
345 Courtland Street, N.E. Carolina, South Carolina , Tennessee
Atlanta, GA 30365
404-347-2864
Region 5 Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
EPA Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, II 60604
312-886-6054
51

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REGION STATES IN REGION
Region 6 Arkansas, Louisiana,
EPA Oklahoma, New Mexico, Texas
Allied Bank Tower
1445 Ross Avenue
Dallas, TX 75202
214-655-7214
Region 7 Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska
EPA
726 Minnesota Avenue
Kansas City, KS 66101
919-236-2893
Region 8 Colorado, Montana, North Dakota,
EPA South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming
999 18th Street,
Suite 1300
Denver, CO 80202
303-293-1692
Region 9 Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada,
EPA American Samoa, Guam, Trust
215 Fremont Street Territories of the Pacific
San Francisco, CA 94105
415-974-8381
Region 10 Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington
EPA
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, WA 98101
206-442-2589
52
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OTHER FEDERAL AGENCIES WITH INDOOR AIR RESPONSIBILITIES IN
PUBLIC AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
Bonneville Power
Administration
Portland, OR 97208
General Services
Administration
18th and F Streets, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20450
Office of Conservation
and Renewable Energy
U.S. Department of Energy
1000 Independence Avenue, S.W.
Washington, DC 20585
53
Office on Smoking and Health
Center for Chronic Diseases Prevention
and Health Promotion
Centers for Disease Control
Park Building Room 1-10
5600 Fishers Lane
Rockvifle, MD 20857
Tennessee Valley Authority
Industry Hygiene Branch
328 Multipurpose Building
Muscle Shoals, AL 35660
ORA F1

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STATE AND LOCAL AGENCIES
Your questions and concerns about indoor air problems can frequently be
answered most readily by the government agencies in your state or locality.
Responsibilities for indoor air quality issues are usually divided among many different
agencies. You will often find that calling or writing the agencies responsible for health
or air quality control is the best way to start getting information from your state or local
government. The EPA and Public Health Foundation publication, Directory of State
Indoor Air Contacts, lists state agency contacts. (See publications list for information
about how to order this publication.)
PRIVATE SECTOR CONTACTS
Some of the private sector organizations that have information for the public on
indoor air quality issues in commercial and public buildings:
Building Management Associations:
Association of Physical Plant
Administrators of Universities and
Colleges
1446 Duke Street
Alexandria, VA 22314-3492
Building Owners and Managers
Association, International
1201 New York Ave., NW, Suite 300
Washington, DC 20003
International Council of Shopping
Centers
1199 North Fairfax Street
Suite 204
Alexandria, VA 22314
International Facilities Management
Association
Summit Tower Suite 1710
11 Greenway Plaza
Houston TX 77046
Professional and Standard Setting Organizations:
American Conference of
Governmental Industrial
Hygienists
6500 Glenway Avenue
Building D-7
Cincinnati, OH 45211
54
American Industrial Hygiene
Association
P.O. Box 8390
345 White Pond Drive
Akron, OH 44320
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Professional and Standard Setting Organizations (continued):
American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning
Engineers
1791 TuIlie Circle, N.E.
Atlanta, GA 30329
Product Manufacturers:
Adhesive and Sealant Council
1627 K Street NW
Washington, DC 20006
Asbestos Information Association
1745 Jefferson Davis Highway
Room 509
Arlington, VA 22202
Association c i Wall and Ceiling
Industries
1600 Cameron Street
Alexandria, VA 22314-2705
Carpet and Rug Institute
1155 Connecticut Avenue
Suite 500
Washington, DC 20036
55
American Society of Testing Materials
Subcommittee D22.05 Indoor Air
Quality
1916 Race Street
Philadelphia, PA 19103
Chemical Specialities Manufacturers
Association
1001 Connecticut Avenue NW
Suite 1120
Washington, DC 20005
Formaldehyde institute
1330 Connecticut Avenue NW
Washington DC 20855
National Paint and Coatings
Association
1500 Rhode Island Avenue NW
Washington, DC 20005
Thermal Insulation Manufacturers
Association
8341 S. Sangre De Cristo Road
Littleton, CO 80127
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Building Service Associations:
Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
Institute
1501 Wilson Boulevard 6th floor
Arlington, VA 22209
Air-Conditioning Contractors of
America
1513 16th Street NW
Washington DC 20036
American Consulting Engineers
Council
1015 15th Street, NW Suite 802
Washington, DC 20005
Associated Air Balance Council
1518 K Street, NW
Washington, DC 20005
Association of Specialists in Cleaning
and Restoration
10830 Annapolis Junction Road
Suite 312
Annapolis Junction, MD 20701
Unions:
AFL-CIO
Department of Occupational Safety
and Health
815 16th Street
Washington, DC 20006
Amalgamated Clothing and Textile
Workers Union
15 Union Square
New York, NY 10003
56
National Air Duct Cleaner Association
1518 K Street, NW
Washington, DC 20005
National Association of Power
Engineers
4470 MacArthur Blvd.
Washington, DC 20007
National Environmental
Bureau
8224 Old Courthouse Rd.
Vienna, VA 22182
Balancing
National Pest Control Association
8100 Oak Street
Dunn Loring, VA 20027
Sheet Metal & Conditioning
Contractors National Association
8224 Old Courthouse Rd.
Vienna, VA 22182
American Federation of Government
Workers
1325 Massachusetts Avenue NW
Washington, DC 20005
American Federation of State, County,
and Municipal Employees
1625 L Street NW
Washington, DC 20036
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Unions (continued):
American Federation of Teachers
555 New Jersey Avenue NW
Washington, DC 20001
Communication Workers of America
1925 KStreet NW
Washington, DC 20006
International Brotherhood of
Teamsters, Chauffeurs,
Warehousemen, and Helpers of
America
25 Louisiana Avenue NW
Washington, DC 20001
International Union of Operating
Engineers
1125 17th Street, NW, 4th Floor
Washington, DC 20036
Service Employees International
Union
1313 L Street, NW
Washington, DC 20005
EnvironmentallHealth Organizations
Your local lung association or
American Lung Association
1740 Broadway
New York, NY 10019
57
Sheet Metal Workers International
Association
1750 New York Avenue NW
Washington, DC 20006
The Newspaper Guild
1125 15th Street NW
Washington, DC 20005
United Food and Commercial
Workers Internationat Union
1775 K Street NW
Washington, DC 20006
Utility Workers Union of America
815 16th Street NW
Washington DC 20006
National Environmental Health
Association
720 South Colorado Blvd.
South Tower Suite 970
Denver, CO 80222
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PUBLICATIONS AND WRITTEN MATERIAL
* items are available from EPA Public Information Center (PM-21 1 B), 401 M Street
SW, Washington, DC 20460
General Information:
Bazerghi, Hani and Catherine Arnoult. Practical Manual for Good Indoor Air Quality.
1989. Quebec Association for Energy Management. 1259 Bern Street, Suite 510,
Montreal, Quebec. Canada. H2L4C7.
Cone, James E. and Michael J. Hodgson, MD, MPH. Problem Buildings: Building-
Associated Illness and the Sick Building Syndrome. Occupational Medicine: State of
the Art Reviews. Hanley & Belfus, Inc., 210 South 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA
19107.
Indoor Air Quality Urxlate. Cutter Information Corp. 1100 Massachusetts Avenue,
Arlington, MA 02174. (Monthly newsletter covering technical indoor air issues.)
US EPA. Ventilation and Air Quality in Offices. Indoor Air Quality Fact Sheet #3.
Revised 1990.
US EPA. Sick Buildings. Indoor Air Quality Fact Sheet #4. Revised 1990. Revised
1990.
US EPA. Project Summaries: Indoor Air Quality in Public Buildings. 1988.
Description and findings of research project. *
US EPA and the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. The Inside Stop,’: A
Guide to Indoor Air Quality. 1988. Addresses residential indoor air quality primarily,
but contains a section on offices. *
US EPA and the Public Health Foundation. Directory of State Indoor Air Contacts.
1990. (In revision) *
Ventilation:
ASH RAE Standard 62-1989. 1989. Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality.
1989. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers,
Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle, N.E. Atlanta, GA 30329.
58
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ASHRAE Journal. October 1989. Several articles describing ASHRAE Standard 62-
1989. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.,
1791 Tullie Circle, N.E. Atlanta, GA 30329.
Building Investigation and Remediation:
Commission of the European Communities. Sick Building Syndrome: A Practical
Guide. (Report #4). 1989. COST Project 613. Office of Publications of the European
Communities. Luxembourg.
US Department of Health and Human Services. NIOSH. Indoor Air Quality: Selected
References. 1989. 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226.
US Department of Health and Human Services. NIOSH. Guidance for Indoor Air
Quality Investigations. 1987. 4676 Columbia Parkway Cincinnati, Ohio 45226.
Environmental Tobacco Smoke:
US Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of
Involuntary Smoking, A Report of the Surgeon Genera!. 1986. Office on Smoking and
Health. U.S. Public Health Service 5600 Fishers Lane, Roomi-lO, Rockville, MD
20857.
US Department of Health and Human Services. National Cancer Institute. Office of
Cancer Communications. A series of one-page information sheets on all aspects of
smoking in the workplace. For copies, call 1-800-4-CANCER.
US EPA. Environmental Tobacco Smoke. Indoor Air Quality Fact Sheet #5. *
US EPA. Environmental Tobacco Smoke: A Guide to Workplace Smoking Policies.
1990. (In review) *
US EPA. Health Effects of Passive Smoking: Assessment of Lung Cancer in Adults
and Respiratory Disorders in Children. 1990. (In review.) *
Biologicals:
American Council of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Guidelines for the
Assessment of Bioaerosols in the Indoor Environment. 1989. 6500 Glenway Avenue,
Building D-7, Cincinnati, OH 45211
59
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Asbestos:
US EPA. In-Place Asbestos Guidance. 1990. In review. Available from the TSCA
hotline: (202) 554-1404.
US EPA. Tenants’ Guide. 1990. In preparation. Available from the TSCA hotline:
(202) 554-1404.
US EPA. Transmission Electron Microscopy Asbestos Laboratories: Quality
Assurance Guidelines. 1989. EPA 560/5-90-002. Available from the TSCA hotline:
(202) 554-1404.
US EPA. Asbestos Ban and Phaseout Rule. 40 CFR 763.160 to 763.179. Federal
Register, July 12, 1989. Available from the TSCA hotline: (202) 554-1404.
US EPA. Guidelines for Conducting the AHERA TEM Clearance Test to Determine
Completion of an Asbestos Abatement Project, EPA 560/5-89-001. Available from the
TSCA hotline: (202) 554-1404.
US EPA. Asbestos Abatement Projects: Worker Protection. Final Rule 40 CFR. 763.
February 1987. Available from the TSCA hotline: (202) 554-1404.
US EPA. A Guide to Respiratory Protection for the Asbestos Abatement Industry.
1986. EPA 560/OTS 86-001. Available from the TSCA hotline: (202) 554-1404.
US EPA. Abatement of Asbestos-Containing Pipe Insulation. 1986. Technical
Bulletin No. 1986-2. Available from the TSCA hotline: (202) 554-1404.
US EPA. Asbestos in Buildings: Guidance for Service and Maintenance Personnel
(in English and Spanish). 1985. EPA 560/5-85-018. (“Custodial Pamphlet ).
Available from the TSCA hotline: (202) 554-1404.
US EPA. Measuring Airborne Asbestos Following An Abatement Action. 1985. EPA
600/4-85-049. (“Silver Book”). Available from the TSCA hotline: (202) 554-1404.
US EPA. Asbestos in Buildings: Simplified Sampling Scheme for Surfacing Materials.
1985. 560/5-85-030A. (‘Pink Book”). Available from the TSCA hotline: (202) 554-
1404.
US EPA. Guidance for Controlling Asbesto-Containiflg Materials in Buildings. 1985.
EPA 560/5-85-024. (“Purple Book”). Available from the TSCA hotline: (202) 554-
1404.
60
4CT
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US EPA. National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants. 40 CRF 61.
April 1984. Available from the TSCA hotline: (202) 554-1404.
US Department of Labor. OSHA Regulations. 29 CFR 1910.1001 “General Industry
Asbestos Standard” and 29 CFR 1926.58 “Construction Industry Asbestos Standard”.
June 1986; Amended September 1988.
US Department of Labor. OSHA Regulations. 29 CFR 1910.134 “Respiratory
Protection Standard. June 1974.
Keyes, Dale L. and Chesson, Jean. A Guide to Monitoring Airborne Asbestos in
Buildings. 1989. Environmental Sciences, Inc., 105 E. Speedway Blvd., Tucson,
Arizona 85705.
Radon:
US EPA. Cumulative Proficiency Report, Round 6 1990. List of laboratories which
have demonstrated competence in radon measurement analysis.
Contact: National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road,
Springfield, VA 22161 (703)-487-4850
Volatile Organic Compounds:
US EPA. 1988. Project Summary; Indoor Air Quality in Public Buildings:
Volume I. Key findings of air quality mon oring research in four new public and
commercial buildings: two homes for the elderly, an elementary school, and an office
building. *
US EPA. 1988. Project Summary; Indoor Air Quality in Public Buildings:
Volume III Key findings of air quality monitoring research in six new public and
commercial buildings: one hospital, two office buildings, two homes for the elderly,
and an institute for governmental studies. *
PCBs:
US EPA. 1986. Transformers and the Risk of Fire: A Guide for Building Owners.
OPA/86-O01. Available from National Toxics Hotline.
61
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TRAINING
American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA). Indoor Air Quality courses held in
conjunction with meetings. Open to AIHA members only. Contact: American Industrial
Hygiene Association, P.O. Box 8390, 345 White Pond Drive, Akron, OH 44320.
ASHRAE Professional Development Seminars on Indoor Air Quality. Contact:
Education Coordinator, ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329.
Honeywell, Inc. Indoor Air Quality Diagnostics Professional Training Course. offered
two-three times annually. Contact: Honeywell Indoor Air Quality Diagnostics, MNO8-
2123, 82 Normandale Boulevard, Bloomington, MN 55437. (612)-921-3509.
62
t.dl ’t =ø !ij

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Appendix A:
I evekpin E aseIine Infcrmatkn -
Scme Cimmen IA Measurements
The following is a brief introduction to making measurements that might be needed
in the course of developing an IAQ profile and an IAQ management plan. Emphasis
has been placed on the parameters most commonly of interest in non-research
studies, highlighting the more practical methods and noting some inappropriate tests
to avoid.
Simple I entiIation/Comtort Indications
Carbon Dioxide (C0 2 ) as an Indicator of Ventilation
CO 2 is a normal constituent of the atmosphere, but its concentration in indoor air
can, under some test conditions, provide a good indication of the adequacy of
ventilation. Comparison of peak CO 2 readings between rooms, between air handler
zones, and at varying heights above the floor, may help to identify and diagnose
various building ventilation deficiencies.
Methodology:
CO 2 can be measured with either a direct reading meter or a detector tube kit. CO 2
instrumentation for lAO use should have a range of at least 200 - 4000 ppm and an
accuracy of within ± 10% at 1000 ppm.
CO 2 measurements for ventilation should be collected away from any direct source
(e.g. at least two feet from the investigator’s or an occupant’s face). Individual
measurements should be short-term (e.g. a 60-second averaging time).
Measurements should be made when concentrations are expected to peak. If the
occupant population is fairly stable during normal business hours, sampling in the mid-
to-late-afternoon is recommended. Other sampling times may be necessary for
differing occupancy patterns.
Using the Results:
Peak CO 2 values below 1000 ppm generally suggest adequate air exchange for
the present occupancy and HVAC settings. This addresses Only routine products of
human occupancy and not unusual contaminants. The relative occupancy and air
63 OR tFT

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damper settings should be noted for each period of CO 2 testing. Higher
concentrations can generally be expected if the space would become more crowded
or the HVAC systems would adjust to provide a lower ventilation rate.
Use of Smoke Tubes to Track Air Movement
The release of heatless smoke from an air current tube kit can be helpful in
evaluating HVAC systems. Smoke tubes can also help tracic potential contaminant
movement and identify pressure differentials. Heatless smoke moves from a relatively
positive room to a relatively negative room if there is an opening between them (e.g.
door, utility penetration)
Methodology:
The air current tube kit consists of a tube which chemically generates smoke and a
squeeze bulb. A small amount of smoke is released and its movement is observed,
The smoke is extremely sensitive to air currents.
Using the Results:
Smoke released mid-room : Observation of a few puffs of smoke released in mid-room
or mid-cubicle can help to visualize air circulation within the space. Dispersal of
smoke in several seconds suggests good air circulation, while smoke that stays
essentially still for several seconds suggests poor circulation. Poor air circulation may
contribute to sick building syndrome (if it is accompanied by high peak CO 2 levels) or
may contribute to comfort complaints even if there is sufficient overall air exchange.
Smoke released near diffusers. grilles : Puffs of smoke released by HVAC vents give a
ge’ieral idea of airflow (is it in or out? vigorous, sluggish, or no flow?). This is he(pful
in evaluating the supply and return system and determining whether ventilation air
actually reaches the breathing zone (for a VAV system, be sure to take into account
how it is designed to modulate).
BREAK FOR PHOTOGRAPH
HOTOGRAPH The photograph above illustrates the use of heatless chemical smoke
tubes to observe airflow patterns.
64 DRAFT

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Temperature and Relative HumidIty as en Indicator of Comfort
Methodology: Measurements can be made with a simple thermometer and sling
psychrometer or with electronic sensors (e.g. a thermohygrometer). For each
measurement, time should be allowed for the reading to stabilize to room conditions.
(See chart on next page for guidance on interpreting temperature and relative
humidity readings.)
Using the Results: Measure next to thermostats to confirm calibration. Measure at the
location of complaints to evaluate whether or not temperature and humidity at that
location are within the comfort zone.
Highly variable readings may indicate control or balance problems with the HVAC
systems. Note also that warmer indoor temperatures may generate higher airborne
levels of some contaminants.
Thermal Mass Balance as an indicator of Outside Air Quantity
Thermal mass balance measurements allow calculation of the amount of outside air
that is introduced by a particular air handling unit. Use of this test requires the
following conditions:
1) Air streams representing return air, outside air and mixed air (supply air before it
has been heated or cooled) are accessible for separate measurement. This is
easy in some ‘arge units, impossible in very large units and in many smaller
units.
2) There is at least a several degree temperature difference between the building
interior and the outside air.
3) Total air flow in the air handling system can be estimated.
Methodology: The required temperature measurements can be made with a simple
thermometer or an electronic sensor. Several measurements should be taken across
each air stream and averaged. It is generally easy to obtain a good temperature
reading in the outside air and return air streams. The mixed air’ stream, however,
requires that a large number of measurements be taken and averaged. In large
systems, it may be impossible to get a good average temperature reading for the
mixed air.
65

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Using the Results: The percentage or quantity of outside air is calculated from
average temperatures as follows:
Outside air (percent)
= Tmixed air - T return air
T 1 g 5 j -T
T mixed air -T return air
T outside air -T returnair
X HVAC capacity (in cfm)
Where: I = temperature (degrees Fahrenheit)
cfm = cubic feet per minute
HVAC capacity refers to the total air supplied
measured.
Sc
20
‘5
I0
5
0
-5
-10
w
I-
4
0
z
0
0
0
55
-50
45
40
35
30
25
20
- IS
5
OPERATIVE
by the air handling unit being
15
.0
0
0
0
.0
0
0
I-
4
>-
I
TEMPERATURE
flpn I *ct,p sbk ri . n sf .p.rsd , w.p.cet.n 114 f.t pi c$.( I7 I .
__ sad .l. II U$II. slstp ,ade.rn.,. 1.2 SU.
Reprinted with permission from ASHRAE 55-1981, “Thermal Environmental Conditions for
Human Occupancy”
66
t LC) / T
i._.’ ti—il ! I
Outside air (in cfm)
.c
70
65
60
0.
60 70 80 90F
I I I I i i i i I i i i i I a__j
20 25 30C

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Appendix i - IIVAC Systems and Indccr
Air Cuaiit’y
The term UHVAC system is used to refer to the equipment that provides heat,
cooling, fresh air, and humidity control to maintain comfort conditions in a building.
Not all HVAC systems fill all of these functions. Some buildings rely on natural
ventilation, others lack mechanical heating or cooling equipment, and many function
without humidity control. This appendix provides a brief introduction for building
owners and managers who may be unfamiliar with the terminology and concepts
associated with HVAC system design.
HVAC systems range in complexity from independently-functioning units serving
individual rooms to centrally-controlled systems serving entire large buildings. Some
buildings use only natural ventilation or exhaust fans to remove odors and
contaminants. In these buildings, indoor air quality problems may be associated with
insufficient outdoor air or low air exchange rates, particularly during the heating
season (when occupants tend to keep windows closed).
Interior spaces often require year-round cooling to counteract the heat introduced
by lighting, people, and equipment. Rooms with exterior wall or roof surfaces need to
be heated or cooled as outdoor weather conditions change.
Large, modern public and commercial buildings generally use a mechanical
ventilation system to introduce outdoor air. Thermal comfort is maintained by
mechanical equipment that distributes uconditioned (heated or cooled) air, sometimes
supplemented by piping systems that carry steam, hot water, or chilled water to
perimeter areas of the building. As this document is concerned with HVAC systems in
reference to indoor air quality, the remainder of this discussion will focus on air
systems.
The basic components of an HVAC system that uses air to condition space are:
• ductwork to convey the circulated air
• one or more fans to move the air
• a filter to remove particles from the air
• terminal devices to distribute relatively clean supply air (e.g. grille, diffuser, etc.)
and withdraw contaminated air
67

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heating and cooling coils to control air temperature
• controls that direct the operation of the system
The illustration below shows the general relationship between these components;
however, many variations are possible.
supply
ductwork
heating coil served
by hot water or steam
piping (could also be
electric resistance)
Schematic of an Air Circulation System with Heating and Cooling
Ductwork
Air circulation systems can move air through ducts that are constructed to be
relatively airtight. Airflow in ductwork is determined by the size of the duct opening
and the velocity of the air through the duct. HVAC designs may also utilize elements of
the building construction as part of the air distribution system.
68
P/ FT
return air
return
wall
exhaust
supply air
air
chilled water
piping

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if a ceiling plenum is used for the collection of return air, openings into the
ceiling plenum created by the removal of ceiling tiles can disrupt airflow patterns. It is
particularly important to maintain the integrity of the ceiling over areas that should be
exhausted, such as supply closets, bathrooms, and chemical storage areas.
Dampers are used as controls to restrict airflow. Damper positions may be
relatively fixed (e.g. set manually during system testing and balancing) or may change
in response to signals from the control system.
When dampers that regulate the intake of outdoor air are arranged to modulate,
they are usually designed to bring in a minimum amount of outside air under extreme
temperature conditions and to open as outdoor temperatures approach the design
(goal) indoor temperature. Indoor air quality problems may result if the outside air
damper is not operating properly, if the system is not arranged to allow the introduction
of sufficient outdoor air for the current use of the building, or if the location of the
outdoor air intake promotes the introduction of contaminants (e.g. from dumpsters or
loading docks).
Fans
Effective air delivery by a mechanical system requires proper coordination between
fan selection and duct layout. Fan performance is expressed as the ability to move a
given quantity of air at a given resistance or static pressure (measured in inches of
water gauge). The static pressure in a system is calculated using factors for duct
length, speed of air movement and changes in direction of air movement.
It is typical to find some differences between the original design and the final
installation, as ductwork must share limited space with structural members and other
Uhidden elements of the building system such as electrical conduit and plumbing
piping. Air distribution problems can occur, particularly at the end of duct runs, if
departures from the original design increase the friction in the system to a point that
approaches the limit of fan performance.
Terminal Devices
Thermal comfort and effective contaminant removal demand that air delivered into
a conditioned space be well-distributed within that space. Terminal devices are the
supply diffusers, return and exhaust grilles, and associated dampers and controls that
are designed to distribute air within a room and collect it from that room.
The number, design, and location of terminal devices are very important. They can
cause a system with adequate capacity to produce unsatisfactory results, such as
drafts, stagnant areas, or short-circuiting (i.e. air that fails to blend with room air as it
moves from the supply diffuser to the return grille). Occupants who are uncomfortable
69

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because of drafts, stagnant air, or uneven temperature distribution may try to
compensate by adjusting or blocking the flow of air from supply outlets. Problems can
also be produced if the arrangement of movable partitions, shelving, or other
furnishings interferes with airflow.
Filters
Filters are used to remove particles from the air. The type of filter used determines
fts efficiency at removing particles of a given size. To maintain clean air in occupied
spaces, filters must remove bacteria, pollens, insects, soot, dust, and dirt with an
efficiency suited to the use of the building. It is recommended that filters used in office
areas be 85% efficient.
Filters require regular maintenance (cleaning or replacement). As a filter loads up
with particles, it becomes more efficient at particle removal but increases the pressure
drop through the system, therefore reducing airflow.
Heating and Cooling Coils
Heating and cooling coils are placed in the airstream to regulate the temperature of
the air delivered to the conditioned space. Malfunctions in the coils can result in
thermal discomfort, and leakage in piped systems can create moist conditions
conducive to the growth of molds and fungus.
Controls
HVAC systems can be controlled manually or automatically. The control system
can be used to switch fans on and off, regulate the temperature of air (or piped liquid)
delivered to the conditioned space or modulate airflow by controlling fan speed and
damper settings. Most large buildings use automatic controls, and many have very
complex and sophisticated systems. Regular maintenance and calibration are
required to keep controls in good operating order.
A single air handling unit can serve more than one building area, if the areas
served have similar heating, cooling, and ventilation needs or the control system
compensates for differences in heating, cooling, and ventilation needs between the
areas served. Areas regulated by a common control (e.g. a single thermostat) are
referred to as zones. Thermal comfort problems can result if the design does not
account for differences in heating and cooling loads between rooms that are in the
same zone. This can easily occur if:
• the cooling load in some area(s) within a zone changes due to an increased
occupant population, increased lighting, or the introduction of new heat-
producing equipment (e.g. computers, copiers)
70
_Ii J -)

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• areas within a zone have different solar exposures. This can produce radiant
heat gains and losses that, in turn, create unevenly distributed heating or
cooling needs (e.g. as the sun angle changes daily and seasonally).
Multiple zone systems can provide each zone with air at a different temperature by
heating or cooling the airstream in each zone. An alternative approach is to deliver air
at a constant temperature while either varying the volume of airflow or modulating
room temperature with a supplementary system (e.g. perimeter hot water piping).
Constant volume systems, as their name suggests, deliver a constant airflow to
each space. These systems often operate with a fixed minimum percentage of outside
air. If return and outdoor air are well-blended, it is possible to estimate the minimum
flow of outdoor air to each space and compare it to ventilation guidelines such as
ASHRAE 62-1989.
Variable volume systems maintain thermal comfort by varying the amount of air
delivered to each space. Underventilation can result if the system is not arranged to
introduce at least a minimum quantity (as opposed to percentage) of outdoor air.
Modern HVAC systems incorporate many additional components which have not
been included in this brief introduction, even though they can affect indoor air quality.
Further information can be obtained through using the L!es urces section of this
document or through discussion with your facilities engineer.
71

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Appendi C - C mmcn IA I cIIutants
and Indicators
A wide range of contaminants can contribute to IAQ problems. Building
investigators may measure one or more of the following substances based upon initial
hypotheses pointing to a problem:
Substances that are indicators of lAO problems
• moisture (associated with biological growth)
• carbon dioxide (associated with underventilation)
• carbon monoxide (associated with improperly vented or re-entrained
combustion gases)
Pollutants
• formaldehyde
• tobacco smoke and other respirable particulates
• nitrogen dioxide
• ozone
• total VOCs
• radon
• asbestos
A pollutant and source inventory is likely to discover material which is not on the
above lists. The variety of possible indoor processes and associated chemicals
prevents any manageable list from being comprehensive.
Moisture
Moisture can be considered an IAQ contaminant in the sense that the presence of
moisture promotes the growth of microorganisms such as mold and mildew. In
addition to obvious reservoirs for microbiological growth (e.g. stagnant water in drip
pans), microorganism growth occurs where water vapor condenses onto surfaces.
Problem sftes include the relatively cool surfaces (and sometimes the interiors) of
underinsulated exterior walls and areas around thermal breaks (e.g. beams above
windows, balconies). Carpeting is also a common site of biological growth.
See Appendk t for a discussion of indoor moisture.
72

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Carbon DIoxide
Carbon dioxide, a product of respiration and combustion processes, is not a
pollutant that is harmful at levels found in non-industrial setting; rather it is an indicator
of inadequate ventilation. Reports of state M air or body odor are common complaints
associated with underventilation. If the HVAC system is not removing the carbon
dioxide associated with respiration by building occupants, other contaminants are also
likely to be accumulating. Carbon dioxide measurements for the purpose of assessing
ventilation are generally taken during periods of peak occupancy. See AppendIx
A for a discussion of carbon dioxide measurement.
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon monoxide pollution occurs where combustion gases are not properly
exhausted or are re-entrained into the building. The presence of carbon dioxide is
often associated with other combustion gases.
Carbon monoxide should be measured if there are complaints of exhaust odors or if
there is some other reason to suspect a problem with combustion gases.
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde is a volatile organic compound (VOC) that is frequently emitted by
new furnishings as well as by a wide variety of cleaning compounds, deodorants,
adhesives, and other materials used in maintenance and housekeeping. IAQ
complaints associated with formaldehyde or other VOCs are most commonly found
under the following conditions:
• new construction or new furnishings
• underventilation
See Appendl% A for a discussion of formaldehyde measurement.
Tobacco smoke and other respirable partlcu!ates
Tobacco smoke, dust-producing processes (e.g. renovation work), or inefficient
filters can result in high levels of respirable particulates. Investigators should find out
the smoking policy br the building and identify other internal sources of excessive
dust. Examination of titters and dust accumulation in ductwork will reveal whether
inefficient filtration seems to be a problem.
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Nitrogen Dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide, like carbon monoxide, is an air pollutant associated with
combustion processes. It should be measured if outdoor sources of combustion gases
are suspected (e.g. if the exhaust plume from a nearby power plant may be polluting
air outside the building).
Ozone
Ozone problems may occur if the outdoor ambient air quality is a problem or if
where there are unvented indoor sources such as some types of photocopiers or
electrostatic precipitators. Ozone should be measured if the investigator notices its
characteristic odor or suspects its presence due to identified sources.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
Formaldehyde is the best-known VOC in relation to indoor air quality problems, but
many other related compounds are also emitted by building materials, furnishings, and
supplies. If specific sources are identified, measurements of styrene,
paradichlorobenzene, perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, or other VOCs may be
indicated.
Radon
Radon is a naturally-occurring odorless, colorless radioactive gas. Indoor radon
problems generally occur where all of the following conditions are met:
• radium levels in soils and bedrock near the building foundation provide a
source of radon
• there are cracks and openings below grade through which the gas can enter
• pressure differentials between the building interior and exterior act to draw
in soil gas
It is also possible for indoor radon levels to be elevated due to emissions from
groundwater (e.g. water from a private well) or building materials.
Radon’s health effects are associated with long-term exposure and therefore will
not come to the investigator’s attention as lAO complaints. Radon measurements are
recommended if indoor radon levels in the geographic area of the building suggest a
potential problem. See Appendh F and the I escurces section for further
information on radon.
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Asbestos
You may suspect the presence of asbestos in pipe or equipment insulation or other
building materials noted during the onsite investigation. EPA urges building owners
and managers to become familiar with the array of EPA guidance documents on
asbestos before they decide what action to take with respect to with asbestos-
containing materials.
See Appendk E and the Pescurces section for further information about
asbestos.
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Appendix I - MOIsture, Mcld and Mildew
Molds and mildew are simple plants that grow on the surfaces of objects. Mold
can discolor surfaces, lead to odor problems, deteriorate building materials and lead
to allergic reactions in susceptible individuals as well as other potential health
problems.
The following conditions are necessary for mold growth to occur on surfaces:
• mold spores must be present
• nutrient base must be available (most surfaces contain nutrients)
• temperature range above 40 degrees and below 100 degrees
• relative humidity at surface above 70 per cent
Of these conditions, relative humidity is the most practical to control. Spores are
almost always present in outdoor and indoor air. Almost all of the commonly used
construction materials can support mold growth, therefore control of available nutrients
is limited. Human comfort constraints limit the use of temperature control.
Relative humidity, although a common term, is often misunderstood.
Furthermore, the factors which govern relative humidity are also typically
misunderstood. The purpose of this appendix is to give building managers an
understanding of the factors which govern relative humidity and to describe common
moisture problems and their solutions.
Background on Vapor Pressure, Relatiue Humiditg, and
Condensation
Air is capable of holding moisture in the vapor or gas phase. The amount of
moisture contained in a unit of air, or the water vapor density, is referred to as the
“absolute humidity” of the air.
The amount of moisture air can hold, the air’s “vapor pressure” or “absolute
humidity”, is dependent on the temperature of the air. The warmer air is, the greater
the amount of moisture it can hold. The cooler air is, the less moisture it can hold.
When air is holding the maximum amount its moisture it can hold, it is said to be
saturated, or 100 percent filled with moisture. When air is holding one halt of the
maximum capacity of moisture, the relative humidity of the air is said to be 50 percent.
“Relative humidity” is defined as the amount of moisture contained in a unit of air
compared to (or relative to), the maximum amount of moisture the unit of air can hold at
a specific temperature.
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The relationship between temperature, relative humidity and vapor pressure
can often be counter-intuitive. For example, cold air is not capable of holding very
much moisture, and therefore has a low vapor pressure. However, some moisture in
the air is usually present, and this small amount of moisture is often very close to the
maximum amount of moisture the air can hold at that temperature. Frequently,
therefore, cold and “dry” air has a low vapor pressure but a high relative humidity.
A relative humidity reading taken inside an enclosure will not give an accurate
indication of the actual amount of moisture present unless a temperature reading is
taken at the same time. For example, the amount of moisture contained in air at 50
percent relative humidity at 70 degrees Fahrenheit is almost twice the amount of
moisture contained in air at 50 percent relative humidity at 50 degrees Fahrenheit.
The relationship between temperature, relative humidity and vapor pressure is
typically presented graphically on a psychometric chart.
To further complicate matters, relative humidity and temperature often vary
within a room. Usually, the vapor pressure in room can be assumed to be uniform.
However, one side of the room may be warm and the other side may be cool. The
warm side of the room will therefore have a lower relative humidity than the cool side.
If accurate measurement of moisture levels in enclosures are desired, temperature
and relative humidity readings need to be taken simultaneously in same location.
When the relative humidity at a surface reaches 100 per cent, condensation
occurs. The colder the surface, the higher the relative humidity at that surface. The
coldest surfaces in a room always have the highest relative humidities. The coldest
surface in a room will likely be the location where condensation happens first, should
the surface relative humidity rise to 100 percent. The coldest surface in a room is
therefore referred to as the 0 first condensing surface”. The temperature of the first
condensing surface is important because it usually sets the limit for the maximum
vapor pressure which can exist in the enclosure.
Taking Steps to fleduce Moisture
Where surface relative humidities are maintained below 70 percent, mold and
mildew growth can be controlled. Since relative humidities are dependant on both
temperature and vapor pressure, mold and mildew control will be dependant on
controlling both temperature and vapor pressure at surfaces.
Controlling surface temperature dominated mold and mildew is best
accomplished by increasing the temperature. Temperature can be increased by:
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• increasing the heat flow to the room; and/or
• decreasing the heat flow out the room.
Increasing the heat flow to the room can be as simple as leaving the room door
open. The open door will promote air circulation, and the air circulation will carry heat
into the room, warming the room and thereby reducing its relative humidity. Heating
the room by installing an additional heat register in the room will also reduce room
relative humidity.
Reducing heat flow out of a room can be accomplished by insulating the
exterior walls and by preventing the wind from short circuiting the thermal insulation as
it blows ir)to the wall cavities. This air flow, sometimes called wind-washing,” is
distinct from infiltration. Infiltration involves through-the-waIl” air movement, whereas
Nwind washingN typically involves air flows entering a wall at one location at the
exterior and exiting at some other location at the exterior. Wind-washing can be
controlled by installing a tight building paper or tight sheathing on the exterior of the
wall.
Controlling vapor pressure dominated mold and mildew can be
accomplished by actions aimed at:
• source control
• dilution and/or
• dehumidification
Source control involves controlling interior airborne levels through the control of
moisture sources. Common example of source control are the direct venting of
moisture generating activities to the exterior (e.g. washroom, laundry rooms).
Dilution involves controlling interior airborne moisture levels by exchange of
interior moisture-leaden air with exterior air which is drier? Dilution, which can occur
through Nnatural M air change (uncontrolled infiltration and exfiltration) and/or through
mechanical ventilation (controlled air change) utilizing fans or blowers, as a control
strategy is limited to heating climates during heating seasons and is not available in
cooling climates or during cooling periods. A common example of dilution control of
interior moisture levels is the installation of an exhaust fan that operates on a timer or
by dehumidistat control (when the moisture levels rise, the fan switches on).
Dehumidification involves the removal of moisture from a space and usually
involves the cooling of warm, moisture-laden air to reduce its ability to hold moisture.
The air gives up moisture in the form of condensation. Dehumidification is often
coupled with air conditioning and common in cooling climates or during the cooling
season. A common example of dehumidification control of interior moisture levels is
the installation of a dehumidifier in a room.
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Importance of Distinguishing Between Causes of
Mold and Mildew
A surface temperature related mold problem may riot respond very well to
increasing ventilation or air change, whereas a vapor pressure related mold problem
may not respond well to increasing temperatures. Understanding which factor
dominates, surface temperature or vapor pressure, will encourage the choice of
effective control strategies.
Consider an old, leaky, poorly insulated building in a heating climate which is
suffering from mold and mildew. Since the building is leaky, it has a very high natural
air change which dilutes interior airborne moisture levels and therefore maintains a
very low interior vapor pressure. Providing mechanical ventilation in this building by
installing a fan in an attempt to control interior mold and mildew will likely not be
effective since the interior moisture levels are already low. Increasing surface
temperatures by insulating the exterior walls, and thereby reducing surface relative
humidities, would be a better strategy to control mold and mildew in this instance.
BREAK FOR SIDEBAR
S1DEBAR How To Identify The Cause of A Mold and Mildew Problem
A classic example of relative humidity-caused biological contamination occurs when mold
and mildew grow on the exterior wall surfaces of a room at the building perimeter at heating
climate location. This example to illustrate how to identify whether a mold and mildew problem is
caused by temperature or by water vapor.
The heat loss in this exposed room is likely to be high and the room is likely to be
si ificantly colder than adjoining rooms. if the vapor pressure in this room is the same as that in
an adjacent room and the room is colder, then the relative humidity in the room will be much higher
than the relative humidity in the adjacent room. If the room experiences mold and mildew growth,
we can conclude that the relative humidity on the surface of the mom is greater than 70 percent.
However, is the relative humidity above 70 percent because the room is too cold, or is it because
there is too much moisture present (high vapor pressure) in the room?
To answer this question, the amount of moisture (i.e. vapor pressure) in the enclosures
needs to be determined. This can be done by measuring both the temperature and relative humidity
intheroomatthesameplaceandattheSaifletilfle. Letusassumethatinthiscasearelative
humidity of 30 percent is measured at a temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. This indicates that
a relatively low amount of moisture (i.e. a relative low vapor pressure) exists in the room.
Therefore we can conclude that since the amount of moisture in the room or vapor pressure is low,
the reason the high relative humidity exists on the room surfaces (at least above 70 percent since
mold is present) is due to the fact the room is “too cold. This can of course be confirmed by
taking a temperature reading in the room.
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Considering the same room previously described. let us now assume in the second instance
that a relative humidity of 50 pelcent at a tempei ture of 70 degrees Fahrenheit is measured. This
indicates that a relatively high amount of moisture, or relatively high vapor pressure, exists in the
room. Therefore we can conclude that since the amount of moisture in the room or vapor pressure
is high, the reason the high relative humidity exists on the room surfaces (at least above 70 percent
since mold is present) is due to the fact that there is “too much” moisture in the room.
ldentilging and Correcting Common Fuomples of
Mold and Mildew
Exterior Corners
Exterior corners are common locations for mold and mildew growth in heating
climates because there are higher relative humidities at exterior corner surfaces than
other parts of the envelope surface. Higher surface relative humidities at corners are
caused by the fact that corners are colder than other parts of the building surface for
one or more of the following reasons:
• poor circulation
• wind blowing through corner assemblies (“wind-washing”)
• low insulation levels
• greater surface area of heat loss.
Sometimes rearranging furniture (removing obstructions) is all that is required
to increase airflow at corners and control mold and mildew growth. Buildings with
forced air heating systems and/or room ceiling fans have lower incidence of mold and
mildew growth than buildings with low levels of air movement.
Wind typically increases in velocity at corners and this often results in greater
heat loss at corner surfaces. When this wind enters corner assemblies and blows
through the thermal insulation (wind-washing the insulation), significant cooling of
interior surfaces can occur.
“Set Back” Thermostats
Set back thermostats are commonly utilized in heating climates to reduce
energy consumption during the heating season. Building temperatures are dropped at
night when occupants are absent and raised to “normal” comfort levels shortly before
occupants arrive. The set back thermostat does not alter the vapor pressure (moisture
levels do not go up), but the set back thermostat does increases the relative humidity
by cooling the air in the enclosure. This increase in relative humidity can result in
mold and mildew growth at cool surfaces.
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Maintaining a building enclosure at too low a temperature can have the same
effect as a set back thermostat. Heating climate mold and mildew can be controlled in
may instances by increasing interior temperatures during heating periods.
Unfortunately, raising the temperature during the heating season also increases
energy consumption.
Air Conditioned Spaces
The problems of mold and mildew can be as extensive in cooling climates as in
heating climates. The same principles apply: either surfaces are too cold or the
moisture levels are too high. When exterior hot air is cooled, its relative humidity
increases. If the exterior hot air is also humid, cooling this air will typically raise its
relative humidity above the point at which mold growth can occur (70 percent).
A common example of mold growlh can be found in rooms in cooling climates
where air conditioned cold” air is blown M against the interior surface of an exterior
wall due to poor duct design, diffuser ‘ocation, or diffuser performance. This creates a
cold spot at the interior gypsum board. Although this cold air is typically dehumidified
before is supplied to the conditioned space, it can create a mold problem within the
wall cavity. Exterior humid air comes in contact with the cavity side of the cooled
interior gypsum board. Cooling this exterior hot, humid air raises its relative humidity
above 70 percent and mold growth occurs. This is a particular a problem in rooms
decorated with low maintenance interior finishes (e.g. impermeable wall coverings
such as vinyl wallpaper) which can trap moisture between the interior finish and the
gypsum board. When these interior finishes are coupled with cold spots and exterior
moisture, mold growth can be rampant.
Several solutions are possible, such as preventing the hot, humid exterior air
from contacting the cold gypsum board (i.e., controlling the vapor pressure at the
surface) or eliminating the cold spots (i.e., elevating the temperature of the surface),
relocating ducts and diffusers. Increasing the room temperature so as to avoid
M overcooling is also a solution. Fortunately, this time increasing temperature
decreases energy consumption.
Thermal Bridges
The cooling of any surface leads to an increase in surface relative humidity
which can lead to mold and mildew growth. Localized cooling of surfaces commonly
occurs as a result of thermal bridgesN. Common examples of thermal bridges include
uninsulated window lintels, edges of concrete floor slabs in commercial construction,
and steel studs in a typical exterior frame walls. The steel studs have a greater
conductivity to heat flow than the insulation in the exterior frame wall and therefore
provide an easy path for heat to bridge M the wall. The result is a cold spot at the
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interior face of the gypsum board where it is in contact with the stud. Higher surface
relative humidity can occur at the cold spot and can lead to mold and mildew growth.
Sometimes marks on gypsum board are not due to mold and mildew growth but
rather to dust. The higher the temperature of the dust particles, the faster they vibrate;
the lower the temperature, the slower the movement. Dust particles are more likely to
adhere to the cold spots on surfaces where the studs are in contact with the gypsum
board than nearby warmer surfaces, hence leading to dust markings at thermal
bridges.
The use of insulating sheathings significantly reduces the impact of thermal
bridges in building envelopes.
Windows
Windows are typically the coldest surfaces in a room and are therefore the
location where condensation is most likely to occur, due to an increase in the interior
airborne moisture level or a decrease in the exterior air temperature. (The exterior air
temperature determines the temperature of the interior surface of the interior pane of
glass.) The interior surface of a window in a room is often the first condensing surface
in that room.
Historically, to control condensation on window surfaces, window surface
temperatures were raised with the use of storm windows or with the replacement of
single glazed windows either by double glazed windows or by selective surface gas-
filled windows. The colder the climate, the greater the thermal resistance of window
surfaces, and the greater the sophistication of the glazing systems.
As owners and occupants in heating climates began to humidify building
enclosures during the heating season for comfort reasons, window surface
temperatures have had to be raised to control condensation, hence the trends towards
higher performance glazing systems. The advent of higher performance glazing
systems has led to a greater incidence of moisture problems in heating climate
building enclosures because these building enclosures can now be operated at
higher interior vapor pressures (moisture levels) without visible surface condensation
windows, which are the usual first condensing surfaces. In older building enclosures
with less advanced glazing systems, visible condensation on the windows often
alerted occupants to the need for ventilation to flush out interior moisture and so they
opened the windows. The windows acted as “canaries TM for moisture and other indoor
air pollutants.
Concealed Condensation in or on Wall Cavities
The use of thermal insulation in wall cavities increases interior surface
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temperatures in heating climates and therefore reduces the likelihood of interior
surface mold, mildew and condensation. However, the use of thermal insulation
reduces the heat loss from the conditioned space into the wall cavities and therefore
increases the temperatures of the wall cavities and therefore also increases the
likelihood of concealed condensation within the wall cavities. The first condensing
surface in a wall cavity in a heating climate is typically the interior surface of the
exterior sheathing, namely the “back side” of plywood, or fiberboard. As the insulation
value is increased in the wall cavities, so the potential for condensation.
Concealed condensation can be controlled either by reducing the entry of
moisture into the wall cavities (controlling vapor pressure at condensing surfaces) or
by elevating the temperature of the first condensing surface or a combination of the
two. Elevating the temperature of the first condensing surface in a heating climate wall
assembly can be accomplished by installing insulation to the exterior of the first
condensing surface. When insulating sheathings are installed on the exterior wall
framing, they act like double glazing and warm everything to the interior of them.
The first condensing surface in a cooling climate is typically the interior gypsum
finish. Elevating the temperature of the first condensing surface in a cooling climate
can be accomplished by installing insulating sheathing to the interior of the wall
framing, between the wall framing and the interior gypsum board, rather than on the
exterior of the wall framing as is done in a heating climate.
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AppendIx [ - Asbestos
NAsbestos describes six naturally occurring fibrous minerals found in certain
types of rock formations. When mined and processed, asbestos is typically separated
into very thin fibers that are normally invisible to the naked eye. They may remain in
the air for many hours if released from asbestos-containing material (ACM) and may
be inhaled during this time. Three specific diseases -- asbestosis (a fibrous scarring of
the lungs), lung cancer, and mesothelioma (a cancer of the lining of the chest or
abdominal cavity) -- have been linked to asbestos exposure. It may be twenty years or
more before symptoms of these diseases appear.
Mcst of the severe health problems resulting from asbestos exposure have
been experienced by workers who held jobs where they were exposed to high levels
of asbestos in the air over a prolonged period without presently-required worker
protections. Asbestos fibers can be found nearly everywhere in our environment
(usually at very low levels), and there is insufficient information concerning health
effects at these low levels at the present time. This makes it difficult to accurately
assess the magnitude of risk for building occupants, tenants, and building
maintenance and custodial workers. Although in general the risk is likely to be
negligible for occupants, health concerns remain, particularly for the building’s
custodial and maintenance workers. Their jobs are likely to bring them into close
proximity to ACM and may sometimes require them to disturb the ACM in the
performance of maintenance activities.
EPA estimates that iriable (easily crumbled) ACM can be found in an
estimated 700,000 public and commercial buildings. About 500,000 of those buildings
are believed to contain at least some damaged asbestos. Significantly damaged ACM
is found primarily in building areas not generally accessible to the public, such as
boiler and machinery room, where asbestos exposures generally would be limited to
service and maintenance workers. However, if friable ACM is present in air plenums, it
can be distributed throughout the building, thereby possibly exposing building
occupants.
When is asbestos a problem? Intact and undisturbed asbestos materials do not
pose a health risk. The mere presence of asbestos in a building does not mean that
the health of building occupants is endangered. ACM which is in good condition, and
is not somehow damaged or disturbed, is not likely to release asbestos fiber into the
air. When ACM is properly managed, release of asbestos fibers into the air is
prevented or minimized, and the risk of asbestos-related disease can be reduced to a
negligible level.
In an effort to calm unwarranted fears that a number of people seem to have
about the mere presence of asbestos in their buildings and to discourage the
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spontaneous decisions by some building owners to remove all ACM regardless of its
condition, EPA is urging owners and occupants to keep in mind the following five facts:
o Although asbestos j hazardous, the risk of asbestos-related
disease depends upon exposure to airborne asbestos fibers.
o Based upon available data, the average airborne asbestos levels
in buildings seem to be very low. Accordingly, the health risk to
most building occupants also appears to be very low.
o Removal is often a building owner’s best course of action to
reduce asbestos exposure. In fact, an improper removal can create
a dangerous situation where none previously existed.
o EPA only requires asbestos removal in order to prevent
significant public exposure to air borne asbestos fibers during
building demolition or renovation activities.
o EPA does recommend a pro-active, in-place management
program whenever asbestos-containing material is discovered.
An in-place management program ensures that the day-to-day management of
the building is carried out in a manner that minimizes the release of asbestos fibers
into the air, and ensures that when asbestos fibers are released, either accidentally or
intentionally, proper control and cleanup procedures are implemented. Such a
program may be all that is necessary to control the release of asbestos fibers until the
ACM in a building is scheduled to be disturbed by renovation or demolition activities.
In some cases, an asbestos operation and maintenance program is more appropriate
than other asbestos control strategies, including removal.
For guidance on asbestos, building owners and managers are urged to become
familiar with two EPA documents: Managing Asbestos in Place (published in 1990)
and Guidance for Controlling Asbestos-Containing Materials in Buildings (published in
1985 and also known as the Purple Book). To obtain copies of these publications,
write or call:
TSCA Hotline
U.S. EPA
401 M Street S.W.
Washington D.C. 20450
(202) 382-1404
For a more complete listing of publications concerning asbestos, refer to the
I escurces Sectkn in this document.
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AppendIx F - L?adcn
Radon is a radioactive gas produced by the decay of radium. It occurs naturally in
almost all soil and rock. Radon migrates through the soil and can enter buildngs
through cracks or other openings in their foundations. Radon and its radioactive
decay products can cause lung cancer.
Data collected through radon surveys conducted jointly by EPA and 25 States have
shown that radon is a widespread national health problem, affecting millions of homes
nationwide. Initial studies in schools and large buildings indicate that a number of
large buildings in the United States also have elevated radon levels. Citing results
from numerous statewide studies, the EPA and the Surgeon General’s office have
warned the public that radon is second only to smoking as a cause of lung cancer in
America.
In addition to informing the public about radon and encouraging citizens to take
action to reduce risk, the EPA has worked to develop nationwide State and private
sector capabilities to measure radon, and has also developed radon mitigation and
prevention techniques. EPA technical guidance is currently being used successfully in
homes, and more recently, in schools. The EPA has also worked extensively with
builders, building inspectors, and Federal, State, and local code authorities to promote
the adoption of radon prevention measures in new construction.
As part of its effort to develop widespread State and private sector capability, the
Environmental Protection Agency developed a voluntary proficiency program (Radon
Measurement Proficiency Program, RMPP) for radon laboratories and commercial
measurement firms. Since 1986, the radon measurement industry has grown from
only 35 companies to more than 5,000 in 1989. The Agency is also providing
technical assistance to State school officials on radon measurement, mitigation, and
prevention in the nation’s schools.
A listing of firms that are proficient in radon measurement is available through the
National Technical Information Service (NTIS) in Springfield, VA. The NTIS order
number for the Cumulative Proficiency Report, Round 6 is PB-90-187949. The report
is available in microfiche and printed paper. To order, write or call:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
(703)-487-4850
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I 1A I I€ithtS
This section of the document is a collection of the forms presented in the text.
Some or all of theni may require adaptation to meet your specific needs. Blank
formatted sheets are included for preparing your own HVAC CHECKLIST and
POLLUTANT AND SOURCE INVENTORY.
The forms are not numbered, but appear in the following sequence:
COMPLAINT LOG
OCCUPANT DATA SHEET
OCCUPANT DIARY
HVAC CHECKLIST (7 page form, followed by one blank formatted sheet)
MAINTENANCE C ALENOAR
POLLUTANT PATHWAY ASSESSMENT FORM (2 pages)
POLLUTANT AND SOURCE INVENTORY (3 page form, followed by one
blank formatted sheet)
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Building name/address_
COMPLALWF LOG
Dates from ______ to ________
Date Location Complaint Complainant Comments Result Initials

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OCCUPANf DATA SHEET
Building nnme/address Date
area
Room
O upancy
Sp ia1 S isitivity
(gr0Up5,mdi IdU )
Complaints?
Comments
Average
Peak (number,Iime)

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Name
Pnmary Location in the building —
OCCUPANT DIARY
Phone
On the form below, please record each occasion that you experience a symptom of ill-health or discomfort
that you thinic may be linked to environmental conditions m the building.
It is important that you record the time and date and your location within the building as accurately as
possible, because that will help to identify conditions (e.g. equipment operation) that may be associated with
your problem. Also, please try to describe the seventy of your symptoms (e.g. mild, severe) and their
duration , the length of time that they persist. Any other observations that you think may help in identifying
the cause of the problem should be noted in the column marked comments . Feel free to attach additional
pages or use more than one line for each event if you need more room to record your observations.
Tune/Date Location Symptom Sevent Duratioi Comments
2 F

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HVAC CHECKLIST page 1 of 7
Building
Thecked Inspected by
Composient
OK
Needs
Attention
Not
Checked
Comments
Fans
location
fan blades clean’
belts guarded’
belts properly tensioned’
excess vibration 9
corroded housing?
controls working, calibrated 9
control setpoints correct 9
no pneumatic leaks’
Outside Air Intake
location
open dunng occupied hours”
unobstructed’
g water, trash, pigeon
droppings in VlCiWty ’
re-entrainment of odor”
(describe)
carryover of exhaust heat 9
cooling t er within 25 ft ’
exhaust within 25 fi’
trash compactor within 25 ft”
near parking facility, busy
road, loading dock?
For VAV systems
Is OA reset as total system
air is throttled 9
Bird screen
unobstructed’
good condition 9
minimum l/2 mesh 9
pampers
nd close freely’
seal when closed 9
actuators working’

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HVAC CHECKLIST page 2 of 7
Building
Date Checked_______________ Inspected by
Component
OK
Nee Is
Attention
Not
Checked
Comments
Fan Chambers
clean?
rio trash or storage”
no standing water?
floor dkain traps &e wet
(liquid seal)”
no ai r leaks?
doors close tightly, kept closed 9
Mixing Plenum
clean”
airt ightness
- of outside air dampers”
- of return air dampers”
- of exhaust air dampers”
all damper motors connected”
all damper motors operational”
air mixers or opposed blades”
mixed air temp control set —
freeze stat 9
Outside Air Quantity
minimum percentage —
— cfm/person at muiimum
maximum percentage —
normal operation mode
is minimum O.A. a separate
damper?
Fillers
correct type”
complete coverage
correct pressure drop’
bypassing?
contaminants visible 9
washable 9
odor noticeable”
Eliminators
clean traight, no carry-over 9
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HVAC CHECKLIST page 3 of 7
Building
r Thecked_______________ Inspected by
ooent OK Nee Not Comments
Attention Checked
Heating Coil
inspection access 9
clean 9
control (describe)
supply water temperature —
Reheat Coils
clean 9
obstructed?
operational’
Ductwork
clean 7
sealed 9
no leaks, tight connections 9
fire dampers open 9
‘s doors closed 9
AUCtS 9
flex duct connected, no tears 9
light troffer supply’
balanced (approx date)
recent renovations 9
supply in ceiling?
height of ceihng
__________
short circwting ’ (note
location)
Pr urized ceiling
no unintentional openings;
tiles in pl e ’
supply diffi.isers open?
supply diffusers balanced’
exhaust diffusers open’
noticeable flow of air?
no short-circuiting’
‘ ,iAirShafts
ntentional openings 9
ts clean and dry’

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Building HVAC CHECKLIST page 4 of 7
Date Checked_______________ Inspected by
Component
OK
Neek
Attention
Not
Checked
Comments
Condensate Drip Pans
accessible to inspect and clean
clean
no standing water, no leaks
noticeable odor 9
visible growth 9
drains and traps clear, working
trapped to air gap
water ca yover
Cooling Coil
inspection access
clean 9
control (describe)
supply water temperature —
Sprays
all nozzles working
complete coil coveinge
pans clean, no overflow
drains trapped
biocide treatment working
Humidifier
pe
clean 9
treated boiler wat&
standing water
visible growth
mineral deposits
control setpolnt
high limit setpoint
duct liner within 12 feet?
Room Partitions
full height dividers?
partitions to floor?
supply, return each mom 9
open office 9

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HVAC CHECKLIST page 5 of 7
Building
D”- Checked_______________ Inspected by______________________
.. oent OK Nees k Not Comments
Attention Checked
Terminal Equipment
housing interiors clean 9
unobstructed 9
control
controls working 9
calibrated (date)
delivering rated volume 9
filters in place 9
condensate pans clean, drain
freely’
Thermostats
type
wall 7
return plenum 9
calibrated (date)
I V mnical Room
controls operational 9
controls calibrated?
pneumatic controls 9
- compressor operational’
- air dryer operational?
electric controls 9
DDC?
- operator on site’
- controlled off-site?
spare parts inventoried’
spare air filters?
control drawing posted?
PM schedule available?
Boilers
flues, bieeching tight?
-
purge cycle working’
d’ ‘ iskets tight’
. tem tight,_no leaks
adequate combustion air source 9
Ot A T

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HVAC CHECKLIS1 page 6of7
Building
Date Checked________________ Inspected by
‘Component
OK
Neels
Attention
Not
Checked
Comments
Exhaust Fans
central
di nbuted
describe location
operational
make-up air ’ 1
toilet exhaust only”
gravity relief 1
powered exhaust ’ 1 cfm
toilet exhausts
- fans working occupied hours ’
- registers open, clean”
- make-up path adequate 9
- volume according to code 9
- floor drain traps kept wet 9
- bathrooms run slightly
negative relative to building 9
garage ventilation
- operates during peak traffic?
-fans, controls, dampers all
operate?
• shafts clean, drain freely 9
- garage shghtly negative
relative to building”
- doors to building close tight?
Stairwells
doors close and latch ’ 1
no unintentional openings?
clean, dry’
Chillers
no refrigerant leaks?
purge cycle normal?
waste oil, refrigerant properly
disposed of and spare
refrigerant properly stored ’ 1

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HVAC CHECKLIST page7of7
Building
Thecked________________ Inspected by
,,Ooent OK Nee Not Comments
Attention Checked
Cooling Tower
sump clean’
no leaks, no overflow?
eliminators working, no
carryover?
no slime or algae 9
biocide treatment working?
dirt separator working’
DRAFT

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HVAC CHECKLIST
Building
flate Checked Inspected by
page — of_
.
imponent
OK
Nee
Attention
Not
Checked
Comments
,
II
AF

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MAINTENANCE CALENDAR
Building nazne/a&fress - Inspector -
Components
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Outdoor air
intake
Bird
screen
Mixing
plenum
Outdoor air
quantity
Filters
Heating
coils
Cooling
coils
Humidifier
Fans
Air
distribution
Ternitnnl box
Mechanical
room
Return
plenum

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POLLUTANT PATHWAY ASSESSMENT FORM page 1 of 2
Building name/address _____________________________ Investigator
Complaint Area
This form should be accompanied by a sketch plan of the complaint area and surrounding spaces. Doors,
windows, diffusers, and other openings should be labelled on the plan so that your observations are clearly
referenced to specific locations.
Date and tIme of observations:____________________________________________________
Weather conditions: temperature windspeed and direction _____________
humidity ________ other observations ____________________________
Equipment List equipment operating in (or servicing) the complaint area and surrounding spaces and
indicate whether ills operating while pressure differentials are being measured. ttmay be helpful to turn
equipment on and off, open and close doors or windows, or perform other manipulations in an attempt to
simulate conditions at the time that complaints occur.
HVAC equipment: Air handler(s)_____________________________________
Other fans _________________________________________________________________
Other eqwpment:
Pathways : Note pathways by which pollutants may be entering the space from surrounding areas. These may
assist in defining the problem area and identifying pollutant sources.
Other rooms served by same air handJer _____________________________________________
Surrounding spaces (including outdoors): _______________________________________________
Use chemical smoke to observe airflow at intentional and accidental openings into the complaint area. A
checklist of typical openings is provided below. Use additional pages as needed. If a manometer is used,
record the pressure differential in the middle column.
Architectural openings :
— doors (note: open or closed) — transoms — windows (note: open or closed) stairways
— utility chases — floor drains — cracks and holes
Mechanical openings :
supply diffusers — return diffusers — exhaust intakes
Opening Direction of smoke movement Comments
D AF

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POLLUTANT PATHWAY ASSESSMENT FORM
Investigator
Building name/address
Complamt Area —
page 2o12

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POLLUTANT AND SOURCE INVENThRY page 1 of 3
Building nanie/address________________ Date______ Investigator
Ag the list of potential source categones below, record any indications of conti minat1on or suspected pollutants that may
require further investigation or treatment. Sources of contamina tion may be constant or intermittent or may be linked to smIle,
unrepeated events. For intermittent sources, tiy to indicate the time of peak activity or contaminant production.
Source Category
Checked
Needs
Attention
Comments
Sources outside the building
Contaminated ambient air
-pollen,dust
• industrial contaminants
Emissions from nearby sources
- vehicle exhaust_(parking
garages, loading docks, roads)
- dumpsters
- construction/demolition
- re-entrained exhaust
- debris near O.A. intake
Soil_gas
• moisture
-radon
- leaking underground tanks
- previous use of the site
Other
Equipment
HVAC system equipment, supplies
- dust or dirt in ducts
• microbial growth in ducts
- microbial growth at drip pans,
chillers, humidifiers
- leaks of treated boiler water
Non-HVAC system equipment
and/or supplies (e.g office
equipment such as wet-process
copiers)
lther
rr

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POLLUTANT AND SOURCE INVENTORY 2 of 3
Building name/address________________ Date______ Investigator
Using the list of potential source categories below, record any mthcations of contamination or suspected pollutants that may
require further investigation or treatment. Sources of contamination may be constant or intermittent or may be linked to single,
unrepeated events. For intermittent sources, try to indicate the time of peak activity or contaminant production.
Source Category
Checked
Needs
Attention
Comments
Human activities
Smoking
Personal activities
- overcrowding (e.g. body odor)
- cosmetics
Housekeeping activities
- cleaning materials
- cleaning_procedures
- stored_supplies
- stored refuse
Maintenance activities
- volatile compounds
(e.g. paint, caulk, adhesives)
- biocides (pest control)
- stored supplies
Other
Bldg Components!Furnishings
Dust and fibers
- dust-catching areas (e.g. shelves)
- deteriorated furnishings
Unsanitary conditions/water damage
- microbial growth on or in soiled
or water-damaged_furnishings
Chemicals released from building
components or furnishings
- volatile compounds
- asbestos-containing materials
Other

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Building nameladdress.
POLLUTANT AND SOURCE INVENTORY
Date Tnv ch tnr
page 3 of 3
Ag the hst of potential sowce categories below, record any indications of contamin2tlon or suspected pollutants that may
require further investigation or treatment. Sources of conti min non may be constant or intermittent or may be linked to single,
unrepeated events. For intermittent sources, try to indicate the time of peak activity or contaminant production.
DRAH j
Source Category
Checked
Needs
Attention
Comments
Other Sources
Accidental events
- spills (e.g. water, chemicals,
beverages)
- water leaks or flooding
-_fire damage
Special uselMixed use areas
• smoking lounges
- laboratories
- print shops, art rooms
- exercise rooms
- beauty salons
food preparation areas
RedecoratingfRepa irlRemodellmg
- emissions from new furmshings
- dust, fibers from demolition
- odors, volatile compounds

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POLLUTANT AND SOURCE INVENTORY
Building nameladdress
Date_______
Investigator
the list of potential source categories below, record any indications of contamination or suspected pollutants that may
- iire further investiganon or tteatment. Sources of contamination may be constant or mtermiuent or may be linked to single,
unrepeated events. For intermittent sources, try to indicate the time of peak activity or contaminant production.
Source Category
Checked
Needs
Attention
Comments

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